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 WORCESTER'S ACADEMIC DICTIONARY. 
 
 A NEW 
 
 Etymological Dictionary 
 
 OP THE 
 
 ENGLISH LANGUAGE, 
 
 
 WITH SYNONYMES AND COPIOUS TABLES EXHIBITING THE PRONUNCIATION OF 
 
 ANCIENT AND MODERN BIOGRAPHICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES, 
 
 SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES, CHRISTIAN NAMES, MYTHOLOGICAL 
 
 PERSONAGES, ABBREVIATIONS, PHRASES AND QUOTATIONS 
 
 FROM FOREIGN LANGUAGES, WEIGHTS, MEASURES, 
 
 COINS, ETC., 
 
 PREPARED UPON THE BASIS OF THE LATEST EDITION 
 OF THE UNABRIDGED DICTIONARY OF 
 
 JOSEPH E/ WORCESTER, LL.D. 
 
 
 ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 
 J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY. 
 
 S 
 
xt 
 
 
 is 
 
 Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1855, 
 
 By JOSEPH E. WORCESTER, 
 
 In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts. 
 
 Copyright, 1888, by J. B. Lippincott Company. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The Dictionary now offered to the public differs from the original 
 " Academic Dictionary" of Dr. Worcester in several respects. Like 
 that work, it is an enlarged issue of the " Comprehensive Diction- 
 ary," designed especially for the use of the higher schools and 
 seminaries of learning, but well adapted in its scope and range to 
 the needs of families and individuals. It has been rendered, it is 
 believed, as complete as its limits would permit, both in the extent 
 of its vocabulary and in the fulness and accuracy of its defini- 
 tions. In many cases the definitions are somewhat amplified repro- 
 ductions of those found in the New Comprehensive Dictionary. In 
 addition to a carefully chosen list of all the more common and well- 
 authorized words of the language, it contains many technical terras 
 employed in the arts and sciences, and a considerable number of 
 local, provincial, and antiquated words, chiefly such as occur in 
 books that are much read, or such as for some other reason are 
 deemed specially important or interesting. Words of these excep- 
 tional classes are carefully discriminated and explained. The defi- 
 nitions are necessarily concise; but they will, it is believed, be 
 found as exact and comprehensive as could reasonably be expected 
 in a manual of this kind. 
 
 The design throughout has been to give the greatest practicable 
 amount of useful matter in the most condensed form, and especially 
 to guard against corruptions and solecisms in writing and speaking 
 the language. 
 
 The distinctive feature of the " New Academic Dictionary" is its 
 treatment of the etymology of words. In no other work of its size 
 and class (so far as is known to the editors) is there any thing 
 approaching it in fulness and completeness in this regard. The 
 
4 PREFACE. 
 
 other etymological dictionaries of corresponding size and cost are 
 either devoted exclusively to the explanation of etymology, with no 
 attempt at any definition other than a bare identification of words, 
 or, on the other hand, they are defining and pronouncing dictionaries 
 with the merest hint at a derivation, — very often with no discrimina- 
 tion between well-established derivations and those which are purely 
 conjectural. 
 
 It has been well observed that in etymological work originality is 
 a dangerous or suspicious quality. Great care has accordingly been 
 taken to follow only the best authorities. The large etymological 
 dictionary of Prof. Skeat has furnished by far the greater part of 
 the derivations here recorded. But where Skeat's derivations (as is 
 very often the case) are purely conjectural, it has sometimes been 
 deemed allowable to adopt other conjectures that have seemed more 
 likely than his to be correct. Effort has been made to mark as con- 
 jectural or tentative such etymologies as are not well established. It 
 is certain, however, that with the present rapid advance of human 
 knowledge, much that is now considered as reasonably well estab- 
 lished in etymology may soon come to be regarded as obsolete. 
 Considerable use has been made of the etymological matter of the 
 first four numbers of the New English Dictionary now in course 
 of preparation under the supervision of Dr. Murray, of Oxford. 
 But that great and praiseworthy work, for the most part, leaves 
 to the etymologists proper the more remote derivation of English 
 words, and its plan of strict historical treatment compels its editors 
 to neglect many proposed etymologies which, though now conject- 
 ural, are full of suggestiveness, and which are likely to have a recog- 
 nized importance in the future. 
 
 The student and teacher using this Dictionary should bear in mind 
 that there are two classes of foreign words inserted in its etymological 
 notes. The first class comprises those words (chiefly Latin, Greek, 
 French, Norse, and Dutch) from which English words have been 
 immediately or more remotely derived; the other class includes a 
 large number of words (largely Germanic and Scandinavian, but Very 
 
PKEFACE. 5 
 
 often from some one or more of the Romanic languages) which are 
 cognate with the corresponding English words, but are not to be 
 regarded as the parent-words of any English forms. In many in- 
 stances of the latter class recorded in this work a suggestion is made 
 of the nature of the relationship indicated ; in other cases the word 
 from which the English word is derived is placed first on the list, 
 and the cognate and illustrative foreign words follow. Xo student 
 at all familiar with the subject of the derivation of words will, it 
 is believed, experience any difficulty in making the necessary dis- 
 crimination in cases of this kind. 
 
 Many popular but fallacious derivations for words are here re- 
 corded, in order that the student may be warned of their misleading 
 character, and may learn what seems to be a difficult lesson for 
 most learners, namely, that mere speciousness or ingenuity can never 
 furnish a good reason for accepting a derivation for a word. The 
 only certain method of verifying an etymology is the historical one, 
 —the actual tracing back of a word to its origin in recorded litera- 
 ture. Unhappily, the breaks in the record are very many and wide ; 
 and no little discrimination and labor are involved in the process of 
 unearthing the roots of words by this strictly scientific method. 
 
 In adjusting the orthography of this Dictionary, scrupulous care 
 has been taken to follow the precepts and example of Dr. Worcester. 
 That able lexicographer paid great attention to usage, analogy, and 
 etymology in deciding all disputable points; but he attempted no 
 innovation in respect to matters of settled and invariable usage. 
 
 As in all of Dr. Worcester's dictionaries, pronunciation has been 
 made a special object, and has received particular attention. 
 
 A peculiar feature of Worcester's dictionaries consists in the 
 
 exhibition of authorities respecting words of various, doubtful, or 
 
 disputed pronunciation. There is a rather large class of English 
 
 words the pronunciation of which, even among the best orthoepists 
 
 and the most careful speakers, is not clearly established. It is not 
 
 possible that any one should know or remember what is the best 
 
 usage among all these forms ; and no one who is at all scrupulous 
 
 1* 
 
6 PKEFACE. 
 
 about his pronunciation will be willing to rely solely on the opinion 
 of any one orthoepist. Careful speakers will prefer to be informed, 
 in all doubtful cases, regarding the various pronunciations which 
 have been adopted by the best authorities. In this work the prefer- 
 ence indicated by Dr. Worcester has in every instance been retained ; 
 in addition to which there have been placed in brackets the pro- 
 nunciations offered by all the leading orthoepists of England and 
 America. Dr. Worcester's collation of authorities has been ampli- 
 fied and enriched by the insertion of the preferences of all the recent 
 lexicographers and orthoepists of distinction. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 PREFACE 3 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION 9 
 
 Key to the Sounds of the Marked Letters 9 
 
 Remarks on the Key 10 
 
 Sounds of the Vowels 10 
 
 Sounds of the Diphthongs and Triphthongs 14 
 
 Sounds of the Consonants 16 
 
 Accent 20 
 
 Orthoepy and Orthoepists 22 
 
 REMARKS— WITH RULES OF ORTHOGRAPHY 25 
 
 Vocabulary of Words of Doubtful ob Various Orthography 28 
 
 FORMATION OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE 37 
 
 Formation of Several Parts of Speech 38 
 
 DICTIONARIES AND OTHER WORKS USED AS AUTHORITIES 39 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS 40 
 
 DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE 41 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 PRONUNCIATION OF GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES 589 
 
 Preface and Remarks 589- 
 
 Rules of Pronunciation 590 
 
 Vocabulary of Greek and Latin Proper Names 591 
 
 PRONUNCIATION OF SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES 599 
 
 Preface and Rules of Pronunciation 599 
 
 Vocabulary of Scripture Proper Names 600> 
 
 ANCIENT GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES, WITH THEIR CORRESPONDING MODERN NAMES. 610 
 
 CHRISTIAN NAMES OF MEN AND WOMEN, WITH THEIR SIGNIFICATION 614 
 
 PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES 617 
 
 Remarks 61T 
 
 Pronunciation of several European Languages 618 
 
 Vocabulary of Modern Geographical Names 620 
 
 PRONUNCIATION OF THE NAMES OF DISTINGUISHED MEN OF MODERN TIMES . 636 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING 647 
 
 SIGNS OF PLANETS, ASPECTS, ZODIAC, &c 653 
 
 A COLLECTION OF WORDS, PHRASES, AND QUOTATIONS FROM THE GREEK, LATIN, 
 
 FRENCH, ITALIAN, GERMAN, AND SPANISH LANGUAGES 660. 
 
 A LIST OF MUSICAL TERMS FROM FOREIGN LANGUAGES 673 
 
 PRINCIPAL DEITIES, HEROES, &c, IN GREEK AND ROMAN FABULOUS HISTORY. 676 
 
 TABLES OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 684 
 
 FOREIGN GOLD AND SILVER COINS '. 687 
 
 NAMES OF THE FIXED STARS 688 
 
 7 
 
PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 KEY 
 
 TO THE SOUNDS OF THE MARKED LETTERS. 
 
 1. A long .... 
 
 2. i. short. . . . 
 
 3. A long before r . 
 
 4. X Italian or grave 
 
 5. A intermediate . 
 
 6. A broad . . . 
 
 7. A «Z*</7<f or obscure 
 
 1. E Zoiigr .... 
 
 2. £ s7joc< .... 
 
 3. E kke a . . . 
 
 4. E short and obtuse 
 
 5. E slight or obscure 
 
 1. I ?oh<7 .... 
 
 2. I s/«or< .... 
 
 3. £ Ziflre Zohj; e . . 
 
 4. I short and obtuse 
 
 5. J slight or obscure 
 
 VOWELS. 
 
 Examples. 
 Fate, Aid, Lace, Player. 
 Fat, Man, Lad, Carry. 
 Fare, Bare, Pair, Bear. 
 Far, Father, Farther. 
 Fast, Branch, Grasp. 
 Fall, Haul, Walk, Warm. 
 Liar, Palace, Abbacy. 
 
 Mete, Seal, Fear, Keep. 
 MSt, Men, Sell, .Ferry. 
 Heir, There, Where. 
 Her, Herd, Fern, Fervid. 
 Brier, Fuel, Celery. 
 
 Pine, File, Find, Mild. 
 Pin, Fill, Miss, Mirror. 
 Mien, Machine, Marine. 
 Sir, Fir, Bird, Virtue. 
 Elixir, Ruin, Ability. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 1. 6 long Note, Foal, Tow, Sore. 
 
 2. 5 short Not, Don, 5dd, Borrow. 
 
 3. 6 long and close . . M8ve, Prove, F86d. 
 
 4. 6 broad, like broad a Nor, Form, Sort, Ought. 
 
 5. 6 like short u . . . Son, Done, C3me, Money. 
 
 6. 9 slight or obscure . Actor, Confess. 
 
 1. U long Tube, Tune, Suit, Pure. 
 
 2. •& short Tub, Tun, Hut, Hurry. 
 
 3. middle or obtuse . Bull, Pull, Full, Push. 
 
 4. ij short and obtuse . Fur, Murmur, Further. 
 
 5. •& like 6 in move . Rule, Rude, Brute. 
 
 6. V slight or obscure . Sulphur, Famous. 
 
 7. T> affected by a marked 
 
 y sound .... trse, Sinuous. 
 
 8. V French. 
 
 1. Y long Type. Style, Lyre. 
 
 2. 1? short Sylvan, Symbol. 
 
 3. if short and obtuse . Myrrh, Myrtle. 
 
 4. Y slight or obscure . Truly, Envy, Martyr. 
 
 6i and Oy Boil, Toil, Boy, Toy. 
 
 6G and 6w Bb'flnd, TS&n, Now. 
 
 Ew like long u Few, New, Dew. 
 
 CONSONANTS. 
 
 Examples. 
 C, C, soft, like s . . . Acid, Pla$id. 
 P, c, hard, like k . . Flaccid, Sceptic. 
 Gh, ch, hard, like k . character, phasm. 
 Ch, $h, soft, like sh . Chaise, Chevalier. 
 Ch (unmarked) like tsh Charm, Church. 
 P, g, Tzard .... pet, pive, pift. 
 <f . f, soft, like j . . . gender, giant. 
 N, n, nasal, like ng . Unction. 
 S, s, soft, like z . . . Muse, Dismal. 
 X, x, soft or flat, like gz Example, Exist. 
 Th, th, soft, flat, or vocal This, Thee, Then. 
 Th,th(unniarked)s7iarpThin, Think, Pith. 
 Ti 9 n }tft*shun - /Nation, Notion. 
 
 Sion 
 
 *- Pension, Missi9n, 
 
 Sion, like zhun . 
 
 Cean j Wee shan 
 Cian > 
 
 Cial") 
 
 Sial WSreshal. 
 
 Tial J 
 
 Ceous ") 
 
 Cious > 7iZ.e shus 
 Tious J 
 
 * eo » B }Kfej,.. 
 gious -> 
 
 .Erawpfes. 
 . Confusion, Vision. 
 /Ocean. 
 <- Optician. 
 
 {Commercial. 
 Controversial. 
 Partial, Martial. 
 {Farinaceous. 
 Capacious. 
 Sententious, 
 f Courageous. 
 <• Religious. 
 
 Qu (unmarked) like kw Queen, Quill. 
 Wh (unmarked) likehvr When, While. 
 Ph (unmarked) like f . Phantom, Seraph. 
 
 9 
 
10 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 KEMAKKS ON THE KEY. 
 
 1. The words which are used in the preceding 
 Key as examples for illustrating the several sounds 
 exhibit accurately, when pronounced by correct 
 speakers, the different sounds of the respective 
 letters. Some distinctions are here made which 
 are not found in other systems of notation ; they 
 are, however, not intended to introduce any new 
 sounds, but merely to discriminate such as are 
 now employed by all who speak the language with 
 propriety. 
 
 2. When the marks of pronunciation are affixed 
 to words in their proper orthography, in this Dic- 
 tionary, without respelling them, the vowels which 
 are not marked are silent : thus, a in beat, hear ; 
 e in able, give, harden; i in pain, heifer; o in 
 mason, famous ; u in though ; and w in follow, 
 are not sounded. To this rule there is an excep- 
 tion with respect to the first vowel in those proper 
 diphthongs which are called semi-consonant diph- 
 thongs, as in ocean, nation, assuage. (See No. 28, 
 p. 14.) 
 
 3. The system of notation which is here used, 
 while it makes a very exact discrimination of the 
 different sounds of the letters, will be readily un- 
 derstood and easily applied to practice ; and it will 
 also be much more easily remembered than a sys- 
 tem in which the vowels are marked with figures. 
 By applying the marks to the letters of the words 
 in their proper orthography, the necessity of re- 
 spelling most of them has been avoided ; and in 
 this way considerable space has been saved, while 
 the pronunciation is fixed with as much exactness 
 as if the spelling of every word had been repeated. 
 
 4. It is an advantage of this method of notation, 
 
 that it distinguishes the syllables which receive a 
 secondary accent, or are pronounced with a dis- 
 tinct sound of the vowels, from those which are 
 but slightly or indistinctly sounded. A great part 
 of the words of the English language that have 
 more than two syllables have more than one sylla- 
 ble in some degree accented, or pronounced more 
 distinctly than the rest; yet this difference in dis- 
 tinctness is not made apparent by the usual modes 
 of marking the words. In this notation the vow- 
 els in the syllables which have either the primary 
 or secondary accent have a mark placed over them 
 denoting a distinct sound ; while those which are 
 more feebly uttered have a dot placed under them. 
 Take, for example, the following words, which are 
 thus noted : sun' shine, pa'per, an'ec-dote, car-a- 
 van', lit'er-al, man-i-fes-ta'tion, in-di-vi§-i-bil'- 
 i-ty,. In these words it will be readily perceived 
 that all the vowels which have a mark placed over 
 them have a distinct sound, or are more or less ac- 
 cented, while those which have a dot under them 
 are but slightly or indistinctly sounded ; and that 
 the pronunciation is as clearly represented to the 
 eye in their proper orthography as it is in other 
 methods of notation by respelling the words. 
 
 5, There are many cases in which the vowels are 
 pronounced with so slight a degree of distinctness 
 that it may be a matter of indifference whether 
 they are marked with the distinct or indistinct 
 sound; thus, for example, the last syllable of the 
 words consonant, difference, diffident, feebleness, and 
 obvious might with nearly equal propriety have 
 the vowel marked with a short or an indistinct 
 sound. 
 
 SOUNDS OF THE VOWELS. 
 
 6. The first, or long, sound of each of the vowels, 
 marked thus, a, e, i, 5, u, is styled its alphabetic or 
 name sound, being the sound which is heard in 
 naming the letter. The sound of the letter y, 
 when used as a vowel, is the same as that of i; but 
 as a vowel it begins no properly English word now 
 in common use. 
 
 7. The long sound of the vowels is generally in- 
 dicated, in monosyllables, by a silent e at the end 
 of the word, preceded by a single consonant; as 
 in fate, mete, pine, note, tube, type. The following 
 words, however, are exceptions, — namely, axe, have, 
 are, and bade, the preterite of to bid. The vowels 
 have regularly the long sound if final in an ac- 
 cented syllable ; as in ba'sis, le'gal, tri'al, sono'rous, 
 cu'bic, ty'rant. 
 
 8. The second, or short, sound of the vowels is 
 generally indicated, in monosyllables, by the ab- 
 sence of mute e at the end of the word ; as in fat, 
 met, pin, not, tub, hyp. It is also the usual sound 
 
 of a vowel in an accented syllable which ends with 
 a consonant; as in aban'don, attentive, exhib'it, la- 
 con'ic, reluc'tant, lyr'ical. 
 
 9. The fourth sound of the vowels, a, e, i, o, 
 and it, and the third sound of y (called, with re- 
 spect to e, i, u, and y, short and obtuse), marked 
 thus, a, e, i', o, u, y, are the short sounds of these 
 several vowels when followed by r in a monosyl- 
 lable or in an accented syllable; as far, hard; her, 
 herd; fir, firkin; north, normal; fur, burden; myrrh, 
 myrtle; but when the succeeding syllable begins 
 with r, or the sound of r, as in perry, peril, the 
 vowel has the proper short sound. Some orthoe- 
 pists make no distinction between the sound indi- 
 cated by this mark and the proper short sound of 
 these vowels; others make a distinction in rela- 
 tion to a part of them only. The vowels having 
 this mark are pronounced with as short a sound 
 as they can readily receive when thus situated. 
 The peculiar character of this sound, which dis- 
 
SOUNDS OF THE VOWELS. 
 
 II 
 
 tinguishes it from the proper short sound of the 
 vowels, is caused by the letter r; and this letter, 
 thus situated, has an influence peculiar to itself on 
 the sound of all the vowels. The difference be- 
 tween the sound of the vowels when thus situated, 
 and their proper short sound, will be readily per- 
 ceived by the following examples: man, marrow; 
 mar, market; — men, merry; her, merchant; — 
 fin, mirror f fir, circle ; — not, borrow ; nor, bor- 
 der ;— tun, hurry ; fur, hurdle. There is little or 
 no difference in the sounds of the vowels e, i, u, 
 and y, when under this mark; as her, fir, fur, 
 myrrh ; but their proper short sounds are widely 
 differeut from each other when they are followed 
 by the sound of r or by other consonants, as in 
 merry, peril, mirror, hurry. — See remarks on the 
 sound of the letter R, page 19. 
 
 10. Towels marked with the dot underneath, 
 thus, a, e, i, o, y, y, are found only in syllables 
 which are not accented and over which the organs 
 of speech pass slightly and hastily in pronouncing 
 the words in which they are found. It is to be 
 observed that this mark is employed to indicate a 
 slight stress of voice in uttering the appropriate 
 sound of the vowel rather than to note any par- 
 ticular quality of sound. If the syllables on which 
 the primary and secondary accents fall are uttered 
 with a proper stress of voice, these comparatively 
 indistinct syllables will naturally be pronounced 
 right. In a majority of cases this mark' may be 
 regarded as indicating an indistinct short sound of 
 the vowel, as in tenable, mental, travel, peril, idol, 
 forum, carry; but in many cases it indicates a 
 slight or unaccented long sound, as in carbonate, 
 sulphate, emerge, obey, ebony, follower, duplicity, edu- 
 cate, regulate, congratulate. The letter u, in the last 
 three words, is pronounced like yu slightly articu- 
 lated. The vowels with this mark have, in some 
 situations, particularly in the last syllable of words 
 ending with r, no perceptible difference of sound ; 
 as in friar, speaker, nadir, actor, sulphtir, zephyr. As 
 Mr. Smart justly remarks, " the last syllables of 
 robber, nadir, author, sulphur, and satyr are quite 
 undistinguishable in pronunciation." 
 
 A, unaccented, at the end of a word, approaches 
 the Italian sound of a in father, as in the words 
 algebra, comma, idea; and ah, final, partakes still 
 more of the Italian sound, as in Jehovah, Messiah * 
 
 * With respect to the sound given to the letter a in un- 
 accented syllables, there is a great diversity among ortho- 
 epists. For example, to a in courage, Sheridan, Walker, 
 and Jones give the short sound oft; Jameson and Smart, 
 the sound of long a;— to a in delicate. Walker gives the 
 sound of short a ; Jameson and Smart, of long a ; Sher- 
 idan and Jones, of short e ;— to o in furnace, Sheridan and 
 Walker give the sound of short t ; Jones and Jameson, of 
 short e ; Smart, of long a. A at the end of words is marked 
 by Sheridan, Walker, Jones, Jameson, and various other 
 orthoepists with its short sound, as in algebra, comma, 
 idea; but by Smart it is marked with the Italian sound, 
 as an " unaccented vowel,"— algebra. Walker says, " We 
 cannot give it [a] any of its three open sounds without 
 hurting the ear. Thus, in pronouncing the words abound 
 
 11. The third sound of the letter a, marked thus, 
 a, is its long sound qualified by being followed by 
 the letter r, as in care, pare, fare. The diphthong 
 ai followed by r has precisely the same sound, as 
 in fair, pair; so also, in some cases, has the diph- 
 thong ea, as in bear, pear. This sound of the letter 
 a is the same as that of the letter e in heir, there, 
 where. There is obviously a difference between 
 the sound of a in these words, as they are pro- 
 nounced by good speakers, and its sound in pain 
 and fate. There is the same difference between the 
 sound of a in the word pair and its sound in the 
 word payer, one who pays ; also in the word prayer, 
 a petition, and in the word prayer, one who prays. 
 
 12. The fifth sound of a, marked thus, a, is an 
 intermediate sound of this letter, between its short 
 sound, as in fat, man, and its Italian sound, as in 
 far, father; this sound being somewhat shorter 
 than the Italian sound of a. "With respect to the 
 class of words which, in this Dictionary, have this 
 mark, there is much diversity among orthoepists. 
 Most of these words are marked by Nares, Jones, 
 and Perry with the Italian sound of a, as in far 
 and father ; but Walker, Jameson, Smart, Reid, 
 and Craig mark them, or most of them, with the 
 
 I short sound, as a in fat, man ; Fulton and Knight 
 
 mark them as being intermediate between the 
 | short aud the Italian sound ; and Smart, though 
 i he gives to a in most of these words the short 
 
 mark, says, in relation to it, "that when a is fol- 
 | lowed by /, s, or n, there is, in many words, a dis- 
 ! position to broadness in the vowel, not quite in 
 
 unison with the mode of indication, as may be 
 , perceived in an unaffected pronunciation of grass, 
 | graft, command. This broadness is a decided vul- 
 j garism when it identifies the sound with a. The 
 
 exact sound lies between the one indicated and the 
 j vulgar corruption." 
 
 The following list includes a considerable part 
 
 of the class of words in which, in this Dictionary, 
 , a is marked thus, &, and in which, according to 
 { Nares, Jones, aud Perry, a has the Italian sound, 
 
 as in fatiier ; according to Walker, Jameson, Reid, 
 : aud Craig, the short sound of a, as in fat, man ; and 
 j according to Fulton and Knight, an intermediate 
 
 sound between these two sounds. This interme- 
 | diate sound, marked thus, £, is in accordance with 
 
 the remark of that excellent orthoepist, Mr. Smart, 
 
 who says that when this sound is identified with 
 
 the Italian sound of a it "is a decided vulgarism." 
 
 and diadem, ay-bound, ah-bound, and aw.bound ; tfi-ay- 
 den*, di-ah-dem, and di-aw-dem, Are all improper ; but giv- 
 ing the a the second or Italian sound, as ah-bound and 
 di-ah-dem, seems the least so. For which reason I have, 
 like Mr. Sheridan, adopted the short sound of this letter to 
 mark the unaccented a ; but if the unaccented a be final, 
 it then seems to approach still nearer to the Italian a in 
 the last syllable of papa, and to the a in father, as may be 
 heard in the deliberate pronunciation of the words idea, 
 Africa, Delta," &c. 
 
12 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 abaft 
 
 cast 
 
 glance 
 
 pastor 
 
 advance 
 
 castle 
 
 glass 
 
 pasture 
 
 aft 
 
 chaff 
 
 graff 
 
 pilaster 
 
 after 
 
 chance 
 
 graft 
 
 plaster 
 
 aghast 
 
 chandler 
 
 grant 
 
 prance 
 
 alas 
 
 chant 
 
 grasp 
 
 quaff 
 
 amass 
 
 clasp 
 
 grass 
 
 raff 
 
 answer 
 
 class 
 
 haft 
 
 raft 
 
 ant 
 
 contrast 
 
 hasp 
 
 rafter 
 
 ask 
 
 craft 
 
 lance 
 
 rasp 
 
 asp 
 
 dance 
 
 lass 
 
 repast 
 
 ass 
 
 dastard 
 
 last 
 
 sample 
 
 bask 
 
 disaster 
 
 mask 
 
 shaft 
 
 basket 
 
 draff 
 
 mass 
 
 slander 
 
 bastard 
 
 draft 
 
 mast 
 
 slant 
 
 blanch 
 
 draught 
 
 mastiff 
 
 staff 
 
 blast 
 
 enchant 
 
 mischance 
 
 surpass 
 
 bombast 
 
 enhance 
 
 nasty 
 
 task 
 
 branch 
 
 fast 
 
 pant 
 
 trance 
 
 brass 
 
 flask 
 
 pass 
 
 vast 
 
 cask 
 
 gasp 
 
 past 
 
 waft 
 
 casket 
 
 ghastly 
 
 
 
 There is a considerable number of words in 
 which a has the sound of short o, as in not, called 
 by Walker "the short sound of liroad a." This 
 sound occurs chiefly in words in which a is pre- 
 ceded by qu, w, ovwh; as, quadrangle (quodrangle), 
 quality (quolity), swallow (swOllow), wad (wod), 
 wan (won), what (whot) ; also, scallop (scollop), 
 chaps (chops). 
 
 E. 
 
 13. The letter e has, in several words, the same 
 sound as a in fare, as in heir, there, where ; but were 
 is properly pronounced wer, In cleric and sergeant 
 it has, according to all the English orthoepists, the 
 sound of a in dark and margin ; yet in this country 
 it is not uncommon to pronounce these words, 
 more in accordance with their orthography, clerk 
 and sergeant. 
 
 14. When e precedes I or n in an unaccented 
 final 6yll^le, in some words it has an indistinct 
 short sound, and in some it is entirely suppressed. 
 In most of the words ending in el the e is sounded ; 
 as, flannel, travel, vessel, &c. The following words 
 are exceptions, and in these the sound of e before 
 I is suppressed : drivel, grovel, hazel, mantel, navel, 
 ousel, ravel, rivel, shekel, shovel, shrivel, snivel, weasel. 
 
 In most of the words ending in en the sound of 
 e is suppressed ; as, harden, heaven, often, &c. The 
 following words are exceptions : abdomen, acumen, 
 aspen, bitumen, catechumen, cerumen, chicken, flamen, 
 hymen, hyphen, kitchen, latten, legumen, linen, mar- 
 ten, mitten, omen, patten, platen, pollen, regimen, siren, 
 sloven, specimen, sudden, ticken, woollen, women. 
 
 15. The sound of the letter e is generally sup- 
 pressed in the preterites of verbs and in participles 
 in ed, when the e is not preceded by d or (; as, 
 feared, praised, admired, tossed, suppressed, pro- 
 nounced feard, praisd, admird, tost, supprest. But 
 adjectives ending in ed, unless they are participles 
 as well as adjectives, commonly preserve the sound 
 
 of e before d, as in naked, ragged, striped, wicked, 
 wretched, &c. In the following words, beloved, 
 blessed, cursed, learned, picked, and ivinged, the sound 
 of e before d is suppressed when the words are 
 used as verbs or participles, and it is sounded 
 when they are used as adjectives ; as, He was much 
 beloved; he blessed the occasion ; he cursed the day ; 
 he learned to read; he picked his men ; he winged 
 his flight : — A belov'ed son ; a bless'ed day ; a curs' ed 
 thing; a learn' ed man; a picked point; a wing'ed 
 fowl. — Picked, however, used as a participial ad- 
 jective, in the sense of selected, as "picked men," is 
 pronounced in one syllable. 
 
 I. 
 
 16. The long sound of the letter i is heard not 
 only in monosyllables ending with a mute e, as in 
 file, time, &c, but also in the word pint, and in the 
 words child, mild, wild; also in bind, blind, find, 
 hind, kind, mind, rind, &c. 
 
 17. There is a class of words, mostly derived 
 from the French and Italian languages, in which 
 i retains the sound of long e; as, ambergris, an- 
 tique, unique, bombazine, Brazil, capivi, capuchin, 
 caprice, chagrin, chevaux-de-frise, critique, gabardine, 
 quarantine, ravine, routine, fascine, fatigue, intrigue, 
 invalid, machine, magazine, marine, palanquin, pique, 
 police, recitative, tabourine, tambourine, tontine, trans- 
 marine, ultramarine, verdigris. In the word shire, i 
 commonly has the same sound, and some orthoe- 
 pists also give it the same in oblige and oblique. 
 
 18. In words which terminate in He and ine, 
 with the accent on the penultimate syllable, the 
 i in the final syllable is generally short ; as, fertile, 
 hostile, adamantine, intestine, &c. The following are 
 exceptions: edile, exile, gentile, pentile, feline, ferine, 
 confine, and a few others. Also when the accent is 
 on the antepenult, words ending in He generally 
 have the i short; as, juvenile, puerile, &c. ; but it is 
 long in camomile, reconcile, eolipile. 
 
 19. With respect to words ending in ine, and 
 having the accent on the antepenultimate, there 
 is much uncertainty as to the quantity of the i; 
 and in relation to a number of such words there 
 is much disagreement among orthoepists ; yet the 
 general rule inclines to the long sound of i in the 
 termination of words of this class. In the follow- 
 ing words, i, in the last syllable, is generally pro- 
 nounced long : adulterine, almandine, armenUne, 
 asinine, belluine, bizantine, brigantine, cannabine, cel- 
 andine, colubrine, columbine, concubine, countermine, 
 crystalline, legatine, leonine, metalline, muscadine, por- 
 cupine, saccharine, saturnine, serpentine, turpentine, 
 vespertine, vUidine.—Iu the following words, t, in 
 the last syllable, is short : discijAine, feminine, gen- 
 uine, heroine, hyaline, jessamine, libertine, masculine, 
 medicine, nectarine, palatine. With respect to alka^ 
 line, aquiline, coralline, sapphirinc, uterine, viperine, 
 and some others, the orthoepists, as well as usage, 
 are divided. In the termination ine in a class of 
 chemical words the { is short; as, fluorine, iodine, 
 nepheline, &c. In the termination ite the j is some- 
 
SOUNDS OF THE VOWELS. 
 
 13 
 
 times short, as in respite, granite, favorite, infinite, 
 <fec. ; and sometimes long, as in expedite, appetite, 
 satellite, &c. In a class of gentile nouns, and ap- 
 pellatives formed from proper names, it is long; 
 as, Hivite, Wicliffite; also, generally, in names of 
 minerals ; as, augile, steatite, tremolite. In verbs 
 which end in ise, the i is long; as, advertise, exer- 
 cise, &c. ; but divertise, franchise, mortise, practise, 
 and their compounds, are exceptions ; also promise. 
 
 20. When i ends an initial syllable without the 
 accent, and the succeeding syllable begins with a 
 consonant, the i is generally short or indistinct, 
 as if written e; as in civility, divine, finance; but 
 the exceptions to this rule are numerous, among 
 which are biquadrate, chirograpluj, biography, divari- 
 cate, librarian, primeval, tribunal, vitality, and many 
 others, in whicli the i is pronounced long. There 
 is also a considerable number of words with regard 
 to which there is a diversity, in relation to the 
 pronunciation of the i, among orthoepists and in 
 usage ; as, dilate, diverge, virago, &c. 
 
 0. 
 
 21. There is a class of monosyllables ending in 
 /, ft, ss, st, and th in which o is marked with the 
 short sound in most pronouncing dictionaries, 
 though some orthoepists give it the sound of broad 
 a, as in fall. Mr. Is ares gives the sound of broad 
 a to o in the following words (as some others do in 
 a part of them) : off, often, offer, coffee, scoff, aloft, 
 loft, soft, cross, loss, loss, cost, frost, lost, tost, broth, 
 cloth, froth, cough, and trough. To these some 
 others might, with equal propriety, be added ; as, 
 offspring, dross, gloss, moss, moth, wroth. Mr. Smart 
 remarks "that before ss, st, and th the letter o is 
 frequently sounded as aw; as in moss, gloss, &c, 
 lost, cost, &c, broth, cloth, &c. This practice is 
 analogous to the broad utterance which the letter 
 a [short] is liable to receive before certain conso- 
 nants [see A, No. 12]; and the same remarks will 
 apply in the present case, as to the one referred to, 
 — namely, that, though the broad sound is vulgar, 
 there is an affectation in & palpable effort to avoid 
 it in words where its use seems at one time to have 
 been general. In such cases a medium between 
 the extremes is the practice of the best speakers." 
 The sound of o is somewhat prolonged also in gone 
 and begone, and in some words ending in ng ; as, 
 long, along, prong, song, strong, thong, throng, wrong. 
 
 There are a few words in which o has the mark 
 of the long sound in all the pronouncing dictiona- 
 ries, although it is in these words by many, if not 
 by most speakers in this country, somewhat short- 
 ened. Thus we hear the sound o in the words 
 coat, home, hope, spoke, stone, whole, wholly, and 
 wholesome pronounced with a sound a little shorter 
 than its proper long sound, as heard in goat, note, 
 dome, hole, sole, holy, and dolesome. 
 
 22. There are some words in which o has the 
 same sound as u in bidl, or uo in good, — namely, 
 bosom, wolf, woman, Wolsey, Wolverhampton. It has 
 
 the sound of short u in done, son, &c, and the 
 sound of u as in hart in word, work, worth, &c. 
 
 23. In many words ending in on, the sound of 
 o is suppressed, as in bacon, pardon, weapon, reason, 
 cotton, &c. 
 
 IT. 
 
 24. U, at the beginning of words, when long, 
 has the sound of yu, as in ?ise. — With respect to the 
 manner of designating the sound of the vowel « 
 when it comes immediately after the accent, as in 
 the words educate, nature, natural, &c, there is 
 much diversity among orthoepists. By Walker, 
 the pronunciation of Educate is thus noted — ed'- 
 jii-kat; by Sheridan, Jones, Enfield, Fulton, and 
 Jameson, thus— ed'u-kat ; and by Perry, Knowles, 
 Smart, and Keid, thus, ed'u-kat. Nature, by 
 Walker, thus — na'chur; by Sheridan and Jones, 
 thus — na'chur ; by Perry, Enfield, and Keid, thus 
 — na'tur; by Jameson and Knowles, thus — nat'- 
 yfir; by Smart, thus — na'tur or na'ch'or. Natu- 
 ral, by Walker and Jones, thus — nat'ehu-rab, by 
 Sheridan, thus — nat'chur-a.1 ; by Fulton, Enfield, 
 and Jameson, thus — nar/ii-ral; by Perry and 
 Keid, thus — nat'u-ral; by Knowles, thus — nar*- 
 yur-al ; by Smart, thus— nat'ch8-ral. 
 
 There is a pretty large class of words with re- 
 spect to which there is a similar diversity in the 
 manner in which the pronunciation of u and lu is 
 noted by the different orthoepists ; but the differ- 
 ence is greater in appearance than in reality. The 
 h thus situated (in the present work marked u) 
 may properly be regarded as having the slight 
 sound of long «; and the sound may be noted by 
 yu, slightly articulated. — Walker remarks, with 
 respect to the pronunciation of nature, "There is a 
 vulgar pronunciation of this word as if written 
 na'tur, which cannot be too carefully avoided. 
 Some critics have contended that it ought to be 
 pronounced as if written nale'yure; but this pro- 
 nunciation comes so near to that here adopted 
 [na'chur] as scarcely to be distinguishable from it." 
 
 When u is preceded by r in the same - 'liable it 
 has the sound of oo in fool, and it is thus marked, 
 as in ride, true. This sound is given to n thus sit- 
 uated by Walker, Smart, and all the other princi- 
 pal English orthoepists. 
 
 In busy and business u has the sound of short i, 
 and in bury, the sound of short e. 
 
 Y. 
 
 25. Y, at the end of a word, preceded by a con- 
 sonant, is commonly pronounced short and indis- 
 tinct, like indistinct e; as, policy, palpably, lately, 
 colony, &c. The exceptions are monosyllables ; as, 
 by, cry, dry, fly, fry, sty, ply, try, wry, with their 
 compounds, aivry, hereby, whereby, &c. ; also, verbs 
 ending in fy ; as, fortify, magnify, testify, &c. ; also, 
 ally, apply, comply, imply, supply, multiply, reply, 
 occupy, and prophesy ; in all which it has the long 
 sound. 
 
14 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 SOUNDS OF THE DIPHTHONGS AND TKIPHTHONGS. 
 
 
 
 26. A diphthong is the union of two vowels, 
 pronounced by a single impulse of the voice ; as, 
 oi in voice, ou in sound. 
 
 27. A triphthong is the union of three vowels, 
 pronounced by a single impulse of the voice ; as, 
 tew in adieu, iew in view. 
 
 28. A proper diphthong is one in which both 
 vowels are sounded ; as, oi in voice, ou in sound, ow 
 in now. 
 
 PROPER DIPHTHONGS. 
 
 ua in assuage; 
 
 ue " desuetude; 
 
 ui " languid ; 
 
 uo " quote. 
 
 ea in ocean ; 10 in notion : 
 
 eu " feud; oi " voice; 
 
 ew " jewel; ou " sound; 
 
 ia " poniard; ow " now; 
 
 ie " Bpaniel ; oy " boy ; 
 
 The diphthongs which begin with e, i, or u— 
 namely, ea, eu, ew, ia, ie, io, ua, ue, ui, and uo — 
 differ from the rest; and they may, as Walker 
 Bays, "not improperly be called semi-consonant diph- 
 thongs," being pronounced as if y consonant was 
 substituted in place of e or i; as, ocean (ose'yan), 
 poniard (pon'yard), question (quest'yon) ; and as if 
 w consonant were substituted in place of u; as, 
 assuage (as-swage'), languid (lan'gwid), &c. 
 
 29. An improper diphthong has only one of the 
 vowels sounded ; as, ea in heat, oa in coal. 
 
 se or ae in Caesar 
 ai " pain; 
 
 ao " gaol ; 
 
 au " haul; 
 
 aw " law; 
 
 ay " bay; 
 
 IMPROPER DIPHTHONGS. 
 
 ea in beat ; ie in friend 
 ee " seed; oa "boat; 
 ei " either; ce ' 
 eo " people ; oo " soon ; 
 ey " they; ow " crow. 
 
 30. This is a Latin diphthong, and is always 
 
 pronounced like e in Latin. In English it is used 
 
 only in words of Latin origin or formation; as, 
 
 aqna-vUse, minidise, aesthetics; and it is commonly 
 
 long, as in psean, but sometimes short, as in Deed- 
 
 alus. 
 
 AI. 
 
 31. The usual sound of this diphthong is the 
 same as long a, as in pail, pain, pronounced like 
 pale, pane. The following are the principal excep- 
 tions. It has the sound of short e in said and 
 saith, and in again and against; that of short a in 
 plaid and raillery ; that of long i in aisle ; and in a 
 final unaccented syllable it has the obscure sound 
 of the indistinct short », as in fountain, mountain, 
 curtain, &c. 
 
 AO. 
 
 32. This diphthong occurs only in the word gaol, 
 pronounced, as well as very often written, jail. 
 
 ATT. 
 
 33. The common sound of this diphthong is 
 the same as that of broad a or aw, caul and haul 
 
 being pronounced exactly like call and hall. But 
 when these letters are followed by n and another 
 consonant, the sound is changed, in a number of 
 words, to that of the Italian a in far and farther; 
 as, by most of the orthoepists, in the following 
 words: aunt, craunch, daunt, flaunt, gaunt, gaunt- 
 let, haunch, haunt, jaunt, jaundice, laugh, launch, 
 laundress, laundry, maund, paunch, saunter, staunch. 
 Some orthoepists pronounce a part of these words 
 with the sound of broad a, as most of them do the 
 word vaunt, and many of them the word taunt. 
 In the word draught, this diphthong has accord- 
 ing to some orthoepists the sound of a in far, and 
 according to others the short sound of a in fat; in 
 gauge, the sound of long a (as in page) ; in haut- 
 boy, the sound of long o ; and in caxdifiower, lauda- 
 num, aud laurel, it is by some orthoepists pro- 
 nounced with the sound of short o, and by others 
 with the sound of broad a; as, col'iflower or 
 cau'liflower, &c. 
 
 AW. 
 
 34. This diphthong has the sound of broad a, — 
 bawl and ball being pronounced exactly alike. 
 
 AY. 
 
 35. This diphthong has the sound of long a, as 
 in pay, hay, &c. ; except in quay, which is pro- 
 nounced ke. It has the sound of short e in says; 
 and in Sunday, Monday, Ac, the last syllable is 
 pronounced as if written Sunda, or Sundy, &c. 
 
 EA. 
 
 36. The regular sound of this diphthong is that 
 of long e, as in beat, hear, pronounced like beet, 
 here; but there are many words in which it has 
 the sound of short e; as, head, dead, ready, &c. 
 In some words it has the sound of short and ob- 
 tuse e, as in earn, heard, pearl, &c. In a few 
 words it has the sound of long a; as in breal; 
 steak, great, bear, bearer, forbear, forswear, pear, 
 swear, tear, wear. In some words it has the sound 
 of a in far; as in heart, hearten, hearty, hearth, 
 hearken ; and when unaccented it has only an ob- 
 scure sound, as in vengeance, sergeant. 
 
 The proper diphthong ea is found in a very few 
 words; as, ocean, cetacean, lestacean. 
 
 EATT. 
 
 37. This triphthong is used only in words de- 
 rived from the French. In beauty it has the sound 
 of long u; but its regular sound is that of long o, 
 as in beau, bureau, flambeau, &c. 
 
 EE. 
 
 38. This diphthong is almost always pronounced 
 like long e ; the principal exceptions are been and 
 breeches, ordinarily pronounced bin and britches. 
 The poetical contractions e'er and we'er, for ever and 
 never, are pronounced as if written air and nair. 
 
SOUNDS OF THE DIPHTHONGS AND TRIPHTHONGS. 
 
 15 
 
 EI. 
 
 S9. This diphthong has most commonly the 
 sound either of long a or of long e. It has 
 the sound of long a in deign, eight, feign, feint, 
 freight, Jieinous, inveigh, neigh, neighbor, reindeer, 
 skein, veil, vein, weigh, weight, heir, their, &c. It 
 has the sound of long e in ceil, ceiling, conceit, con- 
 ceive, deceit, deceive, inveigle, perceive, receipt, receive, 
 seize, seizin, seignior, seigniory, seine; commonly also 
 in eWier, neitlter, and leisure. It has the sound of 
 long i in height, heighten, and sleight ; of short e in 
 heifer and nonpareil; and in an unaccented sylla- 
 ble an indistinct sound of i, as in foreign, foreigner, 
 forfeit, forfeiture, sovereign, sovereignty, surfeit. 
 
 EO. 
 
 40. This diphthong is pronounced like long o in 
 yeoman and yeomanry, and like long e in people; 
 like short e in jeopard, jeopardy, leopard, feoffee, 
 f coffer, feoffment ; like broad o (as in nor) in geor- 
 gic; like long u in feod, feodal, feodary (which are 
 now commonly written fetid, feudal, and feudary) ; 
 and when unaccented it has the indistinct sound 
 of u or o, as in bludgeon, curmudgeon, dudgeon, 
 dungeon, gudgeon, luncheon, puncheon, tmncheon, sur- 
 geon, sturgeon, scutcheon, escutcheon, and the indis- 
 tinct sound of i or o, as in pigeon, widgeon. 
 
 ETJ. 
 
 41. This diphthong is always sounded like'long 
 u, as in feud, deuce. 
 
 EW. 
 
 42. This diphthong is almost always sounded 
 like long u, or eu, as in few, hew, new ; but if r 
 precedes it it takes the sound of oo, or of u in 
 rule, as in brew, crew, drew. In the words shew 
 and strew (written also show and strow) tliis diph- 
 thong has the sound of long o, as it also has in 
 the verb to sew, and commonly also in the word 
 sewer, a drain. 
 
 ET. 
 
 43. This diphthong has the sound of long a, as 
 in bey, dey, grey, hey, prey, they, whey, convey, obey, 
 purvey, survey, eyre, eyry. In key and ley it has 
 the sound of long e ; and when unaccented it has 
 the slight sound of e, as in galley, valley, &c. 
 
 IA.' 
 
 44. This diphthong, in the terminations ial, ian, 
 and iard, often forms but one syllable, the i being 
 sounded like consonant y; as, Christian, filial, pon- 
 iard, pronounced as if written Chriseyun, fil'yal, 
 pon'yard. In some words it has the obscure sound 
 of indistinct short i, as in carriage, marriage, par- 
 liament. 
 
 IE, 10, IETJ, IEW. 
 
 45. The regular sound of the diphthong ie is 
 that of long e, as in chief, fief, field, fiend, grena- 
 dier, grief, gneve, lief, liege, mien, thief, &c. It has 
 the sound of long i in die, hie, lie, pie, vie, &c. ; 
 and the sound of short e in friend.— The diph- 
 thong io occurs in many words in the termination 
 
 ion. When i in this termination is preceded by 
 a liquid, ion is pronounced like yun, as million, 
 minion. The terminations sion and tion are pro- 
 nounced like shun, as version, nation; but when 
 the t is preceded by s or x, ion is pronounced yun, 
 as question, mixtion. 
 
 The triphthong ieu is found only in a few words, 
 which are derived from the French, as, adieu, lieu, 
 purlieu; and it has the sound of long «. — The 
 triphthong iew occurs only in view, interview, and 
 purview. 
 
 0A. 
 
 46. The regular sound of this diphthong is that 
 of long o, as in boat, coat, coal, foal, loaf, moat, &c. ; 
 but in broad, abroad, and grout it has the sound 
 of broad o. 
 
 <E. 
 
 47. This diphthong is derived from the Latin ; 
 and it is retained in but very few words used in 
 English. It is found in assafaetida, where it is 
 pronounced like short e; and in atdema, oesophagus, 
 antozci, also in foetus (often written fetus), in which 
 it has the sound of long e. 
 
 (ETJ. 
 
 48. This triphthong is found only in the word 
 manoeuvre, and it has the sound of oo in moon, or 
 of m in rule. 
 
 01, 0Y. 
 
 49. The sound of these diphthongs is the same; 
 and it is noted in this Dictionary, as it is in that 
 of Walker, and in various other pronouncing dic- 
 tionaries, by the combined sound of broad o (as in 
 nor) and short i or y, as boil, boy. 
 
 00. 
 
 50. The regular sound of this diphthong is 
 heard in moon, food, stoop; and it is the same as 
 that of single o in wore, prove. 
 
 51. This diphthong has a shorter sound (the 
 same as the sound of « in btdl, or of single o in 
 mo//) in the words ending in ook, as book, brook, 
 cook, crook, look, roolc, stook, took; also in foot, 
 good, hood, stood, tcood, icool, and their compounds. 
 Walker says that "foot, good, hood, stood, under- 
 stood, withstood, wood, and wool are the only words 
 where this diphthong has this middle sound." 
 But the rest of the words above enumerated are 
 pronounced with the same sound of this diph- 
 thong by other orthoepists, as they are also in 
 common usage. Smart says that the pronuncia- 
 tion assigned by Walker to book (b68k) "is a de- 
 cided provincialism." 
 
 52. This diphthong has the sound of long o in 
 door, floor, and brooch, and of short u in blood and 
 flood. 
 
 OTJ. 
 
 53. This is the most irregular diphthong in the 
 language. Its most common or regular sound is 
 that in which both letters are heard, as in bound, 
 sound, cloud, loud, our, shout, south, &c. 
 
 54. This diphthong has tbe sound of short u 
 
1G 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 in country, cousin, couple, accouple, double, trouble, 
 southern, courage, encourage, flourish, nourish, nour- 
 ishment, enough, chough, rough, tough, touch, touchy, 
 young, youngster, &c. It has the Bound of o in 
 move, or oo in moon, in accoutre, aggroup, group, 
 croup, bouge, amour, paramour, bouse, bousy, ca- 
 pouch, cartouch, rouge, soup, surlout, tour, contour^ 
 detour, tourney, tournament, through, uncouth, you, 
 your, youth, and also in various other words de- 
 rived from the French. It has the sound of long 
 o in court, accourt, courtier, course, concourse, re- 
 course, discourse, source, resource, four, fourth, pour, 
 though, although, dough, mould, moult, mourn, shoul- 
 der, smoulder, poult, poultice, poultry, sold. It has 
 the sound of broad a, as in ball, or o, as in nor, in 
 bought, brought, fought, ought, nought, sought, be- 
 sought, thought, ivrought. It has the sound of u in 
 bull, or of oo in good, in could, shoidd, would. It 
 has the sotind of short o in hough, also (or, accord- 
 ing to some orthoepists, of broad a) in cough and 
 trough, rhyming with off and scoff. 
 
 OW. 
 
 55. The regular sound of this diphthong, the 
 same as the regular sound of ou, is heard in how, 
 now, down, town, tower, &c. It has the sound of 
 long o in below, bestow, blow, crow, floio, flown, grow, 
 grown, growth, glow, know, known, owe, own, owner, 
 show, snow, sown, strow, throw, thrown; also in the 
 following words, in some of their senses : bow, low, 
 lower, mow, shower, sow. 
 
 56. When this diphthong forms an unaccented 
 
 syllable, it has the slight sound of long o, as in 
 borrow, follow, follower. 
 
 UA. 
 
 57. When both of the letters of this diphthong 
 are sounded, they have the power of wa, as in 
 equal, language, persuade, suavity. In some words 
 the u is silent, as in guard, guardian, guarantee, 
 piquant; and in victuals and victualling both the 
 letters are silent. 
 
 TJE. 
 
 58. When these letters are united in a diph- 
 thong, and are both sounded, they have the power 
 of we, as in consuetude, desuetude, mansuetude, con- 
 quest. In some words the u is silent, as in guerdon, 
 guess, guest. When this diphthong is final, the e 
 is in many words silent, as in due, hue, pursue, 
 value, &c. ; and in some words both letters are 
 silent, as in league, fatigue, harangue, tongue, plague, 
 vague, fugue, brogue, antique, oblique, decalogue, 
 demagogue, dialogue, &c. — In the termination ogue, 
 the o is short when preceded by g or /, as dema- 
 gogue, dialogue,— except collogue ; but when any 
 other consonant precedes o, it is long ; as, brogue, 
 rogue, vogue, prorogue. 
 
 VI. 
 
 59. These letters, when they are united in a 
 diphthong, and both are sounded, have the power 
 of ivi, as in anguish, languid, vanquish. In some 
 words the u is silent, as in guide, guile, build, 
 guinea; and in others the i is silent, as in Juice, 
 pursuit, fruit, &C 
 
 SOUNDS OF THE CONSONANTS. 
 
 60. The consonants are conventionally divided 
 into mutes and semi-vowels; but this division is not 
 a strictly scientific one. A more exact division is 
 that into voiceless and voiced or sonant consonants. 
 The mutes cannot be made truly vocal without the 
 aid of a vowel. They are b, d, k, p, t, and c and g 
 hard. 
 
 61. The so-called semi-vowels have an imperfect 
 sound of themselves. Some are not really vocal- 
 ized, but are mere breathings, like / and s. The 
 semi-vowels are /, I, m, n, r, s, v, x, z, and c and g 
 soft. 
 
 62. The four semi-vowels, 1, m, n, and r, are 
 also called liquids, because they readily unite with 
 other consonants, flowing, as it were, into their 
 sounds. Some writers consider v as a liquid; 
 others add w to the list. 
 
 63. The following consonants are styled dentals, 
 namely, d, j, s, t, z, and g soft, being pronounced 
 chiefly by the aid of the teeth ; d, g, j, k, I, n, and 
 q are called palatals, from the use made of the 
 palate in pronouncing them; b, p, f, v, and m 
 are called labi(ds, being pronounced chiefly by the 
 lips; m, n, and the digraph ng are called nasals, 
 being sounded " through the nose ;" and k, q, and c 
 
 and g hard are called gutturals, being sounded by 
 the throat. 
 
 B. 
 
 64. B, preceded by m in the same syllable, is 
 generally silent ; a3, lamb, limb, comb, dumb, &c. ; 
 but succumb is an exception. It is silent also be- 
 fore t in the same syllable, as in debt, doubt, re- 
 doubt, &c. 
 
 C. 
 
 65. This letter is hard, and sounds like k, be- 
 fore a, o, and u; and it is soft, and sounds like s, 
 before e, i, and y; except in sceptic and scirrhus 
 and their derivatives, in which it is hard, like k. 
 In the words indict, indicter, indictable, and indict- 
 ment, c is silent. 
 
 66. When c comes after the accent, and is fol- 
 lowed by ea, ia, io, and eous, it takes, like s and t 
 under the same circumstances, the sound of sh; 
 as, ocean, social, tenacious, cetaceous. 
 
 In the words discern, sacrifice, and suffice, and in 
 several words derived from them, and also in the 
 word sice, c has the sound of s. 
 
 CH. 
 
 67. The regular English sound of this digraph 
 
SOUNDS OF THE CONSONANTS. 
 
 17 
 
 is the same as that of tch or tsh; as in chair, child, 
 rich, church. In words derived from the French, 
 it has the sound of sh ; as in chaise, chagrin, machine. 
 When the digraph ch follows I or n, as in belch, 
 bench, filch, Walker, Jameson, and Fulton desig- 
 nate its sound by sh, as belsh, bensh, fihh ; but other 
 orthoepists, Sheridan, Perry, Jones, Knowles, and 
 Smart, give to ch thus situated the same sound as 
 it has in rich. 
 
 68. In words derived from the Greek and Latin 
 languages, the digraph ch is generally hard like k; 
 as in alchemy, anarch, anarchy, anchor, anchoret, 
 cachexy, catechism, chalcography, chalybeate, chame- 
 leon, chamomile, chaos, character, chasm, chely, chem- 
 istry, chimera, chirography, chiromancy, choler, chord, 
 chorography, chorus, chyle, chyme, cochleary, conch, 
 distich,, echinus, echo, epoclt, eunuch, hemistich, hie- 
 rarch, hierarchy, machinal, machination, mechanic, 
 mechanism, monarch, monarchical, orchestra, orchestre, 
 pentateuch, scheme, schesis, scholar, school, stomach, 
 stomachic, &c. The exceptions are charity, chart, 
 and charter. Ch is hard in all words in which it 
 is followed by I or r ; as chlorosis, Christian, &c. 
 
 69. When arch, signifying chief, begins a word 
 from the Greek language, and is followed by a 
 vowel, it is pronounced arh; as in archangel, archi- 
 tect, archive, archipelago, archetype, archiepiscopal, 
 archidiaconal, architrave, archaism, archaeology ; but 
 when arch is prefixed to an English word, it is 
 pronounced so as to rhyme with march ; as, arch- 
 bishop, archduke, arch-fiend. 
 
 In drachm, schism, and yacht, ch is silent. 
 
 D. 
 
 70. The termination ed, assumed by the preter- 
 ite and participle, in some words takes the sound 
 of d, added to the preceding syllable ; as, healed, 
 sealed, pronounced heald, seald; and in some it 
 takes the sound of t, added in the same man- 
 ner; as, distressed, mixed, pronounced distrest, mixL 
 Some words which when used as participles are 
 pronounced in one syllable, are when used as 
 adjectives pronounced in two; as, learned, blessed, 
 winged. (See No. 15.) 
 
 F. 
 
 71. This letter has always the same sound, ex- 
 cept in the preposition of, in which it has the 
 sound of v. 
 
 G. 
 
 72. G, like c, has two sounds, one hard, and the 
 other soft. It is hard before a, o, and u. An 
 exception is gaol, which is commonly written, as 
 well as pronounced, jail. 
 
 G followed by n at the beginning of a word is 
 silent ; as, gnarl, gnash, gnat, gnaio, gnomon, gno- 
 monics. It is also silent when followed by n at 
 the end of a word; as, arraign, assign, benign, 
 campaign, champaign, condign, deign, design, ensign, 
 expugn, feign, foreign, impregn, impugn, malign, 
 oppugn, reign, resign, sovereign. 
 
 73. G before e, i, and y is sometimes hard and 
 
 b 2* 
 
 sometimes soft. It is generally soft at the begin- 
 ning of words derived from the Greek, Latin, and 
 French, and hard at the beginning of words from 
 the Anglo-Saxon ; and these last, being much the 
 smaller number of the words of this sort, may be 
 regarded as exceptions. 
 
 74. It is hard before e in gear, geek, geese, geld, 
 gelding, gelt, get, gewgaw, shagged, snagged, cragged^ 
 ragged, scragged, dogged, rugged, dagger, stagger, 
 swagger, trigger, dogger, pettifogger, tiger, anger, 
 eager, auger, finger, linger, conger, longer, stronger, 
 younger, longest, strongest, youngest; before i in gib- 
 ber, gibberish, gibbous, gibcut, giddy, gift, gig, giggle, 
 giggler, gild, gill, gimlet, gimp, gird, girdle, girl, girt, 
 girth, gizzard, begin, give, forgive, biggin, piggin, 
 noggin, druggist, waggish, hoggish, sluggish, rigging, 
 digging, &c. ; before y in boggy, cloggy, craggy, foggy, 
 dreggy, jaggy, knaggy, muggy, quaggy, scraggy, shaggy, 
 snaggy, swaggy, twiggy. 
 
 75. The g in longer (the comparative of long), 
 stronger, younger, longest, strongest, and youngest 
 must articulate the e; and these words are pro- 
 nounced as if written with gg. Thus, longer, the 
 comparative of long, is pronounced long'ger; and 
 longer, one who longs, long'er. — For some remarks 
 on the 60und of g as connected with n, see No. 82. 
 
 GH. 
 
 76. In this digraph, at the beginning of a word, 
 the h is silent, as in ghost, ghastly, gherkin; in 
 burgh, h is silent at the end of the word ; at the 
 end of words, both letters are commonly silent, 
 as in high, nigh, sigh, thigh, neigh, weigh, inveigh, 
 sleigh, bough, dough, though, although, plough, fur- 
 lough, through, thorough, borough. In some words 
 this digraph has the sound of /, as in enough, 
 rough, tough, trough, cough, chough, laugh, laughter; 
 in some, the sound of k, as in hough, shough, lough. 
 In slough it is sometimes silent, and sometimes has 
 the sound of/; and it is silent also, according to 
 Walker, in dough when used in the sense of cliff. 
 
 This combination of letters, ough, at the end of 
 words, has no less than seven different sounds, 
 which are exhibited in the following lines, ex- 
 tracted from Notes and Queries, Vol. IV. : 
 
 " 'Tis not an easy task to show 
 How ough sound ; since, though 
 An Irish lough and English slough. 
 And cough and hiccough, all allow, 
 Differ as much as tough and through, 
 There seems no reason why they do." 
 
 GHT. 
 
 77. In this termination the letters gh are al- 
 ways silent ; as, fight, right, height, &c. ; except in 
 draught, which is pronounced, and in some of its 
 senses usually written, draft. 
 
 78. This letter is a note of aspiration, and it is 
 silent at the beginning of a number of words ; as, 
 heir, heiress, honor, honesty, honorable, hostler, hour, 
 
IS 
 
 PEINCIPLES OF PKONUNCIATION. 
 
 &c. In hospital, humble, humor, humorous, humor- 
 some, herb, herbage, &c., according to some orthoe- 
 pists it is silent, and according to others it is 
 sounded. It is always silent after r; as in rheum, 
 rhetoric, rhapsody, &c. 
 
 J, K. 
 
 79. J has the same sound as soft g. K has the 
 same sound as c hard ; and it is always silent be- 
 fore n ; as in knee, kneel, know, &c. 
 
 80. L is silent, in many words ; as in calf, half, 
 chalk, talk, balm, calm, would, could, should, &c. 
 
 81. M always preserves its sound, except in ac- 
 compt, accomptant, and comptroller, pronounced, and 
 also more commonly written, account, accountant, 
 and controller. 
 
 N. 
 
 82. N has two sounds, one simple and pure, as 
 in man, not; the other compound and mixed, or 
 nasal, called also by Walker its "ringing sound," 
 which is heard in king, angle, thank, concord, ban- 
 quet, anxious. This sound is given to n in many 
 words, when this letter precedes k, c or g hard, qu, 
 or x. It is accurately expressed as it is written, 
 when g follows n at the end of a word, as king, 
 hang ; but in other cases the sound of g is inter- 
 posed between the n and the succeeding letter ; as, 
 angle (ang'gle), thank (thangk), concord (cong'cord), 
 banquet (bang'quet). In many words in which a 
 syllable ending with g hard is followed by another 
 syllable, the sound of g is given to the two sylla- 
 bles; as, stronger (strong'ger) (see No. 75), anger 
 (ang'ger), finger (fing'ger). But in bringer, hanger, 
 ringer, singer, slinger, springer, and stringer, g is 
 sounded only in the first syllable. 
 
 The following is a list of most of the principal 
 words in which, according to the best English or- 
 thoepists, the letter n has this mixed or ringing 
 sound : anchor, anger, angle, anguish, angular, ankle, 
 anxious, bank, banquet, blank, blanket, brink, bungle, 
 cancrine, canker, clangor, concord, concourse, conger, 
 congress, crank, clank, clink, dangle, dank, drunk, 
 English, finger, flank, function, fungous, gangrene, 
 gingle, hank, hanker, hunger, ink, jangle, jingle, lan- 
 guage, languish, languor, lank, linger, link, mangle, 
 mingle, mink, monger, mongrel, monkey, pink, rancor, 
 rank, rankle, sanguine, shingle, single, singular, sink, 
 sprinkle, sunk, tangle, tank, thank, think, uncle, un- 
 guent, vanquish, wink, wrinkle, Yankee, zinc. 
 
 It may be hardly necessary to respell most of 
 the words of this class in order to give their pro- 
 nunciation, as, in their common orthography, they 
 are naturally pronounced correctly, with the ap- 
 propriate sound of the g. 
 
 83. N is mute when it ends a syllable and is 
 preceded by I or m, as in kiln, hymn, limn, column, 
 autumn, solemn, condemn, contemn, &c. 
 
 84. Pis silent before s and t at the beginning 
 of words, as in psalm, psalter, ptisan. 
 
 PH. 
 
 85. This digraph generally has the sound of /, 
 as in physic, philosophy, &c. In nephew (according 
 to all the principal English orthoepists) and in 
 Stephen it has the sound of v ; and in triphthong, 
 naphtha, &c, the h is silent. 
 
 Q. 
 
 86. Q is always followed by u, and the digraph 
 qu has commonly the sound of kiv, as in queen, 
 quill, quart; but in many words, mostly derived 
 from the French, it has the sound of k, as in co- 
 quet, etiquette, masquerade, mosque, liquor, &c. 
 
 87. The letter r has a jarring or trilling effect 
 on the tongue, and is never silent. It has a pecu- 
 liar influence both on the long and on the short 
 sound of the vowels. It has the effect, under cer- 
 tain circumstances," to change the short sound of a, 
 as in man, into its Italian sound, as in far, and the 
 short sound of o, as in not, into its broad sound, 
 like a, as in nor ; and it has a corresponding effect 
 on the short sound of the other vowels. (See page 
 11.) When r is preceded by a long vowel it has 
 sometimes the effect of blending the syllables. 
 Thus, the monosyllables hire, lore, more, roar, sore, 
 and flour are pronounced precisely like the dissyl- 
 lables higher, lower, mower, rower, sower, and flower. 
 These latter words, and also bower, cower, dower, 
 power, tower, and some others, are regarded as dis- 
 syllables in prose, but are all commonly pro- 
 nounced as monosyllables in poetry. 
 
 88. There is a difference of opinion among or- 
 thoepists respecting the letter r. Johnson says 
 that "it has one constant sound in English ;" and 
 the same view of it is taken by Kenrick, Sheridan, 
 Perry, Jones, Jameson, and Knowles. Walker, 
 on the contrary, says, "There is a distinction in 
 the sound of this letter scarcely ever noticed by 
 any of our writers on the subject, which is, in 
 my opinion, of no small importance, and that is 
 the rough and the smooth r." The following is 
 the view given by Smart: " R is a decided con- 
 sonant when it begins a syllable, with or without 
 another consonant, as in ray, pray ; and also when 
 it ends a syllable, if it should be so circumstanced 
 that, ending one, it also begins the next, as in 
 arid, tarry, peril, berry, spirit, florid, huiry. Here 
 the r has the same effect on the previous vowel 
 that any other consonant would have, — that is to 
 say, it stops, or renders the vowel essentially 
 short. But, under other circumstances, final r is 
 not a decided consonant ; and therefore the sylla- 
 bles ar, er, ir, or, ur, are not coincident, as to the 
 vowel sound in each, with at, et, it, ot, ut; neither 
 do the vowel sounds in fare, mere, ire, ore, ure, poor, 
 our, quite identify with those in fate, mete, ide, 
 
SOUNDS OF THE CONSONANTS. 
 
 19 
 
 ode, cube, pool, o!<;?." The later students of speech- 
 sounds find several variations of the r sound, as 
 well as of most other consonants. 
 
 S. 
 
 89. The regular or genuine sound of s is its 
 sharp, sibilant, or hissing sound, like c soft, as in 
 son, this. It has also a flat or soft sound (called by 
 some its vocal sound), the same as that of the let- 
 ter z, as in wise, his. 
 
 90. S (except in the digraph sh) has almost al- 
 ways its sharp, hissing sound at the beginning of 
 words, as son, safe; also at the end of words when 
 they terminate in as, except the words as, has, wees, 
 whereas, and the plural of nouns ending in ea, 
 as seas, pleas (also such plurals as stanzas, vistas) ; 
 in all words ending in ss, as less, express; in all 
 words ending in is, except the monosyllables is and 
 his; in all words ending in us and ous, as genius, 
 famous ; in all words when it is preceded in the 
 same syllable by either of the mutes k, p, t, or by 
 /, as locks, hats, caps, muffs. In the prefix dis, s in 
 some cases has its vocal sound. 
 
 91. S final has the sound of z when it immedi- 
 ately follows any consonant, except the mutes k, 
 p, t, the semi-vowel /, aud lh aspirated, as in ribs, 
 heads, hens; also when it forma an additional syl- 
 lable with e before it, in the plural of nouns and 
 the third person singular of verbs, as in churches, 
 boxes, prices, charges, teaches ; likewise in some verbs 
 ending in se, to distinguish them from nouns and 
 adjectives of tlie sumo form, as abuse, use, close, dif- 
 fuse, as distinguished from the nouns abuse, use, 
 and the adjectives close, diffuse. But it is impossi- 
 ble to give rules which will enable one to deter- 
 mine in all cases how s is to be pronounced, 
 whether with its sharp, hissing sound, or with its 
 voiced or soft sound, like z. 
 
 92. S aspirated, or sounding like SH or ZH. — S 
 takes the sound of sh in words ending in sion pre- 
 ceded by a consonant, as in diversion, expulsion, di- 
 mension, passion, mission, &c. ; also in the following 
 words : censure, lei/sure, tonsure, sensual, fissure, scis- 
 sure, pressure, comprcssure, impressure, sure, assure, 
 insure, nauseate, nauseous, sensual, sugar, sumach. 
 
 93. S has the sound of zh in the termination 
 sion preceded by a vowel, as in evasion, cohesion, 
 decision, explosion, contusion, &c. ; also in a number 
 of words in which s is preceded by an accented 
 vowel, and followed by the termination ure, as in 
 measure, pleasure, displeasure, treasure, rasure, clos- 
 ure, disclosure, enclosure, exposure, composure, incis- 
 ure, leisure; also in several words ending in sier, 
 as a-osier, osier, hosier, brasier, grasier ; also in am- 
 brosia, ambrosial, elysinm, clysian ; also in the words 
 abscission, scission, aud rescission. 
 
 T. 
 
 94. T, like s and c, is aspirated when it comes 
 immediately after the accent and is followed by 
 the vowels ia, ie, or io, taking the sound, in these 
 cases, of sh ; as in partial, patient, nation, partition, 
 militia, negotiate, &c. 
 
 TH. 
 
 95. This digraph has two sounds, — one voiceless, 
 hard, sharp, or aspirate, as in thin, think, earth, 
 breath, &c. ; the other flat, soft, or vocal, as in 
 this, tlie, then, breathe, &c. 
 
 96. At the beginning of words this digraph is 
 generally sharp, as in thin, thorn. The exceptions 
 are the following words, with their compounds : 
 the, this, thai, Oiou, thee, thy, thine, they, their, theirs, 
 them, these, those, there, therefore, then, thence, thither, 
 though, thus. At the end of words it is generally 
 sharp, as in death, breath, &c. ; but at the end of 
 some verbs it is flat, as, to smooth, to mouth, to be- 
 queath; also in the following, which are written 
 with a final e: to bathe, to breathe, to clothe, to 
 loathe, to sheathe, to soothe, to swathe, to wreathe. 
 
 97. In some nouns it is sharp in the singular, as 
 in bath, lath, path, oath, month; and flat in the plu- 
 ral, as baths, laths, paths, oaths, mouths. 
 
 98. Fhas only one sound, as in rale, vote; and it 
 is never silent, except (according to some orthoe- 
 pists) in twelvemonth. 
 
 W, WH. 
 
 99. W at the beginning of words is a conso- 
 nant. It is silent before r; as, write, wren, wrist, &C 
 
 The digraph wh is sounded much as if it were 
 reversed, thus, hio ; as, when, while, pronounced 
 huen, hicile. In some words the to is silent ; as, who, 
 whole, &c. 
 
 X. 
 
 100. The regular sound of x is its sharp sound, 
 like ks; as, excellent, exeade, expect, tax. 
 
 101. It has a flat or soft sound, like gz, when the 
 next syllable following begins with an accented 
 vowel, as in exalt, example, exert, exeador ; also in 
 some words derived from primitives in which it 
 has the sound of gz, as, exaltation, exemplary. 
 
 102. At the beginning of words it has the sound 
 of 2, as in Xenophon, xylography. 
 
 103. X takes the sound of ksh when the accent 
 precedes it ; as, fluxion, anxious, luxury. 
 
 Y, Z. 
 
 104. Y, consonant, has always the same sound. 
 — Z has the same sound as flat or soft s. It is as- 
 pirated, taking the sound of zh, in a few words; 
 as, brazier, glazier, grazier, vizier, seizure, &c. 
 
20 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF PRONUNCIATION. 
 
 ACCENT. 
 
 105. All the words of the English language of 
 more than one syllable have one accented syllable ; 
 and most polysyllabic words have not only a sylla- 
 ble with a primary accent, but also one with a 
 secondary accent. 
 
 106. It is the general tendency of the language 
 to place the accent on the first syllable of dissylla- 
 bles, and on the antepenultimate of polysyllables. 
 The exceptions, however, are so numerous that 
 this is not to be regarded as a rule, but only as a 
 general tendency of the language. With respect, 
 however, to verbs of two syllables, the tendency 
 is to place the accent on the second syllable. 
 
 107. A large part of the words of the English j 
 language, especially of the polysyllables, are de- | 
 rived from the Latin aud Greek languages, and | 
 with respect to the accent of such words these ! 
 languages have a great influence ; though in x'ela- 
 tion to many of them the analogy of the English j 
 prevails over that of the original language. 
 
 108. Words which are adopted from the Latin j 
 language into the English without any change of | 
 orthography, generally retain the Latin accent, 
 especially if they are terms of the arts and sci- 
 ences, or words somewhat removed from common 
 use. The following words have the accent on the 
 penultimate syllable both in Latin and in Eng- 
 lish : abdomen, acumen, asylum, bitumen, curator, 
 decorum, delator, dictator, horizon, spectator, testator. 
 
 109. Some words which have the accent on the 
 penult in Latin are conformed to the English 
 analogy, and have the accent on the antepenult; 
 as, auditor, character, cicatrix, orator, minister, pleth- 
 ora, senator, sinister. 
 
 110. Monosyllables are generally marked, in 
 pronouncing dictionaries, with the distinct sound 
 of the vowels as they ai-e pronounced when ut- 
 tered distinctly; but, in reading and speaking, 
 many of them, especially the particles a, an, the, 
 and, at, of, in, on, &c, are generally uttered so as 
 to give only an indistinct or obscure sound to the 
 vowel. 
 
 111. Simple words of two syllables have only 
 one syllable accented, except the word amen, 
 which, Walker says, "is the only word in the 
 language which has necessarily two consecutive 
 accents." There are, however, many compound 
 words of two syllables which have, or may have, 
 both syllables more or less accented ; as, backslide, 
 downfall, gainsay, henceforth, mankind, highway, 
 lighl-house, sometimes, waylay, windmill, almost, &c. 
 
 112. Many words of three and of four syllables 
 have only one accented syllable; as, sensible, pen- 
 ally, reliance, occurrence, republic, admirable, agree- 
 able, celebrity, congenial, chalybeate, &c. But some 
 have a secondary accent almost as strong as the 
 primary ; as, advertise, artisan, partisan, complaisant, 
 caravan, charlatan, domineer, privateer, violin, counter- 
 mand, reprimand, contraband, commodore, reprehend, 
 
 benefactor, malefactor, navigator, regulator, legislator, 
 detrimental, judicature, caricature, animadvert, &c. 
 
 113. Almost all words of more than four sylla- 
 bles have both a primary and a secondary accent, 
 and some words of seven or eight syllables have 
 one primary and two secondary accents ; as, indi- 
 visibility, incomprehensibility. 
 
 114. The following dissyllables, when used as 
 nouns or adjectives, have the accent on the first 
 syllable, and when used as verbs, on the second : 
 
 Nouns or 
 Adjectives. 
 
 Verbs. 
 
 Nouns or 
 Adjectives. 
 
 Verbs. 
 
 Ab'ject 
 
 ab-ject' 
 
 Ex'ile 
 
 ex-ile' 
 
 Ab'sent 
 
 ab-senf 
 
 Fer'ment 
 
 fer-menf 
 
 Ab'stract 
 
 ab-stracf 
 
 Fore'cast 
 
 fore-cast' 
 
 Ac'cent 
 
 ac-cent' 
 
 Fore'taste 
 
 fore-taste' 
 
 Affix 
 
 af-fix' 
 
 Fre'quent 
 
 fre-quent' 
 
 Aug'ment 
 
 aug-ment' 
 
 Im'port 
 
 im-porf 
 
 Bom'bard 
 
 bom-bard' 
 
 Im'press 
 
 im-press' 
 
 Cem'ent 
 
 ce-menf 
 
 In'cense 
 
 in-cense' 
 
 Colleague 
 
 col-league' 
 
 In 'crease 
 
 in-crease' 
 
 Col'lect 
 
 col-lect' 
 
 In'lay 
 
 in -lay' 
 
 Com'pact 
 
 com -pact' 
 
 In'sult 
 
 in-sult' 
 
 Com 'plot 
 
 corn-plot' 
 
 Ob'ject 
 
 ob-jecf 
 
 Com'pound 
 
 corn-pound' 
 
 Ouflaw 
 
 out-law' 
 
 Com 'press 
 
 corn-press' 
 
 Per'fume 
 
 per-fume' 
 
 Con'cert 
 
 con-cert' 
 
 Per'mit 
 
 per-mif 
 
 Con'crete 
 
 con-crete' 
 
 Pefvert 
 
 per-verf 
 
 Con'duct 
 
 con-duct' 
 
 Pre'fix 
 
 pre-fix' 
 
 Con 'feet 
 
 con-feet' 
 
 Prel'ude 
 
 pre-lude' 
 
 Con'fine 
 
 con-fine' 
 
 Prem'ise 
 
 pre-mise' 
 
 Con'flict 
 
 con-flict' 
 
 Pres'age 
 
 pre-sage' 
 
 Con 'serve 
 
 con-serve' 
 
 Pres'ent 
 
 pre-senf 
 
 Con 'sort 
 
 con-sort' 
 
 Prod'uce 
 
 pro-duce' 
 
 Con 'test 
 
 con-test' 
 
 Proj'ect 
 
 pro-ject' 
 
 Con'tract 
 
 con-tract' 
 
 Prog'ress 
 
 pro-gress' 
 
 Con'trast 
 
 con-trast' 
 
 Pro'test 
 
 pro-test' 
 
 Cou'vent 
 
 con-vent' 
 
 Reb'el 
 
 re-bel' 
 
 Con'verse 
 
 con-verse' 
 
 Eec'ord 
 
 re-cord' 
 
 Con'vert 
 
 con-vert' 
 
 Eefuse 
 
 re-fuse' 
 
 Con'vict 
 
 con-vict' 
 
 Re'tail 
 
 re-tail' 
 
 Con'voy 
 
 con-voy' 
 
 Sub'ject 
 
 sub-ject' 
 
 Des'ert 
 
 de-serf 
 
 Suffix 
 
 suf-fix' 
 
 Des'cant 
 
 des-canf 
 
 Sur'vey 
 
 sur-vey' 
 
 Di'gest 
 
 di-gesf 
 
 Tofmeut 
 
 tor-menf 
 
 Dis'count 
 
 dis-counf 
 
 Traj'ect 
 
 tra-ject' 
 
 Es'cort 
 
 es-oprf 
 
 Trans'fer 
 
 trans-fer' 
 
 Es'say 
 
 es4ay' 
 
 Trans 'port 
 
 trans-port' 
 
 Ex'port 
 
 ex-port' 
 
 Un'dress 
 
 un-dress' 
 
 Ex'tract 
 
 ex-tracf 
 
 Up'start 
 
 up-starf 
 
 115. Of the words in the preceding table, cent' 
 ent, complot, increase, perfume, permit, retail, survey, 
 and undress, when used as nouns, are often pro- 
 nounced with the accent on the second syllable. 
 (See these words in the Dictionary.) The words 
 consult, contents, and detail, as nouus, are often pro- 
 nounced, in accordance with this analogy, with 
 the accent on the first syllable. 
 
ACCENT. 
 
 21 
 
 116. The following trisyllables, and a few others, 
 when nouns, are accented on the first syllable, and 
 when verbs, on the third : 
 
 Noiuis. 
 Coun'tercharge 
 Coun'tercharm 
 Countercheck 
 Coun'termand 
 Coua'termarch 
 Coun'termine 
 Coun'terplot 
 Counterpoise 
 Coun'tersign 
 Countervail 
 In'terchange 
 In'terdict 
 O'vercharge 
 O'verfiow 
 O'vermatch 
 O'verthrow 
 O'verturn 
 Bep'rimand 
 
 Verbs. 
 countercharge' 
 countercharm' 
 countercheck' 
 countermand' 
 countermarch' 
 countermine' 
 counterplot' 
 counteipoise' 
 countersign' 
 countervail' 
 interchange' 
 interdict' 
 overcharge' 
 overflow' 
 overmatch' 
 overthrow' 
 overturn' 
 reprimand' 
 
 117. A similar analogy has influence in chang- 
 ing the accent of many other words which are 
 used as verbs and also as nouns or adjectives. 
 Thus, counterbalance and overbalance, when nouns, 
 have the accent on the first syllable, and when 
 verbs, on the third; attribute, as a noun, is ac- 
 cented on the first syllable, and as a verb, on the 
 second; and misconduct, as a noun, is accented on 
 the second syllable, and as a verb, on the third. 
 A class of words with the termination ate have the 
 distinct sound of long a when used as verbs, and 
 the indistinct or obscure sound of a when used as 
 nouns or adjectives; of this class are deliberate, in- 
 timate, mediate, moderate, &c. The words interest 
 and compliment, when used as verbs, are pro- 
 nounced with a more distinct sound of short e, in 
 the last syllable, than when used as nouns. The 
 verb to prophesy has the full sound of long y, and 
 the noun prophecy the obscure sound of y or e. 
 So the whole class of verbs ending in fy are pro- 
 nounced with the distinct sound of long y. 
 
 118. The pronunciation of the following words 
 when useil as nouns or adjectives is different from 
 what it is when used as verbs : 
 
 Nouns or 
 Adjectives. 
 Abuse 
 Advice 
 Close 
 Device" 
 Diffuse 
 Excuse 
 
 Verbs. 
 abuse 
 advise 
 close 
 
 diffuse 
 excuse 
 
 Nouns or 
 Adjectives. 
 Grease 
 House 
 Mouse 
 Prophecy 
 Bise 
 Use 
 
 Verbs. 
 
 grea§e 
 
 house 
 
 mouse 
 
 prophesy 
 
 rise 
 
 u§e 
 
 The following words, when used as nouns, have 
 an accent different from their accent as adjectives : 
 
 Nouns. 
 Au'gust 
 Com'pact 
 Ex'ile 
 Gallant' 
 
 Adjectives. 
 
 Nouns. 
 
 Adjectives. 
 
 august' 
 
 In'stinct 
 
 instinct' 
 
 compact' 
 
 Invalid' 
 
 inval'id 
 
 exile' 
 
 Min'ute 
 
 minute' 
 
 gal'lant 
 
 Su'pine 
 
 supine' 
 
 119. All words ending in sion and Hon have the 
 accent on the penultimate syllable; as, dissen'sion, 
 declara'tion, medita'tion, &c. 
 
 120. Words ending in ia, iac, ial, ian, eous, and 
 ious have the accent on the preceding syllable ; as, 
 rega'lia, demo'niac, impe'rial, ruerid'ian, sponta' neous, 
 inelo'dious. If c, g, s, t, or x precedes the vowel e 
 or i iu these terminations, these vowels are gener- 
 ally blended with the vowel or vowels which fol- 
 low, being pronounced with them in one syllable ; 
 as, benefi'ciul, magi'cian, farina' ceous^ lo/jua'cious, dis- 
 sen'sious, coura'geous, conta'gious, contentious, anx'- 
 ious. The only exception to this rule, in relation 
 to placing the accent, is the word elegiac, which is 
 commonly pronounced elegi'ac, though some pro- 
 nounce it, in accordance with the rule, ele'.jiac. 
 
 121. Words ending in acal and icul have the ac- 
 cent on the antepenultimate syllable ; as, hdi'acal, 
 alphabetical, fanatfical, geograph' ical, poetfical, &c. 
 In words of this termination, the vowels in the 
 accented syllables, if followed by a consonant, are 
 short, except u, which is long; as, cubical, nm'si- 
 cul, scorbu'tical. 
 
 122. Words ending in ic generally have the 
 accent on the penultimate syllable; as, algebra'ic, 
 metal'lic, epidem'ic, scientific, barmon'ic, paraiytfic 
 If a consonant immediately precedes the /, the 
 vowels in the accented syllables are short, except 
 the vowel u, which is long if it is followed by a 
 single consonant; as, cheru'bic, scorWtfc, svlphu'- 
 ric, lellu'ric, &c. But if u is followed by two con- 
 sonants it is sometimes short; as, fux'tic, rus'tic ; 
 and sometimes long; as, ru'bric, lu'bric. The fol- 
 lowing words, which are exceptions to this rule, 
 have the accent on the antepenultimate syllable : 
 ar'senic (as a noun), arith'metic, bish'opric, cath'olic, 
 chol'eric, ephem'eric, her'etic, lu'natic, pol'itic, rhetforic, 
 and lur'meric. The following words, climacteric, 
 empiric, phlegmatic, plethoric, splenetic, according to 
 some orthoepists are conformed to the rule, and 
 according to others they are exceptions to it. 
 
 123. Words of three or more syllables, ending 
 in eal, have their accent on the antepenultimate 
 syllable; as, bo'real, corpo'real, incorpo'real, cu'neal, 
 empy/eal, ethe'real, fune'real, homoge'neal, heteroge'- 
 ueal, lic'teal, loi'eal, oi J deal; except hymene'al, which 
 has the penultimate accent. 
 
 124. Of words ending in ean, the following, 
 being conformed to the English analogy, have the 
 accent on the antepenultimate syllable : cei-be'rean, 
 ceru'lean, hyperbo'rean, Hercu'lean, marmo'rcan, med- 
 iterra'nean, subteira'nean, Tartarean; but the fol- 
 lowing are pronounced by the principal orthoe- 
 pists, in accordance with the best usage, with the 
 accent on the penultimate : adamante'an, anlipode'- 
 an, Atlante'an, colosse'an, ernpyre'an, Epicurean, Eu- 
 rope'an, hymene'an, pygme'an. With regard to 
 European, Walker remarks as follows: "This 
 word, according to the analogy of our own lan- 
 guage, ought certainly to have the accent on the 
 second syllable ; and this is the pronunciation 
 which unlettered speakers constantly adopt; but 
 
22 
 
 PKINCIPLES OF PEONUNCIATION. 
 
 the learned, ashamed of the analogies of their 
 own tongue, always place the accent on the third 
 syllable, because Europseus has the penultimate 
 long, and is therefore accented in Latin. Epicurean 
 has the accent on the same syllable, by the same 
 rule ; while herculean and cerulean submit to Eng- 
 lish analogy, and have their accent on the second 
 syllable, because their penultimate in Latin is 
 short." 
 
 125. Words ending in hide, efy, ify, ety, ity, 
 graphy, logy, loquy, athy, metry, tomy, meter, gonal, 
 fluous, fluent, and parous, have their accent on the 
 antepenultimate ; as, fortitude, rar'efy, diversify, va- 
 riety, liberal'ity, geog'raphy, geol'ogy, solil'oquy, syni'- 
 palhy, geom'etry, anat'omy, barom'eter, diag'onal, 
 super' fluous, affluent, ovip'arous. 
 
 126. Words of three or more syllables, ending in 
 idous, inous, erous, and orous, have the accent on 
 the antepenultimate ; as, sed'ulous, volu'mhwus, vo- 
 ciferous, carniv' orous ; except cano'rous and sono'- 
 rous, which have the accent on the penultimate. 
 
 127. Words of three or more syllables, ending in 
 ative, have the accent on the antepenultimate, or 
 on the preceding syllable ; as, reV ative, appel'lative, 
 communicative, speculative. The exceptions are 
 crea'tive, colla'tive, dila'tive. 
 
 128. Words ending in tive, preceded by a conso- 
 nant, have the accent on the penultimate; as, 
 attractive, invec'tive, presumptive; except ad'jective 
 and sub' siantive. 
 
 129. There is a class of adjectives ending in ose, 
 as, acetose, adipose, anhelose, operose, &c, with re- 
 
 spect to which there is much diversity among or- 
 thoepists in relation to placing the principal accent. 
 Walker says. "From the decided prevalence of the 
 accent on the last syllable of these words, we may 
 easily guess at the analogy of pronunciation, and, 
 with very little hesitation, determine that the ac- 
 cent ought to be placed on the last syllable of 
 them all." Smart, however, and some other re- 
 spectable orthoepists, place the primary accent of 
 a great part of this class of words on the first, or 
 autepenultimate, syllable. But with respect to 
 most of these words the primary and secondary 
 accents are so nearly equal tha.t it is of little im- 
 portance whether the primary accent is placed on 
 the last or on the first or antepenultimate sylla- 
 ble; that is, whether the following words are 
 noted thus, ad-i-pose', an-he-lose', op-e-rose', or 
 thus, ad'i-pose, an/he-lose, op'e-rose. A few of 
 these words are erroneously pronounced by some 
 orthoepists with the accent on the penultimate 
 syllable; as, a-ce'tose. 
 
 130. There is a class of words ending in or, 
 which, when used in law language in connection 
 with their correlative terms, have the accent on 
 the last syllable. The following words, with their 
 correlatives, are of this class : 
 
 Appellor 
 
 Assignor 
 
 Bargainor 
 
 Consignor 
 
 Devisor 
 
 Donor 
 
 appellee 
 
 assignee 
 
 bargainee 
 
 consignee 
 
 devisee 
 
 donee 
 
 Grantor 
 
 Guarantor 
 
 Legator 
 
 Mortgageor 
 
 Obligor 
 
 Recognizor 
 
 grantee 
 
 guarantee 
 
 legatee 
 
 mortgagee 
 
 obligee 
 
 recognizee 
 
 ORTHOEPY AND ORTHOEPISTS. 
 
 The pronunciation of the English language, like 
 that of all living languages, is in a great measure 
 arbitrary. It is exposed to the caprices of fashion 
 and taste. It is liable to change from one age to 
 another ; and it varies, more or less, not only in 
 the different and distantly-separated countries in 
 which it is spoken, but also in the different di- 
 visions and districts of the same country. No two 
 speakers or orthoepists, though inhabitants of the 
 same place, would be likely to agree in the pro- 
 nunciation of all its words. The standard of pro- 
 nunciation is not the authority of any dictionary, 
 or of any orthoepist ; but it is the present usage 
 of literary and well-bred society. 
 
 The question may be asked, Where is this stand- 
 ard to be sought, or this usage to be ascertained ? 
 To this it may be answered that London is the 
 great metropolis of English literature, and that it 
 has an incomparably greater influence than any 
 other city in giving law, in relation to style and 
 pronunciation, to the many millions who write 
 and speak the language. The English orthoepists 
 naturally refer to the usage of the best society in 
 London as their principal standard; but the usage 
 of good society in that city is not uniform, and no 
 
 two orthoepists would perfectly agree with each 
 other in attempting to exhibit it. 
 
 It may be further asked, How far is it proper for 
 the people of the United States to be guided in 
 their pronunciation by the usages of London? To 
 this it may be answered that it is advisable for 
 American speakers, as well as writers, to conform 
 substantially to the best models, wherever they may 
 be found; and so long as London holds its rank 
 as the great metropolis of the literature.of the 
 English language, so long it must have a predom- 
 inant influence with respect to speaking and writ- 
 ing it. If the influence of the usage of London 
 were discarded, where should we seek for a usage 
 that would be generally acknowledged as. entitled 
 to higher authority ? There is no one city in the 
 United States which holds a corresponding rank 
 as a centre of intelligence and fashion, — no one 
 which is the central and undisputed metropolis of 
 Anglo-American literature, as London is of Eng- 
 lish literature. Pronunciation in the United States 
 is, indeed, now substantially conformed to the 
 usage of London. The works of some of the Eng- 
 lish orthoepists, who have regarded the usage of 
 London as their standard, have been as generally 
 
ORTHOEPY AND ORTHOEPISTS. 
 
 23 
 
 circulated and used in this country as they have 
 been in England ; and there is undoubtedly a more 
 general conformity to the London usage in pro- 
 nunciation throughout the United States than 
 there is throughout Great Britain. 
 
 Although it is not to be questioned that, with 
 respect to the many millions who speak the Eng- 
 lish language, the usage of London is entitled to 
 far more weight than that of any other city, yet 
 this is not the only thing to be observed. The 
 usage of the best society in the place or district in 
 which one resides is not to be disregarded. If our 
 pronuuciation is agreeable to the analogy of the 
 language, and conformed to the practice of the 
 best society with which we have intercourse, we 
 may have no sufficient reason to change it, though 
 it should deviate, more or less, from the existing 
 usage of London. A proper pronunciation is in- 
 deed a desirable accomplishment, and is indica- 
 tive of a correct taste and a good education ; still 
 it ought to be remembered that, in speech as in 
 manners, rusticity is more excusable than affecta- 
 tion. 
 
 "For pronunciation," says Dr. Johnson, "the 
 best general rule is to consider those as the most 
 elegant speakers who deviate least from the writ- 
 ten words." There are many words of which the 
 pronunciation in England is, at present, better 
 conformed to the spelling than it was formerly; 
 and the principle of conformity of the manner of 
 writing to that of speaking the language has been 
 carried somewhat farther in the United States 
 than in England. This is a principle which seems 
 worthy of being encouraged rather than checked. 
 With respect to the want of conformity of the pro- 
 nunciation of words to their orthography, Smart 
 
 says, "Fortunately, the number of these anomalies 
 is daily decreasing, so that many words which, 
 in Walker's Dictionary, are marked as having a 
 customary irregular pronunciation, appear in this 
 with their regular sounds, and yet with usage in 
 their favor." 
 
 Much ingenuity and labor have been employed 
 by various orthoepists in their efforts to settle the 
 pronunciation of the language ; and different sys- 
 tems of notation for designating the sounds of the 
 letters have been adopted. But it has been found 
 difficult to form such a system as will correctly 
 represent all the various sounds of the letters, and 
 not be liable to mistake; and if such a system 
 were formed, it would be a difficult and delicate 
 matter to make a correct application of it to all 
 cases. The language, as it respects pronuncia- 
 tion, has many irregularities, which cannot be 
 subjected to any general rules; and with regard 
 to the pronunciation of particular words, the in- 
 stances are numerous in relation to which there is 
 a disagreement among the best orthoepists. 
 
 The following table exhibits the manner in 
 which the pronunciation of a number of words is 
 represented by Sheridan, Walker, Jameson, and 
 Smart, together with the mode adopted in this 
 work. These several orthoepists have each his 
 own peculiar system of notation; but as their dif- 
 ferent methods of marking the letters cannot be 
 here exhibited without much inconvenience, and 
 without causing great confusion to the reader, 
 their respective modes of the respelling of the 
 words are presented; and instead of their marks 
 on the vowels, those employed in this work are 
 substituted, indicating, in all cases, the sounds of 
 the letters as given by them. 
 
 
 
 Sheridan. 
 
 Walker. 
 
 Jameson. 
 
 Smart. 
 
 A-bn'i-ty. 
 
 a-bil'e-te 
 
 a-bil'y-ty- 
 
 a-bil'e-te 
 
 a-bll'e-te 
 
 a-bil'e-te 
 
 Av'er-ai'e 
 
 av'er-aj 
 
 av'e-rfy'o 
 
 av'ur-idje 
 
 av'er-aje 
 
 av'er-aje 
 
 De-lib'er-ate, v 
 
 de-lib'er-at 
 
 de-lib'e-rate 
 
 de-lib'er-ate 
 
 de-lib'er-ate 
 
 de-lib'er-ate 
 
 De-lib'er-ate, a 
 
 de-lib'er-at 
 
 de-lib'e-ret 
 
 de-lib'er-ate 
 
 de-lib'er-ate 
 
 de-lib'er-ate 
 
 £d'u-cate 
 
 ed'yu-kat 
 
 ed'Q-kat 
 
 ed'ju-kate 
 
 ed'ii-kate 
 
 ed'u-kate 
 
 Feat'ure 
 
 fet'yur 
 
 fe'tshur 
 
 fe'tshure 
 
 fete'yer 
 
 fet'ch'oor 
 
 Im-pet'u-ous 
 
 im-pet'yu-us 
 
 Im-pet'tQ-us 
 
 im-petsh'ii-us 
 
 im-pet'u-us 
 
 im-pet'u-us 
 
 In'ter-est, v. 
 
 in'ter-est 
 
 in'ter-est 
 
 in'ter-est 
 
 in'ter-est 
 
 in'ter-est 
 
 In'ter-est, n. 
 
 in'ter-est 
 
 in'cer-est 
 
 in'ter-est 
 
 in'ter-est 
 
 in'ter-est 
 
 In'ti-mate, v. 
 
 In'te-mat 
 
 In'ty-mate 
 
 in'te-mite 
 
 in'te-mate 
 
 ju'te-mfit 
 
 In'ti-mate, a. 
 
 in'te-mat 
 
 In'ty-met 
 
 in'te-mat 
 
 in'te-mate 
 
 In'te-mat 
 
 Mod'er-ate, v. 
 
 mod'er-at 
 
 mod'der-ate 
 
 mod'der-ate 
 
 mod'der-ate 
 
 mod'er-at 
 
 Mod'er-ate, a. 
 
 mod'er-at 
 
 mod'der-et 
 
 mod'der-at 
 
 mod'der-ate 
 
 mod'er-at 
 
 Nat'u-ral 
 
 nat'yu-ral 
 
 nat'tshur-el 
 
 nat'tshu-ral 
 
 nat'ii-ral 
 
 nat'choo-ral 
 
 Nat'ure 
 
 nat'yur 
 
 na'tshur 
 
 na'tshure 
 
 nate'yur 
 
 na'ch'oor 
 
 Q-be'di-ent 
 
 o-be'de-ent 
 
 o-be'dzhent 
 
 o-be'je-ent 
 
 o-be'de-ent 
 
 6-be'de-ent 
 
 V'irt'u-ous 
 
 virt'yu-us 
 
 ver'tshu-us 
 
 ver'tshu-us 
 
 vir'tu-us 
 
 ver'ch'oo-us 
 
 In relation to all the words here exhibited, these 
 orthoepists agree with respect to two of the most 
 important points in the pronunciation of words, 
 namely, the syllable on which the accent is to be 
 placed, and the quantity of the vowel in the ac- 
 cented syllable. Though with regard to the modes 
 of representing the pronunciation of most of these 
 
 words there is a considerable diversity, yet it is 
 doubtless true that the pronunciation intended 
 to be expressed differs, in reality, much less than 
 it would seem to do, and that in numerous in- 
 stances these orthoepists agreed much better in 
 their practice than in their mode of indicating it. 
 There is an obvious difference in the quantity 
 
24 
 
 OETHOEPY AND OKTHOEPISTS. 
 
 and in the stress of voice with which the last syl- I 
 lable of the words deliberate and moderate are pro- 
 nounced when verbs and when adjectives. All 
 these orthoepists mark the a long in the last sylla- 
 ble of these words when used as verbs; Jameson 
 and Smart also mark it long when they are ad- 
 jectives; Walker shortens the a in the adjective 
 moderate; Sheridan changes the a in both of the 
 words, when adjectives, into short e. But there 
 seems to be no advantage in changing the letter in 
 such cases. It is but slightly pronounced, and 
 has not the distinct sound of either short e or 
 short or long a; and with respect to most of the 
 instances in which the vowels in this Dictionary 
 have a dot placed under them, they are so slightly 
 pronounced that to mark them with a distinct 
 sound, either long or short, would tend rather to 
 mislead than to assist in pronouncing them. If 
 the syllables on which the primary and secondary 
 accents fall are correctly pronounced, the com- 
 paratively indistinct syllables will naturally be 
 pronounced aright. 
 
 With respect to words variously pronounced, 
 Walker says, "The only method of knowing the 
 extent of custom, in these cases, seems to be an 
 inspection of those dictionaries which professedly 
 treat of pronunciation. We have now so many 
 works of this kind that the general current of 
 custom, with respect to the sound of words, may 
 be collected from them with almost as much cer- 
 tainty as the general sense of words from Johnson. 
 An exhibition of the opinions of orthoepists about 
 the sound of words always appeared to me a very 
 rational method of determining what is called 
 custom. This method I have adopted." The 
 method thus countenanced by Walker has been 
 carried out in this Dictionary much more thor- 
 oughly than he had the means of doing it, inas- 
 much as the greater part of the works which are 
 made use of as the principal authorities have been 
 published since his time. With respect to many of 
 these variously pronounced woi'ds, it is difficult to 
 decide what method is to be preferred ; and it is 
 not to be supposed that the mode for which the 
 compiler has indicated a preference will in all 
 cases be esteemed the best; but, when it is not, 
 the mode which the reader may deem preferable 
 will be found included within the brackets, and 
 supported by its proper authority. 
 
 It may be seen, with respect to words variously 
 pronounced, that a preference is not always given 
 to the mode which has the most support from or- 
 
 thoepists; yet in some instances, in deference to 
 the weight of authorities, the compiler has given 
 a preference to a mode which, in the exercise of 
 his own judgment, independent of the authorities, 
 he would not have preferred ; for it would be un- 
 reasonable for him to make a conformity to his 
 own taste, or to the result of his own limited obser- 
 vation, a law to those who may differ from him and 
 yet agree with perhaps the more common usage. 
 
 In giving the authorities for pronunciation in 
 this Dictionary, neither the respelling nor the no- 
 tation of the orthoepists cited has generally been 
 exhibited, as it was necessary to reduce them all 
 to one system. Their precise difference is not 
 always presented with exactness ; yet the cases of 
 failure are not important. The different editions 
 of the authors used as authorities differ in various 
 instances ; and it is sometimes impossible to ascer- 
 tain whether the intention of the writer has not 
 been frustrated by an error of the press. ' » 
 
 The English authorities most frequently cited in 
 this volume are Sheridan, Walker, Perry, Jones, 
 Enfield, Fulton and Knight, Jameson, Knowles, 
 Smart, Eeid, and Craig, all of whom are authors 
 of Pronouncing Dictionaries. In addition to these, 
 various other English lexicographers and ortho- 
 epists are sometimes brought forward, as Bailey, 
 Johnson, Kenrick, Ash, Barclay, Entick, Scott, 
 Ogilvie, Boag, Clarke, Wright, Nares, and several 
 others, besides the distinguished American lexi- 
 cographer, Dr. Webster. The edition of Webster's 
 Dictionary made use of is that of 1841, which is 
 the latest that was published during the life of 
 the author. 
 
 The different English orthoepists who are made 
 use of as authorities are entitled to very different 
 degrees of respect. There is no one of them who 
 has obtained a higher and more widely extended 
 reputation than Walker; and no one appears to 
 have bestowed longer and more patient attention 
 in studying the analogies of the language, and in 
 ascertaining the best usage. But there has been 
 considerable change since his time ; and some w ho 
 have succeeded him have corrected some of his 
 mistakes, and made improvements on his system ; 
 and they may, in many cases, be considered better 
 guides as to the present usage than Walker. 
 
 Of the successors of Walker, Mr. Smart appears 
 to have given the most careful and discriminating 
 attention to the subject ; and he may therefore be 
 regarded as the best single authority for present 
 English usage. 
 
ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 
 EEMAEKS— WITH RULES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 
 1. The orthography of the English language has 
 been undergoing continual changes from the time 
 of its first formation to the present day, although for 
 a century or upwards it may be regarded as having 
 assumed a comparatively settled form. If we look 
 into books printed in the reign of Queen Anne, we 
 meet with many words having an orthography 
 different from that which is now in use. If we 
 carry our observation back as far as the reign of 
 Queen Elizabeth, we find the difference in orthog- 
 raphy greatly increased ; and when, in our retro- 
 spective examination, we reach the age of Chaucer 
 and Wickliffe, we find many words which, though 
 they are now actually in use, are so disguised in 
 their orthographical form, and are of so odd and 
 uncouth an apppearauce, that they can hardly be 
 recognized. 
 
 2. The early productions of English literature 
 which are still much read, such as the works of 
 Bacon, Hooker, Shakespeare, and the common 
 version of the Bible, appear now in an orthography 
 very different from that in which they were at 
 first printed. The first four verses of the thirty- 
 second chapter of Deuteronomy, in the first edition 
 of the common version of the Bible, printed in 
 1611, stands thus: "Giue eare, yee heauens, 
 and I wil speake ; and heare, earth, the words 
 of my mouth. My doctrine shall drop as the 
 raine ; my speach shall distill as the deaw, as the 
 smal raine vpon the tender herbe, and as showres 
 vpon the grasse. Because I wil publish the Name 
 of the Lord ; ascribe yee greatnesse vnto our God. 
 He is the rocke, his worke is perfect : for all his 
 wayes are "Judgement : A God of trueth, and with- 
 out iniquity, iust and right is he." In these few 
 lines, which may be taken as a specimen of the 
 whole, there are twenty-seven instances in which 
 the words appear in an orthography different from 
 that in which they are now printed. It is not 
 uncommon to find the same word spelt in more 
 ways than one on the same page, as is often the 
 case with works even of the most distinguished 
 writers printed in the early ages of English litera- 
 ture. 
 
 3. In adjusting the orthography of this Diction- 
 ary much care has been taken ; in performing the 
 work attention has been paid to etymology, anal- 
 ogy, and usage ; and in cases in which good usage 
 is divided, etymology and analogy have been con- 
 sulted in deciding disputable points. But no in- 
 
 novation has been made with respect to those 
 cases in which usage is invariable and settled. 
 
 4. With respect to orthography, the best usage 
 in America differs very little from the best usage 
 in England. There is a class of words ending in 
 or or our, all of which, unless Saviour may be re- 
 garded as an exception, are commonly written in 
 this country without the u; as, error, favor, honor, 
 terror, &c. But although the greater part of the 
 words ending in or or our are written in England 
 without the u, yet there are a few of these words, 
 of very frequent occurrence, most of them dis- 
 syllables, which are commonly written in England 
 with the m ; as, favour, honour, &c. 
 
 5. A numerous class of words formerly written 
 with the termination ick, as musick, publick, are 
 now written, both in England and the United 
 States, with the termination ic; as, music, public. 
 But the verbs to frolic, to mimic, to physic, to traffic, 
 to bivouac, though written without the jfc in the 
 present tense, yet on assuming another syllable, 
 in forming the past tense and participles, the jfc 
 must be used in order to keep the c hard ; as, traf' 
 ficked, trafficking. 
 
 6. Verbs of one syllable ending with a single 
 consonant, preceded by a single vowel (as plan), 
 and verbs of two or more syllables ending in the 
 same manner, and having the accent on the last 
 syllable (as regret), double the final consonant of 
 the verb on assuming an additional syllable ; as, 
 plan, planned; regret, regretted. But if a diphthong 
 precedes the last consonant (as in join), or the 
 accent is not on the last syllable (as in suffer), the 
 consonant is not doubled ; as, join, joined ; suffer, 
 suffered. 
 
 There is an exception to the last clause of the 
 preceding rule, with respect to most of the verbs 
 ending in the letter I, which on assuming an ad- 
 ditional syllable are allowed, by general usage, to 
 double the I, though the accent is not on the last 
 syllable; as, travel, travelling, travelled, traveller; 
 libel, libelling, libelled, libeller, libellous. But the 
 derivatives of parallel are written without doubling 
 the final I ; as, paralleled, unparalleled. — The nouns 
 petal, peril, novel, dial, and viol, on assuming an ad- 
 ditional syllable, do not double the I: as, petalous, 
 perilous, novelist, dialkt, violist. 
 
 The following list comprises the verbs ending in 
 I, which, though they have not the accent on the 
 last syllable, yet commonly double the final I: 
 
 25 
 
26 
 
 EULES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 
 apparel 
 
 dishevel 
 
 handsel 
 
 model 
 
 rival 
 
 bevel 
 
 drivel 
 
 hatchel 
 
 panel 
 
 rowel 
 
 bowel 
 
 duel 
 
 imperil 
 
 parcel 
 
 shovel 
 
 cancel 
 
 embowel 
 
 jewel 
 
 pencil 
 
 shrivel 
 
 carol 
 
 empanel 
 
 kennel 
 
 peril 
 
 snivel 
 
 cavil 
 
 enamel 
 
 label 
 
 pistol 
 
 tassel 
 
 channel 
 
 equal 
 
 level 
 
 pommel 
 
 trammel 
 
 chisel 
 
 gambol 
 
 libel 
 
 quarrel 
 
 travel 
 
 counsel 
 
 gravel 
 
 marshal 
 
 ravel 
 
 tunnel 
 
 cudgel 
 
 grovel 
 
 marvel 
 
 revel 
 
 unravel 
 
 The derivatives of these verbs are sometimes 
 epelt with a single I ; and this mode is more or less 
 favored by some lexicographers ; and although it 
 accords with the analogy of the language, yet the 
 prevailing usage is to double the Z. 
 
 7. Some words having a secondary accent on 
 the last syllable double the last letter on assuming 
 an additional syllable. The verb to kidnap always 
 doubles the p on assuming an additional syllable ; 
 as, kidnap, kidnapped, kidnapping, kidnapper; — also 
 the following words : compromit, compromitted ; car- 
 buret, carburetted; sidphuret, sulphuretted; — also va- 
 rious compound words ; as, half-wit, half-witted, &c. 
 
 8. The verb to bias doubles the s on assuming an 
 additional syllable; as, Massing, biassed, biasser; 
 also the verb to worship commonly doubles the p ; 
 as, worship, worshipping, worshipper. 
 
 9. There is some diversity in usage with respect 
 to several other verbs ending in p, which, although 
 the accent is not on the last syllable, are sometimes 
 allowed to double the last consonant when another 
 syllable is added. But the more correct and regu- 
 lar mode is to write them without doubling the 
 final consonant ; as, gallop, galloping. The deriva- 
 tives of a few words ending in t are sometimes er- 
 roneously written with the t doubled ; as, benefitted, 
 instead of benefited; combatled, instead of combated. 
 
 10. Most of the words in the English language 
 which end in ise, and almost all which end in ize, 
 are verbs ; and with regard to a number of these 
 verbs there is a diversity in the English diction- 
 aries, as well as in common usage, in relation to 
 this termination, the same verbs sometimes end- 
 ing in ize and sometimes in ise. With regard to 
 this termination, the following rule is generally, 
 though not invariably, observed : 
 
 Verbs derived from Greek verbs ending in i£w, 
 and others formed after the same analogy, have 
 the termination ize; as, agonize, characterize; but 
 words derived from the French prendre have the 
 termination ise ; as, apprise, surprise, enterprise. 
 
 The following list comprises most of the Eng- 
 lish verbs which are generally written with the 
 termination ise : 
 
 advertise 
 
 compromise 
 
 emprise 
 
 misprise 
 
 advise 
 
 demise 
 
 enfranchise 
 
 premise 
 
 affranchise 
 
 despise 
 
 enterprise 
 
 revise 
 
 apprise 
 
 devise 
 
 exercise 
 
 supervise 
 
 chastise 
 
 disfranchise 
 
 exorcise 
 
 surmise 
 
 circumcise 
 
 disguise 
 
 franchise 
 
 surprise 
 
 comprise 
 
 divertise 
 
 merchandise 
 
 
 In relation to the following words — catechise or 
 catechize, criticise or criticize, patronise or patronize, 
 recognise or recognize— the dictionaries and usage 
 are divided, though the most of tbe dictionaries 
 give the termination ise to these verbs. There 
 are other words with regard to which there is a 
 want of uniformity in usage ; as, civilize, disseize, 
 epitomize, &c. 
 
 11. There are a few verbs which are derived 
 from nouns ending in th hard or sharp, as in thin, 
 and which have e added to th, making the sound 
 of th soft or vocal, as in this. Such are the follow- 
 ing : from bath, bathe ; from breath, breathe ; from 
 cloth, clothe; from loath, loathe; from sheath, sheathe; 
 from sooth, soothe ; from swath, swathe ; from wreath, 
 wreathe and inwreathe ; but the following verbs are 
 commonly written without a final e, viz., to be- 
 queath, to mouth, and to smooth. 
 
 12. Verbs ending in ie change the ie into y on 
 adding ?;»#; as, die, dying; lie, lying; tie, tying. 
 
 13. Verbs ending with a single e omit the e when 
 ing is added ; as, place, placing ; relate, relating. 
 
 The following words are exceptions: dye (to 
 color), dyeing; hoe, hoeing; shoe, shoeing: and when 
 ing is added to the verbs singe, swinge, and tinge, 
 the e is properly retained ; as, singeing, swingeing, 
 and tingeing, in order to distinguish these parti- 
 ciples from singing, swinging, and tinging 
 
 14. All verbs ending in y, preceded by a conso- 
 nant, retain the y on adding ing ; as, spy, spying ; 
 deny, denying; but when ed is added the y is changed 
 into i; as, spy, spied; deny, denied; and when s is 
 added y is changed into ie; as, spy, spies; deny, 
 denies. 
 
 15. Verbs ending in y, preceded by another 
 vowel, on adding ing, ed, or s, do not change y into 
 i; as, delay, delaying, delayed, delays. 
 
 The following words are exceptions : lay, laid; 
 pay, paid ; say, said ; stay, stayed or staid. 
 
 16. The greater part of verbal nouns end in er, 
 as from advertise, advertiser; but many of them 
 end in or, as from imitate, imitator; from instruct, 
 instructor; and some are seen in both forms, as 
 visitor, visiter. The verbal nouns from beg and lie 
 are irregularly formed beggar and liar. From 
 peddle the regular verbal noun would be peddler ; 
 but the noun is commonly written pedler, and 
 sometimes pedlar. 
 
 17. There is a class of words ending in tre, as 
 centre, metre, &c, which are by some written center, 
 meter, &c. ; but the former mode is supported by 
 the prevailing usage. 
 
 18. There is a numerous class of English ad- 
 jectives ending in able or ible, amounting to nearly 
 a thousand, more than three-fourths of which end 
 in able. A part of these adjectives are derived 
 from Latin adjectives ending in abilis or ibilis ; a 
 few of them are adopted from the French; and 
 many of them are of English growth ; and these 
 are chiefly derived from verbs, as from allow, allow- 
 able, from move, movable; sometimes from nouns, 
 as from action, actionable, from peace, peaceable. 
 
EULES OF ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 
 27 
 
 19. "With respect to the orthography of those ad- 
 jectives which are of English origin, it is difficult 
 to give any general rule ; and in some cases it is 
 difficult to determine whether they should end in 
 able or ible ; and in a few cases usage is more or 
 less variable ; as, addible or addable, conversable or 
 conversible, referrible or referable. 
 
 20. Latin adjectives ending in abilis are derived 
 from Latin verbs of the first conjugation ; as, 
 midabilis, from muto, mutare; and from adjectives 
 with this termination in Latin are formed English 
 adjectives ending in able ; as, mutable. Latin ad- 
 jectives ending in ibilis are derived from verbs of 
 the second, third, or fourth conjugation ; as, doci- 
 bilis, from doceo, docere ; legibilis, from lego, legere; 
 avdibilis, from audio, audire; and from adjectives 
 with this termination in Latin are formed English 
 adjectives ending in ible ; as, docible, legible, audible. 
 
 21. Derivative adjectives ending in able are 
 written without an e before a ; as, blamable, mova- 
 ble, not blameable, moveable; except those of which 
 the primitive word ends in ce or ge; in such the 
 e is retained to soften the preceding consonant ; as, 
 peaceable, changeable. 
 
 22. Compound words formed by prefixing a 
 word or a syllable to a monosyllable ending in all 
 commonly retain the double I; as, appall, befall, 
 belhrall, downfall, forestall, fuzzball, headstall, install, 
 in thrall, laystall, miscall, overfall, recall, saveall, 
 thumbskdl, waterfall, windfall; but some of these 
 words are very often, if not more commonly, seen 
 with a single I; as, appal, befal, bethral, inthral, &c. 
 Withal, therewithal, and wherewithal end with a 
 single I. 
 
 23. A class of other compound words commonly 
 retain the final double J! which is found in the 
 simple words; as, bridewell, downhill, uphill, mole- 
 hill, ivatermill, windmill, handmill. "With respect to 
 foretel, enrol, and ^lnrol, or foretell, enroll, and un- 
 roll, the authorities and usage are divided. 
 
 24. Nouns of the singular number ending in ey 
 form their plural by adding s only to the singular ; 
 as, attorney, attorneys; money, moneys; valley, val- 
 leys. These plurals are often erroneously written 
 attornies, monies, and rallies. 
 
 25. Nouns ending in o, preceded by another 
 vowel, form their plural by the addition of s; as, 
 cameo, cameos; folio, folios; but if the final o is 
 preceded by a consonant the plural is commonly 
 formed by adding es ; as, cargo, cargoes. The fol- 
 lowing nouns, however, — canto, cento, grotto, junto, 
 
 portico, rotundo, salvo, solo, tyro, duodecimo, octavo, 
 quarto, and some others, — commonly have their 
 plural formed by the addition of s only to the sin- 
 gular; as, canto, cantos. Yet with respect to the 
 plural of some of these words usage is not uni- 
 form ; as the plural of quarto, for example, is some- 
 times seen written quartos and sometimes quartoes. 
 
 26. There is a class of words which have in 
 their derivation a twofold origin from the Latin 
 and French languages, and are indifferently writ- 
 ten with the first syllable en or in, the former 
 being derived from the French and the latter from 
 the Latin. "With respect to some of these it is 
 difficult to determine which form is best supported 
 by usage; as, for example, inquire or enquire, insure 
 or ensure. A few of this class of words are found 
 in the following Vocabulary. 
 
 27. There is a small class of words ending in 
 ped or pede (L. pes, foot) ; as, biped, centiped, rnille- 
 ped, multiped, palmiped, jrfumiped, quadruped, soli- 
 ped, and a few others. Of these words, biped and 
 quadruped are always written without the final e, 
 but with respect to the others the dictionaries and 
 usage are divided ; and although it has heretofore 
 been the more common mode to write most of 
 these words with a final e, yet there seems to be 
 no good reason why they should not all be con- 
 formed to the same rule. 
 
 28. There is a class of chemical terms many of 
 which signify that which contains the essence of 
 the kind as an extract, and which are variously 
 written with the termination ine or in ; as, aspar- 
 agine, chlorine, olivine, or asparagin, chlorin, olirin ; 
 but the prevailing usage with respect to most of 
 these words favors the use of the final e; as, as- 
 paragine, chlorine; but tannin and some others are 
 written without a final e. 
 
 29. The following words are generally written 
 without an e after g; abridgment, acknowledgment, 
 and judgment; though many write them with it, 
 — abridgement, acknowledgement, and judgement, 
 — as Johnson and other lexicographers spell lodge- 
 ment. 
 
 30. In some cases words are so variously affected 
 by etymology, analogy, and general usage that it 
 is difficult to determine what orthography is best 
 Supported ; as, for example, connection or connexion, 
 despatch or dispatch, hinderance or hindrance, jail or 
 gaol, preterite or preterit, recognizance or recognisance, 
 shew or show, sceptic or skeptic, thrash or thresh, and 
 various others. 
 
28 WORDS OF DOUBTFUL OK VARIOUS ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 
 YOCABULAEY OF WOEDS OF DOUBTFUL OE YAEIOUS 
 OETHOGEAPHY. 
 
 The following Vocabulary contains only a few of 
 the words which belong to the several classes re- 
 ferred to in the preceding remarks ; but, with the 
 exception of these classes, it comprises nearly all 
 the English words with regard to which a diversity 
 of orthography is now often met with. 
 
 The orthography in the left-hand column is 
 deemed to be well authorized, and in most cases 
 preferable ; but with respect to the authority of 
 
 that in the right-hand column there is great di- 
 versity. In some cases it is nearly or quite as 
 well authorized as that on the left hand, and in 
 some it has but a very feeble support. Both or- 
 thographies of some of the words are right, the 
 words being differently spelt when used in differ- 
 ent senses ; as, draught or draft, forte or fort, subtle 
 or subtile, abetter or abettor, canvass or canvas, caliber 
 or calibre, controller or comptroller, &c. 
 
 Abettor, and 
 
 Abetter 
 
 Amercement 
 
 Amerciament 
 
 Assize 
 
 Assise 
 
 Abnormal 
 
 Anormal 
 
 Amiability 
 
 Amability 
 
 Assizer 
 
 Assiser 
 
 Abreuvoir 
 
 Abbreuvoir 
 
 Amice 
 
 Amess 
 
 Assuage 
 
 Asswage 
 
 Abridgment 
 
 Abridgement 
 
 Amortise 
 
 Amortize 
 
 Athenaeum 
 
 Atheneum 
 
 Accessory, and 
 
 Accessary 
 
 Anademe 
 
 Anadem 
 
 Auger 
 
 Augre 
 
 Accountant 
 
 Accomptant 
 
 Ananas 
 
 Anana 
 
 Aught 
 
 Ought 
 
 Acetimeter 
 
 Acetometer 
 
 Anapest 
 
 Anapaest 
 
 Autocracy 
 
 Autocrasy 
 
 Achieve 
 
 Atchieve 
 
 Anapestic 
 
 Anapaestic 
 
 Avoirdupois 
 
 Averdupois 
 
 Acknowledg- 
 
 Acknowledge- 
 
 Anbury 
 
 Ambury 
 
 Awkward 
 
 Aukward 
 
 ment 
 
 ment 
 
 Ancestral 
 
 Ancestrel 
 
 Awn 
 
 Ane 
 
 Acronycal 
 
 f Achronychal 
 I Acronical 
 
 Ancient 
 
 Antient 
 
 Axe 
 
 Ax 
 
 Ancientry 
 
 Anchentry 
 
 
 
 Addible 
 
 Addable 
 
 Andiron 
 
 Handiron 
 
 
 B. 
 
 Adipocere 
 
 Adipocire 
 
 Anemone 
 
 Anemony 
 
 
 Adjudgment 
 
 Adjudgement 
 
 Angiography 
 
 Angeiography 
 
 Baccalaureate Baccalaureat 
 
 Admittible 
 
 Admittable 
 
 Angiology 
 
 Angeiology 
 
 Bachelor 
 
 Batch elor 
 
 Adscititious 
 
 Ascititious 
 
 Angiotomy 
 
 Angeiotomy 
 
 Bade, from bid Bad 
 
 Adulteress 
 
 Adultress 
 
 Ankle 
 
 Ancle 
 
 Bald rick 
 
 Bawdrick 
 
 Advertise 
 
 Advertize 
 
 Annotto, Ar- 
 
 Annotta, Ar- 
 
 Balk 
 
 Baulk, Bauk 
 
 Advoutry 
 
 Avoutry 
 
 notto 
 
 notta 
 
 Ballister 
 
 Balister 
 
 Advowee 
 
 Avowee 
 
 Antechamber 
 
 Antichamber 
 
 Baluster 
 
 Banister 
 
 Adze 
 
 Adz, Addice 
 
 Antelope 
 
 Antilope 
 
 Bandanna 
 
 Bandana 
 
 Aerie 
 
 Ayry, Eyry 
 
 Antiemetic 
 
 Antemetic 
 
 Bandoleer 
 
 Bandolier 
 
 JEsthetic 
 
 Esthetic 
 
 Apostasy 
 
 Apostacy 
 
 Bandore 
 
 Pandore 
 
 ^Esthetics 
 
 Esthetics 
 
 A post erne 
 
 Apostume 
 
 Bandrol 
 
 Bannerol [yan 
 
 iEtiology; see 
 
 Etiology 
 
 Apothegm 
 
 Apophthegm 
 
 Banian 
 
 Bannian, Ban- 
 
 Affector 
 
 Affecter 
 
 Appanage \ 
 Apanage J 
 
 Appenage 
 
 Banns 
 
 Bans 
 
 Affiliate 
 
 Adfiliate 
 
 
 Barbacan 
 
 Barbican 
 
 Affiliation 
 
 Adfiliation 
 
 Appraise 
 
 Apprize 
 
 Barbecue 
 
 Barbacue 
 
 Aghast 
 
 Agast 
 
 Appraisement 
 
 Apprizement 
 
 Barberry 
 
 Berberry 
 
 Aide-de-camp 
 
 Aid-de-camp 
 
 Appraiser 
 
 Apprizer 
 
 Bark 
 
 Barque 
 
 Aisle, church 
 
 Isle 
 
 Apprise 
 
 Apprize 
 
 Barouche 
 
 Barouch 
 
 Ajutage 
 
 Adjutage 
 
 Arbitrament 
 
 Arbitrement 
 
 Baryta 
 
 Barytes 
 
 Alchemical 
 
 Alchymical 
 
 Archaeological 
 
 f Archeological 
 ( Archaiological 
 
 Barytone 
 
 Baritone 
 
 Alchemist 
 
 Alcbymist 
 
 Basin 
 
 Bason 
 
 Alchemy 
 
 Alchymy 
 
 Archaeology 
 
 f Archeology 
 I Archaiology 
 
 Bass, Mus. 
 
 Base 
 
 Alcoran 
 
 Alkoran 
 
 Bass-viol 
 
 Base-viol 
 
 Alexipharmic 
 
 Alexipharmac 
 
 Archduchess 
 
 Archdutchess 
 
 Bastinado 
 
 Bastinade 
 
 Alkahest 
 
 Alcahest 
 
 Argol 
 
 Argal 
 
 Bateau 
 
 Batteau 
 
 Allocution 
 Alloy 
 
 Adlocution 
 Allay 
 
 Arquebuse 
 
 f Arquebus 
 I Harquebuse 
 
 Battledoor 
 Bawble 
 
 Battledore 
 Bauble 
 
 Almacantar 
 
 Almucantar 
 
 Arrack 
 
 Arack 
 
 Bazaar 
 
 Bazar 
 
 Almanac 
 
 Almanack 
 
 Artisan 
 
 Artizan 
 
 Beaver 
 
 Bever 
 
 Almonry 
 
 Almry, Ambry 
 
 Asbestos, or 
 
 Asbestus 
 
 Befall 
 
 Befal 
 
 Amassment 
 
 Amasment 
 
 Ascendency, or Ascendancy 
 
 Behoove 
 
 Behove 
 
 Ambassador 
 
 Embassador 
 
 Ascendent, or 
 
 Ascendant 
 
 Bellflower 
 
 Bel flower 
 
 Ambergris 
 
 Ambergrise 
 
 Askew 
 
 Askue 
 
 Belligerent 
 
 Belligerant 
 
 Ambs-ace 
 
 Ames-ace 
 
 Assafoetida 
 
 Asafcetida 
 
 Bellman 
 
 Belman 
 
WORDS OF DOUBTFUL OR VARIOUS ORTHOGRAPHY 
 
 29 
 
 Benumb 
 
 Benum 
 
 Burlesque 
 
 Burlesk 
 
 Cauliflower 
 
 Colliflower 
 
 Bequeath 
 
 Bequeathe 
 
 Bun- 
 
 Bur 
 
 Causeway, or 
 
 Causey 
 
 Bergamot 
 
 Burgamot 
 
 Buzz 
 
 Buz 
 
 Cavazion 
 
 Cavation 
 
 Bergander 
 
 Birgander 
 
 By, n. 
 
 Bye 
 
 Caviare 
 
 Caviar, Cavier 
 
 Berth, in ship 
 
 Birth 
 
 
 
 Cayman 
 
 Caiman 
 
 Bestrew 
 
 Bestrow 
 
 
 C. 
 
 Cedilla 
 
 Cerilla 
 
 Betel 
 
 Betle 
 
 
 Ceiling 
 
 Cieling 
 
 Bevel 
 
 Bevil 
 
 Cabob 
 
 Kabob 
 
 Celt 
 
 Kelt 
 
 Bezant 
 
 Byzant 
 
 Cacique 
 
 Cazique 
 
 Celtic 
 
 Keltic 
 
 Biassed 
 
 Biased 
 
 Caesura 
 
 Cesura, Cesure 
 
 Centiped 
 
 Centipede 
 
 Bilge 
 
 Bulge 
 
 Cag, or 
 
 Keg 
 
 Cess 
 
 Sess 
 
 Billiards 
 
 Balliards 
 
 Calcareous 
 
 Calcarious 
 
 Chalcedony 
 
 Calcedony 
 
 Billingsgate 
 
 Bilingsgate 
 
 Caldron 
 
 Cauldron 
 
 Chaldron 
 
 Chalder 
 
 Binnacle 
 
 Binacle, Bittacle 
 
 Calendar 
 
 Kalendar 
 
 Chalice 
 
 Calice 
 
 Bistre 
 
 Bister 
 
 Calends 
 
 Kalends 
 
 Chameleon 
 
 Cameleon 
 
 Bivouac 
 
 Biovac 
 
 Caliber, or 
 
 Calibre 
 
 Chamois 
 
 Shamois 
 
 Blanch 
 
 Blench 
 
 Calipers 
 
 Callipers 
 
 Champaign 
 
 Champain 
 
 Blende (Min.) 
 
 Blend 
 
 Caliph 
 
 Calif, Kaliph 
 
 Champerty 
 
 Champarty 
 
 Blithely 
 
 Blithly 
 
 Calk 
 
 Caulk 
 
 Chant 
 
 Chaunt 
 
 Blitheness 
 
 Blithnesa 
 
 Calligraphy 
 
 Caligraphy 
 
 Chap 
 
 Chop 
 
 Blithesome 
 
 Blithsome 
 
 Calotte 
 
 Callot 
 
 Chaps 
 
 Chops 
 
 Blomary 
 
 Bloomary 
 
 Caloyer 
 
 Kaloyer 
 
 Char, or 
 
 Chare, Chore 
 
 Blouse, Blowze Blowse 
 
 Caltrop 
 
 Calthrop 
 
 Chase 
 
 Chace 
 
 Bodice 
 
 Boddice 
 
 Calyx 
 
 Calix 
 
 Chastely 
 
 Chastly 
 
 Boil, a tumor 
 
 Bile 
 
 Cameo 
 
 Camaieu [let 
 
 Check, or 
 
 Cheque 
 
 Bolt 
 
 Boult 
 
 Camlet 
 
 Camblet, Carne- 
 
 Checker 
 
 Chequer 
 
 Bombard 
 
 Bumbard 
 
 Camomile 
 
 Chamomile 
 
 Cheer 
 
 Chear 
 
 Bombast 
 
 Bumbast 
 
 Camphor 
 
 Camphire 
 
 Chemical 
 
 Chymical 
 
 Bombazette 
 
 Bombazet 
 
 Canal, Cannel Candle, Kennel 
 
 Chemist 
 
 Chymist 
 
 Bombazine 
 
 f Bombasin 
 I Bombasiue 
 
 Cannoneer , 
 
 Cannonier 
 
 Chemistry 
 
 f Chymistry 
 1 Chimistry 
 
 
 Canoe 
 
 Canoa 
 
 Borage 
 
 Burrage 
 
 
 /•Cantiliver 
 
 Chestnut 
 
 Chesnut 
 
 Bourgeois 
 
 Burgeois 
 
 Cantilever 
 
 < Cantaliver 
 
 Chiliahedron 
 
 Chiliaedron 
 
 Bourn 
 
 Borne 
 
 
 vCanteliver 
 
 Ch illness 
 
 Chilness 
 
 Bourse 
 
 Burse 
 
 Canvas, and 
 
 Canvass 
 
 Chimb, or 
 
 Chine, Chime 
 
 Bouse 
 
 Boose 
 
 Capriole 
 
 Cabriole 
 
 Chintz 
 
 Chints 
 
 Bousy 
 
 Boosy, Boozy 
 
 Car 
 
 Carr 
 
 Chloride 
 
 Chlorid 
 
 Bowlder 
 
 Boulder 
 
 Carabine 
 
 Carbine 
 
 Choir 
 
 Quire 
 
 Bowsprit 
 
 Boltsprit 
 
 Carabineer 
 
 Carbineer 
 
 Choke 
 
 Choak 
 
 Brahman ) 
 Brahmin -> 
 
 ( Brachman 
 1 Bramin 
 
 Carat 
 
 Caract, Carrat 
 
 Choose 
 
 Chuse 
 
 Caravansary 
 
 f Caravansera 
 1 Caravanserai 
 
 Chorister 
 
 Quirister 
 
 Brakeman 
 
 Breakman 
 
 Chyle 
 
 Chile 
 
 Brawl 
 
 Broil 
 
 Caravel 
 
 Carvel 
 
 Chylifactive 
 
 Chilifactive 
 
 Brazen 
 
 Brasen 
 
 Caraway 
 
 Carraway 
 
 Cider 
 
 Cyder, Sider 
 
 Brazier 
 
 Brasier 
 
 Carcass 
 
 Carcase 
 
 Cigar 
 
 Segar 
 
 Brazil 
 Brier 
 Bronze 
 
 Brasil 
 Briar 
 Bronz 
 
 Carle 
 Carnelian 
 
 Carl 
 f Carnelion 
 I Cornelian 
 
 Cimeter 
 Scymitar 
 
 / Cimiter 
 ■^ Cymetar 
 <-Scymetar 
 
 Brooch 
 
 Broach, Broche 
 
 Carolytic 
 
 Carolitic 
 
 Cion; see 
 
 Scion 
 
 Brunette 
 
 Brunet 
 
 Cartel 
 
 Chartel 
 
 Cipher 
 
 Cypher 
 
 Bryony 
 
 Briony 
 
 Cartridge 
 
 Cartrage 
 
 Clam, v. 
 
 Clamm 
 
 Buccaneer 
 Buffalo 
 
 Buccanier 
 Buffaloe 
 
 Cassada, Cas 
 sava 
 
 " i Casava, Cassavi 
 
 Clarinet 
 Cleat 
 
 Clarionet 
 Cleet 
 
 Buhrstone 
 
 Burrsttfne 
 
 Cassimere 
 
 Kerseymere 
 
 Clew 
 
 Clue 
 
 Bulimy 
 
 Boulimy 
 
 Caste, class 
 
 Cast 
 
 Clinch 
 
 Clench 
 
 Bumblebee 
 
 Humblebee 
 
 Castellan 
 
 Castellain 
 
 Cloak 
 
 Cloke 
 
 Bunn 
 
 Bun 
 
 Caster 
 
 Castor 
 
 Clodpoll 
 
 Clodpole 
 
 Bunyon 
 
 Bunion 
 
 Castlery 
 
 Castelry 
 
 Cloff, or 
 
 Clough 
 
 Burden 
 
 Burthen 
 
 Castrel 
 
 Coistrel, Kestrel 
 
 Clothe 
 
 Cloathe 
 
 Burdensome 
 
 Burthensome 
 
 Catchpoll 
 
 Catchpole 
 
 Clothes 
 
 Cloaths 
 
 Burganet 
 
 Burgonet 
 
 Catchup 
 
 Catsup, Ketchup 
 
 Clyster 
 
 Glister, Glyster 
 
 Burin 
 
 Burine 
 
 Catechise 
 
 Catechize 
 
 3* 
 
 Cobbler 
 
 Cobler 
 
30 WORDS OF DOUBTFUL OR YAEIOUS ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 
 Cocoa, and 
 
 Cacao 
 
 Cue 
 
 Queue 
 
 Disseizin 
 
 Disseisin 
 
 Coddle 
 
 Codle 
 
 Cuerpo 
 
 Querpo 
 
 Disseizor 
 
 Disseisor 
 
 Cceliac 
 
 Celiac 
 
 Cuish 
 
 Cuisse 
 
 Dissolvable 
 
 Dissolvible 
 
 Coif 
 
 Quoif 
 
 Cuneiform 
 
 Cuniform 
 
 Distention 
 
 Distension 
 
 Coiffure 
 
 Quoiffure 
 
 Cupel 
 
 Cuppel, Coppel 
 
 Distil 
 
 Distill 
 
 Coke 
 
 Coak 
 
 Curb 
 
 Kerb 
 
 Distrainor 
 
 Distrainer 
 
 Colander 
 
 Cullender 
 
 Curb-stone 
 
 Kerb-stone 
 
 Diversely 
 
 Diversly 
 
 Colic 
 
 Cholic 
 
 Curtain 
 
 Courtine 
 
 Divest, or 
 
 Devest 
 
 Colliery- 
 
 Coalery 
 
 Cutlass 
 
 Cutlas 
 
 Docket 
 
 Doquet 
 
 Colter 
 
 Coulter, Culter 
 
 Cyclopaedia 
 
 Cyclopedia 
 
 Doctress 
 
 Doctoress 
 
 Comfrey 
 
 Cumfrey 
 
 Cyst 
 
 Cist 
 
 Dodecahedron 
 
 Dodecaedron 
 
 Commandery 
 
 Commandry 
 
 Czar 
 
 Tzar, Tsar 
 
 Doggerel 
 
 Doggrel 
 
 Commissariat 
 
 Commissariate 
 
 
 
 Domicile 
 
 Domicil 
 
 Compatible 
 
 Competible 
 
 
 D. 
 
 Dory, Doree 
 
 Dorey 
 
 Complete 
 
 Compleat 
 
 
 Dote 
 
 Doat 
 
 Concordat 
 
 Concordate 
 
 
 
 Doubloon 
 
 Doublon 
 
 Confectionery 
 
 Confectionary 
 
 Dactyl 
 
 Dactyle 
 
 Dowry 
 
 Dowery 
 
 Confidant, n. 
 
 Confident 
 
 Daily 
 
 Dayly 
 
 Downfall 
 
 Downfal 
 
 Congealable 
 
 Congelable 
 
 Damaskeen, v 
 
 . Damaskin 
 
 Drachm, or 
 
 Dram 
 
 Connection 
 
 Connexion 
 
 Damson 
 
 Damascene 
 
 Dragoman 
 
 f Drogoman 
 <- Druggerman 
 
 Connective 
 
 Connexive 
 
 Dandruff 
 
 Dandriff 
 
 Consecrator 
 
 Consecrater 
 
 Danegelt 
 
 Dangelt 
 
 Draught, or 
 
 Draft 
 
 Contemporary 
 
 Cotemporary 
 
 Daub 
 
 Dawb 
 
 Dreadnaught 
 
 Dreadnought 
 
 Coutra-dance 
 
 Country-dance 
 
 Dawdle 
 
 Daudle 
 
 Driblet 
 
 Dribblet 
 
 Contributory 
 
 Contributary 
 
 Dearn 
 
 Dern 
 
 Drier 
 
 Dryer 
 
 Controller 
 
 Comptroller 
 
 Debarkation 
 
 Debarcation 
 
 Drought 
 
 Drouth 
 
 Conversable 
 
 Conversible 
 
 Debonair 
 
 Debonnair 
 
 Dryly 
 
 Drily 
 
 Cony 
 
 Coney 
 
 Decrepit 
 
 Decrepid 
 
 Dryness 
 
 Driness 
 
 Coomb, 4 bushs 
 
 . Comb 
 
 Defence 
 
 Defense 
 
 Duchess 
 
 Dutchess 
 
 Copier 
 
 Copyer 
 
 Deflection 
 
 Deflexion 
 
 Duchy 
 
 Dutcby 
 
 Coping 
 
 Caping 
 
 Deflour 
 
 Deflower 
 
 Dulness 
 
 Dullness 
 
 Copse 
 
 Coppice 
 
 Delft 
 
 Delf, Delph 
 
 Dungeon 
 
 Donjon 
 
 Coquette, n. 
 
 Coquet 
 
 Delphine 
 
 Delphin 
 
 Duughill 
 
 Dunghil 
 
 Coranach 
 
 f Coronach 
 I Coranich 
 
 Demain ) 
 Demesne i 
 
 Demean 
 
 Duress 
 
 Duresse 
 
 
 
 Dye, color 
 
 Die 
 
 Corbel 
 
 Corbeil 
 
 Demarcation 
 
 Demarkation 
 
 Dyeing, coloring Dying 
 
 Cordovan 
 
 Cord wain 
 
 Dependant, n 
 
 Dependent 
 
 
 
 Corpse 
 
 Corse 
 
 Dependence 
 
 Dependance 
 
 
 E. 
 
 Correlative 
 
 Corelative 
 
 Dependent, a 
 
 Dependant 
 
 
 Cosey 
 
 Cosy, Cozey 
 
 Deposit 
 
 Deposite 
 
 
 
 Cot 
 
 Cott 
 
 Desert, n. 
 
 Desart 
 
 Eavesdropper 
 
 Evesdropper 
 
 Cotillon 
 
 Cotillion 
 
 Desolater 
 
 Desolator 
 
 Eccentric 
 
 Excentric 
 
 Counsellor, and Councillor 
 
 Despatch 
 
 Dispatch 
 
 Echelon 
 
 Echellon 
 
 Courant 
 
 Corant,Couranto 
 
 Detecter 
 
 Detector 
 
 Economics 
 
 (Economics 
 
 Courtesan 
 
 Courtezan 
 
 Detorsion 
 
 Detortion 
 
 Ecstasy 
 
 Ecstacy, Extasy i 
 
 Courtesy 
 
 Curtesy 
 
 Detractor 
 
 Detracter 
 
 Ecstatic 
 
 Extatic 
 
 Covin 
 
 Covine 
 
 Develop 
 
 Develope 
 
 Ecumenical 
 
 (Ecumenical 
 
 Covinous 
 
 Covenous 
 
 Development 
 
 Developement 
 
 Edile 
 
 iEdile J 
 
 Cozen 
 
 Cosen 
 
 Devest, or 
 
 Divest 
 
 Embalm 
 
 Imbalm 1 
 
 Cozenage 
 
 Cosenage 
 
 Dexterous 
 
 Dextrous 
 
 Embank, or 
 
 Imbank 1 
 
 Crawfish 
 
 Crayfish 
 
 Diadrom 
 
 Diadrome 
 
 Embankment 
 
 Imbankment 1 
 
 Creak, v. 
 
 Creek 
 
 Diaeresis 
 
 Dieresis 
 
 Embargo 
 
 Imbargo 1 
 
 Crier 
 
 Cryer 
 
 Diarrhoea 
 
 Diarrhea 
 
 Embark 
 
 Imbark 1 
 
 Croslet 
 
 Crosslet 
 
 Dike, or 
 
 Dyke 
 
 Embarkation 
 
 Embarcation 1 
 
 Crowd 
 
 Croud 
 
 Diocese 
 
 Diocess 
 
 Embase 
 
 Imbase 1 
 
 Crowfoot, or 
 
 Crow's-foot 
 
 Disfranchise 
 
 Diffranchise 
 
 Embassy 
 
 Ambassy 1 
 
 Cruet 
 
 Crewet 
 
 Dishabille 
 
 Deshabille 
 
 Embed, or 
 
 Imbed 1 
 
 Crumb 
 Crunch 
 
 Crum 
 Cranch 
 
 Disinthrall 
 
 f Disenthrall 
 I Disinthral 
 
 Embedded, or 
 Embezzle 
 
 Imbedded 1 
 Imbezzle 1 
 
 Crusade 
 
 Croisade 
 
 Disk, or 
 
 Disc 
 
 Embezzlement Imbezzlement fl 
 
 Cruse, cruet 
 
 Cruise 
 
 Dispatch, or 
 
 Despatch 
 
 Emblazon 
 
 Imblazon 1 
 
 Cucurbit 
 
 Cucurbite 
 
 Disseize 
 
 Disseise 
 
 Embody 
 
 Imbody 1 1 
 
WOEDS OF DOUBTFUL OE VAEIOUS OETHOGEAPHY. 31 
 
 Embolden 
 
 Imbolden 
 
 Entrap 
 
 Intrap 
 
 Firman 
 
 f Firmaun 
 I Phirman 
 
 Emborder 
 
 Imborder 
 
 Entreat 
 
 Intreat 
 
 
 Embosk 
 
 Imbosk 
 
 Envelop, v. 
 
 Envelope 
 
 Fizgig 
 
 Fishgig 
 
 Embosom, or 
 
 Imbosom 
 
 Envelopment 
 
 Envelopement 
 
 Flageolet 
 
 Flagelet 
 
 Emboss 
 
 Imboss 
 
 Epaulet 
 
 Epaulette 
 
 Fleam 
 
 Pbleme, Flem 
 
 Embowel 
 
 Imbowel 
 
 Equerry 
 
 Equery 
 
 Fleur-de-lis. 
 
 or Flower-de-luce 
 
 Embower 
 
 Imbower 
 
 Equiangular 
 
 Equangular 
 
 Flier 
 
 Flyer 
 
 Embrasure 
 
 Embrazure 
 
 Equivoke 
 
 Equivoque 
 
 Flotage 
 
 Floatage 
 
 Empale 
 
 Impale 
 
 Era 
 
 iEra 
 
 Flotsam 
 
 Floatsam 
 
 Empanel, or 
 
 /Empannel 
 I Impanel 
 
 Eremite 
 Escalade 
 
 Heremite 
 Scalade 
 
 Flour, meal 
 Fluke 
 
 Flower 
 Flook, Flowk 
 
 Empoison 
 
 Impoison 
 
 Shalot ) 
 Eschalot J 
 
 Shallot 
 
 Fluoride 
 
 Fluorid 
 
 Empoverish, or Impoverish 
 
 
 Foetus 
 
 Fetus 
 
 Empower 
 
 Impower 
 
 Escutcheon 
 
 Scutcheon 
 
 Forestall 
 
 Forestal 
 
 Empress 
 
 Emperess 
 
 Estafette 
 
 Estafet 
 
 Foretell 
 
 Foretel 
 
 Encage, or 
 
 Incage ' 
 
 Esthetics, or 
 
 Esthetics 
 
 Forray 
 
 Foray 
 
 Encenia 
 
 Encaenia 
 
 Estoppel 
 
 Estopple 
 
 Forte, strong side Fort 
 
 Enchant 
 
 Inchant 
 
 Etiology 
 
 iEtiology 
 
 Fosse 
 
 Foss 
 
 Enchase 
 
 Inchase 
 
 Exactor 
 
 Exacter 
 
 Foundery, or 
 
 Foundry 
 
 Encircle 
 
 Incircle 
 
 Expense 
 
 Expence 
 
 Franc, coin 
 
 Frank 
 
 Enclose, or 
 
 Inclose 
 
 Exsanguious 
 
 Exanguious 
 
 Frenetic 
 
 Phrenetic 
 
 Enclosure 
 
 Inclosure 
 
 Exsect 
 
 Exect 
 
 Frenzy 
 
 Phrensy 
 
 Encroach 
 
 Incroach 
 
 Exsiccate 
 
 Exiccate 
 
 Frieze 
 
 Frize 
 
 Encumber 
 
 Incumber 
 
 Exsiccation 
 
 Exiccation 
 
 Frigate 
 
 Frigat 
 
 Encumbrance 
 
 Incumbrance 
 
 Exsiccative 
 
 Exiccative 
 
 Frit 
 
 Fritt 
 
 Encyclopaedia 
 
 Encyclopedia 
 
 Extrinsical 
 
 Extrinsecal 
 
 Frizzle 
 
 Frizle 
 
 Endamage 
 
 Indamage 
 
 Exudation 
 
 Exsudation 
 
 Frowzy 
 
 Frouzy 
 
 Endict; see 
 
 Indict 
 
 
 
 Frumentaceous Frumeutacioua 
 
 Endite ; see 
 Endorse, or 
 
 Indite 
 Indorse 
 
 
 F. 
 
 Frumenty 
 
 f Fnrmenty 
 I Furmety 
 
 Endow 
 
 Indow 
 
 
 
 Frustum 
 
 Frustrum 
 
 Endue, or 
 
 Indue 
 
 Faeces 
 
 Feces 
 
 Fuel 
 
 Fewel 
 
 Enfeeble 
 
 Infeeble 
 
 Fagot 
 
 Faggot 
 
 Fulfil 
 
 Fulfill 
 
 Enfeoff 
 
 Infeoff 
 
 Fairy 
 
 Faery 
 
 Fulfilment 
 
 Fulfillment 
 
 Enfranchise 
 
 Infrauchise 
 
 Fakir 
 
 Faquir, Faqueer 
 
 Fulness 
 
 Fullness 
 
 Engender 
 
 Ingender 
 
 Falchion 
 
 Faulchion 
 
 Furlough 
 
 Furlow 
 
 Engorge 
 
 In gorge 
 
 Falcon 
 
 Faulcon 
 
 Further, or 
 
 Farther 
 
 Engrain 
 
 Ingrain 
 
 Fantasy 
 
 Phantasy 
 
 Furthest, or 
 
 Farthest 
 
 Enhauce 
 
 Inhance 
 
 Farther, or 
 
 Further 
 
 Fusee 
 
 Fusil 
 
 Enjoin 
 
 Injoin 
 
 Farthest, or 
 
 Furthest 
 
 Fusileer 
 
 Fusilier 
 
 Enlard 
 
 In lard 
 
 Farthingale 
 
 Fardingale 
 
 Fuze, n., or 
 
 Fuse 
 
 Enlarge 
 
 Inlarge 
 
 Fattener 
 
 Fatner 
 
 
 
 Enlighten 
 
 Inlighten 
 
 Fearnaught 
 
 Fearnought 
 
 
 G. 
 
 Enlist 
 
 Inlist 
 
 Fecal 
 
 Faecal 
 
 
 Enquire, or 
 
 Inquire 
 
 Felly 
 
 Felloe 
 
 
 Enquiry, or 
 
 Inquiry 
 
 Felcn 
 
 Fellon 
 
 Gabardine 
 
 Gaberdine 
 
 Enroll 
 
 Enrol, Inrol 
 
 Felspar 
 
 Feldspar 
 
 Galiot 
 
 Galliot 
 
 Enrolment 
 
 Inrolment 
 
 Ferrule, or 
 
 Ferule 
 
 Gallipot 
 
 Galipot 
 
 Enshrine 
 
 Inshriue 
 
 Feud 
 
 Feod 
 
 Galoche 
 
 Goloche 
 
 Ensnare, or 
 
 Insnare 
 
 Feudal 
 
 Feodal 
 
 Gamut 
 
 Gammut 
 
 Ensure, or 
 
 Insure 
 
 Feudality 
 
 Feodality 
 
 Gangue, in ore Gang 
 
 Entail 
 
 In tail 
 
 Feudatory 
 
 Feodatory 
 
 Gaol, or 
 
 Jail 
 
 Entangle 
 
 Intangle 
 
 Feuillemorte 
 
 Fueillemorte 
 
 Garish 
 
 Gairish 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 Enterprize 
 
 Fie 
 
 Fy 
 
 Garreteer 
 
 Garretteer 
 
 Enthrone 
 
 Inthrone 
 
 Filanders 
 
 Felanders 
 
 Gauge, or 
 
 Gage 
 
 Enthymeme 
 
 Entbymem 
 
 Filbert 
 
 Filberd 
 
 Gauger 
 
 Gager 
 
 Entice 
 Entire 
 
 Intice 
 Intire 
 
 Filigrane 1 
 Filigree J 
 
 ( Filligrane 
 j Filagree 
 
 Gault Gait, Golt 
 Gauntlet, glove Gantlet 
 
 Entirety 
 
 Entierty 
 
 Filligree 
 
 Gayety 
 
 Gaiety 
 
 Entitle 
 
 Intitle, Intitule 
 
 Fillibeg 
 
 Filibeg, Philibeg 
 
 Gayly 
 
 Gaily 
 
 Entomb 
 
 Intomb 
 
 Filly 
 
 Filley 
 
 Gazelle 
 
 Gazel 
 
 Entrance, v. 
 
 Intrance 
 
 Finery, a forge 
 
 Finary 
 
 Gelatine 
 
 Gelatin 
 
32 WOEDS OF DOUBTFUL OE YAEIOUS OETHOGEAPHY. 
 
 Gelly; see 
 
 Jelly 
 
 Harrier 
 
 Harier 
 
 Imbrue 
 
 Embrue 
 
 Genet 
 
 Ginnet, Jennet 
 
 Harslet 
 
 Haslet 
 
 Impanel 
 
 Empanel 
 
 Gerfalcon 
 
 f Gyrfalcon 
 1 Jerfakon 
 
 Hatchel, Hackle Hetchel, Heckle 
 
 Imparlance 
 
 Emparlance 
 
 
 Haul, to drag 
 
 Hale 
 
 Impassion 
 
 Empassion 
 
 Gbyll, ravine 
 
 Gill 
 
 Haum 
 
 Halm, Hawm 
 
 Implead 
 
 Emplead 
 
 Gibe 
 
 Gybe, Jibe 
 
 Haunch 
 
 Hanch 
 
 Imposthume 
 
 Impostume 
 
 Giglot 
 
 Giglet 
 
 Haust, cough 
 
 Hoast 
 
 Impoverish, or 
 
 Empoverish 
 
 Gimlet 
 
 Gimblet 
 
 Hautboy 
 
 Oboe 
 
 Incage 
 
 Encage 
 
 Gimmal 
 
 Jymold 
 
 Havoc 
 
 Havock 
 
 Incase 
 
 Encase 
 
 Gingle; see 
 
 Jingle 
 
 Hawser 
 
 Halser 
 
 Inclasp 
 
 Enclasp 
 
 Girasole 
 
 Girasol 
 
 Hazel 
 
 Hazle 
 
 Incloister 
 
 Encloister 
 
 Girth, or 
 
 Girt 
 
 Headache 
 
 Headach 
 
 Inclose, or 
 
 Enclose 
 
 Glave 
 
 Glaive 
 
 Hearse 
 
 Herse 
 
 Inclosure, or 
 
 Enclosure 
 
 Glazier 
 
 Glasier 
 
 Heartache 
 
 Heartach 
 
 Incondensable 
 
 Incondensible 
 
 Gloze 
 
 Glose 
 
 Height 
 
 Hight 
 
 Indefeasible 
 
 Indefeisible 
 
 Gnarled 
 
 Knarled 
 
 Heighten 
 
 Highten 
 
 Indelible 
 
 Indeleble 
 
 Gneiss 
 
 Gneis 
 
 Heinous 
 
 Hainous 
 
 Indict 
 
 Endict 
 
 Good-by 
 
 Good-bye 
 
 Hemistich 
 
 Hemistick 
 
 Indictment 
 
 Endictment 
 
 Gore 
 
 Goar 
 
 Hemorrhoids 
 
 Emerods 
 
 Indite 
 
 Endite 
 
 Gormandize 
 
 Gourmandize 
 
 Heptamerede 
 
 Heptameride 
 
 Inditer 
 
 Enditer 
 
 Gourmand, or 
 
 Gormand 
 
 Herpetology 
 
 Erpetology 
 
 Indocile 
 
 Indocil 
 
 Governante 
 
 Governant 
 
 Hexahedron 
 
 Hexaedron 
 
 Indorsable 
 
 Endorsable 
 
 Graft 
 
 Graff 
 
 Hibernate 
 
 Hybernate 
 
 Indorse 
 
 Endorse 
 
 Grandam 
 
 Granam 
 
 Hibernation 
 
 Hybernation 
 
 Indorsement 
 
 Endorsement 
 
 Granddaughti 
 
 >r Grandaughter 
 
 Hiccough, or 
 
 Hickup 
 
 Indorser 
 
 Endorser 
 
 Grasshopper 
 
 Grashopper 
 
 Hinderance, or Hindrance 
 
 Indue, or 
 
 Endue 
 
 Gray, or 
 
 Grey 
 
 Hip, v. 
 
 Hyp 
 
 Inferrible 
 
 Inferable 
 
 Grenade 
 
 Granade 
 
 Hip, n. 
 
 Hep 
 
 Inflection 
 
 Inflexion 
 
 Grenadier 
 
 Granadier 
 
 Hippocras 
 
 Hippocrass 
 
 Infold 
 
 Enfold 
 
 Greyhound 
 
 Grayhound 
 
 Hodge-podge 
 
 Hotch-potch 
 
 Infoliate 
 
 En foliate 
 
 Griffin, Griffon Gryphon 
 
 Hoiden 
 
 Hoyden 
 
 Ingraft 
 
 Ingraff, Engraft 
 
 Grizzled 
 
 Grisled 
 
 Holiday, or 
 
 Holyday 
 
 Ingrain 
 
 Engrain 
 
 Grocer 
 
 Grosser 
 
 Holloo, Halloo Holloa, Hollow 
 
 Ingulf 
 
 Engulf 
 
 Grogram 
 
 f Grogoram 
 «- Grogran 
 
 Holster 
 Hominy 
 
 Holdster 
 f Homony 
 l Hommony 
 
 Innuendo 
 Inquire, or 
 
 Inuendo 
 Enquire 
 
 Grotesque 
 
 Grotesk 
 
 Inquirer, or 
 
 Enquirer 
 
 Groundsill 
 
 Groundsel 
 
 Homonyme, or Homonym 
 
 Inquiry, or 
 
 Enquiry 
 
 Guarantee, or 
 
 Guaranty 
 
 Hone 
 
 Hoane 
 
 Insnare, or 
 
 Ensnare 
 
 Guild, or 
 
 Gild 
 
 Honeyed 
 
 Honied 
 
 Install, or 
 
 Instal 
 
 Guilder, or 
 
 Gilder 
 
 Hoop, or 
 
 Whoop [cough 
 
 Instalment 
 
 Installment 
 
 Gulf 
 
 Gulph 
 
 Hooping-cough Whooping- 
 
 Instil 
 
 Instill 
 
 Gunwale 
 
 Gunnel 
 
 Hoot 
 
 Whoot 
 
 Instructor 
 
 Instructer 
 
 Gypsy 
 
 Gypsey, Gipsey 
 
 Horde 
 
 Hord 
 
 Insurance 
 
 Ensurance 
 
 
 
 Horehound 
 
 Hoarhound 
 
 Insure 
 
 Ensure 
 
 
 
 Hornblende 
 
 Hornblend 
 
 Insurer 
 
 Ensurer 
 
 
 H. 
 
 Hostler 
 
 Ostler 
 
 Intenable, or 
 
 Intenible 
 
 
 Household 
 
 Houshold 
 
 Interlace 
 
 Enterlace 
 
 Haggard 
 
 Hagard 
 
 Housewife 
 
 Huswife 
 
 Interplead 
 
 Enterplead 
 
 Haggess 
 
 Haggis 
 
 Hub, or 
 
 Hob 
 
 Interpleader 
 
 Enterpleader 
 
 Ha-ha 
 
 Haw-haw 
 
 Hurrah 
 
 Hurra 
 
 Inthrall 
 
 Inthral,Enthrall 
 
 Hake 
 
 Haick 
 
 Hypothenuse 
 
 Hypotenuse 
 
 Intrinsical 
 
 Intrinsecal 
 
 Halberd 
 
 Halbert 
 
 
 
 Intrust 
 
 Entrust 
 
 Hale, healthy 
 
 Hail 
 
 
 I. 
 
 Intwine 
 
 Entwine 
 
 Halibut 
 
 Holibut 
 
 
 Inure 
 
 Enure 
 
 Halloo 
 
 Hollo, Holloa 
 
 
 Inurement 
 
 Enurement 
 
 Halyards 
 
 Halliards 
 
 Illness 
 
 Ilness 
 
 Invalid, n. 
 
 Invalide 
 
 Hame, or 
 
 Haum 
 
 Imbank"; see 
 
 Embank 
 
 Inveigle 
 
 Enveigle 
 
 Handiwork 
 
 Handy work 
 
 Imbitter 
 
 Embitter 
 
 Inventor 
 
 Inventor 
 
 Hards 
 
 Hurds 
 
 Imbody, or 
 
 Embody 
 
 Inwheel 
 
 Enwheel 
 
 Harebell 
 
 Hairbell 
 
 Imborder 
 
 Emborder 
 
 Inwrap, or 
 
 Enwrap 
 
 Harebrained 
 
 Hairbrained 
 
 Imbosom 
 
 Embosom 
 
 Inwreathe 
 
 Enwreathe 
 
 Harem 
 
 Haram 
 
 Imbound 
 
 Embound 
 
 Isle 
 
 He 
 
WORDS OF DOUBTFUL OR VARIOUS ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 
 33 
 
 
 J. 
 
 License 
 
 Licence 
 
 Mewl 
 
 Meawl 
 
 
 Lickerish 
 
 Liquorish 
 
 Mileage 
 
 Milage 
 
 Jackal 
 
 Jackall 
 
 Licorice 
 
 Liquorice 
 
 Milleped 
 
 Millepede 
 
 Jacobin 
 
 Jacobine 
 
 Lief 
 
 Lieve, Leef 
 
 Millrea 
 
 Millree, Millreis 
 
 Jag 
 
 Jail, or 
 
 Jagg 
 Gaol 
 
 Lilac 
 
 Lilach 
 
 Miscall 
 
 Miscal 
 
 Lily 
 
 Lilly 
 
 Misle, Mizzle 
 
 Mistle 
 
 Jailer, or 
 
 Gaoler 
 
 Linguiform 
 
 Lingueform 
 
 Misspell 
 
 Mispell 
 
 Jalap 
 
 Jalop 
 
 Lintstock 
 
 Linstock 
 
 Misspend 
 
 Mispend 
 
 Jamb, n. 
 
 Jam, Jaum 
 
 Llama, animal 
 
 Lama 
 
 Mistletoe JMisletoe 
 
 Janizary 
 
 Janissary 
 
 Loadstar 
 
 Lodestar 
 
 
 L Misseltoe 
 
 Janty 
 
 Jaunty 
 
 Loadstone 
 
 Lodestone 
 
 Misy 
 
 Missy 
 
 Jasmine 
 
 Jessamine 
 
 Loath, a. 
 
 Loth 
 
 Mitre 
 
 Miter 
 
 Jaunt 
 
 Jant 
 
 Loathe, v. 
 
 Lothe 
 
 Mizzen 
 
 Mizen 
 
 Jelly 
 
 Gelly 
 
 Lode, a vein 
 
 Load 
 
 Moccason /Moccasin 
 
 
 ("Geniting 
 
 I Juneating 
 
 Jewelry 
 
 Lodgement 
 
 Lodgment 
 
 
 I Moggason 
 
 Jenneting 
 
 Lower 
 
 Lour 
 
 Mocha-stone 
 
 Mocho-stone 
 
 Jewellery 
 
 Luff 
 
 Loof 
 
 Modillion 
 
 Modillon 
 
 Jiffy 
 
 Giffy 
 
 Lustring, or 
 
 Lutestring 
 
 Molasses l M 
 
 Jingle 
 
 Gingle 
 
 Lye, from ashes Lie, Ley 
 
 
 . Molosses 
 
 Jointress 
 
 Jointuress 
 
 
 
 Moneyed 
 
 Monied 
 
 Jole, or 
 
 Jowl 
 
 -f 
 
 
 Monodrame 
 
 Monodram 
 
 Jonquille 
 
 Jonquil 
 
 M 
 
 Mood, or 
 
 Mode 
 
 Julep 
 
 Julap 
 
 
 
 Moresque 
 
 Moresk 
 
 Junket, or 
 
 Juncate 
 
 Maggoty 
 
 Maggotty [hem 
 
 Morion 
 
 Murrion 
 
 Just, n. 
 
 Joust 
 
 Maim, or 
 
 Mayhem, Mai- 
 
 Mortgageor 
 
 Mortgagor 
 
 Justle, or 
 
 Jostle 
 
 Maize 
 
 Maiz 
 
 Mosque 
 
 Mosk 
 
 
 
 Malanders 
 
 Mallenders 
 
 
 Moscheto 
 
 
 K. 
 
 Maleadministra-Maladministra- 
 tion, or tion 
 
 Mosquito 
 Musquito 
 
 Mosquetto 
 Musketo 
 
 Kale 
 
 Kamsin 
 
 Kail, Cail 
 Khamsin 
 
 Malecontent 
 
 Malcontent 
 
 Musqueto 
 
 Malefeasance 
 
 Malfeasance 
 
 
 ■ Musquitto 
 
 Kayle 
 
 Keel 
 
 Malepractice 
 Malkin 
 
 Malpractice 
 Maukin 
 
 Mould 
 Moult 
 
 Mold 
 Molt 
 
 Keelbaul 
 
 Keelhale 
 
 
 
 
 
 Keelson 
 
 Kelson 
 
 Mall 
 
 Maul 
 
 Mulch 
 
 Mulsh 
 
 Keg, or 
 
 Kerseymere 
 
 Khan 
 
 Cag 
 
 Cassimere 
 Kan, Kann 
 
 Maltreat 
 
 Maletreat 
 
 Mullein 
 
 Mullin 
 
 Mameluke 
 Mandarin 
 
 Mamaluke 
 Mandarine 
 
 Multiped 
 Mummery 
 
 Multipede 
 Mommery 
 
 Knarled, or 
 
 Gnarled 
 
 Mandatary 
 
 Mandatory 
 
 Murder 
 
 Murther 
 
 Knell 
 
 Knel 
 
 Mandrel, and 
 
 Mandril 
 
 Murderous 
 
 Murtherous 
 
 Manifestable 
 
 Manifestible 
 
 Murrhine 
 
 Myrrhine 
 
 
 
 Manikin 
 
 Mannikin 
 
 Muscle, and 
 
 Mussel 
 
 
 L. 
 
 Manoeuvre 
 
 Maneuver 
 
 Musket 
 
 Musquet 
 
 
 Mantle, or 
 
 Mantel 
 
 Mustache, or 
 
 Moustache 
 
 Lackey 
 
 Laquey 
 
 Mark 
 
 Marc 
 
 
 
 Lacquer 
 
 Lacker 
 
 Marque, license 
 
 Mark 
 
 •\, 
 
 
 Lair 
 
 Lare 
 
 Marquee 
 
 Markee 
 
 In. 
 
 Lambdoidal 
 Lance 
 
 Lamdoidal 
 Launce 
 
 Marquis, or 
 Marshal 
 
 Marquess 
 Marshall 
 
 Nankeen 
 
 Nankin 
 
 Landscape 
 
 Landskip 
 
 Marten, or 
 
 Martin 
 
 Naught 
 
 Nought 
 
 Landsman 
 
 Landman 
 
 Martingale 
 
 Martingal 
 
 Negotiate 
 
 Negociate 
 
 Lantern 
 
 Lanthorn 
 
 Mask 
 
 Masque 
 
 Net, a., clear 
 
 Neat 
 
 Lanyard 
 
 Laniard 
 
 Maslin, Meslin 
 
 Mastlin, Mislin 
 
 Nib 
 
 Neb 
 
 Launch 
 
 Lanch 
 
 Mastic 
 
 Mastich 
 
 Nobless 
 
 Noblesse 
 
 Laundress 
 
 Landress 
 
 Matins 
 
 Mattins 
 
 Nombles 
 
 Numbles 
 
 Laureate 
 
 Laureat 
 
 Mattress 
 
 Matres, Mattrass 
 
 Novitiate 
 
 Noviciate 
 
 Lavender 
 
 Lavendar 
 
 Meagre 
 
 Meager 
 
 Nozle 
 
 Nozzle, Nosle 
 
 Lea, a plain 
 
 Lee, Ley, Lay 
 
 Mediaeval 
 
 Medieval 
 
 Nuisance 
 
 Nusance 
 
 Leach, or 
 
 Leech, Letch 
 
 Menagerie 
 
 Menagery 
 
 
 
 Leaven 
 
 Leven 
 
 Merchandise 
 
 Merchandize 
 
 o 
 
 Ledger 
 
 Leger 
 
 Mere, a pool 
 
 Meer 
 
 L 
 
 J • 
 
 Legging 
 
 Leggin 
 
 Metre, and 
 
 Meter 
 
 Oblique 
 
 Oblike 
 
 Lettuce 
 
 Lettice 
 
 Mew 
 
 Meaw 
 
 Octahedron 
 
 Octaedron 
 
34 WORDS OF DOUBTFUL OR VARIOUS ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 
 (Economics; see Economics 
 
 Phoenix 
 
 Phenix 
 
 Quartet 
 
 Quartett 
 
 (Ecumenical 
 
 Ecumenical 
 
 Picked, or 
 
 Piked 
 
 Quatercousin 
 
 Catercousin 
 
 Offence 
 
 Offense 
 
 Picket, and 
 
 Piquet 
 
 Quay, a mole 
 
 Key 
 
 Offuscate 
 
 Obfuscate 
 
 Pie 
 
 Pye 
 
 Quinsy 
 
 f Quinsey 
 I Squinancy 
 
 Olio 
 
 Oglio 
 
 Piebald 
 
 Pyebald 
 
 Opaque 
 
 Opake 
 
 Pimento 
 
 Pimenta 
 
 Quintain 
 
 Quintin 
 
 Orach 
 
 Orache 
 
 Pincers 
 
 Pinchers 
 
 Quintal 
 
 Rental, Kentle 
 
 Orison 
 
 Oraison 
 
 Placard 
 
 Placart 
 
 Quoit 
 
 Coit 
 
 Osier 
 
 Ozier 
 
 Plain, and 
 
 Plane 
 
 
 
 Osmazome 
 
 Ozmazome 
 
 Plane-sailing 
 
 Plain-sailing 
 
 
 R. 
 
 Osprey 
 
 Ospray 
 
 Plaster 
 
 Plaister 
 
 
 Ottar 
 
 Otto 
 
 Plat, or 
 
 Plot 
 
 
 
 Oxidate 
 
 Oxydate 
 
 Pleurisy 
 
 Plurisy 
 
 Raccoon 
 
 Racoon, Rac- 
 
 Oxidation 
 
 Oxydation 
 
 Pliers 
 
 Plyers 
 
 Ransom 
 
 Rausome Ll coon 
 
 Oxide 
 
 Oxyde, Oxyd 
 
 Plough 
 
 Plow 
 
 Rarefy 
 
 Rarify 
 
 Oxidize 
 
 Oxydize 
 
 Ploughman 
 
 Plowman 
 
 Ratafia 
 
 Ratifia, Ratafee 
 
 Oyes 
 
 Oyez 
 
 Ploughshare 
 
 Plowshare 
 
 Rattan 
 
 Ratan 
 
 
 
 Plumber 
 
 Plummer 
 
 Raven, prey 
 
 Ravin 
 
 T> 
 
 Plumiped 
 
 Plumipede 
 
 Raze 
 
 Rase 
 
 
 JL • 
 
 Pluviameter 
 
 Pluviometer 
 
 Razure 
 
 Rasure 
 
 Pacha 
 
 Pasha, Bashaw 
 
 Poise 
 
 Poize 
 
 Rear 
 
 Rere 
 
 Packet 
 
 Paquet 
 
 Poltroon 
 
 Poltron 
 
 Rearmouse 
 
 Reremouse 
 
 Painim 
 
 Payniin 
 
 Polyanthus 
 
 Polyanthos 
 
 Rearward 
 
 Rereward 
 
 Palanquin 
 
 Palankeen 
 
 Polyhedral 
 
 Polyedral 
 
 Recall 
 
 Recal 
 
 Palette, or 
 
 Pallet 
 
 Polyhedron 
 
 Polyedron 
 
 Recognizable 
 
 Recognisable 
 
 Palmiped 
 
 Palmipede 
 
 Pomade 
 
 Pommade 
 
 Recognizance 
 
 Recognisance 
 
 Pandore, or 
 
 Bandore 
 
 Pommel 
 
 Pummel 
 
 Recognize, or 
 
 Recognise 
 
 Panel 
 
 Pannel 
 
 Pontoon, and 
 
 Ponton 
 
 Recognizee 
 
 Recognisee 
 
 Pansy 
 
 Pancy 
 
 Pony 
 
 Poney 
 
 Recognizor 
 
 Recognisor 
 
 Pantagraph \ 
 Pantograph ) 
 
 Pentagraph 
 
 Porpoise 
 
 Porpus, Porpese 
 
 Recompense 
 
 Recompence 
 
 Portray 
 
 Pourtray 
 
 Reconnoitre 
 
 Recounoiter 
 
 Pappoose 
 
 Papoos, Papoose 
 
 Postilion 
 
 Postillion 
 
 Redoubt 
 
 Redout 
 
 Parallelopiped 
 
 Parallelepiped 
 
 Potato 
 
 Potatoe 
 
 Redoubtable 
 
 Redoutable 
 
 Paralyze 
 
 Paralyse 
 
 Pottage 
 
 Potage 
 
 Reenforcement Reinforcement 
 
 Parcenary 
 
 Parcenery 
 
 Practise, v. 
 
 Practice 
 
 Referable ) 
 Referrible i 
 
 Referible 
 
 Parol, a. 
 
 Parole 
 
 Praemunire 
 
 Premunire 
 
 
 Paroquet 
 
 Parrakeet 
 
 Premise 
 
 Premiss 
 
 Reflection 
 
 Reflexion 
 
 Parral 
 
 Parrel 
 
 Pretence 
 
 Pretense 
 
 Reflective 
 
 Reflexive 
 
 Parsnip 
 
 Parsnep 
 
 Preterite, or 
 
 Preterit 
 
 Reinstall, or 
 
 Reinstal 
 
 Partisan 
 
 Parti zan 
 
 Pretor 
 
 Praetor 
 
 Relic 
 
 Relique 
 
 Patin 
 
 Patine 
 
 Prison -base 
 
 Prison-bars 
 
 Renard, or 
 
 Reynard 
 
 Patrol 
 
 Pa troll, Patrole 
 
 Probate 
 
 Probat 
 
 Rennet, or 
 
 Runnet 
 
 Paver 
 
 Pavier, Pavior 
 
 Profane 
 
 Prophane 
 
 Reposit 
 
 Reposite 
 
 Pawl 
 
 Paul 
 
 Protector 
 
 Protecter 
 
 Resin, or 
 
 Rosin 
 
 Pedler 
 
 Peddler, Pedlar 
 
 Protractor 
 
 Protracter 
 
 Resistance 
 
 Resistence 
 
 Pedlery 
 
 Peddlery 
 
 Prunello 
 
 Prunella 
 
 Restive, or 
 
 Restiff 
 
 Peep 
 
 Piep 
 
 Pumpkin 
 
 f Pompion 
 1 Pumpion 
 
 Restiveness 
 
 Restiffness 
 
 Penance 
 
 Pen nance 
 
 Retch, to vomit Reach 
 
 Penniless 
 
 Pennyless 
 
 Puny, and 
 
 Puisne 
 
 Reverie, or 
 
 Revery 
 
 Pentahedral 
 
 Pentaedral 
 
 Pupillary 
 
 Pupilary 
 
 Reversible 
 
 Reversable 
 
 Pentahedron 
 
 Pentaedron 
 
 Purlin 
 
 Purline 
 
 Rhomb, and 
 
 Rhumb 
 
 Pentile 
 
 Pantile 
 
 Purr 
 
 Pur 
 
 Ribbon 
 
 J Riband 
 t Ribband 
 
 Perch 
 
 Pearch 
 
 Purslain 
 
 Purslane 
 
 
 Persimmon 
 
 Persimon 
 
 Putrefy 
 
 Putrify 
 
 Rider 
 
 Ryder 
 
 Persistence 
 
 Persistance 
 
 Pygmean 
 
 Pigmean 
 
 Rinse 
 
 Rince 
 
 Pewit 
 
 Pewet 
 
 Pygmy 
 
 Pigmy 
 
 Risk 
 
 Risque 
 
 Phantasm 
 
 Fantasm 
 
 Pyx 
 
 Pix 
 
 Robbin 
 
 Robin 
 
 Phantom 
 
 Fantom 
 
 
 
 Rodomontade 
 
 Rhodomontade 
 
 Phenomenon 
 
 Pheenomenon 
 
 
 Q. 
 
 Route, course 
 
 Rout 
 
 Phial, or 
 
 Vial 
 
 
 Rummage 
 
 Romage 
 
 Philibeg; see 
 
 Fillibeg 
 
 Quarantine 
 
 f Quarantain 
 I Carentane 
 
 Run net, or 
 
 Rennet 
 
 Philter 
 
 Philtre 
 
 Rye 
 
 Rie 
 
WORDS OF DOUBTFUL OR VARIOUS ORTHOGRAPHY. 35 
 
 
 s. 
 
 Shard 
 
 Sherd 
 
 Spunk 
 
 Sponk 
 
 
 Shawm 
 
 Shalm 
 
 Spurt, or 
 
 Spirt 
 
 Sabianism, or 
 
 Sabaism 
 
 Sheathe, v. 
 
 Sheath 
 
 Stanch 
 
 Staunch 
 
 Sag, or 
 
 Swag 
 
 Sheer, pure 
 
 Shear 
 
 Stationery, n. 
 
 Stationary 
 
 Sainfoin 
 
 Saintfoin 
 
 Sheik 
 
 Sheikh, Sheick 
 
 Steadfast 
 
 Stedfast 
 
 Salic 
 
 Salique 
 
 Shemitic, or 
 
 Semitic 
 
 Stillness 
 
 Stilness 
 
 Saltcellar 
 
 Saltseller 
 
 Sherry 
 
 Sherris 
 
 Stockade 
 
 Stoccad© 
 
 Sandarach 
 
 Sandarac 
 
 Shorling 
 
 Shoreling 
 
 Strait, n. 
 
 Streight 
 
 Sandiver 
 
 Sandever 
 
 Show 
 
 Shew 
 
 Strap, or 
 
 Strop 
 
 Sanitary 
 
 Sanatory 
 
 Showbread 
 
 Shewbread 
 
 Strengthener 
 
 Strengthner 
 
 Sarcenet, and 
 
 Sarsenet 
 
 Shrillness 
 
 Shrilness 
 
 Strew 
 
 Strow 
 
 Sat 
 
 Sate 
 
 Sienite 
 
 Syenite 
 
 Stupefy 
 
 Stupify 
 
 Satchel 
 
 Sachel 
 
 Silicious, or 
 
 Siliceous 
 
 Sty 
 
 Stye 
 
 Satinet 
 
 Satin ett 
 
 Sill 
 
 Cill 
 
 Style 
 
 Stile 
 
 Savin 
 
 Savine, Sabine 
 
 Sillabub 
 
 Syllabub 
 
 Subtile, thin 
 
 Subtle 
 
 Saviour, or 
 
 Savior 
 
 Simar 
 
 Chimere, Cymer 
 
 Subtle, sly 
 
 Subtile 
 
 Scallop 
 
 Scollop 
 
 Siphon 
 
 Syphon 
 
 Subtract 
 
 Substract 
 
 Scath 
 
 Scathe 
 
 Siren 
 
 Syren 
 
 Subtraction 
 
 Substraction 
 
 Scenery 
 
 See nary 
 
 Sirloin, or 
 
 Surloin 
 
 Suit, or 
 
 Suite 
 
 Sceptic 
 
 Skeptic 
 
 Sirocco 
 
 Scirocco 
 
 Sulky, n. 
 
 Sulkey 
 
 Sceptical 
 
 Skeptical 
 
 Sirup 
 
 Syrup, Sirop 
 
 Sulphuretted 
 
 Sulphureted 
 
 Scepticism 
 
 Skepticism 
 
 Sit, to incubate 
 
 Set 
 
 Sumach 
 
 Sumac, Shumac 
 
 Schist 
 
 Shist 
 
 Site 
 
 Scite 
 
 Suretyship 
 
 Suretiship 
 
 Schistose 
 
 Shistose 
 
 Size, glue 
 
 Cize, Cise 
 
 Surloin, or 
 
 Sirloin 
 
 Scholium 
 
 Scholion 
 
 Skate 
 
 Scate 
 
 Surname 
 
 Sirnarae 
 
 Schorl 
 
 Shorl 
 
 Skeptic; see 
 
 Sceptic 
 
 Surreptitious 
 
 Subreptitious 
 
 Sciagraphy, or Sciography 
 
 Skilful 
 
 Skillful 
 
 Survivor 
 
 Surviver 
 
 Sciomachy, or 
 
 Sciamachy 
 
 Skulk 
 
 Sculk 
 
 Survivorship 
 
 Survivorship 
 
 Scion 
 
 Cion 
 
 Skull 
 
 Scull 
 
 Swag, or 
 
 Sag 
 
 Scirrhosity 
 
 Skirrhosity 
 
 Slabber 
 
 Slobber 
 
 Swale 
 
 Sweale 
 
 Scirrhous 
 
 Skirrhous 
 
 Slake, to quench Slack 
 
 Sward 
 
 Sord 
 
 Scirrhus 
 
 f Schirrhus 
 I Skirrhus 
 
 Sleight, n. 
 
 Slight 
 
 Swath, h. 
 
 Swarth 
 
 
 Sley, a reed 
 
 Slay, Slaie 
 
 Sweepstakes 
 
 Sweepstake 
 
 
 / Cissors 
 
 Sluice 
 
 Sluce, SI use 
 
 Swop, or 
 
 Swap 
 
 Scissors 
 
 < Cizars 
 
 Slyly 
 
 Slily 
 
 Sylvan 
 
 Silvan 
 
 
 vScissara 
 
 Slyness 
 
 Sliness 
 
 Synonyme, or 
 
 Synonym 
 
 Sconce 
 
 Skonce 
 
 Smallness 
 
 Smalness 
 
 Systematize 
 
 Systemize 
 
 Scotfree 
 
 Shotfree 
 
 Smirk 
 
 Smerk 
 
 
 
 Scow 
 
 Skow 
 
 Smooth, v. 
 
 Smoothe 
 
 
 T. 
 
 Scrofula 
 
 Scrophula 
 
 Socage 
 
 Soccage 
 
 
 Scymitar; see 
 
 Ci meter 
 
 Socle 
 
 Sokle, Zocle 
 
 
 
 Scythe 
 
 Sithe, Sythe 
 
 Solan 
 
 Soland, Solund 
 
 Tabard 
 
 Taberd 
 
 Seamstress 
 
 f Sempstress 
 I Semstress 
 
 Solder, or 
 
 Soder 
 
 Taffety 
 
 Taffeta, Taffata 
 
 
 Soldier 
 
 Souldier 
 
 Taffrail 
 
 Tafferel 
 
 Sear 
 
 Sere 
 
 Soliped 
 
 Solipede 
 
 Taillage 
 
 Tallage 
 
 Secretaryship 
 
 Secretariship 
 
 Solitaire 
 
 Soli fair 
 
 Talc, a stone 
 
 Talk, Talck 
 
 Seethe 
 
 Seeth 
 
 Solvable 
 
 Solvible 
 
 Tallness 
 
 Talness 
 
 Seignior 
 
 Signior, Signor 
 
 Somerset ) / Somersault 
 
 Talmud 
 
 Thalmud 
 
 Seine, a net 
 
 Sein, Seen 
 
 Summerset i 
 
 I Summersault 
 
 Tambour 
 
 Tambor 
 
 Seisin 
 
 Seizin 
 
 Sonneteer 
 
 Sonnetteer 
 
 Tambourine 
 
 Tambourin 
 
 Sellenders 
 
 Sellanders 
 
 Soothe, v. 
 
 Sooth 
 
 Tarpaulin g 
 
 f Tarpawliug 
 I Tarpaulin 
 
 Selvage 
 
 Selvedge 
 
 Sorrel 
 
 Sorel 
 
 Sentinel 
 
 Centinel 
 
 Souse 
 
 Sowse 
 
 Tartan 
 
 Tartane 
 
 Sentry 
 
 Sentery, Centry 
 
 Spa 
 
 Spaw 
 
 Tassel 
 
 Tossel 
 
 Sequin 
 
 f Chequin 
 t Zechin 
 
 Spew 
 
 Spue 
 
 Tawny 
 
 Tawney 
 
 
 Spicknel 
 
 Spignel 
 
 Tease 
 
 Teaze 
 
 Sergeant, or 
 
 Serjeant 
 
 Spinach 
 
 Spinage 
 
 Teazle, Teasel 
 
 Tassel, Tazel 
 
 Sergeanty, or 
 
 Serjeauty 
 
 Spinel 
 
 Spinelle, Spinell 
 
 Tenable 
 
 Tenible 
 
 Sess, or 
 
 Cess 
 
 Splice 
 
 Splise 
 
 Terrier 
 
 Tarrier 
 
 Sesspool, or 
 
 Cesspool 
 
 Sponge 
 
 Spunge 
 
 Tether 
 
 Tedder 
 
 Sevennight 
 
 Sennight 
 
 Spongy 
 
 Spungy 
 
 Tetrastich 
 
 Tetrastick 
 
 Sprightful 
 
 Spriteful 
 
 Spright 
 
 Sprite 
 
 Theodolite 
 
 Theodolet 
 
WOKDS OF DOUBTFUL OK VAKIOUS OETHOGEAPHY. 
 
 Thraldom 
 
 Th ralldom 
 
 Unbigoted 
 
 Unbigotted 
 
 Wear, «. 
 
 Weir, Wier 
 
 Thrash, or 
 
 Thresh 
 
 Unroll 
 
 Unrol 
 
 Weasand 
 
 / Wesand 
 I Wezand 
 
 Threshold 
 
 Threshhold 
 
 Until 
 
 Untill 
 
 Throe, a pang 
 
 Throw 
 
 
 
 Welsh 
 
 Welch 
 
 Thyine, ivood 
 
 Thine 
 
 
 V. 
 
 Whang 
 
 Wang 
 
 Thyme 
 
 Thime 
 
 
 Whelk 
 
 Welk 
 
 Ticking, or 
 
 Ticken 
 
 
 
 Whippletree 
 
 Whiffletree 
 
 Tidbit 
 
 Titbit 
 
 Vaivode 
 
 Waiwode 
 
 Whippoorwill Whippowill 
 
 Tie 
 
 Tye 
 
 Vales, money 
 
 Vails 
 
 Whiskey 
 
 Whisky 
 
 Tier, a row 
 
 Tire 
 
 Valise 
 
 Vallise 
 
 Whitleather 
 
 Whiteleather 
 
 Tierce 
 
 Terce 
 
 Vantbrace 
 
 Vanbrass 
 
 Whoop 
 
 Hoop 
 
 Tincal 
 Tint 
 
 Tinkal 
 Teint 
 
 Vat, a vessel 
 Vaudevil 
 
 Fat 
 Vaudeville 
 
 Whooping- \ 
 cough ) 
 
 Hooping-cough 
 
 Tiny 
 
 Tyny 
 
 Vavasor 
 
 f Vavasour 
 (■ Valvasor 
 
 Widgeon 
 
 Wigeon 
 
 Tippler 
 
 Tipler 
 
 
 Wilful 
 
 Willful 
 
 Tithe 
 
 Tythe 
 
 Veil, cover 
 
 Vail 
 
 Windlass 
 
 fWindlace 
 IWindlas 
 
 Toilet 
 
 Toilette 
 
 Vender, or 
 
 Vendor 
 
 Toll, to allure 
 
 Tole 
 
 Veneer 
 
 Fineer 
 
 Wintry 
 
 Wintery 
 
 Tollbooth 
 
 Tolbooth 
 
 Venomous 
 
 Venemous 
 
 Wiry 
 
 Wiery 
 
 Ton, or 
 
 Tun 
 
 Verdigris 
 
 f Verdigrise 
 I Verdigrease 
 
 Witch-elm 
 
 Wych-elm 
 
 Tonnage 
 
 Tunnage 
 
 
 With, n. 
 
 Withe 
 
 Tormentor 
 
 Tormenter 
 
 Vermilion 
 
 /Vermillion 
 I Virmilion 
 
 Withal 
 
 Withall 
 
 Touchy, or 
 
 Techy 
 
 
 Wizard 
 
 Wizzard, Wisard 
 
 Tourmaline 
 
 Tourmalin 
 
 Vermin 
 
 Vermine 
 
 Woe 
 
 Wo 
 
 Trance 
 
 Transe 
 
 Verst 
 
 Berst, Werst 
 
 Woful 
 
 Woeful 
 
 Tranquillity 
 
 Tranquility 
 
 Vertebra, or 
 
 Vertebre 
 
 Wondrous 
 
 Wonderous 
 
 Tranquillize 
 
 Tranquilize 
 
 Vervain 
 
 Vervane 
 
 Woodbine 
 
 Woodbind 
 
 Transferable 
 
 Transferrible 
 
 Vial, or 
 
 Phial 
 
 Woodchuck 
 
 Woodchuk 
 
 Transferrence 
 
 Transference 
 
 Vice, a screw 
 
 Vise 
 
 Woollen 
 
 Woolen 
 
 Treadle 
 
 Treddle 
 
 Vicious 
 
 Vitious 
 
 Wreathe, v. 
 
 Wreath 
 
 Treenail 
 
 Trenail, Trunnel 
 
 Villain, and 
 
 Villein, Villan 
 
 Wreck 
 
 Wrack 
 
 Trellis 
 
 Trellice 
 
 Villanous 
 
 Villainous 
 
 Wriggle 
 
 Biggie 
 
 Trentals 
 
 Trigintals 
 
 Villany 
 
 Villainy 
 
 
 
 Trestle 
 
 Tressel, Trussel 
 
 Visitatorial 
 
 Visitorial 
 
 
 Y. 
 
 Trevet, or 
 
 Trivet, Trevit 
 
 Visitor 
 
 Visiter 
 
 
 Trousers 
 
 Trowsers 
 
 Visor 
 
 Vizor 
 
 
 
 Truckle-bed, or Trundle-bed 
 
 Vitiate 
 
 Viciate 
 
 Yawl 
 
 Yaul 
 
 Tumbrel, and 
 
 Tumbril 
 
 Vizier 
 
 Vizir, Visier 
 
 Yearn 
 
 Yern 
 
 Turkey 
 
 Turky 
 
 Volcano 
 
 Vulcano 
 
 Yeast 
 
 Yest 
 
 Turkois 
 
 Turquoise 
 
 
 
 Yelk, or 
 
 Yolk 
 
 Turnip 
 
 Turnep 
 
 
 w. 
 
 Yerk 
 
 Yark 
 
 Turnsole 
 
 Turnsol 
 
 
 Yew 
 
 Eugh 
 
 Tutenag 
 
 Tutenague 
 
 
 
 Yowe; see 
 
 Ewe 
 
 Twibil 
 
 Twibill 
 
 Wagon, or 
 
 Waggon 
 
 
 
 Tymbal 
 
 Timbal 
 
 Waif 
 
 Waift 
 
 
 z. 
 
 Tyro 
 
 Tiro 
 
 Waive, to dej 
 
 er Wave 
 
 
 
 
 Wale 
 
 Weal 
 
 
 
 
 
 Walrus 
 
 Walruss 
 
 Zaffre 
 
 Zaffir 
 
 "I J 
 
 Warranter, and Warrantor 
 
 Zebec, and 
 
 Xebec 
 
 
 
 War-whoop 
 
 War-hoop 
 
 Zechin; see 
 
 Sequin 
 
 Umbles 
 
 Humbles 
 
 Waul 
 
 Wawl 
 
 Zinc 
 
 Zink 
 
 Unbiassed 
 
 Unbiased 
 
 Wear, v. 
 
 Ware 
 
 Zyinology 
 
 Zumology 
 
FORMATION OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 
 
 The Saxon or Anglo-Saxon language, which is 
 a branch of the Teutonic, is the parent language 
 of the English. Some of the other north Euro- 
 pean languages of the Teutonic family which have 
 contributed to enrich the English tongue are the 
 Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Icelandic, German, 
 and Dutch. The south European languages which 
 have furnished the largest contributions are the 
 Greek, Latin, and French; especially the Latin, 
 through the medium of the French or Norman 
 French; also, the Italian, Spanish, and various 
 other languages have afforded more or less. " Sup- 
 pose," says Dr. Trench ("English Past and Pres- 
 ent"), "the English language to be divided into 
 a hundred parts ; of these, to make a rough distri- 
 bution, sixty would be Saxon, thirty would be 
 Latin (including of course the Latin which has 
 come to us through the French), five would be 
 Greek ; we should then have assigned ninety-five 
 parts, leaving the other five — perhaps too large a 
 residue — to be divided among all the other lan- 
 guages from which we have adopted isolated 
 words." 
 
 The term Anglo-Saxon is derived from the An- 
 gles, a branch of the Saxons of Lower Germany, 
 who invaded England in the fifth century and 
 established their authority in the country. The 
 Anglo-Saxon dynasty, after having continued 
 about six hundred years, was terminated in 1066 
 by the invasion of William, Duke of Normandy, 
 commonly called the Conqueror. The Norman 
 French now became the language of the court and 
 upper classes, while the late Anglo-Saxon, or Early 
 English, continued to be the only speech of the 
 common people or peasantry. These two lan- 
 guages were gradually blended into one, and be- 
 came the basis of the present English. The com- 
 mencement of the English language is, by most 
 of the older authorities, fixed at about the middle 
 of the thirteenth century, what was written in 
 England after that time having much resemblance 
 to the present English ; but many late writers on 
 the subject regard the Anglo-Saxon of literature 
 as being the only language entitled to the name 
 of Old English. These writers give the name of 
 Middle English to the language which immediately 
 succeeded the Anglo-Saxon. 
 
 The Anglo-Saxon is the language to which the 
 English owes its general form and structure, all 
 the particles on which its syntax depends, all its 
 pronouns and conjunctions, nearly all its preposi- 
 tions, most of its monosyllables, and, indeed, all 
 the words that are most frequently repeated on 
 
 the same page. Of the words commonly found on 
 the same page of an English book, a very much 
 larger proportion are Anglo-Saxon than of the 
 words found in an English Dictionary. "The 
 Anglo-Saxon," says Dr. Trench, "is not so much 
 one element of the English language as the foun- 
 dation of it — the basis. All its joints, its whole 
 articulation, its sinews and its ligaments, the great 
 body of articles, pronouns, conjunctions, preposi- 
 tions, numerals, auxiliary verbs, all smaller words 
 which serve to knit together and bind the larger 
 into sentences, — these, not to speak of the gram- 
 matical structure of the language, are exclusively 
 Saxon. The Latin language may contribute its 
 tale of bricks, yea, of goodly and polished hewn 
 stones, to the spiritual building, but the mortar, 
 with all that holds and binds these together and 
 constitutes them into a house, is Saxon through- 
 out." 
 
 The predominance of Anglo-Saxon will readily 
 be seen by analyzing a passage in any common 
 English writer. Take, for example, the common 
 English version of the Lord's Prayer, which con- 
 tains sixty-six words, of which all except the fol- 
 lowing five, namely, debt, debtor, deliver, glory, and 
 temptation, are Anglo-Saxon. In the first chapter 
 of the common English version of St. John's Gos- 
 pel there are one thousand and three words, of 
 which, excepting fifty-three proper names, there 
 are only fifty-five words that are not Anglo-Saxon. 
 
 The following are the principal Anglo-Saxon pre- 
 fixes, namely, a, be, em, en, fore, im, mis, out, over, un, 
 and under; as, ahead, befriend, eiwbody, enable, 
 forebode, I'mbosom, misdeed, outdo, oceract, ioibind, 
 unlike, and undergo. 
 
 Some of the common Anglo-Saxon terminations 
 are the following, namely, er, ful, hood, less, ly, 
 ness, ship; as, writer, mind/uf, childhood, helpless, 
 justly, goodness, partners/up. 
 
 The contributions of the Latin language to the 
 English are next in importance and amount to 
 those of the Anglo-Saxon ; and these contributions 
 came chiefly through the medium of the French, 
 or Norman French, in consequence of the Norman 
 conquest. It has been stated by some philologists 
 that the English language is indebted to the Latin 
 for the larger part of its vocabulary. This, how- 
 ever, is a greatly exaggerated statement ; yet the 
 contributions from that language are great and 
 important, and they enter extensively into the for- 
 mation and etymology of English words. The 
 Latin has furnished a large portion of the abstract 
 and general terms, especially in the departments 
 
 37 
 
FORMATION OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 
 
 of theology, moral and political philosophy, and 
 all the moral sciences; also a great part of the 
 terms used in polite literature and the language 
 of polite life. A great part of the military terms 
 in English come directly from the French. 
 
 The following are Latin prefixes :— a, ab, abs, 
 from; as, avert, abjure, abstract; — ad, a, ac, af, 
 ag, al, an, ap, ar, as, at, to; as, adduce, ascribe, 
 accede, a/fix, aggress, allude, annex, append, ar- 
 range, assign, attach ; — ante, before ; as, antece- 
 dent; — circum, about; as, circn?nj acent; — con, co, 
 cog, col, com, cor, together, with ; as, conform, co- 
 eval, cognate, collect, combine, correct; — contra, 
 against; as, contradict; — de, down, from; as, de- 
 face, degrade; — dis, di, dif, asunder; as, disarm, 
 divide, diffuse: — e, ex, out of; as, eject, exclude; 
 — extra, beyond ; as, extrajudicial ; — in, ig, il, im, 
 ir (when prefixed to a verb), in, into ; as, indue, 
 illapse, impel, irradiate ; (when prefixed to an ad- 
 jective), not; as, invisible, ignoble, illegal, immor- 
 al, irregular ; — inter, between ; as, intermix ; — intro, 
 within ; as, introduce ; — ob, oc, of, op, for, in the 
 way of; as, object, occur, offend, oppress ;— per, 
 through ; as, pervade ; — post, after ; as, postscript ; 
 — pre, before; as, precede ;— preter, beyond; as, 
 preternatural ; — pro, for, forward ; as, proconsul ; — 
 re, back, again ; as, return, rebuild ; — retro, back- 
 ward ; as, retrospect; — se, aside; as, secede ;— sine, 
 without ; as, sinecure ; — sub, sue, snf, sug, sup. sus, 
 
 under, after ; as, swbdean, succeed, suffice, swggest, 
 sttpplant, sttspect; — super, above; as, snperabound, 
 supern atural ; trans, beyond; as, transcend; — ultra, 
 beyond ; as, nllramarine. 
 
 The following terminations are derived from the 
 Latin or French: — able, ible, cle, He, ial, al, ian, an, 
 ant, ent, fy, lar, ily, or, ous, tion, live, tude, lure. 
 
 To the Greek the English language is indebted 
 for most of the terms in physical science, and, in- 
 deed, for a great part of the terms employed in all 
 the arts and sciences. 
 
 The following are Greek prefixes: — a (a), with- 
 out; as, acephalous; — ana (avd), through, again; 
 as, anabaptist; — anti {avri), against; as, antichris- 
 tian ; — apo (a7ro), from ; as, apostate ; — cata (Kara), 
 down, from side to side ; as, catalogue ; — dia (Sia), 
 through; as, diagonal; — en, em (ev), in, on; as, 
 endemic; — epi (e7rt), upon; as, epidemic; — hyper 
 (inrep), above; as, hypercritic; — hypo (iurd), under; 
 as, hypocrite ; — meta (/xera), beyond ; as, meta- 
 physics ;— para (7rapa), by the side of, near; as, 
 parallel ; — peri (nepi), about ; as, perimeter ; — pro 
 (npo), before; as, prologue; — syn, sy, syl, sym (vvv), 
 together, with ; as, synonymous, syllogism. 
 
 The following terminations are from the Greek: 
 — ic and ical, from the Greek t/cos and Latin icus ; 
 as, physical; — logy, from Adyos; as, theology; — 
 graphy, from ypa^xa ; as, geography ; — ize, from 
 i£w ; as, agon«e. 
 
 FOEMATIOIST OF SEYEEAL PAETS OF SPEECH. 
 
 English nouns are mostly formed by affixing to 
 the radical parts of words the following termina- 
 tions, namely, an, ame, ant, ar, ard, art, ary, eer, 
 ent, er, ier, ist, ive, or, ster, ate, ee, ite, ery, age, 
 ancy, ence, ency, head, hood, ion, ity, ism, ment, 
 mony, ness, on, ry, ship, I, th, tude, ty, ure, y, dom, 
 cule, cle, el, il, el, in, ine, kin, let, ling, ock, ule. 
 
 A great part of the adjectives are formed by affix- 
 ing to the radical parts of words the following 
 
 terminations, namely, ac, al, an, ar, ary, en, ic, 
 ical, id, He, ine, ory, ate, ful, ose, ous, some, y, ish, 
 like, ly, ive, able, ible, vble, less. 
 
 Many verbs are formed by affixing to the radical 
 parts of words the following terminations, namely, 
 ate, en, fy, ish, ise, ize. 
 
 A great many adverbs are formed from adjectives 
 by the addition of ly, or by changing e to y; as, 
 wise, wisely ; noble, nobly. 
 
DICTIONARIES AND OTHER WORKS 
 
 REFERRED TO, OR MADE USE OF AS AUTHORITIES, IN THIS DICTIONARY. 
 
 Bailey's Universal English Dictionary ' 4th edition, 1728 
 
 Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language 1st edition, 1755 
 
 Kenrick's New Dictionary of the English Language 1st edition, 1773 
 
 Ash's New and Complete Dictionary of the English Language 1st edition, 1775 
 
 Perry's Royal Standard English Dictionary 1st edition, 1775 
 
 Sheridan's General Dictionary of the English Language 1st edition, 1780 
 
 Nares's Elements of [English] Orthoepy 1st edition, 1784 
 
 Oliver's Scripture Lexicon 2d edition, 1787 
 
 Walker's Key to the Classical Pronunciation of Greek, Latin, and Scripture Proper 
 
 Names 1st edition, 1798 
 
 Jones's Pronouncing and Explanatory Dictionary 1st edition, 1798 
 
 Fulton and Knight's General Pronouncing Dictionary 1st edition, 1802 
 
 Walker's Critical Pronouncing Dictionary [1st edition, 1791J 4th edition, 1804 
 
 Perry's Synonymous. Etymological, and Pronouncing Dictionary 1st edition, 1805 
 
 Enfield's General Pronouncing Dictionary 1st edition, 1807 
 
 Crabb's English Synonymes Explained 1816 
 
 Crabb's Technological Dictionary 1st edition, 1823 
 
 Jameson's Dictionary of the English Language [Johnson and Walker] 1st edition 1827 
 
 Mauuder's New and Enlarged Dictionary of the English Language 1st edition, 1830 
 
 Taylor's Edition of Calmet's Dictionary . . '. 2d edition, 1832 
 
 Trollope's Edition of Walker's Key 1st edition, 1833 
 
 Knowles's Pronouncing Dictionary of the English Language 1st edition, 1835 
 
 Smart's Pronouncing Dictionary of the English Language [Walker Remodelled] . . . 1st edition, 1836 
 
 Richardson's New Dictionary of the English Language 1st edition, 1837 
 
 Smart's Dictionary Epitomized 1st edition, 1840 
 
 Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language [1st edition, 1828] 2d edition, 1841 
 
 Brande's Dictionary of Science, Literature, and Art 1st edition, 1842 
 
 Carr's Classical Pronunciation of Proper Names 1st edition, 1842 
 
 Reid's Dictionary of the English Language 1st edition, 1844 
 
 Piatt's Dictionary of English Synonymes 1846 
 
 Sharpe's Nomenclator Poeticus 1st edition, 1846 
 
 Graham's English Synonymes Classified 1st edition, 1846 
 
 Boag's Imperial Lexicon of the English Language 1848 
 
 Craig's Universal Etymological and Pronouncing Dictionary 1st edition, 1849 
 
 Taylor's English Synonymes Discriminated New edition, 1850 
 
 Smith's Classical Dictionaries of Biography, Mythology, and Geography 
 
 A Selection of English Synonymes,— revised by Whately 2d edition, 1852 
 
 Clarke's Comprehensive Dictionary of the English Language 1855 
 
 Wright's Universal Pronouncing Dictionary and Expositor of the English Language . 1855 
 
 Jones's Proper Names of the Old Testament Scriptures Expounded and Illustrated . . 1856 
 
 The Clarendon Dictionary 1882 
 
 Ogilvie's Imperial Dictionary, English, Technological, and Scientific 2d edition, 1882 
 
 The New English Dictionary of the Philological Society 1884, etc. 
 
 Stormonth's English Dictionary 1885 
 
 Thomas's Biographical Dictionary Edition of 1885 
 
 Nuttall's English Dictionary 2d edition, 1886 
 
 Thomas's Medical Dictionary 1886 
 
 Lippincott's Pronouncing Gazetteer of the World Edition of 1887 
 
 39 
 
ABBREVIATIONS AND SIGNS. 
 
 GRAMMAR. 
 
 a. stands for Adjective. 
 
 ad Adverb. 
 
 comp Comparative. 
 
 conj Conjunction. 
 
 i Imperfect Tense. 
 
 inlerj Interjection. 
 
 n ..... Noun. 
 
 p Participle. 
 
 pp . Participles. 
 
 p. a Participial Adjective 
 
 pi. Plural. 
 
 prep Preposition. 
 
 pron Pronoun. 
 
 sing Singular. 
 
 mperl Superlative. 
 
 Syn. Synonymes. 
 
 v Verb. 
 
 v. a Verb Active. 
 
 v. n Verb Neuter. 
 
 PRONUNCIATION. 
 S. stands for Sheridan. 
 
 W. Walker. 
 
 P. Perry. 
 
 J. Jones. 
 
 K . Enfield. 
 
 F. Fulton and Knight. 
 
 I. Imperial Dictionary. 
 
 Ja Jameson. 
 
 K. Knowles. 
 
 H. Haldeman. 
 
 Mu Murray. 
 
 N. Nuttall. 
 
 Sm Smart. 
 
 St Stormonth. 
 
 JB Reid. 
 
 C. Craig. 
 
 D Donald. 
 
 CI Clarke. 
 
 Co Cooley. 
 
 Cu Cull. 
 
 Wb Webster. 
 
 Wr Wright. 
 
 B Boag. 
 
 ETYMOLOGY, &c. 
 Arab, stands for Arabic. 
 
 A.-S Anglo-Saxon. 
 
 Dan Danish. 
 
 Dut Dutch. 
 
 Eng English, or England. 
 
 Fr French. 
 
 Fris . Frisian. 
 
 Ger German. 
 
 Gr Greek. 
 
 40 
 
 Heb Hebrew. 
 
 It. . . Italian. 
 
 D Latin. 
 
 0. Fr Old French. 
 
 Per Persian. 
 
 Port Portuguese. 
 
 Scot Scotch. 
 
 Sp Spanish. 
 
 Sw Swedish. 
 
 Turk Turkish. 
 
 U. S United States. 
 
 ARTS AND SCIENCES. 
 Anat. stands for . Anatomy. 
 
 Arch Architecture. 
 
 Aslrol Astrology. 
 
 Astron Astronomy. 
 
 Bot Botany. 
 
 Chem Chemistry. 
 
 Chron Chronology. 
 
 Conch Concbology. 
 
 Elec Electricity. 
 
 Ent Entomology. 
 
 Geog Geography. 
 
 Geol Geology. 
 
 Geom Geometry. 
 
 Gram Grammar. 
 
 Her. Heraldry. 
 
 Ich Ichthyology. 
 
 Math Mathematics. 
 
 Mech Mechanics. 
 
 Med Medicine. 
 
 Min Mineralogy. 
 
 Mus Music. 
 
 Myth Mythology. [fairs. 
 
 Naut Nautical or Marine Af- 
 
 Opt Optics. 
 
 Ornith Ornithology. 
 
 Phren Phrenology. 
 
 Rhet . Rhetoric. 
 
 Surg Surgery. 
 
 Theol Theology. 
 
 Zool Zoology. 
 
 SIGNS. 
 
 JS^-The double accent mark, when used in pro- 
 nunciation, denotes that the aspirated sound 
 of the succeeding consonant is thrown back 
 on the preceding syllable; thus, peti"tion 
 (petish'on). 
 
 4®°"Words printed in Italics, in the definitions, de- 
 note a reference to such words for a notice 
 of the synonymous ivords connected with 
 them. For example, in the definition of the 
 word abdicate, the word abandon is referred 
 to for a notice of the synonymes. 
 
 iggp'Other abbreviations than those here given may 
 be found in the Table of Abbreviations, page 
 647. 
 
DICTIONARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ENGLISH LANGUAGE. 
 
 ABATEMENT 
 
 A (pronounced a as a letter, but a as a word). The 
 first letter of the alphabet, and a vowel :— 
 any ; one ; some ; each ; every. A is an article 
 set before nouns of the singular number; as, a 
 man, a tree. It is also prefixed to nouns in the 
 plural number when preceded by the adjectives 
 few and great many ; as, a few men, a great many 
 men. Before words beginning with a vowel, or 
 a vowel sound, it takes the letter n after it, for 
 the sake of euphony ; as, an ox, an hour. (An 
 is, however, an older form than a.) A is placed 
 before a participle or a participial noun, and is 
 considered as a kind of preposition ; as, to go a 
 hunting. 
 
 A 1 (wun), a. The very best; first-rate. [Colloq.] 
 
 Aard'-vark (ard'- 
 vark), w. [Dut., 
 earth-pig.] A South- 
 African mammal 
 feeding principally 
 on ants. 
 
 Aard'-wolf (iird'- 
 wulf), n. [Dut., 
 earth - wolf '.] A 
 
 South-African car- Aard-vark. 
 
 nivorous mammal resembling the hyena. 
 
 Aa-ron'ic, \a. Pertaining to, or descended 
 
 Aa-ron'i-cal, J from, Aaron. 
 
 Ab, n. ' [Syr.] Eleventh month of the Jewish 
 year : — nearty the same as August. 
 
 A'ba, n. [Named from Abbadie, the inventor.] An 
 
 ( instrument for finding latitudes. 
 
 Ab'a-cist, n. [Late L. abacitta.] One who casts 
 accounts : — one skilled in using 
 the abacus. 
 
 A-back', ad. [0. E. on bsec, to the 
 rear.] Backwards; — by sur- 
 prise : — noting the situation of Abacot. 
 the sails when they are pressed against the masts. 
 
 Ab'a-cot, n. [Corrupt form of bycocket.] A 
 king's cap of state ; a bycocket, or peaked cap, 
 warn in mediaeval times. 
 
 Ab'a-cus, it.; pi. Ab'a-ci. [L. ; Gr. a/3a£, a slab.] 
 A bench ; a counting table, 
 or reckoning frame: — the 
 uppermost member of a 
 column : — a sideboard. 
 
 A-baft', prep. & ad. [0. E. a, 
 at, be, by, and aft.] (Naut.) 
 behind. 
 
 Abacus. 
 Toward the stern; 
 
 Ab-al'ien-ate (ab-al'yen-at), v. a. [L. ab, away, 
 and u'lienare, to estrange; alienus, of another.] 
 [pp. abalienating, abalienated.] (Law.) To 
 transfer to another, as property ; to alienate. 
 
 Ab-a-16'ne, n. [Sp. American.] A kind of mol- 
 lusk and its shell. 
 
 A-ban'don, v. a. [0. Fr. d bandon, at discretion ; 
 Late L. bandum, authority, edict.] [pp. aban- 
 doning, abandoned.] To give up entirely; to 
 quit; to leave; to desert; to relinquish; to re- 
 sign; to forsake; to renounce; to surrender; 
 to forego. — 2, n. A forsaking; relinquish- 
 ment. 
 
 Syn. — Abandon vice or a wrecked vessel ; quit, 
 forsake, or leave a country; desert a post; relin- 
 quish a claim ; resign an office ; surrender a town ; 
 forego a pleasure. 
 
 A-ban'don (or a-boii'don), n. [Fr.] Frank uncon- 
 straint or enthusiasm in manner; dash ; freedom. 
 
 A-ban'doned (a-ban'dund), p. a. Given up; for- 
 saken :'— corrupted in the highest degree. 
 
 Syn. — Corrupt; wicked; profligate; flagitious. 
 
 A-ban'don-ment, n. The act of abandoning : — the 
 state of being deserted. 
 
 Ab-ar-tic-u-la'tion, n. [L. abartiadatio ; ab, off, 
 and articidatio.— See Article.] (Anat.) A mov- 
 able articulation; diarthrosis; a joint freely 
 movable. 
 
 A-base'. r. o. [0. F. abai«ser, from L. bassus, low, 
 short.] [j?p- abasing, abased.] To humble; to 
 bring low ; to degrade ; to humiliate. 
 
 A-base'ment, n. Act of abasing; humiliation: — 
 the state of being brought low. 
 
 A -bash', v. a. [Allied to Fr. ebahir and to the in- 
 terjection bah!] [pp. abashing, abashed.] To 
 make ashamed ; to confuse ; to discomfit. 
 
 Syn. — Abash expresses more than confound, 
 and confound more than confuse. Abashed by 
 shame or fear ; confused or confounded by what 
 cannot be explained. 
 
 A-bash'ment, «. Great shame ; confusion. 
 
 A-bat'a-bfe, a. That may be abated. 
 
 ^.-bate', v. a. [0. Fr. abatre ; Fr. abattre ; L. ab, 
 away, and batuere, to strike.] [pp. abating, 
 abated.] To lessen; to diminish; to remit. — 
 (Law.) To put an end to ; to defeat. — 2, v. n. To 
 grow less ; to decrease. 
 
 Syn. — A storm or passion abates ; a thing grotos 
 less, decreases, or diminishes in size or quantity. 
 
 A-bate' ment, n. The act of abating ; decrease. 
 
 a, e, I, 5, 5, y, long; a, S, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y., obscure. — Fire, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — Q, Q, 9, £, soft; f}, p, p, §, hard; s as z ; ? as gz ; tnis. 
 
 4* 41 
 
ABATER 
 
 42 
 
 ABLACTATION 
 
 A-bat'er, n. The person or thing that abates :— a 
 
 plea in abatement. 
 Ab'a-tis (ab'a-tis or ab'a-te'), n. [Fr. ; cf. Abate.] 
 
 {Mil) A defence formed by sharpened branches 
 
 or by trees felled and laid together. 
 A-ba'tor, n. (Law.) One who abates. 
 Ab-at-toir (ab a-twor'), n. [Fr. ; cf. Abate.] A 
 
 public slaughter-house. 
 A-bat-voix (a-ba-vwa), n. [Fr., from abattre (see 
 
 Abate), and voix, voice.J The sounding-board 
 
 over a pulpit or rostrum, 
 
 Ab-ax'i-al, \ a. [L. ab, from, and axis.] Not in 
 
 £.b-ax'ile, J the axis : — away from the axis. 
 
 Ab'ba, n. A Syriac word, signifying father. 
 
 Ab'ba-cy, n. [Eccl. L. abbatia, abbey or abbacy.] 
 State or office of an abbot: — time of being an 
 
 Ab'bat, n. See Abbot. [abbot. 
 
 Ab-ba'tial ( ba'shal) [obs. Fr.], or Ab-bat'i-cal, a. 
 Relating to an abbey. 
 
 Ab'be (ab'be; Fr. ab-ba'), n. [Fr. abbe.) An abbot: 
 — an ecclesiastical title, without office or duty au- 
 
 Ab'bess, n. The governess of an abbey, [nexed. 
 
 Ab'bey, n. ; pi. Ab'beys. A monastery ; a con- 
 vent : — a church attached to a convent. 
 
 Syn. — Abbey, priory, monastery, convent, cloister, 
 and nunnery are all used to denote religious 
 houses in Catholic countries. An abbey is under 
 an abbot or abbess: a priory is under a prior. 
 Convent implies community, cloister seclusion. A 
 monastery implies solitude, and is appropriated to 
 monks. A nunnery is a house for nuns. A friary 
 is a house of friars. 
 
 Ab'bot, «. [L. abbas, from abba.— Cf. Abba.] The 
 chief of an abbey or convent. 
 
 Ab'bot-ship, n. The state or office of an abbot. 
 
 Ab-bre'vi-ate [ab-bre'vi-at, W. J. F. Ja> K. Sm. H. 
 St. I. ; ab-bre'vyat, S. E. ; ab-brev'e-at, P.], v. a. 
 [pp. abbreviating, abbreviated.] [L. abbreviure, 
 to shorten ; ab, off, and brevis, short.] To shorten 
 by contraction of parts ; to abridge. 
 
 Ab-bre-vi-a'tion, n. The act of abbreviating ; a 
 contraction :— a letter or letters standing for a 
 word or words : — a summary. 
 
 Ab-bre'vi-a-tor, n. [L.] One who abbreviates; 
 an abridger:' — one who draws up briefs. 
 
 Ab-bre'vi-a-to-ry, a. Shortening; contracting. 
 
 Ab-bre'vi-a-ture, n. Abbreviation ; abridgment. 
 
 Ab'di-cant, n. [L. abdicans, abdicantis, abdicating, 
 pre's. part, of abdicare.] One who abdicates. — 
 2, a. Abdicating; renouncing. 
 
 Ab'di-cate, v. a. [L. abdicare, to reject; ab, away, 
 and dicare, to proclaim ; dicere, to say.] [pp. ab- 
 dicating, abdicated.] To abandon or relinquish, 
 as a throne or office ; to resign ; to renounce ; to 
 give up: — to deprive of a right. — 2, v. n. To 
 leave or resign an office. 
 
 Ab-di-ca'tion, n. Act of abdicating; resignation. 
 
 Ab'di-ca-tive [ab'de-ka-tiv, W. J. F. Ja. St. I. Mu. 
 Sm. ; ab-dik'a-tlv, S. E. P.], a. Causing or im- 
 plying abdication. 
 
 Ab'di-ca-tor. n. Same as Abpicant. 
 
 Ab-do'men [ab-dr/men, S. W. J. E. F. Ja. K. Mu. 
 H. St. Sm. ; ab-do'men or ab'do-men, P. Wb. 7.1, 
 n. [L.] L." pi. Ab-dom'i-na; Eng. Ab-do / - 
 mens. The lower cavity of the body, between 
 the diaphragm and the pelvis. 
 
 Ab-dom'i-nal, a. Relating to the abdomen. — 2, 
 n. One of an order of fishes. 
 
 Ab-diice' 
 
 [L. abdvcere, abductum, to draw 
 
 away; ab, away, and ducere, to draw.] [pp. ab- 
 ducing, abduced.] To lead away ; to separate. 
 
 Ab-du'cent, a. [L. abducens, abducentis, leading 
 away.— See Abduce.] Drawing away; pulling 
 back. 
 
 Ab-duct', v. a. [pp. abducting, abducted.] To take 
 unlawfully by force or fraud; to draw away. 
 
 Ab-dGc'tion, n. [See Abouce.] The act of ab- 
 ducting': — the act of illegally taking away a per- 
 son by force. 
 
 Ab-duct'or, n. [Late L.] A muscle that draws 
 away :- : -one who abducts. 
 
 A-beam/, ad. [Cf. Beam.] (Naut.) On the beam; 
 in a line at right angles to a vessel's keel. 
 
 A-bear'ance (a-bar'ans), n. [0. E. ubear, for 
 
 _ bear.] (Law.) Be'havior. 
 
 A-be-ce-da'ri-an, n. A teacher or learner of the 
 
 A-bed', ad. In bed or on the bed. [alphabet. 
 
 A-bele', n. [Dut. abeel, from L. albellus, a late form 
 
 _ of albus, white.] (Bot.) The white poplar. 
 
 A'bel-tree, n. Same as Abele. 
 
 Ab-er' ranee, n. A deviation from the light way. 
 
 4-b-er'rant, a. [Cf. Aberrate.] Deviating from 
 the normal way. 
 
 Ab-er'rate, v. n. [L. aberrare, aberratum, to wan- 
 der; ab, away, and errare, to rove.] [pp. aber- 
 rating, aberrated. ] To wander ; to deviate from 
 the right way or from a natural slate. 
 
 Ab-er-ra'tion, n. The act of deviating ; error : — 
 partial alienation of mind. 
 
 A-bet', v. a. [0. Fr. abeter, to set or hound on; 
 from the root of bait and bite.] [ pp. abetting, 
 abetted.] To set on; to aid; to encourage; to 
 instigate, as in some crime. 
 
 A-bet' ter, or A-beYtor, n. (Law.) One who abets ; 
 an accomplice ; an accessory. 
 
 Syn. — Abettors propose or instigate ; accomplices 
 take an active part, accessories a subordinate part. 
 
 A-bey'ance (a-ba'ans), n. [Anglo-French; akin 
 to Fr. bayer, to gape after, to open the mouth, 
 to hanker ; Late L. badare.) Reversion ; expec- 
 tation of possession hereafter: — a state of sus- 
 pension, cessation, or delay. 
 
 Ab-hbr', v. a. [L. abhorrere; ab, away, and hor- 
 rere, to shudder, to stand aghast] [ pp. abhorring, 
 abhorred.] To regard with horror ; to detest; to 
 abominate ; to loathe. [pugnance. 
 
 Ab-hor'rence, n. The action of abhorring; re- 
 
 Ab-hor'rent, a. Struck with abhorrence : — odious : 
 
 ' — contrary to; foreign; inconsistent with. 
 
 Ab-hbr' rer. n. One who abhors; a detester. 
 
 A'bib, n. [Heb. for ear of grain.] The first month 
 of the Jewish year. 
 
 A-bid'ance, n. Continuance; conformity. 
 
 A-bIde ? , v. n. [0. E. abidan— See Bide.] [i. abode ; 
 pp. abiding, abode.] To stay in a place; to 
 dwell; to reside. — 2, v. a. To wait for; to sup- 
 port ; to bide. 
 
 Syn. — Abide for a night; stay awhile; sojourn 
 for a short period ; dwell or reside in a house or 
 country. 
 
 A-bid'ing, a. Permanent; continual. 
 
 4-bil'i'-ty, v. [L. habilitas.—See Able.] Quality 
 of being able ; power to do anything ; capacity : 
 — pi. faculties of the mind. 
 
 Ab-in-tes'tate, a. [L. ab, from, and intestatus, one 
 who has made no will. — See Intestate.] (Law.) 
 Inheriting from one who died without making 
 a will. 
 
 A-bl-p-f-en'e-sis, \ n. [Gr. a, negative, jSio?, life, 
 
 jjL-bi-Sg'e-ny, j and yeveens, genesis, or birth. — 
 See Genesis.] The development of inorganic 
 or dead matter into organized or living matter ; 
 spontaneous generation. 
 
 Ab'ject, a. [L. abjectus, cast away ; ab, away, and 
 jacere, to cast.] Mean; low; despicable; base; 
 hopeless. — 2, n. An outcast. 
 
 Ab-jgc'tion, n. Want of spirit; baseness. 
 
 Ab'ject-ly, ad. In an abject manner; basely. 
 
 Ab'ject-nSss, n. Abjection ; meanness. 
 
 Ab-ju-di-ca'tion. n. [L. ab, against, and judicare, 
 to judge.] Rejection. 
 
 Ab-jQnc'tive, a. [L. ab, negative, and jungere, to 
 join. — See Join.] Disconnected ; exceptional, [r.] 
 
 Ab-ju-ra/tion, n. Act of abjuring; renunciation. 
 
 Ab-ju'ra-to-ry, or Ab'ju-ra-to-ry, a. Of or re- 
 lating to," or characterized by, abjuration. 
 
 Ab-jiire', v. a. [L. ab, away, and^Ware, to swear. 
 
 ' — See Jury.] To renounce upon oath ; to retract 
 solemnly; to revoke; to recall ; to recant. 
 
 Ab-lac-ta'tion, n. [From L. ab, away, and lac, 
 milk; ablactatio, a weaning.] The process of 
 weaning:— a method of grafting by approach. 
 
 I 
 
 a, e, I, 6, u, y, long; 5, e, l, o, u, y, short; a, §, \, 9, u, X. obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; h§ir, her; 
 
ABLATION 
 
 43 
 
 ABSCISSION 
 
 Ab-la'tion, n. [L. ablutio, a removal ; ab, away, 
 and fe'rre, latum, to carry.] Removal; amputa- 
 tion :— wasting away, as by abrasion. 
 
 Ab-la-ti"tious (-slius), a. Tending to draw away. 
 
 Ab'la-tive, a. [See "Ablation.] That takes away. 
 — (Gram.) A term applied to the sixth case of 
 Latin nouns. — 2, n. Sixth case of the Latin noun. 
 
 A-blaze', ad. [See Blaze.] In a blaze ; on fire. 
 
 A'ble (a'bl), a. [L. habilis, suitable, handy; from 
 habeo, to have, to hold.] Having strong facul- 
 ties, strength, power, or skill ; capable ; skilful. 
 
 A'ble-bod'ied (-bod'id), a. Strong of body. 
 
 Ab'le-gate, n. [L. ablegatus ; ab, away, and legare, 
 to send, to despatch. — See Legate.] A legate 
 from the pope. 
 
 Ab'lep-sy, n. [Or. a/3Aei|/ia, blindness; a, not, 
 and /3Ae'7Tw, I see.] Want of sight; blindness. 
 
 A-bl66m', ad. or a. [See Bloom.] In full bloom. 
 
 AVlu-ent, n. [See Ablution.] That which washes 
 clean. — 2, a. Washing clean ; purifying. 
 
 Ab-lu'tion, ». [L. ablvtio ; ab, off, and luere, to 
 wash.]' Act of cleansing with water; washing: — 
 a religious purification. 
 
 A'bly, ad. In an able manner; with ability. 
 
 Ab'ne-gate, v. n. [L. abnegare, abnegatus, to deny; 
 ab, away, and negate, to deny. — See Negation.] 
 [pp. abnegating, abnegated.] To deny; to re- 
 nounce. 
 
 Ab-ne-ga'tion, n. Denial ; renunciation. 
 
 Ab-nbr mal, a. [L. abnormis, later abnormalis, 
 from ab', away from, and norma (for gnorima), a 
 rule.— See Normal. Said to be formed on model 
 of Gr. avui^aKos. — See Anomalous.] Contrary 
 to rule ; irregular. 
 
 Ab-nbr-mal'i-ty., n. Deviation from rule; that 
 which is abnormal; abnormity. 
 
 Ab-nbr'mal-ly, ad. In an abnormal manner. 
 
 Ab-nor'mi-ty, w. Irregularity; monstrosity; de- 
 formity :' — that which is abnormal. . 
 
 A-board f (a-bord'), ad. [Cf. Board.] On board; 
 in a ship. — 2, prep. On board of. 
 
 ^.-bode', m. Habitation; dwelling: — stay. — 2, i. & 
 p. from abide. 
 
 A-bol'ish, v. a. [Fr. abollr, from L. abolescere, an 
 inceptive form of abolere, to destroy; ab, away, 
 and obs. olere, to grow.] [pp. abolishing, abol- 
 ished.] To annul; to repeal; to cancel. 
 
 Syu. — Institutions and customs are abolished; 
 a contract is annulled ; laws are repealed or abro- 
 gated; debts are cancelled. 
 
 Ab-o-H"tion (ab-o-lish'un), n. Act of abolishing; 
 state of being abolished ; destruction, [tionists. 
 
 Ab-o-li"tion-ism, n. The, principles of the aboli- 
 
 Ab-o-li"tion-ist (ab-o-lish'un-Ist), «. One who 
 favors abolition, especially'of slavery. 
 
 Ab-o-ma'sum, ) n. [Late L., from omasum, tripe ; 
 
 Ab-o-ma'sus, J a Celtic word.] The fourth stom- 
 ach of ruminating animals. 
 
 ^.-bom'i-na-ble, a. [L. abominabilis ; ab, away, 
 and omen.] Hateful; detestable; odious. 
 
 A-bom'i-na-bly, ad. Hatefully ; detestably. 
 
 A-bom'|-nate, t". a. [See Abominable.] [pp. abom- 
 inating, abominated.] To hate utterly ; to detest 
 with strong aversion ; to abhor ; to loathe. 
 
 A-bom-i-na'tion, n. Hatred ; detestation ; an ob- 
 ject of hatred : — pollution ; defilement. 
 
 Ab-o-rig'i-nal, a. Original ; primitive ; indige- 
 nous. — 2, n. An original inhabitant. 
 
 Ab-o-rig'i-nes (ab-o-rij'e-nez), n. pi. [L. ab, from, 
 and origo, origine, origin. — See Origin.] The 
 earliest inhabitants of a country. 
 
 A-bbrt', v. n. [L. aboriri, abortus, to miscarry. — 
 See Origin.] [pp. aborting, aborted.] To mis- 
 carry : — to fail of growth. 
 
 .A-bbrt' ed, a. (Physiol.) Noting an organ whose 
 development lias been arrested. 
 
 A-bbr'tion. n. Miscarriage ; untimely birth ; im- 
 perfect offspring ; empty result. 
 
 A-bbr'tion-ist, n. One who procures abortion. 
 
 A-bor'tive, a. Brought forth before the due time ; 
 immature : — miscarrying ; unsuccessful. 
 
 A-bbr'tive-ly, ad. Immaturely; untimely. 
 
 A-bbr'tive-ness, n. Quality of being abortive. 
 
 A-bbund', v. n. [L. abundare, to overflow; ab, 
 away, and vnda, a wave.] [pp. abounding, 
 abounded.] To be or have in great plenty. 
 
 A-bbund'ing, a. Abundant; plentiful. 
 
 A-bbut', prep. [0. E. abutan, for on-butan; on, on, 
 and butan, outside ; butan standing for be, by, and 
 vtan, out.] Round; encircling; near; concern- 
 ing; with regard to; relating to. — 2, ad. Cir- 
 cularly ; nearly ; going ; at hand. 
 
 A-bove' (a-buv'), prep. [O. E. abufun, from a, on, 
 be, by or near, and ufan, up.] In' a higher place ; 
 more than ; higher than ; too high for ; beyond. 
 —2, ad. Overhead ; in a higher place ; in the re- 
 gions of heaven : — before. 
 
 A-bove'-bbard (a-biiv'boid), ad. Upon deck or 
 board; in open sight: — without artifice. 
 
 Ab-ra-ca-dab'ra, n. [Origin doubtful.] A caba- 
 listic word; 'a superstitious charm: — jargon; 
 gibberish. 
 
 A-brade', v. a. & v. n. [L. abradere ; ab, off, and 
 
 ' radere, to scrape. — Cf. Razor.] [pp. abrading, 
 abraded.] To rub off; to waste. 
 
 A'bra-ham-man, n. [Said to be from a ward 
 called the Abraham ward in Bethlehem Hospital, 
 London.] A begging lunatic : — hence, one who 
 feigned lunacy as a pretext for begging. 
 
 Ab-ra'§ion (ab-ra'zhun), n. [See Abradk.] Act 
 of rubbingoff ; a place that is rubbed bare. 
 
 A-breast' (a-brest'), ad. [See Breast.] Side by 
 side. 
 
 Abreuvoir (ab-rii-vwor'), n. [Fr., from L. ad, to, 
 and bibere, to drink; the term properly desig- 
 nates a watering-trough for beasts.] A joint be- 
 tween stones to be filled up with mortar. 
 
 A-bridge', v. a. [Fr. abreger, to shorten; L. ab- 
 breviare, from ab, off, and brevia, short.] [pp. 
 abridging, abridged.] To make shorter in 
 words ; to contract ; to shorten : -to deprive of. 
 
 A-brid|-'er, n. One who abridges. 
 
 A-bridg'ment, ?;. The contraction of a work into 
 a smaller compass ; a compendium ; an epitome; 
 the act of abridging. 
 
 Sgn. — A compendium, epitome, and summary are 
 concise abridgments; an abstract, a very concise 
 abridgment. A synopsis or conspectus gives a 
 bird's-eye view of a subject. 
 
 A-broach' (a-broch'\ v. a. [See Broach.] [pp. 
 abroaching, abroached.] To broach ; to set flow- 
 ing. — 2, ad. In a posture for flowing out. 
 
 A-broad' (a-brawd'), ad. [See Broad.] Without 
 confinement; widely; at large; from home; out 
 of the house; in another country; wide of the 
 mark. 
 
 Ab'ro-gate, v. a. [L. abrogare, to repeal; ab, im- 
 plying reversal, and rogare, to propose as a law.] 
 [pp. abrogating, abrogated.] To repeal; to abol- 
 ish : to cancel. 
 
 Ab-ro-ga'tion, n. The act of abrogating. 
 
 Ab'ro-ga-tive, or Ab-rog'a-tive. ". Tending to 
 abrogate ; that annuls or "abrogates. 
 
 Ab-rupt'. a. [L. abrumpere, abruptus, to break off. 
 — See Rupture.] Broken ; craggy ; unconnected : 
 — sudden: hasty: unceremonious. 
 
 Ab-rup'tion, n. Violent separation. 
 
 Ab-rupt'ly, ad. Hastily ; suddenly ; ruggedly. 
 
 Ab-rfipt'ness, n. The quality of being abrupt. 
 
 Ab'scess (ab'ses), n. [L. abscessus, a going away; 
 abs, away, and cedo, cessum, to go.] A cavity 
 containing pus. 
 
 Ab-scind' (ab-sind'), v. a. [L. ab, away, and 
 scindo, scissum, to cut.] [pp. abscinding, ab- 
 scinded.] To cut off. 
 
 Ab'sciss (ab'sis), n. Same as Abscissa. 
 
 Ab-scis'sa, n. ; pi. Ab-scis'sae. [L. — See Abscind.] 
 (Geoyn.) A segment cut off from a straight line. 
 
 Ab-scis'sion (ab-sizh'un) [ab-slzh'un, W. F. Mu. 
 
 ' St. H. I. J. Ja'.K. Sm.) ab-sish'un, & P.], n. [See 
 Abscind.] The act of cutting off; state of being 
 cut off. 
 
 mien, sir; mSve, nor, s8n; bfill, bur, rule, use.— 5, Q, c, £, soft; p, js, g, g, hard; § as z; ? as gz; tfiis. 
 
ABSCOND 
 
 44 
 
 ABYSS 
 
 Ab-sc5nd', v. n. [L. abs, away, and condere, to 
 hide, to stow; con, together, and dare, to put.] 
 [pp. absconding, absconded.] To hide one's self; 
 to disappear. 
 
 tb-scond'er, n. One who absconds, 
 b'sence, n. The state of being absent : — the time 
 of being absent : — want or lack : — inattention ; 
 absorption in thought. 
 
 Ab'sent, a. [L. absens ; abs, away, and esse, to be.] 
 Not present : — inattentive. 
 
 Ab-sent\ v. a. [pp. absenting, absented.] To keep 
 away ; to withdraw. 
 
 Ab-sen-tee', n. One absent from his station. 
 
 Ab-sen-tee'i§m, n. Habitual absence ; the prac- 
 tice' of being an absentee. 
 
 Ab'sent-ly, ad. In an absent manner; with ab- 
 sence of mind ; inattentively. [in thought. 
 
 Ab'sent-mlnd'ed, a. Inattentive ; deeply absorbed 
 
 Ab-sinth\ ) {or ab-saiit), n. [Fr. ; L. absinthium ; 
 
 4-b-sinthe', J Gr. a \piv0iov, wormwood.] A French 
 bitter cordial ; wormwood. 
 
 Ab-sin'thi-an, a. Of the nature of wormwood. 
 
 ^.b-sis'tence, n. [L. ab, away, and sistere, a redu- 
 plicated form of stare, to stand.— Cf. Stand.] The 
 act or condition of standing off or away from. 
 
 iLb'so-lute, a. [L. absolvere, absolutum. — See Ab- 
 solve.] Unconditional; not relative: — perfect; 
 unrestricted : — real : — not limited : — despotic :— 
 positive; peremptory. 
 
 Syn. — Absolute or unconditional promise, or 
 space ; absolute or unlimited government ; despotic 
 power ; arbitrary measures ; positive or peremptory 
 refusal. 
 
 Ab'so-lute-ly, ad. Unconditionally; fully. 
 
 Ab'sp-liite-ness, n. Completeness : — despotism. 
 
 Ab-so-lu'tion, n. The act of absolving ; forgive- 
 ness. 
 
 Ab'so-lu-tism, n. Absolute government: — the 
 doctrine which favors absolute government. 
 
 Ab'so-lu-tist, \a. Of or pertaining to absolu- 
 
 Ab-so-lu-tis'tic, J tism ; absolute; despotic. 
 
 Ab-sol'u-to-ry [ab-sol'u-tur-e, W. J. E. Ja. Sm. I. 
 St. Mu. ; ab'so-lii-to-re, S. P.], a. That absolves. 
 
 Ab-s51'va-ble, a. That may be absolved. 
 
 Ab-sol'va-to-ry, a. Relating to pardon; forgiv- 
 ing; absolutory. 
 
 Ab-solve' (ab-zolv') [ab-zolv', H. St. ; ab-solv', Wb. 
 I. ; ab-solv' or ab-zolv', Mu.], v. a. [L. absolvere, 
 from" ab, away, and solvere, to loosen. — See Solve.] 
 [pp. absolving, absolved.] To free from guilt, 
 or from contract ; to acquit ; to clear. 
 
 Syn. — Absolved from sin by the mercy of God; 
 acquitted of a charge by men. 
 
 tb-solv'er, n. One who absolves. 
 b'so-nant, a. [L. ab, off, and sonare, to sound. — 
 
 See Sound.] Discordant; harsh-toned. 
 Ab-sbrb', v. a. [L. absorbere, from ab, away, and 
 
 sorbere, to drink. ] [pp. absorbing, absorbed.] To 
 
 imbibe ; to swallow up. 
 Ab-sbrb' a-ble, a. That may be absorbed. 
 Ab-sbrb'ent, n. A medicine that favors absorption ; 
 
 any thing that sucks up ; a lymphatic or lacteal 
 
 vessel. — 2, a. Tending to absorb. 
 Ab-sbrpt\ a. Swallowed up; absorbed. 
 Ab-sbrp'tion, n. The act of absorbing, swallow- 
 ing, sucking up, or engrossing; the state or 
 
 process of being absorbed. 
 Ab-sbrp'tive, a. Having power to absorb. 
 Ab-sbrp-tiv'i-ty, n. The quality of, or capacity 
 
 for, absorption. 
 Ab-stain', v. n. [L. abslinere ; abs, away, and 
 
 tenere, to hold.] [ pp. abstaining, abstained.] To 
 
 keep from ; to forbear. 
 Ab-stain'er, n. One who abstains ; a teetotaller. 
 ^.b-ste'mi-ous, a. [L. abstemius, abstinent, from 
 
 abs, away, and the root of temetum, strong drink ; 
 
 cf. Skr. td.m-ya.ti, to be stupefied.] Sparing: — 
 
 temperate: — abstinent: — chiefly used of food or 
 
 drink. 
 Syn. — A person may be temperate and sober, yet 
 
 not abstemious or abstinent. 
 
 Ab-ste'mi-ous-ness, n. Strict temperance. 
 Ab-sten'tion, n. [L. abstentio.— See Abstain.] Act 
 ' of restraining: — act or practice of abstaining. 
 Ab-ster£e', v. a. [L. abstergere, to wipe away ; abs, 
 off, and tergere, to wipe.] [pp. absterging, ab- 
 sterged.] To cleanse by wiping ; to wipe. 
 Ab-ster'£ent, a. Having a cleansing quality. — 
 
 2, n. That which has a cleansing quality. 
 Ab-ster'sion, n. The act of cleansing. 
 Ab-ster'sive, a. Having the quality of cleansing. 
 Ab'sti-nence, n. [L. abstinentia. — See Abstain.] 
 Forbearance of food or drink :— the practice or 
 act of refraining. 
 
 Syn. — Abstinence and abstemiousness imply a 
 complete, or nearly complete, disuse ; temperance 
 and sobriety, moderate use. 
 Ab'sti-nSnt, a. Using abstinence ; abstemious. — 2, 
 
 n. One who abstains or fasts. 
 Ab-stract', v. a. [L. abstrahere, abstractum, from 
 abs, away, and trahere, to draw.] [pp. abstract- 
 ing, abstracted.] To take from ; to separate : — 
 to summarize. 
 Ab'stract [ab'strakt, S. P. Ja. Sm. I. Mu. St. H. ; 
 ab-strakt', W.], a. Separate ; disjoined ; pure : — 
 considered apart from particular examples. — 2, 
 n. A concise abridgment; an epitome ; summary. 
 Ab-stract'ed, p. a. Separated : — absent in mind. 
 .A.b-stract'er, n. One who abstracts, 
 ^.b-strac'tion, n. The act of abstracting; state 
 
 of being abstracted ; separation : — inattention. 
 Ab-strac'tive, a. Having the power of abstract- 
 ing; epitomizing. 
 Ab'stract-ly., ad. In an abstract manner. 
 Ab'stract-ness, n. The quality of being abstract; 
 
 subtilty ; abstruseness. 
 Ab-struse', a. [L. absirudere, abstrusum, to con- 
 ceal ; abs, away, and trudere, to thrust.] Diffi- 
 cult to be understood ; obscure ; not plain. 
 Ab-strfise'ly, ad. Obscurely ; not plainly. 
 Ab-struse'ness, n. Difficulty of apprehension. 
 4k.b-surd', a.' [L. absurdus, inharmonious, foolish; 
 ab, intensive, and surdus, deaf, or unpleasant to 
 the ear.] Contrary to manifest truth ; unrea- 
 sonable ; inconsistent ; preposterous ; ridiculous. 
 Ab-siird'i-ty, n. The quality of being absurd : — 
 
 that which is absurd ; foolish error. 
 Ab-siird'ly, ad. In an absurd manner. 
 Ab-siird'ness, n. The quality of being absurd, 
 ^.-bun'dance, n. Great plenty ; exuberance. 
 A-bun'dant, a, [See Abound.] Plentiful ; copious ; 
 
 ample.' 
 
 A-bfin'dant-ly, ad. Plentifully ; copiously. 
 
 -$.-buse' (a-buz'), v. a. [L. abuti, abusus, to misuse; 
 
 abandu'ti, usus. — See Use.] [pp. abusing, abused.] 
 
 To make an ill use of: — to violate; to defile : — to 
 
 impose upon : — to maltreat : — to revile ; to vilify. 
 
 A-btise' (a-bus'), n. Ill use ; a corrupt practice ; 
 
 misuse ; perversion : — maltreatment : — unjust 
 
 censure ; rude reproach ; contumely ; invective. 
 
 A-bu'sive, a. Containing abuse; reproachful; 
 
 scurrilous ; insolent ; perverted ; misapplied. 
 A-bu'sive-ly. ad. In an abusive manner. 
 A-bu'sive-nlss, n. The quality of being abusive. 
 A-but', 'v. n. [Fr. abouter, to terminate at; u, to, 
 ' and bout, end.] [pp. abutting, abutted.] To end 
 
 at ; to border upon. 
 A-bu'ti-lon, n. [Arab, and Mod. L.] A plant 
 
 and its flower. 
 A-but'ment, n. That which borders upon:— a 
 " mass of masonry at the end of a bridge. 
 A-but' tal, n. The butting or boundary of land, 
 ■^■-by', v. a. [a, away, and buy.] [imp. abought; 
 pp. abying, abyed or abought.] To pay the pen- 
 alty for ; to expiate. 
 A-bysm' (a-blzm'), n. Same as Abyss. 
 A-bys'mal", 1 a. Of or like an abyss ; immensely 
 4-byss'al, J deep ; fathomless. 
 4.-byss','w. [Gr. ajSutrao?, bottomless ; a privative, 
 and fivcraos, sea-bottom.] A depth without bot- 
 tom ; avast chasm : — primal chaos : — the infernal 
 pit. 
 
 e, I, o, ii, y, long; 5, e, i, o, ii, y, short; a, $ , i, 9, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fist, fall ; heir, her ; 
 
ABYSSIC 
 
 45 
 
 ACCLAMATOKY 
 
 prickles 
 
 A-byss'ic, a. (Geol.) Of or relating to an abyss; 
 abyssal ; noting strata which formed the bottom 
 of ancient deep seas. 
 
 A-ca'ci-a (a-ka'she-a), n. [L. ; Gr. d/ccua'a, akin 
 to cLK-q', a point.] ' A shrub or tree, and its gum ; 
 gum arabic. 
 
 Ac-a-dem'ic, a. Kelating to an academy or uni- 
 versity ; academical : — relating to the philosophy 
 of Plato. — 2, n. A member of an academy : — 
 an academic philosopher; a Platonist. 
 
 Ac-a-dem'i-cal, a. Relating to an academy. 
 
 Ac-a-de-mi"cian (ak-a-de-mish'an), n. A mem- 
 ber of an academy : — a collegian. 
 
 Ac-a-dem'i-ci§m, n. A mode of teaching, as of 
 painting,' practised in an academy. 
 
 Ac-a-dem'ics, n. The Platonic philosophy. 
 
 ^L-cid'e-my. [a-kad'e-me, P. J. F. E. Ja. K. Sm. 
 Wb. ; a-kad'e-me or ak'a-deni-e, S. W.], n. [Gr. 
 dxaSrjjaeta, from Academus, a personal name.] 
 Plato's school of philosophy : — a society of men 
 associated for the promotion of some art: — a 
 seminary of learning; a grammar school. 
 
 A-ca'di-an, a. [Accidie, Fr. for Nova Scotia, from 
 a native name.] Nova-Scotian. — 2, n. An in- 
 habitant of Nova Scotia; a descendant of the 
 French colonists of Nova Scotia. 
 
 Ac'a-leph, ) n. [Gr. aKaXijcfr-n, nettle, sea-net- 
 
 Ac-a-le phan, J tie.] A jelly-fish ; a sea-nettle. 
 
 Ac-a-na'ceous (-shus), or Ae-an-tha'ceous, a. 
 [Gr. aKavos, a thistle ; anavdos, acanthus.] 
 Having prickles. 
 
 A-can-tho-car'pous, a. Having fruit covered 
 with spines. 
 
 Ac-an-thof er-ous, \ a. Bearing 
 
 Ac-an-thopti'o-rous, J spines. 
 
 A-can'thus, n. [L.] L. pi. A-can'- 
 thi ; Eiig. A-can'thus-e"s. [Gr. 
 aKav0o<;, from dxt;, a spine.] A 
 spiny plant:— a leaf-like orna- 
 ment. 
 
 Ac'a-rid, or A-car'i-dan, n. [Gr. 
 aKapt, a mite, something too 
 small to be cut; d, not, and 
 neipeiv, to cut.] A minute in- 
 sect ; a mite, or tick. 
 
 A-cat-a-lec'tic, n. [Gr. d, nega- 
 tive, and /cardArjKTos. — See Catalectic.] A 
 verse which has the complete number of sylla- 
 bles, without excess. 
 
 A-cat-a-lep'tic, a. [Gr. d, not, Kara, thoroughly, 
 Aiji/a?, comprehension, or seizing.] Incompre- 
 hensible. 
 
 Ac-Su-les'cent, A-c&u'line, or A-c&u'lous, a. 
 [Gr. d, negative, and h.'caulis, a stem.] Having 
 no stem or stalk ; stemless. 
 
 Ac'cad, \ n. [From Accad, an ancient city.] 
 
 Ac-ca'di-an, J One of the dominant race in Baby- 
 lonia at the time to which the earliest contem- 
 poraneous records reach back; also, the lan- 
 guage of this race. 
 
 Ac-ca'di-an, a. Of or relating to the Accads or 
 their language. 
 
 Ac-cede' (ak-sedO, v. n. [L. accedere ; ad, to, and 
 cedere, to go.] [pp. acceding, acceded.] To be 
 added to :— to comply with ; to come to ; to assent 
 or agree. 
 
 Ac-cel'er-ate, v. a. [L. accelerare, to hasten ; ad, to, 
 and celer, swift.] [pp. accelerating, accelerated.] 
 To cause to move faster ; to hasten ; to quicken. 
 — 2, v. n. To become swifter. 
 
 ■Ac-cel-er-a'tion, n. Increase of speed. 
 
 tc-cel'er-a-tive, a. Adding to velocity, 
 c'cent, n. [L. accentum, from ad, to,' and cano, 
 cantus, to sing; accent is thus etymologically 
 "musical pitch."] Modulation of the voice in 
 speaking; as, the native or foreign accent.— a 
 stress of voice on a certain syllable :— a mark to 
 direct the modulation of the voice. 
 Ac-cSnt', v. a. [pp. accenting, accented.] To ex- 
 press the accent; to place the accent on; to ac- 
 centuate ; to emphasize. 
 
 Ac-cent'ed, p. a. Having the accent. 
 
 Ac-cent'u-al (ak-sent'yu-al), a. Rhythmical; re- 
 
 ' lating to accent. — 2, n. An accent mark. 
 
 Ac-cent'ii-ate, v. a. [pp. accentuating, accentu- 
 ated.] To place the accent on : — to bring prom- 
 inently into notice ; to emphasize. 
 
 Ac-cent-u-a'tion, b. The act of placing the ac- 
 cent: — emphasis; accent. 
 
 Ac-cept', v. a. [L. accipere, acceptum, from ad, to, 
 and capere, to take.] [pp. accepting, accepted.] 
 To take as offered ; to receive : — to agree to : — to 
 admit : — to believe. 
 
 Ac-cept-a-bil'i-ty. n. Acceptableness. 
 
 Ac-cept'a-ble [ak-sep'ta-bl, P. Ja. K. Sm. H. I. St. 
 Wb. ; ak'sep-ta-bl, S. W. J. E. F. B. C], a. 
 Likely to be accepted ; welcome ; pleasing. 
 
 Ac-cept'a-ble-ness, n. The quality of being ac- 
 ceptable ; acceptability. 
 
 Ac-cept'a-bly, ad. In an agreeable manner. 
 
 Ac-cept'ance, n. Reception ; acceptation ; mental 
 
 * assent;' belief. — (Com.) The subscribing of a bill 
 or draft : — a bill subscribed. 
 
 Ac-cept'an-cXi n. Acceptance. 
 
 Ac-cept'ant, a. Receptive ; receiving. 
 
 Ac-cep-ta'tion, n. Reception; acceptance: — ap- 
 proval : — the received meaning of a word. 
 
 Ac-cept'er, or ^.c-cept'or, n. One that accepts. 
 
 A.c-cess' or Ac'cess [ak-ses', W. P. /. Sm. ; ak'- 
 
 " ses, S. I. H. E. K. ; ak'ses or ak-ses', Ja. Mu. St.], 
 n. [See Accede.] Approach ; admission : — addi- 
 tion ; increase. 
 
 AVees-sa-ry. [ak'ses-sa-re, S. W. P. J. E. F. Ja. H. 
 I. K. Sm. ; ak-ses'sa-re, Bade//, Ash ; ak'ses-sa-re 
 or ak-ses'sa-re, 3Tu.], 'a. Acceding to, or con- 
 tributing to, a crime: — accessory. — 2, «. (Law.) 
 One who contributes to or participates in a crime, 
 though not present at the commission of it ; an 
 accomplice; an abettor; an accessory. [Etymo- 
 logically, accessary is a noun, and accessory an 
 adjective; but in practice either may be used, 
 whether adjectively or substantively.] 
 
 Ac-ces-si-bil'i-ty, n. State of being accessible. 
 
 Ac-ces'si-ble, 'a. ' Easy of access. 
 
 Ac-ces'sion (ak-sesh'un), n. The act of coming 
 to; joining;* approach: — enlargement; augmen- 
 tation ; addition ; inn-ease. 
 
 Ac-ces'sion-al, a. Additional ; added. 
 
 Ac-ces-so'ri-al, a. Supplementary ; auxiliary. 
 
 Ac'ces-so-ry [ak'ses-so-re, S. W. P. J. E. F. Ja. I. 
 St. H. K. Sm. B. ; ak-ses'so-re, Bailr//. Ash ; ak'- 
 ses-s9-re or ak-ses'so-re, Mu.], a. Contributing 
 to a crime; accessary :— joined to; additional; 
 supplementary.— 2, m. (Law.) One who partici- 
 pates in a crime : accessary.— See Accessaht. 
 
 AVci-dence, n. [L. accidentia., accidents; i.e., 
 grammatical inflections.] A little book contain- 
 ing the first rudiments of grammar. 
 
 Ac'ci-dent, n. [L. accidens, pres. part, of aecidere, 
 to fall out, to happen ; ad, to, and cad/), to fall.] 
 A property of a being not essential to it :— a for- 
 tuitous event; a mishap. 
 
 Ac-ci-den'tal, a. Having the quality of an acci- 
 dent; non-essential:— casual; fortuitous; con- 
 tingent. — 2, n. A note of music not in the same 
 diatonic scale with the rest of the piece. 
 
 Syn. — Accidental and fortuitous are opposed to 
 what is designed or planned ; incidental, to what is 
 premeditated ; casual, to what is regular or con- 
 stant ; contingent, to what is fixed. An accidental 
 or fortuitous circumstance ; an incidental remark ; 
 a casual occurrence ; a contingent event. 
 
 Ac-ci-den'tal-ly, ad. By chance: — unintention- 
 ally. 
 
 Ac-claim', v. n. [L. acclamare; ad, to, and cln- 
 mare, to shout.] [pp. acclaiming, acclaimed.] To 
 give applause; to applaud.— 2, v. a. To ap- 
 plaud:— to proclaim. — 3, n. Applause; accla- 
 mation. 
 
 Ac-cla-ma'tion, v. A shout of applause ; applause : 
 — loud assent ; unanimous assent. 
 
 Ac-clam'a-to-ry, a. Pertaining to acclamation. 
 
 mien, sir : mSve, nor, son j bull, bUr, rule, use— Q, Q, c, § , soft; p, ja, p, £, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; tnis. 
 
ACCLIMATATION 
 
 46 
 
 ACCUSATION 
 
 Ac-cli-ma-ta'tion, n. Same as Acclimation. 
 £.c-cli'mate, v. a. [Fr. acclimater.—See Climate.] 
 
 [pp. acclimating, acclimated.] To inure to a 
 
 new climate ; to acclimatize. 
 
 tc-cll'ma-ted, a. Habituated to a new climate, 
 c-cli-ma'tion, n. The process of becoming ac- 
 climated. 
 
 Ac-cli-mat-i-za'tion, n. See Acclimation. 
 
 Ac-cli'ma-tize, v. a. [pp. acclimatizing, acclima- 
 tized.] To inure to a new climate ; to acclimate. 
 
 Ac-cliv'i-tous, or Ac-cli'vous, a. Rising with a 
 slope. 
 
 Ac-cliv'i-ty, n. Steepness reckoned upward:— an 
 upward slope: — as the ascent of a hill is the ac- 
 clivity, the descent is the declivity. 
 
 Ac-co-lade', or Ac-co-lade' [ak-o-lad', K. B. Wb. ; 
 ak-o-lad', 8m.], n. ' [Fr., from L. ad, to, and col- 
 lum, the neck; it once designated an "'embrace" 
 with the arms about the neck.] A blow : — a cer- 
 emony used in conferring knighthood: — \ 
 
 a brace used in writing and printing, especially 
 in printing music. 
 
 Ac-com'mo-date, v. a. [L. accommodare, accommo- 
 datus, from ad, to, cum, with, and modus, meas- 
 ure.] [pp. accommodating, accommodated.] To 
 adapt; to fit; to adjust; to serve; to make suit- 
 able ; to reconcile. 
 
 Ac-com'mo-dat-ing, p. a. Disposed to oblige; 
 obliging; friendly : — pliable. 
 
 Ac-com-mo-da'tion, re. Provision of conveniences : 
 — fitness; adjustment: — reconciliation. 
 
 Ac-com-mo-da'tion-bill, re. A biil of exchange 
 given as an accommodation, instead of money. 
 
 Ac-com'mo-da-tive, a. Tending to accommodate. 
 
 £c-c6m'pa-ni-er, n. One who accompanies. 
 
 Ac-com'pa-ni-ment (ak-kum'pa-ne-ment), n. 
 That which attends a thing or person : — a sub- 
 sidiary part in music. 
 
 Ac-com'pa-nist. or Ac-com'pa-ny-ist, n. (Mm.) 
 One who performs an accompanying part. 
 
 Ac-com'pa-ny. (ak-kb.m'pa-ne), v. a. [Fr. accom- 
 pagner.—See Company.] "[pp. accompanying, ac- 
 companied. ] To attend ; to go along with ; to 
 associate with. 
 
 Ac-com'plice, n. [L. «d,to. and complex, involved, 
 
 * from plicare, to entwine.] (Law.) An associate 
 in guilt ; a partner in a crime ; an abettor. 
 
 Ac-com'plish, v. a. [Fr. accomplir.— See Com- 
 plete.] '[pp. accomplishing, accomplished.] To 
 complete; to execute; to fulfil; to obtain: — to 
 adorn or furnish. 
 
 Ac-com'plished (ak-kdm'pljsht), p. a. Finished ; 
 complete in some qualification ; polite; refined. 
 
 Ac-com'plish-ment, re. Completion ; full perform- 
 ance : — ornament of mind or taste ; acquirement. 
 
 Ac-compt'ant (ak-kiiunt'ant), re. A reckoner; ac- 
 countant! See Accountant. 
 
 Ac-cord', v. a. [Fr. accorder : L. ad, to, and cor, 
 cordis, the heart.] [pp. according, accorded.] To 
 make agree ; to compose : — to award ; to grant. 
 — 2, v. n. To agree ; to harmonize. — 3, n. A com- 
 pact; agreement; union: — assent: — harmony. 
 
 Ac-cord'ance, n. Agreement; conformity. 
 
 Ac-cbrd'ant, a. Consonant; corresponding. 
 
 ^.c-cbrd'ant-ly:, ad. In an accordant manner. 
 
 ^LC-cbrd'ing-ly, ad. Agreeably; conformably: — 
 in due course. 
 
 Ac-cbrd'ing t8, prep. In accordance with. 
 
 .^.c-cbr'di-on, n. A. small musical wind instru- 
 ment, with keys and reeds. 
 
 Ac-cost', » o. [L. ad, at, and casta, rib, side; to 
 accost was formerly to go to, to walk beside, to 
 be near.] [pp. accosting, accosted.] To speak 
 to ; to address ; to salute. 
 
 Ac-cost'a-ble, a. Easy of access; familiar. 
 
 Ac-couctie-ment (ak-kosh'mans:), n. [Fr.— See 
 Couch.] Delivery in childbed. 
 
 Ac-cou-cheur' (ak-ko-shiir'), [ak-ko-shar', Ja. ; 
 ak-k6'>har, K. ; ak-kosh-ur', St. 1. Sm.], v. [Fr.] 
 A physician who assi-ts women in childbirth. 
 
 Ac-cou-cheuse' (ak-ko-shuz'),?i. [Fr.] A midwife. 
 
 Ac-count', n. [L. ad, to, and compntare, to reckon ; 
 con, together, and putare, to estimate.] A com- 
 putation ; a bill: — a narrative; recital:— advan- 
 tage; reason; sake: — importance. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 accounting, accounted.] To esteem ; to reckon ; 
 to compute. — 3, v. n. To reckon; to give an 
 account. 
 
 Syn. — Keep an account, make a computation of 
 expenses, and send a bill. — An account of events; 
 a narrative of a life ; narration of a story ; relation 
 or recital of circumstances. — On your account ; 
 for your advantage or benefit; for your sake; for 
 this reason. 
 
 Ac-cbunt-a-bil'i-ty, re. Accountableness. 
 
 4LC-cbunt'a-ble, a. Liable to be called to account; 
 responsible ; answerable : — that can be accounted 
 for : — explicable. 
 
 Ac-count' a-ble-ness, n. Responsibility. 
 
 Ac-count' ant, re. One skilled in accounts. 
 
 4.c-cou'tre (ak-ko'tur), v. a. [Probably from Fr. 
 a, to, and coustre, but. koster, a costumer, vestry- 
 keeper, or sacristan ; L. custos, a keeper.] [pp. 
 accoutring, accoutred.] To supply with equi- 
 page ; to equip; to furnish. 
 
 Ac-cou'tre-ment (ak-ko'tur-ment), n. Dress ; out- 
 fit; equipage; trappings; ornaments. 
 
 Ac-cred'it, r. a. [Fr. accrediter. — See Credit.] 
 [pp. accrediting, accredited.] To give credit or 
 credentials to ; to countenance ; to send witli cre- 
 dentials. 
 
 Ac-cres'cence, n. Act of growing to ; increase. 
 
 ^.c-cres'cent, a. [L. ad, to, and crescere, crescentis, 
 to grow.'] Increasing; growing. 
 
 Ac-cre'tion, n. [L. ad, to, and crescere, creturn, to 
 grow.] ' Act of growing to another : — a growth 
 or external increment. 
 
 Ac-cre'tive, a. Increasing by growth. 
 
 ^c-croach', v. a. [From the root of crook and 
 crochet.] [pip. accroaching, accroached.] To 
 draw to one ; to grasp. 
 
 Ac-cru'al, or Ac-cru'ment, n. That which accrues. 
 
 ^.c-crue',r. n. [From L. accrescere, to be added: 
 accrue comes through an old French legal term.] 
 [pp. accruing, accrued.] To accede ; to be added ; 
 to spring; to be gained: — to arise, as profits. 
 
 Ac-cu-ba'tion, n. [L. accubatio, -onis, from ad, 
 to, and cubare, to recline.] A reclining at meals. 
 
 Ac-cum'ben-cy, n. [L. accumbare, to recline; 
 -cumbare is a form of cubare, as above.] The 
 state of being accumbent. 
 
 Ac-cum'bent, a. Leaning up to; reclining. 
 
 Ac-cu'mu-late, v. a. [L. ad, together, and cnrnu- 
 lare, to heap.] [pp. accumulating, accumulated.] 
 To heap up ; to pile up.— 2, v. n. To increase ; 
 to go on increasing. 
 
 Ac-cu-mu-la'tion, re. The act of accumulating :— 
 ' an acquired mass. 
 
 Ac-cu'mu-la-tive, a. Characterized by accumu- 
 
 * lation. [cumulates. 
 
 Ac-cu'mu-la-tor. n. One who, or that which, ac- 
 
 Ac'cu-ra-cy, re. Exactness ; correctness. 
 
 Ac'cu-rate, a. [L. ad, to, and cura, care ; accurare, 
 accuratus, to care for.] Exact; correct; precise. 
 Syn. — Accurate and correct express less than 
 exact, and precise more than exact. An accurate 
 or correct account ; exact statement ; precise lan- 
 guage. 
 
 Ac'cu-rate-ly, ad. Exactly; without error. 
 
 Ac'cu-rate-ness, re. Nicety; precision. 
 
 Sipu'—Accurateness more especially belongs to 
 persons ; accuraa/, to processes and results. 
 
 Ac-curse', v. a. [Ac for a, intensive, and curse.] 
 ' [pp. accursing, accursed.] To doom to misery; 
 to cursf. 
 
 Ac-curs'ed (or ak-klirst'), p. a. Cursed; execra- 
 ble; hateful. 
 
 Ac-cu'§a-ble, a. Blamable ; culpable. 
 
 Ac-cus'al, or Ac-cuse'ment, n. Accusation. 
 
 Ac-cu-sa'tion,' re. Act of accusing :— that of which 
 one is accused ; charge ; censure. 
 
 a, e, i, o, u, y, 
 
 ; a, e, l, 5, ii, y, short; a, e, i, o 
 
 , u, y., obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fail ; heir, her ; 
 
ACCUSATIVE 
 
 47 
 
 ACOSMIST 
 
 Ac-cu'sa-tive, a; [Badly translated from the Gr. 
 (tttumtk;) aiTtariKr), which may mean "of ac- 
 cusing," 'but here really means "of what is 
 effected."] (Gram.) Applied to the fourth case 
 of Greek and Latin nouns; objective. 
 
 Ac-cu'sa-tive-ly, ad. 1° an accusative manner. 
 — (Gram.) As' the accusative case. 
 
 Ac-cu'§a-tc-ry, a. Containing an accusation. 
 
 ilc-cusV, v. a. [L. accusare, from the root of 
 causa, reason or account.] [pp. accusing, ac- 
 cused.] To charge with a crime ; to arraign ; to 
 impeach ; to blame ; to censure. 
 
 Syn. — Accused of murder ; charged with an of- 
 fence ; arraigned at the bar ; impeached for a crime 
 against the government ; blamed or censured for 
 misconduct. 
 
 Ac-ciis'er, n. One who accuses. 
 
 Ac-cus'tom, v. a. [0. Fr. acostnmer. — See Custom.] 
 [pp. accustoming, accustomed.] To habituate; 
 to familiarize. 
 
 Ac-cus'tom-a-ry, a. Usual ; according to custom. 
 
 Ac-cus'tomed (-tumd), a. Frequent; usual. 
 
 Ace (as),'n. [L. as, a unit; Gr. els, one.] A unit 
 on cards or dice : — a jot. 
 
 A-cel'da-ma, n. [Syr. okel darno.] A field of blood. 
 
 A-cen'tric, a. [Gr. d/cevrpos. — See Centhe.] Hav- 
 ing no centre : — not centred; not balanced. 
 
 Ac'eph-al, n. Same as Acephalan. 
 
 A-ce"ph'a-lan, n. (Zoul.) An animal without a 
 head, as an oyster. 
 
 A-ceph'a-H, n. pi. [Gr. a/ce'^xzAo?, headless; a, 
 negative, and /ce^aAr;, a head.] A sect of early 
 Christians who acknowledged no head ; societies 
 without a superior or presiding officer. 
 
 t-ceph'a-lous, «. Without a head : — headless. 
 c'e-rat-ed, a. Same as Acerose. 
 A-cerb', a. [L. acerbus, sour, from acer, sharp.] 
 Acid and bitter, or rough. 
 
 t-cer'bi-ty, n. Sour taste : — severity of temper, 
 c-e-rose', ) a. [L. acerosus, from acus, aceris, 
 
 Ac'er-ous, J chaff.] Chaffy :—(Bot.) [badly formed 
 from acus, a needle, or acer, sharp] pointed like 
 a needle. 
 
 A-ces'cent, a. [L. acescere, inceptive form of 
 acere, to be sour.] Tending to acidity. 
 
 Ac-e-tab'u-lum, ft. [L. for "vinegar-cup."] The 
 socket for the head of the thigh-bone. 
 
 Ac'e-tate. n. [Salts whose names end in ate are 
 formed by acids whoso names end in fc.l (Chem.) 
 A salt formed by the union of acetic acid with a 
 salifiable base. 
 
 A-cet'ic, a. [From L. acetum, vinegar.] Having 
 the properties of vinegar. 
 
 A-cet-i-f i-ca'tion, n. The act of turning sour. 
 
 ^.-cet'i-fy, v. a.' [The termination/// signifies to 
 make or to become. — Cf. L. jio.] ' [pp. acetify- 
 ing, acetified.] To make sour; to change to 
 vinegar. — 2, v. n. To become changed into acetic 
 acid or vinegar. 
 
 Ac-e-tim'e-ter, n. [From L. acetum, vinegar, and 
 Gr. /u.erpoi'/a measure.] An apparatus for deter- 
 mining the strength of vinegar or other acids. 
 
 Ac-e-tim'e-try, n. (Chem.) The determination of 
 the strength of vinegar and other acids. 
 
 Ac'e-tone, n. [L. acetum, vinegar; -one is said to 
 be Gr. -tovr), a termination signifying a female 
 descendant.] (Chem.) The ketone of the acetic 
 series. 
 
 A-ce'tous, a. Having the quality of vinegar. 
 
 Ac'e-tyi, n. [L. acetum. vinegar, and Gr. uAtj, ma- 
 terial.] A liquid, the basis of acetic compounds. 
 
 A-cet'y-lene, n. A colorless gaseous hydrocarbon. 
 
 Aphe (ak), n. ; pi. Aches. [0. E. sece, an ache ; 
 acan, to ache.]. A continued pain. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
 aching, ached. ] To be in continued pain. 
 
 A-chiev'a-ble, a. Possible to be achieved. 
 
 4-chieve*, v. a. [Fr. achever, to attain, to com- 
 plete; from d chief or a chef, to the head.] [pp. 
 achieving, achieved.] To perform; to finish 
 prosperously : — to gain ; to obtain :— to attain. 
 
 A-chieve'ment, n. A performance ; an action ; a 
 
 great exploit; a feat; a deed. — (Her.) An es- 
 cutcheon, or ensign armorial ; a hatchment. 
 
 A-chiev'er, n. One who achieves. 
 
 Ach'ing- (ak'ing), n. Pain; uneasiness. — 2, p. a. 
 Painful ; distressing. 
 
 Ach-ro-mat'ic, a. [Gr. a, privative, and chro- 
 matic. — See Chromatic] (Opt.) Not showing 
 color: — noting lenses which do not show the ob- 
 ject as discolored. 
 
 £.-chr5-ma-tic'i-ty, or A-chro'ma-ti§m, n. The 
 quality of being achromatic. 
 
 A-chro-ma-top'sy. n. [Gr. dxp^p-aTo?, colorless, 
 and 6\pt.<i, sight.] Color-blindness. 
 
 A-cic'u-lar, \a, [L. acicula, dim. of acus, a needle.] 
 
 A-cic'u-late, J Sharp-pointed ; needle-shaped ; pro- 
 vided with fine bristles or points: — marked as 
 with a needle-point. 
 
 A-cic'u-lat-ed, a. Same as Aciculate. 
 
 Ac'id (as'jd)', a. [L. acidus, sour; acer, sharp. — Cf. 
 Gr. dxTj, a point.] Sour; sharp like vinegar. — 
 2, n. A sour substance ; a substance that unites 
 with a base to form a salt. 
 
 A-cid'i-f I-a-ble, a. Capable of being acidified. 
 
 Ac-id-if ic, a. Rendering acid ; causing acidity. 
 
 A-cid-i-f i-ca'tion, n. The act of acidifying. 
 
 A-cid'i-fy, v. a. ' [The termination fy signifies to 
 make or to become. — Cf. L.jio.] [pp. acidifying, 
 acidified.] To convert into acid. — 2, v. n. To 
 become acid. 
 
 Ac-id-Im'e-ter, n. [See Acetometer.] An instru- 
 ment for determining the strength of ai bis. 
 
 A-cid-i-met'ric, a. Of or relating to the measure- 
 ment or estimation of the strength of acids. 
 
 Ac-id-im'e-try, n. (Chem.) The estimation of 
 acid constituents. 
 
 A-cid'i-ty, n. An acid quality ; sourness. 
 
 Ac'id-ness (as'id-nes), ?*. Acidity. 
 
 A-cid'u-late, v. a. [pp. acidulating, acidulated.] 
 To make slightly acid. 
 
 A-cid'u-lat-ed, a. Slightly imbued with acid. 
 
 A-cId'a-lous, or_A-cid'u-lent, a. Somewhat sour. 
 
 Ac'ier-age (as'er-ij), n. [Fr., from (icier, steel; 
 L. aciarins, from acies, edge. — Cf. acer, sharp.] 
 A process of coating a metal plate with steel. 
 
 A-cin'a-ces, n. [L. ; Gr. aKiva.K-q<; ; a Persian 
 word.] A short sword worn by the ancient Per- 
 sians and Medes; a scimitar. 
 
 A-cin'i-fdrm, a. [L. acinus, a grape.] Having 
 the form of grapes. 
 
 Ac-knowl'edf-e (ak-noTej). v. a. [0. E. oncnawan, 
 from on, to, and know, q. v.] [pp. acknowledg- 
 ing, acknowledged.] To own the knowledge of; 
 to confess ; to avow. 
 
 Syn.— Acknowledge offences committed, or fa- 
 vors received ; confess sins; avow principles. 
 
 Ac-knowl'edg-ment (ak-nWej-ment), u. Act of 
 acknowledging ; confession : — gratitude. 
 
 A-clin'ic, a. [Gr. d priv., and icXivetv, to bend.] 
 Noting the line called the magnetic equator, on 
 which the magnetic needle dips neither way, 
 but remains horizontal. [the culmination. 
 
 Ac'me, n. [Gr. dx/ar}, point.] The highest point; 
 
 Ac'ne, n. [Late L., said to he the same as Acme.] 
 A pustule on the face: — a pustulous skin-disease. 
 
 Ac'o-lyte. n. [Gr. d*c6Aov0o?, following.] Aserver 
 in the church. 
 
 Ac'o-nite, n. A poisonous herb; 
 wblfs-bane. 
 
 Ac-o-ni'tum, ». [L. ; Gr. olkovltov.] 
 Aconite.' 
 
 A'corn[a'korn, St. M. H.],n. [From 
 the root of acre, and originally Acorn. 
 
 meaning " derived from the field," 
 or unenclosed land: the derivation as from oak- 
 corn is fanciful.] The seed or fruit of the oak. 
 
 A' corn-shell, n. (Zool.) A barnacle. 
 
 A-cos'mTsm, n. [Gr. d, negative, and koo-juo?, 
 world.] Denial of the existence of the universe 
 as distinct from God. 
 
 A-cos/mist, n. One who denies the existence of 
 the universe as distinct from God. 
 
 mien, sir ; mSve, nor, son; bull, biir, rule, use.— p, 9, 5, £, soft; p, $3, p, g, hard; § as z ; $ as gz ; this. 
 
ACOTYLEDON 
 
 48 
 
 ACTRESS 
 
 A-cot-y-le'don, n. [a, negative, and cotyledon.] 
 (Bot.) A plant whose seed has no distinct coty- 
 ledons or seed-lohes. 
 
 A-cot-y-led'o-nofis, a. Having no cotyledons. 
 
 A-cbu'me-ter, n. [Badly formed from Gr. aKovetv, 
 to hear, and ixerpov, measure.] An instrument 
 to measure the extent of the sense of hearing. 
 
 A-cous'tic, a. [Gr. o.kovo-tlk6s, relating to hear- 
 ing.] Relating to hearing. 
 
 A-cous'ti-cal, a. Same as Acoustic. 
 
 A-cbus'ti-cal-ly, ad. As regards acoustics. 
 
 .£.-cbus-ti"cia.n, n. One versed in acoustics. 
 
 A-cous'tics [a-kus'tiks, Mu.], n. pi. The science 
 which treats of sound. 
 
 Ac-quaint', v. a. [0. Fr. acointer ; Late L. accog- 
 
 ' nitare, to make known.] [pp. acquainting, ac- 
 quainted.] To make familiar ; to inform. — 2, a. 
 Acquainted; familiar. 
 
 Ac-quaint'ance, n. ; pi. Ac-quaint'ance or Ac- 
 quaint' aii-ces. Familiarity; knowledge of: — 
 mutual knowledge : — a person or persons with 
 whom one is acquainted. 
 
 Syn. — Acquaintance expresses less than famil- 
 iarity, and familiarity less than intimacy. Ac- 
 quainted, having some knowledge; familiar by 
 long habit ; intimate by close connection. 
 
 Ac-quaint'ed, a. Familiar with ; known. 
 
 Ac-quest', n. [See Acquire.] A thing gained : — 
 the act of acquiring. 
 
 Ac-qui-esce' (ak-we-es'), v. n. [L. ad, at, and 
 quiescere, to rest.] [pp. acquiescing, acquiesced.] 
 To concur in, or remain satisfied with ; to com- 
 ply ; to agree. 
 
 Ac-qui-es'cence, n. Compliance; assent. 
 
 Ac-qui-es'cent, a. Ensy ; quiet; submitting. 
 
 Ac-quir'a-bie, a. Attainable; procurable. 
 
 ^.c-quire , v. a. [L. acqnirere, from quserere, to 
 seek.] [pp. acquiring, acquired.] To gain; to 
 get ; to earn. 
 
 Ac-quire'ment, n. That which is acquired :— the 
 process of acquiring; attainment. 
 
 Ac-qui-si"tion (ak-we-zish'un), n. The act of 
 acquiring; that which is acquired: — a gain. 
 
 Ac-quis/i-tive, a. Acquired ; acquiring. 
 
 Ac-quis/i-tive-ness, n. The love of acquiring 
 property ; desire of possession. 
 
 Ac-quit', v. a. [0. Fr. aqniter, from L. ad, to, and 
 quietare, to settle.] [pp. acquitting, acquitted.] 
 To set tree ; to clear from a charge : — to dis- 
 charge ; to absolve ; to settle ; to requite. 
 
 Ac-quit'ment, n. The act of acquitting ; acquittal. 
 
 Ac-quit' tal, n. The act of acquitting; deliver- 
 ance from the charge of an offence ; discharge. 
 
 Ac-quit' tance, n. Discharge from a debt. 
 
 A' ere (a'kur), ». [0. E. steer; Norse, akr ; cf. L. 
 ager, a field ; Skr. ajrus, a plain.] A quantity of 
 land, equal to 100 square rods, or 43,560 square 
 
 _ feet. 
 
 A'cre-a£-e, n. Area in acres. 
 
 Ac'rid, a. [L. acer, acris, sharp.] Of a biting 
 taste ; bitter : — corrosive. 
 
 A-crid'i-ty, n. Sharpness; bitterness; pungency. 
 
 Ac-ri-mo'ni-ous, a. Full of acrimony ; severe. 
 
 Ac-ri-m5'ni-ous-ly, ad. With acrimony. 
 
 Ac'ri-mo-nj: (ak're'-mo-ne), n. [L. acrimonia, from 
 acer, sharp; the termination -monia implies an 
 active quality.] Sharpness; corrosiveness : — se- 
 verity of temper ; asperity; harshness; tartness; 
 bitterness. 
 
 Syn. — Acrimony of feeling; severity of temper 
 or censure ; harshness of expression ; asperity or 
 bitterness of language or feeling ; tartness of reply. 
 
 Ac'ri-tude, n. [L. acritudo, from acer, sharp ; the 
 termination -tude implies a state or quality.] 
 Acrid taste or quality. 
 
 Ac-ro-a-mat'ic, ) «. [Gr. aKpoanarticos, from 
 
 Ac-ro-a-mat'i-cal, / olk poacrOai, to hear; heard 
 only," but not committed to writing.] Abstruse ; 
 esoteric; secret. 
 
 Ac-ro-a-mat'ics, n. pi. ^ Same as Acroatics. 
 
 Ac-ro-at'ic, a. [Gr. aKpoariKo?, suitable to be 
 
 heard. — See Acroamatic] Abstruse; acroa- 
 
 matic. 
 Ac-ro-at'ics, n. pi. Aristotle's lectures on the 
 
 more subtile parts of philosophy. 
 Ac'ro-bat, n. [Gr. a/cpo^aros, going aloft ; a/cpov, 
 
 aloft, and Paivew, /3oitos, to go.] A vaulter; a 
 
 rope-dancer. 
 Ac-ro-bat'ic, a. Of or pertaining to an acrobat or 
 
 his performance. 
 Ae'ro-£-en, n. [Gr. a/cpov, a point, and yeveaOai, 
 
 to be developed.] A plant growing at the upper 
 
 point of its stem. 
 A-cro^e-nous, a. Having the nature of an acro- 
 
 gen. 
 A-cro'mi-on, n. ; pi. A-cro'mi-a. [Gr. a/cpw/uiov, 
 
 from axpos, a point/and a>/uos,' a shoulder.] The 
 
 outer point of the shoulder-blade. 
 A-cron'y-cal, a. [From Gr. a/cpos, a point, a tip, 
 
 and vv'|, night.] Opposite to the sun, or rising 
 
 when the sun sets, and setting when the sun 
 
 rises, as a star: — opposed to cosmical. 
 A-cron'x-cal-lx, ad. At the acronycal time: — 
 
 opposed to cosmically. 
 A-crop'o-lis, n. ; pi. A-crop'o-le§. [Gr. aKp67roAi5, 
 
 from a/cpos, a peak, a high place, and 7r6Ais, a 
 
 city.] The stronghold of a city. 
 Ac'ro-spire, n. [Gr. a/cpos, a point, and a-nelpa, a 
 
 twist, j A shoot at the end of a seed. 
 A-cross , ad. [From a prepositional, and cross. — 
 
 See Cross.] Athwart; crosswise; over. — 2, prep. 
 
 Over ; athwart ; from side to side of. 
 A-cros'tic, n. [Gr. dKpocrrix'5, from aicpo?, end, 
 
 and ctti'xo?, a row.] A poem in which the first 
 
 letters of the lines make up the name of a person. 
 A-cros'ti-cal, a. Relating to acrostics. 
 A-crot'ic, a'. [Badly formed from Gr. d/cpoTT)?, ex- 
 treme.] Pertaining to or affecting the surface. 
 Ac'ro-tisni, n. [From Gr. a, privative, and /cporo?, 
 
 stroke.] (Med.) Absence or defect of pulse. 
 Act (akt), v. n. [From L. agere, actus, to do ; Fr. 
 
 acte.] To be in action ; not to rest.— 2, v. a. To 
 
 perform : — to feign ; to imitate. — 3, n. A deed ; 
 
 exploit : — a part of a play : — a decree of a court : 
 
 — edict; statute. 
 Ac'ta-ble, a. Capable of being acted or done. 
 Act'ing, a. Discharging the functions of another; 
 
 vicarious. — 2, w. The playing of a part: — action. 
 Ac-tin'i-a, n. [From Gr. okti's, o.ktIvos, a ray.] 
 
 A sea-anemone. 
 Ac-tin'ic, a. Relating to actinism. 
 Ac'tin-i§m, v. [Gr. oiktic, a/crivos, a ray, from 
 
 its radiated form.] The chemical force of the 
 
 sun's rays. 
 Ac-ti-nol'o-ix n. The science of radiated ani- 
 mals : — the science which investigates rays of 
 
 light. [the force of solar radiation. 
 
 Ac-ti-nom'e-ter, n. An instrument for measuring 
 Ac-ti-no-met'ric, a. [From Gr. a*Ti?, a ray, and 
 
 //.erpiKos, measuring.] Of or pertaining to the 
 
 measurement of radiated force. 
 Ac-ti-no-zo'a, n. pi. [Gr. d/cn's, a ray, and £(iov, 
 
 an" animal'.] A class of marine animals; sea- 
 anemones. 
 Ac'tion (ak'shun). n. [L. actio. — See Act.] The 
 
 process of acting ; a deed ; operation : — a battle ; 
 
 — gesticulation :— a process or suit at law; a 
 
 lawsuit. 
 Syn. — Act is a single exertion of power ; action, 
 
 a continued exertion. 
 Ac'tion-a-ble, a. Liable to result in an action at 
 
 law': — that may afford grounds for an action. 
 Ac'tive, a. That acts ; opposed to passive ; transi- 
 tive : — busy ; nimble ; agile ; quick. 
 Syn. — Active in business; busy, not at leisure; 
 
 nimble and agile in the use of one's limbs ; quick 
 
 in movement. 
 Ac'tive-ly, ad. In an active manner; busily. 
 Ac-tiv'i-ty, n. The state or quality of being ac- 
 tive ; "nimblenesB ; quickness. 
 Act' or, n. One who acts; a stage-player. 
 Ac' tress, n. A woman who plays on the stage. 
 
 a, e, I, 5, u, y, long; a, e, I, 5, Q, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, x, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
ACTUAL 
 
 49 
 
 ADENOID 
 
 Act'u-al (akt'yu-al), a. Really in act ; positive ; 
 
 real ; effective ; certain ; existing at present. — 
 
 2, n. In finance, money actually received. 
 Act'u-al-ist. n. One who deals with fact rather 
 
 than 'with theories: — opposed to idealist 
 Act-u-al'i-ty, n. The existing conditions : — real- 
 ity : — realism. [to real existence. 
 Act-u-al-i-za'ticn, n. A reducing to actuality or 
 Act'u-al-ize. v. a. [pp. actualizing, actualized.] 
 
 To make actual, or real; to realize; to describe 
 
 realistically. 
 Act'ii-al-ly, ad. In act; really; positively. 
 Act-u-al-ngss, n. The quality of being actual. 
 Act'ii-a-ry, n. [L. actuarius, an accountant.] The 
 
 managing officer of an insurance company; a 
 
 clerk ; a notary, or registrar. 
 Act'u-ate. v. a. [pp. actuating, actuated.] To put 
 
 into action; to induce; to influence; to impel. 
 Act-u-a'tion, n. Impulsion; motion imparted. 
 Act'u-a-tor, n. One who actuates. 
 Ac-tu'ri-gnce, «. [The syllables -urience and 
 
 -urienl express desire ; from the L.] A desire 
 
 for action. 
 A-cu'le-ate, a. [L. acidealus, from acus, a needle.] 
 
 Having a point ; prickly. 
 A-cu'le-o-late, a. [L. aculeolus, a small prickle, 
 
 from acus', a needle.] {Bot.) Armed with small 
 
 prickles, or slightly prickly. 
 A-cti'men, a. [L. for "sharpness."] A sharp point: 
 " — quickness of perception; discernment; dis- 
 crimination. 
 A-cu'mi-nate, a. [L. acuminare, acinninatus, to 
 
 sharpen.] Pointed; acuminated. 
 A-cu'mi-nat-ed. p. a. Sharp-pointed. 
 A-cu-mi-na'tion, n. The act of sharpening : — a 
 ' sharp point. ' 
 A-cu'mi-nose, a. (Bot.) Approaching to beiug ! 
 
 - acuminate ; nearly acuminate. 
 
 Ac-u-press', v. a. [L. acus, acu, a needle, and j 
 press.] [pp. acupressing, acupressed.] (Swig.) 
 To compress, as an artery, by means of acupres- 
 
 ^ sure. — 2, v. n. To employ acupressure. 
 
 Ac-u-pres'sion, \ (ak-ii-presh'un, ak-u-presh/nr), 
 
 Ac-u-press'ure, J n. A method of stopping an 
 artery from bleeding by passing a needle through 
 the substance of the wound. 
 
 Ac-u-punct'ure, n. [L. acus, acu, a needle, and 
 puncture.] (Med.) A method of treating dis- 
 ease by small punctures. — 2, v. n. [pp. acu- 
 puncturing:, acupunctured.] To puncture with 
 fine needles. 
 
 A-cute', a. [L. acuere, acutus, to sharpen.] Sharp; 
 not obtuse ; keen : — not grave: — ingenious ; pen- 
 etrating. — (Med.) An acute disease terminates 
 shortly; opposed to chronic. — Acute accent is that 
 which raises the voice. — Acute angle, one less 
 than a right angle. 
 
 A-cute'ly, ad. Sharply; ingeniously.; keenly. 
 
 A-cute'ness. n. Quality of being acute ; sharp- 
 ness; acumen; penetration; sagacity. 
 
 A-cu-ti-fo'li-ate, a. [Acute and L. folium, a leaf.] 
 
 - (Bot.) Having sharply-pointed leaves. 
 Ad'age (ad'aj), «. [L. adagium, a proverb.] A 
 
 maxim handed down from antiquity ; a proverb ; 
 an aphorism. 
 
 Ad-a'gi-o, n. [It. ad agio, at ease.] (Mus.) Mark 
 of slow time; a composition in slow time: — ad. 
 
 _ Slowly. 
 
 Ad'a-mant, n. [Gr. <x5<£/xa?, from a priv., not, 
 and Sa/xdw, to tame: invincible.] A very hard 
 
 ^ stone ; a diamond. 
 
 Ad-a-man-te'an, a. Hard ; impenetrable. 
 
 Ad-a-man'tine, a. Made of adamant ; hard. 
 
 Ad-a-man'toid, n. A crystal bounded by forty- 
 eight equal triangles, as the diamond. 
 
 A-dam'ic, a. Relating to Adam. 
 
 Ad'am's-ap'ple (ad'amz-ap / pl),«. The prominent 
 part of the throat:— a variety of banana. 
 
 A-dapt\ v. a. [L. ad, to, and apiare, to fit. — See 
 Apt.] [pp. adapting, adapted.] To fit one thing 
 to another; to suit; to adjust; to accommodate. 
 
 A-dapt-a-bil'i-tjr, n. Capability of adaptation. 
 
 A-dapt'|-ble,'«. Pliable : — applicable. 
 
 Ad-ap-ta'tion, n. The act of adapting :— fitness. 
 
 A-dap'tive, a. Fitting to circumstances; modi- 
 
 ' fying-' 
 
 Add, v. a. [L. addere, from ad, together, and dare, 
 to put.] [pp. adding, added.] To join together; 
 to increase ; to subjoin ; to annex ; to unite. — 
 2, v. n. To perform addition. 
 
 Sij7i. — Quantities are added; houses joined; 
 an afterthought subjoined; propeity increased; 
 territory annexed. 
 
 Ad'dax, n. [L. ; originally a 
 Xofth African word.] A 
 kind of African antelope. 
 
 Ad-den' dum, n. ; pi. Ad- 
 den' da. ' [L., gerundive 
 from addere, to add.] Some- 
 thing to be added ; an ad- 
 dition ; an appendix. 
 
 Ad'der, n. [0. E. naddre, a 
 snake; a naddre has been 
 
 corrupted to an adder.] A venomous reptile; a 
 viper. 
 
 Ad-di-bll'i-ty, n. Possibility of being added. 
 
 Ad'di-ble, a. Capable of being added. 
 
 Ad-dict', v. a. [L. addicere, addictus, to devote; 
 ad, to, and dicere, to say.] To give tip or apply 
 one's self to; to devote: — often used in an ill 
 
 Syn.— -Men addict themselves to vice: devote 
 themselves to science; apply themselves to busi- 
 ness ; dedicate themselves to religion, [addicted. 
 
 Ad-dic'tion, or Ad-dict'ed-ness. n. State of being 
 
 Ad-di"tion (ad-dish'un), n. [L. additio.] Act of 
 adding; the thing added: — increase: — a rule of 
 arithmetic for adding numbers together. — (Law.) 
 The title annexed to a man's name. 
 
 Ad-di"tion-al (ad-dish'un-al), a. Added. 
 
 Ad-di"tion-al-ljs ad. In addition to. 
 
 Ad-di-ti''tious, a. Additive. 
 
 Ad'di-tive, «'. To be added; relating to addition. 
 
 Ad'dle. a. [0. E. adela, mire ; Ger. add.] Barren ; 
 unfruitful:— originally applied to such eggs as 
 produce nothing. —2, v. a. [pp. addling, addled.] 
 To make putrid; to corrupt; to confuse. — 3, r. n. 
 To grow corrupt. 
 
 Ad'dle-head'ed, ) a. Having addle brains; of 
 
 Ad'dle-pat'ed, J weak intellect ; foolish. 
 
 Ad-dress', v. a. [Fr. adresser; from the root of 
 dress and direct.] [pp. addressing, addressed.] 
 To sppak or apply to ; to accost : — to prepare for^ 
 — to direct: — to court. — 2, ». Application: peti- 
 tion: — courtship: — skill; dexterity; ability:— 
 manners; bearing: — an oration; speech: — a me- 
 morial : — direction of a letter; the name, title, 
 &c, of a person. 
 
 Syn. — Address the ruler or government, or per- 
 sons generally ; accost a stranger ; salute a friend ; 
 direct a letter. 
 
 Ad-dress'es, n. pi. Courtship paid to a woman. 
 
 Ad-diice', v. a. [L. add u cere : ad, to, and dncere, 
 to draw.] [pp. adducing, adduced.] To bring 
 forward ; to allege. 
 
 Ad-du'cent, a. Drawing toward a given point. 
 
 Ad-du'ci-ble, a. That may be brought forward. 
 
 Ad-dfict', v. a. [L. adducere, adduction. — See Ad- 
 duce.] [pp. adducting, adducted.] To draw 
 toward a median line or a centre. 
 
 Ad-duc'tion, n. The act of adducing or adducting. 
 
 Ad-duc'tive, a. That brings forward. 
 
 Ad-duc'tor, n. [L.] (Anat.) A muscle that draws 
 toward a given point. [deep. 
 
 A-deep', ad. [See Deep.] In or toward the depths ; 
 
 A-del'phous, a. [Gr. a<5eA.<£6s, a brother : — with 
 the idea of union.] United by filaments into 
 pairs or bundles. 
 
 A-demp'tion, n. A taking away: a roTocation. 
 
 Ad'en, [Gr., a gland.] An initial element in 
 
 _ words relating to the glands; as. adenology. 
 
 Ad'e-noid, a. Resembling or relating to a gland. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nbr, son ; bull, bur, rule,, use.— Q, $, c, £, soft ; p, ja, p, £, hard; s as z ; x as gz ; this. 
 
 c d 5 
 
ADENOLOGY 
 
 50 
 
 ADMINISTRATOR 
 
 Ad-e-nol'c-£-y, n. A treatise on the glands. 
 
 Ad-en-opn'or-ous, a. Bearing glauds. 
 
 A-dept', «• ' [L. adeptus, fitted ; root of Apt.] Skil- 
 ful; thoroughly versed. — 2, n. One versed in 
 any art: — also {Alchemy), one who had found the 
 panacea and philosopher's stone. 
 
 Ad'e-qua-cy, n. Sufficiency; adequateness. 
 
 Ad'e-quate, a. [L. adsequare, to equalize.— See 
 Equal'.] Sufficient: — fully suitable ; fitting. 
 
 Ad'e-quate-ly, ad. In an adequate mauner. 
 
 Ad'e-quate-ness, n. Quality of being adequate. 
 
 Ad-fect'ed, a. [See Affect.] {Math.) Noting an 
 equation consisting of different powers of the 
 unknown quantity ; affected. 
 
 Ad-flux' ion (ad-fluk'shim). n. [See Afflux.] The 
 act of flowing to or toward: — (Bot.) The force 
 by which the sap is drawn toward the leaves. 
 
 Ad-here', v. n. [L. adlnerere, to stick.] [pp. ad- 
 hering, adhered.] To stick to; to remain fixed. 
 
 Ad-he'rence, \n. The quality of adhering; at- 
 
 ^d-he'ren-cy, j tachment; tenacity; fidelity. 
 
 4Ld-he'rent, a. Sticking to; united with. — 2, n. 
 One who adheres ; a follower. 
 
 Ad-he' §ion (ad-he'zhun), n. The act or state of 
 sticking or "adhering to something; adherence. 
 
 Syn. — Adherence to principle or to party ; ad- 
 hesion of contiguous parts of vegetable matter or 
 bodies ; cohesion of the particles of homogeneous 
 bodies to each other. 
 
 Ad-he'sive, a. Sticking; tenacious. 
 
 ■kd-he'sive-ness, n. Tenacity; viscosity :— a pro- 
 pensity to form attachments. 
 
 Ad-hib'jt, v. a. [L. adhibere, adhibilum; from ad, 
 ' to, and habeo, to have or hold.] [ pp. adhibiting, 
 adhibited.] To employ : — to apply : — to admin- 
 ister. 
 
 Ad-hi-bi"tion, n. The action of adhibiting. 
 
 Ad-i-aph'a-nous, a. [a, not, and diaphanous.] 
 Not diaphanous ; opaque. 
 
 Ad-i-aph'o-ri§m, n. [Gr. aSia<f>opo?, indifferent. 
 — Of. Differ.] Latitudinarianism ; indifference. 
 Ad-i-aph'o-rist, n. A believer in the doctrine 
 that in matters non-essential charity was to be 
 preferred to unanimity. [adiaphorism. 
 
 Ad-i-aph-o-rist'ic, a. {Eccl) Like, or relating to, 
 A-di-a-ther'mic. a. [«, not, and piathermanous, 
 " which see.] Not readily permitting the trans- 
 mission of heat; impervious to heat. 
 A-die5' (a-du'), ad. \d Dieu, Fr. for "to God" (I 
 
 * commend you).] Farewell.— 2, «. A taking 
 leave ; a farewell. 
 
 Ad-i-po-cere', n. [L. adeps, adipis, fat, and cent, 
 wax.] An oily or waxy substance, formed by 
 the decomposition of animal bodies in moist 
 places, or under water. [fat. 
 
 Ad-i-pose', a. [L. adeps, fat.] Consisting of fat; 
 
 A-dip'sous. a. [Gr. a, not, and SCipa, thirst.] 
 Tending to quench thirst. 
 
 Ad' it, n. [L. aditus, approach ; ad, and ire, itus, to 
 go.] A passage under ground :— access. 
 
 Ad-ja'cen-cy, w. The state of lying close to: — 
 that which lies near by; contiguity. 
 
 Ad-ja'cent, a. [L. adjacens ; ad, near, and jacere, 
 
 * jacens,' to lie.] Lying near.; contiguous. 
 
 Syn. — Adjacent villages or lands; contiguous 
 
 houses; adjoining fields. 
 Ad-ject'. v. a. [L. adjicere, adjeclum, and adjec- 
 
 tare, to add; ad, to, and jacere, to put, to throw.] 
 
 (Law, &c.) To add ; to append. 
 Ad-jec'tion, n. The act of adding. 
 
 Ad-jec-ti"tious (ad-jek-tish'us) 
 
 Additional. 
 
 Ad'jec-tiv-al [ad-jek-ti'val, Mu. St. I.], a. Re- 
 lating to an adjective. 
 
 Ad'jec-tive, n. (Gram.) A word added to a noun 
 to express some quality ; as, good. 
 
 Ad'jec-tive-ly, ad. As or like an adjective. 
 
 Ad-j'oin', v. a.' [See Joix ana Adjunct.] [pp. ad- 
 
 ' joining, adjoined.] To join to; to unite or put 
 to ; to subjoin. — 2, v. n. To be contiguous to. 
 
 Ad-jbm'ing-. a. Close to ; contiguous. 
 
 Ad-journ' (ad-jiirn'), v. a. [Fr. ujourner, from L. 
 
 ad, to, and dinrnus, daily ; root of dies, a day. — 
 See Journal.] [pp. adjourning, adjourned.] To 
 put off to another day ; to postpone ; to pro- 
 rogue. — 2, v. n. To cease sitting. 
 
 Syn. — Adjourn a court or meeting; prorogue 
 parliament ; postptone or defer a matter of business. 
 
 Ad-joiirn' al, «. Adjournment; postponement. 
 
 Ad-joiirn'ment (ad-jurn'ment), n. The act of ad- 
 
 ' journing; delay; intermission. 
 
 Ad-judgV, v. a. [Fr. adjuger. — See Judge.] [pp. 
 adjudging, adjudged.] To sentence ; to decree ; 
 to bestow: — to judge or consider:— to decide or 
 settle. 
 
 Ad-jii'di-cate, v. a. [L. adjvdicare, adjndicatum. 
 — See Judge.] [pp. adjudicating, adjudicated. J 
 To try and determine judicially. 
 
 Ad-jii-di-ca'tion, i*. The act of adjudicating ; sen- 
 tence :— a decree. 
 
 Ad'junct, n. [L. ad, to, and jangere, junctum, to 
 join.] Something joined to another. — 2, a. Added 
 to ; united with : — subordinate. 
 
 Ad-junc'tion, n. The act of adjoining. 
 
 Ad-junc'tive, n. That which is joined. — 2, a. 
 Having the quality of joining. 
 
 Ad-ju-ra'tion, n. The act of charging another 
 solemnly by oath : — the form of oath. 
 
 Ad-jiir'a-to-ry, a. Of or pertaining to adjuration. 
 
 ^.d-jure', v. a. [L. adjurare.] [pp. adjuring, ad- 
 ' jured.] To impose an oath upon another: — to 
 charge or entreat solemnly. 
 
 Ad-just', v. a. [Fr. ajuster, from Late L. adjuxtare, 
 adjustare, to fit ; from juxht, near. The deriva- 
 tion from Justus, exact, is historically incorrect.] 
 [pp. adjusting, adjusted.] To regulate; to put 
 in order; to fit; to adapt; to suit; to harmonize 
 or settle. 
 
 Ad-just'a-ble, a. That may be adjusted. 
 
 Ad-just'ment, n. Regulation; settlement. 
 
 Ad'ju-tan-cy, n. The of- 
 fice of an adjutant. 
 
 Ad'ju-tant, n. [L. adj it- 
 tare, adjutantis, to assist ; 
 a frequentative form of 
 adjuvare.] A military 
 officer who assists a su- 
 perior officer ; an assist- 
 ant : — a kind of stork (so 
 called from its stiff, mil- 
 itary walk). 
 
 Ad-ju-ta'tor. n. [L.] An assistant. 
 
 Ad'jii-vant [ad'ju-vant, S. W. F. Ja. K. Sm. ; ad- 
 ju'vant, J. E.], a. [L. adjuvans, adjuvanlis, pres. 
 part! of adjuvare, to help; ad, and juvare, to 
 help.] Helpful; useful.— 2, n. That which 
 
 Adjutant. 
 
 Ad-lo-cii'tion, n. Same as Allocution. 
 
 Ad-meas'ure-ment (ad-mezh'ur-ment), re. The act 
 or result of measuring; measurement. 
 
 Ad-men-su-ra'tion, n. [L. mensura, a measure.] 
 Admeasurement. 
 
 Ad-min'i-cle, n. [L. adminicuhim, a stay, from 
 
 ' manus,'the hand.] An aid or support; an aux- 
 iliary ; corroboratory evidence. 
 
 Ad-min'is-ter, v. a. [L. administrare.— See MIN- 
 ISTER.]" [pp. administering, administered.] To 
 supply :— to give :— to act as agent or adminis- 
 trator upon :— to manage.— 2, v. n. To act as ad- 
 ministrator. 
 
 Ad-min-is-te'ri-al, a. Relating to administration. 
 
 Ad-min'is-tra-bl'e, a. Capable of administration. 
 
 Ad-min-is-tra'tion, n. Act of administering ; act 
 of conducting any affair :— the executive part of 
 government : — management. 
 
 Syn.— Administration of the government ; dis- 
 pensation of justice; management of business; 
 government of the country. _ _ 
 
 Ad-min'is-tra-tive, a. Executive; pertaining to 
 the management of affairs. 
 
 Ad-min-is-tra'tor, n. One who has the charge of 
 the estate of a man dying intestate ; a manager ; 
 a trustee. 
 
 a, e, i, 5, u, y, long; a, e, i, o, fi, y, short; a, e, j, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her: 
 
ADMINISTRATOBSHIP 
 
 51 
 
 ADULTEEATE 
 
 Ad-min-is-tra'tor-ship, n. Office of administrator. 
 
 Ad-min-is-tra'trix, n. She who administers. 
 
 Ad-mi-ra-bil'i-ty, «■• Tli e quality of being ad- 
 mirable ; great excellence. 
 
 Ad'mi-ra-ble, a. Worthy of being admired ; won- 
 derful; excellent; very superior ; estimable. 
 
 Ad'mi-ra-bly, ad. Iu an admirable manner. 
 
 Ad'mi-ral, n. [Arab, amb-al-bahr, commander of 
 the sea'.] The chief commander of a fleet. 
 
 Ad'mi-ral-ship, n. Office or skill of an admiral. 
 
 Ad'nu-ral-ty, n. The authority, or officers, ap- 
 pointed for' managing naval or maritime affairs. 
 
 Ad-mi-ra'tion. n. The action of admiring; won- 
 der;' veneration; esteem; gratified contempla- 
 tion. 
 
 Ad- mire', v. a. [L. admirari; ad, at, and mirari, 
 to wonder.] [pp. admiring, admired.] To re- 
 gard with wonder or love; to esteem or prize 
 highly.— 2, v. n. To feel admiration ; to wonder. 
 
 Ad-mir'er, n. One who admires ; a lover. 
 
 Ad-mir'i'ng-ly, ad. In an admiring manner. 
 
 Ad-mTs-si-bil'i-ty, ». The quality of being ad- 
 
 " missible. [allowable. 
 
 Ad-mis'si-ble. a. Worthy of being admitted: — 
 
 Ad-mis'sion (ad-mish'un), n. [See Admit.] The 
 " act of admitting: — access; admittance; allow- 
 ance of an argument. 
 
 Ad-mis'sive, a. Of the nature of an admission; 
 ' admitting; tending to admit. 
 
 Ad-mit', v. a- [L. admittere, admission; ad, to, and 
 miOere, to send.] [j>p. admitting, admitted.] To 
 suffer to enter; to receive: — to allow an argu- 
 ment or position; to concede. 
 
 Syn. — Admit a member; receive a friend ; admit 
 the force of an argument; allow due credit; <jrunt 
 what is reasonable. 
 
 Ad-mit'ta-ble, d. Admissible. 
 
 ^.d-mlt'tance, n. The act of admitting; admission. 
 
 Ad-mit'ted-ly, ad. By admission ; confessedly. < 
 
 Ad-mix', v. a. \L. admiscere, admixlum.] [pp. ad- 
 mixing, admixed.] To mingle with ; to mix. 
 
 Ad-mix'tion (ad-mikst'yun), n. A mingling. 
 
 4.d-mixt'ure (ad-mikst'yur), n. The substance of 
 bodies mingled; the process of mixing: — that 
 which is admixed ; mixture. 
 
 Ad-mon'ish, v. a. [L. admonere, in a later form 
 admonestare; ad, and monere, to advise.] [pp. 
 admonishing, admonished.] To give admonition 
 to ; to warn ; to reprove ; to reprimand ; to advise. 
 Syn. — Admonish for the first fault, reprove for 
 the' second, reprimand for the third; warn of 
 danger; advise for the future. 
 
 Ad-mon'ish-er, n. One who admonishes. 
 
 Ad-mo-ni"tion, n. [L. admonilio.] The act of 
 admonishing ; a hint of a fault or duty ; a gentle 
 reproof. 
 
 Ad-mon'i-tive, \a. That admonishes; monitory ; 
 
 .A.d-mon' j-to-ry, J pertaining to admonition. 
 
 Ad-mon'i-tive-ly, ad. In an admonitive manner. 
 
 ^d-mo'tive, a. [L. ad, to, and movere, motutn, to 
 move.] Moving toward. 
 
 Ad-nas'cent, «. [L. ad, to, and nasci, to be born, 
 to grow.] Growing to something else. 
 
 Ad'nate, a. [L. ad, to, and natus, born.] Attached 
 by growth. 
 
 Ad-na'tion, n. Attachment by surfaces. [five. 
 
 Ad'nb'un. w. [From ad, to, and noun.] An adjec- 
 
 Ad-nu'bi-lat-ed, a. [L. ad, to, and nubilare, to 
 cloud ; nubes, a cloud.] Clouded ; obscured, [r.] 
 
 A-do', n. [Originally a verb, meaning to do.] 
 Trouble; difficulty; bustle; tumult. 
 
 A-do'be. n. [Sp., from Arab, and Coptic tob, brick, 
 or perhaps from the root of daub.] Unburnt, 
 sun-dried brick: — brick-clay; clay; mortar. 
 
 Ad-o-lesce', v. n. [L. adolescere; ad, and olescere, 
 to grow.] [pp. adolescing, adolesced.] To grow 
 up. 
 
 Ad-o-les'cence, \ n. The age between childhood 
 
 Ad-o-les'cen-cy, J and manhood. 
 
 Ad-o-les'cent, a. Growing; youthful. — 2, n. A 
 growing 'youth. 
 
 Ad'o-nal, or Ad'o-na-i, n. [Heb., literally "my 
 Lords."] The Hebrew name for the Lord. 
 
 A-don'ic, n. [So called from Adonis, a beautiful 
 Syrian (mythical) youth; this metre is said to 
 have been used in lamenting the death of 
 Adonis-.] A verse composed of a dactyl and a 
 spondee. — 2, a. Consisting of a dactyl and a 
 spondee. 
 
 A-do'nis, n. [See Adonai and Adonic] A genus 
 of plants : — a beautiful young man. 
 
 A-dopt', v. a. [L. adoptare ; ad, to, and optare, to 
 choose; a form of opere, to wish.] [pp. adopting, 
 adopted.] To take as a son or daughter the child 
 of another; to receive as one's own. 
 
 A-dopt'er, «. One who adopts : — a chemical ves- 
 sel with two necks. 
 
 A-dop'tian-ist, or A-dop'tion-ist, n. One who 
 holds that Christ is the Son of God by adoption. 
 
 A-dop'tion, n. The act of adopting : — affiliation. 
 
 A-dop'tive, a. That adopts or is adopted. 
 
 A-dor'a-ble, a. Worthy of adoration ; divine. 
 
 A-dor'a-ble-ness, n. Worthiness of adoration. 
 
 A-dor'a-bly, ad. In an adorable manner. 
 
 Ad-o-ra'tion, n. Divine worship; homage. 
 
 A-d6re\ v. a. [L. adorare, to worship, from os, 
 
 ' oris, the mouth.] [pp. adoring, adored.] To 
 worship with external homage ; to reverence ; 
 to honor: — to love intensely. 
 
 Syn. — The Supreme Being is to be adored, rev- 
 erenced, and worshipped; great and good men are 
 to be honored, and even venerated, and their 
 memories revered. 
 
 A-dor'er, n. One who adores : — a lover. 
 
 4-dorn', v. a. [L. adornare; ad, to, and omare, 
 to bedeck.] [pp. adorning, adorned.] To set 
 off to advantage ; to dress ; to decorate ; to em- 
 bellish. 
 
 A-dbrn'ing, n. Ornament; embellishment. 
 
 A-dorn'ment, n. Embellishment; decoration. 
 
 Ad-os-cu-la'tion. n. [L. adosadari, to kiss, to join 
 mouth to mouth; os, dim. osctdum, a mouth.] A 
 method of grafting; inosculation: — impregna- 
 tion of plants. 
 
 A-db'frn', ad. & prep. [An older form of down.] 
 Down; downward. 
 
 Ad-pressed' (ad-presf), a. [See Press.] (Bot.) 
 Pressed closely, as leaves to a stem: appressed. 
 
 A-drift', ad. [a for "on" or "at," and drift.] 
 Floating at random. 
 
 Ad'ro-gate. v. a. [See Arrogate.] [pp. adro- 
 gat'ing, adrosra'ed.J (Law.) To adopt. 
 
 A-drSIt',«. [Fr., from L. directum, right, straight.] 
 Dexterous; skilful; expert. 
 
 A-drbit'ly, ad. In an adroit manner. 
 
 ^L-drbit'ness. «. Dexterity; skill; activity. 
 
 4-dry', a. [See Dry.] Thirsty ; in want of drink ; 
 athirst. 
 
 Ad-sci-ti"tious (ad-se-tish'us\ a. [L. adsciscere, 
 to accept formally or knowingly; from scire, to 
 know.] Assumed to complete something; addi- 
 tional. 
 
 Ad'u-late, v. a. [L. advlari, to fawn upon; ad, 
 and a root (seen in whfel) meaning to turn, to 
 wag the tail.] [pp. adulating, adulated.] To 
 flatter ; to fawn upon. 
 
 Ad-u-la'tion. n. Servile or hypocritical flattery. 
 Syn. — Fulsome adulation; gross flattery ; well- 
 merited compliment. 
 
 Ad'ii-la-to-ry, a. Flattering grossly. 
 
 A-dul'lani-ite, «. [In allusion to the cave of Ad>d- 
 lam.] ' (Brit. Pol.) A discontented or rebellious 
 member of a political party. 
 
 A-dult\ a. [L. adolescere, adulfvs, to grow up.] 
 Grown up; of mature age. — 2, n. A person 
 grown up ; one of age. 
 
 A-dult'afe, n. The state of an adult. 
 
 A-dfil'ter-ant, n. That which adulterates. 
 
 £.-dfil'ter-ate, v. a. [L. adulterare ; perhaps ad, 
 and alter, another.] [pp. adulterating,. adulter- 
 ated.] To corrupt; to debase. 
 
 A-dul'ter-ate, a. Corrupted ; debased. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — Q, Q, c, §, soft ; p, p, p, §, hard ; § as z ; x at gz ; this. 
 
ADULTEKATTON 
 
 52 
 
 ADYTUM 
 
 A-dul-ter-a'tion, n. The act of adulterating: — 
 that which i's adulterated : — that by which any- 
 thing is adulterated. 
 
 A-dul'ter-er, n. A man guilty of adultery. 
 
 A-dul'ter-ess, n. A woman who commits adultery. 
 
 A-dul'ter-ine [a-dul'ter-In, S. W. I. Mu. J. Ja. 
 Sm. ; a-dul'ter-in, P.' St. K.], n. A child born of 
 an adulteress. — 2, a. Spurious; adulterous: — 
 illegal. [spurious. 
 
 A-dul'ter-oiis, a. Guilty of adultery ; corrupt ; 
 
 £.-dul'te-ry, n. [L. adulterium.] Violation of the 
 marriage bed. 
 
 A-diilt'ness, n. The state of being adult. 
 
 Ad-uni'brate, v. a. [L. ad, to, forth, and umbrare, 
 umbrcdus, to shadow.] [pp. adumbrating, aduni- 
 
 ^ brated.] _ To shadow out faintly. 
 
 Ad-um-bra'tion, n. A faint sketch ; shadow. 
 
 Ad-um'bra-tive, or Ad-um'brant, a. Giving a 
 slight shadow :— typifying ; shadowing forth. 
 
 A-dun'ci-ty, n. [L. aduncitas; ad, to, and uncus, 
 bent.] Crookedness ; form of a hook. 
 
 A-dun'cous, a. Hooked; incurved. 
 
 A-diisk', 'ad. or a. [See Dusk.] In the dusk ; dark. 
 
 A-dust', a. [L. adustus, scorched; ad, to, and 
 urere, ustiXm,, to bum.] Scorched ; parched : — 
 sunburnt. 
 
 Ad-vance', v. a. [Fr. avancer ; Late L. abanteare, 
 to go before ; ab, from, and ante, before.] [pp. 
 advancing, advanced.] To bring forward: — to 
 raise to preferment :— to promote : — to improve ; 
 to propose :— to pay beforehand.— 2, v. n. To go 
 forward ; to proceed.— 3. n. A going forward ; 
 progression ; improvement ; rise :— anticipation 
 of time. — 1, a. Being in front; as, advance 
 guard : — paid ; as, advance money, money paid 
 in advance. 
 
 Ad-vanced' (ad-vansf), a. In accord with the 
 latest developments of science and thought. 
 
 Ad-vance'ment, n. Act of advanciug; progress; 
 preferment; improvement; promotion. 
 
 Ad-van' ta£e, n. [Fr. avantage; Late L. abanta- 
 tium, from the same roots as advance.] Superior 
 position ; favorable circumstances; benefit ; gain ; 
 profit ; account. — 2, v. a. [pp. advantaging, 
 advantaged.] To benefit; to promote ; to profit. 
 
 Ad-van-ta'£-eous (ad-van-ta'jus), a. Affording ad- 
 vantage; beneficial; profitable; useful. 
 
 Syn. — Advantageous situation ; beneficial exer- 
 cise ; profitable business ; useful employment. 
 
 Ad-van-ta'£-eous-ly, ad. Profitably. 
 
 Ad-vin-ta'geous-ness, n. Profitableness. 
 
 Ad-vene', v. n. [L. advenire; ad, to, and venire, 
 to come.] [pp. advening, advened.] To accede 
 or come to. 
 
 Ad'vent, n. [L. advenire, adven.lus. — See Advene.] 
 A coming: — the coming of Christ; a season of 
 devotion, including the four weeks before Christ- 
 mas. 
 
 Ad'vent-ist, n. A believer in the second personal 
 coniing of Christ. 
 
 Ad-ven-ti"tious (ad-ven-tish'us), a. [L. adven- 
 ticius, foreign. — See Advene.]' Accidental ; inci- 
 dental : — not essentially inherent. [ralized. 
 
 Ad-ven'tive, a. (Bol.) Foreign, or scarcely natu- 
 
 Ad-vent'u-al, a. Relating to Advent. 
 
 Ad-vent'ure (ad-vent'yur), n. [L. (res) adventura, 
 a thing about to happen. — See Advene. Fr. 
 aventnre.] An accident; a hazard: — an enter- 
 prise in which something is at hazard ; a sum 
 sent to sea. — 2, v. n. [pp. adventuring, adven- 
 tured.] To try the chance ; to dare. — 3, v. a. 
 To risk ; to hazard. 
 
 Ad-vent'ur-er, ». One who adventures : — one who 
 lives by his wits. 
 
 Ad-vent'ure-sSme, a. Adventurous. 
 
 Ad-vent'u-rous, a. Inclined to adventures ; en- 
 terprising; bold; daring; dangerous. 
 
 Ad-vent'u-rous-ly, a. Boldly; daringly. 
 
 Ad'verb, «. [L. adverbium ; ad, to, and verbum, a 
 word.] (Gram.) A word joined to a verb, ad- 
 jective, or other adverb, to modify its sense. 
 
 Ad-verb'j-al, a. Pertaining to an adverb. 
 
 Ad-verb'i-al-ize, v. a. [pp. adverbial izing, ad- 
 verbialized.] To use as an adverb or give an 
 adverbial form to. 
 
 Ad-verb'i-al-ly., ad. As an adverb. 
 
 Ad ver-sa-ry., n. [L. adversarius, one opposed. — 
 See Adverse.] An opponent; an enemy ; a foe; 
 an antagonist.— 2, a. Opposite to ; adverse. 
 
 Ad-ver'sa-tive, «. Noting opposition. 
 
 Ad'verse, a. [L. adversus, from ad, to, against, 
 and vertere, versus, to turn.] Contrary ; opposite : 
 — calamitous. 
 
 Syn. — Adverse circumstances; contrary ac- 
 counts; opposite chaiacters; hostile measures; 
 calamitous occurrences. 
 
 Ad-verse'lx, ad. Oppositely ; unfortunately. 
 
 Ad-veV si-ty., n. An unfortunate condition ; af- 
 fliction ; calamity; misfortune; distress. 
 
 Syn. — Adversity is opposed to prosperity; dis- 
 tress to ease :— deep affliction ; grievous calamity ; 
 great misfortune. 
 
 Ad-vert', v. n. [L. advertere.— See Adverse.] 
 [pp. adverting, adverted.] To turn or attend; 
 to allude. 
 
 Ad-ver'tence, n. The act of adverting ; heed ; re- 
 gard ; attention to. [attentive. 
 
 Ad-ver'ten-cy, n. The quality or habit of being 
 
 Ad-ver'tent, a. Attentive; heedful. 
 
 Ad-ver-tisV, or Ad'ver-ti§e [ad-ver-tiz', S. St. I. 
 H. W. P. J. F. Ja. K. R. Wb. ; ad'ver-tiz, Sm.], 
 v. a. [Fr. avertir. — See Advert.] [pp. adver- 
 tising, advertised.] To give public notice of; 
 to publish. 
 
 Ad-ver'ti§e-ment, or Ad-ver-ti§e'ment [ad-veV- 
 tiz-ment, I. St. H. Mu. P. ja. Sm. R.' C. ; ad-ver'- 
 tiz-ment or ad-ver-tiz'ment, S. W. J. F.'K.], n. 
 Intelligence ; information ; admonition : — pub- 
 lic notice, as in a newspaper. 
 
 Ad-ver-tis/er, n. One who advertises. 
 
 Ad-ver-tis/ing, p. a. Giving intelligence. 
 
 Ad-vice', n. [Late L. advimm, opinion, view; ad, 
 to, and videre, visum, to see.] Counsel ; instruc- 
 tion : — intelligence ; news. 
 
 Syn. — A physician or counsellor gives advice; 
 a parent, counsel; a teacher, instruction: — advice, 
 intelligence, or information may be received from 
 a correspondent. 
 
 Ad-vi§-a-bil'i-ty, n. Advisableness. 
 
 Ad-vl§'a-ble,'«. Prudent; expedient; fit. 
 
 Ad-vls'a-ble-ness, n. Expediency. 
 
 Ad-vIsV, v. a. [Late L. advisare. — See Advice.] 
 [pp. advising, advised.] To give advice ; to 
 counsel; to inform; to admonish. — 2, v. n. To 
 consult ; to deliberate. 
 
 Ad-vis/ed (ad-vi'zed or ad-vTzd'), a. Prudent; 
 deliberate ; well considered : — informed. 
 
 Ad-vis'ed-ly, ad. Deliberately; needfully. 
 
 Ad-vise^ment, n. Information: — deliberation. 
 
 Ad-vis'er, n. One who advises; counsellor. 
 
 Ad-vi'§o-ry, a. Giving advice ; counselling. 
 
 Ad'vo-ca-cy, n. Act of pleading : — support. 
 
 Ad'vo-cate, v. a^ [L. advocare, advocatus, to call 
 to;' ad, to, and vocare, to call.] [pp. advocating, 
 advocated.] To plead for; to support; to de- 
 fend ; to vindicate : — to recommend publicly. 
 
 Ad'vo-cate, n. One who pleads the cause of an- 
 other:— an intercessor; a defender; a lawyer. 
 
 Ad-vo-ca'tion, n. [L. advocatio.] Act of pleading: 
 — protection : — a summons. 
 
 Ad-vbw-ee', n. [0. Fr. avonc, from L. advocatus, 
 a patron.] (Law.) One who has the right of 
 advowson. 
 
 Ad-vb''w'er, n. A person who owns an advowson ; 
 a patron. 
 
 Ad-vb'-<v'§on, n. [0. Fr. avoeson, from L. advocatio.] 
 
 ' —(Law.) The patronage of a church; a right 
 to present to a benefice. 
 
 Ad-y-nam'ic, a, [Gr. d, privative, and Svvafiis, 
 power.] '(Med.) Weak: — asthenic. 
 
 Ad'y-tum, n. [L. ; Gr. aSvrov ; a, not, and Svetr, 
 to enter.] A secret shrine in a temple. 
 
 a, e, I, o, 5, y f long ; a, e» ?, 
 
 y r short; a, e, i, o, u, y., obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
ADZE 
 
 53 
 
 AFFIANT 
 
 Adze, n. [0. E. adesa.] A cutting 
 
 iron tool : — spelt also adz. 
 
 iE'dile (e'dll), n. See Edile. 
 
 JE-dce-ol'o-^x (e-de-), n. [Gr. 
 
 alSola, privy parts, and Koyos, 
 
 a treatise ; from aifieo.sxai, to be Adze. 
 
 ashamed.] That department of science which 
 
 treats of the organs of generation. [tection. 
 
 iE'£is (e'jis), n. iL.; Gr. aiyis.] A shield; a pro- 
 
 JE-o'li-an, «. [From Mollis, god of the winds ; Gr. 
 
 aioAo?', swift.] Pertaining to the wind. 
 2E-6'li-an-harp, n. A stringed instrument of 
 
 niusic'acted upon by the wind. 
 iEolipyle (e-ol'e-pn), n. [From Molm, the wind- 
 god, and Gr. TT-vAai, a gateway.] Au instrument 
 to produce motion by the escape of heated vapor. 
 
 2E'o-list, n. [From JEolus, the wind-god: wind 
 is' equivalent to afflatus, inspiration.] One who 
 pretends to inspiration. 
 
 iE'on (e'pu), n. [L. ; Gr. aiav, an age. — Cf. L. 
 sevum.] ' A period of time of immeasurable dura- 
 tion; an eon. 
 
 JEp-y-b'r'nis (ep'e-), n. [Gr. ai-rrvs, tall, and bpvts, 
 a bird.] A gigantic bird now extinct. 
 
 A'e-rate, v. a. [Fr. aerer, from L. aer, air.] [pp. 
 aerating, aerated.] To fill with carbonic acid: 
 — to expose to the air. 
 
 A-e-ra'tion, a. Exposure to the air. 
 
 A-g'ri-al, «. [L. uerius (Gr. de'pio?), airy ; aer, air; 
 Gr. 'drjp.] Belonging to the air; high. 
 
 Ae'rie [e're or a'e-re, I. ; e're, W. Ja. K. 8m. St. ; 
 a'e-re, J. F. Wb. ; a're, ,S. H. ; a're or e're, Ma. ], 
 n. ' [Late L. aeria ;' probably connected with 
 area, a level space, or with atrium, a hall, a 
 house. The derivation from eggery is fanciful.] 
 A nest or brood of hawks or eagles ; eyry. 
 
 A-e-rlfer-ous, a. [L. aer, air, and /ore, to carry.] 
 Conveying air; air-bearing. 
 
 A-e-ri-fi-ca'tion, n. The act of aerifying. 
 
 A'e-ri-form, d. [L. aer, air, and forma, form!] 
 Having the form of air. 
 
 A'e-ri-fy, r. ». [pp. aerifying, aerified.] To fill 
 or combine with air : — to turn into air. 
 
 A-e-rog'no-sy, n. [Gr. drjp, air, and yvmo-ia, 
 knowledge. j The science which treats of the 
 properties and phenomena of air. 
 
 A-e-rog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. drjp, air, and ypafyai, to 
 write.] A description of the air. 
 
 A'e-ro-lite, n. [Gr. arjp, air, and klQos, a stone.] 
 A meteoric stone. 
 
 A-e-ro-li-thol'o-i'y, ». [Aerolite, and Gr. \6yos, 
 treatise.] That department of science which 
 treats of aerolites or meteoric stones. 
 
 A-e-rol'o-|'y, n. [Gr. arjp, air, and Aoyos, treatise.] 
 The science of the air. 
 
 A'e-ro-man-cjr [a'e-ro-m"in-se, W. J. F. I. Mu. ; 
 ar'o-man-se, Sin. St.], n. [Gr. drjp, air, and p.av- 
 ret'a, prophecy.] Divination by the air. 
 
 A-e-rom'e-ter, n. [Gr. drjp, air, and p.erpov, meas- 
 ure.] A machine for weighing air. 
 
 A-e-ro-met'ric, a. Relating to aerometry. 
 
 A-e-rom'e-try, n. The art of measuring or weigh- 
 ing air.' 
 
 A'e-ro-naut, n. [Gr. drjp, air, and vavTrjs, sailor.] 
 One' who sails through the air. 
 
 A-e-ro-naut'ic, a. Relating to aeronautics. 
 
 A-e-ro-naut'ics, n. pi. The art of sailing in the 
 air by means of balloons. 
 
 A-e-ro-pho'bi-a, »■ [Gr. drjp, air, and (£6/3o?, fear.] 
 {Med.) A inorbid dread of fresh air:— written 
 
 _ also aerophoby. [An air-plant. 
 
 A'e-ro-phyte, n. [Gr. drjp, air, and <\>vt6v, plant.] 
 
 A-e-ros co-py, «• [Gr. aepoaKonia ; axon-eco, to 
 view.] Observation of the air. 
 
 2E-rose\ a. [L. seromis, from ses, brass.] Contain- 
 ing or resembling brass. 
 
 A-e-ro-sid'er-ite, ». [Gr. drjp, air, and crt'Srjpo?, 
 iron.] A mass of meteoric iron. 
 
 A-e-ro-sid'e-ro-lite. n. [Gr. drjp, air, cri'Srjpo?, 
 iron, and Ai'0'o?, atone.] A meteorite containing 
 both stone and iron. 
 
 A'e-ro-stat, n. [Gr. drjp, air, and o-tcltos, stand- 
 ing'; resting on air.] The part of a balloon 
 which contains the gas ; a balloon : — a balloonist. 
 A-e-ro-stat'ic, ) a. Relative to aerostatics or 
 A-e-ro-stat'i-cal, J aerostation. 
 A-e-ro-stat'ics, n. pi. The science which teaches 
 the weight, pressure, or equilibrium of the air ; 
 aerostation : — the art of ballooning. 
 A-e-ros-ta'tion, n. [Badly formed from aerostat.] 
 The' science of weighing air : — the art of bal- 
 looning. 
 iE-ru'gi-nous, a. [L. aeruginosas, rusty; serugo, 
 copper-rust ; ses, brass or copper.] Of the nature 
 of verdigris. 
 A'e-ry, a. Airy : — unsubstantial. — 2, n. An aerie. 
 iE'sir,' n. pi. [Norse, pi. of as, a being, an exist- 
 ence; akin to aji, is, are.] (Sound. Myth.) The 
 general name for the beneficent deities inhabit- 
 ing Asgard. 
 .ffis-the'sics, n. [Gr. alo-flrjcris, perception.] The 
 
 science of the feelings. 
 JEs'thete, n. One who is devoted to aesthetics. 
 iEs-thet'ic, a. [Gr, aio-0ijTtie6s, perceptive ; verbal 
 stem, accrue-, to feel.] Relating to aesthetics : — 
 tasteful. 
 .32s-the-ti"cian (es-the-tish'an), v. One versed 
 
 in aesthetics"; a person of aesthetic tastes. 
 JEs-thet'i-cism, n. -Esthetic principles collec- 
 tively; the aesthetic spirit or instinct. 
 JEs-thet'ics (es-thet'jks). n. pi The science which 
 
 treats of the beautiful in nature and art. 
 .ZEs'ti-val, «. [L. aestivalis, of summer, from sestus, 
 
 heat.]' Relating to, or occurring in, summer. 
 ^Js-ti-va'tion, 7;. [From L. assfus, summer heat; 
 since flowers expand in summer. — See Verna- 
 tion.] {Bot.) The arrangement of the parts of 
 a flower in the bud :— (Zool.) the dormant state 
 of some animals in the hot season. 
 JEt-i-ol'o-§y. n. See Etiology. [motely. 
 
 A-fa'r', ad. '[See Far.] At a great distance; re- 
 A-feard', a. [See Fear.] Afraid. 
 Af-fa-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being affable. 
 Af fa-ble," '(.' [L. affabUis; ad, to. And fori, to 
 
 speak.] Easy of manners; courteous. 
 Af'fa-ble-ness, n. Courtesy ; affability. 
 Af fa-bly, ad. In an affable manner. 
 Af-fair\'«. [Fr. d /aire, to do; later, affaire, 
 something done: from L. o<h to, and facere. to 
 make, to do.] Business; concern; transaction. 
 Syn. — Public affairs; private business; a mo- 
 mentous concern ; an important transaction. 
 Af-fect', r. a. [L. afficere, affeetus, to act on : ad, 
 to, and facere, fuel"*, to make or do.] [pp. affect- 
 ing, affected.] ' To act upon ; to move the pas- 
 sions ; to aim at ; to make a show of. 
 Af-fec-ta'tion, n. [L. affectatio, from nffectare, a 
 frequentative form of afficere, to affect.] False 
 pretence; artificial show; insincerity; artifice. 
 Af-fect'ed, p. a. Moved: — full of affectation: — 
 
 pretended : — tainted : — (Math.) Adfected. 
 Af-fect'ed-ly, ad. In an affected manner. 
 Af-fect' nig, p. a. Moving the passions. 
 Af-fect'ing-ly, ad. In au affecting manner. 
 Af-fec'tion, n. [L. affectio, fondness, condition, 
 inclination.] Desire; love; kindness; good 
 will; tenderness: — state of mind: — condition: — 
 disorder ; disease. 
 Af-fec'tion-ate. o. Loving; tender; kind. 
 Af-fec'tion-ate-ly, ad. Kindly ; tenderly. 
 Af-fec'tive, "a. That affects ; moving. 
 Affe-rent, n. [L. ad, to, and feme, ferens, carry- 
 ins;.] A river or stream flowing into a sea or 
 lake. — 2, a. Bringing to ; conveying inward. 
 Af-fet-tu-o'so (af-fet-to-o'so), ad. ' Tit.— See Af- 
 fect.] (Mus.) In a tender or feeling manner ; 
 feelingly. 
 Af-f i'ance, n. [See Affy.] A marriage contract ; 
 betrothment: — trust; faith. — 2, 0. a. [pp. affi- 
 ancing, affianced.] To bind by a promise of 
 marriage; to betroth ; to pledge. 
 Af-f I'ant, n. A maker of an affidavit. 
 
 mien, si'r ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. 
 
 -5. S, S,£, soft; 
 
 5* 
 
 P, fa, p, §, hard; s as z ; ? as gz ; this. 
 
AFFIDAVIT 
 
 54 
 
 AGA 
 
 Af-fi-da'vlt, n. [Late L., from affidare, to swear; 
 ad', on, fidem, faith, and dare, to give.] (Law.) 
 A written declaration sworn to before a magis- 
 trate. It differs from a deposition in not giving 
 the opposite party opportunity to cross-examine 
 the witness. 
 
 Af-f led' (af-f Id'), p. a. Joined by contract. 
 
 Af fil'i-a-ble, a. That can be affiliated. 
 
 ^.f-f il'i-ate, v. a. [L. ajjiliare, to adopt ; ad, to, 
 and films, a son.] [ pp. affiliating, affiliated.] To 
 adopt as a son : to establish the paternity of: — 
 to associate with. 
 
 Af fil-i-a'tion, n. The act of affiliating :— state 
 ' of being affiliated. [attraction. 
 
 Af fi-ni"tion (af-i-nish'un), ». Mental affinity or 
 
 Af-f Wi-tive, a. 'Closely related. 
 
 4-i-f in'i-ty, n. [L. ajfinztas, from affinis, a relative 
 by marriage, literally "bordering on," from ad, 
 to, and finis, a limit.] Relationship by mar- 
 riage; opposed to consanguinity: — connection; 
 resemblance : — chemical attraction. 
 
 Af-f i'rm', v. a. [L. affinmare, from ad, intensive, 
 and firmare, to make firm. — See Firm.] [pp. af- 
 firming, affirmed.] To ratify; to assert; to aver. 
 — 2, v. n. To declare positively. 
 
 Af firm'a-ble, a. Capable of being affirmed. 
 
 Af-f i'rm'ance, n. Confirmation ; assertion. 
 
 4f- firm'ant, n. One who affirms; affirmer. 
 
 Affir-ma'tion, n. The act of affirming. (Law.) 
 A solemn declaration, answering to an oath. 
 
 Af-f i'rm'a-tive, a. That affirms; positive. — 2, n. 
 That which affirms; opposed to negative. 
 
 Af-f 'irm'a-tive-ly, ad. In an affirmative manner; 
 
 * positively. 
 
 Affix', v. a. [Late L. affixare, freq. of affigere, 
 affixus. — See Fix.] [pp. affixing, affixed.] To 
 attach to; to subjoin ; to annex. 
 
 Affix, n. Something added to a word. [fixed. 
 
 Af-fixt'ure, n. Attachment; state of being af- 
 
 Af fla'tion, n. The act of breathing upon. 
 
 ^.f-fla'tus, u. [L., from afflare, to blow or breathe 
 upon ;' ad, upon, and flare, to blow.] Inspira- 
 tion ; divine impulse. 
 
 Afflict', v. a. [L. affligere, afflictum, to distress; 
 
 " fligere, to strike.] [pp. afflicting, afflicted.] To 
 put to pain ; to grieve. 
 
 Afflict'ed, p. a. Having affliction ; grieved. 
 
 Af flict'ing, p. a. Causing affliction ; distressing. 
 
 Afflic'tion, n. A cause of pain or sorrow ; grief; 
 sorrow;' calamity; adversity; distress; suffering. 
 
 Af flic'tive, a. Causing affliction ; painful ; calam- 
 itous; ' afflicting. 
 
 Afflu-ence, v. Riches; plenty; abundance. 
 
 Af' flu-ent, «. [L. affluere, affluens, to flow to ; fluere, 
 to flow. — See Flow.] Abundant; wealthy"; rich. 
 — 2, n. A river fiowing into another; a tributary. 
 
 Af'flu-ent-ly, ad. In an affluent manner. 
 
 Afflux', w. [L. affluere, afftuxus.] The act of flow- 
 ing to ; affluence. 
 
 Af flux'ion (af-fluk'shun), n. Afflux. 
 
 Af force', v. a. [See Force.] [pp. afforeing, af- 
 forced.] To reinforce. 
 
 Afford', v. a. [0. E. gefordian, to put forth.— See 
 Foeth.] [pp. affording, afforded.] To yield or 
 produce: — to be able to bear the expense of; to 
 spare. 
 
 Syn. — The sun affords light; the vine yields 
 grapes; plants produce flowers: — the rich can 
 afford to give to the poor, inasmuch as they Lave 
 something which they can spore. 
 
 Af for'est, v. a. [See Forest.] [pp. afforesting, 
 afforested.] To turn into forest. 
 
 Affor-es-ta'tion, n. The act of turning ground 
 into forest or'woodland. 
 
 Af fran'chise (af fran'chiz), v. a. [Fr. affranchir, 
 
 ' from franc, free. — See Frank.] [pp. affran- 
 chising, affranchised.] To make free; to en- 
 franchise. 
 
 Affray', w. [Fr. effrayer, to frighten; probably 
 from L. ex, negative, and Late L. fridare, from 
 Late L. fridvs, peace, calmness. — See Fr\y.] A 
 
 quarrel; disturbance; tumult.— 2, ». a. [pp. af- 
 fraying, affrayed.] To frighten ; to scare. 
 
 Affreight' (af-fraf), v. a. [See Freight.] [pp. 
 affreighting, affreighted.] To hire a ship for 
 freight, or transporting goods. 
 
 Affright' (af-frit'), v. a. [See Fright.] [pp. af- 
 frighting, affrighted.] To alarm; to terrify. — 
 2, n. Terror ; fear ; fright : — a cause of fear. 
 
 Affront' (af-frunf), v. a. [0. Fr. affronter, to 
 strike in the face ; L. ad, on, and from, frontis, 
 the face.] [pp. affronting, affronted.] To in- 
 sult ; to offend. — 2, n. Insult ; outrage ; an in- 
 dignity. 
 
 Af front'jve, a. Causing affront ; abusive. 
 
 Af fu§e', v. a. [L. affmidere, affusus, from ad, on, 
 and fundere, to pour.] [pp. affusing, aflused.] 
 To pour upon ; to sprinkle. 
 
 Af fu'§ion (-zhun), )( . The act of pouring upon. 
 
 Af-fy\ v. a. [0. Fr. affier, from Late L. affidare, 
 to trust ; L. ad, to, and fides, faith.] [ pp. allying, 
 affied.] To betroth ; to bind ; to affiance. 
 
 Afghan [af-gawn', St.], n. A native of Afghan- 
 istan : — a carriage-robe. 
 
 A-field', ad. [See Field.] To the field; in the 
 field; abroad. [aflame. 
 
 A-fire', a. & ad. [See Fire.] On fire; burning; 
 
 A-flame', a. & ad. [See Flame.] Burning; flam- 
 ing; ablaze. [unsettled. 
 
 A-fl_oat'. ad. [See Float.] In a floating state : — 
 
 A-foam', a. or ad. [See Foam.] Covered with 
 foam; foaming. [action. 
 
 A-foot' (a-fuf), ad. [See Foot.] On foot:— in 
 
 A-fore', prep. [See Before.] Before; sooner in 
 time. — 2, ad. In time past ; in front ; before. 
 
 A-fore'said (a-for'sed), a. Mentioned before. 
 
 A-fox'e'thought (-thawt), a. Premeditated; in- 
 tentional. 
 
 A-fore'time, ad. In time past. 
 
 A-fdul', a. & aU. [a prep., and/owZ.] Entangled; 
 not free. 
 
 A-fraid' (a-frad'), a. [A form of affrayed.— See 
 Affray.] Struck with fear ; fearful. 
 
 A-fresh', ad. [See Fresh.] Anew ; again : — freshly. 
 
 A-frit', n. [Arab, ifrit.] In Mahometan mythol- 
 ogy, an evil spirit or genius: — written also afreet 
 and afrite. 
 
 A-front' (at-fruntO, ad. [See Front.] In front:— 
 opposite* 
 
 Aft, ad. [0. E. seflen, a superlative from af, off.] 
 (Naut.) Behind ; astern ; opposed to fore and to 
 forward; as, "to go fore and aft." 
 
 After, prep. [0. E. sefter, comparative degree of 
 af, off.] Following in place or time; in pur- 
 suit of; about; behind; according to. — 2, ad. 
 succeeding time ; afterward. — a. Succeeding ; 
 subsequent; behind. 
 
 Af'ter-bi'rth, n. The placenta: — later-birth. 
 
 After-clap, n. An unexpected event, happening 
 after the affair is supposed to be ended. 
 
 After-crop, n. The second crop ; aftermath. 
 
 After-damp, n. (Mining.) Choke-damp, or car- 
 bonic acid gas, occurring in coal-mines after an 
 explosion of fire-damp. 
 
 After-glow, n. Late evening twilight. 
 
 After-grass, n. Aftermath ; roweu. 
 
 After-math, n. [After, and math, a mowing.] 
 The second crop of grass ; rowen. 
 
 After-most, a. mperl. Hindmost. 
 
 After-noon, n. Time from noon to evening. 
 
 Af'ter-pain§, n. pi. Pains after childbirth. 
 
 After-part, n. The latter part. 
 
 After-piece, n. A farce after a play. 
 
 After-thought (after-thawt), n. Reflection after 
 the act ; a later thought. 
 
 After-ward (af'ter-wurd), \ ad. In succeeding 
 
 Af ter-wards (after-Avurdz), J time. 
 
 After-wit, n. Wisdom that comes too late. 
 
 A'ga, or A'ga [a'ga, S. J. Ja. F. Sm. St. I. ; a'ga, 
 P. K. ; a-ga/ or Ag'a, Mu.], v. [Turk, agha, a 
 master.]* A high Turkish military or' civil 
 officer. 
 
 a, e, I, o, u, y, long ; a, e, 5, o, ti, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
AGAIN 
 
 55 
 
 AGNOMINATION 
 
 A-gain' (a-gen') [a-gen', S. W. J. E. F. H. I. St. 
 K. Sm. ; a-gan', Ja. ; a-gen' or a-gau', Ma.'], ad. 
 [0. E. on'gegn, in a direct line.] A second time; 
 once more ; in return ; in reply. 
 
 A-gainst' (a-gensf) [a-gensf, S. W. J E. H. I. 
 
 ' St. F. K. Sm. ; a-gans'f , Ja. ; a-gensf or a-gansf , 
 Mu.], prep. [A form of again.] In opposition 
 to; in contradiction to ; opposite to. [tion. 
 
 A-gam'ic, a. Not sexual ; without sexual distinc- 
 
 Ag-a-mo-gen'e-sis, n. [Gr. ayajuo?, unmarried, 
 and -yeVecrts, birth.] Non-sexual reproduction. 
 
 Ag-a-mo-ge-net'ic, a. Of or pertaining to agamo- 
 genesis. ' [of reproduction. 
 
 Ag'a-mous, a. (Bot.) Having no visible organs 
 
 Ag'a-pe. 11. ; pi. Ag'a-pse. [L. ; Gr. for "love."] 
 A love-feast among the early Christians. 
 
 A-gape' (a-gap') [a-gap', W. J. F. P. H. ; a-gap', 
 
 ' I. Sfc Mu. P. J». Sm.], ad. [See Gape.] Staring 
 with eagerness ; with open mouth. 
 
 Ag'a-ric [ag'a-rik or a-gafik, Mu. ; a-gar'ik, St. 
 I.], 11. [Gr.' ayapLKov, touchwood.] A kind of 
 fungus ; a mushroom. 
 
 A-gas'tric. a. [Gr. a neg. and yao-rr)p, stomach.] 
 (Zool.) ' Destitute of a stomach. 
 
 Ag'ate. n. [Gr. dxai"7/s, from a river of that name 
 in" Sicily.] A precious stone of a low class. 
 
 A-gate\«. &ad. [See Gait.] Going; on the move. 
 
 Ag'a-tine, a. Pertaining to or resembling agate. 
 
 Ag'a-ty, a. Of the nature of agate. 
 
 A-ga've, n. [Gr. ayavr), illustrious.] (Bot.) The 
 great American aloe. 
 
 A-gaze', a. & ad. [See Gaze.] Gazing. 
 
 Age. it. [0. Fr. eage, edage, for L. setas.] Any 
 period of time : — a succession or generation of 
 men : — the time in which one lived ; time : — time 
 of life: — a hundred years: — maturity; decline 
 of life ; old age. — 2, v. n. [pp. aging, aged.] To 
 grow old ; to appear old : — to ripen. — 3, v. a. To 
 cause to grow old. 
 
 A'ged (a'jed), a. Old ; stricken in years. 
 
 A'f ed-ness (a'jed-nes), n. The state of being Old. 
 
 A&e'less, «. Having no age or limits of duration. 
 
 A gen'-cy, n. Action; acting for another: — the 
 office of an agent. 
 
 A-gen'dum, ». ; pi. A-gen'da. [L.] A memo- 
 randum-book : — pi. things to be done, [agenesis. 
 
 Ag-e-nes'ic, a. Relating to or characterized by 
 
 ^.-gen'e-sis, n. (Physiol.) Incapability of pro- 
 ducing offspring, especially with another species. 
 
 A'gent, ». [L. agere, agens, to act, to move.] One 
 who acts or has power to act for another: — 
 efficient cause : — a deputy ; a factor; a 
 alive, [agent. 
 
 A-£en'tial (-shal), o. Pertaining to an agency, or 
 
 A'£ent-ship, n. The office of an agent. 
 
 A-ger'a-tfim, n. [L. ; Gr. ayrjpaTov, from d, not, 
 and yrjpa?, old age.] A plant and its Mower. 
 
 Ag'ger (ad'jer), n. [L., from ad, together, and 
 gero, to carry.] A rampart ; a mound. 
 
 Ag-glom'er-ate, V. a. [L. agglomerare ; glomus, 
 glomeris,' a ball or clue.] [pp. agglomerating, 
 agglomerated.] To gather in a ball. 
 
 Ag-glom-er-a'tion, n. A heaping; aheap. 
 
 Ag-glu'ti-nant, a. Uniting parts together. 
 
 Ag-glu'ti-nate, v. n. [L. agglutinare ; gluten, glue.] 
 [pp. agglutinating, agglutinated.] To cause to 
 unite. 
 
 Ag-glu'ti-nat-ing, a. A term used to designate 
 one of the great classes into which philologists 
 classify languages. 
 
 Ag-glu-ti-na'tion, n. Union; cohesion. 
 
 Ag-glu'ti-na-tlve, a. Tending to unite. 
 
 Ag'gran-dize, v. a. [0. Fr. aggrandir ; L. grandis, 
 large.] [pp. aggrandizing, aggrandized.] To 
 make great; to cause to excel; to exalt:— to 
 enlarge ; to exaggerate. 
 
 Ag'gran-dlze-ment [ag'gran-diz-ment, S. W. I. 
 H. J. F. Sin. P.. ; ag-gran'diz-ment. Jn. Mu, ; 
 ag'gran-diz-ment or ag-gran'diz-ment, P. C-], 11. 
 The act of aggrandizing ; state of being aggran- 
 dized; exaltation. 
 
 Ag'gran-dlz-er, «. One who aggrandizes. 
 Ag'gra-vate, v. a. [L. aggravate; gravis, heavy.] 
 [pp. 'aggravating, aggravated.] To make worse; 
 to intensify ; to exaggerate : — to provoke, to irri- 
 tate. 
 Ag'gra-vat-ing, p. a. Provoking ; vexing. 
 Ag-gra-va'tion, it. The act of aggravating; that 
 
 which aggravates : — provocation. 
 Ag'gre-gate, a. Formed of parts collected. — 2, n. 
 The sum of parts collected ; the sum ; the total. 
 
 Ag'gre-gate, v. a. [L. aggregate; grex, a fiock.] 
 [pp. 'aggregating, aggregated.] To accumulate ; 
 to collect. 
 
 Ag-gre-ga'tion, n. Collection : heap ; mass. 
 
 Ag'gre-ga-tive, a. Taken together; collective: 
 — tending to collect. 
 
 Ag-gress', v. a. & v. n. [L. aggredi, aggression, from 
 ad, to, and gradi, to march.] [pp. aggressing, 
 aggressed.] To attack ; to set upon ; to commit 
 the first act of violence or injury. 
 
 Ag-gres'sion (ag-gresh'un), n. The first act of 
 injury; unprovoked attack ; assault. 
 
 4.g-gres'sive, a. Making the first attack ; offen- 
 sive. — 2,' n. Hostile attitude or course. 
 
 Ag-gress'or, n. One who begins hostility. 
 
 Ag-griev'ance, n- Injury ; grievance. 
 
 Ag-grieve v (ag-grev'), v. a. [L. gravis, heavy.— 
 See Grieve.] [pp. aggrieving, aggrieved.] To 
 give sorrow to; to vex; to harass: to injure. 
 
 Ag-group', v. a. [See Group.] [pp. aggrouping, 
 aggrouped.] To bring together; to group. 
 
 A-ghast' (a-gasf), a. [a, intensive, and 0. E. 
 gsBSten, to "frighten : agasi is a more correct form, 
 now seldom seen.] Struck with horror : amazed ; 
 astonished. 
 
 Ag'ile (aj'il), a. [L. agilis; agere, to do.] Active; 
 nimble ; quick. 
 
 Ag'ile-ness, n. Ximbleness: agility. 
 
 A-gil'i-ty, n. Nimbleness ; quickness. 
 
 Ag'ing (.aj'ing), n. The process of growing old or 
 older: — a process in calico-printiiiir. 
 
 A'gi-o, or A^'i-6 [a'je-o, P. J._ F. K. I. St. ; ad'- 
 je-o, H. Ja, Sm.], n. : pi. A'gi-o§. [It. for "ease."] 
 (Com.) The difference between bank-notes and 
 current coin or specie. 
 
 Ag'i-o-taie, n. [I'r.] Speculations; dishonest 
 manoeuvres in relation to the public funds. 
 
 Ag-is-ta'tor, \ n. [0. Fr. agister, to lodge ; li.jacere, 
 
 A-gist'er, ' )jacitare, to lie.] One who takes in 
 cattle or horses to pasture. 
 
 A-gist'ment, n. The act of taking in and feeding 
 cattle :— charge for pasturage. 
 
 A&'i-ta-ble, a. That may be agitated. 
 
 Ag'i-tate, v. a. [L. agere, agUare, to drive.] [pp. 
 agitating, agitated.] To put in motion ; to dis- 
 turb : — to discuss : to revolve ; to contrive. 
 
 Ag-i-ta'tion. n. The act of agitating: state of 
 being agitated ; discussion; violent emotion. 
 
 Ag'i-ta-tive, o. Tending to agitate. 
 
 Ai'|-ta-tor, ». One who agitates. 
 
 Ag'iet, w.' [See Aigulet.] A tag; a tagged cord. 
 
 A-glly' (or a-gli'), a. & ad. [Scot., from gig, to 
 glance.] Askew ; twisted. 
 
 A-glow', o. & ad, [See Glow.] Red and bright 
 with heat; glowing; flushed. 
 
 Ag'mi-nate, a. Clustered together. 
 
 Ag'nail, ". [0. E. angnsegl; wnge, painful, and 
 nsegl, wart or nail.] A disease" of the nails: — 
 hangnail. 
 
 Ag'nate, «. [L. agnatns; ad, to, and gnasd, gnatus 
 (natus), to be born.] Akin from the' father. 
 
 Ag-na'tion, n. Descent from the same male an- 
 cestor. ' 
 
 Ag-nbi-ol'o-f-y. m. [Gr. ayvota, ignorance ; root 
 gno, to know.] The doctrine that there are 
 certain things concerning which we are neces- 
 sarily ignorant. 
 
 Ag-no'men, n. [L.] A name given to a person 
 from some event or exploit. 
 
 Ag-nom-i-na'tipn, n. An allusion of one word tc 
 another, by sound: — word-play. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— g, 9, 5, g\ soft; p, p, p, §, hard; jaszjxasgz; this. 
 
AGNOSTIC 
 
 56 
 
 AIK-MACHIXE 
 
 Ag-nos'tic, n. [Gr. dyvoxrTo?, unknowing; root 
 
 * gno, to' know.] One who maintains that God 
 cannot be known. — 2, a. Professing ignorance 
 or agnosticism. 
 
 Agr-nos'ti-cism, n. The condition of being unable 
 either to affirm or to deny : — the doctrine that 
 nothing can be known concerning God or a fu- 
 ture state. 
 
 Ag'nus De'I, n. [L., "Lamb of God."] A figure 
 of a lamb bearing the cross. 
 
 A-go\ ad. [a, away, and go. 
 — See Go.] In time past ; 
 since. 
 
 A-gog', ad. [0. Ft. en gogues, 
 in frolic; gogue, fun.] In a 
 state of eager desire : — astir. 
 
 A-go'ing, p. a. In the act of 
 going; in action. 
 
 A-gone\ ad. Ago ; past. Agnus Dei. 
 
 A-gon'ic, o. [Gr. d, not, and yuvia, angle.] 
 Having no angle ; making no angle. 
 
 Ag'o-nism, n. Contention for a prize. 
 
 Ag'o-nist, n. A contender for prizes. 
 
 Ag-o-nis'tic, \a. Relating to athletic exer- 
 
 Ag-o-nls'ti-cal, j cise : — polemic : — exaggerated ; 
 strained." 
 
 Ag'o-nlze, v. a. [pp. agonizing, agonized.] To 
 afflict with agony. — 2, v. n. To feel agony; to 
 be in pain : — to wrestle. 
 
 Ag'o-ny, ». [Gr. a-ywvta, struggle, anguish.] Vio- 
 lent pain ; suffering ; anguish :— struggle ; con- 
 test. 
 
 Ag'o-ra, n. [Gr.] An assembly ; a market-place. 
 
 A-gou'ti. n. [Native name.] A rabbit-like animal 
 of South America. 
 
 A-gi-affe', n. [Cf. Ger. kropfen, a hook; also grip 
 and grab.] A sort of clasp : — the clip which 
 holds a piano-string. 
 
 A-gra'phi-a, a. [Gr. d, negative, and ypa^ia, 
 writing!] ' A condition in which the power of 
 expressing ideas by written signs is lost. 
 
 A-gra'ri-an, a. [L. agrarius ; ager, a field.] Re- 
 lating to fields or grounds: — relating to the 
 equal division of lands. 
 
 A-gra'ri-an-ism, n. The desire for the division 
 of lands among the people. 
 
 A-gree', v. n. [Fr. d gre, to pleasure; L. gratam, 
 pleasant.] [pp. agreeing, agreed.] To be in con- 
 cord ; to grant; to yield; to settle amicably; to 
 concur. 
 
 A-gree-a-bll'i-ty, n. Agreeableness. 
 
 A-gree'a-ble, «. Suitable to; conformable; ac- 
 cordant : — pleasant ; pleasing. 
 
 Syn. — Agreeable to reason ; suitable to the occa- 
 sion ; conformable to circumstances: — agreeable 
 conversation ; pleasant companion ; pleasing ad- 
 dress. 
 
 A-gree'a-ble-ness, n. Quality of being agreeable. 
 
 A-gree'a-bly, ad. Consistently with; pleasingly. 
 
 A-greed', p. a. Settled by consent. 
 
 A-gree'ment, n. The act of agreeing; concord; 
 harmony: — bargain; stipulation; compact. 
 
 A-gres'tic, \ a. [L. agrestis; ager, a field.] 
 
 A-gres'ti-cal, j Rude ; rustic : relating to the 
 country or to fields. 
 
 Ag-ri-ciilt'u-ral, «. Relating to agriculture. 
 
 Ag'ri-cult-ure (ag're-kult-yur), n. [L. ager, a 
 field, and cuUurct, culture.— See Culture.]' The 
 art of cultivating the ground; tillage; hus- 
 bandry. 
 
 Ag-ri-cult'u-rist (ag-re-kult'yu-rist), n. One 
 skilled in agriculture ; a farmer. 
 
 Ag'ri-mo-ny, n. [L. agrimonia.] A plant of vari- 
 ous species. 
 
 A-grin', a. & ad. [See Grin.] In a state of grin- 
 
 " ning. 
 
 Ag-ri-oro-fist, n. One given to the comparative 
 study of human customs. 
 
 Ag-ri-ol'o- |ry, n. [Gr. dypios, savajre, and Aoyos, 
 a treatise!] The study of human customs, or of 
 men in their natural state. 
 
 Ag-ro-nom'ic, a. Relating to agronomy. 
 
 A-gron'o-my, n. [L. ager, Gr. dypos, land, and 
 vo/xo?, rule.] Rural economy ; agriculture. 
 
 A-grope', ad. [See Grope.] In a groping man- 
 ner; gropingly. 
 
 Ag-ros-tol'o-f-y, n. [Gr. dypwern?, a grass, and 
 Aoyo?, a treatise.] That part of botany which 
 treats of grasses. 
 
 A-ground\ ad. [See Ground.] On the ground; 
 stranded. 
 
 Ag-ryp-not'ic, a. [Gr. aypvnvo?, wakeful.] Hav- 
 
 _ ing the tendency to drive away sleep. 
 
 A'gue (a'gu), n. [0. Fr. ague, sharp ; L. acitlus.] 
 (Med.) An intermitting fever, with cold fits 
 
 _ succeeded by hot. 
 
 A'gu-ish, a. Resembling the ague. 
 
 A^'y-nous, «. [Gr. a, not, and ywri, a woman.] 
 (Bot.) Having male, but not female, organs. 
 
 Ah (a), interj. Sometimes noting dislike, con- 
 tempt, joy, or exultation, but most frequently 
 compassion and complaint. 
 
 A-ha', iulerj. Noting triumph and contempt. 
 
 A-head' (a-hed'), ad. [See Head.] Farther on ; 
 onward; in front. 
 
 A-hoy', interj. A nautical call. 
 
 Aid (ad), v. a. [0. Fr. aider; L. adjutare, for ad- 
 juvare, to help.] [pp. aiding, aided.] To help; 
 to assist; to support. — 2, n. Help; support; as- 
 sistance; helper. 
 
 Aid'ance, n. Assistance; aid. 
 
 Aide, n. An aide-de-camp. 
 
 Aide-de-camp' (ad'e-kawng'), n. ; pi. Aides-de- 
 camp'. [Fr.] A military officer employed under 
 a general to convey his orders. 
 
 Ai'den (or a'e-uen), n. [Arab.] Eden. 
 
 Aid'less (ad'les), a. Helpless. 
 
 Ai'gret (a'gret), n. [Fr. aigrette.] The egret, or 
 heron : — a plume : — a tuft. — See Egret. 
 
 Ai'gu-let (a'gu-let), n. [Dim. from L. ncus, needle.] 
 A point of gold placed at the end of fringes ; an 
 aglet. 
 
 Ail (51), v. a. [0. E. eglan, eylan, pain.] [pp. ail- 
 ing, ailed.] To pain; to give pain, to trouble. 
 — 2, v. n. To be in pain or trouble. — 3. n. Sick- 
 ness ; ailment : — trouble. 
 
 Ai-lan'tus, n. [Amboynese ailanto, "tree of 
 heaven'."] A large and handsome tree. 
 
 Ail'ing (aring), p. a. Sickly; morbid; ill. 
 
 Ail'ment, u. Pain; disease; illness. 
 
 Aim (5m), r. n. [L. sestimare.] [pp. aiming, aimed.] 
 To direct toward ; to strive. — 2, r. a. To direct, 
 as a missile weapon. — 3, w! Direction toward a 
 point; design; purpose; intention; object; ten- 
 dency. 
 
 Aim/less (am'les), a. Without aim or object. 
 
 Ai'no '(Vug), n. One of a race inhabiting the 
 islands of Yesso, Saghalin, the Kuriles, <fcc. 
 
 Air, n. [L. aer; Gr. dijp.] The fluid in which we 
 breathe, and which surrounds the globe, consist- 
 ing of two gHses, oxygen and nitrogen ; atmos- 
 phere : — gentle wind : — the mien of a person : — 
 a tune. — 2, v. a. [pp. airing, aired.] To expose 
 to the air: — to warm. 
 
 Air'-brake, n. (Railroads.) A brake operating 
 by means of compressed air. 
 
 Air'-brick, n. (Arch.) A brick with one of its 
 faces formed into a grating. 
 
 Air'-cush'ion, n. A cushion made air-tight so 
 that it can be inflated. 
 
 Air'-drain, n. (Arch*) A cavity between the ex- 
 ternal walls of a building, for ventilation. 
 
 Air'-flue, n. A flue for conveying air, as to the 
 various parts of a building. 
 
 Air'-gun, n. A gun charged with air. 
 
 Air'-h51e, n. A hole to admit air. 
 
 Air'i-ly, ad. In an airy manner; gayly ; loftily. 
 
 Air'i-ness, ». The state of being airy : gayety. 
 
 Air'ing, n. A short journey to enjoy the air. 
 
 Air'-line, n. A straight course. 
 
 Air'-ma-chine\ n. An apparatus used for venti- 
 lating mines. 
 
 a, e, I, o, 5, y, long; a, e, l, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
AIR-PLANT 
 
 57 
 
 ALDEHYDE 
 
 Air'-plant, n. A plant fed by the atmosphere. 
 
 Air' -pump, w. Au instrument 
 for removing the air out of a 
 vessel. 
 
 Airs, a. pi. Conceited or affected 
 manners. 
 
 Air' -shaft, re. A passage for air ' 
 into mines. Axr-pump. 
 
 Air'-stove, re. A stove for heating air to be dis- 
 tributed by flues through a building. 
 
 Air'-tight (-tit), a. Impervious to air. 
 
 Air'-trunk, re. {Arch.) A contrivance for pre- 
 venting the stagnation of air in apartments. 
 
 Airt, n. [Scot. ; Celt, aird, a point.] A point of 
 the compass ; direction. — 2, v. a. To guide. 
 
 Air'y, a. Relating to or admitting air: — gay: — 
 assuming airs; affectedly grand or important: — 
 ethereal : — lofty. 
 
 Aisle (II), n. A wing or walk in a church. 
 
 Ait, it. [0. E. e/jt, dim. of aey, eij, or ig, an island.] 
 An islet ; an island in a river. 
 
 A-jar', ad. [0. E. cyrr, a turn.] Half or partly 
 opened, as a door. [Arched ; crooked. 
 
 A-kim'bo, a. [Perhaps from cam, bent, and bow.] 
 
 A-kin', a. Related to ; allied to by nature. 
 
 Ak-kt'di-an I "" & °" Same as Accad, Accadian. 
 
 A-knee' (a'-ue'), ad. On the knee or knees. 
 
 Ak-ou-om'e-ter. n. See Acoumeter. 
 
 Al'a-bas-te'r [al-a-bas'ter, H. K. ; alVbas-ter, St.], 
 n. [Gr. a\6.3a<Trpo<;.] A white stone, a variety 
 of gj-psum, used for ornamental purposes. — 2, a. 
 Made of alabaster. 
 
 A-lack', interj. [See Lack.] Alas ! noting sorrow. 
 
 4.-lack'a-day, interj. Noting sorrow and melan- 
 choly. 
 
 A-lac'ri-ty, re. [L. alacritas, from alacer, brisk.] 
 Cheerfulness; liveliness; gayety; readiness. 
 
 Al-a-mode', ad. [Fr. d la mode. — See Mode.] 
 According to the fashion.— 2, n. A thin silk 
 stuff. 
 
 A'lar, or Al'a-ry, a. [L. alaris, from ala, a wing.] 
 Wing-shaped; pertaining to a wing. 
 
 A-larm', a. A cry of danger: — sudden terror. — 
 2, v. a. [From It. aVC arme, to anus.] [ pp. 
 alarming, alarmed.] To impress with fear; to 
 terrify ; to arouse. 
 
 Syn. — Alarm arises from announced danger; 
 apprehension, from expected danger. A cry of 
 alarm: a spectacle of terror; a sudden fright. 
 
 A-larm' -bell, it. A bell rung noting danger. 
 
 A-larm' -clock, n. A clock that may be made to 
 sound an alarm. 
 
 A-larm'-gau|-e (-gaj), ». An arrangement in a 
 steam-engine for showing when the steam is too 
 strong or the water too low. 
 
 A-larm'ist, n. One who excites needless alarms. 
 
 A-larm'-watch (woch), h. A watch that strikes 
 the hour by regulated movement. 
 
 A-la'rum, re. [See Alarm.] An alarm. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. alaruming, alarumed.] To alarm. 
 
 A-las', interj. [Fr. htlas; from L. lassum, weary.] 
 Noting grief, pity, or concern. 
 
 A'l^te, \<i. [L. alatus; ala, a wing.] (Biol.) 
 
 A-lat'ed. j Furnished with wings or with bodies 
 
 _ resembling wings. 
 
 Alb, re. [L. album, white.] A priest's tunic. 
 
 Al'ba-core, re. [Port, albacor; Arab, al bukr, a 
 heifer.] A large sea-fish, 
 
 Al-ba'ta, re. [L. albata, 
 whitened; alba, white.] 
 A combination of tin, 
 zinc, nickel, and cop- 
 per; German silver. 
 
 Al'ba-tross, n. [So. al- 
 catraz, a water-bucket, 
 a pelican; Arab, al- 
 qadiic] A large, web- 
 footed bird. 
 
 Al-be'it, ad. [For al- 
 though it be.] Although ; notwithstandin 
 
 Albatross. 
 
 Al'bert-Ite, n. [From Albert county, New Bruns- 
 wick.] (Mm.) Pure pitch-coal, or jet. 
 
 Al'bert-type, re. [After Albert, the inventor.] A 
 process of photographic printing with ink ; also, 
 a picture so produced. 
 
 Al-bes'cence, n. The act of growing white. 
 
 Al-bes'cent, a. [L. albescere, to grow white.] 
 Growing white ; whitish. 
 
 Al'bi-cant, a. [L. albicare, to make white.] Grow- 
 ing white ; albescent. 
 
 Al'bi-core, n. A marine fish ; albacore. 
 
 Al-bi-gen'se§, re. pi. [From Attn, a city.] A for- 
 mer sect of French religionists. 
 
 Al-bi'nism, or Al'bin-i§m, re. The condition of 
 
 " plants, animals, &c, which are abnormally 
 white. 
 
 Al-bi'no, or Al-bi'no [al-bi'no, St. H. Th. TTT>. I. ; 
 al-bi'no or al-bi'no, Mu.], n. ; pi. Al-bi'nos. 
 [Sp. ; from L. albus, white.] A person unnatu- 
 rally white. 
 
 Al-bi-not'ic, a. Affected with albinism. 
 
 Al'bronze, >*. [For alvmmium-bronee.] A com- 
 pound of copper and aluminium. 
 
 Alb'-Sun'day, re. [From the white (L. alius) 
 vestments' worn by catechumens on that day.] 
 The first Sunday after Easter. 
 
 Al-bu-gln'e-ous, a. [L. albugo, something white.] 
 Resembling the white of au egg. 
 
 Al'bum, »• [L., white.] A book for inserting 
 autographs, ^'c. 
 
 Al-bu'men,". [E. for "white of egg."] The white 
 of an egg ; the nitrogenous substance found in 
 the white of eggs. 
 
 Al-bu'men-jze, I „. a . To charge with albumen. 
 
 Al-bu min-ize, ) 
 
 Al-bu'men-ized, "I (-izd), a. Prepared or coated 
 
 Al-bii'min-Ized, /with albumen. 
 
 Al-bu'mi-nine, re. The substance of the cells en- 
 closing the white of eggs. 
 
 Al-bu'mi-noid, o. Like albumen. 
 
 Al-bu'mi-nbids, re. pi. A class of substances pres- 
 ent in animals and plants, the chemical consti- 
 tution of which is imperfectly known : — called 
 also prdteids. 
 
 Al-bu'mi-nous, a. Containing albumen. [wood. 
 
 Al-bur'num, re. [L.] The white or softer part of 
 
 Al-caid', n. [Sp. alcaide.] A Spanish governor of 
 a castle or fort :— a warden ; a jailer. 
 
 Al-cal'de, re. [Sp., from Arab.J A municipal 
 judge. 
 
 Al-chem'i-cal. a. Relating to alchemy. 
 
 Al'che-mist, re. One versed in alchemy. 
 
 Al'phe-my. »?. [Arab. al-Mmia ; prob. from Gr. 
 Xvju.ec'a, an infusion ; xvju°?> juice.] The science 
 of chemistry as practised in former times: — 
 occult chemistry :— the transmutation of metals. 
 
 Al'co-hol, a. [Arab. al-koM, a stain, a fine 
 powder; hence, that which is fine.] 
 Highly rectified spirit; pure spirit of 
 
 _ wine : — ardent spirit. 
 
 Al-co-hol'ic, a. Relating to alcohol. 
 
 Al'co-hol-i§m, n. A diseased condition 
 arising from excessive use of alcoholic 
 liquors. 
 
 Al-co-hol'me-ter, n. An instrument for 
 determining the quantity of alcohol in 
 wines, &c. 
 
 Al'co-ran, n. [Arab., a recitation, or read- 
 ing.] The sacred book containing the 
 Mahometan faith ; the Koran :— a high, 
 slender tower attached to a mosque, 
 in which the Koran is read. 
 
 Al-co-ran'ic. a. Relating to the Alcoran. 
 
 Al-cove' [al-kov', fif. TF. P. J. E. F. Ja. K. 
 
 Sm. St. R. ; al-kov' or al'kov, Mu. : al'- Alcoran. 
 
 kov, H. I. Wb.], n. [Fr.; Arab, al-qobbah, 
 
 a vault.] A recess of a chamber or of a library : 
 
 ^ — an arbor in a garden. 
 
 Al'de-hyde, re. [Abbreviation for alcohol dehydro- 
 genatum, alcohol deprived of hydrogen.] A fluid 
 derived from alcohol. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nbr, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.-p, Q, c, g, soft; p, p, p, J, hard; s as z ; ? as gz ; this. 
 
ALDEK 
 
 58 
 
 ALKAKSINE 
 
 Al'der, n. [0. E. aller, aler.~\ A tree resembling 
 
 the hazel. 
 Al'der-man, n. ; pi. Al'der-men. [0. E. ealdor- 
 
 ma'n, older man.] An officer in a town corporate, 
 
 city, or corporation. 
 Aldine (al'din or al'din), a. Printed by Aldus 
 
 Manutius : — handsomely printed. 
 Ale, n. [0. E. alu.] Fermented malt liquor: — a 
 
 merrymaking. 
 Ale'-con-ner, n. An inspector of ale measures. 
 A-lee', a. & ad. [See Lee.] To the lee side. 
 A-left', ad. [See Left.] Toward the left. 
 Ale'house, n. A house where ale is sold. 
 A-lem'bic, n. [Arab, al-anbig; Gr. a/u./3i|, a cup.] 
 
 A vessel used in distilling. 
 A-lert', a. [It. alV erta, on the watch ; 
 
 erta, a tower, or lookout; L. erigere, to 
 
 erect.] On guard ; watchful ; brisk. 
 A-lert' ness, n. Watchfulness ; briskness. 
 Ale' wife, n. ; pi. Ale'wive§. A woman 
 
 who keeps an alehouse : — [said to be AlemDlc - 
 
 from an American Indian name] a herring-like 
 
 fish. 
 Al-ex-an'drine, n. [Perhaps from Alexandre Paris, 
 
 a 'French poet, who used this verse.] A verse 
 
 of twelve syllables. 
 A-lex-i-phar'mic (a-lek-se-far'mik), n. [Gr. aAe- 
 
 £eij/, to ward off, and <£ap/xa>cov, poison.] An 
 
 antidote against poison or infection. 
 A-lex-i-ter'ic, "I a. That drives poison or infec- 
 A-lex-i-ter'i-cal, J tion away.^ 
 A-lex-j-ter'ics, n. pi. [Gr. aXei-nrripiov, a safe- 
 guard.] (Med.) Preservatives against poisons 
 
 and infection. 
 
 tl-f al'fa, n. [Sp.] The lucern, a forage-plant, 
 l'ga, n. ; pi. Al'gae. [L.] Sea-weed. 
 
 Al'gal, n. (Bot.) One of the Algales. 
 
 Al-ga'les, n. pi. [L. alga, sea-weed.] (Bot.) A 
 
 " family of aquatic plants. 
 
 Al-ga-ro-vil'la (al-ga-ro-vel'ya), n. [Sp., dim. of 
 algarroba. — See Cakob.] (Bot.) A Chilian legu- 
 minous plant. 
 
 Al-ea-zel', n. [See Gazelle.] A beautiful species 
 of antelope. 
 
 Al'ge-bra, n. [Arab, al-jcbr, reunion.] A branch 
 of mathematics. 
 
 Al-£e-bra'ic, "la. Relating to algebra; per- 
 
 Al-fe-bra'i-cal, J formed by algebra. 
 
 Al-1-e-bra'i-cal-ly. ad. By means of algebra. 
 
 Al'£e-bra-ist,'«. One well versed in algebra. 
 
 Al'lic, a. Same as Algonkin. 
 
 Al'iid, or Al'gide, a. [L. algidus, cold.] (Med.) 
 Characterized by coldness. 
 
 Al'gold, a. (Bot.) Resembling, or of the nature 
 of, sea-weed. 
 
 Al-gol'o-£y, v. The science of sea-weeds. 
 
 Al-gon'kin". or Al-gon'quin (al-gonTvjn), a. [Said 
 to be from the Iroquois for "across the river."] 
 Noting a great family of aborigines of North 
 America ; also their tongues. 
 
 Al-gon'kins, or Al-gon' quins, (al-gon'kinz), n. pi. 
 A great family of North-American Indians, 
 comprising a number of trilies. 
 
 Al'go-ri§m, \n. [From Arab. Al-Khvarazmi, " the 
 
 Al'so-rithm, j Khivan," a title of Mohammed ben 
 Mu'sa, an Oriental mathematician.] The art of 
 computation by numeral figures ; arithmetic. 
 
 Al'gous, a. Of or relating to, or of the nature of, 
 or full of, sea-weed. 
 
 Al'gua-zil (al'ga-zel) [al'ga-zel, Ja. Sm. ; al-gwa- 
 zel','l. ; al'ga-zel', St, ; al'ga-zil, E.\ n. [Sp. ; 
 Arab, al-wazir, the vizier.] A Spanish officer of 
 jxistice. [assumed name. 
 
 A'li-as, ad. [L.] Otherwise.— 2, n. A writ:— an 
 
 Al'i-bi [al'i-bi, K. Co. H.], n. [L., elsewhere.] 
 (Law.) The plea of a person accused, who al- 
 leges that he was in another place when the 
 crime was committed. 
 
 Al'i-cant, \n. [From Alicante, in Spain.] A wine 
 
 A.l'1-ca.nte, } made from mulberries. [strument. 
 
 Al'i-dade. n. The index of an astronomical in- 
 
 Al'ien (al'yen), a. [L. alienus, from alius, another.] 
 Foreign ; estranged from. — 2, n. A foreigner 
 not naturalized as a citizen. — 3, y. a. [pp. alien- 
 ing, aliened.] To alienate ; to convey. 
 Al-ien-a-bil'i-tx, n. (Law.) Capacity of being 
 alienated. [alienated. 
 
 Al'ien-a-ble (al'yen-a-bl), a. Capable of being 
 Al'ien-a|-e, n. The state of being an alien. 
 Al'ien-ate (al'yen-at), v.u, [pp. alienating, alien- 
 ated.] To transfer to another: — to estrange. 
 Al'ien-ate (al'yen-at), a. Estranged. 
 
 Al-ien-a'tion (al-yen-a'shun), n. The act of alien- 
 ating; the state of being alienated: — transfer 
 
 _ of property : — mental derangement. 
 
 Al'ien-a-tor^ n. One who alienates. 
 
 Al-ien-ee' (al-yen-e'), «. (Law.) One to whom 
 property is transferred. [of insanity. 
 
 Al'ien-ist, v._ A physician who makes a specialty 
 
 A-Ught' (a-lif), v. n. [See Light.] [pp. alighting, 
 alighted.] To come down ; to dismount ; to light. 
 — 2, a. Dismounted : — lighted up. 
 
 A-H&n' (a-lin'), v. a. [Fr. aligner.— See Line.] 
 [pp. aligning, aligned.] To adjust by a line; to 
 form in line. 
 
 A-lign'ment (a-lin'ment), n. Position in line : — 
 the forming of a line. 
 
 A-Hke', ad. [See Like.] With resemblance; 
 
 ' equally. — 2, a. Similar ; like ; equal. 
 
 Al'i-ment, n. [L. alimentum; alere, to nourish.] 
 Nourishment; food; nutriment. 
 
 Al-i-ment'al, a. Nutritious; nourishing. 
 
 Al-i-ment'a-rj:, a. Belonging to or affording ali- 
 ment : — conveying aliment. 
 
 Al-i-men-ta'tion, n. Process of being nourished. 
 
 Al'i-mo-ny, n. [L. alimonium ; alere, to nourish.] 
 An allowance granted a wife on separation from 
 her husband: — maintenance. 
 
 A-line', v. a. [pp. alining, alined.] To align. 
 
 A-lin'e-ate, v. a. [pp. alineating, alineated.] To 
 
 A-liWment, n. Same as Alignment. [align. 
 
 Al'i-ped, 'a. [L. ala, wing, and pes, pedis, foot.] 
 Wing-footed ; swift-footed. 
 
 Al'i-quant [al'e-kwant, S. P. J. St. F. Ja. Sm. ; 
 ai'e-kwont, W. K. ; al'e-kwant, H. ; al'le-kwant, 
 Mu.~\, a. [L. aVupumtum, somewhat.] Aliquant 
 parts of a number are such as will never make 
 up the number exactly ; as, 3 is an aliquant part 
 of 10. 
 
 Al'i-quot, a. [L., so many, some.] Aliquot parts 
 of a number are such as will exactly measure it, 
 without remainder ; as, 3 is an aliquot part of 12. 
 
 Al-i-sphe'noid, n. [L. ala, wing, and sphenoid.] 
 A bone forming the wing of the sphenoid bone. 
 
 A-live', a. [See Live.] Not dead :— active ; lively. 
 
 A-liz'a-rine, n. [Sp. alizari, madder; Ar. afarah, 
 
 ' extract ; agara, to press out.] A dye from mad- 
 der or from coal-tar. 
 
 Al'ka-hest, n, [Invented by Paracelsus or Van 
 Heimont ; said to be Arab, al, the, and Ger. geist, 
 spirit.] A pretended universal solvent. 
 
 Al-ka-les'cent, a. Partaking of alkali. 
 
 Al'ka-li, or Al'ka-H [al'ka-le, S. W. P. J. JT. I. 
 St. E. F. Sm. ; al'ka-li, Ja. K. Wb.~\, n. ; pi. Al'- 
 ka-lies. [Arab, al-qaliy, ash, from qalay, to roast.] 
 A 'substance that neutralizes acids. 
 
 Al-kal'i-fy, v. a. [pp. alkalifyiug, alkalified.] To 
 
 ' change to an alkali.— 2, v. n. To become changed 
 into an alkali. [i" a compound. 
 
 Al-ka-lim'e-try, n. The measurement of alkalies 
 
 Al'ka-line,'or Al'ka-line [al'ka-li"> W. St. H. J. 
 E. F. Sm. ; al'ka-iln, S. P. Ja. Mu. I. K.], a. 
 Having the qualities of alkali. 
 
 Al-ka-Hn'i-ty, n. Quality of an alkali. 
 
 Al'ka-lize,' v. 'a. To make alkaline. 
 
 Al'ka-lbid. n. (Chem.) A vegetable principle 
 having alkaline properties. 
 
 Al-ka-lbid'al, a. Of or pertaining to an alkaloid. 
 
 Al'ka-net, n. [Sp. alcaneta.— See Henna.] A plant 
 and its root :— a color made from the root. 
 
 Al-kar'sin, \n. [From alkali and arsenic] (Chem.) 
 
 Al-kar'sine, J A colorless, highly-poisonous liquid. 
 
 e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, i, o, Q, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure— Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 
 
 
ALL 
 
 59 
 
 ALLOWANCE 
 
 All, «• [Found in all Teutonic languages.] The 
 whole; everything. — 2, a. The whole; every 
 one; every part.— 3, ad. Quite; completely; 
 wholly ; entirely.— All is much used in composi- 
 tion. It adds force to the word; as, aft-honored, 
 aft-powerful, Ax. 
 
 All-a-long', ad. Throughout. 
 
 All-fools-day', «• The first of April. 
 
 All-fours', n. A game at cards. 
 
 All-hail' inter). A term of salutation. 
 
 All-hal'lows, n. All-saiuts-day. 
 
 All-hal'low-mas, \ n. The term near all-saints- 
 
 All-hal' low-tide, J day, or the first of November. 
 
 All-heal'^ n. A species of iron-wort. 
 
 All-saints-day', n. The day dedicated to all the 
 saints ; the first of November. 
 
 All-souls-day'. ». The second of November. 
 
 All-wise', a. Possessed of infinite wisdom. 
 
 Al'lah, n. The Arabic name of God. 
 
 Al-liiy' (al-la'), v. a. [From the root of lay, to 
 quiet, to make level.] [pp. allaying, allayed.] 
 To soothe ; to assuage ; to appease :— to debase. 
 — See Alloy. 
 
 Syn.— Alloy thirst : appease hunger ; soothe pain 
 or care; assuage grief; alleviate sorrow; relieve 
 distress. 
 
 Al-le-ga'tion, n. The act of alleging ; the thing 
 alleged ; affirmation; a plea:— a citation. 
 
 Al-lege' (al-lej'), v. a. [L. allegare, to despatch ; 
 or adlegiare, Law L. for exlitigare, to clear by 
 lawsuit.] [pp. alleging, alleged.] To affirm; to 
 declare; to adduce; to plead. 
 
 Al-lege'a-ble, a. That may be alleged. 
 
 Al-leged'' (al-lejd'), )>■ a. Asserted but not proved. 
 
 Al-le'i-iance (al-le'jans), n. [See Liege.] The 
 
 " obedience or fidelity which a citizen or subject 
 owes to a sovereign or to government ; loyalty. 
 
 Al-le-gor'ic, ) a. Partaking of allegory ; figu- 
 
 Al-le-gor'i-cal, j rative. 
 
 Al-le-gor'i-cal-ly, ad. In an allegoric manner. 
 
 Al'le-go-rist, n. One who teaches allegoricall}*. 
 
 Al-le-gor-i-za'tion, n. The act of allegorizing or 
 treating allegorically. 
 
 Al'le-go-rize, v. a. [pp. allegorizing, allegorized.] 
 To turn into allegory.— 2, v. a. To speak alle- 
 gorically. 
 
 Al'le-go-riz-er, n. An allegorist. 
 
 Al'le-go-ry, n. [Gr. a\\r\yopia ; aWos, another, 
 and ayop'evuj, to speak. 1 A figurative discourse or 
 representation, in which The words signify some- 
 thing beyond their literal meaning; a symbol- 
 ical writing ; a type : — a fable. 
 
 Al-le-gret'to, a. fit.] {Mas.) Denoting time 
 less quick than allegro. 
 
 Al-le'gro [al-le'gru, 8. W. J. E. F. K. St. Sm. : al- 
 
 ' leg'ro, H. ; al-lfi'gro, Ja. I. Mu.\, a. [It., 
 from Jj. alacer, alacris, brisk.] (Mua?) Denoting, 
 a sprightly motion. It originally means gay, as 
 in Milton. 
 
 Al-le-lu'ia (-lu'ya), interj. k n. [See Hallelujah.] 
 A word of spiritual exultation, signifying praise 
 God. 
 
 Al-ie-mande' (al-le-mand 7 ), n. [Fr. for "Ger- 
 man :" named from the Alemanni, a former tribe 
 of Western Germany.] A brisk German dance. 
 — (Mas.) A slow air. 
 
 Al-le'vi-ate, v. a. [L. alleviare, from leris. light.] 
 [pp. alleviating, alleviated.] To make lighter; 
 to ease; to soften ; to allay ; to assuage. 
 
 Al-le-vi-a'tion. n. The act of alleviating; that 
 which alleviates ; mitigation ; relief. 
 
 Al-le'vi-a-tive, n. A palliative. — 2, a. Tending 
 to alleviate. 
 
 Al'ley (al'le), v. ; pi. Al'leys. [Fr. allee, a pas- 
 sage.] A walk; a narrow passage:— an ally, a 
 kind of marble. 
 
 Al-li-a'ceous (-shus), a. [L. allium, garlic] Hav- 
 ing the smell of garlic. 
 
 Al-li'ance, n. [Fr. — See Ally.] A confederacy ; 
 a league :— affinity ; relation by marriage, or by 
 kindred. 
 
 ^»& 
 
 Alligator, 
 against another 
 
 Syn. — A matrimonial alliance; an alliance be- 
 tween nations; a confederacy or confederation of 
 different states ; a combination of individuals ; a 
 coalition of parties; a solemn league; natural 
 affinity. 
 
 Al-lled', pp. from ally. United by league or kin- 
 dred. 
 
 Al-lies/, n. pi. of Ally. 
 
 Al'li-gate, v. a. [L. alligare; ad, to, and ligare, to 
 tie'.] [pp. alligating, alligated.] To join to- 
 gether; to unite. 
 
 Al-li-ga'tion (al-le-ga'shun), n. The act of tying 
 together :'— a rule of arithmetic. 
 
 Al'li-ga-tor, n. [Sp. ul lagarto, 
 the Lizard; L. lacerta.'\ A rep- 
 tile like the crocodile. 
 
 Al-lm-e-a'tion, n. Alignment; 
 position in a line. 
 
 Al-li"§ion (al-lizh'un), n. [L. 
 allisio; ad, to, and Isedere, to 
 strike.] The act of striking 
 thing; a clash. 
 
 Al-lit'er-al, a. Marked by alliteration. 
 
 Al-Ht-er-a'tion, n. [L. ad, to, aud lUera, a letter.] 
 The repetition of the same letter, chiefly at the 
 beginning of words; as, "xlpt alliteration's art- 
 ful aid." 
 
 Al-llt'er-a-tive, a. Marked by alliteration. 
 
 Al'lo-cate, v. a. [L. ad, to, and locare, to place.] 
 [pp. allocating, allocated.] To assign; to local- 
 ize : — to place ; to set apart ; to allot. 
 
 Al-lo-ca'tion, n. The act of placing or adding to ; 
 apportionment ; assignment. 
 
 Al-lo-ca'tur, n. [L.] (Law.) A certificate on a 
 bill of costs. 
 
 Al-lo-cu'tion, n. [L. allocutio; ad, to, and loqui, 
 to speak.] A formal address. 
 
 Al-lo'di-al, a. Not feudal ; independent. 
 
 Al-lo'di-um, v. [Law L. ; Teutonic id, all, en- 
 tire, and eod, od, property.] Laud held by an 
 individual in his own right. 
 
 Al-16n£e' (al-lunj') [al-lunj', S. W. J. Ja. Sm. 1. ; 
 al-lonj', Ma. ; al-lonj', P. A".], n. [Fr., from ah 
 longer, to lengthen, to stretch.] A pass with 
 a sword in fencing; a lunge: — a long rein. — 
 2, r. ,t. [pp. allonging, allonged.] To lunge. 
 
 Al'lo-path. n. Same as Allopathist. 
 
 Al-lo-path'ic, a. Relating to allopathy. 
 
 Al-lop a-thlst, n. One who adheres to allopathy. 
 
 Al-lop'a-thy, v. [Gr. aAAo?, other, and irdBeia, 
 suffering.] (Med.) The art of curing diseases 
 by inducing symptoms different from those of the 
 primary disease : opposed to homceojxdhii. 
 
 Al'lo-phyl, "| a. [Gr. aAAos, other, and <f>v\rj, 
 
 Al-lo-phyl'ic, Vtribe.] Of another origin or 
 
 Al-lo-ph^l'i-an, j tribe: — noting certain races of 
 men which' have not yet been properly classi- 
 fied ; also their tongues. 
 
 Al-16t\ v. a. [Fr. allotir.—See Lot.] [pp. allot- 
 ting, allotted.] To distribute as by lot; to as- 
 sign; to apportion; to distribute. 
 
 Syn. — AUot&task or portion; apportion an es- 
 tate ; distribute gifts ; assign a reward. 
 
 Al-lot'ment, n. A share; part appropriated; a 
 lot, or plot of ground. [allotropy. 
 
 Al-lo-trop'ie, a. Relating to or characterized by 
 
 Al-lot'ro-py, m. [Gr. dAAos, other, and rpoirog, 
 ' turn, change.] (Cliem.) Variation in physical 
 properties without change of constituents. 
 
 Al-lbw'. v. a. [0. Fr. alouer, from L. allocare, to 
 place (locus, place) ; also.L. allaudare, to approve 
 (laus, praise). Both these Latin roots are repre- 
 sented by the Eng. and Fr.] [pp. allowing, al- 
 lowed.] To admit; to permit; to grant; to yield: 
 — to make abatement. 
 
 Al-lbw'a-ble, a. That may be allowed. 
 
 Al-lb-^'a-blx, ad. With claim of allowance. 
 
 Al-lb<v'ance, n. Sanction; license; permission: 
 — abatement : — a grant or stipend : — settled rate : 
 — limited share. — 2, v. a. [pp. allowancing, 
 allowanced.] To put upon allowance. 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — Q, 9, c, g, soft; fi, js, p, g, hard; § as z ; $ as gz ; this. 
 
ALLOY 
 
 60 
 
 ALTAE-PIECE 
 
 Al-loy', n. [Said to be a form of allay. The deri- 
 vation from Fr. d loi (i.e., "according to legal 
 standard") is considered unhistorical and fanci- 
 ful.] A mixture of metals ; mixed metal : — 
 a baser metal melted with a finer one : — a baser 
 alien element. — 2, v. a. [pp. alloying, alloyed.] 
 To debase by mixing, as metals. 
 
 Al-lby'a|-e, n. The act of alloying; an alloy. 
 
 All'splce, n. [Once considered to have the flavor 
 of many spices combiued.] Jamaica pepper, or 
 pimenta. 
 
 Al-liide', v. v. [L. aUudere, to hint; ad, to, and 
 ludere, to play.] [pp. alluding, alluded.] To 
 refer; to hint; to glance. 
 
 Al-lfire', v. a. [0. Fr. alurer, to captivate. — See 
 Luke.] [pp. alluring, allured.] To entice; to 
 decoy ; to attract. 
 
 Sy,i.— The love of pleasure allures; words en- 
 tice; arts and stratagems decoy; good qualities 
 attract; passions, persons, and things tempt. 
 
 Al-lure'ment, n. Enticement; temptation. 
 
 Al-lur'er, n. One who allures. 
 
 Al-lur'ing, a. Tempting ; enticing. 
 
 Al-lur'ing-ly, ad. In an alluring manner. 
 
 Al-lu'sion (al-lu'zhun), n. [L. allusio. — See Al- 
 lude.]' The act of alluding ; a reference to some- 
 thing known ; a hint. 
 
 Al-lu'sive, a. Making allusion ; hinting. 
 
 Al-lu'sive-ly., ad. In an allusive manner. 
 
 Al-lu'sjve-ness, n. Quality of being allusive. 
 
 4.1-lu'vi-al, a. Pertaining to alluvion ; deposited 
 ' by water ; added to laud by water. 
 
 Al-lu'vi-on, n. Alluvium: — a flood. 
 
 Al-lu'vj-um, n. ; pi. Al-lu'vi-a. [L., from ad, to, 
 and lucre, to wash.] An accumulation of earth, 
 gravel, &c, deposited by water; alluvial land; 
 alluvion. [playing. 
 
 Al'ly, »i. [For alabaster.'} A fine marble used in 
 
 Al-ly',r. a. [0. Fr. alter; L. alligare; ad, to, and 
 li'jare, to bind.] [pp. allying, allied.] To unite 
 by kindred, friendship, or treaty. — 2, n. ; pi. Al- 
 lies/. One allied ; one united by kindred, friend- 
 ship, or confederacy. [the East. 
 
 Al'ma, h. [Arab, for "skilled."] A dancing-girl in 
 
 Al-ma-can'tar, n. [Arab., from cantara, a bridge.] 
 A small circle of the sphere, parallel to the hori- 
 zon. 
 
 Al'ma-f est. n. [From Arab., for Gr. /ueyumj, the 
 "greatest," the "principal."] An ancient astro- 
 nomical work of Ptolemy. 
 
 Al'ma Ma' ter. [L. for "fostering mother."] A 
 term applied to the university or college where 
 one was educated. 
 
 Al'ma-nac, n. [From the Arabic; etymology very 
 doubtful.] An annual calendar of months, 
 weeks, and days ; an annual register with a cal- 
 endar; calendar. 
 
 Al'man-dlne, n. [Older form alabandine, from 
 Alabanda, an ancient Carian city.] A kind of 
 ruby. 
 
 Al'me, or Al'meh. n. Same as Alma. 
 
 Alm'e-ry (am're), n. [Probably from L. armorium, 
 an armory.] A recess in a church, used to con- 
 tain the chalices, basins, cruets, &c. 
 
 Al-migh'ty (al-mi'te), a. [See Might.] Of un- 
 limited power ; omnipotent. — 2, n. The Omnipo- 
 tent; God. 
 
 Al'mond (a'mund) [a'mund, S. W. J. F. Ja. H. I. 
 JKk." 67. K. 8m.; al'mund, P.], w. [0. Fr. al- 
 mande; Late L. amandola, from L. amygdala, an 
 almond.] The nut of the almond-tree. 
 
 Al'monds (a'mundz), n. pi. (Anat.) Two glands 
 on the side of'the tongue ; the tonsils. 
 
 Al'mo-ner, n. [L. eleemosynarius. — See Alms.] An 
 officer employed in the distribution of alms; an 
 almsgiver. 
 Al'mon-ry, n. The place where an almoner re- 
 sides, or' where alms are distributed. 
 SI' most [al'niost, W. E. Mu. I. St. Ja. 8m. ; al- 
 most', S. P. J.], ad. [All and most] Nearly; 
 well-nigh. 
 
 Alms (amz), n. sing. & pi. [0. E. selmyese, from 
 Gr. e\ey]fjioa-vvn, pity.] A gift or benefaction 
 to the poor ; a charitable donation. 
 
 Alms'deed (amz'ded), n. An act of charity. 
 
 Alm§'-§-iv-er, n. A giver of alms. 
 
 Alms'-liv-ing:, n. The act of giving alms. 
 
 Alms'house (aniz'hbus), n. A house devoted to 
 the reception and support of the poor. 
 
 Al'mug-, \ n. [A variant of algum, another 
 
 Al'mug-tree, j Scripture name of the same tree ; 
 cf. Skr. valguka, and L. agaUockum ; apparently 
 connected with which are eagle-wood and aloes.] 
 
 ^ An unknown tree mentioned in Scripture. 
 
 Al'na§-e, n. Measurement by the ell : — official in- 
 
 _ spection of cloth. [inspector of cloth. 
 
 Al'na-£er, ?;. [Fr. aidne, aune, an ell.] A sworn 
 
 Al'oe, n.'; pi. Al'oes. (al'oz). [Gr. dA.617.-Cf. Al- 
 mug.] A tree; a wood used for perfumes: — a 
 resinous, cathartic drug. 
 
 Al-o-et'ic, a. Kelating to aloes. [air. 
 
 A-loft', ad. [See Loft.] On high ; above : in the 
 
 A-16ne', a. [Said to be equivalent to all one.] 
 Single ; without company ; solitary. — 2, ad. 
 Solely ; exclusively. 
 
 A-long', ad. [See Long.] Throughout; onward. — 
 2, prep. Near ; by the side of. 
 
 A-long-side, ad. By the side of. 
 
 A-166f', ad. [See Luff.] At a 
 distance; far apart. 
 
 A-lbud',«rf. [See Loud.] Loudly; 
 with a great noise: — above a 
 whisper. 
 
 A-low', ad. Below; low down; 
 downward : not aloft. 
 
 Alp. h. [L. Alpes. the Alps ; Gael. 
 alp, a mountain.] A mountain 
 peak or range. 
 
 Al-pac'a, n. [Sp., from native name paco.] A 
 Peruvian sheep-like animal, and its wool: — 
 cloth made from the wool. 
 
 Alp'en, a. Of or belonging to the Alps; Alpine. 
 
 Alp'en-stock. n. [Ger.] A strong tall staff used 
 in climbing moun- 
 tains. 
 
 Al'pha. n. [Heb. 
 alepii, ox; the let- 
 ter was once the 
 hieroglyph of an 
 ox's head.] The 
 first letter in the 
 Greek alphabet, an- 
 swering to our A: 
 — used for the first. 
 
 Al'pha-bet, n. [L. 
 alphabetum, from 
 alpha and beta, the first two Greek letters.] The 
 letters of a language. 
 
 Al-pha-bet'ic, \ a. Relating to, or in the order 
 
 Al-pha-bet'i-cal. J of, the alphabet. 
 
 Al-pha-bet'i-cal-ly, ad. In an alphabetical man- 
 ner or order. ' 
 
 Al'pha-bet-Ize, v. a. [pp. alphabetizing, alphabet- 
 ized.'] To arrange alphetically ; to reduce to 
 writing. 
 
 Al'pine. or Al'pine [al'pin, W. P. H. Co. St. 8m. ; 
 al'pin, I. I). 3Iu. E. Ja. K.], a. [L. alpinus.] Ke- 
 lating to, or resembling, the Alps ; high ; moun- 
 tainous. 
 
 Al-read'y (al-red'e), ad. [From all and ready.] 
 Now ; at this time. 
 
 Al'sike (or al'sek), n. [From Alsike, a place in 
 Sweden.] A valuable variety of clover. 
 
 AU's5, ad. [All and so.] In the same manner; 
 likewise.— 2, conj. Noting addition or conjunc- 
 tion. [r art - 
 
 Alt, a. &«. [L. a Uv.s, high.] (Mus.) High :— high 
 
 Al'tar, n. [L. altare, from alius, high.] The place 
 
 on' which sacrifices are offered :— the table in 
 
 churches where the communion is administered. 
 
 Al'tar-piece (al'tar-pes), n. A painting placed 
 
 over the altar. 
 
 Alpen-stock. 
 
 a, e, I, 0, u, y, long; a, e, 1, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
ALTAZIMUTH 
 
 61 
 
 AMAZOST 
 
 Al-taz'i-muth, n. [From altitude and azimuth.] 
 (Astron.) An instrument to measure altitudes 
 and azimuths. 
 
 Al'ter, v. a. [Late L. alterare, from alter, other.] 
 [pp. altering, altered.] To change ; to make 
 otherwise. — 2, v. n. To suffer change ; to vary. 
 
 Al'ter-a-ble, a. That may be altered. 
 
 Al'ter-a-ble-ness, ) n. The quality of being alter- 
 
 Al-ter-a-bil'i-ty, J able. 
 
 Al'ter-ant. n. Any thing which causes change. — 
 2, a. ' Causing change. 
 
 Al-ter-a/tion, n. Change; altered condition. 
 
 Al'ter-a-tive, «. Causing change. — 2, n. A med- 
 icine that operates by slow and imperceptible 
 degrees. 
 
 Al'ter-cate, v. n. [L. altercari, to dispute ; alter, 
 other.] [pp. altercating, altercated.] To wrangle ; 
 to contend. 
 
 Al-ter-ca'tion. ?;. An angry debate ; controversy; 
 wrangle; contest; dispute: — oral pleading. 
 
 Al-ter'nant, a. Alternating. 
 
 Al-ter'nate, «. One after another; reciprocal. — 
 2, a. What happens alternately: — a substitute. 
 
 Al-ter'nate, or Al'ter-nate [al-ter'nat, W. St. P. F. 
 K. 8m. R. C. ; al'ter-nat, E. Wb. ; al-ter-nat', 
 Ja. ; al'ter-nat or al-ter'nat, I. H. ; al'ter-nat or 
 al'ter-nat, Mu.], v.' a. [L. alternare, from alter, 
 other, second.] [pp. alternating, alternated.] 
 To perform alternately ; to change reciprocally. 
 
 Al-ter'nate-ly., ad. In reciprocal succession. 
 
 Al-ter-na'tion, n. Reciprocal succession ; alter- 
 nate performance. 
 
 Al-ter'na-tive, n. A choice of two things.— 2, a. 
 That may be taken instead. 
 
 Al-ter'na-tive-ly, ad. By turns; reciprocally. 
 
 Al-thae'a (al-the'a), n. [Ur. a\0aia, from a\6ei.v, 
 to heal.] A flowering shrub ; marshmallow. 
 
 Alt'horn, n. [Alt, high, and horn.] A military 
 musical instrument. 
 
 Al-tnoug-h' (-tho'), conj. [All, intensive, and 
 though"] Grant that ; though. ' 
 
 Al-til'ic, n. A Turkish silver coin of six piastres. 
 
 Al-til'o-quence, n. [L. altiloquium ; alius, high, 
 and loqui, to speak.] Pompous language. 
 
 Al-tim'e-try.. n. [L. alius, high, and Gr. p.irpov, 
 measure.] The art of measuring heights. 
 
 Al-tis'o-nant, a. [L. alius, high, and sonare, so- 
 nanlis, to sound.] Pompous or lofty in sound. 
 
 Al'ti-tiide, w. [L. altitudo.] Height; elevation; 
 highest point. 
 
 Al-ti-tu'di-nal, a. Of or pertaining to altitude. 
 
 Al'to. n. '[It.', from L. altvs, high.] (lu.j The 
 highest part for male voices : — contralto. 
 
 Al-to-feth'er, ad. [All, and together.] Completely; 
 entirely; wholly: — conjunctly; in company. 
 
 Al'to-ri-li-e'v5 (al'to re-le-a'vo) [al'to re-le-a'vo, 
 I. Wb.; al'to re-le'vo, Ma.], u. [It. for "high 
 relief."] That kind of relief in sculpture which 
 projects as much as the life ; high relief. 
 
 Al'tru-Tsm, n. [From It. altrui, somebody else; 
 L. alteri huic, to this other.] Regard for the 
 rights, interests, and well-being of others ; be- 
 nevolence. 
 
 Al'tru-ist, n. One who finds his highest happi- 
 ness in promoting the well-being of others. 
 
 Al-tru-is'tic, a. Of or pertaining to, or character- 
 ized by, altruism ; benevolent. 
 
 Al'u-del, n. [Arab, al uthal] {Cliem.) A subliming- 
 pot. 
 
 Al'um, v. [L. alumen.] A mineral salt, of an 
 acid taste. 
 
 A-lu'mi-na, n. (Chem.) Aluminous or argilla- 
 ceous earth ; argil ; potter's clay. 
 
 A-lu'mi-nate, v. a. [pp. aluminating, aluminated.] 
 To charge with alum. 
 
 Al'u-nune, n. A kind of earth ; alumina. 
 
 Al-u-min'i-um, n. Same as Aluminum. 
 
 A-lu'mi-nous, a. Consisting of alum. 
 
 A-lu'mi-num, ». The metallic base of alumina. 
 
 A-lum'na, n. ; pi. A-lum'nse. LL.] A female 
 pupil ; a female graduate. 
 
 A-lum'nus, n. ; pi. A-lum'nT. [L. for " foster- 
 child;" alere, to nourish.] A pupil: — a graduate 
 of a college or university. 
 
 Al-u-ta'ceous (-shus), a. [L. aluta, soft leather.] 
 Like soft leather. 
 
 Al'va. n. [Probably for L. ulra.] The dried sub- 
 stance of a water-plant used for stuffing furni- 
 ture. 
 
 Al've-a-r£, n. [L. alvearium; alveus, a tub.] A 
 beehive :'— the hollow of the ear. 
 
 Al-ve'o-lar [al-ve'o-lar, K. Dunglison, Brande ; al'- 
 
 ' ve-o-iarj Sin. Wb.], a. [L. alveolus, dim. of al- 
 veus, a tub.] Full of sockets or pits. 
 
 Al-ve'o-la-ry, a. Same as Alveolar. 
 
 Al-ve'o-late, «. Formed like a honeycomb. 
 
 Al'vine [al'vin, Sin. I. St. ; al'vin, K. Mu.], a. 
 [L." alvinus; alvus, belly.] Relating to, or pro- 
 ceeding from, the belly or intestines. 
 
 Al'way, ad. [All and way, in the sense of all 
 along.] Always. 
 
 Al'ways, ad. Perpetually; constantly; ever. 
 
 A-lys'sum. n. [Gr. aAvo-erov ; perhaps a priv., and 
 \vo~o-a, madness: — once considered a cure for ca- 
 nine madness.] A small plant and its flower. 
 
 Am. The first person singular, present tense, of 
 the verb to be. — See Be. [bilitt. 
 
 Am-a-bil'i-ty, n. [L. amabilitsis.] See Amia- 
 
 Am-a-dou', n. [Fr.] Punk ; prepared agaric. 
 
 A-main', ad. [From mean, in the sense of force; 
 0. E. msegn.] With vehemence; with vigor. 
 
 A-mal'gam, n. [Said to be an anagram of Gr. 
 
 " fxaXayila, an emollient.] A combination of mer- 
 cury with other tnetals: — any mixture. 
 
 A-mal'ga-mate, v. a. [pp. amalgamating, amal- 
 gamated.] To combine mercury with other 
 metals: — to mix. — 2, r. n. To unite; to blend. 
 
 A-mal-g-a-ma'tion, n. The act of amalgamating. 
 
 A-man-u-en'sis. n. ; pi. A-man-u-en'ses. [L., 
 from a manu, by hand.] A person who writes 
 what another dictates. [Crete. 
 
 t-mar'a-cus, n. [L. & Gr.] A plant, dittany of 
 m'a-ranth, n. [Gr. <i/u.apaiTo?, unfading: a, 
 negative, and /aapcu'veiv, to wither.] A plant, 
 the flower of which long retains its color: — a 
 purplish color. 
 
 Am-a-ran' thine, «. Fadeless; immortal; undying. 
 
 Am-a-ryl'lis. n. [Gr. 'A/u.apvAAi'?. the name of a 
 country-girl. 1 (Bot.) A bulbous plant. 
 
 A-mass', v. a. [Fr. amasser.— See Mass.] [pp. 
 amassing, amassed.] To collect together; to 
 heap up. 
 
 Am-as-sette', v. [Fr.] An artist's instrument 
 for collecting the paint on the stone. 
 
 A-mass'ment, n. A heap : — the act of amassing. 
 
 Am-a-teur' [am-a-tur', P. Co. Ja. K. ; am-a-tar', 
 W. Mu. ; am-a-tdr', F. ; am'a-tur. E. : am-a-tiir', 
 H. Sm.], u. [Fr., a lover.] A lover of any 'art or 
 science, though not a professor of it ; a virtuoso. 
 
 Am-a-teur'ish, a. Inclined to be an amateur. 
 
 Am'a-tive, a. Given to love; amatory. 
 
 Am'a-tive-ness, n. Propensity to love. 
 
 Am-a-t5'ri-al, I a. [L. amatorius.] Relating to 
 
 Am'a-to-ry," J love; amorous; causing love. 
 
 Am-au-ro'sis, w. [Gr., from a/uaupos, dark.] (Med.) 
 Diminution or loss of sight ; drop serene. 
 
 A-maze'.r. a. [See Maze.] [pp. amazing, amazed.] 
 To astonish ; to perplex ; to confound ; to sur- 
 prise. — 2, >/. Amazement. 
 
 Syn. — Amazed at what is frightful or incom- 
 prehensible; astonished at what is striking; per- 
 plexed, confounded, or confused at what is embar- 
 rassing; surprised at what is unexpected. 
 
 4-maz'ed-ly, ad. With amazement. 
 
 A-maze'ment, n. Astonishment; wonder. 
 
 A-maz'ing, p. a. Wonderful ; astonishing. 
 
 A-maz'ing-ly, ad. Wonderfully. 
 
 Am'a-zon, n. [Gr., said (no doubt incorrectly) to 
 be from a, priv., and p.a£6<;, breast: — the Ama- 
 zons are said to have cut off the right breast, 
 that they might draw the bow better.] A war- 
 like woman ; a virago. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. 
 
 "5» 9i 5, g, soft ; & % p, p, §, hard ; § as z ; 5 as gz ; 
 
 6 
 
 this. 
 
AMAZON-ANT 
 
 62 
 
 AMERICANIZE 
 
 Am'a-zon-ant, n. A warlike species of ant. 
 
 Am-a-zo'ni-an, a. Relating to Amazons. 
 
 Am'a-zon-ite, n. [from the river Amazon, the 
 latter said to be named from the Indian amus- 
 sona, "boat-destroyer,'' but this is disputed.] A 
 green potash felspar. 
 
 Am-ba'|-es, n. pi. [L., from ambo, about, and 
 agere, to drive.] A circuit of words : — a maze : 
 — a circuit: — an indirect practice. 
 
 Am-bas'sa-dor, n. [Late L. ambactia, embassy; 
 ambactus, servant; said to be a Celtic word.] A 
 foreign minister of the highest rank sent on 
 public business from one sovereign power to 
 another ; a plenipotentiary. 
 
 Syn. — An ambassador and plenipotentiary imply 
 the highest representative rank. An ambassador 
 and resident, or minister resident, are permanent 
 functionaries. An envoy and resident are func- 
 tionaries of the second class of foreign minis- 
 ters; and a charge d'affaires is one of the third 
 or lowest class. 
 
 Am-bas'sa-dress, n. The wife of an ambassador. 
 
 Am'bas-sy, »*■ See Embassy. 
 
 Am'ber, n. [Arab, anbar, ambergris or amber.] A 
 fossil resin, highly electrical, and generally 
 transparent. — 2, a. Consisting of amber: — re- 
 sembling amber. 
 
 Am'ber-gris, n. [Fr. ambre gris, gray amber.] A 
 substance derived from the sperm whale and 
 used as a perfume. 
 
 Am-bi-dex'ter, n. [L., after ambo, both, doubly, 
 and' dexter,' light-handed.] One that can use 
 both hands alike : — a double-dealer. — 2, a. Am- 
 bidextrous : — crafty. 
 
 Am-bi-dex-ter'i-ty, n. State of being ambidex- 
 trous :— double-dealing ; shiftiness. 
 
 Am-bi-dex'trous, a. Using both hands alike. 
 
 Am'bi-ent. a. [L. ambieus ; ambire, to go around.] 
 Surrounding ; encompassing. 
 
 Am-bi-gu'i-ty, n. The quality of being ambigu- 
 ous ; equivocalness ; uncertainty of meaning. 
 
 Am-big'u-ous, a, [L. ambiguus; ambire, to go 
 
 "about.] Having two possible meanings; doubt- 
 ful ; of double meaning ; equivocal. 
 
 Syn. — His language is so ambiguous that his 
 meaning is doubtful. He seems to use equivocal 
 words in order to mislead. 
 
 Am-big'u-oiis-ly, ad. Doubtfully. 
 
 Am-big'u-ous-ness, «. Ambiguity. 
 
 4.m-bip'a-rous, a. [L. ambo, both, and parere, to 
 
 * bear.] Producing two kinds, as when a bud con- 
 tains both flower and leaf. [ — a limit. 
 
 Am'bit. u. [L. ambitus.] The compass or circuit : 
 
 Am-bi"tion (am-bish'yn), n. [L. ambitio, from 
 ambire, to go about ; ire, to go ; from the prac- 
 tice of going about and soliciting votes.] Eager 
 desire of superiority, power, honor, or fame. 
 
 Am-bi"tious (am-bish'us), a. Possessed of ambi- 
 tion; desirous of superiority ; aspiring. 
 
 Am-bi"tious-ly, ad. In an ambitious manner. 
 
 Am'ble, ». n. [Fr. ambler; L. ambidare, to walk.] 
 [pp. amhling, ambled.] To move upon an am- 
 ble ; to move easily ; to pace. — 2, n. Motion in 
 which a horse moves both his legs on one side 
 at the 6ame time ; a pace. 
 
 Am'bler, n. A horse that ambles ; a pacer. 
 
 Am'bling. p. a. Moving with an amble. 
 
 Am-bly-op'ic, o. [Gr. a/ajBAvs, dull, and uxj/, eye.] 
 Having impaired vision ; purblind. 
 
 Am-bly-6p'sis, n. See Blindfish. 
 
 Am'bo, w. [Gr. a/u/3wi\] A reading-desk or pulpit. 
 
 Am-bo-dex'ter, a. Same as Ambidexter. 
 
 Am-boy'na-wood, ) (-wud), v. [Named from the 
 
 £.m-boyne ? -wood, j island of Amboyna.] A beau- 
 tiful wood grown in the East Indies. 
 
 Am'brite, n. [From amber.] A fossil resin found 
 in New Zealand. 
 
 Am-bro'si-a (am-bro'zhe-a) [am-bro'zha., H. ; am- 
 bro'zi-a or ' am-bro'zhj-a. Ma.], n. [Gr. a/u/3poo-t'a, 
 from aju.0poTos, immortal.] The imaginary food 
 of the gods : — a plant. 
 
 Am-bro'§i-al (am-bro'zhe-al), \a. Of the nature 
 
 Am-brd'si-an (am-bro'zhe-an), J of ambrosia; de- 
 licious ; fragrant. 
 
 Am'bro-type, n. [Gr. a/x/Sporos, imperishable, and 
 TiiTro?, type.] A photographic picture taken on 
 a plate of glass. 
 
 Am'bu-iance, n. [Fr. ; L. ambvlare, to walk ; a 
 moving hospital.] A carriage for conveying dis- 
 abled soldiers. 
 
 Am'bu-lant, a. Moving from place to place. 
 
 Am-bu-la'tion, n. The act of walking. 
 
 Am'bu-la-to-ry, a. Walking about.— 2, n. A 
 place for walking. 
 
 Am-bus-cade', n. [Fr. embuscade.— See Ambfsh.] 
 A station in which men lie to surprise others; 
 an ambush. — 2, v. a. [pp. ambuscading, ambus- 
 caded.] To lie in wait for: — to attack from an 
 ambush. 
 
 Am'bush, n. [It. imboscare ; vm, in, and bosco, 
 bush, thicket.— See Bush.] The place or act of 
 lying in wait:— an attack from a secret station. 
 — 2, r. a. [pp. ambusning, ambushed.] To am- 
 buscade. 
 
 A-meer', 1 n. [Arab., from amara, to command.] 
 
 A-mir', J A title borne by Mahometan princes. — 
 See Emir. 
 
 A-mel'io-ra-ble, a. Capable of being improved. 
 
 A-mel'io-rate (a-mel'yo-rat), v. a. [Fr. amttiorer ; 
 L. meliorare ; melior, better.] [pp. ameliorating, 
 ameliorated.] To improve; to make better; to 
 meliorate. — 2, v. n. To grow better. 
 
 A-mel-io-ra'tion (a-mel-yo-ra'skun), n. The act 
 of making better; improvement; melioration. 
 
 A-mel'io-ra-tive, a. Producing amelioration. 
 
 A/men' [a-meh', S. P. J. F. Ja. K. ff. H. ; a'men', 
 I. W. F. Sin. ; a'men' or a'men', St. Mn.— In 
 singing, it is pronounced k'men'J, ad. [Heb., 
 "truth.'"] So be it; verily :— a term of assent 
 used in devotions. 
 
 A-me-na-bil'i-ty, »'. Quality of being amenable. 
 
 A-me'na-ble, a. [Fr. amener, to lead ; L. minare, 
 to threaten, to drive.] Responsible ; liable to 
 account. 
 
 A-me'na-bly, ad. In an amenable manner. 
 
 A-mend', v. a. [Fr. amender. — See Mfxd and 
 Emend.] [pp. amending, amended.] To correct ; 
 to rectify ; to reform. — 2, v. n. To grow better ; 
 to reform. 
 
 Syn. — To amend, correct, rectify, reform, and 
 emend, imply the lessening of evil ; to improve 
 and better, the increase of good. Amend what is 
 wrong; correct what is erroneous; rectify mis- 
 takes; improve inventions; reform the life. 
 
 A-mend'a-ble, a. Reparable ; corrigible. 
 
 A-mend'a-to-ry, o. Tending to amendment. 
 
 Amende "(a'-mand'), n. [Fr.] A fine. — Amende 
 honorable, an infamous punishment: — (in later 
 use) an apology for an injury ; satisfaction. 
 
 A-mend'ment, v. Act of amending; improve- 
 ' ment ; reformation ; correction. 
 
 A-mends\ n. pi. Recompense; compensation. 
 
 A-men'i-ty, n. [L. amomitas; arncenus, pleasant.] 
 Pleasantness; civility. 
 
 A-me-no-ma'ni-a, w. [L. amcenus, pleasant, and 
 mania'] A gay or cheerful form of mania. 
 
 Am'ent [am'ent. St. I. Wb. : a-ment', Mu.], n. [L. 
 amentum.] (Bot.) A catkin. 
 
 A-men'ti-a (-she-a), v. [L. a, negative, and mens, 
 ' mind.] Complete failure of the mental powers. 
 
 A-merce', v. a. [Fr. amercier; root of L. merces, 
 recompense.] [pp. amercing, amerced.] To 
 punish by fine or penalty. 
 
 A-merce'ment, n. (Law.) A pecuniary fine or 
 penalty imposed on an offender. 
 
 A-mer'i-can, n. A native of America. — 2, a. Re- 
 lating to' America, [peculiar to America. 
 
 A-mer'i-can-i§m, n. A word, phrase, or idiom 
 
 A-mer'i-can-ist, n. A student of American affairs. 
 
 A-mer'i-can-ize, v. a. [vp. Americanizing. Ameri- 
 canized.]' To make American ; to make like 
 the Americans. 
 
 e, l, o, u, y, 
 
 5, S, i, 5, u, y, short; a, §, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 
 
AMETHYST 
 
 63 
 
 AMPHITKYOtf 
 
 Am'e-thyst, n. [Gr. ap-cOvo-ros ; a, not, and p.e- 
 
 Ova-neLv, to intoxicate : it was fabled that this 
 
 stone was a charm against intoxication.] A 
 
 precious stone of a violet color. 
 
 Am-e-thys'tine, a. Like an amethyst. 
 
 Am-har'ic, n. A modern language of Abyssinia. 
 
 — 2, a. ' Belonging to Amhara, in Abyssinia. 
 A-mi-a-bil'i-ty, In. Quality of being amiable; 
 A'mi-a-ble-nes's, J loveliness. 
 A'mi-a-ble, a. [Fr. ; L. amabilis and amicabilis.] 
 
 Lovable ; kindly ; friendly. 
 A'mi-a-blv, ad. In an amiable manner. 
 Am'i-anth, n. Earth-flax. — See Amianthus. 
 Am-i-an'thus, n. [L. ; Gr. djuiavTos, undeniable: 
 it can be purified, but not burnt, by fire.] (Mm.) 
 Earth-flax ; the flaxen variety of asbestos. 
 Am'i-ca-ble, a. [L. amicabilis; amicus, & friend.] 
 
 Friendly; kind; obliging. 
 Am'i-ca-ble-ness, n. Friendliness. 
 Am'i-ca-bly, ad. In an amicable manner. 
 Am'ice (am'is), it. [In the first sense from L. 
 amietus, a wrap; ambi, about, and jacere, to 
 throw; in the second, for aumuce; Ger. miitee, 
 cap.] The undermost part of a priest's shoulder- 
 cloth or alb : — a friar's hood. 
 Am'ict, n. (Eccl.) Same as Amice. 
 A-mid', \prep. [L. medium; Eng. middle.] In 
 A-midst', J the midst of; mingled with; among; 
 
 surrounded by. 
 Am'ide, n. [From ammonia.'] One of a certain 
 
 series of ammonia compounds. 
 A-mid' ships, ad. In the middle of the ship. 
 Am'ine, n. [From ammonia.] One of a certain 
 
 series of ammonia compounds. 
 A-mir\ ». See Ameer. 
 
 4-miss', ad. [See Miss.] Faultily; wrong; im- 
 " properly. 
 
 A-mis-si-bll'i-ty, n. [L. amUtere, amissum, to 
 lose.] The capability or possibility of being 
 lost, [r.] 
 Am'i-ty, n. [Fr. amide; L. amicitia.] Friend- 
 ship; good will; harmony. 
 Am-mo'ni-a, n. [From Ammonia, in Libya; named 
 from Amuii, an old Egyptian god.] A volatile 
 alkali. 
 Am-mo'ni-ac, n. & a. A gum resin: — the name 
 
 of two drugs, gum ammoniac and sal ammoniac. 
 Am-mo-nl'a-cal, a. Containing ammonia. 
 Am'mon-Ite, n. [From cornu Ammonis, "Am- 
 nion's horn;" Jupiter Amnion, the Amun of 
 Egypt, wore rani's horns.] A kind of fossil shell. 
 Am-mb'ni-um, n. The hypothetical radical of 
 
 ammonia. 
 Am-moph'i-lous, a. [Gr. d/xju-o?, sand, and <£<.'ao?, 
 loving.] (Bot.) Growing spontaneously on sandy 
 soil. 
 Am-mu-ni"tion (am-mu-nish'un), n. [See Muni- 
 tion.] Military stores, as powder, balls, shells 
 &c. 
 Am'nes-ty, n. [Gr. d/avijo-rt'a, oblivion.] An act 
 of general pardon.— 2, v. a. [pp. amnestying, 
 amnestied.] To give amnesty to. 
 A-mce'ba, n. [Gr. djuot/Brj, change: its shape in 
 life changes constanlly.] The lowest organiza- 
 tion known to zoologists, consisting of little 
 more than a mere lump of jelly. 
 Am-ce-bse'an, a. [Gr. d,uo<./3a.io?, changing.] Re- 
 sponsive ; alternating. 
 A-moe'bi-form, ) a. [See Amceba, supra.] Re- 
 A-moe'boid, J sembling an amoeba. 
 A-moe'bous, a. Of or relating to the amoeba. 
 A-mok', n. [Malay.] Same as Amuck. 
 A-niong', "I prep. [0. E. amang, gemang ; from 
 A-mongst', f the root of mingle.] Mingled with; 
 
 conjoined with; amidst. 
 A-mon-til-la/do (a-mon-tel-ya'do), n. [Sp.] A dry 
 
 sherry wine. 
 Am'o-rous, a. [L. amorosus, from amor, love.] 
 Relating to or inclined to love; enamoured; 
 _ full of love; loving:— lustful. 
 Am'o-roQs-ljr, ad. In an amorous manner. 
 
 Am'o-rous-ness, n. Lovingness ; fondness. 
 A-morph', n. A formless body. 
 A-mbr'phi§m, u. Shapelessness; want of a regu- 
 lar form. 
 A-mb'r'phous, a. [Gr. dp.op4>os ; d, negative, and 
 
 p.op$Tq, form.] Shapeless; without form. 
 A-mbr'tise, or A-mbr'tlze. v. a. [Fr. amortir; L. 
 ad, to, and mors, mortis, death.] [pp. amortising, 
 amortised.] To transfer to mortmain ; to alien: 
 — to pay off. 
 A-mbr-ti-za/tion, \n. (Laic.) The right, or act, 
 A-mbr'tize-ment, J of transferring lauds. 
 A-mbunt', v. n. [Obs. Fr. amonter, amounter, to 
 mount up; L. ad, to, and m-ons, mentis, a hill.] 
 [pp. amounting, amounted.] To rise to; to 
 compose. — 2, n. The aggregate ; sum. 
 A-mour', n. [Fr. ; L. amor A An affair of love; 
 
 intrigue. 
 Am'per-sand, n. [For "and per se and," the old 
 formula for naming the character &, meaning 
 "&, by itself, stands fur and."] The character 
 ^ & (for and). 
 
 Am'phi. [Gr. ; cf. L. ambo.] A prefix in words 
 of Greek origin, signifying around, abuut, on 
 both sides, kc. 
 Am-phib'i-a, n. pi. [Gr. d/u$i, both, double, and 
 /3to5, life. | The class of animals to which frogs, 
 toads, and newts belong. 
 Am-phib'i-an, n. An amphibious animal; a ba- 
 
 trachian. 
 Am-phib'i-ous, a. Having the faculty of living 
 
 in two elements, air and water. 
 Am-phib'i-ous-ness (am-f ib'e-us-nes\ n. Capa- 
 bility of living in two different elements. 
 Am-phib-o-log'i-cal, a. Ambiguous. 
 Am-phi-bol'o-gy, n. [Gr. d/u.0i,8oAta, ambiguity, 
 
 and \6yos, speech.] Ambiguous discourse. 
 Am'phi-braph (am'fe-brak), «. [Ur. d/u<£i, on 
 either side, and (Spa^vs, short,] (Prosody.) A 
 foot consisting of three syllables, the middle one 
 long, the other two short. 
 Am-phi-car'pic, \ a. [Gr. an4>C, both, and icap- 
 Am-phi-car'pous, J ttos, fruit.] (Bot.) Bearing 
 fruit of two kinds, either as regards form or 
 period of ripening. 
 Am-phi-coe'lous, o. [Gr. ap.<f>i, both, and kocAo?, 
 hollow.] (Anat.) Noting vertebrae hollow at 
 both ends. 
 Am-phic-ty-on'ic, a. [Gr. d.u^iKTu'ofe?, "thev 
 that dwell around;" "neighbors;" a council of 
 adjacent states.] Relating to the council of the 
 Amphictyons in ancient Greece. 
 Am'phide, n, [Gr. a^i, double.] (Chem.) A 
 
 compound consisting of a base and an acid. 
 Am-phi-l'e'an, a. [Gr. d^i, around, and yrj, the 
 earth.] Relating to or extending over all the 
 zones of the globe. 
 Am'phi-go-ry. n. [Gr. ap.<f)L, about, and ayopev- 
 eiv, to speak.] A burlesque composition with a 
 show of meaning, but in reality nonsensical. 
 Am-phi-ox'us. »?. [Gr. d^t, at both ends, and 
 bi-vs, sharp.] The lancelet, a fish of low or- 
 ganization. 
 Am-phis-bae'na, n. [Gr. d/u.<£t?, both ways, and 
 Paiveiv, to go.] A fabled serpent which had a 
 head at either end: — a kind of snake-like 
 lizard. 
 Am-phis'ci-I (am-f Ish'e-i), n. pL [L. ; Gr. d/uwtt, 
 on both sides, and a<ia, shadow.] Inhabitants 
 of the torrid zone, whose shadows fall part of 
 the year north and part of the year south. 
 Am-phi-the'a-tre (Am-fe-the'a-ter^, „. [L. amphi- 
 theatrum ; Gr. afxfyl, around, and Qearpov, thea- 
 tre.] A building of a circular or oval form, 
 having its area encompassed with rows of seats, 
 _ one above another, and used for public shows. 
 Am-phi-the-at'ri-cal, a. Relating to an amphi- 
 theatre, or to exhibitions in an amphitheatre. 
 Am-phit'ry-on, n. [A Greek hero, who gives 
 name to comedies of Plautus, Moliere, and 
 others.] A host; an entertainer. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bfill, bur, rule, use.-p, g, c, g, soft; p, p, p, £, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 
 
AMPHOKA 
 
 64 
 
 ANAESTHETIZE 
 
 Am'pho-ra, n. [L. ; Gr. d/u.<£i, on both 
 sides,'and <pepeiv, to carry ; it had two 
 handles.] An ancient wine-flask. 
 
 Am'ple, a. [L. ampins.] Large ; wide ; 
 extended ; spacious ; broad : — abun- 
 dant ; plentiful ; sufficiently copious. 
 
 Am-plec'tant, a, [L. amplecti, amplec- 
 tans, to 'embrace; ambo, about, and 
 plectere, to twine.] (Bot.) Clasping; 
 embracing, as the tendril of a plant. 
 
 Am-plex'i-caul, a. [L. amplecti, am- Amphora. 
 plexus, and caulis, stem.] (Bot.) Clasping the 
 stem. 
 
 Am'pli-a-tive, a. [L. ampliare, to widen.] Add- 
 ing to' or amplifying what is already known; 
 amplificatory. 
 
 Am-pli-f i-ca'tion, n. [L. amplification The act 
 of amplifying"; enlargement ; diffuseness ; aug- 
 mentation, [large; ampliative. 
 
 Am-plif i-ca-to-ry, a. Serving to amplify or en- 
 
 Am'pli-f I-er, n. One who amplifies. 
 
 Am'plj-fy, v. a. [L. amplificare ; ampins, large.] 
 [pp.' amplifying, amplified.] To enlarge; to 
 extend ; to dilate ; to speak or write diffusely. — 
 2, v. n. To speak at large ; to dilate. 
 
 Am'pli-tiide, n. Extent; largeness; capacity; 
 copiousness: — an arc of the horizon. 
 
 Am'ply, ad. Largely ; liberally ; copiously. 
 
 Am'pu-tate, v. a. [L. amputare; ambo, around, 
 and putare, to pruue.] [pp. amputating, ampu- 
 tated. ] To cut off, as a limb. 
 
 Am-pu-ta'tion, n. The act of amputating: — the 
 act of cutting off a limb or part of the body. 
 
 Am'pyx, n. [Gr., 
 from afi— e^eiv, to 
 put around ; dfx(j>i, 
 around, and e'xet-v, 
 to have.] A band or 
 plate of metal once 
 worn upon the fore- 
 head by Grecian la- 
 dies of rank. 
 
 Am'ri-ta, In. [Skr., 
 
 Am-ree'ta, J immor- 
 tal; cf. Gr. auflpo- 
 to?, immortal; a, An W x - 
 
 privative, and the root of mors, mortis, death.] 
 (Hind. Myth.) The juice of the sacred plant 
 Soma; the beverage of the gods. [frenzy. 
 
 A-muck', n. A Malay term for slaughter and 
 
 Am'u-let, «. [L. amuletvm ; possibly connected 
 with Arab. himalah. to carry.] Something worn 
 to protect from injury ; a charm. 
 
 A-mu§e', v. a. [Fr. amuser.] [pp. amusing, 
 amused.] To entertain; to divert; to beguile. 
 
 Syn.— To arrrnse is to entertain by drawing the 
 attention to. and to divert is to draw the atten- 
 tion from our present occupation. To be be- 
 guiled is the effect of being amused. 
 
 A-muse'ment, n. That which amuses ; diversion; 
 sport; recreation. 
 
 Syn.— Amusement in reading or gardening; di- 
 version at a public show; entertainment at the 
 theatre or a concert ; recreation at the game of 
 cricket. 
 
 A-mus'ing, a. Affording am usement; diverting. 
 
 A-mu'sive, a. Amusing; diverting. 
 
 A-myg-da-lif er-ous, a. [L. amygdala, almond, 
 and ferr'e, to bear.] Producing almonds. 
 
 A-myg'da-line, a. [L. amygdalinus ; Gr. dixvySd- 
 A.1V05.] ' Resembling almonds. 
 
 A-myg'da-lbid, n. A species of trap rock. — 2, a. 
 Almond-shaped. 
 
 Am'yl, n. [Badly formed from Gr. dju.vA.ov, starch, 
 and" vAtj, principle.] (Chem.) The radical of 
 fusel-oil. — 2, o. Containing, or derived from, 
 fusel-oil. 
 
 Am-y-la'ceous (-shus), «. Like starch; starchy; 
 containing," resembling, or relating to starch. 
 
 Am'y-lene, n. (Chem.) A colorless, mobile liquid 
 obtained by distilling amyl alcohol. 
 
 A-myl'ic, a. Derived from starch. 
 
 Am'y-loid, a. [L. amylwm; Gr. d/ivAov, starch.] 
 Of the nature of starch. 
 
 An. [A form of the numeral one: Scot, ane; Fr. 
 w«.] The same with the article a. — The article 
 a must be used before all words beginning with 
 a consonant or a consonant sound, as a man, a 
 unit, a oneness; and the article an must be used 
 before all words beginning with a vowel, except 
 such as begin with the sound of u long, or a 
 consonant sound; before words beginning with 
 Amute, as, an hour, an heir, &c. ; and, according 
 to many authorities, before words where the in- 
 itial h is not mute, if the accent is on the second 
 syllable, as, an heroic action, an historical account, 
 &c. ; but many writers and speakers violate this 
 rule in cases of the kind just named, using a in- 
 stead of an. — An, by the old writers, is often 
 used for if. 
 
 A'na, ad. [Gr.] A word used in the prescriptions 
 of physicians, importing in the like quantity. 
 
 A'na. A Latin termination annexed to the names 
 of'authors to denote a collection of their memo- 
 rable sayings ; as, Johnsoniana. 
 
 An-a-bap'tist, n. [Gr. dvd, anew, and /3a7rTi£eiv, 
 to baptize.] One who allows of, and maintains, 
 rebaptizing. 
 
 A-nab'a-sis, n, [Gr. for "ascent;" ova, up, and 
 /SaiVeiv, to go.] The expedition of the younger 
 Cyrus into Central Asia; — hence, any similar 
 military expedition : — the increase of a disease ; 
 a paroxysm. 
 
 An-a-bat'ic, a. Of or pertaining to an anabasis. 
 
 An-aph'o-ret, \ n, [Gr. dvaxcoprjTTj? • avd, apart, 
 
 ^.n-aph'o-rlte, J and x w peeiv, to retire.] A soli- 
 tary monk ; a hermit ; an anchoret. 
 
 An-aph'o-ri§m, n. [Gr. dvd, back, against, and 
 Xtopiov", place.] An expression, practice, or the 
 like, inconsistent with the country to which it 
 is referred, [it.] 
 
 An-aph'ro-ni§m, n. [Gr. avd, back, against, and 
 Xpovos, time.] An error in chronology or in re- 
 spect of date. 
 
 An-ach-ro-nls'tic, a. Containing anachronism. 
 
 An-a-clas'tics, ii. pi, [Gr. avd, back, and /cAdeiv, 
 to break.] Dioptrics. 
 
 An-a-cce-no'sis, n, [Gr. dvd, back, and xoivoeiv, 
 to "make common.] A figure of rhetoric, by which 
 the speaker appeals to his opponent. 
 
 An-a-co-lu'thon, n. [Gr. dv, not, and dfcdAovflos, 
 following.] A sentence without grammatical se- 
 quence. 
 
 An-a-con'da, n. [Probably Tamil anaikkonda, ele- 
 phant-killer: — the name was once applied to an 
 Indian python, but is now given to a South 
 American boa.] A very large serpent. 
 
 A-nac-re-on'tic, a. [From Anacreon, a Greek poet.] 
 Relating to Anacreon : — amatory and convivial. 
 
 An'a-dem, n. [Gr. dvaSri/xa, hair-band; dvd, up, 
 back, and 6*e'eiv, to bind.] A wreath of flowers; 
 a garland ; a diadem. 
 
 An-a-di-plo'sis, n. [Gr. dvd, back, and SiirXoeiv, 
 to double.] ' (Bhet.) The repetition of the last 
 word in a verse. 
 
 A-nad'ro-mous, a. [Gr. dvd, up, and Spojuo?, run- 
 ning.]' Ascending rivers to spawn, as the shad. 
 
 A-nse'mi-a, n. [L. ; Gr. dv, privative, and al/xa, 
 
 ' blood.] ' A morbid diminution of the amount 
 of blood, or an impoverishment of the blood, in 
 the system. 
 
 A-nsem'ic, a. Of or pertaining to, or character- 
 ized by, anaemia. 
 
 An-ses-the'si-a, n. [Gr. dv, privative, and aitr- 
 6-qo-is, sensation.] Want or loss of feeling or 
 sensation, either natural or induced. 
 
 An-ses-thet'ic, a. Having the power of depriving 
 of sensation or of pain. — 2, n. A substance 
 having the power of depriving of sensation. 
 
 A-nses'the-tlze, v. a. [pp. anaesthetizing, anaes- 
 thetized.] To put under the influence of an an- 
 aesthetic. 
 
 o, u, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, f&st, fall ; heir, her; 
 
ANAGLYPH 
 
 65 
 
 ANCIPITAL 
 
 An'a-glyph, n. [Gr. dvay\v$r, ; dvd, up (in re- 
 lief), unci y\v<f>ecv, to carve.] An ornament in 
 low relief. 
 
 An-a-glyph'ic, H. Relating to anaglyphs :— 
 
 An-a-glyph'i-cal, J opposed to diaglyphic. 
 
 An-a-glyp'tic, a. Relating to anaglyphs. 
 
 An-a-gog'i-cal, a. Mysterious; mystical. 
 
 An'a-go-£-y., n. [Gr. avayiayrj ; dvd, up, and 
 dy'e°v, to lead.] Mystical interpretation. 
 
 An'a-gram, n. [Gr. ova, over again, and ypdp.p.a, 
 writing; ypdfyeiv, to write.] The change of 
 one word into another by the transposition of 
 its letters. 
 
 An-a-gram-mat'jc, 1 Relating to anagrams. 
 
 An-a-gram-mat l-cal, J 
 
 A'nal, a.' [L. nrnxs, vent.] Pertaining to, or situ- 
 ated near, the vent. 
 
 An-a-lec'tic, a. Collected together. 
 
 An'a-lectsi n. pi. [L. analecta; Gr. avd, up, and 
 \iyeiv. to gather.] Fragments collected from 
 authors ; select pieces ; gleanings. 
 
 An-a-lep'tie, n. [Gr. dvd, up, and \ap.$dveiv, to 
 take ; Atjatiko?, taking.] A restorative medicine. 
 
 An-a-lof'i-cal, a. Having analogy ; analogous. 
 
 A-nal'o-gize, v. a. To explain by analogy. 
 
 A-nal'o-gon, \n. [Gr. dvdkoyov.] A thing 
 
 An' a-logue (-log), J analogous to or resembling 
 another. 
 
 A-nal'o-gous, a. Having analogy ; similar. 
 
 A-nal'o-gy, ra. [Gr. dvakoyla ; dvd, up to, and 
 \6yos, proportion, or account.] Proportion or 
 parallelism between things which are in some 
 respects different ; resemblance; similarity. 
 
 An'a-lyse, v. a. Same as Analyze. 
 
 A-nal'y-sis, n. ; pi. A-nal'y-ses. [Gr. dvd\va-t<; ; 
 avd, back again, and \veiv, to loosen.] The 
 resolution of any thing into its first elements or 
 component parts: —opposed to synthesis, which is 
 the union of the component parts to form a 
 compound. 
 Synthesis is composition ; analysis is decomposition. 
 
 An'a-lyst, n. One who analyzes; an analyzer. 
 
 An-a-lyt'ic, \a. Pertaining to analysis; re- 
 
 An-a-lyt'j-cal, J solving into first elements. 
 
 An-a-lyt'ics," n. pi. The art of analyzing. 
 
 An-a-lyz'a-ble, a. That may be analyzed. 
 
 An'a-lyze, v. a. [pp. analyzing, analyzed.] To 
 resolve into constituents or elements; to decom- 
 
 An'a-lyz-er, n. One wlio analyzes. [pose. 
 
 An-a-mbVphism, ». (Biological.) Progression 
 from a lower type to a higher; anamorphosis. 
 
 An-a-mor-pho'sis, or An-a-mor'pho-sis [an-a- 
 mor-fo's'is, S. W. J. E. F. K. • aii-a-nibr'fo-sTs, P. 
 Jii. Ma.' St. Sm.], n. [Gr. avd, back, and p.op- 
 <f>6eiv, to shape; p.opj>ri, form.] A perspective 
 projection of any thing so that to the eye, at one 
 point of view, it shail appear d '.-formed, at an- 
 other, an exact representation. 
 
 A-na'nas, n. [Peruvian, nanas.] The pine-apple. 
 
 A-nan'ther-oiis, «. [Gr. av, negative, and an- 
 ther.] (Bot.) Without anthers. 
 
 A-nan'thous. a. [Gr. av, negative, and dv6o<;, 
 flower.] Without flowers ; flowerless. 
 
 An'a-pest, 1>. [Gr. avdiraKXTO';, reversed; dvd, 
 back, and waieiv, to strike : — it is a reversed 
 dactyl.] (Rhet.) A metrical foot, containing two 
 short syllables and one long one. 
 
 An-a-pes' tic, a. Relating to the anapest. 
 
 A-naph'o-ra, n. [Gr. dvd, back, and (/>e'peiv, to 
 carry.]' (Rhet.) A repetition of words at the 
 beginning of sentences. 
 
 A-naph-ro-di"si-a, n. [Gr. ac, negative, and 
 a^poStVia, venei-y ] Absence of venereal appe- 
 tite ; sexual impotence. 
 
 A-naph-ro-di"si-ac, n. See Antaphrodtsiao. 
 
 A-nar'phic, 1 a. Relating to anarchy ; disor- 
 
 t-n'ar'phi-cal. j derly ; confused. 
 n'ar-phisni (an'ar-kizm), n. Anarchy. 
 An'ar-phist, n. A promoter of anarchy. 
 An'ar-ehize, v. a. [pp. anarchizing, anarchized.] 
 To bring into anarchy, [r.] 
 
 An'ar-chy, n. [Gr. dvapxla ; av, negative, and 
 ap'xos, leader.] Absence of government; disorder. 
 
 An-a-sar'ca, n. [Gr. dvd, throughout, and adptj, 
 crdpKa, the fiesh.] A species of dropsy. 
 
 An-a-sar'cous, a. Relating to anasarca.. 
 
 An-as-tat'ic', a. [Gr. dvd, up, and root ara-, to 
 siand.] Noting a process of printing from plates 
 in relief. 
 
 A-nas'to-mose, v. n. [pp. anastomosing, anasto- 
 
 ' mosed!] To intercommunicate. 
 
 A-nas-to-mo'sis, n. ; ph A-nas-to-mo'ses. [Gr. 
 dvaaTop-oetv,' to furnish with an outlet, to open 
 up ; <TT6p.a, mouth.] An intercommunication by 
 branches. 
 
 A-nath'e-ma, n. [Gr. ; originally, a thing set up 
 
 " or apart, a thing devoted ; later, a thing ac- 
 cursed; dvd, up, and root de-, to place.] An 
 ecclesiastical curse. 
 
 A-nath'e-ma-tlze, v. a. [pp. anathematizing, 
 anathematized.] To pronounce accursed; to 
 curse. [section. 
 
 An-a-tom'i-cal, a. Belonging to anatomy or dis- 
 
 An-a-tom'i-cal-ly, ad. In an anatomical manner. 
 
 A-nat'o-mist,'n. 'One skilled in anatomy. 
 
 A-nat'o-mize, v. a. [pp. anatomizing, anatomized.] 
 
 " To dissect, as the body. 
 
 A-nat'o-my, n. [Gr. avaro^ ; dvd, up, and 
 
 ' rip-viiv, To/u-, to cut.] The art of dissecting an 
 animal body :— the knowledge or doctrine of the 
 organized body : — a skeleton. 
 
 A-nat'ro-pous, a. [Gr. dvd, up, and Tpe-n-eiv, rpo- 
 
 ' ttos, to turn.] (Bot.) Shaped so that the apex 
 of the nucleus points to the base of the ovule. 
 
 An-at'to, n. [Probably a South American name.] 
 An orange coloring matter. 
 
 An'ces-tor, n. [0. F. ancestre; L. antecessor. — See 
 Antecede.] A progenitor; a forefather. 
 
 An'ce3-tral [an'ses-tral, S. W. P. J. K. Sm. ; an- 
 ses'tral, ' Ja. H. St. L Mu.]. a. Relating to an- 
 
 An'ces-tress, n. A female ancestor. [castors. 
 
 An'ces-try, n. Lineage; series of ancestors. 
 
 Anph'or (angk'ur), n. [L. an- 
 chora; Gr. dytvpa; akin to 
 ANGX.E.] A heavy iron to hold 
 a ship or other vessel : — cause 
 of security. — 2, r. n. [pp. an- 
 choring, anchored.] To cast 
 anchor.— 3, v. a. To place at 
 anchor; to fix. 
 
 Aneh'or-af-e (angk'ur-aj\ n. Ground for anchor- 
 ing in : — a duty paid for anchoring. 
 
 Anph'o-ress, n. A female recluse. 
 
 Anph'o-ret (angk'o-ret), ) n. [See Anachorkt.] A 
 
 Anch'o-rite (angk'o-rit\ ) recluse; a monk. 
 
 Aneh'or-Ice. n. Ice formed at the bottom of a 
 stream ; ground-ice ; ground-grue. 
 
 Anch'o-ri-tism, n. The condition of an ancho- 
 rite ;' seclusion from the world. 
 
 An-cho'vy. ». [Sp. anchova, perhaps from Basque 
 antzua, dried.] A little sea-fish, used for sauce. 
 
 An'chy-lose. v. n. [Gr. dyKvXuicrt<;, joint-stiffening; 
 ayKvXo?, crooked ; root of angle.] [pp. anchy- 
 losing, anchylosed.] To stiffen, as a diseased 
 joint. 
 
 An'cient (an'shent) [an'shent, fit, TT'. J. F. Ja. K. 
 Sm.R.; an'shent, P.], a. [Ft. ancicn : Late L. 
 antianns, from ante, before.] Old; not modern; 
 of old time; antique; antiquated. — 2. n. A 
 patriarch: — [a form of ensign] an ensign: — a 
 standard-bearer. 
 
 Syn. — Ancient history ; old age ; antique piece 
 of art; antiquated customs. 
 
 An'cient-ly (an'shent-le), ad. In old times. 
 
 An'cients, «. pi. Old men : — men who lived in 
 ancient times : — opposed to modems. 
 
 An'cil-la-ry, a. [L. ancilla, handmaid; 0. L. 
 ancus, anca, a servant.] Subservient; subordi- 
 nate: — belonging to a handmaid. 
 
 An-cip'i-tal, a. [L. artceps, ancipitis, two-headed; 
 cm for ambo, double, and the root of caput, head.] 
 Having two opposite edges. 
 
 Anchor. 
 
 mien, sir; move, nor, 
 e 
 
 son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — Q, Q, c, g, soft; p, p-, p, g, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 
 
 6* 
 
AND 
 
 66 
 
 ANGBY 
 
 Andirons. 
 andier, now Ian- 
 
 And, conj. [Fris. and ; Ger. und.] A particle im- 
 plying addition, by which sentences or terms are 
 joined. 
 
 An-dan'te, a. [It., from cm- 
 dare, to move.] (Mus.) Slow; 
 exact. — 2, n. (Mus.) A piece 
 or movement in andante time. 
 
 An-de'an, or An' dine, a. Per- 
 taining to the Andes. 
 
 And'i-ron (and'I-urn), n. [This 
 form, 'like endiron and hand- 
 iron, is a corruption of the Fi 
 dier (called locally andain), a fire-dog.] An iron 
 utensil to lay wood on in a fireplace. 
 
 An-drog'y.-nal, ) a, [Gr. dvopoyvvos ; b-vr\p, av- 
 
 An-drog'y-nous, J Spot, man, and ywij, woman.] 
 Having two sexes ; hermaphroditical ; effeminate. 
 
 An-drog'y-nism, n. Hermaphrodism. 
 
 An'drbid, a. [Gr. av&poeiSijs, man-like.] Resem- 
 bling a man or male. 
 
 An-droph'a-gous, a. [Gr. avSpocfaayos ; dvrjp, iv- 
 Spos, man, and cpdyeiy, to eat.] Addicted to can- 
 nibalism ; man-eating. 
 
 An'dro-sphinx, n. [Gr. di/5po<r</>iy|.] (Egypt. Ant.) 
 A sphinx combining a lion's body with the head 
 of a mau. 
 
 A-near', «. & ad. Near; nigh. 
 
 A-neath' (or a-nath'), prep. & ad. Beneath. 
 
 An-ec-do'tal, a. Of or relating to anecdotes. 
 
 An'ec-dote, n. [Gr. aven&oTa, things not pub- 
 lished ; av, not, e/c, out, and StSovai, to give.] 
 A narrative of an incident or fact. 
 
 Syn. — Amusing anecdotes; entertaining stories. 
 Anecdotes for men ; stories for children. 
 
 An-ec-dot'i-cal, a. Relative to anecdotes. 
 
 A-nlle', v.'a. ' [0. E. an, on, and ele, oil.] [pp. 
 
 ' aneling, aneled.] To anoint; to give extreme 
 
 unction to. [electric. 
 
 An-e-lec'tric, a. [An, negative, and electric] Not 
 
 An'e-mo- dyn-a-mom'e-ter, re. [Gr. dj/epos, wind, 
 Suvapis, power, and p-erpov, measure.] The 
 same as Anemometer. 
 
 A-nem'o-graph, n. [Gr. dvepo?, wind, and ypd- 
 <£eiv, to record.] An apparatus which registers 
 the amount and variations of the wind's force. 
 
 An-e-mom'e-ter. n. [Gr. dvepos, wind, and pe- 
 rpov, measure.] An instrument to measure the 
 strength or velocity of the wind. 
 
 A-nem'o-ne, n. [Gr. aveixwvr), wind's daughter; 
 dveju.05, wind ; -wvr\ implies descent in the female 
 line.] A plant; the wind-flower. 
 
 A-nem'o-scope, n. [Gr. d^e/ao?, wind, and root 
 
 " 07C07T-," to see.] An instrument to show the 
 course of the wind. 
 
 An-end', a. & ad. Continuously : — on end: — 
 straight on. 
 
 A-nent', prep. [0. E. on efen, "on even" with; 
 Ger. neben.] Concerning; about. 
 
 An'e-roid, a. [Gr. d, privative, and vnpo*;, wet.] 
 Containing no liquid. 
 
 A-net'ic, a. [Gr. dven/co?, relaxing; dvievcu, to 
 
 " remit; literally, to send up or let up.] (Med.) 
 Anodyne : soothing. 
 
 An'eu-rism (an'u-rizm), n. [Gr. dveupvcpa, dila- 
 tation ; avd, up, and evpvveiv, to widen ; evpv?, 
 wide.] (Med.) A tumor formed by morbid dila- 
 tation of an artery. 
 
 A-new', ad. Over again; again; newly. 
 
 £.n-fract-u-os'i-ty, n. [L. anfractuosus, winding; 
 an for arribo, about, and frangere, fractus, to 
 break.] A winding passage : — circuitousness. 
 
 An'gel, n. [Gr. dyyeAog, messenger; L. angelw.] 
 A messenger :— a celestial spirit:— a beautiful 
 person : — a gold coin. — 2, a. Resembling angels ; 
 angelical. 
 
 An'gel-hood (-hud), n. The condition of an angel. 
 
 An-£el'ie, } a. Belonging to angels; of the 
 
 An-|el'i-cal, J nature of angels. 
 
 An-fel'i-Qa. re. [Named for its supposed angelical 
 or miraculously curative qualities.] An aromatic 
 plant. 
 
 An'§-el-lights (dits), n. pi. Upper lights in a 
 perpendicular window. 
 
 An-gel-ol'a-try, «. [Angel, and Gr. Aarpeia, 
 worship.] Angel-worship. 
 
 An-£el-ol'o-gy, n. [Angel, and Gr. Aoyos, trea- 
 
 _ tise.] A treatise on angels. 
 
 An'ge-lfis, n. [L., from its first word.] (Bom. 
 Cath. Church.) A prayer to the Yirgin ; a sum- 
 mons to this prayer by a bell. 
 
 An' ger (ang'gur), n. [Old Norse, angr, straitened, 
 troubled; iiuyur, anguish.— Cf. L. angere, to vex.] 
 Violent passion ; resentment ; rage ; ire ; choler : 
 — pain.— 2, v. a. [pp. angering, angered.] To 
 make angry. 
 
 An'ge-vin, a. Of or relating to Anjou. — 2, n. A 
 native of Anjou. 
 
 An'gi-na (or an-ji'na), n. [L. ; cf. angere, to vex, 
 to choke; Gr. dy^ovTj, strangling.] A disease in 
 the throat. 
 
 An'gd-na pec'to-ris, n. [L.] (Med.) A dangerous 
 disease, connected with the ossification, or other 
 morbid affection, of the heart; breast-pang. 
 
 An-gd-ol'o-£y, n. [Gr. dyyos, or dyyeiov, vessel, 
 and Aoyos, treatise.] (Med.) A treatise on the 
 vessels of the animal body. 
 
 An-gi-ot'o-my, n. [Gr. dyyeiov, vessel, and Te'p- 
 
 _ veiv, to cut.] The act of cutting blood-vessels. 
 
 An'gle (ang'gl), n. [L. angu- 
 lum, corner: cf. Gr. dy/co?, 
 a bend.] The space in- 
 cluded between two lines 
 that meet in a point; a point Angles. 
 
 where two lines meet:— a fishing-hook. — 2, y. n. 
 
 _ pp. angling, angled.] To fish with a rod and 
 
 An'gler, n. One who angles. [hook. 
 
 An'gli-can, a. [Late L. Anglvs, Englishman; 
 Anglicanvs, English; in olden times Anglvs was 
 one of the Angles, or people of Angeln (or Ah- 
 glen), in Holstein.] Relating to England: Eng- 
 lish:— specifically, noting the High Church sec- 
 tion of the Church of England. — 2, n. A mem- 
 ber of the Church of England. 
 
 An'gli-can-ism, n. The principles of Anglicans, 
 or of the English Church. 
 
 An'gli-cism, n. An English idiom or phrase. 
 
 An'gli-cize, w. «. [pp. Anglicizing, Anglicized.] 
 To make English. 
 
 An'gling, n. The art of fishing with a rod. 
 
 An'glo. A prefix signifying English or connected 
 with the ancient Angles; as, Anglo-American, 
 Anglo-Saxon. [English parentage. 
 
 An'glo-A-mer'i-can, n. A native of America of 
 
 An-glo-ma'ni-a. n. [See Anglo and Mania.] An 
 excessive ai tachment to, or respect for, England 
 or English institutions. 
 
 An-glo-pho'bi-a, n. [Anglo (17. v.) and Gr. </>dj8o?, 
 fear," or flight.'] Dread or dislike of England. 
 
 An'glo-Sax'on, re. [The Angles (see Anglican 
 and 'English) and Saxom were the leading 
 tribes among the 
 Low German con- 
 querors of Souih- 
 ern Britain.] One 
 of the old English 
 race ; an English 
 Saxon: — the old- 
 est English form of i 
 Teutonic speech. 
 An-go'ra goat, n. 
 A variety of goat 
 found near An- 
 gora, in Asia Mi- 
 nor, remarkable for its long, fine, silky hair. 
 An-go'ra wool (wul), n. The wool of the Angora 
 goat; mohair. 
 
 An'gri-ly, ad. In an angry manner. 
 An'gry. (ang'gre), a. [See Anger.] Excited by 
 anger; provoked : — very painful, as a sore. 
 
 Syn. — Angry feeling ; proroked by injury ; pas- 
 sionate or choleric disposition ; hasty or irascible 
 temper. 
 
 a, e, 1, 0, u, y, long ; a, e, 1, 0, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y., obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
ANGUILLIFOEM 
 
 67 
 
 ANNUITANT 
 
 An-guil'li-fb'rm, a. [L. anguilla, an eel.] Formed 
 like an eel. 
 
 An'gulsh (ang'gwish), n. [L. angustia, compres- 
 sion; angustus, narrow; anger?, to strangle.] 
 Great pain of mind or body ; agony ; pang ; se- 
 vere pain. 
 
 An'guish-ing, a. Tormenting ; distressing. 
 
 An'gu-lar, a. [L. angularis.] Having angles or 
 corners. 
 
 An-gii-lar'i-ty, \n. Quality or state of being 
 
 An'gii-lar-ness, j angular. 
 
 An'gii-lat-ed, a. Formed with angles. 
 
 An-hy'dride, n. (Ghem.) An acid without the 
 elements of water ; an acid without hydrogen. 
 
 An-hy'drous, a. [Gr. avvboos, from vSwp, water.] 
 Destitute'of water. 
 
 A-nigh' (a-ni'), ad. Nigh. [Poet.] 
 
 An'ile, a. [L. anilis, from anus, an old woman.] 
 Like an old woman; doting. 
 
 An'iles, n. pi. (Ghem.) Compounds formed by 
 the union of aniline with bibasic acids and the 
 abstraction of water. 
 
 An'i-line, or An'i-line, n. [Late L. anil, or nil, 
 indigo; Arab, a'n-nil; Skr. nihil, blue.] A color- 
 less, oily, poisonous liquid, prepared from gas- 
 tar, and yielding dyes of unrivalled beauty. 
 
 A-nii'i-ty, n. The state of being an old woman ; 
 dotage. 
 
 An-i-mad-ver'sion, n. Act of animadverting; 
 reproof; censure; stricture: — observation. 
 
 Syn. — Animadversion includes censure and re- 
 proof; a-iticism implies scrutiny and judgment, 
 either for or against; stricture implies some ex- 
 amination, mingled with censure. 
 
 An-i-mad-ve'rt', r. n. [L. animadvertere ; animum, 
 mind, ad, to, and vertere, to turn.] [pp. ani- 
 madverting, animadverted.] To notice: — to 
 censure. 
 
 An'i-mal, n. [L., from avium, breath; cf. Gr. 
 ave/Aos, air, wind.] A creature having an on- 
 ganized body, life, sensation, and voluntary 
 motion. — 2, a. That belongs to animals. 
 
 Syn. — All organized bodies endued with life 
 and voluntary motion are animals; and the term 
 may include man, though it is in common lan- 
 guage restricted to irrational creatures. Bride* 
 and beasts are irrational animals, and the terms 
 are commonly restricted to quadrupeds; as, 
 beasts of burden ; brutes jf the forest. 
 
 An-i-mal'cu-lar, 1 a. Relating to or resembling 
 
 An-i-mal'cu-line, j animalcules. 
 
 An-i-mal'cule. n. A minute animal. 
 
 An-i-mal'cu-list, n. One versed in the science of 
 animalcules or animalcula. 
 
 An-i-mal'cu-liim, n. ; pi. An-i-maL'cu-la. [L. ; 
 dim. of animal.] An animalcule. 
 
 An'i-mal-ism, n. Animal nature; sensuality. 
 
 An-i-mal'i-ty, n. Animal existence. 
 
 An'i-mal-Ize, v. a. [ pp. annualizing, animalized.] 
 To sensualize, to debase. 
 
 An'i-mal mag'net-ism, n. Mesmerism. 
 
 An'i-mate, v. a. [L. animare, animatus, from ani- 
 mus, spirit.] [pp. animating, animated.] To 
 quicken; to make alive; to encourage; to en- 
 liven ; to exhilarate. 
 
 An'i-mate, a. Possessing life ; animated. 
 
 An'i-mat-ed, p. a. Lively ; having life. 
 
 An'i-mat-ing, p. a. Giving Hie; enlivening. 
 
 An-i-ma'tion, n. The act of animating: — the 
 quality of being lively; cheerfulness; life; spirit. 
 
 An'i-mism, n. The recognition of the soul as a 
 distinct entity:— the attribution of a soul to in- 
 animate things. [used for varnish. 
 
 An'i-me, v. [Probably a variant of elemi.] A gum 
 
 An-i-mos'i-ty, n. [L. animositas, from animus, 
 spirit.] Passionate hatred ; malignity; malevo- 
 lence; enmity; rancor. 
 
 An'i-mus, n. ; pi. An'i-ml. [L.] Mind; inten- 
 tion; purpose:— prejudice; animosity. 
 
 An'ise, n. [L. anisum; Gr. aviaov.] A plant with 
 aromatic seed. 
 
 An'ker, n. [Dut. anker.'] A liquid measure of 
 about 40 quarts. 
 
 An'kle, n. [Teutonic, but akin to angle.] The 
 joint between the foot and leg, and the part of 
 the leg below the calf. 
 
 Ank'let (angk'let), n. A ring or ornament for the 
 ankle. 
 
 An'lace, n. [Welsh, onglas.] A short sword; a 
 dagger. 
 
 An'laut (an'lout), n. [Ger. an, on, at, and taut, 
 sound. — See Loud.] The initial sound or letter 
 of a word. 
 
 An'nal-ist, n. A writer of annals. 
 
 An'nals, n. pi. [L. annates, , yearly records ; annus, 
 _ year.] History digested into years; chronicles. 
 
 An'nats, n. pi. [Late L. annata, year's income; 
 annus, year.] First fruits, or a year's income of 
 a church living. 
 
 An-neal', v. a. [Probably 0. E. an, on, and sdan, 
 to bake or burn.] To temper by heat. 
 
 An-neal' ing, n. Art of tempering glass, &c. 
 
 An'ne-Hd, or An-nel'i-dan, n. [L. annellus, a 
 ring; a variant of annvlus, a ring.] A worm of 
 the class Annelida, or red-blooded vermes. 
 
 An-nex', v. a. [L. annectere, annexum; ad, to, and 
 nectere, to bind.] [pp. annexing, annexed.] To 
 unite 10 at the end ; to join ; to ajiix ; to adjoin ; 
 to add ; to subjoin. — 2, v. n. To be or become 
 annexed or united ; to join.— 3, n. A thing an- 
 nexed : — a subsidiary building. 
 
 An-nex-a'tion, n. Conjunction ; addition. 
 
 An-nex'ion (an-nek'shun). n. [L. annexio: — this 
 word is nearer the classical model than annexa- 
 tion, and has been therefore preferred by some 
 authorities; but it is now seldom used.] An- 
 nexation. 
 
 An-nex'ment, n. An annexing; annexation. 
 
 An-ni'hi-la-ble, a. That may be annihilated. 
 
 An-ni'hi-late, v. a. [L. annihUare, annihUalus, from 
 ad, to," and nihil, nothing.] [pp. annihilating, 
 annihilated.] To reduce to nothing ; to destroy ; 
 to extinguish. 
 
 An-nl-hi-la'tion, n. Act of reducing to nothing. 
 
 An-ni-hi-la'tion-ist, ». One who believes that at 
 death man is annihilated, or that the wicked 
 only are annihilated. 
 
 An-nT'hi-la-tp-ry, a. Tending to annihilate or 
 destroy; destroying; destructive. 
 
 An-ni-ve'r'sa-ry, n. [L. anniversarhix, returning 
 yearly; annus, year, and versus, a turn.] A day- 
 celebrated as it returns in the course of the year. 
 — 2, a. Annual ; yearly. 
 
 An-nom-i-na'tion, n. [L. art, to, and nomen, a 
 name.] The use of words of like sound; paro- 
 nomasia. 
 
 An'no-tate, v. n. [L. adnotare; ad, to, and notare, 
 to mark.— See Note.] [pp. annotating, anno- 
 tated.] To make annotations or notes. 
 
 An-no-ta'tion. n. A note ; a comment. 
 
 An'no-ta-tor, n. A commentator. 
 
 An-not'to, n. [Probably a South American name.] 
 A dry paste, used in dyeing:— written also on- 
 notta and arnotto. 
 
 An-nb'unce', v. a. [L. adnvntiare ; ad, to, and 
 nunUare, to announce.] [pp. announcing, an- 
 nounced.] To publish ; to proclaim. 
 
 Syn. — Announce an arrival, a publication ; pub- 
 lish news ; proclaim or declare war. 
 
 An-nb'unce'ment, w. Declaration. 
 
 An-noiin'cer, n. A declarer; a proclaim er. 
 
 An-nby', v. a. [0. Fr. anoi, from L. in odio, in 
 hate.] [pp. annoying, annoyed.] To incom- 
 mode; to vex; to molest.— 2, n. Vexation; dis- 
 comfort. 
 
 An-nby'ance, n. That which annoys ; trouble. 
 
 An'nu-al, a. [L. annalis, or annuus, yearly ; later, 
 annualis.] Yearly; coming yearly. —2, n. A 
 literary publication issued annually:— a plant 
 living but one season. 
 
 An'nu-al-ly, ad. Yearly ; every year. 
 
 An-nii'i-tant, n. One who has an annuity. 
 
 mien, sir; mSve, nbr, s8n; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5, $, c, £, soft; p, p, p, g, hard; § as z; xa*gz; this. 
 
ANNUITY 
 
 68 
 
 ANTEMUNDANE 
 
 An-nu'i-ty, n. [Fr. annuite, from L. annuus, yearly.] 
 A yearly rent or allowance. 
 
 An-nul', v. a. [L. ad, to, and milium, nothing.] 
 [pp. annulling, annulled.] To abolish; to ab- 
 rogate ; to repeal. 
 
 An'nu-lar, a. [L. annularis, or anularis, from an- 
 nulus, a ring.] Having the form of a ring. 
 
 An-nu-lar'i-tx- n. Annular form. 
 
 An'nii-la-ry, a. Formed as a ring; annular. 
 
 An'nu-late, a. Marked with rings. [structure. 
 
 An-nu-la'tion, n. Formation of rings :— ring-like 
 
 An'nu-let, n. A little ring.— {Arch.) A small 
 square moulding ; a fillet. 
 
 An-nul'ment, n. The act of annulling. 
 
 An-nu-lose', a. Having rings; annular. 
 
 An'nu-lus, n. [L., preferably anulus, dim. of anus, 
 a ring.] A ring, or ring-shaped structure. 
 
 An-nu'me-rate, v. a. [See Numerate.] [pp. 
 
 ' annumerating, annumerated.] To add to; to 
 unite to. 
 
 An-nun'ci-ate (an-nun'she-at), v. n. [See An- 
 nounce.'] [pp. annunciating, annunciated.] To 
 announce ; to proclaim. 
 
 An-nun-ci-a'tion (an-nun-she-Fi'shun), n. The 
 act of announcing : — the day celebrated in mem- 
 ory of the angel's salutation of the Virgin Mary, 
 the 25th of March ; Lady-Day. 
 
 An-nun'ci-a-tor, n. [L.] He who, or that which, 
 announces. 
 
 An'ode, n. [Gr. avd, up, and 666s, way.] The 
 positive pole of an electric battery. 
 
 An'o-dyne, n. [Gr. dv, negative, and bovvy, pain] 
 Medicine to assuage pain. — 2, a. Mitigating 
 pain ; assuaging. 
 
 A-nbint', v. a. [L. inungere; in, intensive, and 
 ungere, unctum, to smear.] [pp. anointing, 
 anointed.] To rub over with oil : — to consecrate 
 by unction : — to smear. 
 
 A-noint'er, n. One who anoints. 
 
 ^.-nomt'ment, n. The act of anointing. 
 
 A-nom'a-li§m, n. Anomaly; irregularity. 
 
 A-nom-a-lis'tic, \ a. Deviating from rule ; ir- 
 
 A-nom-a-lis'ti-cal, J regular ; anomalous. 
 
 A-nom'a-lous, a. [L. anomalus ; Gr. avuifxaXos ; 
 dv, neg,, and 6/uaA6s, even.] Irregular; out of 
 rule. [rule ; irregularity. 
 
 A-nom'a-ly, n. [Gr. dvio/xaXia.] Deviation from 
 
 A-non\'od.' [0. E. on an, in one, at once. ) Im- 
 ' mediately ; at once :— quickly ; soon ; shortly. — 
 Ever and anon, now and then. 
 
 An'o-nyme, n. [Gr. dvwwfxos, nameless; dv, 
 neg., and bvofxa, or bvvp.a, name.] An assumed 
 or false name : — a nameless person. 
 
 An-o-nym'i-ty, n. Condition of being nameless. 
 
 A-non'y-mous', a. Wanting a name ; nameless. 
 
 A-n6Vy-mo3s-ly, w flfZ. Without a name. 
 
 An-o-rex'i-a, or An'o-rex-y, n. [Gr. dvope£i'a ; 
 av, neg.j and ope'yeil', to desire.] Want of appe- 
 
 A-nbr'mal, a. Abnormal. — See Abnormal, [tite. 
 
 An-6tn'er (an-uth'er), a. [An and other.] Not the 
 same ; one more;' any ; not one's self ; different. 
 
 A-nSu'rous, \a. [Gr. av, priv., and ovpd, tail.] 
 
 A-nu'rous, j Destitute of a tail ; tailless. 
 
 An'ser-Ine, a. [L. anser, a goose.] Eelating to 
 or like a goose. 
 
 An'swer (an'ser), v. n. [0. B. andswarian, ontsvar ; 
 from and, against, and sivarian, to swear : — origi- 
 nally, to respond in a court.] [pp. answering, 
 answered.] To speak in return ; to reply; to be 
 accountable: — to suit; to serve. — 2, v. a. To 
 speak in return to ; to reply to : — to be equiva- 
 lent to. — 3, n. That which is said in return 
 to a question ; a reply : — a confutation. 
 
 Syn. — An answer to a question ; a reply to an 
 answer or accusation ; a rejoinder to a reply. 
 
 An'swer-a-ble (an'ser-a-bl), a. Admitting a re- 
 ply:— liable to give an account: — suitable. 
 
 Syn. — We are ansiverable for a demand ; respon- 
 sible for a trust; accountable for our conduct; 
 amenable to the laws : — answerable to the design ; 
 suitable to the purpose. 
 
 An'swer-a-bly, ad. In proportion ; suitably, 
 
 An'swer-er (an'ser-er), n. One who answers. 
 
 Ant, n.' [A shortened torm of emmet.] An insect; 
 an emmet ; a pismire. 
 
 Ant-ac'id, n. (Med.) A medicine to remove acid- 
 ity : — written also antiacid. 
 
 An-tag'o-ni§m, n. Opposition; contest. 
 
 An-tag'o-nist, n. A contender; an opponent. 
 
 An-tag-o-nis'tic, a. Actively opposed. 
 
 An-tag'o-nlze, v. a. [Gr. dvraywvi^ea-OaL ; avri, 
 against, and dyJ>v, a struggle. — See Agonize.] 
 [pp. antagonizing, antagonized.] To assume an 
 antagonistic position with regard to ; to combat. 
 
 An-tal'fic, a. [Gr. avri, against, and aAyo?, pain.] 
 That relieves pain. 
 
 Ant-an-a-cla'sis, n. [Gr. avri, against, dvd, back, 
 and' K\deiv, to bend or break.] (Ithet.) A figure 
 by which the same word is repeated in a differ- 
 ent sense. 
 
 Ant-aph-ro-di"si-ac, a. [Anti and aphrodisiac] 
 Having the quality of quelling venereal desire. 
 
 Ant-aph-ro-dit'ic, n. See Antaphrodisiac. 
 
 Ant-arc'tic, a. [Gr. dvTapKTi/cos ,• avri, opposite 
 to, and apKTos, a bear. — See Arctic] .Relating 
 
 [teracting the gout, 
 and arthritic] Coun- 
 
 to the south pole. 
 
 Ant-ar-thrit'ic, a. [An; 
 
 An'te. A Latin particle 
 signifying before, for- 
 ward, and used in 
 composition. 
 
 Ant'-eat-er, n. An 
 animal that feeds on 
 ants. 
 
 An-te-cede\ v. a. [L. 
 antecedere ; ante, be- 
 fore, and cedere, to 
 go.] [pp. antecedmg, 
 anteceded.] To precede in time; to go before. 
 
 An-te-ce'dence, \n. Action or quality of going 
 
 An-te-ce'den-cy, j before ; precedence. 
 
 An-te-ce'dent, o. Going before; preceding.— 2, 
 n. 'That 'which goes before :— previous course : 
 —the first of two terms:— the noun to which a 
 relative refers. 
 
 Syn.— An antecedent event ; the preceding year ; 
 foregoing statement; prior claim; previous in- 
 quiry ; anterior part of the skull ; former times. 
 
 An-te-ce'dent-ly, ad. Previously. 
 
 An-te-ces'sor, n. [L.] One going before. 
 
 An'te-cham-ber, n. [Fr. antichambre.— See Ante 
 and Chamber.] The chamber or room that leads 
 to the chief apartment. 
 
 An'te-pholr (-kwir), n. The part of a church 
 under the rood-loft, [Eucharist. 
 
 An-te-com-mun'ion, n. The service before the 
 
 An-te-ciir'sor, n. [L.] A forerunner. 
 
 An'te-date, v. a. [From ante and date.] [pp. an- 
 tedating, antedated.] To date before the true 
 time : — to come before in date : — to anticipate. — 
 2, n. A previous date. 
 
 An-te-di-lu'vi-al, a. Same as Antediluvian. 
 
 An-te-di-lu'vi-an, a. [L. ante, before, and dilu- 
 vium, deluge'.]' Existing before the deluge.— 2, n. 
 One who lived before the flood. 
 
 An-te-flex', v. a. [L. ante, forward, and fectere, 
 fexum, to bend.] [pp. anteflexing, anteflexed.] 
 To bend forward. 
 
 An-te-flex'ion, n. A bending forward, [of ants. 
 
 Ant' -eggs, ii.pl- The popular name for the larvae 
 
 An'te-lope, n. [Gr. dvfloAo.//.] 
 An animal resembling the deer n 
 and the goat. ^ 
 
 An-te-me-rid'i-an, a, [L. ante- (^ 
 m,erid,ianus. — See Meridian.] ■ 
 Being before noon. 
 
 Ant-e-met'ic, a. [Anti and 
 emetic] Tending to check Antelope . 
 vomiting. 
 
 An-te-mun'dane, a. [L. ante, before, and mundvs, 
 the' world.— See Mundane.] Before the creation 
 of the world. 
 
 S, e, i, o, S, y, long; a, e, i, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y., obscure —7 kre, far, fast, fall; hlir, her; 
 
ANTENATAL 
 
 69 
 
 ANTILITHIC 
 
 An-te-na'tal, a. [L. ante, before, and natal] 
 Preceding birth. [of Nice. 
 
 An'te-NI-cene', «. Anterior to the first Council 
 An-ten'na, n. ; pi. An-ten'nae. [L., a ship's yard.] 
 A sort of horn of an insect ; a feeler ; a tentacle. 
 An-ten'nal, a. Of or pertaining to the antenna?. 
 An'ten-na-rj:, a. Relating to, or like, an antenna. 
 
 An-ten-nif er-ous, a. [Antenna, and E. fero, 
 ferre, to carry.] Bearing antennae. 
 
 An-te-nup'tial, «. [L. ante, before, and nuptial.] 
 Before marriage. 
 
 An-te-pas'phal, a. [E. ante, before, and pascha, 
 Passover.— See Paschal.] Coming before Easter. 
 
 An'te-past, n. LB. ante, beforehand, and pascere, 
 pastus, to feed. — See Pasture.] A foretaste; an- 
 ticipation. 
 
 An-te-pe-nfilt', n. [B. antepsemdtima ; ante, before, 
 psene, almost, and ultima, last.] Bast syllable but 
 two of a word. 
 
 An-te-pe-nul'ti-mate, a. Relating to the last 
 syllable but two. — 2, n. Antepenult. 
 
 An-te-pran'di-al, a. [B. ante, before, and pran- 
 diu'iu, dinner.] Happening before dinner. 
 
 An-te'ri-or, a. [Bate B. ; comparative from ante, 
 before'.]' Being before; preceding; going before; 
 prior to ; antecedent ; forward. 
 
 An-te-ri-or'i-ty., n. Priority; precedence. 
 
 An-te'ri-or-ly, ad. Previously : — in front. 
 
 An'te-r66m, n. [On type of antechamber.] A room 
 leading to another. 
 
 An-te-ver'sion, n. A turning forward. 
 
 An'te-vert, v. a. [B. ante, forward, and vertere, to 
 turn.] [pp. anteverting, anteveited.] To turn 
 forward. 
 
 Ant-he'li-on, n. ; pi. Ant-he'li-a. [B. ; Gr. dvQ-q- 
 Aior, or avTri\i.ov ; avri, opposite, and ijAios, the 
 sun.] A nimbus opposite the sun. 
 
 Ant-hel-mm'tic, a. [Anti, and Gr. e'A|u.it>?, a 
 worm.] Bestroying worms. 
 
 An'them.w. [Corrupt formof antipiion.] Apiece 
 of music performed in public worship; a sacred 
 song or hymn.— 2, v. a. [pp. antheming, an- 
 themed.] To celebrate with, or as with, an- 
 thems. 
 
 An'ther, n. [Gr. dv9vpd, flowery ; dvQos, a flower ; 
 B. (i)ithera, a medicine made of flowers: — the 
 pollen was once thought to be highly medicinal.] 
 {Bot.) The organ of a flower producing the pollen. 
 
 An'ther-al, a. Relating to anthers. 
 
 Ant' -hill, n. A mound raised by ants. 
 
 An-thog'ra-phv, n. [Gr. avOos, a flower, and 
 ypd<t>etv, to write.] A description of flowers. 
 
 An'thbid, a. [Gr. av0<u8n<;, from dv6o<>, a flower.] 
 Resembling a flower. 
 
 An'tho-lite, ) n. [Gr. dvOos, a flower, and \i6os, 
 
 An'tho-lith, J stone.] A fossil or petrified flower : 
 — the fossil impression of a flower. 
 
 An-tho-lo£'i-cal, a. Relating to anthology. 
 
 An-thol'o-gy. n. [Gr. dv QoKoyia ; dvOos, a flower, 
 and Keyeiv, to collect.] A collection of flowers, 
 of poems, or of elegant extracts from authors. 
 
 An'tho-ny.'s-flre' (an'to-niz-), n. [It was said 
 that' in 10S9 the intercession of St. Anthony 
 stayed a very fatal epidemic of erysipelas.] The 
 erysipelas ; St. Anthony's fire. 
 
 An-thox-an'thin, or An-thox-an'thine, n. [Gr. 
 dvOos, a flower, and i-av96<;, yellow'.] The yel- 
 low coloring matter of certain plants. 
 
 An-tho-zo'a, n. pi. [Gr. dv9os, a flower, and Cwa, 
 animals.] A name given to polyps, corals, &c. 
 
 An-tho-zo ic, a. Of or pertaining to the Ardhozoa. 
 
 An'thra-cene, n. A hydrocarbon from coal-tar. 
 
 An'thra-clte, n. [Gr. dv6paiciTr)s, coal-like. — See 
 Anthrax.] A hard, mineral coal, that burns 
 with little flame or smoke. 
 
 An-thra-cit'ic. a. Relating to anthracite. 
 
 An'thrax, n. [Gr. for "coal" or "carbuncle."] A 
 gangrenous inflammation : — malignant pustule : 
 — a carbuncle : — coal. 
 
 An'thro-pbid, a. [Gr. ai>0pco7roei8i7?, from dvOpti)- 
 tto?, man.] Resembling a man ; man-like. 
 
 An-thro-po-lo|'ic, ") a. Relating to anthio- 
 
 An-throp-o-log'i-cal, J pology. 
 
 An-thro-p51'o-fist,'n. A student of anthropology. 
 
 An-thro-pol'o-gy, •*■ [Gr. dvdpunrog, man, and 
 Aeryosj treatise.] The science of man. 
 
 An-thro-po-mbr'phic, a. Characterized by human 
 qualities'; anthropomorphous. 
 
 An-thro-po-mb'r'phi§m, re. The doctrine that the 
 Beity exists in the human form : — the ascription 
 of human qualities to objects other than human. 
 
 An-thro-po-mbr'phlte, n. One who believes that 
 the Beity exists in the human form. 
 
 An-thro-po-mor'phous, a. [Gr. dvdpuiroixopfyos ; 
 dvdpunos, man, and p-opfyr), form.] Having a 
 human form. 
 
 An-thro-poph'a-gl, n. pi. [B., from Gr. dv9puiro<;, 
 a man, and (fr'dyeiv, to eat.] Cannibals. 
 
 An-thro-poph'a-glst, n. One who practises an- 
 thropophagy ; a cannibal. 
 
 An-thro-poph'a-gy, n. Cannibalism. 
 
 Ant-hyp-not'ic, a. [Anti and hypnotic] Pre- 
 venting sleep. [against hysterics. 
 
 Ant-hy.s-ter'ic, a. [Anti and hysteric] Good 
 
 An'ti (an'te).' [Gr.] A particle used in composi- 
 tion chiefly but not exclusively with words de- 
 rived from the Greek, and signifying contrary to, 
 opposed to. 
 
 An-ti-ac'id, a. Counteracting acidity. — 2, n. An 
 alkaline" absorbent. See Antacid. 
 
 An-ti-ar-thrit'ics, n. pi. [See Arthritic] Medi- 
 cines for the gout. [biliousness. 
 
 An-ti-bil'ious, a. [Anti and biltocs.J Useful in 
 
 An'tic, «. [It. antico, grotesque, originally mean- 
 ing "antique:" — there are many grotesque and 
 fantastic objects found amoug Italian antiqui- 
 ties.] Odd; fantastic; playful. — 2, ,1. One who 
 plays antics ; a buffoon :— buffoonery ; a trick. 
 
 An'ti-christ, n. The great enemy of Christianity. 
 
 An-ti-phrist'ian (an-te-knst'yanj, a. Opposite to 
 Christianity. — 2, n. An enemy of Christianity. 
 
 An-tic'i-pant, a. Expecting: — coming before. 
 
 An-tic'i-pate, v. a. [B. antidpare, anticipatus : 
 from ante, before, and capio, to take.] [pp. an- 
 ticipating, anticipated.] To take, possess, enjoy, 
 or suffer beforehand ; to foretaste ; to look for : 
 — to forestall. 
 
 An-tic-i-pa'tion, n. Act of anticipating:— that 
 which is anticipated; foretaste. 
 
 An-tic'i-pa-tive, a. Having the habit of antici- 
 pating; tending to anticipation. 
 
 An-tic'i-pa-tive-ly, \ ad. In an antieipative man- 
 
 An-tic'i-pate-ly, Jner; by anticipation. 
 
 An-tic'i-pa-tor, n. One who anticipates. 
 
 An-tic'i-pa-to-ry, «• That anticipates, 
 
 An-ti-clTmax, n. [Anti and climax.] (Uhct.) A 
 sentence in which the last part expresses some- 
 thing lower than the first; the opposite of climax. 
 
 An-ti-cli'nal, «. [Gr. dvri, against, and /cAtVecv, 
 to slope.]' {Qeol.) Forming a ridge whence 
 strata slope on either side. 
 
 An'tic-ly, ad. In an antic manner; drolly. 
 
 An-ti-con-ta'gious, a. Bestroying contagion. 
 
 An-ti-cos-met'ic, a. Bestructive of beauty. 
 
 An-ti-cy'clone, n. An area of high barometric 
 pressure. [dote. 
 
 An'ti-do-tal, a. Having the quality of an anti- 
 
 An'ti-dote, re. [Gr. dvriSorov ; from avri, against, 
 and 6i66vai, to give.] A medicine that counter- 
 acts poison ; a preservative against injury. 
 
 An-ti-e-met'ic, n. A remedy for vomiting! 
 
 An-ti-e-pis'co-pal, a. Adverse to episcopacy. 
 
 An-tj-feb'rile [an-te-feb'ril, W. J. F. Ja. Sun.; Sn- 
 te-fe'bril, 'p. K.], a. [Anti and febrile.] Good 
 against fevers. — 2, n. A medicine tending to 
 allay fever. 
 
 An-ti-fric'tion, a. Biminishing friction. 
 
 An-ti-li-bra'tion, n. [Anti and libration.] The 
 actor art of balancing ; the state of being coun- 
 terbalanced. 
 
 An-ti-lith'ic. a. [Anti, and Gr. Ai0ik6s ; \i60s, 
 a stone.] ' Good against the stone. 
 
 mien, sir ; m8ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — Q, £r, 5, g, soft; p, ja, p, ^, hard; s as z ; x us gz ; this. 
 
ANTIMACASSAR 
 
 70 
 
 AOXIAN 
 
 An-ti-ma-eas'sar, n. [Anti, and Macassar, the 
 name of a hair-oil, properly the name of a town 
 in Celebes.] A tidy to protect the backs of 
 chairs, sofas, &c. 
 
 An-ti-ma'son, u. One hostile to masonry. 
 
 An-ti-ma'son-ry, n. Opposition to masonry. 
 
 An-ti-mo-narph'i-cal, «. [Ami and monarchy.] 
 Hostile to monarchy. 
 
 An-ti-mon'arph-ist, b. An enemy to monarchy. 
 
 An-ti-m5'ni-al, a. Relating to antimony. — 2, n. 
 A preparation of antimony. 
 
 An'ti-mo-ny., u. [Late L. antimonmm ,■ perhaps a 
 corruption of Arab, uthmud, othmod, or ithmid, 
 antimony: the Arabic is probably Gr. o-tiVjui, 
 0-Ti.fj.fjnSa, whence L. stibium, antimony. (Mm.) 
 A brittle, whitish metal, used in medicine and 
 the arts. 
 
 An-ti-no'mi-an, n. [Gr. avri, against, and vofxos, 
 law.] One of a sect who denied the obligation 
 of the moral law. — 2, «. Relating to the Anti- 
 nomians ; rejecting tlie moral law. 
 
 An-ti-no'mi-an-ism, n. Antinomian tenets. 
 
 An'ti-no-my, or An-tni'o-my [an'te-no-me, S. P. 
 Sm. C'; an-tm'o-nie, W. J. F. St. H. Mu. Ja.],n. 
 [Gr. avTivo/j-ia ; avri, against, and vojaos, law.] 
 A contradiction between two laws, or between 
 two articles of the same law. 
 
 An-ti-pa'pal, «. [See Papal.] Opposing the pope 
 or papacy. 
 
 An-ti-par-a-lyt'ic, a. [See Paralytic.] Curing 
 the palsy. 
 
 An-ti-pa-thet'ic, ) a. [Gr. avri, against, and 
 
 An-ti-pa-thet'i-cal, J na6wTLK.6<;, feeling ; ira&eeiv, 
 to feel.] Having antipathy ; averse: opposite: — 
 resulting from or produced by antipathy. 
 
 An-tip'a-thy, n. [Gr. dvriTrdfleia ; avri, against, 
 and iraQos, feeling.] Natural aversion or oppo- 
 
 ^ sition ; repugnance :— opposed to sympathy. 
 
 An-ti-pe-ri-od'ic. n. A medicine against* the re- 
 currence of periodic ailments or intermittent. 
 
 An-ti-pes-ti-len'tial, a. Efficacious against the 
 plague or pestilence. 
 
 An-ti-phar'mic, o. [Anti, and Gr. 4>aptiaKov, a 
 poison.] Counteracting poison ; antidotal; alex- 
 ipharmic. 
 
 An-ti-phlo-iis'tic. a. [Anti and phlogistic] 
 Checking inflammation. — 2, ». (Med.) A medi- 
 cine which allays inflammatory- action. 
 
 An'ti-phon [an'te-fon, St. H. ; an'te-fon, Mu. ; §n'- 
 te-fon or -fon, I.], or An-tiph'o-ny, n. [Or. 
 avri, in response, and 4<ovrj, voice or sound.] 
 A kind of ancient anthem : — alternate singing 
 in the choirs of cathedrals ; a response. 
 
 An-tiph'o-nal. a. Relating to the antiphon. — 
 2, v. A book of anthems. 
 
 An-tiph'ra-sis. ». [Gr. dvTi^pcuris. — See Phrasf.] 
 (L'Ttet.) The use of words in a sense opposite to 
 their proper meaning. 
 
 An-tip'o-dal, a. Relating to the antipodes. 
 
 An'ti-pos, or An'ti-pode. n. One of tlie antipodes. 
 
 An-tip'o-des [an-ttp/o-dez, 8. W. P. J. F. Ja. I. St. 
 H. 3Iu. K. Sm. R. ; an-tip'odz, E. ; an'te-podz, 
 Wb.], n. pi. [L. ; Gr. avTinoSeg ; avri., opposite, 
 and novs (pi. TroSes), a foot.] Those people who, 
 living on the other side of the globe, have their 
 feet directly opposite to ours : — those opposite to 
 each other. [dal. 
 
 An-tip'o-di§m, n. The condition of being antipo- 
 
 An'ti-pope, n. One who usurps the popedom. 
 
 An-ti-pre-lat'i-cal, a. Adverse to prelacy. 
 
 An-ti-py-ret'ic, a. [Gr. 7rupeTos, fever. — See Py- 
 retic] Tending to allay fever. 
 
 An-ti-qua'ri-an. a. [L. antiquarius, from avliqvus, 
 old.] Relating to antiquity.— 2, ». An antiquary. 
 
 An-ti-qua'ri-an-ism, n. Love of antiquities. 
 
 An-ti-qua'ri-an-ize, v. n. To pursue antiquarian 
 researches'; to go on an antiquarian expedition. 
 
 An'ti-qua-ry, n. One versed in the knowledge of 
 antiquity, or studious of antiquities. 
 
 An'ti-quate, v. a. [pp. antiquating, antiquated.] 
 To make old or obsolete. 
 
 An'ti-quat-ed, p. a. Grown old ; out of use. 
 
 An-tique' (an-tek'), a. [Fr. ; L. uutieua, antiquus, 
 old; ante, before.] Relating to antiquity; an- 
 cient ; very old ; of old fashion. — 2, n. A piece of 
 ancient art. 
 
 An-tiq'uj-ty (an-tlk'we-te), «. [Fr. antiquite ; L. 
 cmtiqwtas, antiquitatis, from antiquus, old; ante, 
 before.] Long duration; oldness ; old times: — 
 
 _ remains of old times. 
 
 An-ti-rent'er, n. One opposed to the payment of 
 the rents claimed by the owners of certain en- 
 
 _ tailed estatesin the state of New York. 
 
 An-ti-sab-ba-ta'ri-an, n. [See Sabbatarian.] 
 One who opposes the observance of the Sabbath. 
 
 An-tj-scor-bu'tic, \a. [Anti, against, and L. 
 
 An-ti-scor-bu'ti-cal, j scorbutus, scurvy.] Effica- 
 
 ^ cious against the' scurvy. 
 
 An-ti-sep'tic, a. [Gr. avri, against, and o-t\ini- 
 K05, rotting.] Counteracting putrefaction. — 2, n. 
 
 ^ Medicine resisting putrefaction. 
 
 An-ti-sla've-ry, a. Hostile to slavery. 
 
 An-ti-spas-mod'ic, a. Good against spasms. 
 
 An-ti-spas'tic, n. [Gr. avTiairaoTi.K6<; : a-irdeiv, 
 to draw.] (Med.) Medicine which causes a re- 
 vulsion. 
 
 An-ti-splen'e-tic [an-te-splen'e-tlk, S. W. J. Ja. ; 
 an-te-sple-het'ik, P. T\b. Mu.), a. [See Splen- 
 etic] Efficacious in diseases of the spleen. 
 
 An-tls'tro-phe, n. [Gr.— See Strophe.] A stanza 
 
 _ opposed to the strophe. 
 
 An-ti-stroph'ic, a. Relating to an antistrophe. 
 
 An-ti-the'ism, n. Hostility to belief in a God. 
 
 An-ti-the'ist, p. [Gr. avri, against, and ©eo?, 
 God.] An atheist; one hostile to theism. 
 
 An-tith'e-sis. n. ; pi. An-tith'e-se§. [Gr. avri, 
 against, and stem 6e- (TiflevaO.'to ].]ace.] (Rhet.) 
 A figure by which thoughts, words, or sentences 
 are set in opposition to each other; contrast. 
 
 An-ti-thet'ic, \ a. Relating to, or containing, 
 
 An-ti-thet'i-cal, J antitheses. 
 
 An-ti-trade', n. A wind blowing in a direction 
 opposite to that of the true trade winds. 
 
 An-ti-trin-i-ta'ri-an. n. One who denies the 
 doctrine of the Trinity. 
 
 An'ti-type, v. [Gr. dvTtTii7ros ; avri, correspond- 
 ing to, and tvjtos, stamp or type; stem tvtt- 
 (rvnTeiv), to strike.] The original, or that of 
 which the type is the representation; the per- 
 son in whom any prophetic type is fulfilled. 
 
 An-ti-zym'ic. a. [Anti and Gr. ^v^r), leaven.] 
 Tending to prevent fermentation ; antiseptic. 
 
 Ant'ler, n. [0. Fr. antoiller, from L. ante ocidarem 
 (ran'tum), "a branch before the eyes."] The 
 branch of a stag's horn. 
 
 Ant'-H-on, w. An insect which devours ants: — a 
 fabulous animal, half ant and half lion. 
 
 An'to-nym, n. [Gr. avri, against, and ovo/xa, 
 6vv)xa, name, or term.] A term or word oppo- 
 site to another. 
 
 A-nu'rous, a. See Anourous. 
 
 A'niis, n. [L.] The end of the 
 alimentary canal. 
 
 An'vil, n. [0. E. anfilte, anfelt, ; 
 an, on, and the root of felt, and 
 veld.] The iron block which 
 blacksmiths use. 
 
 Anx-i'e-tude, n. [L. anxietudo.] Anxiety. 
 
 Anx-i'e-ty (ang-zi'e-te), n. [L. anxktas.] Trouble 
 
 ' of mi'nd about some' future event ; concern ; so- 
 licitude ; uneasiness ; anxious care. 
 
 Anx'ious (angk'shus), a. [L. auxin.', from anr/ere, 
 to choke, to" distress.] Full of anxiety ; uneasy ; 
 very solicitous ; concerned. 
 
 Anx'ious-ly (angk'shus-le), ad. With anxiety. 
 
 An'y (en'e),"a. [0. E." senig ; Ger. eiwig; fiom the 
 root of one and an.] Every; whoever; whatso- 
 ever: — used in composition; as, anywhere, &c. 
 
 An'y-how (en'e-hbu), ad. In any way whatever. 
 
 An'y-thing (en'e-), n., pron., ad. Any thing. 
 
 An'y-wise (en'e-wiz), ad. In any way : — at all. 
 
 A-o'ni-an. a. Relating to Aonia, or to the Muses. 
 
 u, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, x» obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
AOKIST 
 
 71 
 
 APOLOGUE 
 
 A'o-risi, n. [Gr. aopto-ro^, unlimited ; a, priv., 
 and opt'^eiv, dpio-rds, to define, limit.] (Gram.) 
 An indefinite past tense. 
 A-o-ris'tic, «. Relating to the aorist. 
 A-or'ta, n. [L. ; Gr. doprrj, literally, a strap; 
 from'aetpeii', to lift.] (Anat.) The great artery 
 or vessel which rises immediately out of the left 
 ventricle of the heart. 
 A-pace', ml. Quickly; hastily; with speed. 
 Ap'a-g6-£ , e, n. [Gr. ; ano, away, and ayeiv, to 
 lead.] (Logic.) A kind of demonstration : — the 
 same as reduclio ad absurdwm. 
 Ap-a-gog'i-cal, a. Showing the ahsurdity of de- 
 nying what" is affirmed. 
 Ap'a-nage, n. See Appanage. 
 A-part', ad. [Cf. Part, in the sense of side.] Sep- 
 arately ; at a distance. 
 A-part' ment, n. [Fr. appartement ; L. ad, to, and 
 ' partire, to divide or partition.] A room in a 
 
 house or other building. — pi. Lodgings. 
 Ap-a-thet'ic, a. Void of feeling; insensible. 
 Ap'a-thy, n. [Gr. dndQet.a ; 
 d,'pri\\, and nd9o<;, feel- 
 ing.] Want of feeling; 
 insensibility ; indiffer- 
 ence. 
 Ap'a-tite, »■ [Gr. andrr), 
 deceit ; from its varied 
 and deceptive forms.] A 
 lime-phosphate rock. 
 Ape, h. [Low Ger. ape; 
 Dut. aap ; root found in 
 Teutonic, Celtic, and 
 Slavic tongues.] A kind 
 of monkey : — an imi- Ape " 
 
 tutor.— 2, v. a. [pp. aping, aped.] To imitate; 
 to mimic. 
 A-peak', ad. [Fr. d pic, vertical. — See Peak.] In 
 
 a posture to pierce; on the point; vertical. 
 Ap'ep-sy, n. [Gr. dnenaia ; a, neg., and nenreiv, 
 
 to digest.] Want of digestion. 
 A-pe'ri-ent, a. [L. aperire, uperiens, to open, to 
 undo ; from ab, away, apart, and parere, to get, 
 to take.] Gently purgative ; laxative. 
 A-per'i-tive, a. Tending to open ; aperient. 
 Ap'er-ture, n. [L. apertura. — See Aperient.] An 
 _ opening ; a passage ; hole. 
 A 'pe-ry, n. [From ape; the termination -en/ is 
 
 pejorative.] Act of aping; affected. imitation. 
 A-pet'a-lofis, a. [Gr. dneraKog ; a, priv., aud 
 _ nerakov, a leaf.] Without petals or corollas. 
 A'pex, n. [L.] L. pi. Ap'i-ces; Eng. A'pex-es. 
 or Ap'i-ces. The tip or angular point ; the top. 
 A-phser'e-sis (a-fer'e-sis) [a-fe're-sis, St. Jin. L], 
 n. [L. and Gr. ; d<j>cupeei.v, to take away ; dno, 
 away, and aipeeiv, to take.] (Rhet.) The* taking 
 of a letter or a syllable from the beginning of a 
 word. 
 A-pha'§i-a (a-fa'zhe-a), n. [Gr. a, priv., and 
 <f>dpai, to speak; (pdais, speech.] Loss of the 
 mental faculty of speech :— written also aphony. 
 A-phe'li-on, n. ; pi. A-phe'li-a. [Mod. L. ; Gr. 
 ano, away from, and 17X105, the sun.] The point 
 of a planet's orbit that is farthest from the sun 
 and opposite to the perihelion. 
 A'phis, n. ; pi. Aph'i-des. [Mod. L. ; Gr. d^etSifc, 
 lavish, abundant; probably referring to the pro- 
 digious rate of multiplication.] Plant-louse. 
 A-pho'ni-a, or Aph'o-ny., n. [Gr. oupiovia ; a, 
 priv., and (piavrj, voice.]' (3Ied.) A loss of voice 
 or speech. 
 Aph'o-rlsm, n. [Gr. d<popio>ids, a definition, a 
 statement of principles ; d$opl$eiv, to define ; 
 ano, off, and opi'^eiv, to bound;, bpo?, a limit.] 
 A short, pithy sentence ; a maxim ; a laconic 
 ^ precept ; adage. 
 
 Aph-o-rls'tic, ) a. Having the form of aph- 
 Aph-o-ris'ti-cal, J orism. 
 Aph-o-ris'ti-cal-ly, ad. With aphorisms. 
 Aph'o-rize, v. n. [pp. aphorizing, aphorized.] To 
 make or employ aphorisms 
 
 Aph-ro-di"si-ac, a. [Gr. d^poSicr-ia/cd? ; 'A6po- 
 Sltti,' Venus (lit. "foam-born;" d<ppos, foam).] 
 Promoting sexual desire. 
 Aph' thong (or ap'thong), n. [Gr. a^^oyyos, voice- 
 less; (pdoyyos, sound; <p6eyyea6ai, to utter.] A 
 letter or combination of letters not sounded. 
 A-phyl'lous, or Aph'yl-lous, a. [Gr. d^vAAos, 
 
 leafless ; '<pv\\ov, leaf.] Destitute of leaves. 
 A'pi-a-ry, n. [L. apiarium; apis, a bee.] A place 
 
 where bees are kept. 
 Ap'i-cal, a. Belonging to an apex. 
 Ap'i-cls, n. pi. Tips ; tufts. See Apex. 
 A-pI"cian (a-pish'yan), a. [From Apicius, a fa- 
 mous epicure of antiquity.] Luxurious; refined. 
 A'pi-cult-ure (-yur), «. [L. apis, a bee, aud cul- 
 
 tura, culture.] The rearing of bees. 
 A-piece', ad. [A, the article, and piece.] To the 
 ' share of each : — for one. 
 A'pish, a. Like an ape ; foppish; silly. 
 Ap-la-cen-ta'li-a, n. pi. [Mod. L. ; Gr. d, neg., 
 and placenta: these animals are not nourished 
 before birth by means of a placenta.] The low- 
 est class of mammals, including the marsupials 
 and monotremes. 
 Ap-la-nat'ic, a. [Gr. d, neg., aud 7rAa»'dei»', to 
 
 wander.]' Free from aberration. 
 A-plas'tic, a. [Gr. d, neg., and plastic] Not 
 
 plastic'; not easily moulded. 
 A-plomb (a-plom), n. [Fr., perpendicular, down- 
 right; d'plomb, to the plummet; L. plumbum, 
 lead.] Downrightness of manner; self-posses- 
 sion ; coolness ; assurance. 
 Ap-noe'a, n. [Gr. dnvoia; a, neg.. and nvteiv, to 
 breathe; nvo-g, nvoid, breath.] Want of breath. 
 A-poc'a-lypse, n. [Gr. d7ro/cdAv»/us ; ano, off 
 (negative), and KaAvnTeu; to cover.] The book 
 of Revelation : — disclosure. 
 A-poc-a-lyp'tic, \a. Relating to the Apoca- 
 A-poc-a-lyp'ti-cal, j lypse. 
 A-poc'o-pate, v. a. [pp. apocopating, apocopated.] 
 
 To cut off the last letter or syllable of a w ad, 
 A-p5c'o-pe, n. [Gr. ; dn-d, off, and Kon-g, a cutting.] 
 (Gram.) The cutting off of the last letter or 
 syllable of a word. 
 A-poc'ry.-pha, 11. pi. & sing. [Gr., hidden, of un- 
 known authorship; ano. away, and xpvnreiv, to 
 hide.] Books of which the authors are un- 
 known, appended to the Old Testament. 
 A-poc'ry-phal, a. Not canonical ; uncertain : — 
 
 false; fabulous; mythical. 
 Ap'o-dal, ) a. [Gr. anov?, anoSos, footless; novs, 
 Ap'o-doiis, j a foot.] Without feet; without ven- 
 tral fins. 
 Ap'ode, n. An animal without feet. 
 Ap-o-deic'tic, } (ap-o-dlk'tik, ap-o-dlk'ti-kal), 
 Ap-o-deic'ti-cal, J <i. See Ap'odictic." 
 Ap-o-dic'tic, ) a. [Gr. anoSeiKTiKOS ; ano, off, 
 Ap-o-dic'ti-cal, j and SeLicvvvai, to show ; root of 
 L. (//(■«), to say, and of index.] Demonstrated ; 
 evident; absolutely certain. [onstration. 
 
 Ap-o-dix'is, n. [L. ; Gr. dnoSeiiiis.] Evident dem- 
 A-pod'o-sis, ». [Gr. ano, back again, and SiSovai, 
 ' to give.] The conclusion, in a conditional sen- 
 tence. 
 Ap'o-^ee, n. [Fr. apogee; Gr. d7rdyatoj'; ano, 
 away from, and yy, the earth.] (Astron.) The 
 point in the apparent orbit of the sun and moon 
 in which they are at the greatest distance from 
 the earth. It is opposed to perigee. 
 Ap'o-graph, n. [Gr. dnoypafyov ; ano, off, and 
 ypd<j>eu>, to write.] A copy ; not an autograph. 
 A-pol-o-i-et'ic, \ a. [Gr. dTroAoyrjTiico?. — See 
 A-pol-o-|-et'i-cal, ) Apology.] Implying apology 
 
 or defence ;' containing excuse. 
 A-pol-o-i'et'ics, n.pl. Systematic defence. 
 A-pol'o-irist, n. One who makes an apology. 
 A-pol'o-gize. v. n. [pp. apologizing, apologized.] 
 
 To miake an excuse ; to plead in defence. 
 Ap'o-logue (ap'o-log), n. [Gr. drroAoyos ; ano, 
 off, and AdycK, speech.] A fabulous story .con- 
 veying moral instruction ; a fable. 
 
 mien, si'r ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, lise— 5, 9, c, g, soft; (3, ja, a, |, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this 
 
APOLOGY 
 
 APPENDANT 
 
 A-pol'o-i'y, n. [Gr. anokoyia ; ano, away, and 
 " Ao-yos, speech.] A pleaded defence: — excuse: — 
 a frank confession made with expressions of re- 
 gret* — a poor substitute. 
 
 Syn. — He made a satisfactory apology for his 
 conduct, and a good excuse for his absence ; his 
 vindication was sufficient. 
 
 Ap-o-neu-ro'sis, n. [Gr. ano, off, apart, and vev- 
 po'v, a sinew."] The membrane which covers the 
 muscles; gristle. 
 
 A-poph'a-sis, n. ; pi. A-poph'a-ses. [Gr. for "de- 
 nial ;" ano, off, and "</>dva.i, stem <f>a-, to speak.] 
 (Rhet.) A figure by which the orator seems to 
 waive what he would insinuate. 
 
 Ap'oph-thegm (ap'o-them), n. [Gr. an6(]>9eyp.a; 
 ano, forth, out, ami (pOeyyeaQai, to utter ; </>0ey|ua, 
 utterance.] A maxim; aphorism: — a pithy say- 
 ing : — written also apothegm. 
 
 Ap-o-plec'tic, \ a. Kelating to or affected by 
 
 Ap-o-plec'ti-cal, j apoplexy. 
 
 Ap'o-plex-y, n. [Gr. anonKrjt; La ; ano, off (en- 
 tirely), and n\r)o-creiv, to strike.] A disorder 
 ■which suddenly takes away all sensation and 
 motion. 
 
 Ap'o-rose, a. [Gr. a, priv., and nopos, a pore.] 
 Destitute of pores. 
 
 A-pos'ta-sy, n. [Gr. anoo-rao-ia, an6o-rao~i<;, de- 
 sertion; a7r6, away, and root o-ra-, to stand.] A 
 departure from the principles which one has 
 professed ; dereliction. 
 
 A-pos'tate, n. One who renounces his religion, 
 or his principles. — 2, a. False; traitorous. 
 
 A-pos'ta-tize, v. n. [pp. apostatizing, apostatized.] 
 To renounce one's principles, or religion. 
 
 A-pos'te-mate, v.n. [ apostemating, apostemated.] 
 To become an aposteme. 
 
 Ap-os-tem'a-tous. a. Kelating to an aposteme. 
 
 Ap'o-steme, n. [Gr. anoo-r-qp-a, separation, ab- 
 scess; ano, apart, and root ara-, to stand.] An 
 abscess ; imposthume. [ginal note. 
 
 A-pos'til, n. [Fr. apostille.—See Postil.] A mar- 
 
 A-pos'tle (a-pos'sl), n. [Gr. anoo-roKos, messen- 
 ger; and, away, and o-riWeiv, to send.] A per- 
 son sent : — one of the twelve witnesses of Christ : 
 — a great leader, or chief of a reform. 
 
 A-pos'tle-ship, n. The office of nn apostle. 
 
 A-pos'to-late, n. [L. apostolatus.] Apostleship. 
 
 Ap-os-tol'ic, "I a. Relating to, like, or taught 
 
 Ap-os-tol'i-cal, j by, the apostles. 
 
 A-pos-to-lic'i-ty, n. State of being apostolic. 
 
 A-pos'tro-phe, n. [Gr. ; ano, away, and arpo^, a 
 turning; arpe^eiv, to turn.] (Rhet.) A digres- 
 sive address of a speaker to a person or thing, 
 present or absent : — the mark ['] showing that a 
 word is contracted, or the sign of the possessive 
 case. 
 
 Ap-os-troph'ic, a. Denoting an apostrophe. 
 
 A-poVtrc-phize, v. a. [pp. apostrophizing, apos- 
 trophized.] To address by apostrophe. — 2, v. n. 
 To employ an apostrophe in speaking or writing. 
 
 A-poth'e-ca-ry, n. [Gr. anoOrjKr), a storehouse; 
 ano, away, and riQivai, to place.] One who dis- 
 penses medicines or keeps a medicine-shop. 
 
 Ap'o-thegm (ap'o-them), n. [See Apophthegm.] 
 A remarkable saying; a maxim ; an aphorism; 
 an apophthegm. 
 
 Ap-o-theg'ma-tist, n. One who uses or collects 
 apothegms. ' 
 
 Ap-o-theg-'ma-tize, v. n. [pp. apothegmatizing, 
 ap'othegniat'ized.] To utter apothegms. 
 
 Ap'o-them. n. [Gr. ano, apart, and 0e>a, a de- 
 posit; rtBevai, to place.] A perpendicular line 
 from the centre to a side of a polygon: — a de- 
 posit in fluid animal or vegetable extracts. 
 
 Ap-O-the'o-SlS, n. [Gr. anodeuio-is ; Oeoetv, to 
 deify; ano, off, completely, and Oeos, a god.] 
 Deification : — exaltation. 
 
 Ap-o-the'o-size, v. a. [pp. apotheosizing, apothe- 
 osized.] ' To deify. 
 
 Ap'o-zem, n. [Gr. ano^eixa ; ano, off, down, and 
 £eeiv, to boil.] A decoction from herbs. 
 
 Ap-pa.ll', v. a. [0. Fr. apallir, to grow pale.— See 
 Pale and Pall.] [pp. appalling, appalled.] To 
 fright ; to terrify ; to dismay. 
 
 Ap-pall'ing, a. Frightful; filling with dismay. 
 
 Ap'pa-nage, n. [Fr. apanage; L. ad, for, and 
 panis, bread.] (Law.) Lands, &c, set apart by 
 princes for their younger children: — a perqui- 
 site: — a dependency; an adjunct. 
 
 Ap-pa-ra'tus, n. ; pi. Ap-pa-ra'tus, or Ap-pa- 
 ra'tus-es. [L. for "preparation," "readiness;" 
 hence, appliances, instruments ; from ad, to, and 
 parare, to make ready.] Tools, furniture, or 
 necessary instruments for any trade or art. 
 
 Ap-par'el, n. [Fr. uppareil, preparation; appa- 
 reiller, to fit, to dress; from L. ad, to, and par, 
 equal.] Dress ; clothing ; vesture. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 apparelling, apparelled.] To dress; to clothe; 
 to adorn. 
 
 Syn. — Common apparel; elegant dress ; gay at- 
 tire. Vesture and raiment are terms used on serious 
 subjects; clothing, dothes, apparel, garment", garb, 
 and dress, on common occasions; vestments belong 
 to official dress. 
 
 Ap-par'en-cy., n. Quality of being apparent. 
 
 Ap-par'ent, a. [L. apparere, appurens, to appear, 
 to come into sight. — See Appear.] Plain; in- 
 dubitable ; seeming ; visible ; open ; evident ; cer- 
 tain. — Apparent time, true time, or the time or 
 hour as indicated by the sun's passage over the 
 meridian : — opposed to mean time. 
 
 Ap-par'ent- ly, ad. Seemingly ; evidently. 
 
 Ap-pa-ri"tion (ap-pa-rlsh'un), n. [L. apparitio. — 
 See' Appear.] Appearance: — a preternatural 
 appearance ; a spectre. 
 
 Syn. — An apparition to the senses; vision to the 
 imagination; an airy phantom; a frightful spec- 
 tre ; a pale ghost. 
 
 Ap-pa-ri"tion-al (-rish'un-al), a. Of or pertain- 
 ing' to an apparition; resembling an apparition. 
 
 Ap-pax'i-tor, n. [L., an attendant, a lictor.] A 
 messenger in a spiritual court. 
 
 Ap-peal', v. n. & v. a. [L. appellare, to accost; 
 more remotely ad, to, and pellere, to drive, to 
 steer.] [jjp. appealing, appealed.] To refer to 
 another tribunal : — to make entreaty. — 2, n. Ap- 
 plication for justice to a superior tribunal: — 
 accusation ; recourse : — an entreaty : — an earnest 
 call. 
 
 Ap-peal'a-ble, a. That may be appealed. 
 
 Ap-pear', v. n. [L. apparere, to come into sight; 
 
 ' parere, to be visible.] [pp. appearing, appeared.] 
 To be in sight ; to seem ; to become visible : — 
 to present one's self. 
 
 Ap-pear' ance, n. The act of coming into sight; 
 
 ' semblance; show; probability. 
 
 Ap-pea§'a-ble, a. That may be appeased. 
 
 Ap-peasV, v. a. [Fr. apaiser; L. ad, to, and pax, 
 
 ' pacem, peace.] [pp. appeasing, appeased. J To 
 quiet; to pacify ; to calm; to allay; to satisfy; 
 to reconcile. 
 
 Ap-pease'ment, n. The act of appeasinjr. 
 
 Ap-peas'ivei «. Having a mitigating quality. 
 
 Ap-pel-la-bil'i-ty,H. Capability of being appealed. 
 
 Ap-pel'la-ble, a.' That may be appealed; ap- 
 
 ' pealabl'e. [pealing. 
 
 Ap-pel'lant. n. One who appeals.— 2, a. Ap- 
 
 Ap-pel'late. a. Kelating to appeals. 
 
 Ap-pel-la'tion, n. A name; title; term. 
 
 Ap-pil'la-tive, n. [L. appdlativus. — See Appeal.] 
 A title": — a common name or noun, opposed to 
 a, proper name. — 2, «. Noting a common noun. 
 
 Ap-pel'la-to-ry, a. Containing an appeal. 
 
 Ap-pel-lee',' n.' (Law.) One who is appealed 
 against : — opposed to appellor. [lant. 
 
 Ap-pel'lor, or Ap-pel-16r , n. (Law.) An appel- 
 
 Ap-pend', v. a. JX. appendere; ad, to, and pen- 
 
 ' dere, to hang.] [pp. appending, appended.] To 
 hang or join to ; to add to. 
 
 Ap-pend'a£e, «• Something annexed. 
 
 Ap-pen'dant. a- Hanging to; annexed to. — 2, n. 
 An adventitious part. 
 
 a, e, i, o, u, y, long; a, e, I, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y,, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
APPENDICULAR 
 
 73 
 
 APPPvOOF 
 
 Ap-pen-die'u-lar, a. Of or pertaining to an ap- 
 pendix or appendage. 
 
 Ap-pen'dix, «. [L.] ; pi. Ap-pen'di-ces, or Ap- 
 pen'dix-e§. Something appended :— supplement 
 to a book. 
 
 Ap-per-cep'tion, n. [Fr. aperception; L. ad, to, 
 and percipere, to perceive.] Consciousness; sell- 
 consciousness : — recognition. 
 
 Ap-per-tain'. v. n. [L. ad, to, per, intensive, and 
 tenere, to hold.] [pp. appertaining, appertained.] 
 To belong ; to relate. 
 
 Ap-per'ti-nent, a. See Appurtenant. 
 
 Ap'pe-tence, \n. [L. appetentia; ad, for, and 
 
 Ap'pe-ten-cy,, ) petere, to seek.] Desire; appetite; 
 propensity. 
 
 Ap'pe-tent, a. Very desirous ; desiring. 
 
 Ap'pe-tite, v. [L. appetitus ; ad, for, and petere, 
 to seek.] Desire of sensual pleasure ; relish for 
 food; keenness of stomach ; hunger. 
 
 Ap'pe-tlze, v. a. [pp. appetizing, appetized.] To 
 create an appetite. 
 
 Ap'pe-tiz-ing, a. Exciting appetite ; tempting. 
 
 Ap-piaud', v. a. [L. applaudere; ad, to, and plau- 
 dere, to clap the hands.] [pp. applauding, ap- j 
 plauded.] To praise by acclamation ; to extol ; 
 to laud; to commend highly. 
 
 Ap-plau§e', n. [L. applausus. — See Applaud.] 
 Approbation loudly expressed. 
 
 Syn. — He was received with acclamation, and 
 his speech met with unbounded applause. 
 
 Ap-plau'sive, «. Applauding; laudatory. 
 
 Ap'ple (ap'pl), n. [Found in various forms in 
 Teutonic, Slavic, Celtic, and Lettic languages.] 
 A fruit: — pupil of the eye : — eyeball. 
 
 Ap'ple-tree, n. The tree producing apples. 
 
 Ap-pli'a-ble, a. Capable of being: applied. 
 
 Ap-pll'ance, n. Act of applying ; a device or in- 
 strument. 
 
 Ap-pli-ca-bll'i-ty, n. Suitableness. 
 
 Ap'pli-ca-ble, a. [Fr., from L. applicare. — See 
 App'ly.^] That may be applied ; suitable. 
 
 Ap'pli-ca-ble-ness, n. Applicability. 
 
 Ap'pli-cant, n. One who applies. 
 
 Ap'pli-cate, n. A right line drawn across a curve, 
 so as to bisect the diameter. — 2, a. Concrete ; 
 applied. 
 
 Ap-pli-ca'tipn, n. Act of applying; state of be- 
 ing applied : — address ; entreaty : — attention ; 
 assiduity ; intense studv. 
 
 Ap'pli-ca-tive, «. Relating to application. 
 
 Ap'pli-ca-to-ry, a. Including application. — 2, n. 
 That which applies. [stract. 
 
 Ap-plled\ j>. a. Practical: not theoretical or au- 
 
 4p-ply', v. a. [0. Fr. aplier ; L. applicare; ad, to, 
 and plicare, to fold.] [pp. applying, applied.] 
 To put to ; to suit to ; to devote ; to addict : to 
 address to ; to busy. — 2, v. n. To suit ; to have 
 recourse. 
 
 Ap-po£--£i-a-tu'ra, n. [It. for a "support;" cog- 
 nate with Gr. ttoSlov, dim. of-ov?, foot.] (Mas.) 
 A note of embellishment or expression. 
 
 Ap-pbint', v. a. [Fr. appointer. — See Point.] [pp. 
 appointing, appointed.] To fix upon; to order; 
 to direct; to ordain.— 2, v. u. To decree; to re- 
 solve. 
 
 Syn. — Appoint a meeting ; fix the time. A ruler 
 appoints to an office; an officer orders or directs; 
 a physician prescribes ; Providence ordains. 
 
 Ap-pblnt'a-ble, «. That may be appointed. 
 
 Ap-pbint'ed, p. a. Settled : — equipped. 
 
 Ap-pbint-ee', n. One who is appointed. 
 
 Ap-p'dint'ment, n. Act of appointing:— engage- 
 ment; stipulation; decree; direction : — equip- 
 ment. 
 
 Ap-pbr'tion, v. a. [0. Fr. apportionner. — See Por- 
 tion.] '[pp. apportioning, apportioned.] To 
 assign in just parts; to allot; to assign; to ap- 
 propriate. 
 
 Ap-pbr'tion-ment, n. A dividing into portions; 
 distribution ; a share. 
 
 Ap-pb§e', v. a. [Fr. apposer. from L. ad, to, and ] 
 
 ponere, positum, to place ; influenced also by pau- 
 sare, to halt, to rest.] [pp. apposing, apposed.] 
 To apply to ; to expose. 
 
 Ap-pbsed' (a-pozd'), a. Set over against; mutu- 
 ally fitting ; adapted. 
 
 Ap-pbs'er, n. An examiner; an inquirer. 
 
 Ap'po-§ite, a, [L. appositus, from ad, to, and po- 
 nere, to place.] Proper ; fit ; suitable : — well put. 
 
 Ap'po-§ite-ljr, ud. Properly; suitably. 
 
 Ap'po-site-ness, »■ Fitness; adaptation. 
 
 Ap-po-si"tion (ap-po-zish'un), n. Examination ; 
 application. — (Gram.) The putting of two nouns 
 of the same meaning in the same case. 
 
 Ap-po-si"tion-al (-zish'un-al), o. Of or pertain- 
 ing'to apposition ; existing in apposition. 
 
 Ap-prais/al, )«. The act of appraising:— es- 
 
 Ap-praise'ment, j timated value. 
 
 Ap-praise', v. a. [A variant of apprize.] [jip. ap- 
 praising, appraised.] To set a price upon. 
 
 Ap-prais/er, n. One who appraises. 
 
 Ap-pre'ci-'a-ble (ap-pre'she-a-bl), a. That may be 
 appreciated or estimated : — perceptible. 
 
 Ap-pre'ci-a-bly (- s h?-a-ble), ad. In an appre- 
 ciable manner or degree ; so as to be appreciable. 
 
 Ap-pre'ci-ate (ap-pre'she-at), v. a. [L. appreUare, 
 to appraise; ad, to, and pretivm, price.] [pp. 
 appreciating, appreciated.] To estimate duly ; to 
 value ; to rate properly. — 2, v. a. & v. n. To raise, 
 or to rise, in value. 
 
 Ap-pre-ci-a'tion (ap-pre-she-a'shun). n. The act 
 of appreciating; adequate estimation; sympa- 
 thetic esteem. 
 
 Ap-pre'ci-a-tive, a. Showing appreciation. 
 
 Ap-pre'ci-a-to-ry, a. Showing appreciation. 
 
 Ap-pre-hend', v. a. [L. apprehendere, to seize: ad, 
 to, and prehendere, to take hold of.] [pp. appre- 
 hending, apprehended.] To lay hold on ; to 
 seize : — to conceive by the mind: — to fear. 
 
 Syn. — Apprehend, arrest, or seine a person ac- 
 cused ; apprehend an unpleasant occurrence ; fear 
 misfortune. 
 
 Ap-pre-hen'si-ble, a. That may be apprehended. 
 
 Ap-pre-hen'sion. n. The act of apprehending: — 
 faculty of conceiving ideas: — fear; suspicion; 
 
 ^ dread. [of apprehension. 
 
 Ap-pre-hen'sive, a. Distrustful; fearful: — quick 
 
 Ap-pre-hen'sive-ly, ad. With apprehension. 
 
 Ap-pre-hen'sive-ness, n. The state of being ap- 
 prehensive. 
 
 Ap-pren'tice, v. [0. Fr. aprentis, from L. appre- 
 hendere, to learn J One who is bound to Berre for 
 a term of years, upon condition that the trades- 
 man shall instruct him in his art. — 2, r. a. [pp. 
 apprenticing, apprenticed.] To put out as an 
 apprentice. 
 
 Ap-pren'tice-ship. n. State or term of service. 
 
 Ap-prlse', r. a. [Fr. apprendre, to learn, hence to 
 teach, to inform; participle, appris. — See Apphe- 
 hext.] [pp. apprising, apprised.] To inform; 
 to give notice to. 
 
 Ap-prize\ r. a. [0. Fr. apriser, to price, to ap- 
 praise. — See Price.] [pp. apprizing, apprized.] 
 To set a price on ; to appraise. 
 
 Ap-prize'ment. n. Appraisement. 
 
 Ap-priz'er. n. One who apprizes; appraiser. 
 
 Ap-prbacV (ap-pruch/), v. n. [Fr. approcher: L. 
 ad, to. and proptus t nearer; prope, near.] [pp. 
 approaching, approached.] To draw near. — 2, 
 r. a. To draw near to : — to be nearly equal to. 
 — 3, n. The act of drawing near; access: — an 
 avenue ; a way of access. 
 
 Ap-prbach'a-ble, a. Accessible. 
 
 Ap'pro-bate, v. a. [L. approbare, apjiirobatns : pro- 
 bare, to prove; probus, good.] [pp. approbating, 
 approbated.] To approve ; to license to preach" 
 
 Ap-pro-ba'tion, n. The act of approving; state 
 of approving; approval; support. 
 
 Ap'pro-ba-tive [ap'pro-ba-tlv, K. Sm. It. TT7». St. I. 
 Mu.) ap-pro'ba-tiv, Ja.], a. Approving. 
 
 Ap'pro-ba-to-ry, a. Approbative. 
 
 Ap-pr66f , n. Approbation: — experience; trial. 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5, 9, c, §, soft; p, p, p, g, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 
 D 7 
 
APPROPINQUATE 
 
 74 
 
 ARAMAIC 
 
 Ap-pro-pm'quate, v. a. [L. appropinquare ; ad, to, 
 and propinquare, to draw nigh ; propinquus, 
 neighboring ; prove, near.] [pp. appropinquating, 
 appropinquated.] To approach ; to draw near. 
 Ap-pro-pin'qui-ty, m. Nearness; near approach. 
 Ap-pro'pri-a-ble, a. That may be appropriated. 
 Ap-pro'pri-ate, v. a. [L. appropriare; ad, to, and 
 proprlus,' one's own.] [pp. appropriating, appro- 
 priated.] To take as one's own: — to consign to 
 some use. [able. 
 
 Ap-pr5'pri-ate, a. Peculiar; fit; adapted; suit- 
 Syn. — An appropriate remark ; adapted or stat- 
 able to the case ; a peculiar opinion ; fit for the 
 occasion. 
 Ap-pro'pri-ate-ly, ad. In an appropriate manner. 
 Ap-pro'pri-ate-ness, n. Fitness. 
 Ap-pro-pri-a'tion, n. The act of appropriating : — 
 
 any thing appropriated ; consignment. 
 Ap-pr5'pri-a.-tor, u. One who appropriates, 
 ^.p-prov'a-ble, a. Meriting approbation. 
 Ap-prov'al, n. The act of approving; approba- 
 tion; commendation. 
 Ap-prove', v. a. [Fr. approuver. — See Approbate 
 and Prove.] [pp. approving, af>proved.] To 
 express approbation of ; to like ; to commend ; to 
 praise : — to prove. [as to secure approval. 
 
 Ap-prov'ed-ly, ad. In an approved manner; so 
 Ap-prov'er, n. One who approves. 
 vA.p-prov'ing-ly, ad. In a manner implying ap- 
 proval. 
 Ap-prox'i-mal, a. Approaching. 
 Ap-prox'i-mate, a. Nearly, or fairly, correct. 
 jgk.p-prox'i-mate, v. a. [L. approximare, approxi- 
 mates; ad, to, and proximare, to draw near; 
 proxiruus, next.] [pp. approximating, approxi- 
 mated.] To draw near; to approach. — 2, v. n. 
 To come near. 
 Ap-pr6Vi-mate-ly, \ ad. Nearly ; with near 
 Ap-prox'i-ma-tive-ly, J approach to accuracy. 
 4.p-prox-i-ma'tion, ». The act of approximating ; 
 
 act of coming near; approach. 
 Ap-prox'i-ma-tive, a. Nearly accurate. 
 Ap'pulse. or Ap-pulse' [ap'puls, S. W. J. E. F. 
 Ja. ; ap-puls', Sm. B. P. C. Wb. St. Mu.~], n. _ [L. 
 appellere, appulsus ; ad, to, and pellere, to drive.] 
 The act of striking against ; appulsion. 
 Ap-pul'sion, n. The act of striking against. 
 Ap-piir'te-nance, n. [Anglo-French. — See Apper- 
 tain.] 'That which appertains; something be- 
 longing; an adjunct. 
 Ap-piir'te-nant, a. {Law.) Joined to; belonging. 
 A pri-cot, n. [Fr. abricot; 0. Sp. albarcoque; Arab. 
 al-burquq; Gr. npaLKOKiov ; all from L. prsecox, 
 early ripe ; prse, soon, and coquo, coctnm, to cook, 
 to ripen.] A fruit resembling a peach. 
 A'pril, n. [L. Aprilis, from aperire, to open, to 
 
 bloom.] The fourth month of the year. 
 A pri-o'ri, ad. [L., from the former.'] Theoreti- 
 cally ; from abstract reasons ; presumptively. — 
 2, a. Arising before experience; transcending 
 experience : — innate. 
 A-pri-br'i-ty, n. Inuateness; originality. 
 A'pron (a'purn) [a'purn, W. P. J. F. K. ; a'prun, 
 St. I. S. E. Ja.), n.' [Fr. napperon, napkin:— a 
 napperon was corrupted to an apron. — Cf. Fr. 
 nappe, L. mappa, a table-cloth.] A part of dress 
 worn in front. 
 Ap-ro-pos' (ap-ro-po'), ad. [Fr. d propos, to the 
 purpose; propos is the L. propositum.] To the 
 purpose ; opportunely. 
 Aps, n. [Variant of asp, aspen.] The white poplar. 
 Apse, n. [See Apsis.] (Arch.) The semicircular 
 or polygonal termination to the chancel or choir 
 of a church ; an embowed or arched ceiling, 
 Ap'si-dal, a. Like an apse or apsis ; belonging to 
 
 an apse or apsis. 
 Ap'sis, n. ; pi. Ap'si-de§, [Gr. di/u'9, 
 felloe, wheel, arch; anrecv, to 
 join, to fit.] (Astron.) One of two 
 points in the orbit of a planet, at Apsis. 
 
 the greatest and least distance from the sun. 
 
 Apt, a. 
 
 [L. 
 ; L. aptere.] 
 
 Apteryx. 
 
 (apisci), aphis, to fit ; cf. Gr. a-rr- 
 Fit; proper; ready; quick; 
 
 qualified. 
 
 Ap'te-ral, a. Not having wings or columns. 
 Ap'te-rous, a. [Gr. anrepos ; 
 
 d, neg., and nrepov, a wing.] 
 
 Not having wings. 
 Ap'te-ryx, n. [Gr. d, neg., and 
 
 ■n-repvg, a wing.] A wingless 
 
 New Zealand bird. 
 Ap'ti-tude, n. [L. aptitude — 
 
 See Apt.] Fitness ; tendency ; 
 
 aptness. 
 
 Apt'ly, fid. Properly ; pertinently ; readily. 
 Apt'ness, n. Fitness; aptitude; appositeness. 
 Ap'tote, ■». [Gr. atrTUTov ; d, neg., and ttt(x>t6<s, 
 
 falling, or case.— See Case.] (Gram.) An inde- 
 clinable noun. 
 A'qua, n. [L.] Water: — used in composition. 
 A'qua-for'tis, n. [L. for "strong water."] Nitric 
 
 acid. 
 A'qua-ma-rine', n. [L. aqua marina, sea-water: — 
 
 from its color.] A mineral allied to the emerald. 
 A'qua-re'ii-a, n. [L. for "royal water."] Nitro- 
 
 hydrochlo'ric acid. 
 Aquarelle (ak-wa-rel'), n. [Fr. ; It. acquarella; 
 
 am 
 
 water.] A water-color painting. 
 
 A-qua'ri-um, n. [L. for "watering-trough."] A 
 tank for aquatic plants and animals. 
 
 A-qua'ri-us, n. [L.] The Water-bearer; the 
 eleventh sign in the zodiac. 
 
 A-quat'ic, ]_ a. [L. aquaticus.] Pertaining to 
 
 A-quat'i-cal, J water; living in the water. 
 
 A-quat'ics, n. A collective name for aquatic 
 sports.' [A kind of engraving. 
 
 A'qua-tmt, n. [It. acqna Unto, colored water.] 
 
 A'qua-vl'tee, n. [L., "water of life."] Brandy. 
 
 Aq'ue-duct [ak'we-dukt, W. J. F. Ja. Sm. R. Mu. 
 H. 'St. I. C ; a'kwe-dukt, S. P.], n. [L. aquae 
 ductus. — See Duct.] An artificial channel for 
 conveying water. 
 
 A'que-ous (a'kwe-tis), a. Containing water; 
 watery. — Aqueous humor, the fluid which fills 
 the chambers of the eye. [or a watery fluid. 
 
 A-quif'er-ous, a. Conveying or affording water 
 
 Aq'ui-form, a. Having the form of water. 
 
 Aq'ui-line, or Aq'ui-line [ak'we-lin, W. P. Sm. ; 
 ak'we-lln, S. J. F. Ja. I.], a. [L. aquilinus ; 
 aquila, an eagle.] Relating to an eagle ; hooked, 
 as an eagle's beak. 
 
 Ar'ab, n. [Gr. 'Apa<// ; 
 L. Arabs; Arab. Ar- 
 abi; arabah, a desert.] 
 A native of Arabia. 
 
 AVa-besque (ar'a- 
 
 be'sk), a. [Fr.] Relating to Arabic architecture 
 and sculpture. — 2, n. A decoration in Oriental 
 style. 
 
 A-ra'bi-an, a. Relating to Arabia or the Arabs. 
 
 Ar'a-bic, o. Relating to Arabia ; Arabian. — 2, n. 
 The language of Arabia. 
 
 Ar'a-bist, n. One versed in Arabic literature. 
 
 Ar'a-ble, a. [L. arabilis; arare, to plough.] Fit 
 for the plough or tillage. 
 
 Ar'a-bo-Te-des'co, a. [It. for "Arabian-German ;" 
 Tedes'co is from the Ger. Deutsch, German.] 
 Noting a style of architecture combining Ger- 
 man Gothic with Moorish or degraded Grecian. 
 
 .A-rach'nid, \ n. [Gr. apaxvy, a sjiider.] One 
 
 A-ragh'ni-dan, j of the Arachuida. 
 
 4-raph'ni-da, n. pi. A class of small animals, in- 
 cluding spiders, mites, and scorpions. 
 
 A-raph'noid, n. [Gr. dpaxvoeiST??, like a spider's 
 web; apa-xviov, a cobweb; apdxvyj, a spider.] 
 The innermost membrane covering the brain. 
 
 Ar'a-go-nite. n. [From Araaon, in Spain.] (Min.) 
 A variety of carbonate of lime. 
 
 Ar-a-mae'an, "I game ag A ramaic, infra. 
 
 Ar-a-me an, J 
 
 Ar-a-ma'ic, a. Of or relating to or descended from 
 Aram, the son of Shem :— specifically, noting a 
 
 Arabesque. 
 
 a, e, 1, 6, 5, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, %, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
ARBALEST 
 
 75 
 
 ARCHITECTURAL 
 
 branch of the Semitic family of languages, com- 
 prising Syriac and Chaldee. 
 
 Ar'ba-lest, or Ar'ba-last, n. [A form of Arcuba- 
 list.] A large cross-bow. 
 
 Ar'bi-ter, n. [L., "an examiner;" ar for ad, to, 
 and bitere, betere, to go.] A judge; an arbitrator. 
 
 Ar'bi-tra-ble, a. Arbitrary :— determinable. 
 
 Ar'bj-trafe, n. [Fr.] Arbitration: — traffic in stocks 
 bearing different prices in different markets. 
 
 Ar-bit'ra-ment, n. Determination : — decision. 
 
 Ar'bi-tra-ri-ly., ad. In an arbitrary manner. 
 
 Ar'bi-tra-ry, a. [L. arbitrarius, depending on an 
 arbiter'.] Depending on one's own will; bound 
 by no law ; despot c; absolute. 
 
 Ar'bi-trate, v. a. [L. arbitrari, arbitrates, to ex- 
 amine, to act as arbiter.] [pp. arbitrating, arbi- 
 trated.] To decide; to judge of:— to settle by 
 arbitration. — 2, v. n. To give judgment. 
 
 Ar-bi-tra'tion, n. (Law.) The determination of 
 a cause by persons mutually agreed on by the 
 parties. [umpire ; judge. 
 
 Ar'bi-tra-tor, n. [L., from arbitrari, to judge.] An 
 
 Ar'bi-tra-trix, ) n. [L. arbitratrix.] A female ar- 
 
 Ar'bi-tress, J biter. 
 
 Ar'bor, n. [L., "a tree;" in the sense of "a 
 bower," and in the obsolete senses of "garden" 
 and "lawn," it is a corruption of L. herbarium ; 
 0. Fr. herbier.] A place covered with branches 
 of trees ; a bower : — an axis or spindle. 
 
 Ar'bo-ral, a. Kelating to trees. 
 
 Ar-bo're-al, a. Frequenting or inhabiting trees ; 
 found on trees; of the nature of trees. 
 
 Ar-bo're-ofis, a. [L. arboreus.] Belonging to 
 ' trees .-—woody. 
 
 Ar-bo-res'cence, n. Growth, as of trees. 
 
 Ar-bo-res'cent, a. [L. arborescere, to grow into a 
 tree.] Growing like a tree. 
 
 Ar'bo-ret, n. A small tree or shrub. 
 
 Ar-bo-re'tum, n. [L.] A tree-garden. 
 
 Ar-bor-i-cfilt'ure, n. [L. arbor, a tree, and cul- 
 tnra, culture.— See Culture.] Cultivation of 
 trees. 
 
 Ar'bor-ist, n. One who makes trees his study. 
 
 Ar'bo-rlze, v. a. [pp. arborizing, arborized.] To 
 form like a tree or plant. 
 
 Ar'bor-ous, a. Belonging to a tree. 
 
 Ar'bor-vi'tae, n. [L., "tree of life."] An ever- 
 green tree or shrub. 
 
 Ar'bus-cle (ar'bus-sl), n. [L. arbuscula, dim. of 
 arbos, or arbor, a tree.] Any little shrub. 
 
 Ar'bute, n. [L. arbutus.] The strawberry-tree. 
 
 Ar'bu-tus, n. [L.] The arbute : — the May-flower. 
 
 Arc, n. [L. arms, a bow.] A segment of a circle ; 
 an arch. 
 
 Ar-cade', n. [Fr. ; Late L. areata, an arched 
 structure.] {Arch.) A series of arches with a 
 walk under them : — a small arch. 
 
 Ar-ca'di-an, a. Relating to Arcadia :— rural or 
 pastoral. — 2, n. A native of Arcadia:' — a simple- 
 minded person: — an idealist. 
 
 Ar-ca'num, ».; pi. Ar-ca'na. [L., from area, a 
 chest.] A secret. 
 
 Arch, n. [0. Fr. arche ; in the sense 
 of "curve," from L. arctts, a bow ; 
 in the sense of "a vault," it 
 probably represents also L. area, 
 a chest.] Part of a circle or el- 
 lipse ; an arc : — a concave, hollow 
 structure ; a vault.— 2, v. a. [pp. 
 arching, arched.] To build or 
 form with arches; to span; to 
 overarch:— to cross, as with an 
 arch.— 3, v. n. To bend; to Arch ' 
 
 curve.— 4, a. [Probably with the idea of 
 rogue, or arch-buffoon; see next below.] 
 _ gish; mirthful. 
 
 Arch [Gr. dpxo?, chief, first], in composition, signi- 
 fies chief, or of the first class, as archangel, arch- 
 bishop, &c. ; sometimes, of the worst class, as arch- 
 traitor, arch-tyrant, &c. Following the Greek, it 
 often becomes arehi. 
 
 reh- 
 Wag- 
 
 Ar-phse'an, a. [Gr. dpxeuo?, ancient ; apxv, the 
 beginning.] (Geol.) Noting the lowest section 
 of crystalline sedimentary rocks, comprising the 
 Laurentian and Huronian series of strata. 
 
 Ar-chas-o-lofic, \a. Kelating to archaeology ; 
 
 Ar-chse-o-lof'i-cal, J ancient. 
 
 Ar-chse-ol'o-i-ist, n. One versed in archaeology. 
 
 Ar-chse-ol'o-ix (ar-ke-61'o-je), n. [Gr. dpxaio?, 
 ancient, and Aoyos, treatise.] The science which 
 treats of antiquities ; antiquities. 
 
 Ar-cha'ic, ) a. [Gr. dpxaiKos, old-fashioned; 
 
 Ar-eha'i-cal, J dpxi?, the beginning.] Old; an- 
 cient;' gone or going out of use; obsolescent. 
 
 Ar'cha-ism, n. [Gr. dpxeucr/uos.] An ancient 
 phrase or idiom. 
 
 Ar'cha-ist, u. An archaeologist; an antiquarian. 
 
 Arch-an'i-el, n. [Gr. dpxdyyeAos.] A chief angel. 
 
 Areh-an-gel'ic, a. Belonging to archangels. 
 
 Arch-bish'op, n. [L. archiepiscopus. — See Bishop.] 
 The principal of the bishops; primate; metro- 
 politan. 
 
 Arch-blsh'op-ric, n. Office, state, jurisdiction, or 
 province of an archbishop. 
 
 Arch-dea'con (arch-de'kn), n. [Gr. apx'Sid/co^os. 
 — See Deacon.] An ecclesiastical officer next to 
 a bishop ; chief deacon. 
 
 Arch-dea'con-ry, n. The jurisdiction and office 
 of an archdeacon. 
 
 Arch-dea'con-ship, n. Archdeaconry. 
 
 Arch-dro-cese, n. [See Diocese.] An archbish- 
 opric; the diocese of an archbishop. 
 
 Arch-dii'cal, a. Pertaining to an archduke. 
 
 Arch-duch'ess, n. The wife of an archduke. 
 
 Arch-dueh'y, n. Territory of an archduke. 
 
 Arch-duke', n. Title of a prince of Austria. 
 
 Arch'ed (arch'ed or Srcht) [arch'ed, 8. W. Ja. E. ; 
 aren't, K. Sm. H. St.], p. a. Formed like an arch. 
 
 Arch-en'e-my, n. Chief enemy. 
 
 Arch'er, >i. [L. areas, a bow.] One who shoots 
 with a bow. 
 
 Arch'er-y, ». The use of the bow. 
 
 Ar-ghe-ty'pal, a. Original ; primitive. 
 
 Ar-che-ty'pal-ly, ad. In relation to an archetype. 
 
 Ar'phe-type, n. [Gr. apxirvnov ; dp^o?, first, and 
 Tvnoq, type.] The original of which any copy 
 or resemblance is made ; a model. 
 
 Arch-fiend', n. The chief of fiends. 
 
 Ar-phi-di-ac'o-nal, a. Of an archdeacon. 
 
 Ar-chi-e-pis'co-pa-cy, n. The system of church 
 government by archbishops. 
 
 Ar-phi-e-pis'co-pal, a. [See Bishop and Episco- 
 pal.] Of an archbishop or archbishopric. 
 
 Ar-chi'e-rjr, \n. [Gr. apx°s, chief, and iepev'?, 
 
 Ar-chi'e-rey, /priest.] A collective name for all 
 the dignitaries in the Greek Church. 
 
 Ar'chi-niafe, n. An archimagus :— a great wiz- 
 ard ; chief of the wizards. 
 
 Ar-chi-ma'gus, n. [Gr. apxas, chief, and ^dyos, 
 magician.— -See Magician.] The chief of the 
 Magi. 
 
 Ar-chi-man'drite, n. [Gr. apxt/^ai'Sptrr;? ; fj.dv- 
 Spa, a monastery.] An Oriental nbbot. 
 
 Ar-phim-e-de'an. a. Relating to Archimedes. 
 
 Arch'ing,'«. A structure made of arches. — 2, a. 
 Forming an arch. 
 
 Ar-phi-pel'a-go, )(. [It. arcipelago, the great gulf; 
 pelago, a pool ; Gr. dp^os, chief, and n-eAayo?, 
 sea; or perhaps a corruption of Gr. atyalov 
 7re'Aayo?, the iEgean sea.] A sea which abounds 
 in small islands : — specifically, the iEgean sea. 
 
 Ar'chi-tect, n. [L. architects ; Gr. apxt-reKTiuv, 
 master builder; apxos, chief, and re/cTwv, 
 builder.] A master of the art of building. 
 
 Ar-phi-tec'tive, «. Used in architecture. 
 
 Ar-phi-tec-ton'ic. a. Possessing architectural or 
 constructive skill ; constructive. 
 
 Ar-chi-tec-ton'ic, 1 n. [Gr. dpxtTeKTovtKo?. — See 
 
 Ar-phi-tec-ton'ics, J Architect.] The art or sci- 
 ence of arranging knowledge into a system: — 
 architecture regarded as a science. 
 
 Ar-phi-tect'u-ral, a. Relating to architecture. 
 
 mien, sir ; m8ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— g, 5, 5, £, soft; p, js, p, |, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 
 
ARCHITECTURE 
 
 ARIAtf 
 
 Ar'chi-tect'ure (iir'ke-tekt-yur), v. [L. architec- 
 lura.] The art or science of building :— style of 
 building. 
 
 Ar'phi-trave, n. [Arch, chief, and L. irabs, trabis, 
 a beam.] That part of the entablature which 
 lies immediately upon the columns. 
 
 Ar'phlves. [ar'kivz or ar'kivz, 3Iu.], n. pi. [Fr. 
 archive, archif; Gr. ap^elov, public office; apxij, 
 government.] Places where public records or 
 ancient writings are kept :— ancient records. 
 
 Ar'phi-vist, n. A keeper of archives. 
 
 Arch'iy, ad. Jocosely ; shrewdly ; slyly. 
 
 Arch'ness, n. Shrewdness; sly humor. 
 
 Ar'phon (ar'kon), n. [Gr. apx<»v, ruler ; apxeiv, to 
 rule.] The chief magistrate of ancient Athens. 
 
 Arch-pres'by-ter, n. A chief presbyter. 
 
 Arch-priest', »-" A chief priest. 
 
 Arch' way, n. A vaulted aperture in a building ; 
 an entrance or passage under an arch. 
 
 Ar'co-graph, n. [Arc and Gr. ypdfyeiv, to inscribe.] 
 An instrument for describing arcs of circles 
 without centres. 
 
 Arc' tic, a. [Gr. dp/criKog, northern ; literally, of 
 the'bear (ap^ros), referring to the constellation 
 called the Great Bear.] Northern. — Arctic circle, 
 the circle which forms the southern limit of the 
 northern frigid zone. 
 
 Xrc'ti-tude, n. [L. arclitudo ; arctus, or artus, nar- 
 row'.] Contraction; straitness. 
 
 Arc-to-fae'al, "I a. [Gr. ap/cros, northern, and 
 
 Arc-to-ge'al, j yala, the earth.] Noting the colder 
 division of the earth, properly of the northern 
 hemisphere. 
 
 Ar'cu-ate, a. [L. arcuare, arcuahts, to bend ; arcus, 
 a bow.] Bent like an arch or bow. 
 
 Ar-cii-a'tion, n. The act of bending; curvity. 
 
 Ar'cu-ha-list, n. [L. arcus, a bow, and battista, an 
 engine for throwing missiles.] A cross-bow. 
 
 Ar-cu-ba-tfs'ter, or Ar-cu-bal'is-ter [ar-kii-bal'- 
 is-ter, S. W. P. Ma. ; ar-ku-ba-lis'ter, K. Sm. I. 
 M'b.], n. A cross-bowman. 
 
 Ar'das-sine, n. [Per. ardan, silk; whence Fr. ar- 
 das'se, ardassine7\ An exceedingly fine variety 
 of Persian silk. 
 
 Ar'den-cy, n. Ardor; eagerness; heat. 
 
 Ar'dent, a. [L. ardere, arderdis, to burn.] Having 
 ardor ; fiery ; zealous. 
 
 Ar'dent-ly, ad. In an ardent manner; eagerly. 
 
 Ar'dor, n. [L., from ardere, to burn.] Heat ; heat 
 of affection ; zeal. 
 
 Ar'du-oiis [ar'du-us, S. P. J. Ja. ; ar'ju-us, TF.], a. 
 [L. arduus, high, steep.] High; hard to climb: 
 —difficult. 
 
 Syn. — An arduous path up a high mountain : — 
 an arduous enterprise ; a difficult task. 
 
 Ar'du-oiis-ly., ad. In an arduous manner; toil- 
 somely. 
 
 Ar'du-ous-ness, n. Height; difficulty. 
 
 Are. [See Am.] The indicative mood, present 
 tense, plural number, of the verb to be. 
 
 Are, n. [Fr. ; L. area, a level plot.] In the met- 
 ric system, a measure of superficial extent, equal 
 to 100 square metres, or 119.6 square yards. It 
 is the unit of land measure in France. 
 
 A're-a, n. [L., a level and vacant plot; allied to 
 earth, perhaps also to arid, dry, and to arena.'] 
 The surface or superficial content of any figure 
 or space ; any open surface. 
 
 A're-al, a. Of or pertaining to superficial extent. 
 
 Ar'e-ca (or a-re'ka), n. [Malayalam adekka; 
 Tamil adaikay ; a'dai. closely clustered, and kay, 
 nut.] A palm tree and its nut. 
 
 Ar-e-fac'tion, n. [L. arefacere, to make dry ; arere, 
 to' dry, and facere, to make. — See Arid.] The 
 act of growing dry ; a drying. 
 
 Ar'e-fy, v. a. [pp. arefying, arefied.] To dry. 
 
 A-re'na, n. [L. arena, or harena, sand.] L. pi. 
 A-re'nae, Eng. A-re'nas. The space for comba- 
 tants in an amphitheatre. 
 
 Ar-e-na'ceous (-na'shus), a. Sandy. 
 
 Ar-e-na'tion, n. A sort of dry sand-bath. 
 
 Argali. 
 
 A-re'o-la, n. ; pi. A-re'o-lse. [L., dim. of area.] A 
 small area ; a spot. 
 
 A-re'o-lar, a. (Anat.) Full of areoles or inter- 
 stices. ' 
 
 A're-ole, n. Same as Arkola. 
 
 A-re-om'e-ter. n. [Gr. apouo?, thin, and p.erpov, 
 measure.] ' An instrument to measure the spe- 
 cific gravity or density of fluids. 
 
 A-re-om'e-try, n. The art of measuring the spe- 
 cific gravity' of fluids. 
 
 Ar-e-op'a-§-ite, n. A senator or judge in the 
 court of Areopagus in ancient Athens. 
 
 Ar-e-op'a-gus, h. [L. ; Gr. 'Apeios Tra-yog, the hill 
 
 _ of Mars.] The highest court at Athens. 
 
 Ar-e-ta'ics, n. pi. [Gr. apery, virtue.] That de- 
 
 _ pa'rtment of ethics which treats of virtue. 
 
 Ar-e-thu'sa, n. [L. ; Gr. '\pe6ovo-a, tbe name of 
 several fountains, and of a nymph, the bucolic 
 muse ; root of apSetv, to water.] (Bot.) A plant 
 and flower. 
 
 Ar'gal, n. See Argot.. 
 
 Ar-gala, n. [Hind, hargila.] The East Indian 
 adjutant or great 
 stork. 
 
 Ar-g-a'li. n. [Tungu- 
 sian and Mongol.] 
 The wild sheep of 
 Siberia and Central 
 Asia. 
 
 Ar'gand, a. [The in- 
 ventor's name.] Ap- 
 plied to a large kind 
 of lamp, with a cir- 
 cular wick. 
 
 Ar'gan-tree, n. [Ar- 
 ab, 'arjan.] An African tree. 
 
 Ar'gent, a. [L. argentum, silver.] Silvery; shining 
 like silver. — 2, m. White color in coats of arms ; 
 silver. 
 
 Ar-|-en-ta'tion, n. An overlaying with silver. 
 
 Ar-ien-tif'er-ous, o. Affording silver. 
 
 Ar'gen-tine [ar'jen-tin, Ja. K. St. Mu. ; ar'jen-tin, 
 H. I. Sim.], a. Pertaining to, or like, silver. 
 
 Ar'gil. «. [L. argilla, clay.] Potter's clay ; argil- 
 laceous earth. 
 
 Ar-gil-la'ceous (ar-jil-la'shus), a. Clayey. 
 
 Ar-|il-lif er-oiis, a. Producing clay. 
 
 Ar'fil-lite", n. Clay-slate. 
 
 Ar-gil'lous. a. Consisting of clay; argillaceous. 
 
 Ar'five (kr'jiv), a. Of or pertaining to Argolis, 
 or to Argos, in Greece.— 2, n. A native of Ar- 
 golis or Argos. 
 
 Ar'gol, n. [Perhaps akin to argil, and to Gr. apyiA- 
 Aos, clay ; apyo;, white.] Tartar of wine. 
 
 Ar'go-naut. n. [Gr. 'Apyovavrris ; 'Apyco, the ship 
 Argo, and i/avrrj?, a sailur.] One of the com- 
 panions of Jason in the ship Argo, on the voy- 
 age to Colchis :— a shell-fish, or mollusk, the 
 paper nautilus. 
 
 Ar-go-nau'tic, a. Kelating to the Argonauts. 
 
 Ar'go-sy, n. [From Ragusa, a Dalmatian port.] 
 A large vessel for merchandise. 
 
 Ar'got (or ar'go), n. [Fr.] Thieves' slang of 
 Paris and other cities of France; slang; rant. 
 
 Ar'giie (ar'gii), v. n. [L. arguere, to prove.] [pp. 
 arguing, argued.] To reason; to dispute.— 2, 
 v. a. To prove ; to reason ; to debate. 
 
 Syn.— Argue in defence; reason on the subject; 
 dispute in refutation ; debate in the senate. 
 
 Ar'gu-er, n. One who argues ; a reasoner. 
 
 Ar'gu-ment, n. [B. argumentum.] A reason al- 
 leged: — the subject of 'any discourse:— a plea. 
 
 Ar-gu-men-ta'tion, n. Process of reasoning. 
 
 Ar-gu-mint'a-tive, a. Consisting of argument : 
 — controversial :— disputatious. 
 
 Ar-gute', a. [L. argutus, sharp, keen; part, of 
 arguere, to make clear.] Shrill: — subtle: — 
 shrewd. 
 
 A'ri-a. n. [It. for "air."— See Air.] (Mus.) An 
 air,' song, or tune. 
 
 A'ri-an, n. One of the followers of Arius. 
 
 a, e, I, 6, u, y, long; a, e, l, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
AEIANIS3I 
 
 ARRAIGNMENT 
 
 A'ri-an-ism, ». The doctrine of Arius. 
 
 Ar'id' a. [L. aridus; arere, to dry.] Dry; parched 
 with heat; barren; unfruitful; jejune. 
 
 A-rid'i-ty, n. [L. ariditas; Fr. aridite.] State of 
 
 " being arid ; dryness. 
 
 Ar'id-ness, n. Dryness ; aridity. 
 
 A'ri-es, n. [L.] The Ram: — the first of the twelve 
 signs of the zodiac, which the sun enters at the 
 vernal equinox, on the 21st of March. 
 
 Ar-i-et'ta, ». [It., dim. of aria.] A short song. 
 
 A-right' (a-iif), ad. Rightly ; correctly. 
 
 Ar-i-o'so, a. & ad. [It. for " airy. "J (Mas.) Light- 
 some; gay. 
 
 A-rI§e\ v. n. [See Rise.] [i. arose ; pp. arising, 
 
 * arisen.] To mount upward ; to get up; to rise: 
 — to revive from death : — to proceed from. 
 
 Ar-is-toc'ra-cy, n. [Gr. apiaronpaTia ; dpi<rros, 
 best, and* Kparia, rule.] A government by no- 
 bles or the principal persons of a state or town ; 
 nobility; gentry. 
 
 Ar'is-to-crat, or A-ris'to-crat [ar-is-to-kraf, W. 
 P." ; Ar'is-to-kr.it, Ja. Sm. B. ; a-ris'to-krat, C. 
 Wb. ; ar'is-'to-krat', St.], n. One who favors aris- 
 tocracy : — a haughty man : — a patrician. 
 
 Ar-is-to-crat'ic, )a. Relating to aristocracy ; 
 
 Ar-is-to-crat'i-cal, j haughty. 
 
 Ar-js-to-te'li-an, a. Relating to Aristotle.— 2, ». 
 Afoll'ower of Aristotle. 
 
 A-rith'me-tic, n. [Gr. api0p.r?Tuc7? ; apt0/x6s, num- 
 ber.] The science of numbers. 
 
 Ar-ith-met'i-cal, a. According to arithmetic. 
 
 A-rith-me-ti"cian (a-rith-me-tish'an), n. One 
 who is versed in arithmetic. 
 
 Ark, n. [0. E. arc; L. area.] A chest: — a vessel 
 to swim upon the water; — usually applied to 
 that in which Noah and his family were pre- 
 served: — a large, rude raft, or flat-boat. 
 
 Aries, n. pi. [L. arrha; dim. arrhida, a pledge.] 
 Earnest-money. 
 
 Arm, n. [Teutonic— Cf. L. armus, a shoulder; Gr, 
 apjaos, a joint.] The limb which reaches from 
 the hand to the shoulder: — a bough of a tree: 
 — an inlet of the sea: — [L. arma, arms] a branch 
 of military service ; a weapon. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 arming, armed.] To furnish with arms; to for- 
 tify. — 6. v. n. To take arms. 
 
 Ar-ma'da, v. [Sp.; L. armare, armatum, to arm.] 
 An armament for sea; a 
 fleet. 
 
 Ar-ma-dil'lo, n. [Sp., dim. 
 of armado, one who is 
 armed.] An animal hav- 
 ing bony armor. 
 
 Ar'ma-ment, ». [L. arma- 
 men'tum.] A force for war: 
 — equipment. 
 
 Ar'ma-ture, n. [L. arma- 
 tnra'.] Defensive armor: — a piece of soft iron 
 applied to the magnet; a keeper. 
 
 Arm'-chair, n. A chair with arms. 
 
 Ar-me'ni-an, n. A native of Armenia. — 2, a. Re- 
 lating to Armenia. 
 
 Arm'ful, n. As much as the arms can hold. 
 
 Arm'hole, n. A cavity under the shoulder: — a 
 hole in a garment for the arm. 
 
 Ar'mi-£-er, n. [L.] A knight or esquire. 
 Ar-mi£'er-ous, a. [L. arrna, arms, and gerere, to 
 
 bear.] ' Bearing arms. 
 Ar'mil-la-ry, a. [L. armilla, a bracelet; armus, 
 
 shoulder.] ' Resembling a bracelet. 
 Ar'mil-la-ry. sphere, n. A skeleton celestial 
 
 globe. 
 Ar'mil-lat-ed, a. Having bracelets. 
 Arm'ing-press, n. [So called from the old prac- 
 tice of impressing heraldic coats of arms on 
 books.] A bookbinder's tool for stamping titles 
 on the backs of books. 
 Ar-min'ian (ar-mm'yan), n . A follower of Ar- 
 minius,' who differed from Calvin. — 2, a. Re- 
 lating to Arminius. 
 
 Armadillo. 
 
 Ar-min'ian-ijm, 
 
 The doctrine of Arminius. 
 
 Ar-mip'p-tent, a. [L. arma, arms, and potens, po- 
 teidis, powerful. — See Potent.] Powerful in 
 arms. 
 
 Ar'mis-tice, n. [Late L. armistitium; arma, arms, 
 and sistere, to stop.] A cessation from arms; a 
 suspension cf hostilities; a truce. 
 
 Arm'let, n. A little arm; a bracelet. 
 
 Ar'mor, «. [L. armatura; 0. Fr. armeure ; Ft. ar- 
 vtur'e.] Defensive arms for the body. 
 
 Ar'mor-bear'er (ar'mur-bar'er), n. One who car- 
 ries'the armor of another. " 
 
 Ar'mor-er, n. One who makes or sells arms. 
 
 Ar-mo'ri-al, a. Relating to armor ; heraldic. 
 
 Ar'mor-plat'ed, a. Plated or covered with iron 
 plates for de'fence : — said of a ship or of a fort. 
 
 Ar'mo-ry, n. [From armor; influenced by L. ar- 
 marium, a closet.] A place in which arms are 
 deposited : — armor: — ensigns armorial : — a man- 
 ufactory of arms. 
 
 Arm'pit, n. The cavity under the shoulder. 
 
 Arm§, h. pi. [See Arm.] Weapons of offence or 
 defence. — (Her.) The ensigns armorial of a 
 family. 
 
 Syn. — Arms originally meant instruments of 
 offence, and iceapons, instruments of defence. 
 We say fire-arms, never fire- weapons. Cannons, 
 muskets, pistols, &c, are fire-arms ; bows and 
 arrows, clubs, stones, &c, are ueapons. 
 
 Ar'my, n. [Fr, armee; L. annare, to arm.] A 
 large body of armed men under a military com- 
 mander; a host. 
 
 Ar'my-worm (-wiirm), v. A destructive cater- 
 pillar, appearing in hosts or armies. 
 
 Ar'ni-ca, ». [Mod. L. perhaps for Gr. irTapixiicri, 
 sne'eze'wort ; -mapwixi, to sneeze.] A medicinal 
 plant and its tincture. 
 
 A-ro'ma, n. [Gr.] The odorant principle of 
 plants ; a pleasant odor. 
 
 Ar-o-mat'ic, \a. [Gr. apw/xariKo?.] Contain- 
 
 Ar-o-mat'i-cal, j ing aroma ; spicy ; fragrant. 
 
 Ar-o-mat'ics, ». pi. Fragrant spices or drugs. 
 
 Ar'o-ma-tize, or A-ro'ma-tize [ar'o-ma-tiz, & W. 
 E. K. E. ; a-rom'a-tiz, P- ; a-ro'ma-tlz', St. ; 
 a-ro'ma-tiz, Ja. Ma. Sm.], v. a. [Gr. apojixari^eiv.] 
 [pp. aromatizing, aromatized.] To scent with 
 aromatics. 
 
 A-ro'ma-tous, a. Containing aroma. 
 
 A-rose', i. from arise. See Arise. 
 
 ^.-rb*und',arf. [See Round.] In a circle ; on every 
 side. — 2, prep. About; near to; encircling. 
 
 A-rbus'al, n. The act of arousing, or state of 
 being aroused. 
 
 A-rbuse', v. a. [See RorsE.] [pp. arousing, 
 aroused.] To wake from sleep; to rouse. 
 
 A-rbw' (a-ro'), ad. In a row ; in order. 
 
 A-rbynt'" inter). Begone; away. 
 
 Arpeggio (ar-ped'jo), n. [It., from arpa, a harp.] 
 A passage Avith the notes of its harmony not 
 simultaneous, but in quick succession. 
 
 Ar'pent (or aVpan), n. [Fr. ; L. arepemiis, a half- 
 acre (a Celtic word).] A French acre. 
 
 Ar'que-bfise (aVkwe-biis) [ar'ke-buz, St.], n. [Fr. ; 
 Dut.' haak, hook, and bus, gun.] A kind of hand- 
 gun not now in use. 
 
 Ar-que-bus-ier' (ar-kwe-bus-er 7 ) [-bft-zer 7 , St.], n. 
 A soldier armed with an arquebuse. 
 
 Ar'qui-foux (ar'ki-fr)), «. [Fr. ; Sp. alqnifol : cf. 
 Sp. cdcofol, alcohol.] A kind of lead ore which 
 gives a green varnish to potterv. 
 
 Ar-rack' [ar-rak', W. P. J. F. Ja" ; ar'ak, S. K. St. 
 I. X. Sm.], n. [Hind. ; Arab, araq, sweat, juice.] 
 A spirit procured by distillation from the sap of 
 palm-trees or from rice. 
 
 Ar-raign' (ar-ran'), v. a. [0. Fr. arainer, araison- 
 ner ; L. adrationare, to reason; ad, to, and ratio, 
 ratinnis, reason. Arrain, in the old legal sense 
 of "to demand," is from Fr. aramer, to stretch; 
 Goth, hramjan.] [pp. arraigning, arraigned.] 
 To bring before a tribunal ; to charge ; to indict ; 
 to accuse. 
 Ar-raign'ment, w. The act of arraigning. 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. 
 
 7* 
 
 c, £, soft; p, ja, p, §, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 
 
AEKANGE 
 
 78 
 
 AKTISAN 
 
 Ar-rangV, v. a. [Fr. art-anger, — Cf. Range, Bank.] 
 [pp. arranging, arranged.] To put in regular 
 order; to range; to class; to place. 
 
 Ar-rangVment, n. The act of arranging; order. 
 
 Ar'rant, a. [Variant form of enroll, a vagabond. 
 — See Errant.] Bad in a high degree ; vile ; 
 manifestly vile : — out-and-out ; complete. 
 
 Ar'ras, n. Rich tapestry, first made at Arras. 
 
 Ar-ras'tre (-tra), n. [Sp. — Cf. L. rostrum, a har- 
 row.] A rude machine for grinding ores by 
 dragging a heavy stone over them. 
 
 Ar-ray', n. [U. Fr. arei, arai; root of ready.] Or- 
 der of battle : — dress ; attire. — 2, v. a. [pp. ar- 
 raying, arrayed.] To put in order; to deck. 
 
 Ar-rear', n. [Fr. arriere. — Cf. rkar, and L. retro, 
 backward.] That which remains unpaid. 
 
 Ar-rear'a£-e, h. Remainder of an account ; arrear. 
 
 4-r-rect'. a. [L. arrigere, arrectus, to lift; ad, and 
 regere, to direct.] Erected ; erect ; attentive. 
 
 Ar-rest', u. [O. Fr. areste, a stop; 0. Fr. aresler, 
 Fr. arrtter, to arrest ; L. ad, at, re, backward, 
 stare, to stand.] A seizure under legal process: 
 —a stop.— '2, v. a. [pp. arresting, arrested.] To 
 stop ; to hinder ; to stay ; to catch ; to seize ; to 
 apprehend. 
 
 Ar-rest'ment, or Ar-res-ta'tion, ». The act of 
 arresting; the state of being 'arrested; arrest:— 
 stoppage : — legal attachment. 
 
 Ar-ret', n. [Fr.] A decree ; a decision of a court. 
 
 Ar-ri'val, n. [O. Fr. arrivaille ; Fr. arriver, to ar- 
 rive ; 'L. ad, to, and ripa, the shore.] The act 
 of coming to any place: — a person or thing that 
 has arrived. 
 
 Ar-rlve', v. n. [pp. arriving, arrived.] To come 
 to any place. 
 
 Ar'ro-gance, ) n. Assumption of too much im- 
 
 Ar'ro-gan-cy, j portance ; pride. 
 
 Ar'ro-gant, a. [L. arrogans, assuming. — See Ar- 
 rogate.] Possessed of arrogance; haughty; 
 assuming; despotic; magisterial. 
 
 Ar'ro-gant-ly, ad. In an arrogant manner. 
 
 Ar'ro-gate, v. a. [L. arrogare, arrogatns, to claim ; 
 ad, to, and rogare, to ask.] [pp. arrogating, ar- 
 rogated.] To claim unduly. 
 
 Ar-ro-ga'tion, ». The act of arrogating :— an un- 
 warrantable assumption. 
 
 Ar'row, n. [0. E. arewe, earh ; cognate with L. 
 arcus, bow.] A weapon shot from a bow. 
 
 Ar'row-root. n. [From its once supposed efficacy 
 in curing poisoned arrow-wounds.] A farina- 
 ceous substance and the plant producing it. 
 
 Ar'ro\v-y (ar'ro-e), a. Consisting of arrows :— like 
 an arrow; swift; piercing. 
 
 Ar-r*6y'o, n. [Sp., after L. irriguns, watery, over- 
 flowing.] A brook ; a streamlet: — a gully. 
 
 Ar'se-nal, w. [Fr. ; It. arzand ; Sp. darsena; Arab. 
 dar ac'cinah, workshop.] A magazine of military 
 6tores. 
 
 Arsenic, or Ar'se-nic [ars'nik, S. W. J. F. K. 
 Mu. ; ar'se-njk, St. I. H. Ja. Sm.~\, n. [L. arsen- 
 icum ; Gr. apaeviicov, masculine, strong.] A poi- 
 sonous mineral substance. 
 
 Ar-sen'i-cal, a. Containing arsenic. 
 
 Ar'sen-ide, n. A primary compound of arsenic. 
 
 Ar-se'ni-ofis, a. Containing arsenic. 
 
 £3&«3& i> } «• a-*™* •» «<-*■ 
 
 Ar'sis, n. [Gr. for "raising;" alpeiv, to raise.] 
 (Mus.) The raising of the hand in beating time : 
 — an accented syllable. 
 
 Ar'son, n. [0. Fr. ; L. ardere, arsum, to burn.] 
 The act of voluntarily and maliciously burning 
 the house of another. 
 
 Art. [See Am.] The second person singular, in- 
 dicative mood, present tense, of the verb to be. 
 
 Art. n. [L. ars. artis.) The application of human 
 knowledge or skill in the formation of things : — 
 opposed to nature : — one of the fine arts, as poetry, 
 music, architecture, painting, sculpture, &c. ; or 
 one of the useful or mechanical arts: — a trade: — 
 artfulness ; artifice ; skill ; dexterity ; cunning. 
 
 Ar-te'ri-al, a. Relating to an artery. 
 
 Ar-te'ri-al-Ize, v. a. [pp. arterializing, arterial- 
 ized.] To impart, as to venous blood, the quali- 
 ties of arterial blood. 
 
 Ar-te-ri-ot'o-my, n. [Gr. apr-qptoTop-ia ; apr-qpia, 
 artery, and Tep.veiv, to cut.] Opening of an ar- 
 tery. 
 
 Ar'te-ry, n. [Gr. aprrjpia, probably from aipetv, 
 to lift, with the idea of a strap : an old etvmol- 
 ogy connects the word with arjp, air; the an- 
 cients considered the arteries to be filled with 
 air.] One of the blood-vessels which convey the 
 blood from the heart to all parts of the body. 
 
 Ar-te'§ian (ar-te'zhan), a. [Fr. arlesien, from 
 Arteis, an old name of Artois.] Relating to Ar- 
 tois. — Artesian well, a well made by boring. 
 
 Art'f ul, a. Cunning ; sly ; crafty ; dexterous. 
 
 Art'ful-ly, ad. With art; cunningly. 
 
 Art'fiil-ness, n. Quality of being artful. 
 
 Ar-thrit'ic, ) a. [Gr. ap0piTi/cos.] Relating to 
 
 Ar-thrit'i-cal, J arthritis or the gout; gouty. 
 
 Ar-thri'tis, n. [Gr. apflptTis; dpGpov, a joint. — 
 See -itis.] (Med.) The gout. 
 
 Ar'thro-pod, ?i._; pi. Ar-throp'o-da, or Ar'thro- 
 pods. [Gr. apQpov, a joint, and irous, 7ro86's, 
 a foot.] An animal with jointed feet, as iusects, 
 spiders, crabs, &c. 
 
 Ar'ti-choke, n. [It. articciocco, arci- 
 cioffo; Sp. alcachofa ; Arab, al-khar- 
 shuf.] An esculent plant. 
 
 Ar'ti-cle, n. [L. articulus, dim. of 
 artus, joint, and in Late L. a dim. of 
 ars, artis, meaning a device.] A part 
 of speech ; as, a, an, the : — a thing : — 
 a literary composition : — a clause of 
 an account: — the very moment. — 
 
 fl. Terms; stipulations. — 2, v. a. 
 pp. articling, articled.] To draw- 
 up, or bind by, articles. 
 
 Sijn. — Articles of indenture; terms 
 of settlement; express stipulations; 
 conditions of sale. Artichoke. 
 
 Ar-tic'u-lar, a. Relating to articles or joints. 
 
 Ar-tic-u-la'ta, n. jd. [L. for "jointed."] The class 
 of jointed animals. 
 
 Ar-tic'u-late, v. a. [L. articulare, artiadatus, to 
 joint, to join. — See Article.] [ pp. articulating, 
 articulated.] To form words; to pronounce; to 
 speak:— to form joints to; to joint. — 2, v. n. To 
 speak distinctly. 
 
 Ar-tic'u-late, a. Distinct : — plain : — jointed. 
 
 Ar-tic'u-lat-ed, p. a. Jointed : — distinctly ut- 
 tered : — formulated. 
 
 Ar-tic'u-late-ly, ad. In a distinct manner. 
 
 Ar-tlc-u-la'tion, n. Ait of articulating: — a con- 
 sonant : — a joint ; a union of bones : — utterance ; 
 a sound of the voice. 
 
 Ar-tic'u-la-tive, a. Pertaining to articulation. 
 
 Ar-tic'u-la-tor, n. One who sets up skeletons:— 
 one who speaks distinctly. 
 
 Ar'ti-fice, n. [L. artificium; ars, artis, art, and 
 facere, to make.] A crafty device ; trick ; fraud ; 
 deceit; cunning; art; evasion. [facturer. 
 
 Ar-tlfi-cer, n. [Fr. artificier.] Mechanic; manu- 
 
 Ar-ti-f i"cial (ar-te-f ish'al), o. [L. artificialis.] 
 Made by art ; not natural ; fictitious ; not gen- 
 uine. 
 
 Ar-ti-fi-ci-al'i-ty (ar-te-f wh-e-al'e-te), n . The 
 quality of being artificial : — appearance of art. 
 
 Ar-ti-f i'"cial-ly, ad. By art ; not naturally. 
 
 Ar-til'ler-ist, n. One who manages artillery. 
 
 Ar-til'ler-y, n. [Fr. artillerie ; Late L. articulare, 
 to fortify," to provide with arlicula, contrivances, 
 or appliances; a dim. of ars, artis, art.] Weapons 
 of war ; cannon : — troops that manage ordnance, 
 cannon, &c. 
 
 Ar-til'ler-y-man, n. A member of an artillery 
 corps." 
 
 Ar'ti-san, or Ar-ti-san' [ar'te-zan, P. J. K. St. 
 C Wb. Sm. R. ; af'te-zan, I. H. ; ar-te-zau', S. W. 
 F. Ja. Mu.], n. [Fr. ; It. artigiano ; It. artitus ; 
 
 si, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
AKTIST 
 
 79 
 
 ASPEEITY 
 
 Late L. arlitiamts, from artire, to instruct in art.] 
 A mechanic; an artificer; a manufacturer; a 
 handicraftsman. 
 
 Ar'tist. n. One skilled in the arts ; one who prac- 
 tises one of the fine arts. 
 
 Ar-tiste' (ar-test'), n. [Fr.] One skilled in any art, 
 but chiefly in a minor art, as cooking, hair- 
 dressing, or dancing. 
 
 Ar-tis'tic, ) a. Relating to the arts, or to an 
 
 Ar-tis'tj-cal, J artist. 
 
 Ar-tis'ti-cal-ly, ad. In an artistic manner. 
 
 Ar'tist-ry. n. " The skill or workmanship of an 
 artist; artistic effect. 
 
 Art'less, a. Unskilful ; void of art ; simple. 
 
 Art'less-ly, ad. In an artless manner. 
 
 Art'less-ness, n. Want of art ; simplicity. 
 
 Ar'to-type, a. [Art, a product of skill, and type, 
 a picture.] Of or relating to. or produced by, 
 aitotypy. — 2, u. A picture obtained by aitotypy. 
 
 Ar-tot'y-py, n. A photographic process by which 
 pictures are reproduced. 
 
 A-run-di-na'ceous (-slius), a. [L. arundinaeeus ; 
 wrundo, a reed.] Of or like reeds. 
 
 Ar-un-din'e-ous, a. [L. arundineus; arundo, a 
 reed.] Abounding with reeds. 
 
 A-rus'pex [L.], or A-rus'pice, n. [L. haruspex; 
 pi. hamspices, " en'trail-viewer ;" Skr. hint, en- 
 trails. J A soothsayer. 
 
 Ar'yan [ar'yan, H. ; a'ri-an or a'ri-an, Mu, L], a. 
 [Skr. arya, probably "well-born."] Of or be- 
 longing to the Aryans. — 2, n. The name as- 
 sumed by the cultivated races of Hindostan and 
 Persia, and extended to the parent stock, as well 
 as to the various European and Asiatic races de- 
 rived therefrom, as Greeks, Latins, Celts, Teu- 
 tons, Slavs, and Letts. 
 
 As, <-onj. & adv. [The same as also, whence ah and 
 then os.] In like manner; in the manner that; 
 that: for example; like; equally. 
 
 As-a-fcet'i-da, n. See Assafcetida. 
 
 As-bes'ti-form, a. Formed like asbestos. 
 
 As-bes'tine, a. Incombustible. 
 
 As-bes'tos, \ [az-best'us. H. Mu.], n. [Gr. ao-0ecr- 
 
 As-bes'tus, / to?, unquenchable; a, not, o-/3eo-ros-, 
 vfievvvvai, to quench: — it was said of a certain 
 stone called asbestos that when once kindled its 
 heat could not be quenched ; perhaps a reference 
 to quicklime.] {Mia.) A mineral substance, 
 fibrous and incombustible, having sometimes the 
 appearance of flax. 
 
 As-car'i-des, n. pi. [Gr.] Intestinal worms. 
 
 4-s-cend', i>. n. [L. aseendere; ad, to. and scandere, 
 to climb.] [pp. ascending, ascended.] To rise; 
 to move upward. — 2, v. a. To climb up; to 
 mount. 
 
 As-cend'a-ble, o. That may be ascended. 
 
 As-cend'ant. n. Height; elevation; superiority: 
 — a person of influence : — an ancestor. — 2, a. Su- 
 perior; above the horizon. 
 
 As-cen'den-cy, n. Paramount influence. 
 
 As-cen'sion (as-sen'shun), n. [L. ascenaio.] Act 
 of ascending ; act of rising or mounting upward. 
 
 As-cen'sion-day, n. The day on which the ascen- 
 sion of Christ is commemorated; the last Thurs- 
 day but one before Whitsunday. 
 ts-cent', n. The act of rising; rise; eminence, 
 s-cer-tain/, v. a. [0. Fr. acertaine. — See Per- 
 tain.] [pp. ascertaining, ascertained.] To make 
 certain or sure; to establish; to determine; to 
 find out. 
 
 l.s-cer-tain'a-ble, a. That may be ascertained. 
 
 As-cer-tain'ment, n. The act of ascertaining. 
 
 As-cet'ic, a. [Gr. acncijriKo? : acrKrjT^, a monk ; 
 acrKeeii>, to exercise.] Relating to ascetics ; aus- 
 tere ; rigorous in self-discipline.— 2, ». A devout 
 recluse ; a hermit. 
 
 As-cet'i-cism, w. The practice of an ascetic. 
 
 As-cid'i-an, n. [Gr. icr*ci6iov, dim. of ienco?, a 
 leather bag fa descriptive name).] One of a 
 group of low marine animal organisms, by some 
 regarded as vertebrate. 
 
 As-ci'tes, n. [L. ; Gr. do-Kt-nj? ; ao-Kos, a leather 
 bag (a descriptive name).] Dropsy of the abdo- 
 men. 
 
 As-cit'ic, or As-cit'i-cal, a. Dropsical. 
 
 As-cri'ba-ble, a. That may be ascribed. 
 
 As-crlbe', v. a. [L. ascribere; ad, to, and scribere, 
 to write.] [pp. ascribing, ascribed.] To at- 
 tribute as a cause : — to attribute as a quality ; to 
 impute. 
 
 As-crip'tion, n. [L. ascriptio.] The act of ascrib- 
 ing : — the thing ascribed. 
 
 A-sep'tic, a. [Gr. a, neg., and o-tjtttikos, putres- 
 cent.— See Septic] Not putrescible. 
 
 A-sex'u-al, «• [A, neg., and sexual.] Destitute 
 of sex : — noting reproduction without congress 
 of the sexes. 
 
 A-sex'u-al-ly, ad. Without congress of the sexes. 
 
 Ash, n. [0. E. a&c] A tree ; the wood of the ash : 
 — ashes. [shame. 
 
 A-shamed' (a-shamd'), a. [See Shame.] Feeling 
 
 Asn'en, a. Of ash : — uf ashes : — Colored like ashes. 
 
 Ash'e-ry, n. A manufactory of potash: — a place 
 for ashes; an ash-hole. 
 
 Ash'es, it. pi. [O. E. asce, ascan.] The dust or 
 remains of any thing burnt: — the remains of a 
 dead body. 
 
 Ash'-hole, or Ash'-pit, w. A place for ashes. 
 
 Ash'lar, (_ n. [O. Fr. aisler ; L. axilla, and oscts, 
 
 Ash'ler, /axle, beam, plank, through adj. axil- 
 laris.] Freestone from the quarry, or squared 
 for building. 
 
 A-shore', ad. Onshore; to the shore. 
 
 Ash-Wednes/day, n. [Named from the ashes put 
 upon the head's of penitents.] First day of Lent. 
 
 Ash'y, a. Ash-colored : — covered with ashes. 
 
 A-si-at'ic (a-she-at'ik) [a-she-at'ik, H. I. 117,. Mu. ; 
 a-zhe-at'ik, St.], a. Pertaining to Asia.— 2, u. A 
 native of Asia. 
 
 A-side', ad, [See Side.] To one side ; apart from 
 the rest. — 2, n. A remark made to one's self, 
 and not supposed to be audible to by-standcrs. 
 
 As'i-nlne, a. [L. asimnusi asinvs, an ass.] Re- 
 lating to, or like, an ass. 
 
 As-i-nin'i-ty. n. Obstinate stupidity : assishness. 
 
 Ask, v. a. [0. E. dsdan. — Cf. Skr. i-h, to seek.] 
 [pp. asking, asked.] To seek to know by words; 
 to request: to bey:: to claim: to demand: to 
 question. — 2, r. n. To petition : to make inquiry. 
 
 A-skance', "I ad. [Cf. It. a Bchiancia, aslant.] Side- 
 
 A-skant', J ways; obliquely: aside; askew. 
 
 Ask'er. n. One who asks ; inquirer :— a newt. 
 
 A-skew' (a-sku'), ad. [See Skew.] Aside; ob- 
 liquely. 
 
 Ask'ing, a. Suppliant; beseeching. 
 
 A-shant', ad. [See Slant.] In a slanting manner. 
 
 A-sleep', a. & ad. [See Sleep.] Sleeping: at rest: 
 — dead. [liquely. 
 
 A-slope', ad. TSee Slope.] With declivity: ob- 
 
 A-so'ma-tous [a-so'ma-tus, J"- 9m. Wb. I. ?Di. ; 
 a-som^a-tus, P. St. C.], a. [Gr. io-oi/xaro? ; a, 
 neg., and cru>/u.a, o-coaaTo?, body.] Incorporeal. 
 
 Asp, n. [L. aspis; Gr. ao-rrt>.] 
 A poisonous serpent: — [0. E. 
 msp] the aspen-tree. 
 
 As-par'a-giis. v. [L. ; Gr. acr<}>a- 
 payo?.] An esculent plant. p- 
 
 As'pect, n. [L. atrpicere, aspectns : ad, to, and' spi- 
 cere, to look.] Look; countenance; air: view. 
 
 As'pen, n. [Properly an adj. from asp, a poplar.] 
 A poplar bavins: trembling leaves. — 2, «. Be- 
 longing to the aspen-tree. 
 
 As'per, n. [Late Gr. ao-7rpo?, white.] A Turkish 
 coin or money of account. 
 
 As'per-ate, r. a. [L. asperare, aaperatus, to rouarh- 
 en; asper, rough.] [pp. asperating, asperated.] 
 To sound roughly. 
 
 As-pergV, V. a. [L. aspergere ; ad. to, on, and 
 spargere. to sprinkle.] [pp. asperging, asperged.] 
 To sprinkle. 
 
 As-per'i-ty, v. [L. asperitas; aspier, rough.] 
 Roughness; harshness. 
 
 mien, s'ir ; m8ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, ise— g, <?, c, §, soft; p, p, p, g, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 
 
ASPEKMATOUS 
 
 80 
 
 ASSETS 
 
 A-sper'ma-tous, a. Same as Aspermotts. 
 
 A-sper'mous, a. [Gr. acrnepixog ; a, priv., and 
 airepp.a, a seed.] Destitute of seeds. 
 
 As-perse', v. a. [L. aspergere, aspersum. — See As- 
 perge.] [pp. aspersing, aspersed.] To vilify ; to 
 slander; to defame: — to sprinkle; to besprinkle. 
 Syn. — Men asperse their neighbors by insinua- 
 tions ; vilify or defame them by advancing charges 
 to injure their character; slander and calumniate 
 them by propagating evil reports of them to 
 others ; detract from their excellence by under- 
 valuing the motives of their good deeds. 
 
 As-per'sion, n. [L. aspersio.] Censure ; calumny : 
 
 ' — sprinkling. 
 
 As-phalt', n. Bitumen ; asphaltum. 
 
 As-phal'tic, a. Bituminous ; containing asphalt. 
 
 As-phal'tum, n. [L. ; Gr. aa^aXTov.] Mineral 
 pitch; native bitumen. — Anglicized to asphalt. 
 
 As'pho-del, n. [Gr. acr^o^eAos.] The day-lily; 
 king's-spear. 
 
 As-phyx'i-a, n. [L. ; Gr. aa^v^ia ; a, neg., and 
 tr^u^ts, pulse ; <7</>u£eiv, to throb.] (Med.) Stop- 
 page of pulse; suffocation : — suspended anima- 
 tion, [terized by, asphyxia. 
 
 As-phyx'i-al, a. Of or pertaining to, or ch'arac- 
 
 ^.s-phyx'i-ate, v. a. [pp. asphyxiating, asphyx- 
 iated.] To affect with asphyxia; to suffocate. 
 
 As-phyx'i-at-ed, p. & a. Suffering from asphyxia ; 
 in a state of asphyxia. 
 
 As-phyx-i-a'tion, n. The act or process of pro- 
 ducing asphyxia; the state of asphyxia. 
 
 As-phyx'y, n. Same as Asphyxia. 
 
 As'pic, n.' [Fr. & Port.— See Asp.] The asp, a 
 serpent : — a piece of ordnance : — [a form of spike ; 
 0. Fr. espic] the spike, a species of lavender, the 
 oil of which is used by painters, &c. : — [pet haps 
 at first a jelly made of asp's flesh] a kind of jelly. 
 
 As-pir'ant, or As'pi-rant [as-pir'ant, K. Sm. H. 
 St. I. B. Wb. ; as-pir'ant or as'pe-rant, Ja. Mu.], 
 n. [L. aspirans, aspiraniis, pres. part, of aspirare, 
 to aspire.] One who aspires ; a candidate. — 2, a. 
 Aspiring. 
 
 As'pi-rate, ». a. [Fee Aspire.] [pp. aspirating, 
 aspirated.] To pronounce with full breath, or 
 with the sound of. the letter h:— to mark with 
 the aspirate. 
 
 As'pi-rate, a. Pronounced with full breath. — 
 2, n. A mark to denote an aspirated pronuncia- 
 tion :— a rough breathing. 
 
 As-pi-ra'tion, n. An ardent wish :— a sigh :— act 
 of pronouncing with a rough breathing. 
 
 A-spIr'a-to-ry, a. Of or pertaining to aspiration 
 ' or breathing; suited for inhaling air. 
 
 As-plre', v. n, [L. aspirare, aspiratus, to pant for; 
 
 ' ad, for, and spirare, to breathe.] [pp. aspiring, 
 
 aspired.] To aim at; to desire eagerly :— to rise 
 
 a ] ft [Ambitious; of lofty aims. 
 
 As-pir'in?, n. Desire of something great.— 2 a. 
 
 A-squint'T ad. [See SQUINT.] Obliquely; not in 
 a right line. 
 
 Ass, n. [0. E. assa: L. as*" 
 nus.] An animal of burdenj 
 — a dolt. 
 
 As-sa-foet'i-da (as-a-fet'e-da), 
 n. [Per. aza, mastic, and L. 
 foetida, ill-smelling.] A very 
 fetid gum-resin, used in 
 medicine. 
 
 As-sa-gal', \ n. [Port. 
 
 As-se-gai' (-£l), f azaaaia ; Arab. az-zaghayah ; 
 Befbpr, zaghayah.] The missile lance or javelin 
 which is the weapon of certain races of Africa. 
 
 As-sail', v. a. [Fr. assaillir; L. ad, at, and salire, 
 ' to leap.] [pp. assailing, assailed.] To attack 
 in a hostile manner; to fall upon ; to assault: — 
 to attack with arguments : — to censure. 
 
 As-sail'a-ble, «. That may be assailed. 
 
 4s-sail'ant. w. One who attacks or invades. — 
 ' 2, a. Attacking; aggressive; hostile. 
 
 As-sart', n. [Law Fr[ assarter ; Law L. exsartare ; 
 L. ex, out, and sarpere, sarptmv., to prune.] (Law.) 
 
 a, e, I, o, u, y, long ; a, <5, i, o, ii, y, short; a, e, i 
 
 A clearing in a forest.— 2, v. a. [pp. assarting, 
 assarted.] To clear up, as a forest. 
 As-sas'sin, ti. [Fr. ; Arab, haslishashm, pi. of 
 hashshash, a hashish-eater ; the Ismaili sectaries 
 used to intoxicate themselves with hashish be- 
 fore setting out to despatch their victims.] A 
 secret murderer ; assassinator. 
 As-sas'si-nate, v. a. [pp. assassinating, assassi- 
 nated.]* To murder by violence and surprise ; to 
 kill. 
 As-sas-si-na'tion, n. The act of assassinating. 
 
 As-sas'si-na-tor, n. One who assassinates. 
 
 As-sault', n. [L. ad, at, and saltare, to leap; fre- 
 
 " quentative form of salire. — See Assail.] Attack; 
 storm ; hostile violence. — 2, v. a. [pp. assault- 
 ing, assaulted.] To attack ; to fall upon. 
 
 As-say' (as-sa'), n. [Fr. essai, 0. Fr. assai, test, 
 trial; L. exagium, a weighing, a test; ex, out, 
 and agere, to act, to manage ; exigere, to weigh.] 
 Examination of ores and metals, or of weights 
 and measures; atrial. — 2, v. a. [^.assaying, 
 assayed.] To try or prove, as metals; to essay. 
 
 As-say'er, n. One who assays metals. 
 
 As-say'-mas-ter, n. The assayer of the mint. 
 
 As-sem'blafe, n. [Fr.] A collection ; a group. 
 
 As-sem'ble, v. a. [Late L. assimulare, to collect ; 
 
 ' ad, to, and simul, together.] [pp. assembling, 
 assembled.] To bring together; to collect. — 
 2, v. n. To meet together. 
 
 As-sem'bly, n. [0. Fr. assemblee.] A company ; 
 collection ; congregation :— a legislature : — a ball 
 or party: — a drum-beat or bugle-call. 
 
 Syn. — An assembly of persons ; an assemblage of 
 statues ; a group of figures ; a collection of books. 
 — A legislative or ecclesiastical assembly ; a com- 
 pany of soldiers; a Christian congregation; an 
 ecclesiastical or legislative council; a Presbyte- 
 rian synod ; a convocation of bishops and clergy ; 
 an ecclesiastical or political convention; the 
 American congress; the British parliament; the 
 German diet. 
 
 As-sent', n. [L. assentare, freq. of asscntire; ad, 
 
 ' to, and sentire, to perceive.] Act of agreeing; 
 consent; acquiescence. — 2, v. n. [pp. assenting, 
 assented.] To express concurrence ; to agree to; 
 to consent ; to comply. 
 
 As-sen-ta'tion, n. Act of assenting ; servile assent. 
 
 As-sen'tient' (-shent), «. [L. assenlire, assentiens. 
 
 " _See Assent.] " Assenting. — 2, n. One who as- 
 sents. 
 
 As-sert', v. a. [L. asserere, assertum, to join to- 
 gether ; to put the hand on the head of, as a 
 slave, either in claiming his services, or freeing 
 him ; hence, to c'aim, to set free, to declare ; ad, 
 to, and serere, to put.] [pp. asserting, asserted.] 
 To declare positively ; to maintain ; to affirm ; to 
 claim ; to aver. [the thing asserted ; averment. 
 
 As-ser'tion, n. The act of asserting ; affirmation ; 
 
 As-ser'tion-al, a. Characterized by assertion; 
 
 ' containing'an assertion. 
 
 As-ser'tive, a. Positive; affirmative. 
 
 As-sert'or, n. [L.] One who asserts:— a vindicator. 
 
 As'ser-to-ry. [as'ser-tur-e, Ja. K. Sm. B. ; as-ser'- 
 to-re Wb. N.], a. Asserting ; affirmative 
 ■ 
 
 ] 
 
 As-se'ss',?'- a. [L. assidere, assessvm, to sit by; ad, 
 at and sedere, to sit; Late L. assessare, to tax.] 
 r' .^o^c-no- assessed.! To charge with any 
 
 snm as a due share; to tax; to rate:— to esti- 
 mate officially. 
 
 As-sess'a-ble, a. That may be assessed. 
 
 As-sess'ment, n. Act of assessing ; sum assessed ; 
 
 ' tax; rate:— estimation. 
 
 As-sess'or, n. [L., an assisting judge a rater of 
 
 ' taxes.V One who assesses:— an assisting judge. 
 
 As-ses-so'ri-al, a. Relating to assessors 
 
 As'sgts [as'sets, S. W. P. J. Ja. K. Sm. H.St. L Mu. 
 E • as-sets', C Wb.\ n. pi. LLaw Fr. assets, 
 asek' Fr. assez, enough; L. ad satis for satis, 
 enough, i.e., enough to cover certain claims.] 
 Goods and chattels for the discharge of debts, 
 legacies, &c 
 
 9, u. 3C» obscure.— Fire, far, f&st, fall ; heir, her ; 
 
ASSEVEE 
 
 81 
 
 ASTEKOID 
 
 As-sev'er, v. a. [pp. assevering, assevered], or 
 
 ' As-sev'er-ate, r. a. [pp. asseverating, assever- 
 ated]. [L. asseverare, asseveratum, to assert sol- 
 emnly; ad, to, and severus, serious.] To affirm 
 solemnly. 
 
 As-sev-er-a'tion, n. Solemn affirmation. 
 
 £.s-sib-i'-la'tion, n. [L. ad, to, and sibilare, to 
 hiss.]' The act of making sibilant; the change 
 of pronunciation into a sibilant. 
 
 As-si-du'i-tv, n. [L. assiduitas.] Diligence; close 
 application. 
 
 As-sid'u-ous, a. [L. assiduus, diligent; ad, to, 
 and sedere, to sit down.] Very diligent; constant. 
 
 As-sid'u-oiis-ly, ad. Diligently ; constantly. 
 
 4is-sid'u-ous-ngss, n. Diligence ; assiduity. 
 
 4.s-sign' (as-sin'), v. a. [L. assignare ; ad, to, and 
 signare, to sign ; signum,, a sign.] [pp. assigning, 
 assigned.] To mark out; to appropriate; to 
 make over; to allot; to transfer.— 2, n. One to 
 whom an assignment is made ; an assignee. — See 
 Assignee. [signed. 
 
 As-sign'a-ble (as-sin'a-bl), a. That may be as- 
 
 Assignat (as-in-ya/ or as-ig-nat'), n. [Fr. ; so 
 called because public lands were assigned as se- 
 curity.] A sort of paper money once used in 
 France. 
 
 As-sig-na'tion, n. An appointment to meet. 
 
 As-sjgn-ee' "(as-se-ne'), n. One to whom any 
 right or property is made over by assignment: — 
 a deputy : — an agent. 
 
 As-sign'er (as-sin'er), n. One who assigns. 
 
 As-sign'ment (as-sln'ment), n. Act of assigning ; 
 a transfer of property. 
 
 As-sign-or'(as-se-nbr'), ». (Law.) One who assigns. 
 
 As-sim'i-la-ble,'a. That may be assimilated. 
 
 As-sim'i-late, v. v. [L. assiviilare, assimilatns ; ad, 
 to, and sirnilis, like.] [pp. assimilating, assimi- 
 lated.] To grow like or similar. — 2, v. a. To 
 make similar: — to absorb and incorporate. 
 
 As-sim-i-la/tion, ». The act of assimilating: — ( 
 conversion of food into nutriment. [latmg. 
 
 As-sim'i-la-tive, a. Having the power of assimi- 
 
 Ass'ish, a.' Pertaining to or resembling an ass; 
 stupid; asinine. 
 
 Ass'ish-ness, ». The quality of being assish or 
 stupid and obstinate; doltishness; foolishness. 
 
 As-sist', v. a. [L. assistere; ad, at, and sistere, to 
 stand.] [pp. assisting, assisted.] To help; to 
 aid; to succor: — to be present. 
 
 As-sist'ance, n. Help; aid; succor; support: — 
 attendance. 
 
 As-sist'ant, n. One who assists; an auxiliary; a 
 helper; coadjutor. 
 
 As-size', n. [0. Fr. assUe; L. ad, to, and sedere 
 (sidere), to sit.] (Eng. Law.) A court of judica- 
 ture : — an ordinance. 
 
 As-siz'er, ». One who inspects ; an officer who in- 
 
 " spects weights and measures. 
 
 As-so'ci-a-ble (as-so'she-a-bl), a. Capable of being 
 associated ; sociable. 
 
 As-so'ci-ate (as-so'she-at), v. a. [L. associare, as- 
 sociatus ; ad, to, aud sociare, to join; socius, a 
 companion.] [pp. associating, associated.] To 
 unite with another; to join; to accompany. — 
 2, v. n. To unite in company. 
 
 As-so'ci-ate (as-so'she-at), a. Confederate. — 2, n. 
 An intimate acquaintance; a partner; compan- 
 ion ; all;/ ; colleague. 
 
 As-so-ci-a'tion (as-so-she-ft'shyn). n. [L. associa- 
 tio.] Confederacy; partnership; connection; 
 union. 
 
 Sijn. — An ecclesiastical or scientific association ; 
 a confederacy of states ; a partnership in trade ; a 
 connection between persons ; a combination of in- 
 dividuals; a union of parties or states. 
 
 As-so-ci-a'tion-al, a. Relating to association. 
 
 A.s-so-ci-a'tion-al-ism, n. The doctrine or theory 
 of association of ideas. 
 
 As-so-ci-a'tion-al-ist. n. One who holds the doc- 
 trine of assbciationalism. 
 
 As-so'ci-a-tlve, a. Tending to associate. 
 
 As-sbil', v. a. [Obs. Fr. asoil, pres. indie, of 
 asoudre (now absoudre), to absolve. — See Ab- 
 solve.] [pp. assoiling, assoiled.] To absolve : — 
 to acquit. 
 
 As'so-nance, n. Resemblance of sound. 
 
 As'so-nant, a. [L. assonare, assonans, assonantis ; 
 ad,' to, and sonare, to sound; sonus, sound.] 
 Having a similar sound. 
 
 As-sort', v. a. [Fr. assortir. — See Sort.] [pp. as- 
 sorting, assorted.] To arrange in order; to class. 
 
 As-sort'ment, n. Quantity assorted; class: — an 
 " assorted set or lot. 
 
 As-suagV (as-swaj'), v. a. [Obs. Fr. asouager ; L. 
 ad, to, and suavis, sweet.] [pp. assuaging, as- 
 suaged.] To soften; to ease; to allay; to com- 
 pose ; to soothe. 
 
 As-suagVment, n. Mitigation; abatement. 
 
 As-sua'sive (as-swa'siv), «. Softening; easing. 
 
 As'sue-tiide, («. [D. assuetudo ; assuescere, to ac- 
 custom ; ad, to, and suescere, to habituate. ] 
 Habit; custom. 
 
 As-sum'a-ble, a. Capable of being assumed, 
 
 As-sume', v. a. [L. assumere ; ad, to, and sumere, 
 to take.] [pp. assuming, assumed.] To take; 
 to claim ; to arrogate. — 2, >;. n. To be arrogant. 
 
 As-sumed', p. a. Taken fur granted :— usurped. 
 
 As-sum'er, n. One who assumes. [sumptuous. 
 
 As-sum'ing, p. a. Arrogant : — pretentious : — pre- 
 
 As-sump'sit (as-sum'sjt), m. [L., "he has taken 
 upon himself." — See Assume.] (Law.) A vol- 
 untary promise : — a species of action. 
 
 As-sump'tion (as-sum'shun), n. [L. assnmptio. — 
 See Assume.] The act of assuming; supposi- 
 tion; thing supposed; arrogance; pretence: — 
 reception into heaven (as of the Virgin Mary). 
 — (Logic.) The minor proposition of a syllogism. 
 
 As-sfimp'tive, «. Of a nature to be assumed. 
 
 As-sur'anc'e (a-shur'ans), n. [See Assure.] The 
 
 " act of' assuring: — confidence; certainty: — want 
 of modesty ; self-confidence ; boldness : — security ; 
 insurance ; guarantee. 
 
 Syn. — Assurance unaccompanied by a sense of 
 propriety often degenerates into impudence or 
 shanielessness : — well-founded confidence. 
 
 As-sure' (a-shuV), v. a. [Fr. assurer ; L. ad, to, 
 
 " and securus, safe. — See Sure and Secure.] [pp. 
 assuring, assured.] To give confidence ; to make 
 secure: — to assert: — to insure. 
 
 As-sured', p. a. Made certain ; guaranteed. 
 
 As-sur'ed-ly. (a-shur'ed-le), ad. Certainly. 
 
 As-sur'ed-ness (a-shur'ed-nOsl, n. Certainty:— 
 audacity ; confidence ; hardihood. 
 
 As-sur'er (a-shui-'er), n. One who assures. 
 
 As-siir'l'en-cy, n. The act of rising upward. 
 
 As-siir'gent, a. [L. assurgens, assurgentis ; as&ur- 
 gere, to rise up; ad, to, and surgere, to rise. — See 
 Surge.] Rising upward or archwise. 
 
 As-syr-i-ol'o-|-ist, n. One versed in Assyriology. 
 
 As-syr-i-31'o-gy, n. That department of archae- 
 ology which investigates the antiquities of As- 
 syria. 
 
 A-stat'ic, a. [Gr. dcrraro?, unfixed ; a, not. and 
 root oVa-, to stand.] Not having a tendency to 
 remain fixed : — (of magnetic needles) not affected 
 by the earth's magnetism. 
 
 As'tel, n. [C-- Fr. astelle, a shingle; L. hastella, 
 dim. of hasta, a shaft.] A ceiling in a mine to 
 protect the workers. 
 
 As'ter, n. [L. ; Gr. dorTjp, a star.] (Bot.) A 
 genus of plants ; starwort. 
 
 As'ter-isk, n. [Gr. ao-repio-Kos, dim. of aa-r-qp, a 
 star.] A mark in printing, as (*). 
 
 As'ter-ism, n. [Gr. aaTepi<7/xds ; a<mf)p, a star.] 
 A constellation : — asterisk. 
 
 As'ter-ite, ». [Gr. aa-repirv? ; aerTijp, a star.] 
 (Min.) The star-stone. [behind. 
 
 A-stern', ad. [See Stern.] Behind the ship: — 
 
 As'te-rb'id, n. [Gr. da-repoetS^s, star-like; do-r^p, 
 a star.] (Astron.) A small planet. — 2, a. Pos- 
 sessing radiating lobes or rays like a starfish; 
 star-shaped. 
 
 mien, sir ; mSve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, 5, 9, §, soft; p, J5, 0, §, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; tnis. 
 / 
 
ASTEROIDAL 
 
 82 
 
 ATHIEST 
 
 As-te-rbid'al, a. Relating to an asteroid. 
 As-then' ic, a. [Gr. ao-Oevucos ; a, priv., and <r6e- 
 
 vos, strength.] Feeble ; without power. 
 Asth'ma (usi'ma), n. [Gr., from aeii/, to blow.] 
 
 A disease attended with difficulty of breathing 
 
 and a cough. 
 Asth-mat'ic, "I a. Relating to asthma; afflicted 
 ^.sth-mat'i-cal, J with asthma. 
 As-tig-mat' ic, a. Affected with astigmatism. 
 A-stig'ma-tism. n. [Gr. a, priv., and ariy/xa, a 
 
 point, a'focus.j A peculiar defect of the eye, 
 
 which consists in its refracting the rays of light 
 
 differently in different planes. 
 A-sti'r', «. [See Stir.] In motion: — out of bed. 
 A-stom'a-tous, a. [Gr. a, priv., and orofxa, <tt6- 
 
 jaaro?, a mouth.] Having no mouth ; mouthless. 
 As-ton'ish, v. a. [L. ex, out, completely, and to- 
 
 nare, to thunder ; cf. altonare, to stun. — See 
 
 Stun.] [pp. astonishing, astonished.] To im- 
 press with wonder or terror ; to amaze ; to sur- 
 prise. 
 As-t5n'ish-ing\ a. "Wonderful ; surprising. 
 As-ton'ish-mcnt, ». Amazement; great surprise ; 
 
 wonder; terror mixed with awe. 
 As-tound', v. a. [See Astonish.] [pp. astound- 
 ing, astounded.] To astonish; to terrify. 
 A-strad'dle, ad. [See Straddle.] With one leg 
 
 on each side. 
 As'tra-ga.1, n. [Gr. d<rrpayaAos.] (Arch.) A 
 
 moulding: a die: — ankle-bone. 
 As'tral, a. [L. astralis; astru m, a star ; Gr. ao-rr/p, 
 
 ao-rpov.} Starry ; relating to the stars. 
 A-stray'. ad. [0. Fr. estraier, to stray ; L. extra, 
 
 outside, and vagare, to wander.] Out of the 
 
 right way or place. [astringe. 
 
 As-triet', v. a. [See Astrtnge.] To contract ; to 
 As-tric'tion, n. Act of contracting. 
 A- stride', 'ad [See Stride.] With the legs wide 
 
 apart. 
 As-trinfe', v. a. [L. astringere, astrictum; ad, to, 
 
 and stringere, to tie.] [pp. astringing, astringed.] 
 
 To draw together; to bind. 
 As-trin'fen-cy, n. Quality of being astringent; 
 
 power of contracting. 
 As-trin'fent. a. Binding; contracting. — 2, n. A 
 
 medicine which contracts. 
 As-trog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. ao-rpov, a star, and ypa- 
 
 4>eiv, to write.] A description of the stars. 
 As'tro-labe, n. [Gr. acrrpoAd- 
 
 /3ov ,- ao-rpov, a star, and root 
 
 Aa^-, to take.] An instrument 
 
 formerly used for taking the 
 
 altitude of the sun or stars. 
 As-trol'a-try, m. [Gr. ao-rpov, 
 
 a star, and Aarpei'a, worship.] 
 
 The worship of celestial 
 
 bodies. 
 As-trol'o-|'er, or As-trol'o-£-ist, 
 
 n. One ve' sed in astrology. 
 
 A, , vff . -. t> i /• Astrolabe, 
 
 s-tro-logic, \a. Relating 
 
 As-tro-log'i-cal, j to, or partaking of, astrology. 
 
 As'tro-logue (as'tro-log), ». [Gr. dcrrpoAo-yos.] 
 An 'astrologer. 
 
 As-trol'o-i'y, n. [Gr. ao-rpo\oyia ; ao-rpov, a star, 
 and A6709, discourse.] The pretended science or 
 art of foretelling events by the aspect of the stars 
 or the heavenly bodies. 
 
 As-trom'e-try. n. [Gr. ao-rpov, a star, and ixerpov, 
 measure.] That department of astronomy which 
 treats of measurement among the stars. 
 
 As-tron'o-mer, n. One versed in astronomy. 
 
 fcgowfeal.}- Belonsiag, a astronomy. 
 
 As-tron'o-mize, v. n. [pp. astronomizing, astron- 
 omizedi] To study astronomy, 
 
 As-tron'o-my, n. [Gr. ao-rpovopila ; ao-rpov, a 
 star, arid vojuos, law ; vep.eiv, to arrange.] The 
 science which teaches the knowledge of the 
 heavenly bodies. [astute. 
 
 As-tu'ci-ous (as-tush'us), a. Subtle and designing ; 
 
 ^.s-tu'ci-ty, n. Astuteness; craftiness. 
 
 As-tiite', a. [L. astulus, from astus, cunning; the 
 derivation from Gr. dcrrv, a city, seems fanciful.] 
 Cunning; shrewd; acute. 
 
 As-tute'ly, ad. Shrewdly; cunningly. 
 
 As-tixte'ness, n. Subtlety ; cunning." [parts. 
 
 A-siin'der', ad. [See Sunder.] Apart; in two 
 
 A-swim', a. Afloat; swimming. 
 
 A-sw66n', a. Fainting; swooning. 
 
 A-sy'lum, n. [L. ; Gr. ao-vKov ; a, priv., and 
 trvAov, seizure.] L. pi. A-sy'la ; Eng. A-sy'- 
 lums. A place of refuge ; a refuge ; a retreat ; 
 a shelter ; a harbor. 
 
 Stjn. — An asylum or sanctuary for offenders; an 
 asylum for orphans, or for the'deaf and dumb; a 
 refuge from danger; a shelter from a storm ; re- 
 treat from the toils of life ; harbor for ships. 
 
 As-ym-met'ric, a. Not symmetrical. 
 
 As-ym-met'ri-cal, a. Having the two sides un- 
 like ; unsymmetrical. 
 
 A-sym'me-try, ?*. [Gr. ao~ufi.p.erpia (a priv.). — 
 See Symmktry.] Want of symmetry. 
 
 As'ymp-tote (As'im-tot) [as'jni-tot, W. Ja. Sm. St. 
 1. Mu. R. ; a-sim'tot, 8. K. Ash], n. [Gr. ao-vfx- 
 tcoto? ; a, not, o-vv, together, and 7rTu)Tos, fall- 
 ing; niirreiv, to fall.] (GeoirT.) A line which 
 approaches nearer and nearer to some curve, but 
 never meets it. [ing. 
 
 As-ymp-tot'i-cal, a. Approaching, but not meet- 
 
 A-syn'de-ton, n. [Gr. ; a, not, and avvBeros, con- 
 nected'; o-vv, together, and Seeiv, to bind.] (Rhet.) 
 The omission of the conjunction; as, Yeui, vidi, 
 rici. 
 
 At, prep. [Teut. ; cf. L. ad, to ; Skr. adhi, near.] 
 Denoting nearness or presence ; toward ; near 
 to; by; in; on; with. 
 
 At'a-bal, n. [Sp. ; Arab, at-tabl; al, the, and tail, 
 tabor.] A kind of tabor used by the Moors. 
 
 At-a-ghan', n. The same as Yataghan. 
 
 At'a-man, or At-a-man',«. [Russ. ; Pol. hetman, 
 probably from Ger. hauplmann, head-man.] A 
 military chief or chieftain of the Cossacks; a 
 hetman. 
 
 At'a-vism, v. [L. atavus, grandfather's great- 
 grandfather; aius, a giandfather.] The recur- 
 rence of an hereditary trait in a family after its 
 disappearance during one or two generations. 
 
 Ate [at, S. I. F. Ja. K. R. C ; et, Sm. Co. D. St. 
 Mu. H.]. Imperfect tense from eat. — See Eat. 
 
 Ate. An affix indicating a salt in which there is 
 present an acid whose name terminates in ic. 
 
 Atelier (at-le-a.'), w. [Fr. for "workshop"; cog- 
 nate with astel.] An artist's studio. 
 
 Ath-a-na'§ian (ath-a-na/zhan), a. Relating to 
 Athanasius or to his doctrine. — 2, n. A follower 
 of Athanasius. 
 
 A'the-I§m, ti. Disbelief in the being of a God. 
 
 A'the-ist, n. [Gr. a0eo? ; a, priv., and ©eos, God.] 
 One who denies the existence of God: an un- 
 believer; an infidel. 
 
 A-the-Is'tic, \a. Pertaining to atheism ; ad- 
 
 A-the-is'ti-cal, J hering to atheism. 
 
 A-the-is'ti-cal-ly, ad. In an atheistical manner. 
 
 Ath'e-lin^, «'. [0. E. ; cf. Ger. adel, nobility (of 
 rank) ; Ger. adding, nobleman (now used in an 
 ill sense) ; 0. E. edel, patrimony ; Ger. edel, 
 noble.] A nobleman : — a prince. 
 
 Ath-e-nse'um, n. [L. ; Gr. 'A6r)valov (temple) of 
 Athene, goddess of knowledge.] L. pi. Ath-e- 
 nse'a; Eng. Ath-e-nae'ums. A seminary; a 
 gymnasium : — a literary association. 
 
 A-the'ni-an, a. Relating to Athens. 
 
 Ath'er-Tne, n. [Gr. aOepivv.] The sand-smelt, a 
 little fish about six inches long. 
 
 A-ther'man-cy. w. [See Athermanous.] The 
 property of absorbing radiant heat ; impermea- 
 bility to heat. 
 
 A-ther'ma-nous, a. [Gr. a, not, and 6epp.aiveiv, 
 to heat;' Oepixv, heat.] Applied to substances 
 which resist the passage of radiant heat. 
 
 4-thirst', «. [See Thirst.] Wanting drink; 
 thirsty : — eager. 
 
 a, e, i, 6, u, y, long; a, e, i, 0, u, y, short; a, e, i, 0, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
ATHLETE 
 
 83 
 
 ATTENTION 
 
 Ath'lete, n. [Gr. a9\-r\rri<; ; adXeeiv, to vie, con- 
 tend, for a prize; ad\ov, a prize.] A contender 
 for victory ; a robust and vigorous person. 
 
 Ath-let'ic, a. [Gr. <x9At)ti.k.6<;.] Kelating to bodily 
 exercise ; strong of body ; vigorous. 
 
 4.-throb', a. & ad. [See Throb.] Throbbing; in a 
 state of throbbing. [verse. 
 
 A-thwart', prep. [See Thwart.] Across; trans- 
 
 A-tilt', ad. [See Tilt.] In the manner of a barrel 
 ' tilted :— in a tilt. 
 
 At-lan-te'an, a. Pertaining to Atlas. 
 
 At-lan'tes,' n. id. [Gr. pi. of Atlas.] Male human 
 figures, instead of columns, to support a building. 
 
 At-lan'tic, a. [Gr. aTka.vTiKo<;, pertaining to 
 Mount' Atlas.] Pertaining to the ocean which lies 
 east of America.— 2, n. The Atlantic ocean." 
 
 At'las, n. [L. ; Gr. 'ArAa?, a mythical personage 
 who upheld the heavens.] ; pi. At'las-es. A 
 collection of maps, said to be named from the 
 figure of Atlas upholding the sphere, formerly 
 common on geographies: — a large, square folio: 
 —a large kind of paper:— the first cervical ver- 
 tebra. 
 
 At-mo-lo|'ic, la. Of or pertaining to atmol- 
 
 At-mo-log-'i-cal, j ogy. 
 
 At-mol'o-gist, n. One versed in atmology.^ 
 
 4.t-mol'o-gy, n. [Gr. <xt/u.6?, vapor, and Adyo?, a 
 " treatise.] That department of physical science 
 which treats of the laws and phenomena of 
 aqueous vapor. 
 
 At'mos-phere (at'mos-fer), »?. [Gr. dr/u.6?, vapor, 
 and' <r(j>alpa., a sphere.] The mass of fluid or 
 air which encompasses the earth ; the air. 
 
 At-mos-pher'ic, \a. Relating to the atmos- 
 
 At-mos-pher'i-cal, j phere. 
 
 A' toll, n. [Maldivian atolu; perhaps from Dra- 
 vidian word adal, closing, uniting, ur Singhalese 
 etxda, inside. The forms atollon, atoln, are some- 
 times seen.] A coral island. 
 
 At'om, n. [Gr. aro/u.0?, an atom ; lit. "indivisi- 
 ble;" <i priv., and Tep.vetv, root rofi-, to cut.] 
 The ultimate particle of an element; an ex- 
 tremely small particle ; a jot. 
 
 A-tom'ic, ) a. Relating to atoms, or consisting 
 
 A-tom'i-cal, j of atoms. 
 
 At'om-ism, n. The doctrine of atoms. 
 
 At'om-ist, n. One who holds the doctrine of at- 
 oms, or of the atomic philosophy. 
 
 At-om-i-za'tion, ». The act of reducing to spray. 
 
 At'om-ize, v. a. [pp. atomizing, atomized.] To 
 reduce to atoms : — to reduce to a fine spray ; to 
 nebulize: — said of liquids. [liquids into spray. 
 
 At'om-iz-er, n. An apparatus for converting 
 
 At'o-my, v. [In the first sense for anatomy, in 
 the other senses for atom.] A skeleton : — a mote ; 
 a pygmy. [Colloq. or archaic] 
 
 A-tone', v. n. [For at one.] [pp. atoning, atoned.] 
 To agree; to be at one: — to stand as an equiva- 
 lent; to make expiation. — 2, v. a. To reconcile: 
 — to expiate. [tion ; expiation ; propitiation. 
 
 A-tone'ment, n. The act of atoning; reconcilia- 
 
 A-ton'er, n. One who atones or reconciles. 
 
 A-ton'ic, a. Wanting tone ; relaxed. 
 
 At'o-ny, n. [Gr. arovia ; a priv., and toVo?, tone, 
 strain ; from reiveiv, to stretch.] (died.) Want 
 of tone ; debility. 
 
 A-top', ad. Un the top. . 
 
 At-ra-bi-la'ri-an, ». A person of morbidly mel- 
 ancholy temperament ; a hypochondriac. 
 
 At-ra-bi-la'ri-ous, a. Affected with melancholy, 
 or bile. [bile. 
 
 At-ra-bil'ia-rjr, or At-ra-bil'i-ar, a. Relating to 
 
 At-ra-bil'ious, a. [L. ater, a'tr'a, black, and bilk, 
 bile.] Full of bile; melancholy. 
 
 At-ra-men'tal, ) a. [L. atramentum, ink ; ater, 
 
 At- ra-men' tous, j black.] Consisting of ink; inky; 
 
 _ black. [a Roman house. 
 
 A'tri-um, n. [L.] The hall or principal room of 
 
 A-tro'cious (a-tro'shus), a. [L. alrox, atrocis ; ater, 
 black. ] ' Very wicked ; enormous ; outrageous ; 
 flagitious; heinous. 
 
 I A-tro'cious-ly, ad. In an atrocious manner. 
 
 A-tro'cioiis-ness, n. Atrocity. [enormity. 
 
 A-troc'i-ty., w. LL. atrocitas.] Great wickedness ; 
 
 At'ro-phie'd (at'ro-fid), p. a. Wasted away or 
 consumed by atrophy. 
 
 At'ro-phy, n. [Gr! arpo^ia; a, priv., and Tpofyri, 
 nourishment.] A consumption ; a wasting. — 2, 
 v. a. [pp. atrophying, atrophied.] To starve or 
 cause to waste. — 3, v. n. To become atrophied. 
 
 A-tro'pi-a, or At'ro-pine, n. [L. atropa, bella- 
 donna; Gr. 'Atpo'ttgs, "the inflexible," one of 
 the Fates; a, not, and rpiTrtiv, to turn.] The 
 poisonous alkaloid of belladonna. 
 
 At'ta-ba.1, n. Same as Atabal. 
 
 At-t3.ch', v. a. [Fr. attacker, from tache, a now 
 local name for a tack or nail. — See Tack.] [pp. 
 attaching, attached.] To seize or arrest by ju- 
 dicial process ; to take: — to gain over; to win; 
 to affix; to fix. — 2, v. n. To be attached to; to 
 affix itself to ; to adhere. 
 
 At-tach'a-ble, a. That may be attached. 
 
 Attache 1 (at-a-sha'), n. [Fr.] A person dependent 
 on, or attached to, another person, company, or 
 legation ; an adherent. 
 
 At-tach'ment, n. The act of attaching; adhe- 
 rence; fidelity; affection.— (Law.) The taking 
 of a person or goods by legal process. 
 
 At-tack', v. a. [Fr. attaquer; It. attaccare. — See 
 Attach.] [pp. attacking, attacked.] To as- 
 sault; to fall upon. — 2, n. [It. attacco ; Fr. at- 
 taque.] An assault ; onset ; invasion. 
 
 Syn. — A formidable attack; a violent assault; 
 an impetuous onset; invasion of a country. 
 
 At-tain', v. a. [L. attingere, to reach; ad, to, and 
 tangere, to touch ; 0. Fr. ataindre ; in some senses 
 from L. attinere, attentwn, to hold to, to reach to ; 
 ad, to, and tenere, to hold.] [pp. attaining, at- 
 tained.] To gain; to obtain; to get; to arrive 
 at. — 2, v. n. To reach. 
 
 At-tain-a-bil'i-tj:. "• Quality of being attainable. 
 
 At-tain'a-ble, a. That may be attained. 
 
 4t-tain'der, n. (Lair.) The act of attainting; 
 conviction of a crime : — taint ; disgrace. 
 
 At-tain'ment, n. That which is obtained by ex- 
 ertion ; acquirement; acquisition. 
 
 At-taint', v. a. [0. Fr. ataindre, to accuse (see 
 A (t\im ; L. attingere, to reach, to attack; influ- 
 enced also by taint.] [pp. attainting, attainted.] 
 To disgrace; to taint. — (Law.) To find guilty of 
 a high crime. — 2, n. A stain. — (Law.) A writ. 
 
 At-taint'ment, n. The state of being attainted :— 
 
 At'ta-man,'». Same as Atamax. [attainder. 
 
 At' tar, n. [Per. atar; Arab. Ur, perfume.] Es- 
 sential oil, as of roses. « [roses. 
 
 At'tar-gul, n. [Per. gul, a rose.] The attar of 
 
 4-t-tem'per, v. a. [L. attemperare. — See Temper.] 
 [pp. attempering, attempered.] To soften; to 
 attune. 
 
 At-tempt' (at-temf), v. a. [L. attemptare, atten- 
 tare : ad, for, suidtentare, to try.] [pp. attempting, 
 attempted.] To try; to endeavor; to essay: to 
 make trial of; to undertake.— 2, v. n. To make 
 a trial ; to endeavor. — 3, n. An essay ; a trial ; 
 endeavor. 
 
 St/n. — A spirited or fruitless attempt; a perse- 
 vering trial ; a feeble essay; a mighty effort; an 
 earnest endeavor. 
 
 At-tempt'a-ble, a. That may be attempted. 
 
 At-tend', v. a. [L. attendere, to wait upon, to serve, 
 to listen to ; ad, to, and tendere, to stretch.] [pp. 
 attending, attended.] To wait on ; to accompany ; 
 to follow ; to await.— 2, v. n. To listen ; to give 
 heed. 
 
 At-tend'ance, n. The act of waiting on ; service ; 
 attention: — the persons waiting; a train. 
 
 At-tend'ant, a. Accompanying as subordinate. — 
 2, n. One who attends. 
 
 At- tent', a. Attentive. 
 
 4t-ten'tion, n. [L. altentio. — See Attend.] Act 
 of attending; heed; civility. 
 
 Syn. — Give attention to learning ; application or 
 
 mien, sir ; mSve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— g, 0, g, §, soft; p, js, p, g, hard ; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 
 
ATTENTIVE 
 
 84 
 
 ATTGITIC 
 
 diligent study is necessary to improvement ; show 
 proper attention and cicililies to others ; use vigi- 
 lance in your calling; take heed to your conduct. 
 
 At-ten'tive, a. Paying attention; heedful; dili- 
 gent; careful; mindful. 
 
 At-ten'tive-ly, ad. Heedfully; carefully. 
 
 At-ten'tive-ness, n. Habit of being attentive. 
 
 At-ten'u-ant, a. Making thio ; diluting. 
 
 4t-ten'u-ints, n. pi. Attenuating medicines. 
 
 At-ten'u-ate, v. a. [L. atteimare, attenuatus ; tenuis, 
 thin.] [pp. attenuating, attenuated.] To make 
 thin. — 2, v. n. To grow more slender, finer, or 
 less ; to lessen. 
 
 At-ten-u-a'tion, n. The act of making thin : — 
 that which is made thin. 
 
 At- test', v. a. [L. atlestari; ad, to, and testis, a 
 Avitness.] [pp. attesting, attested.] To bear 
 witness of; to certify. — 2, n. Witness; a witness. 
 
 At-tes-ta'tion, n. The act of attesting; testi- 
 mony ; witness ; evidence : — a certificate. 
 
 At-test'a-tive, j a. Attesting; bearing witness to ; 
 
 At-tes'tive, J pertaining to testimony. 
 
 Aftic, «• Relating to Attica or Athens ; elegant ; 
 pure ; classical :— elevated. — Attic story, an upper 
 story. — Attic salt, delicate, poignant ' wit. — 2, n. 
 A native of Attica : — a garret. 
 
 At'ti-cism, ». The Attic style or idiom. 
 
 At-tire', v. a. [0. Fr. atirer ; d tire, in order. — 
 See Tier.] [pp. attiring, attired.] To dress ; 
 to array. — 2, n. Clothes; dress; vesture; ap- 
 parel; vestments: — the head-dress. 
 
 At'ti-tude, n. [Fr. ; a variant form of aptitude.] 
 Posture ; position ; gesture. 
 
 At-ti-tu'di-nal, a. Relating to attitude. 
 
 At-ti-tu'di-nlze, v. n. [pp. attitudinizing, attitu- 
 dinized.] To assume postures. 
 
 At-tol'lent, a. [L. attollere, atlollentis, to lift up ; 
 ad, to, and tollere, to lift.] Lifting up; raising. 
 
 At-torn' (at-tlirn'), v. n. [Law L. attornare, to turn 
 to.— See Turn.] [ pp. attorning, attorned.] To 
 transfer service, tenancy, or homage to. — 2, v. a. 
 To transfer (as service). 
 
 At-tor'ney (at-tiir'ne), n. ; pi. At-tor'neys. [0. Fr. 
 atome. — See Attorn.] One who acts for an- 
 other ; one who prepares cases for trial : a lawyer. 
 
 At-tor'ney-ship, n. The office of an attorney". 
 
 At-torn'ment (at-tiirn'ment), n. (Law.) A yield- 
 ing of a tenant to a new lord : — assignment. 
 
 At-tract', v. a. [L. attrahere, attractum ; ad, to, 
 and trahere, to draw.] [pp. attracting, attracted.] 
 To draw to ; to bring near ; to unite ; to allure ; 
 to win. fable. 
 
 At-tract-a-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being attract- 
 
 At-tract'a-ble, a. That may be attracted. 
 
 At-trac'tile, a. Having power to attract. 
 
 At-trac'tion (at-trak'shun), ??. Act of attracting; 
 power of attracting; allurement: — the power or 
 tendency in bodies to approach each other and 
 to resist separation, as the attraction of gravity and 
 the attraction of cohesion: — that which attracts. 
 
 At-trac'tive, a. Drawing; alluring. 
 
 At-trac'tive-ly, ad. In an attractive manner. 
 
 At-trac'tive-ness, n. Quality of being attractive. 
 
 At-tract'or, n. One who attracts. [tracts. 
 
 At'tra-hent, n. [See Attract.] That which at- 
 
 At-trib'u-ta-ble, a. Ascribable ; imputable. 
 
 At-trib'ute, v. a. [L. attribuere, attribntum ; ad, to, 
 and tribuere, to bestow.] [pp. attributing, at- 
 tributed.] To ascribe ; to impute. 
 
 At'tri-bute, n. A thing attributed or belonging 
 to any one ; a quality ; a propei'ty. 
 
 At-tri-bu'tion, n. Act of attributing. 
 
 At-trib'u-tive, a. Expressing an attribute. 
 
 At-trib'u-tlve-ly, ad. In an attributive manner. 
 
 4 t- trite', «. [L. atterere, allrilus, to wear; ad, to, 
 at, and terere, to rub.] Worn by rubbing. 
 
 At-tri"tion (at-trish'un), n. [L.'atlritio.—See At- 
 trite.] ' The act of wearing, or the state of being 
 worn, by rubbing ; abrasion : — grief for sin. 
 
 At-tune'. v. a. [See Tune.] [pp. attuning, at- 
 tuned.] To make musical; to tune. 
 
 A-tween', prep. Between. 
 A-twirl', a. k ad. In the act of twirling. 
 Au-bade' (o-bad'), n. [Fr. ; Sp. albada ; alba, dawn, 
 ^ from L. albusj white.] A morning serenade. 
 Au-ber£e' (or o-barzh), n. [Fr. ; 0. Ger. heri-berga, 
 
 army -shelter, tent, camp; hence an inn.— See 
 
 Harbor,] A tavern ; an inn. 
 Au'burn, a. [L. alburnus, whitish; albus, white: 
 
 influenced in its English meaning by brown.] 
 
 Reddish brown ; of a dark color. 
 Auc'tion (awk'shun),«. [L. audio, auctionis ; au- 
 
 gere, aucium, to increase.] A public sale of prop- 
 ^ erty to the highest bidder. 
 Auc'tion-a-ry, a. Belonging to an auction. 
 Auc-tion-eer', n. One who sells by auction. 
 Au-da'cious (aw-da'shus), a. [L. audotx, audacis, 
 
 bold ; atidere, to dare.] Daring ; fearless ; ad- 
 ^ venturous; bold; impudent; shameless. 
 Au-da'cious-ly, ad. Boldly ; impudently. 
 Au-da'cious-ness, n. Audacity. 
 Au-dac'i-ty, n. Effrontery ; shamelessness : — bold- 
 ness; daring originality. 
 Syn. — Audacity marks a daring, boldness, a 
 
 ready character. -The audacity of a knave ; the 
 
 boldness of an advocate ; the impudence of a 
 
 knave ; the effrontery of a villain. 
 Au-di-bil'i-ty, n. Capability of being heard. 
 Au'di-ble, a. [L. audire, to hear.] Capable of 
 
 being heard. 
 Au'di-bly, ad. In an audible manner. 
 Au'di-ence, n. [L. audientia ; audire, to hear.] 
 
 The act of hearing ; a hearing : — an auditory ; 
 
 an assembly of hearers. 
 Au'di-ent, a. [L. audiens, audientis, pres. part, of 
 
 audire, to hear.] Hearing; listening. 
 Au-di-om'e-ter, ». [L. audire, to hear, and Gr. 
 
 /xerpov, measure.] The sonometer when used as 
 
 a test of hearing. 
 Au-di-o-met'ric, a. Of or relating to audiometry 
 
 or testing the power of hearing. 
 Au-di-om'e-try, n. The art or process of testing 
 
 the sense "of hearing, especially by the audiometer. 
 Au'di-phone. n. [L. 
 
 audire, to hear, and 
 
 Gr. $u>vri, sound.] 
 
 An instrument held 
 
 between the teeth to 
 
 assist the hearing. 
 Au'dit, n. [L. audire, 
 
 audilus, to hear.] The 
 
 settling of accounts: 
 
 — a hearing. — 2, v. a. 
 
 [pp. auditing, au- 
 dited.] To examine, 
 
 as an account. 
 Au-di"tion, n. [L. au- 
 
 ditio.] The action, or the sense, of hearing: — 
 
 something heard. 
 Au'di-tive, a. See Auditory. 
 Au'di-tor, n. [L.] A hearer: — one who audits; 
 
 one employed to take an account. 
 Au-di-to'ri-um, n. [L.] That part of a public 
 
 buildingoccupied by the audience. 
 Au'di-tor-ship, n. The office of an auditor. 
 Au'di-to-ry, a. [L. auditorius.] Relating to the 
 
 sense of hearing; having the power of hearing. 
 
 — 2, n. An audience; an assembly of hearers: — 
 
 a place for lectures. 
 Au'di-tress, n. A female hearer. 
 Au-£e'an, a. Belonging to Augeas -.—filthy. 
 Au'fer," n. [0. E. naugcr, for A. S. nafu-gar, 
 
 nave-piercer ; nafu, nave of a wheel, and gar, 
 
 borer ; a nauger has become an auger.] An iron 
 
 tool to bore holes with. 
 Au'ger-bit, v. A bit with a cutting edge or blade 
 
 like that of an auger. 
 Aught (awt), «. [0. E. awiht, a whit.— See Whit.] 
 
 Any thing; any part. 
 Au'glte, n. [Gr. avyirr^ ; avyq, lustre.] (Min.) 
 
 A crystalline mineral. 
 Au-f-it'ic, a. Consisting of or resembling augite. 
 
 Audiphone. 
 
 a, e, I, 5, u, y, long; a, e, l, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y. t obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
AUGMENT 
 
 So 
 
 AUTOCEACY 
 
 
 Aug-ment', v. a. [L. augmentare, for augere, to 
 increase.] [pp. augmenting, augmented.] To 
 make larger ; to increase. — 2, v. re. To grow 
 larger ; to increase ; to intensify. 
 
 Aug'ment, re. [L. augmentum.] Increase. — (Gram.) 
 A letter or syllable prefixed to a word. 
 
 Aug-ment'a-ble, a. That may be augmented. 
 
 Aug-men-ta'tion, re. The process of increasing: 
 — a part added : — increased size. 
 
 Aug-men'ta-tive, a. That augments, [menting. 
 
 Aug-men'tive, a. Showing augmentation : — aug- 
 
 Au'gur, n. [L. ; probably from avis* a bird, and 
 the Skr. root gar, to show, to proclaim; the Ro- 
 man augurs practised divination by observing 
 the flight of birds. — See Auspice.] One who 
 augurs; a soothsayer. — 2, v. re. [pp. auguring, 
 augured.] To guess; to conjecture. — 3, v. a. To 
 predict by signs ; to foretoken. 
 
 Au'gu-ral, or Au-gu'ri-al, a. Relating to augury. 
 
 Au'gu-ry, re. [L. augurium.] Prognostication by 
 signs ; omen. 
 
 Au'gust, re. The eighth month in the year: so 
 named in honor of Augustus Caesar. 
 
 Au-gQst', a. [L. augustus, venerable.] Great; 
 grand; awful; majestic. 
 
 Au-gus'tan, «. Relating to Augustus. 
 
 Au-gus-tin'i-an, or Au-giis'tine, n. [From St. 
 Augustine.] One of an 
 order of monks. 
 
 Au-gust'ness, re. State 
 of being august. 
 
 Auk, re. [Norse alka.] A 
 sea-bird. 
 
 Au'lic, a. [L. aulicus; L. 
 aula, Gr. av\r), a court, 
 a hall.] Belonging to 
 an imperial court. 
 
 Au-mo-ni-ere (o-mo-ne- 
 
 ar), n. ' [Ft., an almo- AUK - 
 
 ner.] A purse hung at the girdle of a religious. 
 
 Aune (on), re. [Fr., an ell ; L. ulna, forearm. — See 
 Ell.] An old French cloth measure of various 
 length. 
 
 Aunt (ant), n. [L. arnita, a father's sister.] A 
 father's or mother's sister: — an uncle's wife. 
 
 Au'ra, n. ; pi. Au'rae. [L. ; Gr. avpa; arj/ou, 
 ar)v<u., to blow.] A breath of air : — an exhalation. 
 
 Au'ral, a. Of or pertaining to the ear. 
 
 Au-re'li-a, re. [It.; L. aiirum, gold. — See Chrys- 
 alis.] The chrysalis of an insect. 
 
 Au-re'o-la, re. [L., golden, or somewhat golden 
 (crown) ; aurum, gold.] Circle of rays ; crown 
 of glory. 
 
 Au're-ole, n. The same as Aureola. 
 
 Au'rj-cle, h. [L. auricula, dim. of auris, ear.] The 
 external ear :— one of the two venous chambers 
 of the heart. 
 
 Au-ric'o-mofis, a. [L. auricomus ; aurum, gold, 
 and coma, hair.] Golden-haired; of or relating 
 to, or associated with, golden hair. 
 
 Au-ric'ii-la, re. [L. auricula, dim. of auris, ear.] 
 A species' of primrose. 
 
 Au-ric'u-lar, a. Conveyed by hearing: — told in 
 secret ; as, auricular confession. 
 
 Au-ric'u-late, a. Shaped like an ear. 
 
 Au-rif'er-ous, a. [L. aurifer; aurum, gold, and 
 ferre, to carry. J Affording gold. 
 
 Au'ri-fb'rm, a. Ear-shaped; auriculate. 
 
 Au'ri-scope. re. [L. auris, ear, and Gr. root <tkott-, 
 _ to see.] An instrument for examining the ear. 
 
 Au-ris'co-px, n. Exploration oi the ear by means 
 of the auriscope. 
 
 Au'rist, re. One skilled in disorders of the ear. 
 
 Au'rophs, n. [Ger. urochs or auerochs; first sylla- 
 ble akin with aus, out, meaning " wild," and ochs, 
 ox. But cf. L. urus, Gr. ovpos, the urus.] Th 
 
 ^ urus :— the wild bison of Poland. 
 
 Au-ro'ra, re. [L.] L. pi. Au-r5'rse ; Eng. Au- 
 ro'ra?. The dawn; light before sunrise; day- 
 
 ^ break: — crow's-foot, a flower: — aurora borealis. 
 
 Au-ro'ra Bo-re-a'lis, re. [L.] A luminosity usu- 
 
 ally appearing in the north, and resembling the 
 dawn. A similar light seen toward the south 
 pole is the Aurora, Australia, and the two are 
 sometimes spoken of as Aurora Polaris, [dawn. 
 
 Au-ro'ral, a. Relating to the dawn ; like the 
 
 Aus'cul-tate, v. a. [L. auscultare, auscultatum, to 
 listen to.] [pp. auscultating, auscultated.] 
 {Med.) To subject a patient to auscultation for 
 the discovery of disease. 
 
 Aus-cul-ta'tion, re. The act of listening. — (Med.) 
 A method of distinguishing diseases by the 
 stethoscope or the ear. 
 
 Au'spi-cate, v. a. [L. auspicare, auspicatus, to 
 take omens ; auspex, an augur.] [lip- auspi- 
 cating, auspicated.] To foreshow : — to begin. 
 
 Au'spice, re.; pi. Au'spi-ces. [L. auspicium; au- 
 spex, an augur, for avispex; avis, a bird, ''and 
 specere, to behold.] An omen drawn from birds; 
 favorable appearance : — protection ; influence 
 (mostly used in the plural). 
 
 Au-spi"cial, a. Relating to prognostics. 
 
 Au-spi"cious (aw-spish'us), a. Having omens of 
 success ; prosperous ; propitious ; lucky. 
 
 Syn. — Auspicious circumstances ; prosperous en- 
 terprise; propitious climate; lucky event; favor- 
 able wind. 
 
 Au-spi"cious-ly, ad. In an auspicious manner. 
 
 Au-stere', a. [L. austerus; Gr. avarr]p6<;, drying; 
 aveiv, to dry.] Severe ; harsh : rigid ; stern ; 
 rigorous; ascetic: — simple; unadorned. 
 
 Au-ster'i-ty, ». Severity; great rigor. 
 
 Syn.— Austerity of monastic life ; severity of 
 punishment ; strictness or rigor of discipline ; 
 sternness of manners. 
 
 Au'stral, a. [L. australis; ouster, the south wind; 
 literally, the drying wind. — See Austere.] 
 Southern ; toward the south. 
 
 Au-then'tic, ) a. [Gr. avOevri-ito?, original ; 
 
 Au-then'ti-cal, J avQevTr/g, a master; avTos, self, 
 and ePTi)s, worker.] Resting on authority ; 
 genuine ; true. 
 
 Au-then'ti-cal-ly, ad. Genuinely; credibly. 
 
 Au-then'ti-cate, v. a. [pp. authenticating, au- 
 thenticated.] To prove authentic. 
 
 Au-then-ti-ca'tion, re. The act of authenticating. 
 
 Au-then-tic'i-ty, re. Quality of being authentic ; 
 substantial correctness ; genuineness; reality. 
 
 Au'thor, n. [Fr. auteur, L. auctor, promoter; o«- 
 gere, auction, to increase.] The beginner or 
 mover ; the writer of a book ; a writer. 
 
 Au'thor-ess, n. A female author. 
 
 Au-thor'i-ta-tive, a. Having authority ; positive; 
 dictatorial ; peremptory. 
 
 Au-thor'i-ta-tive-ly, ad. By authority. 
 
 Au-thor'i-ty, n. [Fr. autorite ; L. auctoritas. — See 
 Author.] Right to command: legal power; 
 force; influence; rule: — support; testimony; 
 evidence : — precedent. 
 
 Au-thor-i-za'tion, n. Act of giving authority. 
 
 Au'thor-ize. v. a. [Fr. autoriser.] [pp. author- 
 izing, authorized.] To establish by authority ; 
 to give authority to; to make legal; to em- 
 power; to sanction. 
 
 Au'thor-ship. n. The occupation of an author: — 
 the literary origin of a book. 
 
 Au'to. [Gr. avros, self.] A prefix signifying 
 "self." [life. 
 
 Au-to-bi-og'ra-pher, n. One who writes his own 
 
 Au-to-bi-o-graph'ic, "la. Relating to autobi- 
 
 Au-to-bi-o-graph'i-cal, J ography. 
 
 Au-to-bi-og'ra-phy. n. [Gr. avros, self, and bi- 
 ography.] The life or biography of a person 
 written by himself. 
 
 Au-toeh'thon, re. [Gr. cl-utSs, self, and x^v, 
 earth.] One who is supposed to have sprung 
 from the soil he lives upon ; an aborigine. 
 
 fn'ffi'SKS*. 1, l«- Satire to the soil j tadig- 
 
 Au-toc'ra-cy., n. [Gr. avro/cpaTeia.] Indepen- 
 dence :— autonomy :— the rule of an autocrat. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use — Q, Q, c, §, soft; (S, £, p, §, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 
 
 8 
 
AUTOCRAT 
 
 86 
 
 AVERT 
 
 Au'to-crat, n. [Gr. atiTOKpar^s, ruling by one's 
 self; avros, self, and Kp6.ro?, rule.] An absolute 
 sovereign. 
 
 Au-to-crat'ic, \a. Kelating to autocracy; ab- 
 
 Au-to-crat'i-cal, J solute. 
 
 Auto da fe T [Port.] f (aw-to-da-fa), «. [Lit., " act 
 
 Auto de fe J [Sp.] >of faith," or "sentence of 
 religion."] A sentence of the Inquisition for 
 burning a heretic, or the execution of such a 
 sentence. 
 
 Au-to-|"e-net'ic, a. [Gr. auTo;, self, and yevvrjTL- 
 kos, generative ; root yev-, to produce.] Not due 
 to external influences or causes; self-generated 
 or produced. 
 
 Au-tof''e-nous, a. [Gr. avroyevr/s ; root yev-, to 
 produce.] Developed from distinct and inde- 
 pendent centres. 
 
 Au'to-graph, n. [Gr. avroypafyos, self-written ; 
 at/To?, self, and ypdcfceiv, to write.] A person's 
 own handwriting. — 2, v. a. [ pp. autographing, 
 autographed.] To write with one's own hand. 
 — 3, a. Written by one's own hand. 
 
 Au-to-graph'ic, or Au-to-graph'i-cal, a. Kelating 
 to an autograph. 
 
 Au-tol'a-try, n. [Gr. avros, self, and Xarpeia, 
 worship.] Worship of self. 
 
 Au-to-mat'ic, "I a. Like an automaton : — self- 
 
 Au-to-mat'i-cal, / acting : — mechanical : — not vo- 
 litional. 
 
 Au-tom'a-ti§m, n. [Gr. avTojuartcr/xog. — See Au- 
 tomaton.] Involuntary action. 
 
 Au-tom'a-ton, «. [Gr. auTo^aroc, self-acting: 
 avTog, self, and p.e/xaa (root txar-), to strive, to 
 work.] Gr. pi. Au-tom'a-ta ; Eng. Au-tom'- 
 a-ton§. A machine apparently self-moving, 
 and imitating the action of men or animals. 
 
 Au-to-mbr'phic, a. [Gr. avTOfi.op<£>6s ; avros, self, 
 and fxopcfrr), form.] Formed after the pattern of 
 one's self. 
 
 Au-ton'o-mous, a. [Gr. av-roVojuos.] Self-governed. 
 
 Au-ton'o-my, n. [Gr. avrovop-Ca ; avTos, self, and 
 v6p.os, law.] Self-government; political inde- 
 pendence. 
 
 Au-toph'a-gous, a. [Gr. avTo4>ayo<; ; avros, self, 
 and <j>ayeiv, to devour.] Feeding upon one's self. 
 
 Au'top-sy, n. [Gr. avro\pia; o.vt6<;, self, and o\]jls, 
 view. — -See Optic] Ocular demonstration: — 
 post-mortem examination. 
 
 Au-top'tic, a. Same as Autoptical. 
 
 Au-top'ti-cal, a. [Gr. avTonriKos. — See Auto and 
 Optic] Seen by one's own eyes. 
 
 Au-to-the'i§m, n. [Gr. ai/ros, self, and Oeos, a 
 god'.] Worship or deification of one's self; ex- 
 cessive self-esteem, [r.] 
 
 Au'to-type, n. [Gr. avros, self, and tv7tos, type 
 (see Type), a fac-simile.] Autotypy : — a picture 
 taken by means of autotypy. 
 
 Au' to-type, ) a. Of or relating to, or produced 
 
 Au-to-typ'ic. J by, autotypy. 
 
 Au'to-typ-y, { »• A kind of photographic print- 
 
 Au-tot'y-py, j ing. 
 
 Au'tumn (aw'tum), ». [L. euOumnus.) The season 
 of the year between summer and winter; fall. 
 
 Au-tum'nal, a. Belonging to autumn. 
 
 Aux-il'ia-ry (awg-zil'ya-re), n. [L. auxilium, help.] 
 A helper. — pi Foreign troops in the service of 
 nations at war.— 2, a. Assisting.— (Gram.) A 
 term applied to a verb that helps to conjugate 
 other verbs. 
 
 A-vail'. v. a. [L. ad, to, for, and valere, to be worth, 
 . to be strong ; Fr. valoir.] [ pp. availing, availed. 1 
 To profit ; to benefit ; to assist. — 2, v. n. To be 
 of use or advantage.— 3, n. Use; advantage; 
 benefit. — pi. Proceeds or profits from labor, 
 sales, Arc. 
 
 A-vail-a-bil'i-ty, n. Availableness. 
 
 A-vail'a-ble, a. That may be used with success; 
 profitable; powerful; useful. 
 
 A-vail'a-ble-ness, n. Power; legal force. 
 
 A-vail'a-bly, ad. Powerfully ; validly. 
 
 Av-a-lanche' [av'a-lansh or av-a-lansh', 3Iu. ; av- 
 
 a-lansh', H. ; av'a-lansh, St. ; av'e-lansh, Co. £.], 
 ti. [Fr. ; local form of avulance, descent; waler, 
 to descend; L. ad valient, to the valley: hvange, 
 lavanche, and valanche are variant forms.] A vast 
 body of snow, ice, earth, &c, sliding down a 
 mountain. 
 
 Avant-courier (a-vang'ko-rer), n. [Fr. avant- 
 coureur.l One who is despatched before the rest 
 to notify approach ; a harbinger. 
 
 A-vant'-guard (a-vant'gard or a-vang'gard) 
 [a-vant'gard, TT. P. J. F. ; a-vong'gard, E. 8m. 
 .St.; a-vah-gard, I.; a'van-gard, Mu.], n. [Fr. 
 avant-garde, advance guard.] The van; the first 
 body of an army. 
 
 Av'a-rice, n. [L. avariiia; avarus, greedy.] In- 
 ordinate desire of gain or propeity ; peiiurious- 
 ness; covetousness. 
 
 Syn. — Avarice and penuriousness keep what is 
 gainejl by covetousness and cupidity. 
 
 Av-a-ri"eious (av-a-rish'us), a. Possessed of av- 
 arice; greedy of gain ; covetous; miseily; par- 
 simonious; penurious; grasping. 
 
 Syn. — The avaricious are unwilling to part with 
 their money; the covetous are eager to obtain 
 money ; the niggardly are mean in their dealings 
 with others; the miserly, parsimonious, and penu- 
 rious are mean to themselves, as well as to others. 
 
 Av-a-ri"cious-ly, ad. With avarice. 
 
 Av-a-ri"cious-ness, n. Covetousness. 
 
 A-vast', interj. [Dut. houd vast, hold fast.] (Naut.) 
 Hold; stop; stay. 
 
 Av-a-tar' Tav-a-tar' or av'a-tar, Mu.~\, n. (Hindu 
 Myth.) [Skr. avatara, descent; ava, down, and 
 root tar, to pass.] The incarnation or meta- 
 morphosis of a deity. 
 
 A -vaunt', interj. [Fr. avant, forward, go on; Late 
 L. ab ante, from before.] Hence; begone. 
 
 A've [a'va or a've, H. ; a/ve, St, ; a've, I. Mu.~\, n. 
 [L. for "hail" or "farewell."] An address to 
 the Yirgin Mary, from the first words, Ave, 
 Maria : — a shout of welcome or of farewell. 
 
 A-vengV, v. a. [Fr. venger ; 0. Fr. avengier; L. 
 vindicare. — See Vindicate.] [pp. avenginjr, 
 avenged.] To take vengeance; to punish: — to 
 retaliate ; to revenge : — to vindicate. 
 
 Syn. — The wrongs of a person may be avenged, 
 and the wrong-doer punished; but to revenge or 
 retaliate is unchristian. 
 
 A-ven'£er, n. One who avenges. 
 
 A-ven'tii-rine, n. [It. awenturino, from awentura, 
 chance or adventure : — said to have been discov- 
 ered by accident.] A species of quartz : — a glass 
 imitation of the mineral : — a bright brown color. 
 
 Av'e-nue, n. [Fr.— See Advent.] A passage; a 
 way of entrance; an alley: — a wide street. 
 
 A-ver', v. a. [Fr. averer, to prove ; L. ad, to, and 
 
 ' verum, true.] [pp. averring, averred.] To de- 
 clare positively ; to assert. ~--^ 
 
 Av'er-afe, n. [Fr. avarie ; Hut^avarij ; 0. Fr. 
 average; perhaps from It. avere. Obs. Fug. aver, 
 goods, "havings;" root of have. The primary 
 idea is that of some kind of charge, as in ton- 
 nage, wharfage, etc.] A medium; a mean pro- 
 portion:— a contribution to a general loss: — a 
 charge. — 2, v. a. [jjj>. averaging, averaged.] To 
 reduce to a medium : — to estimate : — to do on an 
 average. — 3, v. v. To be in a medial state. — 
 4, a. Medial : — having a medium : — ordinary. 
 
 A-ver'ment, n. Affirmation: — justification. 
 
 A-verse', a. [L. avertere, aversus. — S^e Avfrt.] 
 
 ' Having aversion ; disinclined to; unwilling; re- 
 luctant ; loath : — repugnant. 
 
 Syn. — Averse to study; unvriUing to labor; re- 
 luctant to perform a task ; loath to receive advice. 
 
 A-verse'ly. ad. Unwillingly ; backwai dly. 
 
 A-ve'rse'ness, «. Unwillingness: dislike. 
 
 A-ver'sipii, v. [L. aversio.] Antipathy; dislike; 
 repugnance : — an object of dislike. 
 
 A-vert', v. a. [L. avertere; a, from, and rertere, to 
 
 'turn.] [pp. averting, averted.] To turn aside ; 
 to put away. 
 
 a, e, i, o, u, 
 
 y, long; a, e, 5, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her: 
 
AVERTIBLE 
 
 S7 
 
 AYE-AYE 
 
 A-ver'ti-ble, a. Preventable. [nature of, birds. 
 A'vi-aii, a. [L. avis, a bird.] Kelating to, or of the 
 A'vj-4-ry, n. [L. aciarhun ; avis, a bird.] A place 
 
 enclosed to keep birds in. 
 A-vic'u-lar, a. [L. avicula ; dim. of avis, a bird.] 
 Of or pertaining to a bird or birds. [greedy. 
 
 Av'id, a. [L. avidus, from avere, to crave.] Eager ; 
 A-vid'i-ty, n. [L. aviditas; Fr. avidite.] Eager- 
 ness; greed; voracity. 
 
 Syn. — Avidity of desire; eagerness in a pursuit; 
 greediness of gain ; voracity of appetite. 
 Av-i-faVna, n. pi. [L. avis, a bird, and fauna.] 
 
 The birds' of a region or geological epoch. 
 Av-o-ca'tion, n. [L. a, from, and vocatio, calling. 
 — See Vocation.] The act of calling aside: — 
 by-work; business that calls aside: — (less cor- 
 rectly) employment; vocation. 
 Av'o-cet, n. [It. avosetta.] A kind of wading bird. 
 A-void', v. a. [0. Fr. evuider, avoider, to empty. 
 ' — See Void.] [pp. avoiding, avoided.] To shun ; 
 to escape from ; to elude ; to eschew ; to evade : — 
 to empty ; to quash ; to invalidate. 
 
 Syn. — Avoid quarrels and the gaming-house; 
 shun bad company ; escape danger ; elude punish- 
 ment ; eschew evil. 
 A-void'a-ble, a. That may be avoided. 
 A-vb'id'ance, n. The act of avoiding; deprivation. 
 Av-oir-du-pbis/ (av-er-du-poiz'), n. & a. [Fr. avoir 
 depokte, goods of (or sold by) weight.] A weight, 
 of which a pound contains 16 ounces. 
 A-vb'flch', v. a. [Fr. avouer; 0. Fr. avocliier ; L. 
 adiocare, to call upon (as a defender or witness). 
 — See Vouch.] [pp. avouching, avouched.] To 
 affirm ; to declare ; to vouch. 
 A-vbuch'a-ble, a. That may be avouched. 
 A-vb\fr', v. a. [Fr. avouer. — See Avoich.] [pp. 
 ' avowing, avowed.] To declare openly ; to own ; 
 
 to acknowledge; to confess; to profess. 
 A-vb<v'a-ble, a. That may be avowed. 
 A-vo-iv'al, n. Open declaration. 
 A -vowed' (a-voud'), p. a. Declared. 
 A-vb-ft'ed-ly, ad In an open manner. 
 A-vb<v'er, n. One who avows or justifies. 
 A-vo1v'ry, n. [See Avow.] (Law.) A justification 
 by one who has been sued for distraining property. 
 A-vul'sion, n. [L. avidsio ; acellere, avulsum, to 
 
 tear away.] The act of tearing away. 
 A-wait', v. a. [See Wait.] [pp. awaiting, await- 
 ed.] To expect ; to wait for. 
 A-wake', v. a. & v. n. [A.-S. awseenan, awacian. 
 — See Wake and Watch.] [i. awoke or awaked : 
 pp. awaking, awoke or awaked.] To rouse from 
 6leep; to wake; to awaken. — 2, a. Not sleep- 
 ing; not being asleep. [awakened.] To awake. 
 A-wak'en (a-wa'kn), v. a. & v. n. [pp. awakening, 
 A-wak'en-ing, ) n. The act of awakening or 
 A-wak'en-ment, j waking; revival. 
 £.-ward', v. a. [Law Fr. awarder ; 0. Fr. eswarder, 
 esguarder, to consider, to attend to. — See Guard 
 and Ward.] [pp. awarding, awarded.] To ad- 
 judge ; to sentence. — 2, v. n. To decree ; to 
 judge. — 3, n. Judgment; sentence; decree: — 
 penalty ; that wdiich is adjudged or assigned. 
 A-ware', «. [A.-S. gewser. — See Ware.] Vigilant ; 
 
 cautious: — mindful ; informed. 
 A-wash' (a-wosh'), a. & ad. [See Wash.] On a [ 
 
 level with the water. 
 A-way' (a-wa/), ad. [A.-S. a-weg ; Ger. weg. — See 
 Way.] At adistance off; not at home ; off; apart : 
 ^ — along. — 2, interj. Begone. 
 Awe (aw), n. [Old Norse, agi, A.-S. ege, dread.] 
 Eeverential fear; reverence; veneration; dread. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. awing or aweing, awed.] To 
 strike with reverence. 
 
 Syn. — Stand in- awe of your Creator; regard 
 religion and sacred things with reverence, great 
 and good men with veneration, and the commis- 
 sion of sin with dread. [out. 
 A-wea'ry, or A-wea'ried (a-we'rid), a. Wearied 
 Awe'some (aw'sum), a. Full of, or causing, awe ; 
 . r ful; appalling. 
 
 Awe'-struck. p. a. Impressed with awe. 
 
 Aw'ful, a. That strikes with awe ; dreadful. 
 
 Aw'ful-ly, ad. In an awful manner. 
 
 Aw'ful-niss, n. The quality of being -awful. 
 
 A- while', ad. [A and while.] For a time ; for a 
 short time. 
 
 A- whirl', a. WTiirling; in a whirl or tumult. 
 
 Awk'ward, a. [Obs. E. aivk, odd, clumsy, and the 
 suffix '-ward, implying manner or direction ; awk 
 is Old Norse afug, odd, reversed ; root of off.] 
 Wanting dexterity or skill ; unhandy ; clumsy ; 
 impolite ; rude : — embarrassing. 
 
 Syn. — An awkward gait or manner; impolite 
 manners ; an unhandy instrument ; a clumsy shape. 
 
 Awk'ward-ly, ad. In an awkward manner. 
 
 Awk'ward-ness, n. Clumsiness; inelegance. 
 
 Awl (al), n. [A.-S. sel ; Ger. ahle.] An instru- 
 ment to bore holes with. 
 
 Awn, n. [Ger. ahne ; Dan. avn.~\ A beard of grass 
 or grain. 
 
 Awn'ing, n. [Fr. auvent; cf. Low Ger. havenv.ng, 
 harborage, shelter : — the real history of the word 
 is unknown.] A cover of canvas over a boat, 
 or over any place without a root', for shade 
 
 Awn'less, a. Having no awn or beard. 
 
 Awn'y, a. Having awns. 
 
 A-woke', i. from awake. See Awake. [askew. 
 
 A-wry' (a-ri'), ad. & a. [See Wry.] Obliquely ; 
 
 Axe (aks), n. [Found in all r-\ l —*=^__ 
 Teutonic languages. — Cf. Gr. r~ , ir~f--n^p. 
 ai-lvn, axe.] An instrument 1 — * 
 for chopping and hewing. Axe# 
 
 Axe'man, n. ; pi. Axe'men. One who wields an axe. 
 
 Ax'i-al, a. Forming, or belonging to, an axis. 
 
 Ax'i-form, a. Formed like an axis. 
 
 Ax'il, ». (Anal.) The armpit.— (Bot.) The angle 
 formed by a leaf with a branch. 
 
 Ax-il'la. v. ; pi. Ax-il'lae. [L. ; cf. Ger. achscl, 
 shoulder; also axle, axe, and L. ala (wing) are 
 kindred words.] (Anal.) The armpit : — same as 
 axil. See Axil. 
 
 Ax'il-la-ry. a. Belonging to the armpit, or axil. 
 
 Ax'iom'(aks'yum), n. [Gr. <i£i'<o|u.a., that which is 
 held worthy; oi^to?, worthy.] A statement gen- 
 erally conceded to be true." 
 
 Syn. — Axiom, maxim, aphorism, apothegm, adage, 
 proverb, saying, by-word, saw, truism, these sev- 
 eral words all denote phrases which affirm some 
 general proposition. Axioms are in science what 
 maxims are in morals. An intuitive truth is an 
 axiom ; but if needless to detail, it is a truism. 
 Silly saws and quaint sayings often become by- 
 wortla among the vulgar. The axioms of science; 
 the maxims of prudence; the aphorisms of Hip- 
 pocrates or Lavater ; the apothegms of Plutarch ; 
 the adages of the ancients ; the sayings of the 
 wise ; the saws of the vulgar. 
 
 Ax-i-o-mat'ic, )o. [Gr. a(-iofxaTii<.6<;.] Self- 
 
 Ax-i-o-mat'i-cal, ) evident : — indisputable. 
 
 Ax'is, b. ; pi. Ax'e§. [L. ; cf. Skr. akshas, wheel; 
 Ger. aehse, axe, axle.] The line, real or im- 
 aginary, that passes through any body, on which 
 it may revolve ; an axle :— a stem :— [L.j a kind 
 of spotted deer of India. 
 
 Ax'le (ak'sl), )n. [Dan. axel; cf. A.-S. 
 
 Ax'le-tree (ak'sd-tre), J eaxl, shoulder. — See Ax- 
 illa.] A piece of timber, or bar of iron, on 
 which the wheels of a carriage turn. 
 
 Ax'o-lotl, ». [Mexican.] A curious batrachian 
 
 of Mexico. 
 Ay, or Aye (a§) [ii'e, W. Ja, Sm. St. ; a'e, P. J. F. 
 B. H. ; I, I. C], ad. [A variant of yea; Ger. 
 
 _ja, yes.] Yes: — expressing assent. 
 
 Aye (a), ad. [Ger. je ; Gr. aec',- cf. L. xvum, an 
 
 age.] Always: forever; to eternity. 
 Aye-aye, n. [Malagasy name, derived from its 
 cry, or, as some say, the cry of surprise uttered 
 by the natives when the animal was first discov- 
 ered by Sonnerat, which cry was mistaken for 
 the native name.] A singular animal of Mada- 
 gascar, regarded as a species of lemur 
 
 mien, sir; m6ve, nor, son; bull, bur, rule, use.— g, gr, $,£, soft; p, p, p, g, hard; § as z; $ as gz; this, 
 
AZALEA 
 
 88 
 
 BACKSET 
 
 A-za'le-a, n. [Gr. a^aAeos, dry ; from the brittle 
 wood'.]' A genus of shrubby plants having beau- 
 tiful flowers. 
 
 Az'i-muth, re, [Arab, as-sumut, the paths ; sand, 
 a path, way, or direction. — See Zenith.] (Astron.) 
 The arc of the horizon between the meridian and 
 a vertical circle passing through a heavenly body. 
 
 Az-i-mu'thal, a. Kelating to the azimuth. 
 
 A-zo'ic, a. ' [Gr. d£wos; d, priv., and far}, life.] 
 Without life : — without organic remains. 
 
 Az'ote [az'ot, Sm. B. P. Oyc. H. S. T. I. ; a-zot', 
 K. C. Wb. Mu.], n. [Fr. ; badly formed fromGr. 
 a, priv., and farj, life: it will not support life 
 when breathed.] A kind of gas ; nitrogen. 
 
 A-zot'ic, a. Kelating to, or containing, azote. 
 
 Az'o-tize, v. a. [pp. azotizing, azotized.] To im- 
 pregnate with nitrogen. 
 
 Az'tecs, n. pi. The Indian nation of the Nahua 
 race inhabiting the table-lands of Mexico at the 
 time of the Spanish conquest. 
 
 Az'u-line, n. [Sp. aznl, blue.] A beautiful blue 
 color, one of the products of aniline. 
 
 A'zure (a'zhur or azh'ur) [a'zhur, S. E. F. K. I. 
 B.; a'zhur, W. Ja. C.) azh'ur,',/. Wb. ; a'zhor, 
 Sm. ; azh'ur or a'zhur, H. Mu. ; a'zhur, St.], a. 
 [Sp. azul, 0. Sp. uzur, blue; cf. Arab, lazward, 
 Per. lajward, lapis-lazuli.] Blue; faint blue; 
 sky-colored. — 2, n. The color of the sky : — the 
 
 - sk y- 
 
 Az'y-gous, a. [Gr. d£vyo?, unpaired; d, priv., 
 ^ and £vy6v, yoke.] Not in pairs ; single. 
 Az'y.me (az'ini), n. [Gr. d£u/aos, unleavened; a, 
 
 priv., and C,vp.r), leaven.] Unleavened bread. 
 A-zym'ic, a. Unfermented; unleavened. 
 
 B. 
 
 Bthe second letter of the English alphabet, is a 
 . vocalized or sonant mute and a labial. 
 
 Baa (ba), n. [An imitative word.] The cry of a 
 sheep. — 2, v. re. [pp. baaing, baaed.] To cry 
 like a sheep. 
 
 Ba'al, n. [Heb. for "lord."] An idol of the an- 
 cient Phoenicians, &c, representing the sun. 
 
 Bab'bitt-met'al, \n. A soft alloy of copper, 
 
 Bab'bitt's-met'al, J zinc, and tin. 
 
 Bab'ble, v. a. [An imitative word.— Cf. Fr. babil- 
 ler, Dan. bable.] [pp. babbling, babbled.] To 
 prate ; to tell, as secrets. — 2, v. n. To prattle ; 
 to chatter ; to prate. — 3, n. Idle talk ; prattle. 
 
 Bab'bler, n. One who babbles. 
 
 Babe, »/. [W. & 0. E. baban; Irish, bab.] An 
 infant; a young child ; a baby. 
 
 Ba'bel, re. [Heb. for " Babylon'."— Cf. Gen. xi. 9.] 
 A scene of confusion. 
 
 Ba'bl, n. pi. The Persian name for the Babists. 
 
 Ba.b-i-rous'sa, \ n. [Malay, babi, a pig, and rv&a, 
 
 Bab-i-ru'sa, J a deer.] A Malayan animal closely 
 related to the wild boar. 
 
 Ba'bish-ness, n. Childishness. 
 
 Bab'i§m, re. [Per. bab, a gate; a title assiimed 
 by the founder.] A modern Persian religious 
 system, founded by Seyyeed Mohammed Ali, who 
 professed to be a prophet. 
 
 Bab'ist, n. A believer in Babism. 
 
 Ba'b6o, 1 n. [Hindi, a child, a prince; hence, a 
 
 Ba'bii, | title of respect, like 
 esquire.] A Hindu gentle- 
 man or a gentleman of pure 
 Oriental descent. 
 
 Ba-b66n', n. [Fr. babouin; cf. 
 0. Fr. babou, a grimace, a 
 mouth.] A large kind of 
 monkey. 
 
 Ba-b66sh', n. [Arab. ; Per. 
 paposh; pa, foot, posh, a 
 cover.] A slipper w r orn in Baboon. 
 
 Oriental countries. 
 
 Ba'bx, n. [See Babe.] A young child : a babe. 
 
 Ba'by-farm'ing, n. The practice of taking babies 
 from the parents and bringing them up. 
 
 Ba'bx-hood (ba'be-hud), n. Infancy. 
 
 Ba'by-ish, a. Like a babe ; childish ; peevish. 
 
 Bac-c'a-lau're-ate, n. [From bachelor; but the 
 form was determined by L. bacca laurea, the 
 laurel-berry, from which words it was fancied 
 that bachelor was derived.] The degree of a 
 bachelor. — 2, a. Of or pertaining to the degree 
 of bachelor of arts. 
 
 Bac-ca-ra', \n. [Baccarat is the name of a French 
 
 Bac-ca-rat', j town celebrated for its fine glass- 
 ware.] A French game at cards : — a variety of 
 fine glass-ware. 
 
 Bac'cate, a. [L. baccatus ; bacca, or baca, a berry.] 
 Having berries :— berry-shaped. 
 
 Bac'pha-nal, ) a. [L. bcicchanalis, from Bac 
 
 Bac-pha-na'li-an, j chus.] Drunken ; noisy :— re- 
 lating to revelry. — 2, w. A drunkard ; debauchee. 
 
 Bac-eha-na'li-a, n. pi. Feasts and revels in honor 
 of Bacchus'; orgies. 
 
 Bac'pha-nal§, re. pi. Drunken feasts. 
 
 Bac'chant, n. [L. bacchari, bacchuns, to revel.] A 
 reveller ; a priest of Bacchus. 
 
 Bac-phante', re. A priestess of Bacchus ; a female 
 reveller. [the Bacchantes ; bacchanalian. 
 
 Bac-phan'tic, a. Characteristic of, or relating to, 
 
 Bac-cif'er-ous, a. [L. bacca, a berry, and ferre, to 
 bear. ] ' Bearing berries. 
 
 Bac'ci-form, a. [L. bacca, a berry, and forma, 
 form.] Berry -shaped. 
 
 Bac-siv'o-rous, a. [L. bacca, a berry, and vorare, 
 to devour.] Feeding on berries. 
 
 Bach'e-lor, n. [Fr. bachelier ; 0. Fr. bacheler ; 
 etyni. very doubtful ; probably Late L. baccala- 
 rius, a cowherd, or farm-assistant, from vacca 
 {bacca), a cow.] An unmarried man: — one who 
 has taken his first degree in the liberal arts : — a 
 knight of the lowest order. [bachelorship. 
 
 Bach'e-lor-hood (-hud), n. State of a bachelor; 
 
 Bach'e-lor-ship, n. State of a bachelor. 
 
 Back, n. ' [Common to the Teutonic languages, 
 chiefly in older forms. — Cf. Pol. opak, the wrong 
 way.]' The hinder part of the body in man, 
 and the upper part in animals : — the outer part 
 of the hand :— the hinder part ; the rear. — 2, ad. 
 To tbe place left; behind; again. — 3, v. a. [pp. 
 backing, backed.] To mount:— to place upon 
 the back : — to justify ; to support :— to second.— 
 4, v. n. To move or go backward. — 5, a. Being 
 behind or passed by. 
 
 Back'bite, v. a. [i. backbit; pp. backbiting, back- 
 bitten or backbit.] To censure the absent. — 
 2, v. n. To be a backbiter ; to be in the habit 
 of slandering the absent. 
 
 Back'bit-er, n. A privy calumniator or slanderer. 
 
 Back'bit-ing, n. Secret detraction or slander. 
 
 Back'bone, n. Bone of the back ; the spinal col- 
 umn :— stability of character: — a main support. 
 
 Back'er, n. A supporter. 
 
 Back-gam'mon, n. [0. E. back, and gamen, to 
 play ; or Du't. bakke, a tray, and gammen, game.] 
 A game at tables played by two persons with 
 box and dice. 
 
 Background, re. The ground in the rear:— ob- 
 scurity. 
 
 Back'ing, n. Support:— the collective body of 
 supporters. 
 
 Back'r66m, n. A room behind or in the rear. 
 
 Back' set, re. A reverse :— a counter-current. 
 
 a, e, i, 0, 5, y, long; a, e, I, 0, u, y, short; a, e, i, 0, u, y., obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
BACKSHEESH 
 
 89 
 
 BALCONY 
 
 Bac \. Back'shish (more commonly 
 
 p L'sheesh), n. [Per., a gift.] In 
 
 t < ■ lity of money. 
 
 t), n. A sight taken toward the 
 
 slid', W. E. F. Ja. Sm. H. Wb. ; 
 bak t.],v.n. [i. backslid ; pp. back- 
 
 sliding, b* i sadden or backslid.] To fall off; 
 to relapse ; to apostatize. 
 
 Back-slid' er. n. One who backslides. 
 
 Back'stair§, n. pi. Stairs in the rear. — 2, a. Em- 
 ploying secret or disingenuous methods; in- 
 triguing. 
 
 Back'stay, n. A rope to suppoi't a mast. 
 
 Back'stream, n. A side-current, as in a river, 
 flowing up-stream. 
 
 Back'sword (bak'sord), n. A sword with one 
 sharp edge : — a rustic sword-stick. 
 
 Back' ward, a. [Back and the suffix -ward, noting 
 direction.] Unwilling; sluggish; dull; late. 
 
 Back' ward, \ad. With the back forward; 
 
 Back' wards, J toward the back or the past. 
 
 Back'ward-ness, n. State of being backward; 
 dulness ; tardiness : — bashfulness. 
 
 Back'wa-ter, n. Water flowing back : — a lagoon. 
 
 Back' wood's, (-wudz), n. pi. Unsettled country: — 
 remote forest-region. 
 
 Back'woods-man (bak'wudz-man), n. An inhab- 
 itant of a newly-settled country. 
 
 Ba'con (ba/kn), n. [0. Dut. buken, Pg. bacon, 0. 
 Fi'. bacon, a fattened pig ; probably from the 
 root of back (cf. side of pork), but some derive it 
 from the word beech, since pork was fattened on 
 beech-nuts.] Hog's flesh salted and smoked. 
 
 Bac-te'ri-fim, w. ; pi. Bac-te'ri-a. [Gr. (Sa/cTrypiov, 
 dim. of fioiKTpov, a rod.] A filamentous organism 
 propagated in decomposing liquids. 
 
 Bad, a. [Probably 0. E. bseddel, hermaphrodite, 
 effeminate; hence worthless; root of both.] Ill; 
 not good ; evil ; vicious ; hurtful. 
 
 Bade (bad) [bad, S. W. J. F. K. Sm. E. I. H. St.; 
 bad, E.]. Imperfect tense from bid. See Bid. 
 
 Bad£e, v. [Pernaps Celt, bad, a tuft.] Mark of 
 distinction; token; sign. 
 
 Badf'er, ». [Probably named from the badge or 
 mark on its forehead.] A burrowing quadruped: 
 — [perhaps from L. bajidare, to carry] a dealer. — 
 2, v. a. To make a badger of; to tease ; to vex ; 
 to worry [it is common to worry the badger with 
 dogs]. 
 
 Bad'ian (bad'yan), n. [Per. badyam, fennel.] A 
 tree of the magnolia family; the star-anise. 
 
 Bad-i-nagV (bad-e-nazh'), n. [Ft., from badin, 
 silly.] Playful discourse ; raillery ; foolish talk. 
 
 Bad'ly, ad. In a bad manner; not well. 
 
 Baffle, v. a. [Cf. Port, bafa, mockery; 0. & 
 local Fr. beffler, to deceive; Fr. bajfouer, to 
 scout.] [pp. baffling, baffled.] To elude; to 
 frustrate. 
 
 Baf'fle-ment, n. The act of baffling or state of 
 being baffled ; frustration. 
 
 Bag 1 , n. [0. Norse baggi, a bundle ; 0. Fr. bague.] 
 A sack: — a pouch; purse: — an udder. — 2, o. a. 
 [pp. bagging, bagged.] To put into a bag :— to 
 swell :— to kill, as game.— 3, v. n. To swell like 
 a full bag. 
 
 Ba-gasse', n. [Fr. ; Sp. bagazo ; cf. baggage, in the 
 sense of worthless.] Refuse of sugar-cane. 
 
 Bag-a-telle' (bag-a-teF), n. [Fr. ; It. bagatella, a 
 trifle ; Local It. baga, property ; akin to Bag.] 
 A trifle ; a toy :— a game played on a board. 
 
 Bag' gage, n. [0. Fr. bagage, from bague, a bag 
 or bundle.] The luggage of an army, &c. ; 
 goods that are to be carried ; luggage :— [akin to 
 bagasse] a worthless woman. 
 
 Bag gage-mas' ter, n. A person whose duty it is 
 to take charge of passengers' baggage. 
 
 Bag'ging, n. Material for bags; the act of put- 
 ting into bags. 
 
 Bagn'io (bfin'yo), n . ; pi. Bagn'ios. [It. bagno.] 
 A bathing-house :— a brothel. 
 
 A musical wind instrument, 
 , One who plays on 
 
 mien, sir; move, nor, son ; bull, biir, rule, use.— g, $, c, £, soft; p, js, p, g, hard; § 
 
 8* 
 
 Bag'pipe, n. 
 
 Bag'pip-er, i 
 a bagpipe. 
 
 Bag' -wig, n. A wig with a bag 
 attached, worn in the eighteenth 
 century. 
 
 Bah, interj. An exclamation ex- 
 pressive of disgust ; pah. 
 
 Ba-ha'dur, ». [Per. for "val- 
 iant."] An Oriental title of 
 honor. Bas P l P e - 
 
 Bail, n. [L. bajulare, to carry ; 0. Fr. bailler, to 
 carry, to receive, to give.] Surety given for an- 
 other's appearance in court: — one who gives se- 
 curity : — [L. buculum, a rod] one of two pieces 
 of wood laid on top of the wickets in the game 
 of cricket:— handle of a bucket. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 bailing, bailed.] To release by or admit to bail : 
 — [Late L. bacula, a tub, a dipper; a dim. of 
 bacca, a vat, a water-back ; whence Fr. bac, a 
 tub, a boat] to free of water. 
 
 Bail'a-ble, a. Capable of being bailed. 
 
 Bail'-bond, n. (Law.) A bond given for appear- 
 ance in court. [intrusted. 
 
 Bail-ee', n. (Law.) A person to whom goods are 
 
 Bai'ley, n. [Late Jj.balHum.] A castle wall: — a 
 castle court. 
 
 Bail'iff, n. [Late L. bqjulivus, bajtdus } a carrier- 
 on, 'or manager; btgulare, to carry.] A subordi- 
 nate officer in England, appointed by a sheriff: 
 — a steward. 
 
 Bail'i-wick, n. [Bailiff, and -wick in the sense of 
 jurisdiction.] The jurisdiction of a bailiff. 
 
 Bail'ment, n. A delivery of goods in trust. 
 
 Bail'or, n. (Law.) One who delivers goods. 
 
 Bail'-piece, n. (Law.) A piece of paper or parch- 
 ment containing a recognizance of bail. 
 
 Bairn (barn), n. [Common in various forms in 
 the Teutonic languages ; akin to bear, born.] xV 
 child. [Scot.] 
 
 Bait, v. a. [0. E. beigfen, cognate with Bite ; 0. E. 
 bat, food.] [pp. baiting, baited.] To put meat 
 upon a hook: — to give refreshment on a journey : 
 — to attack: — to worry. — 2, v. n. To take re- 
 freshment: — to flutter. — 3, n. A lure : — a re- 
 freshment. 
 
 Baize, n. [Fr. baies, bay-colored cloth.— See Bay.] 
 A kind of coarse woollen stuff. 
 
 Bake, v. a. [Cognate forms are found in all Teu- 
 tonic languages.] [pp. baking, baked] To dry 
 and harden by heat or fire ; to cook or dress iu 
 an oven.— 2, v. v. To do the work of baking; 
 to be heated or baked :— to become hard. 
 
 Bake'house, n. A place for baking bread. 
 
 Bak'er, n. One who bakes bread, &c. 
 
 Bak'er-y, n. A bakehouse. 
 
 Bak'ing, n. The act of hardening with heat. 
 
 Bal'ance, n. [Fr. balance; L. (libra) bilanx; hi-, 
 double, and lanx, a plate or scale.] One of the 
 six simple powers in mechanics:— a machine for 
 weighing substances ; a pair of scales: — the dif- 
 ference of an account:— equilibrium; equipoise: 
 — the sign Libra in the zodiac. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 balancing, balanced.] To weigh in a balance; 
 to regulate ; to counterpoise :— to make equal. — 
 3, v. n. To hesitate : to fluctuate. 
 
 Bal'ance-ment. n. The act of balancing or state 
 of being balanced ; mutual equivalence ; adjust- 
 ment ; compensation. 
 
 Bal'ance-sheet, n. A sheet containing both sides 
 of a Dr. and Cr. account and striking a balance. 
 
 Bal-a-nif er-ous, a. [L. bnlanns, acorn, and ftrre, 
 to produce.] Acorn-bearing. 
 
 Bal'a-nb'id, a. [Gr. (SaAavoetSrjs; jSaAavo?, an 
 acorn.] Acorn-shaped. 
 
 Bal'co-ny, or Bal-co'ny [bal-ko'ne, S. TT r . P. J. E. 
 F. ; baPko-ne,' K. Sm. Wb. H. St. Mi. ; bal'ko-ne, 
 J.], n. [It. balcone, augmentative form of balc'o, 
 a beam, a scaffold. — See Balk.] A frame of 
 iron, wood, or stone, before a window, or on the 
 outside of a house ; a gallery. 
 
 os z ; x as gz ; tnis. 
 
BALD 
 
 90 
 
 BANEFUL 
 
 Bald, a. [0. E. balled, probably from ball, a spot, 
 or patch.] Wanting hair; wanting covering; 
 naked; unadorned: — inelegant; mean. 
 
 Bal'da-phin, n. [It. baldacchino, adj. from Baldacco, 
 Bagdad; it was at first the name of a stuff; 
 many fabrics are named from towns.] A kind 
 of canopy over an altar; a canopy borne over 
 the host in processions. 
 
 Bal'der-dash, n. [Cf. Welsh baldorddus, baldordd, 
 chatter, prattle.] A rude jargon; nonsense. 
 
 Bald'ly, ad. Meagrely : — in an unadorned manner. 
 
 Bald'ness, n. State of being bald. 
 
 Bald'pate, n. A head destitute of hair. 
 
 Bal'drick, n. [0. Ger. balderich; 0. Fr. baldric; 
 cf. L*. balteus, a belt.] A girdle ; a belt ; a girdle 
 worn over one shoulder : — the zodiac. 
 
 Bale, n. [A furm of bull.] A bundle or package 
 of goods: — [0. E. balu, evil; common Teutonic] 
 damage; loss; misfortune. — 2, v. a. [pp. baling, 
 baled.] To bundle up: — [see Bail] to lade out. 
 
 Ba-leen', n. [L. balsena, a whale; Gr. <j)a\aiva. — 
 See Whale.] Whalebone; whalebone in plates. 
 
 Bale'-f Ire, n. [0. E. bsel, Norse bal, a fire.] A 
 signal fire:— a bonfire. 
 
 Bale'ful, a. Full of misery or mischief. 
 
 Bal'is-ter, n. A cross-bow. See Ballistek. 
 
 Ba-lize'j n. [Fr. balise.] A sea-m irk ; beacon. 
 
 Bilk (hawk), n. [Dut. balk, Ger. balken, It. balco, 
 a beam.] A great beam; drawn timber: — a 
 ridge of land: — disappointment. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 balking, balked.] To disappoint: — to heap. — 
 3, v. n. To stop abruptly or run backward : — 
 said of horses. 
 
 Balk'y, a. Apt to stop suddenly ; stubborn. 
 
 Ball, n. [0. E. bal; Fr. balle ; It. bulla, pulla; cf. 
 Gr. 7rc£AAa, a ball ; also Boll and Bole.] A round 
 body; a globe ; a bullet: — [Fr. bal; It. ballare, to 
 dance] an entertainment of dancing. 
 
 Bal'lad, n. [Fr. ballade, balade ; Late L. ballare, 
 to dance.] A song; a small, light poem. 
 
 Bal'last, n. [Common in most of the languages 
 of maritime countries; perhaps A.-S. but, boat, 
 and lilaest, a last, or load ; perhaps from bare, 
 empty, and last, a load.] Heavy matter placed 
 at the bottom of a ship or vessel to keep it 
 steady: — gravel for a road-bed. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 ballasting, ballasted.] To load with ballast. 
 
 Bal'let [balla, Co. D. St. ; bal-la' or bal'let, Wo. H. 
 Wb'. I. Mu.], n. [Fr., dim of bal, a dance.] A 
 kind of dance performed on the stage. 
 
 Bal-lis'ta, w. [£., from Gr. /SaAAeiv, to throw.] 
 An ancient warlike machine for throwing heavy 
 6tones, &c. 
 
 Bal'lis-ter [bal'is-ter, J. K. C. ; ba-lTs'ter, Sm.], n. 
 [See Ballista.] An ancient warlike 
 engine : — a cross-bow : — a baluster. 
 
 Bal-lis' tic, a. Pertaining to projectiles. 
 
 Bal-Hs'tics, n. pi. [See Ballista.] 
 The science of projectiles. 
 
 Bal-16Sn', n. [Fr. ballon; It. ballone, a 
 great ball ; the termination -one im- 
 plies magnitude.] A large, hollow 
 ball of silk, &c, filled with gas, which 
 makes it ascend and sail in the air. 
 
 Bal-166n'ing, n. The art of managing balloons : — 
 the act of running up a stock beyond its natural 
 value by fictitious sales. 
 
 Bal'lot, n. [It. ballotta, Fr. baUotte, a ball ; the 
 termination is diminutive.] A ball or ticket 
 used in giving votes; a vote:— a secret mode of 
 voting. — 2, v. n. [pp. balloting, balloted.] To 
 vote or choose by ballot. 
 
 Bal'lot-box, n. A box used in balloting. 
 
 Balm' (bam), n. [Fr. baume, 0. Fr. basme, balsam.] 
 A fragrant ointment: — a plant. [tree-cricket. 
 
 Balm'-crick'et(bam'-), n. [Ger. baum, a tree.] The 
 
 Bal-mor'al, n. [Gael, bal, a dwelling, morail, 
 grand; 'mor, great: the name of a royal resi- 
 dence in Scotland.] A kind of figured skirt. 
 
 Balm'y. (bam'e), a. Having the qualities of balm ; 
 soothing ; fragrant ; odoriferous. 
 
 Bal'sam, n. [L. balsamurn; Gr. fSd.waixov.] A 
 resinous substance : — a shrub. 
 
 Bal-sam'jc, a. Having the qualities of balsam. 
 
 Bal'sam-ine, n. [Gr. 0aAa-afAiV»].] A plant of sev- 
 eral species ; touch-me-not. 
 
 Bal'us-ter, n. [Fr. balusbre ; It. balaustro ; Gr. 
 fiakavo-Ttov, pomegranate-flower, from some re- 
 semblance in the tube of this flower to a column.] 
 (Arch.) A small column or pilaster, for support- 
 ing a rail to a flight of stairs, or the front of a 
 gallery :— often written banister. 
 
 Bal'us-trade, n. [Fr. ; It. baluslrata.—See Bal- 
 uster.] A range of balusters. 
 
 Bam-b66', n. ; pi. Bam-boos/. [Malay, bambu; 
 Canarese, banbu.] A large kind of reed; a tall 
 plant of the reed or grass kind. 
 
 Bam-boo'zle, v. a. [Of. It. bamboccio, a dotard; 
 Scot, bumbaze, to puzzle.] [pp. bamboozling, 
 bamboozled.] To deceive. 
 
 Ban, n. [Teut. & 0. Fr. bann, ban, a curse, a 
 proclamation; whence Late L. bannum, sum- 
 mons, interdict: — in the sense of "governor" 
 (an Austro-Hungarian word) it is the Per. ban, 
 master or keeper.] Public notice: — a curse; 
 interdiction :— a governor. — 2, v. a. [pp. ban- 
 ning, banned.] To curse: — to interdict: — to 
 summon. 
 
 Ba'nal, or Ban'al, a. [Fr., from 0. Fr. ban, a 
 feudal proclamation ; hence, an assembly of vas- 
 sals ; banal therefore means vulgar, common to 
 the multitude.] Commonplace; trivial. 
 
 Ba-na'na, or Ba-na'na [ba-na'na, £>. W.J. E. F. 
 Mu. St. Sm. C. ; ba-na'na, P. Ja. K. H. Co. I. Wb.], 
 n. [Sp. ; said to "be the native Congo name.] A 
 species of plantain and its fruit. 
 
 Band, n. [From bind, a common Teutonic stem.] 
 Something that binds ; a bandage ; a tie ; a fillet ; 
 a cord: — an ornament worn about the neck: — 
 a company ; a crew. — 2, v. a. [pp. banding, 
 banded.] To unite togetner; to bind.— ^3, v. u. 
 To associate ; to unite. 
 
 Syn. — A band of musicians ; a company of plaj'- 
 ers, &c. ; a ship's crew ; a gang of pickpockets. 
 
 Band' age, n. [Fr., from the root of Band, Bind.] 
 A fillet; a roller for a wound. 
 
 Ban-dan'na, a. [Hind, bandhnu; the first syllable 
 is akin to' Bind : the spots are produced by tying 
 the fabric in knots before dyeing.] Noting a 
 kind of spotted silk handkerchief. 
 
 Band'box, n. [Originally a box for bands or ruffs.] 
 A box used for bonnets, &c. 
 
 Ban'de-let,l»i. [Fr. bamdelette, dim. of 0. Fr. 
 
 Band'let, J bandele, a band.] (Arch.) A flat 
 moulding or fillet ; a band ; annulet. 
 
 Ban'dit, n. ; pi. Ban'dits. An outlaw. 
 
 Ban-dit'ti, n. pi. [It. banditi, outlaws— See Ban 
 and Banish.] Bobbers :— a company of outlaws 
 or robbers. 
 
 Band'-mas'ter, n. The teacher and conductor of 
 a musical band. 
 
 Ban'dog, n. [Band, a fastening, and dog.] A large 
 fierce dog. 
 
 Band'o-lme, n. [Fr., from bandeau, a hair-band.] 
 A gummy preparation for the hair; fixature. 
 
 Ban-dore', n. [Sp. bandurria ; Gr. Travdovpa.] A 
 musical instrument ; pandore. 
 
 Ban'dy, n. [See verb below; from its bend or 
 curve; Fr. bande, bent.] A club for striking 
 a ball : — [Dravidian, vandi] a bullock-cart.— 
 2, v. a. [Perhaps from bandy, a club, or Fr. 
 bander, to play tennis, which is said to be from 
 bande, a band or party of players.] [pp. bandy- 
 ing, bandied.] To beat to and fro ; to exchange ; 
 to "give and take reciprocally; to toss. 
 
 Ban'dy-leg, n. [From bandy, a club or hockey- 
 stick!] A crooked leg. 
 
 Ban'dy.-legged (-legd), «. Having crooked legs. 
 
 Bane, 'n. [A.-S. buna; Dan. bane, death.— Cf. 
 Gr. 4>ovq, murder.] A deadly poison: — that 
 which ruins ; a pest; ruin :— a disease in sheep. 
 
 Bane'ful, a. Poisonous; noxious; hurtful. 
 
 e, i, o, u, y, 
 
 a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, x, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fail; heir, her; 
 
BANG 
 
 91 
 
 BAEBATE 
 
 Bang, v. a. [Norse, banga, to hammer ; an ono- 
 matopoetic word ] [pp. banging, banged.] To 
 beat; to thumj trike. — 2, n. A blow, a 
 
 thump: — a yioli d noise: — [Per. & Hind. ; Skr. 
 bhanga, hemp] 
 
 Bah'gle (baiig'gli. >,. [Hind, bangri.] An ankle- 
 ring: — a bracele. 
 
 Ban-ian' (ban-yan') [ban-yan', S. TV. J. F. Ja. 
 Sm.; ban'yan, Si. I- ; ban'yan, 3Iu. ; ban'ne-an, 
 P.], n. [Skr. vunij, a merchant; Beng. baniya, 
 one of the trading caste : — the tree and the gar- 
 ment are called banian in the former English 
 sense of Hindu.] A morning-gown: — one of 
 the Hindu commercial class: — the Indian fig 
 tree. — 2, «. [So called because the strict banians 
 abstain from animal food.] Noting days in 
 which seamen have no meat. 
 
 Ban'ish, v. a. [Late L. bannire ; bannum, a proc- 
 lamation.— See Ban.] [^.banishing, banished.] 
 To condemn to leave one's own country ; to 
 drive away ; to exile. 
 
 Syn. — Banished to a foreign country; exiled 
 from home ; expelled from college or society. 
 
 Ban'ish-ment, n. The act of banishing; exile. 
 
 Ban'is-ter, n. [Corrupted from Baluster.] A 
 pilaster; a baluster. 
 
 Ban'jo, n. [Corrupted from Bandore.] A kind 
 of musical instrument. 
 
 Bank, w. [Ger. bank; Fr. banc; Ital. banco; all 
 probably of Norse origin, nasalized forms of 
 bad, a ridge, or its equivalent. — See Bench.] 
 Any steep acclivity rising from a river, sea, &c. ; 
 a shoal; any heap piled up: — [It. banco, a 
 bench] an establishment for keeping and issu- 
 ing money. — 2, v. a. [pp- banking, banked.] 
 To enclose with banks ; to embank : — to deposit, 
 as money, in a bank : — to cover a fire with ashes 
 so as to keep smouldering : — to sail along the 
 banks of. 
 
 Bank'a-ble, a. Receivable at a bank. 
 
 Bank'-bill, or Bank'-note, n. A promissory 
 note issued by a banking company. [bank. 
 
 Bank'-book (-bCik), u. A pass-book for use at a 
 
 Bank'er, n. One who keeps a bank. 
 
 Bank'ing, n. The management of banks. 
 
 Bank'rupt, n. [Fr. banqueroute; It. bunca rotta, 
 broken bench : — it is said that it was once the 
 custom to break the bench or counter of an in- 
 solvent trader; but the word rotta (L. ruptus. 
 rupta) meant " insolvent" as well as literally 
 "broken."] A trader unable to pay his debts; 
 one subjected to the law of bankruptcy. — 2, a. 
 Unable to pay; insolvent. — 3, v. a. [pp. bank- 
 rupting, bankrupted.] To reduce to bankruptcy. 
 
 Bank'rupt-cy, n. The state of a bankrupt ; in- 
 ability to pay all debts; insolvency. 
 
 Syn. — Act of bankruptcy; state of insolvency ; 
 failure in business 
 
 Bank'-stock, n. Stock or capital in a bank. 
 
 Ban'ner, n. [Fr. banniere; Late L. bannum, a 
 standard.] A piece of drapery at the end of a 
 pole; a military standard or flag. 
 
 Ban'ner-et, n. [0. Fr. baveret (participial), pro- 
 vided with a banner.] A knight made on the 
 field of battle: — [dim. of banner] a little banner. 
 
 Ban'nock, n. [Gael, bannach; cf. L. panis.] A 
 barley or oaten cake. 
 
 Bann§, n. pi. [The same as Ban, or proclamation.] 
 The proclamation in a church of an intended 
 marriage. 
 
 Ban'quet, n. [Fr. ; It. banchetto, dim. of banco, a 
 table :'— its application to a grand feast was per- 
 haps at first ironical.] A grand entertainment 
 of eating or drinking; a feast — 2, r. a. [pp. 
 banqueting, banqueted.] To treat with a ban- 
 quet or feast.— -3, v. n. To feast ; to give a feast. 
 
 Ban'quet-mg, n. The act of feasting. 
 
 Ban-quette' (bang-kef), n. [Fr. ; It. banchetta, 
 dim. of banco, a shelf.] (Fort.) A small foot- 
 bank behind a parapet. [Irish fairy. 
 
 Ban'shee, n. [Irish, bean sidhe, fairy woman.] An 
 
 Ban'tam, a. [Named from Bantam, in Java.] 
 Noting a species of small dunghill fowl with 
 feathered shanks. 
 
 Ban'ter, v. a. [Probably from bandy; formerly a 
 slang word.] [pp. bantering, bantered.] To 
 play upon ; to rally : — to challenge. — 2, n. Light 
 ridicule ; raillery ; joke. 
 
 Bant'ling, n. [Either handling, from its swathing 
 band's, or Ger. bunkliug, a bastard.] A little 
 child ; an infant. 
 
 Ban-yan', n. The Indian fig tree. See Banian. 
 
 Ba'o-bab, n. [An African word.] A great tree of 
 Africa. 
 
 Baph'o-met, n. [Port. Bafomet, Mahomet ; but sev- 
 eral ingenious cabalistic derivations are given.] 
 A symbol of the Knights Templar, consisting of 
 a sculptured two-headed human figure. 
 
 Bap'ti§m, n. [Gr. ^6.nTio-fj.os.] A rite of the 
 Christian church. 
 
 Bap-tis/mal, a. Pertaining to baptism. 
 
 Bap'tist, n. [Gr. Panno-Tris.] One who baptizes: 
 — one of a denomination that denies the valid- 
 ity of infant baptism and practises immersion. 
 
 Bap'tis-ter-y, n. A font, or chapel, for baptism. 
 
 Bap-tis'ti-cal, a. Relating to baptism. 
 
 Bap-tiize', v.' a. [Gr. fSarrTLC,eiv, pdnTeiv, to dip.] 
 [pp. baptizing, baptized.] To immerse in water; 
 to administer baptism to. 
 
 Bar, n. [Old Fr. barre ; It. barra ; remoter ety- 
 mology doubtful.] A long piece of wood or 
 metal : — what is laid across a passage to hinder 
 entrance ; a bolt ; obstruction ; a gate : — a rock 
 or bank of sand at the entrance of a harbor: — a 
 tribunal ; the place in courts of law where law- 
 yers plead, or where criminals stand: — the body 
 of lawyers : — an enclosed place in a tavern. — 
 (Mus.) A line or the space marked off by a line. 
 — 2, o. a. [ pp. barring, barred.] To fasten with 
 a bar: — to hinder; to prohibit: — to shut out; to 
 exclude. 
 
 Barb, n. [L. barba, beard; the horse and pigeon 
 are named from Barbary, which is itself probably 
 named from the Berbers, a native- race; barb for 
 horse-armor is corrupted from Bard.] Any thing 
 like a beard: — a point that stands backward in 
 an arrow or a fish-hook :— armor for a horse: — a 
 Barbary horse: — a fancy pigeon. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 barbing, barbed.] To furnish with armor; to 
 jag. 
 
 Bar'ba-can, n. [Fr. barbacane, Sp. barbacana, possi- 
 bly Per. barbnr-l;hanah, a house on the wall.] A 
 fortification before the walls of a town: — a for- 
 tress at the end of a bridge : — an opening in a 
 wall for guns. 
 
 Bar-ba'does cheVry, n. [From the island of Bar- 
 bados; Port, barbadas, bearded; from the beard- 
 like air-plants which grew on the trees.] A 
 West-Indian tree yielding a pleasant, tart fruit. 
 
 Bar-ba'does. tar. n. A variety of bituminous oil 
 used in'medicine and surgery. 
 
 Bar-ba-resque' (-resk), a. [Fr.] After the man- 
 ner of barbarians. 
 
 Bar-ba'ri-an, n. [Fr. barbarien.—See Barbar- 
 ous.] A rude or uncivilized person. — 2, a. Un- 
 civilized; savage. [civilized; barbarous. 
 
 Bar-bar'ic, a. [Gr. 0ap/3apuc6s.] Foreign ; un- 
 
 Bar'ba-ri§m, n. [Gr. /SapSaptcrjuo?, foreign mode 
 of speech.] Inhumanity; ignorance of arts; 
 brutality : — an impropriety of speech. 
 
 Bar-bar'i-ty, «• Savageness; cruelty. 
 
 BaVbar-ize,' v. a. [Gr. /Sap0api^eiv (in sense 2).] 
 [PP- barbarizing, barbarized.] To render bar- 
 barous. — 2, v. ii. To commit a barbarism : — to 
 become barbarous. 
 
 Bar'bar-oiis, a. [L. barbants, Gr. /Sap^apo?, a 
 term applied to all persons not Greeks: its ori- 
 gin is doubtful.] Rude; uncivilized; inhuman: 
 — contrary to good use in language. 
 
 Bar'bar-ous-ness, n. Barbarity. 
 
 Bar'bate, a. [L. barbatus, bearded; barba, a beard.] 
 Having hairs; bearded. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q, Q, c, £, soft; p, ja, p, g, hard ; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 
 
BAEBATED 
 
 92 
 
 BAREA( 
 
 Bar'bat-ed, p. a. Jagged with points ; bearded. 
 
 Bar'be-cue, n. [Sp. & native Haytian barbacoa, a 
 frame on which meat or coffee is dried.] A hog 
 or ox roasted whole. — 2, v. a. [pp. barbecuing, 
 barbecued.] To roast whole. 
 
 Barb'ed (barb'ed or barbd), p. a. Having barbs. 
 
 Bar'bel (bar'bl), n. [L. barbus; dim. barbellus; 
 from its beard-like appendages ; barba, dim. bar- 
 bella, a beard.] A river fish: — a fleshy knot in 
 the mouth of a horse : — a fleshy filament. 
 
 Bar-beTlu-late, a. [Late L. barbellula, dim. of 
 barbella, a beard.] Covered with small bristles. 
 
 Bar'ber, n. [Fr. barbier ; L. barba, a beard.] One 
 who' shaves ; a hair-dresser. 
 
 Bar'ber-ry, n. [Fr. berberis ; It. berberi; Late L. 
 barb'eris; the Arabic word to which it is often 
 referred is from the Latin.] A shrub and its 
 acid fruit; the berberry. 
 
 Bar'bet, n. [Fr., probably from its beard-ilke 
 hair's; L. barba, beard.] A species of dog: — a 
 tropical bird of various species. 
 
 Bar-bette', a. [Fr., dim. of barbe, beard, from the 
 bristling appearance of barbette guns.] Noting 
 a gun not in casemate. 
 
 Bar'bi-can, n. See Barbacan. 
 
 Bar'bi-ton, n. [L. & Gr.] A kind of lyre. 
 
 Bar'ca-role, n. [It. barcaruolo, a boatman; barca, 
 a barge.] A Venetian boatman's song. 
 
 Bard, n. [A Celtic word,; but as horse-trappings 
 it is the Fr. barde ; cf. Arab, bardaah, mule-sad- 
 dle; Sp. albarda, pack-saddle.] A Celtic min- 
 strel ; a poet : — horse-armor : — horse-trappings. 
 
 Bard' ling, n. An inferior bard. 
 
 Bare, a. [Ger. baar ; Dan. bar.] Naked; un- 
 clothed; uncovered: — unadorned; poor; indi- 
 gent; scanty; mere. — 2, v. a. [pp. baling, 
 bared.] To strip; to uncover.— 3, v. imp. from 
 bear. [Antiq.] Did bear. 
 
 Syn. — Bare ground; bare feet; naked fields; 
 uncovered plants ; bare recital ; unadorned nar- 
 rative; poor accommodations: indigent circum- 
 stances; scanty supply; mere attendance. 
 
 Bare'faced (bar'fast), a. Shameless ; impudent. 
 
 Bare'faced-ly. (bar'fast-le), ad. Impudently. 
 
 Bare'faced-ness ('bar'fast-nes), n. Effrontery. 
 
 Bare'foot (bar'fut), a. & ad.' Having no shoes on. 
 
 Barege (ba-razh'), n. [Fr., the name of a town ; 
 fabrics are very often named from towns.] A 
 thin woollen stuff. 
 
 Bare'head-ed (bar'hed-ed), a. With the head bare : 
 — uncovered out of respect. 
 
 Bare'ly, ad. Nakedly : — merely : — scarcely. 
 
 Bare'ness, n. State of being bare ; nakedness. 
 
 Bar'gain (bar'gin), n. [0. Fr. bargaine ; bargai- 
 gner ; Port, barganhar, to trade ; probably from 
 barca, barga, a ship.] A contract; a verbal 
 agreement ; stipulation :— an advantageous pur- 
 chase. — 2, v. n. [pp. bargaining, bargained.] 
 To make a contract. 
 
 Bar-gain-ee', n. One who accepts a bargain. 
 
 Bar'g-ain-er, or Bar-gain-br', n. (Law.) One who 
 sells to another, called the bargainee. 
 
 Bar£e, n. [0. Fr. ; Late L. & Port, barga ; cf. 
 Bark, and Gr. /3apis, Coptic bari, a skiff.] A 
 boat for pleasure or for burden. 
 
 BargVman, n. The manager of a barge. 
 
 Ba'ric, a. Containing barium. 
 
 Ba-ril'la, n. [Sp.] A plant from which alkali is 
 obtained : — impure carbonate of soda. 
 
 Ba.r'i-t5ne, w. See Bary- 
 tone. 
 
 Ba'ri-um, n. [See Ba- 
 ryta.] (Chem.) The 
 metallic base of baryta. y 
 
 Bark, n. [Dan. & S\v. /f' 
 bark; Norse bUrkr.] The -^g 
 rind of a tree: — [It., 
 Sp., & Port, barca; 
 Fr. barque. — Cf. Barge] 
 a three-masted vessel, 
 foremast and main-mast square-rigged: — [A.- 
 
 beorcan, bercan, borcian, t i 
 
 dog. — 2, v. a. [pp. bark i . 
 
 of bark. — 3, v. n. To ma 
 Bark'en, a. Consisting of 
 Bark'en-tine, n. (Naut.) 
 foremast is rigged as in «, ship, and the main- 
 mast and mizzen-mast are schooner-rigged. 
 Bar'ley, n. [A.-S. bserlic. — See Bear and Bere.] A 
 bearded cereal grain, [the third part of an inch. 
 Bar'ley-cbrn (bar'le-kbrn), n. A grain of barley : — 
 
 Bar'ley-wa'ter, n. Decoction of barley. 
 
 Barm, n. [Ger. b'drme ; Sw\ barma.] A ferment- 
 ing substance; yeast. 
 
 Bar'me-clde, a. [From a well-known character 
 in the Arabian Nights' Entertainments, named 
 after a celebrated Persian family.] Appealing 
 to or gratifying the imagination only ; specious 
 but unreal ; imaginary. 
 
 Barn, n. [A.-S. bereern, berern ; bere, barley, and 
 sern, storehouse.] A house for hay, grain, &c. 
 
 Bar'na-cle, n. [Perhaps Gael, baimeach, a limpet, 
 or pernacida, a dim. of L. perna, a mussel : it was 
 fabled that the barnacle (crustacean) grew upon 
 trees and was transformed into a goose.] A 
 shell-fish (a cirriped crustacean) that grows 
 upon timber lying in water: — a kind of goose. 
 — pi. [Local Fr. berniques, spectacles ; 0. ~ 
 bernac, a horse-muzzle.] An instrument 
 holding a horse :— spectacles. 
 
 Barn' -owl, n. A small spe- 
 cies of owl. 
 
 Bar'o-graph, n. [Gr. /3apo?, 
 weight, and ypa^etv, to 
 record.] An instrument 
 for recording the changes 
 in the pressure of the air. 
 
 Ba-rom'e-ter, n. [Gr. ^<xpo9, 
 weight", and p-erpov, meas- 
 ure.] An instrument to 
 measure the weight and 
 pressm-e of the atmosphere. 
 
 Bar-o-met'ric, 1 a. Ke- 
 
 Bar-o-met'ri-cal, J lating to a barometer. 
 
 Ba-rom'e-try, n. The art or process of using the 
 barometer. 
 
 Bar'on, n. [Late L. baro, a man; 0. Fr. bar, 
 male; possibly connected with L. vir, a man, or 
 A.-S. beam, a warrior.] A nobleman: — one of 
 the lowest degree or rank of nobility in Eng- 
 land, next below a viscount. — (Law.) A hus- 
 band, as opposed to feme. — Baron of beef, two 
 sirloins together. 
 
 Bar'on-age, n. The position of a baron. 
 
 Bar'on-ess, n. A baron's wife. 
 
 Bar'on-et, n. [Dim. of baron ; a lesser baron.] A 
 person of the rank next below that of a baron. 
 
 Bar'o-net-age, n. The body of baronets. 
 
 Bar'o-net-cy, n. The position of a baronet. 
 
 Ba-ro'ni-al, a. Relating to a baron or barony. 
 
 Bar'o-ny.'w. The lordship or fee of a baron. 
 
 Ba-roque' (ba-rok'), n. [Fr. ; L. verruca, a wart; 
 influenced also by the logical mnemonic sign 
 called Baroko, which was called the stumbling- 
 block of the logicians, and the opprobrium of 
 the scholastic sysiem.] A style of architecture 
 characterized by discordant details and incon- 
 gruous ornamentation ; rococo. — 2, a. Gro- 
 tesque ; fantastic. 
 
 Bar'o-scope, n. [Gr. |3apo?, weight, and root aicon-, 
 to see.] A sort of barometer. 
 
 Ba-rouche' (ba-rosh'), v. [Local Ger. barutsche ; 
 It. baroccio, from L. birotus, two-wheeled ; rota, 
 a wheel.] A four-wheeled, open carriage; a 
 coach without a roof. 
 
 Barque (bark), n. A kind of ship. See Bark. 
 
 Bar' rack, «. [Sp. barraca ; probably akin to bar, 
 because once made of bars, or poles.] A large 
 building to lodge soldiers in : — a hut ; a cabin. 
 
 Bar-ra-c66n', n. [An augmentative form of bar- 
 rack'.] An African fort or pen ; a place for keep- 
 ing slaves. 
 
 a, e, i, o, u, y, 
 
 a, e, l, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her 
 
BAEEAGE 
 
 93 
 
 BASIS 
 
 Bar'ra£-e, n. [Fr., from barrer, to bar.] A weir 
 or dam in a river. 
 
 Bar-ran'ca, n. [Sp.] In Mexico and South 
 'America', a chasm or ravine in the mountains. 
 
 Bar'ra-tor, n. [Sp. baratador, 0. Fr. baraleor, a 
 cheater ; barater, to cheat ; 0. Fr. bared, deceit ; 
 0. Norse, baratta, trouble; Celtic, brad, brath, 
 treachery.] An encourager of lawsuits : — a re- 
 ceiver of bribes: — a defrauder. 
 
 Bar'ra-try, n. [Port, barataria, Sp. barateria, 
 fraud.] Foul practice in law: — an act committed 
 by a shipmaster or mariners by which owners or 
 insurers are defrauded. 
 
 Bar'rel, n. [Late L. barile ; Sp. barril, probably 
 from bar, a bar or stave.] A round wooden ves- 
 sel : — measure : — any thing oblong and hollow ; 
 a cylinder. — 2, r. a. [pp. barrelling, barrelled.] 
 To put into a barrel or barrels. 
 
 Bar'rel-vault, n. (Arch.) A semicircular vault. 
 
 Bar'ren, a. [0. Fr. baraine, unfruitful; probably 
 allied to bar, male. — See Baron.] Not prolific ; 
 unfruitful; sterile: — not copious; unmeaning; 
 uninveiitive. — 2, n. An unfertile tract of land. 
 
 Bar'ren-ness, n. State of being barren. 
 
 Bar'ret, or Bar-rette', n. [See Bieetta.] A 
 kind of cap. 
 
 Bar-ri-cade', n. [Fr., from Fr. barrique, Sp. bar- 
 rica\ a cask : — casks full of stones and earth are 
 used for street barricades.] A fortification made 
 of trees, earth, Arc, to keep off an attack: — an ob- 
 struction formed to block up streets. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. barricading, barricaded.] To fortify ; to 
 stop up. 
 
 Bar-ri-ca'do, n. <& v. Same as Barricade. 
 
 Bar'ri-er (bar're-er) [bar're-er, W. P. J. F. Ja. I. 
 St. H.'Mu. Wb. K. 8m. ; biir'yer, S. R], n. [Fr. 
 barriere; Late L. barrere, from barra, a bar.] 
 A boundary : — a defence ; a fortress : — an ob- 
 struction ; a bar. 
 
 Bar' ring, prev. or part. [From bar, v. a.] Except; 
 excepting. 
 
 Bar'ris-ter, n. [From the bar of a court of jus- 
 tice.] A counsellor at law, admitted to plead 
 at the bar; an advocate ; a lawyer. 
 
 Bar-roque', v. & a. [Fr.] See Baroque. 
 
 Bar'row, n. [Akin to Bear and Bier.] A small 
 hand-carriage:— [Ger. berg, a, hill; coguate words 
 are found in many Aryan languages] a hillock 
 or mound of earth :— [Dut. barg ; Ger. barch; Sp. 
 barrdco] a castrated hog. ^^ '^ 
 
 Bar'-shot, n. Shot or balls joined |P&gg^^ 
 by a bar. [room . ^^^^^ 
 
 Bar'-tend'er, n. A waiter in a bar- Bar-shot. 
 
 Bar'ter, v.'n. [Probably from the 
 same source as Barrator; Fr. barater and Sp. 
 bandar mean to sell, to traffic, as well as to 
 cheat.] [pp. bartering, bartered.] To traffic by 
 exchanging goods.— 2, v. a. To give in ex- 
 change.— 3, n. Traffic by exchanging commodi- 
 ties :— a rule of arithmetic. 
 
 Bar-ti-zan', n. [For braiticing. — See Brattice.] 
 A kind of parapet. 
 
 Bar'ton (bar'tn), n. [0. E. bere tun, barlev en- 
 closure ; bere, barley, and tun, a word akin to 
 town.] A farm-yard ; a farm. [plant. 
 
 Bar'tram, n. [L. pyrethmm.] The pellitorv, a 
 
 Bar'wood (-wud), n. [Because imported in bars. 
 — Cf. Logwood.] A red dye-wood. 
 
 Bar-y-cen'tric, a. Pertaining to the centre of 
 gravity. 
 
 Ba-ry'ta [ba-rl'ta, K. Sm. R. St. I. Mu. ; bfir'e-ta, 
 W b.], n. [Gr. /3apu<r, heavy.] (Mm.) A pon- 
 derous earth ; an oxide of barium. 
 
 Ba-ry'tes, n. A ponderous earth ; baryta. 
 
 Ba-ryt'jc, a. Relating to baryta. 
 
 Bar'y-tone, a. [Gr. £apvTovos ; /3apv'?, heavv, and 
 rovos, pitch or tone.] Noting a grave accent,— 
 2, n. A male voice higher than bass :— a Greek 
 word not accented on the last syllable. 
 
 Ba'sal, a. Relating to the base, foundation, or 
 bottom; fundamental. 
 
 Ba-salt' [ba-zalf, H. ; ba-salt' or bas'alt, I. ; ba- 
 zolt', JV. ; ba-salt', St. H.], n. [L. 
 basaltes; said to be an African 
 word.] A grayish-black stone. 
 
 Ba-sal'tic [ba-sal'tik, Ja. Sm. R. C. 
 I. St. ; ba-sal'tik, K. ; ba-zol'tik, 
 Wb.; ba-zal'tik, Mu.], 'a. Re- 
 lating to basalt. 
 
 Bas-bleu (ba-blii), n. [Fr. for "blue 
 stocking."] A literary woman ; a 
 blue-stocking. »™«». 
 
 Base, n. [L. basis; Gr. j3a<ri?, a pedestal, a step 
 (a verbal noun from jScuVeiv, stem |3a-, to go).] 
 The bottom or foundation of any thing; the ped- 
 estal of a statue; basis: — bass:— an ingredient 
 of a compound, as of alkalies, earths, and metals, 
 in their relation to acids and salts. — 2, a. [Fr. 
 bas, Late L. bassus, low, short.] Mean; vile; 
 dishonorable ; disgraceful ; shameful ; paltry ; 
 low : — illegitimate : — having little value, as 
 metals : — deep, grave, as sound ; bass. See Bass. 
 —3, v. a. [pp. basing, based.] To lay the base 
 of; to found. 
 
 Syn. — Base ingratitude; mean compliance; 
 vile flattery ; dishonorable conduct ; disgraceful 
 proceedings ; loiv as to birth. 
 
 Base'-ball, n. A popular game at ball, developed 
 from the old game of base or prison-bars. 
 
 Base'-biirn, a. Born out of wedlock: — plebeian. 
 
 Base'less, a. "Without a base or foundation. 
 
 Base'ly, ad. In a base or unworthy manner. 
 
 Base'ment, n. [From base; Fr. soubassement.] The 
 lowest, or partly sunken, story of a building. 
 
 Base'ness, «. Meanness ; vileness. 
 
 Base'-vi'ol, n. See Bass-viof,. 
 
 Ba-sha', n. Same as Pacha. 
 
 Ba-shaw', n. [Turk, bash, a head.] A Turkish 
 governor. See Pacha. 
 
 Bash'ful, a. [Obs. E. bash, to abash, and full.] 
 Diffident; shamefaced; shy. 
 
 Bash'ful-ly, ad. In a bashful manner. 
 
 Bash'ful-ness, n. Modesty ; rustic shame. 
 
 Bash'i-ba-zouk',«. [Turk., a foolish fellow; lit- 
 erally, '"'one with his head turned.''] In the 
 Turkish army, an irregular soldier who acts as 
 a skirmisher or in guerilla warfare. 
 
 Ba'sic, a. (Chem.) Pertaining to abase or serving 
 as a base ; having an excess of the basic element. 
 
 Ba-sic'i-ty, n. (Chem.) The state or property of 
 being' basic or serving as a base : — the property 
 of an acid to combine with a base. 
 
 Bas'il, n. [Same as Bezel.] The angle to which 
 the edge of a tool is ground : — [Fr. basile : Gr. 
 ^ao-i'Aeio?, royal ; /SacriAev'?, a king] an aromatic 
 herb. —2, v. a. [pp. basilling, basilled.] To 
 grind a tool to an angle. 
 
 Ba-§il'i-an, a. (Eccl.) Noting an order of monks 
 founded in the fourth century by St. Basil. 
 
 Ba-§il'ic, la. Belonging to a' basilica or to a 
 
 Ba-§il'i-cal, J basilicon. 
 
 Ba-§il'i-ca, n. [Gr. /Sao-tAiKo?, royal ; the vein 
 was once believed to be connected with the most 
 vital organs.] The middle vein of the arm: — 
 a regal hall : — a magnificent church (originally 
 the name of such churches as had been royal or 
 imperial halls or public buildings). 
 
 Ba-§il'i-can, a. Of or pertaining to a basilica. 
 
 Ba-§il'i-c5n, n. [Gr. jSao-iAiicov, royal ; from its 
 supposed sovereign virtues.] An ointment. 
 
 Bas/i-lisk, «, [Gr. /3ao-iA.icr/co5, dim. of 0ao-iAev?, 
 a king; said to have been named from its crest.] 
 A fabulous serpent :— [many kinds of weapons 
 were formerly named from serpents] a species 
 of cannon.— (Zobl.) A saurian reptile. 
 
 Ba'sin (ba'sn), n . [Fr. bassin; 0. Fr. bacin; Late 
 L. bacchinus ; akin to back, a tub or vat.] A small 
 vessel to hold water :— a small pond :— a hollow : 
 — a dock. 
 
 Ba'sis, n. ; pi. Ba'ses. [Gr. jSao-tg.— See Base.] 
 Foundation; base; that on which any thing is 
 raised: — pedestal. 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nbr, son ; bull, bur, rule, use— 5, g, c, £, soft; fS, £, p, £, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; tiis. 
 
BASK 
 
 94 
 
 BAWBEE 
 
 Bask, v. a. [0. Norse, bathask, to bathe one's self; 
 reflexive of hatha, to bathe.] [pp. basking, 
 basked.] To warm by exposing to the sun or to 
 heat. — 2, v. n. To lie in the sun or in warmth. 
 
 Bas'ket, n. [Origin unknown ; there are similar 
 Celtic words, to which it is generally referred.] 
 A vessel made of twigs, rushes, &c. 
 
 Basque (bask), n. [L.Vasco; Fr. Basque.] A lady's 
 garment: — a person (French or Spanish) who 
 uses the Basque or Pyrenean language ; a Bis- 
 cayan. — 2, a. Relating to Biscay or its language. 
 
 Bass, n. [A.-S. baers ; Ger. barsch; Local Eng. 
 barse; connected apparently with perch.] A sea- 
 fish : — [same as Bast] the linden tree : — a mat. 
 
 Bass, n. (Mus.) The lowest part of harmony. — 
 2, a. (Mus.) [See Base.] Low; deep; grave. 
 
 Bas'set, n. [Probably Fr. basset, a low stool. — Cf. 
 Fr. 'bassette, a reef.] A game at cards.— (Geol.) 
 The outcrop of strata. 
 
 Bas'set-hbrn, n. A tenor clarinet . 
 
 Bas-set'to, n. [It.] A small bass-viol. 
 
 Bas'so, n. [It.] (Mus.) The bass or base part :— 
 a singer of bass. 
 
 Bas-soon', n. [Fr. basson; It. bassone, augmented 
 'form of basso.] A musical wind instrument. 
 
 Bass-re-lief , n. [It. basso-rilievo, low relief.] 
 Sculpture, the figures of which do not stand far 
 out from the ground ; low relief. 
 
 Bass'-vi'ol, n. A musical stringed instrument; 
 a violoncello. 
 
 Bass' wood (-wud), n, The lime tree and its wood. 
 
 Bast, n. [Ger. bast; Dan. bast; Sw. basta, to tie.— 
 Cf. Baste.] Bark of the bass or linden tree used 
 for cordage and mats. 
 
 Bas'tard, n. [Sp. bastardo ; Fr. bdtard; 0. Fr. 
 bastard, from bast, Late L. bastum, a pack-saddle.] 
 A child born out of wedlock.— 2, a. Illegiti- 
 mate ; spurious ; base. 
 
 Bas'tar-dy, n. [0. Fr. bastardie.] Illegitimate 
 birth : — unlawful paternity. 
 
 Baste, v. a. [Sw. basa, to beat; Icel. beysta; Sw. 
 bb'sta, to strike ; but cf. Fr. baton, baston, and 
 bastinade.] [pp. basting, basted.] To beat with 
 a stick :— [Gael, baist, to dip] to drip with butter 
 or gravy: — [Fr. bdtir, bastir, to sew; cognate 
 with Bast] to sew slightly. 
 
 Bas-tile' fbfis-tel', K. 8m. I. St. ; bas'tel, W. E. ; 
 bas-tel' or bas'tel, Mu.], n. [Late L. bastire, to 
 build; whence bustilia, buildings.] Formerly a 
 prison in Paris. 
 
 Bas-ti-nade', or Bas-ti-na'do, n. [Fr. bastonnade ; 
 baton (baston), a stick ; Sp. bastonada.] The act 
 of beating with a cudgel on the soles of the feet. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. bastinading, bastinaded.] To 
 treat with the bastinade. 
 
 Bast'ion (bast'yun), n. [Fr. ; Late L. bastire, to 
 build.] A huge mass of earth or masonry stand- 
 ing out from a rampart, with two faces and two 
 flanks. 
 
 Bat, n. [Celtic 
 bat, a stick ; 
 Fr. batte.—Cf. 
 Beat.] A club: 
 — a broken 
 brick : — a flat- 
 tened tuft or 
 pad :— [0. E. & 
 Norse, balclce] 
 a small animal 
 having wings. 
 — 2, v. a. & v. n. 
 [pp. batting, batted.] To strike with a bat. 
 
 Batch, n. [From bake. — Cf. match, speech, breach, 
 and watch, from make, speak, break, and wake.] 
 The quantity of bread baked at once ; quantity 
 of any thing made at once. 
 
 Bate, v. a. [See Abatk.] [pp. bating, bated.] To 
 lessen ; to lower ; to abate. — 2, v. n. To fall off. 
 
 Bat-eau' (bat-o'), n. ; pi. Bat-eaux' (bat-oz/). [Fr. ; 
 0. Fr. batel— See Boat.] A long, light boat. 
 
 Bath [bath, W. P. J. Ja. K. Sm. I. H. St. ; bath, 
 
 Mu.; bath, R. C], n. ; pi. Baths. [A.-S. bsed; 
 Ger. bad. — Cf. Ger. bahen, to foment.] A place 
 to bathe in ; a wash ; act of bathing : — an ancient 
 Hebrew liquid measure of about 6% gallons. 
 
 Bath' -chair (-char), n. [Once used by invalids at 
 the springs of Bath, in England.] A band- 
 chair in which an invalid is wheeled about. 
 
 Bathe, v. a. & v. n. [Ger. baden; A.-S. badian. — 
 See Bath.] [pp. bathing, bathed.] To wash 
 in a bath ; to soften. 
 
 Bath'er, n. One who bathes. 
 
 Batn'ing-tub, n. A vessel for bathing. 
 
 Bath-met'al, n. An alloy of copper and zinc in 
 imitation of silver : — called also Prince's metal. 
 
 Ba'thos, n. [Gr. /3a0o?, depth.] (Bhet.) A ludi- 
 crous descent from elevated to mean thoughts 
 or language ; anticlimax. 
 
 Bath-x-met'ric, \a. Of or pertaining to ba- 
 
 Bath-x-met'ri-cal, J tbymetry or to the deep sea. 
 
 Ba-thym'e-trjr, n. [Gr. |3a0v?, deep, and juerpov, 
 measure!] The art of deep-sea sounding. 
 
 Bat'ing, prep, or part, from bale. Excepting; ex- 
 cept ; abating ; barring. 
 
 Baton (ba-ton'), n. [Fr. ; 0. Fr. baston; It. bas- 
 tone. — See Batten.] A club; a staff; a field- 
 marshal's staff. [animal of the frog kind. 
 
 Ba-tra'phi-an, n. [Gr. /Barpaxo?, a frog.] An 
 
 Bats'man, n. One who wields a bat, as in cricket. 
 
 Bat'ta, V [Canarese, bhatta, rice, paddy ; Tamil, 
 pad'di, rice, i.e. subsistence.] A money-allowance 
 to troops : — extra pay to officers. 
 
 Bat-tal'ion (bat-tal'yun), n. [Fr. bataitton, dim. 
 of baiaille, battle-array. — See Battle.] A body 
 of soldiers in an army, variable in number from 
 500 to 1000 men ; a troop. 
 
 Bat' ten, v. a. & v. n. [Ger. batten, to profit; akin 
 to better.] [pp. battening, battened.] To feast or 
 fatten: — to make fast with battens. — 2, n. [A 
 variant of baton.] A strip of board : — a skylight 
 shutter. 
 
 Bat'ter, v. a. [Fr. battre.— See Beat.] [pp. bat- 
 tering, battered.] To beat down; towearout; 
 to dull. — 2, n. [0. Fr. bature, beating, something 
 beaten.] Mixture of ingredients; dough : — slope. 
 
 Bat'ter-ing-ram, n. An ancient military engine 
 for battering down walls. 
 
 Bat'ter-y;, n. [Fr. batterie ; It. batteria.— See Bat- 
 ter'.] A raised work upon which cannons are 
 mounted: — a combination of instruments used 
 in electricity and galvanism. — (Law.) A violent 
 assault upon a man's person. 
 
 Bat'ting, n. [From bat, a pad or felted mass.] 
 Cotton or wool for quilting. 
 
 Bat' tie, n. [Fr. bataille; from Late L. batuere, to 
 beat; cognate with beat and batter.} A hostile 
 encounter between tw r o armies or fleets ; a fight ; 
 a combat. — 2, v. n. [pp. battling, battled.] To 
 contend in battle. 
 
 Syn. — Fight and engagement do not necessarily 
 imply the use of weapons, as do battle and com- 
 bat. A bloody battle; a general engagement; a 
 single combat; & fight between dogs or armies. 
 
 Bat'tle-ar-ray', n. Order of battle. 
 
 Bat'tle-axe, n. A weapon of war. 
 
 Bat' tie-door, n. [Sp. batidor, a beater, or beetle.] 
 An instrument with a flat board, used to strike 
 a shuttlecock. 
 
 Bat'tle-ment, n. [0. 
 Fr. batlaille, a tur- 
 ret : akin to bastile; 
 
 influenced by Bat- - I «" 1 — i * ""' ■""" l » > 
 
 TI.E.] A wall or Battlement, 
 
 parapet with em- 
 brasures or interstices; a breastwork. 
 
 Bat'tue, n. [Fr., from battre, to beat.] A hunt of 
 game by beating it out of the bushes or other 
 hiding-place. 
 
 Bau'ble, n. Same as Bawble. 
 
 Baw'bee, n. [From the laird of Sillebawby, a 
 mint-master in 1541.] An old Scottish coin of 
 the value of a halfpenny or an American cent. 
 
 a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, i, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
BAWBLE 
 
 95 
 
 BEATING 
 
 Baw'ble, n. [0. Fr. baubel, babel, a. trinket; Fr. 
 babiole; akin to babe.] A gewgaw ; a trinket. 
 
 Bawd, n. [Akin to bold; but cf. Fr. baud, merry, 
 and Welsh bawaidd, dirty.] A procurer or pro- 
 curess ; a pimp. 
 
 Baw'di-ness, n. Obscenity or lewdness. 
 
 Baw'dry, n. Practice of bawds; obscenity. 
 
 Baw'dy, a. Filthy; obscene; unchaste. 
 
 Bawl, v. n. [Icel. baida, Sw. bola, to low.] [pp. 
 bawling, bawled.] To hoot; to shout; to cry.— 
 2, v. a. To proclaim as a crier. 
 
 Bay, a. [L. badius, reddish; Fr. bat] Inclined 
 to a chestnut color; reddish. — 2, n. [Late L. 
 baia; Fr. baie.] An arm of the sea; a >julf :— 
 [Port, baga, from L. baca, bacca, a berry] the 
 laurel-tree : — [same as abeyance] the state of 
 being kept oft'. — 3, v. n. [Fr. uboyer; It. abba- 
 jare; Li baubari.] [pp. baying, bayed.] To 
 bark, as a dog.— 4, v. a. To bark at. 
 
 Bay'ber-ry, n. A shrub that bears an oily berry. 
 
 Bay'ber-ry-tal'low, n. Fragrant green wax of 
 the bayberry ; myrtle-wax. 
 
 Bay'o-net, n. [Either from Bai/onne, in France, 
 or from 0. Fr. bayon, an arrow' or bolt.] A dag- 
 ger fixed to a musket.— 2, v. a. [pp. bayoneting, 
 bayoneted. 1 To stab with a bayonet. 
 
 Bayou (bi'G or bi'o), n. [Fr. boyau, a bowel or gut.] 
 An outlet of a lake ; a narrow inlet or creek. 
 
 Bay'-rum, n. A fragrant hair-wash and cosmetic 
 obtained by distilling bay-leaves with rum. 
 
 Bay'-salt, «. Salt marie of sea-water. 
 
 Bay'-win'dow, n. A bow-window; a window form- 
 ing a bay or recess. 
 
 Bay' wood (-wud), n. Honduras mahogany. 
 
 Ba-zaar' (ba-zar), w. [Per. bazar.] An Eastern 
 market; a' market-place :— a collection of shops. 
 
 Bdell'ium (del'yum), n. [Gr. pSeMiov ; cf. Heb. 
 b'dola'kh, pearl.] An aromatic gum. 
 
 Be, v. n. [i. was; pp. being, been. Irregular in 
 various parts.— See Am, Art, Is, Are, Were, 
 Wert, Wast.] [Cf. Gr. <j>veiv ; L. fui, fore ; A.-S. 
 beon, to become.] To have some certain state ; to 
 exist. — It is used as an auxiliary in conjugating 
 other verbs, by means of which the passive voice 
 is formed. — Be as a prefix is sometimes inten- 
 sive, sometimes pejorative, and sometimes ex- 
 presses the idea of making. 
 
 Beach (beck), n. [Norse, balcki, aback or ridge; 
 but perhaps cognate with beck, a brook.] The 
 sea-shore; the strand. — 2, e. a. & v. n. [pp. 
 beaching, beached.] To ruu, as a ship, upon the 
 beach. 
 
 Bea'con (be'kn), n. [A.-S. beacn.— See Beckon.] 
 Something raised on an eminence for giving 
 notice to navigators, or to alarm ; a light-house. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. beaconing, beaconed.] To afford 
 light; to light up. 
 
 Bea'con-a£-e (be'kn-aj), n. Money paid for main- 
 taining' beacons: — a, system of beacons. 
 
 Bead (bed), n. [A.-S. beda, bede, prayer; beden, 
 to urge, to pray. — See Bin.] One of many little 
 balls strung upon a thread, used for necklaces or 
 rosaries. — (Arch.) A small globular ornament ; 
 a drop; a bubble. — 2, v. n. [pp. beading, bead- 
 ed.] To form beads or bubbles on the surface. 
 
 Bea'dle (be'dl), n. [Ger. buttel; 0. E. bydel; Late 
 L. bidellus; root of bid, to command.] An in- 
 ferior officer of a court, public body, or parish : 
 — a messenger. 
 
 Bea'dle-ship, ». The office of a beadle. 
 
 Bead'roll, ». A list of persons to be prayed for. 
 
 Beads/man, n. [0. E. beodeman. — See Bead.] A 
 man employed to pray. 
 
 Bead'y, a. Bead-shaped, small, and clear. 
 
 Bea'gle (be'gl), n. [Cf. Celtic beag, little.] A 
 small hunting hound. 
 
 Beak, n. [Late L. beccus ; It. becco : Fr. bee; 
 probably Celtic ; root of pick and peak.] Bill of 
 a bird:— a thing pointed. 
 
 Beak'ed (be'ked or bekt), a. Having a beak. 
 
 Beak'er, n. [Ger. becher; Late L. bicarium; Gr. 
 
 j3iko?, a bowl or cup.— See Pitcher.] A drink- 
 ing cup or vessel : — a chemist's cup. 
 
 Beam, n. [0. E. beam, a tree ; Ger. baurn.] A tim- 
 ber in a building :— a part of a balance :— pole 
 of a chariot: — a collection of parallel rays of 
 light ; gleam .—a stag's horn.— 2, v. n. [pp. beam- 
 ing, beamed.] To shine forth; to emit rays; 
 to be radiant. 
 
 Beam'y, a. Radiant; shining:— horned. 
 
 Bean, n. [A.-S. bean; Ger. bohne.] A garden vege- 
 table ; kind of pulse. 
 
 Bear (bar), v. a. [A.-S. beran; L. ferre; Gr. <£>e- 
 peiv ; Skr. stem bhar.] [i. bore (bare) ; pp. bearing, 
 borne.] To carry ; to convey ; to transport :— to 
 support; to endure; to suffer.— 2, v. n. [i. bore; 
 pp. bearing, borne.] To suffer; to endure; to 
 be patient :— to be fruitful or prolific ; to press. 
 —3, v. a. [i. bore (bare) ; pp. bearing, born or 
 borne.] To bring forth, as a child; to give 
 hirth to. — 4, n. 
 [Ger. bar; A.-S. 
 bera ; Skr. bhalla. 
 — Cf. L. ferns, 
 wild ; Gr. B-qp, 
 <f>r)p, beast.] A 
 rough, savage 
 animal : — a de- 
 presser of stocks. 
 — (Astron.) The Bear . 
 
 name of two con- 
 stellations, called the Greater and Lesser Bear; 
 in the tail of the Lesser Bear is the pole-star. — 
 5, v. a. [pp. bearing, beared.] To endeavor to 
 depress or lower the price of stocks. 
 
 Syn. — Bear a burden ; carry a load : — conveyed 
 in a carriage ; transported in a ship. — Bear afflic- 
 tion ; support a burden ; endure or suffer pain. 
 
 Bear, or Bere, n. [0. E. bere.— See Barley.] A 
 kind of barley. 
 
 Bear'a-ble, «. Endurable ; that may be borne. 
 
 Bear'-bait-ing, n. The act of baiting bears with 
 dogs. 
 
 Beard (berd) [berd, W. P. J. E. F. Ja. K. Sm. L H. 
 St. R. C. ; berd, S. ; bard, Wm. Johnston], n. [Ger. 
 hart; A.-S. beard; Slavic, bardo.] The hair that 
 grows on the lips and chin : — a barb on an ar- 
 row or hook : — an awn. — 2, v. a. [pp. bearding, 
 bearded.] To take or pluck by the beard :— to 
 oppose to the face. 
 
 Beard'ed (berd'ed), a. Having a beard. 
 
 Beard'less, a. Without a beard; youthful. 
 
 Bear'er (bar'er), n. A carrier; a supporter. 
 
 Bear'-gar-den, n. A place where bears are kept. 
 
 Bear'herd, n. One who tends bears. 
 
 Bear'ing (bar'ing), n. The position of one place 
 from another: — behavior; mien: — that part of 
 an axle which rests on its support. 
 
 Bear'ing-rein (-ran), n. A check-rein. 
 
 Bear'ish, a. Having the quality of a bear; surly. 
 
 Bear'-ward (bar'ward), n. A keeper of bears. 
 
 Beast, n. [L. bestia ; 0. Fr. beste ; Fr. bite.] An 
 irrational animal ; a brute. 
 
 Beast'li-ness, n. Brutality; filthiness. 
 
 Beast'ly, a. Like a beast ; brutal ; coarse. 
 
 Beat (be't), v. a. [A.-S. beatan; Fr. battre.— See 
 Batter, Pat.] [i. beat; pp. beating, beaten or 
 beat.] To strike ; to bruise : — to tread : — to con- 
 quer; to vanquish; to surpass.— 2, v. u. To 
 move in a pulsatory manner ; to dash, as a flood : 
 — to throb. — 3, n. A stroke ; a pulsation ; act of 
 striking : — the round of a watchman or patrol. 
 
 Beat'en (be'tn), p. from beat. See Beat. 
 
 Be-a-tlfic, \a. [L. beatificus, making happy.] 
 
 Be-a-tif'i-cal, j Affording heavenly bliss : happy. 
 
 Be-at-i-fi-ca'tion, n. [Late L. beatificatio.] The 
 act of beatifying: — an act of the pope pro- 
 nouncing a deceased person beatified in heaven. 
 
 Be-at'i-fy, v. a. [L. beatijico ; beatus, happy, and 
 facto, to make ; beare, beatus, to bless.] [ pp. be- 
 atifying, beatified.] To bless; to make happy. 
 
 Beat'ing, n. The act of striking: — flogging. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, biir, rule, use. — 5, <?, c, §, soft; fS, £, p, g, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; tnis. 
 
BEATITUDE 
 
 BEECHNUT 
 
 Be-at'i-tude, n. [L. beatiiudo.] Blessedness ; hap- 
 piness; bliss: — an ascription of blessedness. 
 
 Beau (bo), re. ; pi. Beaux (boz). [Fr. beau, bel, 
 handsome; L. bellus, fine.] A man of dress; a 
 fop ; a coxcomb : — a gallant. 
 
 Beau-I-de'al (bO-I-de'a.1), n. [Fr. beau-ideal] An 
 ideal model of excellence : — ideal excellence. 
 
 Beaujolais (bo-zho-lfi), re. [The name of a dis- 
 trict in France, from Beaujeu, its old capital.] A 
 red Burgundy wine. 
 
 Beau-monde' (bo-mond'), re. [Fr.] The gay or 
 fashionable world ; fashionable people. 
 
 Beau'te-ous [bu'te-us, P. J. Ja. R. C. ; bu'te-us, 
 I. ; bu'te-us, H. St. ; bQ'tyus, E. F. K. ; bu'ehe- 
 us, TT.], a. Fair; beautiful. 
 
 Beau'ti-ful (bu'te-ful), a. Having beauty; fair; 
 handsome; fine; pretty; graceful. 
 
 Syn. — Beautiful is the strongest and most com- 
 prehensive of these epithets. A beautiful woman ; 
 beautiful scenery ; a handsome man ; a handsome 
 building ; a fine lady ; a fine prospect ; a fair 
 skin; a pretty child : graceful manner. 
 
 Beau'ti-ful-ly, ad. In a beautiful manner. 
 
 Beau'ti-fy, r. a. [pp. beautifying, beautified.] To 
 adorn ; to embellish. — 2, r. n. To grow beautiful. 
 
 Beau'ty (bii'te), n. [Fr. beaute, from beau, hand- 
 some.] That assemblage of graces, or propor- 
 tion of parts, which pleases the senses, especially 
 the eye or the ear ; a particular grace : — a beau- 
 tiful person or woman. 
 
 Beau'ty-spot. n. A 
 patch or foil placed 
 on the face to 
 heighten beauty by 
 contrast. 
 
 Bea'ver (be'ver), re. 
 [A.-S. beofor; Ger. 
 biber; Czech, bobr ; 
 L. fiber; cf. Skr. 
 babhrus, brown, an 
 ichneumon.] A fur-bearing rodent animal : — the 
 fur of the beaver :— a hat :— [Obs. Fr. baviere, a 
 bib ; bare, saliva] a visor ; the lower face-guard 
 of a helmet. 
 
 Be-calm' (be-kam'), v. a. [pp. becalming, be- 
 calmed.] To still; to quiet; to calm: — to keep 
 from motion, as a ship. 
 
 Beaver. 
 
 Be 
 
 from become. See Become. 
 
 Be-cause', conj. [0. E. bi cause, by reason.] For 
 this reason that ; on this account that; for this 
 cause that ; for. 
 
 Bechamel (ba-sha-mel), re. [The inventor's name.] 
 A delicate sauce or broth flavored with cream. 
 
 Be-charm', r. a. [pp. becharming, becharmed.j 
 To captivate ; to charm. 
 
 Beck, v. n. [Shortened from beckon.] [pp. beck- 
 ing, becked.] To make a sign with the head. — 
 2, v. a. To call by a motion of the head. — 3, re. 
 A sign with the head ; a nod :— [Ger. bach ; A.-S. 
 belch- ; Dut. bsek] a brook. 
 
 Beck'on (bek'kn), v. n. [A.-S. biecnan, beacnian ; 
 beacn, a sign, a beacon.] [pp. beckoning, beck- 
 oned.] To make a sign.— 2, r. a. To make a 
 sign to. — 3, n. A sign without words; a beck. 
 
 Be-clbud', v. a. [pp. beclouding, beclouded.] To 
 dim ; to obscure ; to cloud. 
 
 Be-come' (be-kum'), v. n. [A.-S. becuman, to come 
 
 by, to attain, to happen; Ger. bekommen.— See 
 
 Come.] [i. became ; pp. becoming, become.] To 
 
 . enter into some state ; to be changed to ; to be. 
 
 — 2, v. a. To add grace to ; to befit ; to suit. 
 
 Be-eom'ing, a. Graceful; suitable; comely; fit; 
 proper'; meet. 
 
 Syn. — Becoming dress or manner; graceful atti- 
 tude ; suitable furniture ; fit for the season ; proper 
 or meet for the occasion. 
 
 Be-c$m'ing-ly, ad. In a becoming manner. 
 
 Be-com'ing-ness, ". Decency; propriety. 
 
 Bed, re. ' [A.-S. and Dut. bed; Ger. bett; Goth. 
 badi.] Something to sleep on ; a couch :— a bank 
 of earth raised in a garden : — the channel of a 
 
 river, or any hollow:— a vein of ore ; a layer: a 
 stratum.— 2, v. a. [pp. bedding, bedded*.] To 
 place in bed:— to plant in earth:— to lay in 
 order; to stratify.— 3, ». h. To lie. 
 
 Be-dab'ble. v. a. (pp. bedabbling, bedabbled.] To 
 wet; to besprinkle. [bespatter: to dash. 
 
 Be-dash', v. a. [pp. bedashing, bedashed.] To 
 
 Be-daub', v. a. [pp. bedaubing, bedaubed.] To 
 smear; to daub over. [make dim by lustre. 
 
 Be-daz'zle, w. a. [pp. bedazzling, bedazzled.] To 
 
 Bed' -bug, n. A fetid insect that infests beds. 
 
 Bed'cham-ber, re. A chamber for a bed. 
 
 Bed'clothes, n. pi. Coverlets and sheets, or clothes, 
 for a bed. See Clothes. 
 
 Bed'ding, re. The materials of a bed.— (Geo?.) The 
 lie or position of beds or layers. 
 
 Be-deck', v. a. [pp. bedecking, bedecked.] To 
 deck ; to ornament ; to adorn. 
 
 Bede'-house, n. [0. E. bede, prayer (see Beap), 
 and house: — a house for bedesmen; these were 
 often paupers, who were required to prav for 
 their benefactors.] A hospital ; an almshouse. 
 
 Be-dev'il (be-dev'vl), ». a . [pp. bedeviling, be- 
 deviled.] To throw into disorder :— to abuse ; to 
 corrupt. [To moisten gently. 
 
 Be-dew' (be-dii'), v. a. [ pp. bedewing, bedewed.] 
 
 Bed'fast, a. [Bed, and fast, firmly fixed.] Bed- 
 ridden; confined to the bed. 
 
 Bed'fel-low, re. One lying in the same bed. 
 
 Bed'-hang-ings, n. pi. Curtains of a bed. 
 
 Be-dight' (b'e-dft'), v. a. [See Bight.] [i. bedight 
 'or bedighted ; pp. bedighting, bedighted or be- 
 dight.] To adorn: — to dress. 
 
 Be-dim', v. a. [pp. bedimming, bedimmed.] To 
 "make dim ; to darken. 
 
 Be-di'zen (be-di'zn) [be-di'zn, S. W. P. F. Ja. K. 
 S. 31. Ii. ; be-diz'zn, C- TIT). St. ; be-diz'zn or be- 
 di'zn, H. I.], v. a. [See Dizex.] [pp. bedizen- 
 ing, bedizened.] To dress gaudily. 
 
 Be-di'zen-ment, ». The act of bedizening or state 
 of being bedizened. 
 
 Bed'lam. n. [The old priory of St. Mary of Beth- 
 lehem, in London, became a hospital "for luna- 
 tics.] A hospital for lunatics. 
 
 Bed'6u-in. re. [Arab, badauiy, pi. badairin, desert 
 dwellers ; badw, a desert.] A nomadic Arab. 
 
 Bed'-piece, or Bed' -plate, n. The foundation 
 plate of an engine or machine. 
 
 Bed'post, re. The post of a bedstead. 
 
 Be-drag'gle, v. a. [pp. bedraggling, bedraggled.] 
 To soil in the dirt. [To drench ; to soak. 
 
 Be-drench', v. a. [pp. bedrenching, bedrenched.] 
 
 Bgd'rid. or Bed'rid-den, a. [From bed, and ride, 
 to be borne.] Confined to the bed by sickness, 
 age, or infirmity. 
 
 Bed'room, re. A room to sleep in. 
 
 Bed'side, re. The side of a bed. 
 
 Bed'-sore, re. A sore produced in a person wbo has 
 been long bedridden. 
 
 Bed'stead (bed'sted), re. [Bed, and stead, to sup- 
 port.] The frame of a bed. 
 
 Bed'straw, n. Straw for a bed: — a plant of sev- 
 eral kinds. [of a bed. 
 
 Bed' -tick, re. A case, or tick, to hold the feathers 
 
 Eed'time, n. Time to go to bed or to rest. 
 
 Bee. re. [A.-S. beo ; Dut. 
 by; Ger. biene.] An in- 
 sect that makes honey 
 and wax. 
 
 Bee'-bread, re. The pol- 
 len of flowers used by 
 bees in feeding their 
 young. 
 
 Beech, re. [A.-S. boece, 
 bece, boc ; Ger. buche ; L. 
 fagus ; Gr. <t>ay6s, ^rjydj, root of fyaye'iv. to eat ; 
 'from its edible nuts.] A well-known forest tree 
 and its wood. 
 
 Beech'en, a. Made of beech. 
 
 Beech'mast, re. The fruits or nuts of the beech. 
 
 Beech'nut, n. A nut of the beech. 
 
 Bee. 
 
 a, e, i, o, u, y, long; a, e, I, 5, u, y, short; a, e, 
 
 tt, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her | 
 
BEEF 
 
 97 
 
 BEHINDHAND 
 
 Beef, n. [Fr. boeuf, ox; L. bos, bovU ; Gr. j3ous.] 
 
 Flesh of an ox, bull, or cow : — an ox. 
 Beef -eat-er, ». One who eats bee!': — [the deriva- 
 tion from bufetier, sideboard-man or fagfe£~man, 
 is not historically correct] a yeoman of the king 
 of England's guard. [broiling. 
 
 Beefsteak, n. [See Steak.] A slice of beef for 
 Bee'-glue, n. A substance with which bees cement 
 
 their combs to the hives ; propolis. 
 Bee'hive, n. A box or case for holding bees. 
 Bee'-line, n. [The bee is said to fly homeward in 
 
 a straight line.] A straight line ; air-line. 
 Been (bin) [bin, 8. W. J. Sm. C Wb. : ben, P. F. 
 Ja. K. B. L, B. G. White, St.], p. from the verb be. 
 Beer, n. [Ger. & Dut. bier; A.-S. beor ; Fr. biere. — 
 Cf. bere, barley.] Liquor made of malt and hops. 
 Bees/wax, re. AVax made by bees. 
 Bees'-wing, ». [From its filmy appearance.] A 
 crust consisting of scales of tartar formed on 
 port and other wines. 
 Beet, re. [L. beta; Fr. bette.] A garden vegetable. 
 Bee' tie. re. [A.-S. bitula, bitela; root of Bite.] An 
 insect of which there 
 are many species ; a 
 coleopteran : — [A.- S. 
 bielel, betel, bilel ; root 
 of Beat] a heavy 
 wooden mallet. — ,2, 
 v. n. [pp. beetling, 
 beetled.] [Probably 
 alluding to the prom- 
 inent eyes of some 
 beetles.] To jut out; to hang over. — 3, v. a. To 
 beat with a beetle or mallet : — to produce figures 
 on by means of a beetle or beetling-machine. 
 Bee'tle, \n. A machine for prn- 
 
 Beet'ling-ma-chine', J during figures on fabrics 
 by pressure' from corrugated or indented rollers. 
 Bee'tle-brov^ed, a. Having prominent brows. 
 Beeves (bevz), n. ; pi. of beef. Cattle; oxen. 
 Be-fair, c. a. [i. befell ; pp. befalling, befallen.] 1 
 To betide; to happen to. — 2, v. re. To happen; 
 to occur. [to become ; to fit. 
 
 Be-fit', v. a. [pp. befitting, befitted.] To suit; 
 Be-flt'ting, p. a. Becoming; suitable; fit. 
 Be-fog', v. a. [pp. befogging, befogged.] To 
 
 involve in fog:— to mystify. 
 Be-fo61\ v. a. [pp. befooling, befooled.] To in- 
 fatuate ; to make a fool of. 
 Be-fore', prep. [A.-S. beforan.— See Fore.] Far- 
 ther onward; in the front of; in presence of; 
 prior to ; superior to. — 2, ad. Sooner than ; in 
 tiinepast; previously to; hitherto: — farther on- 
 ward. 
 Be-fore'hand, ad. [Hand may note direction, as 
 in forehand, right-hand. — Cf. L. prse memu, in 
 readiness.] In anticipation ; previously; ante- 
 cedently; at first. [to pollute; to foul. 
 Be-foul', y. a. [pp. befouling, befouled.] To soil; 
 Be-friend', v. a. [pj>. befriending, befriended.] 
 To favor; to assist. [decorate with fringes. 
 Be-fringV. v. a. [pp. befringing, befringed.] To 
 Be-fud'dle. v. a. [pp. befuddling, befuddled.] To 
 confuse or stupefy, as with drink ; to bemuddle. 
 Beg, v. n. [0. E. & Anglo-Fr. beggen; A.-S. bede- 
 cian; Goth, bidjan, to ask. — See Bid. Others de- 
 rive it from the bag or wallet of mendicants ; 
 others from beghard, an old term nearly synony- 
 mous with Beguin, a male member of a religious 
 society now represented by the Bcguines.] [pp- 
 begging, begged.] To ask alms; to live upon 
 alms. — 2, v. a^ To ask humbly and earnestly, 
 as a person in want ; to crave ; to entreat for. 
 Be-gan', v. See Begin. 
 Be-gass', h. [See Bagasse.] The sugar-cane after 
 
 being cut and crushed: — also spelled megass. 
 Be-fem', v. a. [pp. begemming, begemmed.] To 
 
 stud, as with gems. 
 Be-£et\ v. a. [A.-S. begitan, to get.— See Get.] 
 \i. begot (begat) ; pp. begetting, begotten or be- 
 got.] To generate ; to procreate. 
 
 Beg/gar, n. [See Beg.] One who lives by beg- 
 ging'.— 2, v. a. [pp. beggaring, beggared.] To 
 reduce to beggary ; to impoverish : — to exhaust. 
 
 Beg'gar-li-ness, n. Meanness ; poverty. 
 
 Beg'gar-ljc, a. Mean; poor; needy. 
 
 Beg'gar-y.,' h. Indigence; waut; poverty. 
 
 Be-§il't\ p. a. Gilded or gilt. 
 
 Be-§in', v. a. [A.-S. beginnan, onginnan; Goth. 
 duginnan ; by some referred to A.-S. ginan, to 
 open, to yawn (see Yawn) ; by others to the 
 root of genus, generate.'] [i. began ; pp. begin- 
 ning, begun.] To take the first step ; to com- 
 mence. — 2, v. a. To enter upon ; to commence ; 
 to originate. 
 
 Syn. — Begin a work ; begin to write ; co 
 an operation; enter upon an employment. 
 
 Be-fin'ner, n. One who begins; a tyro. 
 
 Be-fin'ning, re. The first origin; first act; first 
 part; commencement; origin. 
 
 Be-gi'rd', v.a. [A.-S. begyrdan.— See Gird.] [i. be- 
 girt or begirded; pp. begirding, begirt or be- 
 girded.] To gird; to bind round ; to surround ; 
 to shut in. 
 
 Be-gnaw' (be-naw'), v. a. [pp. begnawing, be- 
 gnawed.] To bite ; to eat away. 
 
 Be~-gone', interj. [Be gone.] An exclamation com- 
 manding to go away ; haste away. 
 ' Be-go'ni-a, n. [Named in honor of M. Begon.] A 
 genus of ornamental plants, natives of Central 
 and South America. 
 
 Be-got', i. &p- from beget. See Beget. 
 
 Be-got'ten (be-got'tn), p. from beget. 
 
 Be-grime', v. a. [pp. begriming, begrimed.] To 
 "soil with soot or dirt; to grime. 
 
 Be-grfidgV. v. a. [pp. begrudging, begrudged.] 
 To envy the possession of; to grudge. 
 
 Be-guile'' (be-glf), v. a. [See Gvile and Wile.] 
 [pp. beguiling, beguiled.] To impose upon ; to 
 deceive pleasingly ; to allure ; to divert ; to amuse. 
 
 Beguinage (ba-gen-iizh), n. [Fr.] A convent of 
 Beguines. 
 
 Beguine (ba-gen), «. [Fr., from Lambert Begv.e, 
 their founder.] One of a certain order of re- 
 ligious women. 
 
 Be'gum, n. [Per. begam, Turk, bigim, princess, 
 fern, of big, or beg, a bey or ruler.— See Bey.] A 
 Hindu princess. 
 
 Be-gun', p. from begin. 
 
 Be-half (be-haf), n. [0. E. bihalve, beside, a 
 prep, from hi, by, and half, a half, a side.] Favor ; 
 cause favored ; interest ; account ; sake ; support ; 
 vindication. 
 
 Be-have', o. a. [A.-S. behabban; be. by or about, 
 and habban, to have, to hold. — See Have.] [pp. 
 behaving, behaved.] To conduct; to demean; 
 to carry: — used often with the reciprocal pro- 
 noun : — to conduct one's self well. — 2, v. n. To 
 act; to conduct one's self. 
 
 Be-hav'ior (be-hav'yur), re. Manner of behaving 
 'or of conducting one's self; conduct; deport- 
 ment : — action. 
 
 Be-head', v. a. [A.-S. belieafdian; be, priv., and 
 'heafod, head.] [pp. beheading, beheaded.] To 
 deprive of the head. 
 
 Be-held', i. & p. from behold. 
 
 Bi'he-moth [belie-moth, W. P. J. F. SL I. Ja. Sm. 
 N. B. C ; be-he'moth, Ash, Mu., Maunder], n. 
 [Heb., plural form of bliemah, a beast. — Cf. 
 Egypt, pehemau, "water-ox."] An animal de- 
 scribed in Job, perhaps the hippopotamus. 
 
 Be-hest', n. [A.-S. behses (corrupted to biheste) 
 long and properly meant "a promise" (from 
 hatan, to call ; see Hight ; bihatan, to promise), 
 but acquired the sense of the cognate hest, a 
 command.] Command; precept; mandate. 
 
 Be-hind', prep. [A.-S. behindan, from behind; be, 
 and hindan, behind; Ger. hinten.] At the back 
 of; following; remaining after ; inferior to. — 2, 
 ad. In the rear ; backward ; back. 
 
 Be-hind'hand, ad. & a. [On type of the much 
 older beforehand. It appears to replace the old 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nbr, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, Q, 5, £, soft; p, p, g, §, hard; § as z ; xasgz; tnis. 
 
 e g 9 
 
BEHOLD 
 
 98 
 
 BELUGA 
 
 behindan, from behind.] In a backward state ; 
 in arrears ; backward ; tardy. 
 
 Be-hold', v. a. [A.-S. bihuhlun, to hold by; hence 
 to keep, to observe, to look..] [i. beheld; pp. 
 beholding, beheld (beholden).] To see ; to ob- 
 serve attentively ; to look at. — 2, v. n. To look. 
 — 3, interj. See ; lo ; observe. 
 
 Syn. — A person beholds that which excites in- 
 terest or admiration ; he sees involuntarily ; looks 
 attentively ; observes and views carefully. 
 
 Be-hold'en (be-hold'dn), p. a. Bound in grati- 
 tude; obliged; indebted. 
 
 Be-hold'er, n. One who beholds or sees. 
 
 Ee-h66f ,' n. [Dut. behoef; Ger. behvf; cognate 
 with have and heave, in the sense of to take up, 
 to acquire.] Profit ; advantage ; benefit. 
 
 Be-ho6v'a-ble, a. Fit; expedient. 
 
 Be-h66ve', or Be-hove 
 
 . [A.-S. behofian. — See 
 Behoof.] [pp. behooving or behoving/behooved 
 or behoved.] To be fit for ; to be due ; to be in- 
 cumbent on ; to become. 
 
 Beige (baj or bazh), n. [Fr., gray, undyed; It. 
 bigio. — Cf. Baize.] Undyed serge, a material for 
 ladies' dresses, &c. 
 
 Be'ing, p. from be. Existing. — 2, n. Existence; 
 a particular state: — a person; any living creat- 
 ure, [decorate with jewels. 
 
 Be-jew'el, v. a. [pp. bejewelling, bejewelled.] To 
 
 Be-ju'co" (ba-hu.'ko), n. [Sp.] The Indian cane, 
 a reed-like twining plant of tropical America. 
 
 Be-la'bor, v. a. [See Labor.] [pp. belaboring, 
 belabored.] To beat soundly ; to ply. 
 
 Be-late', v. a. [pp. belating, belated.] To retard ; 
 to make too late. 
 
 Be-lat'ed, a. Benighted ; too late. 
 
 Be-lay', v. a. [A.-S. belecgan; Dut. beleggen; by, 
 about, and lay, in the sense of entwine.] [pp. 
 belaying, belayed.] Tobluckup; to attack; to 
 besiege. — (Naut.) To fasten, as a rope. 
 
 Be-lay'ing-pm, n. {Naut.) A strong pin round 
 which ropes are belayed. 
 
 Belch, v. n. [A.-S. bealciun ; 0. E. bollcen.] [pp. 
 belching, belched.] To eject wind from tbe 
 stomach. — 2, v. a. To throw out with violence. 
 — 3, n. An act of belching; an eructation. 
 
 Bel'dam, n. [0. E. bcl, fair, implying a relation- 
 ship' (cf. Fr. beau-pere), and dam, a mother; in 
 later use ironical, with a reference to Fr. belle 
 dame, fair lady.] An old woman; a hag. 
 
 Be-lea'guer, v. a. [Dut. belegeren, from leger, a 
 camp; Ger. belagern. — See Leaguer.] [pp. be- 
 leaguering, beleaguered.] To besiege; to beset. 
 
 Be-lem'nite, n. [Gr. fie\etJ.vov, thunder: — once 
 thought to be a petrified thunder-bolt.] (Geol.) 
 A fossil, the relic of an extinct molluscous ma- 
 rine animal ; vulgarly called thunderstone or 
 arrow-head. 
 
 Bel-esprit (bel'es-pr?'), n. ; pi. Beaux-esprits 
 (boz'es-pre'). [Fr.] A man of wit. 
 
 Bel' fry, n. [Fr. beffroi; 0. Kr. berfrey ; 0. Ger. 
 bercfrit, a movable tower, a watch-tower: from 
 tbe association of a bell with a tower the form 
 belfry was developed.] A tower for a bell. 
 
 Be'li-al, n. [Heb.] Worthlessness : — the devil. 
 
 Be-li'bel, v. a. [pp. belibelling, belibel'ed.] To 
 'traduce ; to libel. 
 
 to calumniate. 
 To slander 
 
 Be-lie', v. a. [pp. helving, belied.] 
 
 Be-lief (be-lef ), n. [0. E. bileafe, for A.-S. ge- 
 leafa, akin to Ger. glavbe, faith, to Lovf, and to 
 LrrF.] The act of believing; thing believed ; 
 creed; faith:— confidence. 
 
 Syn. — Truxt in opinion is called belief; in re- 
 ligious opinion or divine testimony, 'faith; in 
 pecuniary worth, credit; in moral probity, confi- 
 dence: — the articles of belief, creed- 
 
 Be-liev'a-ble, a. That may be believed. 
 
 Be-lieve' (be-leV), v. a. [See Belief ; 0. E. bi- 
 leven; A.-S. gelefan ; Goth, galaubjan; Ger. glau- 
 ben.] [pp. belif-ving, believed.] To exercise 
 belief in; to credit; to trust; to think true.— 
 2, v. n. To have belief; to think. 
 
 Be-liev'er, n. One who believes. 
 
 Be-like',' ad. Probably ; likely. [Antiq.] 
 
 Be-lit'tle, v. a. [pp. belittling, belittled.] To 
 make little ; to detract from ; to minimize. 
 
 Bell, n. [A.-S. belkm, to roar.] A hollow, sound- 
 ing vessel of metal : — a blossom : — a bubble. 
 
 Bel-la-don'na, n. [It. for " fair lady;" said to be 
 employed by ladies to enlarge the pupil of the 
 eye.] A poisonous plant; deadly nightshade. 
 
 Bell'-bird, n. A name common to several birds, 
 from their bell-like notes. 
 
 Belle (bel), v. [Fr.— See Beau.] A young lady 
 admired for beauty ; a gay young lady. 
 
 Belles-lettres (bel-let'tr) [bel-la'tur, W. J. F. K. ; 
 bel-let'tr, P. Ja. Sin. R. I. H. St. ; bel'let'tr, E. 
 C. Wb.], n. pi. [Fr. for "fine, or polite, letters."] 
 Polite literature, as rhetoric, poetry, criticism, 
 and philology ; classical authors. 
 
 Bel-let- ris'tic, a. Of or pertaining to belles-lettres. 
 
 Bell'-floly-er, n. A bell-shaped flower. 
 
 Bell'-found-er, n. One who casts bells. 
 
 Bell' -hang- er, *;. One who hangs bells. 
 
 Bel-li-cose', a. [L. bellicosus, warlike ; bellum, war.] 
 Warlike ; belligerent. 
 
 Bel-lifer-ent, a. [L. belligerare, belligeraniis, to 
 wage war; bellum, war, and gerere, to wage.] 
 Waging war; engaged in war.— 2, n. A party 
 carrying on war. 
 
 Bel'ling, n. [A.-S. bellan, to bellow.] The cry of 
 the deer. 
 
 Bell'man, n. A public crier: — a bell-ringer. 
 
 Bell-met'al (bel-met'tl), n. An alloy or mixture 
 of copper and tin, used for making bells. 
 
 Bel'low (bel'lo), v. n. [A.-S. bellan, bylgian, to bel- 
 low; 0. E. belwen.] [pp. bellowing," bellowed.] 
 To make a noise as a bull ; to cry aloud ; to roar. 
 — 2, n. A loud outcry ; a roar. 
 
 a roaring. 
 W. P. J. F. K. Sm. R. ; 
 
 Bellows. 
 
 Bel low-ing, n. Loud noise 
 
 Bel'lows (bel'lusj [beTlus, S. 
 bel'oz, JV. Ja. D. Co. St. 
 I.], n. sing. & pi. [Sw. balg, 
 Dan. badger, bellows ; A.- 
 S. bylig, a bag; blast-belg, 
 also bely, a bellows; akin 
 to Belly.] A machine for 
 blowing the fire. 
 
 Bel'lows-fish (bel'lus-), n. 
 (Ich.) A spiny-finned fish : 
 — called also trumpet-fish. 
 
 Bel'lu-Ine, a. [L. belhdnus, beastly ; bellua, a 
 beast.] Bestial ; beastly ; brutal. 
 
 Bell'-wetn-er, n. A sheep carrying a bell. 
 
 Bell'-wort "(-wiirt), n. [See Wort.] (Bot.) A 
 name common to various plants producing bell- 
 shaped flowers. 
 
 Belly, n. [A.-S. beelig, bielg, a bag, the belly; 
 O. E. bely.] That part of the body which con- 
 tains the entrails; abdomen: — a protuberance. — 
 2, v. n. [pp. bellying, bellied.] To swell out. 
 
 Bel'ly-ache, n. Pain in the bowels; colic. 
 
 Bel'ly-band, n. A girth for a horse. 
 
 Be-long', v. n. [Ger. & Dut. belanq, consequence, 
 concern ; belangen, to concern. J [pp. belonging, 
 belonged.] To be the property of; to appertain ; 
 to adhere ; to have relation ; to relate. 
 
 Be-long'ings, n. pi. What belongs to a person or 
 thing; 'property. 
 
 Be-16ved' (be-luvd').p. Loved; as, He was much 
 beloved.— 2, a. (be-luv'ed). Much loved; dear; as, 
 a beloved son. 
 
 Be-low', prep. [See Low.] Vnder in place, time, 
 or dignity ; inferior in excellence ; unworthy of, 
 — 2, ad. In a lower place ; on earth. 
 
 Belt, n. [A.-S. belt, L. balleus, belt.] That which 
 encompasses; a girdle; a cincture; a sash; 
 
 band : 
 
 [pp. belting, belted.] To 
 
 gird witb a belt ; to encircle. 
 Belt'ing, n. Belts collectively ; the system of belts 
 
 conveying power to the machinery of a factory. 
 Be-lu'ga, n. [Knss., from belo, white.] A species 
 
 'of whale, called white-fish .—a kind of sturgeon. 
 
 a, e, I, o, u, y, long ; a, e, i, 
 
 y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
BELVEDERE 
 
 99 
 
 BEREFT 
 
 Bel've-dere, n. [It., "fair view:" bello, beautiful, 
 and' vedere, to see, or a sight.] (Arch.) A pa- 
 vilion, gallery, or structure on the top of a house 
 or palace, or on an eminence. 
 
 Be-mask', v. a. [pp. bemasking, bemasked.] To 
 hide ; to conceal ; to mask. [in the mir3. 
 
 Be-mire', v. a. [pp. bemiring, bemired.] To drag 
 
 Be-moan', v. a. [pp. bemoaning, bemoaned.] To 
 lament ; to bewail. 
 
 Be-moan'ing, n. Lamentation. 
 
 Be-mock', v. a. [pp. bemocking, bemocked.] To 
 treat with mockery ; to mock. 
 
 Bench, n. [A.-S. bene; a variant of Bank.] A long 
 seat : — a tribunal of justice ; the court ; the body 
 of judges: — a natural terrace. 
 
 Bench'er, n. A senior member of a society gov- 
 erning the English inns of court. 
 
 Bench' -show, n. [From the bench or table on 
 which the animals are shown.] An exhibition 
 of dogs or other animals. [by a judge. 
 
 Bench- war' rant (-wor'rant), n. A warrant issued 
 
 Bend, v. a. '[A.-S. bendan; allied to Bind and 
 Band.] [i. bent or bended; pp. bending, bent 
 or bended.] To make crooked : — to direct to a 
 certain point; to incline; to bow. — i, v. n. To 
 be incurvated : — to yield. — 3, n. A curve; a 
 crook; a flexure; a bent: — bend-leather; a band. 
 
 Bend'-leath'er (-leth'er), n. [From bend, a band 
 or fillet, a word now chiefly heraldic ; Fr. bande ; 
 0. Fr. bende. Half a butt, or full hide, of sole- 
 leather is a side or bend.] Strong sole-leather. 
 
 Bend'er, n. A diunken spree; a carousal [Low] : 
 — a person or thing that bends. 
 
 Be-neath' [be-nC-th', H. I. St.], prep. [Be, loca- 
 tive, and A.-S. nidan, below ; Ger. nieden. — Cf. 
 Nether.] Lower in place, rank, excellence, or 
 dignity; under; unworthy of. — 2, ad. In a 
 lower place ; below. 
 
 Ben'e-dict, n. [L. benedictus, blessed ; from a char- 
 acter in Shakespeare's "Much Ado about Noth- 
 ing."] A cant term for a married man ; a newly- 
 married man. 
 
 Ben-e-dlc'tine, a. Belonging to St. Benedict. 
 
 Ben-e-dic'tion, n. [L. benedictio ; benedicere, to 
 bless; bene, well, and dicere, to speak.] An in- 
 vocation of happiness ; a blessing: — institution 
 of an abbot. 
 
 Ben-e-fac'tion, n. [L. bemfuctio; beneficere, to 
 benefit (q. v.).] Act of conferring a benefit; a 
 benefit conferred ; donation; gift. 
 
 Syn. — Benefactions to the poor; donations for 
 charity ; an unexpected gratuity; a free gift. 
 
 Ben-e-fac'tor, n. [L.] One who confers a benefit. 
 
 Ben-e-fac'tress, n. A female benefactor. 
 
 Ben'e-f Ice, ». [L. beneficium, a favor, bene, well, 
 and facere, to do. J An ecclesiastical living. 
 
 Ben'e-f Iced (ben'e-flst), a. Having a benefice. 
 
 Be-nef'i-cence, n. [L. beneficent in.] Active good- 
 ness ; a kind action ; kindness ; bounty ; charity. 
 
 Be-nef i-cent, a. [L. beneficus, comp. beneficentior.] 
 Bountiful; munificent; benevolent; kind; lib- 
 eral ; generous. 
 
 Ben-e-fi"cial (ben-g-fish'al), a. [L. beneficialis.] 
 Conferring benefits; advantageous; serviceable: 
 — entitled to benefits. 
 
 Ben-e-f I"cial-ly, ad. Advantageously. 
 
 Ben-e-fl"cia-ry. (ben-e-f Ish'ya-re), o. [L. bene- 
 ficiarius.] Holding something from another: — 
 pertaining to benefits, or to ""a benefice.— 2, n. 
 One who is possessed of a benefice: — a person 
 benefited : — a student assisted by charity. 
 
 Ben'e-f It, n. [L. be nef actum ; Fr. bienfait; 0. Fr. 
 ben/el; L. bene, well', and facere, to do.] An act 
 of kindness; good office; favor; akindness; ser- 
 vice: — advantage; account; avail; gain; profit. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. benefiting, benefited.] To do good 
 to ; to assist ; to help. — 3, v. n. To gain advantage. 
 Syn. — Princes confer benefits ami favors on 
 subjects; subjects perform services for rulers; 
 neighbors do acts of kindness to one another. 
 Advantage of situation ; gain or profit in trade. 
 
 Ben-e-fit-ee', n. One who receives, or is to re- 
 ceive/a benefit; a beneficiary. 
 
 Be-nev'o-lence, n. [L. benevolentia.] Disposition 
 to do 'good ; good-will ; kindness ; benignity ; 
 humanity : — an arbitrary tax. 
 
 Syn. — Benevolence is the desire of doing good ; 
 beneficence, actual goodness. The great should 
 manifest condescending benignity; Immunity ex- 
 tends to all ; kindness to friends and neighbors; 
 tenderness to the suffering. — See Philanthropy. 
 
 Be-nev'o-lent, a. [L. bene, well, and velle, volentis, 
 to wish.] Disposed to do good ; kind ; humane ; 
 benignant ; beneficent. 
 
 Ben-ga-lee', n. [Native, BangalL] A native of 
 Bengal : — the native language of Bengal. 
 
 Ben-ga.1' -light (beu-gawl'-litj, n. A vivid light 
 used in signalling and in pyrotechny. 
 
 Be-night' (be-nit'j, v. a. [Be, intensive, and night.] 
 [pp. benighting, benighted.] To involve in 
 dai kness. 
 
 Be-night'ed, p. a. Involved in mental or moral 
 darkness : — grossly ignorant. 
 
 Be-nign' (be-nin'), a. [L. beniynus, kind, gentle; 
 bene, well, and -genus, born.] Kind; gentle; 
 gracious; mild. 
 
 Be-nlg'nant, a. [A variant of benign, on type of 
 'maU'jna'ut.] Kind; gracious; good. 
 
 Be-nig'ni-ty., n. [L. benignita*. ] Goodness of 
 heart; benevolence; beneficence; graciousuess ; 
 kindness. 
 
 Be-nign'ly. (be-r.Tn'le), ad. Favorably. 
 
 Bgn'i-§on (ben'ne-zn), n. [0. E. beneysun, 0. Fr. 
 beneyzon, benediction.] Blessing: benediction. 
 
 Benitier (ba-ne-te-a), n. [Fr. benir, to bless; b&mt, 
 blessed.] The vessel used in Koman Catholic 
 churches for holy water. 
 
 Bent, i. & p. from bend.— 2, n. State of being 
 bent; flexure; declivity: — inclination; ten- 
 dency; purpose:— [Ger. biase ; A.-S. binet, beonet] 
 grass ; a stalk of grass. 
 
 Ben'tham-Ism, ». The system of Jeremy Ben- 
 tham'; utilitarianism. [Bentham. 
 
 Ben'tham-ite, n. One belonging to the school of 
 
 Be-numb' (be-nCim'), r. a. [A.-S. benomen, part, 
 from beniman, to deprive; cf. Numb, and Local 
 Eng. nim, to take ; Ger. nehmen, to take.] [jjp, 
 benumbing, benumbed.] To make torpid. 
 
 Ben'zlne, n. Same as Bevzoi.b. 
 
 Ben-zo'ic, a. (Client.) Relating to benzoin. 
 
 Ben-zbin', n. [Fr. benjoin ; It. benzol; Arab, luban 
 jaivi, olibanum of Java.] A resinous juice of a 
 tree in Sumatra, &c. : — called also gum-benjamin. 
 
 Ben'zole, n. [Benzoin and L. oleum, oil.] A fluid 
 commonly obtained from petroleum, and used 
 in varnishes, &c. 
 
 Ben'zo-llne, n. Same as Benzole. 
 
 Be-paint', v. a. [pp. bepainting, bepainted.] To 
 cover with paint. [mark with pinches. 
 
 Be-plnch', v. a. [pp. bepinching, bepinched.] To 
 
 Be-pow'der, *•. a. [pp. bepowdering, bepowdered.] 
 To dress out ; to powder. 
 
 Be-prai§e\ v. a. [pp. bepraising, bepraised.] To 
 praise greatly; to laud. 
 
 Be-queath', v. a. [A.-S. civedan, to say, whence 
 'quoth ; be here makes thp verb transitive.] [pp. 
 bequeathing, bequeathed.] To leave by will to 
 another; to devise :— written also bequeathe. 
 
 Be-quest', »*. Something left by will; legacy: — 
 the act of bequeathing. 
 
 Be-rate', ?'. o. [See Rate.] [pp. berating, berated.] 
 To revile ; to vilify ; to abuse. [berberry. 
 
 Ber'be-rlne, n. An alkaloid from the root of the 
 
 Be'r'ber-rx, h. A berry. See Barberry. 
 
 Bere, n. A species of barley. See Bear. 
 
 Be-reave', v. a. [A.-S. reafian, to plunder. — See 
 Reave and Rob.] [i. bereaved or bereft; pp. be- 
 reaving, bereaved or bereft.] To strip; to de- 
 prive of; to dispossess. 
 
 Be-reave'ment, n. The act of bereaving; state 
 of being bereaved ; deprivation ; loss. 
 
 Be-reft', i- & p. from bereave. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — g, Q, c, £, soft; p, $5, p, §, hard; § as z; ? as gz; this, 
 
BE RETT A 
 
 100 
 
 BETHINK 
 
 Be-ret'ta, n. Same as Biretta. 
 
 Berg, n.' [Ger. berg, a mountain.] An iceberg. 
 
 Ber'ga-mot, n. [Bergamo, a town of Italy.] A 
 sort 'of orange : — a variety ot pear :— a perfume : 
 a kind of mint. 
 
 Ber'gan-der, n. [0. E. berg, a burrow, and Gander ; 
 from its habits; but cf. Ger. bergente, mountain 
 duck ; berg, a moun- 
 tain, and ente, a 
 duck.] A species 
 of large duck ; shel- 
 drake. 
 
 Berg' gilt, 1 n. [Sw. 
 
 Ber'gilt, J berggalt ; 
 
 berg, a rock, and Berggilt. 
 
 gcdta, a swine.] A 
 
 sea-fish resembling the perch: — sea-perch. 
 
 Be-rhyme', v. a. [See Rhyme.] [pp. berhyming, 
 berhymed.] To form in rhyme; to rhyme. 
 
 Ber-lin', or Ber'lin [ber-lin', S. W. J. F. Ja. H. '; 
 ber'lin, P. K. Sm. P. Wb.], n. A kind of coach. 
 
 Ber-lin' -wool, )(-wul), n. A name common to 
 
 Ber'lin-wool J various kinds of dyed worsted 
 yarns used for knitting, &c. 
 
 Berme, or Berm, n. [Fr. berme; Norse barmr, a 
 border.] (Fo7-t.) A narrow level space along 
 the interior slope of a parapet. 
 
 Ber'ry, n. [Ger. beere; A.-S. berige; Dan. bur.] 
 Any small fruit containing seeds. 
 
 Ber'serk, or Ber'serk-er, n. [Icel. berserk, accu- 
 sative of berserker, probably at first meaning a 
 bear-sark, or bearskin coat.] A warrior charac- 
 terized by frenzied, reckless daring. 
 
 Berth, n. [0. E. barth, a shelter ; A.-S. beorgan, 
 to protect. — Cf. Board.] A station of a ship : — 
 a place or box to sleep in : — a station ; employ- 
 ment : — sea- room. 
 
 Berth' age, n. The occupation of a berth : — cost 
 of using a berth. [stone. 
 
 Ber'yl (ber'il), n. [Gr. firjpv\kos.] A precious 
 
 Be-seech', v. a. [A variant of Seek.] [i. besought ; 
 pp. beseeching, besought.] To entreat ; to im- 
 plore ; to supplicate. 
 
 Be-seem', v. a. [Be and seem.] [pp. beseeming, 
 beseemed.] To become ; to be fit for. 
 
 Be-set', v. a. [A.-S. besettan ; Goth, bisatjan. — 
 See Set.] [i. beset; pp. besetting, beset.] To 
 besiege ; to surround ; to waylay ; to embarrass ; 
 to fall upon. 
 
 Be-set'ment, n. The act of besetting, or state of 
 being beset; that which besets; embarrassment. 
 
 Be-set' ting, p. a. Habitually assailing. 
 
 Be-shrew' (be-shru'), v. a. [0. E. schreiven, to 
 curse; schrewe, shrewe,evi\, bad; literally, biting, 
 cutting. — Cf. Shred, Shrewd, Shrew.] [pp. 
 beshrewing. beshrewed.] To wish a curse to. 
 
 Be-side', prep. [See Side!"] At the side of: — over 
 and above ; distinct from ; other than. 
 
 Be-side', \ad. More than that; moreover; not 
 
 Be-sldes\ Jin this number; except; else. 
 
 Be-&i&e§' , prep. Aside from. 
 
 Be-siege' (be-sej'), v. a. [See Siege.] [pp. be- 
 sieging, be'sieged.] To invest with an armed 
 force ; to lay siege to. 
 
 Be-sieg'er, n. One who besieges. 
 
 Be-stque', \ (be-zek'), n. [Fr. besigue or besy.] A 
 
 Be-zique' J game at cards. 
 
 Be-slime', v. a. [See Sltme.] [pp. besliming, be- 
 slimed.] To soil ; to daub with slime. 
 
 Be-smear', v. a. [See Smear.] [pp. besmearing, 
 besmeared.] To bedaub; to soil; to smear. 
 
 Be-smirch', v. a. [See Smirch.] [pp. besmirching, 
 besmirched.] To soil ; to discolor ; to smirch. 
 
 Be-smut', v. a. [See Smut.] [pp. besmutting, 
 besmutted.] To soil with smoke or soot. 
 
 Be'som (be'zum), n. [A.-S. besema; Ger. besen.] 
 A broom made of twigs. — 2, v. a. . [pp. besom- 
 ing, besomed.] To sweep with, or as with, a 
 besom. [To infatuate ; to stupefy. 
 
 Be-sot', v. a. [See Sot.] [pp. besotting, besotted.] 
 
 Be-sot'ted, p. a. Stupid; sottish. 
 
 Be-sbught' (be-sawf), i. from beseech. 
 
 Be-span'gle, v. a. [See Spangle.] [pp. bespan- 
 gling, bespangled.] To adorn with spangles. 
 
 Be-spat'ter, v. a, [See Spatter.] [pp. bespatter- 
 ing, bespattered.] To soil by spattering. 
 
 Be-speak', v. a. [See Speak; be makes the verb 
 transitive.] [i. bespoke; pp. bespeaking, be- 
 spoken.] To order or speak for beforehand :— to 
 speak to ; to address : — to betoken ; to forebode ; 
 to show. 
 
 Be-spread' (be-spred'), v. a. [See Spread.] [L be- 
 spread ; pp. bespreading, bespread.] To spread 
 over. 
 
 Be-sprent', a. [Part, from 0. E. bespreng, to 
 sprinkle. — See Sprinkle.] Sprinkled over. 
 
 Bes'se-mer, a. [Named after the inventor.] Not- 
 ing 'a process for making steel by blowing air 
 through melted pig-iron. 
 
 Best, a. ; superl. of good. [0. E. betest, betst, the 
 regular superlative from better ; Ger. best; Dut. 
 best.] Most good ; that has good qualities in the 
 highest degree. — 2, ad. ; superl. of well. In the 
 highest degree of excellence or goodness. 
 
 Be-stain', v. a. [See Stain.] [pp. bestaining, 
 bestained.] To mark with stains. 
 
 Be-sted', \ v - a - L^ ee Stead.] [i. besteaded or 
 
 Be-stead',j bested (bestad) ; pp. besteading, be- 
 steaded or bested (bestad). J To profit ; to be 
 useful ; to place in circumstances good or ill. 
 
 Best'ial (best'yal) [bes'che-al, W. J. ; best'yal, E. 
 K. Sm. R. C. H. St. ; bes'te-al, P. Ja. I. ; bes'chal, 
 S.], a. [L. bestialis; bestia, a beast.] Belonging 
 to a beast ; beastly. 
 
 Eest-i-al'i-ty. (best-ye-al'e-te^, n. Quality of 
 beasts; beastliness: — an unnatural crime. 
 
 Best'ial-ize, v. a. [pp. bestializing, bestialized.] 
 To make like a beast. 
 
 Best'ial-ly. (best'yal-le), ad. Brutally. 
 
 Be-stick', v. a. [See Stick.] [i. bestuck ; pp. be- 
 sticking, bestuck.] To stick over with. 
 
 Be-sti'r', v. a. [See Stir.] [pp. bestirring, be- 
 stirred.] To put into vigorous action. 
 
 Be-stow' (be-sto'), v. a. [0. E. be, by, and stowen, 
 "to stow, to place. — See Stow.] [pp. bestowing, 
 bestowed.] To place ; to stow : — to give ; to con- 
 fer ; to grant. 
 
 Sgn. — Bestow charity; confer honors; grant 
 privileges ; give presents ; impart information. 
 
 Be-stow'al, \n. The act of bestowing; that 
 
 Be-stow'ment, ( which is bestowed ; a gift. 
 
 Be-strew' (be-stru' or be-stro') [be-strlV, S. J. H. 
 N. St. Ja. K. Sm. ; be-stro', W. E. F.], v. a. [A.-S. 
 bestreowian; Sw. bestr'd ; Dut. bestrooljen. — See 
 Strew.] [i. bestrewed; pp. bestrewing, be- 
 strewed, bestrewn or bestrown.] To sprinkle 
 over. 
 
 Be-stride', v. a. [See Stride.] [i. bestrode or be- 
 strid ; pp. bestriding, bestridden or bestrhl.] To 
 stride with the legs extended over; to step over; 
 to ride on astraddle. 
 
 Be-stud', v. a. [See Stud.] [pp. bestudding, be- 
 studded.] To adorn as with studs. 
 
 Bet, n. [From abet, in the sense of backing or 
 supporting; akin to Scot, wad, a pledge. — See 
 Wager.] A wager. — 2, v. a. [i. betted ; pp. bet- 
 ting, betted : — the i. and pp. often take collo- 
 quially the form bet] To lay, as a wager. 
 
 Be-take', v. reflex. [On model of take; but at 
 least in part derived from 0. E. beteach, to in- 
 trust, command, give, or teach. — Cf. Take.] 
 [i. betook; pp. betaking, betaken.] To apply; 
 to move ; to remove. 
 
 Be'tel (be'tl), n. [Tamil vettilei; Skr. viti.] An 
 Indian masticatory plant; the pan-leaf: — incor- 
 rectly, the areca-nut. 
 
 Beth'el, n. [Heb. for " house of God."] A chapel, 
 as for seamen. 
 
 Be-think', v. a. [See Think.] [i. bethought; 
 pp. bethinking, bethought.] To call to mind or 
 memory ; to remind. — 2, v. n. To consider ; to 
 think. [Antiq.] 
 
 a, e, I, 6, u, y, long; a, e, l, 5, fi, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, e, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
BETHUMP 
 
 101 
 
 BIBULOUS 
 
 Be-thump\ v. a. [See Thump.] [pp. bethump- 
 ing, bethumped.] To beat ; tu thump. 
 
 Be-tlde', v. a. [Be confers transitive power on the 
 Verb; A.-S. tiden, Norse tidha, to happen. — See 
 Tide.] [i. betid or betided ; pp. betiding, betid.] 
 To happen to ; to befall. — 2, v. n. To happen ; 
 to become. 
 
 Be-tlme', ad. Seasonably; betimes. 
 
 Be-time§', ad. Seasonably; soon; early. 
 
 Be-to'ken (be-to'kn), v. a. [A.-S. bitacnien, bitolc- 
 nen; Ger. bezeichnen. — See Token.] [pp. beto- 
 kening, betokened.] To foreshow by tokens or 
 signs ; to signify : to denote. 
 
 B€ton (ba-tdii), n. [Fr. ; 0. Fr. betun; L. bitumen.] 
 A kind of concrete or cement. 
 
 Bet'o-ny, n. [L. betonica, belonia, vettonica; named 
 from the Vettones, an old Spanish tribe.] A 
 plant; a vulnerary herb. 
 
 Be-took' (be-tuk'), i. from betake. 
 
 Be-tray', v. a. [0. E. betraieu; L. tradere, to be- 
 tray, from trans, over, across, and dare, to give.] 
 [pp. betraying, betrayed.] To give up or dis- 
 close treacherously: — to divulge, as a secret: — 
 to entrap. [being betrayed. 
 
 Be-tray'al, n. Act of betraying; treachery: — the 
 
 Be-tray'er, n. One who betrays. 
 
 Be-trim',' v. a. [See Trim.] [pp. betrimming, be- 
 trimmed.] To deck ; to dress ; to trim. 
 
 Be-troth', v. a. [A.-S. bitreudien; treowsian, to 
 pledge. — See Troth and Truth.] [pp. betroth- 
 ing, betrothed.] To contract to any one in order 
 to marriage ; to affiance ; to pledge. 
 
 Be-troth'al, n. Betrothment. 
 
 Be-troth'inent, n. The act of betrothing; an en- 
 gagement'relating to marriage. 
 
 Bet'ter, a. ; comp. of good. [A.-S. be/em; Ger. bes- 
 ser; Goth, batiza; akin to Boot, and to the local 
 beet, to amend. It has influenced beat in the 
 sense of to surpass.] Superior. — 2, ad. In a 
 higher degree ; rather.— 3, v. a. [pp. bettering, 
 bettered.] To improve; to meliorate.— 4, n. 
 Superiority ; a superior : — [see Bet] one who bets. 
 
 Bet'ter-ment, w. An improvement. 
 
 Bet' tor, n. One who bets or lays wagers. 
 
 Bet'ty, n. [Also called Jimmy and Jenny; origi- 
 nally thieves' slang.] An instrument to break 
 open doors. 
 
 Be-tween', prep. [A.-S. betweonum, belweon; the 
 last syllable is twain, two.] In the intermediate 
 space of; from one to another; betwixt. 
 
 Be-twixt', prep. [A variant of between; cf. 0. Fris. 
 tvcishi ; A.-S. betweox; Ger. zwischen.] In the 
 middle of; between. 
 
 Bev'el, n. [Fr. bevetm^ bureau, a carpenter's rule; 
 Sp. baivel, a mason's square.] An oblique angle 
 not a right angle or half a right angle :— a kind 
 of square movable on a centre :— used also as an 
 adjective.— 2, v. a. [pp. bevelling, bevelled.] To 
 cut to a bevel angle. 
 
 BeVel-ling, n. Act of cutting to a bevel. 
 
 Bev'er-age, n. [Fr. breuvage; 0. Fr. bevrage ; Tt. 
 beveraggio; from L. bibere, to drink.] Drink; 
 liquor to be drunk. 
 
 BeVy, n. [Supposed to have meant at first "a 
 drinking party ;" It. bem, 0. Fr. bevee, drink ; L. 
 bibere, to drink ; the Fr. and It. when used in 
 the sense of a " flock" are probably imitations 
 of the English.] A flock of birds :— a company. 
 
 Be-wail', v. a. [Be, as a sign of the transitive 
 verb, and wail.] [pp. bewailing, bewailed.] To 
 weep for; to bemoan.— 2, v. n. To express grief; 
 to weep. 
 
 Be-wail'a-ble, a. That may be lamented. 
 
 Be-wail'ing, n. Lamentation. 
 
 Be-ware', v. a. for. ». [A.-S. ivser, cautious, wary; 
 warian, to guard.] To regard with caution.— 
 [A verb defective, and not conjugated.] 
 
 Be-wil'der, v. a. [See Wilder and Wild.] [pp. 
 bewildering, bewildered.] To perplex; to en- 
 tangle. 
 
 Be-wil'der-raent, n. Perplexity. 
 
 Be-witch', v. a. [See Witch.] [pp. bewitching, 
 bewitched.] To charm; to fascinate. 
 
 Be-witcb/e-ry, j Fascination ; enchantment. 
 
 Be-witch'ment, J ' 
 
 Be-witch'ing, a. Fascinating; enchanting. 
 
 Be-witch'jng-ly, ad. In an alluring manner. 
 
 Be-wray' (be-ra/), v. a. [0. E. bewreien ; A.-S. 
 'uregan, to accuse; cf. Ger. rage, censure.] [pp. 
 bewraying, bewrayed.] To betray ; to expose. 
 
 Bey (ba), n. [Turk, bey and beg, governor.] Gov- 
 ernor of a Turkish province. 
 
 Bey'lick (ba'lik), n. [Turk, beylik or beglih] A 
 province governed by a bey. 
 
 Be-yond', prep. [A.-S. bigeondan; gennd, across; 
 'Goth, jaind, yonder. — See Yon.] On the farther 
 side of; farther onward than; before; above; 
 past. — 2, ad. At a distance ; yonder. 
 
 Be-zant', n. See Byzant. 
 
 Bez'el [bez'el, P. K. G TIT). I. St. ; bez'zl, Sm. ; 
 be'zel, «/«.], n. [Sp. bitel; Fr. biseau.] That 
 part of a ring in which the stone is fixed. 
 
 Be-zique', n. See Besique. 
 
 Bl'zoar (be'zor) [be-zo'ar, 27*.], n. [Arab, bazahr ; 
 Per. pad-zuhr, antidote ; pud, expelling, zahr, 
 poison.] A calculous concretion once consid- 
 ered an antidote to poisons. 
 
 Bhang, n. [Per. bang ; Skr. bhanga, hemp.] In- 
 dian hemp: — hasheesh. 
 
 Bi. A prefix from the Latin signifying twice, or 
 double. 
 
 Bl'as, n. [Port. & Fr. Mais; It. sbiesco, askew; 
 locally, sbias, bimcin, possibly from Late L. bifax, 
 two-faced.] Weight on one side of a bowl: — 
 partiality ; bent ; prepossession ; inclination. — 
 2, c. a. [pp. Massing or biasing, biassed or bi- 
 ased.] To cause to incline to one side ; to influ- 
 ence ; to prejudice. — 3, a. One-sided; oblique. 
 — <t, ad. Obliquely. 
 
 Bi-ax'i-al, or Bi-ax'ile, a. [Bi, and Axial.] Hav- 
 ing two axes. 
 
 Bib, n. [L. bibere, to drink.] A piece of linen put 
 on a child's breast. 
 
 Bl-ba'cious (-shus), a. [L. bibax. bibacis; bibere, 
 to drink'.] Addicted to drinking. 
 
 Bib'ber, n. A tippler; a toper; a sot. 
 
 Bl'ble* (bi'bl), n. [Late L. Mblia; (Jr. ra ^ifiMa, 
 the books.] The bonl.\ by way of eminence ; the 
 volume of the sacred Scriptures. 
 
 Bib'li-cal, a. [Late L. biblicus. — See Bible.] Ec- 
 lating to the Bible. 
 
 Bib-li-og'ra-pher, ». One versed in bibliography. 
 
 Bib-li-o-graph'ic, ) a. Relating to bibliogra- 
 
 Bib-li-o-graph'i-cal, ) phy. 
 
 Bib-li-og'ra-phy, n. [Gr. /3t3Aiovpa^)ia ,• /StjSXt'oi', 
 a book, and 7'pa^eti/, to write.] The science, 
 knowledge, and history of books. 
 
 Bib-li-ol'a-ter. n. A worshipper of a book:— a 
 worshipper' of the Bible, especially of its letter. 
 
 BIb-li-ol'a-try, n. [Gr. ^t^At'o^', a book, and 
 Xarpeia.' worship.] Worship of a book : — exces- 
 sive reverence for the letter of Scripture. 
 
 Bib-li-ol'o-gy, n. [Or. /SijSaiW, a book, and Adyo?, 
 a treatise.] Biblical literature; a treatise on 
 books; bibliography. 
 
 Bib'li-o-man-cy, ». [Gr. )3t/3Atoi', a book, and 
 ixavreia, divination.] Divination by a book. 
 
 Bib-li-o-ma'ni-a. n. [L. : Gr. (Si/SAior, a book, 
 and jxai'ia, madness.] The rage for possessing 
 curious books ; book-madness. [books. 
 
 Bib-li-o-ma'ni-ac, n. One who has a rage for 
 
 Bib-li-o-ma-ni'a-cal, a. Relating to bibliomania. 
 
 Bib'li-o-phile, v. [Gr. 0i/3A<.'ov, a book, and <f>i\os, 
 a friend.] A lover of books. 
 
 Blb'li-o-pole, n. [Gr. fiifZ\ioTTu>\r]<; : nJj\r)<;, a 
 seller; 7ru>Ae'ei.v, to sell.] A bookseller; a bibli- 
 opolist. 
 
 Bib-li-op'o-list, n. A bookseller. 
 
 Bib-li-o-the'ca, n. [L. ; Gr. 0(./3Aio0tjkt? ,• Or/K-q, a 
 repository.] 'An apartment for books ; a library. 
 
 Bib'u-lous, a. [L. bibulm ; bibere, to drink.] Ab- 
 sorbing; spongy : — intemperate. 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q, Q, c, £, soft; p, p, p, §, luird; s as z ; ? as gz ; this. 
 
 9* 
 
BICAMEKAL 
 
 102 
 
 BILK 
 
 Bl-cam'e-ral, a. [Bi, and L. camera, a ch amber.] 
 Consisting of two chambers or houses of legis- 
 lature, [capsules. 
 
 Bi-cap'su-lar, a. [See Capsule.] Having two 
 
 Bi-car'bo-nate, n. [See Carbonate.] A salt hav- 
 ing two equivalents of carbonic acid to one of 
 the base. 
 
 Bice, n. [Fr. bis, dark-gray ; It. bigio ; originally 
 it seems to have been L. bis, twice, used adjec- 
 tively and pejoratively, noting a second-rate sub- 
 stance.] A green or light blue pigment. 
 
 BI-ceph'a-lous, a. [Bi, and Gr. /cec/xiAij, a head.] 
 Having two heads. 
 
 Bi'ceps, a. [L., "two-headed;" bi, and caput, a 
 head.] Having two heads :— applied to muscles. 
 
 Bi-chro'mate, w. [See Chrome and Chromate.] 
 A salt having two equivalents of chromic acid 
 to one of the base. 
 
 BT-cip'i-tal, \ a. [L. biceps, bicipitis. — See Bi- 
 
 Bi-cip'i-tous, J ceps.] Having two heads or two 
 origins. 
 
 Bick'er, v. n. [A.-S. biker, a strife ; bikeren, to 
 strive ; a frequentative form, perhaps akin to 
 Pick or Beak.] [pp. bickering, bickered,] To 
 dispute; to quiver: — to ripple: — to run with 
 short, rapid steps ; to sound as if running with 
 rapid steps ; to prattle. 
 
 Bick'er-ing, n. A quarrel ; a skirmish. 
 
 Bi-con'cave, a. [See Concave.] Concave in two 
 aspects ; doubly concave. 
 
 Bi-con'vex, a. [See Convex.] Convex on both 
 sides, as a lens. 
 
 Bi-corn'ous, or Bi-cb'rn'ute, a. [L. bicornis, two- 
 horned ; comu, a horn; cornutus, horned.] Hav- 
 ing two horns. 
 
 Bi-cus'pid, a. [See Cusp.] (Anat.) Having two 
 cusps. — 2, n. A premolar tooth in man. 
 
 Bi'cy.-cle, or Bi'cy-cle, n. [Bi, and Gr. kvkXos, a 
 wheel.] A velocipede with two 
 wheels running in the same 
 track. 
 
 Bi'cy-cling. or Bi'cy-cling, n. 
 The act or art of riding on a 
 bicycle. 
 
 Bi'cy-clist, or Bi'cy-clist, w. 
 One expert in the use of a bi- 
 cycle. 
 
 Bid, r. a. [A.-S. beodan, beden, to offer, to com- 
 mand ; biddan, to ask, to beg, to require.] 
 [i. bade or bid ; pp. bidding, bidden or bid.] To 
 order; to command: — to propose; to offer: — to 
 desire ; to invite ; to call. — 2, n. An offer to give 
 a certain price. 
 
 Bid'da-ble, a. Docile; obedient. 
 
 Bid'den (bid'dn), p. from bid. Commanded. 
 
 Bid'der, n. One who bids or offers a price. 
 
 Bid'ding, n. Command: — offer of price. 
 
 Bide, v. a. [A.-S. bidan; Vut.biten; local Ger. 
 beiten.) [i. bode; pp. biding, bode.] To endure; 
 to suffer ; to wait for. — 2, v. n. To dwell ; to re- 
 main ; to abide. 
 
 Bi-den'tal, or Bi-den'tate, a. [L. bidental; bi, 
 and dens, dentis, a tooth.] Having two teeth. 
 
 Bi-det', n. [Fr. ; 0. Fr. bider, to trot.] A little 
 horse; a chamber bathing-vessel. 
 
 Bi-en'ni-al, a. [L. biennis; bi, two, and annus, a 
 year.]' Continuing two years; occurring once 
 in two years. 
 
 Bi-en'ni-al-ly, ad. Once in two years. 
 
 Bier, n. [A.-S. bier, ber ; Fr. Mere; root of bear, 
 to carry.] A frame for conveying the dead. 
 
 Biest'ings, n. pi. [Ger. biest; Dut. biest; Fris. 
 bjiisL] The first milk of a cow after calving; 
 colostrum. double. 
 
 Bi-fa/ri-oiis. a. [L. bifarivs, double.] Twofold; 
 
 Bi'f id,' a. [L. bifidus; bi, twice, and findere, fidi, 
 to split.] Cleft in two ; having two parts. 
 
 Bif'i-lar, a. [Bi, and L. filum, a thread.] Having 
 two threads. 
 
 Bi-no'rous. a. [Bi, and L. flos, floris, a flower.] 
 (Bot.) Having two flowers. 
 
 Bicycle. 
 
 Bi-fo'li-ate, a. [L. bi, and folium, a leaf.] (Bot.) 
 Having two leaves. 
 
 Bi' forked (bi'fbrkt), a. Having two prongs ; two- 
 forked ; bifurcate. [a double form. 
 
 Bi'form, a. [L. biformis; forma, form.] Having 
 
 Bi-fiir'cate, v. n. ' [pp. bifurcating, bifurcated.] 
 To divide into two prongs or branches ; to branch 
 into two ; to fork. 
 
 Bi-fiir'cate, a. [L. bifurcus ; Late L. bifurcatus; 
 furca, a fork.] Having two prongs or forks. 
 
 Bi-fur-ca'tion, n. Division into two branches. 
 
 Big, a. [Possibly connected with Scot. & Local 
 Eng. big, biggen, to build, to dwell in ; obs. bighj, 
 habitable, commodious.] Bulky; great; large; 
 huge. ^ [barley. 
 
 Big, or Bigg, n. [Dan. byg.~\ A kind of winter 
 
 Big'a-mist, n. One guilty of bigamy. 
 
 Big'a-my, n. [Bi, and Gr. ydfxos, marriage.] The 
 crime of having two wives, or husbands, at once. 
 
 Bi-gem'i-nate, a. [Bi, and L. gemina&us, doubled ; 
 geminus, a twin.] {Bot.) Doubly two-forked. 
 
 Big'gin. n. [Fr. beguin, a child's cap; named 
 from the sisterhood of Beguines.] A child's cap : 
 — [a variant of jnggin; but there is good au- 
 thority for the statement that the name "big- 
 gin," formerly applied to a form of coffee-pot, 
 was really the name of its inventor] a can, or 
 small wooden vessel : — a piggin. 
 
 Big'-hb'rn, n. A large wild sheep found in the 
 western mountains of North America. 
 
 Bight (bit), n. [Ger. bucht, a bay ; akin to Bow.] 
 A small bay or inlet of the sea :— a bend or coil 
 of a rope when folded. 
 
 Big'ot, n. [Fr. bigot; It. bigotto, from bigio, gray; 
 gray was a color much affected by strict religion- 
 ists; many other derivations have been sug- 
 gested.] One unreasonably devoted to some 
 party, opinion, or practice ; a blind zealot. 
 
 Big'ot-ed, a. Full of bigotry ; prejudiced. 
 
 Big'ot-ry, n. Blind zeal; great prejudice. 
 
 Bijou (bg'zho'), n. [Fr. ; Cymric, bizon, bisou, a 
 finger-ring; bis, a finger.] A jewel; a trinket. 
 
 Bijoutry (be-zhf/tre), a. [Fr. Mjouterie.] Manu- 
 facture and trade in jewels; jewelry. 
 
 Bi-ju'gate, \ a. [L. bijugus; bi, twice, and jnga- 
 
 Bi-jii'gous. j tus, yoked ; jugum, a yoke.] Having 
 two pairs of leaflets. 
 
 Bi-la'bi-ate, a. [L. bi, two, and labia, a lip.] 
 Having two lips. 
 
 Bil'an-der, n. [Dut. bijlander, a coaster; bij, by, 
 and land, land.] A Dutch boat or vessel. 
 
 Bi-lat'er-al, a. [See Bi and Latlral.J Having 
 two sides. 
 
 Bil'ber-ry, n. [Dan. bollebser; perhaps bell-berry, 
 from the bell-shaped flowers ; bscr, a berry.] A 
 small shrub and its fruit. 
 
 Bil'bo, n. ; pi. Bil'boe§. [From Bilboa, now Bil- 
 bao, in Spain.] A rapier; a sword. 
 
 Bil'boes. (bil'boz), v. pA. A sort of stocks for the 
 feet, used for punishing offenders at sea. 
 
 Bile, n. [L. bilis, etymologically akin to Yf.li.ow.] 
 A yellow or greenish fluid secreted in the liver 
 and collected in the gall-bladder. 
 
 Bilge, k. [A variant of bulge.] The broadest part 
 of a ship's bottom : — the protuberance of a cask : 
 — called also bulge. — 2, v. v. [pp. bilging, 
 bilged.] To spring a leak; to let in water. 
 
 Bilge'-wa-ter, n. "Water lying in the bilge. 
 
 ET1 ia-ry (bil'ya-re), «. Belonging to the bile. 
 
 Bi-lin'gual, a. [L. bUmguis; lingua, a tongue.] 
 Having two languages. 
 
 Bi-lin'guous, a. Having two tongues ; speaking 
 two tongues; bilingual. 
 
 Bil'ious (bil'yus). a. [L. biliosus ; bilis, Vie.] Par- 
 taking of bile. [bilious. 
 
 Bil'ious-ness (bn'yus-nes), n. The state of 1 eing 
 
 Bi-lit'er-al, a. [L." bi, two, and litera, a letter.] 
 Consisting of two letters. — 2, n. A word, syl- 
 lable, or root of two letters. 
 
 Bilk, v. a. [Probably a variant of ball:] [pp. 
 bilking, bilked.] To deceive; to defraud. 
 
 a, e, I, 6, u, y, long ; a, e, i, o, ii, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
BILL 
 
 103 
 
 BIED'S-EYE 
 
 Bill, n. [A.-S. bile.] Beak of a fowl:— [A.- S. 
 bil, a sword ; Ger. bill?, a pickaxe] a pickaxe ; a 
 battle-axe : — [Law Fr. bille ; Law L. billa, a 
 variant of bulla, a seal] a written paper: — an 
 account of money: — a statement of goods pur- 
 chased. — {Law.) A declaiation in writing, ex- 
 pressing grievance or wrong:- a proposed law 
 or act. — Bill of exchange, a note ordering the 
 payment of a sum of money.— EM of hiding, a 
 written statement of goods shipped. — 2, v. n. 
 [pp. billing, billed.] To caress by joining bills. 
 — 3, v. a. To make a bill of. [of bills. 
 
 Bill'-bro-ker, n. One who negotiates the discount 
 
 Bil'let, n. '[Dim. of bill.] A note; a letter: — a 
 ticket directing soldiers where to lodge: — [Kr. 
 billette, dim. of bille, a tree-trunk, a stick] a log 
 of wood.— 2, v. a. [pp. billeting, billeted.] To 
 place or quarter, as soldiers. 
 
 Bil'let-doux' (hil'la-dC), n. ; pi. Bil'lets-doux' 
 (bii'la-doz'). [Fr. for "sweet note."] A love- 
 letter, [small hatchet or curve-edged axe. 
 
 Bill' -hook (-huk), n. [Bill, an axe, and hook.] A 
 
 Bill'iards (bll'yardz), n. pi. [Fr. biilard, a cue; 
 dim. of bille, a stick.] A game played with balls 
 and maces, or cues, on a table. 
 
 Bil'lings-gate, n. [The name of a former gate of 
 London, and of a fish-market there, om e famed 
 for foul language.] Eibaldry ; foul language. 
 
 Bill'ion (bil'yun), ». [Fr.. lrom bi, noting the 
 second power) and million.] A thousand millions ; 
 originally a million millions (used chiefly in this 
 sense in England). [or battie-axe. 
 
 Bill'man, ». ; pi. Bill'men. One who uses a bill, 
 
 Bil'lon' (or be-yon), n. [Fr. for "base metal;" 
 augmentative form of bille, a mass.] An alloy 
 of copper and silver. 
 
 Bil'low (bil'lo), n. [Norse, bylgja; Dan. bolge ; 
 akin to Bei.l and Bulge.] A wave swollen by 
 the wind ; surge ; a breaker. 
 
 Bil'low-y. (bil'lo-e), a. Swelling ; turgid. < 
 
 Bil'ly, n.' [Originally thieves' slang: cf. Betty, 
 Jimmy, and Jack.] A policeman's club. 
 
 Bi-ma'nous, a. [L. bi, two, and manus, a baud.] 
 Having two hands; bimane. 
 
 Bi-me-tal'lic, a. [Bi and metallic.] Of or re- 
 lating to, "or consisting of, two metals: — noting 
 a currency in which coins of gold and silver are 
 legal tenders. 
 
 Bi-met'al-lism, ». The concurrent use of two 
 metals for the standard coin of a country. 
 
 Bi-met'al-list, ». One who favors a bimetallic 
 currency. [(less correctly) semi-monthly. 
 
 Bi-month'ly, a. Occurring every two months; 
 
 Bin, a. [A.-S. biun; Late L. benna, a basket; 
 Welsh, ben; It. henna, a cart; cf. Dan. bing, a 
 bin; Scot, bing, a heap.] A repository for corn, 
 bread, or wine. [double. 
 
 Bi'na-ry, a. [L. binurius ; bird, two.] Two; dual; 
 
 Bi'nate, a. [L. bird, two.] {Bot.) Growing in pairs. 
 
 Bind, v. a. [A.-S. hindan ; Ger. binden ; Skr. 
 bandh.] [i. bound; pp. binding, bound.] To 
 confine with cords ; to fasten to ; to tie together: 
 — to cover; to oblige by contract, oath, or kind- 
 ness ; to engage:— to pinch. — 2, v. n. To con- 
 tract its own parts together. — 3, n. A hop-stem 
 bound to a pole :— a ligature: — clay slate. 
 
 Syn. — Bind the hands of a criminal ; tie him to 
 the stake; fasten with a cord. — Bind is more co- 
 ercive than oblige; oblige than engage.— We are 
 bound by an oath; obliged by circumstances; en- 
 gaged by promises. 
 
 Blnd'er, >i. One who binds:— a fillet. 
 
 Blnd'er-y, n. A place where books are bound. 
 
 Bind'ing, n. A bandage: — cover of a book. — 
 2, p. a. Compelling; obligatory. [plants. 
 
 Bind'-weed, n. The name of various twining 
 
 Bine. w. [A form of bind, influenced by vine.] A 
 slender stem of a plant. 
 
 Bin'na-cle, n. [Corrupted from Obs. E. bittacle ; 
 Fr. habitude; L. habituculum ; habitare, to dwell, j 
 The compass-box of a ship. 
 
 Bin'o-cle, n. [Fr. ; L. bini, two, and oculi, eyes.] 
 A magnifying glass with two tubes. 
 
 Bi-noc'ii-lar, u. Having or using two eyes. 
 
 Bl-no'mi-al, a. [L. binominis, later binomius, 
 having two names ; bini, two, and nome.n, a 
 name.] {Alg.) Noting a root composed of only 
 two terms, connected by jdus or minus; — noting 
 the nomenclature in which each object has two 
 names, the generic and the specific. 
 
 Bin'tu-rong, n. [Malay, binturung.] An Asiatic 
 nocturnal quadruped. 
 
 BI-o-£-en'e-sis, v- [Gr. jSi'os, life, and yereo-i?, 
 birth.] The origin of life from life by parent- 
 age ; the doctrine that living matter arises from 
 living matter. 
 
 Bi-o-|re-ne't'ic, a. Of or pertaining to biogenesis. 
 
 Bi-o|-'e-nist.H. One who holds the doctrine or 
 theory of biogenesis. 
 
 Bi-og'ra-pher, n. A writer of biography. 
 
 Bi-o-graph'ic, \ a. Relating to biography, or 
 
 Bi-o-graph'i-cal, J the life of a person. 
 
 Bi-og'ra-phy, n. [Late Gr. /Sioypa^ta ; Gr. jSt'os, 
 life, and ypd^eiv, to write.] A history of a per- 
 son's life: — that branch of zoology which de- 
 scribes the life and habits of animais. 
 
 Bi-o-lo&'ic, 
 
 Bi-o-log'i-cal, 
 
 Of or pertaining to biology. 
 
 BI-61'o-£ist, n. One versed in the science of biol- 
 ogy ; a student of biology. 
 
 Bi-ol'o-§-y, n. [Gr. jSios, life, and Aoyos, dis- 
 course.] The science of life: — inquiry relating 
 to the average duration of human life : — the sci- 
 ence of living organisms, whether animal or 
 vegetable, comprising zoology and botany. 
 
 Bi-o-lyt'ic, a. [Gr. jSios, life, and Kveiv, to dis- 
 solve.] " (Med.) Relating to the destruction of 
 vitality ; destroying or impairing life. 
 
 Bl'o-plasm, n. [Gr. |3ioj, life, and -Aacr/ua, 
 moulded material: irkao-o-eiv, t> mould.] The 
 living or germinal self-propagating matter of 
 living beings ; living unaltered protoplasm; the 
 physical basis of life. 
 
 Bi'o-tax-y, n. [Gr. 0i'o?, life, and rd^is, arrange- 
 ment.] Systematic classification of animals and 
 plants; taxonomy of organisms. 
 
 Bl'o-tlte, n. [From Biot, a French savant.] Mag- 
 nesian or hexagonal mica. 
 
 Bip'a-rous, «. [Bi, and L. parere, to produce.] 
 Bringing forth two at a birth. 
 
 Bip'ar-tite, a. [L. biparHtue; partire, to part. — 
 See Part.] Having two correspondent parts. 
 
 Bi-par-ti"tion, n. The act of dividing into two. 
 
 Bl'ped, n. [L. bipes, bipedis ; pes, a foot.] An ani- 
 mal with two feet. 
 
 Bip'e-dal. «. [L. bipedaUs. — See Biped.] Two 
 feet in length: — having two feet. 
 
 Bi-pen'nate, la. [Bi,. and L. pennatns, winged ; 
 
 Bi-pen'nat-ed, ) penna, a wing.] Having two 
 wings: — doubly pennate. 
 
 Bi-pet'a-lous, a. [Bi and petal] Having two 
 flower-leaves. [pinnate. 
 
 Bl-pin'nate.a. [Bi, and L. pinna, a wing.] Doubly 
 
 Bi-quad'rate (bl-kwod'rat), n. [Bi, and L. quad- 
 rat us, squared.] (Alg.) The square of a square, 
 or the fourth power. 
 
 Bl-quad-rat'ic, «. Relating to the fourth power. 
 
 Birch, n. [A.-S. berk, birce. — See Birk.] A well- 
 known tree of several species. 
 
 Bir'chen (b'ir'chn), a. 3Iade of birch. 
 
 Bird, n. [A.-S. brid, bird, a young bird: perhaps 
 akin to Breed. Brood.] A* leathered animal. 
 
 Bird'lime, v. [Bird, and L. limus, slime. — See 
 Lime.] A glutinous substance by which the 
 feet of small birds are entangled. 
 
 Bird'ling, ». [Ling is a diminutive suffix.] A 
 small or young bird. 
 
 Bird-of-Par'a-dise, ». A beautiful Papuan bird: 
 
 Bird's'-eye (birdz'i), v. A plant; a primrose. — 
 2, a. Noting a view of an object or place as seen 
 from above, as by a bird:— marked with spots 
 like birds' eves. 
 
 mien, sir; move, nor, son; bull, bur, rule, use.— g, 9, c, g\ soft; p, ja, $, §, hard ; § 
 
 ? as gz ; this. 
 
BIKD'S-NEST 
 
 104 
 
 BLACK-BOAED 
 
 Bird's/ -nest, n. The place where birds deposit 
 their eggs and hatch their young : — a kind of 
 apple custard. 
 
 Bi'reme, n. [L. biremis ; bi, and remus, an oar.] 
 A vessel with two benches or banks of oars. 
 
 Bi-ret'ta, \n. [It. beretta; Sp. birreta; doubtfully 
 
 Bir-ret'ta, J referred to L. birrus, a cape, and 
 "thence to Gr. nvppo*;, flame-colored; nvp, fire.] 
 A name for various kinds of cap ; a clerical cap. 
 
 Bir'gan-der, n. [See Bkrgaxder.] A sort of wild 
 goose. ' [birch. 
 
 Birk, n. [A.-S. berk; Sw. bjork; Ger. birke.] The 
 
 Bi'rth, n. [A.-S. byrth, beorth; Ger. geburt; A.-S. 
 beran, to bear.] The act of coming into life: — 
 extraction ; rank by descent ; lineage. 
 
 Birth'day, n. The day on which any one is born ; 
 the anniversary of one's birth. [mark. 
 
 Birth'-mark, n. A congenital mark; a family 
 
 Birth/place, n. The place where one is born. 
 
 Birth'right (birth'rlt), n. The right or privilege 
 to which a person is born. 
 
 Birth'-root, n. A name given to various plants 
 reputed to be useful in parturition. 
 
 Bis'cuit (blsTvit), n. [Fr. ; It. biscotto ; L. bis, 
 twice, and coclus, baked, cooked.] A kind of 
 hard, dry bread :— unglazed porcelain. 
 
 Bise (bez), n. [Fr.] A cold north-west wind on 
 the Mediterranean ; the mistral. 
 
 Bi-sect', v. a. [L. bi, two, and secure, section, to 
 cut.] [pp. bisecting, bisected.] To divide into 
 two equal parts. 
 
 Bi-sec'tion, n. A division into two equal parts. 
 
 Bi-seg'ment, n. [Bi, and segment.] One of the 
 parts of' a line divided into two equal parts. 
 
 Bi-sex'u-al, a. [Bi, and sexual.] Having two 
 sexes. 
 
 Bish'op, n. [Gr. inio-Konos, overseer; ewi, on, 
 and (tkottos, looker. — Cf. Ger. bischof, Sp. obispo, 
 It. vescovo, Fr. tv'que.] One of the highest order 
 of clergy, who has the charge of a diocese :— a 
 piece in the game of chess. —2, v. a. [pp. bish- 
 oping, bishoped.] To confirm :— to cheat. 
 
 Bish'op-ric, n. The jurisdiction and spiritual 
 charge of a bishop ; a diocese. 
 
 Bis/muth, ». [Ger. uismuth, bismuth; not im- 
 probably from the root of tceiss, white : its white 
 compounds were once used as cosmetics.] A 
 reddish-white brittle metal. 
 
 El'son, or Bis'on [bl'sun, K. 
 B.'l. N.; biz'on, Jo. Sm. ; 
 bi'zn, H. ; bi'zun, St. C. 
 0.], n. [L. bison; Gr. 0i- 
 <Totv ; Ger. wesent.] A kind 
 of wild ox (in the United 
 States called the buffalo). 
 
 Bisque (bisk), n. [Fr.— See 
 
 Biscuit.] A kind of por- Bison, 
 
 celain: — a kind of soup. 
 
 Bis-sex'tile, n. [L. bissextilis, pertaining to the 
 bissextus or intercalary day ; bis, twice or double, 
 and sextus, sixth : the old intercalary day was 
 the sixth before the calends of March.] Leap 
 year; every fourth year, which has 366 days 
 and in which February has 29 days. 
 
 Bis' tort. n. [L. bistorta ; bis, twice, torta, tw : sted 
 from the twisted roots.] An astringent plant. 
 
 Bis'tour-y, n. [Fr. bistouri; probably from Pisto 
 rium, now Pistoja, in Italy.] A surgical instru 
 ment, or knife. 
 
 Bis'tre (bis'ter), n. [Fr.] A brown pigment. 
 
 Bit, n. [From Bite.] The iron appurtenances or 
 mouth-piece of a bridle :— a small piece ; a mor- 
 sel: — a small silver coin :— a tool for boring. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. bitting, bitted.] To put the bridle 
 upon a horse. 
 
 Bitch, n. [A.-S. bicce; Norse, bikkya; Yr.biche; 
 ' Ger. belze; Lap. pittja.] The female dog. 
 
 Bite, v. a. [A.-S. bitan; found in all Teutonic 
 languages; cf. Skr. bhid, to divide.] [i. bit; pp. 
 biting, bitten or bit.] To crush with the teeth; 
 to cut; to wound: — to treat harshly: — to give 
 
 pain by cold : — to cheat ; to trick. — 2, n. Act of 
 biting ; seizure by the teeth :— a mouthful : — the 
 act of a fish that takes the bait: — a cheat; a 
 trick : — a sharper. 
 
 Bit'ing, p. a. Sharp; caustic; sarcastic. 
 
 Bit' stock, n. A brace for a carpenters bit. 
 
 Bitten (bit'tn), p. a. See Bite. 
 
 Bit'ter, a. [A.-S. biter; Norse, bitr ; root of bite.] 
 Having an austere taste : — sharp ; cruel ; painful ; 
 afflicting : — reproachful. 
 
 Bit'ter-ly, ad. In a bitter manner; sharply. 
 
 Bit' tern, '». [0. E. botor ; 
 0. Fr. butor; L. blithe, to 
 cry like a bittern.] A bird 
 of the heron kind: — [for 
 bittering] a bitter liquid 
 which drains off in making 
 salt: — a substance used to 
 adulterate beer. 
 
 Bit'ter-ness, n. A bitter 
 
 taste :— distress :— malice. muern. 
 
 Bit'ter§. n. pi. A liquor containing an infusion 
 of bitter herbs or roots. 
 
 Bit'ter-sweet, v. A medicinal plant. 
 
 Bitts! n. pi. [Fr. bitte, It. bitta, 0. E. bceting, a 
 cable; probably from root of bite.] (Xuut.) Two 
 strong pieces of timber, on which the cables are 
 fastened when the ship rides at anchor. 
 
 Bi-tu'men [bi-tu'men, T(". Jo. K. Sm. I. St. E. ; bit- 
 u'men," H. ;' bi-tu'men, S. J. F.], n. [L. ; allied 
 to pitch, and to Gr. ttltv;, pine.] An inflam- 
 mable mineral substance of several varieties; a 
 mineral pitch ; asphaltum ; asphalt. 
 
 Bi-tu'min-ize, v. a. [pp. bituminizing, bitumin- 
 ized.] " To combine with bitumen. 
 
 Bi-tu'mi-nous, a. Containing bitumen. 
 
 Bi'valve, a. [Bi, and valve.] Having two valves or 
 shutters. — 2, n. A shell-fish having two valves. 
 
 Bi-val'vu-lar, a. Having two valves. 
 
 Biv'ouac (biv'wak), n. [Fr. : cf. local Ger. bei- 
 iracht, a special night-patrol.] The watching of 
 an army in open air, at night, in expectation of 
 an engagement : — encampment without tents. — 
 2, r. v. [jip. bivouacking, bivouacked.] To en- 
 camp without tents. 
 
 Bi-week'ly, a. Fortnightly; (less correctly) occur- 
 ring twice a week. 
 
 Bi-zarre', a. [Fr. ; cf. It. bizzarro, choleric; local 
 Fr. bigearrer, to contend; Sp. bizarro, bold, spir- 
 ited; possibly from Basque bizarra, a beard, 
 which was regarded as a sign of manly quali- 
 ties.] Odd; fantastic; singular. 
 
 Blab, v. a. [Ger. pluppern, Dan. blabbre, onoma- 
 topoetic words.] [pp. blabbing, blabbed.] To 
 tell, as secrets; to divulge. — 2, v. n. To tattle; 
 to tell tales.— 3, n. A telltale; a babbler:— tattle. 
 
 Black, a. [A.-S. blsec, Icel. blakkr ; perhaps akin 
 to Gr. <f>\eyeLv, to burn.] Of the darkest color: 
 — cloudy; mournful; horrible; dismal : — wicked. 
 — 2, n. A black color:— a negro. — 3. v. a. [pp. 
 blacking, blacked.] To make black ; to blacken. 
 
 Black'a-moor [blak'a-mor, P. F. K. Sm. I. St. H. ; 
 blak'a-mor, W.\ n. [Black and Moor.] A negro. 
 
 Biack'-'art, n. [From its dark and secret nature : 
 — another species of magic, said to have been of 
 a beneficent and useful kind, was called "white 
 magic.'" The erroneous idea that the word 
 necromancy was connected with L. niger, black, 
 was also mixed up with the conception of the 
 black-art.] Magical art; magic. 
 
 Black'ba.11, n. A ball used in voting :— a compo- 
 sition for blacking shoes. — 2, r. a. [ pp. black- 
 balling, blackballed.] To reject by blackballs. 
 
 Black'band. )/. [From the coaly matters which 
 often blacken it.] One of the most valuable of 
 iron ores. [of the bramble. 
 
 Black'ber-ry, n. A plant and its fruit; the fruit 
 
 Black' -birch, n. A North American tree which 
 yields a useful furniture wood. 
 
 Black'bird, n. A black singing-bird. 
 
 Black' -board, n. A board or tablet painted black. 
 
 a, e, i, o, ii, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, 
 
 9, u, 
 
 y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her ; 
 
BLACK-CAP 
 
 105 
 
 BLAZONMENT 
 
 Black'-cap, n. The black raspberry: — a kind of 
 bird. 
 
 Black'-cat-tle, re. pi. Oxen, bulls, and cows. 
 
 Black'cock, re. The heathcock, or black grouse. 
 
 Black'en (blak'kn), v. a. [pp. blackening, black- 
 ened.] To make black ; to darken : — to defame. 
 — 2, v. n. To grow black. [whales. 
 
 Black'fish, n. A name of various fishes and 
 
 Black'fri-ar, re. A Dominican monk. 
 
 Black'guard (blag'gard), n. [Origin doubtful ; at 
 an early date the name was given to scullions 
 and menial servants.] A base fellow ; a ruffian ; 
 a scoundrel. — 2, v. a. [pp. blackguarding, 
 blackguarded.] To abuse with vile language. 
 
 Black'-hole, re. A dark dungeon: — a dark cell 
 into which refractory prisoners are put. 
 
 Black'ing, n. Paste for blackening shoes. 
 
 Black'jsh, a. Somewhat black. 
 
 Black' -jack. re. A leathern jug: — asulphuret of 
 zinc ; blende : — a weapon topped by a metal head 
 covered with leather, &c. : — the barren oak. 
 
 Black' -knot, ». A destructive fungus infesting 
 plum- and cherry-trees. 
 
 Black-lead', or Black' -lead, n. Plumbago, or 
 graphite, a mineral used for pencils. 
 
 Black'leg, //. [Derivation not known.] A gam- 
 bler; a sharper. 
 
 Black'-let-ter, re. The old English or modern 
 Gothic letter or alphabet. 
 
 Black'ly, ad. Darkly in color; atrociously. 
 
 Black'-mail, re. [From mail, in the sense of 
 rent.] A rate anciently paid, for protection, to 
 men allied with robbers: — extortion. 
 
 Black'moor, a. A negro: blackamoor. 
 
 Black'ness, n. The quality of being black. 
 
 Black'-pud'ding, )/. A Bausage made of blood, 
 fat, and grain : — called also black-poL 
 
 Black-rod', n. (Eng.) The usher of the order of 
 the Garter, who carries a black rod. 
 
 Black'smith, u. A smith who works in iron. ' 
 
 Black'thorn, n. The sloe-tree. 
 
 Black'-wal'nut. (?. An American species of wal- 
 nut, the dark-colored timber of which is highly 
 prized for cabinet work. 
 
 Blad'der, re. [A.-S. blsedre, Ger. blatter, a vesicle; 
 root 'of blow, in the sense of to inflate.] The 
 organ which contains the urine: — a vesicle: — a 
 seed-vessel. 
 
 Blade, re. [Ger. blali, A.-S. bUed ; akin to Blow and 
 Flower.] The spire or leaf uf grass or grain; 
 leaf :— the sharp part of a weapon, knife, <fcc. : — 
 a rafter:— a gay fellow. 
 
 Blain, )/. [A.-S. blegen, Dan. blegn.] A pustule; 
 a blotch ; a sore. 
 
 Blam'a-ble, a. Deserving censure ; culpable. 
 
 Blam'a-bly, ad. Culpably ; censurably. 
 
 Blame, v. a. [0. Fr. blame and blasmer, It. bia- 
 simo.— See Blaspheme.] [pp. blaming, blame;!.] 
 To censure; to charge with a fault.— 2, re. Im- 
 putation of a fault; censure. — He is to blame; 
 that is, he is blamable. 
 
 Blame'less, a. Free from blame; spotless; un- 
 spotted; faultless; irreproachable; innocent. 
 
 Syn. — A blameless character is one free from 
 blame ; a spotless or unspotted character is one 
 against which no charge has been brought; an 
 irreproachable character is one against which no 
 charge can be brought. 
 
 Blame'less-ly, ad. Without blame. 
 
 Blame'less-ness, ». Innocence. 
 
 Blame'wor-tny (blam'wur-the), a. Culpable. 
 
 Blanch, v. a. [Fr. Wane, white; blanchir, to 
 whiten.] [pp. blanching, blanched.] To whiten : 
 —to peel off.— 2, v. n. To grow white. 
 
 Blanc-mange (bla-monj') [blong-mongzh, St.], \ 
 
 Blanc-manger (bla-monj') [blong-mong'zha, St.). J 
 re. [Fr. blanc-manger, white food.] Food made 
 of milk, sugar, almonds, isinglass, sago, &c. 
 
 Bland, a. [L. blandus.] Soft; gentle; courteous. 
 
 Blan-dil'o-quence, n. [L. blandiloguenlia ; blandus, 
 smooth, ami loqni, to speak.] Flattering speech. I 
 
 Blan'dish, v. a. [Fr. blandir, L. blandiri, to flat- 
 ter; blandus, smooth.] [pp. blandishing, blan- 
 dished.] To smooth; to soothe; to fawn upon. 
 
 Blan'dish-ment. re. [Obs. Fr. blandissement] I he 
 act of blandishing; soft words; caresses; kind 
 or enticing treatment. 
 
 Bland'ly, ad. In a bland manner. 
 
 Blank, a. [Fr. blanc, It. bianco; from a Teutonic 
 root of obscure relationship.] White ; without 
 writing; pale: — confused. — Blank verse, metre 
 without rhyme. — 2, n. A void space on paper: 
 — a paper unwritten: — a lot by which nothing 
 is gained. — 3, v. a. [pp. blanking, blanked.] 
 To damp ; to confuse ; to efface. 
 
 Blank'et, re. [Fr. blanquette, dim. of blanc, white; 
 originally, uudyed cloth.] A woollen cover for 
 a bed. — 2, v. a. [pp. blanketing, blanketed.] To 
 enfold or cover with a blanket. 
 
 Blare, re. [Low Ger. blaren, Ger. plarren, to bleat] 
 A loud sound.— 2, v. re. [pp. blaring, blared.] 
 To sound aloud. 
 
 Blar'ney, n. [From Blarney Castle, in Ireland, in 
 which there is a stone which is facetiously said 
 to confer upon him who kisses it the power of 
 successful Mattery.] Gross flattery ; deceitful 
 compliment. 
 
 Blase (blii-za), p. & a. [Fr., from blaser, to cloy 
 with pleasure. — Cf. Celtic bias, gusto.] Surfeited 
 or palled, as with the world. 
 
 Blas-pheme', v. a. [Gr. /SAao-^r^eeu' ; perhaps 
 akin to /3A<x7TTeii', to injure.] [pp. blaspheming, 
 blasphemed.] To speak in terms of impious 
 irreverence of God; to speak evil of.— 2, v. re. 
 To speak blasphemy. 
 
 Blas-phem'er, n. One who blasphemes. 
 
 Blas'phe-mous, a. [Gr. ^Aacr^rj^oj.] Containing 
 or uttering blasphemy. 
 
 Blas'phe-my, re. [Gr. /3Aaa-$i7/ou'a, evil speaking, 
 slander.] An indignity offered to God or sacred 
 things, in words or writing. 
 
 Blast, n. [A.-S. bhest; Ger. blasen.— -Of. Xorse 
 blasa, to blow; Eng. blaze, to publish; L. flatus ; 
 Aryan root, bide-, to blow.— See Blister.] A 
 gust of wind; a high wind :— the sound made 
 by blowing a wind-instrument :— a blight; a dis- 
 ease.— 2, c. a. [pp. blasting, blasted.] To strike 
 with a plague; to injure; to blight:— to blow 
 up by powder. 
 
 Blas-te'ma, n. ; pi. Blas-tem'a-ta. [Gr. for "a 
 sprout."] (Biol.) Formative' material; proto- 
 plasm.— (Bot.) A 6prout . :— a thalnis. 
 
 Blast'-fiir-nace, re. A furnace for smelting ore. 
 
 Blas'to-derm, re. [Gr. j8Aa<rTo?, a sprout, and 
 <5epi<xa, skin.] A membrane in the fecundated 
 ovum or ovule of organisms consisting of flat- 
 tened cells, and constituting the basis from 
 which the embryo is developed. [toderm. 
 
 Blas-to-der'mic, a. Of or pertaining to the blas- 
 
 Bla'tant, a. [From bleat. — Cf. L. blatire, to babble ; 
 Dut. blaet, a boaster.] Bellowing, as a calf; noisy. 
 
 Blath'er-sklte, re. [Scot, bletherskate; blether, to 
 babble (Norse, bladra, from bladr, empty talk; 
 cf. bladder*, and sbde, a sign of contempt.] A 
 talkative, foolish, inflated person; the talk of 
 such a person. [Colloq.] 
 
 Blaze, yi. [A.-S. blase, a torch ; akin to Ger. bias, 
 pale (formerly "shining").] A dame; a stream 
 of light:— [Xorse, blesi, Dut. bles, Ger. blesee; 
 akin to Ger. blass, pale or white] a white mark, 
 as upon a horse's forehead.— 2, v. re. [pp. blazing, 
 blazed.] To flame; to be conspicuous. — [See 
 Blast and Blazon.]— 3, v. a. To publish :— to 
 mark, as with an axe. 
 
 Bla'zon (bla'zn), v. a. [Fr. Mason, a shield of 
 arms; blasonner, to publish, to deck.] [pp. bla- 
 zoning, blazoned.] To explain the figures on en- 
 signs armorial ; to deck :— to celebrate : to pub- 
 lish ; to blaze.— 2, n. The art of drawing coats 
 of arms :— show ; divulgation; celebration. 
 
 Bla'zon-ment (bla'zn-ment), re. The act of bla- 
 zoning; ostentatious show ; publication. 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— g, 9, c, g, soft; p, ja, p, £, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 
 
BLAZONKY 
 
 106 
 
 BLONDE 
 
 Bla'zon-ry. (bla'zn-re), n. The art of blazoning; 
 
 emblazonry ; heraldry. 
 Bleach, v. a. [A.-S. blmcan, Ger. bleichen — Cf. A.-S. 
 blsec, blue, white, shining.] [pp. bleaching, 
 bleached.] To make white ; to whiten. — 2, v. n. 
 To grow white. 
 Bleach'er-y, n. A place for bleaching. 
 Bleak, a. [A.-S. blxc, pale, Dut. Meek, Icel. 
 bleikr ; from the idea of paleness or sickliness the 
 notion of cheerlessness and coldness has crept 
 in.] Exposed to the wind : — cold. — 2, n. A 
 small river fish, called also blay. 
 Bleak'ly, ad. In a bleak manner. 
 Bleak'ness, n. State of being bleak ; cold. 
 Blear (bier), a. [A form of Blue; Ger. blerr, 
 soreness of the eyes.] Dim with rheum or water. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. blearing, bleared.] To make the 
 eyes dim. [Having dim eyes. 
 
 Blear'-eyed (bler'id), «. [Low Ger. bleer-oged.] 
 Bleat (blet), v. n, [A.-S. blsetan, Dut. blaten, 
 Old Slavic, blejati.~\ [pp. bleating, bleated.] To 
 cry as a sheep. — 2, n. The cry of a sheep. 
 Bleat'ing, n. The cry of lambs or sheep. 
 Bleb, n. [Of. Gael, plub, a drop, and Blubber.] A 
 
 blister ; a bubble ; a vesicle. 
 Bleed, v. n. [A.-S. bledan.— See Bloop.] [i. bled; 
 pp. bleeding, bled.] To lose blood ; to drop, as 
 blood. — 2, v. a. To draw blood; to let blood. 
 Blem'ish, v. a. [0. Fr. blemir, blesmir; stem ble- 
 miss-. — Cf. Icel. blami, lividity after a bruise; 
 also Gr. {SkaTtreLv, to injure; £SAd/u.|u.a, a hurt.] 
 [prp. blemishing, blemished.] To maik; to tar- 
 nish; to defame. — 2, n. A mark of deformity; 
 taint; stain; spot; speck; flaw; delect; fault. 
 
 Syn. — A blemish tarnishes or diminishes beau- 
 ty ; a slain or taint spoils; a spot, sped; or flaw 
 disfigures. A blemish in a fine painting; a defect 
 in speech; a fault in workmanship. 
 Blench, v. n. [A.-S. blencan, to blink, to cheat; 
 influenced in form and meaning by Flinch.] 
 [pp. blenching, blenched.] To shrink ; to flinch ; 
 to blink : — {a variant of Blanch] to grow pale. 
 Blend, v. a. [A.-S. blandan, Norse, blanda, to mix.] 
 [i. blended ; pp. blending, blended or blent.] To 
 mix so that tbe different ingredients cannot be 
 distinguished; to mingle together; to mix. — 2, 
 v. n. To mix or commingle harmoniously; to 
 shade into each other, as colors; to mingle. — 
 3, n. A mixture. 
 Blende, n. [Ger., from blenden, to deceive : it 
 looks like galena.] (Min.) The sulphuret of zinc. 
 Blen'ny, n. [L. blennius, Gr. £AeVi/o?; jSAeVvos, 
 
 slime.'] A fish of several varieties. 
 Bless, v. a. [A.-S. bletsian, bloedsian, to conse- 
 crate, to mark with blood ; from blod, blood ; 
 blot, sacrifice : form in part determined by Bliss.] 
 [i. blessed or blest ; pp. blessing, blessed or blest.] 
 To make happy : — to wish happiness to. 
 Bless'ed, p. a. Happy; enjoying felicity. 
 Bless'ed-ness, n. Happiness; felicity. 
 Bless'ing, v. Benediction; divine favor. 
 Blest, i. & pp. from bless. See Bless. 
 Blet, n. [Fr. blet, soft; blettir, to become soft; L. 
 blifeus, insipid.] A softening in fruit; a speck 
 or decayed spot on fruit. — 2, r. n. [pp. bletting, 
 bletted.] To become affected by overripeness or 
 decay, as fruit. 
 Blew (blu) [bio, H. St. T.],i, from blow. See Blow. 
 Blight (Dlft), n. [Perhaps kindred to blast, blaze, 
 or A.-S. blichen, to turn pale.— See Bleach.] A 
 disease incident to plants; a blast; blasting; 
 mildew. — 2, v. a. [pp. blighting, blighted.] To 
 corrupt with blast ; to blast. 
 Blight'ed, p. a. Withered; blasted; faded. 
 Blind, a. [A.-S. blind, Ger. blind; stem common 
 to Teutonic and Lettic tongues.] Destitute of 
 sight: — dark: — unseen. — 2, v. a. [pp. blinding, 
 blinded.] To make blind; to darken. — 3, n. 
 Something to hinder the sight: — a window- 
 screen; a cover. . [invisible. 
 Blind'-f !sh, n. A genns of fishes whose eyes are 
 
 Blind' fold, v. a. [0. E. blindfelhn, to stiike (fell) 
 blind, past part, blindfelled, bliudfuld : the spell- 
 ing fold comes from the notion of folding a band- 
 age about the eyes.] [pp. blindfolding, blind- 
 folded.] To hinder from seeing. — 2, a. Having 
 the eyes covered. [over mac adamized roads. 
 
 Blind'ing, re. A layer of sand and gravel spread 
 
 Blind'ly, ad. Without discernment. 
 
 Biind'-man'§-bufF, re. [Bvff here means a stroke 
 or buffet.] A play in which one of the company 
 is blindfolded. 
 
 Blind'ness, n. Want of sight : — ignorance. 
 
 Blind'side, re. A weakness; a weak side. 
 
 Blind'-sto-ry, re. {Arch.) The triforium of a 
 Gothic church, as opposed to clear-story. 
 
 Blind'worm (bllnd'wurm), n. [It is neither blind 
 nor a worm, but its eyes are very small.] The 
 slow-worm, or slow : — a snake-like lizard. 
 
 Blink, v. n. [A.-S. blencan ; in some senses akin 
 to Ger. blinken, to gleam; A.-S. blican ; Norse, 
 blikja, to shine.] [pp. blinking, blinked.] To 
 wink ; to see obscurely. — 2, v. a. To avoid or 
 evade purposely. — 3, n. A glimpse, a glance. 
 
 Bliss, n. [A.-S. blids, bits, happiness ; from blide, 
 blithe.] The happiness of heaven ; the highest 
 happiness; felicity. 
 
 Bliss'ful, a. Happy in the highest degree. 
 
 Blis'ter, n. [0. Fr. blestre, blostre ; Norse, blastr, a 
 swelling, a blast; blasa, to blow.] A thin blad- 
 der on the skin ; a pustule ; a vesicle ; a plaster 
 to raise blisters. — 2, v. n. [pp. blistering, blis- 
 tered.] To rise in blisters or vesicles. — 3, v. a. 
 To raise a blister on. 
 
 Blithe, o. [A.-S. blide, Norse, blidr, kind, gentle; 
 Dut. blijde, merry.] Gay ; airy ; joyous ; mirthful. 
 
 Blitne'ly., ad. In a blithe manner. 
 
 Bllthe'some, a. Gay ; cheerful ; merry. 
 
 Bliz'zard, n. [Akin to Bluster, Blister, and 
 Blast : a running fire or irregular broadside was 
 once called a blizzard.] A heavy snow-storm, 
 accompanied by a hurricane and extreme cold. 
 
 Bloat, v. a. [Sw. blL't, pulpy, soft; Icel. blotoia, to 
 soften.] [^.bloating, bloated.] To swell; io 
 make turgid. — 2, v. n. To grow turgid ; to di- 
 late. — 3, n. Swelling; state of being bloated. 
 
 Bloat'ed, a. Grown turgid ; inflated ; puffed up. 
 
 Bloat'er, «. [Cf. Sw. blotfisk, soft or undried fish, 
 softened or pickled fish ; biota, to steep.] A 
 smoked herring. 
 
 Block, w. [Fr. bloc; Ger. block.— See Balk.] A 
 heavy piece of wood, mar- 
 ble, or stone ; an obstruc- 
 tion : — the case that con- 
 tains the wheel of a 
 pulley ; a pulley : — houses 
 conjoined : — a division or 
 section of a railroad. Block- 
 signal, a signal by which 
 
 one train is not allowed to enter a block of 
 a railroad until it has been reported clear by 
 telegraph.— 2, v. a. [pp. blocking, blocked.] 
 To shut up ; to obstruct : — to shape roughly, as' 
 from the block ; to begin to reduce to shape :— 
 generally with out. 
 Block-a.de', n. [From the verb block.] Act of 
 blockading or shutting up a port, town, or for- 
 tress.— 2, v. a. [j)p. blockading, blockaded.] To 
 shut up by obstruction. 
 Block'head, w. A stupid fellow ; a dolt. 
 Block'-h'duse, n. [Block and house: Fr. blocus and 
 Ger. blochhans seem to.be from the English.] A 
 fortress made of trunks of trees, to defend a har- 
 bor or a post. 
 Block-tin', n. Tin cast into blocks or ingots. 
 B16m'a-ry, n. [See Bloomary.] A form of iron 
 
 furnace. 
 Blonde, n. [Fr. blond, fern, blonde, yellow-haired ; 
 It. Hondo ; Late L. blondvs, yellowish ; root of 
 blend, with the idea of mixed color.] A lady of 
 fair and light complexion :— a kind of silken 
 lace. — 2, a. Of a light complexion. 
 
 a, e, i, 5, u, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
BLOND-LACE 
 
 107 
 
 BLUSTER 
 
 Blond-lace', n. Lace made of silk. 
 
 Blood (blud), n. [A.-S. Mod; Dut. bloed ; Ger. 
 blut; perhaps connected with the root of Bloom.] 
 The red fluid that circulates in the bodies of 
 animals: — offspring; family; descent: — blood- 
 royal : — bloodshed : — a rake. 
 
 Blood'ed, a. Of pure blood; thorough-bred; of 
 good or approved breed : — said of stock. 
 
 Blood'-guilt-i-ness.(blud'gilt-e-nes), n. The crime 
 of shedding' blood'; murder. 
 
 Blood'-gull-ty (-gil-te), a. Guilty of murder. 
 
 Blood'-heat (bltid'het), n. Heat of the same de- 
 gree with that of the blood. 
 
 Blood'-hb'und, n. A fierce species of hound. 
 
 Blood'less (blud'les), a. Without blood; pale; 
 lifeless : — without bloodshed. 
 
 B16od'-mon-ey, n. Money paid to one who has 
 been instrumental in bringing about the death 
 of another, either violently or by law ; money 
 paid to the nearest of kin of a murdered person. 
 
 Blood'shed, n. Murder; slaughter. 
 
 Blood'shot (blud'shot), a. Reddened by blood. 
 
 Blood' -stone, n. A red precious stone! 
 
 Blood'-suck-er (blud'suk-er), n. A leech: — any 
 thing that sucks blood: — a cruel man. 
 
 Blood' -thi'rs-ty, a. Desirous to shed blood ; mur- 
 derous ; cruel. 
 
 Blood' -ves-sel, n. A vein or an artery. 
 
 Blood's (blud'e), a. Stained with blood: — cruel. 
 
 Blood'y-flux (blud'e-fluks), n. Dysentery. 
 
 B16od'y-hand, «. (Law.) A hand red with the 
 blood of a deer, as evidence of trespass in the 
 forest after venison : — called also red-hand. 
 
 Bloom, n. [Norse, Mom; Dut. Moem ; Ger. Mume. 
 — Cf. Blow and Blossom.] The opening of flow- 
 ers : — an efflorescence ; a blossom : — the prime 
 of life: — native flush on the cheek: — the blue 
 color upon plums, &c. : — [A.-S. Moma, a lump] a 
 mass of iron,— 2. v. n. [pp. blooming, bloomed.] 
 To produce blossoms; to flower; to blossom :— to 
 be in a state of youth. 
 
 Bloom'a-ry, n. A kind of iron furnace ; a blomary. 
 
 Bloom'ing, a. Having blooms; flowery. 
 
 Bios' som, u. [A.-S. blosme, Moslma; Dut. bloesem; 
 Norse, blomstr. — Cf. Bloom, Blow, and L. flos.) 
 The flower of a plant. — 2, r. n. [pp. blossoming, 
 blossomed.] To put forth blossoms. 
 
 Blot, v. a. [Norse, blettr, Dan. plet, a plot or spot.] 
 [pp. blotting, blotted.] To obliterate; to efface: 
 — to spot; to stain: — to disgrace. — 2, n. Oblit- 
 eration; a blur; a stain. 
 
 Blotch, n. [Allied to Blot; A.-S. blsece, a black 
 place. — Cf. Blaze, and Ger. bletz, a patch.] A 
 spot upon the skin ; a pustule ; a blot or daub. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. blotching, blotched.] To mark 
 with blotches. 
 
 Blot'ter, u. A counting-house wa te-book. 
 
 Bloi'ting-pa'per, n. Coarse, bibulous paper. 
 
 Blouse, n. [Fr. ; Late L. belosius ; the French 
 word, in the sense of a bag or pocket, has been 
 referred to Obi Flemish blulz, an opening.] A 
 loose outer garment. 
 
 Blow, n. [Cf. Ger. bluueii, to beat with a beetle ; 
 Dut. blouwen, to beat flax; L. plaga, Gr. nXrjyr'j, 
 a stroke.] A stroke ; calamity :— egg of a fly :— 
 a blossom; bloom :— a blast.— 2, v. n. [i. blew ; 
 pp. blowing, blown.] [A.-S. blawuu ; Ger. Mahen ; 
 Celt. blagh.] To make a current of air: — to 
 sound:— to pant:— [A.-S. Mowan; Ger. blilhen.— 
 See Bloom, Blossom, and L. flos, floris, a flower] 
 to flower; to bloom.— 3, y. a . To drive by the 
 wind ; to fan :— to kindle :— to swell :— to sound, 
 as wind music ; to inflate :— to fly-blow. 
 
 Blown (blon), p. from blow. Inflated :— exhausted. 
 
 Blow'-plpe (blo'pip), n. A tube used to produce 
 an intensely hot flame. [rustic. 
 
 Blow'zy, a. Sunburnt :— slatternly :— coarse :— 
 
 Blub'ber, n. [Akin to Bubble ; Low Ger. blub- 
 bern, to sputter.] The fat of whales :— a bubble. 
 — 2, v. n. [pp. blubbering, blubbered.] To weep 
 so as to swell the cheeks. 
 
 Blu'cher, n. A kind of half-boot, named after the 
 Prussian field-marshal Blilcher. 
 
 Bludf'eon (bludj'un), n. [Perhaps a cant term 
 from blood; or Cornish blogon, a club. Dut. blud- 
 sen, to bruise, and many other possible deriva- 
 tions, have been suggested.] A short stick ; an 
 offensive weapon. 
 
 Blue, or Blue [blu, S. W. P. J. E. F. Ja. K. C. I. 
 Wb. ; blu, Sm. H. St.], a. [Fr. bleu ; Ger. hlnu ; 
 probably kindred to L. flaviis, yellow: color- 
 names are often confused in this way.] Of the 
 color of blue ; sky-colored : — low in spirits. — 2, n. 
 One of the original colors. 
 
 Blue'bell, n. A plant and its blue flower. 
 
 Blue'ber-ry, n. A shrub and its fruit. 
 
 Blue'bi'rd, u. A bird with blue plumage. 
 
 Blue'-book (-buk),n. [From the color of the cover.] 
 A book containing the names of persons holding 
 office: — the reports and other papers printed by 
 parliament. 
 
 Blue'-bot-tle, n. A flower: — a large fly. 
 
 Blue'-eyed (blu'id), a. Having blue eyes. 
 
 Blue'-f Ish, n. A marine food-fish. 
 
 Blue'-grass, n. A valuable pasture-grass. 
 
 Blue' -gum-tree, n. A great Australian tree. 
 
 Blue'-jay, n. An American bird of the jay family. 
 
 Blue' -joint, ». A kind of grass common on wet 
 grounds in Canada and the Northern States. 
 
 Blue'-mass, n. (Med.) A drug formed by rub- 
 bing metallic mercury with conserve of roses. 
 
 Blue'ness, n. The quality of being blue. 
 
 Blue'pl-ter, n. [Said to mean "blue repeater."] 
 Signal flag for sailing. 
 
 Blue'-pill, n. A mercurial pill. [despondency. 
 
 Blues, ». pi. [For "blue devils."] Melancholy; 
 
 Blue -stock-ing, n. A literary woman. 
 
 Blu'ets, n. [Fr. bluet, bleuet, dim. of bleu, blue.] 
 A 'name of several plants bearing blue flowers. 
 
 Bluff, w. [Obs. Dut. blaf, broad and steep; Dut. 
 blaffen, to bark.] A high, steep bank or shore: 
 —a blind.— 2, a. Blustering; surly; blunt:— 
 bold :— obtuse.— 3, r. a. [pp. bluffing, bluffed.] 
 To repel or drive off with a gruff answer; to 
 frighten one from his purpose. 
 
 BlufFness, ». The quality of being bluff. 
 
 Bluffy', a. Abounding in steep banks. 
 
 Blu'ing, n. A substance imparting a blue tint. 
 
 Blu'ish, a. Blue in some degree. 
 
 Blun'der, v. n. [0. E. blondren ; akin to blend, to 
 mix, to confuse.] [p t >. blundering, blundered.] 
 To mistake grossly ; to err. — 2, ti. A gross mis- 
 take ; an error. 
 
 Blun'der-buss, «. [Dut. donderbus, thunder-gun; 
 donde'r, thunder, and bus, a gun.] A short gun 
 with a large bore:— a blunderhead. 
 
 Blun'der-er, n. One who blunders. [head. 
 
 Blun'der-nead, n. A careless fellow ; a duuder- 
 
 Blun'der-ing. «. That blunders; careless. 
 
 Blunt, a. [Probably akin to Blind, and perhaps 
 toBi.uNPER.l Dull on the edge or point: — rough; 
 rude; impolite: — abrupt. — 2, v. a. [pp. blunt- 
 ing, blunted.] To dull the edge: — to repress. 
 
 Bliint'ly, ad. In a blunt manner; abruptly. 
 
 Blunt'ness, n. "Want of edge: — abruptness. 
 
 Blur, n. ' [Cf. Blear.] A blot; a stain; a dark 
 spot.— 2, v. a. [pp. blurring, blurred.] To blot; 
 to stain ; to obscure. 
 
 Bliirt, v. a. [Onomatopoetic word ; like spirt and 
 squirt, it implies a sudden discharge.] [pp. Mint- 
 ing, blurted.] To speak impulsively or inadver- 
 tently ; to bolt. 
 
 Blush, w. ». [A.-S. ablisian; Dut. Mozen; Dan. 
 Musse; akin to Blaze and A.-S. blyxcan, to glow.] 
 [pp. blushing, blushed.] To redden in the 
 cheeks from shame, confusion, or modesty ; to 
 redden. — 2, n. The color in the cheeks raised 
 by shame, confusion, &c. ; reddish color. 
 
 Blush' ing, p. a. Showing blushes ; modest. — 2, n. 
 The exhibiting of blushes. 
 
 Blus'ter, v. n. [Fris. Mustern ; blilssen, to blow.] 
 [pp. blustering, blustered.] To make a loud 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5, $, c, §, soft; p, ja, p, §, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 
 
BLUSTERER 
 
 108 
 
 BOLL 
 
 noise; to roar, as a storm; to boast; to bully. — 
 2, n. Noise ; boast ; tumult ; roar. 
 
 Blus'ter-er, n. A boaster. [turbulent. 
 
 Blus'ter-i'ng, n. Tumult ; noise.— 2, p. a. Stormy; 
 
 Bo'a, w. [L.] A huge serpent, — called also boa 
 constrictor (see Constrictor) : — a fur tippet. 
 
 Boar (bor), n. [A.-S. bar; 
 Dut. beer; Ger. bar; 
 Buss, borovu.] The male 
 swine ; wild pig. 
 
 Board, n. [A.-S. bord; 
 Dut. boord; Ger. 6or£; 
 Goth, baurd.] A piece of 
 sawed timber, broad and 
 thin: — a table: — food; 
 diet : — a number of persons who manage some 
 trust; a council; a court: — deck or side of a 
 ship. — 2, v. a. [pp. boarding, boarded.] To enter, 
 as a ship, by force : — to lay with boards : — to fur- 
 nish with food. — ?,, v. 11. To receive food ; to 
 
 Board' er, n. One wbo boards. [diet. 
 
 Board'ing, n. The material with which a thing is 
 boarded ; boards : — living at the table of another. 
 
 Board'ing-school, n. A school where the scholars 
 board. 
 
 Boast (host), v. n. [Welsh, bostio ; Gael, bosd. — Cf. 
 Ger. bauschen, to swell.] [pp. boasting, boasted.] 
 To brag; to vaunt. — 2, v. a. To brag of; to 
 magnify. — 3, n. Vaunting speech : — a boasting. 
 
 Boast'er, n. One who boasts; a braggart. 
 
 Boast' ful, a. Addicted to boasting. 
 
 Boast'ing, n. Ostentatious language. 
 
 Boast'ing-ly., ad. Ostentatiously. 
 
 Boat, n. [A.-S. bat; Norse, batr, belt; Dan. baud; 
 Ger. boot; Fr. bateau; Sp. batel, batea. — Cf. 
 Butt, a vessel.] A small vessel to row or sail 
 in. — 2, v. a. [pp. boating, boated.] To convey 
 in a boat. 
 
 B5at'a-ble, a. Navigable with boats. 
 
 Boat' -hook (-huk), n. A pole with a hook. 
 
 Boat'ing, n. The act of conveying in a boat. 
 
 Boat'man, n. One who manages a boat. 
 
 Boat' swain (bot'swan or bo'sn) [bot'swan, Co.; 
 bot'swan or bo'sn, W. I. Wb. J. F. Ja. Sm. ; 
 bG'sn, S. P. K. E. H. St. ; bot'sn, £.], n. [Boat 
 and sivain.] {Nant.) An officer on board a ship, 
 who has charge of her rigging, anchors, cables, 
 boats, &c. 
 
 Bob, v. ii. [Cf. Ger. beben, to shake ; Celt, baban, a 
 cluster.] [pp. bobbing, bobbed.] To play back- 
 ward and forward. — 2, n. Something that plays 
 loosely : — a wig : — a cluster. 
 
 Bob'bin, n. [Fr. bobine; origin doubtful, — said to 
 be from L. bombycina, silk.] A pin to wind 
 thread upon : — a stick tied to a latch-string. 
 
 Bob'bi-net, n. [For bobbin-net : it resembles lace 
 made with bobbins.] A kind of netted gauze. 
 
 Bob'o-Hnk, v. A singing-bird ; rice-bird. 
 
 Bob'tailed (-tald), a. Having a short tail. 
 
 Bob-white', n. [Named from its note or call.] 
 The North American partridge or quail. 
 
 Bock'-bier, \n. [Ger. bock-bier; probably for 
 
 Buck'-beer, J Mmbeck beer: Eimbeck is a town in 
 Germany.] A strong sort of lager beer. 
 
 Bock'ing, n. [From Booking, a town of England.] 
 A coarse woollen stuff. 
 
 Bode, v. a. [A.-S. boda, a messenger ; bod, mes- 
 sage ; bodian, to announce ; Ger. bote., a mes- 
 senger.] [pp. boding, boded.] To portend; to 
 forebode. — 2, v. n. To be an omen ; to presage. 
 — 3, i. & p. from bide. 
 
 Bod'ice (bod'js), n. [Formerly written bodies : pair 
 of bodies.] Short stays for women. 
 
 Bod'i-less, a. Incorporeal; without a body. 
 
 Bod'i-ly, a. Relating to the body ; corporeal. — 
 2, ad. ' Corporeally : with the body completely. 
 
 Bod'ing, a. Foreboding; presaging; ominous. — 
 2, n. A foreshowing ; an omen. 
 
 Bod'kin, 11. [0. E. boydekin.—Cf. Irish bideog, 
 Welsh, bidoq, a dagger.] An instrument to 
 draw a thread through a loop: — a punch; a 
 
 borer:— an instrument used to dress the hair: — 
 a dagger. 
 
 Bod'y, n. [A. S. bodig ; 0. Ger. botich; Gael, bo- 
 dhaig.] The material substance of an animal : — 
 matter opposed to spirit : — a person :— a collec- 
 tive mass : — the main army : — a corporation : — 
 the main part ; the bulk ; the substance :— a solid 
 figure:— a system.— 2, v. a. [pp. bodying, bod- 
 ied.] To produce in some form. 
 
 Syn. — Body in the sense of a dead body is ap- 
 plicable to both men and brutes ; corpse, to men ; 
 carcass, to brutes. 
 
 Bod'y-guard (bod'e-gard), n. A life-guard. 
 
 Bod'yj-snatch'er, n. A robber of graves. 
 
 Bod'x-snatch'ing, n. The act or practice of steal- 
 ing bodies from the grave for dissection. 
 
 Bo'er, u. [Dut. for "farmer;" Ger. baiter; Eng 
 boor.] A South African of Dutch origin. 
 
 Bog, n. [Irish, bogach, from bog, soft.] A marsh; 
 a morass ; a quagmire.— 2, v. a. [pp. bogging, 
 bogged.] To whelm, as in mud. 
 
 Bog'gle, n. [See Bogle.] A bugbear; a spectre. 
 — 2, v. n. [From the noun, influenced by the 
 idea of to balk, as a horse.] [pp. boggling, bog- 
 gled.] To start ; to hesitate ; to doubt. 
 
 Bog'gler, n. One who boggles ; a doubter. 
 
 Bog'fy;, a. Full of bogs; marsh}'; swampy. 
 
 Eo'gieijw. [Allied to Bugbear; Local E. bug, a 
 
 Bo'fj:, J terror (see Bogle) ; but the car truck of 
 this name seems to be a variant of Buggy.] A 
 scarecrow ; a goblin : — a kind of car truck so 
 mounted as to take curves readily ; a trolly. 
 
 Bo'gle (bo'gl), n. [Cf. Welsh bwg, a ghost; bu-gid, 
 terror.] A phantom; a goblin. 
 
 Bog'-ore, n. Iron ore found in boggy ground. 
 
 B5'gus, a. [Probably akin to Bogie and Hum- 
 bug.] Counterfeit; spurious. 
 
 Bog'-wood (-wud), n. Wood found in peat bogs, 
 especially hard wood, as oak. 
 
 Bo-hea' (bo-he'), n. [Corrupted from Wu-hi, or 
 Woo-e, the name of a range of hills in China.] A 
 species of black tea. 
 
 Bo-he'mi-an, n. A native of Bohemia: — the 
 French name for a gypsy ; — hence, a person who 
 sets the conventionalities of society at defiance; 
 a literary man or artist of irregular or uncon- 
 ventional habits. — 2, a. Regardless of the con- 
 ventionalities of society ; gypsy-like ; vagabond ; 
 dissolute. 
 
 Bo-he'mi-an-i§m, n. The manner of life of a Bo- 
 hemian ;' literary vagabondism. 
 
 Boil, v. n. [Fr. bouillir ; 0. Fr. boillir ; L. bvllire, 
 to bubble; bulla, a bubble.] [pp. boiling, boiled.] 
 To be agitated by heat ; to bubble. — 2, v. a. To 
 cook in boiling water; to seethe. — 3, u. [A.-S. 
 byl; Ger. beide ; Icel. bolu.] A painful tumor 
 becoming a pustule. 
 
 Boil'er, ii. One who boils : — the vessel in which 
 water is boiled or steam generated. 
 
 Bbil'ing, n. The act of boiling ; ebullition. 
 
 Bois'ter-ous, «. [Obs. E. boistom, rough ; Welsh, 
 bwst,' wild ; bvystus, savage ; Low Ger. buster, 
 wild.] Loud; stormy; furious. 
 
 Bois'ter-ous-ly, ad. In a boisterous manner. 
 
 Bois'ter-ous-ness, n. Turbulence ; noise. 
 
 Bold, a. [A.-S- bald, beald ; Dan. bold ; Icel. balldr.] 
 Daring; brave; confident; impudent: — executed 
 with spirit; striking to the sight: — steep and 
 abrupt ; strong. [faced type. 
 
 Bold'-face, n. (Print.) A strongly-marked, full- 
 
 Bold'ly, ad. In a bold manner ; daringly. 
 
 Bold'ness, n. Courage ; confidence. 
 
 Bole, n- [Gr. j3o>Ao?, a clod or mass ; L. bolus.] A 
 friable, clayey earth : — [Norse, bolr, bulr, a tree ; 
 Ger. bohle, a plank] a tree-trunk. 
 
 Bo-le'tus, n. [L. ; Gr. /3wA(.'tt?s.] A genus of fungi. 
 
 Bo'lide,' ii. [Fr. ; L. bolis, bolidis, a meteor ; Gr. 
 /3oXi's, a missile; /3<xAAeiv, to throw.] A large 
 and brilliant shooting star ; a fire-ball. 
 
 Boll, 11. [A.-S. bolla; Dut. bol— See Bowl.] A 
 round stalk or stem : — a pod : — a measure of corn 
 
 a, e, i, o, 5, y, long; a, e, 5, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
BOLL-WORM 
 
 109 
 
 BOOKWORM 
 
 or salt, equal to six bushels.— 2, v. a. [pp. boil- 
 ing, boiled.] To form a seed-vessel, as a plant. 
 
 Boll'-worm (-wiirm), n. An insect-larva that 
 eats the bolls of cotton. 
 
 Bo-logn'a-sau'sate (bo-lon'ya-), n. [Once made 
 at Bologna, in Italy.] A sausage made of bacon, 
 veal, and pork suet. 
 
 Bol'ster, n. [Dan. bolster, a bed-tick; Sw. bolster, 
 abed; Ger. pokier, a pillow; Sp. bolsa; allied to 
 Ball.] A long pillow or cushion. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 bolstering, bolstered.] To support : — to swell out. 
 
 Bolt, n. [A.-S. bolt; Ger. . , •.. : .... , 
 
 boh.] An arrow: — the . .! !| 
 bar of a door :— an iron ; 
 or a wooden pin : — [Fr. 
 bluteau, 0. Fr. buletul, a 
 sieve; It. buratto ; 0. Fr. 
 buleter, to sift] a sieve ; a 
 bolter: — a sudden start :;:; ;- : 
 or spring. — 2, v. a. [pp. ° D ' 
 
 bolting,"bolted.] To fasten: — to blurt out: — to 
 sift : — to swallow quickly. — 3. v. u. To spring out 
 suddenly. — I, ad. Perpendicularly:— with sud- 
 den collision ; suddenly and unexpectedly. 
 
 Bolt'er. n. A sieve : — a kind of net. 
 
 Bolt'head, n. A long glass vessel. [made. 
 
 Bolt'ing-eloth, n. Cloth of which bolters are 
 
 Bolt' -rope. n. A rope to which sails are sewed. 
 
 Bo'lus, n. [L.— See Bole.] (Med.) A large pill. 
 
 Bomb (bum), n. [Sp. bwmba ; cf. L. bombus, a 
 booming noise; Gr. j86/og3os.] A hollow ball 
 or shell filled with gunpowder, to be thrown out 
 from a mortar; a bomb-shell. 
 
 Bom-bard', v. a. [Fr. bombardier; bombarde, an 
 old form of cannon. — See Bomb.] [pp. bombard- 
 ing, bombarded.] To attack with bombs. 
 
 Bom-bard-ier', n. A corporal of artillery. 
 
 Bom-bard'ment, n. An attack with bombs. 
 
 B8m-bast\ or Bom'bast [bum-bast', P. J. F. ; 
 bum-bast', W. S. E. J. Sm. C ; bam'bfist, W. 
 Wb. St. Ash, R. ; bum-bast' or bum'bast, H. ; 
 bom'bast, J.], n. [0. F. bombace, wadding; Gr. 
 /3oju./3a|, a loud expression ; Late L. bombax, cot- 
 ton, for L. bombyx, Gr. /36/x/3i'£, silk.] Inflated 
 style or high-sounding language ; fustian. — 2, a. 
 High-sounding; inflated: pompous; bombastic. 
 
 Bom-bas'tic, a. Containing bombast; of great 
 sound with little meaning; inflated. 
 
 B6m-ba-zette\ /*. [Cf. Bombazine.] A thin wool- 
 len stuff resembling bombazine. 
 
 B6m-ba-zine' (bum-ba-zan'), r». [Fr. 6 
 
 L. bombycimis, silken.] A slight stuff made of 
 silk and" worsted. 
 
 Bomb'-ketch (bum'-), \ n. A ship for throwing 
 
 Bomb'-ves-sel (bum'-), /bombs. 
 
 Bomb'-proof, n. A place designed to be proof 
 against bombs or projectiles. 
 
 Bomb'-shell, n. A shell or bomb to be filled with 
 powder and thrown by a mortar. [silk-worm. 
 
 Bom'byx (bom'biks), ». [L. ; Gr. /36>0v£.] The 
 
 Bo-nan'za. n. [Sp., " fair weather," "good luck."] 
 A mining term to signify an abundance of metal 
 or ore. [bison. 
 
 Bo-na'sus, n. [L. ; Gr. jSoVaero?.] A wildox or 
 
 Bon-bon', n. [Fr., "good-good."] A dainty; a 
 sweetmeat. 
 
 Bond, a. [A form of Band.] Any thing that 
 binds; a cord or chain ; ligament:— union : — a 
 written obligation to fulfil a contract.— pi. Im- 
 prisonment— 2, a. [In the adjectival sense it in 
 part represents the Norse bonde, A.-S. bonda, a 
 husbandman ; later, a vassal, a serf (from bua, to 
 dwell; buande, a farmer; Ger. bauer).] Bound; 
 being in a servile state.— 3, v. a. [pp. bonding, 
 bonded.] To give bond for; to secure. 
 
 Bond'afe, n. Captivity ; imprisonment ; slavery. 
 
 Bond'ed, p. & a. Fitted to receive goods on bond; 
 put into bond; secured by bonds; btxrdened by 
 a bond or a mortgage. 
 
 Bond'maid, n. A female slave. 
 
 Bond'man, n. ; pi. Bond'men. A man slave. 
 
 Bond'-ser-vant, or Bond'-slave, n. A slave. 
 Bond' -ser- vice, n. Slavery. [another. 
 
 Bonds'man, n. One who is bound as security for 
 Bond wom-an (-wuni-an), n. A female slave. 
 Bone, n. [A'.-S. ban; Ger. bein; Dut. & Dan. been; 
 
 Scot, bane.] The hard substance in an animal 
 
 body which supports its fabric ; piece of bone. — 
 
 2, v. a. [pp. boning, boned.] To take out bones 
 
 from : — to supply with bone. 
 Bone'-black, n. Animal charcoal. 
 Bone'-dust, b. Ground or powdered bone. 
 Bone' -lace, n. Lace woven with bobbins. 
 Bone'set, n. The plant called thoroughwort. 
 Bone'set-ter, n. One who sets bones. [horse. 
 
 Bone'-spav-in, n. A disease in the hock of a 
 Bon'f ire, n. ' [Originally bone-nre, a fire in which 
 
 bones were burnt ; this was at first a heathen 
 
 ceremony.] A fire made for joy or triumph. 
 Bon-hom-mie, ) (bon-om-me), n. [Fr. bonhomie, 
 Bon-hom-ie J good-nature ; bon-homme, a good 
 
 man, an old rustic] Genial simplicity of heart 
 
 and manners ; good nature. 
 Bon'i-face, n. [A jolly innkeeper in Farquhars 
 
 Be'avti Siratogern, a play of 1707.] An innkeeper. 
 Bo-ni'to. n. [Sp., "pretty," or "pretty good."] A 
 
 large marine fish. 
 Bon-mot (bon-mo'), n. [Fr., "good saying.''] A 
 
 jest ; a witty reply or repartee. [maid. 
 
 Bonne (bon), n. [Fr., "good woman."] A nurse- 
 Bonne'-boughe', n. [Fr., " good mouth," or 
 
 "good mouthful."] A delicate morsel. 
 Bon'net, n. [Fr. bonnet, bonet, originally the name 
 
 of the material of which the cap or hat was 
 
 made.] A covering for a woman's head ; a cap : 
 
 — a little ravelin : — a sail. 
 Bon'net-piece, n. [From the figure of the king, 
 
 represented as wearing the bonnet, or Scottish 
 
 cap.] A Sc<>ts coin of native gold of the time 
 
 of James I. 
 Bon'ni-ly, ad. Gayly ; handsomely. 
 | Bon'ny,, a. [L. bonus, Fr. bon, good ; but cf. Celt. 
 i 6a«, fair.] Handsome: beautiful: — merry. 
 B6n'ny,-clab'ber, b. [Irish, bainne, milk, claba, 
 
 thick.] Thick sour milk. 
 Bon-ton (bon'tou'), >t. [Fr., "good tone."] Style 
 
 of fashionable society ; high mode, [a privilege. 
 Bo'nus, h. [L., "good."] A premium given for 
 Bon-vivant (boii've-vaii'i, ». [Fr., "good liver."] 
 
 A boon companion ; a luxurious liver. 
 Bo'ny., a. Consisting of bones; full of bones. 
 Bonze, n. [Port, bonzo ; Jap. bonzo or bozi ; prob- 
 ably Chinese fa-oze, teacher of the law.] A priest 
 
 of .Japan or China. 
 Boo'by, n. [Ger. bv.be, a boy, a fool, or lubber; L. 
 
 pttptts, a boy : Sp. 6060. a fool.] A dull, stupid 
 
 fellow : — a bird. 
 B56ddh'i§m. n. See Buddhism. 
 Book (bfik) [buk, P. J. E. F. Sm. Wb. St. I. H. X. ; 
 
 bok, S. W. Jn. K. E. C], n- [A.-S. bnc ; Dut. 
 
 boel- ; Dan. bog ; Ger. buch ; possibly allied to A.-S. 
 
 bok, a beech-tree ; it is said that bark and thin 
 • beech boards were once used for writing-tablets.] 
 
 A volume in which we read or write ; a subdi- 
 vision of a volume. — 2, v. a. [pp. booking, 
 
 booked.] To register in a book. 
 Book'bind-er (buk'-), n. A binder of books. 
 Book' case (buk'kas), n. A case for books. 
 Book'ish (buk'jsh), a. Given to books. 
 Book'ish-ness (buk'-), n. Devotion to books. 
 Book'-keep-er, n. A keeper of accounts. 
 Book'-keep-ing, n. The art of keeping accounts. 
 Book'-mak-er, n. A man who arranges bets at 
 
 races : — a compiler. 
 Book'-plate, n. A ticket attached to a book to 
 
 indicate ownership, place in library, &c. 
 Book'-post. »• A department of the post-office, 
 
 by which books are mailed and sent. 
 Book'sell-er, n. A seller of books. 
 Book'-store, n. A bookseller's shop. [U.S.] 
 Book'worm (buk'wurmi, v. A worm that eats 
 
 holes in books : — a hard student. 
 
 mien, sir; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. 
 
 -?. 9, £i k, soft; p, 0, ft, |, hard; § as z; ?asgz; this. 
 
 10 
 
BOOM 
 
 110 
 
 BOTCHERY 
 
 Boomerau 
 
 bene, a prayer.] A 
 benefit.— 2, «. [Fr. 
 merry; kind; boun- 
 
 Boom, n. [E. beam ; Ger. baum, a tree ; Dut. 
 boom.] A lung pole used to spread out the clew 
 of the studding sail : — a pole set up as a mark : 
 — a bar of wood laid across a river: — [a freshet 
 in a river is locally called a boom: probably an 
 imitative word] a loud noise: — a sudden and 
 rapidly-increasing demand for a commodity ; an 
 enthusiastic popular movement. [U.S.] — 2, v. n. 
 [pp. booming, boomed.] To rush with violence ; 
 to swell: — to give forth a loud sound. 
 
 Boom'e-rang, n. [Native Australian, wamurrang 
 or bu'marin.] A missile 
 which can be thrown 
 so as to return to the 
 thrower. 
 
 B6om'ing,p. &a. Sound- 
 ing loudly ; resound- 
 ing: — in full flood. 
 
 Boon, n. [Norse, bon, A.-S 
 favor granted; a gift; a 
 bon, L. bonus, good.] Gay 
 tiful. 
 
 B66r, n. [Ger. bauer ; Dut. boer ; originally, gebvr, 
 inmate of a bur (bovver), or dwelling; root 6m, to 
 dwell; influenced in meaning by the cognate 
 buan, to inhabit, to cultivate.] A rude peasant ; 
 a clown ; a rustic. 
 
 Boor'ish, a. Clownish; rude; rustic. 
 
 Boor'ish-ly, ad. In a boorish manner. 
 
 Boor'ish-ness, n. Clownisbness ; rusticity. 
 
 Boost", n. [Probably a form of Push.] A lift by 
 pushing.— 2, v. a. [pp. boosting, boosted.] To 
 lift by pushing. [Vulg.] 
 
 Boo'sy, a. [Dut. buizen, Local Ger. bausen, to drink 
 deeply.] Partially intoxicated; tipsy; bousy. 
 
 Boot, v. a. [A.-S. bot, Goth, bota, Ger. busse, ad- 
 vantage ; root of Better.] [pp. booting, booted.] 
 To profit :— to put on boots.— 2, n. Profit ; gain : 
 — [Fr. botte, boute; Late L. botta ; It. botta ; possi- 
 bly kindred to Bottle and Butt] a covering 
 for the leg and foot : — a receptacle or box in a 
 coach ; a covering, as of leather, in a coach or 
 chaise. — To boot, over and above. 
 
 Boot'ed, a. Having boots on. 
 
 B6ot-e"e\ n. A kind of short or half boot. 
 
 B68tn, n. [Sw. bod; Ger. bnde; 0. Icel. bud; Pol. 
 buda; Czech, bonda; Norse, bua, boa, to dwell; 
 probably influenced by Gaelic forms. — See 
 Bothy.] A temporary house built of boards. 
 
 Boot' -jack, n. A utensil for pulling off boots. 
 
 BSot'less, o. [A.-S. botleas; bot, boot, advantage, 
 and -less, privative.] Useless; without success. 
 
 Boot' -tree, n. A last for stretching a boot. 
 
 Boo'ty, n. [Ger. beute; Fr. butin; Norse, byti, ex- 
 change; buta, to deal out; influenced also by 
 boot, advantage.] Plunder ; pillage ; spoil. 
 
 Boo'zy, a. See Boosy. 
 
 Bo-peep', n. A play among children. 
 
 Bo-rac'ic, a. Relating to borax or boron. 
 
 Bor'age (bur'aj), n. [Fr. bourrage; Late L. bor- 
 rago, borago ; Sp. boraja ; perhaps from Late L. 
 borra, short wool ; others derive these words 
 through the Spanish from Arab, abu rachli, 
 "father of sweat," alluding to the sudorific 
 qualities of the plant.] An annual garden plant. 
 
 Bo'rax, n. [Late L. for Arab, al-boraq, natron ; 
 Per. burah, borax.] {Chem.) A salt formed of 
 boracic acid and soda. 
 
 Bor'der, n. [0. E. & Fr. bordure ; Fr. border, to 
 bound ; bord, side, from a Teutonic root.] The 
 outer part or edge of any thing; exterior limit ; 
 frontier; side; margin; verge. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
 bordering, bordered.] To be near ; to approach. 
 — 3, v. a. To adorn with a border. 
 
 Bbr'der-er, n. One dwelling near a border. 
 
 Bbr'der-ing, n. Paper for the upper part of the 
 wall's of a room. — 2, a. Neighboring ; very near. 
 
 Bor'der-land, n. Land lying on the frontiers of 
 two adjoining countries; borders. 
 
 Bore, v. a. [A.-S. borian; Ger. bohren ; Norse & 
 A.-S. bor, an auger. — Cf. L. forare, to pierce.] 
 
 [pp. boring, bored.] To make a hole in ; to per- 
 forate : — [by some referred to bur, as a sticker; 
 by others to bother] to weary or vex by what is 
 disagreeable. — 2, v. n. To make a hole ; to 
 pierce. — 3, n. A hole ; the size of any hole:— a 
 borer : — [Norse, bara, a wave ; Fr. barre] a tide 
 swelling above another tide: — one who annoys 
 or wearies ; annoyance. — 4, i. from bear. 
 
 B5're-al, a. [L. borealis.] Northern; coming 
 from' the north. [The north wind. 
 
 Bo're-as, n. [L. ; Gr. /3opeas ; Buss, borei, north.] 
 
 Bore'c51e, n. [Dut. boerenkool, "farmers' cab- 
 bage."] A species of winter cabbage. 
 
 Bore'dom, n. The state of being bored or wearied. 
 
 Bor'er, n. A person or thing that bores; a tool 
 for boring: — a wood-eating worm. 
 
 Bo'ric, a. Pertaining to boron. 
 
 Born, p. from bear. Brought forth. 
 
 Borne, p. from bear. Carried; conveyed. 
 
 Bo'ron, n. [First syllable from borax, second from 
 carbon.] (Chem.) An element found in borax. 
 
 Bor'ough (bur'o), n. [A.-S. burg; Ger. burg, a 
 castle; Norse, borg ; Scot, burgh; A.-S. beorgan, 
 to shelter.] A corporate town. 
 
 Bor'row (bor'ro), v. a. [Dut. borg, loan, or pledge ; 
 A.-S. beorgan, to shelter, to keep; borgian, to 
 borrow.] [pp. borrowing, borrowed.] To take 
 or receive on credit for a time : — to appropriate. 
 
 Bor'row-er, n. One who borrows. 
 
 Bor'row-ing, n. Act of one who borrows. 
 
 Bbrt, 'n. [Fr. ; 0. Fr. bord, bastard.] The small 
 debris of diamonds in cutting, ground into pow- 
 der for lapidary-work. 
 
 Bos'cage, n. [Fr. bocage ; 0. Fr. boscage; It. bos- 
 cagg'io. — See Busn.] A wood; a grove. 
 
 Bosh, n. [Turk, bosh, worthless.] Nonsense ; ab- 
 surdity, [thicket; a grove. 
 
 Bosk, n. [A variant of Bush; It. bosco.] A 
 
 Bos'ky, a. Woody ; rough ; swelled. 
 
 Bos'om (buz'um or bo'zuin) [biiz'um, S. H. St. Sm. 
 Na'res; bo'zum, W. P.' J. F. Ja. R. C. L Wb.], n. 
 [Ger. bxisen ; A.-S. bosm.] The breast ; the heart ; 
 any receptacle. — Bosom, in composition, implies 
 intimacy, fondness; as, liosorn -friend, &c. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. bosoming, bosomed.] To enclose in the 
 bosom: — to conceal. 
 
 Boss, n. [Fr. bosse ; It. bozza, a swelling.] A 
 stud ; a knob ; a raised w'ork : — [Dut. baas, mas- 
 ter, uncle. — Cf. Ger. base, aunt, cousin, gossip] a 
 master or head workman. — 2, v. a. [pp. bossing, 
 bossed.] To be master of; to rule. — 3, v. n. To 
 act as a boss or master. 
 
 Bos'sage, n. A stone that has a projection. 
 
 Bossed (bost), a. Having bosses; studded. 
 
 Bos'sy, a. Prominent; studded. 
 
 Bos'ton, n. [Named by the French, in honor of 
 the siege of Boston, in 1776.] A game at cards. 
 
 Bot, n. [0. E. bond, a weevil; A.-S. buddu.] A 
 small larva in the entrails of horses. 
 
 Bo-tan'ic, \ a. Relating to botany ; containing 
 
 Bo-tan'i-cal, j herbs or plants. 
 
 Bot'a-nist,' n. One versed in botany. 
 
 Bot'a-nize, v. n. [«r. /Soravi^eii', to gather plants.] 
 [pp. botanizing, botanized.] To study botany or 
 plants. 
 
 Bot'a-ny, n. [Gr. Pordvri, a plant; referred to 
 fioo-neiv, to pasture.] The branch of natural 
 history which treats of plants. 
 
 Bo-tar'go, n. [Sp. botarga ; Arab, bvtarhhah ; Copt. 
 outaraMon ; Gr. rapLx*-ov, a pickle; Tapixo?, a 
 mummy.] A sausage made of the roes of the 
 mullet-fish. 
 
 Botch, n. [Local Fr. boche, a boss, a pimple.— See 
 Boss.] A red pustule; a pimple; a blotch:— a 
 botcher:— [Sw. batch, & patch; Ger. batzen, to 
 mend] a clumsy addition ; a piece of work un- 
 skilfully performed.— 2, v. a, [pp. botching, 
 botched.] To mend awkwardly; to patch. 
 
 Botch'er, n. A mender of old clothes; a bungler. 
 
 Botch'er-ly., a. Clumsy; patched. 
 I Botch'er-y, k. Work ill performed. 
 
 I, o, u, y, long ; 
 
 o, u, y. 
 
 short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
BOTCHY 
 
 111 
 
 BOWER 
 
 Botch's, a. Marked with botches. 
 
 Bot'-fl^, n, The insect of which the hot is the 
 larva. 
 
 Both, a. [ Goth, bajoths; Norse, badar ; Ger. beide ; 
 A.-S. ba, begen; akin to Gr. a/x^i-; L. umbo; 
 Skr. ubhau; Zend, uba; Slav, oba; Lith. aba.] 
 One and the other; the two. — 2, conj. As well ; 
 on the one side. 
 
 Both'er, v. a. [See Pothf.r ; but perhaps from a 
 Celtic root.] [pp. bothering, bothered.] To per- 
 plex ; to confound ; to pother. — 2, n. Vexation ; 
 trouble. 
 
 Both-er-a'tion, n. Bother; annoyance. [Colloq.l 
 
 Both'er-some, a. Vexatious; troublesome. [Col. J 
 
 Both'y, n. [Scot.; Gael, both, bothag, a hut; or 
 a dim. of Booth.] A barrack for laboring men. 
 
 Bo'-tree, n. [Singhalese, bo or bogaha ; Skr. bodhi, 
 "perfect knowledge :" under it Buddha obtained 
 full enlightenment.] The sacred tree of Hin- 
 dostan and Ceylon: —called peepvi, and pipaL 
 
 Bot'ry-bld, \a. [Gr. iSorpvoeiSTj? ; /3brpu?, a 
 
 Bot-ry-bi'dal, j grape-cluster.] Resembling, or 
 having the form of, a bunch of grapes. 
 
 Bot' tie, n. [Fr. bouteiUe : Sp. botella ; Late L. bu- 
 tts or budcula, a butt (q. v.).] A vessel with a 
 narrow mouth, for liquor: — the measure or con- 
 tents of a bottle. — 2, v. a. [pp. bottling, bottled. J 
 To enclose in bottles. 
 
 Bot' tie-head, \ n. (Zob'l.) A whale of the Atlantic 
 
 Bot' tie-nose, J allied to the sperm whales. 
 
 Bot' torn, u. [A.-S. botm, Dut. bodem, Ger. boden ; 
 Skr'. budhn '. ground, bottom.] The lowest part: 
 — the ground underwater: — the foundation: — 
 a dale:— a valley; low alluvial land: — a ship; 
 the part of a ship under water: — endurance. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. bottoming, bottomed.] To found 
 or build upon. 
 
 Bot'tom-land, n. Alluvial land. 
 
 Bot'tom-less, a. Without a bottom. 
 
 Bot'tom-ry, n. The borrowing of money on a 
 ship's bottom, which is pledged as security. 
 
 Bou-doir' (bd-dwbr 7 ), ,/. [Fr. for "sulking place;" 
 bonder, to pout.] A small private room. 
 
 Bough (b'ifi), u. [A.-S. I'hj, Ger. bag, Norse, 
 bogr, a shoulder; Skr. bakus, Gr. tttjxw;, arm.] 
 A branch of a tree. 
 
 Bought (b&wt), i. X p. from buy. 
 
 Bougie (bo'zhe), //. [Fr., from Bougiah, a town 
 of Algeria.] A wax candle: — a surgical tube 
 or instrument. 
 
 Bouillon (b ',1-yOng'), n. [Fr. ; bouillir, to boil 
 ((/. ».).] Broth: BOup. 
 
 Bould'er, n. Same as Bowlder. 
 
 B6u'le-vard\ ;/. [Fr. ; It. baiuarda, Sp. balwirtc, 
 Ger." boUwerk, a bulwark (q. v.) : at first the name j 
 of a rampart, this word afterwaids designated a 
 street which occupies the place of a demolished | 
 rampart, and at last any broad street.] A wide 
 public walk or street. 
 
 Bouleversement (bol-vgrs-raon), n. [Fr. ; boule, 
 a ball, and versa; to turn.] Subversion; over- 
 throw; upsetting. 
 
 Bounce, v. n. [Dut. bonzen. Low Ger. bunsen, to 
 strike.] [pp. bouncing, bounced.] To spring: 
 to leap :— to boast.— 2, n. A heavy blow :— a 
 leap :— a boast. 
 
 Bb'un'cer, n. A boaster ; a bully : — a lie. 
 
 Bound, n. [0. Fr. bodne, boude, bounde ; Late L. 
 bodena, bulina ; akin to butt; Fr. bout, a bound.] 
 A limit; boundary:— a leap. —2, v. a. [pp. 
 bounding, bounded.] To border; to terminate; 
 to limit; to circumscribe; to enclose; to restrain. 
 — 3, v. n. [Fr. bondir, to bound, to re-echo; L. 
 bombitare, to resound ; bombus, a sounding.] To 
 jump; to rebound.— -1, /. &p. from bind.— 5, a. 
 [Norse, buinn, part, from bun, to get ready.] Des- 
 tined; intended to go :— determined. 
 
 Bbun'da-ry. ». That which bounds or limits; the 
 mark of a limit ; a bound ; term. 
 
 Bbfin'den, p. from bind. Bound.— 2, a. Obliged ; 
 indispensable :— beholden to. 
 
 ux 
 
 Bouquetin. 
 [Fr.. a bud: Old 
 
 Bbund'less, a. Without bound; unbounded; un- 
 limited; undefined. 
 
 Syn. — Boundless ocean ; unbounded desires ; un- 
 limited power; undefined limits. 
 
 Bbund'less-ness, n. Exemption from limits. 
 
 Bbun'te-ofls [boun'te-us, P. J. Ja. R. ; bbun'tvus, 
 S. E. F. K. ; bbun'che-us, TV.], a. [See Bounty.] 
 Liberal ; kind ; bountiful. 
 
 Bbun'te-ous-ly. ad. Liberally; munificently. 
 
 Bbun'te-ous-ness, n. Munificence. 
 
 Bbun'ti-ful, «. Liberal; beneficent; kind. 
 
 Bbun'ti-ful-ly, ad. Liberally ; generously. 
 
 Bbun'ty, n. [Fr. bonte, goodness; L. bonitas, from 
 bonus, good.] Beneficence: — generosity; liberal- 
 ity ; munificence : — a premium : — money given 
 to promote any object, or to men who enlist. 
 
 Syn. — Bounty aud beneficence are characteristics 
 of the Deity as well as of his creatures ; generosity, 
 liberality, and munificence are human qualities. 
 
 Bouquet (bo-ka' or'bG'ka) [bG'ka, Ja. 8m, St. B. ; 
 bo-ka', H. Wb. K. C], n. [Fr. ; It. boxchetto, dim. 
 of bosco, wood; Fr. boi<.~\ A bunch of flowers: 
 — delicate flavor of wine. 
 
 Bou'que-tln, n. [Fr. ; Old Provencal, bocstagn, 
 an inversion of Ger. 
 steinbocl; rock-goat.] 
 The ibex of the Alps. 
 
 Bourgeois (bur-jbis'), n. 
 [Fr. ; probably with 
 the idea of "middle 
 class" or "average." 
 — see next definition.] 
 A printing type a 
 size next larger than \ 
 brevier : — (b irzh-wa'J 
 [see Burgess] a person 
 of the middle class. 
 
 Boiir'geon (biir'jun), v. ». 
 bur/an, to lift.] [pp. burgeoning, burgeoned.] 
 To sprout; to shoot into branches' 
 
 Bourn (born or born) [born, W. J. Ja. 8m. 7?. O. : 
 br>rn, S. St. H. I. P. E. K. ; born or born, F.], n. 
 [Fr. b<n-, to. formerly bonne, borne, bodne.-— See 
 Bound.] Abound; a limit :— [Gael, bum, water; 
 Ger. bom,s\ spring: Scot. Imrn, a brook] a rivulet. 
 
 Bournouse (bCr-ni's'l, n. See Burnoosb. 
 
 Bourse (bors), n. [Fr., a purse, an exchange. — 
 See PURSB.] An exchauge where merchants 
 meet. See Burse. 
 
 Bbu-stro-phe'don, n. [Gr. : literally "ox-turn- 
 ing," i.e., like the course of a ploug'h.] A mode 
 of writing from right to left aud then from left 
 to right. 
 
 Bout, />. [Cf. Ger. bncht, a bight or bend: Dut. 
 bocht ; influenced by About.] A turn : — a trial ; 
 an attempt. 
 
 Bb'vine. a. [L. bovmus, from bos, bovis, an ox.] 
 Relating to oxen, cows, Arc. 
 
 Bow (bod), r. a. [A.-S. buyan, Dut. buigen, Ger. 
 biegen, Skr. blmj-.] [pp. bowing, bowed.] To 
 bend; to bend the body in token of respect; to 
 depress. — 2, v. n. To bend ; to make a reverence. 
 — 3, )?. An act of reverence or respect: — [ap- 
 parently identical in origin with Bough, g. >■.] 
 the rounding parr of a ship's side: the fore end 
 of a ship or boat : — one who rows the bow-oar in 
 a be >at. 
 
 Bow (bo), h. [A.-S. boga, Dut. bong. Ger. bogen; 
 A.-S. bogan, to bend.] An instrument for shoot- 
 ing arrows:— a rainbow:— any thing curved: — 
 an instrument with which the viol, violin, dec, 
 are struck. 
 
 Bbw'el, v. n. [Fr. bayou, a gut. 0. Fr. boel, bond; 
 L. botellux and botulus, a sausage ; whence also 
 Fr. boudin, E. pudding.] [pp. bowelling, bow- 
 elled.] To take out the bowels. 
 
 Bbw'els (bbu'elz), n. pi. The intestines; the en- 
 trails : — figuratively, pity, tenderness. 
 
 Bbw'er, n. [A.-S. bur, dwelling: buan, to dwell; 
 Aryan root bhu, to dwell.] A chamber ; a shady 
 recess: — [see Bow] a bow-anchor : — [Ger. bauer, 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use— 5, Q,, c, £, soft; 0, p, p, §, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 
 
BOWEKY 
 
 112 
 
 BEAIDING 
 
 a peasant, a clown.— See Boor] the name given 
 to two knaves in the game of euchre, the right 
 bower being the knave of trumps, and the left 
 boicer the knave of the suit of the same color 
 as trumps. 
 
 Bbw'er-x, «. Shady ; having bowers. 
 
 B6w'ie-knife, n. [From Boivie, its inventor.] A 
 large knife carried by hunters in the southwest- 
 ern part of the United States. 
 
 Bowl (bol), n. [A.-S. boUa, Norse, bolli, But. bol ; 
 root vital, signifying to swell.] A vessel to hold 
 liquids : — the hoi low part of any thing : — a basin. 
 —2, n. [bol, S. W. J. K. Sm. C. I. St. H. Wb. ; 
 boul, P. E. Ja. ; boul or bol, F.] [Fr. bovle, 
 a ball; L. bulla, a bubble; root thai, to swell.] 
 A round mass to be rolled along the ground. 
 — 3, v. a. [pp. bo w ling, bowled.] To roll as a 
 bowl. — 4, v. n. To play at bowls. 
 
 Bbwl'der, n. [Local Sw. bullersten, 0. E. bulder- 
 ston; Sw. butter, noise, bulra, to rumble, and sten, 
 stone. — Cf. Sw. kluppersten, a pebble.] A large, 
 round stone. 
 
 Bow' -legged (bo'legd), a. Having crooked legs. 
 
 Bowl'er, or Bowl'er, n. One who plays at bowls. 
 
 Bow'Hne, or Bbw'line [bbu'lin, S. W. J. E. F. ; 
 bou'hn, Si. ; bo'lin, A'. Sm. R. ; bo'lin, Ja. C. I.], 
 n. [Boic and line; Sw. boglina, Dut. boeglijn, Fr. 
 bouline, Sp. boliua.] (Xau't.) A ship's rope fast- 
 ened near the middle of the leech. [bowls. 
 
 Bowl'ing, or Bbwl'ing, n. The act of throwing 
 
 Bowl'ing-al'ley, n. An enclosure for bowling. 
 
 Bowl'ing-green, n. A level piece of ground, kept 
 smooth for playing with bowls. 
 
 Bow'man (bo'man), n. ; pi. Bbw'men. An archer. 
 
 Bbw'-bar, n. The oar nearest the bow of a boat; 
 also the man who handles this oar. 
 
 Bowse, v. n. [pp. bowsing, bowsed.] (Xaut.) To 
 haul or pull. — 2, n. A hard pull. 
 
 Bow'-shot (bo'shot), n. The space which an arrow 
 may pass in its flight. 
 
 Bow'sprit, n. [Bow and sprit; Dut. boegspreif, 
 Ger. bugspriet, Sw. bogspr'dt.] A mast projecting 
 from the head of a ship to carry the sails forward. 
 
 Bow'string, n. The string of a bow :— a Turkish 
 punishment by strangling -with a cord. 
 
 Bbw'-win'dow, n. A projecting window. 
 
 Bbw'-wood (-wtid), n. The wood of the Osage 
 orange, used by the Indians for bows. 
 
 Box, n. [L. pyxis, Gr. 77-vfi?, Ger. buchse, Dut. 
 bos, bus.] A case made of wood; chest; case: — 
 [perhaps Gr. ttv£, with the fist; or, better, Dut. 
 bask, a blow; most of the cognate German and 
 other similar modern European words are from 
 the English] a blow given by the hand : — [Gr. 
 7rv£os, L. bwxus] a hard wood ; an evergreen 
 shrub or tree.— 2, v. a. [pp. boxing, boxed.] To 
 enclose in a box ; to strike. — To box the compass, 
 to rehearse its points. — 3, v. n. To fight with 
 
 Box'ber-ry, n. See Checkerbeert. [the fists. 
 
 Box'-coat, n. A great-coat used by coachmen. 
 
 Box-el' der, n. A kind of maple-tree. 
 
 Box'en (bok'sn), (7. Made of boxwood. 
 
 Box'er, n. One who fights with his fists. 
 
 Box'haul, r. a. [pp. boxhauling, boxhauled.] 
 (Nevui.) To veer a ship on her heel. 
 
 Box'ing, v. Sparring: — fisticuffs. 
 
 Box' wood (-wud), n. The wood of the box. 
 
 Boy, n. [Fris. boy, a young gentleman ; Dut. boef, 
 a knave ; Ger. bnbe, a boy, a knave ; L. puer, 
 Gr. 7TCU5, a boy. — Cf. Sw. poike, Finn, poika, Esth. 
 poeg, a son; Tamil, peyau, a boy. This root 
 seems to be not merely Aryan, but also Dra- 
 vidian and Ugrian.] A male child ; a youth. 
 
 Bby'ar, n. [Kuss. boydrin ; Servian, bolyar ; Bourn. 
 boier.] A Roumanian gentleman : — formerly, a 
 Bussian nobleman. 
 
 Bby'hood (boThud), n. The state of a boy. 
 
 Bby'ish, a. Belonging to a boy ; childish. 
 
 Bby'ish-ness, n. Childishness. 
 
 Brab'ble, v. n. [Dnt. bralbelen.] [pp. brabbling, 
 brabbled.] To clamor. — 2, n. A clamor. 
 
 Brace, v. a. [0. Fr. brace, Fr. bras, L. brachiam 
 or bracchium, an arm ; the verbal forms have the 
 idea of "to embrace," to hug.] [pp. bracing, 
 braced.] To tie up ; to strain up ; to bind. — 2, n. 
 Cincture ; bandage ; a strap : — a crooked line 
 [—^-v] :— a piece of timber framed in with bevel 
 joints ; a prop :— a pair. 
 
 Brace'let (bras'let), n. [Fr. ; from bras, the arm. 
 — See Brace.] An ornament for the arm: — 
 armor for the arm. 
 
 Braph'ial (brak'yal or bra'ke-al) [brak'yal, & W. 
 J. F. Ja. K. C. ; bra'ke-al, St. I. Sm.]', a. [L. 
 bracchialis, brachials; brachium or bracchium, an 
 ann.] Belonging to the arm. , 
 
 Braph'i-o-pod, n. [Gr. fipo.xiwv, arm, and novs, 
 iroSos, foot; named from the arm-like appen- 
 dages.] A molluscoid animal. 
 
 Brach'man (bra'man), n. See Brahman. 
 
 Bra-ehyg'ra-pher, n. A short-hand writer. 
 
 Bra-chyg'ra-phy, n. [Gr. ^pa^v'?, short, and 
 •ypa(/>eiv, to write.] Short-hand writing. 
 
 Bra-chyl'o-i-y, n. [Gr. /3/jaxvs, short, and Aoyos, 
 speech.] (lihet.) Laconic speech. 
 
 Brac'ing, n. A system of braces; braces collec- 
 tively. — 2, a. Invigorating. 
 
 Brack, n. [A.-S. brae. — See Break.] A crack ; a 
 flaw: — [Ger. brack, trash, inferior goods; akin to 
 Wreck and Break] a low grade. 
 
 Brack'en (brak'kn), n. [A.-S. bracce; Sw. br'dken. 
 — See Brake.] A fern ; a brake. 
 
 Brack'er, n. A sworn inspector or assorter. 
 
 Brack'et, n. [0. Fr. brache, dim. braquet. — See 
 Brace.] A piece of wood for support.— pZ. 
 Hooks [thus] to enclose a word or words. 
 
 Brack'ish, a. [Ger. brack, refuse; brackwasser, 
 worthless water; Obs. E. brack, brine. — See 
 Brack.] Somewhat salt ; saltish. 
 
 Brack'ish-ness, n. Saltishness. 
 
 Bract, n. [L. bractea, a thin plate.] A small leaf; 
 a set of leaves. 
 
 Brad, n. [Icel. broclclr, a spike; Dan. braad, a 
 goad ; Celt, brod, a sting. — Cf. Puod.] A sort of 
 nail without a head. 
 
 Brae, n. [Scot. ; Celt, bre, a peak ; bruach, a hill- 
 side.] A hill-side ; a slope. 
 
 Brag, v. n. [Welsh, brae, boastful ; Armoric, brvga, 
 Fr. braguer, to display, to vaunt ; Bragi was the 
 Norse god of eloquence »pA poetry.] [pp. brag- 
 ging, bragged.] To boast; to vaunt. — 2, n. A 
 boast ; a game at cards. 
 
 Brag-ga-db'ci-b (-do'she-o), n. [A character in 
 the "Faerie Queene ;" from brag.] A boaster. 
 
 Brag'gar-dl§m, n. Boastfuluess. [tatious. 
 
 Brag'gart, n. A boaster. — 2, a. Boastful ; osten- 
 
 Brahm, n. [Skr., prayer, worship.] The eternal, 
 self-existent spirit in Hindu mythology. 
 
 Brah'ma, «. A divinity of the Hindu triad. 
 
 Brah'man, ) n. [Skr., a worshipper, a priest.] A 
 
 Brah'min, J member of the highest caste of the 
 Hindus; a priest of Brahma. 
 
 Brah'ma-na§, n. pi. [Skr.] The prose portion 
 of the Vedas, consisting of rules for ceremonies, 
 explanation of rites, legends, &c. 
 
 Brah'man-ee, \n. [Hind, brahmani.] The wife 
 
 Brah'man-ess, j of a Brahman. 
 
 Brah-man'i-cal. a. Pertaining to the Brahmans. 
 
 Brah'man-i§ni, \ n. (Hind. Myth.) The system 
 
 Brah'mi'n-ism, J of the Brahmans ; the worship of 
 Brahnia and his kindred deities. 
 
 Brah'ma-sa-maj', \n. ["Society of Brahm," or 
 
 Brah'mo-so-maj', j "worshipping assembly."] A 
 modern theistic society or sect of India. 
 
 Brah'mo-ism, n.. The religious system of the 
 Brahnia-Samaj. Its leading features are belief 
 in God, in immortality, and in revelation. 
 
 Braid, v. a. [A.-S. bredan, Icel. bregthn, bregda, 
 to weave.] [pp. braiding, braided.] To weave 
 together; to plait.— 2, n. A texture ; something 
 braided : — a sort of lace : — a knot. 
 
 Braid'ing, n. Braids collectively; material for 
 braids. 
 
 e, I, o, 5, y, long; a, e, l, 6, u, y, short, 
 
 e, i. o 
 
 u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall ; hSir, her ; 
 
BKAIL 
 
 113 
 
 BEAZIL 
 
 Brail (bral), n. [0. F. braid, trouser-band ; Fr. 
 braie, breeches. — See Breeches.] (Naut.) A 
 small rope.* — 2, v. a. [pp. brailing, brailed.] 
 To haul with brails. 
 
 Brain, n. [A.-S. bregen, brgsgen; Dut. brein. — Cf. 
 Gr. Ppey/xa, top of the head. J The soft mass en- 
 closed in the cavity of the skull, regarded as the 
 seat of sensation and reflection: — understand- 
 ing. — 2, v. a. [pp. braining, brained.] To dash 
 out the brains of. 
 
 Briiin'less, a. Silly ; foolish ; thoughtless. 
 
 Brain' -pan, n. The skull containing the brains. 
 
 Brain' sick, a. Diseased in the understanding. 
 
 Brai§e, \ v. a. [Fr. braise, embers ; Sp. brasas, 
 
 Braize, J cinders ; Sw. brasa. to flame.] [pp. brais- 
 ing, braised.] To stew slowly, as beef, with 
 vegetables, &c. 
 
 Brake, n. [Dut. braalc, from the root of Break.] 
 An instrument for dressing flax : — [A.-S. bracan, 
 to knead] a kneading-trough: — [Ger. brack, Dut. 
 brak, fallow, i.e., broken, rough ground; hence 
 a plant growing on such ground] fern: — a 
 thicket: — [Old Dut. brake, a clog] an apparatus 
 for retarding the motion of a wheel. — 2, v. a. 
 Did break. — See Break. 
 
 Brake'man, n. One who manages a brake. 
 
 Bram'ble, n. [A.-S. brembel; Dut. braam, a black- 
 berry; the stem brum implies wandering, twin- 
 ing ; Skr. root bhram-.] A prickly or thorny 
 shrub ; brier. [chaffinch. 
 
 Bram'bling, n. [i.e., bramble-finch.] A mountain 
 
 Bram'bly, a. Covered with brambles. 
 
 Bran, n. [W. bran, Breton, brenn, refuse, bran.] 
 The outer coat of grain separated from the flour ; 
 the refuse of sifted meal. 
 
 Branch, n. [Late L. branca, Fr. branche, Breton, 
 brank, an arm ; usually referred to L. brachmm, 
 an arm; but cf. Gr. Ppa.yx<-ov, a fin.] The shoot 
 or bough of a tree; a limb: — an offshoot: — off- 
 spring. — 2, v. n. [pp. branching, branched.] To 
 spread or shoot out.— 3, v. a. To divide into 
 branches. [(fins).] The gills of fish. 
 
 Bran'chi-se, n. pi. [L., for Gr. pi. /3payx<.a, gills 
 
 Bran'chi-al, a. Relating to the branchiae. . 
 
 Bran'chi-o-pod, n. [Gr. fipdyx<-ov, a gill, and 
 iroO?, 7ro86s, a foot.] A crustaceous animal that 
 walks by means of its gills. 
 
 Branch/let, n. A little branch. 
 
 Branch'^, a. Full of branches. 
 
 Brand, n. [A.-S. brand, a sword, a burning ; brin- 
 nan, to burn, to flash. — See Burn.] A piece of 
 wood partly burnt: — brand-iron :— mark of in- 
 famy; stigma:— mark (properly, a mark burnt 
 in) : — a sword : — [with the idea of burning] a 
 kind of blight.— 2, v. a. [pp. branding, branded.] 
 To mark with a brand. 
 
 Brand'-ir-on (brand'i-urn), n. An iron to brand 
 with : — a trivet to seta pot upon. 
 
 Bran'dish, v. «. [Fr. brandir, part, brandissant ; 
 Norman Fr. brande, a sword. — See Brand.] [pp. 
 brandishing, brandished.] To flourish, as a 
 weapon. — 2, n. A flourish, as of a. weapon. 
 
 Bran'dish-Ing, n. [Corrupted from brattishing.] 
 (Arch.) A term applied to open 
 carved work, as of a crest or 
 parapet. 
 
 Brand'-new, a. New, as from the 
 forge-fire.— See Brand. 
 
 Bran'dy.,«. [Ger. brannlwein, burnt 
 wine, for "distilled wine" (see 
 Burn); Dut. brandewijn; bran- 
 den, to burn, to distil.] A strong 
 liquor distilled from wine. 
 
 Bran'gle, v. n. [A variant of 
 Wrangle.] [pp. brangling, 
 brangled.] To wrangle; to 
 squabble. — 2, n. A wrangle; a Brandishing. 
 brawl. 
 Brarik, n. [Gaulish L. brance or brace, a kind of 
 grain.] Buckwheat :— [a Celtic word] a halter; 
 Bran'-new, a. Brand-new. [a bridle. 
 
 Bran'ny, a. Having the appearance of bran. 
 Brant, n. [Icel. brand-gas, Ger. brenl-gavs, per- 
 haps from brennen, to burn, from its color.] A 
 species of goose. 
 Brash, n. [Fr. breclie, trash; It. breccia (q.v.); 
 from Break. — See Breach.] Rifuse; trash; 
 polar ice broken into fragments. — 2, a. Brit- 
 tle: — quick-tempered: — [Gael, bras, impudent, 
 rash] impudent. ; over-confident. 
 Bra'sier (bra'zher), n. [See Brass and Braze.] 
 A worker in brass: — [Fr., from braise, embers. — 
 See Braise] a pan to hold coals:— written also 
 brazier. [of a crucible or a furnace. 
 
 Brasque (brask), n. [Fr.] The charcoal lining 
 Brass, n. [Icel. bras, solder; akin to Braise, q. v.} 
 An alloy of copper and zinc, of a yellow color : — 
 boldness ; impudence. 
 Brass'y, a - Partaking of brass : — impudent. 
 Brat, n. [Perhaps Celt, brat, a rag.] A child: — 
 
 so called in contempt. 
 
 Brat'tice, ) n. [Fr. breteche ; Ger. bret, a 
 
 Brat'tish-ing, j board; 0. Ger. tach, fence, cover ; 
 
 Fr. bretesser, to fortify.] (Mining.) A partition 
 
 or fence ; a brettice. 
 
 Bra-va'do, or Bra-va'do, n. [Sp. bravada ; bravear, 
 
 to threaten.] A boast ; a menace. 
 Brave, a. [Fr. brave, It. bravo; Armoric, brae, 
 fine; Scot, braw, handsome, well dressed; Sw. 
 bra, good. — Cf. Brag.] Courageous; gallant; 
 intrepid : — gayly or gallantly dressed. — 2, n. A 
 brave man; an Indian warrior. — 3, v. a. [pp. 
 braving, braved.] To defy ; to set at defiance. 
 Brave'ly, ad. In a brave manner. 
 Bra've-ry, n. Courage; intrepidity: — display. 
 Bra'vo, or Bra'vo [bra'vo, W. P. J. F. Ja. H. St. 
 C. ; bra'vo, Sm. E. Wb.], n. [Ital.J A daring 
 villain ; a bandit; an assassin. — 2, interj. Weil 
 done. 
 Bra-vii'ra, n. [It., spirit.] (Mis.) A kind of 
 song requiring great vocal ability in the singer. 
 Brawl, v. n. [Frequentative of brag; Welsh 
 braivl, Dut. brallen, to boast.] [pp. brawling, 
 brawled.] To quarrel noisily; to roar. — 2, v. a. 
 To drive or beat away.— 3, n. A noisy quarrel ; 
 uproar. 
 Brawl'er, n. A wrangler; a noisy fellow. 
 Brawl'ing, n. The act of quarrelling. 
 Brawn, n. [0. Fr. braon, slice of flesh; akin to 
 Ger. braten, to roast.] The hard flesh of a boar: 
 — a boar: — food prepared from swine's flesh: — 
 the muscular part of the body :— the arm :— bulk. 
 Brawn'i-ness, n. Strength ; hardness. 
 Brawn's, a. Muscular; fleshy: — unfeeling. 
 Brax'y, n. [Gael, bragsaidh ; possibly allied to 
 
 A.-S. broc, sickness.] A disease among sheep. 
 Bray (bra), v. a. [0. Fr. brayer; Ger. brechen, 
 to break.] [pp. braying, brayed.] To pound, 
 or grind small.— 2, v. v. [Fr. braire, Late L. 
 bragare; allied to Brag, Bark, and Break.] 
 To make a noise like an ass. — 3, »?. The noise 
 of an ass or mule ; a harsh cry. 
 Bray'er, n. One that brays; an instrument to 
 
 temper printers' ink with ; a pestle. 
 Bray'ing, n. Clamor; noise. 
 
 Braze, v. a. [Fr. braser. — See Bratsr and Brass.] 
 [pp. brazing, brazed.] To solder with brass; to 
 harden. 
 Bra'zen (bra'zn), o. Made of brass: — impudent. 
 — 2, v. n. ovv. a. [pp. brazening, brazened.] To 
 be impudent ; to behave with effrontery. 
 Bra'zen-faced (brii'zn-fast), a. Impudent. 
 Bra'zen-ly (bra'zn-le), ad. In a bold manner. 
 Bra'zen-ness (bra'zn-nes), n. Brassiness: — impu- 
 dence; effrontery. 
 Bra'zier (bra'zher), n. [See Brastkr, Braise, 
 and Brass.] A worker in brass :— a pan for coals : 
 —written also brasier. 
 Bra-zil' [bra-zel', S. W. J. Ja. K. Sm. St. ; bra-zll', 
 I. P. C. Wb.], n. [Port, brasilete, from braza, a 
 live coal (see Braise). The wood took its name 
 from its color. The original brazil was an old- 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. 
 h 
 
 10* 
 
 g, hard; §asz; x as gz ; tfiis, 
 
BRAZIL-NUT 
 
 114 
 
 BREW 
 
 world dye-wood, which pave name to an imagi- 
 nary country ; afterward the name of the coun- 
 try was given to the present empire of Brazil, 
 and the uame of the wood to an important Bra- 
 zilian product.] A kind of wood for dyeing. 
 
 Bra-zil'-nut, n. A large nut from Brazil. 
 
 Breach, n. [Fr. breche, A.-S. brece; a softened 
 form of break.] The act of breaking ; infraction; 
 a gap: — difference; quarrel: — injury. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. bread ling, breached.] To make a "breach 
 in, as a wall by artillery ; to rupture ; to break. 
 
 Breach's, a. Apt to break fences; unrulv. 
 
 Bread (bred), n. [Ger. brod, Dut. brood, Tcel. 
 braud; thought to be akin to Bray or Brew.] 
 Food made of ground grain : — food in general ; 
 support of life ; sustenance. 
 
 Bread' -corn, n. Corn of which bread is made. 
 
 Bread' -fruit, n. A large tropical fruit. 
 
 Bread' -stuff, n. Materials for bread, as grain, 
 meal, flour. 
 
 Breadth, n. [A.-S. brsedu, Icel. breidd. — See 
 Broad.] Measure from side to side. 
 
 Bread'-win-ner, n. One who supports a family. 
 
 Break (brak),' v. a. [A.-S. brecav, Ger. brechen, 
 L. frango, fraclum; Aryan root bhrag.] [i. broke 
 (brake) ; pp. breaking, broken or broke.] To 
 part ; to rend ; to burst, or open by force ; to 
 divide ; to dislocate ; to crush ; to shatter : — to 
 tame: — to make bankrupt: — to discard: — to in- 
 fringe, as a law : — (MU.) To degrade or reduce to 
 a lower rank by way of punishment. — 2, v. n. 
 To part in two; to burst; to burst forth: — to 
 open, as the morning: — to become bankrupt; to 
 fail. — 3, n. A breach; an opening; a pause:— a 
 line drawn ; a dash : — the dawn :— a fly-wheel. 
 
 Break'a£e, n. Act of breaking; allowance for 
 what is broken. 
 
 Break'-down, n. The act of breaking down; a 
 smash ; destruction :— a riotous dance. 
 
 Break'er (brak'er), n. A person or thing that 
 break's : — a wave broken by rocks : — a surge. 
 
 Break' fast (brek'fast), n. [Break and fast.] The 
 first nieal in the day. — 2, v. n. [pp. breakfast- 
 ing, breakfasted.] To eat breakfast. 
 
 Break'neck (brak'nek), n. A steep place. — 2, a. 
 Very hazardous. 
 
 Break'wa-ter, n. A wall or other obstacle raised 
 at the entrance of a harbor. 
 
 Bream (brcm), n. [0. Fr. bresme, Ger. bressen, 
 0. Ger. brahsema.] A small fresh-water fish. — 2, 
 v. a. [pp. breaming, breamed.] (Naut.) [Dut. 
 brem, broom, furze; furze and other light com- 
 bustibles were used in burning the adherent 
 matters from a ship's bottom.] To clean a ship. 
 
 Breast (brC-st), ». [A.-S. breost, Dut. borst, Ger. 
 brust; connected with Burst, and signifying a 
 swelling.] The fore part of the human body, 
 between the neck and belly ; the bosom : — nip- 
 ple:— the heart : — the conscience. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 breasting, breasted.] To meet in front. 
 
 Breast'bone, ». A bone of the thorax; sternum. 
 
 Breast' pin, n. A pin or brooch for the breast. 
 
 Breast'plate, n. Armor for the breast. 
 
 Breast' -wheel, n. A form of water-wheel. 
 
 Breast'work (brest'viirk), n. A work thrown up 
 round a fortified place ; a parapet. 
 
 Breath (breth), n. [A.-S. brseth; Ger. brodem, 
 vapor.] The air drawn in and expelled by the 
 lungs: — life: — an instant: — respite; pause: — a 
 slight breeze :— odor ; fragrance. 
 
 Breath'a-ble, a. That may be breathed. 
 
 Breathe, v. n. [pp. breathing, breathed.] To draw 
 air into the lungs and expel it; to live; to take 
 breath. — 2, v. a. To exhale :— to utter privately. 
 
 Breath'er (breth'er), n. One who breathes. 
 
 Breath'ing, n. Respiration :— aspiration : — vent: 
 — an accent ; an aspirate. 
 
 Breath'less, a. Out of breath ; dead. 
 
 Brec'cia (bret'cha), w. [It. — See Brash, Breach.] 
 A kind of pudding-stone ; a stone composed of 
 fragments. 
 
 Brec'ci-at-ed (brek'she-at-ed), a. Noting rocks 
 composed of fragments cemented together. •» 
 
 Bred, i. & p. from breed. 
 
 Breech [brech, S. W. P. J. F. Ja. Sm. B. I. C. ; 
 brich, E. K. Wb. St. ; brich or brJch, B.], n. 
 [A.-S. broc; pi. brec, breeches.] The lower part 
 of the body : — the hinder part of a gun, &c. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. breeching, breeched.] To put into 
 breeches. — 3, v. n. [Same as Breach.] To leap 
 out of the water, as a whale. 
 
 Breech'es (brich'ez) [biich'ez, W. E. H. St. Ja. Sm. 
 B. ; brech'ez, P. /. C], n. pi. [A.-S. 6rec (pi. 
 of broc), Fris. brek (brok), Irish, brog, Breton. 
 brseges, L. braccse or bracse ; said to be akin to 
 Break, as something divided ; but cf. Gael. 
 breacan, a plaid, from breac, spotted.] A garment 
 worn by men over the lower part of the body. 
 
 Breech'ing (brich'ing), u. A strap behind the 
 haunches of a horse. [breech. 
 
 Breech'-load-er, n. A fire-arm loaded at the 
 
 Breech'-load-i'ng, a. That receives its load at the 
 breech (said of a fire-arm). 
 
 Breech' -pin, 1 n. A plug screwed in at 
 
 Breech'-screw (-skru), J tlie breech of a fire-arm. 
 
 Breed, v. a. [A.-S. bredan, to nourish; Ger. briiten, 
 Dut. broeden, to brood ; Welsh, brwd, warm ; 
 akin to Brew.] [i. bred ; pp. breeding, bred.] 
 To procreate; to give birth to :— to nourish ; to 
 foster :— to educate ; to bring up. — 2, v. n. To 
 be with young; to produce. — 3, n. A race of 
 animals ; a cast ; a kind ; a family ; progeny. 
 
 Breed'er, n. One that breeds. 
 
 Breed'ing, n. Education ; manners ; nurture. 
 
 Breeze, n. [Fr. brise, Sp. brisa, It. brezza, a misty 
 wind.] A gentle gale ; a soft wind : — [Fr. bris, 
 rubbish, debris ; briser, to break ; akin to Breach, 
 Break ; but cf. 0. Fr. brese, braise, live coals ; 
 and E. brash] coal-dust ; cinders. 
 
 Breez'y, or. Fanned with gales; full of gales: — 
 brisk; lively. [Colloq.J 
 
 Brent, a. [Akin to Burn, Burnish ; 0. Fr. brunir, 
 burnir, to polish.] Burnished; shining; new; 
 unwrinkled. — 2, n. A species of goose ; brant. 
 
 Brest, n. [A form of Breast.] {Arch.) The torus 
 of a column. 
 
 Breth'ren, n. [The vowel-change in the first syl- 
 lable is the umlaut so common in German ; the 
 plural in en is also a relic of the old Teutonic 
 usage.] Plural of brother; brothers. 
 
 Bret'on, n. A native of Bretagne or Brittany, in 
 France. — 2, a. Of or pertaining to Bretagne; 
 Armorican ; Armoric. 
 
 Brett, n. [See Bkitzska.] A britzska. 
 
 Bret'tish-ing. n. See Brandishing. 
 
 Bret'zel, ". [Ger. ; L. brachile, a bracelet; brachhis, 
 the arm.] A hard brittle cake, properly in the 
 form of a ring: — written also pretzel. 
 
 Breve, n. [L. brevis, short.] (Mus.) A short note 
 of time.— (Law.) A short precept ; a writ or brief. 
 
 Bre-vet', or Brev'et [bre-vef, K. Sm. H. I. C. Wb. ; 
 brev'et, Ja. St. B.], n. [Fr. ; Late L. brevetum, 
 from L. brevis, short. — See Brief.] A commis- 
 sion to an officer in the army which gives him 
 a title and rank above his pay. 
 
 Brev'ia-ry. (brev'ya-re), n. [L. breciarium ; brevia- 
 rins, abridged; brevis, short.] An abridgment; 
 epitome :— a Catholic priest's office-book. 
 
 Brev'iate, n. A short compendium ; a brief. 
 
 Brev'i-ate, v. a. [L. breviare, breviatum, from 
 brevis, short.] [j)p. breviating, breviated.] To 
 abbreviate ; to abridge. 
 
 Brev'ia-ture, n. Abbreviation. 
 
 Bre-vilr' (bre-ver'), v. [Fr. breviaire, Obs. Fr. 
 brevier, a breviary ; it is said that this type was 
 used in printing breviaries.] A small printing 
 type, in size between bourgeois and minion. 
 
 Brev-i-pen'nate, a. [L. brevis, short, and penna, 
 feather, wing.] Having short wings. 
 
 Brev'i-ty;, n. [L. brevitas.] Conciseness; briefness. 
 
 Brew'(bru), v. a. [A.-S. breowen, Ger. brauen.] 
 [pp. brewing, brewed.] To make malt liquor: 
 
 a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, i, o, ii, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y., obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
BEEWAGE 
 
 115 
 
 BEISKNESS 
 
 —to plot ; to foment. — 2, v. n. To perform the 
 act of a brewer. — 3, n. That which is brewed. 
 
 Brew'afe (bru'aj), n. Any thing brewed. 
 
 Brew'er (bru'er), n. One who brews. 
 
 Brew'er-y. (bru'er-e), n. A place for brewing. 
 
 Brew'ing'(bru'ing), n. The act of one who brews : 
 — quantity brewed at once. 
 
 Brew'is (bi u'js), n. [A.-S. briwas, broth, brewage. 
 — See Broth.] Bread soaked in fat liquid. 
 
 Bri'ar, n. See Brier. 
 
 Brib'a-ble, a. That may be bribed. 
 
 Bribe', n. [0. Fr. bribe, a present; originally, a 
 fragment, a piece of bread ; from Bret, breca, to 
 break.] A reward given to a judge, an officer, a 
 voter, &c, to influence his conduct. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. bribing, bribed.] To give a bribe to; to 
 gain by bribes. ' 
 
 Brib'er, n. One who gives bribes. 
 
 Bri'ber-y, n. The crime of taking or giving 
 bribes or rewards for bad practices. [curiosity. 
 
 Bric-a-brac, n. [Fr. bric-d-brac.] Articles of 
 
 Brick, n. t [Fr. brigue, a brick, a fragment; Dut. 
 brick, breilc, a piece, a brick ; breken, to break.] 
 A mass, chiefly of clay, shaped, and burnt in a 
 kiln : — a small loaf. — 2, v. a. [pp. bricking, 
 bricked.] To lay with bricks. 
 
 Brick' -bat, n. A piece of brick. 
 
 Brick'kiln (-kil), n. A kiln to burn bricks. 
 
 Brick'lay-er, n. One who lays bricks. 
 
 Brick'-pan'e, n. [See Pane, Pan, Panel.] (Arch.) 
 A frame filled in with bricks. — 2, v. a. [pp. brick- 
 paning, brick-paned.] To fill in with bricks. 
 
 Brick'-tea, 
 
 The name given to brick-shaped 
 
 masses of tea formed in moulds. 
 
 Brick'work (-wiirk), n. Work made with bricks. 
 
 Brick'-yard, n. A yard in which bricks are made. 
 
 Bri'dal, n. [For bride-ale; 0. E. ale, a feast; like 
 the recent use of Tea.] A nuptial festival; a 
 wedding.— 2, «. Belonging to a wedding; nuptial. 
 
 Bride, n. [A.-S. bryd, Ger. braut.] A woman 
 newly married or about to be married. 
 
 Bride'groom, n. [A..-S*-bryd-guma ; guma, L. homo, 
 a man; Ger. brautiyam, bridegroom.] A man 
 newly married or about to be married. ' 
 
 Brldes'maid, n. She who attends upon the bride. 
 
 Bride'well, n. [From St. Bride's, or Bridget's, well, 
 London.] A house of correction ; a. jail. 
 
 Bridge, n. [A.-S. bricg, Scot, brig, Ger. brucke, 
 Dan. bro.] A pathway erected over a river, canal, 
 &c: — the upper part of the nose : — the supporter 
 of the strings of a violin, &c— 2, v. a. [pp. 
 bridging, bridged.] To form a bridge over. 
 
 Bri'dle (bri'dl), n. [A.-S. bridel, Dut. brielel, Fr. 
 bride; Fr. brelclle, a strap; akin to Braid.] The 
 instrument by which a horse is governed :— a 
 restraint; a curb.— 2, v. a. [pp. bridling, bri- 
 dled.] To put a bridle on ; to restrain.— 3, v. n. 
 To hold up the head. 
 
 Bri-d66n', «. [Fr. bridan, from bride, a bridle.] A 
 snaffle and rein of a bridle, which act indepen- 
 dently of the bit. 
 
 Brief (br5f i, a. [L. brevis, short ; Fr: bref.] Short ; 
 concise; contracted. — 2, n. A writing; extract. 
 — (Law.) A writ or precept : — minutes of a case. 
 
 Briefless, a. Having no professional employ- 
 ment (said of young lawyers). 
 
 Briefly, ad. In a few words; concisely. 
 
 Bri'er, n. [A.-S. brei-e, 
 brut/ere, heath ; cf. 
 Breton brug, heath.] 
 A prickly shrub ; the 
 bramble. 
 
 Bri'er-y, a. Full of bri- 
 ers'; rough; prickly. 
 
 Brig, n. [Short for 
 Brigantine.] A 
 
 square-rigged vessel 
 with two masts. 
 
 Bri-gade', n. [Fr. ; It. 
 brigata, from brigare. 
 
 Irish, briar, a thorn ; Fr. 
 
 Brig, 
 to fight.— See Brigand.] 
 
 A party or division of troops, consisting of sev- 
 
 eral battalions. — 2, v. a. [pp. brigading, bri- 
 gaded.] To form into a brigade. 
 
 Brig-a-dier', or Brig-a-dier'-^en'er-al, n. An 
 officer who commands' a brigade. 
 
 Brig' and, n. [Fr. ; It. brigante, a busybody, a 
 robber; brigare, to fight, to be engaged; briga, 
 strife, business — Cf. Goth, brikan, to break ; 
 brakja, a rupture, a struggle.] A robber; a free- 
 booter, [der; robbery. 
 
 Brig'and-afe [brig'an-daj, St.], n. [Fr.] Plun- 
 
 Brig'an-tine [brig'an-tln, S. W. J. F. Jet. K. R. I. 
 W. ; brig'an-tiu, St. Sm. N.], v. [It. brigantina, 
 originally, a pirate-ship. — See Brigand.]' A ves- 
 sel ; a small brig ; an hermaphrodite brig. 
 
 Bright (brit), a. [A.-S. brihl, beorht, Icel. bjartr ; 
 Skr. bhraj, to shine. — Cf. L. jiagro, flamma.) 
 Shining; full of light; reflecting light -.—clear ; 
 lucid : — witty. 
 
 Bright'en (bri'tn), v. a. [pp. brightening, bright- 
 ened.] To make bright: — to make witty: — to 
 make illustrious. — 2, v. n. To grow bright. 
 
 Bright'ly. (brit'le), ad. In a bright manner. 
 
 Brightness (brit'nes), n. Lustre : — acuteness. 
 
 Bright' some (brit'sum), a. Bright; brilliant. 
 
 Brill, u. ' [Corn, briihel, pi. brithelli, or bri'U, mack- 
 erel ; brith, spotteil.] A kind of flat-fish. 
 
 Brill'iance, or Brill'ian-cy (bril'yan-se), n. Daz- 
 zling' brightness; lustre; splendor; radiance. 
 
 Syn. — The brightness of the moon ; lustre of the 
 stars or of silk; spleudor of light ; brilliancy of 
 diamonds. BrigMness may be obscured; lustre 
 tarnished; splendor and brilliancy diminished. 
 
 Brill'iant (bril'yant), a. [Fr. briUant; briller, to 
 sparkle; Late L. beryllare, from beryUus, a 
 beryl.] Shining; sparkling. — 2, n. A diamond 
 of the finest cut : — a kind of figured muslin : — 
 the smallest kind of type. 
 
 Brim, n. [A.-S. & Norse, brim, surf; Ger. br'dme, 
 Dut. brsemme, border; Skr. bhram, to whirl; 
 bhrimi, whirlpool; but perhaps a variant of 
 Brink.] The edge; the upper edge of any ves- 
 sel : — the bank of a fountain, river, &c. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. brimming, brimmed.] To fill to the top. — 
 3, v. n. To be full to the brim. 
 
 Brim'fiil, a. Full to the top; quite full. 
 
 Brim'mer, n. A bowl full to the top. 
 
 Brim'ming, a. Full to the brim ; brimful. 
 
 Brim'stone, n. [0. E. brenstone, Scot, briuistane, 
 literally, "burning stone."— See Burn.] A yel- 
 low mineral ; sulphur. 
 
 Brin'ded, a. [A form of branded; cf. A.-S. brin- 
 nan, to burn.] Of a varied color; streaked. 
 
 Brin'dle, n. A brindled or streaked color. — 2, a. 
 Blinded, or brindled. 
 
 Brin'dled (brin'dld), a. [Dim. form of brinded, 
 which is now seldom used.] Brinded; streaked. 
 
 Brine, n. [A.-S. bryne, brine, or a burning, from 
 its taste; brinnan, to burn; Dut. brem, formerly 
 brijn, brine.] Water impregnated with salt. 
 
 Bring, c. a. [A.-S. bringan, Dut. brengen, Ger. 
 bringen ; Skr. bhri, to bear.] [i. brought; pp. 
 bringing, brought.] To fetch from another 
 place ; to convey or carry to ; to attract ; to draw 
 along; to induce. 
 
 Syn. — A master sends his servant to fetch a 
 parcel, which, having received, he carries in his 
 hand and brings home to his master. 
 
 Brin'ish, or Bri'ny, a. Saltish ; like brine. 
 
 Brink, w. [Sw. brink, a declivity ; Dan. brinlc, 
 edge.— Cf. Welsh bryn, a hill ; bron, breast.] The 
 edge of any place ; a precipice. 
 
 Brisk, a. [Irish, brisg, Welsh, brysg; not improbably 
 related to Frisk.] Lively; active; spirited ; 
 quick. — 2, v. n. [pp. brisking, brisked.] To 
 come up briskly ; to assume an independent as- 
 pect : — with up. 
 
 Bris'ket, n- [Fr. brechet, 0. Fr. brischet, bruschel; 
 Breton, brusk, the breast : probably related to 
 Breast.] The breast of an animal. 
 
 Brisk'ly,, ad. In a brisk manner; actively. 
 
 Brisk'ness, n. Liveliness; activity. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, biir, rule, use. — 5, 9, 5, §•, soft; fi, p, p, g, hard ; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 
 
BKISTLE 
 
 116 
 
 BKOOCH 
 
 Sris'tle (bris'sl), n. [Ger. borste; A.-S. byrst '; Dut. 
 borstel— Cf. Obs. & Local E. brustle, bristle, and 
 Fr. broussaillex, brush-wood ; all probably akin to 
 Brush.] The stiff hair on a swine's back. — 
 
 2, t'. a. [pp. bristling, bristled.] To erect; to 
 fix bristles to. — 3, v. n. To be erect, as bristles. 
 
 Bris'tly. (hris'le), a. Thick-set with bristles. 
 
 Bris'tol-board, n. [From the place of its manu- 
 facture.] A kind of fine pasteboard. 
 
 Bri-tan'ni-a, n. A sort of mixed metal. 
 
 Bri-tan'nic, a. Kelating to Great Britain. 
 
 Brit'ish, a. Belonging to or made in Britain. 
 
 Brit'on, n. [Said to be for Celt, bryth, painted, 
 from the ancient British custom of painting the 
 body.] A native of Britain: — one of the old 
 Celtic race of Britain. 
 
 Brit' tie, a. [A.-S. breotan, Sw. bryta, to break ; 
 variants from the great stem brak, which last 
 gives the local bridle, brittle.— Cf. L. fray His, 
 from the same root.] Apt to break; fragile; 
 easily broken. 
 
 Brit'tle-ness, n. Aptness to break. 
 
 Britzska (bris'ka), ». [Russ. brilzscKka; Pol. 
 bryczkn, dim. of bryJca, a freight- wagon.] An 
 open four-wheeled pleasure-carriage. 
 
 Broach (broch), n. [Fr. broclie ; Late L. broceus, 
 a point; akin to Prick.] A spit. — See Brooch. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. broaching, broached.] To spit : — 
 to pierce ; to tap : — to let out ; to give out. 
 
 Broad (brawd), «. [A.-S. brad; Dut. breed; Dan. 
 bred; Ger. breit] Wide; large; ample; exten- 
 sive ; comprehensive : — clear ; open : — gross ; 
 coarse ; indelicate. — 2, n. A lagoon or mere. 
 
 Syn. — Broad cloth, broad brim ; wide entrance ; 
 large field, house, or family; ample space; ex- 
 tensive prospect ; comprehensive survey ; clear 
 sunshine. — Broad or coarse language; indelicate 
 allusion. 
 
 Broad-ar'row, n. A British government mark 
 ( $*■ ) on all solid materials used in the national 
 ships, dock-yards, &c, to prevent embezzlement. 
 
 Broad' axe (brawd'aks), n. An axe with a broad 
 edge for hewing timber. 
 
 Broad'-brim, n. A Quaker. [Colloq.] 
 
 Broad'cast, n. A method of sowing seeds by cast- 
 ing them abroad with the hand. — 2, a. & ad. 
 Sown by hand extended; widely diffused. — 
 
 3, v. a. \_pp. broadcasting, broadcast or broad- 
 casted.] To sow broadcast. 
 
 Broad'-church, n. The section of the Church of 
 England which professes to hold views less ex- 
 clusive than those of either the Low Church or 
 Evangelical or the High Church section, [cloth. 
 
 Broad' cloth, n. [From its breadth.] A fine woollen 
 
 Broad'en (brfiw'dn), v. a. [pp. broadening, broad- 
 ened.] To make broad. — 2, r. n. To grow broad. 
 
 Broad'-gauge (gaj), a. Noting a railroad whose 
 width is 4 feet 8}4 inches or upward. 
 
 Broad'ly. (brawd'lej", ad. In a broad manner. 
 
 Broad-pen'nant, n. A square pennant carried at 
 the mast-head of a commodore's vessel. 
 
 BroSd'-sheet, n. A sheet printed for circulation. 
 
 Broad' side, n. The side of a ship : — a discharge 
 of all the guns at once from the side of a ship. 
 — (Printing.) One side of a whole sheet of paper. 
 
 Broad'sword (brawd'sord), n. A cutting sword 
 with a broad blade. 
 
 Broa.d'\vi§e, ad. In the direction of the breadth. 
 
 Bro-cade', n. [Sp. brocado; Fr. brocher, to em- 
 broider, to stitch; broche, a needle. — See Broach.] 
 A kind of stuff or cloth, embroidered with gold, 
 silver, or silk. 
 
 Bro-cad'ed, a. Dressed in, or woven as, brocade. 
 
 Bro'cage, n. Brokerage. See Brokerage. 
 
 Broc'ard [brok'ard, ,S/. Wr. Wb. ; bro-kard', I. M], 
 n. [Said to be from one Burkhard, a mediaeval 
 canonist ; but the French use brocard also in the 
 sense of a keen sarcasm, a sharp retort, in which 
 meaning it seems connected with broche, a 
 skewer, or spit. — See Broach.] A law maxim ; 
 a fundamental rule. 
 
 Broc'a-tel, n. Coarse brocade : — variegated marble. 
 
 Broc'co-li (brok'o-le), n. [It. pi. of broccolo, a 
 sprout ; dim. of brocco, a shoot ; Late L. broceus, 
 a point.— See Broach.] A kind of cabbage. 
 
 Br5-chure\ n. [Fr. for "stitching," a "stitched 
 pamphlet;" brocher, to stitch; broche, a needle. 
 —See Broach.] A pamphlet. 
 
 Brock'et, n. [Fr. broquart, from the broche, or 
 snag,' of its antlers.] A red deer, two years old. 
 
 Bro'gan, n. [Dim. of brogue.] A thick, coarse 
 shoe' : — a brogue. 
 
 Brogue (brog), n. [Celt, brog, 
 a shoe.] A rude kind of shoe : 
 — [so called humorously, be- 
 cause, like the shoe of the Brogue, 
 same name, it was characteristic of the Irish] a 
 corrupt or local accent or intonation : — [Irish, 
 briogais, breeches] in the plural, breeches. 
 
 Broi'der, v. a. [pp. broidering. broidered.] See 
 Embroider. 
 
 Brbil,ii. [Fr. brouiller, to confuse ; bread, a thicket; 
 0. Fr. bruiller, to roast, to broil. These verbs 
 seem respectively related to Brawl and Brew, 
 but are said to be distinct from briiler, to burn.] 
 A tumult ; a quarrel ; a brawl. — 2, v. a. [pp. broil- 
 ing, broiled.] To cook by laying on the coals. 
 — 3, v. n. To be on coals, or in the heat. 
 
 Brbil'er, v. One who, or that which, broils. 
 
 Broke, i. & p. from break. 
 
 Bro'ken (bro'kn), p. from break. 
 
 Bro'ken-heart'ed (bro'kn-), a. Having the spirits 
 crushed by grief or fear ; contrite. 
 
 Bro'ken-wind'ed, «. Having short breath or 
 diseased respiration. 
 
 Bro'ker, n. [Obs. E. broke, to deal, whence some 
 take this word, appears to be derived from the 
 noun. — Cf. Late L. abrocator, a broker; also 
 Dan. brug, trade, custom, usage ; Dut. broeck, 
 custom ; E. brook, to endure. Some derive it 
 from Fr. broc, a jug ; brocanteur, a dealer in junk 
 or rubbish, also a broker; originally, one who 
 retailed liquids by the jugful.] One who makes 
 bargains for others ; a factor : — a dealer in 
 money or securities. 
 
 Bro'ker-age, n. Money or percentage paid to a 
 broker for effecting a sale or purchase: — the 
 business of a broker. 
 
 Bro'mide, n. A neutral compound of bromine 
 and! some other simple body. 
 
 Bro'mine, n. [Gr. /3po>;uo?, /3p6,uos, a strong smell.] 
 (Che'm.) A substance often extracted from bit- 
 tern, or sea-water. 
 
 Bron'phi-al, a. Relating to the air-passages. 
 
 Bron-phit'ic, a. Affected with, or relating to, 
 bronchitis. 
 
 Bron-phi'tis, n. {Med.) Inflammation of the 
 lining membrane of the bronchia, or branches of 
 the windpipe. 
 
 Bron'cho-cele, n. (Med.) The goitre. 
 
 Bron-phot'o-mx, n. [Gr. ppoyxos, windpipe, and 
 To/otrj (re/jLvetv), a cut.] A surgical incision of 
 the windpipe or larynx. 
 
 Bron'phus, u. ; pi. Bron'phl. [L. ; Gr. fipoyxos, 
 windpipe.] A large branch of the windpipe. — 
 The smaller ramifications are called bronchia 
 [Gr. Ppoyxt-a, pi.]. 
 
 Bron'co, n. [Sp., rough, rude.] A half-domesti- 
 cated beast :— a cross between a tame horse and 
 a mustang ; a native horse of California. 
 
 Bronze, or Bronze [bronz, S. W. J. F. Ja. ; bronz, 
 Svi. E. Co. On. H. St. I. Wb. ; bronz or bronz, 
 K. R. ; bronz or brunz, N.], n. [Fr. ; It. brovzo ; 
 akin to Burn, Brown.] A factitious metal com- 
 pounded of copper and tin. — 2, v. a. [pp. bronz- 
 ing, bronzed.] To harden, or color, or make, 
 like bronze. 
 
 Brooch (broch) [broch, W. J. E. Ja. Sm. H. I. St. 
 N. R. ; broch, S. P. F. K. C], v. [Fr. broche, a 
 pin.— See Broach.] A jewel; an ornament; a 
 pin. — 2, v. a. [pp. brooching, brooched.] To 
 adorn with jewels. 
 
 a, e, I, o, u, y, long.; 5, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, j,, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
BBOOD 
 
 117 
 
 BUCK-BOARD 
 
 BrSod, v. n. [Dut. broed, Ger. brut ; root of Breed.] 
 [pp. brooding, brooded.] To sit on eggs: — to 
 muse.— 2, «. Offspring ; progeny :— number of 
 cbickens, &c., hatched at once :— a production. 
 
 Brook (bruk) [bruk, P. J. F. Sm. Wb. H. I. St.; 
 took, S. W. E. Ja. G], n. [A.-S. broc, a spring, 
 root of Break ; Ger. bruch, a marsh ; Dut. broek, 
 a mere.] A running water; a rivulet.— 2, v. a. 
 [A.-S. brucan, to use; Icel. bruka, L. frui, /ruc- 
 tion, to enjoy.] [pp. brooking, brooked.] To 
 bear ; to endure. 
 
 Syn. — Rivulets flowing into each other make 
 brooks, and brouks, rivers. 
 
 Broom, n. [A.-S. brom; Dut. brera, heath; allied 
 to Bramble.] A small shrub :— an instrument to 
 sweep with ; a besom. — 2, v. a. [pp. brooming, 
 broomed.] To clean a ship :— to sweep. 
 
 Br66m'-cbm, n. A plant from whose tops brooms 
 are made. 
 
 Broom' stick, n. The handle of a broom. 
 
 Broom'y, a. Full of, or consisting of, broom. 
 
 Broth (brawth or brOth) [broth, W. P. F. Ja. St. 
 I. Sm. C ; brawth, S. /. K. Wb. H.], n. [A.-S. 
 & Nurse; root of Brew; Gael, brothas, Scot. 
 brose.] Liquor in which flesh has been boiled. 
 
 Brotft'el [bruth'el, St. I.J, n. [0. E. brothel-house; 
 A.-S." breihel, a wretch, abrothen, base, brut, to 
 break (cf. Brittle) ; but the form was deter- 
 mined by Fr. borcle, bordel, a hut, a brothel, a 
 house of boards. — See Board. Bordel as an 
 English word is obsolete.] A house of lewdness. 
 
 Broth'er, n. ; pi. Brotn'ers and Bretfr'ren. [Dut. 
 broed'er, Norse, brother, Ger. bruder, Celt, brathair, 
 Czech, bratr, L. frater, Gr. ^parrjp, Per. bruder, 
 Skr. bhratri.] A male born of the same parents : 
 — one of the same society : — one closely united. 
 — Brothers are persons of the same family or the 
 same society; brethren (used in the solemn style), 
 persons of the same society. 
 
 Brotn-er-hood (bruth'er-hud), n. The quality of 
 being a brother : — a fraternity. 
 
 Broth'er-ly, a. Affectionate; like a brother. ( 
 
 Brougham (brC/am), n. [From Lord Brougham.] 
 A small carriage. 
 
 Brought (braut), i. & p. from bring. 
 
 Brow, ». [A.-S. bru, Dut. braauw, Russ. brove, 
 Gael, bra, Skr. bhru.] The arch of hair over the 
 eye : — the forehead : — the edge of a hill ; brink. 
 
 BrS<v'beat (brou'bet), v. a. [Literally, to beat 
 with the brows; to frown down.] [i. browbeat; 
 pp. browbeating, browbeaten.] To depress with 
 severe, stern, or haughty looks or words. 
 
 Bro<v'beat-ing. n. The act of depressing by stern 
 or threatening looks or arrogant speech. 
 
 BrS-ftn, «. [A.-S. brun, Dut. bruun, Ger. brawn, Fr. 
 brun ; root of Burn.] Inclining to black or red; 
 dark. — 2, /*. The name of a dark color. 
 
 Brown'ie (broun'e), n. [Scot., from his swarthy 
 face.] 'A spirit formerly supposed to haunt old 
 houses. 
 
 Brb^n'ish, a. Tending to brown. 
 
 Bro-ftn-stiid'y, n. [So called as being dark and 
 gloomy.] Pensive musing; revery. 
 
 Browse, v. a. [0. Fr. brouser, brouster, Fr. brou(er.~\ 
 [pp. browsing, browsed.] To eat, as branches. 
 — 2, v. n. To feed on branches or leaves. — 3, n. 
 [Ger. bross, 0. Fr. brost, a sprout.] Tender 
 branches or leaves. [a bear. 
 
 Bru'in, n. [Dut. bruin, brown.] A cant term for 
 
 Bruise, v. a. [0. Fr. bruiser, Fr. briser; cf. A.-S. 
 brysan, to bruise; cognate with Burst.] [pp. 
 bruising, bruised.] To crush or mangle with 
 blows. — 2, n. A hurt from a blow ; contusion. 
 
 Bruit, n. [Ft. bruit, from bruire, to make a noise, 
 to roar.] Noise : report. — 2, v. a. [pp. bruiting, 
 bruited.] To report: 
 
 Brumaire (bra-mar), n. [Fr., fog-month ; brume, 
 fog; L. bruma, winter; properly, the winter sol- 
 stice ; bnana, for brevima, shortest (day) ; brevis, 
 short.] The second month of the calendar of the 
 first French republic ; October 23 to November 21. 
 
 Bru'mal, a. Belonging to the winter. 
 
 Brurn'ma-fem, a. [Colloquial name of Birming- 
 ham, England, noted for cheap wares.] Cheap 
 and showy. 
 
 Bru'mous, a. _Foggy; vaporous. 
 
 Bru-nette' (bru-net'), n. [Fr. ; brun, brown.] A 
 girl or woman with a brown or dark complexion. 
 
 Brunt, n. [A.-S. brunt, stroke ; Dan. brunst,brynde, 
 heat, ardor; Icel. brenna, to burn.] Shock ; vio- 
 lence ; blow; stroke. 
 
 Brush, n. [Fr. brosse, a brush or bush, brousscaUes, 
 brush-wood ; Ger. biirste, a brush, borste, a bris- 
 tle ; akin to Broach, Bristle.] An instrument 
 of bristles to clean any thing :— a painter's pen- 
 cil : — tail, as of a fox : — a skirmish : — a thicket; 
 brushwood.— 2, v. a. [pp. brushing, brushed.] 
 To clean, rub, or sweep with a brush : — to 
 paint : — to skim lightly. — 3, v. n. To move with 
 haste :— to fly over. 
 
 Brush'-tiir-key, n. An 
 Australian bird resem- 
 bling a turkey. 
 
 Brush' wood (brusb/wud), '•^*g*£ jSP^Z'*. 
 
 n. Small bushes. $^<&Wz ^9t 
 
 Brush's, a. Bough or /^JW~7^ k-^Uv 
 shaggy, like a brush. ■ j J^^^ffz^^^^^f z - 
 
 Brusk, a. Rude; abrupt Brush-turker. 
 
 in manner; brusque. 
 
 Brusque (brusk), a. [Fr. ; It. bm*co, rough (used 
 of wines).— Cf. L. labrusca, wild (used of vines,).] 
 Blunt or rough in manner or speech ; brusk. 
 
 Brusque'ness (briisk'nes), n. BluntnesS or rough- 
 ness of manner or speech. 
 
 Brusquerie (briis-ke-re), n. [Fr.] Brusqueness. 
 
 Brus'sels, a. Noting a kind of carpet. 
 
 Bru'tat a. Like a brute ; 6avage ; cruel. 
 
 Bru-tal'i-ty,, n. Savageness; cruelty. 
 
 Bru'tal-ize,' 0. n. [pp. brutalizing, brutalized.] 
 To grow brutal.— 2, v. a. To make brutal. 
 
 Bru'tal-ly,, ad. In a brutal manner ; churlishly. 
 
 Brute", a. ' [L. brutus, stupid.] Senseless: dull :— 
 savage; bestial. — 2, >i. An irrational animal; a 
 beast : — a brutish person. 
 
 Bry-ol'o-£j:, n. [Gr. fipvov, moss, and Adyos, 
 treatise.] (Bot.) The science of mosses. 
 
 Bry'o-ny., n. [Gr. /Spuwt/ia.] A wild, climbing 
 plant. 
 
 Bry-o-zo'a, n. pi. [Gr. /Spvov, moss, and ^iov, an 
 animal.] The same as Polvzo \. 
 
 BQb'ble, n. [Dut. bobbel, Dan. boble, Sw. bubbla, 
 Ital. bubola.] A vesicle of water : — any tiling 
 empty ; a cheat ; a fraud.— 2. r. n. [pp. bub- 
 bling, bubbled.] To rise in babbles; to run 
 gently. — 3, v. a. To cheat; to impose upon. 
 
 Bii'bo, n. ; pi. Bu'boes. [Gr. /3ov0c6i'.] A tumor 
 in the groin, armpit, ice. : — [L.] the horned 
 owl. 
 
 Buc'cal, a. [L. bucca, a cheek. — Cf. Fr. bouche, 
 mouth.] Relating to the cheek. 
 
 Bfio-ca-neer', n. [Fr. boucauier, from boucan, the 
 West Indian name for a hurdle on which meat 
 is smoked; the first buccaneers were in many 
 cases employed in smoking and drying meats, 
 and in similar occupations.] One of the pirates 
 that formerly infested the West Indies. 
 
 Bu'ehu, n. [A Hottentot word.] A South African 
 plant whose leaves are used in medicine. 
 
 Buck, n. [Celt, buac, dung of cows: liquor used 
 in bleaching; from Gael, bo, W. bu, L. bos, a 
 cow (dung of animals is still used in finishing 
 some kinds of cloth).] Lye in which clothes 
 are soaked and washed: — [A.-S. boc, Ger. bock, 
 Dan. bid; a ram, a he-goat ; found in Teutonic 
 and Celtic languages ; Skr. bukka, a goat] male 
 of certain animals, as deer, sheep, goats. Ac. : 
 — a dashing fellow. — 2, v. a. [pp. bucking, 
 bucked.] To wash and soak in lye. — 3, v. n. 
 To leap up and round the back. 
 
 Buck'-board, v. [Local, buck, a wagon, a cart- 
 body.] A vehicle having two axies and four 
 wheels, with a seat. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, <?, 9, £, soft; p, £, p, f , hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 
 
BUCKET 
 
 118 
 
 BULLOCK 
 
 Bfick'et, re. [A.-S. buc, E. back, a vat ; Irish, buicead, 
 a bucket ; Buss, bah, a vat ; Fr. buquet, a trough. 
 Heraldic E. bouget, a leathern bucket, is the same 
 as Budget.] A vessel for water; a pail. 
 
 Bfick'eye, re. [Named from its nut, which is like 
 a deer's eye in size and color.] A kind of horse- 
 chestnut tree of various species. 
 
 Buc'kle, n. [L. bucculu, a boss on a shield ; dim. 
 of buccu, a cheek ; Fr. boucle. — Cf. Ger. biigel, E. 
 bugle.] An instrument to fasten straps. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. buckling, buckled.] To fasten with a 
 buckle. — 3, v. n. To bend. 
 
 Buck'ler, re. [Fr. bouclier ; L. buccula; forms much 
 like this are found in most European languages.] 
 A kind of shield for the arm. 
 
 Buck'ram, re. [Fr. bougran, 0. Fr. boucaran; ori- 
 gin disputed.] A sort of stiffened linen cloth. — 
 
 2, a. Stiff like buckram ; precise. 
 Buck'sheesh, ) n. [Per., a gift; now also Hind., 
 BGck'shish, J Turk., & Arab.] See Backsheesh. 
 Buck' shot, re. Heavy shot used by sportsmen and 
 
 hunters for large animals. 
 
 Buck'skin, n. Leather made of a buck's skin. 
 
 Buck' thorn, re. A shrub with cathartic berries. 
 
 Buck'wheat, re. [Dut. boekiceit, Ger. buchweizen, 
 beech-wheat : the seeds are shaped like beech- 
 nuts.] A plant ; a kind of grain. 
 
 Bu-col'ic, a. [Gr. /3ovkoAik6s; /3ovk6Ao?, a herds- 
 man ; /Sous, an ox.] Pastoral. — 2, n. A pastoral 
 poem : — a writer of pastoral poetry. 
 
 Bud, n. [Dut. bot; Breton, bod, a tuft; 0. Fr. 
 boter, to push. — Cf. Butt and Button.] The 
 first shoot of a plant ; germ. — 2, v. re. [pp. budd- 
 ing, budded.] To put forth shoots or buds. — 
 
 3, v. a. To inoculate, as a tree or a plant. 
 Buddh'a (bo'da), n. [Skr. for "wise," "enlight- 
 ened."] The founder of Buddhism. 
 
 Buddh'i§m (bC/dizm), m A religion, whose fol- 
 lowers are called Buddhists. 
 
 Buddh'ist, n. A follower of Buddha. 
 
 Bud' ding, a. Youthful. 
 
 Budfe, >'. re. [Fr. bouger ; Prov. bolegar, L. bidli- 
 care, freq. of bullire, to boil.] [pp. budging, 
 budged.] To stir; to wag; to move off. — 2, a. 
 [0. E. budge, lamb-skin, used in trimming the 
 gowns of scholars; 0. Fr. bouge, L. bulga, a 
 leather bag; akin to Bellows.] Stiff; surly; 
 formal : — scholastic. 
 
 Bud'get, re. [Fr. bougette, dim. of bouge, a bag. — 
 See Budge.] A bag; a stoi-e or stock :— a state- 
 ment respecting the public finances. 
 
 Buff, u. [Short for buffalo.] A sort of leather 
 made of a buffalo's skin : — a light yellow : — a 
 military coat. — 2, a. Light yellow. 
 
 Buf'fa-15, h. [Sp. bufalo; L. bufalus, bubalus; Gr. 
 /SovjSaAo? ; akin to /3ou?, ox. j A kind of ox ; 
 incorrectly, the bison. 
 
 Buf fa-lo-grass, n. The name common to various 
 species of grass covering the prairies. 
 
 Buf fa-16-robe. re. The skin of the bison pre- 
 pared with the hair on it. 
 
 Buffer, re. [Obs. E. buff, to strike (as in rebuff) ; 
 0. Fr. buffe, a blow.] An elastic cushion at- 
 tached to a railroad carriage for breaking the 
 shock when one carriage strikes another. 
 
 Buffet, re. [0. Fr., dim. of buffe, a slap.] A blow 
 with the fist : a slap. — 2, v. a. [pp. buffeting, 
 buffeted.] To strike with the hand. — 3, v. n. 
 To play at boxing ; to box. — 4, n. [Fr. ; origin 
 doubtful.] A cupboard ; a refreshment-room. 
 
 Buffo, «. [It.] A comic actor in an opera. 
 
 Buffoon', v. [It. buffone; buffet, a trick.] A person 
 who makes sport by low jests; a low jester; a 
 droll ; a mimic ; a clown. 
 
 Buf-foon'e-ry, u. Practice of a buffoon ; jests. 
 
 Bug, re. [Welsh, bvg, a hobgoblin, an object of dis- 
 gust.] A bed-bug : — an insect. [vain terror. 
 
 Bug'a-b66, «. [A nursery word.] A bugbear; a 
 
 Bug'bear (bug'bar), ». [Bug and bear, which in 
 0. E. often means a monster.] A frightful ob- 
 ject; a false or imaginary terror. 
 
 Bugle. 
 
 Bug'fy. a. Abounding with, or full of, bugs. — 
 2, n. [Said to be an East Indian word.— Cf. 
 Bogey.] A light four-wheeled carriage drawn 
 by one horse. 
 
 Bu'gle, n. [Ger. biigel.— Cf. Buc- 
 klk.] A shining bead of black 
 glass: — [L. buculns, bullock; dim. 
 of bos, ox] a sort of wild ox : — 
 a bugle-horn :— [L. bugillo] a plant. 
 
 Bu'gle-horn, re. [Properly, the horn of a bugle, or 
 bullock.] A hunting-horn :— a trumpet. 
 
 Bu'gler, n. One who plays on the bugle. 
 
 Bu'gloss, n. [Gr. fiovyXwo-aos ; fiovs. ox, and 
 y\ioo-o-a, a tongue.] A plant; the ox-tongue. 
 
 Buhl (bul), n. [From M. Bovle, a noted wood- 
 carver.] Ornamental furniture, inlaid with tor- 
 toise-shell, metals, &c. 
 
 Buhr'stone (btir'ston), n. [Burr and stone.} A 
 
 ' silicious stone used for millstones. 
 
 Build (bild), v. a. [A.-S. bold, Scot, beeld, a house, 
 a shelter; 0. Sw. bylja, to build; root of Norse 
 bua, to dwell.] [i. built or builded ; jip. build- 
 ing, built or builded.] To make, as an edifice; 
 to construct ; to raise.— 2, v. v. To construct : — 
 to depend on.— 3, n. Structure ; form ; make. 
 
 Build'er (bild'er), re. One who builds. 
 
 Build'ing (bild'ing), re. A fabric ; an edifice. 
 
 Bulb, re. [Gr. /3oA/36?, L. bulbus.] A round root, 
 as of an onion or a tulip. [bous. 
 
 Bul-ba'ceous (bul-ba'shus), a. [L. bidbaceus.] Bul- 
 
 Biil-bif er-ous, a. [Bulb, and L. ferre, to bear.] 
 Bearing bulbs. 
 
 Bul'bous, a. [L. bidbosus.] Having bulbs; pro- 
 tuberant, [bird. 
 
 Bul'bul, n. [Per.] A nightingale :— a singing 
 
 BuLfe, re. [0. Sw. bulcga, to swell ; Icel. bolginn, 
 swollen. — See Bulk.] A leak : — a protuberance ; 
 bilge.— 2, v. n. [pp. bulging, bulged.] To take 
 in water : — to bilge : — to swell. 
 
 Bulk, re. [Icel. bulla, a heap; Dan. bulk, a lump.] 
 Magnitude; size : — the mass; the main part :— 
 a jutting out :— a body; a dead body; carcass. 
 — 2, v. n. [pp. bulking, bulked.] To present 
 an appearance of size or importance; to swell. 
 
 Bulk'head (bulk'hed), n. [Akin to E. balk, a 
 board; 0. E. bulk, a box, a bunk, a stall ; Icel. 
 bolkr, a beam, a partition.] A partition in a 
 ship, between two decks. 
 
 BQlk'i-ness, n. Greatness in bulk or size. 
 
 Bulk'y, a. Of great size :— massy ; large. 
 
 Syn. — A btdky vessel ; a massy shield ; massive 
 silver ; a large house. 
 
 Bull, re. [Icel. boli, Dut. but, Russ. vol.] The male 
 of cattle:— the sign Taimis of the zodiac: — [L. 
 bulla, a leaden seal, a bubble] a letter or edict of 
 the pope; a seal or stamp : — a gross blunder in 
 language : — one who seeks to raise the price of 
 
 . stocks or shares. 
 
 Bul' lace, n. [Celt, bolos, Gael, buknstear, a sloe.] 
 A sort of wild, sour plum. [of papal bulls. 
 
 Bul'la-ry, n. [Late L. bullarium.] A collection 
 
 Bull'-bait-ing, n. Fight of bulls with dogs. 
 
 Bull'dog, n. A courageous species of dog. 
 
 Bul'let, re. [Fr. bonlet, dim. of boule, a ball ; L. 
 bulla, a bubble.] A round ball of metal; shot. 
 
 Bul'le-tin, orBul'le-tin [bul'et-ten, J. Jo. St. 8m. 
 B.;' bul'et-in, F.' C. H. I. Wb.], n. [Fr. ; It. 
 bulletino, dim. of bidletta, a passport, dim. of 
 bulla, a papal bull.] An official account of public 
 news or events. 
 
 Bull' -fight (-fit), n. A combat with a bull. 
 
 Bull'f inch, n. A bird of the sparrow kind. 
 
 Bull' -frog, n. A large species of frog. 
 
 Bull'-head, n. A fish : — a stupid fellow. 
 
 Bull'-head'ed, \a. Obstinate : unyielding. 
 
 Bull'-necke'd (-nekt), J [Colloq.l 
 
 Bull'ion, n. [0. Fr. bouillon, a mass; bullione, a 
 mint; from L. bulla, a seal.] Gold or silver in 
 mass. 
 
 Bul'lock, u. [A.-S. bidluca; dim. of bull.] An ox; 
 a castrated bull. 
 
 e, l, o, u, y, 
 
 a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
BULL'S-EYE 
 
 119 
 
 BUKGLAKIOTJSLY 
 
 BuH'§'-eye (bulz'I), n. (Arch.) A circular open- 
 ing in a window : — a thick glass lens in the 
 deck, &c, of a ship. 
 Bull-ter'ri-er, u. A small fierce dog. 
 Bull' -trout, n. A large kind of trout. 
 Bul'ly, n. [Cf. Sw. ballerbas, Low Ger. buller-bak, 
 Dut. bvdderbas, a noisy fellow, Sw. bullra, to 
 bluster; influenced by Bull.] A noisy, quarrel- 
 some fellow.— 2, /•. a. [Cf. E. slang bully-rag, to 
 worry, as if to worry a bull with a red rag.] 
 [pp. bullying, bullied.] To overbear with men- 
 aces. — 3, v. u. To bluster; to threaten. — i, a. 
 [Cf. Ger. bnhle, gallant : often used in an ill 
 sense.] Dashing; brisk; mettlesome ; jovial : — 
 first-rate ; capital. [Low.] 
 BuT'rush, n. [From bull, indicating largeness, and 
 
 rush.] A rush growing by or in water. 
 Bul'wark, n. [Ger. bolltoerk, Dan. bnlvzerk ; Dan. 
 bul, E. bole, a log, and work, a structure. — Cf. 
 Boulevard.] A bastion; a rampart; a. fortifi- 
 cation ; a security; protection. 
 Bum, n. [For bottom.— Cf. Fris. bom.] The but- 
 tocks. — 2, v.n. [Same as boom ; imitative.] [pp. 
 bumming, bummed.] To make a noise. 
 Bum-bai'liff, n. [Said to be for bound-bailiff, a 
 bailiff who has given bonds; but perhaps with 
 the idea of one who seizes a culprit by the rear 
 of his garments: "shoulder-marshal" also oc- 
 curs.] An under-bailiff. 
 Bum-be'lo [bum'be-lo, Wb. ; bum'be-lo, I.], u. 
 [It. bombola; just as cupola is in vulgar English 
 cupelo, and gondola is gundelow.] A glass flask. 
 Bum'ble-bee, n. [From bum, or boom, to hum; as 
 humblebee, from hum.] A large bee; humblebee. 
 Bum' boat, n. [Dut. bumboot; from boom (or from 
 
 Dut. bun, a tank) and bout.] A clumsy boat. 
 Bum'kin, n. [Boom, a spar, and dim. suffix -kin.] 
 
 A short boom in a ship. 
 Bum'mer, n. [Probably from Ger. bummler, a 
 loafer'; bummeln, to loiter.] A forager; a va- 
 grant, lawless soldier :— an idle fellow without 
 visible means of support. [Slang.] 
 Bump, n. [Cognate with Bunch, Bvx, Bunk. — 
 Cf. Welsh pwmp, a lump ; also a loud sound.] A 
 swelling; a protuberance. — 2, v. a. [Imitative 
 word, like thump or boom. — Of. L. bombus, Gr. 
 /36/xpos, a humming noise.] [pp. bumping, 
 bumped.] To strike; to thump. — 3, v. n. To 
 make a loud noise. 
 Bump'er, n. [From bombard, a cannon; hence, a 
 driiik'ing-vessel. The derivation from Fr. au 
 bon pere, a health drunk "to the good father" 
 (tbe pope), is not now accepted.] A cup or glass 
 filled to the brim. 
 Bump'kin, n. [For bumkin, a stick, a block.— See 
 
 Blockhead.] A clown ; a rustic. 
 Bump'tious, a, [Inclined to bump or strike 
 against others.] Domineering: — quarrelsome; 
 offensively self-assertive. 
 Bun, u. The more common form of bunn. 
 Bunch, h. [Softened form of bunk.]. A cluster; 
 a collection ; a lump. — 2, v. a. [pp. bunching, 
 bunched.] To tie up into a bunch or bunches. 
 — 3, v. n. To swell out in a bunch. 
 Bunch'y, a. Growing in, or full of, bunches. 
 Bun'dle, n. [Ger. biindel, Dut. bondel, A.-S. byndel. 
 — See Bind.] A parcel bound together; a roll. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. bundling, bundled.] To tie up 
 in a bundle. 
 Bung, n. [Dut. bom, 0. Dut. bonne, a spigot ; Fr. 
 bonde.] A stopper for a barrel or cask. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. bunging, bunged.] To stop, as a barrel. 
 Buh'ga-low, n. [Hind, bangala, literally a "Ben- 
 gal house."] A thatched house in India. 
 Bung'-hole, n. Hole at which a barrel is filled. 
 Bun'gle, v. n. [A frequentative and pejorative 
 word. — Cf. Icel. bongan, a rude performance ; 
 Sw. bonka, buuka, to thump; Local Ger. bungen, 
 to beat.] [pp. bungling, bungled.] To perform 
 clumsily.— 2, v. a. To do clumsily ; to botch.— 
 3, n. A botch : — a gross blunder. 
 
 Bun'gler, n. A bad or awkward workman. 
 Bun'gli'ng, a. Clumsy ; awkward. 
 Bun'ion, n. An excrescence. See Bunyon. 
 Bunk, n. [Sw. bunke, a heap, a coop ; Icel. bunki, 
 a heap.] A case of boards for a bed : — a piece of 
 timber crossing a sled. [V. S.] — 2, v. n. [pp. 
 bunking, bunked.] To retire to a bunk ; to sleep 
 in a bunk. — 3, v. a. To pile up deceitfully, as 
 wood, so as to increase the apparent quantity. 
 Bunk'er, n. [A form of bunk. — See also Bulk, 
 
 Bank, and Bench.] A coal-bin; a chest. 
 Bunn, n. [Fr. bugnet, beignet, a cake ; O. Fr. bigne, 
 
 bugne, a swelling.] A kind of sweet cake. 
 Bun'ny, n. [Gael, bun, a stump; Sc. bunt, a rab- 
 bit's tail, a bunch.] A child's name for a squirrel 
 or rabbit 
 Bunt, a- [Probably a variant of bunch ; Sw. bunt, 
 a bunch.] Tbe swell of a sail : — a blight on 
 plants : — [a form of butt or bump] a push. — 2, 
 v. a. [pp. bunting, bunted.] To push with the 
 head; to butt. 
 Bunt'ing, n. [Ger. bunt, party-colored.] A bird : 
 — [0. E. bonteu. Local E. bunt, to sift, as meal; 
 hence bunting was a sifting-cloth, a bolt ; bunt is 
 only a variant of boll] a thin woollen stuff. 
 Bunt'line, n. A rope for hoisting a sail. 
 Bun'yon, n. [It. bugnone, a swelling; augmented 
 form' of bugno, 0. Fr. bugne, a bunch.] An ex- 
 crescence or swelling on the ball of the great toe. 
 Buoy (bwby or boy) [bwby, S. W. J. F. K. Sm. D. 
 Wb. C. ; boy, P. St. Co. E. 
 Ja. j boo'i, H. ; boy or bwby, 
 I.], n. [Fr. borne, 0. Fr. 
 boye, Dut. boei, a buoy, a 
 fetter; L. boix, an ox-col- 
 lar; bos, an ox.] A piece of 
 cork or of wood, or an empty 
 cask, floating on the water, 
 to indicate shoals, anchor- 
 ing-places, &c. — 1, v. a. [ pp. buoying, buoyed.] 
 To keep afloat.— 3, v. n. To float. 
 Euoy'an-cy, n. The quality of being buoyant. 
 Buoy'ant [biiy'ant, St. ; boCi'ant, it.], a. Float- 
 ing; light; elastic: — cheerful; hopeful; not 
 easily depressed. 
 Bur, n. A rough, prickly head of a plant ; burr. 
 Biir'bot. n. [Fr. barbate; L. barba, a beard.] A 
 
 kind of fish with beard-like appendages. 
 Biir'den (biir'dn), n. [A.-S. byrthen, Ger. burde; 
 stein of Bear.] A load; what is borne; some- 
 thing grievous:— a cargo; freight : — [Fr. bom- 
 don, drone or bass, humblebee, staff; Late L. 
 burdo, an organ-pipe, a staff, a drone-bee; akin 
 to burr, to buzz] a verse repeated in a song: — 
 the main topic— 2, v. a. [pp. burdening, bur- 
 dened.] To load ; to encumber. 
 Biir'den-some, o. Heavy; grievous; severe. 
 Bur'dock, n. [Burr and dock.] A coarse weed. 
 Bureau (bu-ro' or bu'ro), n. [Fr. ; from 0. Fr. 
 buret, a coarse baize with which tables were cov- 
 ered ; Gr. irvppos, flame-colored.] Fr. pi. Bu- 
 reaux; Eng. Bu-reaus' (bu-roz'). A chest of 
 drawers; a cabinet:— an office; a counting-house. 
 Bu-reau'cra-cy. (bii-ro'krase), ». [On type of 
 aristocracy.] A system by which the business of 
 government is carried on in departments. 
 Bu-reau-crat'ic, a. Relating ti bureaucracy. 
 Bu-rette', n. '[Fr. ; dim of bnire, a vessel ; L. bi- 
 
 bere, to drink.] A chemist's graduated tube. 
 Bur'geon (biir'jun), v. n. [Fr. bourgeon, a bud; 
 root of Burr.] [pp. burgeoning, burgeoned.] To 
 bourgeon ; to bud. 
 Bur'gess, n. [0. E. burgeys, Fr. bourgeois. — See 
 
 Borough.] A citizen :— a representative. 
 Burgh (biir'ro), n. [Scottish form of borough.] A 
 
 corporate town or borough. 
 Burgh'er (biir'ger), n. A freeman; a citizen. 
 Biirg'lar, u. [Fr. bonrg, a town, and 0. Fr. laire, 
 
 lere, L. latro, a thief.] One guilty of burglary. 
 Burg-la'ri-oiis, a. Relating to housebreaking. 
 Burg-la'ri-ous-ly, ad. Like a burglar. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5, g-, 9, g, soft; p, £, p, §, hard; s as z ; 5 us gz j this. 
 
BURGLARY 
 
 120 
 
 BUSTLE 
 
 Biirg'la-ry, n. (Law.) The crime of housebreak- 
 ing by night, with an intent to commit felony. 
 
 BUr'go-mas-ter, n. [Dut. burgemeester, a borough- 
 master.] A magistrate in a Dutch city :—(0rnUh.) 
 the large arctic gull. 
 
 Bur-g68\ n. [Probably corrupted from Fr. ragout, 
 a stew.] (Naut.) Oatmeal gruel. 
 
 Bur'grave, n. [Ger. burggraf ; burg, a castle, and 
 graf, a count.] A governor of a castle. 
 
 Bur'gun-dy, n. Wine made in Burgundy. 
 
 Bur'i-'al (ber'e-al) [ber'e-al, W. P. J. F. Sm. H. I. 
 N. C. ; ber'yal, S. E. K. ; bur'e-al, Ja.], n. [From 
 bury ; A.-S. birgels, a tomb, byrgan, to bury.] The 
 act of burying ; interment ; sepulture ; funeral. 
 Syn. — Buriitl in a grave or the earth ; interment 
 in a vault or tomb. Interment, sepulture, and 
 funeral are accompanied with religious ceremo- 
 nies; burial may or may not be. 
 
 Bu'rin, n. [Fr. ; It. borino ; root of Bore.] A grav- 
 ing-tool ; a graver. 
 
 Burke, v. a. [The name of a man who committed 
 the crime in 1829.] [pp. burking, burked.] To 
 murder in order to obtain a body for dissection. 
 
 Burl, v. a. [0. Fr. bouril, a tuft, a flock ; Late L. 
 burra, a tuft of wool.] [pp. burling, burled.] To 
 dress cloth as fullers do. — 2, n. A knot in wool 
 or in wood. 
 
 Bur'laps, or Biir'lap, n. [0. E. borel, Fr. bure, 
 0. Fr. buret, coarse cloth ; and lap, to wrap : bur- 
 laps is used for wrapping goods in.] A coarse 
 hempen cloth. 
 
 Bur-lesque' (bur-lesk'), n. [Fr.; It. burlesco, 
 ridiculous ; burla, mockery.] A composition or 
 piece of poetry intended to excite ridicule ; ludi- 
 crous representation. — 2, a. Ludicrous; sport- 
 ive. — 3, v. a. [pp. burlesquing, burlesqued.] To 
 turn to ridicule. [comic opera. 
 
 Bur-let' ta, n. [It. ; dim. of burla, mockery.] A 
 
 Bur'li-ness, n. State of being burly. 
 
 Biir'ly, a. [0. Ger. burlih, high ; Sc. buirdly, 
 strong; Icel. burthr, strength.] Great in size; 
 bulky ; tumid. 
 
 Burn, v. a. [A.-S. beornan, bsernan, byrnan, also 
 brinnan; Fris. bama ; Ger. brewnen.] [i. burnt 
 or burned; pp. burning, burnt or burned.] To 
 consume with fire ; to wound with fire ; to scorch. 
 — 2, v. n. To be on fire; to be inflamed. — 3, n. 
 A hurt or effect caused by fire : — [see Bourn] 
 a rivulet or brook. 
 
 Biirn'er, n. A person or thing that burns : — the 
 tube' through which burning gas issues. 
 
 Bur'net, n. [Said to be from bum, referring to its 
 acrid qualities.] A perennial plant ; an herb. 
 
 Biirn'ing, n. Inflammation ; fire ; flame. — 2, a. 
 Flaming; vehement; hot. 
 
 BUrn'ing-glass, n. A glass which concentrates 
 the sun's rays and produces intense heat. 
 
 Burn'ing-mir'ror, n. A concave mirror, or com- 
 bination of mirrors, concentrating the sun's rays 
 into a focus so as to produce great heat. 
 
 Biir'nish, v. a. [Fr. brunir, pres. part. brunissayU 
 or burnissant, to polish or to brown ; root of 
 Burn, Brown.] [pp. burnishing, burnished.] To 
 polish. — 2, v. ii. To grow bright. — 3, n. A gloss. 
 
 Biir'nish-er, n. A person or thing that burnishes. 
 
 Biir-noose', n. [Arab, bumus.] A kind of upper 
 garment in Arabia and North Africa ; also, a 
 short cloak worn by ladies : — variously written 
 bernovse, bornouse, and boumouse. 
 
 Burnt, i. & p. from burn. 
 
 Biu-nt'-of-fer-ing, n. An offering made by burn- 
 ing the victim upon the altar. 
 
 Burr, u. [Of. Dan. borre, burdock; It. borra, 
 clippings ; L. burrse, trash ; Gr. fieppov, rough ; 
 Gael, borra, a knob, bior, a thistle.] The lobe 
 of the ear : — the head of a plant : — [imitative] 
 roughness ; a brogue or rough accent. — 2, v. n. 
 [pp. burring, burred.] To speak with a burr. 
 
 Burr'-oak (-ok), n. [From the rough, burr-like 
 acorn-cup.] An American oak yielding a close- 
 grained, durable timber. 
 
 Bur'row, n. [0. E. borivgh, bunvhe, a shelter; 
 identical in origin with borough.] A hole in the 
 ground for rabbits, &c. — 2, v. n. [pp. burrow- 
 ing, burrowed.] To lodge in holes. 
 
 Bur'row-er, n. He who, or that which, burrows : 
 — specifically, a burrowing animal. 
 
 Biirr'-stone, n. See Buhr-stone. 
 
 Biir'ry, a. Full of burrs. 
 
 Biir'sar, n. [Late L. bursarius. — See Burse.] A 
 treasurer in colleges, &c. 
 
 Bur'sar-ship, n. The office of bursar. 
 
 BUr'sa-ry, n. The treasury of a college. 
 
 Burse, n. [Fr. bourse; Late L. bursa, a purse; 
 Gr. ^upa•a, a skin.] An exchange where mer- 
 chants meet ; bourse : — a purse ; a bag. 
 
 Burst, v. n. [A.-S. berstan, Dut. & Ger. bersten; 
 Teut. stem brast, an extension of brak.— See 
 Break.] [i. burst; pp. bursting, burst.] To 
 break or fly open ; to rupture.— 2, v. a. To 
 break open suddenly.— 3, n. A sudden disrup- 
 tion; a rupture : — an explosion. 
 
 Biir'tnen (biir'thn). n. A load. See Burden. 
 
 Bur'y (ber'e) [ber'e, S. W. J. P. E. F. K. Sm. E. 
 C. ; bur'e, Ja.], v. a. [A.-S. byrigan, byrgan; 
 akin to beorgan, to protect.] [pp. burying, bur- 
 ied.] To cover with earth ; to put into a grave ; 
 to inter with funeral rites ; to entomb : — to con- 
 ceal ; to hide ; to cover up. 
 
 Bur'y.-Ing (ber'e-ing), n. Burial ; sepulture. 
 
 'Bus, n. A colloquial abbreviation of omnibus. 
 
 Bus'by, n. A tall military bear-skin cap. 
 
 Bush, n. [Dut. & Dan. busk, Sw. buske, Ger. busch. 
 — Cf. Fr. Lois, wood, and Dut. bos, a boss, a tuft.] 
 A thick shrub : — a bough of a tree : — a forest 
 region : — a thimble. — 2, v. a. [pp. bushing, 
 busbed.] To stake with bushes or branches. 
 
 Bush'-bean, n. A dwarf bean. 
 
 Bush/el, n. [0. Fr. boissel ; Late L. buscellus ; bus- 
 sola,' a little box. — See Box.] A dry measure of 
 8 gallons : — a thimble. [garments. 
 
 Bush'el-ler, or Bush'el-man, n. A repairer of 
 
 Bush'man, n. One of a race of South-African sav- 
 ages, apparently allied to the Hottentots. 
 
 Bush'ran-i-er, n. A highwayman. 
 
 Bush'whack-er, n. A backwoodsman ; an assas- 
 sin ; one who lies in ambush with evil intent. 
 
 Bush'whack-ing, n. [Amer.] Travelling or push- 
 ing one's way through bushes : — fighting in gue- 
 rilla style from behind bushes. 
 
 Bush'y, a. Thick like a bush ; full of bushes. 
 
 Bus'i-ly. (biz'e-le), ad. In a busy manner. 
 
 Business (blz'nes), n. That which one does for a 
 livelihood ; employment ; an affair; engagement ; 
 concern; trade: — matter in question. 
 
 Busk, n. [Fr. busque, busk, a form of bust, or bod- 
 ice.] A piece of steel or whalebone worn by 
 women to strengthen the stays. — 2, v. a. [Norse 
 buask, for bua, to prepare, and sik, one's self.] 
 [pp. busking, busked.] To dress; to equip. 
 
 Biis'kin, n. [Flem. brosekin, dim. of Dut. broos, 
 a shoe; Sp. borcegui; It. borzacchino.] A kind 
 of half boot : — a high shoe worn by actors of 
 ancient tragedy :— tragedy. 
 
 Bus'kined (bus'kjnd), a. Dressed in buskins. 
 
 Buss, n. [Ger. bus; Sw. puss; Gael, bus, mouth. — 
 Cf. L. basium, 0. E. bass, a kiss; Fr. baiser, to 
 kiss.] A kiss: — [Ger. bilss ; Dut. buis; akin to 
 Box] a boat for fishing. — 2, v. a. [pp. bussing, 
 bussed.] To kiss. [Low.] 
 
 Bust, n. [Fr. buste, It. busto ; Late L. buxis, buxi- 
 dis, a box, a chest. — See Box.] A statue of the 
 human figure as far down as the breast : — the 
 human breast. 
 
 Bus'tard, n. [0. Fr. bistarde ; Late L. avis tarda, 
 slow bird ; Fr. outarde. There is doubt whether 
 the L. tarda in this case really means slow ; it 
 seems to be used substantively in some places.] 
 A large game-bird. 
 
 Bus'tle (bus'sl), v. n. [Icel. bustla, to splash, to 
 bustle ; busll, stir. — Cf. Busy, also Rustle and 
 Hustle.] [pp. bustling, bustled.] To be busy 
 
 a, e, l, o, u 
 
 y, long ; a, e, I, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
BUSY 
 
 121 
 
 BYZANTINE 
 
 or active. — 2, n. A tumult; hurry; stir :— [Fr. 
 bosse, a hump ; bosselure, a protuberance] a pad 
 worn on the back. 
 
 Bus/y (biz'ze), a. [A.-S. bysig, Dut. besig; A.-S. 
 bysgian, to employ. J Employed with earnestness; 
 active; officious; bustling; troublesome. — 2, v. a. 
 or reflex, [pp. busying, busied.] To make or 
 keep' busy; to employ. 
 
 Bus'y-bod-y (biz'-), n. A meddling person. 
 
 But, conj. [A.-S. butan, from be, by, and utan, the 
 outside; Dut. buiten, except.] Except; except 
 that; besides; unless; yet; now; otherwise 
 than that. — 2, prep. Except. — 3, ad. Only ; no 
 more than. — 4, n. [Fr. bout, but, the end; 0. Fr. 
 boter, buter, to thrust ; akin to Put and Beat.] A 
 boundary; a limit; end of a thing. — 5, v. n. 
 [pp. butting, butted.] To touch at one end ; to 
 end on; to abut: — mostly with on, upon, or 
 against. 
 
 Butch'er, n. [Fr. boucher, from bouc, a he-goat, — 
 See Buck.] One who kills animals for food : — a 
 murderer. — 2, v. a. [pp. butchering, butch- 
 ered.] To kill and dress for food ; to slaughter ; 
 to murder ; to slay with cruelty. 
 
 Butch'er-y, «. The trade of a butcher : — slaugh- 
 ter; massacre; carnage: — the place where ani- 
 mals are killed ; shambles; abattoir. 
 
 But' -end, n. The blunt end of any thing. 
 
 But'ler, n. [Fr. bouteillier, 0. E. boteler, from Fr. 
 bouieille, a bottle. — See Bottle.] A servant in- 
 trusted with the care of wines and liquors. 
 
 BGt'ler-age, n. A duty of two shillings formerly 
 paid oil every tun of wine imported into Eng- 
 land ; it was once a perquisite of the king's 
 butler. 
 
 But'ler-ship, n. The office of a butler. 
 
 But'ment, k. A support; abutment. 
 
 Butt, n. [See Bur.] A mark :— a blow with the 
 head : — an object of ridicule; the end, or but : — 
 [Fr. botle, a boot, a butt.— Cf. A.-S. byt, a cask, Sp. 
 bota, a wine-skin] a cask containing two hogs- 
 heads : — a hinge. — 2, v. a. [pp. butting, butted.] 
 To strike with the head, as a ram. 
 
 Butte (but or but) [but, St. I. Wb. ], ». [Fr.] *A 
 mountain peak or hill. 
 
 But'ter, u. [A.-S. buter; Dut. boter; L. butyrwm; 
 Gr. fiovrvpov ; (Sou?, ox, cow, and rvpo<;, cheese.] 
 An oily substance obtained by churning cream : 
 
 -any substance like 
 butter. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 buttering, buttered.] 
 To spread with but- 
 ter. 
 
 But'ter-cup, n. The 
 crow-foot ; a flower. 
 
 But'ter-fly, n. [Prob- 
 ably from butter and 
 fly, from the yellow Butterfly, 
 
 color of some of the common kinds.] A beautiful 
 winged insect. 
 
 But'ter-Ine, n. A kind of factitious butter. 
 
 Biit'ter-is, n. [Fr. boutovr; bouter, to thrust.] A 
 tool to pare a horse's hoof. 
 
 But'ter-milk, n. Whey of churned cream. 
 
 But'ter-nut, n. A tree and its fruit ; oilnut. 
 
 But'ter-scotch, n. A kind of confection or sweet- 
 meat, [of many species. 
 
 Biit'ter-wort (-wiirt), n. An insectivorous plant 
 
 Biit'ter-y, a. Having the appearance of butter. — 
 2, ,i. [From butter, replacing 0. E. boteUrie, a 
 room for bottles.] A room for provisions ; a 
 Pantry. [end.] The rump. 
 
 But'tock, n., or But'tocks, n. pi. [Dim. of but, the 
 
 But'ton (but'tn), n. [Fr. bouton; akin to Bud and 
 But.] A knob or catch for fastening clothes ; a 
 round mass of metal :— the bud of a plaut :— sea- 
 urchin.— 2, v. a. [pp. buttoning, buttoned.] 
 To fasten with buttons. 
 
 But'ton-hole, n. A hole to admit a button. — 2, 
 v. a. [pp. button-holing, button-holed.] To 
 detain in conversation. 
 
 But'ton-wood (-wud), n. [From its globular 
 
 aments, containing the nutlets.] The plane-tree. 
 But' tress, v. a. [0. Fr. bouteret, pi. bouierets; from 
 
 bouter, to thrust.] [pp. buttressing, buttressed.] 
 
 To support ; to prop. — 2, n. An abutment or 
 
 external support to a wall ; a prop ; a support. 
 Bu-ty-ra'ceous (bu-te-ra'shus) [bu-te-ra'shus, St. 
 
 I. F. Sm. R.; but-e-ra'shus, P. K.' C. Wb.], a. 
 
 Having the qualities of butter. 
 Bu'tyr-Ine, n. [L. bulyrum.—See Butter.] Ole- 
 aginous matter in butter. 
 Bux'om, a. [A.-S. buhsom, Ger. biegsam, yielding, 
 
 obedient ; A.-S. bugan, Ger. biegeu, to bend. — See 
 
 Bow. The word at first meant pliant, yielding ; 
 
 next, gracious, or agreeable ; the other meanings 
 
 have been acquired.] Comely and healthful; 
 
 gay ; lively ; brisk ; wanton ; vigorous. 
 Buy (bi), v. a. [A.-S. bicgan, bygan ; Goth. bugjan.~] 
 
 [i. bought; pp. buying, bought.] To obtain or 
 
 to acquire by paying a price; to purchase; to 
 
 bargain for : — to bribe. 
 Buy'er, n. One who buys; a purchaser. 
 Buzz, v. n. [An imitative word.] [pp. buzzing, 
 
 buzzed.] To hum like bees; to whisper. — 2, r. a. 
 
 To spread by whispers. — 3, n. Noise, as of bees; 
 
 a whispering hum. 
 Buz'zard, n. [Fr. busard, or buse ; L, buteo, Late 
 
 L. busk>.] A species of hawk ; misapplied in the 
 
 U. S. to a bird of 
 
 vulturine habits : — a 
 
 dunce; a blockhead. 
 By (bi or be) [bi or be, 
 
 W. Sm. ; bi 07- bf, S. 
 
 J. ; bi, H. St. I. P. F. 
 
 Ja.K. C], prep. [A.-S. 
 
 big. bi, Ger. bei, Dut. 
 
 bij.— Cf. Skr. abhi, Gr. 
 
 aix<bi.] At; in; near; 
 
 for. — It denotes the 
 
 agent, instrument, 
 
 way, or means; as, it 
 
 was performed by you. 
 
 — 2, ad. Near ; beside 
 
 3 (or Bye), n. [Cf. an aside.] Something not 
 
 the direct and immediate object; as, by the by 
 
 (or bye). — By, in composition, implies something 
 
 out of the direct way; irregular; private ; as, it 
 
 by-lane, a by-road, a by-paih. 
 By ? and By', ad. In a short time ; soon. 
 By-cock'et, n. [0. Fr. bicoquet, a doubly cocked 
 
 cap ; bi,' twofold, and the root of Cock.— Cf. Sp. 
 in, a kind of cap; Fr. bicoque, a hut.] A 
 
 kind of cap ; abacot. 
 Bye, ». {Cricket.) A run on a ball not struck. 
 By'-end, n. Private advantage ; self-interest. 
 By'-gone, a. Gone by ; past. 
 By'-law, n. A private or local law or rule. 
 By'-past, a. Past; gone by. 
 By'-path, /*. A private or obscure path. 
 By'-play, n. Action carried on at one side. 
 Byre, n. [Fr. bouverie, a stable or stall for oxen ; 
 
 Gael, buarth, a cow-yard; L. bos, a cow: others 
 
 make it a form of bower.] A cow-house. 
 By'-road, n. A by-way :— a by-path. 
 Bys'so-lite. /*. [Gr. j3vcra-os, linen, and At'^os, a 
 
 stone.] Fine asbestos: — the name is also given 
 
 to other filamentous minerals. 
 Bys'sus, n. [L. ; Gr. jSvcrcro?, fine linen. — Cf. 
 
 Heb. buss.] Cotton : — a tuft of hairs by which 
 
 some shell-fish adhere to rocks. 
 By'-stand-er, n. A looker-on ; a spectator. 
 By' -way, ». A private or obscure way. 
 By' word (bT'wiird), h. A common saying; 
 
 passing word; a proverb : — a reproach. 
 By-zant', n. A gold coin of the Greek Empire. 
 Byz'an-tine [biz-an'tin, St. I. ; bj-zan'tln, Wb.], 
 
 a. Of or relating to Byzantium or to the Em- 
 pire of which it was the capital : — noting a 
 
 style of decorative art exhibiting an engraft- 
 
 ment of Oriental ornamentation on classic 
 
 form. 
 
 passing; in presence. 
 
 mien, sir; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. 
 F 
 
 11 
 
 S. £> soft; fS, {&, p, g, hard; 
 
 z ; x as gz\ this. 
 
122 
 
 CAECUM 
 
 C. 
 
 Cthe third letter of the alphabet, has two 
 j sounds : one hard, like k, before and a, o, u, also 
 before I and r; the other soft, like s, before e, i, 
 and y ; with h it forms a digraph having three, 
 or even four, distinct sounds. 
 
 Cab, n. [Heb ftaft, hollow.] A Hebrew measure 
 of nearly 3 pints :— [Fr. cabriolet] a kind of chaise. 
 
 Ca-ba.1', n. [Fr. cabale, from cabala (q. v.).] A 
 junto or small body of men united to effect some 
 sinister purpose : — intrigue. — 2, v. n. [pp. cabal- 
 liug, caballed.] To form close intrigues. 
 
 Cab'a-la, n. [Heb. qabbalah, tradition, from qua- 
 baJL, to' receive.] A system of Jewish theosophy 
 or rabbinical tradition ; secret science. 
 
 Cab'al-ism, n. The science of the cabalists : — any 
 system based on mystery and esotericism. 
 
 Cab'al-ist, n. One skilled in Jewish traditions. 
 
 Cab-a-lis'tic, ) a. Kelating to the cabala; se- 
 
 Cab-a-lis'ti-cal, j cret ; occult. [to a horse. 
 
 Cab'al-Hne. a'. [L. caballus, a horse.] Belonging 
 
 Cabas (ka'ba), n. [Fr. ; Port, cabaz. — Cf. Arab. 
 gafaz, a cage.] A lady's reticule or basket. 
 
 CaVbage, n. [Fr. cabus, headed; L. capitatus, 
 headed, from caput, a head. — Of. It. capuccio, a 
 little head.] A genus of edible plants :— some- 
 thing which has been stolen. — 2, v. n. [pp. cab- 
 baging, cabbaged.] To form a head, as a plant. 
 — 3, v. a. [Fr. cabasser, to steal ; to put in a 
 cabas, or basket] To steal in cutting clothes. 
 
 Ca'ber, n. [Gael. cabai\ Welsh, keibr, Sp. cabrio, 
 rafter; commonly referred to L. capreolus, a 
 rafter, a prop; also a he-goat. — See Chevkon.] 
 A heavy stick tossed in games. 
 
 Cab'in, n. [Fr. cabbie and cabane; Celt, caban, 
 dim. of cab, a hut.] A room: — a small house; 
 a cottage :— an apartment in a ship. 
 
 Cab'i-net. ». [Fr., a dim. from cabiue, a variant of 
 cabane, a cabin.] A closet : — a set of boxes and 
 drawers : — a room in which consultations are 
 held :— the collective body of ministers of state 
 who conduct the government of a country. — 2, 
 a. Of or belonging to a cabinet or body of min- 
 isters of state. [wooden furniture. 
 
 Cab'i-net-mak'er, n. A maker of articles of 
 
 Ca'ble, n. [Fr. cable, Late L. capulum, captain, 
 from capere. to hold, to tak" ; L. capulus, a han- 
 dle.] A large rope or chain by which the 
 anchor of a ship is held : — a submarine tele- 
 graph. — 2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. cabling, cabled.] 
 To send by submarine telegraph. [by cable. 
 
 Ca'bled (ka'bld), a. Fastened with a cable : — sent 
 
 Ca'ble-gram, n. [From cable, on type of Tele- 
 gram.] A message sent by telegraphic cable. 
 
 Cab'man, n. The driver of a cab. 
 
 Ca-boo'se', n. [Put. kabuis, Dan. Icabys ; in Dut. 
 also kombuis, E. camboose, Fr. cambuse ; said to 
 be from Dut. horn, a dish, and buis, a pipe.] 
 (Xavt.) Cook-room of a ship :— a car used for an 
 office, &c, and attached to trains. 
 
 Cab'ri-o-let' (kab're-o-la'), n. [Fr., dim. of cabri- 
 ole, a goat-leap ; L. caper, a goat ; Late L. capri- 
 olus.] A one-horse chaise; a cab. 
 
 Ca'cao (ka'ko) [ka-kbw' or ka-ka'o, H. ; ka-ka'o, 
 I. Tli. St. ; ka-ka'o or ka'ko, WbJ], n. '[Mex. 
 cacauatl.] The chocolate-tree and its fruit. 
 
 Cach'a-lot [kash'a-lot, St. ; kash'a-lot or kash'a- 
 lo, L], n. [Fr.— Cf. Catalan quichal, a tooth : 
 
 ' this animal is a whale with true teeth, and with 
 no baleen.] The spermaceti whale. 
 
 Cache (kash), n. [Fr., from cacher, to secrete.] A 
 hole dug in the ground for preserving goods. 
 
 Ca-phec'tic, «. Having an ill habit of body. 
 
 Cachet (kash'a), n. [Fr., from cacher, to hide, to 
 secrete.] A seal; a letter: — a state letter de- 
 priving one of liberty. 
 
 Ca-phex'y [ka-kek'se, P. Ja. K. Sm. C. I. St. Th. 
 Wb. ; kak'ek-se, W. J. F.\ n. [Gr. Kaice£ia ; 
 kclkos, bad, and e|t?, habit.] Ill state of body. 
 
 Caph-in-na'tion, n. [L. cachinnatio, from cacltin- 
 nare, to laugh ; Skr. kakk.] Loud laughter. 
 
 Ca-phin'na-to-ry, a. Pertaining to or consisting 
 in cachinnation. 
 
 Ca-chou' (ka-sho'), n. [Fr. for "catechu."] An 
 aromatic confection used to correct the breath. 
 
 Ca-cique' (ka-sek'), n. [Fr.] See Cazique. 
 
 Cac'kle, v. n. [Dut. kakelen, Dan. kagle.— Cf. 
 Cachinnation and Giggle.] [pp. cackling, 
 cackled.] To make a noise like a hen, &c. — 2, n. 
 The noise of a hen or goose : — prattle. 
 
 Cac'o-dox-y, n. [Gr. kclk:6s, had, and 86£a, opin- 
 ion.] Heterodoxy; heresy. 
 
 Cac-o-e'the§, n. [L. ; Gr. naKor)6r)<;, of ill habit ; 
 icaicos, bad, and ^o?, custom.] {Med.) An in- 
 curable ulcer : — a bad custom ; a bad habit. 
 
 Ca-coph'o-nous, a. Harsh-sounding. 
 
 Ca-coph'o-ny, n. [Gr. k.o.ko4>wvIo. ; ko.ko<;, ill, and 
 '4>uivq, sound.] A harsh sound. 
 
 Cac'tus, n. [L. ; Gr. kciktos, the cardoon.] L. pi. 
 Cac'ti ; Eng. Cac'tus-e§. A name of various 
 thick-leaved plants.' 
 
 Cad, v. [Perhaps for cadet.] A boy that attends 
 an omnibus: — a low, mean fellow; a vulgar 
 person ; a snob. [Slang.] 
 
 Ca-das'tral, a. Pertaining to a government survey. 
 
 Ca-das'tre, n. [Fr., from Late L. capistratnm, a 
 'poll-register; L. caput, ahead.] A government 
 survey and register of lands. 
 
 Ca-da'ver, n. [L.] A dead body ; a corpse. 
 
 Ca-dav'er-ous, a. Like a dead body ; ghastly. 
 
 Cad'-bait, \n. The larva of the caddice-ny, a 
 
 Cad'-bate, J favorite bait with anglers. 
 
 Cad'dice-fly, \ n. An insect whose larva? are used 
 
 Cad'dis-fly, j for bait. See Cad-bait. 
 
 Cad' dice-worm (-wiirni), n. Same as Cad-bait. 
 
 Cad'dis, n. [Celt, cadas, cotton, lint.] A kind 
 of tape :— [Ger. kiider, probably akin to kb'der, 
 bait] a worm or grub ; the larva of the caddis-fly. 
 
 Cad'dy, n. [Malay, kali, a commercial weight.] A 
 small box for tea: — [same as cad] an errand-boy. 
 
 Cade, «. [Gael, caedach, forward.] Tame; bred 
 by hand ; as, a cade lamb. — 2, n. [Kuss. kade, 
 a cask, L. cadus, a bottle, Gr. /cafios, a jar.] A 
 cask; a herring-barrel :— [Provencal Fr.] a spe- 
 cies of juniper : — [Scot. Iced, kid, or keb. — Cf. Scot. 
 ket, matted wool ; filth] a sheep-tick. 
 
 Ca'dence, n. [Fr. ; It. cadenza; L. cadere, cadens, 
 to fall.] The fall of the voice as the sentence 
 draws to its close, in reading or speaking: mod- 
 ulation : — tone or sound : — the close of a phrase 
 or passage in music. 
 
 Cade-oil', n. The oily tar of a species of juniper. 
 
 Ca-det', »• [Fr. ; Local Fr. captdet, Late L. capi- 
 'tettus; L. caput, the head. — Cf. Sp. cabdillo, a 
 master.] A younger brother :— a volunteer in 
 the armv :— a pupil in a military school. 
 
 Ca'di (ka'de), n. [Arab.] A Turkish judge. 
 
 Cad'mi-um, »?. [Gr. KaS/xeia, calamine.] 
 A metal much like zinc. 
 
 Cad're (or kii'dr), n. [Fr. ; L. quadrum, a 
 square.] The skeleton or outline of a 
 regiment. [wand. 
 
 Ca-dVceus (-shus), n. [L.] Mercury' 
 
 Ca-du'ci-ty, n. Frailty ; tendency to fill. 
 
 Ca-du'cous, fl. [L. caducus ; cadere, to 
 'fall.] Falling like leaves. 
 
 Cse'cal (se'kal), a. Of or pertaining to, or 
 formed like, the caecum ; having only 
 one opening. 
 
 Cse'cum, n. [L. for "blind."] A blind 
 pouch: — the pouched part of the intestine. 
 
 a, e, i, o, u, y, long ; a, e, I, o, u, y, shorl; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fS.ll ; heir, her; 
 
C^ESUEA 
 
 123 
 
 CALIGIIS T OUS 
 
 Cse-§u'ra (se-zu'ra) [se-zkoo'ra, H. ; se'zu-ra, I.], 
 n. [L". for a "cutting;" cseclere, to cut.] L. pi. 
 Cse-§u'rae ; Eng. Cse-svi'ras. A metrical break 
 in a verse or line. 
 Cse-su'ral, a. Relating to the caesura. 
 Cafe (ka'f a), n. [Fr.] Coffee : — a coffee-house. 
 Caf-fl'ic, a. (Chem.) Derived from cuffee. 
 Caf-fe'ine, n. The active principle of coffee. 
 Caf-taii', n. [Turk.] An Oriental robe. 
 Cafe, n. [Fr. ; L. cavea, a cage, a cave ; cams, 
 hollow.] An enclosure for birds or beasts. — 2, 
 v. a. [pp. caging, caged.] To enclose in a cage. 
 Ca-ic', or Ca-ique', n. [Fr. ; Turk, kaik.] A Turk- 
 ish boat or skiff; a Turkish or Levantine galley. 
 Cai'man (ka'man) [ki'man, H.}, n. See Cayman. 
 Cairn (karn), m. [Genitive case of Celt.' earn, 
 
 stone; cam, to heap.] A heap of stones. 
 Cais-son' (ka-son') [ka-son', P. E. F. Urn. ; kas'- 
 sCn, kas-siin', St. ; kas'son, /. ; ka'es-son. Ja.], 
 n. [Fr. ; augmented form of caisse, a chest.— 
 See Cask.] A chest of bombs or powder; a 
 wooden case or frame. 
 Cai'tiif. n. [0. Fr. caitif, ckaitif, Fr. chetif, vile; 
 L. eaptivus, a prisoner, a wretch. — See Captive.] 
 A mean villain ; a knave. — 2, a. Base ; servile. 
 Caj'e-put, n. [Malay, kayu, tree, and putih, white.] 
 
 Ah East India tree and its volatile oil. 
 Ca-j51e', v. a. [Fr. cajoler ; 0. V. cageoler, to chat- 
 ter, like a bird in a cage [see Cage] ; hence, to 
 wheedle; to flatter.] [pp. cajoling, cajoled.] To 
 flatter; to coax ; to deceive. 
 Ca-jol'er-y, n. Flattery; wheedling; deceit. 
 C|j'u-put,'/(. See Cajeput. 
 
 Cake, n. [Dut. koeck; Norse, Jeaka; Ger. Inchen ; 
 
 L. coquere, to cook.] A kind of delicate bread : 
 
 —a mass. — 2, v. a. [pp. caking, caked.] To 
 
 form into cake. — 3, v. n. To grow hard. 
 
 Cal'a-bar-bean, u. A poisonous African bean. 
 
 Cal'a-bash, h. [Sp. calabaza; Arab, qar, a gourd, 
 
 and aybas, dry.] A gourd : — the gourd-plant. 
 Cal-a-boose', n. [Sp. calubozo ; Arab, quluh, castle, 
 
 and bus, hidden.] A prison ; a jail. 
 Cal'a-ma-ry, n. [Sp. calamar; Gr. KaXa/xdpiov ; 
 /cdXaiuo?, a pen; from the pen-shaped internal 
 shell, with a reference to the ink, a secretion 
 ejected by the animal.] A cuttle-fish ; a squid. 
 Cal-a-mif er-oiis, a. [L. calamus, a reed, and ferre, 
 
 to bear.]' Producing reeds. 
 Cal'a-mine (or -min), n. [A corrupt form from 
 Gr. KaSfi-eia (see Cadmium); but according to 
 some authors, because it forms reed-shaped masses 
 in the furnace (L. calamus, a reed; Gr. KaAouAi- 
 vos, made of reeds).] An ore of zinc. 
 Cal'a-mint, n. [Gr. /caAd^ti'Sos ; /caAa^o?, a reed, 
 
 and ixivBa, mint.] An herb; a kind of mint. 
 Ca-lam'i-toiis, a. [L. calamitosus.] Full of ca- 
 lamity; miserable; distressing; unfortunate. 
 Ca-lam'i-ty, n. [L. calamitas; a very doubtful ac- 
 count derives it from calamus, a straw,— a storm 
 which breaks down the grain being a public 
 calamity.] Misfortune; distress; disaster. 
 Cal'a-mus, n. [L. ; Gr. icdAa/uo?; Skr. kalamas. — 
 Cf. Arab, keleni, E. haulm, L. admits, a stem.] 
 L. pi. Cal'a-mi ; Eng. Cal'a-mus-es. A reed : 
 — sweet-flag and its root: — a' genus of palms. 
 Ca-lash', n. [Fr. caliche ; Ger. kahsche; Czech, 
 kolesa; Fol.kolaska; Russ. koliaska; Russ. kolo, 
 dim. koleso, a wheel.] An open carriage with a 
 movable covering :— a head dress, [ing of lime. 
 Cal-ca're-ous, a. [L. calcarius ; calx, lime.] Partak- 
 Cal-ced' o-ny , or Cal'ce-do-ny, u. See Chalcedony. 
 Cal-ce-o-la'ri-a, n. [L. calceolus, a slipper; calx, 
 
 the heel, or foot.] A plant and its flower. 
 Cal'cic, a. Pertaining to, containing, or consist- 
 ing of calcium or lime. 
 Cal-ci-fi-ca'tion, n. The process of changing into 
 lime, or into'a substance containing much lime. 
 Cal'ci-fy, v. n. [pp. calcifying, calcified.] To 
 become changed into lime. — 2, v. a. To change 
 into lime or a lime-like substance; to impreg- 
 nate with lime. 
 
 Cal'ci-mine, n. [L. calx, calcis, lime, and mina, 
 smooth.] A wash for walls. — 2, v. a. [pp. cal- 
 cimining, calcimined.] To wash or color with 
 calcimine. 
 
 Cal-ci'na-ble, or Cal'ci-na-ble, a. That may be 
 calcined or reduced to powder. 
 
 Cal-ci-na'tion, n. The act of pulverizing by fire. 
 
 Cal-cin'a-to-ry, n. A vessel used in calcination. 
 
 Cal-cine ? (lial-sm', kal'sin, or kal'siu), v. a. [Fr. 
 calciner. — See Calx.] [pp. calcining, calcined.] 
 To reduce to ashes or powder by heat : — to oxi- 
 dize. — 2, v. n. To become a calx by heat. 
 
 Cal'ci-trant, a. [L. calcitrare, calciirantis, to kick; 
 calx, the heel.] Kicking; refractory. 
 
 Cal-ci-tra'tion, n. The act of kicking. [lime. 
 
 Cal'ci'-um, n. [See Calx.] The metallic base of 
 
 Cal'ci-um-light (-lit), n. See Lime-light. 
 
 Calc-sin'ter, n. [See Sinter.] A calcareous de- 
 posit. 
 
 Cal'cu-la-ble, a. That may be computed. 
 
 Cal'cu-late, v. a. [L. calcidare, calculates, from 
 calculus, a pebble (used as a counter).] [pp. cal- 
 culating, calculated.] To compute; to reckon. 
 — 2, v. n. To make a computation. 
 
 Cal-cu-la'tion, n. Computation; reckoning. 
 
 Cal'cu-la-tor, n. A computer; a reckoner. 
 
 Cal-cu-lose', or Cal'cu-lous, a. Stony; gritty. 
 
 Cal'cu-lfis, u. ; pi. Cal'cu-li. [L. for "pebble ;" 
 pebbles were used in counting; L. calculus is a 
 dim. of calx, a stone.] (Med.) A calcareous con- 
 cretion ; the stone. — (Math.) A method of com- 
 putation. 
 
 Cal'dron, n. [Sp. cahleron, L. caldarius, a boiler; 
 cabins, or calidus, hot : caiere, to be hot.] A pot ; 
 a boiler; a large kettle. 
 
 Cal-e-do'ni-an, a. Scotch; Scottish. 
 
 Cal-e-fa'cient, a. [L. calefacere, ccdefacientis, to 
 maike hot; calidus, hot, and faoere, to make.] 
 Making warm or hot. 
 
 Cal-e-fac'tion, n. The act of heating-. 
 
 Cal-e-fac'tive, a. [See Calefy.] That makes hot. 
 
 Cal-e-fac'to-ry, a. That heats; heating. 
 
 Cal'e-fy. v. a. & v. v. [L. ealefio, to grow hot.] 
 [pp. calefying, calefied.] To grow or make hot. 
 
 Cal'en-dar, n. [L. calendorium.—See Calends.] 
 A yearly register; an almanac; a kalendar.— 
 2, r. a. [pp. calendaring, calendared.] To enter 
 in a calendar. 
 
 Syn. — Almanac is properly a divider of time by 
 the year, calendar by the month, and ephemerU 
 by the day. An annual almanac, church calendar, 
 nautical ephemeris. 
 
 Cal'en-der, v. a. [Fr. calandre, a cylinder. — See 
 Cylinder.] [ pp. calendering, calendered.] To 
 dress by hot-pressing. — _', ,/. An engine to cal- 
 ender; one who calenders : — [Name or title of 
 the Hindu Mussulman founder, said to signify 
 "pure gold"] an Eastern dervise. 
 
 Cal'ends, n. pi. [L. kalendse; root of Gr. /caAetV, 
 to call.] The first day of each month in the 
 ancient Roman calendar. 
 Cal'en-ture. n. [Fr. ; L. caiere, to be hot; Sp. ca- 
 leritura, a fever.] A furious delirium or feverish 
 distemper incident to hot climates. 
 Calf (kaf), j). ; pi. Calves (kavz). [A.-S. cealf; 
 Ger. kalh; Dot. A- Sw. half.] The young of' 
 cow 
 of the 
 Cal'i-ber, or GaTi-hre (kal'e-bur), n. [Fr. calibre; 
 referred to L. qua libra, "of what weight," or 
 to Arab, kalib, Per. kalab, a mould.] The bore 
 of a gun ; the diameter of a bullet : — capacity of 
 mind; size : — sort or kind. 
 Cal'ice (kal'is), n. A cup. See Chalice. 
 Cal'i-co, n. ; pi. Cal'i-coes- [From Calicut, a town 
 of India.] A printed cotton cloth or fabric, 
 coarser than muslin. 
 Ca'lif, ». See Caliph. 
 Ca-lif-i-nos'i-ty, n. Dimness ; obscurity. 
 Ca-li|'i-nous, a. [L. caliginosus ; from caligo, 
 shade'.] Obscure ; dim ; dark. 
 
 -[Norse, kalfi; Celt, hedpa] the thick part 
 leg. 
 
 mien, sir; move, nbr, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q, Q, g, £\ soft; p, ja, p, §, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 
 
CALIPASH 
 
 124 
 
 CAMELOPAKD 
 
 Cal-i-pash', n. See Callipash. 
 
 Cal-i-pee', n. See Callipee. 
 
 Cal'i-per§, n. pi. [From caliber.] 
 Compasses with bowed shanks for 
 taking the caliber of round bodies. 
 
 Ca'liph [ka-lef or ka'lif, H.], n. 
 [Arab, khalifah, a successor.] A 
 successor or vicar: — a title of the 
 successors of Mahomet. 
 
 Cal'iph-ate, n. Government of a 
 
 [caliph. Calipers. 
 
 Cal-i-sa'ya, n. [South American name.] A va- 
 riety of cinchona-bark. 
 
 Cal-is-then'ic, a. .Relating to calisthenics. 
 
 Cal-is-then'ics, n. pi. [Gr. /<aA6s, beautiful, and 
 aOevos, strength.] Exercise for health, strength, 
 or elegance. 
 
 Ca'lix, or Cal'ix [kal'ix, H. ; ka'lix, St.], n. [L. 
 calix; Gr. kvAi£; Ger. kelch: it is distinct from, 
 yet akin to, Calyx (g. v.).] A cup. 
 
 Calk (kawk), v. a. [L. calcare, to tread, to kick, 
 to beat; calx, the heel.] [pp. calking, calked.] 
 To stop or stuff, as the seams between planks. 
 
 Calk'er (kawk'er), n. One who calks. 
 
 Calkin (kal'kin or kawk'in) [kawk'in, St. I.], n. 
 [Cf. L. calear, a spur; calx, the heel.] A promi- 
 nence in a horseshoe, to prevent slipping : — 
 written also calker, cuwker, and cork. 
 
 Call, v. a. [A.-S. ceallian; Dut. kallen ; Norse, 
 ka.Ua; not related, it would appear, to Gr. 
 nake.lv, L. calere, to call.] [pp. calling, called.] 
 To name ; to summon ; to convoke. — 2, v. n. To 
 cry out : — to make a call. — 3, n. An address ; a 
 summons ; a divine vocation : — a short visit. 
 
 Syn. — Call a servant, bid him come; sum mutt 
 a witness; convoke an assembly. — There was a 
 king of Judasa named Herod, improperly called 
 or styled the Great. [plants. 
 
 Cal'la, n. [L. calla or calsa.] (Bol.) A genus of 
 
 Call'er, n. One who calls. 
 
 Cal'lid, a. [L. callidus, expert ; from callnm, hard 
 skin : horny skin in the bands is a proof of ex- 
 ercise.] Crafty; shrewd; well skilled. 
 
 Cal-li-graph/ic, a. Relating to calligraphy. 
 
 Cal-lig'ra-phjj, n. [Gr. *aA6?, beautiful, and 
 'ypacfreLV, to write.] Beautiful writing. 
 
 Call'ing, n. Vocation; profession: a call. 
 
 Cal-li'o-pe, n. [Gr. name of the muse of heroic 
 poetry; *aA6?, fair, and 6\p, voice.] A musical 
 instrument operated by steam ; a steam-whistle. 
 
 Cal-li-pash', n. [A form of carapace or of calabash. 
 — Cf. Sp. galupago, a tortoise.] The upper or 
 green part of the sea- turtle. 
 
 Cal-li-pee', n. [Probably a punning variant of 
 the' word Callipash; Gr. xaAe7ros, difficult (of 
 digestion), fern. xaAe7rij.j The lower or yellow 
 part of the sea-turtle. 
 
 Cal'li-pers, n. See Calipees. 
 
 Cal-los'i-ty, n. [L. callositas; callus, hard skin.] A 
 swelling without pain, [indurated; insensible. 
 
 Cal'lous, a. [L. callosns; callus, hard skin.] Hard; 
 
 Cal'low (kal'lo), a. [A.-S. calv, Dut. kaal, Ger. 
 kahl, L. calcus, Skr. khah-ata, bald.] Unfledged; 
 naked : — undeveloped ; unshaped. 
 
 Cal'lus, n. [L.] An induration of the flesh. 
 
 Calm' (kam), «. [Fr. calme; chonier, 0. Fr. ch.au- 
 mer, to rest; L. color, Port, calma, Gr. Kav/xa, 
 heat.] Quiet; serene; undisturbed; unruffled; 
 tranquil ; sedate ; composed. — 2, n. Serenity ; 
 quiet; repose. — 3, v. a. [pp. calming, calmed.] 
 To still ; to pacify ; to quiet. 
 
 Calm'a-tive (kam'a-tiv), n. A medicine for sooth- 
 ing the system. — 2, a. Tending to calm. 
 
 Calm'ly. (kam'le), ad. Serenely; quietly. 
 
 Calm'ness (kani'nes), n. Tranquillity. 
 
 Cal'o-mel, n. [Gr. /caAo?, fair, and /xeAas, black; 
 it is a white substance derived from dark ingre- 
 dients.] A chloride of mercury. 
 
 Ca-lor'ic, n. [L. calor, heat ; Fr. calorique.] 
 '{Chern.) The principle which produces the sen- 
 sation of heat ; heat. 
 
 Cal-o-ric'i-ty, n. The property of developing heat. 
 
 Cal'o-rie (kal'o-ri), n. [Fr.] A unit of heat. 
 
 Cal-o-rif'ic, a. [L. calorificus; calor, heat, and 
 facere, to make.] Causing heat; heating. 
 
 Cal-o-rim'e-ter, «. [L. calor, heat, and /xerpov, 
 a measure.] An instrument to measure heat. 
 
 Cal-o-rim'e-try, n. The art or process of ascer- 
 taining the quantity of heat contained in a body. 
 
 Ca-loy'er, n. [Late Gr. <a\6yepog ; /caAos, good, 
 and yepos (Gr. yepcov), an old man.] A monk of 
 the Greek church. 
 
 Cal'trop, \ n. [A.-S. calcetreppe; Fr. chaussetrappe ; 
 
 Cal'throp, j probably L. calx, the heel, and trap. 
 The Ital. calcatreppo or calcalreppolo shows the 
 influence of L. tribidns, a thistle.] A military 
 instrument with four spikes :— a kind of thistle. 
 
 Cal'u-met, n. [Fr. ; a dim. form; L. calamus, a 
 reed.] An Indian pipe; emblem of peace. 
 
 Ca-lum'ni-ate, v. a. [L. calumniari, calumniatus, 
 to defame.] [pp. calumniating, calumniated.] 
 To accuse falsely; to injure by false reports; to 
 slander; to asperse; to vilify ; to traduce ; to de- 
 
 fame, 
 Ca-lum-ni-a'tion, r 
 Ca-lum'ni-a-tor, n. 
 Ca-lum'ni-a-to-ry, 
 Ca-lum'ni-ous, 
 Cal'um-ny, n. [L 
 
 False accusation ; slander. 
 [L.] A slanderer. 
 a. Containing calumny ; 
 slanderous ; abusive. 
 calumnia. — Cf. calvere, to in- 
 trigue.] A false accusation maliciously made ; 
 abuse ; slander ; defamation. 
 
 Calve (kav), v. n. [A.-S. cealfian, from cealf, a 
 calf; Ger. kalben.] [pp. calving, calved.] To 
 bring forth a calf; to bring forth. 
 
 Calv'ing (kav'ing), «. The act of producing a 
 calf: — the breaking off of icebergs from glaciers 
 that have reached deep Mater. 
 
 Cal'vin-ism, n. The doctrine of Calvin. 
 
 Cal'vin-ist, n. An adherent to Calvinism. 
 
 Cal-vin-is'tic, \a. Relating to Calvin or Cal- 
 
 Cal-vin-is'ti-cal, J vinism. 
 
 Calx,'«. [L.— 'Cf. Gr. x^f, gravel; Celt, carraig, 
 Goth, hallus, a stone.] L. pi. Cal'ces; Eng. 
 Calx'e§. Lime or chalk ; an earthy, friable sub- 
 stance left after burning. 
 
 Ca'ly.x [kal'ix, Co. Sm. H.], n. [L. ; Gr. k<x\v£ ; 
 Skr. kalika, a bud. — See Chalice.] L. pi. Ca.1'- 
 y-ces ; Eng. Cal'yx-es. (Bot.) A flower-cup. 
 
 Cam, n. [Dan. kam,, comb, ridge ; Ger. kamm, 
 comb or cog.] An eccentricity or projection on 
 a wheel or shaft, chiefly for converting circular 
 into reciprocal motion. 
 
 Ca-ma'ieu (ka-ma/yS), n. [Fr.] A cameo. 
 
 Cam'ber, n. [L. camerare (see Camera), to arch; 
 Fr. canibrer, Sp. combar, to bend.] (Arch.) The 
 arching of a beam or a deck. — 2, v. n. [pp. cam- 
 bering, cambered.] To curve upward. 
 
 Cam'bist, n. [L. cambire, to barter.] A person 
 skilled in exchanges. 
 
 Cam'bri-an, a. Noting the primordial portion of 
 the Silurian rocks : — so named from their preva- 
 lence in Wales (Cambria) : — Welsh. 
 
 Cam'bric, n. [From Kamerik, the Flemish name 
 of Cambraij, in France.] A fine white linen or 
 cotton fabric, used for ruffles, &c. 
 
 Came, i. from come. 
 
 Cam'el, n. [L. camelus ; 
 Gr. /ca/aeAo; ; Heb. ga- 
 mah] A large quadru- 
 ped ; a machine. 
 
 Ca-meTli-a [ka-me'lj-a, 
 St. ; ka-mel'li-a, II. I. 
 Th.% n. [From G. J. 
 Kamel, a Jesuit mis- 
 sionary and traveller.] 
 A beautiful flowering 
 shrub, originally from 
 the East. 
 
 Ca-mel'o-pard, or Cam'- 
 
 el-o-pard, n. [Gr. & L. camelopardalis ; Gr. k&- 
 jaeAo?, a camel, and 7rapSaAi?, a leopard.] A tall 
 African ruminant animal; the giraffe. 
 
 Camel. 
 
 a, e, l, o, u 
 
 y, long ; a, e, i, 5, Q, y, short, 
 
 y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her ; 
 
CAMEO 
 
 125 
 
 CANDY 
 
 Cam'e-o, n. ; pi. Cam'e-o§. [Fr. camaieu; It. cam- 
 meo; probably kindred to Gem.] A kind of 
 onyx : — a precious stone, or shell, having imita- 
 tive designs engraved on it in bass-relief. 
 
 Cam'e-ra, n. [L. ; Gr. (cajuapa. — See Chamber.] 
 A vault : — a caniera-obscura or a camera-lucida. 
 
 Cam-e-ra-lis'tics, n. pi. [Ger. cameralist, a finan- 
 cier"; L. camera, a vault: later, a treasury.] The 
 science of public finance. 
 
 Cam'e-ra-lu'ci-da, ». [L. for "light or bright 
 chamber."] An instrument used in tracing 
 outlines of reflected pictures. 
 
 Cam'e-ra-ob-scu'ra, n. [L. fur " dark chamber."] 
 An optical machine for throwing images of exter- 
 nal objects upon a surface in a darkened space. 
 
 Cam-i-sade', n. [Fr. ; 0. Fr. camise, a shirt.] 
 Same as camisado. 
 
 Cam-i-sa'd5 [kam-e-sa'do, S. W. P. Sm. I. ; kam- 
 e-sa'do, Ja.], n. An attack in the dark ; liter- 
 ally, an attack in shirts: the shirt was worn 
 over the other garments, so that the soldiers 
 might see one another in the dark. 
 
 Cam'i-sole, n. [Fr. ; dim. of 0. Fr. camise, a 
 shirt.] A dressing-jacket; a strait-jacket. 
 
 Cam'let, n. [Arab, hhamlat; from khami, plush or 
 pile.] A stuff made of wool, or hair, silk, Ax. 
 
 Cam'o-mlle, n. [Gr. xafxaifxy\\ov, earth-apple; 
 Xa.fi.ai, on the earth, and fx.r)\ov, apple ; from its 
 smell.] An odoriferous plant. 
 
 Camp, ». [L. campus, a field.] The ground for 
 the tents of an army; a place of the encamping 
 of an army. — 2, v. n. [pp. camping, camped.] To 
 encamp. 
 
 Cam-paign' (kam-pan'), n. [Fr. campaigne; L. 
 campaniv.s, level; campus, a field;] A large, 
 open country: — the time an army keeps the 
 field in one year. — 2, v. n. [pp. campaigning, 
 campaigned.] To serve in a campaign. 
 
 Cam-paign'er (kam-pan'er), n. An old soldier. 
 
 Cam-pan'i-fb'rm, a. [Late L. campana, a bell.] 
 Shaped like a bell. 
 
 Cam-pa-ni'le, n. [It.] A bell-tower. 
 
 Cam-pa-nol'o-ix n. [Late L. campana, a bell,, 
 and Gr. \6yos, a treatise.] Art of ringing bells. 
 
 Cam-pan'u-la, n. [Late L., dim. of campana, a 
 bell.] (Bot.) The bell-flower. 
 
 Cam-pan'li-late, a. Bell-shaped. 
 
 Cam-phene', n. [From camphor; the suffix -ene 
 implies resemblance.] Pure oil of turpentine. 
 
 Cam'phor, n. [Skr. Jcarkura, Arab, Jeafur, Gr. na- 
 (jyovpa, camphor; Malay, lcapur, camphor or 
 chalk; Ger. kampfer; It. canfora; Sp. aZcan/or.] 
 A resin, or concrete, fragrant juice of a tree : — 
 formerly written camphire. 
 
 Cam'pho-rat-ed, \ a. Impregnated with camphor ; 
 
 Cam-phor'ic, / containing camphor. 
 
 Cam'pi-on, n. [It. camjnone; perhaps from Gr. 
 Ka.fi.nw', a turn, a joint ; perhaps kindred to Flem. 
 kampiue, a heath, L. campus, a field.] A plant 
 and its flower. (In French, campion is the name 
 of certain ferns.) 
 
 Camp'-meet'ing, n. A religious assembly in tents 
 or booths. 
 
 Camp'-stool, n. A folding seat or chair. [tion. 
 
 Cam'-wheel, n. A wheel having a cam or projec- 
 
 Cam'wood (-wCid), «. [Said to be West African 
 kambi.] An African dye-wood. 
 
 Can, n. [A.-S. canna; Norse, kanna; Ger. Icanne; 
 possibly L. canna, a small vessel, a reed ; Gr. 
 kolvvw-] A metal cup or vessel for liquors. — 2, 
 v. «.. [A.-S. canaan, to know ; whence ic can, du 
 canst, he can, in pies, indie. ; Ger. kennen, to 
 know, konnen, to be able. — See Ken, Know, 
 Could, Cunning.] [/. could.] To be able.— 
 Used in forming the potential mood; as, I can 
 do it. — 3, v. a. [pp. canning, canned.] To en- 
 close in a can. 
 
 Ca-na'di-an, a. Of or belonging to Canada. 
 
 Ca-naille' (ka-nal'), w. [Fr. ; root of L. canis, a 
 dog.— See Kennel.] The lowest of the people ; 
 the dregs of the people ; lees ; dregs. 
 
 Ca-na.1', n. [Fr. ; L. canalis, a tube, a trench; 
 root of Yawn ; Skr. khan, to dig. — See Channel. 
 L. canna, a reed, has influenced this word and 
 its derivatives.] A watercourse made by art; 
 an artificial passage for water; a conduit: — a 
 duct iu the body of an animal. 
 
 Ca-nard' (ka-nar'), n. [Fr. for "duck;" root of 
 Ger. kahn, a boat ; that is, a boat-bird, or swim- 
 ming bird; the application to fabricated news is 
 of doubtful origin ; it is said that ducks were 
 commonly hawked about the streets for sale, 
 and that placards of news were sold in like 
 manner, and the name canard was extended 
 from them, and from the other wares of the huck- 
 sters, to fabricated intelligence of any kind.] A 
 hoax ; a ridiculous fabrication. 
 
 Ca-na'rx-bird, n. [Named from the Canary Is- 
 lands;' the islands are said to be named from 
 their great dogs; L. canis, a dog, canarius, per- 
 taining to dogs.] A singing-bird. 
 
 Can'can {or koii-kon), n. [Fr. ; often nearly 
 synonymous with canard, a hoax ; but a canard 
 is a deliberate invention ; cancan is rather a sub- 
 tle and malicious report, an indecent or scan- 
 dalous rumor; afterward a riotous and shame- 
 less kind of dance; probably the word, which 
 often means a "clatter," is an imitation of the 
 cackling of ducks.] An indeceut dance. 
 
 Can'cel, v. a. [Fr. canceler ; originally, to cross 
 out with lines drawn in the form of lattice- 
 work; L. cancellus, a grating, cancetti, lattice- 
 work, a chancel ; cancellus is a dim. of cancer, a 
 crab, or a lattice.] [pp. cancelling, cancelled.] 
 To blot out ; to efface ; to obliterate ; to erase ; 
 to annul ; to abolish. 
 
 Can'cel-lat-ed, a. Cross-barred, like net-work. 
 
 Can-cel-la'tion, n. Act of expunging. 
 
 Can'cel-lous, a. [See Cancel.] Kesembling lat- 
 tice-work. 
 
 Can'cer, n. [L., a crab.] A crab : — the fourth sign 
 (Crab) in the zodiac, that of the summer solstice. 
 — [So called from the enlarged veins, or " roots," 
 which sometimes resemble crabs' claws.] (Med.) 
 A scirrhous and malignant tumor. 
 
 Can'cer-ous, a. Having the qualities of a cancer. 
 
 Can'cri-fbrm, a. Like a cancer; cancerous. 
 
 Can'croid, a. Resembling or akin to the crabs : — 
 of the nature of cancer. 
 
 Can-de-la'brum, n. [L., from candela, a candle.] 
 L. pi. Can-de-la'bra: Eng. Can-de-la'brums. 
 A branched candlestick. [glowing with heat. 
 
 Can'dent, «. [L. candere, candentis, to glow.] Hot; 
 
 Can'did, a. [L. Candidas, white; candere, to glow; 
 
 Skr.' chand, to shine.] Fair; frank; ingenuous. 
 
 S;in. — Candid remark; impartial judge; fair 
 
 statement; open countenance; frank manner; 
 
 ingenuous disposition ; plain dealing. 
 
 Can di-da-cx, n. See Candidateship. 
 
 Can'di-date, n. [L. candidatus, white-robed; ap- 
 plicants for office wore ■white robes. — See Can- 
 did.] One who proposes himself, or is proposed, 
 for some office or station. 
 
 Can'di-date-ship, ) n. The state of being a candi- 
 
 Can'di-dat-ure, J date 
 
 Can'did-lE, ad. In a candid manner; fairly. 
 
 Can'die, n. [L. candela; from candere, to glow.] 
 Tallow or wax surrounding a wick, used for 
 giving light. 
 
 Can'dle-mas. n. [Candle and moss; candles are 
 blessed oh that day in churches.] The feast of 
 the purification of the Virgin Mary, February 2. 
 
 Can'dle-stick. n. An instrument to hold candles. 
 
 Can'dor, ". [L. candor, whiteness, fairness.] A 
 disposition or feeling free from prejudice ; frank- 
 ness ; openness ; fairness. 
 
 Can'dx, v. a. [It. candi; Arab. & Per. qand, 
 sugar; Skr. kharid, a piece, a lump, sugar. — Cf. 
 Skr. khandava, sweetmeats.] [pp. candying, 
 candied.] To conserve with sugar. — 2, r. n'. To 
 grow congealed. — 3, n. A conserve of sugar; 
 sweetmeat. 
 
 mien, sir ; m5ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — £ Qr, c,§, soft; p, js, p, §, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 
 
 11* 
 
CANDY-TUFT 
 
 126 
 
 CANVASS 
 
 Can'dy-tuft, n. [Said to be named from the island 
 of Candia.] A plant and its flower. 
 
 Cane, n. [L. canua ; Gr. Kawa, k6.vt\ ; Heb. qaneh.] 
 A reed : — sugar-cane : — a walking-staff. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. caning, caned.] To beat with a cane. 
 
 Cane' brake, u. A thicket of canes. 
 
 Ca-nel'la, n. [Late L. ; from the cane-like quills 
 'of the dried bark.] A medicinal bark. 
 
 Ca-nes'cent, a. [L. canescere, canescentis, inceptive 
 'form of cauere, to be white.] Whitish; hoary. 
 
 Ca-nic'u-la, n. [L. for " little dog."] The dog-star. 
 
 Ca-nic'u-lar, a. Belonging to the dug-star. 
 
 Ca-nlne' [kan'm, H.], a. [L. commas; canis, a 
 'dog.] Relating to or like a dog. 
 
 Can'is-ter, n. [L. canistrurn, Gr. Kavaarpov, a 
 basket of reed; icdvr), or <6.vva, a reed.] A box 
 for tea, &c. : — a basket : — a kind of cannon-shot. 
 
 Can'ker (kang'ker), n. [0. E. cancre, a variant 
 of cancer.] An eating or corroding humor : — 
 corrosion :— a disease in trees. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
 cankering, cankered.] To grow corrupt; to de- 
 cay. — 3, v. a. To corrupt; to corrode. 
 
 Can'ker-oiis, a. Corroding like a canker. 
 
 Can'ker-worm (-wiirm), n. A destructive worm; 
 an insect or sort of small caterpillar. 
 
 Canned (kand), p. & a. Preserved in cans. 
 
 Can'nel-coal. ». [For candle-coal.'] A variety of 
 coal which burns with a bright flame, [canned. 
 
 Can'ner-y, n. A place where meat, fruit, &c, are 
 
 Can'ni-bal, n. [From Caribal, an old form of 
 Carib. ' The Caribs were a man-eating tribe 
 dominant in the West Indies. The name signi- 
 fies "a valiant man," and was varied to Sp. 
 canibal from association with canino, dog-like, 
 voracious.] A man who eats human flesh. 
 
 Can'ni-bal-ism, n. The eating of human flesh. 
 
 Can'non, n. ; pi. Can'non, or 
 Can'non§. [It. cannone, Fr. 
 canon; from L. canna, a reed, 
 a tube. The It. termination 
 -one implies largeness.] A 
 military engine for projecting 
 balls ; a great gun for battery, &c. 
 
 Can-non-a.de', r. a. [pp. cannonading, cannon- 
 aded'.] To attack with great guns. — 2, n. An 
 attack with cannon. 
 
 Can'non-ball, "1 n. A ball or solid projectile for a 
 
 Can'non-shot, J cannon or a great gun. 
 
 Can-non-eer', n. One who manages cannon. 
 
 Can'nSt, v. n. To be unable: — a word com- 
 pounded of can and not, noting inability. 
 
 Can'ny, a. [Scot, ken, to know.— See Can.] Cau- 
 tious ; prudent : — easy : — skilful. 
 
 Ca-noe' (ka-n<V), n. [Carib, canoa, a boat.] An 
 Indian boat made of bark or a hollowed tree ; a 
 small boat. [canoe. 
 
 Ca-no'ist, or Ca-noe'ist, n. One who manages a 
 
 Can' on, n. [Gr. KavJjv, a rule, a standard; K.avr\, 
 Kavva, a reed.] A rule or law, especially in ec- 
 clesiastical matters : — a list or catalogue :— the 
 received books of Holy Scripture : — [L. ; Late 
 L. canonicus, one on the canon or clergy-list] a 
 clerayman or dignitary in a cathedral : — a large 
 printing type. — Canon lam, ecclesiastical law. 
 
 Canon, \ (kan'yon), n. [Sp. cation, a tube, a can- 
 Canyon j noii.] A deep, narrow gorge, or gulch, 
 in the bottom of which a stream flows. 
 
 Can'on-ess, n. A woman having a prebend._ 
 
 Ca-n5n'i-cal, a. [L. canonicus.] Included in, or 
 according to, the canon. 
 
 Ca-non'i-cal-ly, ad. In a canonical manner. 
 Ca-non'i-cals. n. pi. Full dress of a clergyman ; 
 
 'dress prescribed in the canons. 
 Ca-non'i-cate, n. The office of a canon. 
 Can-on-ic'i-ty, n. Quality of being canonical. 
 Can'on-ist, n.' A man versed in canon law. 
 Can-on-is'tic, a. Belonging to a canonist. 
 Can-on-i-za'tion, n. Act of making a saint. 
 Can'on-ize, v. a. [From canon in the sense of a 
 list'.] [pp. canonizing, canonized.] To declare 
 one a saint. 
 
 Cannon. 
 
 Can'on-ry, "I n. Office of a canon : — a benefice 
 
 Can'on-sliip, J in a cathedral church. 
 
 Can'o-py, n. [Fr. conopte, 0. Fr. canape; L. co- 
 nopenm ; Gr. Kuivunreiov, a bed with mosquito- 
 netting; Kix)V(xi\p, a gnat; kwvos, a cone, and <Li|/, 
 face.] A covering over a throne or bed, or over 
 the head : — a projecting moulding. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 canopying, canopied.] To cover with, or as 
 with, a canopy. 
 
 Ca-no'rous, a. [L. canorus ; canere, to sing.] Mu- 
 sical ; tuneful ; harmonious. 
 
 Cant, n. [L. caviare, freq. of canere, to sing; 
 Walloon, canter, to sing.] A corrupt dialect; 
 an affected manner of speech : — jargon; slang: 
 — a toss ; a throw. — 2, «. Of the nature of slang : 
 — colloquial. — 3, v. n. [pp. canting, canted.] To 
 speak whiningly or affectedly. — 4, v. a. To sell 
 by auction : — to toss :— [It. canto, a side ; Dut. & 
 Sw. kant, an edge. — Cf. L. canthus, Gr. /cdv0os, a 
 rim] to give a turn or an inclination to. 
 
 Can't. A contraction for cannot. Compare shan't. 
 
 Can-tab'i-le, n. [It.] {Mas.) A piece peculiarly 
 adapted for singing; a cantilena; a melody. — 
 2, «cZ. In a melodious manner; as in singing. 
 
 Can'ta-loupe [kan'te-lop, H.], n. [Named from 
 Cantalupe, a castle in Italy.] A muskmelon. 
 
 Can-tan'ker-ous, a. [Possibly Celt, cean, head, 
 tana, shallow, cearr, -wrong: the word is origi- 
 nally Anglo-Irish.] Ill-natured; contentious. 
 
 Can-ta'ta, or Can-ta'ta [kan-ta'ta, & W. St. P. J. 
 'E. F. Sim. C. ; kan-ta'ta, Ja. I. A'.], n. [It,, from 
 L. cantare, to sing.] A poem set to music. 
 
 Can-teen', u. [Fr. confine; It. cantina, a cellar, 
 cantinetta, a cooler, a kind of pail.] A vessel for 
 carrying liquors: — a drinking-house : — a can- 
 tine; a mess-chest. 
 
 Can'ter, n. One who cants :— [said to be for Can- 
 terbury gallop, from the ambling gait of the pil- 
 grims who rode to Canterbury] an easy gallop. — 
 2, v. n. [pp. cantering, cantered.] To gallop 
 easily or gently. 
 
 Can'tha-ris. n. ; pi. Can-thar'i-des. [L. ; Gr. <av- 
 Bapis.] Spanish flies, used for blistering. 
 
 Can'ti-cle, n. [L. cantlculum, dim. of canticvm, a 
 song; canere, cantum, to sing.] A song: — Song 
 of Solomon. 
 
 Cantilena (ka'n-te-la'na), n. [It. & L. ; in Latin 
 it designated an old or familiar ditty.] A mel- 
 ody; a sentimental song: — formerly a kind of 
 ballad, warlike, historical, or religious. 
 
 Can'ti-le-ver, n. [Cant in the old sense of a cor- 
 ner," or a border, and lever, a prop or support.] 
 (Arch.) A projection which supports a cornice, 
 moulding, bridge, &c. 
 
 Can-til-la'tion, n. [L. cantillare, dim. of cantare, 
 frequentative of canere, to sing.] A chant. 
 
 Can-tine' (kan-t5n'), n. [Fr.] A bottle-case, or 
 set of bottles and glasses to contain liquor. 
 
 Can'tle, n. [Fr. chanteav, 0. Fr. caniel, chantel, 
 dim. of cant or chant, a piece.— Cf. Cant.] A 
 fragment; a piece: — the protuberant part of a 
 saddle behind. 
 
 Can' to, ". ; pi. Can'to§. [It. ; L. cantos, a song.] 
 A section of a poem : — a treble part in music. 
 
 Can'ton, n. [Fr. & Sp. ; It. cantone, augmented 
 form of It. canto, Fr. & 0. E. cunt, a border, a 
 piece.] A division of a country :— a canto. — 
 2, r. a. [pp. cantoning, cantoned.] To divide 
 into parts : — to allot quarters to, as troops. 
 
 Can'ton-al, a. Relating to a canton. 
 
 Can'ton-ment [kan-ton'ment, I. St. ; kan-ton'- 
 ment, A.], n. [Fr. cantonnement.] Quarters for 
 soldiers. 
 
 Can' tor, ». [L. for "a singer."] The leader or 
 precentor of a choir. 
 
 Can'vas, «. [Fr. canevas, from L. cannabis, hemp, 
 Gr. Kavvafiis, Per. kanab, E. hemp.] A coarse 
 linen, hempen, or cotton cloth for sails, tents, 
 &c. : — the sails of a ship. 
 
 Can'vass, v. a. [0. Fr. canabasser, to sift through 
 canvas.] [pp. canvassing, canvassed.] To sift; 
 
 a, e, I, 5, u, y, long; a, e, i, o, Q, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her: 
 
CANVASSER 
 
 127 
 
 CAPTIVATE 
 
 to examine ; to debate : — to solicit, as votes of 
 electors. — 2, v. n. To solicit votes. — 3, u. An 
 examination :— solicitation. 
 Can'vass-er, n. One who canvasses. 
 Ca'ny, a. Full of canes; consisting of canes. 
 Can-zo'ne, n. [It.; Fr. chanson; L. cantio, a song.] 
 
 \Mus.) ' A lyric poem : — a song or air. 
 Can-zo-net', *'• [It. canzonetta.] A little song. 
 Caoutchouc (ko'chuk) [ku'chuk, St. ; kow'chfik or 
 ko'chuk, H.], n. [South American, cauchuc or 
 cahuchu.) Gum-elastic or India-rubber. 
 Cap, n. A covering for the head : — the top. — 2, 
 v. a. [A.-S. cseppe, Late L. cappa or capa, a cape 
 or cope; Sp. c«/>«, Basque, capa, a cape, cloak; 
 the Late Latin, at least, sometimes meant a cap, 
 or hood, as well as a cape. — Cf. Fr. cap, the head ; 
 but the latter is L. caput, while the other is of 
 doubtful origin.] [pp. capping, capped.] To 
 cover the top or end ; to furnish with a cap : — to 
 complete : — to excel. 
 Ca-pa-bil'i-ty, n. Capableness; capacity. 
 Ca'pa-ble, a. [Fr. ; Late L. capabilis, compre- 
 hensible, — Inter, able to hold; L. capere, to 
 take, to hold.] Having capacity; intelligent; 
 susceptible; adapted to; qualified for; able. 
 Ca-pa'cious (ka-pa/shus), a. [L. capax, capacis; 
 capere, to contain.] Holding much; comprehen- 
 sive ; extensive ; wide ; large. 
 Ca-pac'i-tate, v. a. [pp. capacitating, capaci- 
 tated.] To make capable ; to enable. 
 Ca-pac'i-ty, n. [Fr. capacite, L. capacitas. — See 
 Capacious.] State of being capacious or capa- 
 ble; capaciousness; room: — ability. [to foot. 
 Cap-a-pie', ad. [Fr. depied en cap.] From head 
 Ca-par'i-son, n. [Fr. caparacon, Sp. caparazon, a 
 saddle-cover, variants of Fr. chaperon, Sp. capi- 
 ron, a hood, these being augmented forms of Sp. 
 capa, a cover, Fr. chape, a cope. — See Cap.] A 
 superb dress for a horse. — 2, v. a. [pp. capari- 
 soning, caparisoned.] To dress pompously. 
 Cape, n. [Fr. cap, It. capo ; from L. caput, a head.] 
 A headland :— [Sp. capa, Fr. cape.— See Cap and 
 Cope] neck-piece of a cloak. . 
 Ca-pell'meis-ter (ka-pel'mis-ter), n. [Ger. for 
 "chapel-master."] The director of music at 
 court : — kapellmeister. 
 Ca'per, n. [L. caper, a goat. — See Capriole.] A 
 leap; a prank : — [L. capparis, Gr. /can-n-apt?, Per. 
 habar] a plant and its bud; a pickle. — 2, v. n. 
 [pp. capering, capered.] To dance ; to leap; to 
 _skip. [A sort of writ. 
 Ca'pi-as, n. [L. for "thou mayst take."] (Law.) 
 Cap-il-la'ceous (kap-il-LVshus), a. [L. capillaceus; 
 
 capilla, a hair.] Hairy. 
 Cap-il-lar'i-ty, //. Quality of being capillary. 
 Cap'il-la-ry, or Ca-pil'la-ry, a. [L. cap Maris ; ca- 
 pilla, a hair, which is akin to caput, '■,!/, Uis, the 
 head.] Long and slender, like a hair; small; 
 minute. — Capillary attraction causes the rising of 
 fluids above the level in minute vessels, and of 
 sap in_vegetables.— 2, ». A small blood-vessel. 
 Cap-il-lose', a. [L. capillosus ; capilla, a hair.] 
 
 Hairy. 
 Cap'i-tal, a. [L. capitalis; caput, capitis, the head; 
 the latter akin to Ger. haupt, E. head.] Relating 
 to the head; affecting the head or life:— chief : 
 —large :— excellent.— Capital crime, a crime pun- 
 ished by death.— Capita? punishment, a punish- 
 ment that takes away life.— 2, ». [L. capitellum 
 or capihdum, the top of a column.] The upper 
 part of a column :— the chief town or city :— 
 principal sum ; the stock of a bank, a company, 
 tradesman, ivc.:— a large letter. 
 Cap'i-tal-ist, n. One who has a capital. 
 Cap-i-tal-i-za'tion, n. The act of capitalizing or 
 converting into capital :— the employment of 
 capital letters. 
 Cap'i-tal-ize, v. a. [pp. capitalizing, capitalized.] 
 
 To convert into capital :— to print in capitals. 
 Cap'j-taMy, ad. In a capital manner ; chiefly. 
 Cap-i-ta'tion, n. [L. capitatio ; caput, ahead.] Nu- 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use— g, Q, c, g, soft; p, ja, p, g, hard; § as z ; x as gz 
 
 meration by heads : — taxation on each indi- 
 vidual; poll-tax. [principal public edifice. 
 
 Cap'i-tol, u. [L. capitolinm ; caput, the head.] A 
 
 Ca-pit'u-lar, I n. [Late L. cupitulure, a writing 
 
 Ca-pit'u-la-ry, j in chapters, or heads.] A stat- 
 ute ; a body of statutes : — a member of a chap- 
 ter. — 2, o. [L. capihdum, a chapter, dim. of 
 0(pul, a heading.] Relating to a chapter. 
 
 Ca-pit'ii-late, v. n. [Late L. capituluri, capitulatus, 
 to arrange terms or heads of agreement.] [pp. 
 capitulating, capitulated.] To yield on ceitain 
 stipulations; to surrender by treaty. 
 
 Ca-pit-u-la'tion, n. [Late L. capitulatio.] Act of 
 capitulating'; surrender :— reduction into heads. 
 
 Ca-pi'vi (ka-pe've), n. Lalsam. See Copaiba. 
 
 Ca'pon (ka'pn), n. [L. cupo, Gr. Ko-muv. — (_'f. Gr. 
 Korrrecv, to cut; Slavic, skopiti, to castrate.] A 
 castrated cock. [change into a capon. 
 
 Ca'pon-ize, v. a. [pp. caponiziug, caponized.] To 
 
 Caponniere (kap-o-ner'), n. [Fr.] {Fort.} A 
 covered lodgement, with a littie parapet. 
 
 Cap'-pa-per, )/. Coarse paper :— foolscap. 
 
 Capriccio (ka-pret'cho), )/. [It.] (Mus.) A loose, 
 irregular species of composition. 
 
 Ca-price', n. [Fr. caprice, It. cappriccio ; probably 
 from L. caper, capra, a goat ; some take it from 
 It. capo, head, and riccio, bristling; bristling hair 
 being regarded as a sign of strong emotions; 
 riccio also means a hedgehog; L. ericeua.] A 
 sudden start of the mind ; freak ; fancy ; v> him. 
 
 Ca-pri"cious (ka-prish'us), a. Apt to change; 
 changeable; fickle; whimsical. 
 
 Ca-pri"cious-ly, ad. Whimsically. 
 
 Ca-pri"cious-ngss (ka-prish'us-nc-s), n. Quality 
 of being capricious ; caprice. 
 
 Cap'ri-cbrn, n. [L. capricurnus; caper, a goat, and 
 coruu, a horn.] The tenth sign of the zodiac, 
 which the sun enters about December 21. 
 
 Cap-ri-61e\ ». [Fr. cabriole, from It. capriolo, a 
 kid, capriol i, a kid's leaping; cajniolare, to caper; 
 L. cwpreolua, a wild goat.] A leap made by a 
 horse without advancing :— dance. 
 
 Cap'si-cum, n. [Neo-Latin ; L. capsa, a pod, or Gr. 
 KaTrVeii/, to bite.] The red pepper, or its fruit. 
 
 Cap-size', v. a. & v. n. [Cf. Sp. capuzar, to sub- 
 merge.] [pp. capsizing, capsized.] To over- 
 turn ; to upset. 
 
 Cap'stan, n. [Sp. cabrestante, 
 for cidira, goat, or engine, 
 esUtnte, standing, or upright; 
 Fr. cabestan.] [Naut.) A ma- 
 chine employed in ships to 
 weigh anchors, and to draw 
 up any great weight : — called 
 also capatern. Capstan. 
 
 Cap'su-lar, \ a. Relating to a capsule; hollow, 
 
 Cap'su-la-ry, J as a chest. 
 
 Cap'su-late, or Cap'su-lat-ed, a. Enclosed. 
 
 Cap'sule, n. [L. capsula, dim. of capsa, a case, a 
 pod.] (Bot.) The seed-vessel of a plant.— (Anat.) 
 A membranous sac. 
 
 Cap' tain (kap'tjn), n. [Fr. capitaine, It. capitano; 
 L. capitaneus, chief, from caput, a head.] The 
 commander of a ship, of a troop of horse, or of a 
 company of foot. 
 
 cP'tainSp. j "■ The P° st or office of a ca P tain - 
 
 Cap'tion, ». [Ij. captio, a seizure, from caprrr, to 
 take.] The act of taking a person by judicial 
 process; a seizure; an arrest :— [badly formed 
 from L. caput, the head] the heading of a page 
 or chapter (in the last sense scarcely in good use). 
 
 Cap'tious (kap'shus), a. [L. captios'ns ; capture, to 
 snatch, frequentative of capere, caiilum, to take.] 
 Apt to cavil; fault-finding. 
 
 Cap'tious-ly, ad. In a captious manner. 
 
 Cap'tious-ness, n. Inclination to find fault. 
 
 Cap'ti-vate, v. a. [L. captirare, captiualus, to take 
 captive; captivus, a captive: capere. cap turn, to 
 take.] [pp. captivating, captivated.] To take 
 prisoner : — to charm : to fascinate. 
 
 this. 
 
CAPTIVATING 
 
 128 
 
 CAREEN 
 
 Cap'ti-vat-ing, o. Tending to captivate or charm ; 
 fascinating. 
 
 Cap-ti-va'tion, re. The act of captivating; charm. 
 
 Cap'tive, re. [L. captious (n. & a.), captive. — See 
 Captivate.] One taken in war; a prisoner. — 
 2, a. Made prisoner; taken by force. 
 
 Cap-tiv'i-ty, ii- State of a captive ; bondage. 
 
 Cap'tor, n. [L.] One who takes prisoners, &c. 
 
 Capt'ure (kapt'yur), re. [Fr. capture; L. captura; 
 capere, captura, to take.] Act of taking : — a prize. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. capturing, captured.] To take 
 as a prize. 
 
 Syn. — Capture of an enemy ; seizure of property ; 
 a rich prize. 
 
 Cap-u-chin' (kap-yu-shen'), n. [It. cappucino, a 
 cowl, a capuchin friar ; dim. of cappuccio, a cowl, 
 itself an augmented form of cappa, a cape, a 
 hood. — See Cape.] A Franciscan friar or nun : 
 — a garment : — a pigeon. 
 
 Cap-y.-ba'ra, or Cap-y-ba'ra, n. [Guarani, capi- 
 u-bara, " he of the water-grass," or rushes ; capi, 
 grass, u, water, ba, of the, ra, he.] A South 
 American rodent resembling the guinea-pig, but 
 in size equalling a small swine. 
 
 Car, n. [O. Fr. car, Fr. char, L. carrus, Ger. harre, 
 Celt, car, karr. — Cf. L. currus, a chariot ; Skr. 
 char, to move.] A cart; a vehicle or carriage 
 used on a railroad :— a chariot of war :— a con- 
 stellation ; the Great Bear. 
 
 Car'a-bine (kar'a-bin, St. I. K.], re. [Fr.] A fire- 
 arm ; a carbine. 
 
 Car-a-bi-neer', re. One armed with a carabine. 
 
 Car'ac, «. [See Carrack.] A large Spanish ship. 
 
 Car'a-cal, n. [Turk, karah, black, and kulak, ear.] 
 A kind of lynx. 
 
 Car'a-cole, re. [Fr. caracole, a gambol, a half-turu ; 
 Sp. caracol, a snail, a turning ; Gael, car, or ca- 
 rach, a turn.] An oblique tread of a horse. — 
 2, v. n. [pp. caracoling, caracoled.] To move in 
 caracoles. 
 
 Car'afe, n. [Fr. carafe; It. caraffa; Ger. karaffe ; 
 Per. karaba, a flagon, a carboy ; Arab, garafa, to 
 draw, as water.] A bottle for water or wine. 
 
 Car-a-gheen', n. [Irish for "rock-moss."] A 
 kind of sea-moss; Irish moss. 
 
 Car'a-mel, re. [Fr. caramel, Sp. caramelo ; Arab. 
 kora, a ball, or Gr. Kapvov, a nut, and Gr. yu.e'Ai, 
 L. mel, honey,] A confection : — burnt sugar. 
 
 Car-a-pace', re. [Catalan, carabassa, a calabash 
 (q.'v.); but as applied to a tortoise it maybe 
 connected with Sp. galdpago, a tortoise. — Cf. 
 Gr. Kapafios, L. carabus, a crab, a beetle. — See 
 Crab.] The upper shell, as of a tortoise or a crab. 
 
 Car'at, re. [Arab, qirat, a kind of bean used as a 
 weight ; Gr. Kepdnov, dim. of /cepas, /ceparos, a 
 horn.] A weight of four grains, with which 
 diamonds are weighed : — unit of fineness for gold. 
 
 Car-a-van' (or kar'a-van), ». [Per. karwan.] A 
 body of travelling merchants or pilgrims : — a 
 large carriage. 
 
 Car-a-van'sa-ry, n. [Per. karwan, a caravan, and 
 sar'ai, an inn.] A kind of inn in the East. 
 
 Car'a-vel, n. [Sp. carabela, Fr. caravelle, Gr. *ca- 
 papos, a kind of ship. — Cf. L. carabus, a boat of 
 skins.] A light ship or vessel. 
 
 Car'a-way, re. [L. careunt, Gr. icdpov, Fr. carvi, 
 Sp. dlcarahueya, Arab. karwiyaya.] A plant and 
 its spicy seed. [carburet. 
 
 Car'blde, n. [From carbon, on type of oxide.] A 
 
 Car'blne, or Car-bine', n. [Fr. carabine, 0. Fr. 
 calabrien, calabrin, in which form, as in 0. E , it 
 designated a soldier rather than a weapon ; 0. Kr. 
 calabre was a war-engine ; probably connected in 
 idea with Fr. coideuvre, 0. E. culver, a serpent 
 (see Culverin), in the sense of a piece of can- 
 non ; it is said to represent also Late L. chada- 
 bula, a catapult (q. v.), and the Gr. /carajSaAAeiv, 
 to overthrow.] A small fire-arm. 
 
 Car-bin-eer', n. Same as Carabineer. 
 
 Car-bol'ic, a. [Carbon, and L. oleum, oil.] Noting 
 an antiseptic acid. 
 
 Car'bon [kaVbun, H. 27/.], n. [L. carbo, carbonis, 
 a coal, charcoal ; Aryan root kar, to burn.] 
 (Cliem.) The pure base of charcoal. 
 
 Car-bo-na'ceous, a. Containing carbon. 
 
 Car-bo-na'ri, n. pi. [It.] Colliers: — radical re- 
 formers in Italy. 
 
 Car'bon-ate, n. (Chem.) A substance formed by 
 the union of carbonic acid with a base. 
 
 Car-bon'ic, a. Relating to, or containing, carbon; 
 as, carbonic acid gas. 
 
 Car-bo-nif'er-ous, a. Affording coal. 
 
 Car'bon-ize, v. a. [pp. carbonizing, carbonized.] 
 To char; to convert into charcoal. 
 
 Car'boy, n. [Per. karaba, a flagon ; Arab, qirbah, 
 a water-skin.] A large glass bottle. 
 
 Car'bun-cle (kar'bung-kl), re. [L. carbunculus, 
 dim. of carbo, a coal.] A beautiful gem or pre- 
 cious stone : — a hard, inflammatory tumor. 
 
 Car'bu-ret, re. (Chem.) A compound of carbon 
 and some metallic or other simple substance. 
 
 Car'ca-net, n. [Dim. of Fr. carcan, a collar; Bre- 
 ton, kerchen, the breast; Icel. querk, the throat.] 
 A chain or collar of jewels. 
 
 Car'cass, n. [Fr. carcasse, a body ; carquois, a 
 quiver; It. carcassa, a shell, bomb; carcasso, a 
 quiver, a hulk ; Per. tarkash, Late L. tarcasius, a 
 quiver.] A dead body of any animal ; the human 
 body, in contempt : — a bomb. 
 
 Car-cj-no'ma, re. [Gr. /capxiVcojuta, or Kap/ctVo?, a 
 crab, a cancer; Skr. karkas, a crab.] A malig- 
 nant tumor ; a cancer. 
 
 Car-ci-nom'a-tous, a. Cancerous. 
 
 Card, n. [L. carta, Gr. xdprr], Fr. carte, paper.] A 
 small square piece of pasteboard tised for pur- 
 poses of business, civility, or playing at games : 
 — a note ; a message of civility ; a billet : — [L. 
 carduvs, a thistle or teasel ; carere, to card] an 
 instrument for combing wool : — a paper contain- 
 ing the points of the compass. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 carding, cardpd.] To comb; to open, as wool. — 
 3, v. n. To play at cards ; to game. 
 
 Car'da-mom, n. [L. cardamornum, Gr. KapSa/uto- 
 p.ov. — Cf. Gr. KapSap.ov, cress ; dp.iDp.ov, a kind 
 of balsam; Kiwdpiapov, cinnamon (q. v.).] A 
 medicinal, aromatic seed. 
 
 Card' -board, n. A kind of pasteboard. 
 
 Car'di-ac, \ a. [L. cardiacvs, Gr. KapSiaicos ; 
 
 Car-di'a-cal, J KapSta, the heart (q. v.).] Relating 
 to the'heart : — cordial ; strengthening. 
 
 Car'di-nal, n. A dignitary in the Catholic church, 
 next in rank to the pope : — a cloak. — 2, a. [h. 
 cardinalis, from cardo, a hinge, that on which a 
 thing turns.] Chief; principal. — Cardinal num- 
 bers, one, two, three, &c, in distinction from the 
 ordinal numbers, first, second, third, &c. — Car- 
 dinal virtues (with the ancients), prudence, tem- 
 perance, justice, and fortitude. — Cardinal points, 
 north, south, east, and west. — Cardinal sig)is, 
 Aries, Libra, Cancer, and Capricorn. 
 
 Car'di-nal-ate, \n. The office or rank of a car- 
 
 Car'di-nal-ship, j dinal. 
 
 Car'di-nal-bird, n. [Named from its color, which 
 resembles the "purple" (in reality a scarlet or 
 "cardinal red") of a cardinal's vestments.] A 
 fine red bird. [flower. 
 
 Car'di-nal-flb^-er, re. A handsome red wild 
 
 Car'di-Si'd, n. [Gr. Kap8io<riS>js, heart-shaped; 
 /capita, the heart.] An algebraic curve. 
 
 Car-d66n\ ?/. [Sp. cardon, a thistle; L. carduus.] 
 An esculent vegetable. 
 
 Care, n. [A.-S. cam, cearu, care, sorrow; Goth. 
 kara, sorrow; not connected with L. cura, care.] 
 Solicitude ; anxiety ; caution : — charge. — 2, v. n. 
 [pp. caring, cared.] To be anxious; to be in- 
 clined. 
 
 Syn. — Care for business; care for the flock; 
 charge of youth. — Solicitude or concern for what 
 is in danger; anxiety for what is in great danger. 
 — Take care; give heed; use caution. 
 
 Ca-reen', v. a. [Fr. carene, L. carina, a keel; Fr. 
 'cartner, to careen.— Cf. E. to keel over.] [pp. 
 
 0. u, y, 
 
 long ; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y., obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
CAREENAGE 
 
 129 
 
 CARPET 
 
 careening, careened.] (Xavt.) To lay a vessel 
 on one side, iu order to calk and repair the other. 
 — 2, v. n. To lie on one side. 
 
 Ca-reen'af e, n. A place for careening ships : — the 
 act or the expense of careening. 
 
 Care'ful, a. Full of care ; provident ; cautious. 
 
 Care'ful-ly., ad. Heedfully; providently. 
 
 Care'ful-ness, ». Vigilance ; anxiety ; care. 
 
 Care'less, a. Having no care ; heedless; inatten- 
 tive; remiss; negligent; cursory. 
 
 Care'less-ly. ad. In a careless manner. 
 
 Care'less-ness, n. The hahit of being careless. 
 
 Ca-re'nage, n. [Fr. curettage.] See Careenage. 
 
 Ca-reer', n. [Fr. carriere, a race-course, a road. — 
 'See Car and Carry.] A course ; a race ; a pro- 
 cedure. — 2, v. n. [pp. careering, careered.*] To 
 run with swift motion. 
 
 Ca-ress', v. a. [Fr. caresser; L. cants, beloved.] 
 '[pp. caressing, caressed.] To treat with fond- 
 ness; to fondle. — 2, n. [Fr. caresse.] An act of 
 endearmenr. 
 
 Ca'ret, n. [L. for "there is wanting;" carere, to 
 lack.] This mark [•*], which shows where some- 
 thing interlined should be read. 
 
 Care'worn, a. Burdened with care. 
 
 Car'g5, n. ; pi. Car'goes. [Sp. cargo, carga; car- 
 gar, to load, to charge (q. v.).] The lading of a 
 ship or merchant-vessel ; freight ; burden. 
 
 Car'i-bou, or Car'i-boo, n. [Said to be Fr. cerf- 
 boeuf, "bull-stag;'' about Manila the buffalo is 
 called carabao; the word is probably, however, of 
 North American origin.] The American reindeer. 
 
 Car'i-ca-ture, n. [It. caricatura, from caricare, to 
 load, 'to charge; used with the idea of some- 
 thing overloaded or exaggerated. — See Charge.] 
 An overcharged and ludicrous likeness of a per- 
 son or a thing. [tured.] To burlesque. 
 
 Car-i-ca-ture', v. a. [pp. caricaturing, carica- 
 
 Car-i-ca-tii'rist, n. One who caricatures. 
 
 Ca'ri-es, n. [L. for "rottenness."] Rottenness 
 of 'a bone. [Shaped like a keel. 
 
 Car'i-nat-ed, a. [L. carinatus, from carina, a keel.J 
 
 Car'i-ole (or kari-al, H.], n. [Fr. ; It. carriuobi, 
 dim. of carro ; L. carrus, a car (q. v.).] A light 
 one-horse carriage. 
 
 Ca-ri-os'i-ty, n. Ulceration of a bone. 
 
 Ca'ri-oiis, a. [L. cariosus, from caries (q. v.).] 
 Rotten ; ulcerated, as a bone. 
 
 Cark. n. [Norman Fr. hark, cargo, charge (q. v.). 
 — Cf. Kymric karg, burden, care, anxiety.] 
 Anxiety; worriment. 
 
 Cark'ing, a. Perplexing; wearing. 
 
 Carle, n. [A.-S. carl, male; Sw. karl, a man ; A.-S. 
 ceorl, a freeman, a churl.] A churl : — [literally, 
 male hemp, from its size] a kind of hemp. 
 
 CaVlings, j/. pi. Fr. escarlingue, carlingtte, a beam ; 
 Sp. carlinga.] Timbers lying fore and aft to 
 fortify the smaller beams of a ship. 
 
 Car-lo-vln'gi-an, a. Relating to or descended 
 from Charlemagne. [car. 
 
 Car'man, n. ; pi. Car'men. A man who drives a 
 
 Car'mel-ite. n. [The order is dedicated to Our 
 Lady of Mount Carmel.] One of a certain order 
 of friars or nuns. 
 
 Car-min'a-tive, n. [L. carminare, to card wool ; 
 hence, to expel foreign elements; or possibly L. 
 carmen, carminis, a song, a charm , still other ex- 
 planations are given.] Medicine to dispel wind. 
 — 2, a. Expelling wind. 
 
 Car'mine, or Car-mine', n. [Sp. carmin, from cdr- 
 mes, kermes.— See Crimson and Kermes.] A 
 bright red or crimson color, paint, or pigment, 
 
 Car'nage, n, [Fr. carnage; L. caro, earn is, flesh.] 
 Slaughter; massacre; butchery. 
 
 S/ju. — Dreadful carnage ; destructive slaughter; 
 treacherous massacre ; horrid butcher//. 
 
 Car'nal, a. [L. carnalis; caro, carnis, flesh.] 
 Fleshly; not spiritual ; lustful. [suality. 
 
 Car-nal'i-ty, n. [L. carnalilas.] Fleshly lust ; sen- 
 
 Car'nal-ly, ad. In a carnal manner. 
 
 Car-nas'si-al, a. Adapted for eating flesh. 
 
 mien, sir; move, nor, son; bull, bur, rule, use. — £, 
 i 
 
 Carnassier (kar-nas'ser or kar-nas-se-Ii), a. & n 
 [Fr. ; Late L. caruacerius, an executioner.] Not- 
 ing animals that live exclusively on flesh. 
 
 Car-na'tion, ?j. [Fr. carnation, It. carnagione ; 
 from L. caro, carnis, flesh.] A flesh-color : — a 
 fine flower, a variety of the pink. 
 
 Car-nel'ian (kar-nel'yan), >t. [Also written cor- 
 nelian; Fr. cornaline; from L. cornu, a horn, 
 from its horny look; influenced by L. carneus, 
 fleshy, from its color.] (JSftu.) A red or flesh- 
 colored precious stone ; a species of chalcedony. 
 
 Car'ne-oiis, a. [L. carneus, fleshy ; caro, carnis, 
 flesh.] Fleshy ; fat ; carnal. 
 
 Car'ni-val, n. [Popularly derived from L. caro, 
 carnis, flesh, and vule, farewell ; but in reality it 
 represents L. camis levamen, a solace of the body ; 
 it has, however, been shaped strictly by the pop- 
 ular etymology.] A season of festivity before 
 Lent : — revelry and feasting. 
 
 Car-niv'o-ra, n. pi. [L.] The flesh-eating animals. 
 
 Car'ni-vore. n. A flesh-eating animal ; a zobph- 
 agan; a sarcophagan ; a carnassier. 
 
 Car-niv'o-rous, «. [L. carnivorus; caro, carnis, 
 flesh, and vorare, to eat. J Feeding on flesh. 
 
 Car'ob, n. [Arab. kluu-rub.] A tree and its pod. 
 
 Car'ol, n. [0. Fr. curole, a song, carol, or dance ; 
 Breton, koroll, Manx, carval, Cornish \- Welsh, 
 carol; Gael. carrull, harmony ; Celt, ear, a turn.] 
 A song of exultation ; hymn ; a lay. — 2, p. n. 
 [pp. carolling, carolled.] To sing; to warble. — 
 3, e. a. To celebrate in song. 
 
 Car'om, \ v. n. [Shortened for carambole ; Fr. 
 
 Car'rom, J caramboler.] [pp. caroming, caromed.] 
 To strike together, as billiard-balls.— 2, n. [Fr. 
 carambole, carambolage ; Sp. carambola.] A colli- 
 sion of two or more balls in billiards. 
 
 Car'o-mel, n. [See Caramel.] Sugar melted till 
 it acquires a brown color; caramel. 
 
 Ca-rot'id, a. [Gr. pi. Kapaj7i6e? ; Kapo?, torpor, 
 sleep; napoew, to stupefy, because heavy sleep 
 was supposed to follow an increase of blood to 
 the head; others derive the Gr. /captortSe? from 
 •copa, the head, and ous, tiros, the ear.] A term 
 applied to two arteries.— 2, n. One of two ar- 
 teries of the neck, which convev the blood to 
 the head, 
 
 Ca-rou'sal, «. [From Carouse.] A bacchanalian 
 festival; a revelling; a canmse :— [Fr. carrousel, 
 
 ' a tilt; Ital. caroselh, garosello : from gara. con- 
 tention. — Cf. yue-n-a, war] a military pageant. 
 
 Ca-rSu§e', a. n. [Ger. garaus, end. finishing stroke; 
 gar, completely, aus, out; formerly a drinking- 
 cry.] [pp. carousing, caroused.] To drink 
 hard ; to revel.— 2, n. A noisy drinking-match. 
 
 Carp, n. [Sw. Imp, Icel. 
 Jcahfi, Ger. harp/en. 
 Found in the Teuton- 
 ic and Celtic lan- 
 guages.] A pond or 
 fresh-water fish. — 2, 
 v. n. & v. a. [L. car- 
 pere, to pluck, to slan- 
 der. In the obsolete 
 sense of "to speak" 
 or "to talk" it is allied to Norse larpa, to boast.] 
 [pp. carping, carped.] To find fault; to cavil. 
 
 Car'pal. a. [See Carpus.] Pertaining to the wrist. 
 
 Car'pel. n. [Neo-L. carpellum ; Gr. Kapiros, fruit ; 
 this' seems allied to L. carpere, to pluck, to 
 gather.] (Bot.) One of the parts of a compound 
 pistil, fruit, or seed-vessel. 
 
 Car'pel-la-ry, a. Relating to carpels. 
 
 Car'pen-ter, n. [Fr. charpentier ; L. carpentorius, 
 a wagon-maker ; carpentvm, a wagon.— Cf. Celtic 
 carbad, a carriage or litter ; L. corbl% Celt, carb, 
 a basket.] A builder of houses. 
 
 Car'pen-try, v. The trade or art of a carpenter. 
 
 Car'pet, n. [Fr. carpette; Late L. carpeta, thick 
 cloth ; L. carpere, carptum. to pluck, to card, as 
 wool.] A cloth covering for the floor. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. carpeting, carpeted.] To spread with carpets. 
 
 9. 5. £> soft; p, £, p, §, liard; s as z ; ? as gz ; tnis. 
 
 Carp. 
 
CAKPET-BAG 
 
 130 
 
 CASK 
 
 Car'pet-bag, n. A hand satchel. 
 
 Car'pet-ing, n. Materials for carpets. 
 
 Car'pet-knight (-nit), n. A soldier of untried 
 valor or of no repute for courage. 
 
 Carp'ing. p. a. Captious; censorious. — 2, n. Act 
 of cavilling ; censure. 
 
 Car'pus, n. [Late L. ; Gr. Acap^o?.] The wrist. 
 
 Car'rack, n. [Late L. carraca; allied to L. carrus, 
 a car, and E. carry.] A ship for freights. (Antiq.) 
 
 Car-ra'ra, a. [From Carrara, in Italy.] .Noting 
 a white marble used for statuary. 
 
 Car'riage (kar'rjj), u. [0. Fr. cariage, Fr. char- 
 riage, cart;;ge ; in Eng. at first a verbal noun from 
 Carry. — Cf. L. carruca, Gr. K.apov\a, a carriage.] 
 Act of carrying; conveyance :— a vehicle with 
 wheels: — behavior; conduct; deportment. 
 
 Car'ria£e-a-ble, a. Passable for a carriage. 
 
 Car'ri-er, ». One who carries. 
 
 Car'rj-on [kar'yun, A".], n. [0. Fr. caroigne, Fr. 
 charogne, Sp. carofla ; L. caro, camis, flesh.] 
 Putrefying flesh. — 2, «. Relating to or feeding 
 on carcasses. [short piece of ordnance. 
 
 Car-ron-ade'. «. [From Catron, in Scotland.] A 
 
 Car'rot, n. [L. carota; Gr. xaptoTov.] An esculent 
 garden vegetable. 
 
 Car'rot-y, a. Like carrots; reddish. 
 
 Car'ry, v. a. [0. Fr. carter, Fr. charier, to cart. 
 — Cf. Car, Chariot.] [pp. 'carrying, carried.] 
 To convey; to transport; to bear: — to effect: — 
 to gain :— to behave. — 2, ». «. To convey ; to 
 transport. — 3, n. A portage, or place where it 
 is necessary for travellers to carry their canoes. 
 
 Car'ry-all, n. [For cariole.] A light four-wheeled 
 carriage. 
 
 Car'ry-ing-trade, n. Commerce between two 
 countries carried on in ships of a third country. 
 
 Cart, ». [0. Fr. curette; Fr. charrette (dim. of char, 
 a car); Irish, cairt; W. cart. — See Car, Chariot.] 
 A carriage for burden, with two wheels.— 2, v. a. 
 [pp. carting, carted.] To carry in a cart. — 3, v. n. 
 To use carts for carriage. 
 
 Cart' age, n. The act of carting, or charge for it. 
 
 Carte (kart), n. [Fr., a card, q. v.] A bill of fare : 
 — [Fr. quaite, L. quartus, fourth; it is the fourth 
 position in fencing] a kind of thrust and parry. 
 
 Carte-blanche' (kart-blansh'), n. [Fr. for "white 
 paper."] A blank paper intrusted to a person, to 
 be filled up as he pleases : — unconditional terms. 
 
 Gar-tel' (kar-teF or kai'tel), n. [Fr. cartel; It. cai- 
 tello ; L. chartula, dim. of charta, a paper.] An 
 agreement between two states at war, relative 
 to the exchange of prisoners : — a ship for ex- 
 changing prisoners : — a challenge. 
 
 Car-te'§ian (kar-te'zhan), «. Relating to Des- 
 cartes, or to his philosophy. 
 
 Car-thu'§ian (kar-thu'zhan), n. A monk of the 
 Cliartreux. — 2, a. Relating to monks so called. 
 
 Car'ti-lage, n. [L. cartilago, gristle.] An elastic 
 substance ; gristle. [ing of cartilage. 
 
 Car-ti-lag'i-nous, a. [L. cartilaginosus.] Consist- 
 
 Car-tog'ra-'pher, n. A maker of maps. 
 
 Car-tog'ra-phy, n. [L. charta (later carta), a paper 
 "(chart) ;' Gr. x° L P Tr l'>^ aU( i ypa(j>en>, to write.] The 
 construction of maps. 
 
 Car-t36n', n. [Fr. & Sp. carton, It. cartone, paste- 
 board, augmented forms of Fr. carte, Sp. & It, 
 carta, paper.] A sketch or pattern for tapestry; 
 a painting or drawing on large paper. 
 
 Car-touche (kar-tCch'), n. [Fr. cartouche, It. car- 
 tuccia, cartoccio.— See Card.] A case to hold 
 musket-balls and powder; a portable box for 
 cartridges : — a wooden bomb filled with shot : 
 —a discharge given a soldier.— (Arch.) A modil- 
 lion ; a cornice : — a carved ornament. 
 
 CaVtridge, n. [Corrupted form of cartouche.'] A 
 case filled with ammunition : — a charge of pow- 
 der in a case. 
 
 Car'tridge-box, n. A box for cartridges. 
 
 Cart'u-la-ry, n. [Late L. cartnlarium or charlula- 
 riiim; charta, a paper ; chartula, a document.] A 
 book of records : — [Late L. cartularius] a recorder. 
 
 Cart' -wright (kart'rlt), n. A maker of carts. 
 
 Car'un-cle, n. [L. caruncnla, dim. of euro, flesh.] 
 A protuberance of flesh. 
 
 Ca-run'cu-lar, a. Relating to a caruncle. 
 
 Carve, v. a. [0. E. kerven; A.-S. ceorfan; Ger. 
 kerben ; Dut. kerven.] [i. carved; pp. carving, 
 carved or carven.] To cut matter into elegant 
 forms ; to sculpture : — to cut meat at the table. 
 — 2, v. n. To cut stone or meat. 
 
 Car'vel, n. Same as Caravel. 
 
 Carv'er, n. One who carves ; a sculptor. 
 
 Carv'ing, n. The act of a carver; sculpture. 
 
 Car-y-a te§, n. pi. See Caryatides. 
 
 Car-y-at'i-de§, n. pi. [L., for Gr. KapvdriSe?, lit- 
 erally, "women of Carya?," a town in Laconia.] 
 {Arch.) Figures of women, used instead of col- 
 umns. 
 
 Cas'ca-bel, n. [Sp. ; from L. scabellmn, a stool, a 
 toe-castanet ; dim. of scammtm, a stool.] The 
 knob of a cannon. 
 
 Cas-cade' [kas'kf.d, Co. D.~], n. [Fr, cascade; It. 
 cascata, part, of cuscare, to fall ; L. cusare, cas- 
 sure, to waver ; cuclere, casum, to fall.] A small 
 cataract ; a waterfall. 
 
 Cas-ca-ril'la, n. [Sp., dim. of cascara, bark.— Cf. 
 casca, bark; casco, a potsherd; cascar, to break. 
 — Cf. Cashier and Quash.] A medicinal bark. 
 
 Case, n. [Fr. casse ; L. capsa, a chest, from cupere, 
 to receive.] A box ; a sheath ; a cover : — [Fr. cus, 
 L. ca.svs, a fall, a lot; cuclere, casus, to fall] condi- 
 tion ; circumstance ; state : — a cause in court : — 
 the frame containing a printer's types : — an in- 
 flection of nouns.— 2, v. a. [pp. casing, cased.] 
 To put in a case ; to encase. 
 
 Case'hard-en (kas'har-dn), v. a. [pp. casebar- 
 dening, casehardened.] To harden on the out- 
 side, as iron, or to convert the outside of iron 
 into steel. [ous principle of cheese. 
 
 Ca'se-ine, n. [L. caseus, cheese.] The nitrogen- 
 
 Case ? -knife (kiis'nif), «. [So called because for- 
 merly kept in a case or sheath.] A table-knife. 
 
 Case'mate, n. [Fr. casemate ; It. casumalla ; Sp. 
 casamata; probably casa, a house, and malar, to 
 kill; since the besiegers were assailed from it.] 
 A vault : — a casement. 
 
 Ca§e'ment (kaz'ment or kas'ment), n. [From case, 
 a frame.] (Arch.) A part of a window opening 
 upon hinges : — a moulding. 
 
 Ca'se-ous (ka'se-us or ku'she-us), a. [L. caseus, 
 cheese.] Resembling cheese. 
 
 Case' -shot, n. Iron or bullets enclosed in a case. 
 
 Cash, n. [Fr. came, a case, or chest ; L. capsa, a 
 box. — See Case.] Money; ready money; coin: 
 — applied also to bank-notes :— a Chinese copper 
 coin pertorated for stringing, and worth scarcely 
 one-sixth of a cent. — 2, v. a. [pp. cashing, 
 cashed.] To pay money for; to turn into money. 
 
 Cash'-book (-buk), n. A book in which accounts 
 of receiving and payiug money are kept. 
 
 Ca-shew'-tree (ka-shii'tre), n. [Kative Tupi name, 
 cussn, acajou, &c. ; oca, a branch, jv, a berry.] A 
 "West-Indian tree which bears the cashew-nut : — 
 called also the acajou or acqjaiba. 
 
 Ca-shier' (ka-sher'), n. [From Cash ; Fr. caigsier.] 
 "One who has charge of the money in a bank, &c. 
 — 2, ?;. a. [Ger. cassiren, Fr. casser, to break, 
 also to discharge; in the sense of "to break*' it 
 represents L. gtiassare, to quash ; in the sense of 
 "to discharge" it stands for L. cassvs, empty, 
 cassare, to annul.] [pp. cashiering, cashiered.] 
 To discard :— to dismiss from a post or an office : 
 —to break. 
 
 Cash'mere, or Cash-mere', n. A shawl made of 
 the finest wool of the Cashmere goat. 
 
 Cash'me-ret, n. A fabric resembling cashmere, 
 used for ladies' dresses. 
 
 Cas'ing, n. The act of covering :— a covering. 
 
 Ca-si'no, n. [It., dim. of casa, a house.] A build- 
 ing for social amusements. 
 
 Cask, n. [Sp. casco, a shell, a cask ; origin dis- 
 puted.] A hollow wooden vessel. 
 
 a, e, i, o, u, y, long; a., e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
CASKET 
 
 131 
 
 CATALYTIC 
 
 A large 
 
 Cassowary. 
 
 Cas'ket, re. [Fr. casquelte, a cap, dim. of casque ; 
 but the E. casket in meaning corresponds with 
 the Fr. cassette.] A small box for jewels : — a 
 coffin :— a small rope for fastening a sail. 
 
 Casque (kask), re. [Fr. casque, Sp. casco, a cask, a 
 helmet.] A helmet; armor for the head. 
 
 Cas-sa'da, or Cas'sa-da, re. See Cassava. 
 
 Cas-sa'tion, re. [L. cassare, cassation, to annul; 
 cassus, empty, vain.] Reversal of a sentence. 
 
 Cas-sa'va, or Cas'sa-va [kas-sa'va, St. R. ; kas- 
 sa'va or kas-sa'va, J.], re. [Sp. casabe; native 
 Haytian, k'asabi.] ' The plant whose root yields 
 tapioca ; also, a flour prepared from its root. 
 
 Cas'si-a (kash'she-a), re. [L. cccsia, cassia; Gr. 
 <aa La. ; Heb. qetsiah; qatsa, to cut.] A sweet 
 spice : — a tree. 
 
 Cas' si-mere [kaz'i-mer or kaz'i-mer, H.], n. [Fr. 
 cassimir. — Same as Cashmere.] A thin woollen 
 cloth : — written also kerseymere. 
 
 Cas' sock, re. [Fr. casaque ; It. cassacca, from casa, 
 a house, a shelter; L. casa, a cottage.] A long 
 garment of a priest. 
 
 Cas'so-wa-ry, re. [Malay, kasuwa7-is.] 
 
 bird much like an ostrich. 
 Cast, v. a. [Norse, kasta, 
 to throw ; kostr, a heap.] 
 [i. cast; pp. casting, 
 cast.] To throw; to 
 fling; to send; to scat- 
 ter : — to condemn : — to 
 compute ; to contrive : — 
 to shed : — to found : — to 
 bring forth abortively. — 
 2, v. n. To grow into a 
 form ; to warp. — 3, n. A 
 throw ; a casting : — a 
 mould ; a shape : — a shade 
 of color; air or mien : — a stroke or touch : — a 
 glance of the eye : — an assignment of parts. 
 
 Cas'ta-net, n. [Sp. caxtafteta; Sp. castafta, L. cas- 
 tanea, Gr. k6.o-to.vov, a chestnut; said to be 
 named from the sound, which resembles the 
 snapping of chestnuts in the fire.] A smafl 
 shell of ivory or hard wood, which stage-dancers 
 rattle. 
 
 Cast'a-way, re. A person lost or abandoned. 
 
 Caste', re. [Port, casta, breed; L. cast/is, pure, 
 chaste.] A distinct, hereditary class of people. 
 
 Cas'tei-lan, n. [Late L. caslelUoms ; custellum, a 
 castle.] The governor of a castle. 
 
 Cas'tel-la-ny, re. The lordship of a castle. 
 
 Cas'tel-lat-ed, a. Formed like a castle. 
 
 Cast'er, re. One who casts : — a vial ; a small wheel. 
 
 Cast'ers, re. pi. A frame for holding bottles. 
 
 Cas'ti-gate, v. a. [L. casligare, castigatus, to chas- 
 ten'; castas, chaste, pure.] [pp. castigating, cas- 
 tigated.] To chastise ; to correct, [correciion. 
 
 Cas-ti-ga'tion, re. [L. castigatio.] Punishment; 
 
 Cas'ti-ga-tor, re. [L.] One who corrects. 
 
 Cas'ti-ga-to-ry, a. [L. castigatorius.] Punitive; 
 corrective. 
 
 Cas-tile'-soap. n. Olive-oil soap. 
 
 C&st'ing, n. The act of throwing, casting, or 
 founding; a vessel or thing cast. 
 
 Cast'ing-vote, u. The vote given by a presiding 
 officer when the other votes are equally divided. 
 
 Cast-Ir'on (-i'urn), re. Iron moulded in a foundry. 
 
 Cas' tie (kas'sli, n. [L. castellum, dim. of castrnm, 
 a camp.] A fortified house or mansion; a for- 
 tress : — a piece in the game of chess ; rook. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. castling, castled.] (Chess.) To 
 cover the king with a castle, by a move. 
 
 Cas'tled (kas'sld), a. Furnished with castles. 
 
 Cas'tle-guard (-gard), re. A feudal tenure. 
 
 Cas' tor, n. [L. ; Gr. k6o-tu>p ; Skr. htstiui, Malay 
 kasiuri, musk; Per. khaz, a beaver.— Cf. khazidan, 
 to creep, which might give khaztar, a creeper.] 
 A beaver : — one of the Twins, or Gemini (Castor 
 and Pollux): — a wheel or trundle: — a heavy 
 woollen cloth. 
 
 Cas'tor-bil, re. Oil from seed of the Pahna Christi. 
 
 ! Cas-tra-me-ta'tion, re. [L. castra, a camp, and 
 melir'i, to'measure, to lay out.] The act of form- 
 ing camps. 
 
 Cas'trate, v. a. [L. castrare, castration. — Cf. Skr. 
 Castra, a knife.] [pp. castrating, castrated.] To 
 emasculate ; to geld. [trating. 
 
 Cas-tra'tion, re. [L. castratio.] The act of cas- 
 
 CS.st' -steel, re. Steel fused and cast into bars. 
 
 Cas'u-al (kazh'yu-al), a. [L. casualis; casus, 
 chance ; cadere, casum, to fall (as a lot).] Hap- 
 pening by chance ; fortuitous ; incidental. 
 
 Cas/u-al-ly, ad. Accidentally. 
 
 Cas'ii-al-ty (kazh'yu-al-te), n. An unforeseen ac- 
 cident, or event, or misfortune ; chance. 
 
 Cas'u-ist (kazh'yu-ist), re. [Fr. casuiste; Late L. 
 casus conscientipe, a question of conscience.] One 
 versed in casuistry; one who settles cases or 
 questions of conscience. 
 
 Cas-u-is'ti-cal, «• Relating to casuistry or cases 
 of conscience. 
 
 Cas'u-is-try (kazh'vu-Ts-tre), re. The science which 
 settles cases or que>tions of conscience. 
 
 Cat, re. [Dut. & Dan. kat; Ger. hater, katze ; Celt, 
 cat; Breton, kuz; Russ. lot: Turk. Jcedi ; Arab, qitt; 
 Sp. goto; Fr. chat; L. catus, eatta.] A domestic 
 feline animal: — a kind of whip: — [Icel. kaU, a 
 kind of ship] a coal-ship : — a double tripod. 
 
 Cat'a. A prefix from Gr. Kara, down, through- 
 out, against, <fec. Before the sound of h it be- 
 comes cath; before a vowel it is often c it. 
 
 Cat-a-ghre'sis, n- ; pi. Cat-a-chre'ses. [Gr. Kara, 
 against, xp6.ofj.ai, to use/xpTJo-i?, use.] (Rhet.) 
 A harsh metaphor ; abuse of a trope. 
 
 Cat-a-phres'tic, a. [Gr. Kara^preo-TiKos, misusing, 
 misused.] Forced; far-fetched. 
 
 Cat'a-clysm, re. [Gr. (caraKAvcr/uds ; Kara, down, 
 and kKv^slv, to dash or wash.] A deluge : — a 
 shower-bath. 
 
 Cat-a-cly^'mal, a. Pertaining to or characterized 
 by a cataclysm. 
 
 Cat'a-comb (-kom), re. ; pi. Cat'a-comb§. [Gr. 
 Kara, downward, and kv>/3tj, a hollow. — Cf. Skr. 
 foiutbha, a pot.] A subterraneous place for bury- 
 ing the dead. 
 
 Cat-a-cbus'tics, re. [See Cata and Acoustics.] 
 The science of reflected sounds, or echoes. 
 
 Cat-a-di-op'tric, |«. [Gr. Kara, against, im- 
 
 Cat-a-di-op'tri-cal, j plying reflection, and SiW- 
 rpov, a 6py-glass. — See Dioptrics.] Reflecting 
 and refracting light. 
 
 Cat-a-falque' (-falk'), re. [Fr. ; Sp. eatafalco ; catar, 
 to see, to examine (0. Ger. skala, a spectacle), 
 and palco, a stage or scaffold ; palco is the E. balk, 
 a beam.] A lofty structure used at state funerals. 
 
 Cat'a-lan, n. A native or inhabitant of Catalonia. 
 
 Cat-a-lec'tic, re. [Gr. (caraAre«Ti>c6s, halting, stop- 
 ping; KaraX^yeLV, to cease. j A verse wanting 
 one syllable. 
 
 Cat'a-lcp-sy, re. [Gr. KardArj^i?, a seizure ; Kara, 
 down, \aixf36vei.v, to seize.] (Med.) A disease 
 in which the action of the senses is suspended. 
 
 Cat-a-lep'tic, a. [Gr. /caraAre^TiKos.] Pertaining 
 to or affected by catalepsy. 
 
 Cat'a-logue (kat'a-log), re. [Gr. KardAoyos, a list; 
 kot6, down, and Aeyeti/, to tell, to reckon.] A 
 list of names of persons, or the titles of books, 
 &c. — Catalogue raisonnc, a catalogue of books 
 classed under the heads of their several subjects. 
 — 2, i'. a. [pp. cataloguing, catalogued.] To 
 make a list of. 
 
 Ca-tal'pa, n. [Said to be named from the Catawba, 
 a river and former Indian tribe of North Caro- 
 lina.] (Dot.) A flowering tree. 
 
 Ca-tal'y-sis, n. [Gr. KardAvcris, dissolution ; 
 /card, down, and Aveir, to loosen.] Chemical 
 action depending on the presence of a substance 
 which itself undergoes no change. 
 
 Cat-a-lyt'ic, n. [Gr. KaraAvrtKo?, solvent.] (Med.) 
 A medicine which acts by the destruction or 
 counteraction of morbid agencies in the blood. — 
 2, a. Acting in an unexplained way. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, <}, c, £, soft; p, £, p, § , hard; § as z; 5 as gz ; this. 
 
CATA1TAKAN 
 
 132 
 
 CATHETER 
 
 katmaran, a raft ; Ma- 
 
 Cat-a-ma-ran', v. [Hind 
 lajalaui, kettamaram, j- 
 tied timber; ketta, a % 
 tie, and maram, tim- 
 ber.] (Naut.) A sort 
 of raft: — [Cf. Ger. 
 hatze, a cat ; also a bag, 
 or crone ; but catama- 
 ran is said to bave 
 once meant a fire-raft 
 or fire-ship, whence Uaumaran. 
 
 its meaning extended to a scold or spitfire] a 
 scolding woman (a ludicrous use of the word). 
 
 Cat-a-me'ni-a, n. pi. [Gr. Karap.rii'ia ; Kara, 
 down, throughout (sense of " every"), and p-qv, a 
 munthj Menstrual discharges. 
 
 Cat-a-me'ni-al, a. Relating to catamenia. 
 
 Cat'a-mbunt, \ n. [i.e., cat of the mountains.] 
 
 Cat-a-mbun'tain, j A ferocious wild animal ; a 
 wild-cat. 
 
 Cat'a-phract, n. [Gr. Kard<bpaKTo<;, fully armed; 
 Kara, throughout, and <ppdao-eiv, to enclose.] A 
 horseman in full armor : — [Gr. KaTa<ppdKTn<f[ 
 defensive armor, as for a hoisu and its rider. 
 
 Cat'a-plasm, n. [Gr. KaTdn\ao-p.a ; Kara, over, 
 and nXda-a-ew, to mould.] A poultice; a soft 
 plaster. 
 
 Cat'a-pult, n. [Late L. catapulta; Gr. KaTaniKr-qs ; 
 Kara, down, and ndWeiv, to hurl.] An ancient 
 military engine for throwing stones. 
 
 Cat'a-ract, n. [Gr. KaTappdnTr)<; ; Kara, down, 
 and pa<r<re<.v, to dash ; or the latter parr may be 
 pi\yvvixi, payrjUL, to break.] A waterfall ; a cas- 
 cade : — {Med.) A disease of the eye, consisting 
 in the opacity of the lens or its capsule. 
 
 Ca-tarrh' (ka-taV), n. [L. catarrhus ; Gr. Kardp- 
 pos; Kard, down, and peeiv, to flow.] {Med.) 
 A discharge of fluid ; a cold; influenza. 
 
 Ca-tarrh' al, )o. Eelating to, or characterized 
 
 Ca-tarrh'ous, J by, a catarrh or cold. 
 
 Ca-tas'tro-phe, n. [Gr. Karao-Tpocbiq ; Kara, 
 down, over, and cnpefyeiv, to turn.] A falling 
 out of events; result; a final event; calamity. 
 
 Cat-a-stroph'ic, a. Pertaining to a catastrophe. 
 
 Cat' -bird, n. ' [From its cry, which is like that of 
 a cat.] A bird allied to the mocking-bird. 
 
 Cat'-boat, v. [Icel. kati. a small vessel.] A small 
 boat with one sail. 
 
 Cat'call, n. A small squeaking instrument. 
 
 Catch, v. a. [It. cacciare, Fr. chasser, 0. Fr. cachier, 
 chacier, to chase; L. captare, frequentative of 
 capere, to take.— See Chase.] [i. caught or [obs.l 
 catched ; pp. catching, caught or [obs.] catched.J 
 To lay hold on with the hand ; to seize ; to stop ; 
 to ensnare; to take; to receive. — 2, v. n. To be 
 contagious :— to lay hold. — 3, v. Seizure ; an 
 advantage taken ; a snatch : — a hold : — any thing 
 that catches : — a song, or part of a song, sung 
 in succession. 
 
 Catch' -drain, n. A drain for surface-water. 
 
 Catch'er, n. The person or thing that catches. 
 
 Catchfly, n. A plant of various kinds. 
 
 Catch'ing. p. a. Apt to catch ; contagious. 
 
 Catch'ment, n. The superficies from which water 
 may be collected :— collection, as of water. 
 
 Catch'pen-ny, n. A woi'thless publication. — 2, a. 
 Blade for money ; made merely for selling. 
 
 Catch'poll, v. A sergeant; a bumbailiff. 
 
 Catch'up, n. [See Catsip.] A sauce or condiment. 
 
 Catch'word (-wiird), n. A word under the last 
 line of a page, repeated at the top of the next. 
 
 Catch' work (-wiirk), n. [Because it catches or col- 
 lects water.] An irrigation system for hill-sides. 
 
 Cat-e-chet'ic, \a. [Gr. Karr)xyTiic6<;.] Consist- 
 
 Cat-e-chet'i-cal, J ing of questions and answers. 
 
 Cat'e-chise, v. a. [Gr. Ka-r^x^eiv , to instruct ; 
 from KaTTjxeeiv, to din down, to impress: Kara, 
 down, and tjxv, sound, din.] [pp. catechising, 
 catechised.] To instruct by asking questions 
 and receiving answers; to question ; to interro- 
 gate : — written also catechize. 
 
 Cat'e-chism, n. [Late Gr. Kar^icr/ud?.] A form 
 of instruction by questions and answers : — an 
 ^elementary book. [teaches the catechism. 
 
 Cat'e-phist, «. [Late Gr. Kary\x i -o-rri<;.'] One who 
 
 Cat'e-phu [kat'e-koo, H. ; kat'e-shoo, St. I. ; kat'- 
 e-tshoo, AT.], n. [Japanese, hate, tree, and chu, 
 juice; Malay, kashu; Fr. cachou.) An astringent 
 vegetable substance used in medicine, and as a 
 dyestuff. 
 
 Cat-e-chu'men, v. [Gr. KaTT^oii/uevo?, instructed. 
 —See Catechise.] One who is in the rudiments 
 j>f Christianity; a pupil little advanced. 
 
 Cat-e-gor'i-cal, «. [Gr. KanryopiKos, affirmative. 
 — See Category.] Absolute; positive, as opposed 
 to hypothetical: — direct; expr^s-. 
 
 Cat-e-gor'i-cal-ly, ad. Directly ; positively. 
 
 Cat'e-go-ry, n. [Gr. Karrjyopia, accu>atiin, charge, 
 list: from Karriyopeveiv, to speak against, to ac- 
 cuse, to charge, to indicate, to prove, to assert; 
 Kard, against, dyopeveiv, to harangue ; dyopd, a 
 market-place, an assembly.] A class or order 
 containing a gre;it number of genera or species : 
 — an order of ideas; a predicament. 
 
 Cat'e-na, or Ca-te'na, n. [L. for "a chain."] A 
 chain of quotations' from authors. 
 
 Cat'e-na-ry, v. [L. catenarius, pertaining to a 
 chain.] A curve line formed by a rope or chain 
 suspended by both ends. 
 
 Cat r e-nate, v. a. [L. catenare, catenatum, to chain.] 
 [pp. catenating, catenated.] To link toeether; 
 to chain. [ne. tion. 
 
 Cat-e-na'tion, n. [L. catenatio.] A regular con- 
 
 Ca'ter, r. n. [0. E. acater, acatour, afterward 
 cater, buyer; It. acheter, to buy; L. ad, to, and 
 capfare, to take, to procure.] [pp. catering, ca- 
 tered.] To procure or provide food. 
 
 Cat'e-ran, In. [Celt, ceatharnach.] Formerly, 
 
 Cath'e-ran, J in Scotland, a predatory irregular 
 soldier; a raider. 
 
 Ca'ter-cbr-nered, a. [Fr. quatre, four.] Diagonal. 
 
 Ca'ter-er, n. A provider; a purveyor. 
 
 Ca'ter-lss, n. A woman employed to cater. 
 
 Cat'er-pil-lar, n. [Fr. chatepelevsc ; chate, a she- 
 cat, and p'eleuse, hairy. — Cf. E. "woolly-bear," a 
 kind of caterpillar.] An insect which devours 
 leaves : — a larva of a 
 moth or butterfly. 
 
 Cat'er-waul, v. n. [Cat, 
 and waid, a wail or 
 yell.] [pp. caterwaul- Cater pl llar. 
 
 ing, caterwauled.] To make a noise as cats. 
 
 Cates, n. pi. [Formed from cater: as the cater was 
 at first a buyer, so the provisions he b mght were 
 called catts.] Dainties; viands; food. [[head. 
 
 Cat'f ish, n. An American fish; the pout; bull- 
 Cat' gut, w. [A misnomer, since the substance is 
 prepared from the intestines of sheep and other 
 animals, and not from those of cats.] A string 
 for musical instruments : — a species of canvas. 
 
 Cath. See Cata. 
 
 Cath'a-rine-wheel, ) v. [St. Catherine is said to 
 
 Cath'e-rine-wheel, J have been torn with a spiked 
 wheel.] A sort of firework in the form of a 
 wheel: — a circular ornament in a Gothic window. 
 
 Cat'har-pings, n. pi. [From cat, a kind of tackle, 
 and harpings, braces, — both nautical terms.] 
 (Naut.) Small ropes used to brace and tighten 
 the shrouds. 
 
 Ca-thar'tic, n. [Gr. *ca0apn*:6?, purging; na.0aL- 
 pew, to purify.] A purging medicine. — 2, a. 
 Tending to purge or purify ; purgative ; cleansing. 
 
 Ca-the'dra, or Cath'e-dra, n. [Gr Ka6e8pa, a seat ; 
 Kara, down, and e8pa, a seat.] A bishop's chair : 
 — a place of authority. 
 
 Ca-the'dral, v. [Late L. cathedralis, cathedra; Gr. 
 'icaBeSpa,' a seat.] The head church of a diocese, 
 in which is the seat or throne of a bishop. — 2, a. 
 Relating to a cathedral. 
 
 Cath'e-ter, v. [Gr. Kaderrjp : Ka0LT)p.i, to send in, 
 to sound ; Kara, down, and itj/lu, I send.] A tube 
 to draw off urine ; a surgeon's sound. 
 
 a, e, i, o, u, y, long; a., e, i, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
CATHOLIC 
 
 133 
 
 CAVY 
 
 Cath/o-lic, a. [Gr. xafloAiKos, general; Kara, 
 through, and 0A09, the whole.] Utiversal ; gen- 
 eral : — liberal. — CulltoUc church, literally, the 
 whole or undivided Christian church. — 2, n. A 
 member of the Catholic church. 
 Ca-thol'i-cism, n. The doctnue of, or adherence 
 to, the' Catholic church. 
 
 Cath-o-Hc'i-ty, n- The doctrine of, or adherence 
 to, the Catholic church; Catholicism; liberality. 
 
 Ca-thol'i-con, u. [Gr. ; neuter form of kol0o\ik6<;. 
 ' — See Catholic. I A universal remedy ; panacea. 
 
 Cat'kln, n. [Dim. of cut; 0. Dut. kultekeu, a little 
 cat, an anient. — Cf. pussy, a child's name for an 
 ament ; Gael, cailin, Fr. chaton, Ger. kdtschen, a 
 kitten, an anient.] A kind of inflorescence; an 
 ament. [name] a dismembering knife. 
 
 Cat'ling, re. A kitten: — [from the inventor's 
 
 Cat'mmt, \ n. [Gat and mini; Fr. cataire, chutuire, 
 
 Cat' nip, J from chut, a cat ; also nepete, L. nepetu, 
 catnip.] A strong-scented perennial plant or 
 herb, much liked by cats. 
 
 Cat-o'-nlne'-tails, n. A whip with nine lashes. 
 
 Ca-top'tri-cal, a. Relating to catoptrics. 
 
 Ca-top'trics, w. pi. [Gr. kcltoittpikos, reflecting; 
 ndToirrpov, a mirror; Kara, down, back, and 
 bnTOfiai., I see.] That part of optics which 
 treats of reflected light or reflected vision. 
 
 Cat's'-eye (kats'i), n. [Named from its gleam, 
 like that of a cat's eye.] A silicious mineral. 
 
 Cats'kill,<(. [From the CatskUl mountains.] {Geol.) 
 Noting the fourth and closing period of the De- 
 vonian age in America. 
 
 Cat's' -paw, n. [From the story of the monkey 
 which induced the cat to draw chestnuts out of 
 the fire.] The dupe of an artful person. 
 
 Cat' sup, 11. [Fast Indian, ki/jap.] A sauce. 
 
 Cat' -tail, n. A tall aquatic plant. 
 
 Cat' tie, k. pi. [0. E. cutel, chalet, chetel, property, 
 chattels ; Late L. capitate, property, capital ; 
 L. caput, the head, the individual person ; vivum 
 capitate, live stock. — See Capital and Chattel.] 
 Beasts of pasture, as oxen, cows, &c. 
 
 Cat'tle-show, n. An exhibition of cattle. 
 
 Cat'ty, ». A Chinese weight of l]4 pounds. 
 
 Cau-ca'sian, a. Relating to Mount Caucasus. 
 
 Cau'cus, it. ; pi. Cau'cus-es. [Said to be from the 
 Culkers'' club of Boston," Mass., 1703.] A meet- 
 ing preparatory to an election. 
 
 Cau'dal, «. [L. cuudu, a tail.] Relating to the 
 tail of an animal. 
 
 Cau'date, or Cau'dat-ed, a. Having a tail. 
 
 Cau'dex, n. ; pi. Cau'di-ces. [L.] (Bot.) The 
 trunk or stem of a tree. 
 
 Cau'dle, n. [O. Fr. caudel, chaudel, Fr. ckaudeau, 
 a warm drink; Fr. chaud, 0. Fr. dudd, L. catdns, 
 calidus, hot; culere, to be hot.] A mixture of 
 wine, gruel, &c. 
 
 Caught (kawt), /. & p. from catch. 
 
 Caul, n. [Celt, cull, calla, a veil ; Fr. cole, a hood.] 
 Part of a woman's cap; a kind of net-work: — 
 a membrane covering the intestines. 
 
 Cau-les'cent, o. [L. cunlis, Gr. /cavAds, a stem.] 
 Having'a perfect stem. 
 
 Cau'li-flS-w-er (or kol'e-fiou-er), n. [L. Caulis, Gr. 
 (cauXds, a stem, a cabbage ; Fr. chou-fleur, liter- 
 ally flower-cabbage ; Sp. colirlor.} A 'species of 
 cabbage, differing little from' broccoli. 
 
 Cau'line, a. Belonging to a stem or stalk. 
 
 Cau'lis, n. [L.] (Bot.) A stalk or stem. 
 
 Caulk (kawk), v. a. See Calk. [ing, a cause. 
 
 Cau'sal, a. [L. causalis.] Relating to, or expivss- 
 
 Cau-sal'i-ty, n. The agency of a cause.— (Phren.) 
 The faculty of tracing cause and effect. 
 
 Cau-sa'tion, n. [L. causatio.] The act of causing. 
 
 Cau-§a'tion-ism, n. The doctrine that every 
 event results from causation, or that for every 
 phenomenon there is a causal force. 
 
 CSu'sa-tive, a. [L. causativus.] Acting as a cause. 
 
 Cau'§a-tive-lx, ad. In a causative manner. 
 
 Cause, w. [L. causa or caussa.] That which pro- 
 duces an effect : — reason ; motive ; object : — side ; 
 
 party : — a suit at law ; legal process. — Final cause, 
 the end for which a thing is, or is done. — 2, v. u. 
 [pp. causing, caused.] To effect as an agent; to 
 produce. 
 
 Cause'less, a. Having no cause; groundless. 
 
 Cause' way, n. [Corrupt form of causey; Fr. 
 chaussee, Sp. calzada, a paved road; Late L. via 
 culciutu, paved (literally cemented) road.] A 
 way or road formed of stones and other sub- 
 stances, and raised above the adjacent ground. 
 
 Cau'sey, u. Same as Causeway. 
 
 Caus'tic, n. [L. causticus ; Gr. KavcrriKos ; Kateii>, 
 to burn.] A corroding and burning substance. 
 — 2, a. Searing: burning; pungent; severe. 
 
 Caus-tic'j-ty, n. The quality of being caustic. 
 
 Cau'ter, n. [L. & Gr.] A searing-iron. 
 
 Cau'ter-ism, n. The application of cautery. 
 
 Cau-ter-i-za'tion, /;. The act of cauterizing. 
 
 Cau'ter-ize, v. a. [Gr. /cavTr,pi<££eci'.] [pp. cau- 
 terizing, cauterized.] To burn with a cautery ; 
 to sear. 
 
 Cau'te-ry, n. [Gr. KavTrtpiov.] An instrument 
 or drug for cauterizing ; a caustic : — cauteriza- 
 tion ; cauterism. 
 
 Cau'tion, n. [L. cav.lio ; cavere, cavtttin, to heed.] 
 Provident care; prudence: — foresight; a pro- 
 visionary precept; a warning: — surety. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. cautioning, cautioned.] To give notice of 
 danger; to warn. 
 
 Cau'tion-a-ry, a. Given as a pledge ; warning. 
 
 Cau'ti6us'(kaw'shus), u. [L. cuutus.] Using cau- 
 tion ; prudent ; very careful ; wary; watchful. 
 
 Cau'tious-ly, ad. In a cautious manner. 
 
 Cau'tious-ness, n. Watchfulness; care. 
 
 Cav-al-cade', n. [Fr. ; It. eavalcata ; cavalcare, to 
 ride ; cavullo, a horse. — Cf. L. caballus, Gr. «a- 
 jSaAArj?, Celt, capull, Icel. kupall, a horse.] A 
 procession on horseback. 
 
 Cav-a-lier' (kav-a-ler'), n. [Fr. ; It. cavaliere.— 
 See Cavalcade.] An armed horseman: — a 
 beau ; a gentleman attending a lady :— a knight : 
 —a partisan of Cliarh s I. of England.— 2, a. 
 Gay; haughty; supercilious. 
 
 Cav-a-lier'ish, a. Of or pertaining to the Cava- 
 liers; after the manner of, or resembling, a cav- 
 alier; somewhat supercilious. 
 
 Cav-a-lier'ly, ad. Haughtily: disdainfully. 
 
 Cav'al-ry, n. [Sp. cubulleria ; It. cirulleria.—See 
 Cavalcade.] Troops or soldiers that serve on 
 horseback. 
 
 Cav-a-ti'na, n. [It.] (Mus.) A short air. 
 
 Cave, b. [L. cavea, from caws, hollow. — Cf. Skr. 
 gaha, guha, Canarese gavi, Tamil kebi, a cave.] 
 A cavern; a grotto; a cell.— 2, v. a. [pp. caving, 
 caved.] To make hollow.— 3, v. n. Tu fall in. 
 
 Ca've-at, n. [L. for " let him beware ;" cavere, to 
 heed.] (Law.) A kind of process to stop pro- 
 ceeding : — a caution ; a hint. 
 
 Cav'en-dish, v. A particular sort of tobacco. 
 
 Cav'ern, ». [L. caverna, from earns, holluw.] A 
 hollow in the ground; a cave. 
 
 Cav'ern-ous, a. [L. cavernosws.] Full of caverns. 
 
 Ca-viare' (ka-ver' or kav-yar') [ka-ver', S. W. J. 
 F. R. ; kav-e-ar', P.; kav'e-ar, " Ju. ; kav-yar', 
 Sm. ; kav-e-ar'a, N. ; kav-yar', H. ; kav'e-ar, 
 St.], n. [Fr. caviar, caviul ; It. caviaro; Turk. 
 haryar.] Food or sauce prepared from the roes 
 of sturgeon, &c. 
 
 Cav'il, r. n. [L. cavillarl, to taunt; cavilla, a jeer, 
 a scoff.] [pp. cavilling, cavilled.] To raise 
 captious objections; to carp. — 2, v. a. To treat 
 with objections.— 3, n. A captious objection. 
 
 Cav'il-ler, n. A captious disputant. 
 
 Cav'i-ty, u. [Fr. cavite; Late L. cavitas; cams, 
 hollow.] Hollowness; a hollow place. 
 
 Cavo-rilievo (kii'vo-re-le-a'vo), «. [It. for "hol- 
 low relief."] (Sculp.) A kind of rilievo, the 
 highest surface of which is only level with the 
 plane of the original stone. 
 
 Ca'vy, >/. [Brazilian (Tupi), cuhiai.] A South 
 American rodent animal. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, Q, c, £, soft; p, £, p, §, hard; § as z ; x us gz ; this. 
 
 12 
 
CAW 
 
 134 
 
 CENTAKE 
 
 Caw, v.n. [Imitative word ; Dan. Icaa, Dut. Jcaauw, 
 a daw.] [pp. cawing, cawed.] To cry as the 
 rook, raven, or crow. — 2, n. The cry of a rook, 
 raven, or crow. [ — a reef. 
 
 Cay, n. [Sp. cayo ; Fr. caye.] An island, or key : 
 
 Cay-enne'Jka-en') [ka-yan' or ka-yen', H. ; ki- 
 en' or ka-en', I. ; ki-an', Earnshaw], n. [From 
 Cayenne, in French 
 Guiana.] A pungent 
 red pepper ; capsicum. 
 
 Cay'man [ki'man, if.], 
 n. [Carib, acoyaman.) 
 The American alliga- 
 tor, [ote. 
 
 Cay-ote', n. See Cov- 
 
 Ca-zique' (ka-zek'), v. 
 '[A Carib nai'ne.] Fur- Cayniau. 
 
 merly a title of the chief of some tribes of Indians. 
 
 Cease, v. n. [Fr. cesser; L. cessare, to loiter, to 
 cease ; cedere, cessum, to go, to yield.] [ pp. ceas- 
 ing, ceased.] To leave off; to fail; to stop. 
 
 Cease'less, «. Without stop; incessant. 
 
 Ce'dar, 'n. [L. cedrus ; Gr. /ce6pos.] A large ever- 
 green tree. 
 
 Ce'dar-bi'rd, n. A bird, the waxwing. 
 
 Ce'darn, a. Belonging to the cedar; cedrine. 
 
 Cedei v. a. [L. cedere, cessum, to yield.] [pp. 
 ceding, ceded.] To yield ; to resign ; to transfer. 
 
 Ce-dil'la, n. [Port, cedilha ; Fr. ctdille; It. zedk/Ua, 
 'dim. of zeta, the Greek name of the letter z.] A 
 mark placed under the letter c [thus, c], to make 
 it sound soft, like s, — also to note the soft sound 
 of g, s, and x. [ing to the cedar-tree. 
 
 Ce'drine, a. [L. cedrinus; Gr. /cefynvos.] Belong- 
 
 Ceil (sel), v. a. [Fr. del, It. cielo, a canopy, heaven ; 
 L. csehim, a vault, heaven ; Gr. koi'Aos, hollow.] 
 [pp. ceiling, ceiled.] To overlay the inner roof. 
 
 Ceil' ing, ». The covering of the inner roof. 
 
 Cel'a'-don, n. [Fr. celadon: taken from the name 
 of a character in D'TJrfe's Aslree (1610-18). Many 
 recent color-names are purely arbitrary.] A soft 
 sea-green color : — tinted porcelain on which the 
 color is put on the clay wet and burnt in at the 
 first baking. 
 
 Cel'an-dlne, n. [Fr. chflidoine ; Gr. ^eAiSo^iov, 
 swallow-wort ; xeAiSuiv, a swallow.] A plant ; 
 swallow-wort. 
 
 Cel'e-brant, n. [L. celebrans, celebrantis, pies. part. 
 of'celebrare, to celebrate.] One who celebrates. 
 
 Cel'e-brate, v. a. [L. celebrare, celebratum, to fre- 
 quent, hence to honor; celeber, populous.] [pp. 
 celebrating, celebrated.] To distinguish by rites ; 
 to commemorate : — to praise ; to extol. 
 
 Syn. — Americans celebrate the declaration of 
 independence ; Christians commemorate the death 
 of Christ; a child is praised for good conduct; 
 a man is extolled for heroic actions. 
 
 Cel'e-brat-ed, p. a. Having celebrity ; renowned; 
 famous; eminent; illustrious. [ebrating. 
 
 Cgl-e-bra'tion, n. [L. celebratio.] The act of cel- 
 
 Cel'e-bra-tor, n. [L.] One who celebrates. 
 
 Ce-leVri-ty, n. [L. celebritas.] Fame; renown; 
 'distinction: — a personage of distinction. 
 
 Ce-ler'i-ty, n. [L. celeritas ; celer, swift.] The 
 'velocity "of a body in motion; swiftness; rapid- 
 ity ; speed ; (juiciness. 
 
 Cel'er-y, n. [It. sellaro ; Fr. celeri; Local It. seleri, 
 seleni; L. selinon; Gr. aeAii'ov, parsley.] A plant 
 used for salad. 
 
 Ce-les'tial (se-lest'.yal), a. [L. cselestis; Fr. celeste.; 
 0. Fr.'celestiel; L. csehim, heaven.] Heavenly; 
 ethereal. — 2, n. An inhabitant of heaven : — a 
 Chinese (humorous). 
 
 S>in. — Celestial globe ; heavenly bodies ; heavenly 
 joys; ethereal regions ; ethereal fire. 
 
 Ce-les'tial-ly, ad. In a heavenly manner. 
 
 Cll'es-tine, n. [Order founded by Pope Celestine 
 V.*] A monk of a religious order. — [L. cseles- 
 linus, heavenly ; csehim, heaven ; from its color.] 
 (Min.) The blue sulphate of strontia. 
 
 Ce'li-ac, «. Relating to the belly ; cceliac. 
 
 Cel'i-ba-cy, n. [L. cselibatus; cselebs, unmarried.] 
 State of a person unmarried; single life. 
 
 Cel'i-bate, n. [L. cxlebs, cielibis, unmarried.] Cel- 
 ibacy': — a bachelor. — 2, a. Unmarried; single. 
 
 Cell, n. [L. cella, a cell, a hut.— Cf. Gr. KaAta, a 
 hut; Skr. gala, a house, a stall.] A small, close 
 room ; a cavity ; a cave .—a small vesicle : — a hut. 
 
 Cel'lar, n. [L. ceUarium, a pantry ; cella, a cell.] 
 A room in the ground under a house. 
 
 Cel'lar-age, n. Room of a cellar : — a charge for 
 storage in a cellar. [butler. 
 
 Cel'lar-er, or Cel'lar-ist, n. [L. cellarius.] A 
 
 Cel'lu-lar, o. [L. cellula, dim. of cella, a cell.] 
 Consisting of cells or cavities. 
 
 Cel'lu-lbxd, n. [From the cellulose of which it is 
 largely composed.] A composition of gun-cotton 
 and camphor subjected to high pressure and heat. 
 
 Cel'lu-lose, n. (Chem.) The proximate principle 
 composing the cell-membrane of plants. 
 
 Celt [selt, St. Wb. I. ; kelt or selt, H.], n. [L. Cel- 
 tse, Gr. KeArai, pi.— Cf. W. celtiad, Gael, ceiltach, 
 a forester.] An ancient inhabitant of Gaul, &c. : 
 — [L. celtis, a chisel] a stone chisel. 
 
 Cel'tic [sel'tjk, &m. G. Wb. ; sel'tik or kel'tik, Jo.], 
 a. [L. celtkns; Gr. kcAtikos.] Relating to the 
 Celts or Gauls. — 2, n. The language of the Celts. 
 
 Cem'ent [sem'ent, S. W. P. J. K. C ; se'ment, E. 
 Ja.) se-ment', Sm. St. I. H.], n. [Fr. cwnenf; 
 L. csementwn, a chip, a rough stone, from csedere, 
 to cut.] A substance which unites; mortar: — 
 a bond of union. 
 
 Ce-ment', v. a. [pp. cementing, cemented.] To 
 unite by the use of cement. — 2, v. n. To cohere ; 
 to unite. 
 
 Cem-en-ta'tion, n. The act of cementing. 
 
 Cem'e-ter-y, v. [Gr. Koi/u.-qTiypiov ; /coi/xaetv, to 
 put' to sleep, to hill to sleep; Keivai, to lie down.] 
 A place or edifice where the dead are buried. 
 
 Cen'o-bite, ». [L. coenobita, a monk; ccenobivm, 
 Gr. KOivofSiov, a convent; koivos, in common, 
 and /3ios, life.] A monk in a convent. 
 
 Cen-o-bit'i-cal, a. Living in community. 
 
 Cen'o-taph, n. [Gr. icevoTatbiov ; Kei'os, empty, 
 and t<x5>os, tomb.] A sepulchral monument for 
 one whose body is buried elsewhere. 
 
 Cense, r. a. [For incense.'] [pp. censing, censed.] 
 To perfume with incense. — 2, n. [L. census, a 
 registration, a tax ; censere, to estimate.] A tax : 
 — a census. [in which incense is burnt. 
 
 Cen'ser, n. [Fr. encensoir.— See Incense.] A pan 
 
 Cen'sor, n. [L., a valuer, a critic; censere, to 
 give an opinion.] An inspector of morals : — a 
 censurer : — a critic. 
 
 Cen-so'ri-ous, a. [L. cevsorius.] Full of censure ; 
 'censorious : — relating to a censor : — addicted to 
 censure ; severe. 
 
 Cen-so'ri-ous-ness, n. A disposition to censure. 
 
 Cgn'sor-sMp, n. The office of a censor. 
 
 Cen'si-al (sen'shu-al), o. [L. censualls.] Relating 
 to a census. 
 
 Cen'su-ra-ble (sen'shu-ra-bll, a. Deserving cen- 
 sure ; b'lamable; culpable; faulty. 
 
 Cen'su-ra-bly (sen'shu-ra-ble), ad. Culpably. 
 
 Cen'siire'(sen'shur), n. [L. censwra, a judgment ; 
 censere, to estimate, to rate.] Imputation of 
 wrong; blame; reproach: — judicial sentence. — 
 2, v. a. [ censuring, censured.] To blame ; to 
 condemn: — to reprove; to reproach; to accuse. 
 — 3, v. n. To judge. 
 
 Cen'sus, n. [L. ; censere, censvm, to estimate, to 
 compute.] An official enumeration of the in- 
 habitants of a country. 
 
 Cent, n. [L. centum ; Fr. cent.] A hundred ; as, 
 six per cent : — an American copper coin. 
 
 Cen'tal, n. [L. centum, a hundred.] A weight of 
 a hundred pounds; a hundred-weight.— 2, a. 
 Relating to, or consisting of, a hundred. 
 
 Cen'tare (or son-tar), n. [Fr. cent, a hundred, 
 and are (q. v.).] In the metric system, a measure 
 of area equal to the hundredth part of an are, 
 or one square metre (1550 square inches). 
 
 a, e, I, o, 5, y, long; a, e, I, 5, u, y, short; a, e, j, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
CENTAUR 
 
 135 
 
 CERTIFY 
 
 Cen'taur, n. [Gr. Kevravpos ; said to be from 
 Kevrenv, to goad, and ravpos, a bull ; this is 
 very doubtful.] A fabulous being, half man and 
 half horse : — the Archer in the zodiac. 
 
 Cen'tau-ry, n. [L. cenUiurea, Gr. xevravpeiov ; 
 from the Centaurs, who used it in curing wounds.] 
 A plant of several species. [old. 
 
 Cen-te-na'ri-an, n. A person one hundred \ears 
 
 Cen'te-na-ry, i*. [L. centenarius, relating to a 
 hundred.] The number of a hundred : — a cele- 
 bration once in a hundred years ; a centennial. 
 2, a. Relating to a hundred. 
 
 Cen-ten'ni-al, //. [L. centum, a hundred, covins, a 
 year.] The commemoration of any thing which 
 occurred one hundred years ago ; a centenary. 
 — 2, a. A hundred years old ; associated with 
 the celebration of a centennial : — consisting of a 
 hundred years. [dredth. 
 
 Cen-teVi-mal,«. [L. centesknus, hundredth.] Hun- 
 
 Cen-ti-fo'li-ous, a. [L. centum, a hundred, and 
 folium, a leaf.] Having a hundred leaves. 
 
 Cen'ti-grade, a. [L. centum, a hundred, and gra- 
 cilis, a step.] Having a hundred degrees. The 
 centigrade thermometer has 100 degrees between 
 the freezing and the boiling point of water. 
 
 Cen'ti-gram, \ n. [Ft. centigramme ; L. centum, 
 
 Cen'ti-gramme, J a hundred, and Fr. gramme.) 
 The hundredth part of a gramme. 
 
 Cen'ti-li-tre (san'te-le-tr), n. [Fr. ; L. centum, a 
 hundred, and Fr. 'litre.] The hundredth part of 
 a litre. 
 
 Centime (san'tem'), n. [Fr. ; L. centesimus, a hun- 
 dredth; centum, a hundred.] A hundredth part 
 of a franc ; a hundredth part. [of a metre. 
 
 Cen-tim'e-ter, n. A measure, the hundredth part 
 
 Centimetre (san'te-ma-tr), n. [Fr. ; L. centum, a 
 hundred, and E. metre.] A centimeter. 
 
 Cen'ti-ped,w Cen'- 
 ti-pede, u. [L. ^"^l^U VU ( ( < M if / 
 centipeda; centum, ~ 
 a hundred, and 
 pes (pi. pedes), a 
 foot.] A poison- 
 ous insect having many feet 
 
 Cent'ner, n. [Ger. ; L. centenarium, relating to a 
 hundred.] A cental; a hundred-weight, 
 
 Cen'to, n. ; pi. Cen'tos. [L. cento; Gr. xivrpuiv, 
 patchwork ; xevreeiv, to stitch, to prick.] A col- 
 lection of scraps from various authors. 
 
 Cen'tral, a. [L. centralis ; centrum, a centre.] Re- 
 lating to, or placed in, the centre. 
 
 Cen-tral-i-za'tion. n. Act of centralizing : — ten- 
 dency toward a central authority. 
 
 Cen'tral-ize. <•. a. [pp. centralizing, centralized.] 
 To make central : — to place under a central au- 
 thority. 
 
 Cen'tre (sen'ter), n. [L. centrum ; Gr. Keurpov, a 
 point, a goad; Kevreeiv, to goad.] The central 
 point of a circle or any other tiling; exact mid- 
 dle. — 2, v. a. [pp. centring, centred.] To place 
 in a centre. — 3, v. re. To be in the midst. 
 
 Cen'tre-bit, n. A tool for drilling holes. [keel. 
 
 Cen'tre-board, n. A board that replaces a boat's 
 
 Cen'tric, a. [Gr. Kei>Tpi/c6?.] Placed in, or per- 
 taining to, the centre; central; middle. 
 
 Cen-trif'u-gal, a. [L. centrum, a centre, and fu- 
 (jere, to flee.] Flying from the centre. 
 
 Cen-trif'u-gence, ». Centrifugal tendency. 
 
 Cen-trip'e-tal, a. [L. centrum, a centre, and petere, 
 to seek.] Tending or drawing toward the centre. 
 
 Cen-tro-bar'ic, a. [Gr. KevrpojSapiKd? ; Kevrpov, 
 centre, and 0apos, weight.] Relating to the cen- 
 tre of gravity. 
 
 Cen-tum'vi-rl, n. pi. [L. for "a hundred men."] 
 The hundred judges in the Roman republic. 
 
 Cen'tii-ple, a. [L. centuplex, centuplus; centum, & 
 hundred, and plicare, to fold ; centuplus is perhaps 
 derived from centum, and plus, more.] A hun- 
 dred-fold. — 2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. centupling, centu- 
 pled.] To multiply a hundred-fold. 
 
 Cen-tu ri-a-tor, n. [Late L., from centuriare, to 
 
 divide into hundreds.] An historian who distin- 
 guishes time by centuries. 
 
 Cen-tu'ri-on, u. [L. centurio, centurion is ; centum, 
 a hundred.] A Roman military officer, who 
 commanded a hundred men. 
 
 Cen'tu-ry, n. [L. centurio, a hundred together; 
 centum, a hundred.] A period of one hundred 
 years ; a hundred. 
 
 Cen'tii-ry-plant, n. A plant, so called from the 
 belief that it does not flower till it is one hun- 
 dred years old : — the agave. 
 
 Ce-phal'ic, a. [Gr. Ketf>aAiKos ; Ke$aA7j, the head. 
 —See Head.] Relating to the head. 
 
 Ce-phal'o-pod, n. A mollusk of the highest group. 
 
 Ceph-a-lop'o-da, n. pi. [Gr. <ce<|>aAij, head, novs, 
 7ro66s, a foot : the locomotor organs are attached 
 to the head.] The highest group of mollusks. 
 
 Ce-ram'ic, a. Noting the plastic art, or pottery. 
 
 Ce-ram'ics, n. pi. See Kerajiic. 
 
 Ce'rate, n. [L. ceratum, Gr. tcripwrov ; L. cera, Gr. 
 /crjpos, Celt, ceir, wax.] An unguent of wax. &c. 
 
 Cere, v. a. [See Ceeate.] [pp. cering, cered.j 
 To cover with wax; to wax. — 2, n. [From its 
 waxen look.] The naked skin on a bird's bill. 
 
 Ce're-al, a. [L. cerealis; Ceres, goddess of har- 
 vests".] Relating to grain or corn. — 2, n. Any 
 kind of grain. 
 
 Cer-e-bel'lar, \a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to 
 
 Cer-e-bel'lous, J the cerebellum. 
 
 Cer-e-bel'lum, n. ; pi. Cer-e-bel'la. [L., dim. of 
 cerebrum, the brain.] (Anat.) The posterior part of 
 
 Cer'e-bral, a. Relating to the brain, [the brain. 
 
 Cer-e-bra'tion, n. Action of the brain. 
 
 Cer'e-bro-spi'nal, a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to 
 the brain and spinal cord. 
 
 Cer'e-brum, n. [L.— Cf. Scot, hairns, O. E. hemes. 
 Ger. him, the brain; Gr. <6.pa, the head. 
 The upper portion of the brain; the brain. 
 
 Cere'-cloth, n. Cloth dipped in melted wax. 
 
 Cere'ment, n. Cere-cloth, anciently used in em- 
 balming; a garment for the dead. 
 
 Cer-e-mo'ni-ai, a. [L. casrimoniaiis.] Relating to 
 ceremony'; formal; ritual. — 2, n. Rite; ritual. 
 
 Cer-e-mo'ni-ous, a. [L. csBremcmiosus.] Full of 
 ceremony; scrupulous; exact; formal: precise. 
 
 Cer-e-mo'ni-ous-l.y, ad. In a formal manner. 
 
 Cer-e-mo'ni-ous-ness, n. Great formality. 
 
 Cer'e-mo-ny, u. [L. cseremonia, — Cf. Skr. karman, 
 rite, action.] An outward rite :— external form 
 in religion, in state, or in manners. 
 
 8yn. — Ceremony of kneeling; rite, of baptism; 
 religious observance ; form of government. 
 
 Ce're-iis, n. [L. for "waxy," from their waxen 
 appearance.] A genus of cactuses, some of which 
 are remarkable for flowering at night. 
 
 Ce-rif er-ous, «. Wax-bearing; wax-producing. 
 
 Ce-rise' (se-rez'), a. [Fr. for '•cherry.'* — See 
 'Cherry.] Cherry -colored ; cherry. 
 
 Ce'ri-um, n. [Named for the planet Ceres. — Cf. 
 Mercury. The chief planets formerly had 
 metals named in their honor.] A rare metal. 
 
 Cer'nu-oGs, a. [L. cernuus ; cemuere, to fall head- 
 long.] Drooping; pendent. 
 
 Ce-r66n\ n. [Sp. sera, a package ; seron, a large 
 package.] A package covered with skins. 
 
 Cer'tain (ser'tin), a. [L. certus, sure; cernere, to 
 sift: Fr. certain, sure.] Sure; indubitable; un- 
 failing; fixed; regular: — some or one. 
 
 Cer'tain-ly, ad. Indubitably; without fail. 
 
 Cer'tain-ty (ser'tin-te), n. Quality of being cer- 
 tain'; real state; truth; fact: — regularity. 
 
 Cer'tes. ad. [Fr.] Certainly ; surely. [Antiq.] 
 
 Cer-tifi-cate, ft. A testimony in writing properly 
 authenticated ; a credential. 
 
 Cer-tif i-cate, v. a. [Late L. certificare, cerlificalus ; 
 certus, certain, and facere, to make.] [pp. cer- 
 tificating, certificated.] To give a certificate to. 
 
 Cer-ti-fi-ca'tion, n. The act of certifying. 
 
 Cer'ti-fy, v. a. [Fr. certifier, Late L. certificare.] 
 [pp. certifying, certified.] To give certain in- 
 formation to ; to give assurance ; to attest. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, biir, rule, use. — £, (?, c, £, soft; fS, £, p, §, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 
 
CERTIORARI 
 
 136 
 
 CHAMFER 
 
 Certiorari (ser-she-o-ra/ri), n. [L. ; pres. passive 
 infinitive of certiorate, to apprise, for certiorem, 
 facere, to render more certain.] (Law.) A writ 
 from a superior court to an inferior one. 
 
 Cer'ti-tiide, n. [Late L. certitude-.] Certainty ; free- 
 dom from doubt. [blue. 
 
 Ce-ru'le-an, a. [L. cseruleus, blue.] Sky -colored ; 
 
 Ce-ru'men, n. [Late L., from L. cera, wax.] The 
 'wax of the ear. [White lead ; carbonate of lead. 
 
 Ce'ruse, n. [Fr. ; L. cerussa ; from cera, wax.] 
 
 Cer'vi-cal, a. [L. cervix, cercicis, the neck.] Be- 
 longing to the neck. 
 
 Ce-§a're-an, a. [Probably from L. csedere, csesum, 
 "to cut.]" The Cesarean operation is the act of 
 cutting a child out of the womb. 
 
 Ces'pi-tose, ) a. [L. csespes, csespitis, a turf ; csedere, 
 
 Ces'pi-tous, / to cut.] Consisting of turfs ; turfy : 
 — growing in tutts. 
 
 Cess, v. a. [For assess.] [pp. cessing, cessed.] To 
 rate ; to assess. — 2, n. A tax. 
 
 Ces'sant, a. [L. cessare, cessantis, to cease.] In- 
 termittent; ceasing action. 
 
 Ces-sa'tion, n. [L. cessatio ; cessare, cessatum, to 
 cease (q. v.).} The act of ceasing or stopping; a 
 stop ; a rest ; intermission ; a pause of hostility. 
 
 Ces'sion (sesh'un), n. [L. cessio ; cedere, to cede 
 (q. v.).] The act of ceding. 
 
 Cess'p661, n. [The same as Local E. suss-pool. — 
 Cf. Celt, sos, a dirty mess ; cf. also L. secessws, a 
 latrine.] A cavity or well for sewage. 
 
 Ces'tus, n. [L. cestus: Gr. /ceo-To?, stitched.] A 
 girdle :— [L. csestus] an ancient form of boxing 
 gauntlet. 
 
 Ce-ta'ce-a, n. pi. [L. cetus, Gr. 
 k tjto?,' a' whale.] (Zob'l.) Whales, 
 an order of mammals living in 
 water, but not fishes. 
 
 Ce-ta'cean (se-ta'shan), n. A whale. ««»«»• 
 
 Ce-ta/ceous (se-ta'shus), a. Of the whale kind. 
 
 Chafe, v.'a. [Fr. chavffer, L. calefacere, to warm; 
 ofdere, to grow warm, and facere, to make.] [pp. 
 chafing, chafed.] To fret' by rubbing :— to make 
 angry. — 2, v. n. To rage ; to be fretted ; to fret. 
 — 3, n. A fret : — a heat ; a rage : — an abrasion. 
 
 Chafer, n. One who chafes :— [A.-S. ceafor; Lut. 
 keve'r; Ger. kiifer] an insect, the beetle. 
 
 Chaff, n. [A.-S. ceaf, chsef; Dut. leaf; Ger. kaff.] 
 The husks of grain, corn, or grasses : — worthless 
 matter ; refuse : — cut hay : — [for chafe, to rub. 
 — Cf. Ger. toff, idle words] talk addressed to a 
 person with the view of befooling him. [Colloq.] 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. chaffing, chaffed.] To ridicule, 
 banter, or befool a person by talk. [Colloq.] — 
 3, v. n. To employ chaff or sportive talk by way 
 of ridicule. [Colloq.] 
 
 Chaffer, v. n. [A.-S. ceap, a price (see Cheap), 
 and fare, procedure, business; Ger. tomfen, to 
 buy.] [pp. chaffering, chaffered.] To treat 
 about a bargain ; to haggle ; to higgle ; to bar- 
 gain :— to talk much and idly ; to chirp ; to chat- 
 ter. — 2, v. a. To buy; to exchange. 
 
 Chaf'fer-er, n. One who chaffers. [of finch. 
 
 Chaffinch, n. [Chaf and finch.] A bird, a kind 
 
 Chaffy, a. Full of chaff; light; foul; bad. 
 
 Chafing-dish, n. [Fr. chavffer, to warm.— See 
 Chafe.] A dish kept hot by a lamp. [leather. 
 
 gha-green\ n. [See Shagreen.] A rough-grained 
 
 gha-grin' [sha-grin', Wb. JV.], n. [Fr. chagrin, 
 care, fret; properly, a sort of leather, some 
 kinds of which are used in rasping and polish- 
 ing.] Mortification ; fretfulness; ill humor; 
 vexation. — 2, v. a. [pp. chagrining, chagrined.] 
 To vex ; to tease ; to mortify. 
 
 Chain, n. [Fr. chqine; L. catena.] A series of 
 links or other things connected: — bondage; a 
 bond : — a fetter : — a manacle : — a connected se- 
 ries. — 2, v. a. [pp. chaining, chained.] To fasten 
 with a chain. [gether. 
 
 Chain'-gang, n. A line of convicts chained to- 
 
 Chain'-shot, n. Shot or balls joined by a chain. 
 
 Chair, n. E[Fr. chaire ; L. cathedra (q. v.).] A 
 
 movable seat : — a seat of authority, or of a pre- 
 siding officer :— a sedan.— 2, v. a. [ pp. chairing, 
 chaired.] To place in a chair. 
 
 Chair'man, n. The presiding officer of a meeting 
 or assembly : — one who carries a sedan. 
 
 Chair'man-ship, n. The office of a chairman. 
 
 ghaise (shaz), n. ; pi. ghais'es. [Fr. chaise, a 
 variant of chaire. — See Chair.'] A kind of light 
 two-wheeled pleasure-carriage. 
 
 phal-ced'o-ny, or phal'ce-do-ny, n. [L. chalcedo- 
 nius, for Gr. xuAktjSujv, properly the name of the 
 city of Chalcedon.] A silicious stone used in 
 jewelry. 
 
 phal-ced o-nyx, n. [Chalcedovy and onyx.] A 
 prt cious stone ; a kind of agate. 
 
 phal-da'ic, a. [Gr. XaASauco?.] See Chaldee. 
 
 phal-dee', a. [Gr. XaASaios.] Relating to Chal- 
 dsea. — 2, m. The ancient language of Chaldasa. 
 
 Chal'dron, or Chafdron, n. [Fr. chaudron, a cal- 
 dron (q. v.).] A measure of 36 bushels. 
 
 Chalet (sha-1,1), w. [Fr.] In Switzerland, a wooden 
 cot ; a summer hut for herdsmen. 
 
 Chal'ice, n. [L. calix, Gr. kuAi£, Skr. tolaga, a 
 cup; related to Calyx.] A cup or goblet; com- 
 munion-cup. 
 
 Chalk (chawk), n. [A.-S. cealc ; L." calx, calcis.- 
 Cf. Gr. x* At £i rubble.] A white carbonate of 
 lime, much used in the arts.— 2, v. a. I pp. 
 chalking, chalked.] To mark with chalk. 
 
 Chalk'y. (chawk'e), a. Consisting of chalk ; cov- 
 ered with chalk; like chalk ; white. 
 
 Chal'lenf'e, v. a. [0. Fr. chalenge, calonge, an ac- 
 cusation ; L. calumnia, a false charge.] [pp. 
 challenging, challenged.] To call to answer for 
 an offence by combat : — to accuse ; to censure : 
 — to claim, as due: — to object to, as a juror. — 
 2, n. A summons to fight a duel ; a call : — a de- 
 mand : — an exception against. 
 
 Challis (shal'le), n. [Fr.— Cf. Fr. chdle, a shawl 
 (q. v.).] A fine woollen fabric. 
 
 pha-lyb'e-ate, a. [L. chalybs, Gr. x« Aui A> steel.] 
 Impregnated with iron. [tary. 
 
 pham, n. [See Khan.] A khan or prince of Tar- 
 
 Cham'ber, n. [Fr. chambre ; L. camera, Gr. /ca- 
 p.dpa, a vault; akin to Celt, cam, crooked.] An 
 apartment in an upper story of a house ; a bed- 
 room ; a room : — a cavity : — a legislative body : 
 — a court. — 2, v. n. [vp. chambering, cham- 
 bered.] To lodge : — to be wanton. — 3, v. a. To 
 shut up, as in a chamber. 
 
 Cham'ber-ing, n. Intrigue ; wantonness. 
 
 Cham'ber-lain, n. [Fr. chambellan, It. camerlengo, 
 Ger. kdmmerling ; chamber, and ling (as in hire- 
 ling), a diminutive termination, at first merely 
 adjectival.] An officer of state :— a high officer 
 in European courts : — a servant who has the care 
 of the chambers. 
 
 Cham'ber-maid, n. A maid who takes care of bed- 
 rooms and waits 
 on a lady. 
 
 Cham'ber- mii'sic, 
 n. Music suita- 
 ble for perform- 
 ance in private 
 houses. 
 
 gha-me'le-on, n. 
 [Gr. x a / aatAea,v > 
 \ap.ai, ground, 
 and AeW, a lion.] 
 An animal of the 
 lizard kind, noted 
 for changing its color. 
 
 Cham'fer, v. a. [Fr. chanfrein, a chamfer, a horse's 
 forehead, originally a bridle ; L. camns, a bridle, 
 and from, frontis, the forehead, as in E. headstall; 
 the iast syllable in Fr. is shaped by L. frenmn, a 
 rein. — Cf. Per. gam, a bridle.] [pp. chamfering, 
 chamfered.] To make furrows or gutters, as on 
 a column ; to flute ; to bevel ; to channel. 
 
 Cham'fer, or Cham' fret, n. A furrow; a gutter; 
 a bevel ; a slope. 
 
 Chameleon. 
 
 a, e, I, o, 5, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; q., e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fSst, fall; heir, her; 
 
CHAMFRON 
 
 137 
 
 CHAR 
 
 Cham'fron, In. [See Chamfer.] Head-armor for 
 
 Cham'front, J a horse. [Antiq.] 
 
 Chamois (sham'e or sha-moi'), n. [Fr. ; Ger. gems; 
 Sp. gamezuo, a buck ; gamuza, camuza, a chamois ; 
 gamo, a deer.] A kind of antelope or wild Alpine 
 goat, whose skin is made into soft leather, also 
 called chamois, or shammy. 
 
 pham'o-mlle, n. A plant. See Camomile. 
 
 Champ, v. a. [Imitative. — Cf. Local Sw. kiimsa, 
 to chew; Gr. ya^ai, jaws, gums; Skr. jafnbha, 
 gambhds, jaw.] [pp. champing, champed.] To 
 bite : to chew ; to devour. — 2, v. n. To bite with 
 much action. 
 
 Cham-pagne' (sham-pirn'), n. [Late L. campania, 
 a plain.] A kind of sparkling wine from Cham- 
 pagne in France. 
 
 fham-paign' (sham-pan'), n. [Late L. campania, 
 a plain ; L. campus, a field.] Flat, open coun- 
 try. — 2, a. Open ; flat. 
 
 Cham'pak, n. [Skr. champaca.] A fine tree of 
 India, with flowers having a rich odor. 
 
 Cham' per-tor, n. One who is guilty of champerty. 
 
 fham'per-ty, n. [L. campus partitas, a divided 
 field; 'Fr. champart, rent in kind, or on shares; 
 champ, a field, and part, share.] (Laic.) The 
 maintenance Of a man in his suit, upon condi- 
 tion of having part of the thing, if recovered. 
 
 gham-pign'on (sham-pin'yun), «. [Fr. ; Late L. 
 campinolius. from campus, a field.] A mushroom. 
 
 Cham'pi-on, n. [Late L. campio ; campus, a field, 
 a contest; whence A.-S. cempa, a champion, and 
 Ger. kampfen, to fight.] A single combatant; a 
 hero : — the first in skill : — a judicial combatant. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. championing, championed.] To 
 act as champion for. 
 
 Cham'pi-pn-ship, n. The rank or condition of 
 being a champion. 
 
 Chance, n. [Late L. cadentia, that which falls, 
 the fall of the dice ; L. cadere, cadentis, to fall ; 
 Fr. chance.] An event without an apparent cause ; 
 a fortuitous event; accident; fortune. — 2, a. 
 Fortuitous; happening by chance. — 3, v. n. [pp t 
 chancing, chanced.] To happen ; to occur. 
 
 Chan'cel, n. [L. cancellus, cancelli, a grating, a 
 lattice.] The part of a church in which the altar 
 is placed. 
 
 Chan'cel-lor, n. [Fr. chancelier, Late L. cancella- 
 rius; L. cancellus, a lattice or screen, the bar of 
 a court.] A high officer of state or of a univer- 
 sity : — a judge of a court of equity or chancery. 
 
 Chan'cel-lor-ship, n. The office of chancellor. 
 
 Chance-med'ley, n. (Law.) The casual killing of 
 a person when the slayer is doing a lawful act. 
 
 Chan'cer-y, u. [Late L. eancellaria, a place of 
 public records; cancellarius, a chancellor (q. v.).] 
 (Lair.) A high court of equity : — proceedings in 
 equity. [of the probability of events. 
 
 Chan'ces, »• pi. A branch of analysis which treats 
 
 Chan'cre (shangk'er), u. [Fr. ; a variant of Can- 
 cer.] A venereal ulcer. 
 
 Shan-de-lier', n. [Late L. candelaria, a candle- 
 stick; candela, a candle [q. v.).] A branched and 
 hanging frame for candles or lamps. 
 
 Chand'ler, i/. [Late L. candelarius ; L. candela,a 
 candle.] A dealer: — a candle-maker. 
 
 Chand'ler-y, n. Articles sold by a chandler. 
 
 Change,' e. a. [Fr. changer, 0. Fr. changier, Late 
 L. cambiare, L. cambire, to exchange.] [pp. 
 changing, changed.] To put one thing in the 
 place of another ; to alter ; to vary ; to exchange. 
 —2, v. n. To undergo change.— 3, ». [Late L. 
 cambium, exchange.] Variation; alteration: — 
 small money. 
 
 Chan£e-a-bil'i-ty,, \n. Instability ; inconstancy ; 
 
 Change'a-ble-ness, j quality of being changeable. 
 
 Change' a-ble, a. Subject to change"; inconstant ; 
 variable; mutable.; capricious; fickle. 
 
 Chan|-e'less, a. Invariable ; constant. 
 
 Change'ling, n. A child left or taken in the place 
 of another -.—an idiot : — one apt to change. 
 
 Chang'er, n. One who changes. 
 
 Chank'-shell, n. [Skr. Qankha — See Conch and 
 Cockle.] A large porcellanous shell ; the sacred 
 shell of the Hindus. 
 
 Chan'nel, n. [0. Fr. chanel, Fr. canal.— See Ca- 
 nal.]' The bed of running water: — a long 
 cavity ; a groove : — a strait. — 2, v. a. [pp. chan- 
 nelling, channelled.] To cut in channels. 
 
 Chanson (shan'sou), n. [Fr. ; L. cantio, cantos, a 
 chant, a song.] A song. 
 
 Chant, v. a. & v. n. [Fr. chanter, L. cantare ; canere, 
 to sing.] [pp. chanting, chanted.] To recite 
 musically, as in the church service ; to sing. — 
 2, n. A song ; a part of the church service. 
 
 Chant'er, n. One who chants ; a singer : — the 
 tube of a bagpipe. [loud crower. 
 
 Chan'ti-cleer, n. [Chant and clear.] A cock; a 
 
 Chan' try, n. [Fr. chantrerie.] A chapel for priests 
 to pray and sing mass in for the souls of the 
 donors. 
 
 pha'os, n. [L. & Gr. for "abyss," a "chasm." — 
 Cf. Gr. x aLVe <- v , to gape, and L. hiatus, a gap.] A 
 confused mass of matter; confusion : — a chasm. 
 
 pha-ot'ic, a. Confused; indigested. 
 
 Chap (chap or chop), v. a. & v. u. [Dut. koppen, 
 Sw. kappa, Gr. Konreiv, to cut. — See Chip and 
 Chop.] [pp. chapping, chapped.] To cleave; 
 to split. — 2, n. A cleft ; an aperture. 
 
 Chap (chop), n. [Sw. haft, Icel. Jcjaptr, a jaw.] 
 The jaw. [boy: — a fellow. 
 
 Chap, n. [For chapman, a pedler, a customer.] A 
 
 Chap-ar-ral', n. [Sp. chaparra, a kind of oak; 
 Basque, achaparra; aitza, stone, abarra, oak.] 
 A thicket of evergreen oaks : — a thicket of 
 bramble-bushes. [lers. 
 
 Chap' -book (-buk), n. A book to be sold by ped- 
 
 Chapeau (shap'o), ». [Fr. ; Late L. capellus.—iice 
 Cap.] A hat or cap. 
 
 Chap'el, n. [Late L. capella, a hood, a chapel; 
 originally, a canopy over the eucharistic ele- 
 ments.] A place of public worship :— a build- 
 ing or place of worship subordinate to a church ; 
 a meeting-house. 
 
 Chap'el-ry, n. The jurisdiction of a chapel. 
 
 5hap'er-6n, ». [Fr. for "a hood;" hence, a pro- 
 tector; originally a dim. of chape a cape.] A 
 kind of hood or cap : — an attendant on a lady. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. chaperoning, chaperoned.] To at- 
 tend on in public. 
 
 Chap'fallen (chop'faln), a. Having the lower 
 chap depressed : — dispirited: silenced. 
 
 Chap'i-ter, n. [L. capitellum, dim. of cajmt, a head ; 
 Fr. cha'piteau.~\ (Arch.) The capital of a column. 
 
 Chap'lain, n. [Fr. chapelain : Late L. capellanus; 
 capella, a chapel.] One who performs divine 
 service in the army, the navy, a public body, or 
 a family. 
 
 Ch^ulnSp.}"- The office of a chaplain. 
 
 Chap'let, n. [Fr. chape, a cope or cape, whence 
 0. Fr. chapel, a cap ; Fr. chapelet, a little head- 
 dress.] A garland or wreath for the head : — a 
 string of beads; a rosary. 
 
 Chap'man, n. [A.-S. ceapman; ceap, trade, and 
 man, man ; Ger. kaufmarm, a merchant.] A 
 buyer and seller; a pedler. 
 
 Chaps (chops), n. pi. The mouth ; the jaws. 
 
 Chap'ter, n. [L. capitulwn, capiteUum. — See Chap- 
 iti'.r.] A division of a book : — an assembly 
 of the clergy of a cathedral, comprising canons, 
 prebendaries, &c, of which the dean is the head : 
 — a decretal epistle. — 2, v. a. [pp. chaptering, 
 chaptered.] To divide into chapters, as a book ; 
 to insert chapter-headings in. 
 
 Char, u. [Celt, cear, red, or blood.] A delicate 
 kind of fish. — 2, v. a. [A.-S. cierr, Ger. leehr, a 
 turn; A.-S. cyrran, to turn.] [pp. charring, 
 charred.] To burn to a black cinder. 
 
 Char, or Chare, n. [A.-S. cierr, Ger. kehr, a turn.] 
 Work done by the day ; a small job : — in America 
 called chore. — 2, v. n. [pp. charing, chared.] To 
 work by the day. — 3, v. a. To perform a business. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, biir, rule, use. 
 
 "C <?. ?> t« so /' »' Pt Pi £> § • hard ; s as z ; x as gz ; this. 
 
 12* 
 
CHAR-A-BANCS 
 
 138 
 
 CHATEAU 
 
 Char-a-bancs (shar-a-bon), n. [Fr. for "car with 
 benches."] A light, open vehicle, furnished with 
 benches, used in mountainous districts. 
 
 phar'ac-ter, n. [Gr. x a P aKT ^Pt a mark ; xapda- 
 o<=iv, to 'furrow. J A distinctive mark, property, 
 or quality by which any person or thing is dis- 
 tinguished from otbers; personal qualities: — a 
 mark; a letter: — a personage: — reputation. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. charactering, charactered.] To 
 engrave ; to inscribe. 
 
 Char-ac-ter-is'tic, n. [Gr. xapaKTrjpio-n/cos.] That 
 which distinguishes or marks the character. — 
 2, a. Constituting or agreeing with the char- 
 acter; indicating character. [izing. 
 
 Char-ac-ter-i-za/tion, n. The act of character- 
 
 Char'ac-ter-ize, v. a. [Gr. x a P aKT VP^ eiV -] [jPP- 
 characterizing, characterized.] To give a char- 
 acter of : — to engrave or imprint ; to mark. 
 
 Cha-rade', n. [Ft. ; Sp. charrada, a clownish act; 
 charro, a rustic] A species of riddle. [wood. 
 
 Char'coal, n. [See Char.] Coal made bj burning 
 
 Chard, n. [Ft. carde ; L. cardaus, Ft. chardon, a 
 thistle. — See Cardoon.] The blanched stalks of 
 a salad-plant. 
 
 Chare, n. & v. See Char. 
 
 Charge, v. a. [Fr. charger, Late L. carricare, carcare, 
 to load; carrus, a car.] [pp. charging, charged.] 
 To intrust : — to impute as a debt : — to accuse : — 
 to command; to enjoin: — to load: — to assail. — 
 2, v. n. To make an onset. — 3, n. Care ; pre- 
 cept; mandate; trust: — accusation; imputa- 
 tion: — expense; cost: — attack; onset; a quantity 
 of powder and ball. 
 
 Charf e'a-ble, a. Capable of being charged : — im- 
 putable. 
 
 Charge-d'affaires (shar-zha'daf-far'), n. [Fr. for 
 " one charged with affairs."] A foreign minister 
 of the. third or lowest class. 
 
 Charg'er, n. One who charges : 
 — a large dish : — a war-horse. 
 
 Char'i-ly.acL Warily; frugally. 
 
 Char'i-ot, n. [Fr. chariot, char- 
 rette ; Late L. caretta, for L. 
 carrus, a car; Fr. char.] A 
 carriage of war, pleasure, or 
 state. [drives a chariot. 
 
 Char-i-ot-eer', n. One who 
 
 Char'ism (kar'izm), n. [Gr. xapio"M«-, a gift-] A 
 miraculous gift. 
 
 Char'i-ta-ble, a. Full of charity; benevolent; 
 kind; bountiful; candid; liberal. 
 
 Char'i-ta-ble-ness, n. Disposition to charity. 
 
 Char'i-ta-bly, ad. Kindly; benevolently. 
 
 Char'i-ty, n.' [Fr. charite ; L. caritas, dearness; 
 canis, beloved.] Good affection; tenderness; 
 love ; kindness ; benevolence ; liberality ; alms. 
 
 Charivari (sha're-va-re'), n. [Fr. ; Late L. chari- 
 varium, chalvaricum, 0. Fr. caribari, chalirali, 
 Local Fr. qneriboiry, chanavari, taribari ; said to 
 be from Late or Modern Gr. x a ^ v fi°-P ia -> kettles ; 
 but it probably is like the Eng. tilly-valhj, a word 
 meaningless in itself.] A mock serenade of vile, 
 noisy music. 
 
 Char'la-tan, v. [Fr. ; It. ciarlatino, a quack; ciar- 
 lare, to chatter.] A gnack; a mountebank. 
 
 Char-la-tan'i-cal, a. Quackish ; empirical. 
 
 Char'la-tan-ism, n. [Fr. charlatanisme.] Charla- 
 tanry. ' [dfceit. 
 
 Char'la-tan-ry, n. [Fr. charlatanerie.] Quackery ; 
 
 Charleys-wain', n. [i.e., "churl's, or peasant's, 
 wagon;" Sw. karlvagn, Dan. karlsvogn.] (Aslron.) 
 The Great Bear, a constellation. 
 
 Char'lock, n. [A.-S. cerlic— Cf. Garmc and Leek.] 
 A weed ; wild mustard. 
 
 Char'lotte-russe, n. [Fr. for " Russian charlotte," 
 a charlotte in French cookery being a side-dish 
 of apple-marmalade with toast.] A dish made 
 of cake and whipped cream. 
 
 Charm, n. [Fr. charme; L. carmen, a song, an in- 
 cantation.] A philter; a spell ; enchantment. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. charming, charmed.] To enchant; 
 
 Greek chariot. 
 
 to fascinate ; to delight : — to subdue ; to control. 
 — 3, v. n. To act as a charm. 
 
 Charm'er, n. One who charms or enchants. 
 
 Charm'i'ng, p. a. Highly pleasing; delightful. 
 
 Charm'ing-ly, ad. Delightfully; pleasingly. 
 
 Char'nel-house, n. [Fr. charnel, L. carnalis, per- 
 taining to flesh or to the flesh ; caro, carms, flesh.] 
 A place where the bones of the dead are re- 
 posited ; an ossuary. 
 
 gharpie (shar'pe), n. [Fr. charpir, to pull out; 
 L. carpere, to pluck, to card.] Lint for surgeons 1 
 
 Charr, n. A fish, the char. [use. 
 
 Chart, n. [L. charta, Gr. x°-P rr li a paper.] A de- 
 lineation of coasts, shoals, islands, rocks, &c. ; a 
 map. [bling paper. 
 
 phar-ta'ceous (-shus), a. [L. chartacens. ] Resem- 
 
 Char'ter, v. a. [L. chartarium, archives ; charta, 
 a paper.] [pp. chartering, chartered.] To let, 
 or hire, as a vessel :— to establish by charter ; 
 to incorporate. — 2, n. A writing bestowing 
 privileges or rights : — privilege ; immunity. 
 
 Char'ter-par'ty, n. [Fr. charte-partie, a divided 
 charter: the document was cut in two, and one- 
 half given to each party.] (Com.) An indenture 
 or agreement between merchants and seafaring 
 men relating to merchandise. 
 
 Char'tism, n. The principles of the Chartists. 
 
 Char'tist, n. [From "the people's charter," in 
 which they claimed certain privileges as rights.] 
 An adherent to the charter : — a radical reformer 
 in England. 
 
 phar-tog'ra-pher, n. A maker of maps. 
 
 phar-tog'ra-phy, ». [See Cartography.] Map- 
 making. 
 
 phar'tu-la-ry, n. [Late L. chartularius, a recorder; 
 chartularium, a register; chartula, a document; 
 charta, a paper.] A mediaeval archivist :— a rec- 
 ord or register. 
 
 Char'-wo-man (-wum-an), v. [See Char.] A 
 woman who does chores or jobs. 
 
 Char'y, a. [A.-S. cearig, sad, careful; cearu, care.] 
 Careful ; cautious ; sly ; wary. 
 
 Chase, v. a. [Fr. chasser, to hunt; L. capture, to 
 catch ; Late L. caciare, to pursue.] [pp. chasing, 
 chased.] To hunt; to pursue; to drive: — [see 
 Enchase] to engrave : — to cut, as a screw. — 
 2, n. Hunting ; pursuit : — ground stored with 
 game : — [Fr. chasse, a frame. — See Case] a frame 
 into which types made into pages are fastened : 
 — bore of a gun. 
 
 Chasm, n. [Gr. xo-o-fxa; xo-o-kslv, xatVeiv, to gape.] 
 A cleft; an opening ; a vacuity. 
 
 5has-seiir', n. [Fr. for "huntsman;" chasser, to 
 hunt.] A light infantry soldier : — a light cav- 
 alryman. 
 
 Chaste, o. [Fr. ; L. castus, Gr. Kadapog, Skr. pud- 
 dha, pure.] Observing chastity ; modest; without 
 taint; pure; uncorrupt. 
 
 Chaste'ly, ad. In a chaste manner; purely. 
 
 Chast'en' (chas'sn), v. a. [0. Fr. chastier, Fr. 
 chutier, L. castigare ; castas, pure; termination en 
 as in harden, soften.] [pp. chastening, chastened.] 
 To chastise ; to correct ; to punish : — to pui-ify ; to 
 
 Chaste'ness, v. Chastity ; purity. [refine. 
 
 Chas-tise'. v. a. [From Chaste, Chasten, with the 
 termination ise, ise signifying to render.] [pp. 
 chastising, chastised.] To punish; to correct: 
 to chasten : — to restrain. 
 
 Chas'tise-ment, n. [Fr. chdtiment.] The act of 
 chastising ; punishment. 
 
 Chas'ti-ty, n. [L. castitas ; Fr. chastete.] State or 
 quality of being chaste ; purity ; modesty. 
 
 Chas'u-ble, n. [Fr. ; Late L. casvbula, casibnla, 
 dim. of casula, a mantle; dim. of casa, a cottage, 
 a shelter.] A vestment worn by priests. 
 
 Chat, v. n. [For chatter.] [pp. chatting, chatted.] 
 To prate ; to converse at ease. — 2, n. Idle or 
 familiar talk :— a little bird. 
 
 Chateau (sha-to'), n. ; pi. Chateaux (sha-toz'). 
 [Fr. chateau.— See Castle.] A castle :— a coun- 
 try-seat. 
 
 a, e, I, o, 5, y, long; a, e, 5, o, u, y, short; a, e, j, 9, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
CHATELAINE 
 
 139 
 
 CHERUP 
 
 fhat'e-laine (shat'e-lan), n. [Fr. ; Late L. castel- 
 laniis, a castle-warden, a keeper; caslellum, a 
 castle.] A guard for a watch, fan, or satchel, 
 pha-toy'ant, a. [Fr. ; chat, a cat; chatoyer, to change 
 in lustre like a cat's eye.] Of changeable lustre. 
 — 2, re. Cat's-eye, a precious stone. 
 Chat'tel (chat'tl or chat'el), n. [L. capitate, prop- 
 er^. —See Cattle.] Any movable property; 
 goods; furniture. 
 Chat'ter, v. >t. [Dut. kwetteren, Sw. kvittra, Dan. 
 kviddre, to twitter ; imitative words.] [pp. chat- 
 tering, chattered.] To make a noise like birds, 
 or with the teeth : — to talk idly or carelessly. — 
 2, re. Noise, as of birds ; prate ; chat. 
 Chat'ter-box, n. An incessant talker. 
 Chat'ter-er, re. One -who chatters ; an idle talker. 
 Chat'ter-ing, ». Idle talk; chatter. 
 Chat'ti-ness, re. The state of being chatty ; talk- 
 ative disposition or habits. 
 Chat'ty. a. Chattering; conversing freely. 
 Chaunt (chant), v. & re. See Chant. 
 phauvinism (sho'vjn-Izm), re. [From one C'hauvin, 
 once noted for his extreme devotion to Napo- 
 leon.] Unbounded admiration and love for 
 France : — fanatical patriotism or party spirit. 
 Chaw, i: a. [pp. chawing, chawed.] See Chew. 
 Cheap, a. [0. E. cheap, bargain, price ; A.-S. ceap, 
 """ price; 0. E. good cheap, a good price, came to 
 be used adjectively like Dut. goed-koop, cheap. — 
 Cf. Fr. bon-marche.] Bearing a low price ; common. 
 Cheap'en (che'pn), v. a. [A.-S. ceapiun, Dut. koopen, 
 Ger. kaufen, to buy; related to L. caupo, a huck- 
 ster, Gr. k6.tt7]Ko<;, a pedler, Euss. kupiie, to 
 buy.] [pp. cheapening, cheapened.] To attempt 
 to buy ; to chaffer : — to lessen in value. 
 Cheap'ly (cbep'le), ad. At a small price. 
 Cheap'ness, n. Lowness of price. 
 Cheat, r.'a. [From Escheat: escheators were noto- 
 riously unscrupulous.] [pp. cheating, cheated.] 
 To defraud ; to impose upon ; to trick.— 2, «. A 
 fraud ; a trick : — deceiver; cheater. 
 Check, v. a. [Fr. tehee; It. scacco ; Icel. skak; Port. 
 xaque; found in many European languages; 
 originally a chess term, from Per. shah, the 
 king.] [pp. checking, checked.] To repress; to 
 curb : — to reprove. — 2, v. n. To stop ; to clash : to 
 interfere. — 3, ». A stop; restraint; curb :— are- 
 proof- — a ticket :— an order for money : — a kind 
 of linen or cotton cloth, woven in squares; a 
 mark : — a square mark or checker. 
 Check'er, v. a. [From Check ; 0. Fr. eschequicr, a 
 chess : board.] [pp. checkering, checkered.] To 
 vary; to diversify.— 2, n. One who checks; a 
 rebuker : — a square spot on a board. 
 Check'er-ber-ry, n. [Because its fruit checkers, 
 or dots, the ground.] An American creeping 
 plant and its bright red berry. 
 Check'er-board. re. A board to play checkers on. 
 Check'ers, n. pi. [From the checkered board ub 
 which it is played.] A game : —called also 
 draughts. 
 Check'less, a. Uncontrollable; violent. 
 Check'niate, n. [Per. shah-mat, the king is 
 dead. — Cf. Sp. matar, to kill.] A movement on 
 a chess-board that gains and ends the game. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. checkmating, checkmated.] To de- 
 feat or control by a movement ; to finish. 
 Check'-rein (-ran), n. See Bearing-reix. 
 Cheek, ». [A.-S. ceace, Dut. Jcaak, Sw. Mil; a jaw.] 
 The side of the face below the eye : — the side of 
 a wall or vein : — [Slang] confidence ; impudence ; 
 insolence. 
 Cheek'-bone, re. The bone of the cheek. 
 Cheek'y., a. Saucy; forward; impudent. [Slang.] 
 Cheep, v. n. & v. a. [Imitative.] [pp. cheeping, 
 cheeped.] To peep; to chirp.— 2, ». A peep; a 
 squeak. [Not much used.] 
 Cheer, n. [0. E. chere, appearance, the face ; 0. Fr. 
 chere, Late L. cara, face; Gr. <dpa, the head.] 
 Entertainment ; gay ety : — food : — a shout. — 
 . 2, v. a. [pp. cheering,' cheered.] To incite; to 
 
 encourage ; to applaud ; to exhilarate ; to animate. 
 — 3, v. u. To grow gay or cheerful. [gay. 
 
 Cheer' ful, o. Animated ; moderately joyful ; lively ; 
 Syn. — A cheerful countenance; animated ex- 
 pression ; lively imagination ; gay color. 
 Cheer' ful-ly, ad. In a cheerful manner. 
 Cheer'ful-ness, ». Animation; moderate joy. 
 Syn. — Habitual cheerfulness ; occasional mirth; 
 animation in manner of speaking. 
 Cheer' i-ly, ad. Cheerfully; briskly. 
 Cheer'i-ness, n. Cheerfulness. 
 Cheer'iess, a. Without gayety or gladness. 
 Cheer'ly,a. Brisk; gay ; cheerful. — 2, ad. Cheer- 
 I ily ; heartily. 
 Cheer'y, a. Gay ; sprightly ; cheerful. 
 Cheese, n. [L. caseus ; Celt, cais ; A.-S. cese.~\ Food 
 
 made of the curd of milk. 
 Cheese'-cake, n. A cake of curds, sugar, &c. 
 Cheese' -mon-£er, n. A dealer in cheese. 
 Cheese'-press, «. An engine for pressing curds. 
 Chees'y, a. Like cheese. 
 Chee'tah, n. [Hind., spotted; chhit, a spot; Skr. 
 
 chitra, spotted.] The hunting leopard. 
 Chef (shaf), n. [Fr.] A chief or head person ; a 
 
 head cook. 
 Chef-d'oeuvre (sha-dovr 7 ), re. ; pi. Chefs-d'oeuvre. 
 
 [Fr.] A capital performance ; a masterpiece. 
 (Zhei-rop'te-ra, n. pi. [Gr. x et P) tlie hand, and 
 nrepov, pi. nrepd, a wing.] The bats, as an order 
 of mammals. 
 phe-16'ni-an, n. A tortoise. [Bleaching-liquor. 
 phem'ic (kem'ik), a. Same as CHEMICAL. — 1, n. 
 phem'i-cal, a. Pertaining to chemistry, 
 phem'i-cal-ly, ad. In a chemical manner, 
 ghe-mise' (she-mez'), n. [Fr. for "a shirt;" Late 
 L. cwnisia. — Cf. Ger. hemd, 0. Irish caimmse, 0. 
 Welsh camse, a shirt.] A woman's shift. 
 Chem-i-sette\ re. [Fr.] A waistcoat. [ship, 
 
 phem'ism, n. Chemical force, action, or relation- 
 phem'ist, n. A person versed in chemistry, 
 phem'is-try [kim'is-tre or kem'is-tre, H.], n. [See 
 Alchemy.] A science which investigates the 
 composition, the nature, and the properties of ma- 
 terial substances and their mutual combinations. 
 Che-nille' (she-nel'), n. [Fr., a caterpillar : prob- 
 ably Late L. canictda, a little dog; Local It. con, 
 a silk-worm.] A kind of silk cord, used as trim- 
 ming for dresses. 
 Cheque (chek), re. An order or draft on a banker 
 
 for money : — same as Check. 
 Cheq'uer (chek'er), v. & n. See Checker. 
 Cher'ish, v. a. [Fr. chtrir, part, eherissant ; Fr. 
 cher\ L. cams, dear.] [pp. cherishing, cherished.] 
 To support ; to encourage ; to nurse. [of cigar. 
 Che-root', n. [Said to be a Manila word.] A sort 
 Cher'ry, n. [Gr. /cepacros ; L. cercaus; Fr. cerise; 
 said to be from the town of Cerasus in Pontus.] 
 A small stone-fruit.— 2, a. Red; ruddy; like 
 a red cherry. 
 Cher'ry.-b'ird, n. (Ornith.) The American wax- 
 wing, which feeds on cherries. 
 Cher'ry-pit, re. A play with cherry-stones : — a 
 
 cherry-stone. 
 Cher'ry-tree, n. A tree that bears cherries, 
 pher'so-nese (ker'so-nes) [ker'so-nez, St. I.], n. 
 [Gr. xepco^c ? > X^P " ?) land, mainland, and 
 vrjo-o?, island.] A peninsula. 
 Chert, n. [Irish, ceart, Local Sw. lart, a pebble.] 
 
 (Mm.) A kind of flint; hornstone. 
 Chert'y, a. Like chert; flinty. 
 Cher'ub, re. ; pi. Cher'ubsrt»rZ Cher'u-bim. [Heb. 
 k*ruv, keruv. — Cf. Assyrian Mrubu, a divine 
 winged bull.] A celestial spirit ; an angel. 
 Che-ru'bic, \ a. Relating to cherubs or cher- 
 Che-ru'bi-cal, J ubim; angelic. [Chekub. 
 
 Cher'u-bim,' re. [Heb. Ifc'mvnn.] The plural of 
 Cher'u-bin, n. Cherub; angel: — cherubim. 
 Cher'up, v. n. [Imitative. — See Chirp.] [pp. 
 cheruping, cheruped.] To chirp; to chirrup : — 
 to use a cheerful voice. — 2, v. a. To quicken ; 
 to chirrup. 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5, 9, c, §, soft; p, p, p, §, hard; s as z ; x as gz ; tnis. 
 
CHERVIL 
 
 140 
 
 CHIME 
 
 Cher'vil, n. [Gr. ^atpe'^vAAoi', pleasant leaf; x at '- 
 peiv, to rejoico, and 4>vX\ov, leaf.] A plant with 
 an esculent root. 
 
 Chess, n. [Fr. tehees; Ger. schach; from Per. 
 shah, a king; literally, "game of kings." — See 
 Check.] A game in which two sets of pieces 
 are moved in opposition to one another : — a coarse 
 grass. 
 
 Chess' -board, n. A board to play chess on. 
 
 Chess'man, n. A piece or puppet for chess. 
 
 Chest, n. [Gr. kiVttj; L. cistu; A.-S. cyste; Ger. 
 kiste.] A large box or coffer: — the thorax of 
 the human body ; the breast. 
 
 Chest/nut (ches'uut), n. [Fr. chdtaigne ; L. casta- 
 nea ; Gr. tcaenavov, or icapvov Kao-ravaiov, nut 
 of Gastana, a city in Pontus.] A tree and its 
 nut. — 2, a. Colored like a chestnut ; brown. 
 
 Che'tah, n. See Cheetah. 
 
 ghev-'a-lier' (shev-a-ler'), n. [Fr. ; cheval, L. ea- 
 bulhis, a horse.] *A knight ; a gallant man; a 
 cavalier. 
 
 Chevaux-de-frise (shev'G-de- 
 frez'), n. pi. [Fr. for " horse 
 of Friesland," a jocose 
 name.] (Fort.) A piece of 
 timber furnished with spikes Chcvaux-de-frise. 
 to defend a passage. 
 
 Cheviot (chiv'i-ot or chev'i-ot) [che'vj-ot, I.], n. 
 [From the Cheviot Hills in England and Scotland.] 
 Noting a breed of sheep in Scotland especially 
 valued for their wool : — a rough woollen fabric, 
 used for men's clothing. 
 
 CheVron (shev'ron), n. [Fr. for "a rafter," from 
 chevr'e, a goat ;' the rafters are likened to two 
 butting goats. — Cf. L. capreolus, a kid, a prop.] 
 {Arch.) A zigzag ornament.— (Mil.) A mark or 
 badge on the sleeve. 
 
 Chew (chu), v. a. [A.-S. ceon-an; Dut. Jcaawen; 
 Ger. kauen ; Russ. jecate ; a variant of Chaw. — 
 See Jaw.] [pp. chewing, chewed.] To crush 
 or grind with the teeth ; to masticate ; to rumi- 
 nate. — 2, v. v. To ruminate ; to muse. — 3, n. 
 A cud ; a quid. 
 
 phi-a'ro-os-cu'ro, phi-ar-os-cu'rS, or phi-a'ro- 
 scu'ro, n. [It. for "clear-obscure."] The art 
 of combining light and shade in painting ; dare- 
 obscure, [smoking-pipe. 
 
 Chibouque (che-b6k'), »• [Turk.] A Turkish 
 
 Chic (shik), n. [Fr. ; Ger. geschick, tact; ge- 
 schicken, to despatch.] Style ; knack ; address ; 
 elegance. — 2, a. Stylish ; graceful. 
 
 £hi-cane' (she-kan'), n. [Fr. chicane, a quibble, a 
 wrangle ; originally a kind of game like polo ; 
 Late Gr. t^vkolviov, Per. chuvgan, polo, or a bat.] 
 A mean trick; chicanery. — 2, v. n. [j>p- chican- 
 ing, chicaned.] To prolong a contest by tricks. 
 
 Chi-can'er-y, n- [Fr. chicanerie.] Mean arts of 
 wrangling ; sophistry ; trickery ; tricks. 
 
 Chic'co-ry, ». [L. chiconum ; Gr. Ktxwpiov; Fr. 
 chico'ree.'] A perennial plant ; succory. 
 
 Chick, n. The young of a bird ; a chicken. 
 
 Chick'a-dee, n. [From its note.] The black-cap 
 titmouse. 
 
 Chick'a-ree, n. [From its call.] A red squirrel. 
 
 Chick' en, n. [A.-S. cicen; Dut. Mcken. — Of. Ger. 
 kuchlein.] The young of a bird, particularly of a 
 hen : — a term for a young person. 
 
 Chick'en-pox, n. A mild eruptive disease. 
 
 Chick'pea (chik'pe), n. [Fr. chiche; It., cece; L. 
 cicer.] A kind of pea. 
 
 Chick'weed, v. [Chick and weed; it is greatly 
 relished by birds.] An annual plant or weed. 
 
 Chic'o-ry, n. Same as Chiccory. Chicory is the 
 more common spelling. 
 
 Chide, r. a. [A.-S. cidav. — Cf. Pan. kiede, to 
 harass.] [*'. chid; }ip. chiding, chidden or chid.] 
 To reprove; to scold; to check. — 2, v. n. To 
 clamor; to scold. 
 
 Chld'ing, v. Rebuke : quarrel : — noise. 
 
 Chief, a. [Fr. chef, a chief, a head ; L. eapvt, the 
 head; 0. Fr. chief.] Principal; most eminent; 
 
 first; primary. — 2, n. A commander; leader; 
 head. 
 
 isyn. — Chief city; principal person; first in 
 rank. — Chief among savages; commander of an 
 army ; leader of a party ; head of a famiiy. 
 
 Chief-jus' tice, n. The principal judge. 
 
 Chiefly, ad. Principally ; eminently. 
 
 Chieftain, n. [L. capitanus; 0. Fr. chevetain. — See 
 CAPTAiN and Chief.] A leader; a commander; 
 a chief. 
 
 Chief tain-ry,, 1 n. State, dignity, or rank of a 
 
 Chief tain-ship, J chieftain. 
 
 £hif-fon-nier\ n. [Fr. ; chiffe, chiffon, a rag : pos- 
 sibly akin to Chaff, Chip, or more probably 
 to Shiver. In the Pvouchi patois (north of 
 France) chife means "a cut;" Sp. chifiar, to 
 pare.] A rag-picker. 
 
 ChifFonniere (shlf-fon-ne-ar'), n. [Fr.] A work- 
 table ; a what-not. 
 
 Chig-non (sheu-yorj), n. [Fr. for "the back of 
 the neck ;" properly "a little chain" (Fr. chaine, 
 chafnon). from the chain of vertebral processes 
 on the back of the neck.] The haw- of a woman, 
 gathered and resting on the back of the neck. 
 
 Chi'go (che'go), n. [Said to be a Peruvian word.] 
 See Chigre." 
 
 Chig're (chig'ger), n. [Said to be a Peruvian 
 word.] A small insect of the flea kind, that 
 lodges under the skin. 
 
 Chil'blain, n. [Chill and blain.] A sore or in- 
 flammation in the feet, hands, &c, caused by 
 cold or frost. 
 
 Child, n. ; pi. Chil'dren. [A.-S. cild, pi. cildrii, 
 cildre. — Cf. Celt, gille, a lad, a servant.] An 
 infant ; a very young person ; a son or daughter. 
 
 Child'bear-ing, n. The act of bearing children. 
 
 Child'bed, n. State of a woman in labur. 
 
 Child'bi'rth, n. The act of bringing forth. 
 
 Childe (child or child), n. [Cf. Sp. infante, a 
 prince.] A nobleman's son. [Autiq.] 
 
 Chil'der-mas-day', n. [Childer, old and now 
 local' pi. of child, and mass.] The day on which 
 the feast of the Holy Innocents is solemnized, 
 Dec. 28. 
 
 Child'hood(-bud), n. [A.-S. cild-had.] The state 
 of children ; infancy ; the properties of a child. 
 
 Child'ish, a. Like a child ; trifling; puerile. 
 
 Child'ish-ly, ad. In a childish manner. 
 
 Child'jsh-ness, n. Puerility; triflingness. 
 
 Child'iess, a. Having no child. 
 
 Child' -like, a. Like or becoming a child. 
 
 phil'i-ad (kil'e-ad), n. [Gr. x tAl(i ?) x tAl " 5 °5-] A 
 thousand. 
 
 phil'i-arch, n. [Gr. x t ^ L ° i PX r l'> i X 1 '* 101 * a thou- 
 sand, and ap\iLv, to rule.] A commander of a 
 thousand men. 
 
 phil'i-a§m,7i. [Gr. x<-Aiao>(.6?.] The millennium. 
 
 phil'i-ast, n. [Gr. x tA <-ao">"ij?.] A millenarian. 
 
 Chilli a. [A.-S. celan, to cool; cyle, coldness ; Dut. 
 kill, a chill. — See Cold and Cool.] Cold ; de- 
 pressed; cold of temper. — 2, n. Chilliness; a 
 shivering; cold: — in casting iron, the process by 
 which the surface is suddenly cooled : — the metal 
 mould into which iron is cast in order to be 
 chilled. — 3, v. a. [pp. chilling, chilled.] To 
 make cold ; to depress : — to harden cast-iron by 
 suddenly cooling it. 
 
 Chil'li-ness, n. A sensation of shivering. 
 
 Chil'ly, or Chil'li, n. [Sp. chile.] Red pepper; 
 capsicum. 
 
 Chil'ly, a. Somewhat cold.— 2, ad. Coldly. 
 
 Chimb' (chim), n. [Dut. kim; Sw. kimb; Ger. 
 kimme.] The end of the staves of a barrel, &c. : 
 — written also chime and chine. 
 
 Chime, n. [Dan. lame, Local Sw. kimma, kimba, 
 to chime ; 0. Fr. chinbe, a cymbal. Not improb- 
 ably from root of Cymbal.] A sound of bells ; 
 concord of sound. — 2, v. n. [pp. chiming, 
 chimed.] To sound in harmony ; to agree. — 3, 
 v. a. To move, strike, sound, or cause to sound 
 in harmony. 
 
 a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
CHIMERA 
 
 141 
 
 CHOICE 
 
 phi-me'ra, n. [L.] ; pi. phi-me'ras. [Gr. xip-aipa, 
 a she-goat, a monster with a goat's body; x^ a - 
 po?, a goat. — Cf. Icel. gymbr, a lamb.] A feigned 
 monster : — an odd fancy ; an illusion. 
 
 ghi-mere', n. [Fr. simarre; It. zimarra.] A bish- 
 op's robe. 
 
 phi-mer'i-cal, a. [See Chimera.] Imaginary; 
 fanciful; unreal. 
 
 phi-mer'i-cal-ly, ad. In a chimerical manner. 
 
 Chim'ney, n. ; pi. Chim'neys. [Fr. cheminee : Late 
 L. caminata ; L. camiiuts, Gr. Ka/xii/os, a furnace ; 
 Kaiet-v, to burn.] A passage through which 
 smoke ascends; a flue. 
 
 Chim'ney-cbr'ner, n The fireside. 
 
 Chim'ney-piece (chlm'ne-pes), >/. The ornamental 
 work round a fireplace. 
 
 Chim'ney-pot, n. A pot or tube put on the top 
 of a chimney to induce a draught. 
 
 Chim'ney-swal'low (-swGl'lo), m. A species of 
 swift; a swallow-like bird, building its nest in 
 chimneys. 
 
 Chim'ney-sweep'er, n. A cleaner of chimneys. 
 
 Chim-pan'zee, n. [West African.] A large ape. 
 
 Chin, n. [A.'-S. cut ; Dut. kin ; Gr. yivv<; ; Ger. kirm. 
 — Cf. Icel. kinn, Dan. kind, Goth, kinnus, L. gena, 
 Skr. ganda, the cheek.] The lowest part of the 
 human face. 
 
 Chi'na, it. [Name of the country whence at first 
 it was imported.] Porcelain. 
 
 Chl'na-as'ter, n. A plant and its flower. 
 
 Chl'na-clay, n. See Kaoline. 
 
 Chl'na-grass, n. (Bnt.) The fibre of a Chinese 
 nettle, from which is manufactured grass-cloth. 
 
 Chi'na-ink, ». See Indian-ink. 
 
 Chin'ca-pin, \n. [Fr., from an American Indian 
 
 Chin'qua-pin. J name.] Tbe dwarf chestnut. 
 
 Chinch, n. [Sp. chinche, It. cimice, L. cimex, cimi- 
 cts, a bug.] A bed-bug: — a destructive insert. 
 
 Chm-chil'la, n. [Sp.-Amer., apparently a dim. of 
 local chinch'', a skunk; the latter name (properly 
 '•a bed-bug") is given to 
 the skunk on account of 
 its offensive smell, which, 
 however, the chinchilla 
 does not have.] A small 
 South American animal 
 noted for its fine fur. 
 
 Chine, n. [Fr. Cchine, the 
 spine; Ger. schiene, a 
 
 splint.— Cf. Shin.] The backbone or spine:— 
 [see Chimb] the ends of c, barrel or cask (written 
 also c'limb and chime) :— [A.-S. cinu, Dut. keen, a 
 cleft; A.-S. cinon, to split] a deep groove or cleft 
 worn into sea-cliffs by a stream. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 chining, chined.] To cut into pieces or chines. 
 
 Chi-nese', n. The language or people of China. 
 
 Chink,)). [Dim. of chine, a cleft.] A narrow aper- 
 ture; an opening:— a slight jingling or tinkling 
 sound. — 2, v. a. [pp. chinking, chinked.] To 
 shake so as to make a sound. — 3, c. n. To sound 
 by striking each other. 
 
 Chintz, n. [Hind, chhint, chhit, chintz; ckhinia, 
 chhit, a spot; Skr. chilra, spotted.— Cf. Cheetah, 
 also Ger. zitz, Dut. sits, chintz.] Cotton cloth 
 printed with colors. 
 
 Chip, v. a. [A dim. variant of Chop.] [pp. chip- 
 ping, chipped.] To cut into small pieces; to 
 hack. — 2. >-. n. To break or crack ; to chap. — 
 3, n. A small piece cut or broken off. — 3, p. n. 
 [Imitative.] To chirp like a small bird. 
 
 Chip'muck, 1 ». [Called also chipping-sguirrel, 
 
 Chip'munk, J from its call.] A striped squirrel; 
 a ground-squirrel. 
 
 Clrip'ping, n. Act of cutting off; a chip. 
 
 Chip'ping-bird, ) n. A small North Ameri- 
 
 Chip'ping-spar'row, j can bird. 
 
 Chip'py, n. See Chipping-bird. — 2, a. Covered 
 with chips. 
 
 phi-rog-'ra-pher, n. A writer. 
 
 Phi-ro-graph'i'c, ]_ a. Relating to chirography ; 
 
 phi-ro-graph'i-cal, J written. 
 
 Cuiuohilla 
 
 phl-rog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. x et P) ^ ie hand, and ypd- 
 4>slv, to write.] Art of writing, handwriting. 
 
 phi-roT'o-£-y, v. [Gr. x et P, the hand, and \6yos, 
 discourse.] The art of conversing by the hands 
 and fingers ; dactylology. 
 
 phi'ro-man-cy, n. [Gr. x et P> the hand, and fxav- 
 Teia, divination.] Divination by the hand; 
 palmistry. 
 
 phi-ron'o-my, n. [Gr. x et P. the hand, and vo/u.os, 
 law.] The'science or rules of gesticulation and 
 pantomime. 
 
 phl-rop'o-dist, n. [Gr. x ei P> the hand, and novs, 
 tto&os, the foot.] A surgeon for the hands and 
 feet, or for corns and bunyons. 
 
 Chirp, v. n. [Imitative ; similar words are found 
 in many languages.] [pp. chirping, chirped.] 
 To make a cheerful noise, as birds. — 2, n. The 
 voice of birds or of insects. 
 
 Chirp' ing, u. The gentle noise of birds. 
 
 Chirrup, v. a. [pp. chirruping, chirruped.] To 
 quicken; to cheer up. — 2, n. A chirp. 
 
 phi-riir'£e-on, n. [Gr. x eL P ov Py o< >- — See Chirur- 
 gery.] A surgeon. [Antiq.] 
 
 phi-rur'|-e-ry, n. [Gr. x et P ou PY ta >' X et P> the 
 hand, and ep\etv, to work.] Surgery. 
 
 phi-rur'£i-cal, a. [Gr. xeipovpyiKos.j Surgical; 
 pertaining to surgery. 
 
 Chis/el, n- [Fr. ciseau; 0. Fr. ciscl, chisel; Late L. 
 ciseUvs, scwefovm; L. sicihcula, dim. of sicilis, a 
 sickle ; from secare, to cut, influenced by sdndere, 
 to cut. But cf. It. cesello, a chisel, which seems 
 to be from csddere, csesum, to cut.] A tool for 
 paring wood or stone. — -l, v. a. [Fr. ciseler.] 
 [pp. chiselling, chiselled.] To cut or carve 
 with a chisel : — to cheat. 
 
 Chit, ». [A.-S. cid, sprout.— Cf. Kith.J A child; 
 a baby : — a sprout of corn. 
 
 Chit' -chat, n. Prattle; idle talk; chat. 
 
 Chit'ter-lings. n. pi [Local E. chitter, to shiver, 
 to tremble ; from their gelatinous quality.] Food 
 made of swines' entrails. 
 
 Chi-val'ric [chiv'al-rik, L C; Bhlv'al-rlk, N.], a. 
 Relating to chivalry : chivalrous. 
 
 phiv'al-rous, a. Knightly; gallant. 
 
 £hiv'al-ry, or Chiv'al-ry, v. [Fr. chevaJcrie • chc- 
 val, L. cabattus, a horse.] The system of knight- 
 hood, with its usages and customs; knighthood : 
 — the body of knights. [A sedative drug. 
 
 phlo'ral, n. [First syllables of chlorine and alcohol] 
 
 phlo'ral-ism, n. The morbid condition of the 
 system sometimes induced by chloral. 
 
 phlo'rate, )'. (C/iem.) A salt composed of chloric 
 acid and a base. 
 j phlo'ric, a. Noting an acid containing chlorine. 
 
 phlo'ride. n. (Chem.) A conqiound of chlorine 
 and some other substance. 
 , phlo'rine, n. [Gr. x^ajpo?, crreen ; the gas is of a 
 greenish color.] An element obtained from com- 
 mon salt. 
 
 Chlo'ro-form, n. [Fii-st syllables of chlorine and 
 fornnjl] (Chem.) A liquid obtained by distilling 
 a mixture of chloride of lime with diluted alco- 
 hol -.—used to produce insensibility in surgical 
 operations. — 2, v. a. [j>p. chloroforming, chloro- 
 formed.] To put under the influence of chloro- 
 form ; to render insensible by chloroform. 
 
 phlo'ro-phyl, n. [Gr. x^wpos, green, and <f>vkKov, 
 a leaf.] The green coloring-matter of plants. 
 
 phlo-ro'sis. n. [From Gr. x^^po?, green.] (Med.) 
 The green sickness. 
 
 phlo-rot'ic. a. Affected by chlorosis. 
 
 Choak (chok), v. a. See Choke. 
 
 Chock, n. [Akin to Choke.] A sort of wedge to 
 confine a cask. 
 
 Chock'-full, a. Quite full. 
 
 Choc'o-late, n. [Mex. chocolail.] A preparHtion 
 of cacao; the liquor made by a solution of it. 
 
 Choice, «. [Fr. choir; choisir, Goth, kiusan, to 
 choose.— See Choose.] The power or act of 
 choosing; election; option :— best part :— thing 
 chosen. — 2, a. Select ; precious ; very valuable. 
 
 mien, sir ; m8ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5, Q, c, £, soft; p, &, p, g, hard; s as z ;? as gz ; this. 
 
CHOIR 
 
 142 
 
 CHROMATICS 
 
 pholr (kwlr), n. [Fr. choeur ; L. chorus. — See Cho- 
 rus.] An assembly or band of singers; quire : 
 — the part of a church where the singers are 
 placed: — the chancel. — 2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. 
 choiring, choired.] To sing together. 
 
 Choke, v. a. [Icel. koka, to gulp ; akin to Cough 
 and Chuckle: imitative.] [pp. choking, choked.] 
 To suffocate; to stop up. — 2, v.n. To be choked 
 or obstructed. — 3, n. A contraction in the bore 
 of a, gun. 
 
 Choke' -damp, n. [Choke, and damp, a vapor or 
 gas.] Carbonic acid; a noxious vapor in coal- 
 mines and wells. 
 
 Choke' -pear, n. An unpalatable pear. 
 
 phol'a-gogue, n. [Gr. x o ^ a Y to 7°? > X° Ao ?> bile, 
 and" aye.i.v, to lead ; dyw-yos, leading.] A medi- 
 cine carrying oft bile. 
 
 phol'er, n. [L. cholera, Gr. x° Ar ?> bile-.— Cf. Gall : 
 the "ancients associated melancholy and anger 
 with excess of bile.] The bile : — anger; rage. 
 
 phol'e-ra, n. [L. for "bile," or "biliousness;" 
 Gr. xoAipa, cholera.— See Choler.] (Med.) A 
 disease accompanied by vomiting and purging, 
 with great pain. 
 
 phol-e-ra'ic, a. Pertaining to cholera. 
 
 phol'e-ra-mbr'bus, n. [L. for "cholera the dis- 
 ease"."]' A painful disease attended with purging 
 and vomiting. 
 
 phol'er-Ic, a. [Gr. xoAepi/co?.] Full of choler; 
 arii/rii ; irascible. 
 
 pho-li-am'bic, n. [Gr. x^Aos? lame, and 'iapjSos, 
 an iambus, from its halting movement.] A kind 
 of verse. 
 
 Choose, v. a. [A.-S. ceosan; Dut. kiezen ; Ger. kiesen ; 
 Goth, kiusan ; akin to L. gustare, to taste, Skr. 
 jush, to relish.] [i. chose; pp. choosing, chosen.] 
 To prefer ; to pick out ; to select ; to elect. — 
 
 2, v. n. To have power of choice ; to prefer. 
 Chop, v. a. [0. Dut. koppen, Dut. kappen, Ger. 
 
 kappen, Sw. kappa, (Jr. Koirreiv, to cut.] [pp. 
 chopping, chopped.] To cut with a quick blow. 
 — 2, v. n. To do or act with a quick motion. — 
 
 3, n. A small piece or cut of meat; a cleft: — 
 [Hind, chhap, a stamp, a copy] a permit ; quality. 
 
 Chop'-fall'en (-fal'in), a. See Chap-fallen. 
 
 Chop'-hSuse, n. A house of entertainment. 
 
 Chop'ping, p- a. Stout; large :— tumbling. 
 
 Chops, n. pi. The mouth of a beast. See Chaps. 
 
 Chop'stick, n. An instrument used in China, &c, 
 to eat with. [choragus. 
 
 pho-ra£-'ic, a. [Gr. xopayiKos.J Pertaining to a 
 
 pho-ra'gus, n. [Gr. xop«7°s / X P°Si chorus, and 
 ayeiv, to lead.] The leader or patron of an an- 
 cient Greek chorus. 
 
 pho'ral, a. [Late L. ch oralis ; chorus, a choir.] 
 Belonging to, or singing in, a choir. — 2, n. [Late 
 L. chorale.'] A kind of psalm-tune. 
 
 pho'ral-ly, ad. In the manner of a chorus. 
 
 phord, n. ' [L. chorda, Gr. x°P s V> a £ llt . a string. 
 — See Cord.] The string of a musical instru- 
 ment :— a certain combination of notes ; har- 
 mony.— (Geom.) A right line which joins the 
 two ends of an arc of a circle. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 chortling, chorded.] To furnish with strings. 
 
 Chore, n. A small job. [U.S.] See Char. 
 
 pho-re'a, n. [Gr. x°P eta > a dance.— See Chorus.] 
 St. Vitus's dance. 
 
 pho-ri-am'bic, n. [Gr. x°peto?, a trochee (literally, 
 "belonging to the chorus"), and iap0os, an 
 iambus.] The foot of a verse consisting of four 
 syllables; as, anxietds. 
 
 pho'ri-on, n. [Gr. x°P t0V > ^- corhvm, Skr. kar, 
 leather, skin,] (Anat.) Tlie exterior membrane 
 that inwraps the foetus. 
 
 phor'is-ter, n. [Fr. choriste.] A singer in cathe- 
 dral's, of in a concert : — a leader of a choir. 
 
 pho'ro-graph, n. [Gr. x w P°?> place, and ypa^etv, 
 to describe.] An instrument or kind of pro- 
 tractor used for constructing triangles. 
 
 phor-o-graph'ic, 
 
 phor-o-graph'i-cal, 
 
 Relating to chorography. 
 
 pho-rog'ra-phy, n. The description of a place ; 
 the art of forming maps of particular regions. 
 
 pho'rbid, n. [Gr. x o P oet ^s i X°P t0,/ > skin, and 
 elSos, form.] One of the coats of the eye. 
 
 pho'rus, n. ; L. pi. pho'ri ; Eng. pho'rus-es. [L. ; 
 Gr. x°P°?> a song and dance ; a hand of singers.] 
 A band of singers; a concert: — a song between 
 the acts of a tragedy : — verses of song in which 
 the company join tho singer.— 2, v. a. & v. n. 
 [pp. chorussing, chorussed.] To sing as in a 
 
 Ch5§e, i. from choose. See Choose. [chorus. 
 
 Chose (shoz), n. [Fr. ; It. cosa; from L. causa, a 
 cause (q. v.).] A thing; personal property 
 
 Chos'en (chf/zn), p. part, from choose. 
 
 Chough (chuf), n. [A.-S. ceo, Dan. kaa, Dut. kaauw, 
 a chough, or daw, — from the cry.] A bird like 
 a crow. 
 
 Chouse, v. a. [Turk, chiaus, chaush, a herald, a 
 sergeant; alluding to a chiaus who in 1609 com- 
 mitted great fiauds in London.] [pp. chousing, 
 choused.] To cheat; to trick. — 2, n. A bubble ; 
 a trick or sham. 
 
 Chow'-chSw, n. [Pidgin-English (not Chinese) 
 for " food," or " a meal."] A pickle composed of 
 various ingredients, as cucumbers, tomatoes, &c. 
 
 Chow'der, n. [Fr. chaudiere, a caldron.] Food 
 made of fresh fish boiled with biscuit, pork, &c. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. chowdering, chowdered.] To 
 make into chowder. 
 
 Chow'ry, n. [Hind.] A fly-brush or fly-fan. 
 
 phres-tom'a-thy, n. [Gr. xPW T o^o-0eia ; xPW* 
 toV, good," and ixadelv, to learn.] A book of in- 
 struction. 
 
 phrism, n. [Gr. xp^pa ; xP teiv > *° anoint.] Unc- 
 tion used in sacred ceremonies. 
 
 phris/ma-to-ry, n. [Late L. chrismatorium.] A 
 little o'il-vessel. 
 
 phris'om (kriz'um), w. The white vesture anointed 
 with chrism formerly put on a child in baptism. 
 
 phrist'en (kr'is'sn), v. a. [A.-S. cristen, a Chris- 
 tian; christnian, to christen.] [pp. christening, 
 christened.] To baptize; to name. 
 
 phris-ten-dom (kiis'sn-dum), n. [A.-S. cristendom; 
 Ger. chridenthum.] The regions the inhabitants 
 of which profess Christianity ; the whole body 
 of Christians. 
 
 phris'ten-ing (kris'sn-ing), n. Baptism. 
 
 phris'tian (krist'yan), n. [Gr. xP<-o-Tiavo? ; Xpicr- 
 tos, Christ, or anointed.] A disciple of Christ; 
 a believer in Christianity :— in a general sense, 
 an inhabitant of Christendom. — 2, a. Pertain- 
 ing to Christ or to Christianity; ecclesiastical. 
 
 phris-ti-an'i-tx (krlst-ye-an'e-te), n. [L. chrisH- 
 anitas'.] The religion taught by Christ; the re- 
 ligion of Christians. 
 
 phris'tian-Ize, v. a. [Gr. X P^ Tiav ^ LV -] IpP- 
 christianizing, christianized.] To render Chris- 
 tian. 
 
 phris'tian-name, n. A name given in baptism. 
 
 phrist'nias (kris'mas), n. [Christ and mass.] The 
 festival' of Christ's nativity, December 25; 
 Christmas-day. 
 
 phrist'mas-box, n. A box for collecting Christmas 
 presents : — a Christmas present. 
 
 phrist'mas-eve, n. The evening next before 
 Christmas. 
 
 phrist'mas-tide, n. The Christmas season. 
 
 phrist'mas-tree. n. A small tree set up in the 
 house, with presents, &c, hanging from it for 
 distribution on Christmas-eve. 
 
 phris-tol'o-ix n. [Gr. Xpicrro?, Christ, and 
 A070?, a treatise.] A treatise relating to Christ. 
 
 phro'mate, n. A salt containing chromic acid. 
 
 phro-mat'ic, o. [Gr. xP^^ti/cos ; xpuna-, color: 
 it is said that in music intermediate notes were 
 once written in colors; but probably the term 
 indicates simply a "shading," like a variation 
 in tint or color; in Gr. the term may mean 
 "florid," "artificial."] Belating to color, or to 
 semitones in music. 
 
 phro-mat'ics, n. The science of colors. 
 
 a, e, 1, 0, 5, y, long; a, e, 1, o, Q, y, short; a, e, i, 0, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
CHROMATOGRAPHY 
 
 143 
 
 CICELY 
 
 Ghro-ma-tog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. xP^no., XP^V-cltos, 
 color, 'and ypd<pe<.v, to write.] A discourse on 
 colors. 
 Chrome, n. A sort of metal ; chromium, 
 phro'mic, a. Noting an acid containing chromium, 
 phro'mi-um, n. [Gr. xP^p-a, color, paint: inany of 
 its compounds are used as pigments.] A whitish, 
 brittle metal. 
 Chro'mo, n. A picture printed in oil-colors. 
 phro'mo- lith'o-graph, n. A lithographic picture 
 
 in oil-colors :— often abbreviated into chroma. 
 Chro'mo- lith-o-graph'ic, a. Pertaining to, or 
 
 produced by,'chronio-lithography. 
 Chro'mo- li-thog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. xP^P-a, color, 
 and Lithograph.] The process of producing 
 lithographs in various colors. 
 Ghro'mo-sphere, n. [On type of atmosphere; Gr. 
 XpOifJLo., color, and o-(ba7pa, a sphere.j The at- 
 mosphere of the sun, outside the photosphere. 
 Chro-mo-spher'ic, a. Of or pertaining to the 
 
 chromosphere, 
 phron'ic, a. [Gr. xP 0VLK °s ; xpoi'o?, time.] Of long 
 
 duration, as a disease : — opposed to acute. 
 phron'i-cle, n. [Gr. xpovi/ca (J3i/3Aia) ; from xpovos, 
 time."] An historical register of events; annals; 
 archives; a record; a history. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 chronicling, chronicled.] To record; to register, 
 phron'i-cler, /*. A recorder of events. 
 Chron'o-gr'am, n. [Gr. xp° vo s, time > ancl YP«/"-^«> 
 a writing.] An inscription in which the date 
 is expressed by numeral letters. 
 Chron'o-graph, n. [Gr. xP° v0< *< time, and ypa<^si.v, 
 to record.] An electric instrument for measuring 
 - and recording time. 
 
 phro-nol'o-ier, ) n. One who is versed in chro- 
 phro-nol'o-|ist, J nology. 
 
 Ghron-o-lo£-'ic, \a. Relating to chronology; 
 phron-o-lo| , 'i-cal, j in the order of time. 
 Chron-o-lol'i-cal-ly, ad. By chronology. 
 Chro-nol'o-gy, n. [Gr. xpo^oAoyi'a ; xP° v °s, time, 
 and A0705, treatise.] The science of computing 
 and adjusting the dates of events : — a tabular 
 view of events and dates. 
 Chro-nom'e-ter. n. [Gr. xpoco?, time, and p.irpov, 
 a measure.] A time-keeper, or instrument for 
 measuring time with exactness. 
 Ghron-o-met'ric, ) a. Relating to the measure- 
 Ghron-o-met'rj-cal, / merit of time, 
 phrys'a-lid, n. A chrysalis. 
 
 Chrys'a-Ks, n. ; pi. phry-sal'i-de§. [Gr. xpvo'aA- 
 At? ; from xP v <t°s, gold.— Cf. 
 Late L. aurelia, a chrysalis; 
 from aurnm, gold ; referring 
 to the color of some kinds.] 
 The pupa of an insect; au- Chrysalis, 
 
 relia. 
 Ghrys-an'the-mum, n. [L. ; Gr. xpwos, gold, and 
 
 avOep-ov, flower.] A genus of plants. 
 Ghrys-el-e-phan'tine, «. [Gr. xpwos, gold, and 
 eAe^dvrlvos, made of ivory ; e'AecSas, an elephant ; 
 ivory.] Made of gold and ivory, 
 phrys'o-ber-yl, ». [Gr. xpv<ros, gold, and flrjpvK- 
 
 A05, beryl.] A precious stone, 
 phrys'o-lite, v. [Gr. XP V<T ^^> S°ld, and At'flo?, 
 
 stone'.] A precious stone. 
 Chrys'o-prase, n. [L. chrysoprasvs ; Gr. xP vcr ^i 
 gold, 'and npao-ov, a prase, a leek. — See Phase.] 
 A pale-green precious stone. 
 Chub, n. [Probably named from its chubby shape. 
 
 — Cf. Sw. kulbb, a block.] A river-fish. 
 Chub'bed, a. Plump; chubby. 
 Chub'by, a. [Cf. Local Sw. kubbug, fat, plump.] 
 
 Plump; short and thick. 
 Chuck, v. n. [Imitative, like Cluck.] [pp. chuck- 
 ing, chucked.] To make a noise like a hen. — 
 2, v. a. To call as a hen : — [a form of Shock, or 
 Shake] to strike gently :— to throw by a quick 
 motion ; to pitch. — 3, n. The voice of a hen : — 
 a pat or blow : — a part of a turning-machine. 
 Chuc'kle, v. n. [Imitative, and allied to Choke.] 
 [pp. chuckling, chuckled.] To laugh convul- 
 
 sively ; to laugh inwardly with triumph. — 2, v. a. 
 To call as a hen : — to fondle. — 3, n. A short, 
 suppressed laugh, express:ve of satisfaction, ex- 
 ultation, or derision. 
 Chum, n. [Said to stand for comrade. — Cf. A.-S. 
 
 cuma, a guest.] A chamber-fellow ; associate. 
 Chu'nam, n. Stucco; mortar; lime. [India.] 
 Chunk, n. [Local E. chump, a block ; junk, a lump. 
 — Cf. Hump.] A short, thick piece of any thing. 
 Chunk'y, a. Short and thick. 
 
 Church, n. [A.-S. circ, cirice; Scot, kirk; Ger. kirche ; 
 from Gr. Kvpi.aK.6v, the Lord's house ; Kvpios, 
 lord, master.] The collective body of Christians : 
 — a particular body of Christians : — a place of di- 
 vine worship : — the clerical body, in distinction 
 from the laity : — ecclesiastical authority. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. churching, churched.] To assist to return 
 thanks in church. 
 
 Syn. — The use of church in the sense of a house 
 of public worship is limited, in England, to 
 houses of the kind belonging to the Episcopal or 
 established form of religion, the houses of public 
 worship among the dissenters being styled meet- 
 ing-houses or chapels ; but in this country this 
 distinction is not adhered to. [church. 
 
 Chiirch'ing, n. The act of returning thanks in 
 Chiirch'iy, a. Befitting the church. 
 Chiirch'man, n. An ecclesiastic : — an Episcopalian. 
 j Chiirch'-mem-ber, it. One in communion with 
 i a church. [poses. 
 
 Church'-rate, n. A rate or tax for parish pur- 
 Church' -war-den, n. An officer of the church. 
 Chiirch'-yard, n. The burial-ground adjoining a 
 
 church, or belonging to a church. 
 Churl, n. [A.-S. eeorl, a freeman, a husbandman ; 
 Scand. & Ger. karl, a man.] A surly man : — a 
 miser : — a rustic. 
 Chiirl'ish, a. Rude ; brutal :— avaricious. 
 Chiirl'ish-ness, n. Rudeness: niggardliness. 
 Churn, n. [Icel. kirna, Sw. kania, a churn ; Ger. 
 & But. kcriK-n, to churn; from the root KERNEL, 
 CORN. The idea seems to be the extraction of 
 the kernel or quintessence.] A vessel in which 
 
 cream is churned. — 2. r. 
 
 pp. churning, 
 
 churned.] To agitate, as in a churn.— 3. ,-. n. To 
 
 . work at a churn ; to imitate the action of a churn. 
 
 Chiirn'ing, //. The act of making butter. 
 
 Chuse, v. a. See Choose. [spout: a shoot. 
 
 Chute (shut), n. [Fr.] An inclined trough or 
 
 Chfit'ney, n. [Hind. ehatnL] A condiment or pickle. 
 
 Ghy-la'ceous (-shus), a. Belonging to chyle. 
 
 Chyle, n. [Gr. xvAos, juice ; x" €tl S X* 6t "> to pour.] 
 A milky fluid formed in the alimentary canal 
 and separated from the chyme. 
 
 Chy-li-fac'tion, b. The act or the process of 
 making chyle. [chyle. 
 
 Chy-li-fac'tive, or chyl-i-fac'tive, a. making 
 
 Ghy-li-fi-ca'tion, v. Process of becoming chyle. 
 
 Chy'lous (ki'lu's), a. Consisting of chyle. 
 
 Chyme, n. [Gr. x u M°? ; X veLV i X« a S to pour.] A 
 soft pap produced in the stomach by the diges- 
 tion of food. 
 
 Chym'is-try, n. See Chemistry. 
 
 Cib'ol, n. [Gr. Kama, onions; L. csepa, an onion, 
 dim. (late) crcpula ; Fr. ciboule, Sp. ceboUa, an 
 onion; but Fr. & Sp. represent L. csepuHu, an 
 onion-field, onions collectively.] A sort of small 
 onion. 
 
 Ci-bo'ri-um. n. [L. ; Gr. Kt/Siopiov, a cup, — prop- 
 erly, a water-lily.] A pyx or cimbarium. 
 
 Ci-ca'da, n. [L.] ; pi. Ci-ca'dse, or Ci-ca'das. The 
 harvest-fly, or tree-locust. 
 
 Ci-ca'la, or Ci-ca'la, n. [It.] A 
 cicada. 
 
 Cic'a-trice, n. [L. cicatrix.] A scar. 
 
 Cic-a-tri-za'tion, n> Act of healing 
 a wound. 
 
 Cic'a-trize, v. a. & v. n. [pp. cica- 
 trizing, cicatrized.] To heal : to 
 skin over. [kinds. 
 
 Clc'e-ly, n. A plant of several Cicada. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5, Gr, 5, g, soft; p, £, e, g, hard; § 
 
 as z ; $ «s gz ; 
 
 this. 
 
CICERONE 
 
 144 
 
 CIRCUMSCRIBE 
 
 Cicerone (che-che-ro'ne or sis-e-ro'ne), ii. ; It. pi. 
 Ciceroni (che-ehe-io'ne) ; Eng. Clc-e-ro'nes. 
 [It.; literally, a Cicero; that is, an orator,' a 
 talker.] A guide; one who explains curiosities 
 or antiquities. 
 
 Cic-e-ro'ni-an, a. Resembling Cicero. 
 
 Cicisbeo (che-chjs-ba'o or se-sis'be-o), n. [It.] A 
 gallant attending a lady ; a dangler about 
 women. 
 
 CI'der, n. [Sp. sidra; Fr. cidre; L. sicera, Gr. 
 aiicepa, Heb. shekar, strong drink. — Cf. Magyar 
 csiger, Koumanian cigher, cider; Arab, su.hr, sakr, 
 drunkenness.] The juice of apples fermented. 
 
 Ci-devant (s^-de-vah'), ad. [Fr. ; literally, here- 
 before.] Formerly. 
 
 Ci-gar', n. [Sp. cigarro ; said to be from cigarral, 
 'a garden, an orchard, one kind of tobacco being 
 called garden-tobacco; cigarral, an orchard, is 
 from cigarra, a cicada, which especially frequents 
 groves.] A little roll of tobacco for smoking. 
 
 Cig-a-rette', n. [Fr.] A small cigar :— a small 
 smoking-tube formed by rolling up a pinch or 
 two of tobacco in tissue-paper. 
 
 Cil'i-at-ed, a. Furnished with cilia. 
 
 Ci-li"cious (se-15sh'us), a. [L. cilicimv, Gr. ki\'l- 
 'kiov, ha'ir-cloth, a garment of goafs hair; liter- 
 ally, cilician cloth.] Made of hair. 
 
 Cil'i-um, n. : pi. Cil'i-a. [L., an eyelid,— later, an 
 eyelash.] A hair, or'a hair-like filament, [ing. 
 
 Ci'ma, n. [See Cyma.] (Arch.) A kind of mould- 
 
 Cim-ba'ri-um, n. [Late L. ; Gr. ki>/u/3i'ov, a cup; 
 0. Fr. cimarre, a wine-bowl.] A vessel in which 
 the eucharist is reserved ; a ciborium. 
 
 Cnn'e-ter, n. A Turkisli sword. See Scymitar. 
 
 Cim-ine'ri-an, a. [From Cimmeria, now the Cri- 
 mea, formerly thought to be a Very dark coun- 
 try, probably from some notion of the long 
 nights of the Arctic regions.] Extremely dark. 
 
 Cin-cho'na, n. [Named in 1742 in honor of the 
 "Countess of Chinchon (Spain, 1638).] Peruvian 
 or Jesuits' bark, or the tree which produces" it. 
 
 Cin'cho-nine, n. An alkaloid of cinchona. 
 
 Cinct'ure (slngkt'yur), n. [L. cinctura, a girdle; 
 cingere, cinctus, to gird.— Cf. ^kr. karichi, a girdle.] 
 A band worn round the head or the body ; belt; 
 sash ; girdle. 
 
 Cin'der, n. [Icel. sindr, Dan. & Sw. sinder, Ger. 
 sinter, dross ; probably not the Fr. cendre, L. 
 civift, cineris, ashes.] Kelics of burnt coal or 
 wood :^— ashes :— a mass ignited and quenched. 
 
 Cin-e-mat'ics, ». See Kinematics. [Cineheous. 
 
 Cin-e-ra'ceous (-shus), a. [L. cineraceus.] Same as 
 
 Cm'e-ra-ry, a. [L. cinerarius; cinis, cinfris, ashes. 
 — Cf. Gr.'/covi?, dust; Skr. kana, powder.] Re- 
 lating to, or like, ashes. 
 
 Cin-e-ra'tion, n. Act of reducing to ashes. 
 
 Ci-ne're-oiis, a. [L. cinereus.] Like ashes ; ash- 
 colored. [Like ashes. 
 
 Cin-e-ri"tious (sin-e-rish'us), a. [L. cinericius.] 
 
 Cm'na-bar, n. [Gr. nivvafiaai ; Per. zingifrah, zin- 
 jafr!] A red sulphuret of mercury. 
 
 Cin'na-mon, w. [L. cinnamomum, Gr. Ktva.ixoifj.ov, 
 Heb'. qinnamon, possibly allied to qaneh, cane. — 
 But cf. Malay kajumanis, cinnamon ; kaju, Avood, 
 mani% sweet.'] The spicy bark of a tree of Asia. 
 
 Cinque (singk), v. [Fr. cinq, L. quinque, five.] The 
 number five in dice. 
 
 Cinque'-foil (singk'-), n. [Fr. cinq-feuilles, five 
 leaves.] An astringent plant. 
 
 Cl'on, n. A shoot to be engrafted. See Scion. 
 
 Ci'pher, n. [Fr. cMffre; Arab, sifr.— See Zero.] 
 The' arithmetical character : — a figure ; a char- 
 acter : — a secret manner of writing, or a key to 
 it. — 2, v. n. [pp. ciphering, ciphered.] To 
 practise arithmetic ; to compute by figures. — 
 3, v. a. To write in occult characters. 
 
 Cir-cen'sian (sir-sen'shan), a. [L. circensis.— See 
 Circus.]' Of the circus. 
 
 Ci'r'ci-nate, a. [L. circinare, circinatus. to make 
 round ; circimis, a pair of dividers.] Polled up or 
 turned like a shepherd's crook. 
 
 Ci'r'cle,n. [A.-S. circul ; Fr. cercle; L. circitlus, dim. 
 of circus; Gr. Kt'pxos, a ring.] A curved line-con- 
 tinued till it ends where it began, having all its 
 parts equidistant fioui a common centre: — the 
 space included in a circular line: — a round 
 body ; an orb ; a sphere ; a globe :— a compass : 
 — a circumlocution : — a class of people; a com- 
 munity ; a company : — a district; a province. — 
 2, v. a., [pp. circling, circled.] To move round; 
 to enclose. — 3, v. n. To move circularly. 
 
 C'ir'clet (sir'klet), n. A little circle. 
 
 Cir'cuit (sir'kit), n. [L. circuire, circuitus, to go 
 around ; circuit/, around, and ire, to go.] Act of 
 moving round: — the space enclosed; extent: — 
 a course : — visitation of judges : — a district or 
 tract of country visited by the judges of a court. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. circuiting, circuited.] To move 
 round. 
 
 Cir-cu'i-tous, a. Roundabout ; not direct. 
 
 Cir-cu'i-tous-ly, ad. In a circuitous manner. 
 
 Cir'cu-iar, a. Round, like a circle: spherical; 
 circulating. — Circular letter, a letter sent to sev- 
 eral persons on some common affair. — 2, n. A 
 circular letter. 
 
 C'ir'cu-late, v. n. [pp. circulating, circulated.] 
 To move round ; to spread. — 2, v. a. To spread ; 
 to diffuse. 
 
 C'ir-cu-la'tion, n. Act of circulating; circular 
 motion: — extent of diffusion: — currency of 
 money, or of a substitute for money. 
 
 Ci'r'cu-la-to-ry,, u. A chemical vessel. — 2, a. Cir- 
 cular ;' going round. [much used as a prefix. 
 
 Ci'r'cum. [L. for "around," "about."] A word 
 
 C'ir-cum-am'bi-en-cx, »• Act of encompassing. 
 
 Ci'r-cum-am'bi-ent, a. [See Ambient.] Surround- 
 ing.' 
 
 Ci'r-cum-am'bu-late, v. n. [L. circum, about, and 
 ambulare, to walk.] [pp. circumambulating, 
 circumambulated.] To walk round. 
 
 Ci'r'cum-ci§e, v. a. [L. circum, around, and cse- 
 der'e (-cidere), cisum, to cut.] [pp. circumcising, 
 circumcised.] To cut off the foreskin. 
 
 Cir-cum-ci"sion (sir-kum-sizh'un), n. The act 
 of circumcising; a Jewish rite. 
 
 Cir-cum-dQct', v. a. [L. circum, about, and du- 
 cere, ductum, to lead.] [pp. circumducting, cir- 
 cumducted.] To lead about : — to nullify. 
 
 Cir-cum'fer-ence, n. [L. circumferentia ; circum., 
 "about, and ferre, to bear.] A line that bounds 
 the space of a circle ; periphery; orb; cirple. 
 
 Cir-cum-fe-ren'tial (-shal), a. Circular. 
 
 CiVcum-flect, ) v. a. [L. circumflectere, to bend ; 
 
 C'ir'cum-flex, J circum, around, and fectere, ftexwm, 
 to bend.] [pp. circumflecting, circumflected.] 
 To mark with the circumflex. 
 
 C'ir'cum-flex, n. An accent denoting a long syl- 
 lable, — marked in Greek ["], in Latin [ A ], 
 
 C'ir-cum-fuse', v. a. [L. drcurnftmdere, circum- 
 fusum; fundere, to pour.] [pp. circumfusing, 
 *circumfu8ed.] To pour round. 
 
 Ci'r-cum-fu'sion, n. A pouring round. 
 
 Cir-cum-ja'cent, a. [L. circuuijacere, circumjacen- 
 tis ;'jacere, to lie, to throw.] Lying round ; sur- 
 rounding. 
 
 Ci'r-cum-lo-cu'tion, n. [L. circumlocutio ; circum, 
 around, and loqui, locutus, to talk.] A circuit or 
 compass of words ; periphrasis : use of indirect 
 expressions. 
 
 Ci'r-cura-loc'u-to-ry, a. Periphrastical. 
 
 Cir-cum-nav'i-ga-ble, a. That may be circum- 
 navigated or sailed round. 
 
 Ci'r-cum-nav'i-gate, v. a. [L. circumnavigare ; 
 circum, around, and navigare, to sail ; naris, a 
 ship.] [pp. circum navigating, circumnavigated.] 
 To sail round. 
 
 C'ir-cum-nav-i-ga'tion, n. Act of sailing round. 
 
 Ci'r-cum-nav'i-ga-tor, n. One who sails round. 
 
 Cir-cum-po'lar, a. [See Pole.] Round or near 
 the pole. 
 
 Cir-cum-scribe', v. a. [L. circum, around, and 
 scribere, scriptum, to write.] [pp. circumscribing, 
 
 u, y, long; a, e, I, 5, Q, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 
 
CIKCUMSCEIPTION 
 
 145 
 
 CLAIM 
 
 circumscribed.] To write around ; to enclose ; 
 to bound ; to limit. 
 
 Cir-cum-scrip'tion, n. [L. circumscriptio.] The 
 act of circumscribing; boundary; limitation; 
 bound. 
 
 Cir-cum-scrip'tive, a. Marking the outlines. 
 
 Ci'r'cum-spect, a. [L. circumspectus, prudent; cir- 
 cum, around, and specere, spectus, to look.] Cau- 
 tious; discreet. [fulness. 
 
 C'ir-cum-spec'tion, n. [L. circumspeclio.] Watch- 
 
 Cir-cum-spec'tive, a. Attentive ; cautious. 
 
 Ci'r'cum-spect-iy, ad. Cautiously. 
 
 C'ir'cum-spect-ness, n. Vigilance ; caution. 
 
 Ci'r'cum-stance, n. [L. circumstantia, a surround- 
 ingj an attribute; circum, around, and stare, 
 stands, to stand.] An adjunct of a fact; some- 
 thing adventitious ; incident; event. -*-pl. One's 
 state or condition ; state of affairs. — 2, v. a. [ pp. 
 circumstancing, circumstanced.] To pLice rela- 
 tively or in some situation. 
 
 Ci'r-cum-stan'tial (-sbal), a. Accidental ; not es- 
 sential; incidental :— particular; minute. 
 
 C'ir-cum-stan'tial-ly, ad. In a minute and par- 
 ticular manner. 
 
 C'ir-cum-stan'tials, n. pi. Things not essential. 
 
 Cir-cum-stan'ti-ate (-she-at), v. a., [pp. circum- 
 stantiating, circumstantiated.] To place in a par- 
 ticular condition : — to substantiate by particulars. 
 
 C'ir-cum-val-la/tion, n. [L. circumvallatio ; cir- 
 cumvallare, to wall in ; circum, around, and val- 
 lare, vallatus, to build a wall ; vallum, a wall 
 (q. v.).] A trench bordered with a parapet; an 
 enclosing fortification. 
 
 Cir-cum-vent', v. a. [L. circumvenire, to deceive; 
 circum, around, and venire, ventum, to come.] 
 [pp. circumventing, circumvented.] To deceive ; 
 to cheat. [deceit ; trick. 
 
 Ci'r-cum-ven'tion, n. [L. circumventio.] Fraud ; 
 
 Cir-cum-vent'ive, a. Deluding; cheating. 
 
 Cir-cum-vo-lu'tion, n. The act of rolling round. 
 
 Ci'r-cum-volve', v. a. & v. n. [L. circum, around, 
 and volvere, volutum, to roll.] [pp. circumvulv- 
 ing, circumvolved.] To roll round. 
 
 C'ir'cus, n. ; pi. Ci'r'cus-e§. [L. ; Gr. /tip/cos*, <pi- 
 ko<>, a ring.] An area for sports, with seats 
 around for spectators. 
 
 Cirque (s3rk), n. [Fr. for "circle," or "circus."'] 
 A circle : — a round valley. [like a tendril. 
 
 Cir'ri-fbrm, a. [Cirrus and form.] (Bot.) Formed 
 
 Cir'ri-ped, n. [L. cirrus, a curl, or tuft, and pes, 
 pedis, a foot.] One of a group of crustaceans, 
 including the barnacles. 
 
 Cir'rus, ». ; pi. Cir'rl. [L., a tuft or curl ; root of 
 Circle.] A curled or tufted form of clouds ; the 
 fringe-like locomotive or prehensile organ of 
 certain invertebrates. 
 
 Cis-al'pine, a. [L. cisalpinus; cis, on this side of, 
 and Alpes, the Alps.] On this side of the Alps. 
 
 Cis-at-lan'tic, a. [L. cis, on this side of, and At- 
 lantic] On this side of the Atlantic. 
 
 Cis' co, n. [Probably from a North American In- 
 dian name.] A fresh-water fish.. 
 
 Cls'pa-dane, a. [L. cis, on this side, and Padus, 
 Po; padanus, of the Po.] South of the river Po. 
 
 CIs'soTd, n. [Gr. Kto-o-oeiSrjs ; kkto-os, ivy, and 
 etSo?, form.] (Geom.) A kind of curve. 
 
 Cist, n. [L. cista ; Gr. kio-ttj ; E. chest; Scot. & Celt. 
 kist: cyst is an entirely distinct word, though 
 often confounded with it.] A case; a hullow 
 tumor. See Cyst. 
 
 Cis-ter'cian, n. [From CUeaux (L. CiMercium), in 
 France, the site of their first abbey.] One of a 
 ^congregation of Benedictine monks. 
 
 Cis' tern, ». [L. cisterna; from cista, a chest, as 
 caverna is from cavea, a cave.] A reservoir or 
 receptacle for water; a fountain; a vessel to 
 hold water. [A plant ; the rock-rose. 
 
 Cis'tus.'w. [Late L. ; L. cislhus, Gr. kicttos, ki'o-0os.] 
 
 Cit, ». A citizen : — used in contempt. 
 
 Cit'a-ble, a. Suitable to be quoted :— liable to be 
 summoned. 
 
 Cit'a-del, n. [Fr. citadelle; It. citadella, a small 
 town, dim. of citld, formerly citade, a town; L. 
 cicitas, civitalis, a city.] A fortress, on a com- 
 manding position, near a city. 
 
 Ci-ta'tion, n. [L. cilatio.] Quotation; words 
 quoted : — summons to appear before a judge. 
 
 Ci'ta-tc-rx, a. Calling; containing citation. 
 
 Cite, v. a. [Fr. citer ; L. citare, freq. of ciere, to 
 call.] [pp. citing, cited.] To summon to an- 
 swer in court : — to give the words of another ; 
 to quote. 
 
 Cith'a-ra, n. [L. ; Gr. KiOdpa. — See Guitae.] An 
 ancient form of the guitar. 
 
 Cith'ern, n. A kind of guitar. 
 
 Cit'i-zen (-zn), n. [Fr. citoyen, 0. Fr. cileain; cite, 
 a city (q. v.). The z in reality stands for y. 
 Formerly printers, chiefly in Scotland, used the 
 letter z for y. The custom still survives in a few 
 proper names (as Dalzell, da-yel') and in some 
 Scottish legal words (as spuilzk).] An inhabi- 
 tant of a city ; a freeman. 
 
 Cit'i-zen-ship, n. fetate or rank of a citizen. 
 
 Cit'rate, n. {Chem.) A salt formed of citric acid 
 and a base. [citron, lime, or lemon. 
 
 Cit'ric, a. [L. citrus, the orange.] Kelating to the 
 
 Cit'rine, a. Like a citron ; of dark yellow. — 2, n. 
 A species of yellow quartz. 
 
 Cit'ron, n. [Gr. Kirpov ; L. citrus, the orange- 
 tree.] A fruit resembling a lemon. 
 
 Cit'y, n. [Fr. cite; L. ciritas, cicituiis; civvs, a citi- 
 zen; root of Hive, Home, and Quiet (Skeat).] 
 A large town incorporated. — (Eng.) A corporate 
 town which is the see of a bishop. — 2, a. Re- 
 lating to a city. 
 
 Cive. //., or Cives, n. pi. [L. cfepa, 
 an onion. — See Cibol.] A spe- 
 cies of leek. 
 
 Civ'et, n. [Fr. civelle ; Late Gr. 
 C,aTriTiov; Arab, zabad, zub id ; 
 Per. zabad.] A small quadru- <-»vet. 
 
 ped ; a musky perfume from the civet. 
 
 Civ'ic, a. [L. civicus; ciris, a citizen.] Relating 
 to civil affairs or honors. 
 
 Civ'il, «. [L. civilit; civis, a citizen.] Relating 
 to the community, municipal: — intestine: — po- 
 litical, opposed to criminal; — complaisant; well- 
 bred; genteel; polite. — Civil lav, the law of a 
 state or country; the Roman law. — Civil war, 
 an intestine war. 
 
 Ci-vil'ian (se-vil'yan), n. One versed in civil law : 
 ' — one'iuacivil capacity. 
 
 Ci-vil'i-ty. i*. [L. cirUilas ; ciris, a citizen.] The 
 quality of being civil; urbanity; refinement; 
 politeness; courtesy; attention; complaisance. 
 
 Civ-il-i-za'tipn. n. The act of civilizing; civility: 
 — culture; state of being civilized. 
 
 Civ'il-ize, v. a. [pp. civilizing, civilized.] To 
 reclaim from savageness ; to educate and polish ; 
 to enlighten. 
 
 Civ'il-Iz-er, n. One who civilizes. 
 
 Civ'jl-ly,'<r<J. In a civil manner : — politely. 
 
 Civ'il-ser'vice, n. The body of unmilitary public 
 servants : — the public service. 
 
 Clab'ber, n. [Irish, clabar, mud ; claba, thick.— 
 Of. tapper, to curdle.] Thick sour milk ; bonny- 
 clabber. — 2, v. u. [pp. clabbering, clabbered.] 
 To become thick or coagulated : — said of milk. 
 
 Clack, n. [Dut. Uakken, to clatter; Fr. claque, a 
 sharp noise : — a purely imitative word.] An 
 often repeated and importunate noise : — an in- 
 strument that strikes: — prate. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
 clacking, clacked.] To make a sudden, sharp 
 noise. 
 
 Clad, p. from clothe. Clothed. See Clothe. 
 
 Claim, v. a. [0. Fr. clamer, to call for; L. clamare, 
 to call out. — Cf. L. calare, Gr. KaXelv, to call.] 
 [pp. claiming, claimed.] To demand as due : — 
 to profess ownership of; to request; to require. 
 — 2, n. A demand as of right, or of a thing 
 due; thing claimed; a title; pretension: — a 
 miner's term for ground located and worked. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5, <?, 5, g, soft; p, p, p, £, hard; § as z ; 5; as gz ; tnis. 
 Q k 13 
 
CLAIMABLE 
 
 146 
 
 CLAVICULAR 
 
 Claim'a-ble, a. Th;it may be claimed. 
 
 Claim'ant, n. One who claims. 
 
 Clair-voy'ance, n. [Fr.] Clear-seeing; sight of 
 
 things invisible to the eye. 
 Clair-vby'ant, a. [rr. char, clear, and voyant, 
 
 seeing ; voir, L. tidere, to see.] Relating to 
 
 clairvoyance. — 2, n. One who has, or claims, 
 
 the power of clairvoyance. 
 Clam, n- [A variant of Clamp; Dan. klamme, a 
 
 clamp, or squeeze ; Sw. Mamma, to squeeze ; 
 
 A.-S. clom, a bond; Ger. klemmen, to pinch.] A 
 
 small bivalve mollusk or shell-fish. — 2, v. a. 
 
 [From Clammy.] [pp. clamming, clammed.] 
 
 To clog with any glutinous matter. — 3, v. n. To 
 
 he moist; to stick. 
 Clam'ber, v. n. & v. a. [Akin to Cltmb, and to 
 
 Ger. Mammer>i, to clasp ; Icel. Mambra, to clamp.] 
 
 [•pp. clambering, clambered.] To climb with 
 
 difficulty. — 2, n. A difficult climb. 
 Clam'my.'a. [A.-S. clam, .clay; Dut. Mam, moist.] 
 
 Viscous ; glutinous ; slimy. 
 Clam'or, ». [L. clamor; clamare, to call out.] A 
 
 loud" noise; an outcry; vociferation; an uproar. 
 
 — 2, v. n. [pp. clamoring, clamored.] To make 
 
 outcries ; to vociferate. 
 Clam'or-ous, a. Vociferous ; noisy 
 Clamp, n. [Dut. Mump ; klampen, to 
 
 grapple; Dan. Mampe, to clamp.] 
 
 An instrument to clasp or hold ry, Jl* 
 
 pieces together.— 2, v. a. [pp. clamp- | * 'f 9 
 
 ■&JkJ 
 
 Clamps. 
 
 ing, clamped.] To strengthen by a 
 clamp : — to stamp. 
 
 Clan, n. [Celt, claim, offspring : said to be from 
 L. planta, a plant, a slip.] A family; a tribe. 
 
 Clan-des'tine, a. [L. clandestine; akin to clam, 
 secretly.] Secret; hidden. 
 
 Clang, n. [Imitative: Gr. /cAa-yyvj, a clang; L. 
 clangere, to clang.] A sharp, shrill noise; clank. 
 — 2, v. n. [pp. clanging, clanged.] To make a 
 shrill noise. — 3, v. a. To strike together with a 
 noise. [shrill sound ; clang. 
 
 Clan'gor, n. [L., from clangere, to clang.] A loud, 
 
 Clank, n. [Imitative; Dut. blank, a clank.] A 
 shrill noise, as of a chain; clang. — 2, w. n. [pp. 
 clanking, clanked.] To make a shrill noise; to 
 
 Clan'nish, a. Disposed to unite in clans, [chink. 
 
 Clan'njsh-ly, ad. In a clannish manner. 
 
 Clan'nish-ness, n. A disposition to unite in clans, 
 or after the manner of clans. 
 
 Clan' ship, ». Association of persons in clans. 
 
 Clans/man, ».'; pi. Clans/men. Member of a clan. 
 
 Clap, v. a. [Icel. Mappa; Dut. Happen; Ger. klap- 
 pen, Hap fen ; Dan. Mappe ; Fr. clapper ; Russ. chlo- 
 pate.] [pp. clapping, clapped.] To strike to- 
 gether so as to make a noise ; to applaud with 
 the hands : — to add one thing to another. — 
 2, v. n. To strike the hands together in ap- 
 plause : — to begin or move briskly. — 3, n. A 
 loud explosion ot thunder : — an act of applause ; 
 a blow: — [Dut. klapoor ; 0. Fr. clapoir ; Irish, 
 clab, thick] a venereal infection. 
 
 Clap'board (klab'bord), n. A thin, narrow board, 
 used for the covering of wooden houses: — a 
 stave. — 2, v. a. [pp. clapboarding, clapboarded.] 
 To cover with clapboards. 
 
 Clap'per, n. One who claps ; tongue of a bell. 
 
 Clap'-trap, n. [Originally a trap or machine to 
 create applause in a theatre.] An artifice to in- 
 snare. 
 
 Claque (klak), n. [Fr.— See Clack.] In theatres, 
 a band of persons hired to applaud a piece. 
 
 Clar'ence, w. [From William IV. of England, 
 once Duke of Clarence; the title came to Eng- 
 land through Philippa of Hainault, heiress of 
 the honor of Klarenza, a Frankish duchy in 
 Greece.] A light, four-wheeled carriage. 
 
 Clar'et, n. [Kr. clairet, 0. Fr. claret; Late L. 
 e&aretum, clarified wine; L. darns, clear.] A spe- 
 cies of reddish French wine. 
 
 Clar'i-chord, n. [L. clams, clear-sounding, and 
 chorda, a string.] A musical instrument. 
 
 Clar-i-fi-ca'tion, n. The act of clarifying. 
 Clar'i-f I-er, n. He who or that which clarifies. 
 Clar'i-fy, v. a. [Fr. clurifier ; L. clarificare ; clams, 
 clear, and facere, to make.] [pp. clarifying, clar- 
 ified.] To make pure or clear; to purify, as 
 liquor:— to brighten.— 2, v. n. To clear up; to 
 grow bright. 
 Clar'i-net, n. [Fr. clarinette, Sp. clarinete ; a dim. 
 variant from Clakion.] A musical wind in- 
 strument; a kind of hautboy :— often written 
 clarionet. 
 
 Clar'i-on, n. [Fr. clairon, 0. Fr. clarion, claron ; 
 Sp. c'larin; Late L. clario ; L. clarus, clear.] A 
 kind of trumpet, of a shrill, clear tone. 
 
 Clar'j-tude [L. claritudo], or Clar'i-ty [L. claritas], 
 n. Brightness. 
 
 Clash, v. n. [A variant of Clack.— Cf. hack, hash; 
 crack, crash ; Ger. & Sw. klalsch, a clash.] [pp. 
 clashing, clashed.] To act in opposition ; to col- 
 lide ; to strike together with noise. — 2, v. a. To 
 strike against.— 3, n. A noisy collision of two 
 bodies. 
 
 Clasp, n. [Kindred to Clamp, and to Clip in the 
 sense of to embrace. — Cf. grasp, from grip and 
 grab.] A kind of hook : — an embrace. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. clasping, clasped.] To shut with a clasp; 
 to embrace. 
 
 Clasp'er, n. He who or that which clasps. 
 
 Clasp'-knife, n. A knife which folds into the 
 handle; ajackknife. 
 
 Class, n. [L. classis or clasis, class, assembly, fleet; 
 root cal, to call, convoke, as in calare, clamare, to 
 call out.] A number of persons or things equal in 
 rank ; a rank : an order ; a division ; a set, as of 
 pupils or of students. — 2, v. a. [pp. classing, 
 classed.] To arrange in classes ; to classify. 
 
 Clas'sic, \ a. [L. classwus, having rank ; classis, a 
 
 Clas'si-cal, f class.] Relating to authors or works 
 of the first rank; Greek or Latin. 
 
 Clas'sic, n. An author of the first rank, com- 
 monly of Greek or Latin : — a work of a classic 
 author : — one versed in the classic authors. 
 
 Clas'si-cal-ly., ad. In a classical manner. 
 
 Clas'si-cize, v. a. [pp. classicizing, classicized.] 
 To make classic. 
 
 Clas'sj-f I-a-ble, a. That may be classified. 
 
 Clas-si-fi-ca'tion, w. Act of arranging into 
 classes ;' arrangement. 
 
 Clas-sif i-ca-to-ry, a. Of or relating to classifica- 
 tion ; classifying. 
 
 Clas'si-f i-er, ». One who classifies : — one who 
 is skilled in systematic classification. 
 
 Clas'si-fy, v. a'. [L. classis, a class, and fieri, to 
 become.] [pp. classifying, classified.] To ar- 
 range in classes ; to class. 
 
 Clas'sis, «. ; pi. Clas'seg, [L.— See Class.] Order; 
 body ; class : — a convention : — a judicatory. 
 
 Class'mate, w. One of the same class. 
 
 Clat'ter, v. n. [Imitative: Dut. Mater, a rattle; 
 khdereu, to rattle.J [pp. clattering, clattered.] 
 To make a confused noise. — 2, v. a. To cause 
 to sound and raitle.— 3. m. A confused noise; 
 a rattle. 
 
 Clat'ter-ing, n. A noise ; a rattle ; a clatter. 
 
 Clause, n. [Late L. clansa, a period ; properly a 
 perfect passive participle from L. claudere, to 
 close.] Part of a sentence: — a member: — an 
 article or stipulation. 
 
 Cla'vate, a. [L. clavare, clavatvm, to nail ; clavus, 
 a nail.] Club-shaped :— set with knobs. 
 
 Clave, v. a. & v. n. Did cleave. See Cleave. 
 
 Clav'e-cin, n. [Fr. clavecin; Late L. claviajuiba- 
 lum) L. clavii, a key; Sp. clavecimbalo, literally 
 a keyed cymbal.] A harpsichord. 
 
 Clav'i-phord, n. [Late L. clar ichor dhtm ; L. clavis, 
 a key, and chorda, a string.] See Clakichord. 
 
 Clav'i-cle, n. [L. clavicida, dim. of clavis, a key ; 
 from its shape.— Cf. Gr. /cAet's, a key ; akin to L. 
 claudere, to shut.] The collar-bone. 
 
 Cla-vic'u-lar, a. Relating to the clavicle, or col- 
 lar-bone. 
 
 a, e, i, o, u, y, long; a, e, I, o, Q, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
CLAVIER 
 
 147 
 
 CLIMATIZE 
 
 Claw. 
 
 Clavier (kla've-a), n. [Fr. for "keyboard," Ger. 
 for "piano ;" L. cluvis, a key.] An assemblage of 
 all the keys of an organ or piano-forte ; a key- 
 board : — a piano-forte. 
 
 Claw, n. [A.-S. clown; Dut. Maauw ; Scand. Mo; 
 Ger. Idaue: probably akin to Cleave, Glue, and 
 Clew.] The nail or foot of a 
 bird or animal. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 clawing, clawed.] To tear with 
 claws; to scratch. [claws. 
 
 Clawed, a. Furnished with 
 
 Claw-ham'mer, n. A hammer 
 with a clutch to extract nails. 
 
 Clly (kll), n. [A.-S. clseg ; Dut. 
 & Ger. klei.] An unctuous, 
 tenacious earth ; argillaceous 
 earth ; alumina. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 claying, clayed.] To cover 
 with clay ; to purify with clay. 
 
 Clay'ey, a. Consisting of or like clay : — soiled. 
 
 Clay' more, n. [Gael, claidheamh (pron. nearly 
 kli-ev) ; Welsh deddyf, a sword, and Gael, mor ; 
 Welsh manor, great.] A large two-handed sword. 
 
 Clean, a. [A.-S. cleeue. — Cf. Celt, glan, pure : pos- 
 sibly akin to 0. Ger. Heine, tine, Ger. Mein, 
 small.] Free from dirt and impurity ; not foul : 
 — elegant; neat: — entire: — innocent. — 2, ad. 
 Quite; perfectly; completely. — 3, ». a. [pp. 
 cleaning, cleaned.] To free from dirt ; to cleanse. 
 
 Clean'li-ness (kleu'le-nes), n. Cleanness. 
 
 Clean'ly (klen'le), a. Clean; neat; pure. 
 
 Clean'ly (klen'le!, ad. In a clean manner. 
 
 Clean'ness, n. Neatness; purity. 
 
 Cleanse (klenz), v. a. [A.-S. clensian.— See Clean.] 
 [pp. cleansing, cleansed.] To free from dirt or 
 impurity ; to purify ; to scour ; to clean. 
 
 Clear (kl:-r), a. [L. clams, bright, ioud, illustrious: 
 Fr. clair, U. Fr. der.] Bright; serene; perspicu- 
 ous; transparent: — indisputable; manifest: — ex- 
 empt; free. — 2, ad. Plainly; clean; quite. — 3, 
 n. Space within walls or any covering. — i, v. a. 
 [pp. clearing, cleared.] To make clear; to free 
 from obscurity ; to acquit :— to cleanse. — d, v. n. 
 To grow bright, fair, or disengaged. 
 
 Clear'ance, n. Act of clearing : — the certificate 
 given by the collector of a port that a ship has 
 been properly entered and cleared. 
 
 Clear'ing, n. Justification; successful defence : — 
 a plot or field cleared of trees. 
 
 Clear'in<r-house, n. The place where daily bal- 
 ance's between banks are settled. 
 
 Clear'ly, ad. Brightly; plainly; evidently. 
 
 Clear'nes3, n. Transparency; distinctness. 
 
 Clear'-sto-ry, ) n. [Probably because it is bright 
 
 Clere'-sto-ry, j and well lighted. — See Blind- 
 story.] A story or row of windows in a Gothic 
 church, rising above the roof of the nave. 
 
 Cleat, n. [Allied to Clot; Ger. Mette, a burr.] A 
 piece of wood for fastening or strengthening :— a 
 thin metallic plate. 
 
 Cleav'a-ble, a. That may be divided or cleft. 
 
 Cleav'age, n. Act or manner of splitting. 
 
 Cleave (kl 5 v), v. n. [A.-S. cleofian; Dut. Meven; 
 Dan. hlsebe ; Ger. Meben : perhaps akin to Glue.] 
 [i. cleaved (clave); pp. cleaving, cleaved.] To 
 adhere; to stick; to hold to; to unite aptly. — 2, 
 v. a. [A.-S. cleofan ; Dut. Moven ; Icel. kljufa ; Ger. 
 klieben. — Cf. Gr. y\v(i>eiv, to hollow, L." glubere, 
 to peel.] [t. clove or cleft (clave) ; pp. cleaving, 
 cloven or cleft.] To split ; to divide ; to separate. 
 — 3, o. n. To part asunder; to separate. 
 
 Cleav'er, n. A butcher's axe or large knife. 
 
 Clef, ri [Fr. clef, a key; L. clavis.] {Mus.) A 
 character or mark for the key. 
 
 Cleft, i. &p. from cleace. [Icel. kluft ; Dan. Mo ft; 
 Sw. Myfl, a cave: akin to v. a. Cleave.] Di- 
 vided. — 2, u. A space made by splitting ; crevice. 
 
 Clem'a-tis, n. [Gr. KA^an's, dim. of icAjyjxa, 
 xA»j/xaTo?, a twig; nXdetv, to lop or prune ] A 
 plant and its flower. [mildness. 
 
 Clem'en-cy, n. [L. dementia.] Lenity; mercy; 
 
 Clem'ent, a. [L. clemens, dementis.] Mild; gen- 
 tle ; 'merciful ; kind. 
 
 Clench. See Clinch. 
 
 Clench'er, n. An unanswerable argument. 
 
 Clepe, v. a. [A.-S. cleopian, dipian, to call ; Scot. 
 dep, to tell. — Cf. Dut. Mappeu, to prattle.] [i. 
 dent; pp. cleping, clept or yclept.] To call. — 
 2, c. ». To call. [Obs.] 
 
 Clep'sy-dra, or Clep-sy'dra, n. [L. & Gr. ; Gr. 
 KAeTTTeiv, L. clepere, to steal, to withdraw, and 
 vSuip, water.] A water-clock among the ancients. 
 
 Cler'gy, n. [L. clericatus, Fr. clerge, clergie, clergy, 
 learning; Late L. clericus, a priest; Gr. kAtjqi.- 
 kos, clerical; xA^pos, a lot, — later, clergy.] The 
 bod}' set apart for the services of religion ; priest- 
 hood ; — opposed to laity. [tion. 
 
 Cler'|-y-a-ble, a. (Law.) Admitting benefit of 
 clergy,'or exemption from punishment. 
 
 Cler'£-y-man, n. One of the clergy. 
 
 Cler'ic, n. ' A clergyman or clerk. 
 
 Cler'ic, \ a. Relating to the clergy, to a clerk, 
 
 Cler'i-cal, J or to a writer. 
 
 Clerk(klarko)-klerk),/j. [L. clericus. — See Clergy.] 
 A secretary or book-keeper : a writer : — one ap- 
 pointed to read the responses in the church ser- 
 vice : — a clergyman ; a scholar ; a shopman's 
 assistant. 
 
 Clerk'ly, or Clerk'like. a. Like a clerk ; learned. 
 
 Clerk'ship, u. The office of a clerk. 
 
 Clev'er, a. [Local Dan. ilever; possibly related 
 to Gael. gle-mhc>r, very excellent, or "to 0. E. de- 
 liver, 0. Fr. delivre, active.] Dexterous; skilful ; 
 ingenious.— [U.S.] WeH-msposed; kind; honest. 
 Syn. — Clecer in managing business; dexterous 
 in performance; a ski'/ul physician ; an ingenious 
 mechanic ; an expert bowman. 
 
 Clev'er-ly, ad. In a clever manner. 
 
 CleVis, \n. [Icel. Mori, a forked stick. — See 
 
 Clev'y, / Cleave.] An iron in the form of a bow, 
 on the end of the tongue of a cart, wagon, &c. 
 
 Clew (klu), /(. [A.-S. cliwen, dive; Dut. Mmven; 
 probably akin to L. glomus, globus, a ball.] A 
 thread wound upon a ball; guide; direction: — 
 corner of a sail. — 2, v. a. [pp. clewing, clewed.] 
 To direct : — to raise the sails. 
 
 Cliche (kle-sh.1), n. [Fr. ; diquer, to click, to tap, 
 to clap.] A cast ; stereotype or electrotype plate ; 
 photographic negative. 
 
 Click, v. n. [Fr. difucr (antiquated), to clap ; Dut. 
 Mirken. to rattle : imitative. — See Clack, i'mxk.] 
 [pp. clicking, clicked.] To make a sharp, small 
 noise. — 2, o. a. To catch or snatch hastily. — 3, ;;. 
 Latch of a door : — a sharp sound. 
 
 Cli'ent, n. [L. diens, clieutis : for duens, hearing; 
 cliiere, Gr. <cAveii>, to bear.] A dependant (cor- 
 relative of patron) : — one who employs a lawyer. 
 
 Cli'en-tage (kli'en-tij), n. Clients collectively ; a 
 body of clients : — state of being a client. 
 
 Cli'en-tele, n. [Fr. clientele; L. cUentda.] The 
 body of clients collectively. 
 
 Cliff, n. [A.-S. clif; Dut. & Icel. klif; Dut. klip; 
 Dan. Mippte; Sw. Mippa : probably akin to Climb 
 and Cleave, to adhere.] A steep rock ; a preci- 
 
 Cliffy, a. Broken ; craggy. [pice. 
 
 Cllm-ac-ter'ic (or klj-mak'ter-ik), n. [Gr. kAi- 
 p.ax.Tr)p, a ladder-step ; K\lp.a£, a ladder; KAiVeiy, 
 to lean.] A critical year in human life, w r hen 
 some great change is supposed to befall the body. 
 The 63d year is called the grand climacteric. 
 
 Clim-ac-ter'ic, \ a. [Gr. KAt/aaKTrjpiKo?.] Re- 
 
 Clim-ac-ter'i-cal. J bating to critical periods of life. 
 
 Cli'mate, n. [Fr. dimat; L. clima, dimatis, Gr. 
 K\ipia, <cA<.>aTos, a slope, a zone, a clime ; kAi- 
 veiv, to slope.] A space upon the surface of the 
 earth, being a belt of the globe parallel to the 
 equator [obs.] : — a region or tract of land [obs.] : 
 — constitution or state of the atmosphere, rela^ 
 tive to heat, moisture, &c. ; temperature. 
 
 Cli-mat'ic, a. Relating to a climate. 
 
 Cli'ma-tize, v. a. [pp. climatizing, climatized.] 
 To acclimate. — 2, v. n. To become acclimatized. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nbr, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 9, §r, c, £, soft; p, p, p, g, hard; § an z ; x as gz ; this. 
 
CLIMATOLOGY 
 
 148 
 
 CLOUD 
 
 CH-ma-tol'o-ix n. [Gr. /cAijua, climate, and Ad- 
 709, discourse.] A treatise on climate. 
 
 Climax, n. [Gr. KAiju.a£, a ladder; nklveiv, to 
 lean.] Gradation ; ascent. — (Ehet.) A figure by 
 which the sentence rises gradually, from that 
 which is lower or less impressive, to that which 
 is higher or more impressive. 
 
 Climb (klim), v. n. [A.-S. climban, clymmian ; Dut. 
 klimmen.] [i. climbed (clomb) ; pp. climbing, 
 climbed (clomb).] To ascend with labor ; to get 
 or mount up. — 2, v. a. To ascend ; to mount. 
 
 Climb'er (klim'er), n. One who climbs. 
 
 Clime, n. [L. clinta; Gr. K\i/xa.] Climate ; region. 
 
 Clinch, v. a. [0. Fr. clenche, Dan. & Ger. Idinke, a 
 latch; Dut. klinken, Dan. Miitke, to rivet. — See 
 Clinic] [pp. clinching, clinched.] To grasp; 
 to contract ; to rivet. — 2, v. n. To hold fast ; to 
 adhere. — 3, u. A clincher; a hold-fast; a grip : 
 — a pun ; a witty saying : — part of a cable. 
 
 Clinch'er, n. One that clinches ; a cramp : — an 
 unanswerable reply. 
 
 Cling, v. n. [0. E. clingen, to stiffen, to adhere ; 
 A.-S. clingan, to shrivel; Dan. klynge, to cluster.] 
 [i. clung ; pp. clinging, clung.] To hang upon 
 by twining round ; to adhere. 
 
 Cling' stone, n. A kind of peach, the pulp of 
 which adheres to the stone. 
 
 Cling'y, a. Apt to cling ; adhesive. 
 
 Clin'ic, ) a. Pertaining to a bed : — confined to 
 
 Clin'i-cal, j the bed ; bedridden. 
 
 Clin'ic, n. [L. cliuicus, one bedridden; Gr. k\ivi- 
 kos, of a bed; k\Lvt}, a bed ; nKlvetv, to recline.] 
 One confined to a bed of sickness : — a medical 
 lecture at the bedside or in presence of patients. 
 
 Cli-nique (kle-nek), n. [Fr.] (Med.) That branch 
 of medical education which imparts instruction 
 by the examination of patients in the presence 
 of the students. 
 
 Clink, v. a. [Imitative, like clank, click, cluck: 
 Dut. klinken, to tinkle, Dan. klinge, Sw. klingu, 
 Icel. klingja, Ger. klingen. [pp. clinking, clinked.] 
 To ring ; to jingle; to clank. — 2, v. n. T>> emit 
 a small, sharp noise. — 3, n. A sharp tinkling 
 noise ; clank. 
 
 Clink'er, n. [Dan. klinke; Dut. blinker; klinken, to 
 clink.] Slag which forms in stoves and furnaces. 
 
 Clip, v. a. [Icel. klippa ; Dan. klippe : akin to Clip, 
 to embrace, 6ince both imply pressure.] [pp. 
 clipping, clipped.] To cut with shears; to cur- 
 tail :— [A.-S. clippan, akin to Cleavb] to embrace. 
 —2, n. A clasp :— a stroke : — wool produced in a 
 season. 
 
 Clip'per, n. One who clips: — a barber: — [from 
 the colloquial clip, to run, with the idea of mov- 
 ing the legs swiftly, like a pair of shears. — Cf. 
 Cutter] a sharp, fast-sailing vessel. 
 
 Clip'ping. n. Act of cutting ; a part cut off. 
 
 Clique (klek), n. [Fr. clique, Ger. klicke, a faction; 
 Fr. cliquer, to rattle, with the idea of a noisy 
 party ; or from root of Ger. gleich, like ; a circle 
 of equal fellows.] A party; a coterie. 
 
 Clo-a'ca, n. [L.] A sewer; a drain: — the com- 
 mon outlet of the alimentary and urinary canals 
 in some animals. 
 
 Cloak (klok), «. [0. Fr. cloque, cloche, a bell, a 
 cloak ; Late L. cloca, a bell, a cape. — See Clock.] 
 An outer garment ; a cover. — 2, v. a. [ pp. cloak- 
 ing, cloaked.] To cover as with a cloak ; to hide. 
 
 Cloak'ing, n. Cloth for cloaks. 
 
 Clock, n. [A.-S. clucga, Irish, clog, clogan, Welsh, 
 clock, Late L. cloca, Fr. cloche, Icel. Mukka, a bell ; 
 Dut. klok, Sw. klocka, Ger. glocke, a bell, a clock.] 
 A machine to show time : — an insect; a beetle : 
 — embroidery on a stocking. 
 
 Clock'-work (-wiirk), n. The machinery of a 
 clock; well-adjusted work. 
 
 Clod, «. [A variant of Clot; Sw. Model, kladd, a 
 lump.] A lump of earth or clay :— a dolt. — 'I, 
 v. n. [pp. clodding, clodded.] To gather into 
 «oncretions ; to clot. — 3, v. a. To pelt with clods. 
 
 Clod'hop-per, n. A clown ; a rustic. 
 
 
 Clod'pate, \ /?. A stupid fellow ; a thick-skull ; a 
 
 Clod'poll, /blockhead; a dolt. 
 
 Clog, v. a. [Scot, dag, a clot, an encumbrance. — 
 Cf. A.-S. clseg, Dan. kleg, clay.] [pp. clogging, 
 clogged.] To encumber; to obstruct. — 2, v. n. 
 To coalesce : — to be encumbered. — 3, n. An en- 
 cumbrance: — a block : — [Fr. claque, Irish clacche, 
 shoes ; probably akin to 0. E. clog, a log, a block, 
 as seen in "Yule-clog" and "clog-almanac"] 
 a wooden shoe. [used. 
 
 Clog-al'ma-nac, n. A wooden calendar, now dis- 
 
 Clog'-dance, m. A dance in clogs or wooden shoes. 
 
 Clog'gy, a. Clogging up; obstructing; viscous. 
 
 Cloisonne' (klwa-zo-na), u. [Fr. ; from doison, a 
 partition.] Enamel-work in which each color 
 is marked off by a metallic partition. 
 
 Clois'ter, n. [Fr. cloitre; L. claustrum, an enclo- 
 sure ;' claudere, clausum, to shut.] A monastery ; 
 a nunnery: — an ar- 
 cade ; a piazza. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. cloistering, clois- 
 tered.] To shut up in 
 a cloister. 
 
 Cloke, n. An outer gar- 
 ment. See Cloak. 
 
 Clon'ic, a. [Gr. kAovos, 
 agitation.] Convul- 
 sive. Cloister. 
 
 Clo§e, v. a. [Fr. clos, part, of clore, to shut ; L. 
 claudere, clamnm, to shut. — Cf. Gr. /cAei'eti/, to 
 shut.] [pip. closing, closed.] To shut : — to con- 
 clude ; to terminate : — to enclose : — to join ; to 
 unite. — 2, v. n. To coalesce; to unite; to end. 
 — 3, n. Conclusion ; end ; pause ; cessation. 
 
 Close [kloz, H.], u. [Fr. clos.] An enclosed place ; 
 a field : — a passage ; a narrow street : — the pre- 
 cinct of a cathedral or abbey. 
 
 Close, a. [See the verb.] Shut fast; tight:— 
 compact : — solid : — secret ; trusty ; sly ; retired : 
 — intent :— near to : — penurious : — restricted to 
 few ; not open. — 2, ad. Densely ; closely. 
 
 Close'-fist-ed, a. Penurious; parsimonious. 
 
 Close'-hauled, a. Heading close to the point 
 whence the wind is blowing. 
 
 Close'lj;, a <i. In a close manner : — secretly. 
 
 Close'ness, n. Quality of being close : — secrecy. 
 
 Close'-st661, n. A chamber cabinet. 
 
 Clos'et, n. [Fr. closeau, 0. Fr. closet, an enclosure, 
 a garden. — See Close.] A small room ; a cup- 
 board. — 2, v. a. [pp. closeting, closeted.] To- 
 shut up in a closet ; to conceal. 
 
 Clos/ing, »/. Period ; conclusion ; termination. 
 
 Clos'ure (klo'zhur), n. Act of shutting up. 
 
 Clot, n. [A.-S. date, a burr; Dut. kluit, a clod; 
 klont, a clot; Icel. & Sw. Mot, a ball; Ger. Moss, 
 a lump ; Motz, a block. — Cf. A.-S. cleotan, to split.] 
 Any thing clotted; coagulation : — a clod. — 2, v. a. 
 & v. n. [pp. clotting, clotted.] To form clots; 
 to coagulate. 
 
 Cloth (kloth or klawth), n. ; pi. Cloths (klawthz). 
 [A.-S. clad; Icel. klsedi; Dan. klsede.— Cf. Ger. 
 klvid, Dut. Meed, a garment.— See also Clout.] 
 Any thing woven for dress ; a woven fabric : — a 
 covering for the table : — the clerical profession. 
 
 Clothe (kloth), v. a. [Ger. kleiden ; Dut. kleeden ; 
 Scand. Mseda.— See Oloth.] [i. clothed or clad ; 
 pp. clothing, clothed or clad.] To cover with 
 garments; to dress; to invest. 
 
 Clothes, (klothz or kloz), n. pi. Garments; dress; 
 vesture ; apparel. 
 
 Cloth'ier (kloth'yer), n. A maker or seller of 
 cloth or clothes :— a fuller of cloth. 
 
 Cloth'ing, n. Dress; vesture; clothes. 
 
 Clot'ty, a. Full of clots ; clotted. 
 
 Cloture (klo-tur'), n. [Fr. ; from clore, to close.] 
 The act or power of closing discussion in a delib- 
 erative body. 
 
 Cloud, n. [A.-S. dud, a mass: akin to Clot.] A 
 collection of vapors suspended in the air, and 
 so condensed as to be visible : — something that 
 covers; obscurity: — a crowd. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 
 a, e, I, 0, u, y, long ; a, e, 1, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, £• obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
CLOUDINESS 
 
 149 
 
 COAST 
 
 clouding, clouded.] To darken with clouds; to 
 obscure.- — 3, v. n. To grow cloudy or obscure. 
 Clbud'i-ness, w. State of being cloudy ; obscurity. 
 Clbud'iess, a. Without clouds ; clear. 
 Cloud' -rack, n. Broken clouds. 
 Cloud' v., a. Covered with clouds; dark, 
 dough" (kluf or klof), n. [Dut. kloof; Icel. klofi: 
 
 akin to Cleave.] A cliff; a ravine. 
 Clough (kluf ), n. [Late L. claims, a certain weight ; 
 
 0. Fr. clou.] Allowance in weight. 
 Clout, b. [A.-S. dut; Gael, dud; Welsh, clwt] A 
 cloth for any mean use ; a patch ; a stroke or 
 blow. — 2, v. a. [pp. clouting, clouted.] To 
 patch ; to cover with a cloth : — to strike [Vulg.]. 
 Clove, i. from cleave. — 2, n. [Fr. clou, L. etavus, a 
 nail, from its shape.] A spice : — a weight : — 
 [see Clough] a cleft; a gorge in a mountain. 
 Clb'ven (klo'vn), ». from cleave. Cleft. 
 Clb'ven-foot-ed (klo'vn-fut-ed), a. Having the 
 
 foot divided." 
 Clove' -pink, n. [It has somewhat the odor of 
 
 cloves.] A carnation pink. 
 Clb'ver, n. [A.-S. clstfre; Dut. Haver; Dan. Hover ; 
 Sw." kWfver ; root of Clewe, from its divided 
 leaves.] A kind of plant; trefoil. 
 Clown,?*. [Icel. klunni; Fris. klanne; Sw.kluns; 
 from linntt, a log.— See Clomp. The derivation 
 from L. colonus, a colonist, a rustic, is discred- 
 ited.] A rustic; a coarse man ; a buffoon. 
 Clown ish, a. Coarse ; rough ; ill-bred. 
 ClSwn'ish-nass, k. Rusticity ; incivility. 
 Cloy, v. a. [0. Fr. cloyer, for doner, to nail ; en- 
 cloyer, to stop, to cloy ; influenced in English by 
 Clog. J [pp. cloying, cloyed.] To satiate; to 
 fill to loathing; to glut. 
 Club, n. [Icel. klubba, Humba ; Sw. Hubb, klubba; 
 Dan. Hub: akin to Clump.] A heavy stick: — 
 [cf. Local Sw. Hubb, a clump, as of trees; a 
 crowd, as of men ; various other derivations are 
 given] a small society :— a share: — [Sp. basto, 
 cudgel, club at cards; but cf. Dan. kVSver, Dut. 
 Haver, clover, or club at cards] suit of cards. — 
 2, v. u. [pp. clubbing, clubbed.] To join' in a 
 common expense. — 3, v. a. To pay to a common 
 reckoning : — to beat. 
 Club'-foot (-fut), n. A distorted foot. 
 Club'-foot-ed (-futed), a. Having crooked feet. 
 Club'-hbuse, n. A house in which a club meets. 
 Club' -law, n. The law of rude force. [plants. 
 
 Club'-moss, n. A name for various evergreen 
 Club' -room, ?;. A room in which a club meets. 
 Cluck, v. n. [Dut. kUMen, Dan. khkke, Ger. glucken, 
 L. glocire, to cluck ; Dan. kink, a cluck : imita- 
 tive.] [pp. clucking, clucked.] To call chick- 
 ens, as a hen. — 2, v. a. To call, as a hen calls 
 chickens.— 3, n. A call, like that of a hen. 
 Clu'di-fbrm, a. [Late L. cludls, a nail, and/o?i??«, 
 form.] Nail-shaped; cuneiform; arrow-headed. 
 Clue, a. See Clew. 
 
 Clump, n. [Dut. klomp; Dan. & Sw. Hump, kHmp: 
 a variant of Clamp or Club.— See Lump.] A 
 shapeless mass : — a cluster of trees. 
 Clum'§i-ly, ad. In a clumsy manner. 
 Clum'§i-ness, n. Awkwardness; unhandiness. 
 Clum'sy, «. [0. E. clums, to benumb; Local Sw. 
 khmunsen, benumbed with cold : cognate with 
 Clamp, Clump.] Awkward; heavy; unhandy. 
 Clunch, n. [Allied to Clump and Cling, as wring 
 to wrench, hump to hunch, stink to stench, &c.J 
 The bed of the lower chalk; an indurated clay. 
 Clung, i. & p. from cling. 
 
 Clus'ter, ». [A.-S. clyster, Icel. klaslr ; Icel. klasi, 
 Sw. klase, Local Sw. klysse, klifsa, a bunch ; Sw. 
 klibba, A.-S. din<m, to adhere, to cleave.] A 
 bunch : — collection ; body.— 2, v. n. [pp. clus- 
 tering, clustered.] To grow in clusters.— 3, v. a. 
 To collect ; to gather. 
 Clutch, v. a. [Scot, dook, a claw; cleek, to catch; 
 from A.-S. gelseccan, to catch; Iseccan, to seize; 
 whence Latch.] [ pp. clurching, clutched.] To 
 gripe ; to grasp.— 2, n. Grasp :— a claw :— the 
 
 number of eggs a fowl sits upon.— pf. The 
 talons; hands, in a sense of rapacity or cruelty. 
 
 Clut'ter, n. [Welsh, cludair, a heap.] A bustle ; 
 disorder ; clatter. — 2, v. n. [pp. cluttering, clut- 
 tered.] To make a noise or bustle. — 3, v. n. To 
 disorder; to confuse. [sembling a shield. 
 
 Clyp'e-ate, a. [L. clypeas, a shield.] (Bot.) Re-| 
 
 Clys'ter, n. [L. ; Gr. KAvo-rryp ; kAv^siv, to wash; 
 L. cluere, to purge.] An injectiou into the rec- 
 tum, [with), and implying association. 
 
 Co. A Latin prefix, identical with con (for cum, 
 
 Coach (koch), n. [It. cocchio ; Sp. coche; Fr. coche ; 
 Ger. kuteche ; Euthenian, kocija; Servian, kocije ; 
 Pol. kocy; Hung, kocsi; Albanian, kotsi; Rouma- 
 nian, code; said to be named fr. m Kitsee, for- 
 merly Kotsee, a town of Hungary ; some derive 
 it from It. cocca, a boat ; Fr. coche, probably al- 
 lied to L. concha, a shell. — See Conch. — Cf. Rou- 
 manian ghioaca, a shell.] A four-wheeled pleas- 
 ure-carriage ; a carriage for travelling : — a tutor ; 
 a trainer. — 2, ». ,i. A; ». o." [pp. coaching, coached.] 
 To ride or carry in a coach :— to act as coach or 
 tutor to ; to prepare one for an examination or 
 to pass any ordeal ; to train. 
 
 Coach'-box, n. The seat of the driver of a coach. 
 
 Coach' -dog, u. A spotted dog kept to attend the 
 carriage. 
 
 Coach'man, n. The driver of a coach. 
 
 Cb-ad'ju-'tant, a. Helping; assisting. 
 
 Cb-ad-ju'tor, n. [Co, and L. udjutor, assistant ; 
 adjuvure,' to assist.] A fel low -helper ; an assist- 
 ant : — an assistant bishop. 
 
 Cb-ad-ju'trix, u. [L.] A female assistant. 
 
 Cb-ad-vent'ure, n. [Co and Aoventobe.] A joint 
 adventure. — 2, v. u. [pp. coadventuring, coad- 
 ventured.] To adventure together. 
 
 Co-ag'u-la-ble, a. Capable of coagulation. 
 
 Co-ag'u-late, v. a. [L. coagulare, coagulatum, to 
 curdle; coayiduru, rennet; co, together, and 
 agere, to drive.] [pp. coagulating, coagulated.] 
 To force into concretions. — 2, v. u. To run into 
 concretions. [tion ; congelation. 
 
 Co-ag-u-la'tion, n. Act of coagulating; concre- 
 
 Co-ag'u-lum, n. [L.] A clot : — a mass of curd. 
 
 Coal, h. [A.-S. col; Ger. kohle.] A solid inflam- 
 mable substance or fossil used for fuel :— cinder : 
 — charcoal. — 2, v. a. [pp. coaling, coaled.] To 
 burn to charcoal : — to provide with coal. — 3, v. a. 
 To take in coal. 
 
 Cb-a-lesce' (ko-a-les'), v. n. [L. co (cum), together, 
 and alescere, frequentative of alere, to feed.] 
 [pp. coalescing, coalesced.] To unite in a body 
 or in masses; to grow together; to join. 
 
 Cb-a-les'cence, n. Union; concretion. 
 
 Cb-a-les'cent, a. Growing together ; united. 
 
 Cb-a-li"tion (ko-a-lish'un), n. [L. coalitus ; from 
 coalesceve, coulilum, to coalesce.] Union into one 
 mass, body, or party; junction ; alliance. 
 
 Cbal'-meas-ure, n. A stratum containing coal. 
 
 Cbal'-mine, //. A mine in which coals are dug. 
 
 Cbal'-pit, n. A pit wherein coals are dug. 
 
 Coal'-tar, n. A kind of tar from coal. 
 
 C6am'ing§. n. pi. [For combing*, from comb, a 
 ridge.] The raised edges about a ship's hatches. 
 
 Cb-ap'tate. v. a. [L. coaptare, coaptatum : co, to- 
 gether, and aptare, to fit.] [pp. coaptating, co- 
 aptated.] To adjust, as parts to each other. 
 
 Cb-ap-ta'tion, n. [L. coaplutio.] Adjustment of 
 parts to each other. 
 
 Coarse (kors), a. [From course, meaning ordinary, 
 in the regular or common course.] Not fine ; 
 not refined : — not soft : — rough ; rude : — gross ; 
 indelicate ; vulgar. 
 
 Cbarse'ly, ad. In a coarse manner. 
 
 Cbarse'ness, n. Rudeness; grossnoss. 
 
 Coast (kost), n. [L. costa, rib, side ; 0. Fr. coste, 
 Fr. cote, a hill-side.] The edge or border of a 
 country bounded by the sea ; shore ; frontier. — 
 2, v. ». [pp. coasting, coasted.] To sail close by 
 or near the coast :— to slide down hill.— 3, v. a. 
 To sail near ; to keep close to. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q, <?, 5, §, soft; p, p, p, g, liard; §asz; xasgz 
 
 13* 
 
 this. 
 
COASTER 
 
 150 
 
 CODICIL 
 
 Coast'er (kost'er), n. He who or that which sails 
 near the shore ; a small trading-vessel. 
 
 Coast'ing, p. a. Keeping near the coast. — 2, re. 
 Act of sailing near the coast : — act of sliding 
 down hill. 
 
 Coast' -line, n. The line or boundary of a coast. 
 « Coast'wi§e, ad. Along the coast. 
 
 Coat (kot), n. [A.-S. cote, a coat, or cot ; Fr. cotle, 
 a skirt ; Late L. cota, cotta, cottus, a tunic ; from 
 the root of Cot.] An upper garment : — petticoat : 
 — the hair or fur of a beast : — any tegument. — 2, 
 v. a. [pp. coating, coated.] To cover; to invest. 
 
 Coat'ing, n. Act of covering ; a covering : — cloth 
 for coats. 
 
 Coax (koks), v. a. [Cf. cog, to wheedle, to befool ; 
 Welsh coeg, foolish, vain.] [pp. coaxing, 
 coaxed.] To wheedle; to cajole; to entice. 
 
 Cob, n. [0. E. cob, a lump, a knob, the head; 
 Welsh, cob, cop, a tuft ; Dut. kop, Ger. kopf, the 
 head ; Gr. kv^yj, the head ; L. cupa, a cup.] A 
 pony : — a coin : — a spike of maize : — a male 
 swan : — a composition of clay and gravel. 
 
 Co'balt, or Cob' alt, n. [Ger. ; a variant of kobold, 
 a goblin of tlie mines ; Gr. «:6/3aAos ; so called 
 because the ore was troublesome to the miners.] 
 A gray metal. 
 
 Cob'ble, v. a. [0. Fr. cobler, conbler, L. copulate, 
 to join.] [pp. cobbling, cobbled.] To mend or 
 make coarsely. — 2, n. [Welsh, ceubal, a skiff; 
 ceuo, to dig out.] A fishing-boat : — [dim. of cob, 
 a lump] a round stone : — a lump of coal : — a 
 diving bird. 
 
 Cob' bier, n. A mender of old shoes. 
 
 Cob'-nut, n. A boy's game :— a large nut. 
 
 Co'bra, or Co'bra-de-ca-pel'lo,«. [Port, for "ser- 
 pent of the hood ; 5 ' L. coluber, a snake.] An ex- 
 ceedingly venomous snake. 
 
 Cob' web, n. [Welsh, cop, A.-S. coppa, a spider, 
 and Web.] The web or net of a spider ; a trap. 
 — 2, a. Fine, slight, or flimsy. — 3, v. a. [pp. 
 cobwebbing, cobwebbed.] To cover with, or as 
 with, cobwebs. 
 
 Co'ca, re. [South American.] A narcotic leaf. 
 
 Co'ca-fne, re. A drug, the active principle of coca. 
 
 Cog-cif'er-ous, a. [L. coccus, Gr. kokko?, a berry, 
 'and L." ferre, to bear.] Bearing berries. 
 
 Coc'cu-lus In'di-cus, re. [L.] A poisonous seed. 
 
 Coe'cyx, n. [Gr. kokkvI-, a cuckoo: it is not un- 
 like a bird's beak in shape.] A small bone at 
 the distal end of the spinal column in man. 
 
 Coch'i-neal, n. [Late L. coccinella, dim. of coccus, 
 a berry, or kermes (q. v.); coccimts, scarlet; Sp. 
 cochinilla.] A substance consisting of dried in- 
 sects, used in dyeing scarlet. 
 
 Coch'le-a-ry, a. [Gr. /coxAia?, a snail, a screw ; 
 L. cocl'ea, a snail, a spiral.] Having the form of 
 a screw. 
 
 Coch'le-at-ed, a. Of a screw form. 
 
 Cock, re. [Fr. coq, 0. Fr. coc ; imitative of the 
 bird's note.] The male of birds: — a handle and 
 spout to let out water : — [It. cocca, Fr. coche, a 
 notch. — See Cog] part of a gunlock : — [Dan. kok, 
 Sw. koka, Icel. kokkr, a lump] a heap of hay : — 
 form of a hat : — style of a dial. — 2, v. a. [Gael. 
 coc] [pp. cocking, cocked.] To set up : — to fix. 
 
 Cock-ade', n. [Fr. cocarde; coq, a cock; a refer- 
 ence to the cock's comb, or to a tuft of cock's 
 feathers.] A ribbon or badge on the hat. 
 
 Cock-a-t66', re. [Malay, kakatua; 
 kakak, a cackling.] A bird of 
 the parrot kind. 
 
 Cock'a-trice, n. [Late L. coca- 
 trix, cocatricls, for cocadrillus, 
 Sp. cocotriz, a crocodile (q. v.).] 
 A kind of serpent fabled to rise 
 from a cock's egg : — basilisk. 
 
 Cock'boat, n. [0. E. cog, Dut. 
 
 kog, Welsh, cwcli, Icel. kuggr, Cockatoo. 
 
 Fr. coche, a boat. — Cf. Gr. 
 
 Koyxy), a shell. — See Conch.] A small boat of a 
 
 ship. 
 
 Cock'chaf-er, n. [A.-S. ceafor, Dut. kever, Ger. 
 kdfer, a beetle.] An insect; dorr-beetle. 
 
 Cock'-crow-ing, n. Time when cocks crow; early 
 morning. 
 
 CSck'er, n. A cock-fighter : — [used in hunting 
 woodcock] a kind of spaniel used by sportsmen. 
 — 2, v. a. [Welsh, com, to fondle ; gogi, to 
 dandle.] [pp. cockering, cockered.] To pamper: 
 — to spoil by indulgence. 
 
 Cock'er-el, n. A young cock. 
 
 Cock'et, n. [Fr. cachet; but according to old 
 writers it is from L. quo quietus, words formerly 
 occurring in the document.] A ticket from the 
 custom-house. 
 
 Coc'kle (kok'kl), n. [Gr. koxAos; Fr. coquille. — 
 Cf. L. conchylium ; Gr. Koyxvkiov, dim. of noyx*), 
 a conch. There are many closely related Celtic 
 words.] A small testaceous fish or mollusk : — 
 [A.-S. coccel, Gael, cogall, Pol. kukol, tares, weeds] 
 a weed. — 2, v. a. [pp. cockling, cockled.] [Welsh, 
 gogi, to shake; Gael, gog, a nod.] To contract 
 into wrinkles. — 3, v. re. To grow wrinkled. 
 
 Cock'loft, n. [Originally a loft for poultry.] The 
 top loft or room. 
 
 Cock'ney, n. ; pi. Cock'ney§. [0. Fr. coquiner, 
 Late L. coquinare, to serve in a kitchen, to cook; 
 Fr. coquin, a scullion, a rascal, a sneak ; as ap- 
 plied to Londoners, it seems to have come from 
 an old rustic idea that London was a cocagne 
 [Fr.], or fairy-land, abounding in luxuries free 
 to all.] A native or citizen of London, — in con- 
 tempt. 
 
 Cock'ney-dom, n. The native region or home of 
 cockneys; London: — also, cockneys collectively. 
 
 Cock'pit, n. The area where cocks fight. — (Naut.) 
 The after part of the orlop deck. 
 
 Cock'roach, n. [Sp. cucaracha; Port, caroucha. — 
 Cf. Sp. ctica, a caterpillar, coco, a grub.] An in- 
 sect ; a species of beetle. 
 
 Cock's'-comb (-kom), n. A plant; a flower. 
 
 Cock'spiir, n. Virginian hawthorn; medlar. 
 
 Cockswain (kok'swan or kok'sn), n. (Naut.) The 
 officer who commands the cockboat : — steersman 
 of a boat. 
 
 Co'coa (ko'ko), n. [Port, coco, a mask, formerly a 
 skull or head, from the monkey-like appearance 
 of the end of the nut. — Cf. Fr. coqne, a shell, L. 
 concha, a shell.] A nut-bearing palm-tree : — [for 
 cacao] the chocolate-tree, or cacao. 
 
 Co'coa-nut, n. The nut of the cocoa-palm. 
 
 Co-c66n\ n. [Fr. cocon, dim. of coque, a shell, L. 
 'concha.] The ball made by the silk-worm : — the 
 egg-shaped case of the chrysalis. 
 
 Co-c66n'er-y, n. A place for silk-worms. 
 
 Coc' tile, a. [L. coctilis; coquere, coctum, to cook.] 
 Made by baking, as brick. 
 
 Coc'tion, n. [L. coctio ; coquere, to cook.] The act 
 of boiling or digesting. 
 
 Cod, n. [A.-S. cod, a bag; Icel. koddi, a pillow; 
 Sw. kudde, a cushion ; Bret, god, a pouch ; Ger. 
 hode, scrotum.] The case or husk containing 
 seeds ; a bag. 
 
 Cod, or Cod'fish, n. [L. gadns ; Gr. 7060s; Local 
 Ger. gadde.] A common sea-fish. [composition. 
 
 Co'da, n. [It. ; L. caitda, the tail.] {Mus.) (lose of a 
 
 Cod'dle, v. a. [Fr. cadeler, to pamper; 0. Fr. cadel, 
 a starveling, a helpless waif; L. catuhis, Late L. 
 catellus, a whelp; the latter probably a dim. of 
 cutvs, a cat; in the sense of "to boil" it may be 
 allied to Caudle.] [pp. coddling, coddled.] To 
 parboil ; to indulge ; to pamper. 
 
 Code, n. [Fr. ; L. codex, caudex, originally scau- 
 dex, a tree-trunk, a wooden tablet, a book, a 
 writing.] A collection or digest of laws. 
 
 Co'dex, n. ; pi. Cod'i-ce§. [L.] A manuscript; a 
 book ; a code. / 
 
 Cod'fer, n. [Variously explained ; perhaps^from 
 cottager, a rustic ; probably Scot, cadger, a hawker, 
 a pedler.] A rustic ; a clown ; a miser. 
 
 Cod'i-cil, re. [L. codicillus, dim. of codex, codicis, 
 a writing.] An appendage to a will. 
 
 a, e, i, 0, u, y, hug; a, e, 1, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
CODIFICATION 
 
 151 
 
 COINCIDE 
 
 Cod-i-fi-ca'tion, n. The act of codifying. 
 
 Cod'i-fy, v. «.' [pp. codifying, codified.] To fcrm 
 into a code or system. 
 
 Co-dil'la, n. [Dim. of L. cduda, It. coda, a tail. — 
 'Cf. Tailings.] Coarse part of flax or hemp ; tow. 
 
 Cod'ling, n. [Probably an apple to coddle, or boil.] 
 A kind of apple : — a small cod. 
 
 Cod'-liv-er oil, n. A medicinal oil distilled from 
 the livers of certain fish, chiefly of the cod. 
 
 Co-ef-fi"cien-cy (ko-ef-fish'en-se), n. [See Co-, 
 and Efficiency.] .Joint efficiency ; cooperation. 
 
 Co-ef-f f'cient, n. That which unites in action 
 with something else : — a numerical factor. — 2, a. 
 Cooperating. [mortar for bombs. 
 
 Coe'horn, n. [From the inventor's name.] A small 
 
 Coe'li-ac (se'le-ak), a. [Gr. KoiAiaxos : KocAia, the 
 abdomen ; /coiAos, hollow.] Pertaining to the 
 belly. [rank. 
 
 Co-e'qual, a. [Co- and equal.] Equal ; of the same 
 
 Co-e-qual'i-ty (ko-e-kwol'e-te), n. State of being 
 coequal; equality with another. 
 
 Co-erce', v. a. [L. coercere, to compel ; co, with, 
 and arcere, to force.] [pp. coercing, coerced.] 
 To restrain ; to force ; to compel. 
 
 Co-er'ci-ble, a. Capable of being coerced. 
 
 Co-er'cion, n. Restraint; check: — compulsion. 
 
 C6-er'cive, a. Restraining : — constraining. 
 
 Co-es-s'en'tial, a. [Co- and essential] Of the same 
 essence. 
 
 Co-es-sen-ti-al'i-ty (ko-es-sen-she-al'e-te), n. Par- 
 ticipation of the same essence. [nal. 
 
 Co-e-ter'nal, a. [Co- and eternal] Equally eter- 
 
 Co-e-ter'ni'-ty, n. Equal or joint eternity. 
 
 Co-e'val, «. [L. coienis; co-, with, and sevitm, age.] 
 Of the same age with another. — 2, n. One of the 
 same age. 
 
 Syn. — Coeval is one of the same age ; contempo- 
 rary, one living at the same time. 
 
 Co-ex-ist' (ko-eg-zlsf), v. n. [Co- and exist.] [pp. 
 coexisting, coexisted.] To exist together. 
 
 Co-ex-ist'ence, n. Existence at the same time. 
 
 Co-ex-ist'ent, ft. Existing at the same time. 
 
 C5-ex-tend\ v. a. [Co- and extend.] [pp. ,coex- 
 tending, coextended.] To extend equally. 
 
 Co-ex-ten'sive, ft. Having; the same extent. 
 
 Coffee, n. [ Arab, qahweh.] A berry of the coffee- 
 tree, and the drink made from it. 
 
 Coffee-house, n. A house of entertainment. 
 
 Coffee-pot, n. A pot for holding coffee. 
 
 Coffer, n. [Fr. eoffre; Sp. cofre.— See Coffin.] A 
 chest; a money-chest : — a treasure. {Arch.) A 
 sunk panel in vaults. — 2, v. a. [pp. coffering, 
 coffered.] To treasure up. 
 
 Coffer-dam, n. An enclosure formed of piles, to 
 exclude water, in order to construct piers, &c. 
 
 Coffin, n. [Gr. ko^ivo?, L. cophinus, a basket : 
 0. F. cofin.] A chest in which a dead body is 
 interred : — the hoof of a horse's foot above the 
 coronet: — a wooden frame used in printing. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. coffiuing, coffined.] To enclose in a 
 coffin; to cover. [of slaves. 
 
 Cof lie, n. [Arab, kajila, a caravan.] A caravan 
 
 Cog, v. a. [Welsh, coeg, empty, vain ; Gael, coca.] 
 [pp. cogging, cogged.] To flatter; to wheedle; 
 to falsify : — to fix cogs in a wheel.— 2, r. n. To 
 lie; to wheedle.— 3, n. [Celt, cog; Sw. kugga.— 
 Cf. It. cocca, Fr. coche, a knot] The tooth of a 
 •wheel :— [Dut. hog.— See Cock] a little boat :— 
 [Welsh, cognn, a bowl; Gael, cuach, a cup; allied 
 to Cock, a boat] a pitcher. [viction. 
 
 Co'i'en-cy, n. Force ; power of compelling con- 
 
 Co'gent, ft. [L. cogere, cogentis, to compel; co-, 
 together, and agere, to drive.] Forcible; com- 
 pelling assent. 
 
 Syn. — Cogent, reason ; forcible reasoning ; strong 
 
 language; convincing argument. 
 Co£'i-ta-ble, ft. That may be thought about. 
 Cog'i-tate, v. n. [L. cogitare, cogitation, to think ; 
 
 co-, together, and agitare, to agitate, frequent. 
 
 of agere, to drive.] [pp. cogitating, cogitated.] 
 
 To think ; to meditate. 
 
 Cof-i-ta'tion, n. Meditation; thought. 
 
 Cof'i-ta-tive, ft. Thinking; given to thought. 
 
 Cognac (kon-yak'), n. [Fr. ; the name of a town.] 
 A French brandy. 
 
 Cog'nate, ft. [E. cognatus; co-, with, and natus 
 [gnatus), born ; nasci (gnasci), to be born.] Allied 
 by blood; kindred; akin. [dred. 
 
 Cog-na/tion, n. [L. cugnatio.] Relationship ; kin- 
 
 Cog-ni"tion (kog-nlsk'un), n. [L. cognitio ; co-, 
 together, and gnoscere, to know («. v.).] Knowl- 
 edge ; perception : — a thing known or perceived. 
 
 Cog'ni-tlve, a. Pertaining to cognition : — know- 
 ing.' [examined. 
 
 Cog'ni-za-ble, a. Capable of being perceived or 
 
 Cog'ni-zance (kog'ni-zans or kon'e-zans), a. [Fr. 
 connaissance or connoissance ; L. co-, together, 
 and gnoscere, to know.] Observation; knowl- 
 edge. — (Law.) Judical notice ; trial ; right to try. 
 
 Cog'ni-zant, a. Having cognizance of. 
 
 Cog'nize, v. a. [See Cognizance.] [pp. cognizing, 
 cognized.] To perceive; to recognize. 
 
 Cog-no'men, n. [L. ; co-, for cum, together, and 
 gnomen, old form of nomen, a name.] The last 
 of the three names by which Romans of good 
 family were designated : — a surname ; a family 
 
 Cog-nom'i-nal, a. Belonging to the surname. 
 
 Cog-nos'ci-bl'e, ft- That may be known. 
 
 Cog-no' vit, n. [L. for "he knew;" cognoscere, to 
 know.]" (Law.) Acknowledgment by the de- 
 fendant of the justice of the plaintiff's cause. 
 
 Cog'-wheel, n. A wheel furnished with cogs. 
 
 C6-ha.b'it, v. n. [L. cohabitare; co-, together, and 
 hubitare, to dwell.] [pp. cohabit, ng, cohabited.] 
 To dwell or live together. 
 
 Co-hab-i-ta'tion, n. [L. cohabitatio.] The act of 
 cohabiting. 
 
 Co-heir' (ko-ar'), n. [Co-, together, and heir.] 
 A joint heir. 
 
 Co-heir'ess (ko-ar'es), n. A joint heiress. 
 
 Co-here', v. n. [L. cohserere ; co-, and ltserere, hm- 
 ' 'nu iii, to stick.] [pp. cohering, cohered.] To 
 stick together : — to agree. , 
 
 Co-he'rence, \ n. The act of cohering ; cohesion ; 
 
 Co-he'ren-cy, J consistent connection, [connected. 
 
 Co-he'rent, a. Sticking together; consistently 
 
 Co-he'sion (ko-he'zhun), n. [See Cohere.] The 
 act of cohering; the attraction by which the 
 particles of bodies are kept together. See At- 
 traction. 
 
 Co-he' si ve, a. Having the power of sticking. 
 
 Co-he'sive-ness, n. Quality of being cohesive. 
 
 Co'ho-bate, v. a. [Fr. cohober ; Sp. cohobar ; an 
 alchemistic word.] [pp. cohobatiug, cohobated.] 
 To distil again ; to redistil. 
 
 Co-ho-ba'tion, n. Repeated distillation. 
 
 C5'hort, n. [L. cohors, cohortis, a form of cors or 
 chors, a court, an enclosure. — Cf. Gr. ^op-ros, L. 
 hortns, a garden.] A body of about five hundred 
 soldiers. 
 
 Coif, n. [Fr. coife, L. ciipa, a tub ; Late L. cofia, 
 en/en, a cap. — Cf. Ger. Jcopf, the head. — See Cup.] 
 Ahead-dress ; a cap ; a hood. 
 
 Coiffure, n. [Fr.] A head-dress ; a coif. 
 
 Cbign, or Cbigne (koin), n. [Fr. coin, coing, coi- 
 gnet, a corner; L. ciuieus, a wedge.] A corner : 
 — a wooden wedge. 
 
 Coil, v. a. [0. Fr. coillir, cuillir; L. colligere, to 
 collect (q. c.).] [pp. coiling, coiled.] To gather 
 into a narrow compass ; to twist. — 2, ?>. A twist ; 
 a spiral :— [Celt, goill, a struggle] perplexity. 
 
 Cbin, n. [Fr. coin, L. cunetts, a wedge: akin to 
 Hone, Cone.] Money bearing a legal stamp; 
 metallic or hard money, as gofd and silver. — 2, 
 v. a. [pp. coining, coined.] To stamp money : 
 — to invent. 
 
 Cbin'afe, n. Act or art of coining : — invention. 
 
 Co-in-cide', v. n. [L. co-, together, and incidere, to 
 fall upon; in, on, and cadere, to fall.] [pp. co- 
 inciding, coincided.] To occupy the same space ; 
 to agree with ; to concur. 
 
 vjnien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— g, (?, c, £, soft; p, £, p, g, hard; s as z; ? as gz ; this, 
 
COINCIDENCE 
 
 152 
 
 COLLISION 
 
 Co-in'ci-dence, n. Simultaneous occurrence : — 
 the act of coinciding; concurrence ; agreement. 
 
 Co-in'ci-dent, a. Agreeing with ; consistent. — 
 2, n. A thing happening simultaneously. 
 
 Coin'er, n. A maker of money : — counterfeiter : — 
 inventor. 
 
 Coir, n. [Tamil, cmjer, a rope.] Cocoa-nut fibre. 
 
 Co-i"tion (ko-ish'un), n. [L. coitio ; coire, coitus, 
 'to come together; co, together, and ire, to go or 
 come.] Copulation. 
 
 Co-join', v. n. [pp. co-joining, co-joined.] To 
 join with another. 
 
 Coke, n. [Probably a form of Cake or Cook ; but 
 cf. Sw. koka, a clod, Icel. kokkr, a ball.] Coal de- 
 prived of its gaseous matter by fire. — 2, v. a. & 
 v. n. [pp. coking, coked.] To turn into coke. 
 
 Col, n. [Fr.] A high mountain pass. 
 
 Col'an-der, n. [L. colum, a strainer; colare, colan- 
 tis', to strain.] A sieve ; a cullender. 
 
 Col'phi-cum, n. [From ancient Colchis, a country 
 now 'in Transcaucasia.] A medicinal plant. 
 
 Col'co-thar, n. [Alchemistic L. calcothar or colco- 
 tliar ; invented by Paracelsus.] Red oxide of iron. 
 
 Cold, a. [A.-S. ceuld; Dan. hold; Ger. kalt. — See 
 Cool and Chill.] Not hot; not warm; chill; 
 frigid: — indifferent; not friendly or affection- 
 ate ;. without passion or affection: — reserved. — 
 2, «. Privation of heat : — a catarrh. 
 
 C61d'-blood-ed (-blud-ed), a. Having cold blood: 
 — without sensibility : — without provocation. 
 
 Cold-chis/el, n. A steel chisel tempered to such 
 a degree of hardness as to cut cold metal. 
 
 Cold'-cream, ». A cooling unguent or salve. 
 
 C61d'-heart-ed, a. Wanting feeling. 
 
 Cold'ly, ad. Without heat; without concern. 
 
 Cold'ness, n. Want of heat; frigidity. 
 
 C51e, n. [Ger. kohl; L. caulis, a stalk, cabbage; 
 Gr. /cauAos.J A general name for cabbage. 
 
 Co-le-op'te-ra, n. pi. [Gr. koAcos, a sheath, jrre- 
 pov, a wing.] (Ent.) Insects of the beetle tribe. 
 
 Co-le-op'ter-an, n. An insect having sheathed 
 wings ; a beetle. [sheaths, as beetles. 
 
 <3o-le-op'ter-ous, a. Having four wings with 
 
 Cole' slaw,' n. [Dut. koolsla; kool, cabbage, and 
 sla, salad.] A salad of cabbage cut fine. 
 
 Co-les-see', n. A joint lessee. 
 
 Co-les'sor, n. A partner in granting a lease. 
 
 Co'le-us, n. [Gr. /coAeo?, a sheath ; from the tube 
 formed by the stamens.] A plant with vari- 
 colored leaves. 
 
 Cole'wort (kol'wiirt), n. A sort of cabbage ; cole. 
 
 Col'ic, n. [L. colicus ; Gr. kwAikos, adj. from /cuAov, 
 the colon, the intestine.] A painful disorder of 
 the bowels. 
 
 Col'ick-y, a. Eesembling colic ; having colic. 
 
 Col-i-se'um, n. See Colosseum. 
 
 Col-iab'o-rate, v. n. [pp. collaborating, collabo- 
 rated.] To labor jointly. 
 
 Col-lab-o-ra'tion, n. Joint labor. 
 
 Col-lab'o-ra-tor, n. [Fr. colluborateur ; L. con, 
 together, and laborare, to labor.] An assistant, 
 or fellow-worker. 
 
 Col-lapse', n. [L. collabi, collapsits, to fall together ; 
 con, together, and lubi, to lapse.] A wasting or 
 shrinking of the body; the act of falling to- 
 gether: — a faint. — 2, v. n. [pp. collapsing, col- 
 lapsed.] To fall together, as sides of a hollow 
 vessel ; to shrink up. 
 
 Col'lar, n. [Fr. collier; L. collare ; collum, the 
 neck.] A ring round the neck ; a neck-band : 
 — a badge : — part of a harness. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 collaring, collared.] To seize by the collar. 
 
 Col'lar-bone, n. The clavicle. 
 
 Col' lard, n. A kind of cabbage; colewort. 
 
 Col-late', v. a. [L. conferre, collatum, to bring to- 
 gether ; con, together, and ferre, to carry. The 
 supine latum, associated with ferre, properly be- 
 longs with tollere; and latum stands for tlatum, 
 tollatum. — Cf. Gr. tAtjtos, borne.] [pp. collating, 
 collated.] To compare things similar ; to bring 
 together and examine : — to place in a benefice. 
 
 Col-lat'er-al, a. [Con and lateral; L. lalus, lateris, 
 aside.'] Being sidewise; not direct; being side 
 by side; running parallel; not immediate: — 
 descended from the same stock; not lineal. — 
 Collateral security, a separate obligation attached 
 to another contract, to guarantee its performance. 
 
 Col-lat'er-al-ly., ad. Side by side : — indirectly. 
 
 Col-la'tion, n. [L. collatio. — See Collate.] The 
 act of collating; comparison: — a repast: — the 
 act of placing in a benefice. 
 
 Col'league (kol'leg), n. [L. collega, an associate in 
 office; con, together, and legare, to send; not con- 
 nected with League.] A partner; an associate. 
 Syu. — A colleague in office ; a partner in trade ; 
 an associate in an enterprise. 
 
 Col-league' (kol-leg'), v. n. [pp. colleaguing, 
 colleagued.] To unite with. 
 
 Col-lect', v. a. [L. colliaere, collectum ; con, to- 
 gether, and legere, to gather.] [pp. collecting, 
 collected.] To gather together; to gain.— 2, v. u. 
 To be gathered together ; to accumulate. 
 
 Col'lect, n. [L. collecta, an assembly ; hence, later, 
 a prayer for use in public] A short prayer. 
 
 Col-lec-ta'ne-a, n. pi. [L.— See Collect.] A selec- 
 tion of passages from various authors ; collections. 
 
 Col-lect'ed, p. a. — Gathered : — self-possessed. 
 
 Col-lect'i-ble, a. That may be gathered. 
 
 Col-lec'tion, n. [L. collectio.] The act of collect- 
 ing : — that which is collected :— contribution : — 
 assemblage; a group : — a corollary ; a deduction. 
 
 Col-lec'tive, a. [L. collecticus.] Tending to col- 
 'lect : — gathered into one mass :— expressing the 
 idea of multitude. 
 
 Col-lec'tive-ly, ad. In a general mass. 
 
 Col-lec'tor, n. One who collects or gathers; an 
 'officer who collects customs and taxes. 
 
 Col-lec'tor-ate, n. The district of a collector; a 
 'collectdrsliip. 
 
 Col-lec'tor-ship, n. The office of a collector. 
 
 Col' lege, ' n. [L. collegium; from collega, a col- 
 league (q. v.).] A community : — a society of men 
 set apart for learning : — a seminary of learning : 
 — a house for collegians : — an electoral body. 
 
 Col-le'gi-an, n. A member of a college. 
 
 Col-le'fi-ate, a. [L. collegiatus.] Pertaining to a 
 college.— A collegiate church is one to which a 
 college or corporation of clergy is attached. — 
 2, n. A member of a college. 
 
 Col'let, ft. [Fr. ; from col, the neck.] The part of 
 a ring in which the stone is set; the setting of 
 a precious stone. 
 
 Col-lide', v. a. [L. collidere, collisum ; con, together, 
 'and Isedere, to dash.] [pp. colliding, collided.] 
 To strike together ; to clash. 
 
 Col'lie, \ n- [Celt, colgach, shaggy ; or perhaps for 
 
 Col'ly, J Colin, the old pastoral name. for a shep- 
 herd ; Colin stands for Nicholas. — Cf. Gael, cuilenn, 
 a puppy.] A variety of dog much esteemed in 
 Scotland as a sheep-dog. 
 
 Coll'ier (kol'yer), n. [From Coal; formed like 
 lawyer, sawyer.] A digger of coals :— a dealer in 
 coals : — a coal-ship. 
 
 Coll'ier-y (kol'yer-e). n. A coal-mine : — coal-trade. 
 
 Col-li-ga'tion, n. [L. colligatio ; colligare, to bind 
 together; con, together, and ligare, ligatum, to 
 bind.] A tying together : — a grouping together. 
 
 Col-li-ma'tion, n. [L. collhnare, an erroneous read- 
 ing for collineare, to collineate.] Act of aiming 
 at a mark : — levelling; adjustment; allinement. 
 
 Col-li-ma'tor, n. A telescope for collimation. 
 
 Col-lin'e-ate, v. a. & v. n. [L. collineare; con, with, 
 'and lluea, a straight line.] [pp. collineating, 
 collineated.] To aim or place in a line : — to lie 
 in the same line with another. 
 
 CSl'li-quate, v. a. [L. eon, together, and liquare, 
 liquatum, to melt.] [pp. colliquatiDg, colliquated.] 
 To dissolve :— to melt. [ing. 
 
 Col-liq'ua-tive, a. Melting :— profuse ; exhaust- 
 
 Col-li''sion (kol-lizh'un), n. [L. collisio. — See Col- 
 lide. ] Act of colliding, or of bodies striking 
 against each other ; a clash ; interference. 
 
 i, e, l, o, u, y, 
 
 a, e, i, o, u, y, short, a, e, i, 9, u, y., obscure.— T 'are, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
COLLOCATE 
 
 153 
 
 COMBINE 
 
 Col'lo-cate, v. a. [L. collocare, collocalus; con, 
 together, and locare, to place; locus, a place.] 
 [pp. collocating, collocated.] To place; to ar- 
 range :— to place together. 
 Col-lo-ca'tion, n. Act of placing; arrangement. 
 Col-lo'di-on, «. [Gr. koAAoj'^s, glue-like ; koAAcc, 
 
 glue.]' Solution of gun-cotton in ether. 
 Col-logue' (-h">g'), v - "• [L. colloqui,' to talk to- 
 gether.— See Colloquy.] [pp. colloguing, col- 
 logued.] To wheedle : — to plot. 
 Col'loid, n. [Gr. koAAoj'Stjs, glue-like; /coAAa, 
 glue. J A substance which diffuses very slowly 
 by dialysis from a solution into pure water: — 
 opposed t.:> crystalloid. — 2, a. Like glue. 
 
 Col'lop, n. [Sw. kalops, a stew; Ger. kloppst, meat 
 made tender by beating; klopfen, to beat: akin 
 to Clap.] A small cut or slice of meat. 
 
 Col-lo'qui-al, a. Relating to common conversa- 
 tion ; conversational ; familiar. 
 
 Col-16'qui-al-i§m, n. A word or phrase used in 
 conversation. 
 
 Col'lo-quy, n. [L. colloquium; con, together, and 
 loqui, to speak.] A discourse between two or 
 more persons ; conversation ; a dialogue. 
 
 Col-lude', ','. n. [L. colludere, collusum ; con, to- 
 gether, and ludere, to play.] [pq>. colluding, 
 colluded.] To conspire in a fraud. 
 
 Col-lu'sion, n. [L. collusio.— See Collude.] Agree- 
 ment to deceive. 
 
 Col-lu'so-ry, a. Containing collusion or fraud. 
 
 Col'o-cynth, n. [Gr. koKokvvOLs.] A kind of cu- 
 cumber and its medicinal pulp. 
 
 Co-logne'-wa-ter (ko-lou'-), n. A perfumed liquid, 
 first made at Cologne. 
 
 Co'lon, n. [Gr. kojAoi/.] The point, thus [ : ], used 
 to 'mark a pause : — the largest of the intestines. 
 
 Colonel (kdr'nel), u. [Sp. coronel; It. colonello ; 
 cohmna, a column (q. ».).] Commander of a 
 regiment in rank next below a brigadier-general. 
 
 Colonelcy (kiir'nel-sei, n. The office of a colonel. 
 
 Colonelship (kur'nel-ship), n. The office of a 
 colonel ; colonelcy. 
 
 Co-lo'ni-al, a. Relating to a colony. « 
 
 Col'o-nist, n. An inhabitant of a colony. 
 
 Col-o-ni-zation, n. The act of colonizing. 
 
 Col'o-mze, v. a. [pp. colonizing, colonized.] To 
 establish a colony in.— 2, v. n. To become a 
 colonist. 
 
 Col-on-nade', n. A range of columns. 
 
 Col'o-ny, n. [L. eolonhi; colonus, a colonist, a 
 farmer; colere, to cultivate,] A body of people 
 who remove and settle in .i distant region, con- 
 tinuing subject to the mother country: — the 
 country planted by colonists. 
 
 Col'o-phon, u. [Gr. ko\o<J)u>v, the top, the finish.] 
 The conclusion of a book, containing the date 
 and place of publication. 
 
 Co-loph'o-ny. [ko-lofo-ne, W. Ja.; kdl'o-fon e, St. 
 H. N. K. §m.],'n. [From Colophon (i.e.', summit), 
 a Greek city of ancient Asia.] A black rosin. 
 
 Col-o-quin'ti-da, n. Same as Colocyntii. 
 
 CSl'or (kul'lur)* n. [Fr. andenr ; L. color.] The 
 hue or appearance of bodies to the eye:— tint; 
 paint; dye: — outward show; semblance; pre- 
 tence.— pi. A standard; a flag.— 2, o. a. [pp. 
 coloring, colored.] To mark with some hue; to 
 paint; to dye :— to palliate; to excuse. — 3, v. n. 
 To blush ; to show color. 
 
 C61'or-a-ble, a. Specious ; plausible. 
 
 C61-or-a'tion, n. The act of coloring : — state as 
 regards color. [guish colors. 
 
 Col'or-bllnd (kul'lur-blind), a. Unable to distin- 
 
 Col'ored (kul'lurd),"a. Of negro descent. 
 
 Col'or-ing, n. The art or act of applying colors : 
 — appearance : — an excuse. 
 
 Col'or-ist, n. A painter who excels in coloring. 
 
 Col'or-less. a. Without color ; transparent : — 
 without distinctive character. 
 
 Col'or-ser'i-eant (kul'lur-sar'jent or -ser'jent), n. 
 A sergeant who attends the colors of a regiment. 
 
 Co-los'sal, a. Like a colossus ; gigantic. 
 
 Col-os-se'um, n. [L.] A spacious amphitheatre 
 at Rome':— a building of great size. 
 
 Co-los'sian§ (ko-losh'anz), n. pi. The inhabitants 
 of the ancient city of Colosse. 
 
 Co-los'sus, n. [L. ; Gr. koAo<to-6s.] L. pi. Co- 
 'los'si;' Eng. Co-los'sus-e§, A statue of enor- 
 mous size. [parturition. 
 
 Co-los'trum, n. [L.] The milk secreted just after 
 
 Col-port' a|e, n. [F.] The business of a colporter ; 
 'distribution and sale of books and tracts. 
 
 Col-port' er, «. [Fr. colporteur; col, the neck, and 
 portear,'a porter.] A pedler of religious books; 
 a book-pedler. 
 
 Colt, n. [A.-S. coll; Local 
 Sw. hullt, a boy; Sw. 
 kull, a brood.] A young 
 horse : — an inexperi- 
 enced person. 
 
 Colt'er, n. [L. culler, a 
 kni'fe ; It. collro ; Skr. 
 karltari, scissors.] The 
 sharp iron of a plough. 
 
 Colt'ish, a. Like a colt; playful; frisky. 
 
 Colt's' -foot (-fut), n. A medicinal plant. 
 
 Col'u-brlne, a. [L. colubrinus; coluber, a snake.] 
 Relating to a serpent. 
 
 Col'um-ba-ry, or Co-lum'ba-ry , n. [L. columba- 
 rium; c'olumba, a dove.] A dove-cot; a pigeon- 
 house. 
 
 Co-lum'bi-ad, n. [From Columbia, a name of 
 America.] A cannon of large calibre. 
 
 Col'um-bine, n. [Late L., Columbian, from columba, 
 a dove ; from the purplish blue or dove-color of 
 some kinds.] A plant and its flower. 
 
 Col-u-mel'la, orCol'u-mel, n. [L.,dini. of columna, 
 a column.] (Bol.) The axis to which the car- 
 pels of a compound pistil are attached. 
 
 Col'umn (kol'um), n. [L. columna; from colurnen, 
 or' culmen, the highest point.] A cylindrical 
 pillar : — a file of troops : — a perpendicular section 
 of a page : — a perpendicular line of figures. 
 
 Co-lum'nar, a. Formed in columns. 
 
 Co-lure', n. [Gr. xoAovpo?, stump-tailed; koAo?, 
 'clipped, and ovpa, a tail: a part is below the 
 horizon.] (Astron.) One of two great circles 
 supposed to intersect each other in the poles. 
 
 Col'za, n. [Fr. colzat; Walloon, colza; But. kool- 
 zua'd: kool, cabbage, and zaad, seed.] A species 
 of cabbage grown for the oil of its seeds. 
 
 C5m. A Latin prefix, equivalent to con (q. v.). 
 
 Co'ma, n. [Gr. KUfxa.] A morbid sleep : — [L. coma, 
 Gr. xop-r), hair] (Bol.) a downy or hairy envelope. 
 
 Com'ate, a. [L. comare, comatus, to be provided 
 with hair (coma).] Hairy; like hair. 
 
 Com-a-tose', a. [See Coma.] Lethargic; drowsy. 
 
 Comb' (kom), n. [A.-S. camb, comb, crest ; Sw. & 
 Dut. kam ; Icel. kambr.—Cf. Cam.] An instru- 
 ment to adjust the hair : — crest of a cock :— cells 
 in which bees lodge their honey : — [A.-S. cwmb, 
 Dut. kum, Ger. kumpf, a dish; Gr. Kvpfir], a 
 basin. — See Cup] a measure. See Comhe. — ~l, v. a. 
 [pp. combing, combed.] To divide and adjust 
 the hair ; to dress and lay any thing smooth. 
 
 Com'bat, or Com'bat, v. n. [Fr. combaUre; L. 
 com, for emu, with, and batuere, Fr. battre, to 
 fight.] [pp. combating, combated.] To fight; 
 to contend; to act in opposition. — 2, v. a. To 
 oppose; to fight. — 3, n. A contest; a battle; a 
 fight ; a duel. [posed to quarrel. 
 
 Com'ba-tant, n. One who combats. — 2, a. Dis- 
 
 C6m'bat-er, n. One who fights. 
 
 Com'ba-tive [kum'ba-tiv, C. 0. B.], a. Inclined 
 to combat ; pugnacious ; combatant. [to fight. 
 
 Com'ba-tive-ness, n. A disposition or propensity 
 
 Com-bi'na-ble, a. That may be combin-d. 
 
 Com-bi-na'tion, n. The act of combining ; union ; 
 association; coalition; plot; conspiracy. 
 
 Com-bine', v. a. [L. combinare ; cum, together, 
 and bird, two.] [pp. combining, combined.] To 
 join together ; to unite. — 2, v. n. To unite ; to 
 coalesce. — 3, n. A coalition. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, n'dr, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, <?, 5, §•, soft; p, js, p, §, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 
 
COMBUSTIBILITY 
 
 154 
 
 COMMISSION 
 
 Com-bus-ti-bll'i-ty, )ii. Quality of being com- 
 
 Com-bus'ti-ble-ness, J bustible. 
 
 Com-bfis'ti-ble, a. [See Combustion.] That may 
 /be burnt. — 2, n. A combustible material. 
 
 Com-bus'tion (kom-bust'yun), n. [L. combuslio; 
 comburere, to burn up; com, wholly, and were, 
 tishtm, to burn. — Cf. Skr. ush, to burn ; Gr. eijav, 
 to singe; aveiv, to kindle.] The act or process 
 of burning. 
 
 Come (kum), v. n. [A.-S. cuman; Dut. Jcomen; Icel. 
 koma; I>au. homme; Ger. kommen; Skr. yam.'] [i. 
 came ; pp. coming, come.] To draw near; to 
 advance toward; to arrive: — to happen; to ap- 
 pear; to arise. 
 
 Co-me'di-an, u. An actor or a writer of comedy. 
 
 C6m'e-dy, u. [Or. Kop-wSia ; Kwpos, a banquet, 
 and' 0J617, an ode.] a' dramatic representation 
 of the lighter faults, passions, and lollies of 
 mankind; an amusing drama; a, play. 
 
 Come'li-ness, n. Grace ; beauty ; dignity. 
 
 Come'ly, a. [A.-S. cymlic; cyme, suitable, and lie, 
 like: root of Become and Come.] Graceful; be- 
 coming ; decent. [edere, to eat.] An eatable. 
 
 Co-mes'ti-ble, n. [L. comeslibilis ; comedere, for 
 
 Com'et, u. [L. cometa ; Gr. kojoljjttj?; Kopr\, hair.] 
 A heavenly body with a tail or train of light 
 and an eccentric motion. 
 
 Com-et-a'ri-um, ) n. A machine to show the rev- 
 
 C6m'et-a-ry, J olutions of comets. 
 
 Com'et ; f-rx, } a< Ee lating to a comet. 
 
 Co-met'ic, J ° 
 
 Com'fit, or Com'fi-ture, n. [0. Fr.— See Confec- 
 tion.] A sweetmeat. 
 
 Com'fort, v. a. [Fr. conforter ; Late L. confortare, 
 to strengthen ; forth, strong.] [pp. comforting, 
 comforted.] To enliven; to console; to cheer. 
 — 2, 1/. [Fr. confort.] Support under calamity ; 
 countenance ; consolation ; satisfaction ; pleasure. 
 
 C6m'fort-a-ble (kum'fiirt-a-bl), a. [Fr. confor- 
 table'.] Possessing comfort ; cheerful ; dispensing 
 comfort. — 2. n. A bed-quilt; a woollen tippet. 
 
 Com'fort-a-bly, ad. With comfort. 
 
 C6m'fort-er, n. One who affords comfort : — the 
 Holy Spirit : — a stuffed coverlet : — a tippet. 
 
 Com'frey, u. [0. Fr. cumfirie; Late L. confirma, 
 strengthener (see Confirm) ; the present form 
 is due to Fr. confire, to preserve ; the word seems 
 to represent also the" name conferva {q. v.), which 
 preserves the idea contained' in o-vpfyvrov, the 
 Gr. name of the comfrey.] A medicinal plant. 
 
 Com'ic, a. [Gr. kwuiko?. — See Comedy.] Kelatiug 
 to corned}' ; raising mirth. 
 
 Com'i-cal, a. Diverting; droll; ludicrous. 
 
 Com-i-cal'i-ty, ». Quality of being comical. 
 
 Com'i-cal-iy, ad. In a comical manner. 
 
 Co-mi" ti-a (ko-mish'e-a), n. pi. [L. ; cum, together, 
 'and ire, hum, to go."] * Popular assemblies of the 
 Romans. [tesy; civility; good breeding. 
 
 Com'i-ty, n. [L. comitas; comis, friendly.] Cour- 
 
 Com'ma, «. [Gr. Koppa ; Konreiv, to cut.] (Gram.) 
 A point marked thus [ , ]. 
 
 Com-mand', v. a. [Fr. commander ; L. commendare, 
 to intrust, — later, to command; cum, with, and 
 mandare, to commit.] [pp. commanding, com- 
 manded.] To govern ; to order; to lead. — 2, v. u. 
 To have authority. — 3, n. Act of commanding; 
 power; rule; direction; order; injunction. 
 
 Com-man-dant',M. [Fr.] A military commander. 
 
 Com-mand'er, n. One who commands : — a naval 
 officer next in rank above a lieutenant. 
 
 Com-mand'er-y, n. A body of knights : — a lodge 
 of Knights Templar. 
 
 Com-mand'ing, a. Ordering; directing; power- 
 ful; authoritative; controlling. 
 
 Com-mand'ment. n. A mandate ; a command. 
 
 Com-me-di-eYta, u. [It.] A light comedy. 
 
 Com-mem'o-rate, v. a. [L. commemorate, com- 
 memoratum ; memo-rare, to mention ; memor, 
 mindful. — See Memory.] [pp. commemorating, 
 commemorated.] To preserve in memory; to 
 celebrate by some public act. 
 
 Com-mem-o-ra'tion, n. A public celebration. 
 
 Com-mem'o-ra-tive, ) a. Preserving in memory ; 
 
 Com-mem'o-ra-to-ry, J tending to commemorate. 
 
 Com-mence', v. a. & v.n. [Fr. commeneer; 'L.cum, 
 together, and iuitiare, to begin; milium, a begin- 
 ning; in, into, and ire, Hum, to go.] [pp. com- 
 mencing, commenced.] To begin ; to enter upon. 
 
 Com-mence'ment, 11. A beginning: — the time 
 when students in college receive their degrees. 
 
 Com-mend', v. a. [L. commendare; cum, with, 
 and mandare, to intrust.] [pp. commending, 
 commended.] To recommend ; to praise. 
 
 Com-mend'a-ble, a. [L. commendabUis.] That 
 may be commended ; laudable ; worthy of praise ; 
 praiseworthy. 
 
 Com-mend' a-bly, ad. Laudably. [praise. 
 
 Com-men-da'tion, n. [L, commendatio.] Approval; 
 
 Com-men'da-to-ry, a. [L. commendulorius.] Serv- 
 ing to commend : — holding the income, without 
 performing the duties, of a benefice. 
 
 Com-men'sal. n. [Fr. for "guest;" L. cum, with, 
 and mensa, a table.] An animal, not parasitic, 
 but living in or near another for the purpose of 
 sharing its food. 
 
 Com-mens-u-ra-bil'i-ty, \n. Capacity of having 
 
 Com-mens'u-ra-ble-ness, J a common measure. 
 
 Com-mens'u-ra-ble, a. [L. commeusurabilis.] Hav- 
 ing a common measure. 
 
 Com-mens'u-rate, a. [L. commenswatns ; mensura, 
 a measure.]' Equal; coextensive: — adequate; 
 corresponding in magnitude. 
 
 Com'ment, or Com-ment', v. n. [L. commentare, 
 to consider; cum, with, and mens, mentis, the 
 mind.] [pp. commenting, commented.] To an- 
 notate ; to expound ; to write notes upon a work. 
 
 Com'ment, n. A note; remark; annotation; ob- 
 servation; explanation; exposition. 
 
 Com'men-ta-ry, n. [L. commentarius, a note-book.] 
 A book of comments and annotations : — exposi- 
 tion : — historical narrative. [tator. 
 
 Com'men-ta-tor, n. [L.] An expositor ; an anno- 
 
 Com'merce, n. [L. commercium, trade; cum, with, 
 and merx, mercis, merchandise.] The exchange 
 of commodities ; trade; traffic: — intercourse. 
 
 Syn. — Commerce is appropriately, but not ex- 
 clusively, applied to traffic between different 
 countries ; foreign commerce. 
 
 Com-mer'cial (kom-mer'shal), a. Relating to 
 commerce; mercantile. 
 
 Com-mi-na'tion. n. [L. comminatio ; minari, to 
 threaten.] A threat; a denunciation. 
 
 Com-min'a-to-ry, a. Denunciatory; threatening. 
 
 Com-mm'glei v. a. [See Mingle.] [pp. comuiin- 
 gling, commingled.] To mix together; to blend. 
 — 2, v. n. To unite ; to blend. 
 
 Com'mi-nute, v. a. [L. comminuere, comminution; 
 com, exjiressing completeness, a,nd miuuere, to 
 make small. — See Minute.] [pp. comminuting, 
 comminuted.] To grind ; to pulverize. 
 
 Com-mi-nu'tion, n. A grinding; pulverization. 
 
 Com-mi§'er-ate, v. a. [L. commiserare ; cum, with, 
 and miserari, to pity; miser, wretched.] [pp. 
 commiserating, commiserated.] To feel pity for ; 
 to pity ; to compassionate. 
 
 Com-mis-er-a'tion, n. Sorrow for the distresses 
 of other's ; pity ; compassion. 
 
 Com-mis-sa'ri-at, n. [Fr.] A body of officers 
 charged with supplying an army with provisions. 
 
 Com'mis-sa-ry, n. [L. commissarius. — See COM- 
 MIT.]" A delegate; a deputy: — an officer attend- 
 ing an army, who inspects muster rolls, regu- 
 lates provisions, &c. 
 
 Com'mis-sa-ry-gen'er-al, n. An officer of an 
 army' who has the charge of providing supplies. 
 
 Com-mis'sion (kom-mish'un), n. [L. commissio.— 
 See Commit.] The act of committing ; a trust : — 
 an allowance or compensation : — a document in- 
 vesting one with some office or authority ; office : 
 — perpetration: — a body of commissioners. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. commissioning, commissioned.] To 
 empower ; to appoint ; to depute. 
 
 a, e, i, o, u, y, long; a, e, 1, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
COMMISSIONED 
 
 155 
 
 COMPASS 
 
 Com-mis'sioned (kom-mish'und),p. a. Furnished 
 'with a commission. 
 
 Com-nus'sion-er, n. One empowered tp act : — a 
 'member of a commission. 
 
 Com-mis'sion-mer' chant, n. One who sells on a 
 commission. 
 
 Com-mis-sion-naire (kom-mis-syoninar). n. [Fr.] 
 A person attached to a hotel or stationed in pub- 
 lic resorts to serve as a guide to strangers. 
 
 Com-mis'sure (koin-mish'yur) [kom'mish-yur, T. 
 X. S.], n. [L. commissura; cum, together, and 
 mittere, missum, to send.] A joint ; a seam ; a 
 suture : — a connecting band. 
 
 Com-mit\ v. a. [L. committere, commissum ; cum, 
 'with, and mittere, to send, to intrust.] [^.'Com- 
 mitting, committed.] To intrust : — to send to 
 prison : — to deposit : — to do ; to perpetrate. 
 
 Com-mit'ment, n. The act of committing: — im- 
 prisonment. 
 
 Com-mit'tal, ». Commitment : — pledge. 
 
 Com-mit'tee, n. [Fr. comite. — See Commit.] A 
 number of persons appointed to examine or 
 manage any matter. 
 
 Com-mix', v. a. & v. n. [See Mix.] [pp. commix- 
 'ing, commixed.] To mingle; to" blend; to mix. 
 
 Corn-mode', or Com'mode, n. [Fr.] A lady's 
 head- dress : — a small sideboard : — a convenience 
 for a bedroom ; a close-stool. 
 
 Com-mo'di-oiis, a. [L. commodus, later commodi- 
 osvs ; cum, with, and modus, measure ; that is, 
 in good measure.] Adapted to its use or pur- 
 pose; convenient; useful: — roomy. 
 
 Com-m5'di-ous-ly, ad. Conveniently. 
 
 Com-mo'di-ous-ness, n. Spaciousness ; fitness. 
 
 Com-mod'i-ty, n. [L. commoditas.] Interest: — 
 profit: — wares; goods; merchandise : produce. 
 
 Com'mo-dore, or Com-mo-d5re', n. [Sp. comen- 
 dador, commander.] An officer who commands 
 a squadron of ships of war. 
 
 Com'mon, a. [Fr. commvn; L. communis; cum, 
 implying more than one, and root of mimus, a 
 duty, a responsibility, a gift.] Belonging equally 
 to the public, to many, or to more than one : — 
 vulgar; mean: — not scarce: — public; general; 
 frequent; usual.— (Gram.) Both active and pas- 
 sive ; both masculine and feminine.— 2, n. An 
 open public ground or space. — 3, v. n. [pp. com- 
 moning, commoned.] To board with others. 
 
 Com'mon-ag e, n. The right of feeding on a cora- 
 
 Com'mon-al-ty, it. The common people. [mon. 
 
 Com'mon-er, ». A man not noble. 
 
 Com'mon-law, n. Unwritten law, which receives 
 its binding force from immemorial usage, dis- 
 tinguished from statutes or laws enacted. 
 
 Com'mon-ly, ad. Frequently; usually. 
 
 Com'mon-place, a. [L. locus communis, a general 
 argument, a maxim.] Ordinary; common. — 
 2, n. A memorandum ; a note : — a trite saying. 
 
 Com'mon-place-book (-buk), «. A book in which 
 things are ranged under general heads. 
 
 Com'mons, n. pi. The common people : — the lower 
 house of Parliament : — food ; fare. 
 
 Com'mon-sense, n. The natural understanding 
 or sagacity of mankind in general. 
 
 Com-mon-weal', n. The public good. 
 
 Coni'mon-wealth, or Com-mon-wealth\ n. [1>. 
 res publica; res, interests, wealth, and publico, 
 common, public] A state: — a free state; re- 
 public : — the community. 
 
 Com-mo'tion, n. [L. commotio ; com- with the idea 
 of thoroughness, and motio, motion.] Tumult; 
 disturbance; sedition. 
 
 Com-mu'nal, a. Relating to a commune. 
 
 Com-mune', v. n. [Fr. communier. — See Communi- 
 cate.] [pp. communing, communed.] To con- 
 verse together : — to partake of the communion. 
 
 Com'mune, n. [Fr.] A territorial district :— a body 
 of extreme socialists : — communion ; friendly as- 
 sociation, [imparted. 
 
 Com-mu-ni-ca-bil'i-ty., n. Capability of being 
 
 Com-mu'ni-ca-ble, a. ' That may be imparted. 
 
 Com-mu'ni-cant, n. A partaker of the sacrament 
 of the Lord's supper. 
 
 Com-mu'ni-eate, v. a. [L. communicare, commuiii- 
 'catum. — See Common.] [^.communicating, com- 
 municated.] To impart; to reveal. — 2, v. n. To 
 partake of the Lord's supper: — to have some- 
 thing in common. 
 
 Com-mu-ni-ca'tion, n. [L. communicatio.] The 
 "act or means of communicating; that which is 
 communicated: — a letter: — a conference. 
 
 Com-mu'ni-ca-tive, a. Beady to impart; free. 
 
 Com-mun'ipn (kom-mun'yun), «. [L. c&mnmuio.] 
 Fellowship : — celebration of the Lord's supper : 
 — a religious body or denomination. 
 
 Com'mu-ni§m, n. [Fr. communisme.] A scheme 
 for the overthrow of the institution of private 
 property. 
 
 Com'mu-nist, «. An advocate for communism. 
 
 Com-mu'ni-ty, n. [L. communUas.] The common- 
 'wealth ; the body of the people ; the public : — an 
 association : — society : — common possession. 
 
 Com-mu-ta-bil'i-ty., n. Capacity of exchange. 
 
 Com-mu'ta-ble, a. [L. commulabilis.] That may 
 be exchanged. 
 
 Com-mu-ta'tion, n. [L. commutatio.] Substitution. 
 
 Com-mu-ta'tor, b. A device for directing the 
 currents in a dynamo. 
 
 Com-mute', v- a. [L. commutare; cum, with, and 
 mutare, to change.] [ pp. commuting, commuted.] 
 To exchange ; to buy off. — 2, v. n. To bargain 
 for exemption. 
 
 Com'pact, n. [L. compactum; com-, together, and 
 pacisci, pactus, to covenant ; pactum, a pact, an 
 agreement.] A contract; a covenant. 
 
 Corn-pact', v. a. [L. com-, together, and pangere, 
 pactum, to fix, to fasten.] [pp. compacting, com- 
 pacted.] To join together; to league; to uniie 
 closely. — 2, a. Firm ; solid ; close ; terse :— -not 
 diffuse. 
 
 Com-pact'ly, ad. Closely; densely; tersely. 
 
 Com-pact'ness. n. Firmness; closeness. 
 
 Com-pan'ion (kom-pan'yun), n. [Fr. compagnon. 
 — See Company.] A partner; an associate; a 
 comrade. — 2, v. a. [pp. companioning, compan- 
 ioned.] To be a companion of; to accompany. — 
 3, v. n. To associate. 
 
 Com-pan'ion-a-ble, a. Fond of society; fit for 
 society; social; agreeable; sociable. 
 
 Com-pan'ion-ship, »■ Company ; fellowship. 
 
 Com-pan'ion-way, n. A stairway in a ship. 
 
 C6m'pa-ny, n. [Fr. compagnie ; Late L.eoi 
 
 L. cum, together, and panto, bread.] Persons 
 assembled: — assembly: — fellowship; a bund; a 
 society: — a body corporate: — a subdivision of a 
 regiment. [compared; equal; similar. 
 
 Com'pa-ra-ble, a. [L. comparabilis.] That may lie 
 
 Com-par'a-tive, a. [L. comparative.] Estimated 
 by comparison. — (Gram.) Expressing more or 
 less. 
 
 Com-par'a-tive-ly. ad. In a comparative degree. 
 
 Corn-pare', r. a. [Fr. comparer; L. comparare, to 
 adjust; com-, together, and para re, to prepare.] 
 [pp. comparing, compared.] To estimate one 
 thing by another; to liken.— (Grown.) To show 
 the degrees of comparison. — 2, n. Comparison ; 
 similitude. 
 
 Byn. — Compare, to show the resemblance; con- 
 trast, to show the difference. 
 
 Com-par'i-son, n. The act of comparing; a com- 
 parative estimate. — (Bhet.) n 
 A simile; similitude. 
 
 Com-part'ment, n. [Fr. com- 
 partiment ; L. compartiri, to 
 divide ; pars, partis, a share.] 
 Division ; separate part. 
 
 Com'pass, v. a. [Fr. compas ; 
 Late L. compassus, a cir- 
 cuit ; L. com-, together, and 
 passus, a step. — See Pace.] 
 [j>p. compassing, com- 
 passed.] To encircle; to en com] 
 
 Compass. 
 
 •ass ; to grasp : 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — C, Q, c, £•, soft; p, ja, e, £, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 
 
COMPASSABLE 
 
 156 
 
 COMPLOT 
 
 — to procure; to obtain; to attain. — 2, «. A 
 circle ; grasp ; space ; extent ; circumference : — 
 power of the voice : — a magnetic apparatus for 
 steering ships, Ac. 
 
 Com'pass-a-ble, «. Attainable. 
 
 C6m'pass-e§, n. pi. An instrument for dividing, 
 measuring, and making circles. 
 
 Corn-pas' sion (koni-pash'un), n. [L. compassio, 
 sympathy ; com-, with, <ijid pati, passus, to suffer.] 
 Grief for the suffering of others ; pity ; commis- 
 eration. 
 
 Com-pas'sion-ate, a. Inclined to pity; merciful. 
 
 Com-pas'sion-ate, v. a. [_pj). compassionating, 
 'compassionated.] To feel pity for; to pity; to 
 commiserate. 
 
 Com-pas'sion-ate-ly, ad. Mercifully ; tenderly. 
 
 Com-pat-i-bil'i-ty, \n. Consistency; suitable- 
 
 Com-pat'i-ble-ness, j ness ; fitness. 
 
 Com-pat'i-ble, a. [Late L. eomvaMbUis ; com-, to- 
 gether, and pati, to endure.] Suitable; not 
 incongruous. 
 
 Com-pat'i-bly, ad. Fitly ; suitably. 
 
 Com-pa'tri-ot {or kom-pat're-ut), n. [Late L. 
 ' compatriota ; cow,-, together, and patriota, Gr. 
 7raTpto>TT75, a fellow-citizen.] One of the same 
 country ; a fellow-countryman. 
 
 Corn-peer', n. [L. compar, an associate; par, 
 'equal. — See Peer.] An equal; a companion. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. compeering, compeered.] To be 
 equal with ; to mate. 
 
 Corn-pel', v. a. [L. compellere, compulsvs ; pellere, 
 'to drive.] [pp. compelling, compelled.] To 
 force : to oblige ; to constrain : — to drive. 
 
 Com-pel'la-ble, a. That may be compelled. 
 
 Com-pel-la'tion, n. [L. compellatio ; compellare, to 
 address.] Style, or word, of address. 
 
 Com-pel'la-tive, re. A word used in addressing. — 
 •2, a. Used in direct address. 
 
 Corn-pel' ler, n. One who compels. 
 
 Com'pend, v. An abridgment ; a compendium. 
 
 Com-pen'di-ous, a. [L. comjiendiosus. — See Com- 
 'pendium.] Short; concise ; summary ; abridged. 
 
 Com-pen'di-ous-ly. ad. Shortly; in epitome. 
 
 Corn-pen' di-ous-ness, re. Comprehensiveness, with 
 brevity. 
 
 Com-pen'di-um, n. [L. ; com-, together, and pen- 
 dere, to weigh; literally, what is weighed and 
 put aside as a saving ; hence, a saving, a con- 
 traction.] An abridgment; summary; epitome; 
 an abstract. 
 
 Com-pen'sate [kom-pen'sat or kcm'pen-siit, E. I. 
 N.], v. a. [L. compensare, compensatmn, frequen- 
 tative of compendere, to weigh together ; pendere, 
 pension, to weigh.] [pp. compensating, com- 
 pensated.] To recompense; to pay; to remu- 
 nerate : — to make amends. 
 
 Com-pen-sa'tion, n. [L. compensatio.] Something 
 paid for service, injury, or privation ; recom- 
 pense, [compensates. 
 
 Com-pen'sa-tive, a. [L. compensativus.] That 
 
 Com-pen'sa-to-ry, a. Making amends. 
 
 Com-pete', v. n. [L. competere ; com-, together, 
 'and pefere. to strive after.] [ pp. competing, com- 
 peted.] To carry on competition. 
 
 Com'pe-tence, ) ». Quality of being competent ; 
 
 Com'pe-ten-cy, J capacity ; sufficiency. 
 
 Com'pe-tent. a. [L. competere, competent^, to strive 
 together, to vie ; hence, to compare, to be com- 
 parable, to be suitable (see Compete).] Suit- 
 able ; capable : — adequate. 
 Com-pe-ti"tion (-tlsh'un), n. [L. competilio.] A 
 mutual contest for the same object; emulation; 
 rivalry. [lous. 
 
 Com-pet'i-tive, a. Relating to competition : emu- 
 Com-pet'i-tor, n. [L.] A rival ; an opponent. 
 Com-pi-la'tion. v. [L. compilatio.] Act of com- 
 piling : — a collection from various auihors. 
 Corn-pile', v. a. [L. compilare, to rob, to steal ; 
 pUare, to rob.] [pp. compiling, compiled.] To 
 collect from various authors. 
 Com-pll'er, n. One who compiles. 
 
 Com-pla'cence, ) n. Gratification; satisfaction-, 
 Com-pla'cen-cy, J pleasure : — civility. 
 Com-pla'cent, a. [L. complacere, complacentis, to 
 please; com-, intensive, and placere, to please 
 (q. v.).] Civil; affable; complaisant: — gratified. 
 Com-pla'cent-ly, ad. In a mild manner. 
 Corn-plain', v. n. [0. Fr. complaindre ; L. com.-, 
 together, and plangere, to bewail.] [pp. com- 
 jjlaining, complained.] To murmur; to find 
 fault; to make accusation. 
 Com-plain'ant, v. A plaintiff; a complainer. 
 Com-plain'er, n. One who complains. 
 Com-plain'ing, n. Expression of sorrow. 
 Com-plaint', n [Fr. complainte. — See Complain.] 
 Accusation; information against: — a lamenta- 
 tion : — a disease. 
 Com-plai-§ance', re. Civility; courtesy. 
 CSm-plai-§ant\ a. [Fr. — See Complacent.] Civil; 
 
 courteous ; polite. 
 Com-plai-sant'ly, ad. Civilly ; politely. 
 Com'ple-ment, n. [L. complememtum ; complere, 
 compietum, to fill.] A full quantity or number : 
 — completeness: — that which makes complete. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. complementing, complemented.] 
 To join in making complete. 
 Com-ple-ment'al, a. Filling up; completing. 
 Com-ple-ment'a-ry, a. Supplying a defect ; com- 
 
 plemental. 
 Com-plete', a. [L. complere, compietum, to finish; 
 com-, and plere, to fill.] Having no deficiency ; 
 perfect ; entire ; full ; accomplished. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 completing, completed.] To perfect; to finish. 
 Com-plete'ly, ad. Fully ; entirely. 
 Com-plete'ness, re. Perfection; completion. 
 Com-ple'tion, n. [L. completio.~\ Act of com- 
 pleting; accomplishment; perfect state; close. 
 Com-ple'tive, a. Filling; making complete. 
 Com'plex,'a. [L. ; com-, together, and plicare. to 
 fold.] Intricate ; complicated ; entangled ; of 
 many parts ; not simple. — 2, ?i. Complication ; 
 collection. 
 Com-plex'ion (kom-plek'shun), n. [L. complexio, 
 compass, circuit, habit ; complecti, cOmplexus, to 
 enfold.] The color of the skin or of the external 
 parts of any body : — appearance ; aspect. 
 Com-plex'ioned (kom-plek'shund), a. Having a 
 
 certain hue or color of the skin. 
 Com-plex'i-ty, n. State of being complex ; intri- 
 cacy ; involvement. 
 Com'plex-ly, ad. In a complex manner. 
 Com'plex-ness, n. State of being complex. 
 Com-plex'us, n. [L.] A complication; an aggre- 
 gation :— a bundle. 
 Com-pli'a-ble, a. Disposed to comply. 
 Com-pll'ance, n. Act of complying; assent. 
 Com-pli'ant, a. [See Comply.] Yielding; civil. 
 Com'pli-cate, v. a. [L. complicate, complieatux, 
 to entangle ; plicare, to fold.] [ pp. complicating, 
 complicated.] To entangle; to involve mutu- 
 ally ; to join ; to intertwine. 
 Com'pli-cate, a. Complex; complicated. 
 Com'pli-cS.t-ed, p. a. Entangled; involved. 
 Com-pli-ca'tion, ?). Complexity; entanglement. 
 Com'pli-ca-tive, a. Tending to involve. 
 Com-plic'i-ty, re. [Fr. complicity ; L. complex, con- 
 federate'.— See Complex.] Partnership in crime. 
 Com'pli-ment. n. [Fr. ; It. complimento, a civility ; 
 L. complere, to finish, to adorn.] An act or ex- 
 pression of civility or respect ; delicate flattery ; 
 praise.— 2, v. a. [pp. complimenting, compli- 
 mented.] To flatter; to praise :— to congratu- 
 late.— 3, v. n. To use flattery. 
 Com-pli-ment'al, a. Implying compliments. 
 Com-pli-ment'a-ry, a. Bestowing compliments; 
 
 expressive of 'civility ; civil ; flattering. 
 Com'pline, n., or Com'pline§, re. pi. [Fr. complies, 
 Late L. completa; L. complere, to finish.] The 
 last prayer at night :— the last of the canonical 
 hours in the breviary. 
 Com'plot, n. [Fr.— See Plot.] A confederacy in 
 a secret plot ; a joint plot. 
 
 a, e, I, o, ii, y, long ; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 
 
C03IPL0T 
 
 157 
 
 CONCATENATION 
 
 Com-plot', v. n. [pp. com plotting, com plotted.] 
 
 To form a plot ; to conspire. 
 Com-plu-ten'sian, a. [From Complutum, now Al- 
 cal.i de Henares, in Spain.] Xoting the Polyglot 
 Bible published by Cardinal Ximenes in 1575. 
 Com-ply', v. n. [It. complire; L. cornplere,to fill, 
 to satisfy.] [pp. complying, complied.] To 
 yield; to consent; to acquiesce. 
 
 Syn. — Comply with a reasonable request; con- 
 form to good customs ; yield to superiors; assent 
 to what is true ; consent to what is reasonable. 
 
 Com-po'nent, a. [L. componere, components, to 
 'compose' (g. v.).] Constituent. — 2, n. A constit- 
 uent part. 
 
 Corn-port', v. n. [Fr. comporter, to behave; L. 
 comportare, to carry together, — later, to behave ; 
 portare, to carry.] [ pp. comporting, cumported.] 
 To agree ; to suit — 2, v. a. To bear : — to behave. 
 
 Com-port'ment, n. Behavior; deportment. 
 
 Com-pose', v. a. [Fr. composer; L. com-, together, 
 'and pausare, to pause, to rest ; influenced greatly 
 by L. componere, compositum; com-, together, and 
 ponere, to place.] [pp. composing, composed.] 
 To form, as a compound ; to put together : — to 
 write, as an author: — to quiet; to adjust; to 
 settle ; to constitute : — to arrange, as types. 
 
 Com-posed' (kom-pozd'), /). a. Calm ; quiet. 
 
 Com-pos'ed-ly, ad. Calmly; without agitation. 
 
 Com-pos/ed-ness, n. Sedateness; quiet. 
 
 Com-pos'er, n. One who composes ; an author. 
 
 Com-pos'i-tse, n. pi. [L.] A great order of flow- 
 ering plants. 
 
 Com-pos'ite, a. Compounded :— noting the last 
 of the five orders of classical architecture. 
 
 Com-po-si"tion (kdm-po-zish'un), n. [L. compo- 
 site.] The act of composing; thing composed; 
 a mixture ; a written work : — adjustment; com- 
 pact : — the act of joining words togethei - . 
 
 Com-pos'i-tor, n. One who sets type. 
 
 Com'post, n. [Fr. compost; It. composta; L. com- 
 ponere, compositum, to mix.] A mixed manure. 
 
 Com-post', v. a. [pp. composting, composted.] 
 To manure with compost :— to make into a com- 
 post. 
 
 Com-pos'iire (-zhiir), n. [See Compose.] Adjust- 
 ment; composition: — tranquillity; sedateness. 
 
 Com-po-ta'tion, n. [L. compotatio. — See Potation.] 
 The act of drinking together. 
 
 Com-pound', v. a. [L. componere ; com-, together, 
 and ponere, to place ; ponere is said to be for 
 post sinere, to set behind.] [pp. compounding, 
 compounded.] To form of different parts; to 
 mingle; to combine: — to adjust. — 2, v. n. To 
 come to terms ; to agree. 
 
 Com'pb'und, a. Formed out of many ingredients ; 
 not simple :— formed of two or more words. — 
 Compound interest, interest charged on both the 
 principal and the interest. — 2, n. A mixture of 
 many ingredients : — an enclosure. 
 
 Com-pra-dor', n. [Sp., from comprar, to buy.] A 
 native' employed by merchants at Chinese ports 
 to transact business with the other natives ; a 
 head-servant or steward. 
 
 Com-pre-hend', v. a. [L. comprehendere ; com-, 
 and prehendere, to seize; pree, lieforehand, and 
 obo. hendere, to get.] [pp. comprehending, com- 
 prehended.] To contain in the mind ; to under- 
 stand : — to include ; to comprise. 
 
 Com-pre-hen-si-bil'i-ty, »• Quality of being com- 
 prehensible. 
 
 Com-pre-hen'si-ble, a. That may be compre- 
 hended; intelligible; conceivable. 
 
 C5m-pre-hen'si-bly, ad. With comprehension. 
 
 Com-pre-hen'sion, n. [L. comprehensio.] The act 
 or power of comprehending ; capacity. 
 
 Com-pre-hen'sive, a. [L. comprehensions.] Ex- 
 tensive; capacious; wide; large; broad. 
 
 Com-pre-hen'sive-ly, ad. With comprehension. 
 
 Com-pre-hen'sive-ness, n. Capaciousness. 
 
 Corn-press', v. a. [L. comprimere, compressmn, to 
 compress; premere, presxum, to press; frequenta- 
 
 tive forms are pressare and compressare.] [pp- 
 compressing, compressed.] To press together ; to 
 crowd. [gery. 
 
 Com'press, n. [Fr. compresse.] A pad used in sur- 
 
 Com-pres-si-bil'i-ty., \ n. The quality of being 
 
 Com-pres'si-ble-ness. J compressible. 
 
 Com-pres'si-ble, a. That may be compressed. 
 
 Com-pres'sion (kom-presh'un), n. [L. compressio.] 
 The act of' compressing ; forcible condensation ; 
 state of being compressed. 
 
 Com-prl'sal, n. The act of comprising ; state of 
 being comprised : — summary. 
 
 Com-prise', v. a. [Fr. compris, p. a. from com- 
 prendre, to comprehend.] [ j>jj. comprising, com- 
 prised.] To contain ; to include ; to comprehend. 
 
 Com'pro-mise, n. [Fr. compromis ; L. compromit- 
 tere, compromissum, to promise mutually. — See 
 Promise.] An adjustment : — a compact in which 
 concessions are made on each side. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 compromising, compromised.] To compound : — 
 to adjust a dispute by mutual concessions. — 3, 
 v. n. To agree ; to accord. 
 
 Com'prp-mit, v. a. [See Compromise.] [pp. com- 
 piomitting, compromised.] To pledge; to prom- 
 ise : — to compromise : — to put to hazard. 
 
 Comp-trol'ler (kon-trol'ler), n. (Law.) An officer 
 'who examines the accounts of the collectors of 
 the public money. See Controller. 
 
 Com-pul'sion, n. [L. comptdsio. — See Compel.] 
 Act of compelling ; force. 
 
 Com-pul'so-ri-ly, ad. By force. 
 
 Com-pul'so-ry, a. Compelling : — enforced. 
 
 Com-piinc'tion, n. [L. compunctio, a puncture ; 
 compungere, compunctum, to sting; com- inten- 
 sive, and pungere, to pierce.] Bemorse ; the sting 
 of conscience. 
 
 Com-punc'tious, a. Repentant: — causing com- 
 punction. 
 
 Com-pur-ga'tion, n. [L. compurgatio, purification. 
 — See Purge.] Act of clearing an accused per- 
 son by the testimony of others as to their belief 
 in the truth of his protestations of innocence. 
 
 Com'pur-ga-tor, n. One who bears testimony to 
 his own belief in an accused person's claim to be 
 regarded as innocent. 
 
 Com-put'a-ble, a. That may be numbered. 
 
 Com-pu-ta'tion, n. [L. computatio.] Act of com- 
 puting or reckoning ; estimate; calculation. 
 
 Com-pute', v. a. [L. computare; com-, together, 
 and jtiitare, to think, to reckon, — properly, to 
 cleanse, to set right.] [pp. computing, com- 
 puted.] To reckon ; to calculate; to estimate; to 
 rate ; to number. 
 
 Com'rade, or Com'rade [kom'rad, H.], v. [Sp. 
 eamarada; Fr. camarade; originally, a company, 
 a chamber-full ; Sp. camara, a chamber, a cabin.] 
 A companion ; an associate. 
 
 Com'rade-ship {or kum'-), ». Fellowship. 
 
 Comtism (koht'jzm), n. The system of philosophy 
 propounded by Comte ; positivism. 
 
 Comtist (kont'ist), a. Of or pertaining to Comte 
 or his philosophy.— 2, ». A follower of Comte. 
 
 Con, ad. An abbreviation of the Latin word con- 
 tra, against; as, to dispute pro and con, — that is, 
 for and against: — a Latin prefix, standing for 
 cum, a preposition signifying " with." It implies 
 association, or union. 
 
 Con, v. a. [A.-S. cunnian, to try ; amnan, to know.] 
 [pp. conning, conued.] To study; to commit to 
 memory : — to direct the course of, as a ship [in 
 the latter sense spelled also cond, conn, and cunn; 
 said to stand for to conduct]. 
 
 Co-na'tion, n. [L. conalio; conari, conatus, to 
 strive.] An attempt; endeavor; the power of 
 making attempts. 
 
 Co'na-tive, a. Pertaining to voluntary efforts. 
 
 Con-cat'e-nate, v. a. [L. concatenare, concatenation ; 
 catena,' a. chain.] [pp. concatenating, concat- 
 enated.] To link together. 
 
 Con-cat-e-na'tion, n. [L. concatenatio.'] Act of 
 "linking"; series of links : — a succession. 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nbr, son : bull, bur, rule, use. — Q Q, c, g, soft ; p, p, e> §, hard ; § as z ; 5 as gz ; this. 
 
 14* 
 
CONCAVE 
 
 158 
 
 CONCKETELY 
 
 Con'cave (kong'kav), o. [L. concavus; con- and 
 cuvus, hollow.] Hollow: - 
 
 opposed to convex. — 'I, u. 1 
 hollow ; a cavity. 
 
 Con-cav'i-ty, n. Hollowness, 
 'a concave surface. Concave. 
 
 Con-ca'vo-con'cave, a. Concave on both sides. 
 
 Con-ca'vo-con'vex, a. Concave on one side and 
 'convex'on the other; convexo-concave. 
 
 Con-ceal', v. a. [L. concelare; con- implying com- 
 pleteness, and celare, to hide.] [pp. concealing, 
 concealed.] To hide; to secrete. 
 
 Con-ceal'a-ble, a. That may be concealed. 
 
 Con-ceal'rnent, n. Act of hiding; secrecy. 
 
 Con-cede', v. a. [L. concedere, concessum; con-, 
 'wholly, and cedere, to yield ] [pp. conceding, 
 conceded.] To yield; to admit; to grant.— 
 2, v. n. To make concession. 
 
 Con-ceit', n. [0. Fr. conceipt, a concept (q. v.).] 
 'Fancy; imagination; notion; opinion; idea: — 
 piide; vanity: — a whimsical, but ingenious, 
 thought or expression; fancy; affected wit. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. conceiting, conceited.] To con- 
 ceive ; to imagine. 
 
 Con-ceit'ed, p. a. Vain ; self-conceited. 
 
 " '-ceiv'a-ble, a. That may be conceived. 
 
 jeiv'a-ble-ness, n. The quality of being con- 
 ceivable. 
 
 Con-ceiv'a-bly, ad. In a conceivable manner. 
 
 Con-ceive', v. a. [Fr. concevoir ; L. concipere, con- 
 ceptual; con-, wholly, and capere, captum, to take.] 
 [pp. conceiving, conceived.] To develop in the 
 womb : — to form in the mind ; to imagine. — 
 2, v. u. To think : — to become pregnant. 
 
 Con-cen'trate (or kon'sen-trate) [kon'sen-trat, St. 
 Wb. I.], v. a. [Fr. concentrer, to concentre (q. v.).] 
 [pp. concentrating, concentrated.] To bring- 
 together, or to a centre ; to condense. — 2, v. n. 
 To approach or meet in a common point. 
 
 Con-cen'trat-ed, p. a. Condensed; increased in 
 strength by concentration. 
 
 Con-cen-tra'tion, n. Act of concentrating : — the 
 state of being concentrated. 
 
 Con-cen'tra-tive, a. Tending to concentration. 
 
 Con-cen'tre (kon-sen'ter), v. n. [Fr. concentrer; L. 
 'con-, together, and centrum, centre.] [pp. con- 
 centring, concentred.] To tend to one common 
 centre. — i, v. a. To concentrate. 
 
 Con-een'tric, a. [Fr. concenlrique.] Having one 
 common centre. 
 
 Con-cept', or Con'cept, n. [L. conceptns ; con- 
 cipere, to conceive (q. v.).] The subject of a 
 conception ; a conception. 
 
 Con-cep'ta-cle, n. [L. conceptaculum. — See Con- 
 ceive.] A receptacle; a follicle. 
 
 Con-cep'tion, n. [L. conceplio. — See Conceive.] 
 Act of conceiving : — thing conceived ; notion ; 
 image in the mind ; thought ; perception. 
 
 Con-cept'u-al, a. Of or relating to concepts, or 
 power of forming conceptions. 
 
 Con-cept'u-al-ist, n. One who holds that the 
 'mind has the power to form general conceptions. 
 
 Con-cern', v. a. [L. concer»ere, to mix with, — later, 
 to regard ; con-, together, and cernere, to sift.] 
 [pp. concerning, concerned.] To relate to; to 
 belong to; to affect; to interest; to touch; to 
 disturb. — 2, n. Business; affair; interest; care: 
 — an establishment. 
 
 Con-cern'ing, prep. Relating to. 
 
 Con-cern'ment, n. Concern ; business : — anxiety. 
 
 Con-cert', v. a. [Fr. concerler, Ital. concertare, L. 
 conserere, consertum, to join together. The L. 
 concertare signifies to contend, to dispute.] [pp. 
 concerting, concerted.] To settle; to contrive : 
 — to adjust. 
 
 Con'cert, n. A mutual agreement; a plan: — a 
 musical entertainment. 
 
 Con-cer-ti'na, n. [It. ; from concerto, concert.] A 
 kind of accordion. 
 
 Con-cer'to, n. [It.] A piece of music for a special 
 instrument with accompaniments. 
 
 Con-ces'sion (kon-sesh'un), n. [L. concessio.— See 
 Concede.] Act of conceding : — thing conceded ; 
 a grant. 
 
 Concetto (kpn-chet'to), n. ; pi. Concetti (kon- 
 chet'te). [It. for "a conceit."] A verbal con- 
 ceit :— affectedly ingenious wit. 
 
 Conph (kougk), n. [L. concha; Gr. Koyxt] ; Skr. 
 Qankha.] A marine shell. [external ear. 
 
 Con'phajkong'ka), n. [L. for "a shell."] The 
 
 Con'phoid, n. [Gr. KOYx oetl $ijs ,- Koyxn, a shell, and 
 elSos, form.] A mathematical curve. 
 
 Con-phol'o-|-ist, n. One veised in c< nchology. 
 
 Con-phol'o-gy, n. [Gr. xoyxri, a shell, and Aoyos, 
 a discourse.] The science of shells, or of mol- 
 luscous animals. 
 
 Con-cil'i-ate, v. a. [L. conciliare, conciliatus, to 
 unite, to reconcile ; concilium, council, union.] 
 [pp. conciliating, conciliated.] To gain by favor ; 
 to win ; to reconcile ; to pacify. 
 
 Con-cil-i-a'tion, n. [L. conciliate.] The act of 
 conciliating.' [pacifying; persuasive. 
 
 Con-cil'i-a-to-rx, a. Tending to reconciliation; 
 
 Con-cin ni-ty., u. [L. co?ici>tnus, neat, elegant ; 
 etymology doubtful.] Fitness:— neatness. 
 
 Con-cise', a. [L. concidere, to cut; concims, brief; 
 csedere, to cut.] Brief; short; comprehensive. 
 
 Con-clse'ly., ad. In a concise manner; briefly. 
 
 Con-cise'ness, n. Quality of being concise. 
 
 Con-ci"sion (-sizh'un), n. [L. conckio. — See Con- 
 cise.] The act of cutting off: — a faction :— cir- 
 cumcision ; brevity. 
 
 Con'clave, n. [L. conclave, a hall ; con-, with, and 
 clavis, a key.] An assembly of cardinals : — a 
 private meeting or assembly. 
 
 Con-elude', v. a. [L. concludere ; con-, wholly, and 
 claudere, to shut.] [pp. concluding, concluded.] 
 To determine : — to finish : — to settle. — 2, v. n. 
 To infer ; to determine. 
 
 Con-clu'§ion (kon-kir/zhun), n. [L. conclusio. — 
 See Conclude.] The act of concluding; final 
 decision : — the close ; the end : — inference ; de- 
 duction. 
 
 Con-clu'sive, a. Decisive; final; ending debate. 
 
 Con-clu'sive-ly, ad. In a decisive manner. 
 
 Con-coct', v. a. [L. concoquere, concoctus, to boil 
 together; coquere, to cook.] [pp. concocting, 
 concocted.] To digest; to mature; to plot. 
 
 Con-coc'tion, n. [L. concoctio.} The act of con- 
 cocting;' something concocted; digestion. 
 
 Con-com'i-tance, \n. [L. concomitanlia, an ac- 
 
 Con-com'i-tan-cy, j companiment, a train.] State 
 'of subsisting with something else. 
 
 Con-com'i-tant, a. [L. concomitari, concornitantis, 
 to accompany; comitari, to attend; comes, comitis, 
 a companion ; con-, with, and ire, to go.] Ac- 
 companying; attending. — 2, n. An attendant; 
 companion ; an accompaniment. 
 
 Con-com'i-tant-ly, ad. In company. 
 
 Con'cbrd (kong'kord), n. [L. concors, concordis, 
 harmonious ; concordia, harmony ; con-, together, 
 and cor, cordis, the heart.] Agreement; union : 
 — agreement of words :— harmony of sound. . 
 
 Con-cord'ance, n. [Late L. concordantise.] Con- 
 cord: — a' verbal index to- the Scriptures, or to 
 any book. 
 
 Con-cbr'dant, a. Harmonious; agreeing. 
 
 Con-cbr'dat, n. [Fr.] Compact; an agreement 
 'between' the papal court and any government. 
 
 Con'course (kong'kors), n. [L. concursus; con-, to- 
 gether, and currere, cursum, to run.] A conflu- 
 ence; an assembly ; a meeting; a multitude. 
 
 Con-crete', v. n. [L. concrescere, concretum, to grow 
 together ; crescere, to grow.] [pp. concreting, 
 concreted.] To coalesce into one mass. — 2, v. a. 
 To form by concretion. 
 
 Con' crete , or Con-cret^' , a. Formed by concretion ; 
 compounded : — applied to or connected with a 
 subject ; not abstract. 
 
 Con'crete, n. A mass formed by concretion; a 
 compound ; a mass compounded with mortar. 
 
 Con-crete'ly., ad. In a concrete manner. 
 
 a, e, I, o, u, y, long ; a, e, I, 5, u, y, short ; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her ; 
 
CONCRETION 
 
 159 
 
 CONFERVA 
 
 Con-cre'tion, n. [L. concrelio.] The act of con- 
 creting; 'a mass. 
 Con-cre'tion-al, a. Implying concretion. 
 Con-cu'bi-nage, w. The act of living with a 
 
 'woman as a wife, though not married. 
 Cbn'cu-bine, n. [L. concubina; con-, together, 
 and cubare, to lie down.] A woman kept in con- 
 cubinage. 
 Con-cu'pis-cence, n. [D. concupiscent ia, desire; 
 'concupiscere, to long for; con- intensive, and cu- 
 pere, to wish.] Irregular desire; lust. 
 Con-ciir', v. u. [L. concurrere ; con-, together, and 
 'currere, to run.] [pp. concurring, concurred.] 
 To meet in one point; to agree. 
 Con-cur'rence, «. Act of concurring: union. 
 Con-cur'rent, a- [L. concurrere, concuiTenUs.] Act- 
 'ing in conjunction. — 2. n. A contributory cause. 
 Con-cur'rent-ly, ad. With concurrence. 
 Con-cus'sion (kon-kiish'un), n. [L. concussio ; con- 
 cntere, concusmm, to shake together; qualere, 
 quassum, to shake.] The act of shaking; agita- 
 tion; the state of being shaken. 
 Con-demn' (kon-dem'), v. a. [L, condemnare; con- 
 intensive, and damnare, to condemn.] [pp. con- 
 demning, condemned.] To find guilty ; to doom 
 to punishment; to censure; to blame. 
 Con-dem-na'tion, n. [L. condemnation] The act of 
 condemning;' sentence of punishment; severe 
 censure. 
 Con-dem'na-to-ry, a. Implying censure. 
 Con-den'sa-ble, a. Capable of condensation. 
 Con-den-sa'tion, n. Act of condensing; density. 
 Con-dense', v. a. [L. condensare (-ere). — See 
 'Dene.] [pp. condensing, condensed.] To 
 make dense ; to thicken. — 2, v. n. To grow 
 dense or thick. — 3, a. [L. condenms, very dense.] 
 Thick; dense; compact. 
 Con-dens'er, n. He who or that which condenses : 
 
 ' — a vessel for condensing air or steam. 
 Con-den' si-ble, a. Same as Condensable. 
 Con-de-scend', v. n. [L. condescendere, coudescen- 
 swm ; con-, together, and descendere, to come 
 down. — See Descend.] [pp. condescending, con- 
 descended.] To descend from superior rank; to 
 yield; to submit; to stoop. 
 Con-de-seend'ing, p. «. Stooping; meek. 
 Con-de-scen'sion, n. Descent from superiority; 
 
 voluntary humiliation; complaisance. 
 Con-dign' (kon-din'), a. [L. condignus; con- in- 
 tensive, and' dignus, worthy.] Merited ; deserved. 
 Con'di-ment, n. [L. condimeutum ; condire, to pre- 
 serve; for condere, to lay up; con-, together, and 
 dare, to give, to bestow.] A seasoning: a sauce. 
 Con-di"tion (kon-dlsh'un), n. [L. conditio, prop- 
 erly conditio, agreement, terms, relation, nature ; 
 con-, together, and root of dicare, to point out, 
 to proclaim ; but. L. conditio also is derivable 
 from condere (to put together) and condire (to 
 preserve, to season), which seem to have influ- 
 enced the English in soim' of its senses.] Situ- 
 ation ; circumstance ; quality ; state ; rank : — 
 stipulation; term of compact ; article; provision. 
 —2, v. a. [pp. conditioning, conditioned.] To 
 contract ; to stipulate : — to put under conditions. 
 Con-di"tion-al, a. Containing conditions; not 
 
 'absolute'; stipulated; dependent. 
 Con-di-tion-al'i-ty, n. Limitation by certain 
 
 terms. 
 Con-di"tion-al-ly, ad. With limitations. 
 Con-di"tioned (kon-dish'und), a. Having quali- 
 fies or "properties good or bad; stipulated:— 
 limited. — 2, n. That which is restricted by con- 
 ditions; that which is relative and limited; that 
 which alone is conceivable or cogitable. 
 Con-dole', v. v. [L. condolere; dolere, to grieve.] 
 [pp. condoling, condoltd.] To lament with and 
 for others. — 2, v. a. To lament with or for. 
 Con-do'lence, n. Act of condoling; grief for an- 
 other's' sorrows; sympathy; pity. 
 Con-do-na'tion, n. [L. condonatio.] The act of 
 pardoning , forgiveness. 
 
 •'■^■,- 
 
 Condor. 
 
 Con-done', v. a. [L. condonare ; con-, completely, 
 'and donate, to give; donum, a gift.] [pp. con- 
 doning, condoned.] To pardon; to forgive. 
 Con'dor, n. [Peru- 
 vian, kuntur.] A 
 large bird ; the 
 great vulture of 
 the Andes: — a 
 gold coin of Chili, 
 Ecuador, and Co- 
 lombia, worth 
 rather more than 
 89. 
 
 Condottiere (kon- 
 dot-te-a'ra), n. ; 
 pi. Condottieri 
 (kon-dot-te-a're). [It. for "contractor;" L. con- 
 ducere, to hire.] In mediaeval Italy, a leader of 
 mercenary soldiers: — a mercenary soldier; a 
 brigand. 
 
 Con-duce', b. n. [L. conducere ; con-, and dncere, to 
 lead.] [pp. conducing, conduced.] To tend; 
 to contribute. [bring about. 
 
 Con-du'cive, «. Aiding; promoting; tending to 
 
 Con'duct, n. [L. conducing; conducere, to lead.] 
 Management ; behavior: demeanor; depot" t; 
 direction; carriage: — escort : — guidance. 
 
 Con-duct', v. a. [L. conducere, conducturm : ducere, 
 to lead: dux, dutis, a leader.] [pp. conducting, 
 conducted.] To lead; to direct; to manage; to 
 guide ; to regulate. 
 
 Con-duc'tion, n. The act of conducting. 
 
 Con-duc'tive, a. Directing: — conducting. 
 
 Con-duc-tiv'i-ty, n. Quality of being conductive. 
 
 Con-duct'or, u. [L.] lie who or that which con- 
 ducts ; a leader : — manager : director. — | I' lee.) A 
 substance that transmits the electric fluid. 
 
 Con'duit (kiin'dit, kon'dwit, or kon'dit), n. [Ft. ; 
 from'conduire, to conduct.] A water-pipe; a canal. 
 
 Con-du'pli-cate, a. [L. condupUcare, to double. — 
 See Duplicate.] Doubled together. 
 
 Con'dyle [kon'dil, /.], n. [Gr. (coVSvAos, a knuc- 
 kle.] A prominence on the 
 head of a bone. 
 
 Cone, n. [L. con us ; Gr. kojvos. — 
 Cf. L. aniens, a wedge; Skr. 
 fana, a hone.] A solid body, 
 the base of which is a circle 
 and the summit a point : — the 
 compound fruit of pines and similar trees; a 
 
 Con'fab, n. Familiar talk ; chat. [strobile. 
 
 Con-fab'u-late, v. u. [L. eonfabulari, -latus. to con- 
 verse; fabulari, to talk; fabida, discourse, Fable; 
 fart, to speak.] [pp. confabulatiDg, confabu- 
 lated.] To talk together. 
 
 Con-fab-u-la'tion, u. Talk; conversation. 
 
 Con-fec'tion, k. [L. confeclio, a preparation ; con- 
 ficere, to make up; facere, factum, to make.] A 
 sweetmeat; a preserve. 
 
 Con-fec'tion-er, n. A maker of sweetmeats. 
 
 Con-fec'tion-e'r-y, «• Sweetmeats or candies in 
 general : — a place for sweetmeats or candies. 
 
 Con-fed'er-a-cy, n. A league; federal compact; 
 confederation ; alliance; association. 
 
 Con-fed'er-ate, v. a. & v. n. [L. confeederare, con- 
 fa'deratnm, to league: faedus, foederis, a league.] 
 [pp. confederating, confederated.] To join in a 
 league. [ally ; accomplice. 
 
 Con-fed'er-ate, a. United in a league. — 2, n. An 
 
 Con-fed-er-a'tion, n. A league ; confederacy. 
 
 Con-fe'r', v. n. [L. conferre ; con-, together, and 
 ferre, to bring.] [pp. conferring, conferred.] 
 To discourse together; to consult.— 2, v. a. To 
 give ; to bestow; to grant. 
 
 Con'fer-ence, n. Formal discourse; an oral dis- 
 cussion ; conversation : — an assembly. 
 
 Con-fer'va, n. [L. ; from confervere, to boil to- 
 gether (see Fervent) : probably with the idea 
 of soldering, or mending: the plant was sup- 
 posed to h'-al wounds.] An aquatic plant-growth 
 forminu a slime or scum. 
 
 Cones. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — C, Q, 5, g, soft ; p, £, e, §, hard ; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 
 
CONFESS 
 
 160 
 
 CONGEST 
 
 Con-fess', v. a. [L. confiteri, confessus, to confess; 
 fateri, to acknowledge ; fori, to'speak.] [pp. con- 
 fessing, confessed.] To acknowledge, as a crime 
 or fault; to admit; to own ; to grant : — to hear 
 the confession of. — 2, v. n. To make confession. 
 
 Con-fess'ed-lv, ad. Avowedly; indisputably. 
 
 Con-f es'sion (kon-fesh'un), n. [L. co)ifessio.] The 
 act of confessing ; acknowledgment ; profession ; 
 avowal: — a formulary of articles of faith. 
 
 Con-fes'sion-al, w. A confession-chair : — the hear- 
 ing of confessions.— 2, a. Pertaining to confes- 
 sions, or to creeds. 
 
 Con'fess-or, or Con-fess' or, n. [Late L.] One who 
 confesses : — one who makes profession of his faith 
 in face of danger : — one who hears confessions. 
 
 Con-fi-dant' (kun'fe-dant or kon-fe-dant'), n. 
 [0. Fr. — See Confident.] A confidential friend : 
 — one trusted with secrets. 
 
 Con-fi-dante', n. [0. Fr. ; Fr. confidente or confi- 
 ante'.] A female confided in. 
 
 Con-fide', v. n. [L. confidere ; fidere, to trust ; fides, 
 faith.] [pp. confiding, confided.] To have' con- 
 fidence; to trust. — 2, v. a. To trust; to intrust. 
 
 Con'fi-dence, n. [L. confidential Act of confid- 
 ing'; trust; firm assurance; reliance: — boldness. 
 
 Con'fi-dent. a. [L. confident. — See Confide.] Hav- 
 ing'full belief; positive ; certain : — daring; bold. 
 
 Con-fi-den'tial (-shal), a. Spoken or written in 
 confidence ;" private : — trusty ; faithful. 
 
 Con-fi-den'tial-ly, ad. In confidence. 
 
 Con'fi-dent-ly, ad. Without doubt or fear. 
 
 Con-f lg-u-ra'tion, n. [L. configuratio.—See Fig- 
 ure.] External form ; figure ; outline. 
 
 Con-f In'a-ble, a. That may be confined. 
 
 Con'fine, n. [L. confinium or confine; confirm, a 
 neighbor, neighboring; con-, together, and finis, 
 limit.] Common boundary ; border. 
 
 Con-fine', or Con'fine, v. n. [pp. confining, con- 
 'fined.] To border upon. 
 
 Con-fine', v. a. To shut up by some bound or re- 
 straint; to imprison ; to restrain ; to restrict. 
 
 Con-f ine'ment, n. Restraint :— lying in. 
 
 Con-firm', v. a. [L. confirmare; con- intensive, 
 and firmare, to strengthen ; firmus, firm.] [pp. 
 confirming, confirmed.] To make firm; to 
 strengthen; to put past doubt: to corroborate; 
 to establish ; to ratifij : — to admit to communion. 
 
 Con-firm'a-ble, a. That may be confirmed. 
 
 Con-fir-ma' tion.n. [L. conftrmatio.] The act of 
 confirming;' evidence; additional or convincing 
 testimony : — an ecclesiastical rite. 
 
 Con-firm'a-tive, a. Tending to confirm. 
 
 Con-fi'rm'a-to-ry, a. Serving to confirm. 
 
 Con-f is'ca-ble, a. Liable to forfeiture. 
 
 Con-fis'cate (or kon'fis-kat), ». a. [L. confiscare, 
 confiscation; fiscus, a basket, a treasury.] [pp. 
 confiscating," confiscated.] To transfer private 
 property to the state ; to cause to be forfeited. 
 
 Con-f Is'cate (or kon'fis-kat), a. Forfeited to the 
 
 Con-fis-ca'tion, n. Act of confiscating, [public. 
 
 Con-f is'ca.jto-ry, a. Causing forfeiture. 
 
 Con-fla-gra'tion, n. [L. confiagratio ; con- inten- 
 sive," and fiagrare, flagratum, to burn.] A great 
 or general fire. 
 
 Con-fHct', v. n. [L. conflictare, frequentative of 
 confiigcre. confiiclum ; con-, together, and fiigere, 
 to strike.] [pp. conflicting, conflicted.] To 
 strive ; to contest ; to fight. 
 
 Con'flict, n. Collision; contest; straggle. 
 
 Con-flict'ing, p. a. Opposing; contending. 
 
 Con'flu-ence, n. [L. confiuentia.] The junction of 
 two or'more streams :— a concourse; collection : 
 — concurrence; a union; junction. 
 
 Con'flu-ent, a. [L. confiuere, confiuentis, to flow 
 together; con-, together, and fluere, to flow.] 
 Flowing together ; meeting. 
 
 Con'flux, n. A crowd; a confluence. 
 
 Con-form', v. a. [L. conformare ; con-, together, 
 'and formare, to shape ; forma, shape.] [pp. con- 
 forming, conformed.] To make like, or of one 
 form. — 2, v. n. To comply with ; to yield. 
 
 Con-fdrm-a-bil'i-ty, n. Likeness or agreement in 
 form. 
 
 Con-fbrm'a-ble, a. Corresponding with ; agreeable ; 
 suitable;' consistent; compliant. 
 
 Con-fdrm'a-bly, ad. Agreeably ; suitably. 
 
 Con-for-ma'tion, n. [L. con form alio.'] Act of con- 
 forming ; likeness of form ; form ; structure. 
 
 Con-fdrm'ist, n. One who conforms, especially to 
 the worship of the established church. 
 
 Con-fbrm'i-ty, n. Compliance : — similitude. 
 
 Con-found', v. a. [L. confundere, confusum ; con-, 
 together, and fundere, to pour.] [2^. confound- 
 ing, confounded.] To mingle : — to perplex ; to 
 puzzle :— to amaze; to astonish: — to abash; to 
 stupefy :— to destroy; to overthrow. 
 
 Con-fbund'ed, p. a. Mixed; confused; abashed; 
 astonished :— excessive [Vulg.]. 
 
 Con-fb'und'ed-ly., ad. Excessively. [Low.] 
 
 Con-fra-teVni-ty, n. [L. confralernilas ; con-, to- 
 gether, and /rnier, a brother. — See Fraternity.] 
 An associated fraternity ; a religious brotherhood. 
 
 Confrere (kon-frar), -,?. '[Fr. ; frere, a brother; L. 
 frater.] An associate; a colleague. 
 
 Con-front', or Con-front', v. a. [Fr. confront er ; 
 L. con-, together, and frons, frontis, the fore- 
 head.] [pp. confronting, confronted.] To set 
 face to face ; to face : — to oppose openly or to 
 the face : — to compare. 
 
 Con-fuse', v. a. [See Confound.] [pp. confusing, 
 confused.] To confound; to perplex. 
 
 Con-fus'ed-ly, ad. Indistinctly; not clearly. 
 
 Con-fii'sion (kon-fu'zhun), n. [L. confvsio.] State 
 of being confused ; irregular mixture : — tumult ; 
 disorder : — overthrow : — astonishment. 
 
 Con-fu'ta-ble, a. That may be confuted. 
 
 Con-fu-ta'tion, n. Act of confuting; refutation. 
 
 Con-fute', v. a. [Fr. confvter, L. confutare, to 
 silence, to refute, — literally, to cool ; akin to 
 fundere, to pour, and fultilis, a water-pitcher.] 
 [pp. confuting, confuted.] To convict of error; 
 to disprove. 
 
 Con'f-e (kon'je) [kon'zha, K. St.], n. [Fr. conge', 
 farewell, discharge; 0. Fr. congiet, Provencal, 
 comjat, L. commeatns, a furlough, — literally, a 
 journey together; com-, together, and meare, 
 meatus, to pass.] An act of reverence ; a bow ; a 
 courtesy: — leave; farewell. [To take have. 
 
 Con'§e, or Con-fe', v. n. [pp. congeing, congeed.] 
 
 Con'|e. n. [Fr. conge.— QL conge, a measuring- 
 cup; L. congius, a gallon: but probably only a 
 special use of conge, a discharge, or escape. — 
 Cf. Gr. ano(f>vyri, an escape, also a moulding.] 
 (Arch.) A sort of moulding. 
 
 Con-teal', v. a. [L. congelare; gelare, to freeze; 
 'gelu, frost.] [pp. congealing, congealed.] To 
 turn, by frost, from a fluid to a solid state; to 
 freeze. — 2, v. n. To gather into a mass by cold. 
 
 Con-feal'a-ble, a. That may be congealed. 
 
 Con-ieal'ment. n. Congelation; a clot. 
 
 Cong-e d'elire (kon'je del-er'), n. [Fr. for "leave 
 to elect."] (Eng. Law.) The king's permission 
 to a dean and chapter to .choose a bishop. 
 
 Con-|e-la'tion, n. The act of congealing. 
 
 Con'ge-ner, or Con-£e'ner, n. [L. ; con-, and 
 genu's, generis, kind.] Oue of the same genus. 
 
 Con-fe-ner'ic, a. Being of the same genus. 
 
 Con-g§'ni-ai, or Con-£en'ial, a. [L. congener; Fr. 
 'congenial': on type of Genial.] Of the same 
 nature. ; kindred ; sympathetic. 
 
 Con-f-e-ni-al'i-ty, "I n. The state or quality of 
 
 Con-Ie'ni-al-ness, j being congenial. 
 
 Con-|-en'i-tal, a. [L. congenilus ; gignere, genilum, 
 'to produce'.] Existing at the time of birth. 
 
 Con'|er (kong'ger), n. [L. conger; Gr. yoyypos.] 
 The 'sea-eel. 
 
 Con-f-e'ri-es, n. [L. for "a heap;" con-, together, 
 'and gerere, to carry.] A mass of small bodies. 
 
 Con-test', v. a. [L. congerere, congestum, to pile 
 'up; con-, together, and gerere, to carry.] [pp. 
 congesting, congested.] To heap up; to collect : 
 —to crowd ; to overfill. 
 
 i, 0, u, y, long ; a, e, 1, 0, u, y, short; a, e, i, 0, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her ; 
 
CONGESTED 
 
 161 
 
 CONNOISSEUR 
 
 Con-f-est'ed, a. Noting the condition of an organ 
 'in which there is an abnormal accumulation of 
 blood : — (Bot.) crowded together ; conglomerate. 
 
 Con-f-es'tion (-jest'yun),/*. A collection of matter ; 
 a morbid accumulation, as of blood or other fluid. 
 
 Con-ges'tive, a. Implying congestion. 
 
 Con-glo'bate [kon'glo-bat, H. N. St. I.], v. a. & v. n. 
 [L. eonglobare, conglobutum ; globus, a globe.] [pp. 
 conglobating, conglobated.] To gather into a 
 ball. — 2. a. Moulded into a firm ball. 
 
 Con-glom'er-ate, v. a. [L. conglomerare, conglome- 
 ratum ,; glomus, glomeris, a ball or clue.] [pp. 
 conglomerating, conglomerated.] To gather into 
 a ball or mass. 
 
 Con-glom'er-ate, a. Gathered into a mass. — 2, «. 
 A rock formed of stones cemented together. 
 
 Con-glom-er-a/tion, n. Collection into a ball. 
 
 Con-glu'ti-nant, a. Uniting; closing up. 
 
 Con-glu'ti-nate, v. a. [L. conglutinare, congluti- 
 nation; gluten, glue.] [pp. conglutinating, con- 
 glutinated.] To cement. — 2, v. n. To coalesce. 
 
 Con-glu-ti-na'tion, n. The act of uniting bodies. 
 
 Con-glu'ti-na-tive, a. Tending to unite. 
 
 Con-grat'u-late (kon-grat'yu-lat), v. a. [L. con- 
 gratulari, congratulatum ; con- intensive, and 
 
 fratulari, to wish pleasure; gratus, pleasing.] 
 pp. congratulating, congratulated.] To wish 
 joy to ; to felicitate on a happy event. 
 Con-grat-ii-la'tion, n. [L. congratulatio.] An ex- 
 pression of joy and sympathy ; felicitation. 
 
 Con-grat'u-la-tor, n. One who congratulates. 
 
 Con-grat'ii-la-to-ry, a. Expressing congratula- 
 tion, or wishing joy. 
 
 Coii'gre-gate (kong'-) v. a. [L. congregate, con- 
 gregatum; grex, gregis, a flock.] [pp. congre- 
 gating, congregated.] To collect together; to 
 gather. — 2, v. n. To assemble ; to meet. — 3, «. 
 Collected ; congregated. 
 
 Con-gre-ga'tion, n. [L. congregalio.] A collection 
 of persons; a meeting; an assembly. 
 
 Con-gre-ga'tion-al, a. Pertaining to a congrega- 
 tion or to Congfegationalists ; public. 
 
 Con-gre-ga'tion-al-Ism, n. That mode of ehdrch 
 government 'which maintains the independence 
 of separate churches. 
 
 Con-gre-ga'tion-al-Ist, n. One who adheres to 
 Congregationalism ; an independent. 
 
 Coii'gress (kong'gres), n. [L. congressus or congres- 
 sio ; con-, together, and gradi, gressum, to 'go; 
 gradus, a step.] An assembly: — the legislature 
 of the United States. 
 
 Con-gres'sion-al (-gresh'un-al), a. Relating to 
 the Congress of the United* States ; parliament- 
 ary, [of Congress. [U. &] 
 
 Con'gress-man (kong'gres-man), n. A member 
 
 Con'gru-ence, ) n. [L. congruentia ; congruere, 
 
 Coh-gru'en-cy, J congruentis, to coincide.] Agree- 
 ment; correspondence; consistency. 
 
 Con'gru-ent, a. Agreeing; correspondent. 
 
 Coii-gru'i-ty, n. Suitableness; consistence; fit- 
 ness; a" proper adaptation. [able; fit. 
 
 Coii'gru-ous, a. [L. congruus.] Agreeable; suit- 
 
 Con'ic, \a. [Gv. kwvlkos. — See Cone.] Formed 
 
 Con'i-cal, j like a cone ; relating to a cone. 
 
 Con'ic sec'tions. n. })l. Lines 
 or curves formed by the inter- Jff\ 
 sections of planes with the M : [ m 
 surface of a cone. 
 
 Con'i-fer, n. [L. ; conus. a cone, 
 and ferre, to bear.] A cone- 
 bearing tree. 
 
 Co-nif er-ous, a. Bearing cones. Con ' c sections - 
 
 Co-nl'um, n. [L. ; Gr. tcwveLov.] A plant and 
 narcotic drug. 
 
 Con-ject'u-ra-ble, a. Possible to be guessed. 
 
 Con-ject'u-ral, a. Depending on conjecture. 
 
 Con-ject'ure' (kon-jekt'yur), n. [L. conjectura, a 
 guess, a forecast ; conicere or conjicere, to cast to- 
 gether (future active participle feminine conjec- 
 tura) ; con-, together, and jacere, to cast.] A guess 
 or surmise. — 2, v. a. [pp. conjecturing, conjec- 
 
 tured.] To judge by guess. — 3, v. n. To form 
 conjectures. 
 Con-join', v. a. [Fr. conjoindre ; L. conjungere, con- 
 junctum; con-, with, and jungere, to join. [pp. 
 conjoining, conjoined.] To unite ; to associate. 
 — 2, v. n. To league ; to unite. 
 Con-joint', a. United ; associated. 
 Con-joint'ly, ad. In uniou; together. 
 Con'ju-gal, a. [L. conjugalis; conjux, a spouse; 
 jugare, to marry, to yoke ; jugum, a yoke.] Re- 
 lating to marriage ; matrimonial. 
 Con'ju-gate, v. a. [L. conjugare, to unite.] [pp. 
 conjugating, conjugated.] To couple: — to in- 
 flect, as a verb. 
 Con'ju-gate, a. Coupled. — A conjugate diameter is 
 
 a right line bisecting the transverse diameter. 
 Con-ju-ga'tion, n. [L. conjugatio.] The act of con- 
 jugating; union: — act or form of inflecting verbs. 
 Con-ju'gi-al, «. [L. conjugialis; conjugium, mar- 
 riage.]' Conjugal. [rent. 
 
 Con-junct', a. [See Conjoin.] Conjoined; concur- 
 
 Con-junc'tion, n. [L. conjunction The act ol join- 
 ing ; union. — (Gram.) A part of speech which 
 joins parts of sentences and words together. 
 
 Con-junc-ti'va, n. [L. for "connective:" it is 
 one of the 'connections of the eye with its 
 socket.] The mucous membrane of the eye. 
 
 Con-junc'tive, a. Closely united ; uniting. 
 
 Con-june'tive-ly, ad. In conjunction. 
 
 Con-junct'iy, ad. Jointly; in union. 
 
 Con-junct'ure (kon-junkt'yiir), n. A combina- 
 tion of causes or events ; a crisis. 
 
 Con-jii-ra'tion, n. [L. conjuratio, a conspiracy.] 
 Incantation : — a plot. 
 
 Con-jure', v. a. [L. conjurare, to swear together, 
 to bind by an oath; con- t and jurare, to swear.] 
 [pp. conjuring, conjured.] To summon or en- 
 join solemnly. 
 
 Con'jure (kun'jur), v. a. [L. conjurare, in its late 
 sense of to adjure, to summon by adjuration.] 
 [pp. conjuring, conjured.] To influence by 
 magic : — to contrive with ill intent. — 2, v. n. To 
 practise charms. 
 
 C6n'ju_r-er (kun'jur-er), n. An enchanter. 
 
 Con-nate' (kon-naf, or kon'nat), o. [L. connatus, 
 cognate (q. v.) : con-, and nasci, nalus, to be born.] 
 Born with another; of the same birth.— (Bot.) 
 Growing together.— (Met.) Congenital; inde- 
 pendent of experience ; intuitive. 
 
 Con-nat'u-ral, a. [See Natural.] Connected by 
 nature; partaking of the same nature. 
 
 Con-nect', v. a. [L. conectere or connectere, con- 
 nexum ; con-, together, and neclere, to tie.] [pp. 
 connecting, connected.] To join ; to link; to 
 unite. — 2, v. n. To cohere ; to be joined : — to 
 make a connection. 
 
 Con-nect'ed, p. a. Linked together; related. 
 
 Con-nect'ed-ly, ad. In a connected manuer. 
 
 Con-nec'tion. n. [L. conexio, connexio.] Union; 
 junction : — relation : — written also connexion. 
 
 Con-nec'tive, a. [L. conexirus, connexiuus.] Tend- 
 ing to connect.— 2, n. That which connects. 
 
 Con-nec'tive-ly, ad. In conjunction. 
 
 Con'ner, \n- [Possibly from con, cunn, to pilot.— 
 
 Cun'ner, J Cf. Pilot-fish.] A North American 
 salt-water perch: — a limpet. 
 
 Con-nex'ion, n. Union. See Connection. 
 
 Con-nex'ive, a. Connective. 
 
 Con-ni'vance, n. [L. conicentia.] Act of con- 
 niving; a voluntary blindness to an act. 
 
 Con-nive', v. n. [L. conivere, connivere, for (de- 
 fective) nirere and nictare, to wink; nicere, to 
 beckon.— Cf. Ger. neigen, to bow] [pp. con- 
 niving, connived.] To wink; to forbear to see. 
 (The popular use of connive in the sense of to 
 plot (v. n.) is not authorized.) 
 
 Con-ni'vent, a. Not attentive ; convergent. 
 
 Con-nois-seur', or Con-nois-seiir', n. [0. Fr. ; 
 Fr. connoisseur; connaitre, L. cognoscere. to know 
 (?.«.)•] A judge in the fine arts or literature ; 
 a critic. 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— g. Q, c, £ , soft; p, ja, ( 
 
 I 14* 
 
 §, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; tnis. 
 
CONNOTATION 
 
 162 
 
 CONSOLIDATE 
 
 Con-no-ta'tion, n. [L. con-, together, and notatio, 
 expression.'] That which is expressed by, or 
 implied in, a word. 
 
 Con'no-ta-tive, a. Significant :— implying. 
 
 Con-note', v. a. [Con-, together, and Notc. — See 
 '.Denote.] [pp. connoting, connoted.] To im- 
 ply : — to denote an object by implying an at- 
 tribute or attributes to it. 
 
 Con-nu'bi-al, a. [L. conubialis, connubialis ; conu- 
 bium, marriage ; nubere, to veil, to wed ; nubes, 
 a cloud, a veil. — See Nuptial.] Nuptial ; matri- 
 monial ; conjugal. [figure resembling a cone. 
 
 Co'nbid, n. [Or. KOivoet6/i<; ; kojvos, a cone.] A 
 
 Co-nbid'al, a. Approaching to a conic form. 
 
 Con'quer (kong'ker), v. a. [L. conquirere, conqui- 
 situm,' to go in search of, — later, to capture, to 
 conquer; quserere, to seek. — See Quest.] [pp. 
 conquering, conquered.] To gain by conquest; 
 to vanquish ; to subdue ; to overcome. — 2, o. n. 
 To overcome. 
 
 Coh'quer-a-ble, a. Possible to be overcome. 
 
 Coh'quer-or, n. [Late L. conquisitor, conqusestor. — 
 See Conquer.] One who conquers. 
 
 Coii' quest (kbng'kwest), n. [Fr. conguite; 0. Fr. 
 conqueste. — See Conquer.] Act of conquering ; 
 acquisition by victory ; victory ; success. 
 
 Con-san-guin'e-ous, a. [L. consanguineus ; san- 
 guis,' sanguinis, blood.] Of the same blood. 
 
 Con-san-guln'i-ty, n. Relationship by blood. 
 
 Con'science (kon'shens), n. [L. conscientia, priv- 
 ity, consciousness, moral sense; con-, with, 
 and scientia, knowledge. — See Science.] The 
 faculty of judging of one's own conduct with 
 reference to some standard of right and wrong : 
 — the moral sense : — honesty ; scruple ; justice. 
 
 Con-sci-en'tious (kon-she-en'shus), a. Regulated 
 by conscience ; scrupulous ; just. [uprightly. 
 
 Con-sci-en'tious-ly, ad. According to conscience ; 
 
 Con-sct-en'tious-nSss, n. Quality of being con- 
 scientious ; uprightness. 
 
 Con'scion-a-ble (kon'shun-a-bl), a. [From con- 
 science; an ill-formed word".] Reasonable. 
 
 Con'scious (kon'shus), a. [L. consents; con-, 
 fully, and scire, to know.] Knowing one's own 
 thoughts; knowing by mentiil perception. 
 
 Con'scious-ly, ad. In a conscious manner. 
 
 Con'scious-ness, n. The perception of what passes 
 in one's mind. — Reflection is the voluntary action 
 of the mind. Consciousness is involuntary. 
 
 Con'scrlpt, a. [L. conscribere, conscriptum, to write 
 together, to enroll ; scribere, to write.] Written ; 
 registered; enrolled. — Conscript fathers, the sen- 
 ators of Rome. — 2, n. One enrolled for the army. 
 
 Con-script', v. a. [^.conscripting, conscripted.] 
 To enroll soldiers by conscription. 
 
 Con-scrip'tion, n. An enrolling, as of soldiers. 
 
 Con'se-crate, v. a. [L. consecrare, constcratum ; 
 con-, wholly, and sacrare, to devote; sacer, sa- 
 crum, sacred.] [pp. consecrating, consecrated.] 
 To make sacred ; to appropriate to sacred uses ; 
 to dedicate; to devote. — 2, a. Consecrated: de- 
 voted, [secrating ; dedication to sacred uses. 
 
 Con-se-cra'tion, n. [L. consecratio.] Act of con- 
 
 Con'se-cra-tor, n. [L.] One who consecrates. 
 
 Con-sec'u-tive, a. [Fr. consecutif; L. consequi, 
 covsecutus, to follow upon ; sequi, to follow.] 
 Following in order; successive. 
 
 Con-sec'u-tive-ly, ad. Successively, [harmony. 
 
 Con-sen' sus, n. [L.— See Consent.] Agreement; 
 
 Con-sent', n. [L. consentire, consensum, to accord; 
 cow-, together, and sentire, to feel. — See Sense.] 
 Agreement ; compliance ; assent. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
 consenting, consented.] To be of the saine mind ; 
 to yield; to agree ; to comply ; to assent. [ant. 
 
 Con-sen-ta'ne-oQs, a. [L. consenlaneus.] Accord- 
 
 Con-sen'tient (kon-sen'shent), a. Agreeing. 
 
 Con'se-quence, n. [L. consequentia ; conseqnere, to 
 follow with.] That which follows; the effect 
 produced by a cause; an inference: — event; 
 issue : — importance ; moment, [sequence ; effect. 
 
 Con'se-quent, «. Following naturally. — 2, n. Con- 
 
 Con-se-quen'tial, «. Following as -the effect; 
 consequent :— important : — conceited. 
 
 Con-se-quen'tial-ly, ad. Logically : — eventually : 
 — in a pompous, conceited manner. 
 
 Con'se-quent-ly, ad. By consequence. 
 
 Con-ser-va'tion, n. [L. couservatio.] The act of 
 
 Con-serv'an-cy, n. Conservation. [preserving. 
 
 Con-serv'a-tism, n. Opposition to change. 
 
 Con-serv'a-tive, a. Having power to preserve : — 
 opposed to great changes. — 2, n. One who opposes 
 radical changes in a state : — opposed to refoi-mer. 
 
 Con-serv'a-to-ry, n. A place for preserving jjlants, 
 "&c. ; a greenhouse :— a school of music— 2, a. 
 Preservative; conservative. 
 
 Con-serve', v. a. [L. conservare ; servare, to keep.] 
 [pp. conserving, conserved.] To preserve. 
 
 Con' serve, n. A sweetmeat; preserved fruit. 
 
 Con-sid'er, v. a. [L. considerare, consideratus, to 
 'observe; properly, to observe the stars; sidus, 
 sideris, a star.] [pp. considering, considered.] 
 To think upon ; to ponder. — 2, v. n. To reflect ; 
 to deliberate. 
 
 Con-sid'er-a-ble, a. Worthy of regard ; respect- 
 able ; deserving notice ; not small. 
 
 Con-sid'er-a-bly, ad. In a considerable degree. 
 
 Con-sid'er-ate, a. Prudent; thoughtful of others. 
 
 Con-sid'er-ite-ly, ad. Calmly ; thoughtfully. 
 
 Con-sid-er-a'tion, n. [L. consider alio.] The act 
 of considering ; prudence; contemplation: — im- 
 portance :— compensation ; an equivalent. 
 
 Con-sid'er-ing, prep. Having regard to ; if allow- 
 ance be made for. 
 
 Con-sign' (kon-sin'), v. a. [L. consignare ; con-, and 
 'signare, to mark; signum, a seal, a mark.] [pp. 
 consigning, consigned.] To give in trust; to 
 intrust; to commit. 
 
 Con-sig'na-to-ry, n. One who affixes his signa- 
 ture along with others. 
 
 CSn-sign-ee' (kon-se-ne'), n. [Fr. consigne.] He 
 to whom goods are sent or consigned in trust. 
 
 Con-slgn'er (kon-sln'er), n. One who consigns. 
 
 Con-sign'ment (kon-'sln'ment), n. The act of 
 consigning : — that which is consigned. 
 
 Con-sign-or' (kon-se-nor') [kon-se-nbr', Ja. Sm.; 
 kon-si'nur, N. C K.], n. One who consigns. 
 
 Con-sist', v. n. [L. consistere; sistere, to stand: 
 'akin to stare, to stand.] [pp. consisting, con- 
 sisted.] To subsist; to be composed. 
 
 Con-sist y ence, 1b. [Fr. cotisistance.] State of 
 
 Con-sist'en-cy, J being consistent; congruity; 
 'fixed state : — degree of density or softness. 
 
 Con-sist'ent, a. [L. consistere, cousistentis, to stand 
 with.] Conformable; accordant. 
 
 Con-sist'ent-ly, ad. In agreement. 
 
 Con'sis-to-ry, or Con-sis'to-ry, n. [L. consisto- 
 rivm, ah assembly'.— See Consist.] A spiritual 
 court; an assembly. 
 
 Con-so'ci-ate (kon-so'she-at), n. An associate. 
 
 Con-so'ci-ate, v. a. fL. consociare, consociatum ; 
 'soc'ms, a companion.] [pp. consociating, conso- 
 ciated.] To associate.— 2, v. n. To coalesce; to 
 associate. 
 
 Con-so-ci-a'tion (kon-so-she-a'shun), n. [L. con- 
 sociatio.] Alliance; union : — association; an ec- 
 clesiastical body or convention [U. S.]. 
 
 Con-sol'a-ble, a. That may be consoled. 
 
 Con-so-la'tion, n. Comfort; solace. 
 
 Con-sol'a-to'-ry., a. Affording consolation ; giving 
 comfort. 
 
 Con-sole', v. a. [L. consolari; 
 solari, to solace.] [pp. con- 
 soling, consoled.] To com- 
 fort; to solace. 
 
 Con' sole, n. [Fr. ; L. con, to- 
 gether, and solidus, solid, 
 strong.] A bracket or shoulder-piece. 
 
 Con-sol'er, n. One who consoles or comforts. 
 
 Con-sol'i-date, v. a. [L. consolidari, consolidatus ; 
 con, together, and solidus, firm.] [pp. consoli- 
 dating, consolidated.] To make solid. — 2, v. n. 
 To grow firm or so)id. 
 
 a, e, I, o, u, y, long ; a, e, l, o, u, y, short; a, §, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 
 
CONSOLIDATION 
 
 163 
 
 CONTAGIOUS 
 
 Con-sSl-i-da'tion, n. The act of consolidating. 
 
 Con-sols/, or Con' sols, n. pi. [For consolidated se- 
 curities.] A sort of transferable stocks; three 
 per cent, consolidated annuities. 
 
 Consomme" (koh-soni-ma), n. [Fr. consommer, to 
 consummate.] A kind of soup. 
 
 Con'so-nance, \n. [L. consonanlia, harmony ; so- 
 Con' so-nan-cy, ) nare, to sound; sonum, sound.] 
 Accbrd'of sound; harmony; agreement. 
 
 Con'so-nant, «. [L. consonare, consonanlis, to har- 
 monize, to sound together.] Agreeable; con- 
 sistent. — 2, n. A letter which cannot be per- 
 fectly sounded without the use of a vowel. 
 
 Con-so-nant'al, a. Relating to a consonant. 
 
 Con'so-nant-ly, ad. Suitably; agreeably. 
 
 Con' sort, n. [L. cousors, consortia ; sors, a lot.] A 
 companion ; husband or wife. 
 
 Con-sort', v. n. [pp. consorting, consorted.] To 
 associate with. — 2, v. a. To join; to marry. 
 
 Con-spec' tus, n. [L. ; conspicere, to behold ; spe- 
 cere, to see.] A general view of a subject; an 
 epitome ; an abstract. 
 
 Con-spic'u-ous, a. [L. conspicuus.] Easily seen 
 by many; obvious to the sight: — eminent; 
 prominent. 
 
 Con-spic'u-ous-ly, ad. Eminently; clearly. 
 
 Con-spir'a-cy, n. The act of conspiring; con- 
 certed treason ; a combination ; a plot. 
 
 Con-spir'a-tor, n. [L.] A man engaged in a plot. 
 
 Con-spire', v. n. [L. conspirare, to plot, to harmo- 
 'n«ize; con, together, and spirare, to blow; i.e., to 
 blow the trumpet together.] [pp. conspiring, 
 conspired.] To concert a crime ; to plot : — to 
 make harmony. 
 
 Con'sta-ble (kun'sta-bl), n. [Fr. connetable ; L. 
 comes stabnli, count of the stable, master of the 
 horse.] Formerly a high officer of state : — a 
 peace officer. 
 
 Con-stab'u-la-ry, n. [Late L. constabularia.] The 
 body of constables in a district; constables col- 
 lectively. — 2, a. Relating to constables. 
 
 Con'stan-cjr, n. Firmness of mind; stability. 
 
 Con'stant, a. [L. constare, constantis, to stand 
 firm; sture, to stand.] Firm; fixed; unchang- 
 ing ; perpetual ; resolute ; steady ; persevering. 
 — 2, m. That which is fixed : — a thing which 
 does not change. 
 
 Con'stant-ly, ad. Perpetually :— firmly. 
 
 Con-stel-la'tion, u. [L. consteUatio ; Stella, a star.] 
 A cluster of fixed stars : — an assemblage of ex- 
 cellences or of brilliant persons. 
 
 Con-ster-na'tion, n. [L. const eraatio ; konsternare, 
 or consternere, to prostrate; stemare, to throw, to 
 scatter:] Astonishment; dismay; fright. 
 
 Con'sti-pate, c. a. [L. constipare, constinatum ; 
 stipare, to crowd together.] [pp. constipating, 
 constipated.] To pack, or make costive. 
 
 Con-sti-pa'tion, n. Costiveness. 
 
 Con-stit'ii-en-cy, n. A body of constituents. 
 
 Con-stit'u-ent, ". [L. constituere, constituents, to 
 compose; statuere, to set; store, to stand.] Ele- 
 mentary; constituting. — 2, ». One who deputes ; 
 elector :— ingredient. 
 
 Con'sti-tute, v. a. [L. constituere, constilutum.] 
 [pp. constituting, constituted.] To establish; to 
 form ; to compose : — to depute ; to appoint. 
 
 Con-sti-tii'tion, n. [L. constitutio.] The frame, or 
 natural qualities, of body or mind : — the funda- 
 mental laws of a state or nation :— form of gov- 
 ernment, [stitution; fundamental; legal. 
 
 Con-sti-tii'tion-al, a. Consistent with the con- 
 
 Con-sti-tu-tion-al'i-ty, n. Agreement or aceord- 
 ance'with the constitution. 
 
 Con-sti-tii'tion-al-ly, ad. Agreeably to, or in 
 accordance with, the constitution. 
 
 Con'sti-tu-tive, a. That constitutes. 
 
 Con-strain', v. a. [L. comtringere, consfrictum ; 
 slringere, to strain, to draw tight; 0. Fr. con- 
 straindre.] [pp. constraining, constrained.] To 
 urge by force; to confine by force ; to compel; to 
 force ; to press. 
 
 Con-straint', n. Compulsion ; confinement. 
 
 Con-strict', v. a. [See Constrain.] [pp. con- 
 stricting, constricted.] To bind; to contract. 
 
 Con-stric'tion, n. Contraction; compression. 
 
 Con-stric'tor, n. [L.] He who or that which con- 
 stricts : — a very large serpent; boa constrictor. 
 
 Con-stringe', v. a. [See Constrain.] [pp. con- 
 stringing, constringed.] To constrict. 
 
 Con-struct', v. a. [L. construere, construct/urn; 
 struere, to build, to pile up. J [pp. constructing, 
 constructed.] To put together the parts of; to 
 build; to form; to make : — to construe. 
 
 Con-struct' er, or Con-striict'or, u. One who forms 
 
 ' or makes. 
 
 Con-struc'tion, n. [L. construct to.] The act of 
 'constructing or btiilding ; fabrication ; form : — 
 meaning; interpretation: — the grammatical 
 form of a sentence ; syntax. 
 
 Con-striic'tion-al, a. Respecting construction. 
 
 Con-struc'tion-ist. n. An adherent to a particular 
 construction or interpretation. 
 
 Con-struc'tive, a. Tending to construct ; formed 
 'by construction or by interpretation. 
 
 Con-struc'tive-ly, ad. By construction. 
 
 CSn'strue [kon'stru, P. J. F. Jo. 11 6. St. I. ; kon'- 
 stur, S. E. ; kon'stru or kon'stur, U". : kon-stroC, 
 If."], v. a. [See Construct.] * [pp. construing, 
 construed.] To interpret; to translate. 
 
 Con-sub-stan'tial, a. Of the same nature. 
 
 Con-siib-stan-ti-a'tion (-she-u'ahun), n. [Late L. 
 consubstant'udio ; con, together, and substantia, 
 substance (q. v.).] The substantial presence of 
 the body and blood of Christ with the sacra- 
 mental elements. 
 
 Con'sue-tude (kon'swe-tud), n. [L. eonsuetudp, 
 consuescere, to grow accustomed ; suescere, incho- 
 ative of mere, to be accustomed.] Custom; use. 
 
 C5n-sue-tii'di-na-ry, or Con-sue-tu'di-nal, a. 
 Customary. 
 
 Con'sul, «. [L. ; probably from considere, to con- 
 sult.] A Roman magistrate: — an officer com- 
 missioned in foreign parts to protect the com- 
 merce of his country. 
 
 Con'su-lar (kon'su-lar or kon'shu-lar), a. Relating 
 to a consul. [of consul. 
 
 Con'sul-ate [-sul- or -shul-, H.], >?. State or office 
 
 Con'sul-ship, ». Office of consul; consulate. 
 
 Con-suit', v. n. [L. considere, consultum, or its fre- 
 quentative consultare.] [pp. consulting, con- 
 sulted.] To take counsel together.— 2. v. ■■■ To 
 ask advice of; to regard. [sulfation. 
 
 Con-sult'a-ry, a. Formed or pronounced on con- 
 
 Con-sul-ta'tion, n. Act of consulting. 
 
 Con-sume', V. a. [L. consumere, consumptum ; con-, 
 together, and mmere, to take; from sub, down, 
 up, completely, and emere, to buy.] [pp. con- 
 suming, consumed.] To waste; to spend; to 
 destroy : — to burn up. — 2, v. n. To waste away. 
 
 Con-sum'er, n. One who consumes. 
 
 Con-sum'inate [kon'sum-mat, K. I. V.'h.], v. a. 
 [L. consuminare, consummatum, to complete; wmi- 
 ma, a sum.] [pp. consummating, consummated.] 
 To complete; to perfect; to finish; to accom- 
 plish. 
 
 Con-sum'mate, «. Complete ; finished. 
 
 Con-sum'mate-ly, ad. Perfectly; completely. 
 
 Con-sum-ma' tion, n. Completion; perfection. 
 
 Con-sump'tion (kon-sum'shun), u. [L. consump- 
 tio. — See Consume.] The act of consuming :— 
 decay : — a pulmonary disease. 
 
 Con-sump'tive, a. Destructive : — wasting. 
 
 Con' tact, n. [L. contingere, contactum ; tangere, to 
 touch.] Touch; juncture; close union. 
 
 Con-ta'gion (kon-ta'jun), n. [L. contagio.] Prop- 
 agation of disease by contact; infection. 
 
 Con-ta'fious (kon-ta'jus), a. Communicated by 
 contact, as a disease; infections. 
 
 Syn. — A contagions disease is one which is com- 
 municated by contact; an infectious disease is 
 sometimes generated through the medium of the 
 air, water, exhalations, &c. — An epidemic is a 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use, — 5, <?, c, g, soft ; p, J5, p, g, hard ; § as z ; ? as gz ; tiiis. 
 
CONTAIN 
 
 1G4 
 
 CONTKADICTION 
 
 disease that attacks great numbers of people at 
 the same time; a pestilence, often originates in 
 the conditions of the atmosphere. An endemic 
 disease is one which characterizes any particular 
 country or district. 
 
 Con-tain', v. a. [L. continere ; con-, together, and 
 tenere, to hold.] [pp. containing, contained.] To 
 hold ; to comprise; to restrain. — 2, v. n. To live 
 in continence. 
 
 Con-tam'i-nate, v. a. [L. contaminare, contami- 
 natum ; conlumen, contaminis (for contagmen), con- 
 tagion ; tungere, to touch. — See Contact.] [pp. 
 contaminating, contaminated.] To defile ; to 
 pollute. 
 
 Con-tam'i-nate, a. Polluted ; contaminated. 
 
 Con-tam-i-na'tion, n. Pollution; defilement. 
 
 Con-temn' (kon-tem'), v. a. [L. contemnere, con- 
 teniptum; temnere, to despise.] [pp. contemning, 
 contemned.] To despise ; to scorn. 
 
 Con-tem' plate [kon-tem'plat or kon'tem-plat, K. 
 N. I.], v. a. [L. contemplare, contemplatus, to ob- 
 serve ; akin to templam, a temple ; probably from 
 the observations of the augurs in the temples.] 
 [pp. contemplating, contemplated.] To consider 
 attentively ; to study ; to meditate. — 2, v. n. To 
 muse ; to meditate, [tation ; studious thought. 
 
 Con-tem-pla'tion, n. Act of contemplating; medi- 
 
 Con-tem'pla-tive, «. Thoughtful; meditative. 
 
 Con-tem'pli-tive-ly, ad. Thoughtfully. 
 
 Con-tem'pla-tor, n. One who contemplates. 
 
 Con-tem-po-ra'ne-ous [-ran'yus, H.], a. [L. con- 
 temporaneus ; con-, together, and tempus, temporis, 
 time.] Living or existing at the same time; 
 contemporary. 
 
 Con-tem'po-ra-ry, a. [L. contemporarius. — See 
 Contemporaneous.] Living or existing at the 
 same time; contemporaneous. — 2, n. One who 
 lives at the same time with another. 
 
 Con-tempt' (kon-temf), n. [L. contemptus.— See 
 Contemn.] The act of despising; scorn; dis- 
 dain: — disgrace.— (Law.) Disobedience to the 
 orders of a court. 
 
 Con-temp'ti-ble, a. Worthy of contempt ; vile. 
 
 Con-temp'ti-bly, ad. Despicably ; basely. 
 
 Con-tempt'u-ous, a. Scornful; apt to despise; in- 
 solent; disdainful; abusive. 
 
 Con-tempt'u-oiis-ly, ad. With contempt. 
 
 Con-tend', v. n. [L. contendei-e, to strive, to stretch 
 out; con-, together, and tendere, to stretch, to 
 strive.] [pp. contending, contended.] To strive ; 
 to struggle. 
 
 Con- tent', a. [L. continere, contentus, to contain 
 (q. v.).] Satisfied; contented; quiet. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. contenting, contented.] To satisfy; to 
 please. — 3, n. Satisfaction ; rest :— capacity. 
 
 Con-tent'ed, p. a. Satisfied; easy; content. 
 
 Con-ten'tion, n. [L. contentio. — See Contend.] 
 Act of contending; angry contest; dissension; 
 discord; strife: — argument. [perverse. 
 
 Con-ten'tious, a. [L. contentiosns.] Quarrelsome; 
 
 Con-ten' tious-ness, n. Proneness to contest. 
 
 Con-tent'ment, n. Satisfaction of mind. 
 
 Con-tents', or Con'tents, n. pi. [See Content.] 
 The heads of a book; index: — that which is 
 contained in any thing, as a book, vessel, &c. 
 
 Con-ter'mi-nous, a. [L. contermimts ; con-, and 
 terminus (q. v.).] Having the same bound : — 
 bordering upon; touching; contiguous. 
 
 Con-test', v. a. [L. conteslare, to call to witness; 
 testari, to witness ; testis, a witness, an oath.] 
 [pp. contesting, contested.] To dispute ; to de- 
 bate; to litigate. — 2, v. n. To strive; to contend. 
 
 Con'test, n. A struggle for victory : a combat ; 
 dispute; debate; quarrel; competition. 
 
 Con-test'a-ble, a. That may be contested; dis- 
 putable'; controvertible. 
 
 Con-test'ant, n. A disputant :— a litigant. 
 
 Con'text, n. [L. contexere, contextum, to weave to- 
 gether; texere, to weave. — See Text.] The sen- 
 tences which occur near any passage : — a chapter 
 from which a text is taken. 
 
 Con-text'ure (kon-tekst'yur), n. The composition 
 of parts ; texture : — system. 
 
 Con-ti-gu'i-ty. «• Actual contact: — continuity. 
 
 Con-tig'u-ous, a. [L. contiginis; contingere, to 
 touch. — See Contact.] Meeting so as to touch ; 
 close; adjoining; adjacent. 
 
 Con'ti-nence, )«. Restraint; self-command: — 
 
 Con' tj-nen-cy., J forbearance of pleasure: — chas- 
 tity : — temperance ; moderation. 
 
 Con'ti-nent, a. [L. continere, continents, to con- 
 tain.] Chaste :— abstemious. — 2, n. [L. conti- 
 nere, continentis, to hold together; tenerre, to hold.] 
 A great extent o! land not disjoined by the sea 
 from other lands. 
 
 Con-ti-nen'tal, a. Relating to a continent. — 2, n. 
 A soldier of the American revolution. 
 
 Con'ti-nent-ly, ad. In a continent manner. 
 
 Con-tin'i-ence, \ n. The quality of being contin- 
 
 Con-tm'gen-cy, J gent : — a fortuitous event. 
 
 Con-tin'f-ent, a. [L. contingere, conlingentis ; tan- 
 gere, to touch. — See Contact.] Thatmay ormay 
 not happen; accidental; happening by chance ; 
 casual.— 2. n. — Chance : — proportion of troops. 
 
 Con-tin'|-ent-ly, ad. Accidentally. 
 
 Con-tin' u-al, a. Incessant; uninterrupted. 
 
 Con-tin'u-al-ly. ad. Without interruption. 
 
 Con-tin'u-ance, n. Duration ; continuation ; per- 
 manence'; perseverance :— abode. 
 
 Con-tln-u-a'tion, n. Act of continuing; extension. 
 
 Con-tin'ue (koh-tin'yu), v. n. [L. continuare, con- 
 tinuatum, to connect; continnus, unbroken; con-. 
 together, and tenere, to hold.] [pp. continuing, 
 continued.] To remain in the same state or 
 place ; to last ; to persevere. — 2, v. a. To pro- 
 tract ; to extend. [close union ; continuance. 
 
 Con-ti-nii'i-tx, n. Uninterrupted connection ; 
 
 Con-tin'u-ous. a. [L. contimms.] Unbroken ; con- 
 
 Con-tin'u-ous-ly, ad. Uninterruptedly, [nected. 
 
 Con-tort', v. a. [L. contorquere, contortum; con-, 
 together, and torqnere, to t\\ ist.] [pp. contorting, 
 contorted.] To twist; to writhe. — 2, a. Con- 
 torted ; twisted ; distorted. 
 
 Con-tbrt'ed, p. a. {Bot.) Twisted 
 together, as leaves in a Irad. 
 
 Con-tbr'tion, n. State of being 
 twisted :' — act of twisting : — a 
 twist; a writhing motion. 
 
 Con-tor' tion-ist, n. One who prac- 
 tises contortion ; a gymnast. 
 
 Con-t8ur\ n. [Fr., from tourner, Contorted - 
 to turn (q. v.).] The outline of a ficure or body. 
 
 Con'tra. A Latin preposition which signifies 
 against : — used in composition as a prefix. 
 
 Con'tra-band, a. [Fr. contrebande; It. contrab- 
 bando ; L. contra, against, and Late L. bandum, 
 a proclamation.] Prohibited; unlawful.- — 2, n. 
 Illegal traffic in time of war :— a prohibited 
 article of commerce. 
 
 Con-tract', v. a. [L. confrahere, contractus; con-, 
 together, and trahere, to draw.] [pp. contract- 
 ing, contracted.] To draw into less compass ; to 
 abridge ; to lessen ; to draw together : — to bar- 
 gain for : — to betroth : — to procure ; to get : — to 
 incur, as a debt. — 2, v. n. To shrink up : — to 
 bargain. 
 
 Con'tract, n. A covenant ; a bargain ; an agree- 
 I ment ; a compact. — 2, a. Contracted. 
 
 Con-tract'ed, p. a. Shrunk up: — narrow; illib- 
 eral : — affianced. 
 
 Con-trac'tile, a. Having power of contraction. 
 
 Con-trac-til'i-ty, n. Quality of contracting. 
 i Con-trac'tioii, n. A shrinking; a shortening. 
 
 Con-trac'tor, n. One who contracts. 
 
 CSn'tra-dance', n. [Fr. cmilredanse.] A dance in 
 opposite lines ; a country-dance. 
 
 C5n-tra-dict', v. a. [L. contradicere, contradictum ; 
 contra, against, and dicere, to speak.] [pp. con- 
 tradicting, contradicted.] To oppose verbally; 
 to speak against ; to gainsay ; to deny. 
 
 Con-tra-dic'tion, n. The act of contradicting ; 
 contrariety ; opposition ; inconsistency. 
 
 i e, I, 5, 5, y, long; a, e, I, o, u, y, sliort; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
CONTRADICTOKILY 
 
 165 
 
 CONVERSANT 
 
 Con-tra-dic'to-ri-lx, act By contradiction. 
 Con-tra-dic'to-ry, a. Opposite to; contrary. 
 Con-tra-dis-tinct , a. Having opposite qualities. 
 Con-tra-dis-tinc'tion (kon-tra-dis-tingk'shun), n. 
 
 Distinction by opposite qualities. 
 Con-tra-dis-tln'guisb. (-dis-ting'gwish), v. a. [Con- 
 tra, and Distinguish.] [pp. contradistinguishing, 
 contradistinguished.] To distinguish by oppo- 
 site qualities. 
 Con-tra-In'di-cate, v. a. [Contra, and Indicate.] 
 [pp. contra'indicating, contraindicated.] To ex- 
 clude or forbid, as in therapeutics. 
 Con-tral'to, n. [It. ; contra, against, and alto, tlie 
 'high or tenor part.] (Mas.) Counter-tenor or 
 alto. — 2, a. Taking or expressing the second 
 part in harmony ; singing in contralto. 
 Con-tra-pun'tal, a. [See Counterpoint.] Per- 
 taining to counterpoint. 
 Con-tra-pun'tist, «. One skilled in counterpoint; 
 
 a musical composer. 
 Con'tra-ries, n. pi. (Logic.) Propositions which 
 
 destroy each other. 
 Con-tra-ri'e-ty, n. Opposition ; inconsistency. 
 
 Con'tra-ri-lj;, ad. In a contrary manner. 
 
 Con'tra-ri-ness, n. Contrariety. 
 
 Con-tra'ri-o3s, o. Contrary ; opposite. 
 
 Con'tra-ri-wlse, ad. Conversely ; oppositely. 
 
 Con'tra-ry, a. [L. contrarius, frum contra, against.] 
 Opposite"; inconsistent. — 2, b. A thing or prop- 
 osition that is contrary. — <Ja the contrary, on the 
 other side. 
 
 Con'trast, n. Exhibition of differences. 
 
 Con-trast', v. a. [Fr. contrasler; L. contra, against, 
 and stare, to stand.] [pp. contrasting, con- 
 trasted.] To place or exhibit in opposition; to 
 show the differences of. — 2, v. n. To stand in 
 contrast. 
 
 Con-tra-stim'u-lant, n. [Contra, and Stimulant.] 
 (Med.) An agent which counteracts the effects 
 of a stimulant. — 2, «. (Med.) Antidotal to or 
 counteracting stimulants. 
 
 Con-tra-vene', v. a. [L. contra, against, and ve- 
 nire, ventum, to come.] [pp. contravening, con- 
 travened.] To oppose; to baffle ; to hinder. 
 
 Con-tra-ven'tion, n. Opposition; obstruction. 
 
 Contretemps (kon'tr-tah'), n. [Fr. contre, against, 
 and temps, time or occasion.] An embarrassing 
 situation. 
 
 Con-trib'ute, v. a. [L. conlribuere, contribi'lum ; 
 tribnere, to pay. — See Tribute.] [pp. contrib- 
 uting, contributed.] To give to a common stock ; 
 to minister; to aid ; to assist; to help.— 2, v. n. 
 To bear a part; to conduce. 
 
 Con-tri-bG'tion, n. The act of contributing :— a 
 thing given :— a charitable collection ; a levy. 
 
 Con-trib'u-tive, a. Tending to contribute. 
 
 Con-trib'u-tor, n. One who contributes. 
 
 Con-trib'u-to-rjr, a. Contributing; helping. 
 
 Con'trite [ko'n-trif, P. E. St. 1. Sm.], a. [L.contri- 
 tus, bruised; terere, tritum, to bruise, to rub.] 
 Grieved or broken-hearted for sin ; penitent. 
 
 Con'trlte-ly, ad. In a penitent manner. 
 
 Con-tri"tion (kon-trish'un), n. [L. contrilio.] Deep 
 sorrow for sin ; penitence; repentance; remorse. 
 
 Con-triv'a-ble, a. Possible to be planned. 
 
 Con-trlv'ance, n. Scheme ; device ; plan. 
 
 Con-trive', v. a. [Fr. controuver ; trouver, 0. Fr. 
 trover, to find ; L. lurbare, to disturb, to move, to 
 6eek after, to find.] [pp. contriving, contrived.] 
 To plan out; to devise; to design; to invent; to 
 form. — 2, v. n. To form or design; to manage. 
 
 Con-triv'er, n. An inventor; a schemer. 
 
 Con-trol', it. [0. Fr. conlre-role, a duplicate roll 
 or voucher.— See Roll.] A check ; restraint ; 
 command.— 2, v. a. [pp. controlling, controlled.] 
 To govern ; to restrain ; to check :— to regulate." 
 
 Con-trol'ler, n. One who controls or directs ; a 
 public officer. See Comptroller. 
 
 Con-trol'ler-ship, n. Office of a controller. 
 
 Con-tro-ver'sial, a. Relating to controversy. 
 
 Con-tro-ver'sial-ist. u. A disputant. 
 
 Con'trc-ver-sy., n. [L. controversia. — See Contro- 
 vert.] A literary, scientific, or theological dis- 
 pute ; disputation ; debate. 
 Con'tro-vert, v. a. [L. coniroversus, opposed; con- 
 tro, against, and vertere, versus, to turn.] [pp. 
 controverting, controverted.] To debate; to 
 dispute. 
 Con-tro-vert'i-ble, a. Disputable. [sialist. 
 
 Con'tro-vert-ist, n. A disputant; a controver- 
 C6n-tu-ma'cious (kon-tu-nia'shys), a. [L. contu- 
 max, conlumacis, stubborn.] Obstinate ; perverse ; 
 inflexible ; stubborn. 
 Cpn-tu-ma'cious-lx, ad. Obstinately. 
 j Con'tu-ma-cy., n. [L. contumucia, stubbornness.] 
 Obstinacy; perverseness. — (Law.) Wilful dis- 
 obedience to a lawful summons or judicial order. 
 Con-tu-me'li-ous, a. Reproachful; rude. 
 Con'tu-me-ly, n. [L. contumelia, insult.] Rudeness; 
 insolence; reproach; obloquy; indignity; insult. 
 Con-tuse', v. a. [L. amhtadere, contusion; hmdere, 
 "to beat.] [pp. contusing, contused.] To beat; 
 to bruise. 
 Con-tu'sion, n. A beating ; a bruise. 
 Co-nun drum, n. [Probably a conniption of L. 
 commdvm, something to be attempted, j Asoit 
 of riddle ; a quibble. 
 Con-va-lesce', <■• n. [L. convalescere, convalescenlis, 
 to begin to grow well; valeie, to be well. — See 
 Valid.] [pp. convalescing, convalesced.] To 
 recover health gradually. 
 Con-va-les'cence, «• [I*. convalescenlia.] The pe- 
 riod 'of recovery of health or Btrength. 
 Con-va-les'cent, a. Recovering health.— 2, n. 
 
 One who is' recovering health oi strength. 
 Con-vec'tion, n. [L. conuectio; < ,--. together, and 
 '■cohere, veciurn, to carry.] The act of conveying 
 or transferring : — the transmission of heat or 
 electricity through fluids. 
 Con-vee'tive, u. Of or pertaining to convection; 
 
 resulting from or accomplished by convection. 
 Con-vene', v. n. [L. convenire ; con-, together, and 
 to come.] [pp. convening, convened.] 
 To come together; to collect. — 2, r. a. To call 
 together ; to assemble ; to convoke. 
 Con-ven'ience, ) n. Fitness; propriety j ease; 
 Con-ven'ien-cy, j accommodation ; opportunity. 
 Con-ven'ient, «• [L. convenient, convenientis; origi- 
 nally a pres. part, from convenire, to come to- 
 gether.] Fit; suitable; commodious; adapted 
 to use : — near at band. 
 Con-ven'ient-ly, ad. Commodiously ; fitly. 
 Con'vent, n. [L. conventus, an assembly; con-, 
 together, and venire, renin,,/, to come.] A body 
 of monks or nuns; an abb* a ; a monastery. 
 Con-ven'ti-cle, )/. [L. comenticuUm, a little assem- 
 bly. — See Convent.] An assembly or a meeting : 
 formerly, a meeting of English non-conformists. 
 Con-ven'tion, n. [L. concent io. — See Convent.] 
 An assembly : — an agreement ; a contract : — con- 
 ventionality. 
 Con-ven'tion-al, a. Stipulated ; tacitly agreed on. 
 Con-ven'tion-al-Ism, n. A conventional phrase, 
 
 form, or custom. 
 Con-ven'tion-al-ist, n. One who adheres to a 
 
 convention, or to a conventional form. 
 Con-ven-tion-al'i-ty, n. State of being conven- 
 tional ; a conventional custom. 
 Con-ven'tion-al-Ize, v. a. [pp. conventionalizing, 
 conventionalized.] To render conventional or 
 conformable to usage. 
 Con-vent'u-al, a. Belonging to a convent.— 2, u. 
 
 'A monk or nun who lives in a convent. 
 Con-vergV, v. n. [L. con-, together, and vergere, 
 to turn.] [pp. converging, converged.] To tend 
 to one point. 
 Con-ver'|-ence, n. Tbe act of converging. 
 Con-ver'|-ent, | a. Tending to one point from dif- 
 Con-ve'r£'ing, J ferent places. 
 Con-ve'r'sa-ble, a. Inclined to converse. 
 Con'ver-sant (kon'ver-sant or kon-ver'sant), a. 
 [L. conversari, conversantis, to associate ; freq. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, Q, c, g, soft; p, &, p, g, hard; s as ; z ; $ as gz ; this, 
 
CONVEESANTLY 
 
 166 
 
 COPAECENEE 
 
 Convex. 
 
 from convertere, convex-sum; con-, together, and 
 vertere, to turn.] Acquainted with; versed in; 
 skilful; connected with ; familiar. 
 
 Con'ver-sant-ly, ad. In a conversant or familiar 
 manner; familiarly. [course; talk. 
 
 Con-ver-sa'tion, 11. [L. conversation Familiar dis- 
 
 Con-ver-sa'tion-al, a. Relating to conversation. 
 
 Con-ver-sa'tion-ist, or Con-ver-sa'tion-al-Ist, n. 
 A gifted talker; one skilled in conversation. 
 
 Conversazione (kon-ver-sat-ze-o'na), n. ; pi. Con- 
 versazioni (-ne). [It.] A meeting for conversa- 
 tion. 
 
 Con- verse', v. n. [L. conversari, to associate. — See 
 "Convert and Conversant.] [pp. conversing, 
 conversed.] To associate : — to talk familiarly. 
 
 Con'verse, u. [See Convert.] Conversation ; ac- 
 quaintance : — an opposite reciprocal proposition : 
 — a counterpart. — 2, u. Reciprocally opposite. 
 
 Con'verse-ly., or Con-verse'ly, ad. By change of 
 order or place ; reciprocally. 
 
 Con-vers'er, u. One who converses. 
 
 Con-ver'sion, n. [L. concersio, a turning. — See 
 'Convert.'] Act of converting; change from an 
 irreligious to a religious life, or from one re- 
 ligion to another. 
 
 Con-vert', v. a. [L. convertere ; vertere, to turn.] 
 '[pp. converting, converted.] To change from one 
 thing, or from one religion, to another; to turn. 
 
 Con' vert, n. A person who is converted. 
 
 Con-vert'er, n. One who converts ; that which 
 'converts'. 
 
 Con-vert-i-bil'i-ty, 1«. State or quality of being 
 
 Con-vert'i-ble-ness, / convertible. 
 
 Con-vert'i-ble, a. Susceptible of change. 
 
 Con -vert' i-bly, ad. By interchange. 
 
 Con'vex, a. [L. convehere, convexum, to bring 
 together ; vehere, to carry.] 
 Rounding outward :— opposed 
 to concave. — 2. n. A convex 
 or spherical body. 
 
 Con-vex'i-ty, n. Spherical form ; rotundity. 
 
 Con-vex'o-con'cave, a. Convex on one side and 
 concave' on the other. 
 
 Con-vex'o-con'vex, a. Convex on both sides. 
 
 Cpn-vey' (kon-va'), v. a. [Late L. conviare, to con- 
 vey j 0. Fr. conveier, convoier ; L. con-, together, 
 and via, a way.] [pp. conveying, conveyed.] 
 To carry or send to another place ; to transfer. 
 
 Con-vey'ance (kon-va'ans), «. Act or means of 
 conveying : — a deed for transferring property. 
 
 Con-vey'anc-er (kon-va'an-ser), n. A person who 
 "draws deeds or writings for transferring property. 
 
 Con-vey'ane-Ing (kon-va'ans-ing), n. The busi- 
 ness of a conveyancer. 
 
 Con-vict', v. a. [L. convincere, convictvm, to refute ; 
 con- intensive, and vincere, to conquer.] [p}>. 
 convicting, convicted.] To prove guilty; to de- 
 tect in guilt ; to show by evidence ; to convince. 
 
 Con' vict, n. One proved guilty ; a felon. 
 
 Con-vic'tion, n. Act of convicting; state of being 
 convicted ; detection of guilt. 
 
 Con-vince', v. a. [See Convict.] [pp. convincing, 
 convinced.] To make one sensible of a thing by 
 proof; to satisfy. 
 
 Con-vince'ment, n. Conviction; satisfaction. 
 
 Con-vinc'ing, p. a. Producing conviction ; con- 
 futing; conclusive; forcible. 
 
 Con-viv'i-al, or Con-viv'ial, a. [L. convivium, a 
 feast; con-, together, and vivere, to live.] In- 
 clined to, or partaking of, festivity; festive; 
 social; gay; jovial; festal. 
 
 Con-viv-i-al'i-ty, n. State or quality of being 
 'convivial ; convivial disposition ; festivity. 
 
 Con-vo-ca'tion, n. An ecclesiastical assembly ; an 
 assembly of bishops and clergy. 
 
 Con-voke', v. a. [L. convocare; con-, together, and 
 vocare, to call. — See Vocal.] [pp. convoking, 
 convoked.] To call together by authority; to 
 couvene; to assemble. 
 
 Con'vo-lute, or Con'vo-lut-ed, p. a. [See Con- 
 volve.] Rolled upon' itself ; rolled together. 
 
 Con-vo-lu'tion, n. A rolling together ; a ridge. 
 
 Con-volve', v. a. [L. convokere, convolutum; vol- 
 ■vere, to roll.] [pp. convolving, convolved.] To 
 roll together. 
 
 Con-vol'vu-lus, n. ; pi. Con-vol'vu-li. [L.] A 
 genus of twining plants; bindweed. 
 
 Con-vby', v. a. [See Convey.] [pp. convoying, 
 convoyed.] To accompany for defence. 
 
 Con'voy, n. An attendance for defence:— a pro- 
 tecting squadron :— the ships protected. 
 
 Con-vulse', v. a. [L. conoellere, concuhvm; vellere, 
 to pluck, to pull.] [pp. convulsing, convulsed.] 
 To shake; to disturb; to agitate. 
 
 Con-vul'sion, n. [L. convulsio.] State of being 
 convulsed; tumult : — contraction of the fibres 
 and muscles; a spasm ; a fit, [vulsiou. 
 
 Con-vul'sive, a. Producing, or marked by, con- 
 
 Con'y, or Co'ny, n. [L. cuniculus, 0. F. connil, 
 Dut. Tconijn, Ger. Jcaiiinchen, a rabbit. — Cf. Skr. 
 Mian, to dig.] A rabbit : — the hyrax. 
 
 C66, v. n. [An imitative word.] [pp. cooing, 
 cooed.] To cry as a dove or pigeon. — 2, n. A 
 noise like a dove's call. 
 
 Coo'ing, n. The note or invitation of the dove. 
 
 Cook (kuk) [kok, S. W. N. E. Ja.}, n. [L. coquere, 
 to cook; coqims, a cook.] One who di esses vict- 
 uals. — 2, v. a. [pp. cooking, cooked.] To dress 
 or prepare victuals : — to falsify ; to garble. 
 
 Cook'er-y (kfik'er-e), n. Art of cooking. 
 
 Cook'y (kuk'e), n. A kind of sweet cake. 
 
 Cool, a. [A.-S. col; Dut. hoel; Dan. 467; Ger. Icuhl.] 
 Somewhat cold ; not ardent, — 2, u. A moderate 
 degree or state of cold. — 3, v. a. [pp. cooling, 
 cooled.] To make cool; to quiet passion. — 
 4, v. n. To lose heat or warmth. 
 
 Cool'er, n. He who or that which cools ; a vessel. 
 
 C66'ley, n. See Coulee. 
 
 Coo'lie, or Cool'y, n. [Hind, hili, a porter, from 
 Tamil kuli, wages.] A porter or laborer. 
 
 C661'ish, a. Somewhat cool. 
 
 Cool'ly, ad. With coolness ; without heat. 
 
 Cool'ness, n. Gentle cold : — want of affection. 
 
 C66n, n. A raccoon. [Colloq.] 
 
 C6op, n. [A.-S. cypa, a basket; Dut. htip, a tub; 
 Icel. Jmpa, a cup ; L. eupa, a tub ; Gr. /cvtttj, a 
 
 . cttpa, a 
 ill.] A 
 
 hole ; Skr. Icupa, a wel 
 
 pen for animals. — 2, v. a. [pp. cooping, cooped.] 
 
 To shut up ; to confine ; to cage. 
 
 Coop'er [kop'er, 8. W. K. Sm. I. ; kup'er, H. St. 
 Wb'.], n. [See Coop.] One who makes barrels. 
 
 Coop'er-afe, n. The work of a cooper. 
 
 C6-op'er-'ate, v. n. [Co- and Operatk.] [pp. coop- 
 erating, cooperated.] To labor jointly for the 
 same end ; to work together. 
 
 Co-op-er-a'tion, n. Joint operation. 
 
 Co-op'er-a-tive, a. Promoting the same end; 
 operating for mutual benefit. 
 
 Co-br'dj-nate, a. [L. co-, together, and ordinare, 
 or dinatus', to arrange. — See Ordain.] Holdingthe 
 same rank. — 2, n. A person or thing of the same 
 rank, authority, or importance with another. 
 
 C6-br'di-nate, v. a. [pp. coordinating;, coordi- 
 nated'.] To arrange in due relation or harmoni- 
 ously. 
 
 Co-6r-di-na'tion, n. Arrangement of a set of 
 things so that each holds its due relative posi- 
 tion ; harnn nious arrangement. 
 
 C5-6r'di-na-tive, a. Pertaining to coordination; 
 coordinating. 
 
 CSot.n. [Dut. koet; Welsh, 
 cwtiar ; cwtaii, to cut, to 
 dock, and iar; a hen.] 
 A black water-fowl ; 
 moor-hen. 
 
 Co-pai'ba, 1 n. [S. Ameri- 
 
 Co-pi'vi,' j can.] A liquid 
 resin which exudes from Coot, 
 
 a South American tree. 
 
 Co'pal [ko-pal', I. N.], n. [Mexican.] A resin used 
 in varnish. 
 
 Co-par'ce-ner, n. (Law.) A joint heir. 
 
 ■^*- 
 
 a, e, i, o, u, y, long; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, v., obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
COPARCENY 
 
 167 
 
 CORN 
 
 Co-par'ce-ny, n. Equal share of an inheritance. 
 
 C6-part'ner, n. A joint partner; sharer. 
 
 Co-psirt'ner-ship, n. Joint partnership. 
 
 Cope, n. (See Cape.] A priest's vestment ; a con- 
 cave arch. — 2, v. a. [pp. coping, coped. J To 
 cover, as with a cope. — 3, v. n. [A.-S. ceapian, 
 to haggle. — See Cheap.] To contend; to strug- 
 gle ; to strive. 
 
 Co-peck', n. [Russ. Icopeika; Jcopye, a lance; from 
 a figure it once bore. J A Russian copper coin. 
 
 Cop'ing, n. [See Cope.] Top course or cover of 
 a wall. — Coping stone, the top stone of a wall. 
 
 Co'pi-ous, a. [L. copiosus ; copia, plenty ; co-, and 
 opes, riches.] Plentiful; abundant; ample: — 
 rich ; fluent. 
 
 Co'pi-ous-ly, ad. Plentifully; abundantly. 
 
 Co'pi-ous-ness, w. Plenty; abundance. 
 
 Cop'per, n. [Ger. kupfer; L. cuprum; from Gr. 
 KV7rpios, of Cyprus.] A metal of a pale reddish 
 color: — a vessel made of copper; a boiler: — a 
 coin. — 2, v. a. [pp. coppering, coppered.] To 
 cover with copper. 
 
 Cop'per-as, n. [0. Fr. coperose; probably for L. 
 cupr'i rosa, the rose of copper.] Sulphate of iron ; 
 green vitriol. 
 
 Cop'per-head (-hed), n. A venomous serpent of 
 the rattlesnake family. 
 
 Cop'per-Ing, v.. A covering or sheath of copper : 
 — the process of covering with such a sheath. 
 
 Cop'per-plate, n. A copper plate on which de- 
 sign's are engraved : — an impresssion from the 
 plate.— Copperplate printing, the process of taking 
 impressions from copperplates. 
 
 Cop'per-smith, n. One who works in copper. 
 
 Cop'per-y, a. Containing or like copper. 
 
 Cop'pice, n. A wood of small trees ; a copse. 
 
 Cop'ro-llte, n. [Gr. Korrpos, dung, and At'flos, 
 stone.] Fossil dung of animals. 
 
 Copse (kops), or Copse'-wood (-wud), n. [0. Fr. 
 coper, Gr. Kotrreiv, to cut. — Cf. Chop, and 0. Fr. 
 copeiz, cut wood.] A wood of small trees. 
 
 Coptic, n. The language of the Copts. 
 
 Cop'u-la, n. [L. ; originally coarnda ; co-, together, 
 and aptere, to join. — See Apt.] [Logic.) A word 
 which unites the subject and predicate of a 
 proposition. 
 
 Cop'u-lar, a. Of or pertaining to a copula. 
 
 Cop'u-late, v. a. [L. copulare, copulatum. — See 
 Copula.] [pp. copulating, copulated.] To unite; 
 to conjoin.— 2, v. ». To unite as different sexes. 
 
 Cop-u-la'tion, n. Embrace of the sexes. 
 
 Cop'ii-la-tive, a. Tending to unite : — expressing 
 a union. — 2, n. A connecting word. 
 
 Cop'y, n. [Fr. copie, copy, or abundance ; L. 
 copia, abundance; in Late L. also a pattern, an 
 imitation (by copying, books were made abun- 
 dant).] A manuscript : — an imitation : — a pat- 
 tern to write after ; a model : — a transcript from 
 an original : — a single book. — 2, v. a. [ pp. copy- 
 ing, copied.] To write, print, or draw after' a 
 pattern ; to transcribe ; to imitate ; to follow ; to 
 write from ; to learn. 
 
 Cop'y-hold, h. {Law.) A kind of tenure. 
 
 Cop'y-ist, n. One who opies. 
 
 Cop'y.-right (-rtt), n. Sole right to publish a book. 
 —2, v. a. [pp. copyrighting, copyrighted.] To 
 secure by copyright. 
 
 Co-quet' (ko-ket'), v. a. [Fr. cogueter.] [pp. co- 
 quetting, coquetted.] To deceive in love.— 
 2, v. n. To trifle in love ; to flirt. 
 
 Co-quet' ry, n. Deceit in love. 
 
 Co-quette' (ko-ket'), n. [Fr. ; fern, of coquet, a 
 young cock; cog, a cock; alluding to the vanity 
 of the cock.] A vain, gay, affected, deceitful 
 girl or woman; a jilt; a flirt. 
 
 Co-quet' tish, «. Having the manners and quali- 
 ties of a coquette. 
 
 Co-qui'na (ko-ke'na), »?. [Sp. for "shell-fish." — 
 Cf. Cockle.] A shell-limestone. 
 
 Cor'a-cle, n. [Welsh, cwnrgl; cwrwg, a frame, or 
 boat.] A leathern boat used by fishers. 
 
 Cor'a-coid, n. [Gr. Kopa/coeiSrjs ; xopaf, a crow, 
 and eTSos, form; alluding to its beaked shape.] 
 A bone, or process, connected with the scapula. 
 
 Cor'al, n. [L. corallum ; Gr. KopaWiov.] A calcare- 
 ous substance, growing in the sea : — a child's toy. 
 
 Cor'al-lme, a. Consisting of coral. — 2, n. A sea- 
 plant like coral. [building : — a basket. 
 
 Cbrb, ?(. [L. corbis, a basket.] An ornament in 
 
 Cbr'bel, n. [Fr. corbeille ; L. corbiada, a dim. of 
 corbis, a basket.] (Arch.) A projecting stone or 
 timber in the form of a basket : — the vase of a 
 Corinthian column : — a niche. 
 
 Cor'by, n. [L. corvus; Fr. corbe, corbeo.u.~\ A 
 -raven : — written also corbie. 
 
 Cord, «. [Fr. corde. — See Chord.] A rope; a 
 string: — a sinew: — a measure containing 128 
 cubic feet. — 2, v. a. [pip. cording, coided.] To 
 fasten with cords : — to pile in cords. 
 
 Cbrd'afe, u. A quantity of cords; ropes. 
 
 CSr'date, a. [L. cor, cordis, the heart.] Having 
 the form of a heart. 
 
 C6r-de-lier' (or kcir-de-le-a), n. [Fr. ; from cor- 
 deau, 0. Fr. cordel, a cord ; referring to the rope 
 worn about the waist by Francis- ans.] A Fran- 
 ciscan friar. — (Fr. Hist.) [From their club-room, 
 once a Franciscan chapel.] One of a society of 
 Jacobins which existed from 1792 to 171)4. 
 
 Cord'ial (kord'yal or kbr'de-al), »/. [Late L. cor- 
 dialis ; from L. cor, cordis, the heart.] A strength- 
 ening or exhilarating medicine or drink : — any 
 thing that comforts. — 2, a. Reviving ; sincere ; 
 hearty ; kind. 
 
 Cord-i-al'i-ty. (kord-ye-al'e-te), n. Quality of 
 being cordial ; sincerity ; affection ; heartiness. 
 
 C6rd'ial-lv, ad. Sincerely; heartily. 
 
 Cbr-dii-le'ra. w. (Sp. pron. kbr-del-ya'rS.) [Sp. ; 
 0. Sp. cordilla, Sp. cuerda, a cord, a string.] A 
 mountain range. 
 
 Cor'don (or kbr-don'), n. [Fr. ; augmentative form 
 of corde, a cord or string.] A row of stones : — 
 a line of military posts : — a band : a wreath. 
 
 Cor'do-van, n. [From Cordova, a town.] Spanish 
 leather :— a native of Cordova. 
 
 Cbr'du-roy, n. [Said to be Fr. corde du roi, king's 
 cord: the fabric was called duroij in English.] 
 A thick, ribbed, cotton stuff. 
 
 Cbrd'wain-er, ;/. [See Cordovan.] A shoemaker. 
 
 Core, n. [L. cor, heart.] The heart :— the inner 
 part of any thing. [or governor. 
 
 C6-re'|-ent, n. [Co- and Regent.] A joint regent 
 
 Co-re-la' tion, ». [Co- and Relation.] Mutual, re- 
 ciprocal, or corresponding relation ; correlation. 
 
 Co-re-spon'dent, n. [Co- and Respondent.] One 
 associated with another in a suit at law ; a joint 
 respondent. 
 
 Co-ri-a'ceous (ko-re-a'shus), a. [L. content, 
 leather.] ' Consisting of leather; of a substance 
 like leather. 
 
 Co-ri-an'der, h. [L. coriandrnm ; Gr. Kopiavov ; 
 /copt?, a bug, from its smell.] A plant and its 
 hot, spicy seed. 
 
 Co-rin'thi-an, a. Relating to Corinth :— noting 
 one of the orders of classic architecture. 
 
 Cork. ». [Ger. & Dut. leurh; Sp. corcha ; L. corter, 
 bark.] A tree and its bark :— a stopple : — a steel 
 point on a horseshoe; a calkin. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 corking, corked.] To stop or furnish with corks. 
 
 Cbrk'screw (-skru), n. A screw to draw corks. 
 
 Cbrm, or Cbr'mus, n. [Gr. Kop/mos, a tree-trunk; 
 Keipeiv, to clip.'] The 
 bulb of a plant. 
 
 Cbr'mo-rant. n. [Fr. cor- 
 moran; Sp. cuervo ma-' 
 rino, L. conns marinus, 
 a sea-crow.] A water- 
 bird : — a glutton. 
 
 Corn, v. [A.-S. corn; 
 Dut. koorn; Ger. horn. 
 — Cf. Grain.] Cereal 
 grain of different Cormorant, 
 
 kinds, used for bread, as wheat, rve, maize, &c. 
 
 mien, sir; m6ve, nor, son; bull, bur, rule, use, — C, Q, c, §, soft; p, J3, p, §, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 
 
CORNBEASH 
 
 168 
 
 COEEOBORANT 
 
 maize :— [L. cornu, a horn] an excrescence on 
 the foot. — 2, v. a. [pp. corning, corned.] To 
 6piinkle salt; to 6alt moderately; to pickle: — 
 to granulate. [called from its fertility. 
 
 Corn'brash, n. A kind of shelly limestone : — so 
 
 Cbrn'-bread, w. Bread from the meal of maize. 
 
 Cbrn'-cob, n. A spike of maize. 
 
 Cbrn'-coc-kle, re. A purple flowering plant. 
 
 Cbr'ne-a, re. [L. ; from cornu, a horn.] The korny 
 coat'o'f the eye. 
 
 CSr'nel, n. [L. cornus, from its horny wood ; cornu, 
 a horn.] A hardy shrub, and its fruit. 
 
 Cor-nel'ian, n. A stone. See Carnelian. 
 
 Cor'ne-oiis, c. [L. corneus ; cornu, a horn.] Horny. 
 
 Cor'ner, n. [0. Fr. cornier; Late L. comerium, an 
 angie ; L. cornu, a horn ; found in the Celtic 
 tongues als<>.] An angle: — a secret place: — a 
 scarcity of any security or article artificially 
 created with a view to enhanced profits. — 2, v. a. 
 [p2). cornering, cornered.] To force into a cor- 
 ner : — to prevent from escape : — to create a scar- 
 city, as of any article, by control of its supply. 
 
 Cbr'ner-stbne, n. The principal foundation-stone : 
 — an indispensable support. 
 
 Cor' net, n. [Fr. cornet, cornette ; Sp. corneta; Ital. 
 cornetlo, dim. form from L. cornu, a horn.] A 
 musical instrument: — [formerly a company of 
 horsemen with a cornet-player attending] an 
 officer of cavalry, who bears the standard. 
 
 Cbr'net-cy, n. The commission of a cornet. 
 
 Cbr'net-ist, n. A cornet-player. 
 
 Cbr'nice, n. [Gr. kod^vLs, a curved line, a flour- 
 ish, L. coronis ; whence Ital. cornice, Fr. comiche, 
 a cornice : akin to L. corona, a crown.] The top 
 of a column ; a moulding. 
 
 Cbr'nish, a. Relating to Cornwall in England. 
 
 Cbr-nb'pe-an, n. [Probably from cornucopia, from 
 its shape'; a rare and irregular word.] (Mus.) 
 A wind. instrument of the horn or trumpet kind 
 with valves. 
 
 Cbr-nu-co'pi-a, n. [L. ; cornu 
 horn, and ' copia, plenty' 
 The horn of plenty. 
 
 Cor-nute', a. [L. cornutus.] 
 'Having horns. Cornucopia. 
 
 Co-rol'la, n. [L. ; dim. of corona, a crown.] (Bot.) 
 'The inner covering of a flower, or second en- 
 velope, which surrounds the stamens aud pistil. 
 
 C6Vol-la-ry. {or ko-rol'a-re), n. [L. corollarium, 
 a surplus', a gratuity'; properly, the gift of a 
 corolla, or garland, besides the regular pay, as 
 of an actor.] A consequent truth ; a consequence. 
 
 Co-ro'na, re. [L., a wreath, a crown ; Gr. jcopioyo?, 
 curved.] (Arch.) A large flat member of the 
 cornice, which crowns the entablature. — (Astron.) 
 A luminous ring or halo around the sun or moon : 
 — a union of the stamens of a flower into a disk. 
 
 Cor'o-naph, n. [Gaelic] A funeral lament. 
 
 Co-ro'nal, or Cor'o-nal, n. [L. coronalis, of a 
 'crown (<[. ».).] A crown; a garland. — (Anat.) 
 The frontal bone.— 2, a. Relating io the crown ; 
 coronary. 
 
 Cor'o-na-ry, a. [L. coronarius.J Relating to, or 
 like, a crown. 
 
 Cor-o-na'tion, n. Act of crowning. 
 
 Cor'o-ner, n. [Late L. coronarius, coronator ; from 
 corona, the crown.] An officer whose duty it is 
 to inquire how any casual or violent death may 
 have heen occasioned. 
 
 Cor'o-net, n. [Fr. ; 0. Fr. corone, Fr. couronne, a 
 crown.] A crown worn by the nobility. 
 
 Cbr'po-ral, n. [Corrupted from Fr. caporal, a 
 corporal ; Ital. capo, a chief; L. caput, the head.] 
 The lowest officer of the infantry. — 2, a. [L. 
 corporalis; corpus, corporis, the body.] Relating 
 to the body. 
 
 Cbr'po-ral-ly, ad. Bodily ; in the body. 
 
 Cbr'po-rate, a. [L. corporare, corporatum, to shape ; 
 • corpus, corporis, a body.] United in a body or a 
 corporation ; incorporated. 
 
 Cbr'po-rate-ly, ad. In a corporate capacity. 
 
 Cbr-po-ra'tion, n. [L. corporatio.] An incorpo- 
 rated body or body politic, created by law, and 
 composed of individuals, united under a common 
 name, authorized to act as a 8ingle person. 
 
 Cbr'po-ra-tor, n. A member of a corporation. 
 
 Cor-po're-al, a. [L. corporeus ; corjius, the body.] 
 Having a material body ; not spiritual ; corporal. 
 
 Cor-po're-al-ly, ad. In a bodily manner. 
 
 Cbr'po-sant, re. [Ital. corpo santo, holy body : it is 
 ^dreaded by sailors.] An electrical meteor' at sea. 
 
 Corps (kor), n. ; pi. Corps (korz). [Fr. ; L. corpus, 
 a body.] A body of forces or troops. 
 
 Corps-d'armee (kor'dar-ma/), n. [Fr.] A com- 
 plete grand division of an army ; army-corps. 
 
 Corpse, re. [Fr. corps; L. corpus.] A dead human 
 body ; remains ; a carcass ; a corse. 
 
 Ccrpse'-can'dle, n. A candle made for the watch- 
 ing of a corpse before burial : — a phosphorescent 
 light seen in church -yards. 
 
 Cbr'pu-lence, \n. [L. corpvlentia ; from corpus, a 
 
 C br'pu-len-cy. J body.] State of being corpulent ; 
 fatness; fleshiness. 
 | Cbr'pu-lent, a. [L. corpulenlus; corpus, a body.] 
 
 Fleshy ; fat ; stout ; lusty. 
 I Cbr'pus-cle (kbr'pus-sl) [kor'pus-kl, H. ; kbr- 
 pus'kl, N.], n. [L. corpusculum, dim. of corpus, 
 a body.] A particle :— an ultimate organic body ; 
 a protoplasmic cell. 
 
 Cor-pQs'cu-lar, a. Relating to corpuscles or atoms. 
 
 Cor-ral', n. '[Sp. ; from corro, a ring.] Enclosed 
 ground; an enclosure; a cattle-pen. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. corralling, corralled.] To secure in a corral, 
 as cattle ; to pen. 
 
 Cor-rect', v. a. [L. corrigere, correclum ; con-, com- 
 pletely, aud regere, to lead, to rule.] [p>p. cor- 
 recting, corrected.] To free from faults or errors; 
 to amend ; to rectify : — to punish ; to chastise. — 
 2, a. Free from errors ; accurate ; true. 
 
 Cor-rec'tion. n. [L. correctio. — See Correct.] The 
 act of correcting ; punishment; discipline; rep- 
 rehension : — amendment. 
 
 Cor-rec'tion-a!, «. Tending to correct. 
 
 Cor-rec'tive, a. Tending to correct. — 2, n. That 
 which corrects. 
 
 Cor-rect'iy, ad. Accurately; faultlessly. 
 
 Cor-rect'cr, n. [L.] He who or that which cor- 
 rects. 
 
 Cor'rei, or Cor'rie, n. [Scot. ; Gael, cor, a corner.] 
 A hollow between hills, or a cleft or glen in a hill. 
 
 Cor-re-late', v. n. [Con-, together, and Relate.] 
 [ pp. correlating, correlated.] To have a recip- 
 rocal relation, as father and son. — 2, v. a. To 
 bring into mutual relation ; to arrange as for 
 comparison in order of mutual relations; to 
 make coincident. 
 
 Cor-re-la'tion, n. Reciprocal relation. 
 
 Cor-rel'a-tive, a. Having a reciprocal relation, 
 'as husband and wife, father and son. — 2, n. He 
 who or that which stands in a reciprocal rela- 
 tion, as a father and a son. 
 
 Cor-re-spond', v. n. [L. con-, together, and re- 
 spondere, to answer; re-, back, again, and upon- 
 dere, to promise.] [pp. corresponding, corre- 
 sponded.] To suit; to answer; to agree: — to 
 interchange letters. 
 
 Cor-re-spond'ence, n. The act or state of cor- 
 responding:' relation ; adaptation : — epistolary 
 intercourse : — interchange. 
 
 Cor-re-spond'ent, a. Suitable; adapted; fit. — 
 2, n. One who corresponds; one who writes or 
 interchanges letters. 
 
 Cor-re-spond'ent-ly, ad. In a fit manner. 
 
 Cor-re-spond'ing._p. a. Agreeing to ; suiting. 
 
 Cor'ri-dor, v. [Fr. ; Sp. corredor, a runner, a gal- 
 lery ; correr, to run ; L. currere.] A gallery : — 
 a covert way. 
 
 Cor-ri-§-en'da, n. pi. [L.— See Correct.] Things 
 to be corrected ; corrections to be made. 
 
 Cor'ri-fi-ble, a. Capable of being corrected. 
 
 Cor-rob'o-rant, a. [L. corroboram, corroboranlis. — 
 'See Corroborate.] Strengthening. 
 
 a, e, I, b, u, y, long ; a, e, i, o, G, y, short; a, e, i, o, y, x, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 
 
CORROBORATE 
 
 169 
 
 COTANGENT 
 
 Cor-rob'o-rate, v. a. [L. corroborare, corroboration, 
 'to strengthen ; robur, strength, or oak. — See Ro- 
 bust.] [pp. corroborating, corroborated.] To 
 make more certain; to strengthen; to confirm; 
 to establish. 
 
 Cor-rob-o-ra'tion, n. The act of confirming. 
 
 Cor-rob'o-ra-tlve, «• Tending to corroborate ; 
 'strengthening; confirming. 
 
 Cor-rode', v. a. [L. corrodere, corrosum; con- in- 
 tensive, and rodere, to gnaw. [pp. corroding, 
 corroded.] To eat away ; to consume. [away. 
 
 Cor-ro'dent. a. Corrosive. — 2, /*. That which eats 
 
 Cor-ro-di-bil'i-ty, «• State of being corrodible. 
 
 Cor-ro'di-ble,'a. ' Capable of being corroded. 
 
 Cor-ro'si-ble, a. Corrodible. 
 
 Cor-ro'sion (kor-ro'zhun), n. [See Corrode.] The 
 act of corroding, or eating, or wearing away by 
 degrees. 
 
 Cor-ro'sive, a. Consuming; wearing away. — 
 2, n. A corroding substance. — Corrosive sublimate, 
 bichloride of mercury, a very acrid poison. 
 
 C5r'ru-gate, c. a. [L. corrugare, corrugation ; nt- 
 gare, to ridge; ruga, a fold.] [pp. corrugating, 
 corrugated.] To wrinkle or ridge up. 
 
 Cor-ru-ga'tion, n. The act of wrinkling ; a ridge, 
 or wrinkle.' 
 
 Cor-r3pt', v. a. [L. corrumpere, corruptum : rum- 
 pere, to break.] [pp. corrupting, corrupted.] To 
 change from a sound to a putrescent state : — to 
 debase; to defile: — to destroy the integrity of; 
 to bribe. — 2, v. n. To become putrid or vitiated. 
 — 3, a. Spoiled; tainted; putrid. 
 
 Cor-rfipt'er, n. One who corrupts or vitiates. 
 
 Cor-rupt-i-bil'i-ty, \ n. Possibility of being cor- 
 
 Cor-rupt'i-ble-ness, J rupted. 
 
 Cor-rfipt'i-ble, a. Susceptible of corruption. 
 
 Cor-rup'tion, n. [L. corruption The act of cor- 
 rupting : — quality of being corrupt: — putres- 
 cence ; pus : — depravity ; vice : — bribery. 
 
 Cor-rupt'ly, ad. With corruption; viciously. 
 
 Cor-sagV, »■ [Fr. — See Corset.] The waist of a 
 gown or dress. 
 
 Cor'sair (kiir'sar), n. [Fr. 'corsaire; L. cursu.% a 
 course ; Sp. c/)rsa, a cruise, a voyage. — See 
 Course.] a pirate : — a piratical vessel. 
 
 Corse, or Corse, n. [See Corpse.] A dead body. 
 
 CSrse'let, n. [Fr., dim. of 0. Fr. cars, L. corpus, 
 the body.] A light armor for the body. 
 
 Cbr'set, n. [Fr., dim. of 0. Fr. cors, L. corpus, the 
 body.] An article of dress worn round the 
 body ; bodice ; stays. 
 
 Cb'r'tege (kbr'tazh), n. [Fr. cortege, It. corteggio, 
 a train; corte, a court, attendants. — See Court.] 
 A train of attendants ; a retinue. 
 
 Cor'tes, n. pi. [Sp. corte, a court.] The legisla- 
 tive body of Spaiu and of Portugal. 
 
 Cor'tex, n. [L.] Bark of a tree. 
 
 Cb'r'ti-cal, a. Barky; belonging to the rind. 
 
 Co-run'dum, n. [Hind, hurand.] A very hard 
 mineral. 
 
 Co-rus'cate, v. n. [L. coruscare, coruseatitm.~] [pp. 
 coruscating, coruscated.] To glitter; to flash; 
 to shine. 
 
 Cor-us-ca'tion, n. A quick vibration of light. 
 
 Corvee (kor-va/), n. [Fr. ; Late L. corvada, cor- 
 roata, for L. corrogata, summoned; con-, together, 
 and rogare, to ask.] Compulsory, unpaid labor. 
 
 Cbr-vette', n. [Fr. ; L. corbita, a freight-ship; 
 corbis, a basket.] A vessel of war, less than a 
 frigate : — an advice-boat. 
 
 Cor'y.mb, n. [L. eorymbus ; Gr. /copvp./3o9.] (Bot.) 
 A species of inflorescence. 
 
 Cor-y.-phae'us, ;/. [L. ; Gr. /copu^aio?; Kopv<{>r), 
 the head.] The leader of the ancient dramatic 
 chorus : — a chief; a leader. 
 
 Cor-x-phee (kor-e-fa), n. [Fr. (fem.); from conj- 
 phseus; at first it meant a leading dancer.] A 
 ballet-dancer. 
 
 Co-se'cant, n. [For L. complemenfi secans, secant 
 of the complement.] The secant of the comple- 
 ment of an arc. 
 
 Co'sey, a. [Gael, cosach, snug; cos, a hole, a cave, 
 a shelter.] Snug; warm; social; chatty. 
 
 C6'si-ly, ad. In a cosey manner. 
 
 Cos'ln-afe, a. [Law Fr.— See Cousix.] Eelation- 
 ship by blood : — a writ to recover lands on which 
 a stranger has entered at the death of a collat- 
 eral relation. 
 
 Co'slne, u. [For L. complementi sinus, sine of the 
 complement.] The sine of the complement of 
 an angle or of an arc. 
 
 Co'sj-ness, "• State of being cosey. 
 
 Cos-met'ic, n. [Gr. /coa-^7jTtK6? ; /cda/u.0?, order, 
 beauty.] A wash to improve the skin. — 2, a. 
 Beautifying. 
 
 Ccs'mjc, \a. [Gr. (coo-^ttxo?; koct/xo?, the 
 
 Cos'mi-cal, J world.] Relating to the wurld : — 
 rising or setting with the sun: — pei raining to 
 the cosmos or general system of the universe. 
 
 Cos-mog'o-nist, n. One who writes a cosmogony. 
 
 Co§-mog'o-ny;. n. [Gr. Kocrixoyovia. ; koctjuo?, the 
 world, and yevew, to produce.] The science that 
 treats of the origin of the world. 
 
 Cos-mo-graph'ic, [a. Relating to cosmogra- 
 
 Cos-mo-graph/i-eal, j phy. 
 
 Cos-mog'ra-phy. (koz-mog'ra-fe), n. [Gr. Kocr/jio- 
 ypa<f>ia; koct/xo?, the world, and ypdcpeiv, t> 
 write.] The science, or a description, of the 
 world, including astronomy, geography, and 
 geology. 
 
 Cos-mo-pol'i-tan, n. One who regards the inter- 
 ests bf mankind at large. — 2, a. Partaking of 
 the nature of a cosmopolite ; not provincial or 
 insular; liberal. 
 
 Cos-mop'o-li'te. u. [Gr. Kocr/aon-oAtTrj? ; koct/ixo?, 
 the world, and ttoAitv)?, a citizen ; n-oAi?, a city.] 
 A citizen of the world. 
 
 Cos-mo-ra'ma [-ra'rna, H. St. X], n. [Gr. koct/xo?, 
 the 'world, and opa/xa, a spectacle: opaeii/, to 
 see.] An optical machine giving a picturesque 
 exhibition of the world. 
 
 Cos'mos, n. [Gr. for ; ' world," "order,"' " beauty."] 
 The world as a system : — the universe as the em- 
 bodiment of harmony. 
 
 Cos'set, n. [Of. It. casiccio, a house-lamb; casa, a 
 house.] A lamb brought up by hand. — 2, c. a. [pp. 
 cosseting, cosseted.] To make a pet of: to fondle. 
 
 Cost (kost or kawst), n. [0. Fr. coster; Fr. couter ; 
 Ger. kosten ; L. conslare, to stand at, to cost ; 
 store, to stand.] That which is paid for any 
 thing; price; charge; expense :— loss; damage; 
 detriment. — 2. p. a. [i. cost; pp. costing, cost.] 
 To be bought for. 
 
 Syn. — The price or charge is what is asked for 
 a thing; the cost or expense, what is given: the 
 worth, what it will fetch; the value, what it 
 ought to fetch. [or side. 
 
 Cos'tal, a. [L. costa, a rib.] Belonging to the ribs 
 
 Cos'tate, a. [L. costal u s ; costa, a rib.] Ribbed. 
 
 Cos'ter-mon'ler, /;. [0. <& Local E. costard, an 
 apple, — properly, a ribbed apple, L. costa, 0. Fr. 
 coste, a rib, and MONGER (q. v.).] A dealer in 
 apple-* and other fruit. 
 
 Cos'tive, a. [Sp. constipativo, It. costipativo, Fr. 
 constipe, constipated [q. v.).] Constipated. 
 
 Cos'tive-ness. >i. State of being costive. 
 
 Cost'ii-ness. n. State of being costly. 
 
 Cost'ly, a. Expensive; dear; of great price. 
 
 Cost'ma-ry, n. [L. costus; Gr. koctto?; marp may 
 be from a supposed dedication to St. Mary.] An 
 aromatic garden-herb. 
 
 Cos-tume' [kos'tum, N. J.J, n. [Fr. for "fashion,"' 
 '" custom" (a. v.).] Style or mode of dress :— dress. 
 
 Cos'tum-er [kos-tu'mer, X.], n. One who deals 
 in, or is expert in, costumes. 
 
 Cot, n. [A.-S. cote ; Dut. hot ; Welsh, act ; Ger. hoth ; 
 Late L. cola, a cottage, hut, cover, or coat.] A 
 small house ; a cottage ; a hut :— a dove-cot : — a 
 cover for the finger : — a small bed ; a hammock. 
 
 Co-tan' tent. n. [From complement and tangent] 
 (Math.) The tangent of the complement of an 
 angle or an arc. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, 
 H 
 
 ;on ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, 5, c, g, soft; p, p, £, g, 
 
 15 
 
 hard , 
 
 § as z ; x us gz 
 
 tnis. 
 
COTE 
 
 170 
 
 COUNTER-POISON 
 
 Cote, re. A cottage ; a sheepfold ; a cot. 
 
 Co-tem'po-ra-ry, n. See Contemporary. 
 
 C6-te-rie'"(k5-te-re') [ko'ter-e, St.H. I. N. P. K.], n. 
 [Fr. ; originally, a club of cottagers, who rented 
 land in common; Fr. cottier, a cottager.] A 
 small association of friends; a club. [buskin. 
 
 Co-thiir'nus, n. [L. ; Gr. Ko0opvo<;.] An ancient 
 
 Co-ti'dal, a. [Con and Tidal.] Indicating equal- 
 ity of tidal level at the same time. 
 
 Co-til'lon (ko-tll'yun), re. [Fr. ; originally, a pet- 
 ticoat"; dini. of cotte, a coat (q. v.).] A brisk, 
 lively dance, usually by eight persons. 
 
 Cot' quean, re. [Cot, a house, and quean, a wench.] 
 A man who busies himself in women's affairs. 
 
 Cot'ta, re. [Late L. cota, cottu, a coat (q. v.).] A 
 short surplice. 
 
 Cot'ta£e, re. [See Cot.] A cot; a small dwelling. 
 
 Cot'ta-fer, n. One who lives in a cottage. 
 
 Cot' tar, Cot'ter, or Cot'ti-er, n. A cottager. 
 
 Cot' ton (kot't'n), n. [Arab, qutun; Sp. algodon, 
 coton; Fr. coton.] A plant: — the down of the 
 cottori-plant : — cloth made of cotton. — 2, a. 
 Made of cotton. 
 
 Cot-ton-ade', n. A stout fabric of cotton. 
 
 Cot'ton-£in, .re. A machine 
 for cleaning cotton. 
 
 Cot'ton-wood (-wud), n. 
 The aspen-tree. 
 
 Cot'ton-y (kot'tn-e), a. 
 Full of cotton ; downy. 
 
 Cot-y-le'don, re. [Gr. kotv- 
 XrjSiiiV ; kotiJAtj, a cup.] 
 (Bot.) The seminal leaf 
 of a plant, or the lobe 
 
 CoUoa-giu. 
 that nourishes the seed of a plant. — (Anut.) A 
 
 lobe of the placenta. 
 
 Cot-y-led'o-nous, a. (Bot.) Having seed-lobes. 
 
 Couch, v. n. [Fr. coucher ; L. collocare, to place. — 
 See Collocate.] [pp. couching, couched.] To lie 
 down ; to stoop or bend. — 2, v. a. To lay down ; 
 to hide ; to include : — to fix ; to phrase : — to re- 
 move, as cataracts from the eye. — 3, n. A seat 
 of repose ; a bed. 
 
 Cbuch'ant, a. (Her.) Lying down. 
 
 Couch'ing, it. The act of bending : — the operation 
 of removing a cataract. 
 
 C6u'gar (ko'gar), n. [Fr. couguar, from a South 
 American name.] The American panther. 
 
 Cough (kof or kawf ), n. [A.-S. hwosfan; Ger. has- 
 ten ; Scot, host ; Dut. kugchen. — Cf. Ger. keuchen, to 
 puff, to gasp.] A convulsion of the lungs, with 
 noise, to get rid of phlegm. — 2, v. n. [pp. cough- 
 ing, coughed.] To have the lungs convulsed. — 
 3, v. a. To eject by a cough. 
 
 Could (kud), i. from can. Was able. 
 
 Coulee (kG-la/), n. [Fr.] A dry valley ; a chasm. 
 
 Coul'ter (kol'ter), n. See Colter. 
 
 Cbun'cil, n. [Fr. concile ; L. concilium; con-, to- 
 gether, and calare, to call.] A body of council- 
 lors ; an assembly met for deliberation or to give 
 advice ; a convention ; a diet. See Assembly. 
 
 Cbun'cil-lor, n. A member of a council. 
 
 Cbun'cil-nian, re. A member of a council. 
 
 Cbun'sel, n. [Fr. conseil; L. consilium; consulrre, 
 to consult (q. v.).] Advice; direction; consulta- 
 tion : — secrecy : — a counsellor ; lawyer. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. counselling, counselled.] To give advice; 
 to advise. 
 
 CSun'sel-ior, n. One who gives advice : — an at- 
 torney at law; a lawyer; an advocate. 
 
 Cbun'sel-lor-ship, n. "The office of counsellor. 
 
 Count, v. a. [Fr. compte ; L. computare, to com- 
 pute (q. v.).] [pp. counting, counted.] To num- 
 ber ; to tell ; to reckon ; to compute ; to calcu- 
 late; to estimate. — 2, v. n. To reckon : — to rely 
 on. — 3, n. Number : — a charge in an indict- 
 ment : — [Fr. eomte; L. comes, comitis, a compan- 
 ion; con-, together, and ire, to go] a title of 
 nobility, equivalent to earl. 
 
 Cbun'te-nance, n. [0. Fr. coutenance, deportment; 
 L. continental, conduct; continere, to contain 
 
 (q. v.), to comport one's self.] Form of the face ; 
 air; look; exterior appearance: — patronage; 
 support. — 2, v. a. [pp. countenancing, counte- 
 nanced.] To support ; to favor. 
 
 Count' er, n. [See Count.] A reckoner :— the table 
 of a "shop, on which money is counted : — coun- 
 ter-tenor.— 2, ad. [L. contra; Fr. coutre.] Con- 
 trary to; in a wrong way. — 3, a. [Mostly used 
 as a prefix.] Adverse ; opposite. 
 
 Cbun-ter-act', v. a. [pp. counteracting, counter- 
 acted!] To act contrary to ; to frustrate. 
 
 Coun-ter-ac'tion, n. Opposite action. 
 
 Coun-ter-bal'ance, v. a. [pp. counterbalancing, 
 counterbalanced.] To weigh against. 
 
 Cbun'ter-bal-ance, ». Opposite weight. 
 
 Coun-ter-chang-e', v. a. [pp. counterchanoing, 
 counterchanged.] To exchange :— to checker. 
 
 Coun'ter-charm, n. That which disenchants or 
 dissolves a charm. 
 
 Cbun-ter-charm', v. a. [pp. countercharming, 
 countercharmed.] To destroy enchantment. 
 
 Cbun-ter-check', v. a. [p/p. counterchecking, 
 counter-checked.] To oppose; to check. 
 
 Cbun'ter-check, n. A stop; rebuke. 
 
 Cbun-ter-draw', v. a. [i. counterdrew; pp. coun- 
 terdrawing, counterdrawn.] To trace the lines 
 of a drawing through transparent paper. 
 
 Cbun'ter-ev'i-dence, n. Opposite evidence. 
 
 Cbun'ter-ex-ten'sion, n. (Surg.) The fixing of a 
 limb during extension. 
 
 Cbun'ter-feit, v. a. [Fr. contrefait, p. from contre- 
 faire,' to forge, to imitate ; L. contra, against, 
 and facere, to make.] [ pp. counterfeiting, coun- 
 terfeited.] To copy wii h an intent to deceive ; to 
 feign; to forge; to imitate. — 2, v. n. To feign. 
 ' — 3, a. Forged ; fictitious ; spurious ; feigned ; not 
 genuine ; deceitful. — 4, n. An impostor : — that 
 which is counterfeited ; imposition ; forgery. 
 
 Cbun'ter-feit-er, u. A forger; an impostor. 
 
 Cbun'ter-ir'ri-tant, n. A substance which coun- 
 ter-irritates. 
 
 Cbun'ter-ir'ri-tate, v. a. [pp. counter-irritating, 
 counter-irritated.] To irritate for the purpose 
 of relieving irritation. [means of relief. 
 
 Cbun'ter-ir-ri-ta'tipn, re. Irritation applied as a 
 
 Cbfin-ter-mand' - , v. a. [Fr. contrema/nder ; L. con- 
 tra, against, and mandare, to command.] [pp. 
 countermanding, countermanded.] To revoke. 
 
 Cbun'ter-mand, re. Repeal of a former order. 
 
 Cbun-ter-march', v. n. [pp. countermarching, 
 countermarched.] To march back. 
 
 Cbun'ter-march, re. A marching back. 
 
 Cbun'ter-mine, n. (Fort.) A mine to frustrate 
 the use of one made by an enemy. 
 
 Cbun-ter-mine', v. a. [pp. countermining, coun- 
 termined.] To counterwork. — 2, v. n. To mine 
 in opposition; to work secretly in opposition. 
 
 Cbun'ter-pane, n. [Originally, a counter-pawn, a 
 pledge (in law) : its present meaning was bar- 
 barously acquired by a transfer from 0. Fr. con- 
 trepoint, Fr. couriepointe, a back-stitch, an em- 
 broidered quilt; from L. culcita puucta, a stitched 
 quilt.] A cover for a bed. 
 
 Cbiin'ter-part, n. A corresponding part ; a copy : 
 — a duplicate : — a match : — a complement. 
 
 Cbiin-ter-plot', v. a. & v. n. [pp. counterplotting, 
 counterplotted.] To oppose one plot by another. 
 
 Cbun'ter-plot, re. A plot opposed to another plot. 
 
 Cbun'ter-pbint, u. [It. conlrappuuto, Fr. coutre- 
 poiut,' literally, point against point, or the setting 
 of musical notes in harmony.] The art or 
 science of harmony : — an opposite point :— coun- 
 terpane. 
 
 Cbun-ter-pbi§e\ v. a. [ pp. counterpoising, coun- 
 terpoised.] To counterbalance. 
 
 Cbun'ter-pbise, n. Equivalence in weight ; equi- 
 ponderance : — a mass of metal used to give 
 steadiness to a machine : — a weight in the oppo- 
 site scale : — an offset. 
 
 Cbun-ter-pbi'son, n. Antidote :— a poison which 
 acts as an antidote to another poison. 
 
 a, e, I, o, 5, y, long ; a, e, i, o, Q, y, short , 
 
 y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
COUNTER-REVOLUTION 
 
 171 
 
 COVET 
 
 Cb&n'ter-rev-o-lu'tion, re. A revolution succeed- 
 ing another, and opposite to it. 
 
 Cbun'ter-scarp, n. [See Scarp.] (Fort.) That 
 side of a ditch which is next to the camp. 
 
 Cbun-ter-sign' (-sin'), v. a. [pp. countersigning, 
 countersigned.] To sign an order of a superior, 
 in quality of secretary. [an official signature. 
 
 Cbun'ter-sign (-sin), n. A military watchword : — 
 
 Cbfin-ter-sink', v. a. [i. countersunk; pp. coun- 
 tersinking, countersunk.] To let the head of a 
 screw or nail into a board, &c, so that it may 
 not project. 
 
 Cbun'ter-sink, n. A cavity to receive the head of 
 a screw : — a reamer; a tool for countersinking. 
 
 Cbun'ter-stand, re. Stand in opposition ; resist- 
 
 Cbun'ter-stroke, n. A stroke returned. [ance. 
 
 Cbun'ter-ten'or, n. [It. contratenore, a part which 
 contrasts with the tenor: it is now replaced by 
 the contralto.] A middle part of music; a kind 
 of contralto. [Antiq.] 
 
 Cbun-ter-vail', v. a. [L. contra, against, and va- 
 Ure, to be effective.] [pp. countervailing, coun- 
 tervailed.] To be equal to ; to balance. 
 
 Cbun-ter-work' f-wiirk'), v. a. [pp. counterwork- 
 ing, counterworked.] To counteract. 
 
 Cbunt'ess, n. The wife of an earl or a count; a 
 woman having the rank of a count or an earl. 
 
 Cbunt'ing-hbuse, ) n. A house or room where 
 
 Cbunt'ing-room, J merchants keep their accounts 
 and transact business. 
 
 Cbunt'less. a. Numberless; innumerable. 
 
 Coun'trj-fled (kun'tre-fid), a. Rustic; rude. 
 
 Cofln'try (ktin'tre), n. [Fr. contree, It. contrada, a 
 country; L. contra, over against. — Cf. Ger. 
 gegend, a country ; gegen, against. The idea is 
 that of the region round about, or in the neigh- 
 hood, that which lies against.] A large tract of 
 land; an inhabited territory; a region; a na- 
 tion: — rural parts, — opposed to town or oily. — 
 2, a. Rustic; rural; rude. 
 
 Coun'try-dance, re. A kind of dance ; a contra- 
 dance.' See Contradance. 
 
 Covin' try-man (kun'tre-man), n. One born in, the 
 same country : — a rustic: a farmer. [country. 
 
 Coun'try-seat, n. A mansion or fine house in the 
 
 Cbun'ty, n. [Fr. comte, Late L. comitulus, origi- 
 nally^ district ruled by a count (q. v.). ] A shire; 
 a circuit or district. 
 
 Coup (koo), n. [Fr.] A stroke; an exploit. 
 
 Coupe (ko-pli'), u. [Fr. ; from couper, to cut, re- 
 ferring to its shape.] A 
 kind of carriage. 
 
 Coup'le (kup'pl), n. [Fr. 
 couple; L. copula, a bond, 
 a link.] Two; a pair; 
 man and wife : — a link. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. coupling, 
 coupled.] ' To join; to 
 marry.— 3, v. n. To join Coupe. 
 
 in embraces. [lines of verse ; a pair. 
 
 Coup'let (kuplet), re. [Fr.,dim. of. coiqyle.] Two 
 
 Coup'ling, re. That which connects. 
 
 Coupon (ko-pong'), n. [Fr. ; couper, to cut.] An 
 interest certificate attached to transferable bonds. 
 
 Cour'age (kur'aj), n. [Fr. courage ; Sp. corage ; L. 
 cor, heart, spirit.] Bravery; valor; heroism. 
 
 Cou-ra'feous (kur-ra'jus), a. Brave; daring. 
 
 Cou-ra/geous-ly (kur-ra'jus-le), ad. Bravely. 
 
 Cou'rier (ko'rer), n. [Fr. courtier, coureur, formerly 
 courier, runner, courier; courir, L. currere, to 
 run.] A messenger sent in haste; an express; 
 a travelling attendant. 
 
 Course (kors), n. [Fr. cours; L. cursus ; currere, 
 cursum, to run.] Arace; career ; progress : — seiies: 
 — order ; conduct : — a service of dishes : — natural 
 bent : — track in which a ship sails : — way; path; 
 — tendency; direction. — 2, v. a. [jip. cotirsing, 
 coursed.] To hunt; to pursue. — 3, v. re. To 
 run; to hunt. [ship.— (Med.) Menses. 
 
 Cburs'e§, n. pi. (Naut.) The principal sails of a 
 
 Cburs'ing (kors'ing), n. The sport of hunting. 
 
 Court (kort), n. [Fr. cour ; 0. Fr. court ; L. chors, 
 chortis, an enclosure. — See Cohort.] The palace 
 or residence of a sovereign or a prince ; a hall ; 
 a palace : — an enclosed place ; a narrow street : 
 — a hall or place for administering justice; the 
 judge or judges: — a legislative body : — polite 
 attention; solicitation. — 2, v. a. [pp. courting, 
 courted.] To woo; to solicit; to seek. 
 
 Court'-card, n. [The king, queen, and knave 
 were all personages who figured in the royal 
 court.] A card with a coated figure. 
 
 Coiir'te-ous (kur'te-us or kort'yus), a. [Fr. cour- 
 tol% courtly. — See Court. The courts of princes 
 were long the chief schools of social refinement.] 
 Elegant in manners; polite; well-bred; civil; ur- 
 bane; complaisant; respectful. 
 
 Coiir'te-ous-ly, ad. Politely ; respectfully. 
 
 Coiir'te-ous-ness, n. Civility ; politeness. 
 
 Coiir-te-§an' [kor'te-zan, I. ; kbr'te-zan, A T .], n. 
 [Fr. covrtisane, Sp! cortesana, properly, a woman 
 who is attached to a court (q. r.).] A prostitute. 
 
 Coiir'te-sy (kiir'te-se), ><. (Fr. courtoisie. — See 
 Courteous.] Elegance of manners; politeness; 
 civility ; camplawatce. — By courtesy, not of right, 
 but by indulgence. 
 
 Coiirte'sy (kurt'se), n. Act of respect or civility 
 made by women and girls. — 2, v. u. [pp. courte- 
 sy ing, courtesied.] To make a courtesy, [held. 
 
 Court'-hbuse. re, A building in which courts are 
 
 Court'ier (kort'yer), n. One who frequents courts ; 
 a person of courtly manners. 
 
 Court' -leet, n. [0. E. leet, a jurisdiction; L. lis, 
 UUs, a law-suit.] A court held annually in a 
 hundred, lordship, or niannr. 
 
 Court'li-ness, re. Elegance of manners. 
 
 Court'ly, a. Relating to a court; genteel. 
 
 Court'-mar'tial (-shal), n. ; pi. Courts' -mar'tial. 
 A military court for trying military offences. ' 
 
 Court' -plas-ter, n. Sticking-plaster for the toilet. 
 
 Court' ship, n. The making of love :— wooing. 
 
 Court' -yard, n. An enclosure within a building. 
 
 Coiis'in (kuz'zn), n. [Fr. ; L. consobrinus, the son 
 of a mothers sister; sobrintis, a cousin, for soro- 
 rinus; soror, a sister.] The child o; an uncle or 
 an aunt : — any one collaterally related more re- 
 motely than a brother or a sister. — Cousin-gertnan, 
 a first-cousin. 
 
 Cove, n. [A.-S. cofa, Ital. com, a <len. a cave (q. v.). 
 — Cf. Basque cofa, a pit; Sp. cueva, a cave.] A 
 small creek or bay : — a shelter ; a recess. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. coving, coved.] To arch over; to shelter. 
 
 Cov'e-nant (kuv'e-naut), n. [Fr. eonvenamt; 0. Fr. 
 covenant; L. convenwe, to come together. — See 
 Convene.] A solemn agreement; a written con- 
 tract; a bargain; a deed. — 2, r. u. [pp. cove- 
 nanting, covenanted.] To bargain; to contract. 
 — 3, v. a. To contract; to stipulate. 
 
 C6v'e-nant-er, n. One who makes a covenant : — 
 one who signed the " Solemn League and Cove- 
 nant"' in Scotland, in 1638. 
 
 Cov'er, v. a. [Fr. eourrir ; L. cooperire, to conceal ; 
 operire, to cover.] [jip. covering, covered.] To 
 overspread ; to conceal ; to hide. — 2, n. A con- 
 cealment ; a screen ; defence. 
 
 Cov'er-ing, n. Dress; vesture; a cover. 
 
 Cov'er-let, u. [Fr. couvre-lU; couvrir, to cover, and 
 lit, a bed.] The upper covering of a bed. 
 
 Cov'er-lid, n. A coverlet. 
 
 Cov'ert, n. [0. Fr. covert; Fr. convert.— See Cover.] 
 A shelter; a defence; a thicket. — 2, a. Shel- 
 tered; private; insidious. — {Law.) Under pro- 
 tection, as a married woman. 
 
 C6v'ert-ly, ad. In a covert manner. 
 
 Cov'er-ture, n. [0. Fr. ; Fr. couverture.] Shelter. 
 — (Law.) The legal state and condition of a 
 married woman. 
 
 Cov'et (kuv'et), v. a. [0. Fr. coveiler; Fr. convoiter ; 
 Ital. cubilare ; L. cupere ; to desire.] [pp. covet- 
 ing, coveted.] To desire eagerly or inordinately ; 
 to hanker after ; to long for. — 2, v. n. To have 
 a strong desire. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q, 0, c, §, soft; p, p, 0, §, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; tnis. 
 
COVETOUS 
 
 172 
 
 CRANKLE 
 
 Cov'et-ous (kuv'et-iis), a. [L. cupidus, eager.— See 
 Covet.] Inordinately desirous ; eager for gain ; 
 greedy ; avaricious. 
 
 C6v'et-oQs-ly., ad. Avariciously ; eagerly. 
 
 Cov'et-ous-ness, n. State of being covetous. 
 
 Cov'ey (kiiv'e), n. [Fr. couvee, a brood ; couver, to 
 bro'od ; L. cubare, to lie down.] A flock, batch, 
 or brood of birds. 
 
 Cov'in, n. [Law Fr. covine, agreement; L. con- 
 venire, to agree. — See Convene and Covenant.] 
 (Law.) A fraudulent agreement. 
 
 Cov'ing, n. [See Cove.] A projection in a building. 
 
 Cov'in-ous, a. Fraudulent; dishonest. 
 
 Cb<v (kbu), n. ; pi. Cbivs, formerly Kine. \A.-S. 
 cu; Dut. hoe; Ger. kuh; Skr. go, ghau.] The fe- 
 male of the bovine genus of animals. — 2, v. a. 
 [Dan. hue, to subdue; probably from Coward. — 
 Cf. Ger. Icauen, to squat.] [pp. cowing, cowed.] 
 To depress with fear. 
 
 Cow'ard, n. [Fr. couard; It. codoardo, a coward, 
 •a hare, from coda, a tail.] One wanting courage ; 
 a poltroon. — 2, a. Dastardly ; timid ; cowardly. 
 
 Cbw'ard-ice, n. Fear ; habitual timidity. 
 
 Cbw'ard-ly, a. Fearful ; pusillanimous. 
 
 Cbw'bby, n. A cowherd ; a herdsman. 
 
 CSw'-catch-er, w. An iron frame in front of a 
 locomotive for clearing a railway track. 
 
 Cbw'er, v. n. [Welsh, cwrian; Ger. kauern. — Cf. 
 Scand. kura, kure, to lie quiet. The latter is re- 
 garded as the true source of the English word.] 
 [pp. cowering, cowered.] To sink by bending 
 the knees : — to sink from fear. 
 
 Cbw'ha§-e (kow'aj, kow'itck), n. [Hind, kawanch.] 
 A plant used in medicine. 
 
 Cbw'-herd, n. One who tends cows. 
 
 Cbw'hide, n. The skin of a cow : — a whip. — 2, 
 v. a. [pp. cowhiding, cowhided.] To whip with 
 a cowhide. 
 
 Cowl, n. [0. E. couel; A.-S. cufle; Icel. kufl; L. 
 cucullus, a hood.] A hood : — a' chimney-cover. 
 
 Cbw'-pox, n. The vaccine disease. 
 
 Cbw'ry, n. ; pi. Cbw'ries. [Hindi, kauri; Beng. 
 kari.] A small shell used as money. 
 
 Cbw'slip, n. [A.-S. cuflippe, cusloppe; cv, cow, and 
 sloppe, dung.] A plant, a species of primrose. 
 
 Cox'comb (koks'kom), n. [For cocVs comb.] A 
 fop : — a flower. 
 
 Cox-eomb'i-cal, a. Foppish ; coxcomical. 
 
 Cox'comb-ry (koks'kom-re), n. Foppishness. 
 
 Cox-com'i-cal, a. Foppish ; conceited. 
 
 Cox'swain (kok'swan or kox'sn), n. [Cock, a boat, 
 and sworn.] A cockswain. 
 
 Coy, a. [0. Fr. coi, coit; L. quietus, quiet (q. v.).] 
 Modest ; reserved ; shy. 
 
 Cby'ly, ad. In a coy manner ; with reserve. 
 
 Cby'ness, n. Reserve ; shyness ; modesty. 
 
 Cby-b'te (koi-o'ta), n. [Mex. cayotl] The small 
 barking or prairie wolf: — written also cayote. 
 
 Cby'pii, n. A South American auimal. 
 
 Coz (kuz), n. A cant word for cousin. 
 
 Coz'en (kuz'zn), v. a. [Fr. cousiner, to claim kin- 
 dred with, to sponge upon. — See Cousin.] [pp. 
 cozening, cozened.] To cheat; to trick. 
 
 Coz'en-af-e (kuz'zii-aj), n. Fraud; deceit. 
 
 Co'zey, or Co'zy, a. ' Snug. See Cosey. 
 
 Crab, n. [A.-S crabba; 
 Icel. krabbi; Sw.krabba; 
 Ger. krabbe, krebs ; Gr. 
 <capa/3os. — Cf. SCARA- 
 b.eus.] A marine crus- 
 tacean : — a small sour 
 apple : — a peevish per- 
 son : — an engine or c . 
 machine for raising 
 
 weights : — a sign in the zodiac. — 2, a. Sour and 
 degenerate, as fruit. [morose; harsh. 
 
 Crab'bed, a. [Root of Crab.] Sour; peevish; 
 
 Crab'bed-ness, n. Sourness ; asperity. 
 
 Crab'-tree, n. An apple-tree which bears crabs. 
 
 Crack, n. [A.-S. cearcian, Dut. kraken, Ger. 
 krachen, to crack ; Dut. krak, Ger. krach, a crack.] 
 
 A sudden noise :— a fissure.— 2, v. a. [pp. crack- 
 ing, cracked.] To break into chinks; to split.— 
 3, v. n. To burst; to open in chinks : — to talk ; 
 to brag. — i, a. Excellent ; first-rate. 
 
 Crack'-brained (krak'brand), a. Crazy, [biscuit. 
 
 Crack'er, n. A small firework : — a boaster : — a hard 
 
 Crac'kle, v. n. [Frequentative of Crack.] [pp. 
 crackling, crackled.] To make slight cracks; 
 to make small and frequent sharp sounds. — 
 2, v. a. To cause to crack; to produce slight 
 cracks on the surface of, as in the enamel of 
 pottery.— 3, n. Pottery which is subjected to a 
 process which causes the glaze to crack in all 
 directions. 
 
 Crack'ling, n. A small but frequent noise. 
 
 Crack'nel, n. [Fr. craquelin; Dut. krakeling ; from 
 Crack.] A kind of hard, brittle cake. 
 
 Cracks'man, n. A burglar. 
 
 Cra'dle, n. [A.-S. cradol, Irish, craidhol, Gael. 
 creathall, originally a hurdle, a basket ; L. crates, 
 a basket, a crate (q. v.).] A movable bed, on 
 which children are rocked : — a case for a brokeu 
 bone :— a frame of timber for launching ships : 
 — a frame added to a scythe for grain. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. cradling, cradled.]* To cut with a cradle: 
 — to rock. 
 
 Craft, n. [A.-S. crseft, Scand. & Ger. kraft, force ; 
 Dut. kracht] Manual art ; trade : — cunning ; 
 art ; fraud : — small sea-vessels. 
 
 Craft'i-ly, ad. Cunningly ; artfully ; skilfully. 
 
 Craft' i-ness, n. Cunning; stratagem; art. 
 
 Crafts'man, n. An artificer; a mechanic. 
 
 Craft'y, a. Cunning ; artful ; shrewd ; sly. 
 
 Crag, n. [Welsh, craig, Gael, creag, Celt, car, a 
 rock.] A rough, steep rock : — the neck. 
 
 Crag'§y, a. Rugged; full of crags; cragged. 
 
 Crags/man, n. One who climbs rocks. 
 
 Crake, n.' [From its cry.— Cf. Croak, and Gr. /cpe'£, 
 L. crex, the rail.] A bird, the corn-crake. 
 
 Cram, v. a. [A.-S. crirnman, imp. t. crumm ; Icel. 
 kremja, Sw. krama, Dan. kramme, to squeeze ; Ger. 
 grimmen, to grip.] [pp. cramming, crammed.] 
 To stuff; to thrust in by force. — 2, v. n. To eat 
 greedily or beyond satiety : — to study hard. 
 
 Cramp, n. [Dut. & Scand. kramp ; Ger. krampf.] 
 A spasmodic, painful contraction of the limbs; 
 a check : — a piece of bent iron. — 2, v. a. To 
 restrain ; to confine : — to bind : — to affect with 
 cramp or spasm. 
 
 Cran'ber-ry, n. [Ger. kravbeere, crane-berry. — 
 Cf. Sw. tranb'dr ; trana, a crane.] An acid berry 
 used for sauce. 
 
 Cranch, v. a. See Cratjnch. 
 
 Crane, n. [A.-S. cran; Dut. kraan; Ger. krahn, 
 kranich; Gr. yepavos.] A bird: — a machine for 
 raising weights : — a crooked pipe or siphon. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. craning, craned.] To raise with, 
 or as with, a crane. — 3, v. n. To rise on tiptoe 
 and stretch forward the neck. 
 
 Cranes/bill, n. A plant, the geranium : — pincers. 
 
 Cra'ni-al, a. Relating to the cranium or skull. 
 
 Cra-ni-o-lof 'i-cal, a. Relating to craniology. 
 
 Cra-ni-ol'o-£y, v. [Gr. upavLov, a skull, and 
 Aoyo?, discourse.] The science which treats of 
 the skull :— phrenology. 
 
 Cra'ni-um [kran'yum, IC], n. [L. & Gr.— Cf. Gr. 
 napyvov, the head.] The skull. 
 
 Crank, n. [Dut. kronkelen, to twist; Dan. bringel, 
 crooked ; Icel. kranga, to zigzag. — Cf. Lap. 
 kranket, to bend. Akin to Crinkle.] The end 
 of an axis turned down ; a contrivance for turn- 
 ing ; a brace :— a quirk : — whim ; absurd notion : 
 — a whimsical person [Colloq.]. — 2, a. [Sw. 
 kranga, Dut. krengen,. to careen ; Ger. krank, 
 sick.] Liable to be overset, as a ship: — dis- 
 torted : — bold ; sprightly. — 3, v. n. [pp. crank- 
 ing, cranked.] To run in and out ; to cr.mkle. 
 
 Cran'kle, v. n. [Dut. kronkel, a crinkle (q. v.).] 
 [pp. crankling, crankled.] To run into angles ; 
 to crinkle.— 2, v. a. To break into bends and 
 angles. — 3, n. A bend ; a crinkle. 
 
 a, e, I, 6, 5, y, long; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 
 
CEANKY 
 
 173 
 
 CEEOLE 
 
 Crank'j;, a. Full of absurd notions; whimsical; 
 short-tempered : — unsteady ; easily upset. 
 
 Cran'ny, n. [L. arena, Fr. cran, 0. Fr. cren, a 
 notch.] A chink; a fissure. — 2, v. n. [pp. cran- 
 nying, crannied.] To form a cranny or cran- 
 nies ; to haunt crannies. 
 
 Crape, n. [Fr. crepe, 0. Fr. crespe ; L. crispus, 
 crisp (q. v.).] A species of gauze made of silk, 
 often dyed black, and used in mourning, &c. 
 
 Crap'u-lence, n. Sickness caused by excess. 
 
 Crap'u-lous, or Crap'u-lent, a. [L. crapidoms, in- 
 clined to drunkenness; crapuleiitus, drunken; 
 craptda, Gr. KpanrdKr), inebriation.] Ill from sur- 
 feit : — resulting from gluttony or drunkenness. 
 
 Crash, v. n. [Imitative. — Cf. Scand. krasa, Jcrase, 
 a piece, a potsherd. — Cf. Crush, Clash, Craze.] 
 [pp. crashing, crashed.] To make a loud, sud- 
 den noise. — 2, v. a. To break or bruise; to 
 crush. — 3, n. A loud, sudden, mixed sound, as 
 of things falling : — [L. crassus, thick] a coarse 
 linen cloth. [dense. 
 
 Crass, a. [L. crassus, thick. — Cf. Gross.] Gross ; 
 
 Cras'si-tude, v. Grossness; coarseness. 
 
 Cratch, n. [Fr. creche, a cradle, a manger; Prov. 
 crepcha, a crib (q. v.).] A frame for hay to feed 
 cattle in ; a manger. 
 
 Crate, n. [L. crates, a hurdle. — Cf. Irish creathach, 
 a hurdle. — See Cradle.] A pannier for crockery- 
 ware, &c. 
 
 Cra'ter, w. [L. ; Gr. Kparr/p, a mixing-bowl ; <epa.v- 
 vvfxi, to mix.] The vent or mouth of a volcano. 
 
 Craunch (kranch), v. a. [Dut. schransen, to de- 
 vour: imitative ] [pp. craunching, craunched.] 
 To crush with the teeth; to chew with noise. 
 
 Cra-vat', n. [Fr. cravate, a cravat, — literally, a 
 Croatian tie; Cravate, a Croatian.] Anything 
 worn about the neck. 
 
 Crave, v. a. [A.-S. crafirm, Icel. kref/n, Dan. Jcrseve, 
 Sw. Jcrafva, to crave; Icel. krafa, a demand.] [pp. 
 craving, craved.] To ask earnestly ; to long for. 
 
 Cra'ven (kra'vn), n. [0. Fr. cravante, acravante, 
 overthrown ; crevanter, cravawnter, to break, to 
 conquer; Late L. crepantare, from L. crepere, to 
 break, to cause to rattle. The derivation from 
 crave, to beg, is discredited.] A coward ; a pol- 
 troon. — 2, o. Cowardly ; base. [longing for. 
 
 Crav'ing, v. Urgent desire. — 2, a. That craves ; 
 
 Craw, n. [Pan. kro ; Sw. Jcrafva, kroe. — Cf. Dut. 
 kraag, Ger. kragen, the neck'.] The crop or first 
 stomach of birds. 
 
 Craw'fish, or Cray'- 
 fish, n. [Cor- 
 rupted from Fr. 
 ecrevisse ; root of 
 Ger. krebs. — See 
 Crab.] A crusta- 
 ceous fish ; the 
 river lobster. Crawfish. 
 
 Crawl, v. n. [Scand. krafla, to grope ; Dan. kravle, 
 to creep.] [pp. crawling, crawled.] To creep; 
 to move as a worm.— 2, n. The well in a boat : 
 —[probably the same as Corral] an enclosure 
 of hurdlesfor fish and turtles. 
 
 Cray'on (kra'un), ». [Fr., from crate, L. creta^ 
 chalk.] A kind of pencil :— a design or drawing 
 done with a pencil or crayon. 
 
 Craze, v. a. [A variant of Crash ; Fr. ccraser, to 
 crush ; Sw. krasa, to crack.] [pp. crazing, 
 crazed.] To break :— to make crazy.— 2, v. n. 
 To be or to become crazed; to act as a crazy 
 person. — 3, n. A freak ; a whimsey ; insanity. 
 
 Cra'zi-ness, n. Disorder of mind ; insanity. 
 
 Cra'zy., a. [See Craze.] Weak; disordered in 
 mind; insane. 
 
 Creak, v. n. [Imitative.— Cf. Fr. criqiier, to creak ; 
 Ital. cricciare, L. crepere, to rattle.] [pp. creak- 
 ing, creaked.] To make a harsh noise. — 2, n. 
 A. grating sound. 
 
 Cream, it. [Fr. creme ; L. cremor ; probably allied 
 to Scot, ream, Icel. rjomi, Ger. rahm, cream.] 
 The oily part of milk :— the best part.— 2, v. n. 
 
 [pp. creaming, creamed.] To gather on the 
 surface. — 3, v. a. To skim the cream from. 
 
 Cream'-cheese, n. A cheese enriched with cream. 
 
 Cream'er-y, n. A cooperative dairy. [cream. 
 
 Cream'y, a. Like cream; full of, or covered with, 
 
 Crease, '». [Bret, kriz, a crease. — Cf. Welsh crych, 
 a wrinkle; Sw. krus, a curl; L. crispus, crisp.] 
 A mark made by doubling. — 2, p. a. [pp. creas- 
 ing, creased.] To mark any thing by doubling. 
 
 Cre'a-sote, n. See Creosote. 
 
 Cre-ate', v. a. [L. creare, creatum, to make; Skr. 
 kri, to make.] [pp. creating, created.] To cause 
 to exist; to bring into being; to make; to pro- 
 duce ; to form. [created : — the universe. 
 
 Cre-a'tion, n. The act overeating; that which is 
 
 Cre-a'tive, a. Having the power to create; per- 
 taining to creation. 
 
 Cre-a'tor, n. One who creates; the Supreme 
 Being, who bestows existence. 
 
 Creat'ure (kret'yur) n. [L. crealura. — See Cre- 
 ate.] A being "created; a man; a brute; any 
 thing created : — a dependant. 
 
 Creche (krash), ». [Fr.— See Cratch.] A pro- 
 tectory for infants ; a public nursery. 
 
 Cre'dence, n. [L. credenlia.— See Creed.] Belief; 
 credit ; reputation : — [L. credentia, confidence, 
 assurance : formerly articles of food or drink 
 were tasted at a side-table before being served, 
 as a precaution against poisoning] a side-table. 
 
 Cre'dent, a. Believing ; easy of belief. 
 
 Cre-deVtial, a. Giving a title to credit. — 2, n. 
 That which gives a title to credit; testimonial. 
 
 Cred-i-bil'i-ty,, n. The quality of being credible. 
 
 Cred'i-ble.'«. ' [L. credibilis.— See Credit.] That 
 may be believed; probable. 
 
 Cred'i-ble-ness, n. Credibility. 
 
 Cred'i-blj:, ad. In a manner that claims belief. 
 
 Cred'it. n. [L. credere, creditum, to believe.] Be- 
 lief in the veracity or ability of another; belief; 
 trust :— good repute ; honor; reputation ; esteem : 
 — faith : — influence : — property or sum due, — 
 correlative of debt. — 2, r. a. [pp. crediting, cred- 
 ited.] To believe ; to confide in ; to give credit to. 
 
 Cred'it-a-ble, a. Reputable ; honorable. 
 
 Cred'it-a-bly, ad. Reputably; honorably. 
 
 Cred'it-pr, n. [L.] One to whom a debt is owed. 
 
 Cre-du'li-ty. »• [Jj. credtditas.] Quality of, being 
 credulous"; easiness of belief ; credulousness. 
 
 Cred'u-lous, a. [L. crednlns.] Easy of belief; un- 
 suspecting. 
 
 Cred'u-lous-lx, ad. In a credulous manner. 
 
 Cred'u-lous-ness, n. Credulity. 
 
 Creed, n. [L. credo, I believe. — See Credit. — Cf. 
 Skr. fraddha, faith.] A summary of articles of 
 faith ; a confession of faith. 
 
 Creek [krik or krek, H.\, n. [A.-S. crecca; Dut. 
 kreek; Fr. criqite. — Cf. Icel. kriki, Welsh crig, a 
 crack, a chink.] A small port ; a bay; an inlet : 
 — in some parts of A merica, a small river. 
 
 Creel, n. [Root of Cradle and Crate.] An osier 
 or wicker basket. 
 
 Creep, v. n. [A.-S. creopan, Dut. kruipen, Dan. 
 krybe, Ger. kriechen, to creep.] [i. crept; pp. 
 creeping, crept.] To move slowly, or as a worm, 
 insect, or reptile ; to crawl : — to fawn ; to cringe. 
 
 Creep'er, n. A creeping plant : — a small bird. 
 
 Creese, n. A Malay dagger; a kris. 
 
 Cre-mate', v. a. [L. cremare, crematum, to burn.] 
 (pp. cremating, cremated.] To burn ; to con- 
 sume by fire. 
 
 Cre-ma'tion, n. [L. creviatio.] The act of burn- 
 ing : — the burning of a dead body. 
 
 Crem'a-to-ry,. w. A furnace for cremation. — 2, a. 
 Pertaining to cremation. 
 
 Cre'nate, a. [L. crena, a notch, a cranny (q. v.).] 
 Having notches; notched. 
 
 Cre'ole, n. [Sp. criollo, for cnadillo, or criado, cre- 
 ated, well-bred; criar, to create.] A person 
 born in Spanish America or the West Indies, 
 but of European descent: — in Louisiana, & native 
 of French descent. 
 
 mien, s'ir ; mSve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — C 9, c, §, soft ; p, p, p, j£, hard ; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 
 
 15* 
 
CKEOSOTE 
 
 174 
 
 CKOCHET 
 
 Cre'o-sote, n. [Gr. icpeas, Kpeuis, flesh, and crux^eiv, 
 to preserve,] (Chem.) A powerfully antiseptic, 
 oily liquid, obtained from distilling tar. 
 
 Crep'i-tant, a. Crackling; rattling. 
 
 Crep'i-tate, v. n. [L. crepitare, crepilalum ; crcpere, 
 to rattle.] [pp. crepitating, crepitated.] To 
 make a crackling noise. 
 
 Crep-i-ta/tion, n. A small, crackling noise. 
 
 Crept, i. & p. from creep. 
 
 Cre-pGs'cu-lar, a. [L. crepiisculum, twilight; cre- 
 per, dark.] " Relating to twilight. 
 
 Cres-cen'do, n. & ad. [It.; L. crescere,crescendum, 
 to increase {q. v.).] (Mus.) Direction to the per- 
 former to increase the volume of sound. 
 
 Cres'cent, a. [L. crescere, crescentis, to increase.] 
 Increasing; growing. — 2, n. The moon in her 
 state of increase : — a thing shaped like the in- 
 creasing moon. 
 
 Cres-cent'ic, a. Crescent-shaped. [eral species. 
 
 Cress, n. [A.-S. crease; Ger. kresse.] A plant of sev- 
 
 Cres'set, n. [0. Fr. crasset: akin to Cruse.] A 
 great light or beacon ; a torch : — an iron frame 
 used by coopers. 
 
 Crest, n. [L. crista; Fr. crete.] A plume of feath- 
 ers : — the comb of a cock: — an ornament; a 
 tuft : — pride. — 2, v. a. [pp. cresting, crested.] 
 To furnish with a crest. 
 
 Crest'fal-len (krest'fal-ln), a. Humiliated. 
 
 Cre-ta'ceous (kre-ta'shus), a. [L. crekt, chalk.] 
 Chalky. [idiot afflicted with the j^itre. 
 
 Cre'tin, n. [Fr. cretin ; etymology doubtful.] An 
 
 Cre'tin-i§m, n. A species of idiocy. 
 
 Cre-vasse', n. [Fr. ; crever, to split, to cleave ; L. 
 crepare, to burst.] A gap; a gully ; an opening 
 in the embankment of a river. [fissure. 
 
 Crev'ice, n. [See Crevasse.] A crack; a cleft; a 
 
 Crew (krii), n. [0. Norse, kru.—Cf. Local Sw. kri, 
 to swarm. But the English word crew is more 
 proliaMy 0. Fr. & 0. E. accrue, an accrument, a 
 reinforcement.] A ship's company; a band. — 
 2, i. from crow. 
 
 Crew'el (kru'el), w. [Put. hid, 0. E. crulle, a curl, 
 a twist.] A kind of yarn or thread. 
 
 Crib, n. [A.-S. cnjb ; Put. krib ; Pan. krybbe.—See 
 Cratch.] A manger; a stall :— a child's bed : — 
 a store : — a granary. — 2, v. a. [pp. cribbing, 
 criblied.] To confine : — to pilfer. 
 
 Crib'ba£-e, n. [From crib, to steal; or crib, a se- 
 cret store.] A game at cards. 
 
 Crib'ri-fbrm, a. [L. cribrum, a sieve, and forma, 
 form.] Having the form of a sieve. 
 
 Crick. n. [Probably from crook, a twist.] A pain- 
 ful stiffness in the neck or back. 
 
 Crick'et, n. [0. Fr. criquet; criqner, to creak.] An 
 insect: — a stool: — [A.-S. cricc, a staff: akin to 
 Crook : more probably from cricket, a stool, re- 
 ferring to the wicket] a game with bat and ball. 
 
 Crick'et-er, n. A player of cricket. 
 
 Cn'cSid, a. [Gr. KpiKo?, a ring, and eZSo?, form.] 
 Ring-shaped. 
 
 Cried, i. & p. from cry. [claims publicly. 
 
 CrI'er, n. One who cries :— an officer who pro- 
 Crime, n. [L. crimen, an accusation.] An infrac- 
 tion of law ; felony ; a great fault ; misdemeanor ; 
 vice; sin. 
 
 Crim'i-nal, a. Of the nature of crime; faulty; 
 contrary to law; guilty. — 2, n. A person guilty 
 of a crime. 
 
 Crim-i-nal'i-ty, n. State of being criminal. 
 
 Cnm'i-nal-iy, ad. Wickedly; guiltily. 
 
 Crim'i-nate, v. a. [L. criminare, crimination. — See 
 Crime.] [pp. criminating, criminated.] To ac- 
 cuse ; to charge with crime ; to blame ; to cen- 
 sure. 
 
 Crim-i-na'tion, n. Act of criminating. 
 
 Crim'i-na-to"-ry, a. Accusing; censorious. 
 
 Crimp, a. [Put. & Ger. krimpen, to wrinkle. — See 
 Cramp.] Friable; brittle; easily crumbled. — 
 2, n. An agent for purposes of decoy : — a crisped 
 lock of hair. — 3, v. a. [pp. crimping, crimped.] 
 To curl or crisp the hair; to plait. 
 
 Crim'ple (krTm'pl), v. a. [Pirn, of Crimp.] [pp. 
 crinipling, crimpled.] To contract ; to corrugate. 
 
 Crim'§on (krlm'zn), v. [0. Fr. cramoisi; Per. & 
 Arab, qirmisi, crimson, kermes (q. v.). — Cf. Skr. 
 krimi, an insect, kermes.] The color of red some- 
 what darkened with blue; a deep red color. — 
 2, a. Of a deep red.— 3, v. a. [ pp. crimsoning, 
 crimsoned.] To dye with crimson. 
 
 Cringe, n. [A.-S. cvingan, to sink down : akin to 
 Crinkle.] A servile bow ; mean civility.— 2, v. n. 
 [pp. cringing, cringed.] To bow; to fawn; to 
 flatter. 
 
 Crin'gle (krlng'gl), n. [Icel. kringla, a ring, an orb, 
 a circle; Put. kring, a ring.] {Ncttt.) A hole in 
 the bolt-rope of a sail : — an iron ring. 
 
 Crin'kle (kring'kl), v. n. [Put. krinkel, a turn : 
 akin to Cringe and Crank. J [pp. crinkling, 
 crinkled.] To run in flexures; to wrinkle. — 
 2, r. a. To mould into inequalities.— 3, n. A 
 wrinkle ; a sinuosity. 
 
 Cri'nbid, n. [Gr. npivov, a lily, and elfios, form.] 
 A stone-lily ; a sea-lily : — an enciinite. 
 
 Crin'o-line, n. [Fr. crin, L. crinis, hair, and Fr. 
 Uu, L. linum, linen.] An expansive skirt worn 
 by women. 
 
 CrI'o-sphinx, n. [Gr. /cptds, a ram, and Sphinx.] 
 (Egypt. Ant.) A 
 sphinx with a ram's 
 head: — written also 
 kriosphinx. 
 
 Crip'ple, n. [Ger. 
 krilppel ; Icel. kryp- 
 pill; Put. kreupel, 
 lame : root of 
 Creep.] One who Cnosphmx. 
 
 is lame. — 2, v. a. [pp. crippling, crippled.] To 
 lame; to make lame. 
 
 Cri'sis, n. ; pi. Cri'se§. [Gr. xptai? ; KpLveiv, to 
 judge, to decide.] The time when any affair 
 comes to its height; a critical time. 
 
 Crisp, a. [L. crispus.] Curled; brittle; friable; 
 short. — 2,v. a. [pp. crisping, crisped.] To curl; 
 to twist; to indent. 
 
 Cris'pin, n. [From St. Crispin or Crispinns, one 
 of the patron saints of shoemakers.] A shoe- 
 maker; a cobbler. [Colloq.] 
 
 Crisp'ness, n. Quality of being crisp. 
 
 CrTsp'y, «. Curled; crisp; short and brittle. 
 
 Criss' -cross, ad. [Said to be for Christ's cross.] So 
 as to cross diagonally, — at cross purposes; in- 
 harmoniously. 
 
 CrI-te'ri-on, ». ; pi. Cri-te'ri-a. [Gr. Kpn-qpiov. 
 — See Critic] A standard by which any thing 
 is judged of; a test. 
 
 Crit'ic, n. [L. criticus; Gr. /cpiri/fo? ; *cptT^?, a 
 judge, icpiveiv, to decide.] One skilled in criti- 
 cism ; a judge of literary merit'; a connoisseur; 
 a judge. 
 
 Crit'i-cal, ft. Relating to criticism; exact; dis- 
 cerning, captious: — relating to or producing a 
 crisis; decisive. 
 
 Crit'i-cal-ly, ad. In a critical manner. 
 
 Crit-ic-as'ter. n. [L., pejorative of criticus, a 
 critic] An inferior or bungling critic. 
 
 Crit'i-ci§e, v. a. [pp. criticising, criticised.] To 
 examine; to judge; to censure. — 2, v.n. To act 
 the critic; to judge. — Often written criticize. 
 
 Crit'i-ci§m, n. The art or act of judging of the 
 merits of a performance or a work ; animadver- 
 sion; stricture; critique. 
 
 Cri-tique' (kre-tek'), n. [Fr.] A critical exami- 
 nation; critical remark; science of criticism. 
 
 Croak (krok), ?;. h. [Imitative.— Cf. L. crocire, to 
 croak: found in many languages.] [pp. croak- 
 ing, croaked.] To make a hoarse noise like a 
 frog; to caw: — to murmur; to complain. — 2, v. 
 A cry, as of a frog or a raven. [pessimist. 
 
 Croak'er, n. One who croaks; an alarmist; a 
 
 Cro'at, )/. A native of Croatia. 
 
 Cro-chet' (kro-sha'), n. [Fr., dim. of croc, a hook, 
 a crook.] A kind of knitting made with a small 
 
 a, e, I, o, ii, y, long ; a., e, i, o, 5, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, %, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her ; 
 
CROCK 
 
 175 
 
 CEUCIAL 
 
 Crocodile. 
 
 hook : — a hook for knitting. — 2, v. n. & v. a. 
 [pp. crocheting, crocheted.] To knit -with a 
 crochet. 
 
 Crock, n. [A.-S. crocea; Dut. kruik; Sw. Jcrulca; 
 Ger. krug ; Celt. crog. — Cf. Skr. karaka, a water- 
 pot ; Cornish crogen, Welsh crngen, a shell.] A 
 vessel : — a seat :— black soot.— 2, v. a. [pp. crock- 
 ing, crocked.] To defile with smut or soot. — 
 3, v. n. To become smutty or sooty. 
 
 Crock'er-x, n. Earthen-ware. 
 
 Croc'o-dile, or Croc'o-dile, it. [Gr. KpoicoSeiXos, a 
 lizard.] A huge rep- . 
 
 Croc-o-dTl'e-an, )«. A ISiSSSBfc^"-""--- •'-'-" 
 
 Croc-o-dll'i-an, /reptile 3^^ 
 of the crocodile kind. 
 
 Cro'cus, ». [L. ; Gr. Kp6- 
 kos; Arab, karkum; Skr, 
 kunkvmcu] L. pi. Cro'- 
 ci ; Eng. Cro'cus-es. 
 A genus of early' flow- 
 ering plants: — a yellow powder; a metal cal- 
 cined. 
 
 Croft, n. [A.-S.— Cf. Dut. kroft, a hillock, a down 
 or ridge.] A little farm. 
 
 Croft'er. n. The tenant of a little farm. 
 
 Crom'ieph, n. [Welsh crom, bent, and llech, a 
 stone.] A series of huge, flat stones raised upon 
 other stones set up on end. 
 
 Crone, n. [0. Dut. karonie, kronie, an old sheep : 
 from Local Fr. carone, Fr. charogne, carrion (q. v.).) 
 An <>ld ewe : — an old woman. 
 
 Cro'ny, n. A bosom companion; an associate. 
 
 Crook '(krCik) [krok, S. II'. I. K. C], ». [Sw. krok ; 
 Dut. kreuk; Dan. krog ; Welsh, crwg ; Fr. croc] 
 Any thing bent; a bend ; a curve ; a shepherd's 
 honk. — .', r. a. [pp. crooking, crooked (kriikt).] 
 To make crooked. — 3, v. n. To bend ; to be bent. 
 
 Crook'ed (krdk'ed), a. Bent; not straight ; wind- 
 ing ; oblique : — perverse ; untoward :— dishonest. 
 
 Crook'ed-ly. (kruk'ed-le), ad. Not in a straight 
 line :— untowardly ; not compliantly. 
 
 Croon, v. n. [Scot. — Cf. Ger. rauncn, to whisper.] 
 [lip. crooning, crooned.] To utter a low, mur- 
 muring sound; to sing in a low tone; to hum. 
 — 2, v. a. To sing or utter in a crooning tone. — 
 3, n. A moan ; a tune. 
 
 Crop, ». [A.-S., ear of corn, bird's craw, cluster, 
 or bunch ; Dut. krop ; Ger. kropf.] The harvest; 
 prod 1 1 ce : — bird's craw. — 2, v. a. [pp. cropping, 
 cropped.] To cut off; to mow ; to reap : — to feed 
 on. — 3, v. n. To pasture; to eat. [cropped. 
 
 Crop'-eared (krop'erd), a. Having the ears 
 
 Crop'per, n. A severe fall, as from a horse. 
 
 Cro-quet' (krd-ka'), n. [Fr., dim. of croc, a hook, 
 a crook.] A kind of game. 
 
 Cro-quette' (kro-kef), ». [Fr., from croquer, to 
 crush, to crunch.] A highly-spiced force- meat 
 1 >all rolled in bread-crumbs and fried. 
 
 Cro'sier (krf/zher), n. [Late L. crocia, crochia, a 
 crook; L. crux, cruris, across; 0. Prov. croisier.] 
 An archbishop's pastoral staff. 
 
 Cross (kros or kraus^, n. [L. crur, cruci*, 0. Fr. 
 crots, O. Norman croiz, Prov. cros, ant.:, a cross.] 
 One straight body or line placed at right angles 
 over another: — a gibbet: — the ensign of the 
 Chiistian religion : — misfortune; vexation : — an 
 animal or a plant produced by interbreeding or 
 mixing breeds; a hybrid. — 2, a. Transverse; 
 oblique .- — peevish.— 3, v. a. [pp. crossing, 
 crossed.] To lay athwart :— to sign with the 
 cross : — to cancel : — to pass over : — to thwart: to 
 embarrass; to perplex. — i, v. n. To lie athwart 
 another thing. 
 
 Cross'bar, n. Part of a carriage ; a lever. 
 
 Cross'-bill, n. Bill of a defendant :— a bird with 
 crossed mandibles. 
 
 Cross' -b5w. it. A weapon for shooting. 
 
 Cross'-breed. ». The offspring of parents of dif- 
 ferent breeds : — applied to animals. 
 
 Cross' -bun, n. A cake marked with a cross. 
 
 Cross-e?-am-i-na'tiou, n. Examination of a wit- 
 ness of one party by the opposite party. 
 
 Cross-ex-am'ine, v. a. [pp. cross-examining, 
 cross-examined.] To examine a witness pro- 
 duced by the opposite party ; to cross-question. 
 
 Cross'-eyed (-id), a. Having both eyes turned 
 toward the nose. [transverse : — ill-natured. 
 
 Cross'-grained (kros'grand), a. Having the fibres 
 
 Cross'ing, n. An impediment; opposition: — in- 
 tersection : — the act or process of interbreeding 
 or mixing breeds. 
 
 Cross-ques'tion (-kwest'yun), r. a. [pp. cross- 
 questioning,' cross-questioned.] To cross-ex- 
 ' amine. 
 
 Cross' -road, n. A road which crosses a road. 
 
 Crotch, n. [Icel. kroka, Fr. croc, crochet, a hook. 
 — See Crook and Crutch.] A hook : — the fork 
 of a tree. 
 
 Crotch'et, n. [See Crotch and Crochet.] A note 
 in music equal to half a minim; a quarter-note : 
 — a piece of timber for a support : — marks or 
 hooks in printing, [thus" : — a whim. 
 
 Crotch'et-y, «. Whimsical. 
 
 Cro'ton-bil, it. [Gr. Kponuv, a tick : the seed 
 whence the oil is derived resembles a tick.] A 
 highly purgative oil. 
 I Crouch, v. ». [Variant of Crook.] [pp. crouch- 
 ing, crouched.] To stoop low ; to cringe. 
 
 Croup (krop), n. [Fr. croupe.— Cf. Icel. kvopr, a 
 hunch: akin to Crop and Group.] The rump 
 of a fowl ; the buttocks of a horse : — [Scot, croup 
 or croicp, to speak hoarsely ; Local E. crop, the 
 throat.— Cf. Crop, and Ger. kropf, goitre] a dis- 
 ease in the throat. 
 
 Crou'pi-er, n. [Fr. ; croupe, the rump of a horse, 
 the end.— See Crupper.] One who presides at 
 the lower end of a table :— one who presides at a 
 gaming-table. 
 
 Crow (kro), n. [A.-S. craice ; Dan. krage ; Dut. 
 larau ; Ger. krahe.] A large, black . / * v ■ 
 bird:— the noise of the cock:— WX y,L '' 
 an iron lever.— 2, c. n. [A.-S. 
 
 cnm-cni, Ger. kreihen: imitative] 
 
 [i. crew- or crowed; pp. crowing 
 
 crowed.] To make the noise of< 
 
 a cock: — to boast; to exult; to 
 
 bluster. Crow ' 
 
 Crow' -bar, n. An iron bar, used as a lever. 
 Crowd, ». [A.-S. croda.] A confused multitude; 
 
 the populace : — [Welsh, crwth] a fiddle.— 2, r. a. 
 
 [A.-S. creodan, Dut. kruijen, to push.] [pp. 
 
 crowding, crowded.] To press close together; 
 
 to fill confusedly; to encumber; to urge. — 
 
 3, v. n. To swarm ; to be numerous. 
 Crow' foot (kro'ffit), n. ; pi. Crow'foots. [Proba- 
 bly a corruption of A.-S. clufu-yrt, a buttercup; 
 
 clvf, a clue, a bulb, and wy'rt, wort.] A plant, 
 
 the buttercup. 
 Crown, n. [Fr. couronne ; L. corona, a garland; 
 
 Gr. /copcoi-T), the curved end of a bow; Kopwi/t'?, 
 
 curved : Welsh crum, round.] A diadem worn 
 
 on the heads of emperors, kings, 
 
 and ether sovereigns :— top of the 
 
 head : — regal power : — honor : — 
 
 a silver coin : — a garland : — com- 
 pletion. — 2, v. a. [pp. crowning, 
 
 crowned.] To invest with the 
 
 crown; to adorn: — to reward: 
 
 — to complete. 
 Crb-frn' -glass, n. A fine sort of 
 
 window-glass. [a large flower. trown. 
 
 Crb'&n'-im-pe'ri-al, n. A bulbous plant having 
 Crbwn'iiig, n. the finishing of any decoration. — 
 
 2, «. Completing : — rising in the middle. 
 Crb<vn'-pa-per, n. A variety of [ aper. so named 
 
 from having had the water-mark of the crown. 
 Crown' -wheel, n. The upper wheel of a watch. 
 Crow's'-foot (-fut), n.; pi. Crow's'-feet. Wrin- 
 kles under the eyes : — a plant, crow-foot. 
 Cru'ci-al (kru'she-al), a. [L. crux, cruris, a cross 
 
 (q. ».)".] Transverse :— decisive. 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— g, Q, c, £, soft ; q, p, p, §, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 
 
CRUCIBLE 
 
 176 
 
 CUCURBITACEOUS 
 
 Cru'ci-ble, n. [Late L. crucibulum : akin to Cruse 
 and' Crock.] A chemist's melting-pot. 
 
 Cru-cif'er-ous, a. [L. crux, cruets, a cross, and 
 ferre, to bear.] Having cross-shaped flowers. 
 
 Cru'ci-f ix, n. [L. crucifixns, crucified.] A repre- 
 sentation, in painting or in sculpture, of Christ 
 on the cross. 
 
 Cru-ci-fix'ion (krit-se-f Ik'shun), n. The act of 
 crucifying': — the death of Christ. 
 
 Cru r ci-fbrm, a. [L. crux, a cross, and forma, form.] 
 Having the form of a cross. 
 
 Cru'ci-fy, v. a. [L. crncifigere, crucifixns; crux, a 
 cross, emdfigere, to fasten.] [pp. crucifying, cru- 
 cified.] To put to death by nailing to the cross : 
 — to subdue or overcome. [ — unrefined. 
 
 Crude, a. [L. crudus, raw.] Raw ; harsh ; unripe : 
 
 Crude'ly, ad. In a crude manner. 
 
 Crude'ness, n. State of being crude. 
 
 Cru'di-ty, »• Unripeness; crudeness. 
 
 Cru'ei, a. [Fr. ; L. crudeUs, severe; crudus, raw, 
 harsh.] Inhuman; hard-hearted; savage. 
 
 Cru'el-ly, ad. In a cruel manner. 
 
 Cru'el-ty, re. Quality of being cruel; barbarity. 
 
 Cru'et, n. [Dim. of '0. Fr. cruye, a pitcher.— See 
 Crock.] A vial for vinegar or oil. 
 
 Crui§e (kruz), re. [Dut. kruisen, to cross; kruis, a 
 cross.] A voyage to and fro. — 2, v. n. [pp. cruis- 
 ing, cruised.] To sail about. 
 
 Cruis'er, re. A person or vessel that cruises. 
 
 Crumb, or Crfim, n. [A.-S. cruma; Dut. kruim; 
 Dan. krumme ; Ger. krnme. — See Crumble.] The 
 soft part of bread : — a small particle of bread : 
 — a fragment. [The etymology is in favor of 
 crura; yet crumb is quite as common.] — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. crumbing, crumbed (krumd).] To break 
 into small pieces. 
 
 Crum'ble, v. a. & v. n. [Ger. krumeln ; Dut. krui- 
 melen.] [pp. crumbling, crumbled.] To break 
 into pieces. 
 
 Criim'pet, re. [Cf. A.-S. crompeht, wrinkled: root 
 of Cramp.] A kind of soft cake. 
 
 Crum'ple, v. a. [Frequentative of Cramp. — Cf. 
 A.-S. crump, bent; Ger. krumm, crooked.] [pp. 
 crumpling, crumpled.] To draw into wrinkles. 
 — 2, v. n. To shrink up; to contract. 
 
 Crum'pled (krum'pld), a. Twisted ; crooked. 
 
 Criim'py, a. Brittle ; crisp. 
 
 Crunch, v. a. [See Craunch: imitative.] [pp. 
 crunching, crunched.] To chew with noise. 
 
 Crup'per [krup'per, Wb.], n. [Fr. croupiere; 
 croupe, the rump.] A leather passing under a 
 horse's tail, to keep a saddle right. [the leg. 
 
 Cru'ral, o. [L. cms, cruris, the leg.] Belonging to 
 
 Cru-sade', j?. [Prov. crosada ; Fr. croisade. — See 
 Cross.] An expedition under the banner of the 
 cross, to recover the Holy Land : — a Portuguese 
 coin stamped with a cross. 
 
 Cru-sad'er, v. One employed in a crusade. 
 
 Cruse, n.' [Dut. kroes; Icel. krus: akin to Crock.] 
 A small cup or vial ; a cruet. 
 
 Crush, v. a. [Dan. kryste, Icel. kreijsla, to squeeze.] 
 [ pp. crashing, crushed.] To bruise ; to squeeze ; 
 to subdue.— 2, n. A collision ; the act of rush- 
 ing together : — a dense crowd. 
 
 Crust, n. [L. crnsta.] The hard, outer part of 
 bread; ah external coat, covering, or case. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. crusting, crusted.] To envelop ; to 
 cover with a case ; to encrust. — 3, v. n. To gather 
 or contract a crust. 
 
 Crus-ta'ce-a (krus-ta'she-a) [-sha, H.], n. pi. [Neo- 
 Latin, from L. crusta, a crust.] A class of articu- 
 lated animals, as the lobster, crab, &c, having 
 a shelly coating or crust. 
 
 Crus-ta'cean (-slian), re. A crustaceous animal. 
 
 Crus-ta-ce-ol'o-i-j:, re. That part of zoology which 
 treats of crustaceous animals. 
 
 Crus-ta'ceous (krus-ta'shus), a. Relating to the 
 Crustacea; shelly; jointed. 
 
 Criist'i-ly, ad. Peevishly ; snappishly. 
 
 Crfist'i-ness, n. Quality of being crusty. 
 
 Crust' y, a. Covered with a crust : — morose. 
 
 Crutch, n. [A softened form of Crook.— Cf. Dut. 
 krtik, Dan. krykke, Ger. kriicke, a crutch. — See 
 Crook, and Crotch.] A support used by crip- 
 ples :— a brace; a crotch.— 2, v. a. [pp. crush- 
 ing, crutched.] To support on crutches. 
 
 Crux, n. ; pi. Cru'ces. [L.] A cross; a thing very 
 tormenting : — a very great difficulty to critics. 
 
 Cry, v. n. [Fr. crier; L. quiritare, to cry; freq. of 
 queri, to complain.] [pp. crying, cried.] To call 
 aloud ; to exclaim ; to clamor : — to weep as a 
 chilrl ; to lament. — 2, v. a. To proclaim ; to make 
 public. — 3, n. Lamentation ; weeping :— clamor; 
 outcry. 
 
 Cry'ing\ a. Demanding punishment or vengeance. 
 
 Cry'o-lite, n. [Gr. /cpiio?, frost, ice, and Atflos, a 
 stone.] A valuable Greenland mineral. 
 
 Crypt, n. [L. crypto, Gr. /cpvn-Trj, a vault ; tcpvirreiv, 
 to hide.] A subterranean cell or cave ; a grave. 
 
 Cryp'to-g-am, n. A plant which has no true flowers. 
 
 Cryp-to-ga'mi-a, n. pi. [Gr. kpvttto<;, hidden, and 
 yap.etv, to marry.] Cryptogamous plants. 
 
 Cryp-to-gam'ic, "I a. Having the fructification 
 
 Cryp-tog'a-mous, J concealed. 
 
 Cryp-togr'a-my, n. Concealed fructification. 
 
 Cryp'to-gram, or Cryp'to-graph, n. A writing in 
 secret characters or ciphers. 
 
 Cryp-to-graph'ic, a. Relating to cryptography. 
 
 Cryp-tog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. Kpvirros, hidden, and 
 yp<£<f>eiv, to write. ] Writing in secret characters. 
 
 Crys'tal, n. [L. crystallum; Gr. KpvcrraAAo?, ice, 
 crystal ; <pvo^, frost.] A regular solid body : — 
 a kind of glass : — the glass of a watch-case. — 
 2, a. Consisting of crystal ; crystalline; clear. 
 
 Crys'tal-line, or Crys'tal-line, a. [Gr. Kpvo-raA- 
 Aii'o?.] Consisting of or like crystal ; transpar- 
 ent; clear. 
 
 Crys-tal-li-za'tion, r>. Act of crystallizing. 
 
 Crys'tal-Hze, v. a. [Gr. KpvcrraAAt^eu'.] [pp. crys- 
 tallizing, crystallized.] To form into crystals. — 
 2, v. n. To change into crystals. 
 
 Crys-tal-log'ra-phy, n. [Gr. Kpiio-raAAos, crystal, 
 and ypdcfreiv,' to write.] The doctrine or science 
 of crystallization. 
 
 Cub, re. [Irish cuib, a whelp; cu, a dog.] The 
 young of a beast, as a bear or a fox. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
 cubbing, cubbed.] To bring forth (used of beasts). 
 
 Cube, n. [L. cnbus ; Gr. kv/3o?.] A regular solid 
 body with six square and equal sides : — the prod- 
 uct of a number multiplied twice into itself. — 
 Cube root, the number that produces the cube: 
 as, 3 is the cube root of 27. — 2, v. a. [pp. cubing, 
 cubed.] To raise to the third power. 
 
 Cu'beb, n. [Arab, kababan; Hind, kubaba.] A 
 small, spicy, dried berry. 
 
 Cu'bic, 'la. [L. cubicus: Gr. kvj3ik6?.] Relating 
 
 Cu'bi-cal, J to or having the form of a cube. 
 
 Cu'bit, n. [Gr. nvfiiTov, L. cubitum, the elbow (that 
 on which one reclines). — Cf. L. cubare, to lie 
 down ; Gr. KVTijeiv, to bend.] The forearm : — the 
 arm from the elbow to the wrist : — a measure. 
 The Hebrew cubit was nearly 23 inches; the 
 Roman, \iy 2 . 
 
 Cu'boid, \a. [Gr. /cvjSoeiSjfc; kv/So?, a cube, 
 
 Cu-bbid'al, | and el5o?, form.] Relating to or re- 
 sembling a cube. 
 
 Cuck' ing-stool, v. [Etymology doubtful.] An 
 engine for punishing scolds; a ducking-stool. 
 
 Cuck'old, n. [0. Fr. coucuol; from coucou, a cuckoo. 
 The 'cuckoo lays eggs in other birds' nests.] The 
 husband of an adulteress. 
 
 Cuck'66, or Cuck'ow, n. [Fr. concern; L. cuculus; 
 Skr. kulila : imitative of its note.] A well-known 
 bird of various species. 
 
 Cu-cul'late, or Cu'cul-late, a. [L. cucidlalus, 
 hooded; cucullus, a hood.] Hooded. 
 
 Cu'cum-ber, n. [L. cucumis, cuevmeris.'] A plant 
 and its fruit. [an East Indian evergreen. 
 
 Cu'cum-ber-tree, n. A fine American shade-tree; 
 
 Cu'cur-bit, ». [L. cucurbita, a gourd.] A gourd- 
 shaped chemical vessel. 
 
 Cu-ciir-bi-ta'ceous (-shus), a. Like a gourd. 
 
 a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, y, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
CUD 
 
 177 
 
 CURACY 
 
 Cud, n. [A form of Quid.— See Chew.] Food re- 
 posited in the first stomach of an animal in order 
 to rumination :— something to he chewed. 
 
 Cud'bear, ». [From Cuthberl Gordon, who brought 
 it into use.] A purple dyestuff. 
 
 Cud'dle, v. n. [Frequentative word from A.-S. 
 cud, close, familiar, well known, 0. E. couth, 
 well known, froui A.-S. cunnan, to know; but 
 cf. Huddle.] [pp. cuddling, cuddled.] To lie 
 close or snug; to hug. 
 
 Cud'dy, n. [From Cuddle.] An apartment in a 
 ship'; a cook-room: — a three-legged stand: — a 
 clown. 
 
 Cud'gel, ??. [Welsh cogyl, a staff; Gael, cuigeal, a 
 distaff; dim. forms, akin to Irish cuaill, a pole. — 
 Cf. Gr. nav\6s, a stalk.] A short stick to strike 
 with. — 2, v. a. [pp. cudgelling, cudgelled.] To 
 beat with a stick ; to cane. 
 
 Cue, n. [Fr. queue, a tail, a stick; L. cauda, a 
 tail.] The tail or end of any thing: — a hint; 
 an intimation : — a rod used in billiards. 
 
 Cuff, n. [Sw. kuffa, to push ; Local Ger. kuffen, to 
 box.] A blow with the fist ; a box ; a stroke : — 
 [Cf. 0. & Local Ger. kuffe, a coif (q. v.); etymol- 
 ogy doubtful] the fold at the end of a sleeve : — 
 a band worn on the wrist. — 2, v. n. [pp. cuffing, 
 cuffed.] To fight.— 3, v. a. To strike. 
 
 Cui-rass' (kwe-ras') [kwe'ras, P. J. Sin.], n. [Fr. 
 cuirasse; Span, coraza; L. coriaceus, leathern; 
 corium, leather.] A breastplate. 
 
 Cui-ras-sier' (kwe-ras-ser'), n. [Fr.] A soldier in 
 a breastplate ; a heavy cavalryman. 
 
 Cuish (kwis), u. [Fr. cuisse, the thigh; L. coxa, 
 the hip.] Armor for the thighs. 
 
 Cui-sine' (kwe-zen'), n. [Fr. ; Ital. cucina, a 
 kitchen (g. v.)-] A kitchen: — cookery. 
 
 Cul-dee§' [kiil'dez, S. J. F. Wb. St. /.], n. pi. 
 [Gael. cuiUeuch ; either from Gael, yille, a ser- 
 vant, and de, God, or L. cultor Lei, worshipper 
 of God.] Monks in Scotland. 
 
 Cul-de-sac', n. [Fr. ; cul, bottom, and sac, a sack.] 
 A blind passage. [Kelating to cookery. 
 
 Cu'li-na-rjj, «. [L. culinarius; cnliiia, a kitchen.] 
 
 Cull, v. a. [Fr. cueittir, L. colligere, to collect 
 (q. v.).] [pp. culling, culled.] To select from 
 others; to pick out. 
 
 Culls, n. pi. [See Cull.] Timber, oysters, or other 
 goods of inferior gra le. 
 
 Cul'ly, n. [L. cuius, Fr. cul, the breech : the term 
 was at first one of insult, and is still low or 
 vulgar.] A man deceived ; a vile wretch. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. cullying, cullied.] To befool ; to cheat. 
 
 Culm, n. [Welsh culm, Local E. coom, smut. — 
 Cf. Ger. kuhm, mould; Fr. ecume, scum (q. v.), 
 refuse.] A kind of coal : — coal-dust : — [L. cubnus, 
 a stalk. — See Haulm] the stem or stalk of grass. 
 
 Cul'men, ». [L. ; a form of columen, the top. — See 
 Column.] A summit; a roof. 
 
 Cul-mif'er-ous, a. Producing stalks or culm. 
 
 Cul'mi-nal, a. Pertaining to the culmen or top. 
 
 Cfil'mi-nate, v. n. [See Culmen.]' [pp. culmi- 
 nating, culminated.] To be vertical or in the 
 meridian ; to rise to the highest point. 
 
 Cul-mi-na'tion, n. The act of culminating; the 
 top :— transit of a planet through the meridian. 
 
 Ciil-pa-bll'i-ty, it. State of being culpable. 
 
 Cul'pa-ble, a. [L. culpabilis, blameworthy; cul- 
 pare, to blame ; culpa, a fault.] Criminal ; guilty ; 
 blamable ; blameworthy. 
 
 Cfil'pa-bly, ad. In a culpable manner. 
 
 CQl'prit, n. [Law L. culpatus, accused. — See Cul- 
 pable: the English is a corrupted form.] A 
 person arraigned ; a criminal. 
 
 Cult, n. [L. cultus, worship ; colere, cultum, to 
 
 . tend, to cultivate, — hence, to worship.] 'Worship; 
 religious ceremonies. 
 
 Cul'ti-va-ble, a. Capable of cultivation. 
 
 CQl'ti-vate, v. a. [Fr. ctdtiver, Ital. collivare, L. 
 colere, cultus, to till; Late L. atltiinis, tilled.] 
 -[pp. cultivating, cultivated.] To improve by 
 tillage, care, or study ; to till. 
 
 Cul'ti-vat-ed, p. a. Improved by culture ; tilled. 
 
 Cul-ti-va'ticn, K. The act of cultivating ; culture. 
 
 Cul'ti-va-tor, n. One who cul- 
 tivates ; & farmer : — an agricul- 
 tural implement. 
 
 Cult' lire (kult'yur), n. [L. cid- 
 tura, tillage; colere, cultum, to 
 till.] Cultivation; tillage :— the ^ ultlvator - 
 discipline and enlightenment acquired by intel- 
 lectual training; high civilization ; refinement: 
 — development by training. — 2, v. a. [pp. cult- 
 uring, cultured.] To cultivate. 
 
 Cul'tus, n. [L.] Cult; culture; worship, [dove. 
 
 Cul'ver, k. [A.-S. culfre ; L. cohuuba.] A pigeon or 
 
 Cul'ver-in, n. [L. colubrimts, 0. Fr. couleuvriu, 
 serpent-like ; L. colubra, a snake. Different 
 kinds of cannon were named from snakes and 
 other animals, as the basilisk, drake, falcon, 
 serpentine, and others.] A species of ordnance. 
 
 Cul'vert, h. [0. Fr. coulou'ere, a channel ; couler, 
 to trickle; L. colare, to filter.— See Colander.] 
 An arched drain for the passage of water : — an 
 arched bridge or passage. 
 
 Cfim'ber, v. a. [Fr. encombre, a hinderanre ; 0. Fr. 
 combrer, to hinder; Ger. hummer, trouble, rub- 
 bish; Late L. cumbrvs, L. cumulus, a heap.] 
 [pp. cumbering, cumbered.] To embarrass; to 
 encumber. — 2, /<. Hinderauce : — distress : — em- 
 barrassment. 
 
 Cum'ber-less, a. Free from anxiety. 
 
 Cum'ber-s5me, a. Troublesome; burdensome. 
 
 Cum'brance, n. Hinderance; encumbrance. 
 
 Cum'brous, a. Troublesome; burdensome. 
 
 Cum'broiis-ness, n. Quality of being cumbrous. 
 
 Cum'in, n. [L. cuminum, cyminum; Gr. kv/xivov; 
 Heb. kammoiu] An aromatic annual plant. 
 
 Cu'mu-late, v. a. [L. annulare, cumulutum ; cumu- 
 lu*, a heap.] [pp. cumulating, cumulated.] To 
 accumulate. 
 
 Cu'mu-la-tlve, «. Increasing by additions. 
 
 Cu'mu-lus, n. [L., a heap.] A heaped-up rain- 
 cloud. 
 
 Cu-ne'i-fdrm, a. [L. cuneus, a wedge, and form<t, 
 a form.] Formed like a wedge. 
 
 Cun'ner, n. See Conner. 
 
 Cun'ni'ng, a. [A.-S. cunnan, to know.— See Can.] 
 Skilful; artful:— sly; subtle; crafty.— 2, u. Ar- 
 tifice; slyness; ait. 
 
 Cun'ning-ly, ad. Iu a cunning manner; slyly. 
 
 Cup, n. [A.-S. cuppe ; Dut. hop; L. cupa, a cask; 
 Gr. kvttt), a hole ; Skr. kupa, a pit.] A dnnking- 
 vessel : — a part of a flower. — 2, v. a. [pp. cup- 
 ping, cupped.] To draw blood by scarification. 
 
 Cup'board (kub'burd), n. [Cup and board.] A 
 case' with shelves for provisions, &c. 
 
 Cu'pel, n. [Gr. KvneWov, a cup.] A shallow 
 vessel, crucible, or cup, used in assaying the 
 precious metals. [metals. 
 
 Cu-pel-la'tion, n. The act of assaying or refining 
 
 Cu-pid'i-ty, «• [Fr. cupiditc ; L. cupiditas; eupere, 
 to desire'; cwpido, cvpidis, desire.] Unreasonable 
 desire, particularly for wealth; aiarice. 
 
 Cu'po-la, ii. [It., dim. from L. cupa, a cask, — 
 later, a cup (q. ».).] A dome ; an arched roof. 
 
 Cup'per, n. One who cups; a scarifier. 
 
 Cup'ping, n. A method of letting blood. 
 
 Cu'pre-ous, a. [L. cupreus ; from cuprum, copper 
 (q. v.).] Coppery ; consisting of copper. 
 
 Cu-prif'er-ous, a. [L. cuprum, copper, and ferre, 
 to bear.] Producing copper. 
 
 Cu'pule, n. [L. cupula, dim. of cupa, a cask, a cup 
 (q. v.).] (Bot.) The cup of the acorn, &c. 
 
 Ciir, «. [Local Sw. Icurre, 0. Dut. horre, a dog; 
 Scand. hurra, to growl : imitative. — Cf. Skr. kur- 
 kura, a dog.] A dog : — a mean man. 
 
 Cu-ra-bil'i-ty, n. Possibility of being cured. 
 
 Cu'ra-ble, a. That may be cured or healed. 
 
 Cu-ra-coa' (kti-ra-so'), n. [From the island of Cu- 
 rac'oa, West Indies.] A cordial flavored with 
 orange-peel and spices. 
 
 Cii'ra-cy, n. Office or employment of a curate. 
 
 mien, si'r ; move, nor, son; bull, bur, rule, use. — g, Q, c,£, soft; fS, p, p, §, hard; § as z; 5 as gz; tnis, 
 
CUR ARE 
 
 178 
 
 CUSTODIAN 
 
 Cfi-ra're, \ n. [South-American.] A 
 Cu-ra'ri, J son used by certain triL 
 
 A deadly poi- 
 ibes of South 
 America to poison their arrows; woovari. 
 
 Cii'rate, n. [Late L. curalus; L. curu, care, — later, 
 the' cure of souls.] A clergyman hired to per- 
 form the duties of another; a parish priest. 
 
 Cu'ra-tive, a. Tending to cure diseases. 
 
 Cu-ra'tor, ». [L. ; cum, care.] One who has the 
 care of something; a superintendent ; a guardian. 
 
 Curb, w. [Fr. courier, to bend; courbe, a curve 
 (q. v.), a curb.] Part of a bridle : — restraint ; in- 
 hibition : — a frame round the mouth of a well. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. curbing, curbed.] To restrain; to 
 check ; to bridle. 
 
 Curb'-stone, i*. A thick stone placed at the edge 
 of a stone pavement, or by a well. 
 
 Cur-cu'li-o, u. [L.] A name applied to beetles, 
 embracing species destructive to fruits. 
 
 Curd, n. [Irish, crvth; Gael, grolh; A.-S. & Scot. 
 crud.] The coagulated part of milk. — 2, v. a. & 
 v. n. [pp. curding, curded.] To curdle. 
 
 Ciir'dle, v. n. [pp. curdling, curdled.] To coagu- 
 late; to concrete. — 2, v. a. To cause to coagulate. 
 
 Curd'y, a. Coagulated ; full of curd. 
 
 Cure, >i. [L. euro, care ; recovery as a result of 
 care.] A remedy ; a restorative : — act or process 
 of recovery or of healing : — employment of a cu- 
 rate; curacy. — 2, v. a. [pp. curing, cured.] To 
 heal ; to restore to health : — to salt and preserve. 
 
 Cure (ku-ra'), w. [Fr. — See Curate.] A parish 
 priest. 
 
 CUr'few (kiir'fu), n. [Fr. couvre-feu, cover-fire.] 
 An evening bell, a signal for extinguishing fires. 
 
 Cu'ri-o, n. [Abbreviation of curiosity.] A name 
 common to Chinese and Japanese curiosities. 
 
 Cu-ri-os'i-ty, n. Quality of being curious; in- 
 quisitiv'eness : — something rare ; a rarity. 
 
 Cu'ri-ous, «. [L. curiosus, careful; cura, atten- 
 tion.] Inquisitive; rare; accurate; nice. 
 
 Cu'ri-ous-ly, ad. In a curious manner. 
 
 Curl', n. [Dut. krul, 0. E. end, a curl ; Dut. krul- 
 len, Dan. kro'lle, to curl.] A ringlet of hair; 
 wave; flexure. — 2, v. a. [pp. curling, curled.] 
 To turn in ringlets; to twist. — 3, v. n. To 
 shrink into ringlets ; to bend : — to play at curl- 
 ing. [A kind of water-fowl. 
 
 Ciir'lew (kiir'lu), n. [It. chiurlo ; 0. Fr. coiiieu.] 
 
 Ciirl'i-ness, n. The state of being curly. 
 
 Ciirl'jng, n. A game played on the ice. 
 
 Curl'y, a - Having curls; tending to curl. 
 
 Cur-mud'i-eon (kur-mud'jun), n. [Probably for 
 0. E. coru-mndging, corn-hoarding; 0. Fr. mu- 
 elder, to conceal : the old derivation from Fr. 
 con\r mediant, evil heart, is unhistorical.] A 
 churlish fellow ; a miser; a niggard; a churl. 
 
 Cur'rant (kur'rant) [kur'ran, S. W. J.], n. [From 
 Corinth, whence small raisins were exported.] A 
 shrub and its fruit :— a small raisin from Greece. 
 
 Cur'ren-cy, n. Circulation : — the money of a 
 eouhtry/or the paper passing as money. 
 
 Cur'rent, a. [L. currere, currentis, to run.] Gen- 
 erally received; common; general: — passable: 
 — now passing. — Current money, money that 
 passes at a fixed value. — 2, n. A running 
 stream ; course. 
 
 Cur'rent-ly, ad. In a current manner ; popularly. 
 
 Cfir'ri-cle, n. [L. curriculum, a course; currere, to 
 run.] An open chaise with two wheels. 
 
 Cur-ric'u-lum, n. [L.] The prescribed course of 
 'studies in a school or a university. 
 
 Cur'ri-er, n. One who dresses leather. 
 
 CuVrish., a. Like a cur ; brutal ; morose. 
 
 Cur'rish-ly, ad. In a brutal or surly manner. 
 
 Cur'rish-ness, w. Moroseness ; churlishness. 
 
 Cur'ry, v. a. [Fr. courroyer, to dress cloth ; 0. Fr. 
 conroier ; con-, together, and roi, for urroi, array.] 
 [pp. currying, curr.ed.] To dress leather: — to 
 drub; to rub, as a horse: — [to "curry favor" is 
 in 0. E. to " curry favel ;" favel is an 0. E. name 
 for a horse, 0. Fr. fauvel] to seek or obtain by 
 flattery.— 2, n. [Per. khur, meat, flavor.— Cf. 
 
 Dravidian leura, esculent, also the name of a 
 plant used in curry. j A highly-spiced East 
 Indian mixture : — a stew flavored wiih curry : — 
 a curry-comb. [currying horses. 
 
 Cur'ry-comb (kur're-kom), n. An iron comb for 
 
 Curse, v. a. [A.-S. cursian; probably allied to 
 Dan. horse, to make the sign of the cross {q. v.). 
 The sign of the cross was once used in cursing 
 as well as in blessing.] [pp. cursing, cursed.] 
 To wish evil to ; to execrate. — 2, v. n." To utter 
 imprecations. — 3, k. Woe denounced against an 
 offender; a malediction ; affliction; torment. 
 
 Curs'ed, a. Blasted by a curse ; hateful. 
 
 Ciirs'ed-ness, n. State of being under a curse : — 
 short or bad temper ; shrewishness. 
 
 Cur'sive, a. [L. cursivus, running; currere, cur- 
 sum, to run.] Running; rapid. 
 
 Cur-so're§, n. pi. [L. for "runners."] An order 
 of birds characterized by wings useless for flight, 
 and by legs remarkable for length and strength. 
 It comprises the ostriches, rheas, emeus, &c. 
 
 Ciir'so-ri-ly, ad. In a cursory manner; hastily. ' 
 
 Ciir'so-ry, a. [Late L. cursorius ; L. cursor, a run- 
 ner.] Hasty; quick; slight; careless. 
 
 Cur'sus, n. [L.] A course ; a race. 
 
 Curt, a. [L. curtus, cut short.] Short; curtailed; 
 mutilated : — tart. 
 
 Cur-tail', v. a. [0. E. curtail, a short-tailed horse; 
 'Fr. courtaud, 0. Fr. courtaidt, docked, short ; It. 
 cortaldo, docked.] [pp. curtailing, curtailed.] 
 To cut short off to shorten. 
 
 Cur-tail' ment, «. The act of curtailing or state 
 of being curtailed : — a reduction ; a diminution. 
 
 Ciir'tajn (kiir'tin), n. [0. Fr-. cortine, Late L. 
 cortina, an enclosure ; L. cors, chors, a yard, a 
 court (q. v.).] A cloth hanging round a bed, at 
 a window, or in a theatre. — (Fort.) Part of a 
 wall between two bastions. — 2, v. a. [pp. cur- 
 taining, curtained.] To furnish with curtains. 
 
 Cur'ti-lage, n. [0. Fr. courtilage, for courtil, a 
 court-yard. ] (Law.) A court-yard near a mes- 
 suage or dwelling-house. 
 
 Curt'ly., ad. In a curt, brief manner. 
 
 Curt'ness, n. Shortness; tartness. 
 
 Ciirt'sy., n. See Courtesy. 
 
 Cu'rule, a. [L. curulis; currus, a chariot.] Be- 
 longing to a chariot. 
 
 Cur-va'tion, n. The act of bending : — curvature. 
 
 Ciir'va-ture, n. Crookedness; flexure. 
 
 Curve' (kiirv), a. [L. citrous, bent. — Cf. Circle, 
 and 0. Slavic Jerivu, Lith. kreicas, Gr. Kvpro?, 
 bent.] Crooked ; beut ; inflected. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 curving, curved.] To bend; to crook; to inflect. 
 — 3, v. n. To bend in a curve or in curves; to 
 wind. — 4, ». Any thing bent : — part of a circle. 
 
 Cur-vet', or Cur'vet, v. n, [pp. curveting, cur- 
 veted.] To leap, as a horse ; to bound ; to frisk. 
 — 2, v. a. To cause to make curvets. 
 
 Cur'vet, n. [It. corvetla; Fr. courbetle.—See Curve.] 
 A leap ; a bound. 
 
 Cur-vi-lin'e-ar. «. [L. curvus, bent, and linen, a 
 line.] Consisting of i 
 curved lines. 
 
 Ciir'vi-ty, n. Crookedness; curvature. 
 
 Cush'at, n. [A.-S. cusceote.] The wood-pigeon or 
 ring-dove. 
 
 Cush'ion (kush'im), n. [It. cucino; Sp. cojin ; Fr. 
 coussin ; Ger. kissen ; L. culcita; Late L. culcili- 
 mtm.] A pillow for a seat. — 2, v. a. [pp. cush- 
 ioning, cushioned.] To furnish with cushions. 
 
 Cusk, n. [Akin to torsk, tusk, and dorse, English & 
 Scand. names of fishes.] A marine fish. 
 
 Cusp, n. [L. cusp is, a. point.] A point; the horn 
 of the moon. 
 
 Cus'pa-dore, ) n. [Port, cuspidor; cospir, L. con- 
 
 Cus'pi-dor, ) spuere, to spit.] A spittoon. 
 
 Cus'pi-dat-ed, «. Ending in a point. 
 
 Cfls'pis, »i. [L.] The sharp end of a thing. 
 
 Cus'tard, n. [0. Fr. croustude, It. crostatu, a pie 
 with a crust.] Food made of eggs, milk, &c. 
 
 Cus-to'di-an, n. A keeper; a curator. 
 
 ' a curved line ; composed of 
 
 u, y, long ; a., e, I, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, last, fall; heir, her; 
 
CUSTODY 
 
 179 
 
 DABSTER 
 
 Cus'to-dy, n. [L. custodia; cv.stos, cuslodis, a 
 
 keeper.'] Imprisonment; security. 
 Cus'tom, n. [Same in origin as Costume (q. v.) ; 
 
 L. conmietudo, custom ; consuescere, consuere, to 
 
 accustom ; con- intensive, and suescere, mere, to 
 
 be accustomed.] The frequent repetition of the 
 
 same act; habit; habitual practice; usage: — 
 
 patronage : — [pi.] duties on exports and imports. 
 Cus'tom-a-ble, a. Common : — liable to duties. 
 Cus'tom-a-bly. ad. According to custom. 
 Cus'tom-a-ri-ly, ad. Habitually ; commonly. 
 Cus'tom-a-ry, a. Common ; usual. 
 Cus'tom-er, re. An accustomed buyer : — a fellow. 
 Cus'tom-house, n. A house where the duties 
 
 upon goods imported or exported are collected. 
 Cut, v. a. [Celt. ; Welsh cutau, to shorten ; Gael. 
 
 attack, short; sgath, to cut off. — Cf. L. csedere, 
 
 Skr. kadi, to cut ; Skr. Itatti, a knife.] [i. cut ; pp. 
 
 cutting, cut.] To make an incision in ; to divide ; 
 
 to hew ; to carve ; to pierce : — to shun ; to avoid. 
 
 — 2, v. )i. To make use of an edged tool. — 3, n. 
 
 A, gash or wound made by an edged tool; a 
 
 blow : — a printed picture :— shape. 
 Cu-ta'ne-ous, a. [Late L. cutaneus; cidis, skin.] | 
 
 Belatihg to the skin. [gent drug, j 
 
 Cutch, n. [Malay, cashu.] Catechu,— an astrin- , 
 Cute, a. [For Acute.] Sharp; shrewd. [Colloq.] 
 Cu'ti-cle, «. [L. cuticula, dim. of cutis, skin.] The ■ 
 
 exterior membranous covering of the body ; the 
 
 scarf-skin : — a thin skin. 
 Cu-tic'ii-lar, a. Belonging to the skin. 
 Cu'tis, n. ' [L.] The skin. 
 
 Cut'lass, n. [Fr. coulelus ; It. colleUaccio, aug- 
 mented form of coltello, L. cultettus, a knife, dim. 
 
 of culler, a ploughshare.] A broad cutting sword. 
 Cut'ler, n. [Fr. coutelier; Norman Fr. cotitlere ; L. 
 
 cuUeRus, a knife.] One who makes knives, &c. 
 Cut'ler-y, «• A cutler's business or ware. 
 Cut'let, «. [Fr. colelette ; 0. Fr. costelette, dim. of 
 
 caste, L. costa, a rib. J A small piece of meat; a 
 
 steak. 
 Cut'-off, n. That which cuts off, or is cut off: — a 
 
 valve which closes a passage : — a canal which 
 
 shortens the course of a river. 
 Cut'piirse, re. A pickpocket ; a thief. [ — a sleigh. 
 Cut'ter, re. One that cuts :— a fast-sailing vessel : 
 Cut' throat, n. A murderer; an assassin. 
 Cut' ting, re. A piece cut off; a chop; a branch. 
 Cut' tie, or Cut'tle-fish, n. [A.-S. cudele ; 0. Dut. 
 
 Jcidtel-vwch ; Ger. kvJtelfisch; possi- 
 bly from Ger. kutlel, bowels ; more 
 
 likely akin to 0. Fr. coutel, a knife, 
 
 from the knife-like cuttle-bone.] 
 
 A sort of mollusk ; a squid. 
 Cut' tie-bone, n. The interior shell 
 
 of the cuttle. 
 Cut'-wa-ter, re. The fore part of a 
 
 ship's prow: — the lower portion 
 
 of a pier :— a bird. uuttie. 
 
 Cut' worm (-wurm), n. A destructive insect. 
 Cy'a-nide, n. (Chem.) A compound of cyanogen 
 
 with an element. 
 Cy-an'o-fen, n. [Gr. <vauo<;, blue, and yewdtiv, 
 
 to produce.] (Cliem.) A bicarburet of nitrogen, 
 
 a poisonous gas of strong odor. 
 
 Cy-a-nom'e-ter, re. [Gr. ku'clvo?, blue, and ^irpov, 
 a measure.] An instrument for measuring the 
 intensity of the color of the sky. 
 
 Cy'cle, n. [Gr. kvkAos, a circle.] A revolution 
 of a certain period ; a period of time : — a circle. 
 
 Cyc'lic [sik'lik, I. St.], a. [Gr. kvkAi/co?.] Relat- 
 ing to a cycle ; moving or occurring in cycles. 
 
 Cy'clbid, n. [Gr. kvk\o€iS^<; ; kvkKos, a circle, 
 and elSos, form.] (Geom.) A kind of geometrical 
 curve, which is traced out by any point of a circle 
 rolling on a straight line. 
 
 Cy-cloid'al, a. Relating to a cycloid. 
 
 Cy'clone, n. [Gr. kvkAuiv, pies. part, of kvkXoslv, 
 to whirl ; kvkAos, a circle.] A violent rotatory 
 wind or storm. 
 
 Cy-clo-pse'di-a (sT-klo-pe'de-a), n. [Gr. kukAo- 
 TraiSt'a, the rbuud of knowledge ; /cukAo?, a circle, 
 and -cuSeia, instruction ; 7rats, 7rai86?, a boy.] 
 A circle or dictionary of the arts, sciences, and 
 literature : — an encyclopaedia. 
 
 Cy-clo-pe'an, or Cy-clo'pe-an, a. [Gr. kvkAoh//, a 
 cyclops, a one-eyed giant; kvkAos, a circle, and 
 (Li//, an eye.] Relating to the Cyclops; gigautic. 
 
 Cy-clo-ped'ic, a. Resembling or of the nature 
 of a cyclopaedia. 
 
 Cyg'net (sig'net), n. [Dim. of Fr. cygne, a swan ; 
 L. cygnus, Gr. kvkvos.] A young swan. 
 
 Cyl'in-der, n. [Gr. tcvkcvSpos ; icv\ivSeiv, Kvkietv, 
 to roll."] A long, round body ; a roller. 
 
 Cy-Hn'dric, \a. Formed like or resembling a 
 
 Cy-Hn'dri-cal, J cylinder. 
 
 Cyl'in-drcid, n. A body resembling a cylinder. 
 
 Cym'bal, n. [L. cyrrtbahua ; Gr. Kv^aKov. — Cf. 
 Gr. kvix^os, a basin.] A clashing musical instru- 
 ment, [swell.] (Bot.) An inflorescence. 
 
 Cyme (slm), re. [Gr. Ku/aa, a sprout; Kveiv, to 
 
 Cym'ling [simTing, J.], n. [Akin to Cymbal and 
 to Gr. Kvixjii.ov, a hollow vessel.] A squash. 
 
 Cy-mose', a. Relating to or like a cyme. 
 
 Cyn'ic, u. A follower of Diogenes; a snarling 
 philosopher : — a morose man ; a snarler. 
 
 Cyn'ic, ) a. [Gr. kwlkos -, from kvwv, kkkos, a 
 
 Cyn'i-cal, J dog; Skr. (nan, h. cams, Irish cu, E. 
 hound \q. v.).] Having the qualities of a surly 
 dog; snarling; snappish. 
 
 Cyn'i-ci§m, re. Misanthropy; moroseness. 
 
 Cy'no-sure, or Cyn'o-siire, n. [Gr. Kwoaovpa ; 
 kvvos, of a dog, and ovpd, the tail. It is in the 
 tail of the Lesser Bear (formerly the Dog), a 
 constellation.] The star near the north pole, by 
 which sailors steer : — point of attraction ; any 
 thing used as a guide. 
 i Cy'press, n. [Gr. Kv-rrdpicrao^ ; L. cupressus; Fr. 
 cypr'&s.] An evergreen tree, — used to adorn 
 tombs, and as an emblem of mourning. 
 
 Cyp'ri-an, a. Relating to Cyprus : — lewd. 
 
 Cyst, n.' [Gr. kvcttis, a bag, a holder; xveiv, to 
 contain.] A bag or sac containing morbid matter. 
 
 Cys'tic, a. Contained in a bag or cyst. 
 
 Czar (zar), re. [Russ. tsar; from L. Civsnr.l The 
 title of the emperor of Russia, [press of Russia. 
 
 Cza-ri'na (za-re'na), re. [Russ. tsaaitsa.] The em- 
 
 Czar'p-w'itz "(zar'o-wits), B . [Russ. tswrevich, czar's 
 son.' — With -cich cf. Anglo-Norman jits, Fr. Jih, 
 a son.] The title of the czar's sou. 
 
 D, 
 
 Dtbe fourth letter and third consonant of the 
 j alphabet, is a dental and mute, and has a 
 sound approaching to that of t, but vocalized. 
 Dab, v. a. [A variant of Tap (q. v.) ; 0. Dut. dab- 
 ben, to tap.] [pp. dabbing, dabbed.] To strike 
 gently; to touch. — 2, ». A small lump :— a 
 gentle blow :— [for daub] a soft substance :— [a 
 corruption of adept] an adept ; a dabster. 
 
 Dab'ble, v. a. [0. Dut. dabbelen, a freq. of dabben, 
 to tap; sometimes in English a freq. of daub.] 
 [pp. dabbling, dabbled.] To smear; to spatter. — 
 2, v. n. To play in water : — to tamper. 
 
 Dab'chick, n. [First syllable equivalent to dive 
 or dip.] A small water-fowl. 
 
 Dab'ster, n. [See Dab.] An adept in any 
 thing. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — g, 5r, 5, £, soft; p, ja, c, §, hard; § as z ; 5 as gz ; this. 
 
DA CAPO 
 
 180 
 
 DANISH 
 
 Da ca'po, ad. [It. for "from the head."] (Jlfiu.) 
 Again; — signifying that the first part of the 
 tune should be repeated. 
 
 Dace, n. [0. Fr. dars ; Bret, darz ; from Fr. dard, 
 a dart (q. v.).] A small river-fish like the roach. 
 
 Dac'tyl, "• [Gr. S6lktv\o<;, a finger: it has one 
 long and two shorter parts, like the joints of a 
 finger.] A poetical foot consisting of one long 
 syllable and two short ones. 
 
 Dac-tyl'ic, a. Relating to the dactyl. 
 
 Dac-tyl-ol'o-fy., n. [Gr. SouctvAos, a finger, and 
 Ao-yos, speech.] The art of conversing by the 
 fingers, as practised by the deaf and dumb. 
 
 Dad, or Dad'dy, v. [Found in varied forms in 
 many languages.] 
 A child's term for 
 father. 
 
 Da' do, n. [It. for 
 "a die;" L. da- 
 tum, something 
 given, thrust for- 
 ward, or thrown ; 
 dare, to give.] 
 Plain part of a 
 column ; the die : 
 — an imitation 
 wainscoting of Dado, 
 
 paper or wood. 
 
 Daf'fo-dil, n. [Corrupted from Asphodel (q. ».).] 
 The narcissus. 
 
 Daft, «. [A.-S. deeft, gentle, innocent.— See Deft. 
 — Cf. also Icel. daufr, stupid, deaf (q. ».).] 
 Crazy ; delirious. 
 
 Dag'ger, n. [Welsh, dagr ; Irish, daigear; Bret. 
 dager.] A short sword ; poniard : — an obelisk ; 
 a mark of reference, thus [fj. 
 
 Dag'gle, v. a. [Sw. dagga, to bedew; dagg, dew; 
 Icel. db'gg, dew.] [pp. daggling, daggled.] To 
 trail in mire or water ; to draggle. — 2, v. n. To 
 pass through wet or dirt. 
 
 Da-go'ba, n. Same as Diiagoba. 
 
 Da-guer'ri-an, a. Pertaining to the daguerrotype. 
 
 Da-guerr'o-type (da-ger'o-tip>, n. [From Da- 
 guerre, the inventor.] A method of fixing im- 
 ages, by means of the camera obscura, on metal 
 plates; a likeness so made. — 2, v. a. [pp. da- 
 guerrotyping, daguerrutyped.] To make a da- 
 guerrotype pictuie of; to reproduce in daguerro- 
 type. — 3, a. Of or pertaining to a daguerrotype. 
 — Written also daguerreotype. 
 
 Dah'li-a, or Dah'li-a [da'lj-a, H. ; da'li-a, St.; 
 dal'i-a, I.], n. [Froin bald, a Swedish botanist.] 
 A plant and its flower. 
 
 Dai'ly (da'le), a. Happening every day; diurnal. 
 — 2, n. A newspaper appearing every day. — 
 3, ad. Every day ; very often. 
 
 Dain'ti-ness, n. Delicacy; fastidiousness. 
 
 Dain'ty, a. [0. Fr. dainlie, agreeableness, dig- 
 nity (q. v.).] Delicious; fine; nice; squeamish. 
 — 2, n. Something nice or delicate ; tidbit. 
 
 Dai'ry (da're), n. [Late Anglo-Latin dayeria ; from 
 0. E. deye, a maid, a maid-servant, Icel. deigja. 
 Sw. deja, a dairy -maid ; originally, a kneader of 
 dough {q. v.).— Cf. Sw. deg, Icel. deig, dough.] 
 The making of butter and cheese : — the place 
 where milk is preserved or made into butter, 
 &c. :— a milk-farm. 
 
 Da.' is, n. [Fr. ; from L. discus, a table ; Gr. fiicnco?, 
 a plate (not connected with Gr. dais, Sairos, 
 diet, food).] A platform or raised floor. 
 
 Dai'§y (da'ze), n. [A.-S. dsegesege ; dseges. day's, ege, 
 eye.] A perennial plant and its flower. 
 
 Dale, n. [A.-S. dsel; Dan. & Sw. dul; Ger. thai] 
 A space between hills; vale; valley. 
 
 Dales/man, n. The inhabitant of a dale. 
 
 Dal'li-ance, n. Mutual caresses; acts of fond- 
 ness :— procrastination. 
 
 Dai'ly, v. n. [A.-S. dweligean, Dut. dwalen. to err, 
 to be foolish ; A.-S. dol, foolish.] [pp. dallying, 
 dallied.] To trifle ; to fondle :— [Icel. divala, to 
 delay] to delay. 
 
 Dal-mat'ic, n. [A Dalmatian garment.] A clerical 
 or regal vestment. 
 
 Dam, n. [A.-S., Dut., & Dan. dam; Ger. & Sw. 
 damm.] A mole or bank to confine water :— a 
 female parent (used of beasts).— 2, v. a. [pp. 
 damming, dammed.] To confine by dams. 
 
 Dam'age, n. [Fr. dommage, Late L. damnaticum, 
 L. damnum, loss.] Mischief; hurt ; detriment; loss 
 — [pi.] (Law.) Indemnity for injuries. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. damaging, damaged.] To injure; to impair. 
 
 Dam'age-a-ble, a. Susceptible of damage. 
 
 Dam'agcene (dam'zn), «. [See Damson.] A plum. 
 
 Dam'ask, n. [From Damascus, a city.] Figured 
 cloth or silk : — a red color. 
 
 Dam' as-keen, v. a. [Fr. damasquiner ; from Da- 
 mascus.] [pp. damaskeening, damaskeened.] To 
 inlay iron with gold.' 
 
 Dame, n. [Fr. ; L. domina, a mistress ; dominus, 
 a master.] Formerly a title of honor for a 
 woman : — a mistress of a family ; a matron : — a 
 school-mistress. 
 
 Dam'mar (or dam-mar'), n. [An Oriental name.] 
 A kind of resin used in varnishes. 
 
 Damn (dam), v. a. [L. damnare, darunatum, to 
 condemn; damnum, loss, penalty.] [pp. damn- 
 ing, damned.] To doom to eternal punishment : 
 — i o condemn : — to hoot; to hiss. 
 
 Dam'na-ble, a. Most wicked ; pernicious. 
 
 Dam-na'tion, n. Exclusion from divine mercy ; 
 eternal punishment; condemnation. 
 
 Dam'na-to-ry, a. Containing condemnation. 
 
 Damp, a. [Dut. & Dan. damp, vapor; Ger. dampf, 
 steam.] Moist; wet; fougy : — dejected. — 2, n. 
 Fog ; moisture ; vapor : — dejection. — 3, v. a. [ pp. 
 damping, damped.] To wet; to moisten : — to de- 
 press. 
 
 Damp'en (damp'pn), v. a. [pp. dampening, damp- 
 ened.] To make damp. 
 
 Damp'er, n. He who or that which damps. 
 
 Damp'ish, a. Moist; inclining to wet ; humid. 
 
 Damp'ness, w. State of being damp ; moisture. 
 
 Dam'sel', n. [Fr. demoiselle, a ymmg lady; 0. Fr. 
 damo'isel, a page, a young man (in 0. E. damsel 
 sometimes means a young man) ; Late L. domi- 
 cellns, irregular dim. of L. dominus, a master.] 
 A young maiden ; a girl. 
 
 Dam'§on (dam'zn), n. [For damascene, of Damas- 
 cus.] A small, black plum. 
 
 Dance, v. n. [Fr. danser ; Ger. tanzen: akin to 
 Goth, thinsan, 0. Ger. Hansen, to draw (see 
 Thin) ; L. tendere, to stretch.] [pp. dancing, 
 danced ] To move with regulated motions of 
 the feet; to move nimbly. — 2, v. a. To cause to 
 dance. — ;s, n. A regulated movement of the feet. 
 
 Dan'cer, n. One who practises darning. 
 
 Dan'ci'ng, n. '1 he act of moving with steps regu- 
 lated to music. 
 
 Dan-de-li'on, n. [Fr. deal de lion, lion's tooth.] 
 A plant and its flower. 
 
 Dan'dle, v. a. [Ger. t'dndeln, to trifle; land, a toy. 
 — Cf. It. dandolare, Fr. dandiner, to dangle, to 
 wriggle.] [pp. dandling, dandled.] To fondle ; 
 to slake. 
 
 Dan'druff, or Dan'driff, n. [Welsh ton, skin, peel 
 (Fr. ieigne, Bret, tail, skin), and dnvg, evil.] 
 Scurf on the head. 
 
 Dan'dy, n. [Cf. It. dandola, a doll ; Fr. dandin, a 
 ninny.] A coxcomb ; a fop. 
 
 Dane, n. A native of Denmark. 
 
 Danger, w. [Fr. danger, risk, harm ; 0. Fr. dongier, 
 power, power to harm; Late L. dominiarivm, L. 
 dominium, dominion (q. v.).] Exposure to injury ; 
 hazard ; peril. 
 
 Dan'ger-ous, a. Full of danger ; perilous ; ex- 
 posed to danger :— being in danger. 
 
 Dan'g-er-ous-ly, ad. With danger. 
 
 Dan'gle, v. a. [Dan. dangle, dingle; Local Sw. 
 dangla; Sw. dingla ; Fris. dangeln.] [pp. dan- 
 gling, dangled.] To hang loose; to follow. 
 
 Dan'gler (dang'gler), n. One who dangles about. 
 
 Da'nish, a. Relating to the Danes. 
 
 a, e, I, o, 5, y, long ; a, e, i, 5, Q, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 
 
DANK 
 
 181 
 
 DAZZLE 
 
 Dank (dangk), a. [A variant of Damp. — Cf. Local 
 Sw. dank, a wet place; 0. E. dug, Sw. dagg, dew.] 
 Damp; humid; moist. — 2, n. Moisture; darnp- 
 Dank'ish, a. Somewhat dank. [ness. 
 
 Danseuse (doh-sliz), n. [Fr.] A female dancer. 
 Dan-tesque' (dan-tesk'), a. Of or pertaining to, 
 
 or resembling, Dante or his style. 
 Daph'ne, w. [Gr.] (Bot.) A genus of plants; laurel. 
 Dap' per", a. [Dut. dapper, brave, active, bold ; 
 Ger.' tapfer, brave; Kuss. dobrui, good.] Little 
 and active ; pretty ; neat. 
 Dap'ple, a. [Icel. depill, a dot, a spot, a spotted 
 dog : akin to Dab, a blotch, a daub, a spot.] Of 
 various colors ; variegated. — 2, v. a. [pp. dap- 
 pling, dappled.] To streak; to vary ; to spot. — 
 3, n. A spot ; a mark. 
 Dare, v. n. [A.-S. dearran; Gr. Oapaelv, to be bold ; 
 Goth, dam, I dare.— See Duust.] [i. dared or 
 durst; pp. daring, dared.] To have courage; to 
 venture. — 2, v. u. [i. dared; pp. daring, dared.] 
 To challenge ; to defy ; to brave. 
 Dar'ing, a. Bold; adventurous; fearless. — 2, n. 
 
 Courage; boldness. 
 Dar'ing-ly, ad. Boldly ; courageously. 
 Dark, a. [A.-S. deorc ; Gael, dorch. — Gf. Icel. dokkr, 
 dark.] Wanting light; not light; opaque; ob- 
 scure ; gloomy ; dismal. — 2, n. Darkness ; ob- 
 scurity ; want of light. 
 Dark'en (dar'kn), v. a. [pp. darkening, darkened.] 
 
 To make dark. — 2, v. n. To grow dark. 
 Dark'en-er (dar'kn-er), n. That which darkens. 
 Dark'ish.'a. Dusky ; approaching to dark. 
 Dark'iing, ad. or a. [From dark, with the ad- 
 verbial suffix -ling.] In the dark. 
 Dark' 1 v., ad. With darkness; obscurely. 
 Dark'ness, n. Absence of light ; obscurity. 
 Dairk'some (dark'sum), a. Gloomy ; obscure. 
 Dar'line, a. [bear, with -ling as a diminutive 
 suffix.] Favorite; dear; beloved. — 2, n. One 
 much beloved; a favorite. 
 Darn, v. a. [Welsh & Bret, darn, a piece; 0. Fr. 
 dame, a slice.] [pp. darning, darned.] To mend 
 a rent or hole by sewing. — 2, n. A place mended 
 by darning. 
 Dar'nel, »i. [Kouchi (North French patois) darnelle, 
 0. Fr. dame, stupid; Walloon daraise, tipsy; 
 Dan. darre, Ger. Ihor, a fool : it has intoxicating 
 qualities.] A weed growing in the fields; poi- 
 sonous grass. 
 Dart, n. [Sw. dart; Icel. darradr ; Fr. dard.] A 
 weapon thrown by the hand.— 2, v. a. [ pp. dart- 
 ing, darted.] To hurl swiftly.— 6, v. n. To move 
 very swiftly. 
 Dash, v. a. [Dan. daske, Sw. danka, to slap.] [pp. 
 dashing, dashed.] To strike against:— to be- 
 sprinkle; to mingle: — to obliterate; to con- 
 found.— 2, v. n. To fly off; to rush ; to strike. 
 — H, n. A mark or line in writing, thus [ — ] : 
 — a blow : — ostentatious show : — a race consist- 
 ing of a single heat :— a sudden rush :— a dash- 
 board : — that which strikes. 
 Dash' -board, ) «. A board in the forepart of a 
 Dash'er, / vehicle, to defend from mud. 
 
 Dash'ing, a. Precipitate; rushing: — foppish. 
 Das'tijrd [das'tard, St Wb. I.], n. [0. Dut. daa- 
 saardt, a fool; Icel. dasadr, weary, exhausted; 
 daestr, breathless; Local Sw. dust, weary. — Cf. 
 E. daze; Local Sw. dasig, idle; 0. Fr. daser, to 
 dream. The termination ard is pejorative.] A 
 base coward ; a poltroon. 
 Das'tard-li-ness, a. Cowardliness. 
 Das'tard-ly.,a. Cowardly ; mean. [ted. See Datum. 
 Da'tatda'taorda'ta, H.\ n. pi. [L.] Truths adniit- 
 Date, n. [L. datum, given; a word used to mark 
 the. time and place of writing. — See Datum.] 
 The time of any event; epoch; era: — time at 
 which a letter is written :— [Fr. datte ; Arab. 
 daqal. — Cf. Heb. diqlah, a palm; Gr. SoiktvAos, a 
 finger, also a date] a fruit. — 2, v. a. [pp. dating, 
 dated.] To note with the time.— 3, v. n. To 
 begin ; to have a date. 
 
 Date'less, a. Without any date. 
 Date' -tree, n. A palm that bears dates. 
 Da'tive, a. [L. dare, datum, to give; dativus, 
 giving. This case occurs after verbs of giving.] 
 {Gram.) Noting the third case oi Greek and 
 Latin nouns. 
 Da' turn, n. ; pi. Da'ta. [L. dare, to give ; datum, 
 given.— Cf. Gr. SlSupu, Skr. didami, I give.] A 
 thing given ; a proposition or truth admitted. 
 Daub, v. a. [0. Fr. dauber; L. dealbart, to whiten; 
 albus, white. — Cf. Sp. jalbegar, to whitewash; 
 cf. also Dab, Gael, dob, plaster, Welsh dwb, Sp. 
 adobe, mud, daub.] [pp. daubing, daubed.] To 
 'smear; to paint coarsely. — 2, n. A coarse paint- 
 ing or picture ; plaster ; mud : — a smear : — an 
 unskilful artist. 
 Daugh'ter (daw'ter), n. [A.-S. dohtor; Norse, dut- 
 ter ; Sw'. dotter ; Ger. tochter ; Kuss. doche ; Gr. 0u- 
 ydTTqp ; Skr. duhitri; said to be from root of Skr. 
 duh, to milk; i.e., a milkmaid.] A female off- 
 spring of a man or woman ; a female child. 
 Daugh'ter-in-law, n. A son's wife. 
 Daugh'ter-lx (daw'-), a. Like a daughter. 
 Daunt (dant) [dawnt, SL I. X. E. A'.j, v. a. [Fr. 
 dompter, 0. Fr. duuter, domter, L. domitare, to 
 subdue.] [pp. daunting, daunted.] To discour- 
 age ; to frighten ; to intimidate ; to appall. 
 Daunt'less (dant'les), «. Fearless ; bold. 
 Dau'phjn, u. [From the province or appanage of 
 Dauphine or Duuphiuy; the latter said to have 
 been so called from a family surnamed Delphi- 
 nus. — See Dolpuin.] The title formerly given 
 to the eldest son of the king of France. * 
 Dau'phin-ess, w. The wife of the dauphin. 
 Da'vjt '[dav'it, H.], n. [Fr. 
 davier, forceps.] (Naut.) A 
 short piece of timber, used 
 in managing an anchor: — a 
 sort of crane. 
 Daw, b. [Ger. dohle, Old & 
 Local Ger. daha, take, dahele, 
 dahala, a daw. — Cf. Ital. tacca. 
 taccola, a daw, also a chiding.] 
 A bird, the jackdaw. Davits. 
 
 Daw'dle, v. n. [Cf. Scot, daidle, 
 
 to totter, to toddle (q. v.).] [pp. dawdling, daw- 
 dled.] To waste time; to trifle. — 2, v. a. To 
 waste by trifling. 
 Dawn. r. n. [0. E. daiven, A.-S. dagian, Ger. tagen, 
 to dawn : root of Day.] [pp. dawning, dawned. J 
 To grow light; to glimmer. — 2, r. The first ap- 
 pearance of light ; break of day : — beginning ; rise. 
 Dawn'ing, n. Break of day : — beginning; dawn. 
 Day, n. [A.-S. daeg, Dut.. Dan., A: Sw. dag, Ger. 
 tag, a day : not clearly allied to L. dies, a day.] 
 The time between the rising and setting of 
 the sun, called the artificial dag ; the time from 
 noon to noon, or from midnight to midnight, 
 called the natural dag; twenty-four hours, be- 
 ginning and ending at midnight, called the civil 
 day: — an age : — life : — light; sunshine. — To-day, 
 on this day. 
 Day'-book (duTjCik), n. A tradesman's journal. 
 Day'break, n. Dawn ; first appearance of day. 
 Day'-dream, n. A dream, vision, or scheme con- 
 ceived or formed when one is awake. 
 Day'-la'bor-er, n. One who works by the day. 
 Day'light'(da'llt), «. The light of the day. 
 Day'-lil-jr, n. A plant and its flower; asphodel. 
 Days/man, n. [From day, an appointed time for 
 trial ; hence, a judgment.] An umpire ; a judge. 
 Day' -spring, n. Kise of the day ; the dawn. 
 Day'-star, n. Morning star; Yenus: — the sun. 
 Day's-work (-wlirk), n. Work of a day. — (Naut.) 
 
 A ship's course for twenty-four hours.* 
 Day'tlme, n. Time in which there is light. 
 Daze, v. a. [Icel. dasa, to become weary ; Sw. dasa, 
 to be idle. — Cf. Dut. dwaas, foolish.] [pp. dazing, 
 dazed.] To confuse; to bewilder : — to dazzle. 
 Daz'zle, v. a. [Frequentative form of Daze.] [pp. 
 dazzling, dazzled.] To overpower with light. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q, Q, c, £, soft; p, &, a, g, hard; § as z ; x us gz ; this. 
 
 16 
 
DE 
 
 182 
 
 DECAGON 
 
 De, a prefix, frequent in Latin and its derivatives, 
 generally denoting separation, sometimes de- 
 pression or lowness. It is occasionally intensive. 
 In words that come to us through the French, 
 de- often represents the Latin dis-, which com- 
 monly has a negative, partitive, or revorsive 
 meaning. 
 
 Dea'con (de'kn), n. [Gr. Slolkovos, a servant: Ohs. 
 Gr. Sidneiv, Gr. Siw^eiv, to run; Steiv, to flee.] 
 A church officer : — a clergyman of the lowest order. 
 
 Dea'con-ess (de'kn-es), n. A female deacon. 
 
 Dead (ded), a. [A.-S. dead; Dut. dood ; Dan. 
 dod; Ger. todt: root of Die.] Deprived of life; 
 lifeless ; inanimate : — dull ; spiritless ; still : — 
 vapid. — 2, n. Stillness ; depth.— pi. Dead men. 
 
 Dead'en (ded'dn), v. a. [pp. deadening, dead- 
 ened.] To deprive of life or vigor; to make 
 dead, vapid, or spiritless. 
 
 Dead'-llght (ded'lit), n. A sort of shutter placed 
 over the glass window of a cabin. 
 
 Dead'li-ness, n. Quality of being deadly. 
 
 Dead'-lock, n. A lock destitute of a spiing: — a 
 state of affairs in which no progress can be 
 made ; an enforced stand-still. 
 
 Dead'ly (ded'le), a. Destructive ; mortal. — 2, ad. 
 Mortally ; implacably. 
 
 Dead'ness, n. Want of life or vigor. 
 
 Dead'-net-tle (ded'net-tl), n. [It was supposed to 
 have mysterious deadly qualities.] A harmless 
 weed resembling the nettle. 
 
 Dead' -weight (ded'wat), n. A heavy oppressive 
 weight; a weight that impedes progress. 
 
 Deaf (def), a. [A.-S. deaf; Dut. doof ; Dan dov ; 
 Ger. taub. — Cf. Gr. tv^o?, stupor; Skr. dhvpa, 
 incense.] "Wanting the sense of hearing; not 
 hearing. [To make deaf. 
 
 Deafen (def fn), v. a. [pp. deafening, deafened.] 
 
 Deaf-mute, n. A person who is deaf and dumb. 
 
 Deafness (def nes), n. State of being deaf. 
 
 Deal (d5l), n. '[A.-S. deel; Dan. deel; Sw. del; 
 Ger. theil; A.-S. dselan, to divide; Ger. theilen.] 
 Part; quantity; a dole : — [Dut. deel; Ger. dale; 
 0. E. thel, a thill, a plank] fir or pine timber 
 sawed into planks or b>ards. — 2, v. a. [i. dealt; 
 pp. dealing, dealt.] To distribute; to divide; 
 to scatter.— :i, v. n. To traffic ; to transact ; to act. 
 
 Deafer, n. One who deals ; a trader. 
 
 Deaf ing\ n. Practice: intercourse; traffic. 
 
 Dealt (delt), i. & p. from deal 
 
 Dean, u. [Fr. dm/en; 0. Fr. deien ; L. decanus, a 
 dean, one set over ten men ; decern, ten.] An 
 ecclesiastical dignitary next to a bishop : — an 
 officer in a college or a literary institution. 
 
 Dean'er-y, ». The office or house of a dean. 
 
 Dear (der), a. [A.-S. deore, dyre; Dut. duur ; 
 Ger. theuer.] Beloved ; highly esteemed ; pre- 
 cious : — of high price ; costly ; expensive. — 2, n. 
 A darling; a word of endearment. 
 
 Dear'born, n. [A personal or family name.] A 
 light four-wheeled carriage. 
 
 Dear'-bbught (-bawt), a. Purchased at a high 
 
 Dear'ly, ad. In a dear manner; fondly. [price. 
 
 Dear'ness, ». Fondness; love: — costliness. 
 
 Dearth' (derth), «. [From A.-S. deore, dear, ex- 
 pensive ; on type of wealth from veil, health 
 from heal, &c] Scarcity ; want ; famine. 
 
 Death (deth), n. [A.-S. dcadh ; Dut. dood; Dan. 
 dod; Ger. tod.] Extinction of life; mortality. 
 
 Death'-bed, n. The bed on which a person dies. 
 
 Death'less, «. Immortal : never-dving. 
 
 Death'ly, a. Fatal ; death-like. 
 
 Death'-rate, n. The percentage of deaths in a 
 population. 
 
 Death's'-door (-dor), n. A near ap- 
 proach to death. 
 
 Death' -war-rant (deth'wdr-rant), n. 
 An order for the execution of a 
 criminal. 
 
 Death' -watch (deth'wotch), n. An 
 insect whose noise is imagined to 
 prognosticate death. Death-watch. 
 
 De-ba'cle (de-bifkl), n. [Fr. debacle.] (Geol.) A 
 deluge; a rush of waters, breaking down ob- 
 stacles. 
 
 De-bar', v. a. [See Bar.] [pp. debarring, de- 
 barred.] To exclude ; to hinder. 
 
 De-bark', v. a. [Fr. debarquer. — See Bark.] [pp. 
 debarking, debarked.] To land ; to disembark. 
 
 De-bar-ka'tion, n. Act of disembarking. 
 
 De-base', v. a. [De and Base.] [pp. debasing, 
 debased.] To degrade; to lower; to humble; 
 to abase :— to vitiate; to adulterate. 
 
 De-base'ment, n. Act of debasing ; debased state. 
 
 De-bat'a-bie, a. Disputable; contestable. 
 
 De-bate', n. [Fr. dtbattre ; 0. Fr. debalre ; L. de, 
 down, and batuere, to beat (q. v.).] A discussion ; 
 a dispute; a quarrel ; a contest; a difference. — 
 2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. debating, debated.] To 
 [dispute; to argue; to discuss. 
 
 De-bat'er, n. One who debates; a disputant. 
 
 De-bauch', v. a. [Fr. dtbaucher; dt- negative, 
 and banche, a rank, a course of stones, a balk 
 (q. v.), or beam. The idea is that of removing 
 the balks or supports, as of a house.] [pp. de- 
 bauching, debauched.] To corrupt ; to vitiate ; 
 to ruin.— 2, n. Drunkenness ; le-wdness ; excess. 
 
 De-bS.uched' (de-bauchf), p. a. Corrupted by de- 
 bauchery; dissolute; intemperate. 
 
 Deb-au-yhee' (deb-o-she'), n. [Fr. debauche.] A 
 rake ; a drunkard. 
 
 De-bauch'er-y, n. Intemperance: — lewdness. 
 
 De-bent'ur'e (de-bent'yur), n. [L. debeular, they 
 are due; debere, to be due.— See Debt.] (Law.) 
 An instrument by which a debt is claimed : — a 
 certificate of drawback or of allowance. 
 
 De-bif i-tate, v. a. [L. debilitare, debilitatnm, to 
 weaken; debilis, weak: de negative, and hubilis, 
 able (g. v.).] [pp. debilitating, debilitated.] To 
 weaken ; to enfeeble. 
 
 De-bil-i-ta'tion, n. Act of weakening. 
 
 De-bif i'-ty, n. [Fr. dtbilUe ; L. debilitas.—See 
 
 Debilitate.] Weakness; feebleness; languor. 
 
 Syn. — Debility of body ; weakness or feebleness 
 
 of body or mind ; imbecility of mind ; infirmity of 
 
 age ; languor of feeling. 
 
 Deb'it, n. [L. debitum, owed. — See Debt.] Money 
 due for goods sold on credit.— 2, a. Noting the 
 debtor side of a book. — 3, v. a. [pp. debiting, 
 debited.] To charge with debt. 
 
 Deb-o-nair', a. [0. Fr. for de ban air, of good air 
 or appearance ; Fr. dtbonno.ire.] Elegant ; civil; 
 well-bred. 
 
 De-bouch' (de-bosh'), v. n. [Fr. deboucher, to 
 emerge ; dt-, from, and bouche, a mouth, an 
 opening.] [pp. debouching, debouched.] To 
 march out of a wood or narrow pass into open 
 ground. [of a river or strait. 
 
 Debouchure (da-bo-shur'), n. [Fr.j The mouth 
 
 Debris (da-bre'), n. [Fr., from brisei; to b: eak. — 
 — See Bruise.] (Geol.) Fragments of rocks, 
 gravel, &c, detached from the sides of moun- 
 tains ; rubbish ; ruins. 
 
 Debt (det), n. [L. debere, debitum, to owe, to be 
 due ; de, away, and habere, to have ; i.e., to have 
 on loan.] What one owes to another. 
 
 Debt'or (defor), n. One who owes. 
 
 Debut (da-bu'), ((. [Fr. for "a first attempt:" at 
 first it is said to have meant a failure, a bad 
 aim; 0. Fr. des, apart, and but, aim or target.] 
 An entrance upon any thing; first attempt; first 
 appearance. 
 
 Debutant (da-bu-tang'), n. [Fr.] One who makes 
 a debut or first effort. [makes a debut. 
 
 Debutante (da-bu-tonf), n. [Fr.] A female who 
 
 Dec'ade, n. [Fr. ; Gr. 8eK<x<;, Se/caSos, a party of 
 ten; Sena, ten.] The sum or number of ten: 
 — ten parts : — a space of ten days. 
 
 De-ca'dence, n. [Fr. — See Decay.] Decay; deca- 
 
 De-ca'den-cy, n. Decay ; fall. [dency. 
 
 De-ca'dent, a. Falling off; decaying; declining. 
 
 DeVa-gon. «• [Gr. Heica, ten, and yuvia, an angle ; 
 yovv, a knee.] A figure having ten equal sides. 
 
 a, e, i, o, u, y, long ; a, e, I, 
 
 o, u, y, short; a, e, 
 
 9i u> y.« obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her 
 
DECAGRAM 
 
 183 
 
 DECLAIM 
 
 Dec'a-gram, or Dec'a-gramme, n. [Fr. deca- 
 gramme; Gr. SeKa, ten, and Gramme.] A weight 
 of 10 grams, or 5.644 drams avoirdupois. 
 
 Dec-a-he'dral, a. Having ten sides. 
 
 Dec-a-he'dron, n. [Gr. SeKa, ten, and eSpa, a seat, 
 a base.] A figure having ten sides. 
 
 De-cal-co-ma'ni-a, n. [Fr. decahomanie ; decal- 
 quer, to transfer, as a tracing, and manie, mania, 
 rage, fashion ; de, down, and calquer, to trace ; 
 caique, a copy. — See Chalk.] The process of 
 transferring designs to marble, china, glass, &c. 
 
 Dec-a-li'ter, or De-cal'i-ter, w. [Fr. decalitre ; Gr. 
 SeKa, ten, and Litre.] ' A measure of volume 
 equal to 10 litres, or about 2% gallons. 
 
 Dec'a-logue, n. [Gr. 8ena\oyos ; SeKa, ten, and 
 Ao-yos, a saying ; Aeyeie, to speak.] The ten 
 commandments. 
 
 De-cam'e-ron, n. [It. decamerone ; Gr. Sena, ten, 
 and rj-rr'epa, a day.] A volume having ten"books. 
 
 Dec'a-me-ter, or Dec'a-me-tre, it. [Fr. decametre; 
 Gr.' SeKa, ten, and Metre.] A measure of length 
 equal to 1U meters, or 32.8 feet. 
 
 De-camp', v. n. [Fr. dicamper; L. dis-, away, and 
 campus, a field.] [pp. decamping, decamped.] 
 To shift a camp ; to move off. 
 
 De-camp'ment, n. The act of marching off. 
 
 DeVa-nal, 'or De-ca'nal [de'ka-nal, I.], «. [L. 
 dec'anus, a dean '(a. v.)'.] Relating to a deanery. 
 
 De-can'drous, a. [Gr. SeKa, ten, and avrjp, ai>Spos, 
 a man.] (Bot.) Having ten stamens. 
 
 Dec-an'gu-lar, a. [L. decern., ten, and angulus, an 
 angle.] Having ten angles. 
 
 De-cant', v. a. [Fr. decanter; Ital. decctnture: akin 
 to Cant in the sense of to tilt, to tip.] [pp. de- 
 canting, decanted.] To pour off gently. 
 
 Dec-an-ta'tion, n. The act of pouring off clear. 
 
 De-can' ter, n. One who decants : 
 —a glass vessel for liquor. 
 
 De-cap'i-tate, v. a. [L. decapi- 
 tare, decapitatum ; de, off, 
 capid, capitis, the head.] [pp. 
 decapitating, decapitated.] To 
 behead ; to decollate. 
 
 De-cap-i-ta'tion, n. The act of 
 beheading. 
 
 Dec'a-pod, n. [Gr. SeKa, ten, and n 
 foot.] An animal having ten feet. 
 
 De-car'bon-Ize, v. a. [De and Carbon.] [ pp. de- 
 carbonizing, decarbonized.] To deprive of carbon. 
 
 De-car'bu-rize, v. a. [pp. decarburizing, decar- 
 burized.] To deprive of carbon ; to decarbonize. 
 
 Dec'a-style, n. [Gr. SeKa, ten, and cttJAo?, a 
 column.] An assemblage of ten pillars. — i, a. 
 Having ten columns. 
 
 Dec-a-syl-lab'ic, a. [Gr. SeKa, ten, and crvWap-n, 
 a syllable.] Having ten syllables. 
 
 De-cay', v. n. [Fr. dechoir, Q. Fr. decaer ; Sp. de- 
 caer ; L. de, down, and cudere, casum, to fall; L. 
 decaxus, downfall.] [pp. decaying, decayed.] 
 To lose excellence; to decline; to waste away; 
 to putrefy ; to rot : — to become impoverished. — 
 2, v. a. To impair: to bring to decay. — 3, n. A 
 decline ; gradual failure. 
 
 De-cease' (de-ses'), n. [L. decedere, decessum, to 
 'depart; cedere, to go; Fr. deces.] Departure 
 from life; death. — 2, v. n. [pp. deceasing, de- 
 ceased.] To die ; to expire. 
 
 De-ceased' (de-sest'), p. a. Departed from life ; dead. 
 
 De-ce'dent, a. [L. decedere, decedentis. — See De- 
 cease.] Departing; going. — 2, n. A dead, or 
 [dying, person. [Fraud; a cheat; artifice. 
 
 De-ceit', n. [L. deeeptns, deceptio. — See Deceive.] 
 
 De-ceit' ful, «. Fraudulent; full of deceit; decep- 
 tive; delusive; fallacio-us. 
 
 De-ceit' ful-ly, ad. Fraudulently; with deceit. 
 
 De-ceit' ful-ness, n. Quality of being deceitful. 
 
 De-ceiv'a-ble, a. Liable to be deceived. 
 
 De-ceive', v. a. [Fr. decevoir, 0. Fr. decever; L. 
 decipere, deceptus ; de, from, and capere, to take.] 
 [pp. deceiving, deceived.] To cause to mistake; 
 to delude ; to impose on ; to mock; to cheat. 
 
 Decanter. 
 
 65o5, a 
 
 De-ceiv'er, it. One who deceives ; a cheat. 
 
 De-cem'ber, n. [L. ; from decern, tenth : it was 
 once the tenth month.] The last month of the 
 year. 
 
 De-cem'vir, m. [L. decern, ten, and vir, pi. viri, a 
 man.] L. pi. De-cem'vi-ri ; Fng. De-cem'vjr§. 
 One of the ten governors of ancient Rome. 
 
 De-cem'vi-rate, ». [L. decent viratus.] Govern- 
 ment by ten rulers. 
 
 De'cen-cy, n. Propriety; decorum; modesty. 
 
 De-cen'na-ry, n. [L. decennalis; decern, ten, and 
 annus, a year.] A tithing of ten families :— a 
 period of ten years. 
 
 De-cen'ni-al, a. Continuing ten years. 
 
 Di'cent, a.' [L. decere, decentis, to become. — Cf. 
 dec'us, honor, fame.] Becoming; fit; modest. 
 
 De'cent-ly, ad. In a decent, proper manner. 
 
 De-cSn-tral-i-za'tion, n. The act or process of 
 'decentralizing. 
 
 De-cen'tral-Ize, v. a. [De and Centralize.] [pp. 
 "decentralizing, decentralized.] To withdraw 
 from a centre or from centralization. 
 
 De-cep'tion, n. [L. deceptio. — See Deceive.] The 
 act of deceiving: fraud; deceit. 
 
 De-cep'tive, a. Tending to deceive; deceiving; 
 deceitful; deluding: delusive; fallacious. 
 
 De-cep'to-ry, a. Tending to deceive. 
 
 De-cld'a-ble, a. That may be decided. 
 
 De-cide', v. a. [L. decidere, decisum : de, off, and 
 'csedtre, csesum, to cut.] [pp. deciding, decided.] 
 To fix the event of; to conclude on; to deter- 
 mine ; to end ; to settle. — 2, v. n. To determine ; 
 to conclude. 
 
 De-cid'ed, p. a. Determined; resolute; positive. 
 
 De-cid'ed-ly, ad. In a determined manner. 
 
 De-cid'u-ous, a. [L. deciduus; decidere, to fall 
 down; de, down, off, and cadere, casum, to fall.] 
 Falling off every season, as leaves; not ever- 
 green ; not perennial. 
 
 Des'i-gram, n. [Fr. decigramme ; L. decimus, a 
 tenth, and Gramme.] the tenth of a gram; 
 1.5432 grains Troy. 
 
 Dec'i-li-tre, >i. [Fr. decilitre; L. decimus, a tenth, 
 and Litre.] The tenth of a litre ; about G cui'ic 
 inches. 
 
 De-cil'lion (\Vun-), n. [From L. decern, ten ; on type 
 of million.] A thousand raised to the tenth 
 power. 
 
 Dec'i-mal, a. [L. decern, ten; decimus, a tenth.] 
 Numbered or multiplied by ten. — 2, n. A tenth : 
 — a decimal fraction. 
 
 Dec'i-mate, v. a. [L. decimare, deeimatmn ; deci- 
 mus, a tenth.] [pp. decimating, decimated.] 
 To tithe; to take the tenth: — to destroy large 
 numbers of. 
 
 Dec-i-ma'tion, n. A selection of every tenth : — 
 the destruction of large numbers. 
 
 Dec'i-me-tre, or De-cim'e-ter, n. [Fr. decimetre; 
 L. 'decimus, a tenth and Metre.] The tenth of a 
 metre; nearly 4 inches. 
 
 De-ci'pher, v. a. [De negative, and Cipfter; Fr. 
 'di' cli hirer.] [pp. deciphering, deciphered.] To 
 explain what is written in cipher: — to unfold; 
 to unravel. 
 
 De-ci"sion (de-slzh'un), w. Act of deciding; de- 
 termination of a difference or doubt. 
 
 De-ci'sive, a. [See Decide.] Causing decision ; 
 determining; conclusive; final; positive. 
 
 re-ci'sive-ly. ad. In a conclusive manner. 
 
 De-cl'sive-ness, «. State of being decisive. 
 
 De-ci'so-ry, «. Able to determine. 
 
 DSck, v. a.' [Dut. dekken, Dan. Jxkka, Ger. decken, 
 to cover; Dut. dek, Dan. dsek, a deck.— Cf. A.-S. 
 theccan, to thatch; L. legere, to cover. The verb 
 has acquired the sense of decorate.] [pp. deck- 
 ing, decked.] To cover : — to dress ; to array ; to 
 adorn. — 2, u. The floor of a ship : — pack of cards. 
 
 De-claim', v. n. [L. declamare, declamatum; de 
 "intensive, and clamare, to cry out.] [pp. de- 
 claiming, declaimed.] To speak oratorically or 
 boisterously ; to harangue ; to inveigh. 
 
 mien, sir ; m6*ve, nor, son ; bull, biir, rule, use.— g, $, 9, g\ soft; p, p, p, g, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; tiiis. 
 
DECLAMATION 
 
 184 
 
 DEDUCTIVELY 
 
 Dec-la-ma'tion, n. [L. declamatio.] The act of 
 declaiming ; an exercise in speaking ; speech ; 
 harangue; oratory. 
 
 De-clani'a-to-ry, a. [L. declaim atot ins. ~] Partaking 
 of declamation ; rhetorical and inflated. 
 
 De-clar'a-ble, a. That may be declared. 
 
 Dec-la-ra'tion, w. [L. dedaratio.] Act of declaring; 
 thing declared ; proclamation; affirmation. 
 
 De-clar'a-tive, a. Proclaiming ; explanatory. 
 
 De-clar'a-to-ry, «• Affirmative ; clear. 
 
 De-clare , v. a. [L. declarare, declaralv.s ; de in- 
 tensive, and clarus, clear (q. v.).] [pp. declaring, 
 declared.] To make known; to proclaim. — 
 
 2, f. n. To make a declaration. 
 De-clar'ed-ly., ad. Avowedly ; openly. 
 De-clar'ing, n. Publication; declaration. 
 De-clen'sion, n. [L. dedinatio ; Fr. didinaison.] 
 
 The act of declining; descent; degeneracy: — 
 variation of nouns. 
 
 De-clln'a-ble, a. Capable of being declined. 
 
 Dec'li-nate, a. (Bot.) Curved downward. 
 
 Bec-li-na'tion, n. [L. dedinatio. — See Decline.] 
 The act of declining; declension; descent; de- 
 viation. — (Astron.) The angular distance of a 
 celestial body from the equator, north or south. 
 
 De-cline', v. n. [L. declinnre; de, down, and di- 
 ■nare, to bend.] [pp. declining, declined.] To 
 lean ; to fail ; to decay. — 2, v. a. To shun ; to 
 avoid; to refuse: — to vary or inflect, as words.— 
 
 3, )/. A falling off ; diminution; decay; loss of 
 vigor or health ; consumption. 
 
 Pe-cKv'i-tous, a. Having declivity; sloping. 
 
 De-cliv'i-ty, «. [L. dediiUas; Fr. dCdkitC ; L. de, 
 down, and dims, a slope.] Inclination reckoned 
 downward ; a slope ; gradual descent. 
 
 De-cli'vous, a. [L. dedicis.] Declivitous; sloping. 
 
 De-coct', v. a. [L. decoquere, decodum; de, down, 
 and coquere, to boil. — See Cook.] [pp. decoct- 
 ing, decocted.] To prepare by boiling; to digest. 
 
 De-coc'tion, n. Act of boiling; matter boiled. 
 
 De-col'late, v. a. [L. de, away, and cottum, the 
 neck; decollare, decollatum, to behead.] [pp. de- 
 collating, decollated.] To behead ; to decapitate. 
 
 Dec-ol-la'tion, n. [L. decollalio.] The act of be- 
 heading. 
 
 De-col'or, v. a. [L. decolorare, decoloration; de, 
 away,' and color, color.] [pp. decoloring, decol- 
 ored.] To deprive of color. 
 
 De-col-or-a'tion, n. Privation of color. 
 
 De-col'or-Tze, v. a. [pp. decolorizing, decolor- 
 ized.]" To bleach ; to decolor. 
 
 De-com-pos'a-ble, a. That may be decomposed. 
 
 De-com-pose'. v. a. [De, away from, and Com- 
 pose; Fr. decomposer.) [pp. decomposing, decom- 
 posed.] To separate, as the constituent parts of 
 a body ; to resolve ; to dissolve ; to decompound ; 
 to analyze. 
 
 De-com-pos/ite, a. Compounded a second time. 
 
 De-com-po-sv'tion, n. Act of decomposing ; sep- 
 aration into parts or elements ; analysis. 
 
 De-com-pbund', v. a. [Be and Compound.] [pp. 
 decompounding, decompounded.] To compound 
 anew: — to resolve a compound into parts; to 
 decompose. — 2, a. Compounded a second time. 
 
 De-con'se-crate, v. a. [Be and Consecrate.] [pp. 
 deconsecrating, deconsecrated.] To secularize. 
 
 Dec'o-rate. v. a. [F. decorate, decoration; deeus, 
 decoris, an adornment.] [pp. decorating, deco- 
 rated.] To adorn ; to embellish. 
 
 Bec-o-ra/tion. ;*. Ornament; embellishment. 
 
 BeVo-ra-tive, a. Bestowing dec ^ration. 
 
 Dec'o-ra-tor, n. One who decorates. 
 
 De-c5'rous [dek'o-rus, P. E. Wb.\ a. [L. decorvs, 
 seemly; deems, decoris, an adornment.] Decent; 
 suitable to a character ; b'-coming; proper. 
 
 De-eo'rous-ly, ad. In a becoming manner. 
 
 De-co'rous-ness, n. Decorous behavior. 
 
 De-cbr'ti-cate, v. a. [L. decorticate, decortication ; 
 de, off, and cortex, corticis, bark.] [pp. decorti- 
 cating, decorticated.] To peel; to strip off. 
 
 De-cbr-ti-ca'tion, n. Act of stripping off. 
 
 De-co'rum, n. [L. for "seemliness." — Sec Deco- 
 rous.— Cf. also L. decor, decency.] Becoming 
 formality; proper ceremony; decency; seemli- 
 ness; propriety. 
 
 De-cby', v. a. [Root of coy, tame, quiet (q. v.) ; 
 0. E. coy, to entice.] [pp. decoying, decoyed.] 
 To lure; to insnare.— 2, n. Allurement to mis- 
 chief; a snare : — one who lures. 
 
 De-crease', v. u. [Fr. deerottre, 0. F. decroislre ; L. 
 decrescere ; de, off, away, and crescere, to grow.] 
 [pp. decreasing, decreased.] To grow less; to 
 abate. — 2, v. a. To make less ; to diminish. — 
 3, n. Decay ; diminution. 
 
 De-cree', v. a. [L. decernere, decretum, to decree; 
 de, away from, and eernere, to sift, to decide.— 
 Cf. Gr. Kpiveip, to judge.] [pp. decreeing, de- 
 creed.] To assign by a decree ; to ordain.— 2, n. 
 [L. decretum; Fv. dtcret.] An edict; a law; n 
 proclamation.— (Law.) The determination of a 
 suit. [Diminution ; decrease. 
 
 Dee're-ment, n. [L. decrenientum.— See Decrease.] 
 
 De-crep'it, a. [L. decrepitus, noiseless, broken 
 down ; de, away, crej itvs, noise : crepare, to crac- 
 kle. The idea is that of an old man who moves 
 without noise.] Wasied and worn with age. 
 
 De-crcp'i-tate, v. a. & v. n. [Fr. dCertpifcr ; L. de 
 intensive, and crepitate, crepitation, to rattle.] 
 [pp. decrepitating, decrepitated.] To roast, cal- 
 cine, or crackle in the fire. 
 
 De-crep-i-ta'tion, n. Act of decrepitating; a 
 crackling noise. 
 
 De-crep'i-tude. n. Last stage of decay. 
 
 De-cres'cent, a. [See Decrease.] Growing less. 
 
 De-cre'tal, n. [Late L. decretale. — See Decree.] 
 'A decree of the pope : — a book of decrees. — 2, a. 
 Pertaining to a decree. 
 
 Dec're-to-ry, a. Judicial; definitive. 
 
 De-cri'al, n. Act of decrying; loud censure. 
 
 De-cri'er, n. One who decries. 
 
 De-cry', v. a. [Fr. dicrier, to cry down ; prefix de, 
 down, and Cry.] [pp. decrying, decried.] To 
 clamor against ; to censure ; to depreciate. 
 
 Be-cum'bent, a. [L. decumbere, deeumbetitis, to lie 
 down; cumbere, to lie.] Lying on the ground; 
 low. 
 
 Dec'u-ple (dek'yu-pl), a. [L. decent, ten; on type 
 of double, triple.] Tenfold. — 2, n. A nuniler or 
 quantity ten times repeated. 
 
 De-cii'ri-cn. n. [L. decurio; decern, ten.] A com- 
 mander over ten men. 
 
 De-cur'rent, a. [L. decurrere, decwTentis; de, 
 down, and currere, to run.] Running downward. 
 
 De-cus'sate, (■• a. [L. decussure, decussatum, to 
 mark with an X (for 10) ; decassis, a coin worth 
 ten asses, and marked X; decent, ten, and as, 
 assis, an as. — See Ace.] [pp. decussating, de- 
 cussated.] To intersect at acute angles. 
 
 Dec-us-sa'tion, v. Act, or point, of crossing. 
 
 De-cus'sa-tive, a. Cutting at an acute angle so 
 as to decussate. 
 
 Ded'i-cate, v. a. [L. dedicate, cledicatus; de, apart, 
 and dicare, to proclaim; dicere. to say or tell.] 
 [pp. dedicating, dedicated.] To consecrate; to 
 devote. — 2, a. Consecrate; dedicated. 
 
 Ded-i-ca'tion. «. The act of dedicating; conse- 
 cration :— an address to a patron. 
 
 Ded'i-ca-tor, n. One who dedicates. 
 
 Ded'i-ca-to-ry, a. Belati.nu' to a dedication. 
 
 Ded'i-mus, «. [L., "we have given;" date, dedi, 
 to give.] A special commission, as of a justice. 
 
 De-duce', v. a. [L. deducete, deduction ; de, from, 
 and dncete, to draw.] [pp. deducing, deduced.] 
 To draw from; to infer; t<> derive. 
 
 De-dii'ci-ble, «. That may be deduced. 
 
 De-duct', v. a. [See Df.dvce.] [pp. deducting, 
 deducted.] To subtract ; to take away. 
 
 De-duc'tion, n. The act of deducting : — that 
 which is drawn from premises ; inference ; con- 
 clusion. See Induction. 
 
 De-duc'tive, a. Deducible; inferrible. 
 
 De-duc'tive-ly;, ad. By regular deduction. 
 
 e, i, 5, 5, y, lowj ; a., e, i, 5, ii, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 
 
DEED 
 
 185 
 
 DEFORCIANT 
 
 Deed, n. [A.-S. dmd; Dut. & Dan. dactd; Ger. 
 that. — See Do, Did.] Action; act; exploit; feat: 
 — a written instrument for transferring real es- 
 tate. — '-, v. a. [pp. deeding, deeded.] To convey 
 by deed. [U. S.J 
 Deem, v. n. [A.-S. deman; 0. Ger. tuemen. — See 
 Doom.] [pp. deeming, deemed.] To judge ; to 
 estimate. — 2, v. a. To judge; to determine. 
 Deep, a. [A.-S. deop ; Dut. diep ; Ger. lief. — See Dip, 
 Dive.] Beaching far below the surface; not 
 shallow; profound; not superficial: — artful; 
 sagacious : — dark-colored: — grave in sound.— 
 2, n. The sea; the main; the ocean. 
 Deep'en (d5'pn), y. a. [pp. deepening, deepened.] 
 
 To make deep.— 2, y. ». To grow deeper. 
 Deep'-laid, «. Laid with profound skill or secrecy. 
 Deep'ly, ad. To a great depth ; profoundly. 
 Deer, n. [A.-S. deor, Dut. dier, Sw. djivr, Gr. 9rjp, 
 </)7jp, L. fera, Lith. zceris, Russ. zviere, all mean- 
 ing wild, or a wild beast.] A forest animal 
 hunted f.>r venison. 
 Deer'skin, ~n. Leather from the skin of a deer. 
 Deer'-stalk-ing, ». The hunting of deer on foot. 
 De-face', v. a. [0. Fr. desfaccr ; L. dis-, apart, 
 and fades, a face. — Of. It. sfaccia.re, to deface.] 
 [pp. defacing, defaced.] To destroy ; to raze ; to 
 efface: — to mar; to disfigure; to deform. 
 De-f ace'ment, «. The act of defacing; razure. 
 De-fal'cate, v. a. [L. dif- (for dis-), apart, and Late 
 h.falcare, to cut off, t> reap; L. fair., fnlcis, a 
 sickle.] [pp. defalcating, defalcated.] To cut 
 off; to lop. — 2, v. n. To commit defalcation or 
 breach of trust; to embezzle. 
 Dgf-al-ca'tion, u. Diminution; abatement: — a 
 
 breach of trust in public accounts. 
 Def al-ca-tor, n. One who abstracts or fails t> ac- 
 count for money ; a defaulter; an embezzler. 
 Def-a-ma'tion, >i. [L. diffamaiio.] The act of de- 
 faming; calumny: aspersion; detraction. 
 De-fam'a-to-ry, a. Calumnious ; libellous. 
 De-fame', v. a. [L. diffolmare, to slander; dis-, 
 abroad, and fama, report, slander.] [pp. de- 
 faming, defamed.] To slander; to calumniate ; 
 to reproach; to asperse ; to revile; to vilify. 
 De-f am'er, it. One who defames. 
 De-fault', n. [Fr. defaut; L. dis-, de, apart, and 
 fattere, to fail.] Omission of the performance of 
 60ine duty ; failure ; fault; defect. — 2, y. ;/. [pp. 
 defaulting, defaulted.] To fail in a contract. 1 
 De-fault'er, ». One guilty of default : — one who 
 
 fails to account for public money. 
 De-fea'§ance. n. [haw Kr. defaisance; dtfaire, to 
 undo; 'L. dis-, de, negative, and facere, to do ] 
 (Law.) Tbe act of annulling a contract or stip- 
 ulation. 
 De-feas'i-ble. a. Capable of being annulled. 
 De-feat',' n. [Fr. difait; dvfaire, to undo: L. dis-, 
 apart, and facere, to do.] An overthrow; frus- 
 tration. — 2, v. <t. [pp. defeating, defeated.] To 
 overthrow; to vanquish ; to undo; to frustrate ; 
 to foil. 
 Def'e-cate, v. a. [L. defivcare, defsecatus ; fre.r, 
 fsecis, sediment.] [pp. defecating, defecated.] 
 To purify; to refine; to clear: — to purge. — 2, 
 r. n. To void excrement. 
 Def-e-ca'tion, n. The act of defecating : — the act 
 
 of discharging excrement; dejection. 
 De-fect', n. [L. defeclm; deficere, defectum, to fail ; 
 de negative, and facere, to do.] ' A fault: im- 
 perfection; blemish. [apostasy; revolt. 
 De-fec'tion, n. The act of falling away ; failure ; 
 De-fec'tive, a. Having defects; imperfect; de- 
 ficient; wanting; faulty. 
 De-fec'tive-ly, ad. In a defective manner. 
 De-fence', >t. [L. defenms. — See Defend.] Guard; 
 vindication; resistance. — (Law.) The defend- 
 ant's nply. 
 De-fence'less, a. Unarmed ; unguarded. 
 De-fend', v. a. [L. defendere, defensum; de, away, 
 and 0. L. fendere, to strike.] [pp. defending, 
 . defended.]* To protect; to vindicate. 
 
 De-fend'a-ble, a. Capable of being defended. 
 
 De-fend'ant, a. A defender. — (Law.) A person 
 against' whom an action is brought: — opposed 
 to plaintiff. 
 
 De-fend'er, n. One who defends. 
 
 De-fen' si-ble, a. That may be defended. 
 
 De-fen'sive, a. Serving to defend; resisting ag- 
 gression: — opposed to offensive. — 2, n. A safe- 
 guard : — state or attitude of defence. 
 
 De-fen' sive-ly, ad. In a defensive manner. 
 
 De-fer', v. a. *[L. Aiffere; dis-, apart, and ferre, to 
 carry.] [pp. deferring, deferred.] To put off; 
 to delay ; to prolong : — [L. de, away or down, 
 and ferre, to carry] to lay before :— to submit. 
 — 2, v. it. To delay : — to pay deference. 
 
 Defer-ence, n. A yielding of opinion; submis- 
 sion ; 'complaisance ; regard ; respect. 
 
 Def'er-ent, a. [L. dfferre, defereutis; de, away, 
 and ferre, to bear.] Carrying away ; efferent. 
 
 Def-er-en'tial, u. Implying deference. 
 I De-fer'ment, u. A delay; a putting off. 
 ! De-fi'anc'e, n. The act of defying; challenge. 
 j De-f I'ant, a. Bidding or expressing defiance. 
 ! De-fi"'cien-cy. (de-fish'en-se), n. Want; defect. 
 
 De-f f'cient (de-f Ish'ent), «. [L. deficere, defieien- 
 tis, to be wanting. — See Defect.] Insufficient ; 
 falling short ; wanting; imperfect; defective. 
 
 Def'i-cit, n. [L. for " it is wanting."] Want; de- 
 ficiency ; shortage. 
 
 Def-i-lade', v. a. [De negative, and Enfilade 
 (q.'v.).] [pp. defilading, defiladed.] To protect 
 from an enfilading fire. 
 
 De-f lie', v. a. [0. Fr. defouler, to make foul ; 
 A.-S. fyhoi, to foul, from ful, foul.] [pp. de- 
 filing, defiled.] To make foul or impure; to 
 pollute; to corrupt. — 2, v. n. [Fr. defiler.—See 
 File.] To march ; to go off file by file. 
 
 De-f lie' (or d3'f II), ». [Fr. difiU y a narrow lane; 
 fit, L. fibuu, a thread.] A long narrow pass. 
 
 De-f Ile'ment, n. Corruption; pollution. 
 
 De-f Il'er, n. One who defiles. 
 
 De-fln'a-ble, a. Capable of being defined. 
 
 De-fine', v. a. [L. definire, definitwm, to limit; finis, 
 a limit.] [pp. definintr, defined.] To give a 
 definition of; to explain; to describe: — to cir- 
 cumscribe; to limit. 
 
 De-f In'er, n. One who defines or describes. 
 
 Defi-nlte, a. [See Define.] Having fixed limits ; 
 limited; exact; precise; not indefinite. 
 
 Def i-nite-ly, ad. In a definite manner. 
 
 Def i-nite-ness, u. Certainty; limitedness. 
 
 Def-i-ni"tion (def-e-nish'uu), v. [L. defirritio. — 
 See Defin •.] A short description of a thing by 
 its properties; explanation. 
 
 De-fTn'i-tive, a. [L. definititms.] Determinate; 
 positive; fixed; final. — 2. n. That which defines. 
 
 De-fin'i-tive-ly, ad. Positively :— decisively. 
 
 De-fla'gra_-ble. or Def la-gra-ble, a. Combustible. 
 
 Def la-grate, ». a. [L. defiagrare, defiagratum : de 
 intensive, and Jfagrare, to burn.] [pp. defla- 
 grating, deflagrated.] To set fire to; to burn. 
 — 2, y. a. To take fire and explode. 
 
 Def-la-gra'tion, n. Destruction by fire. 
 
 De-flect', '■• ». [L. defiectere, defierm; de, away, 
 and fiectere, to turn.] [pp. deflecting, deflected.] 
 To turn aside; to deviate. 
 J De-flec'tion. ». Deviation- a bending. 
 
 Def-lo-ra'tion, n. The act of deflouring; a rajie. 
 : De-flbur', v. «. [Late L. deflorare; Fr. <b'/ 
 
 L. de, away, and flos, florin, bloom, flower.] [pp. 
 ' deflouring, defloured.] To ravish. 
 ; De-flo-^'er, v. a. [pp. deflowering, deflowered.] 
 To take away virginity; to ravish ; to dettour. 
 
 De-force', v. a. [Fr. deforcer; Late L. difforciare; 
 L. dk-, away, and Late L. fortia, force ; L. forlis, 
 strong.] [pp. deforcing, deforced.] (Law.) To 
 keep out of possession, or from the right owner, 
 by force. [rightful possession by force. 
 
 De-force'ment, n. (Lan:) A withholding from 
 De-for'ci-ant (de-for'she-ant), «. (Lair.) One who 
 wrongfully keeps an owner out of possession. 
 
 mien, sir; move, nor, son; bull, bur, rule, use. 
 
 -<?. <>. 9i §N so f 1 ') P. P. Pi £• hard; § as z ; 5 as gz ; tfiis. 
 
 16* 
 
 
DEFOEEST 
 
 186 
 
 DELINEATION 
 
 De-for'est, v. a. [De, away, off, and Forest.] [pp. 
 "deforesting, deforested.] To clear of forests ; to 
 disafforest; to disforest. 
 
 De-form', v. a. [L. deform is ; de, apart, and 
 forma, form.] [pp. deforming, deformed.] To 
 disfigure ; to spoil the form of. 
 
 Def-or-ma'tion, v. A defacing; a disfiguring. 
 
 De-form'i-ty, n. Want of beauty; ugliness-; dis- 
 tortion ; malformation ; disproportion. 
 
 De-fraud', v. a. [L. defraudare ; de, from, and 
 fraus, fraudis, fraud.] [pp. defrauding, defraud- 
 ed.] To rob by trick ; to cheat. 
 
 Def-rau-da'tion, n. Privation by fraud. 
 
 De-fraud'er, n. One who defrauds. 
 
 De-fray', v. a. [Fr. defrayer; frais, expense; 
 probably from L. frangere, fructum, broken ; 
 Late L. fraelus, expense, — literally, breaking, 
 damage.] [pp. defraying, defrayed.] To bear 
 the charges of; to pay. 
 
 De-fray'er, n. One who defrays. [pensation. 
 
 De-fray'ment, or De-fray'al, n. Payment; com- 
 
 D6ft, a. [A.-S. dseft', gentle'.] Dextrous; apt. 
 
 De-funct', n. [L. defungi, defunctns ; de, fully, 
 and functus, performed, finished, ended.] One 
 who is deceased or dead. — 2, a. Dead ; deceased. 
 
 De-fy', v. a. [Fr. defter ; Late L. diffidare, to re- 
 nounce faith or allegiance to : L. dis-, apart, and 
 fides, faith, trust.] [pp. defying, defied.] To 
 challenge ; to dare ; to brave. 
 
 De-£en'er-a-cy, n. Decay of goodness. •> 
 
 De-l'en'er-ate, v. n. [L. degenerare, degeneratus ; 
 degener, base ; de, down, below, and genus, gen- 
 eris, race, stock.] [pp. degenerating^ degener- 
 ated.] To fall from the virtue of ancestors ; to 
 become woise; to deteriorate. 
 
 De-£en'er-ate, a. Decayed in virtue; degener- 
 ated; corrupt; base; vile. 
 
 De-feVer-ate-ly., ad. In a degenerate manner. 
 
 De-fen-er-a'tion, n. The act of degenerating : — 
 state or quality of being degenerate. 
 
 Deg-lu-ti"tion (deg-lu-tish'un), n. [L. de, down, 
 and glut ire, 'ghititus, to swallow. — See Glut.] The 
 act of swallowing. 
 
 Deg-ra-da'tion, n. The act of degrading; base- 
 ness"; abasement; debasement. 
 
 De-grade', v. a. [Fr. de grader ; L. degredare ; de, 
 down, below, and gradvs, rank, step, grade (q. v.).] 
 [pp. degrading, degraded.] To place lower; to 
 lower: to humble; to disgrace; to depreciate. 
 
 De-grad'ed, p. a. Lowered: — 
 
 "debased : — low. — {Her.) End- 
 ing in step-shaped gradations. 
 
 De-grad'ing-ly, ad. In a de- 
 grading manner. 
 
 De-gree', n. [Fr. degre ; L. de, 
 'down, and gradns, a step.] 
 Quality; rank; station : — step: 
 — a title conferred by a col- 
 ege : — the 360th part of a cir- 
 cle ; 60 geographical miles. 
 
 De-his'cence, n. Act of opening; an opening. 
 
 De-his'cent, a. [L. dehiscere, dehiscentis, to gape 
 open ; de intensive, and hiscere, to yawn.] Open- 
 ing widely. 
 
 De-hor-ta'tion, n. [L. dehortatio ; dehortari, to 
 dissuade. —See Exhort.] Dissuasion. 
 
 De-hbr'ta-to-ry, or De-hbr'ta-tive, a. Tending 
 to dissuade. 
 
 De_-if'ic, or De-if'i-cal, a. Making: divine. 
 
 D§-i-fi_-ca'tion, v.' The act of deifying. 
 
 De'i-fy, v. a.' [L. deus, a god, and facere, to make; 
 deificm, accounting as gods.] [pp. deifying, de- 
 ified.] To make a god of: to adore. 
 
 Deign (dan), v. n. [It. dignari, to think fit or 
 worthy; digmis, fit.] [pp. deigning, deigned.] 
 To condescend. — 2, v. a. To grant ; to permit ; 
 to allow. 
 
 De'ism, n. [Fr. deisme : L. Deus, God.] The doc- 
 trine or creed of a deist. 
 
 De'ist, n. One who believes in the existence of 
 God, but disbelieves revealed religion. 
 
 Degraded. 
 
 De-is'tic, "I a. Partaking of or belonging to 
 
 De-is' tj-cal, J deism. 
 
 De'i-ty, n. [L. deltas, deitatis, divinity ; deus, a 
 god. — Of. A.-S. Tin, 0. Ger. Ziu, Gr. Zeus, etc., 
 names of gods; Skr..'tfe»a, Celt, dia, Icel. tivi, a 
 god; Skr. dio, to shine; root of L. dies, day.] 
 The divine Being; God. 
 
 De-ject', v. a. [L. dejicere, dejectum; de, down, 
 "and jacere, to cast.] [pp. dejecting, dejected.] 
 To cast down ; to depress. 
 
 De-ject'ed, a. Cast down; low-spirited. 
 
 De-ject'ed-ly, ad. In a dejected manner. 
 
 De-ject'ed-ness, n. Dejection. 
 
 De-jec'tion, n. Lowness of spirits; depression: 
 — excretion ; that which is cast out. 
 
 Dejeuner (da-zhu-na/), n. [Fr. ; L. dis-, implying 
 reversal, and jejunium, a fast. — See Jejune.] 
 Breakfast. 
 
 De-laine', n. [Fr. ; de, of, and laine, wool.] A 
 sort of thin figured muslin, sometimes made en- 
 tirely of wool, commonly of wool and cotton. 
 
 De-lay', v. a. [Fr. delai, delay ; delayer, to pro- 
 tract ; L. differe, dilatum, to put off.] [pp. de- 
 laying, delayed.] To defer; to put off; to hin- 
 der. — 2, v. n. To linger; to procrastinate. — 3, n. 
 A deferring ; detention ; stay ; stop. 
 
 De'le, v. a. [L. ; second person imperative active 
 of 'delere, to destroy.] Delete ; erase ; blot out. 
 
 De-lec'ta-ble, a. [L. delectabilis ; delectare, to de- 
 light (q. v.).] Pleasing; delightful. 
 
 De-lec'ta-bly, ad. Delightfully; pleasantly. 
 
 Del-ec-ta'tion, n. Pleasure; delight. 
 
 Del'e-gate, v. a. [L. delegare, delegdtum ; de, away, 
 from, and legare, to send.] [pp. delegating, 
 delegated.] To send; to depute : — to intrust. 
 
 Del'e-gate, n. One who is sent or deputed by 
 others"; a deputy; & representative. 
 
 Del-e-ga'tion, n. Act of sending away ; a put- 
 ting in commission : — the persons deputed. 
 
 De-lete', v. a. [L. delere, deletum, to destroy.] [pp. 
 deleting, deleted.] To blot out; to erase. 
 
 Del-e-te'rj-ous, a. [Gr. 6rjA7]rrjpio?, harmful ; 
 8r)kr)Tripj a destroyer; SrjAeofxai, I destroy: ap- 
 parently related to L. delere, to destroy.] De- 
 structive ; injurious. 
 
 De-le'tion, n. Act of blotting out; erasure. 
 
 Delft, or Delf, n. Earthen-ware ; counterfeit 
 China ware, originally made at Delft. 
 
 De-lib'er-ate, v. n. [L. deliberare, deliberatum; 
 librar'e, to weigh ; libra, a balance.] [pp. delib- 
 erating, deliberated.] To ponder in the mind ; 
 to think ; to consider. — 2, v. a. To consider. 
 
 De-lib'er-ate, a. Cautious ; considerate. 
 
 De-lib'er-ate-ly, ad. With deliberation. 
 
 De-lib'er-ate-niss, n. Quality of being deliberate. 
 
 De-lib-er-a'tion, n. The act of deliberating ; con- 
 sultation ; thought; deliberateness. 
 
 De-lib'er-a-tive, a. Containing deliberation. 
 
 Del'i-ci-cjr, w. Something delicate; a dainty :— 
 — nicety; softness; refinement; tenderness. 
 
 Del'i-cate, a. [L. delicalus, luxurious; delicere, to 
 allure; delieia, luxury; de, away, and lacere, to 
 entice.] Nice ; dainty ; polite ; soft. 
 
 DeT'i-cate-ly, ad. In a delicate manner. 
 
 De-li"cious (de-lish'us), a. [L. deliciosus. — See 
 Deltcat'k and Delight.] Highly pleasing; very 
 grateful; agreeable; charming. 
 
 De~-li"cious-ly, ad. In a delicious manner. 
 
 De-li"cious-niss, n. Delight; pleasure. 
 
 De-light' '(de-lit'), n. [0. Fr. deletter, L. delectare, 
 to delight ;' freq. of delicere, to entice.— See Del- 
 icate.] Pleasurable emotion ; joy ; great pleas- 
 ure; high satisfaction.— 2, v. a. [pp. delighting, 
 delighted.] To please greatly; to gratify; to 
 charm.— 3, v. n. To have pleasure. 
 
 De-light'ful (de-lit'fiil), a. Highly pleasing. 
 
 De-light' ful-ly, ad. In a delightful manner. 
 
 De-lin'e-ate, v. a. [L. delineare, delinealum, to 
 sketch; lineare, to ■ outline ; linca, a line.] [jyp. 
 delineating, delineated.] To design ; to sketch. 
 
 De-lin-e-a'tion, n. The first draught. 
 
 a, e, i, o, u, y, long; a, e, i, 5, vi, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y,, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
DELINEATOR 
 
 181 
 
 DEMONSTRABLY 
 
 De-lTn'e-a-tor, n. One who delineates. 
 
 De-Lin'quen-cy., n. An omission of duty. 
 
 De-Hn'quent (de-ling'kwent), n. [L. delinqvere, 
 delinquents; linqaere, to leave.] One who fails 
 in duty; an offender. — 2, a. Failing in duty; 
 faulty ; remiss : — neglected, as delinquent taxes. 
 
 Del-i-quesce' (del-e-kwes'), v. a. [L. deliquescere, 
 to melt ; de, away, and Uquescere, to liquefy ; in- 
 ceptive of liqnere, to melt, to flow.] [pp. deli- 
 quescing, deliquesced.] To melt slowly in the 
 air ; to liquefy. 
 
 Del-i-ques'cence, n. A melting in the air. 
 
 Del-i-ques'cent, a. Melting in the air. 
 
 De-li"qui-um (de-lik'we-um), «• [L.] A melting 
 in the air ; deliquescence : — a fainting. 
 
 De-lir'i-ous, a. Light-headed; raving; insane. 
 
 De-Kr'i-ous-ness, n. The state of one raving. 
 
 De-lir'i-um, n. [L. for "insanity;" from dehrus, 
 mad,— literally, out of the furrow; de, from, 
 and lira, a furrow.] A disorder of the intellect; 
 alienation of mind, as in fever; insanity. 
 
 De-lir'i-um tre'mens, n. [L. for "trembling de- 
 lirium."] A disorder of the brain, peculiar to 
 drunkards. 
 
 De-liv'er, v. a. [Fr. delivrer; Late L. deliberare, 
 "to free ; L. de, from, and liberare, to free ; liber, 
 free.] [pp. delivering, delivered.] To set free; 
 to rescue : — to surrender : — to speak ; to utter. 
 
 De-liv'er-anee, v. Release; rescue; delivery. 
 
 De-liv'er-er, n. One wlio delivers. 
 
 De-liv'er-y, n. Act of delivering; deliverance; 
 release ; rescue : — a surrender : — pronunciation : 
 — utterance ; speech : — childbirth. 
 
 Dell, n. I A variant of Dale ; but in the Western 
 United .States the word dells, for rapids in a river, 
 is the dialectic Fr. dalles, water-shoots.] A shady 
 covert; a dale ; a ravine; a dingle. 
 
 Del'phic, «. Relating to Delphi; oracular. 
 
 Del'phine, a. [L. delphinus, Gr. 6eA</u'?, a dolphin 
 (q. v.); Late L. delphinus, dauphin.] Relating 
 to the dauphin of France, or to the dolphin. 
 
 Del'ta, n. ; pi. Del'ta§. [The Greek letter delta is 
 our' d, and the Heb. dalelh; daleth also meaqs a 
 door.] The Greek letter A :— an alluvial tract 
 of country between diverging mouths of a river. 
 
 Del'toid, n. A triangular muscle. — 2, a. Resem- 
 bling the Greek letter delta; triangular. 
 
 De-lude\ v. a. [L. deludere, delusum, to befool; 
 de intensive, and ludere, to jest, to play.] [pp. 
 deluding, deluded.] To impose upon; to de- 
 ceive; to cheat; to disappoint ; to mislead. 
 
 Del'uge (del'hij), n. [Fr. deluge; L. diluvium : dis-, 
 apart, and lucre, to wash.] A general inunda- 
 tion ; an overflowing of water; a flood. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. deluging, deluged.] Toflood; to inundate; 
 to drown; to overwhelm. 
 
 De-lu'§ion (de-lu'zhun), ». Act of deluding; state 
 of being deluded ; deceit; illusion. 
 
 De-lu'sive, \a. Tending to delude ; deceptive; 
 
 De-lu'sp-ry, j illusory. 
 
 Delve, v. a. & r. n. [A.-S. del/an ; Dut. delven : root 
 of Dale.] [pp. delving, delved.]' To dig; to 
 open with a spade. 
 
 Dem'a-gogue (dem'a-gog), v. [Gr. Sijjuaywyos ; 
 drj/jLos, the people, and aywyos, leading; ayen/, to 
 lead.] A ringleader of a faction; a factious 
 orator or agitator. 
 
 De-main', or De-mesne' (de-m"m' or de-men'), n. 
 [Variants of Domain : the spelling demesne comes 
 from a confusion with 0. Fr. viesnee, a house- 
 hold.] A manor-house and adjacent land; es- 
 tate in land. 
 
 De-mand', v. a. [L. demandare, to intrust, — later, 
 to demand ; mandare, to intrust.] [pp. demand- 
 ing, demanded.] To ask with authority ; to 
 claim ; to call for ; to challenge ; to exact. — 2. n. 
 A claim ; a question ; a calling. 
 
 De-mar-ca'tion, v. [Fr. demarcation ; marquer, to 
 mark (q. v.).] Division; boundary. 
 
 De-mean', v. a. [0. Fr. demener, to conduct; 
 mener, to control; L. minare, to drive; minari. 
 
 Demijohr 
 
 to threaten.] [pp. demeaning, demeaned.] To 
 behave ; to conduct : — [from mean in the sense 
 of base] to debase ; to lower. 
 
 De-mean' or, n. Carriage; behavior; conduct. 
 
 Dl'men-cy, n. Loss of mind or understanding; 
 folly ; dementia ; insanity. 
 
 De-ment'ed, a. Insane; mad; infatuated. 
 
 De-men'ti"-a (-she-a), n. [L. for "insanity;" de- 
 mens, dementis, insane ; de, out of, and mens, 
 mind.] Insanity; demency. 
 
 De-mer'it, n. [Late L. demeritum, a fault; de 
 negative, and merere, to deserve ; but de is some- 
 times intensive, whence the Late L., as well as 
 its English and French derivatives, sometimes 
 had the sense of " merit," "good service," " ex- 
 cellence."] Desert of blame ; ill desert. 
 
 De-mesne' (de-men'), n. See Demain. 
 
 Dlm'i (dem'ej. [Fr. demi, half; L. dimidius, half; 
 dis-', apart,"and medius, middle (q. v.).] A prefix 
 or inseparable particle, used in composition, and 
 signifying half; as demi-god, i.e., half-god. 
 
 Dem'i-god, n. A half-divine being; 
 a great hero. 
 
 Dem'i-john (dem'e-jon), n. [Fr. 
 dame-jeanne; Arab, damajana; from 
 Dumaghan, in Persia, once noted 
 for its glass-ware.] A large glass 
 vessel in a case of basket-work. 
 
 De-mi-monde, n. [Fr. ; literally, 
 half-world.] A collective name for 
 lewd women. 
 
 Dem'i-rep, n. [Demi, half, and former English 
 slang rep. for reputation.] A woman of ill or 
 very doubtful character. 
 
 De-mise', n. [Fr. demise, removal, transfer; L. 
 dimittere, dimissum, to dismiss, to send away; 
 dis-, apart, and mitlere, to send. A demise is 
 properly the transfer of authority on the death 
 of a ruler; hence, a death, but chiefly that of 
 a ruler.] Leath of a royal person ; decease. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. demising, demised.] To bequeath ; 
 to will. 
 
 Dem'i-sem-i-qua'ver, n. Half a semiquaver. J 
 
 De-mis'sion'Cde-mlsh'un), n. Relinquishment;^ 
 a transfer. 
 
 De-mit', v. a. [L. demiltere, demismm ; dis-, apart 
 (or de, down), and mitiere, to send.] To transfer : 
 — to resign. — 2, n. A transfer; demission. 
 
 Dem'i-tlnt, n. A sort o! medial or half tint. 
 
 De-moc'ra-cy, «. [Gr Snp.0Kparia, popular rule; 
 '8r)/xos, the people, and Kparetv, to rule, to be 
 strong.] A government administered by the 
 people ; a repiiblic. 
 
 Dem'o-crat, n. One devoted to democracy. 
 
 Dem-o-crat'ic, In. Pertaining to democracy; 
 
 Dem-o-crat'i-cal, j republican ; popular. 
 
 De-mol'ish, v. a. [L. demoliri, detuolitns, to pull 
 down ;' de, down, and moliri, to displace; moles, 
 a heap, labor; through Fr. demolir, dtmolissanl.] 
 [pp. demolishing, demolished ] To throw down ; 
 to destroy. 
 
 Dem-o-H"tion (dem-o lish'un), n. Destruction. 
 
 De'mon, n. [Gr. 6cu>o)v, a spirit.] A spirit : — an 
 evil' spirit; a devil. 
 
 De-mon-e-ti-za'tion, n. The act of demonetizing ; 
 the state of being demonetized. 
 
 De-mon'e-tize, v. a. [L. de, down from, and mo- 
 Jieta, money (g. v.).] [pp. demonetizing, demone- 
 tized.] To divest of the quality of legal tender. 
 
 De-m5'ni-a.c, n. One possessed by a demon. 
 
 De-mo'ni-ac, \ a. [Gr. Sai/AoviaKo*;.] Belong- 
 
 Dlm-o-ni'a-cal, j ing to, or like, a demon or an 
 evil'spirit ; devilish. 
 
 De-mon-ol'a-try, n. [Gr. Sai/xiov, a demon, and 
 \arpeia, service.] Worship of demons. 
 
 De-mon-ol'o-fy, n. [Gr. Saip-uv, a demon, and 
 Aoyo?, a treatise.] A treatise on evil spirits. 
 
 De-mon-stra-bil'i-ty, ) n. The quality of being 
 
 De-mon'stra-ble-ness, J demonstrable. 
 
 De-mon'stra-ble, a. Th^t may be demonstrated. 
 
 De-mon'stra-bly, ad. Evidently; clearly. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 9, <?, 9, g, soft; p, ja, p, §, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 
 
DEMONSTRATE 
 
 188 
 
 DEPARTMENT 
 
 De-mon'strate, v. a. [L. demonstrare, demonstrate ; 
 'dc intensive, and monstirare, to show.] [pp. de- 
 monstrating, demonstrated.] To prove with cer- 
 tainty ; to make evident ; to show by experiment. 
 
 Dem-on-stra'tion, n. The act of demonstrating; 
 indubitable proof. 
 
 De-mon'stra-tive, a. Invincibly conclusive : — 
 excessively unreserved ; energetically expressive. 
 
 De-mon'stra-tive-ly, ad. Clearly; plainly. 
 
 Dem'on-stra-tor, or De-mon'stra-tor [dem'un-, 
 Sm.), n. One who demonstrates. .' 
 
 De-mor-al-i-za'tion, n. Destruction of morals. 
 
 De-mor'al-Ize, v. a. [Fr. demoraliser. — See Mo- 
 rale.]" [pp. demoralizing, demoralized.] To 
 destroy the morals or discipline of. 
 
 De-mot'ic, a. [Gr. Stj/uotikos, of the people ; 5rj- 
 /aoTTjg, a commoner; 6r)/u.o?, the people, or a 
 country district.] Noting a kind of hieroglyph- 
 ical writing of the ancient Egyptians ; popular. 
 
 De-mul'cent, a. [L. deundcere, demulcentis; de, 
 down, and mulcere, to soothe.] Softening; mol- 
 lifying. — 2, u. (Med.) A softening or mollify- 
 ing application or medicine. 
 
 De-mur', v. n. [0. Fr. demeurer, L. demorari, to 
 delay; morari, to wait; mora, delay.] [pp. de- 
 murring, demurred.] To delay ; to pause ; to 
 hesitate : — to object. — 2, n. Doubt ; hesitation ; 
 a pause : — objection. 
 
 De-mure', a. [Fr. de mceurs, having manne:s; 
 but perhaps from Fr. mnr, sober, mature (q. v.).] 
 Decent ; modest :— affectedly modest. 
 
 De-mure'ly, ad. In a demure manner. 
 
 De-mure'ness, n. Affected modesty ; gravity. 
 
 De-mur' raf^e, n. Delay of a vessel :-an allow- 
 ance for' delaying ships or freights. 
 
 De-mur'rer, n. One who demurs. — (Law.) Issue 
 between the plaintiff and the defendant. 
 
 De-my', n. [See Demi.] A particular size of paper. 
 
 Den, n. [A.-S. demi, a cave, denu, a valley. — Of. 
 0. Dut. deuue, a cave, a floor ; Ger. ferine, a floor.] 
 A cavern ; the care of a wild beast.— 2, v. u. [pp. 
 denning, denned.] To dwell as in a den. 
 
 Den'a-ry, a. [L. denarius; dent, ten by ten.] Con- 
 taining ten. — 2, n. Ten. 
 
 De-na"tion-al-Ize (de-nash'un-al-Iz), v. a. [De 
 partitive, and National.] [ pp. denationalizing, 
 denationalized.] To deprive of national rights. 
 
 De-nat'u-ral-Ize, v. a. [De partitive, and Natu- 
 ralize.] ' [pp. denaturalizing, denaturalized.] 
 To make unnatural. 
 
 Den'drite, n. [Gr. SevSpof, a tree.] (Mint.) A 
 mineral having figures of trees or shrubs. 
 
 Den-drlt'ic, \ a. Veined like the leaves of 
 
 Den-drit'i-cal, J trees :— branched like a tree. 
 
 Den-drol'o-gy, n. [Gr. SevSpov, a tree, and Adyos, 
 a treatise.] A treatise on trees ; study of trees. 
 
 Dengue (den'ga), n. [Sp. for "prudery," "stiff- 
 ness," from the constrained movements of the 
 patient.] An epidemic fever. 
 
 De-ni'al, n. Negation ; refusal ; abjuration. 
 
 Den'inis (or de-nlmz'), n. A coarse cotton fabric. 
 
 Den'i-zen (den'e-zn), n. [0. Fr. demzein, from 
 dei'nz, within ; opposed to forein, foreign. Deinz 
 (Fr. dans) is from L. de intus, from within.] A 
 foreigner enfranchised: — a citizen. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. denizening, denizened.] To enfranchise. 
 
 De-nom'i-nate, v. a. [L. denominate, denominates; 
 nomen, nominis, a name.] [pp. denominating, 
 denominated.] To confer a name upon, or give 
 a name to ; to name; to style; to entitle. 
 
 De-nom'i-nate, a. Concrete : — not abstract. 
 
 De-nom-i-na'tion, n. Act of naming; a name : — 
 a sect or class,' as of Christians. [tion. 
 
 De-nom-i-na'tion-al, a. Eelating to a denomina- 
 
 De-nom'i-na-tor, n. One who names. — (Vulgar 
 Fractions.) The number below the line. 
 
 Den-o-ta'tion, n. The act of denoting. 
 
 De-note', v'. a. [L. denotare, to mark out ; de, 
 down, and nature, to mark; nota, a mark, a 
 note.] [pp. denoting, denoted.] To mark; to 
 signify; to betoken. 
 
 Denouement (den-S-mang), n. [Fr. denouei; to 
 untie; de for L. dis-, apart, and nouer, to tie; 
 noue, L. nodus, a knot.] The discovery of the 
 plot of a drama or poem. 
 
 De-nbunce', V. a. [Fr. denoncer ; L. denuntiare, de- 
 nuntiatum, to declare; nunliure, to announce; 
 nwntius, a messenger.] [pp. denouncing, de- 
 nounced.] To threaten and censure publicly ; 
 to condemn ; to accuse ; to censure. 
 
 De-nounce'ment, n. Denunciation. 
 
 Dense, a. [L. densus, thick.] Close; compact; 
 thick ; solid. [dense. 
 
 Dense'ly., ad. In a dense manner; so as to be 
 
 Dense'ness, \ n. The quality of being close, coin- 
 
 Den'si-tx, J pact, or thick : — closeness ; compact- 
 ness". 
 
 Dent, v. a. [See Dint.] [pp. denting, dented.] 
 To mark with a dent ; to indent. — 2, n. A mark ; 
 an indentation. 
 
 Den'tal, a. [L. dens, dentis, a tooth.] Belonging 
 to the teeth. — 2, n. A letter pronounced prin- 
 cipally by the agency of the teeth. The dentals 
 are d, s, t, z, and th. 
 
 Den' tate, or Den'tat-ed, a. Pointed like teeth. 
 
 Den-ta'tion, n- Formation of teeth. 
 
 Den'ti-cle, v. [L. dentiadus. dim. of dews, a tooth.] 
 An ornament resembling a tooth ; a projecting 
 point; dentil. 
 
 Den-tic'u-late, \a. Set with or having small 
 
 Den-tic'u-lat-ed, j teeth. 
 
 Den'ti-frice. n. [L. dentifricinm ; dens, deniis, a 
 tooth, and fricare, to rub.] 
 A powder for the teeth. 
 
 Den'til, or Den'tile, n. [See 
 
 Den'tist, n. [L. dens, deniis, a Dentil, 
 
 tooth.] A surgeon for the teeth. 
 
 Den'tis-try, n. The business of a dentist. 
 
 Den-ti"tion, n. The breeding of teeth ; teething. 
 
 Dgn'ture, n. [Fr.] An artificial tooth or set of 
 teeth. 
 
 De-nu'date, v. a. [pp. denudating, denudated], 
 or De-nude', v. a. [pp. denuding, denuded.] 
 [L. denudare, denudatum; nudere, to lay bare; 
 nudus, naked.] To strip; to lay baie. 
 
 De-nun'ci-ate (de-nun'she-at), v. a. [See De- 
 nounce!] [pp. denunciating, denundated.] To 
 denounce; to threaten : — to stigmatize. 
 
 De-nun-ci-a'tion (de-nun-she-r/shun), n. [L. de- 
 nuntiatio.] Act of denouncing; public menace. 
 
 De-nun'ci-a-to-ry (de-nun'she-a-to-re), a. Con- 
 taining'deniinciation ; censorious. 
 
 De-ny', v. a. [Fr. denier ; L. denegare; de, fully, 
 and negare, to deny.] [pp. denying, denied.] 
 To contradict ; to disown ; to refuse. 
 
 De-ob'stru-ent, a. [L. de, implying reversal, and 
 obstruere, to obstruct.] Eemoviug obstructions. 
 — 2, w. An aperient medicine. 
 
 De'o-dand, n. [L. deo, to God, dandnm, to be 
 given; dare, to give.] A thing forfeited to God. 
 
 De-o-dar', n. [East Indian for "divine tree."] An 
 Asiatic cedar-tree. 
 
 De-o-dor-i-za'tion, n. The act of deodorizing. 
 
 De-o'dor-ize, v. a. [L. de, implying reversal, and 
 'odor, smell.] [pp. deodorizing, deodorized.] To 
 deprive of (.dor. 
 
 De-on-tol'o-iry, n. [Gr. Se'ov, due, and Ad-yo?, a 
 treatise.]' The science of duty ; ethics. [gen. 
 
 De-ox-i-da'tion, n. The process of extracting oxy- 
 
 De-ox'i-dize, v. a. [L. de. implying reversal, and 
 Oxidize.] [pp. deoxidizing, deoxidized.] To 
 deprive of oxygen ; to reduce from the state of 
 an oxide ; to deoxidate. 
 
 De-part', v. w. [Fr. depariir ; L. de, away, and 
 partiri, to separate ; pars, partis, a part.] [ pp. de- 
 parting, departed.] To go away ; to leave ; to die. 
 
 De-part'ing, n. A going away ; separation. 
 
 De-part'ment, «. [Fr. department.] A province 
 or territorial division : — a division of executive 
 government :— separate part, office, or division. 
 
 a, e, I, 5, u, y, long; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y,, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
DEPABTMENTAL 
 
 189 
 
 DEKELICT 
 
 Dep-art-ment'al. a. Relating to a department. 
 
 De-part'ure (de-part'yur), n. A going away; 
 start :— a forsaking : — death ; decease. 
 
 De-pend', v. n. [L. dependere; de, down, and 
 pendere, to hang.] [pp. depending, depended.] 
 To hang from : — to rely ; to adhere ; to be con- 
 ditioned. 
 
 De-pend' ant, n. [Fr. ; pres. part, of dependre, to 
 depend.'] One who is subordinate or dependent : 
 — written also dependent. 
 
 De-pend'ence, \n. State of being subordinate; 
 
 De-pend'en-cy, J connection ; reliance. 
 
 De-pend'en-cy, n. A subject country or province. 
 
 De-pend'ent, a. [L. dependens, dependents, pres. 
 part, of' dependere, to depend (q. v.).] Hanging 
 down; subordinate. — 2, n. One subordinate; a 
 dependant. 
 
 De-pict', v. a. [L. depingere, depictum; pingere, to 
 paint.] [pp. depicting, depicted.] To paint; 
 to portray ; to describe. 
 
 De-pict'ure (de-pikt'yur), v. a. [pp. depicturing, 
 'depictured.] * To depict. 
 
 Dep'i-late, v. a. [L. depUarc, depilatum; de, away, 
 and pUare, to pluck out hairs; pihis, a hair.] 
 [pp. depilating, depilated.] To pull off hair. 
 
 De-pll'a-to-ry, a. Taking away the hair.— 2, n. 
 That which takes away hair. 
 
 De-plete', v. a. [L. deplere, devletum, to empty; 
 'de negative, and plere, to fill.] [ pp. depleting, 
 depleted.] To let blood; to exhaust. 
 
 De-ple'tion, m. An emptying; a blood-letting. 
 
 De-plo'ra-ble, a. That is to be deplored ; lamen- 
 table ; sad ; calamitous ; grievous. 
 
 De-plo'ra-bly, ad. Lamentably ; miserably. 
 
 Dep-lo-ra'tion, n. The act of deploring; grief 
 
 De-plore', v. a. [L. plorure, deplorare, to bewail.] 
 tpp. deploring, deplored.] To lament ; to bewail. 
 
 De-ploy', v. a. & v. v. [Fr. dCploger, to unroll, 
 ployer, L. plicare, to fuld.] [pp. deploying, de- 
 ployed.] To display ; to unfold ; to extend. 
 
 De-po'lar-ize, v. a. [L. de, implying reversal, 
 and Polarize.] [ pp. depolarizing, depolarized.] 
 To deprive of polarity. 
 
 De-po'nent, n. [L. deponere, deposition, to lay 
 down, to put aside,— 'ater, to testify; de, down, 
 and ponere, to place ; ponere is said to be for pout 
 sinere, to put behind.] {Law.) One who makes 
 a deposition.— (Gram.) A deponent verb. — 2, a. 
 Noting Latin verbs which have a passive farm, 
 but an active meaning. 
 
 De-pop'i-late, v. a. [L. depopulare, depopulation; 
 popidare, to lay waste; papains, people.] [pp. 
 depopulating, depopulated.] To dispeople ; to 
 lay waste. [inhabitants. 
 
 De-pop-u-la'tion, n. Expulsion or destruction of 
 
 De-p5rt\ v. a. \li. deporlare ; de, away, and portare, 
 to carry.] [pp. deporting, deported.] To carry 
 off : — to demean ; to behave. 
 
 Dep-or-ta/tion, n. Transportation ; exile. 
 
 De-port'ment, n. Manner of conducting one's 
 self; carriage; conduct; demeanor. 
 
 De-po'sal, n. The act of depriving of office. 
 
 De-pose', v. a. [Fr. dtposer; L. de negative, and 
 pausare, to pause, — later, to place; influenced 
 by deponere, deposition, to set down. — See De- 
 posit.] [pp. deposing, deposed.] To degrade; 
 to divest of office.— 2, v. n. [See Deponent.] 
 To bear witness ; to testify. 
 
 De-pos/it, V. a. [L. deponere, deposition, to lay 
 'down. — See Deponent.] [pp. depositing, de- 
 posited.] To lay down; to lodge; to place. — 
 2, n. That which is deposited; a pledge; a 
 security : — a depository. 
 
 De-pSs'i-ta-ry, >:. [Fr. dtpositaire.] One to whom 
 a thing is intrusted : — one who receives goods 
 or money in trust. 
 
 Dep-o-si"tion (dep o-zish'un), n. [L. deposiHo. — 
 See' Deponent.] The act'of deposing : — the tes- 
 timony of a witness or deponent reduced to 
 writing and signed :— dethronement. 
 
 De-pos'i-tor, n. One who makes a deposit. 
 
 De-pos'i-to-ry, n. A place for depositing. 
 
 Depot (de-po', often de'po) [de-po' or dep'o, St. N. ; 
 da-po', Ja. Sin.), n. [Fr. depot, 0. Fr. depost, a 
 store; L. depositum, a deposit (q. v.).] A place 
 of deposit ; a magazine : — a place for stopping 
 and starting on a railroad; a station-house. 
 
 Dep-ra-va/tion, n. Corruption; depravity. 
 
 De-prave', v. a. [L. depravare, to make crooked; 
 'de intensive, and pravus, crooked.] [pp. de- 
 praving, depraved.] To make bad; to corrupt. 
 
 De-praved', p- »• Vicious; wicked: — vitiated. 
 
 De-prav'i-ty, n. State of being depraved ; depra- 
 vation ; moral corruption ; a vitiated state. 
 
 Dep're-cate, v. a. |L. dtprecuri, deprecatus; de, 
 away, and precari, to pray ; prex, precis, a 
 prayer.] [pp. deprecating, deprecated.] To beg 
 or pray against. 
 
 Dep-re-ca'tion, n. Prayer against evil. 
 
 Dep're-ca-tive, ) a. That serves to deprecate ; 
 
 Dep're-ca-to-ry, j entreating. 
 
 De-pre'ci-ate (de-prl-'she-^t), v a. [L. depretiare, 
 deprelialum ; de, from, and pretivm, price.] [pp. 
 depreciating, depreciated.] To lower in price ; 
 to lessen in value; to disparage.— 2, o. u. To fall 
 in value. 
 
 De-pre-ci-a'tion (de-pre-she-a'shun), n. Act of 
 depreciating': — decrease of value. 
 
 De-pre'ci-a-tive, \a~ Undervaluing; tending to 
 
 De-pre'ci-a-to-ry, J disparagement. 
 
 Dep're-d'ate, v- a. [L. deprsedari, deprsedatum, to 
 rob;' prsedari, to pillage; prseda, booty.] [pp. 
 depredating, depredated.] To rob; to pillage; 
 to lay waste. — 2, r. n. To plunder. 
 
 Dep-re-da'tion, n. A robbing; a spoiling. 
 
 Dep're-da-tor, n. A robber; a plunderer. 
 
 De-prgss', v. a. [L. deprimere, depressum, to press 
 down. — See Press.] [pp. depressing, depressed.] 
 To cast down ; to humble; to deject ; to dispirit; 
 to discourage : — to press downward. 
 
 De-pres'sion (de-presh'un , n. Act of depressing : 
 —a hollow : — melancholy , dejection. 
 
 De-pri'val, n. Loss ; deprivation. 
 
 Dep-ri-va'tion, n. Act of depriving; loss. 
 
 De-prive', v. a. [L de, fully, and privare, to di- 
 vest. — See Private ] [pp. depriving, depiived.] 
 To take from ; to bereave :— to divest of a benefice. 
 
 De-prlv'er, »/. He who or that which deprives. 
 
 Dgpth, n." [Icel. d/rpt; Dut. diepte ; Goth, daupitha. 
 — See Deep.] Distance below the surface; deep- 
 ness : — middle : — abstruseness : — sagacity. 
 
 Dep'u-rate, v. a. [L. de, fully, and pitrare, pu- 
 ration, to purify ; pnnis, pure {q. r.).] [pp. de- 
 purating, depurated.] To purify; to cleanse. 
 
 Dep-ii-ta'tion, n. Act of deputing, commission: 
 — the persons deputed ; delegation. 
 
 De-pute', v. a. [Fr. dtputer ; L. chputare, to cut 
 off, — later, to select; de, away, and putare, to 
 esteem, to prune, to arrange.] [pp. deputing, 
 deputed.] To send with a special commission; 
 to empower to act; to delegate. — 2, a. Dele- 
 gated ; acting, [r.] [depute. [U.S.] 
 
 Dep'u-tize, v. a. [pp. deputizing, deputized.] To 
 
 Dep'u-ty, n. [Fr. depute.] One appointed to act 
 for another; a representative: — a lieutenant; a 
 viceroy. 
 
 De-rail', r. a. & v. n. [De, implying separation, 
 "and Rail.] [ pp. derailing, derailed.] To throw 
 from the rails : — to run off the rails. 
 
 De-rail'ment, n. The act of derailing; state of 
 being derailed. 
 
 De-rangV, v. a. [Fr. deranger ; L. dis- negative, 
 and Fr. ranger, to range (q. v.).] [pp. de- 
 ranging, deranged.] To disorder; to disarrange. 
 
 De-ranged' (de-ranjd'), p. a. Displaced; mis- 
 placed: — disordered in mind; insane. 
 
 De-rangVment, n. Act of deranging; disarrange- 
 ment : — mental disorder; insanity. 
 
 Der'e-Hct, n. [L. derelinquere, derelictus, to aban- 
 don; de intensive, and relinquere, to leave.] 
 (Law.) Any thing forsaken, cast away, or left 
 by the owner. — 2, a. Relinquished ; forsaken. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — Q, Q, c, £•, soft; p, p, c, §, hard; §osz; ? as gz ; this. 
 
DEKELICTION 
 
 190 
 
 DESOLATION 
 
 Der-e-tfc'tion, n. Act of forsaking; neglect of 
 duty ;_ abandonment. 
 
 De-ride', t'. a. [L. deridere, derisum; de intensive, 
 and ridere, to laugh.] [pp. deriding, derided.] 
 To scoff at; to mock; to jeer; to ridicule. 
 
 De-ri"sion (de-rizh'un), n. [L. derisio.] The act 
 of deriding or laughing at; mockery; ridicule. 
 
 De-rl'sive, c Containing derision ; mocking. 
 
 De-ri'sive-ly, ad. Mockingly ; insultingly. 
 
 De-rl'so-ry, a. Mocking; ridiculing; derisive. 
 
 De-rlv'a-ble, a. That may be derived ; deducible. 
 
 Der-i-va'tion, n. Act of deriving; deduction. 
 
 De-rlv'a-tlve, a. Derived from another. — 2, n. 
 The thing or word derived. 
 
 De-riv'a-tive-ly., ad. By derivation. 
 
 De-rlve\ v. a. [L. derivare, deriyatom, to drain off; 
 de, off, and rims, a stream.] [pp. deriving, de- 
 rived.] To deduce ; to draw ; to trace. — 2, v. n. 
 To take origin ; to be deduced. 
 
 Derm, n. [Gr. Sep/Jia, the skin ; Sipetv, to flay.] 
 The skin or integument of animals. 
 
 Der-ma-tol'o-gist, n. One versed in dermatology. 
 
 Der-ma-tol'o-£y., n. [Gr. dipfxa, SepjuaTos, the 
 skin,' and Xoyos, a treatise.] A treatise on the 
 skin ; science of the skin and its diseases. 
 
 Dernier (dern-yar' or der'ne-er), a. [Fr. ; from L. 
 de retro, of or from the rear.] Last: — used in 
 the nhrase dernier resort (or ressort). 
 
 Der'o-gate, v. a. [L. derogare, derogation.'; de, 
 away, and roc/are, to ask.] [pp. derogating, 
 derogated.] To disparage; to diminish. — 2, v. u. 
 To detract ; to take away. 
 
 Der-o-ga'tion, n. A defamation; detraction :— a 
 subtraction from, or other alteration made on, a 
 contract. 
 
 De-rog'a-to-ry, a. Tending to degrade ; de- 
 grading ;' detracting ; dishonoring. 
 
 Der'rick, n. [Named from one Derrick, a hang- 
 man at Tyburn ; Derrick is the 
 same as Dietrich or Theodoric; 
 from Goth, thiuda, the people, 
 and reiks, chief.] (Xaut.) A 
 tackle consisting of a double 
 and single block.— (Arch.) A 
 machine for raising heavy 
 weights. 
 
 Der'rin-ger, n. [After the in- 
 ventor.]' A short-barrelled pis- 
 tol carrying a large ball. 
 
 Der'vis, or Der'vish, n. [Per. 
 darvish, poor, or a monk ] An 
 Oriental priest or monk. 
 
 Des'cant, n. [0. Fr. descant, deschant; L. dls-, 
 apart, and cantos, a song. — See Chant.] A part 
 in a song : — a discourse ; a dispute. 
 
 Des-cant'. v. n. [pp. descanting, descanted.] To 
 sing : — to discourse. 
 
 De-scend' (de-send'), v v. [L. descendere, descen- 
 sum ; de, down, and scandere, scanswv, to climb.] 
 [pp. descending, descended.] To move down. 
 
 De-scend'ant, n. Offspring of an ancestor. 
 
 De-scend'ent, a. Falling; descending. 
 
 De-scen'sion (de-sen'shun). n. Act of descending. 
 
 De-scent' (de-sent'), n.' Movement downward; 
 declivity :— invasion :— birth; extraction. 
 
 De-scrib'a-ble, a. That may be described. 
 
 De-scribe', v. a. [L. describere; de, down, and 
 'scribere, scriptom, to write.] [pp. describing, 
 described.] To define by properties; to repre- 
 sent by words ; to delineate. 
 
 De-scrip'tion. n. [L. descriptio.] The act of de- 
 scribing ; delineation ; representation. 
 
 De-scrip'tive, a. Containing description. 
 
 De-scry', v. a. [Fr. decrire, 0. Fr. descrivre; L. 
 describere (see Describe), to write down, — hence, 
 to blazon ; it gradually acquired the meaning 
 of discern, with which it was popularly con- 
 founded.] [pp. descrying, descried.] To spy out , 
 to discover. 
 
 Des'e-crate, v. a. [L. desecrare, desecrutum: de, 
 and sacrare, to hallow ; sacer, sacred.] [pp. dese- 
 
 Derrick. 
 
 crating, desecrated.] To profane by misapplica- 
 tion : — to divert from a sacred purpose. 
 
 Des-e-cra'tion, n. The act of desecrating. 
 
 Des'ert, n. A wilderness ; solitude; waste. — 2, o. 
 Barren; unpeopled; desolate; wild; waste. 
 
 De-sert', v. a. [L. deserere, desertvm, to unbind, 
 to abandon.] [pp. deserting, deserted.] To for- 
 sake ; to abandon ; to leave. — 2, v. n. To run 
 away clandestinely. — 3, n. [0. Fr. deserle. — See 
 Deserve.] Claim to reward or punishment; 
 merit or demerit, 
 
 De-sert'er, n. One who deserts. 
 
 De-ser'tion, n. Act of deserting; dereliction. 
 
 De-serve', v. n. [L. deservire, to serve well, — later, 
 to merit ; de intensive, and servire, to serve (q. v.).] 
 [pp. deserving, deserved.] To be worthy of good 
 or ill. — 2, v. a. To be worthy of; to merit. 
 
 De-serv'ed-lx, ad. Worthily; justly. 
 
 De-serv'ing, a. Worthy; meritorious. 
 
 Dgs-ha-b'ille' [dez'a-b5l, St. ; dis-a-bil', H. ; des'- 
 a-bel', Wb.], n. Undress. See Dishabille. 
 
 De-sic'cate [des'e-kat, Wb. St. Johnson], v. a. [L. 
 desiccare, desiccation, to dry ; de intensive, and 
 siccare, to dry; siccus, dry.} [pp. desiccating, 
 desiccated.] To dry up. — 2, v. n. To grow dry. 
 
 Des-ic-ca'tion, n. The act of making dry. 
 
 De-stc'ca-tive, a. Having power to dry. [cates. 
 
 Des'ic-ca-tor, n. One who, or that which, desic- 
 
 De-sid'er-ate, v. a. [See Desire.] [pp. desider- 
 ating;,' desiderated.] To want ; to desire : — to lack. 
 
 De-sid'er-|-tive, a. Implying desire. 
 
 De-sid-er-a'tum, n. ; pi. De-sid-er-a'ta. [L.] 
 Something not possessed, but desired or wanted ; 
 a thing wanted. 
 
 De-sign' [de-zin', S. E. Ja. H. K.], v. a. [L. de- 
 signare; de, down, and signare, to mark; signufm, 
 a mark, a sign.] [pp. designing, designed.] To 
 purpose: to intend; to plan; to piqject; to 
 sketch out; to delineate. — 2, n. An intention ; a 
 purpose ; a scheme ; a plan of action ; a sketch. 
 
 Des'ig-nate, v. a. [L. designare, designation. — See 
 Design.] [pp. designating, designated.] To 
 point out ; to mark. [name or title. 
 
 Des-ig-na'tion, n. Appointment ; direction ; a 
 
 De-sign'ed-ly (de-sTn'ed-le), ad. Purposely. 
 
 De-sign'er (de-sin'ei), n. One who designs : — one 
 who forms a plan, &c. 
 
 De-sTgn'ing (de-sin'jng,) p. a. Insidious ; artful. — 
 2, n. The act of delineating objects ; delineation. 
 
 De-§ir's.-ble, a. Worthy of desh'e; pleasing. 
 
 De-sire\ n. [Fr. desir, L. desiderium, wish ; L. 
 'desiderare, Fr. desirer, to wish : like Consider, 
 these words are obscurely related to L. sidus, 
 siderii, a star.] Wish ; eagerness to obtain. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. desiring, desired.] To wish ; to 
 long for; to covet. 
 
 De-sir'ous, a. Full of desire; eager; longing. 
 
 De-slr'ous-ly, ad. Eagerly ; with desire. 
 
 De-slr'ous-ness. n. Fulness of desire. 
 
 De-sist' [de-zisf, S.], v. n. [L. desistere ; de, away, 
 and sistere, to place ; a causal form of stare, to 
 stand.] [pp. desisting, desisted.] To cease from; 
 to stop ; to forbear. 
 
 De-sist'ance, n. Desisting; cessation. 
 
 Dgsk, n.' [A variant of Disk and Dish. — Cf. Ger. 
 tisch, a table.] An inclining table for writers or 
 readers : — a kind 
 of rostrum ; a 
 pulpit. 
 
 Des'man, n. [Dan 
 & Sw. desman, , 
 musk.] The Eu- 
 ropean musk-rat. 
 
 Des'o-late, v. a. 
 
 [L.' desolare, desolatum ; de intensive, and soJare, 
 to lay waste, to make lonely ; solus, alone.] [pp. 
 desolating, desolated.] To depopulate; to rav- 
 age, [lonely; comfortless. 
 
 Des'o-late, a. Laid waste; uninhabited; solitary; 
 
 Des-o-la'tion n. The act of desolating; a desolate 
 place ; loneliness ; destruction ; devastation. 
 
 [, e, i, o, u, y, long; a, e, l, o, u, y. short; a, e, i, o, u, y., obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her ; 
 
DESPAIE 
 
 191 
 
 DETEKSION 
 
 De-spair', n. [Fr. desespoir. — See Desperate.] 
 'Hopeless state; despondence. — 2, v. n. [pp. de- 
 spairing, despaired.] To be hopeless; to de- 
 spond ; to give up hope. 
 
 De-spair'Lig-ly, ad. In a despairing manner. 
 
 De-spatch', or Dis-patch', v. a. [Fr. depicher, 0. 
 Fr. despescher ; L. dis- negative, and pedicure, to 
 hinder; pedica, a fetter; pes, pedis, the foot.] 
 [pp. despatching, despatched.] To send away 
 hastily ; to hasten : — to kill : — to finish. — 2, n. 
 Haste; express; message; speed. 
 
 Des-pe-ra/do [des-pe-ra/do, Ja.], n. ; pi. Des-pe- 
 ra'd'oes. [Sp. for "desperate."] A. bold. and. 
 reckless criminal. 
 
 Des'per-ate, a. [L. desperare, desperatum, to de- 
 spair; "de, away, and sperare, to hope; spes, 
 hope.] Hopeless; mad; furious. 
 
 Des'per-ate-ly, ad. Hopelessly; furiously. 
 
 Des-per-a'tion, n. Absence of hope; despair. 
 
 Des'pi-ca-ble, a. [L. despicabilis. — See Despise.] 
 That may be despised; base ; mean; contemp- 
 tible ; viie ; worthless. 
 
 Des'pi-ca-ble-ness, n. Meanness ; vileness. 
 
 Des'pi-ca-bly, ad. In a despicable manner. 
 
 De-splse\ v. a. [L. despicere ; de, down, and spe- 
 cere, spectum, to look.j [pp. despising, despised.] 
 To scorn; to contemn; to disdain. 
 
 De-spis/er, n. A contemner ; a scorner. 
 
 De-spite', n. [0. Fr. despit, Fr. depit, L. despectus, 
 contempt. — See Despise.] Malice ; malignity : 
 — defiance.— 2, prep. In spite of. 
 
 De-spite'ful, a. Malicious; full of spleen. 
 
 De-splte'ful-ly, ad. Maliciously. 
 
 De-spoil', v. a. [L. despoliare ; de intensive, and 
 spoliare, to spoil, to rob; spolium, booty.] [pp. 
 despoiling, despoiled.] To rob; to deprive; to 
 divest; to plunder; to spoil utterly. 
 
 De-spo-li-a/tion, n. The act of despoiling. 
 
 De-spond', v. n. [L. despondere, to give up; de, 
 implying negation or failure, and spnudere, to 
 promise.] [pp. desponding, desponded.] To 
 lose hope ; to despair. — 2, n. Despondency ; 
 despair. [dejection; despair. 
 
 De-spond'en-cy, n. Loss of hope; hopelessness; 
 
 De-spond'ent, a. Despairing; hopeless. 
 
 De-spond'ing-ly, ad. In a hopeless manner. 
 
 Des'pot, n. [Gr. SeanoT7]<;. — Of. Skr. pati, master; 
 L. potcns, powerful.] An absolute sovereign; a 
 tyrant; a tyrannical ruler. 
 
 Des-pot'ic, \a. Relating to despotism; abso- 
 
 Des-pot'i-cal, j lute; arbitrary; tyrannical. 
 
 Des-pot'i-cal-ly, ad. In a despotic manner. 
 
 Des'pot-ism, n. Absolute power : — tyranny. 
 
 Des-pu-ma'tion, n. Scum; frothiness. 
 
 Des-qua-ma'tion, n. [L. desquamure, desguamatum, 
 to scale off; de, off, and squama, a scale.] A 
 scaling off; that which scales off. 
 
 Des-sert', n. [Fr. ; from desservir, to remove, as 
 plates from the table ; des- negative, and servir, 
 to serve.] A service of fruits after meals. 
 
 Des-sert'-spoon, n. A spoon intermediate be- 
 tween a teaspoon and a tablespoon. 
 
 Des-ti-na'tion, n. The act of destining ; purpose ; 
 fate; end;' design; destiny; journey's end. 
 
 Des'tine, v. a. [L. destinare, destinatum, to fix, to 
 destine; destina, a prop, a support, a fixture: 
 root of Stand.] [pp. destining, destined.] To 
 doom; to appoint; to devote. [cessity ; doom. 
 
 Des'ti-ny, n. [Fr. destinee.] Fate; invincible ne- 
 
 Des'ti-tGte, a. [L. destituere, destitvtnm, to leave 
 alone ; de, away, and statuere, to place : root of 
 Stand.] Devoid ; needy ; very poor. 
 
 Des-ti-tu'tion, n. State of being destitute ; pov- 
 erty :— deprivation. 
 
 De-strby', v. a. [L. deslruere, destrvclvm; de, im- 
 plying reversal, and struere, to build.] [pp. de- 
 stroying, destroyed.] To lay waste; to ruin ; to 
 kill ; to overthrow ; to demolish. 
 
 De-stroy'er, n. One who destroys. [ible. 
 
 De-strfict-i-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being destruct- 
 
 De-strflct'i-ble,'a. ' Capable of being destroyed. 
 
 De-struc'tion, n. The act of destroying; extinc- 
 tion; a killing; ruin; overthrow. 
 
 De-strQc'tive, a. Causing destruction ; deadly. 
 
 De-struc'tive-ly, ad. In a destructive manner. 
 
 De-strfic'tive-ness, n. Quality of destroying : — 
 propensity to destroy. 
 
 Des'ue-tude (des'we-tud), n. '[L. desuetvdo ; de, 
 implying cessation, and suescere, inceptive of 
 suere, to be accustomed.] Discontinuance of 
 habit; disuse. 
 
 Des'ul-to-ri-ly, ad. In a desultory manner. 
 
 Bes'ul-to-ry, a. [L. desnltoriax, a horse used by a 
 professional leaper; also, fickle, inconstant; de- 
 svltor, a leaper from horse to horse, a fickle per- 
 son ; desilere, desultum, to leap down ; de, down, 
 and salire, to leap.] Loose ; unconnected; unset- 
 tled ; immethodical ; cursory ; slight. 
 
 De-tach', v. a. [Fr. detacher; de-, apart, and 
 -tacher, to fasten ; -tacher is kindred to Tack. — 
 See Attach.] [pp. detaching, detached.] To 
 separate ; to send off. 
 
 De-tach'ment, n. Act of detaching :— a thing de- 
 tached; a body of troops detached. 
 
 De-tail', v. a. [Fr. dttaUkr ; d/-, off, and tailler, 
 to cut.] [pp. detailing, detailed.] To relate 
 particularly :— to appoint for special duties. 
 
 De-tail', or De'tail, n. A minute account; re- 
 cital ; narration : — a minute particular : — a small 
 detachment of troops. 
 
 De-tain', v. a. [L. delinere, detentum; de, away, 
 and tenere, to hold.] [pp. detaining, detained.] 
 To withhold ; to keep ; to hold. 
 
 De-tain'er, n. lie who or that which detains: — 
 detention; unlawful possession. 
 
 De-tain'ment, n. Act of detaining ; detention. 
 
 De-tect', v.'a. [L. detegere, detectum; de reversive, 
 and tegere, to cover.] [pp. detecting, detected.] 
 To lay bare what was concealed; to discover; to 
 find out; to convict. 
 
 De-tec'tion. «. [L. detectio. — See Detect.] Discov- 
 ery, especially the discovei-y of guilt or wrong. 
 
 De-tec'tive, a. That detects ; discovering. — 2, n. 
 An officer on secret service. 
 
 De-tent', n. [See Detain.] A stop in a machine. 
 
 De-ten'tion, w. [L. detentio.] Act or period of 
 keeping'; restraint :— confinement :— delay. 
 
 De-ter', v. a. [L. deterrere, to frighten off; de, 
 away, and terrere, to frighten. — See Terror.] 
 [pp. deterring, deterred.] To discourage by ter- 
 ror ; to hinder. 
 
 De-ter£e\ v. a. [L. detergere, detersum, to cleanse; 
 'de, off, and tergere, to wipe.] [pip. deterging, 
 deterged.] To cleanse, as a sore. 
 
 De-ter' fent, a. Tending to cleanse ; detersive. — 
 2, n. That which cleanses. 
 
 De-te'ri-o-rate, v. a. [L. deteriorare, deterioratvm, 
 to grow worse; deterior, worse (from de, on type 
 of interior, from in).] [pp. deteriorating, dete- 
 riorated.] To make worse. — 2, v. n. To grow 
 worse. [of growing worse. 
 
 De-te-ri-o-ra'tion, n. Aft of making worse ; state 
 
 De-ter'nu-na-bfe, a. That may be determined. 
 
 De-ter' mi-nant, n. That which determines or in- 
 dicates. 
 
 De-ter'mi-nate, a. Definite; decisive; fixed. — 
 (Bot.) Pertaining to terminal buds. 
 
 De-t'er-mi-na'tion, n. Act of determining; di- 
 rection ; resolution ; decision : — termination. 
 
 De-ter'mi-na-tive, a. Directing to an end. 
 
 De-ter'mine, v. a. [L. delerminare, determination; 
 'de, fully, and terminare, to limit; terminus, a 
 limit.] [pp. determining, determined.] To fix 
 permanently; to settle; to adjust; to conclude; 
 to limit; to resolve on; to decide : — to cause to 
 cease. — 2, v. u. To conclude ; to end : — to decide. 
 
 De-ter'mined, p. a. Decided : — resolute. 
 
 De-ter'min-ism, n. The opinion that the human 
 will is not free, but is determined by motives. 
 
 De-ter'mi-nist, n. {Met.) One who maintains 
 that the will is determined by motives. 
 
 De-ter' sion, n. [See Deterge.] Act of cleansing. 
 
 mien, sir ; m8ve, nor, son ; bull, biir, rule, use. — Q, g-, 5, £, soft; p, p, p, g, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; tnis. 
 
DETERSIVE 
 
 192 
 
 DIABETES 
 
 De-ter'sive, a. Having power to cleanse. — 2, re. 
 A cleansing application. 
 
 De-test', v. a. [L. detestari, to execrate; de in- 
 tensive, and testari, to make oath.— See Test.] 
 [pp. detesting, detested.] To hate ; to abhor; to 
 abominate. 
 
 De-test'a-ble, a. Tbat may be detested ; odious: 
 —hateful ; execrable ; abominable. 
 
 De-test'a-bly, ad. Hatefully ; abominably. 
 
 Det-es-ta'tion, ». Hatred ; abhorrence. 
 
 De-throne', V. a. [De, down, and Throne.] [pp. 
 dethroning, dethroned.] To depose from a 
 tbrone; to divest of regality. 
 
 De-throne' ment, n. The act of dethroning. 
 
 Det'o-nate, v. n. & v. a. [L. detonare, detonation, 
 to thunder ; de intensive, and tonare, to thunder.] 
 [}>p. detonating, detonated.] To explode or 
 cause to explode with noise : — to inflame. 
 
 Det-o-na'tion, re. An explosion with noise. 
 
 Detour (da-toV), re. [Fr. ; dttourner, to turn away; 
 tourner, to turn (</. p.).] A turning; circuit. 
 
 De-tract', V. a. & v. n. [L. detrahere, detractum, to 
 take away ; de, away, and trahere, to draw (q. ».).] 
 [pp. detracting, detracted.] To derogate; to de- 
 fame; to slander :— with from. 
 
 De-trac'tion, re. Act of detracting; slander. 
 
 De-trac'tive, a. Tending to detract. 
 
 De-trac'to-ry, a. Defamatory ; derogatory. 
 
 De-train'^ v. a, [De, away' from, ;md Traix.] 
 [pp. detraining, detrained.] To remove from a 
 railway train, as troops or stores. 
 
 Det'ri-ment, ;;. [L. detrimentum, loss; deterere, 
 detrilum, to rub away; de, away, and terere, to 
 rub.] Loss ; damage; mischief. 
 
 Det-ri-men'tal, a. Mischievous; hurtful. 
 
 De-tri'tus, re. [L.— See Detrisiext.] (GeoJ.) Earthy 
 substance worn away by the action of water. 
 
 De-trude', v. a. [L. detrudere, detrvmm, to thrust 
 down ; de, down, and trudere, to thrust.] [pp. de- 
 truding, detruded.] To thrust down ; to depress. 
 
 De-tru'§ion, n. The act of thrusting down. 
 
 Deuce (dus), n. [Fr. deux, L. duo, duos, two (q. v.).] 
 The two in cards or dice. 
 
 Deuce, or Deuse (dus), re. [L. detis, a god;— ence 
 used as an oath, and then vulgarized into an- 
 other meaning.] A cant name for the devil. 
 
 Deu-ter-og-'a-my. n. [Gr. Sevrepos, second, and 
 ydix.0^, marriage.] A second marriage. 
 
 Deu-ter-on'o-my. re- [Gr. Seurepo?, second, and 
 voixos, law.] the second law; the fifth book of 
 the Pentateuch. 
 
 De-vas'tate, or Dev'as-tate, V. a. [L. devastare, 
 devastation ; de. fully", and vaslare, to waste (q. ».).] 
 [pp. devastating, "devastated.] To lay waste; 
 to ravage. 
 
 Dev-as-ta'tion, n. Waste; desolation. 
 
 De-vel'op, v.' a. [Fr. divelopper ; de- negative or 
 reversive, and envelopper, to envelop (q. v.).] 
 [pp. developing, developed.] To make known; 
 to disclose ; to lay open ; to unfold : to unravel ; 
 to disentangle.— 2, v. ». To undergo a process 
 of development or improvement ; to pass through 
 a process of evolution ; to evolve :— to become 
 gradually perceptible ; to come to light. — Writ- 
 ten also develope. 
 
 De-vel'op-ment, n. Act of developing, or state of 
 being 'developed; an unravelling; a disclosure: 
 —evolution. [alienate. See Divest. 
 
 De-vest', v. a. [pp. devesting, devested.] To 
 
 D§'vi-ate, v. re. [L. deviare, deviatum ; devius, 
 astray.— See Devious.] [j</>. deviating, devi- 
 ated.'] To wander; to go astray. 
 
 De-vi-a'tion, ». The act of deviating; offence. 
 
 De-vice', n. [Fr. devise, Late L. divisa, a mark, a 
 'distinction ; L. dividere, divisum, to divide (q. v.), 
 to distinguish.] A contrivance: — a plan, or 
 project : — a design ; an emblem. 
 
 Dev'il (dev'vl) [devil, I.], re. [Gr. 6ux/3oAo?, slan- 
 derer, accuser; SiafidWetp, to traduce; Sid, 
 across, and 0a.AA.eii/, to cast, to throw.] An evil 
 spirit; Satan. 
 
 Dev'il-ish (dev'vl-ish), o. Diabolical ; wicked. 
 
 Dev'il-ish-ly, ad. Diabolically :— excessively. 
 
 Dev'il-ment, ) n. Malice : — diabolism : — rude 
 
 Dev'il-ry, J merriment. 
 
 Dev'il-try, re. Gross villany : — mischief. [Low.] 
 
 De'vi-ous, a. [L. devius, astray ; de, out of, and 
 via', the way.] Erring: — indirect; winding. 
 
 De'vi-ous-ness, n. The quality of being devious. 
 
 De-vi§e', v. a. [L. dividere, divisum, to divide; 
 Fr. deviser, to lay out, to plan.] [pp. devising, 
 devised.] To contrive ; to invent : — to bequeath ; 
 to grant by will.— 2, v. n. To consider; to con- 
 trive. — 3, n. A gift or bequest by will. 
 
 Dev-i-see', re. One to whom something is devised 
 or bequeathed, [by will : — correlative of devisee. 
 
 Dev-i-§or\ or De-vi'sor, n. (Late.) One who gives 
 
 De-vbld', o. [Fr. divider, to empty ; 0. Fr. des- 
 voidier. — See Yoid.] Empty ; vacant ; void ; free 
 from; destitute. 
 
 Devoir (dev-wor'), n. [Fr. for " duty ;" devoir, to 
 owe ; L. debere, to owe, from de negative, and 
 habere, to have. — See Debt.] Service ; duty : — 
 an act of civility. [down. 
 
 Dev-o-lii'tion, n. The act of devolving or rolling 
 
 De-volve', v. n. & v. a. [L. de, down, and volvere, 
 to roll.] [%>p. devolving, devolved.] To roll 
 down ; to pass to. 
 
 De-vote', v. a. [L. devovere, devolum ; de inten- 
 sive, and vovere, to vow (q. ».).] [pp. devoting, 
 devoted.] To dedicate; to consecrate :— to apply ; 
 to addict: — to give up; to doom. 
 
 De-vot'ed, p. a. Consecrated ; dedicated :— devout : 
 —ardent : — doomed ; given up. 
 
 De-vot'ed-ly, ad. In a devoted manner. 
 
 Dlv-o-tle', n. One entirely devoted; a zealot. 
 
 De-vo'tion, re. Quality of being devoted; piety; 
 ardor ; 'worship ; prayer : — strong affection. 
 
 De-vo'tion-al, a. Pertaining to devotion ; devout. 
 
 De-vbur', v. a. [Fr. dtvorer, L. devornre ; de in- 
 tensive, and vorare, to eat up.] [ pp. devouring, 
 devoured.] To eat up greedily ; to consume. 
 
 De-vbut', a. [Fr. divot.— Sue Devote.] Pious; 
 religious ; earnest. 
 
 De-vbut'ly, ad. In a devout manner. 
 
 De-vbut'ness, n. Quality of being devout. 
 
 Dew (du), v. a. [A.-S. deau- ; Dut. dauw; Ger. thau. 
 — Cf. Skr. dhav, to flow, or to wash.] [jjjj. dew- 
 ing, dewed.] To wet, as with dew; to moisten. 
 —2. n. Moisture deposited in the night. 
 
 Dew'ber-ry, ». A kind of blackberry. 
 
 Dew'-claw, re. A rudimentary claw or hoof. 
 1 Dew'-drop (du'drop), n. A drop of dew. 
 
 Dew'lap, n. [Probably because it laps or licks 
 the dew.] A fleshy substance hanging from the 
 throat of an ox. 
 
 Dew'-pbint. re. The temperature at which dew 
 begins to be deposited. [moist with, dew. 
 
 Dew'y (du'e), «. Partaking of, resembling, or 
 
 Dex'ter, a. [L. dexter; Gr. Se£iTepcs, on the right 
 hand.— Cf. Goth, taihsus, on the right; Euss. 
 desnitza, right hand ; Welsh dehen, Irish deas, 
 Skr. dalshina, right or south.] On the right- 
 hand side. 
 
 Dex-ter'i-ty.?). Activity of limbs or of mind ; read- 
 iness; expertness; skill; ability. 
 
 Dex'ter-ous, a. [L. dexter, right hand ] Expert ; 
 active ; ready ; prompt ; quick ; skilful ; inge- 
 nious; clever. 
 
 Dex'ter-ous-ly, ad. Expertly : skilfully. 
 
 Dex'trine. n. [See Dexter. It turns the plane 
 of polarized light to the right.] Artificial gum. 
 
 Dey (da), re. [Turk, for "maternal uncle;" at 
 one time used as a friendly title for old men in 
 the Turkish army; next given colloquially to 
 officers of high rank.] A Turkish title of dig- 
 nity, formerly of the governor of Algiers. 
 
 Di'a-, a prefix, is the Gr. preposition Sid, through, 
 apart. 
 
 Di-a-be'te§, n. [Gr. ; from Sid, away, through, 
 and paLvet.v, to go.] {Med.) An immoderate 
 and morbid flow of urine. 
 
 i a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
DIABETIC 
 
 193 
 
 DICTIONARY 
 
 Di-a-bet'ic, a. Eelating to diabetes. 
 
 Diablerie (de-a-ble-re'), n. [Fr. ; (liable, a devil.] 
 Incantation : — sorcery : — mischief. 
 
 Dl-a-bol'ic, la. [Gr. 5ia/3oAc/c6?. — See Devil] 
 
 Di-a-bol'i-cal, J Relating to the devil ; devilish ; 
 atrocious. ' 
 
 Di-a-bol'i-cal-ly., ad. Very wickedly. 
 
 Di-ab'o-lism, n. Diabolical conduct or spirit. 
 
 Di-ac'o-nate, n. [Late L. diaconatus. — See Dea- 
 con.] The office of a deacon. 
 
 Dl-a-cbu'stic, a. Eelating to refracted sound. 
 
 Di-a-cou'stics, n. [Gr. Sid, through, and dxoveiv, 
 to hear.] Tlie science of refracted or trans- 
 mitted sounds ; diaphonics. 
 
 Di-a-crlt'ic, ia. [Gr. SiaKpiriKos ; Sid, be- 
 
 Di-a-crit'i-cal, J tween, and KpCveiv, to judge. — 
 See Critic] Distinguishing by a point or 
 mark ; distinctive. 
 
 Dl'a-dem, n. [Gr. SidS-q^a; Sid, 
 around, and Seeiv, to bind.] A 
 crown ; the mark of royalty. 
 
 Di-ser'e-sis (dl-er'e-sis), n. ; pi. 
 Diaer'e-se§. [Gr. Siatpetn? ,■ Sid, 
 apart, and aipeeii', to take.] The 
 mark [••], used to denote that 
 two vowels are pronounced as 
 two syllables; as, aer: dialysis. 
 
 Dl'ag-nose [dl-ag-nos', 7.], v. a. [pp. diagnosing, 
 diagnosed.] To discriminate, as diseases; to 
 discover by diagnosis. 
 
 Dl-ag-n5'sis, n. [Gr. Sid, between, and yvdxris, 
 knowledge.] (Med.) The art, or act, of distin- 
 guishing one disease fr:>m another. 
 
 Di-ag-nos'tic, n. A distinguishing symptom. — 
 2,' a. Distinguishing. 
 
 Di-ag-nos'ti-cate, r. a. & v. n. [pp. diagnosti- 
 cating, diagnosticated.] To distinguish between 
 diseases. 
 
 Di-ag'o-nal, a. [L. diagonalk ; Gr. Siayuivios ; Sid, 
 across, and yoivia, an angle.] Reaching from 
 angle to angle. — 2, n. A line drawn through a 
 rectilineal figure, joining opposite angles. 
 
 Di-ag'o-nal-ly, ad. In a diagonal direction. 
 
 Dl'a-gram, n. [Gr. Sidypap.p.a ; Sid, across, and 
 y'pd^eiv, to write, to trace.] A geometrical fig- 
 ure or scheme. 
 
 Dl'al, n. [L. (Kalis, daily; dies, a day.] An in- 
 strument for showing the hour of the day by 
 the sun's shadow : — a clock or watch face. 
 
 Dl'a-lect, n. [Gr. Sid\eKTos ; Sia\eyofj.ai, I dis- 
 course; Sid, between, and Ae-yeiv, to speak.] A 
 variety in the form of a language : — a language: 
 — idiom ; style ; speech. 
 
 Dl-a-lec'tic, or Di-a-lec'ti-cal, a. Relating to 
 dialects "or dialectics ; logical. 
 
 Di-a-lec-ti"cian (di-a-lek-tish'an\ n. A logician. 
 
 Di-a-lec'tics, ». Logic; the art of reasoning. 
 
 Di'al-mg, n. The art of constructing dials. 
 
 Di'a-logue (di'a-log), n. [Gr. SidXoyos, a conver- 
 sation. — See Dialect.] A discourse or conver- 
 sation between two or more ; a conference. 
 Dl-al'y-sis, n. [Gr. SiaAvcn? ,• Sid, apart, and 
 kveiv, to loosen.] (Iihet.) A diaeresis; asyn- 
 deton. — (Med.) Weakness of the limbs.— (Chem.) 
 Separation by diffusion through a membrane. 
 Di-a-mag-net'ic, a. Affected by diamagnetism. 
 Dl-a-mag'net-ism, n. [Gr. Sid, across, and Mag- 
 netism.] 'A kind of magnetism which causes 
 certain substances to take a position transverse 
 to that of the magnetic needle. 
 Di-am'e-ter, n. [Gr. Stajuerpo? ; Sid, across, 
 through,' and ixerpelv, to measure.] A right 
 line, which, passing through the centre of a 
 circle, divides it into equal parts. 
 Di-a-met'ri-cal. a. Describing a diameter. 
 Di-a-met'ri-cal-ly, ad. In a diametrical direc- 
 tion : — directly. "' 
 Li'a-mond, or Dia'mond, n. [Ger., Dut., & Fr. 
 diama'nt; corrupted from Adamant (q. v.).] The 
 hardest and most valuable of all precious stones : 
 — a very small printing-type :— rhombus. 
 
 DT-a-pa'son, n. [Gr. ; from Sid. naaSiv, through 
 all.] (Mus.) An interval used to express the 
 octave of the Greeks ; a scale. 
 
 Di'a-per, n. [Fr. diapre ; 0. Fr. diaspre, It. dias- 
 pro, L. jaspis, Gr. Ido-rris, jasper (q. v.). The 
 derivation from Fr. d'Ypres is unhistorical.] 
 Linen cloth woven in figures. 
 
 Di-aph'a-nous, a. [Gr. Sia(f>av^ ; Sid, through, 
 and c/xxiVeiv, to show.] Transparent : — imper- 
 fectly transparent ; translucent. 
 
 Di-a-pho-re'sis, n. [Gr. ; Sid, through, and (pe- 
 peiv, to bear.] Perspiration. 
 
 DIra-pho-ret'ic, \a. [Gr. Sicupop^TiKo?.] Pro- 
 
 Dl-a-pho-ret'i-cal, / ducing perspiration ; moder- 
 ately sudorific. 
 
 Di'a-phragm(di'a-fram), n. [Gr. Sidfypayna ; Sid, 
 across, and fypayvvvai, to enclose.] The midriff, 
 a muscular and tendinous partition separating 
 the thorax from the abdomen, in mammals : — a 
 thin partition. [phragm. 
 
 Di-a-phrag-mat'ic, a. Belonging to the dia- 
 
 Di-ar-rhce'a (di-a-re'a), n. [Gr. Sidppoia ; Sid, 
 through, and pieiv, to flow.] (Med.) A disease 
 characterized by frequent alviiie evacuations. 
 
 TJi'a-ry, n. [L. diarium ; dies, a day.] A daily 
 account; a journal. 
 
 Di'as-tase, n. [Gr. Stacrracrig, separation, some- 
 tbing separated; Sid, apart, and iardvai, to 
 stand : it separates or forms in malting.] A 
 nitrogenous vegetable principle. 
 
 Di-as'to-le, n. [Gr. Sid, apart, and a-reWeiv, to 
 send.] (Rliet.) The making of a short syllable 
 long : — a dilatation i.f the heart. 
 
 Dl-a-theYma-nous, a. [Gr. Sid, through, and 
 Bepjxaiveiv, to warm.] Permeable by heat. 
 
 Di-ath'e-sis, n. [Gr. ; SianOeuai, to arrange; Sid, 
 asunder, and nOevai, to place.] (Med.) The state 
 of the body. 
 
 Di'a-tom, n. [Gr. Sid, across, and rifjiveiv, to cut; 
 descriptive of some species.] A minute vege- 
 table organism with a flinty covering. 
 
 Di-a-ton'ic, a. [Gr. Sio.tovik6<; ; Sid, through, 
 and tovos, a tone (q. v.).] (Mus.) Proceeding 
 by tones. 
 
 Dl'a-tribe, or Di-at'ri-be, n. [Gr. ; from Sid, thor- 
 oughly, and rpiPeiv, 'to rub.] A disputation; 
 a tedious discourse ; an invective. 
 
 Dib'ble, n. [Diminutive form of Dip or Tip.] A 
 gardener's tool ; a small spade. 
 
 Dice, n., }d. of die. — 2, v. n. [pp. dicing, diced.] To 
 game with dice. 
 
 Dice' -box, n. A box for throwing dice. 
 
 DI-ghot'o-my, v. [Gr. Si\o)To/xia ; fit'x a i ' n two, 
 and rejjLveiv, to cut.] Division by pairs. 
 
 Dick'er, n. [Ger. dechant, Dan. deger, ten; L. de- 
 ciina, decern, ten.] Ten: — » trade; a swap: — 
 articles traded for. — 2, v. n. [pp. dickering, 
 dickered.] To trade ; to barter. 
 Dick'y, n. [Ger. decke, a cover.— See Deck.] A 
 sham bosom: — a linen shirt-collar: — a seat be- 
 hind a coach. 
 Di-cot-y-le'don, n. [Gr. ; St'?, twice, and Coty- 
 ledon (g. p.).] A plant having two or more 
 cotyledons in each seed ; an exogen. 
 DIc'tate, v. a. [L. dictate, dictatvm, freq. of dicere, 
 to speak. — See Diction.] [pp. dictating, dic- 
 tated.] To tell what to write ; to order.— 2, ». 
 A precept ; a rule ; an order. 
 Dic-ta'tion, ». The act of dictating; precept. 
 Dic-ta'tor [dik'ta-tor, I.], n. [L.] A magistrate 
 
 involved with absolute power; a ruler. 
 Dic-ta-to'ri-al. o. Relating to a dictator; author- 
 itative; overbearing; dogmatical. 
 Dic-ta'tor-ship, n. The office of dictator. 
 Dic'ta-to-ry., a. Overbearing; dogmatical. 
 Dic'tion, n. [L. dictio, a saying; dicere, dictum, to 
 speak : akin to Gr. SeiKvvvai, to show ; Ger. 
 zeigen, to point out; Skr. dip, to show.] Manner 
 of expressing ideas by words ; style ; language. 
 Die'tion-a-rx, n. [Fr. dictionnaire ; Late. L. dic- 
 tionarium ; L. dictio, a saying, a word.] A book 
 
 mien, si'r ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.- 
 I n 
 
 "5. 9. 5. £. soft ; P. £, P. £. hard; § 
 
 17 
 
 z ; x as gz ; this. 
 
DICTUM 
 
 194 
 
 DILA.TOHr 
 
 in which the words of a language are arranged 
 alphabetically and explained ; a lexicon. 
 
 Dic'tum, n. ; pi. Dic'ta. [L.] A word; an asser- 
 
 Did, i. from do. [tion. 
 
 Di-dac'tic, a. [Gr. SiScoctikos; SiSacr/ceiv, to teach. 
 ' — Of. L. docere, to teach ; discere, to learn ; Gr. 
 Sarjvai, to learn ; Zend da, to know.] Giving 
 instruction; teaching; preceptive. 
 
 Di-dac'tics, n. pi. The art of teaching. 
 
 Didst. The second person sing. i. from do. 
 
 Die (di), v. n. [Icel. deyju ; Dan. doe. — Cf. 0. Fris. 
 deja, to kill, and Dead.] [pp. dying, died.] To 
 lose life ; to expire ; to perish. 
 
 Die, n. ; pi. Dies. [Fr. di ; Prov. dat; It. dado. — 
 See Dado.] A stamp used in coinage. 
 
 Die, n. ; pi. Dice. A small cube to play with. 
 
 Di'et. n. [Gr. SLaira, mode of life; possibly con- 
 nected with Sou's, Scuto?, food, a meal.] Food; 
 victuals ; moderation : — [the Gr. and its Late L. 
 equivalent diseta have also the sense of living- 
 room, hence an assembly, a chamber] an assem- 
 bly. — 2, v. a. [pp. dieting, dieted.] To supply 
 with food.— 3, v. n. To eat sparingly ; to feed. 
 
 Dl'et-a-ry, o. Pertaining to the rules of diet. — 
 2,' v. A' system or course of diet. 
 
 Di-e-tet'ic, "I a. [Gr. SiaiTeriKos.] Kelating to 
 
 Di-e-tet'i-cal, /diet or to dietetics. 
 
 DI-e-tet'ics, n. pL The regulation of diet. 
 
 Di'e-tme, n. [Fr. diitine.] A local assembly or diet. 
 
 Differ, v. n. [L. differe; dis-, apart, and ferre, to 
 bear.] [pp. differing, differed.] To be unlike; 
 to vary; to disagree. — We differ from one an- 
 other in natural and visible qualities ; we differ 
 with each other as to opinions, plans, wishes, &c. 
 
 Dif fer-ence,?i. [L. differentia.] State of being dif- 
 ferent"; distinction: diversity: — dispute; debate. 
 
 Dif fer-ent, a. Distinct; unlike; dissimilar. 
 
 Dif-fer-Sn'tial (-shal), a. Iufiuitely small; flux- 
 ional. — Differential calculus, a term applied to an 
 important branch of the higher mathematics. 
 
 Dlf-fer-en'tial-ly, ad. By differentiation. 
 
 Dif-fer-en'ti-ate (-she-at),\\ a. [pp. differentiating, 
 differentiated.] To cause to differ ; to distinguish 
 by a difference; to discriminate ; to separate or 
 set apart for, or assign to, a special office or 
 special duties. 
 
 Dif-fer-en-ti-a'tipn. n. The setting apart or allo- 
 cation of special agents for special functions; 
 separation for special offices or duties. 
 
 Dif fer-ent-ly, ad. In a different manner. 
 
 Diffi'-cult, a. Hard: not easy; arduous. 
 
 Dif'fi-cul-ty, n. [L. diffcaitas; dijficilis, hard to 
 do;" dis- negative, and facilis, easy, facile (q. v.).] 
 Sometbing difficult; an impediment; obstacle; 
 distress; perplexity. 
 
 Dif fi-dence, n. [L. diffidentia; dis- negative, and 
 fidere, fidentis, to trust; fides, faith, trust.] Want 
 of confidence. 
 
 Dif fi-dent, a. Distrustful; not confident. 
 
 Dif-fuse', V. a. [L. diffundere, diffusion, to pour 
 out ; dis-, apart, and fundere, to pour. — See Fuse.] 
 [pp. diffusing, diffused.] To pour out ; to spread ; 
 to scatter. 
 
 Dif-fuse', a. Widely spread ; copious ; not concise ; 
 not precise ; amplified ; prolix ; rambling. 
 
 Dif-fuse'ly. ad. Extensively ; copiously. 
 
 Dif-fus'i-ble. a. Capable of being diffused. 
 
 Dif-fu'sion (dif-fu'zhun), n. The act of diffusing ; 
 dispersion : — amplification ; diffuseness. 
 
 Dif-fu'sive, a. Scattered; extended: — spreading 
 widely : — exuberant. 
 
 Dif-fu'sive-ly, ad. Widely: extensively. 
 
 Dif-fu,'sive-ness, n. Dispersion :— copiousness of 
 "style. ' 
 
 Dig:, v. a. [A.-S. dician, to dike, to ditch (q. v.) ; 
 Sw. dika, Dan. dige, to dig; Dan. dige, a ditch.] 
 [i. dug or digged; pp. digging, dug or digged.] 
 To pierce with a spade : to turn up or cultivate ; 
 to excavate.— 2, v. n. To work with a spade, &c. 
 
 Di-gam'ma, n. [Gr. ; Sis, double, and ya^/aa, the 
 letter r.j A Greek letter resembling F. 
 
 Di-g-as'tric, a. [Gr. Sis, double, and ya<rrrjp, the 
 belly.] Having a double belly. 
 
 Digest, n. A body or system of laws ; a pandect 
 of the civil law ; a code ; a system. 
 
 Di-£-est\ v. a. [L. digerere, digestum, to arrange, 
 to separate, to dissolve ; dis-, apart, and gerere, 
 to place, to carry.] [j)p. digesting, digested.] 
 To arrange in order; to dispose: — to concoct 
 food in the stomach. 
 
 Di-f-est-i-bil'i-tj:, n. State of being digestible. 
 
 Di-g:est'i-ble, a. Capable of being digested. 
 
 Di-i-es'tion (de-jest'yun), n. The act of digesting 
 food in the stomach; concoction. 
 
 Di-ges'tiye, a. Causing digestion ; dissolving. 
 
 Dight (dit), a. [A.-S. dihtan, to arrange, to ap- 
 point. — Cf. Ger. dichten, to compose : both are 
 from L. dictare, to command, to dictate.] 
 Adorned; arrayed. 
 
 Dig'it, h. [L. digitus, a finger or toe (q. v.). — Cf. 
 Gr. SciktuAos.] Three-fourths of an inch : — the 
 twelfth part of the apparent diameter of the disk 
 of the sun or moon: — one of the ten figures, 1, 
 2, 3, &c. : — a finger; a toe. 
 
 Dif-i-ta'lis, n. lL. ; from digitus, a finger.] A 
 plant; foxglove. [fingers. 
 
 Di|-'i-tate, or Dif'i-tat-ed, a. Branched out like 
 
 Dig^'i-ti-grade. v. [L. digitus, a toe, and gradi, to 
 walk.] An animal that walks or steps on its toes. 
 
 Dig'ni-fied (dig'ne-fid), a. Invested with, or 
 manifesting, dignity ; exalted ; honored ; noble. 
 
 Dig'ni-fy, d. a. [Fr. dignifier ; Late L. dignificare; 
 L. dignus, worthy, and facere, to make, to esteem.] 
 [pp. dignifying, dignified.] To invest with dig- 
 nity or honor; to advance; to exalt; to honor. 
 
 Dig'ni-ta-ry. n. A clergyman advanced in rank : 
 — a man in high office. 
 
 Dig'ni-ty, ». [Fr. dignitt; L. dignitas, worth; dig- 
 itus, worthy : akin to Decent and Decorum.] 
 Elevation of rank, character, or conduct; true 
 honor; high rank. 
 
 Di'grapb., n. [Gr. Sis, double, and ypa<$>eiv, to 
 write.] A union of two towels, or of two con- 
 sonants, of which one is silent. 
 
 Di-gress', v. n. [L. dis-, apart, and gradi, gressum, 
 to go.— See Grade.] [pp. digressing, digressed.] 
 To turn aside ; to wander. 
 
 Di-gres'sion (de-gresh'un), n. The act of digress- 
 ing ; an 'excursion ; a turning aside ; deviation. 
 
 Di-gres'sion-al, ) a. Tending to digress; devi- 
 
 Di-gres'sive, ' J ating from the design. 
 
 Dike, n. [A.-S. die; Dut. dijk ; Dan. dige; Ger. 
 deich ; Fr. digue. — Cf. Ger. teich, a tank ; Gr. 
 reixos, Skr. d'ehi, a rampart — See Dig, Ditch.] 
 A channel; a ditch :— a bank. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
 diking, diked.] To dig a dike ; to ditch :— to 
 construct a mound against inundation. — 3, v. a. 
 To drain : — to surround with a bank. 
 
 Di-lac'er-ate, v. a. [L. dis-, apart, and lacei-are, 
 'laceralum, to tear.] [pp. dilac^rating, dilacer- 
 ated.] To tear ; to rend apart. 
 
 Di-lap'i-date, v. n. [L. dilapidate, dilapidatum, to 
 "ruin ;' dis-, apart, and lapis, lapidis, a stone.] 
 [pp. dilapidating, dilapidated.] To go to ruin ; 
 to fall.— 2, v. a. To pull down ; to waste. 
 
 Di-lap-i-da'tion, »?. Waste; decay; ruin. 
 
 Di-la-ta-bil'i-ty. «. State of being dilatable. 
 
 Di-lat'a-ble. «. Capable of extension. 
 
 Dil-a-ta'tion, n. [L. dilatatio, expansion.] Ex- 
 pansion : extension. 
 
 Di-late' (or di-lat'), v. a. [L. differe, dilatum, to 
 spread; dis-, apart, and ferre, to bear; whence 
 dUatare, to expand.] [pp. dilating, dilated.] To 
 extend in all directions; to expand; to distend; 
 to spread out.— 2, 7-. ». To widen :— to speak 
 largely or copiouslv. 
 
 Di-15'tion, v. [L. dilatio, delay.] Delay; exten- 
 sion :— enlargement ; dilatation. 
 
 Dil'a-to-ri-ly. ad. In a dilatory manner. 
 
 Dil'a-to-ri-ngss, w. Slowness; tardiness. 
 
 Dil'a-to-ry.ffl. [L. dilatorius.— See Delay.] Tardy; 
 late ; slow ; loitering. 
 
 a, e, I, 5, vi, y, long ; a, e, i, o, Q, y, sliort; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, i«*-. ; heir, her; 
 
DILEMMA 
 
 195 
 
 DIPHTHERITIC 
 
 Di-lem'ma, n. [Gr. Si\ntJ.p.a ; Sid, between, and 
 kanfidviiv, to take.] A difficult alternative. 
 
 Dil-et-tan'te, n. ; pi. Dil-et-tan'ti. [It., n. & pres. 
 part, from dilettare, L. delectare, to delight (q. v.).] 
 A lover of the fine arts ; an amateur. 
 
 Dil'i-£ence, n. [L. diligentia, attention, quick- 
 ness.] Industry; assiduity in business. — [Fr. ; 
 pron. dil'e-zhahs : in French this word often 
 means promptness, despatch.] a stage-coach. 
 
 Dll'i-gent, a. [L. diligeus, diligentis, originally a 
 pres. part, from diligefe, to love ; dis-, apart, and 
 leqere, to choose.] Assiduous ; not idle ; attentive. 
 
 Dil'i-gent-ly, ad. In a diligent manner. 
 
 Lilian. [A.-S. dlle; Dut. dille; Dan. dUd; Ger. 
 & Sw. dill.] An annual aromatic plant. 
 
 Dil'ly, n. [For Diligence.] A stage-coach. 
 
 DH'u-ent, «. [See Dilute.] Making thin or more 
 fluid.— 2, n. That which thins other matter. 
 
 Di-lute', o. a. [L. diluere, diluentis, dilutum; dis-, 
 apart, and luere, to wash.] [pp. diluting, di- 
 luted.] To make thin; to weaken. — 2, a. Thin; 
 attenuated; diluted. [diluted substance. 
 
 Di-lu'tion, n. Act of diluting or thinning: — a 
 
 Di-lu'vi'-al, or Di-lu'vi-an, a. Ptelating to the 
 deluge 6r flood : — produced by a flood. 
 
 Di-lii'vi-um, n. [L. dis-, away, apart, and hiere, 
 to wash.] (Geol.) A deluge : — a deposit of earth, 
 sand, &c, caused by a deluge or flow of water. 
 
 Sim, a. [A.-S. dim; Icel. dirumr. — Cf. Sw.dimma, 
 a fog ; Old Saxon tliim, dim ; Ger. ddmrner, twi- 
 light; L. tenebrse, darkness; Skr. tamus, gloom.] 
 Not seeing clearly; obscure; not clear. — 2, v. <i. 
 [ pp. dimming, dimmed.] To cloud; to darken ; 
 to obscure. 
 
 Dime, ii. [Fr. dune, a tenth; L. dccimus, tenth; 
 decern, ten.] A silver coin of the United States, 
 of the value of ten cents. 
 
 Di-men'sion, n. [L. dimensiu, a measuring; dime- 
 tiri, dimensus, to measure ; dis, away, and metiri, 
 to measure (q. v.).] Space; extent; capacity. 
 
 Dim'e-ter, a. [L. ; Gr. Si/xerpo^, having two 
 measures; St-, two, and p.£ipov, a measure.] 
 Having two poetical measures. — 2, n. A verse 
 of two measures. 
 
 Di-mid'i-ate, v. a. [L. dimidiare, dimidiatum, to 
 halve; di- in the sense of through (Gr. Sid), 
 and medium, the middle.] [jpp. dimidiating, 
 dimidiated.] To divide into two parts. — 2, a. 
 Halved; in two equal parts. 
 
 Di-mTn'ish, v. a. [L. deminuere, deminutum, to 
 lessen ; de, from, and minuere, to abate, to take 
 away ; minus, less. — Cf. Gr. pnvvQeiv, to lessen ; 
 Skr. mi, to lessen ; Ger. minder, less. The Eng- 
 lish word is formed on type of obs. rninisk, to 
 lessen.] [pp. diminishing, diminished.] To 
 make" less ; to lessen ; to abide. — 2, v. n. To grow 
 less ; to decrease. 
 
 Dim-i-nu'tion, n. [L. deminutio.] Act of dimin- 
 ishing or of making or growing less ; decrease. 
 
 Di-min'u-tive, a. [L. demiiintiritx.] Small; little; 
 contracted.— 2, n. A thing little of the kind :— 
 a word expressing littleness, as manikin. 
 
 Di-min'u-tive-ly, ad. In a diminutive manner. 
 
 Di-min'u-tive-ness, n. Smallness. 
 
 Dim'is-so-ry [di-mis'so-ry, I.], a. [L. dimissorins, 
 dimitter'e, to dismiss (q. v.).] Dismissing. 
 
 Dim'i-ty, n. [Gff. Si/xito? ; Si-, double, and juuto?, 
 thread. The derivation from Damietta, in Egypt, 
 is not historically correct.] A fine fustian or 
 cloth of cotton. 
 
 DTm'ly, ad. In a dim manner; obscurely. 
 
 Dim'ness, n. Dulness of sight; obscurity. 
 
 Dl-mor'phic, or Di-mor'phous, a. [Gr. Si-, double, 
 and ;uop</>ij, form.] Existing in two forms; pos- 
 sessing the property of dimorphism. 
 
 Dl-mSr'phi§m, n. Assumption of two forms. 
 
 Dim'ple, n. [Cf. Lith. dumbu, to be hollow; Ger. 
 d'dmpel, a pool : akin to Den and Dingle.] An 
 indentation in the face. — 2, v. n. [pp. dimpling, 
 dimpled.] To form dimples or cavities. — 3, v. a. 
 To mark with dimples or depressions. 
 
 Dingo. 
 
 Din, n. [A.-S. dyne, dyn; Icel. dynr ; Dan. don; 
 Sw. dan.] A loud noise ; a continued sound. — 
 2, v. a. (pp. dinning, dinned.] To stun or con- 
 found with noise. 
 
 Dine, v . n. & v. a. [Fr. diner; 0. Fr. disner ; It. 
 desinare; Late L. disnare ; perhaps from L. dis- 
 negative, and jejunare, to fast (whence Fr. de- 
 jeuner, breakfast), or from L. de intensive, and 
 cenare, to dine.] [pp. dining, dined.] To eat or 
 to give a dinner. 
 
 Ding, v. a. [Icel. dengja, Dan. dsenge, Sw. ddnga, 
 to beat: imitative. — Cf. Dint.] [('.dinged, — for- 
 merly dang or dung; pp. dinging, dinged or 
 dung.] To dash with violence; to hurl; to 
 thump: — to impress with force. — 2, v. n. To 
 bluster ; to bounce. 
 
 Ding'-dong, n. A sound as of bells. 
 
 Din'fhee, T (ding'ge), n. [Bengalee.] A small pas- 
 
 Din'|hy. J sengei-boat; a ship's smallest boat : — 
 less correctly din- 
 gey or dingy. 
 
 Din'f-i-ness, n. The 
 quality of being 
 dingy. 
 
 Din'gle (ding'gl), n. 
 [0. E. dimble, a 
 variant of Dimple 
 (q. v.). But cf. 
 A.-S. ding, a dun- 
 geon ; 0. Ger. tune, 
 a cave ; Icel. dyng- 
 ja, a bower.] A 
 hollow hetween 
 hills ; a dale. [dog of Australia. 
 
 Din'go (ding'go), n. [Australian.] The native 
 
 Din'gy, a. [Sw. dyngig, foul; dynga, muck, dung 
 (q. v!).] Dark brown; dun: — soiled. [day. 
 
 Din'ner, n. [See Dine.] The chief meal of the 
 
 Di'no-saur, «. [Gr. Seivos, terrible, and o-avpos, 
 a lizard.] A gigantic saurian reptile. 
 
 Dint, n. [A.-S. dynt; Icel. dyutr ; Local Sw. dunt.] 
 A blow ; a dent : — violence ; force. 
 
 Di-oc'e-san, or Di-o-ce'san, n. A bishop, as he 
 stands related to his own flock. — 2, a. Pertain- 
 ing to a diocese. 
 
 Di'o-cese, n. [Gr. SioUncrig, province, adminis- 
 tration ; Sionceeiv, to govern,— literally, to keep 
 house; Sid, through, oIkos, a house.] A bish- 
 op's jurisdiction ; the see of a bishop; a bish- 
 opric : — written also diocess. 
 
 Di-ce'cious (di-e'shus), a. [Gr. Si-, double, and 
 oi/ciov, a dim. of oiko?, a house.] Having sta- 
 mens on one plant and pistils on another. 
 
 Di-op'tric, \a. Relating to dioptrics ; refract- 
 
 Di-op'trj-cal, J ing :— aiding the sight. 
 
 Di-op'trics, n. [Gr. 8i07rrpi/ca (pi. SLonrpa), a kind 
 of optical instrument; Sid, through, and birretv, 
 to see.] That part of optics which treats of the 
 refraction of light. 
 
 Di-o-ra'ma [di-o-rii'ma, H. St. I. X. Ja. Wb.], n. 
 [Gr. Si<i,'throngh, and opa/ma, a thing seen.] A 
 kind of spectacular painting. 
 
 Di-6x'ide, n. [Gr. Si-, double, and Oxide.] An 
 oxide in which two atoms of oxygen combine 
 with one atom of some other element. 
 
 Dip, v. a. [A.-S. dippan ; Dan. dyppe ; Dut. doopen ; 
 Ger. tavfen; Goth, daupjan.] [i. dipped; pp. 
 dipping, dipped, — sometimes dipt.] To im- 
 merge; to immerse; to put info any liquor; to 
 wet :— to take out. — 2, v. n. To sink; to im- 
 merge ; to enter. — 3, n. Inclination downward ; 
 an angle of inclination: — a candle made by 
 dipping : — a kind of sauce. 
 
 Diph-the'ri-a [dif- or dip-, St. ; dip- or dif-, Wb. 
 H. ;], n. ' [Gr. 8«t>6epa, leather, skin.— Cf. Gr. 
 Se(f>eiy, or 8e\f/eiv, to make supple, to curry, to 
 knead; L. depsere, to knead, to curry.] A ma- 
 lignant disease in which a false membrane is 
 formed. 
 
 Diph-ther'ic, \a. Of or pertaining to diphthe- 
 
 Diph-the-rit'ic, j ria. 
 
 mien, sir ; m</Ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — g, 9, c, §, soft; p, p, e, f , hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 
 
DIPHTHONG 
 
 196 
 
 DISBUKDEN 
 
 Diph' thong (dip'thong) [dif'thong, E. K. ; dlf- I 
 thong or dip'thong, I. Wb. Ja.\, n. [Gr. 6i$- j 
 Ooyyos ; St.-, double, and <f>06yyos, voice ; <j>6ey- 
 yevOai, to utter.] A union of two vowels in one 
 sound, or properly of two vowel-sounds in one 
 syllable. 
 
 Di-plo'ma, n.; pi. Di-plo'ma§. [Gr. Si7rAa>/u.a, a 
 document, any thing folded, a state letter ; Si-, 
 double; SmAoos, duuble (q. ».).] A writing con- 
 ferring some privilege, honor, or authority. 
 
 Di-plo'ma-cy, n. The art of making treaties with 
 foreign states : — a diplomatic body : — artful man- 
 agement ; tact. 
 
 Dip'lo-mat, or Dip'lo-mate, n. A diplomatist. 
 
 Dip-lo-mat'ic, a. Respecting diplomacy. 
 
 Dip-lo-mat'ics, n. The science of deciphering 
 ancient writings, fixing their dates, Ac. 
 
 Di-plo'ma-tist, n. One versed in diplomacy. 
 
 Dip'per, n. One that dips : — a ladle. 
 
 Dip-so-ma'nj-a, n. [Gr. SLxjjos, thirst, and fxavia, 
 madness.] ' An irresistible craving for alcoholic 
 liquors; cenomania. 
 
 Dip-so-ma'ni-ac, n. One affected with dipsoma- 
 nia,' or an irrepressible craving for stimulants. 
 
 Dlp'te-ra, n. pi. [Gr. St-, double, and mepov, a 
 wing.]' An order of two-winged insects. 
 
 Dip'te-roiis, a. Having two wings. 
 
 Dip'typh, n. [Gr. Sinrvxos, doubled ; Si-, double, 
 and nrvKros, folded ; mvaaeiv, to fold.] A 
 register of bishops and martyrs : — a folding tab- 
 let used in ancient times for letters to consuls, 
 ambassadors, dignitaries, &c. 
 
 Dire, a. [L. dirus. — Cf. Gr. Seivos, dreadful.] 
 Dreadful; dismal; direful; horrible. 
 
 Di-rect', a. [L. dirigere, directum, to direct; dis-, 
 away, and regere, to rule.] Straight; right; 
 open; express. — 2, v. a. [pp. directing, direct- 
 ed.] To aim; to regulate; to order; to com- 
 mand; to appoint; to conduct; to manage; to 
 control : — to address, as a letter. 
 
 Di-rec'tion, n. Aim:— course; tendency:— order : 
 ' — guidance: — superscription. 
 
 Di-rec'tive, a. Informing; showing the way, 
 
 Di-rect'iy, ad. In a straight line ; quickly. 
 
 Di-rect'ness, n. Straightness ; direct course. 
 
 Di-rec'tor, n. One who directs or manages; a 
 superintendent; a guide. 
 
 Di-rec'tor-ate, n. A board of directors. 
 
 Di-rec-to'ri-al, a. Directing :— relating to di- 
 rectors, or to a directory. 
 
 Di-rec' to-ry, n. A form of prayer : — a guide-book : 
 ' — a guide': — a board of directors. — 2, a. Guid- 
 ing; commanding. [rects. 
 
 Di-rec'trlx, n. [L.] She who, or that wliich, di- 
 
 Dire'ful, a. Dire ; dreadful ; dismal ; horrible. 
 
 Di-rep'tion, n. The act of plundering. 
 
 D'irge, n. [L. dirige, direct thou ; from Psalm v. 8, 
 once part of an antiphon in the church office for 
 the dead.] A mournful ditty ; a funeral song. 
 
 Dir'i-fent, a. [See Direct.] Directing. 
 
 Dir'i-ii-ble, a. That may be directed or steered. 
 
 Dirk, n. [Irish, duirc] A kind of dagger or 
 poniard. — 2, v. a. [pp. dirking, 
 dirked.] To stab with a dirk. 
 
 Dirt, n. [Icel. drit, dirt, excre- 
 ment; A.-S. gedritan, Norse dri- 
 ta, 0. Dut. dritjen, to void excre- 
 ment.] Mud ; filth ; mire ; dust ; 
 earth. — 2, v. a. [pp. dirting, 
 ,dirted.] To foul ; to soil ; to dirty. 
 
 Di'rt'i-ness, n. State of being 
 dirty. 
 
 Di'rt'y, a. Foul; nasty; filthy; 
 
 sullied. — 2, v. a. [pp. dirtying, Dirk, 
 
 dirtied.] To foul ; to soil. 
 
 Dis-, [L.] An inseparable particle, commonly hav- 
 ing a privative or negative signification, equiva- 
 lent to vn; as, to arm, to disarm. It often im- 
 plies reversal or separation. 
 
 Dis-a-bil'i-ty, n. Deprivation of means or of 
 power; want of power; inability. 
 
 Di§-a'ble, v. a. [Dis- and Able.] [ pp. disabling, 
 disabled.] To deprive of force; to weaken. 
 
 Dis-a-bu§e , v. a. [Dis- and Abuse, in the old 
 sense of to deceive.) [pp. disabusing, disabused.] 
 To undeceive ; to set right. 
 
 Dis-ad-van'tage, n. [Dis- negative, and Advan- 
 tage.] An unfavorable state or condition ; loss; 
 injury to interest.— -2, v. a. [pp. disadvantaging, 
 disadvantaged.] To injure in interest. [ful. 
 
 Dis-ad-van-ta'geous (-ta'jus), a. Injurious ; hurt- 
 
 Dis-ad-van-ta'geous-ly, ad. With injury. 
 
 Dis-ad-van-ta'geous-ness, n. Injury ; loss. 
 
 Dis-af-fect', v. a. [Dis- and Affect.] [pp. disaf- 
 fecting, disaffected.] To fill with dislike; to 
 make unfriendly ; to alienate. 
 
 Dis-af-fec'tion, n. Dislike; ill-will. 
 
 Dis-af-for'est, v. a. [Dis- and Afforest.] [pp. 
 disafforesting, disafforested.] To deprive of the 
 privileges of a forest :— to clear of trees. 
 
 Dis-a-gree', v. n. [Dis- and Agree.] [pp. dis- 
 agreeing, disagreed.] To differ in opinion ; to 
 quarrel. [offensive ; unfit. 
 
 Dis-a-gree'a-ble, a. Not agreeable ; displeasing; 
 
 Dis-a-gree'a-ble-ness, n. Unpleasantness. 
 
 Dis-a-gree'a-bly, ad. . Unpleasantly. 
 
 Dis-a-gree'ment, n. Want of agreement ; differ- 
 ence ; dissimilitude ; discord. 
 
 Dis-al-low', v. a. [Dis- and Allow.] [pp. disal- 
 lowing, disallowed.] To deny ; to refuse. 
 
 Dis-al-lovv'ance, n. Prohibition ; refusal. 
 
 Dis-ap-pear\ v. n. [Dis- and Appear.] [pp. dis- 
 appearing, disappeared.] To be lost to view; to 
 vanish. 
 
 Dis-ap-pear'ance, n. Act of disappearing. 
 
 Dis-ap-pbint/, v. a. [Fr. desappointer, to frus- 
 trate what is appointed. — See Appoint.] [pp. 
 disappointing, disappointed.] To defeat of ex- 
 pectation ; to balk ; to deprive of; to frustrate. 
 
 Dis-ap-point'ment, n. State of being disap- 
 pointed ; failure of expectation or design. 
 
 Dis-ap-pro-ba'tion, n. Act of disapproving; dis- 
 like ; a disapproval ; censure. 
 
 Dis-ap'pro-ba-to-ry. a. Implying censure. 
 
 Dis-ap-pr8v'al, n. Disapprobation ; censure. 
 
 Dis-ap-prove', v. a. [Dis- and Approve.] [jip. dis- 
 approving, disapproved.] To dislike ; to censure. 
 
 Dis-arm' [dis-, I. St.], v. a. [Dis- and Arm.] [pp. 
 disarming, disarmed.] To deprive of arms; to 
 render weak or harmless ; to incapacitate ; to strip. 
 
 Di§-ar'ma-ment, n. Act of disarming. 
 
 Dis-ar-range', v. a. [Dis- and Arrange.] [pp. 
 disarranging, disarranged.] To put out of order ; 
 to disorder; to unsettle; to derange. 
 
 Dis-ar-ran&e'ment. n. Disorder; derangement. 
 
 Dis-ar-ray , v. a. [Dis- and Array.] [pp. dis- 
 arraying, disarrayed.] To undress; to over- 
 throw. — 2, n. Disorder; confusion. 
 
 Dis-as'ter, n. [Fr. dcsasire; L. dis-, implying evil, 
 and astrum, Gr. acrrpov, Fr. astre, a star; — an 
 astrological term.] Misfortune; grief; calamity. 
 
 Di§-as'trous, a. Unlucky; calamitous. 
 
 Di§-as'trous-ly, ad. Unfortunately. 
 
 Dis-a-vb'w', v. a. [Dis- and Avow.] [pp. dis- 
 avowing, disavowed.] To disown ; to deny ; to 
 disclaim ; to dissent from ; to disallow. 
 
 Dis-a-vbv^'al, n. Act of disavowing; denial. 
 
 Dis-band' (dis-, St. H. N. Wb. I.], v. a. [Dis- and 
 Band.] [pp. disbanding, disbanded.] To dismiss 
 from military service ; to set at liberty ; to dis- 
 perse : — to unbind. — 2, v. n. To retire from ser- 
 vice ; to disperse. 
 
 Di§-bar' [dis-, St. I. 2V.], v. a. [Dis- and Bar.] 
 [pp. disbarring, disbarred.] (Law.) To expel 
 from the bar. [want of belief; unbelief. 
 
 Dis-be-lief (dls-be-lef ), n. Befusal to believe ; 
 
 Dis-be-lieve' (dis-be-lev'), v. a. [Dis- and Be- 
 lieve.] [pp. disbelieving, disbelieved.] Not to 
 credit. 
 
 Dis-biir'den (diz-bur'dn) [dis-, H. I. St. Wb. A T .], 
 ». a. [Dis- and Burden.] [pp. disburdening, 
 disburdened.] To unload. 
 
 a, e, I, 6, u, y, long ; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fist, fall; heir, her; 
 
DISBURSE 
 
 197 
 
 DISCREDITABLE 
 
 Disburse' [dis-, H. I. St. Wb. A*.], v. a. [Fr. de- 
 bourser ; L. dis-, apart, and bursa, Fr. bourse, a 
 purse.] [pp. disbursing, disbursed.] To speud 
 or pay out. 
 
 Dis-biirse'ment, n. The act of disbursing ; sum 
 disbursed or spent ; expenditure. 
 
 Disc, n. The face of the sun, &c. See Disk. 
 
 Dis-card', v. a. [Dis- and Card; at first a card- 
 players' term.] [pp. discarding, discarded.] To 
 dismiss from service ; to discharge ; to cast off; 
 to reject. — 2, «,. Cards thrown out. 
 
 Dis-cern' (diz-zeru'), v. a. [L. discernere ; dis-, 
 apart, and cemere, to distinguish ; Gr. xpiveiv, 
 to separate, to judge.] [pp. discerning, dis- 
 cerned.] To descry; to see; to perceive; to dis- 
 tinguish. — 2, v. n. To make distinction. 
 
 Dis-cern'er (diz-zern'er), n. One who discerns. 
 
 Dis-cern' l-ble (diz-zer'ne-bl), a. Perceptible. 
 
 ris-cern'ing (djz'-ze'ni'ing), p. a. Judicious. 
 
 Djs-ce'rn'ment (diz-zern'ment), n. The act of dis- 
 cerning ; penetration ; sagacity ; judgment. 
 ) Dis-charge', v. a. [Dis- and Charge.] [pp. dis- 
 
 charging, discharged.] To disburden ; to unload : 
 — to pay : — to execute : — to dismiss. — 2, v. n. To 
 break up ; to explode. — 3, n. A vent ; explosion : 
 — dismission; release : — payment :— execution. 
 
 Dis-ci'ple, ii. [L. discipnlus; discere, to learn.] 
 One who follows the teachings of another; a 
 follower; a scholar. — 2, v. a. [pp. discipling, 
 discipled.] To teach ; to instruct. 
 
 Dis-ci'ple-shlp, n. The state of a disciple. 
 
 Dis'pi-plin-a-ble, a. Capable of discipline or in- 
 struction ; 'teachable ; docile. 
 
 Dis-ci-pli-na'ri-an, a. Kelating to discipline. — 
 2, n*. One who' enforces, or who is strict in, dis- 
 cipline; a martinet. 
 
 Dis'ci-pli-na-ry, a. Pertaining to discipline. 
 
 Dis'ci-pline, n. [L. disoiplina; discere, to learn.] 
 Instruction and government ; art of training; 
 rule; order; military regulation: — correction; 
 chastisement. — 2, v. a. [pp. disciplining, disci- 
 plined.] To instruct and govern ; to educate | to 
 regulate ; to chastise. 
 
 Dis-claim', v. a. [Dis- and Claim.] [pp. dis- 
 claiming, disclaimed.] To disown ; to renounce. 
 
 Dis-claim'er, n. One who disclaims : — a renun- 
 ciation or a disavowal of a claim. 
 
 Dis-cla-ma'tion, n. The act of disclaiming. 
 
 Dis- close', v. a. [Fr. declare, 0. Fr. detsdoive, part. 
 diclos, 0. Fr. desclos ; L. dis- negative, and cfatt- 
 dere, to close (q. r.).] [pp. disclosing, disclosed.] 
 To uncover; to reveal ; to tell. 
 
 Dis-clos'ure (dis-klo'zhur), n. The act of disclos- 
 ing : — that which is disclosed. 
 
 Dis'cbid, a. [Gr. Sicr/co?, a disk, and elfios, form.] 
 Resembling a disk. 
 
 Dls-cbid'al, a. Having the form of a disk. 
 
 Dis-col'or, v. a. [Dis- and Color.] [pp. discolor- 
 ing, discolored.] To stain ; to change as to color. 
 
 Dls-col-or-a'tion, n. Change of color; stain. 
 
 Dis-com'fit, v. 'a. [Fr. decoufit, part, of dicoufire, 
 0. Fr. desconfire ; L. dis- negative, and coujicere, 
 to preserve. — See Confection.] [pp. discomfit- 
 ing, discomfited.] To defeat; to vanquish. — 
 2, n. Discomfiture. 
 
 Dis-com'fit-ure, n. [Fr. deconfiture.] Defeat; 
 overthrow; vanquishment. 
 
 Dis-com'fort, n. [Dis- and Comfort.] Trouble; 
 uneasiness.— 2, v. a. [pp. discomforting, dis- 
 comforted.] To grieve ; to distress. 
 
 Dis-com-mode', v. a. [Dis- and Commode.] [pp. 
 discommoding, discommoded.] To put to incon- 
 venience ; to disquiet ; to disturb ; to incommode. 
 
 Dis-com-mo'di-ous, a. Incommodious. 
 
 Dis-com-po§e', v. a. [Dis- and Composf.] [pp. 
 discomposing, discomposed.] To disorder; to 
 disturb'. 
 
 Dis-com-pos'are (dis-kom-po'zhur), n. State of 
 being discomposed ; disorder ; agitation. 
 
 Dis-con-cert', v. a. [0. Fr. disconcerter, Fr. decon- 
 certer.—See Concert, in the sense of to ad- 
 
 just.] [pp. disconcerting, disconcerted.] To 
 unsettle; to discompose. [certed. 
 
 Dis-con-ce'r'tion, n. The state of being discon- 
 
 Dis-con-nect', V a. [Dis- and Connect.] [pp. 
 disconnecting, disconnected.] To separate ; to 
 disjoin. 
 
 Dis-con-nect'ed, p. a. Disunited ; disjoined. 
 
 Dis-con-nec'tion, n. Disunion ; separation. 
 
 Dis-con' so-late, a. [L. dis- negative, and consolare, 
 consolatum,' to console (q. v.).] Void of consola- 
 tion; afflicted; hopeless; sorrowful; sad. 
 
 Dis-con-tent', n. [Dis- and Content.] Want of 
 content; uneasiness. — 2, a. Discontented; un- 
 easy. — 3, v. a. [pp. discontenting, discontented.] 
 To dissatisfy ; to make uneasy ; to displease. 
 
 Dis-con-tent'ment, n. Discontent ; uneasiness. 
 
 Dis-con-tin'u-ance, n. Cessation; intermission. 
 
 Dis-con-tin-ii-a'tion, n. Act of discontinuing; 
 cessation ; discontinuance. 
 
 Dis-con-tin'ue (-tin'y u), v. n. [Dis- and Continue.] 
 [ pp'. discontinuing, discontinued.] To leave oft'; 
 to cease. — 2, v. a. To break off; to interrupt. 
 
 Dis-con-ti-nu'i-ty, n. Disunity. [rupted. 
 
 Dls-con-tin'u-ous, a. Not continuous ; inter- 
 
 Dis'cbrd, n. [L. discordia; discordure, to disagree; 
 from cor, cordis, the heart; influenced in its ap- 
 plication to music by the word Chord {q. v.).] 
 Want of concord ; contention ; strife ; disagree- 
 ment : — contrariety of sounds. 
 
 Dis-cbrd'ance, \n. Want of concord ; discord ; 
 
 Dis-cbrd'an-ey, J disagreement. 
 
 Dis-cbrd'ant, a. Wanting agreement or concord ; 
 inconsistent; inharmonious; incongruous. 
 
 Dis-cbrd'ant-ly, ad. In a discordant manner. 
 
 Dis' count, ». A sum deducted for advanced pay- 
 ment; a deduction ; an allowance. 
 
 Dis-cbunt' [dis'kbunt, Wb. Bees], t: a. [Fr. dC- 
 compler ; 0. Fr. descompter ; L. dis- apart, out, 
 and compidare, to c>>unt, to compute (q. ».).] 
 [pp. discounting, discounted.] To deduct a per- 
 centage from, for prompt payment : — to lend 
 after deducting a percentage. 
 
 Dis-cbunt'a-ble, a. That may be discounted. 
 
 Dis-cbun'te-nance, v. a. [Dis- and the verb Coun- 
 tenance ; Ft. dicoutenancer, 0. Fr. descontenancer, 
 to abash.] [pp. discountenancing, discounte- 
 nanced.] To discourage; to abash; to disap- 
 prove; to disregard; to view with disfavor. 
 
 Dis-cour'a£e (dis-kur'aj), v. a. [Fr. dicourager; 
 0. Fr. descourager. — See Con: age.] [pp. discour- 
 aging, discouraged.] To depress ; to deprive of 
 confidence ; to deter ; to dissuade. 
 
 Dis-cour'af'e-ment. n. Act of discouraging; de- 
 terment; that which discourages: — state of 
 being discouraged. 
 
 Dis-course' (dis-kors'), n. [L. disevrrere, discur- 
 siun, to run about; currere, to run; discurms, a 
 running, a conversation.] Conversation; a ser- 
 mon; a speech; a treatise; a dissertation.— 2, 
 v. n. [pp. discoursing, discoursed.] To con- 
 verse ; to talk ; to reason. — 3, ». «. To treat of; 
 to discuss : — to give forth or utter. 
 
 Dis-coiir'te-ous (dis-kur'te-us or dls-kort'yus), a. 
 [Dis- and' Courteous.] Uncivil ; rnde ; impolite. 
 
 Dis-cour'te-ous-ly. ad. Kurielv: uncivilly. 
 
 Dis-coiir'te-ous-ness, n. Incivility ; discourtesy. 
 
 Dis-cour'te-sy (dis-kur'te-se), ». Incivility. 
 
 Dis-cov'er, v. a. [Fr. decovrrir, to uncover, to bring 
 to light; 0. Fr. desennrrir. — See Cover.] [pp. 
 discovering, discovered.] To show; to disclose; 
 to reveal :— to find out; to detect. See Invent. 
 
 Dis-cov'er-a-ble, a. That may be discovered. 
 
 Dis-cov'er-er, w. One who discovers. 
 
 Dis-cov'er-y., n. [Fr. decourerte.] Act of finding; 
 thing found; disclosure. 
 
 Dls-cred'it, h. [Dis- and Credit.] Want of credit 
 or good' reputation; ignominy; reproach; dis- 
 grace; disesteem.— 2, v. a. [pp. discrediting, 
 discredited.] To disgrace : — 1<> bring suspicion 
 upon : — to distrust : — to disbelieve. 
 
 Dis-cred'it-a-ble, a. Disgraceful. 
 
 mien, sir; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, 6se.— p, g, 5, £■, soft, 
 
 17* 
 
 Pi Pi Pi £i hard; s as z ; ? as gz ; this. 
 
DISCKEET 
 
 198 
 
 DISHEARTEN 
 
 Dis-ereet', a. [Fr. discret.— See Discretion.] Pru- 
 dent; cautious; wise. 
 
 Dis-creet'ly., ad. Prudently ; cautiously. 
 
 Dis'cre-pance [dis-krep'ans, Wb. Maunder, St.], w. 
 Difference; contrariety; disagreement. 
 
 Dis'cre-pan-cy, n. Same as Discrepance. 
 
 Dis'cre-pant [dis-crep'aut, H. St. Wb.], a. [L. dis- 
 crepare, discrepantis, to differ in sound ; crepure, 
 to niuke a noise.] Different ; disagreeing. 
 
 Dis-crete', a. [L. discernere, discretum, to discern, 
 to separate, to make or observe a distinction.] 
 Distinct; disjoined; not concrete; disjunctive; 
 not continued. 
 
 Dis-cre"tion (dis-kresh'un), n. [L. discretio, sep- 
 aration ; distinction ; power of making distinc- 
 tions; good judgment.] Prudence; wise man- 
 agement; judgment : — liberty of acting. 
 
 Dis-cre"tion-al (dis-kresh'un-al), a. Left to dis- 
 cretion; unlimited; discretionary. 
 
 Dis-cre"tion-a-ry. (dis-kresh'un-a-re), a. Left to 
 discretion or choice ; unlimited ; discretional. 
 
 Dis-crim'i-na-ble, a. Distinguishable. 
 
 Dis-crim'i-nate, v. a. [L. disci-immure, discrimi- 
 ■uatum, to judge; discrimen, a distinction, a point 
 uf difference; discernere, discretum, to distin- 
 guish.] [pp. discriminating, discriminated.] To 
 observe the difference between ; to distinguish ; 
 to separate. — 2, v. n. To observe or make a dif- 
 ference. 
 
 Dis-crim-i-na'tion, n. Act or faculty of discrim- 
 inating '.—discernment; good judgment : — distinc- 
 tion or difference : — mark. [argumentative. 
 
 Dis-ciir'sive, a. [See Discourse.] Desultory : — 
 
 Dis-ciir'sive-ly., ad. In a discursive manner. 
 
 Lis-ciir'so-ry, a. Argumentative : — digressive. 
 
 Dis-ciir'sus, n. [L. — See Discourse.] Argumen- 
 tation. 
 
 Dis'cus, «. [L.] L. pi. Dis'ci; Eng. 
 Dis'cus-e§. An ancient form of the 
 quoit ; a flat piece of iron ; a disk. 
 
 Dis-ciiss', v. a. [L. discutere, discus- 
 sum, to shake apart, to disperse ; 
 dis-, apart, and quatere, quassum, to 
 shake.] [pp. discussing, discussed.] 
 To examine; to debate; to sift: — 
 to disperse, as morbid matter : — to 
 consume. 
 
 Dis-cus'sion (djs-kush'un), n . Act of discussing; 
 examination; disquisition; agitation; debate. 
 
 Dis-cu'tient (dis-ku'shent). m. [L. discutere, dis- 
 'cutientis', to dispel.— See Disctss.] A medicine 
 to disperse tumors. 
 
 Dis-dain' [dis-dun', H. St. I. N.], v. a. [Fr. d£- 
 'daigner; 0. Fr. desdegner ; L. dis- negative, and 
 dignari, to deem worthy; dignus, worthy.] [pp. 
 disdaining, disdained.] To scorn ; to despise; to 
 contemn. — 2, n. Contempt; scorn; haughtiness. 
 
 Di§-dain'ful, a. Expressing disdain ; haughty ; 
 contemptuous; scornful; fastidious. 
 
 Di§-dain'ful-ly, ad. With baughty scorn. 
 
 Dls-ea§e' (diz-ez'), w. [Dis- and Ease; 0. Fr. des- 
 'aise.] Distemper; malady. — 2, v. a. [pp. dis- 
 easing, diseased.] To afflict with disease; to 
 infect. 
 
 Dis-em-bark\ v. a. [Dis- and Embark; 0. Fr. 
 des'embarquer.] [pp. disembarking, disembarked.] 
 To land, as from a ship.— 2, v. n. To laud; to 
 go ashore ; to debark. 
 
 Dis-em-bar'rass, v. a. [Dis- and Embarrass.] 
 [pp. disembarrassing, disembarrassed.] To free 
 from embarrassment or clog ; to liberate ; to ex- 
 tricate. 
 
 Dis-em-bar'rass-ment, n. Liberation. 
 
 Dis-em-bod'y, v. a. [Dis- and Emboby.] [pp. 
 disembodying, disembodied.] To divest of the 
 body : — to discharge from military service. 
 
 Dis-em-bogue' (dis-em-bog'), v. a. [Sp. desembo- 
 car; boca, a mouth; L. bucca, the cheek.] [pp. 
 disemboguing, disembogued.] To pour out at 
 the mouth, as a river; to discharge. — 2, v. n. To 
 gain a vent: to flow out. 
 
 Dis-en-chant', v. a. [Dis- and Enchant; Fr. 
 desenchanter.) [pp. disenchanting, disenchanted.] 
 To free from enchantment. 
 
 Dis-en-chant'ment, '"• The act of disenchant- 
 ing. 
 
 Dis-en-cfim'ber, v. a. [Dis- and Encumber; Fr. 
 dtsencombrer'.] [pp. disencumbering, disencum- 
 bered.] To disburdeu ; to free. 
 
 Dis-en-cum'brance, u. Liberation. 
 
 Dis-en-dow\ v. a. [Dis- and Endow.] [pp. dis- 
 endowing, disendowed.] To deprive of an en- 
 dowment. 
 
 Dis-en-gagV, v. a. [Dis- and Engage.] [pp. dis- 
 engaging, disengaged.] To release; to clear; to 
 free; to separate.— 2, v. n. To set one's self free. 
 
 Dis-en-gagVment, n. Eelease ; vacancy. 
 
 Dis-en-tan'gle, v. a. [Dis- and Entangle.] [pp. 
 disentangling, disentangled.] To unravel; to 
 free ; to set free. 
 
 Dis-en-tan'gle-ment, n. Disengagement. 
 
 Dis-en-thra.ll', v. a. See Disinthrall. 
 
 Dis-es-tab'lish, v. a. [Dis- and Establish.] [pp. 
 disestablishing, disestablished.] To overthrow ; 
 to unsettle :— to divest of the character of being 
 established. 
 
 Dis-es-tab'lish-ment, n. The act of disestablish- 
 ing or state of being disestablished. 
 
 Dis-es-teem', n. [Dis- and Esteem.] Disregard; 
 dislike. — 2, v. a. [pp. disesteeming, dises- 
 teemed.] To disregard ; to dislike. 
 
 Dis-es-ti-ma'tion, n. Disrespect; disesteem. 
 
 Dis-fa'vor, n. ' [Dis- and Favor.] Discounte- 
 nance ;' dislike. — 2, v. a. [pp. disfavoring, dis- 
 favored.] To discountenance ; to oppose. 
 
 Dis-f Ig'ure (dis-f ig'yur), v. a. [Dis- and Figure ; 
 Fr. defigurer.] [pp. disfiguring, disfigured.] To 
 injure the form of; to deform; to deface. 
 
 Dis-for'est, v. a. [Dis- and Forest.] [pp. dis- 
 foresting, disforested.] To strip of ti ees : — to 
 deprive of the quality of being a forest. 
 
 Dis-fran'chise [dis-fran'chTz, /. 67.], v. a. [Dis- 
 and Enfranchise. — See Franchise.] [pp. dis- 
 franchising, disfranchised.] To deprive of the 
 rights and privileges of a free citizen. 
 
 Dis-fran'chi§e-ment, u. Act of disfranchising : — 
 state of being disfranchised. 
 
 Dis-gbrge' [dis-gorj', St. H. I. Wb. N.], v. a. [Fr. 
 dCgorger; 0. Fr. desgorger. — See Gorge.] [pp. 
 disgorging, disgorged.] To vomit; to pour out 
 with force; to discharge through the mouth : — 
 to give up. — 2, v. n. To discharge by the mouth : 
 — to make restitution. 
 
 Dis-gorgVment, u. The act of disgorging. 
 
 Dis-grace' [dis-, St. I. H. N.], n. [Dis- and Grace ; 
 Fr. disgrace. — See Grace.] A state of igno- 
 miny; dishonor; shame; disfavor; discredit. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. disgracing, disgraced.] To dis- 
 honor; to degrade. 
 
 Di§-grace'ful, a. Shameful ; vile ; base. 
 
 DI§-grace'ful-ly. ad. Ignominiously ; basely. 
 
 Di§-lul§e' (diz-giz') [dis-giz', I. H. Wb. St. N.], ■ 
 'v. a. [Fr. dcgviser.— See Guise.] [pp. disguis- 
 ing, disguised.] To conceal by an unusual (iress; 
 to disfigure; to change the form of: — to injure 
 by liquor. — 2, n. A counterfeit dress ; false ap- 
 pearance ; mask. 
 
 Di§-gust\ n. [Fr. dtgoul; L. dis-, apart, and 
 gvMns, taste ; Gr. yevetv, to taste ; Skr. jush, to 
 relish.] Aversion; dislike; nausea.— 2, v. a. 
 [pp. disgusting, disgusted.] To offend ; to dis- 
 please ; to cause dislike. 
 
 Di§-gust'ing, p. a. Causing disgust ; offensive. 
 
 Dish, ». '[A variant of. Disk.— See also Desk. 1 A 
 vessel for serving up food : — food. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 dishing, dished.] To serve or put in a dish : — 
 to shape like a dish. 
 
 Dis-ha-bille' (dis-a-bil') [dis'a-ML, I. ; dis-a-bel', 
 St.],'n. [Fr. deshabille; hab'iller, to dress.— See 
 Habiliment.] Undress ; careless or loo-e dress. 
 
 Dis-heart'en (dls-har'tn), v. a. [pp. disheartening, 
 disheartened.] To discourage. 
 
 a, e, i, o, u, y, long; a, e, I, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y., obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 
 
DISHEVEL 
 
 199 
 
 DISPARAGEMENT 
 
 Di-shev'el, v. a. [Fr. dtcheveler ; dis- (des-), apart, 
 and chereu, 0. Fr. checel, the Lair; L. capillus, 
 a hair.] [pp. dishevelling, dishevelled.] To 
 spread loosely, as the hair. 
 
 Dish'ful, n. As much as a dish will hold. 
 
 Dish'ing, a. Concave; hollow. 
 
 Dis-hon'est (diz-on'est) [dis- or diz-, H. ; dis-, St. 
 I.], a. ' [Dis- negative, and Honest.] Not hon- 
 est; void of probity ; fraudulent; deceitiul. 
 
 Dis-hon'est-lv (diz-on'est-le), ad. In a dishonest 
 manner; faithlessly; wickedly. 
 
 Dis-hon'es-ty. (diz-on'es-te), n. "Want of honesty ; 
 faithlessness; fraud; knavery. 
 
 Dis-hon'or (diz-on'yr) [dis-, St. I. H.], n. [Dis- 
 and Honor; Fr. deshonneur.] Disgrace; shame. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. dishonoring, dishonored.] To 
 disgrace ; to bring shame upon ; to treat ill. 
 
 Dis-hon'or-a-ble (diz-on'ur-a-bl), a. Not honor- 
 able ; shameful ; ignominious. 
 
 Dis-hon'or-a-bly (diz-on'-), ad. Ignominiously. 
 
 Dis-il-lu'sion (-zhun), n. [Dis- and Illusion ; 
 Fr'. desillu'sion.] The act or process or l'esult of 
 dispelling illusion ; the state of being freed from 
 illusion; disenchantment. 
 
 Dis-in-cli-na'tion, n. Aversion ; dislike. 
 
 Dis-in-cline', v. a. [Dis- and Incline.] [pp. 
 disinclining, disinclined.] To make averse. 
 
 Dis-in-fect', v. a. [Dis- and Infect.] [pp. dis- 
 infecting, disinfected.] To purify from infection. 
 
 Dis-in-fect'ant, n. A substance that prevents or 
 removes iu'fection. 
 
 Di3-in-fec'tion, n. The act of disinfecting. 
 
 Lis-in-£-en'u-ous, a. [Dis- negative, and Ingen- 
 uous.] Unfair; uncandid; not frank. 
 
 Dis-in-i-en'u-ous-lj:, ad. Unfairly; artfully. 
 
 Dis-in-gen'u-ous-ness, n. Unfairness. 
 
 Dis-in-her'it, v. a. [Dis- and Inherit; Fr. des- 
 heriter.] [pp. disinheriting, disinherited.] To 
 deprive of an inheritance. 
 
 Dis-in-heV it-ance, n. The act of disinheriting. 
 
 Dls-in'te-grate [dis-, H. I. Wb. St. iV.J, v. a. [Dis- 
 and Integrate.] [pp. disintegrating, disinte- 
 grated.] To separate into particles. ' 
 
 Dis-in-te-gra'tion, n. Separation into particles. 
 
 Lis-in-ter , v. a. [pp. disinterring, disinterred.] 
 To' take out of tlie grave. 
 
 Dls-In'ter-est-ed [dis-, H. I. Wb. St. N.], a. [Dis- 
 negative, and Interested; Fr. desinliressi, part, 
 from desintcresser, to free from interest. — bee In- 
 terest.] Free from self-interest; unselfish; 
 not interested ; impartial. 
 
 Dis-in'ter-est-ed-ness, n. Freedom from, or dis- 
 regard' of, self-interest. 
 
 Dls-in-thrall', v. a. [Dis- and Inthrall. — See 
 Thrall.] [pp. disinthralling, disinthralled.] 
 To set free ; to liberate. 
 
 Dis-in-thral'ment, n. Liberation. 
 
 Dis-jom' [dis-, 'St. H. Wb. I.], v. a. [Dis- and 
 Join.] [pp. disjoining, disjoined.] To separate; 
 to part; to sunder. 
 
 Dis-jbint' [dis-, St. H. Wb. I.], ». a. [Dis- and 
 Joint.] [pp. disjointing, disjointed.] To put 
 out of joint; to break. — 2, t: n. To full in pieces. 
 
 Dis-junc'tion, n. [L. disjunctio; disjtmgere, dis- 
 junction, to disjoin.] Disunion; separation. 
 
 Dis-jfinc'tive [dis-, St. H. I. Wb.], a. Separating; 
 
 disuniting. — (Gram.) Disjoining the sense, 
 
 though joining the words; as, or, nor, &c. — 2, n. 
 
 A disjunctive conjunction. 
 
 Disk, n. [L. discus, Gr. Stovco?, a quoit, a plate.] 
 
 The face of the sun, moon, or a planet : — a 
 
 quoit :— a round flat surface. See Discus. 
 
 Dig-like' [dis-, St. H. I. Wb. N.], n. [Dis- and 
 
 Like.] Disinclination ; aversion. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 
 disliking, disliked.] Not to like; to disrelish. 
 
 Dis'lo-cate, v. a. [L. dislocare, dislocatum ; dis-, 
 
 away from, and locare, to place; locus, a place.] 
 
 [pp. dislocating, dslocated.] To put out of 
 
 joint; to disjoint. [tion. 
 
 Dis-lo-ca'tion, n. The act of displacing;; a luxa- 
 
 Lis-lodge' [dis-, St. H. Wb. I. A 7 .], v. a. [Dis- 
 
 and Lodge; Fr. dtloger.] [pp. dislodging, dis- 
 lodged.] To remove ; to drive from. — 2, v. n. To 
 go to another place. 
 
 Dis-lodgVment, «• The act of dislodging ; the state 
 of being dislodged. 
 
 Dis-lby'al [dis-, St. H. I. Wb. N.], a. [Dis- nega- 
 tive, and Loyal; Fr. deloyal.] Not loyal; dis- 
 obedient ; faithless ; perfidious. 
 
 Dis^lby'al-ly, ad. Faithlessly ; treacherously. 
 
 Dis-loy'al-ty, u. Want of loyalty or fidelity. 
 
 Dis/mal,'a. [Probably the same as Decimal; L. 
 decern, ten ; Late L. decvma, a tenth, a tithe : 
 from the cruel exactions of tithe-proctors in old 
 times. — Cf. 0. Fr. dismer, to tithe, to despoil.] 
 Sorrowful ; gloomy ; dire ; dark. 
 
 Dis-man'tle [dis-, St. H. Wb. I. JF.], v. a. [Fr. de- 
 manleler, 0. Fr. desmanteler, to strip, to uncloak ; 
 dis- and Fr. manteau, 0. Fr. mantel, a cloak.] 
 [p>p. dismantling, dismantled.] To throw down ; 
 to demolish ; to strip ; to divest ; to destroy. 
 
 Dis-mast' [dis-, St. H. Wb. I. K], v. a. [Dis- and 
 Mast.] [pp. dismasting, dismasted.] To deprive 
 of masts. 
 
 Dis-may' [dis-, St. H. Wb. I. A'.], v. a. [Sp. des- 
 mayer; Fr. esmayer, the latter from L. ex, out, 
 and Ger. mb'gen, 0. Ger. & A.-S. magan, to be 
 able. — See May. — Cf. It. smagare, formerly des- 
 magure, to lose, or deprive of, courage.] [pp. 
 dismaying, dismayed.] To terrify; to affright; 
 to deject. — 2, n. Terror ; fear ; loss of courage. 
 
 Dis-mem'ber, v. a. [Dis- and Member.] [pp. 
 dismembering, dismembered.] To cut in pieces. 
 
 Dig-mem'ber-ment, n. Division; separation. 
 
 Dis-mlss' [dis-, St. H. Wb. I. N.], v. a. [Fr. dt- 
 mettre ; 0. Fr. desmettre ; L. dim-Utere ; dis-, apart, 
 and mittere, miamm, to send.] [pp. dismissing, 
 dismissed.] To send away ; to discard. 
 
 Dis-mis'sal, n. Act of dismissing; dismission. 
 
 Dis-nus'sion (diz-mish'un), n. Act of dismissing ; 
 leave to go ; discharge :— ^deprivation. 
 
 DIs-mSunt' [dis-, St. H. Wb. I. A.], v. a. [Dis- 
 bud Mount: Fr. demonter.] [pp. dismounting, 
 dismounted.] To tbrovv off a horse, &c. — 'I, v. u. 
 To alight from a horse. 
 
 Dls-o-be'di-ence, n. Neglect or refusal to obey. 
 
 Dis-o-be'di-ent, a. _ Tliat disobeys ; not obedient. 
 
 Dis-o-bey' - (dis-o-ba'), v. a. [Dis- and Obey ; Fr. 
 dcsobeir.] [pp. disobeying, disobeyed.] To re- 
 fuse obedience to; to break the commands of; 
 to transgress. — 2, v. n. To refuse to obey ; to be 
 disobedient. 
 
 Dis-o-blife' (dis-o-blij'), >.>.«. [Dis- and Oblige; 
 Fr. dcsobliger.] [pp. disobliging, disobliged.] 
 To offend by uukindness; to displease. 
 
 Dis-o-blig'ing. p. a. Not obliging; unaccommo- 
 dating; unfriendly; unkind. 
 
 Dis-br'der [dis-, H. St. Wb. I. N.], n. [Dis- and 
 Order; Fr. desordre.] Want of order; irregu- 
 larity; confusion; disturbance: — derangement: 
 — malady; illness; disease. — 2, v. a. [pp. disor- 
 dering, disordered.] To put out of order; to 
 disturb; to derange :— to ruffle: — to make sick. 
 
 Dis-br'der-ly, a. Confused; irregular: — lawless; 
 turbulent. — 2, ad. "Without rule; confusedly. 
 
 Dis-br-gan-i-za'tion, n. Subversion of order or 
 breaking up of structure. 
 
 Dis-br'gan-ize, v. a. [Dis- and Organize; Fr. 
 dtsorganiser.] [pp. disorganizing* disorganized.] 
 To destroy the order or structure of. 
 
 Dis-own' (diz-on') [dis-, St. H. I. N.], v. a. [Dis- 
 and Own.] [pp. disowning, disowned.] Not to 
 acknowledge as one's own ; to disclaim; to deny ; 
 to renounce. 
 
 Dis-par'a£e, v. a. [Fr. deparer ; 0. Fr. desparager; 
 L. dis- and Late L. paragium, rank, parity ; L. 
 dispar, unlike ; par, equal.— See Par and Peer.] 
 [pp. disparaging, disparaged.] To lower in rank 
 or estimation :— to offer indignity to : — to depre- 
 ciate ; to degrade ; to traduce. 
 
 Dis-par'a£e-ment, n. Act of disparaging; de- 
 preciation; disgrace; indignity. 
 
 ;, §, soft ; p, p, p, g, hard ; § as z ; x as gz ; tnis. 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son j bull, biir, rule, use.— Q, $, c 
 
DISPARAGING 
 
 200 
 
 DISROBE 
 
 Dis-pa.r'af'-ing, p. a. Making disparagement. 
 
 Dis-par'i-ty, n. [Lis- and Parity.] Inequality; 
 'difference. [park. 
 
 Dis-park', v. a. To deprive of the quality of a 
 
 Dis-part', v. a. & v. n. [Din-, asunder, and Part.] 
 [pp. disparting, disparted.] To divide in two; 
 to separate. 
 
 Dis-pas'sion (dis-pash'un), n. Mental coolness. 
 
 Dis-pas'sion-ate, a. [Dis- and Passionate.] Cool; 
 calm; impartial. 
 
 Dis-pas'sion-ate-ly, ad. In a calm manner. 
 
 Dis-patch', v. a. [See Despatch.] [pp. dispatch- 
 ing, dispatched.] To send away hastily ; to 
 hasten: — to kill : — written also despatch. — 2, n. 
 Speed; haste; despatch. 
 
 Dis-pau'per, v. a. [Dis- and Pauper.] [pp. dis- 
 paupering, dispaupered.] (Eng. Laiv.) To de- 
 prive of the right of a pauper to assistance. 
 
 Dis-pel', v. a. [L. dispellere; dis-, away, and pel- 
 lere, to drive.] [pp. dispelling, dispelled.] To 
 drive away ; to disperse. 
 
 Dis-pen'sa-ry, n. A place where medicines are 
 dispensed or distributed to the poor. 
 
 Dis-pen-sa'tion, «. [L. dispeusatio.] Act of dis- 
 pensing ; distribution : — administration : — an ex- 
 emption from some law, rule, or service. 
 
 Dis-pen'sa-to-ry, n. A directory for making medi- 
 cines; a pharmacopoeia. — 2, a. Granting dis- 
 pensation. 
 
 Dis-pense', v. a. [L. dispensare, to weigh out, to 
 spend money; dispeudium, expense; from dis- 
 -pendere, to spread; dis-, apart, and paudere, to 
 spread.] [pp. dispensing, dispensed."] To deal 
 out ; to distribute ; to allot. — To dispense with, to 
 do without. 
 
 Dis-peo'ple (dis-pe'pl), v. a. [Bis- and People ; 
 Fr. dtpeupler.] [pp. dispeopling, dispeopled.] 
 To depopulate. 
 
 Di-sper'mous, a. [Gv. Sl-, double, and anepfia, 
 seed.] (Bot.) Having only two seeds. 
 
 Dis-per'sal, n. Dispersion. 
 
 Dis-perse\ v. a. [L. dispergere, dispersum; dis-, 
 apart, and spurgere, sparsum, to scatter.] [pp. 
 dispersing, dispersed.] To scatter ; to drive 
 away. — 2, v. n. To separate ; to scatter. 
 
 Dis-per'sion, n. The act of dispersing; the state 
 of being' scattered; distribution; diffusion. 
 
 Dis-pir'it, v. a. [Dis- and Spirit.] [pp. dispirit- 
 ing, dispirited.] To discourage; to depress. 
 
 Dis-pla.ce', v. a. [Dis- and Place; Fr. dtplacer.] 
 [pp. displacing, displaced.] To put out of place ; 
 to remove. 
 
 Dis-place'ment, n. The act of displacing: — 
 quantity displaced: — a method of extracting 
 soluble principles from organic matter. 
 
 Dis-play', v. a. [Fr. deplier, deploy er ; 0. Fr. des- 
 
 fleier, desploier ; L. dis- and plicare, to fold.] 
 pp. displaying, displayed.] To spread wide; 
 
 to exhibit; to sIioav ostentatiously : — to expand. 
 
 — 2, n. An exhibition ; a show ; parade. 
 Dis-play'ed (or dis-plad'), p.&a. 
 
 (Her.) Conspicuously exhib- 
 ited, as a bird's wings. 
 Dis-plea§e\ v. a. [Dis- and 
 
 Please; Fr. dtplaire ; 0. Fr. 
 
 desplaisir.] [pp. displeasing, 
 
 displeased.] To offend; to 
 
 make angry. 
 Dis-pleas/ure (dis-plezh'ur), n. 
 
 Uneasiness ; offence ; anger ; 
 
 disfavor. 
 Bis-port', n. [Late L. disportus, diversion; L. dis-, 
 
 away, and portare, to carry ; 0. Fr. se desporter, 
 
 to recreate one's self.] Play; sport; pastime. — 
 
 2, v. a. [pp. disporting, disported.] To divert. 
 
 — 3, v. n. To sport. 
 Dis-pos/a-ble, a. Capable of being disposed of. 
 Dis-pos/al, n. The act of disposing; disposition: 
 
 —management; conduct; control. 
 Dis-pose', v. a. [0. Fr. disposer, Fr. deposer, to 
 
 arrange. — See Pose.] [pp. disposing, disposed.] 
 
 Displayed. 
 
 To place; to arrange:— to incline; to adjust. — 
 
 To dispose of, to apply ; to put off; to sell. 
 Dis-posed' (dis-pozd'), p. u. Arranged : — inclined : 
 
 ' — having a disposition ; minded. 
 Dis-pos'er, n. A distributer ; a director. 
 Dis-po-§i"tion (dis-po-zish'un), n. [L. dispositio, 
 
 arrangement ; dis-, apart, and ponere, posilum, to 
 
 place.] Order; method; disposal; inclination: 
 
 — temper of mind. 
 Dis-po§-sess', v. a. [Dis- and Possess.] [pp. 
 
 dispossessing, dispossessed.] To put out of pos- 
 
 Dis-po§-ses sion (dis-poz-zesh'un), v. The act of 
 dispossessing; the state of be'ing dispossessed. 
 
 Dis-prai§e', n. [Dis- and Praise.] Blame; cen- 
 sure; dishonor.— 2, v. a. [pp. dispraising, dis- 
 praised.] To blame; to censure; to reproach. 
 
 Dis-proof, n. [Dis- and Proof.] Confutation ; 
 refutation. 
 
 Dis-pro-por'tion,M. [Dis- and Proportion.] Want 
 of proportion. — 2, v. a. [pp. disproportion ing, 
 disproportioned.] To join unfitly ; to misshape. 
 
 Dis-pro-por'tion-a-ble, a. "Wanting proportion ; 
 dispr'oportiohal ;' unfit. 
 
 Dis-pro-por'tion-a-bly, ad. Unsuitably. 
 
 Dis-pro-por'tion-al, a'. Without proportion. 
 
 Dis-pro-por'ticn-al-ly, ad. Unsuitably. 
 
 Dis-pro-por'tion-ate, a. Not proportionate. 
 
 Dis-pro-por'tion-ate-ly, ad. Unsuitably. 
 
 Dis-pr6ve', v. 'a. '[Dis- and Prove.] [pp. dis- 
 proving, disproved.] To prove false or errone- 
 ous; to confute; to refute. 
 
 Dis'pu-ta-ble [dis-pu'ta-bl, I. P. ; dis'pu-ta-bl or 
 djs-pu'ta-bl, W. Ja. K.], a. That may be dis- 
 puted; controvertible; questionable; doubtful. 
 
 Dis'pu-tant, n. A controvertist ; an arguer. 
 
 Dis-pu-ta'tion, n. Argumentation ; dispute. 
 
 Dis-pu-ta'tious, \ a. Inclined to dispute; cavil- 
 
 Dis-pu'ta-tive, J ling; contentious. 
 
 Dis-pute', v. n. [L. dispulare ; dis-, apart, and 
 putare, to think, to clear up.] [pp. disputing, 
 disputed.] To contend by argument; to reason 
 against; to argue; to debate. — 2, v. a. To con- 
 tend for ; to discuss. — 3, n. Strife or contest in 
 words ; a contest ; controversy ; debate ; quarrel. 
 
 Dis-qual-i-fi-ca'tion (dis-kwo'l-e-fe-ka'shun), «. 
 That which disqualifies; lack of qualification. 
 
 Dis-qual'i-fy (dls-kwol'e-fl), v. a. [Dis- and 
 Qualify.] [pp. disqualifying, disqualified.] To 
 make unfit; to disable: — to deprive of a right 
 or power. 
 
 Dis-qui'et, n. [Dis- and Quiet.] Uneasiness; 
 anxietj'. — 2, v. a. [pp. disquieting, disquieted.] 
 To disturb ; to make uneasy. — 3, a. Restless ; 
 unquiet. 
 
 Dis-qui'e-tude, n. Uneasiness; anxiety. 
 
 Dis-qui-§i"tion (dls-kwe-zish'un), n. [L. disquisi- 
 tio, a search ; dis-, apart, and quterere, to seek.] An 
 argumentative treatise ; a discussion ; an essay. 
 
 Dis-re-gard', n. [Dis- and Regard.] Want of 
 regard; neglect. — 2, v. a. [pp. disregarding, 
 disregarded.] To slight; to neglect. 
 
 Dis-re-gard'ful, a. Negligent; careless. 
 
 Dis-re-gard'ful-ly, ad. Negligently. 
 
 Dis-rel'ish [dis-, St. H. Wb. I. N.\ n. [Dis- nega- 
 tive, and Relish.] Dislike; distaste; disgust. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. disrelishing, disrelished.] Not to 
 relish ; to dislike. 
 
 Dis-re-pair', n. The state of being out of repair. 
 
 Dis-rep'u-ta-ble, a. Dishonorable ; disgraceful. 
 
 Dis-rep'u-ta-bly, ad. Dishonorably. 
 
 Dis-re-pute', n.' [Dis- and Repute.] Discredit; 
 ill repute. 
 
 Dis-re-spect', n. [Dis- and Respect.] Incivility; 
 want of respect. — 2, v. a. [pip. disrespecting, 
 disrespected.] To show disrespect to. 
 
 Dis-re-spect'ful, a. Wanting respect. 
 
 Dis-re-spect' ful-ly. ad. Rudely; uncivilly. 
 
 Dis-robe' [dis-, St. H. Wb. I. N.], v. a. & v. n. [Dis- 
 and Robe; Fr. derober.] [pp. disrobing, dis- 
 robed.] To undress ; to uncover. 
 
 e, l, o, u 
 
 y, long; a, e, l, 5, u, y, short; a, e, j, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
DISEUPT 
 
 201 
 
 DISTENTION 
 
 Dis-rfipt\ v. a. [L. disrtnnpere or dirumpere, dis- 
 ruplum; dis-, apart, and rmupere, to break.] [pp. 
 disrupting, disrupted.] To tear asunder. — 2, a. 
 Kent asunder. 
 
 Dis-riip'tion [dis-, St. H. Wb. I. N.], n. Breach ; 
 rent; rupture. [disrupt or burst asunder. 
 
 Dis-rup'tive, a. Causing disruption ; tending to 
 
 Dis-sat-is-fac'tion, n. State of being dissatisfied ; 
 uneasiness; discontent. 
 
 Dis-sat'is-fy, v. a. [Dis- and Satisfy.] [pp. dis- 
 satisfying, dissatisfied.] To discontent; to dis- 
 please. 
 
 Dis-sect', v. a. [L. dissecare, dissectum ; dis-, apart, 
 and secure, to cut.] [pp. dissecting, dissected.] 
 To cut in pieces, as an animal body ; to cut up ; 
 to anatomize : — to analyze. [is dissected. 
 
 Dis-sec'tion, n. Act of dissecting : — that which 
 
 Dis-sect' or, n. One who dissects. 
 
 Dis-sei'sin, or Dis-sei'zin, n. (Law.) [Law Fr. ; 
 dis- negative, and Seizin.] An unlawful dispos- 
 sessing a man of his land, &c. 
 
 Dis-seize', v. a. [pp. disseizing, disseized.] To 
 dispossess wrongfully. 
 
 Dis-sem'blance, n. Want of resemblance. 
 
 Dis-sem'ble, v. a. [See Dissimulate: on type of 
 Fr. sembler, to seem. (The Fr. dissembler signi- 
 fies to differ.)] [pp. dissembling, dissembled.] 
 To assume, as a false appearance ; to disguise ; 
 to conceal. — 2, v. n. To play the hypocrite. 
 
 Dis-sem'bler, n. One who dissembles; ^hypocrite. 
 
 Dis-sem'i-nate, v. a. [L. d'isseminare, dlsseminalum ; 
 dis-, apart, and seminare, to scatter; semen, seed.] 
 [pp. disseminating, disseminated.] To scatter 
 as seed ; to sow. 
 
 Dis-sem-i-na'tion, n. A scattering; a sowing. 
 
 Dis-sem'i-na-tor, n. One who disseminat'-s. 
 
 Dis-sen'sion, n. Angry difference of opinion; 
 disagreement; strife; quarrel; discord. 
 
 Dis-sent', v. a. [Fr. dissentir ; L. dissenlire ; dis-, 
 apart, and seniire, to feel.] [pp. dissenting, -dis- 
 sented.] To disagree in opinion; to differ: — to 
 separate from the established church. — 2, n. 
 Act of dissenting; disagreement. 
 
 Dis-sent'er, n. One who dissents: — one who sep- 
 arates from the established church in England ; 
 a nonconformist. 
 
 Dis-sen'tient, «. Disagreeing; dissenting. — 2, n. 
 One who dissents. 
 
 Dis-sep'i-ment, n. [L. dissepimentum, a partition ; 
 'dis-, apart, and sepire, to hedge.] (Bot.) A parti- 
 tion in an ovary. 
 
 Dis-ser-ta'tion, n. [L. dissertatio; dissertare, to 
 discuss, freq. of disserere, to treat of; dis- nega- 
 tive, and serere, to join or fasten.] A discuurse; 
 a treatise ; an essay. 
 
 Dis-ser'vice, n. Injury; mischief; hurt. 
 
 Pis-seVer, v. a. [Dis-, apart, and Sever.] [pp. 
 dissevering, dissevered.] To part in two ; to 
 divide. 
 
 Dis-sev'er-ance, n. Separation. 
 
 Dis-sev'er-ment, n. The act of dissevering or 
 state of being dissevered ; disseverance. 
 
 Dls'si-dence, n. Discord; disagreement. 
 
 Dis'si-dent, a. [L. dissidere, dissidentis, to sit 
 apart; sedere, to sit (q. v.).] Varying; not agree- 
 ing. — 2, n. One who dissents ; dissenter. 
 
 Dis-sim'i-lar, a. [Dis- and Similar.] Unlike; 
 
 heterogeneous. 
 Dis-sim-i-lar'i-ty, n. Want of resemblance ; un- 
 
 likeness; difference; dissimilitude. 
 Dis-si-mil'i-tude, n. Want of resemblance. 
 Dis-sim'u-late, v. a. & v. n. [L. dissinmlare, dis- 
 simulation, to feign; dis-, apart, and simulate, to 
 pretend; similis, like. — Cf. L. simitl, together.] 
 [^.dissimulating, dissimulated.] To dissemble. 
 Dis-sim-u-la/tion, n. [L. dissimtdalio.] Act of 
 dissembling; concealment of something: — hy- 
 pocrisy. 
 Dis' si-pate, v. a. [L. dissipare, dissipatum; dis-, 
 apart, and obs. supare, to throw. — See Sweep.] 
 [pp. dissipating, dissipated.] To disperse; to 
 
 scatter; to squander; to spend lavishly. — 
 2, v. n. To live prodigally : — to scatter ; to dis- 
 perse. 
 
 Dis'si-pat-ed, p. a. Addicted to dissipation. 
 
 Dls-si-pa'tion, n. Dispersion: — dissolute living; 
 excess; irregularity; waste. 
 
 Dis-so'ci-ate (dis-so'she-at), v. a. [L. dissociare, 
 dissociatum, to disjoin ; sociare, to associate ; so- 
 cius, a companion.] [pp. dissociating, dissoci- 
 ated.] To separate. 
 
 Dis-so-ci-a'tion (dis-so-she-a/shun), n. Division. 
 
 Dis'so-lu-ble, a. That may be dissolved. 
 
 Dls'so-lute, a. [L. dissolvere, dissolution, to loosen, 
 to melt. — See Solve.] Loose; unrestrained ; de- 
 bauched. 
 
 Dis'so-liite-ly, ad. Loosely; wantonly. 
 
 Dis'so-lute-ngss, n. Dissipation. 
 
 Dls-so-lu'tion, n. Act of dissolving : — death : — 
 act of breaking up an assembly. 
 
 Dis-solv'a-ble, a. That may be dissolved. 
 
 Dis-solve', v. a. [L. dissolcere.— See Solve.] [pp. 
 dissolving, dissolved.] To melt; to disunite; to 
 separate; to destroy; to discontinue; to break 
 up. — 2, v. n. To be liquefied ; to melt. 
 
 Lis-solv'ent, a. Tending to dissolve. — 2, u. That 
 which causes melting; a solvent 
 
 Dls'so-nance, n. Discord; disagreement. 
 
 Dis-so-nant, a. [L. dissonare, dissonantis, to sound 
 unlike; sonus, sound (q. v.).] Unharmonious; 
 incongruous. 
 
 Dls-suade' (dis-swad'), v. a. [L. dissuadere, dis- 
 suasum ; dis- and suadere, to persuade (g. v.).] 
 [pp. dissuading, dissuaded.] To advise against; 
 to discourage ; to deter; to disincline. 
 
 Dis-sua/sion (dTs-swa'zhun), n. Dehortation. 
 
 Dis-sua'sive (dis-swa'sivi, «. Tending to dis- 
 suade.— 2, n. Dehortation. 
 
 Dis-syl-lab'ic, a. Consisting of two syllables. 
 
 Dis-syl'la-bie, or Dis'syl-la-ble, »• [Gr. Sl<tv\- 
 Ac^o?, of two syllables; 6t-, double, and <rvA- 
 Aa/3jj, a syllable.] A word of two syllables. 
 
 Dis'taff, n. ; pi. Dls'taffs. [A.-S. distaef.— Cf. Platt- 
 Deutsch diesse, a bunch of flax ; Sw. do's, Icel. 
 des, Local E. dess, a bay-rick ; the 
 last syllable is E. staff.] The staff 
 from which the flax is diawn in 
 spinning. 
 
 Eis-tain', v. a. pFr. dtleindre ; 0. Fr. 
 desteindre; L. dis- partitive, and 
 Hngere, to tinge. Distain is now 
 generally shortened to stain.] [pp. 
 distaining, distained.] To stain ; to 
 blot; to sully. 
 
 Dls'tal, «. [From Distant, on type of proximal] 
 More remote: — opposed to proximal 
 
 Dls'tance, u. [L. distaniia.] The space between 
 two things ; remoteness : — space of time : — re- 
 serve. — 2, v. a. [pp. distancing, distanced.] To 
 leave behind, as in a race. 
 
 Dis'tant, a. [L. distare, dislantis, to stand apart ; 
 dis-, apart, and stare, to stand.] Remote in time. 
 place, or nature : — shy : — cold : — not allied : — not 
 obvious. 
 
 Dis-taste', n. [Dis- and Taste.] Aversion; dis- 
 relish; dislike. — 2, v. a. [pp. distasting, dis- 
 tasted.] To disrelish ; to diclike. 
 
 Dis-taste'ful, a. Nauseous ; loathsome ; offensive ; 
 disagreeable ; unpleasing. 
 
 Lis-tem'per, n. [L. dis- and tempernre, to qualify, 
 "to blend.' In the sense of a disease there is ref- 
 erence to the old doctrine of temperaments or 
 humors in the body.] A disease; a malady: — 
 [It. tempera ; Fr. dttrempe] a kind of painting. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. distempering, distempered.] To 
 disorder; to disturb. 
 Dis-tend', v. a. & v. n. [L. distendere ; dis-, apart, 
 and tendere, to stretch.] [pp. distending, dis- 
 tended.] To stretch out; to expand. 
 Dis-ten'si-ble, a. Capable of being expanded. 
 Lis-ten'tion, n. The act or state of stretching, 
 distending, or spreading ; expansion ; breadth. 
 
 Distaff. 
 
 mien, sir; move, nor, son; bull, bur, rule, use.— g, p, c, g, soft; p, p, p, g, hard; sasz; xasgz; tnis. 
 
DISTICH 
 
 202 
 
 DIVERSIFY 
 
 Dis'tiph, n. [Gr. Siari-xov ; Si, double, and ari- 
 xos, a rank.] A couplet ; two poetic lines. 
 
 Dis-til', v. n. [L. distUlare, distUkUum ; de, down, 
 and stillare, to drop ; stilla, a drop.] [ pp. distil- 
 ling, distilled.] To drop; to fall in drops. — 
 2, v. a. To draw by distillation; to drop. 
 
 Dis-til'late, n. That which is distilled over. 
 
 Dis-til-la'tion, n. The act of distilling. 
 
 Dis-til'la-to-ry, a. Relating to distillation. 
 
 Dis-til' ler, n. One who distils. 
 
 Dis-til'le-ry, n. A place where spirits are dis- 
 tilled :— the art of distilling. 
 
 Dis-tinct', «. Separate; clear; plain. 
 
 Dis-tinc'tion, n. [See Distinguish.] The act of 
 discerning differences; difference: discrimina- 
 tion: — mark of superiority; eminence; rank: 
 — separation. 
 
 Dis-tinc'tive, «. Marking a distinction. 
 
 Dis-tinc'tive-ly, ad. Particularly ; clearly. 
 
 Dis-tinct'ly, ad. Not confusedly ; plainly. 
 
 Dis-tmct'ness, n. Clearness; precision. 
 
 Dis-tin'guish (dis-ting'gwish), v. a. [L. distin- 
 guere, distinctum, to mark with a prick; dis-, 
 apart, and the root of the Teutonic word sling.) 
 I pp. distinguishing, distinguished.] To discern; 
 to perceive: — to discriminate; to separate; to 
 divide: — to mark; to make eminent. — 2, p. n. 
 To make distinction. 
 
 Dis-tiii'guish-a-ble, a. Discernible. 
 
 Dis-tin'guished (dis-ting'gwisht), p. a. Cele- 
 brated ; eminent ; famous ; extraordinary. 
 
 Dis-tbrt', v. a. [L. distorquere, distortv.m ; torquere, 
 to twist.] [pp. distorting, distorted.] To twist; 
 to wrest ; to pervert. 
 
 Dis-tor'tion, >/. The act of distorting ; that which 
 is distorted. 
 
 Dis-tract\ v. a. [L. distrahere, distraction ; trahere, 
 to drag.] [pp. distracting, distracted or dis- 
 traught.] To divide; to vex ; to discompose ; to 
 disturb ; to perplex ; to make mad. 
 
 Dis-tract'ed, p. a. Perplexed :— frantic ; insane. 
 
 Dis-tract'ed-ly, ad. Madly ; wildly. 
 
 Dis-trac'tion, n. State of being distracted; con- 
 fusion; disturbance: — madness; insanity. 
 
 Dis- train', v. a. [L. distringere; 0. Fr. destraindre ; 
 L. dis-, apart, and stringere, to strain.] [pp. dis- 
 training, distrained.] (Law.) To seize; to lay 
 hold of, as goods, for payment of debt. — 2, v. n. 
 To make seizure. 
 
 Dis-train'a-ble, a. Liable to be distrained. 
 
 Dis-traint', n. [0. Fr. destraincl. — See Distrain.] 
 A seizure of goods, &c. 
 
 Dis-traught' (djs-trawt'), a. [See Distract.] Dis- 
 tracted ; perplexed .-—separated. 
 
 Dis-tress', n. [Fr. dctresse; 0. Fr. destrece, des- 
 tresse ; L. districlio ; destringere, destrictum, to pull 
 apart, — later, to punish. — See Distrain.] Mis- 
 ery ; misfortune ; want. — (Laic.) The act of dis- 
 training; seizure. — 2, v. a. [pp> distressing, 
 distressed.] To harass ; to make miserable. 
 
 Dis-tress'ful, a. Miserable; full of trouble: — 
 causing or enduring distress. 
 
 Dis-tress'ing, a. Harassing; afflicting; painful. 
 
 Dis-trib'u-ta-ble, a. That may be distributed. 
 
 Dis-trib'ute, v. a. [L. distribuere, distribution; dis-, 
 apart, and tribvere, to give. — See Tribute.] [pp. 
 distributing, distributed.] To divide among 
 many ; to deal out : to dispense : — to classify : 
 — to separate and replace, as types. 
 
 Dis-trib'u-ter. n. One who distributes. 
 
 Lis-tri-bu'tion, n. The act of distributing; ap- 
 portionment; a dealing out; dispensation. 
 
 Dis-trib'u-tive, a. That distributes. — 2, n. A 
 word that divides. 
 
 Dis-trib'u-tive-ly, ad. By distribution. 
 
 Dis'trict, n. [L. distringere, dUtrictum, to distrain 
 (q. v.) ; Late L. districtus, a region in which a 
 ruler had the power to distrain.] A circuit; a 
 province; a territory. — 2, v. a. [pp. districting, 
 districted.] To divide into d stricts. — 3, a. Re- 
 lating to a district or division. 
 
 Dis-trust'. v. a. [Lis- and Trust.] [pp. distrust- 
 ing, distrusted.] To be suspicious of; not to 
 trust; to disbelieve; to doubt; to discredit. — 
 2, n. Want of confidence ; suspicion. 
 
 Dis-trust'fiil, a. Apt to distrust : — diffident. 
 
 Dis-tiirb', ». a. [L. disturbare ; dis-, apart, and 
 turbare, to trouble, to agitate ; turbo, a crowd, a 
 tumult.] [j>p. disturbing, disturbed.] To per- 
 plex ; to disquiet ; to vex. [order. 
 
 Lis-tiirb'ance, n. Confusion: excitement; dis- 
 
 Dis-tiirb'er, ». One who disturbs. 
 
 Dis-un'ion (dls-yun'yun), n. [Di*- and Union.] 
 Want of union ; disjunction ; separation. 
 
 Dis-un'ion-ist, n. A promoter of disunion. 
 
 Dis-u-nite' (dis-yu-nit'), v. a. [Dis- and Unite.] 
 [pp. disuniting, disunited.] To separate. — 2, 
 v. n. To fall asunder ; t<> separate. 
 
 Dis-iise' (dis-yusOjH. Cessation of use; desuetude. 
 
 Dis-use' (dis-yuz'), r. a. [Dis- and Use.] [pp. dis- 
 using, disused.] To cease to use ; to disaccustom. 
 
 Ditch, n. [A softened form of Dike.] A trench 
 cut in the ground for the passage of water :— a 
 moat around a fortress. — 2, v. n. & r. a. [pp. 
 ditching, ditched.] To make a ditch :— to trench : 
 — to throw into a ditch. 
 
 Ditch' er, n. One who digs ditches. 
 
 Dith'y-ramb, In. [Gr. Si0upaM0os.] A song 
 
 Dith-y-ram'bic, J in honor of Bacchus; a baccha- 
 nalian song.' 
 
 Dith-y-ram'bic, a. Wild ; enthusiastic. 
 
 Dit'ta-ny, n. [Gr. StKra/xvos ; from hide, a moun- 
 tain in Crete.] An aromatic, perennial plant. 
 
 Dit'to, ad. or n. [It. ditto, a saying ; detto, said ; 
 L. dictum, said, or a saying.] As said, or as 
 aforesaid :— the same thing repeated (used prin- 
 cipally in accounts). 
 
 Dit'ty., b. [0. Fr. ditie, dite, dilte, dicte, a recita- 
 tion, a poem for recitation ; L. dictutum, some- 
 thing dictated. — See Dictate.] A poem ; a 
 song ; a lay : — a saying. [urine. 
 
 Dl-u-re'sis, n. [Gr.] (3Ied.) Excessive flow of 
 
 Di-u-ret'ic, a. [Gr. 6iovpijT<./cos ; 6iovpeei.p, to pass 
 urine; "Sia, through, and ovpov, urine (q. v.).] 
 Causing a flow of urine.— 2, n. A drug that in- 
 creases the secretion of urine. 
 
 Di-iir'nal, a. [L. diurnalis; dies, a day.] Relating 
 to the day ; daily.— 2, n. A journal ; a day-book. 
 — (Rom. Oath. Ch.) A book of the services for 
 every day of the year. 
 
 Di-va-ga'tion, n. [L. divagari, divagatum, to wan- 
 der about ; vagari, to roam.] A going astray or 
 wandering. 
 
 Di-van', n. [Per. dinan, Arab, day wan, a court or 
 state-council.] The grand council of Turkey : — 
 council-chamber ; a hall : — a smoking-room : — a 
 sofa :— a collection of Oriental odes. 
 
 Di-var'i-cate, v. a. [L. dis-, apart, and varicare, 
 varica'tum, to straddle.] [pp. divaricating, divari- 
 cated.] To be parted into two :— to diverge. — 
 2, v. a. To divide into two.— 3, a. Branched. 
 
 Di-var-i-ca'tion, n. Partition ; division. 
 
 Dive, v.'n. [A.-S. dyfan, dufan: closely related to 
 Dip.] [i. dived (rarely, dove) ; pp. diving, dived 
 (less correctly, dove).] To plunge into water; 
 to immerse.— 2, ;-. A dip; a plunge. 
 
 Di'ver, n. One who dives : — a water-fowl. 
 
 Di-vergV, or Di-vergV, v. n. [L. dis-, apart, and 
 'vergere, to tend, to turn.— See Verge.] [pp. di- 
 verging, diverged.] To tend various ways from 
 one point ; to recede. 
 
 Di-ver'gence, ». A receding from each other. 
 
 Di-ver'|ent, a: Seceding from each other. 
 
 Di'vers (di'verz), a. [Fr. divers.— See Diverse.] 
 Several ; sundry ; various. 
 
 Di' verse, or Di- verse', «. [L. dwersus, contrary. 
 — See Divert.] Different; unlike; multiform. 
 
 Di'verse-ly, ad. Differently ; variously. 
 
 Di-ver-si-fi-ca'tion. n. The act of diversifying; 
 variation"; alteration; variegation. 
 
 Di-ver'si-fy, v. a. [Late L. diversificare ; L. di- 
 versus, different, and facere, to make.] [pp. di- 
 
 a, e, i, o, u, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
DIVEKSION 
 
 203 
 
 DOES 
 
 versifying, diversified.] To make different; to 
 vary ; to give variety to. 
 Di-ver'sion, n. The act of diverting; a turning 
 
 "aside -.—amusement ; recreation; sport; game. 
 Di-ver'si-ty, n. Difference; unlikeness; variety. 
 Di-vert', v. a. [L. dicertere ; din-, apart, and ver- 
 tere, versum, to turn.] [pp. diverting, diverted.] 
 To turn aside : — to amuse. 
 Di-ver'tise, v. a. [Fr. divertir, divert isant. — See 
 Divert.] [pp. divertising, divertised.] To 
 please ; to exhilarate. 
 
 Di-veV tise-ment, w. Diversion ; pleasure. 
 
 Di-ver'tive, a. Recreative; exhilarating. 
 Di-vest', v. a. [L. devest ire, Late L. dicestire; dis-, 
 and veslire, to clothe. — See Vest.] [pp. divest- 
 ing, divested.] To strip; to make naked; to 
 devest : — opposed to hired. 
 
 Di-vest'ure (de-vest'yur), n. A putting off. 
 
 Di-vid'a-ble, u. Capable of being separated. 
 
 Di-vide\ v. a. [L. dividere, divisum; dis-, apart, 
 and Aryan root ridh, to split. — Cf. Widow.] 
 [pp. dividing, divided.] To part into different 
 pieces ; to disunite ; to separate ; to deal out. — 
 2, v. n. To part; to sunder; to separate. — 3, n. 
 A dividing ridge. 
 
 Div'i-dend, n. [L. dividendum, that should be di- 
 vided.] A shaie; part allotted in division. — 
 (Arith.) A number to be divided. 
 
 Di-vld'ers, n. pi. A pair of compasses. 
 
 Div-i-na'tion, n. The act or practice of divining ; 
 a foretelling of future events. 
 
 Di-vlne', a. [L. divinus ; divus, godlilc; dens, a 
 god. — See Deity.] Partaking of divinity; pro- 
 ceeding from God ; godlike; heavenly. — 2, u. A 
 theologian; a priest; a clergyman. — 3, v. a. 
 [pp. divining, divined.] To foretell. — i, v. u. 
 To conjecture; to prophesy. 
 
 Di-vlne'ly, ad. In a divine manner. 
 
 Di-vln'er, ». One who divines ; a conjurer. 
 
 Dlv'ing-bell, n. A machine for descending below 
 the surface of the water. 
 
 Di-vin'i-ty, n. [L. divinttas.— See Divine.] The 
 Deity ; divine nature : — a god : — science of divine 
 things; theology. 
 
 Di-vis-i-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being divisible. 
 
 Di-vis'i-ble, a. Capable of being divided. 
 
 Dj-vi"§ion (de-vizh'un), w. [L. divisio. — See Di- 
 vide.] ' The act of dividing; partition : — a. part; 
 a portion : — discord. 
 
 Di-vi"sion-al, a. Relating to a division. 
 
 Dj-vi'sor, «. A number which divides. 
 
 Di-vorce', n. [L. divortium ; divorlere, a variant of 
 'divertere, to turn away.— See Divert.] The 
 legal separation of husband and wife : — separa- 
 tion ; disunion. — 2, v. a. [pp. divorcing, di- 
 vorced.] To separate, as a husbaud and wife : — 
 to put away ; to force asunder. 
 
 Di-vorce'_ment, n. Divorce. 
 
 Div-ul-ga'tion, ». A publishing abroad. 
 
 Di-vulge', v. a. [L. dieulgare, to publish; dis-, 
 abroad, and vulgare, to make common. — See 
 Vulgar.] [pp. divulging, divulged.] To pub- 
 lish ; to reveal ; to proclaim. 
 
 Di-vul'sion, n. [L. divulsio; divellere, divulsum, to 
 tear apart ; dis-, asunder, and vellere, to pull.] A 
 plucking away ; laceration. 
 
 Di-vfil'siye, a. Having power to tear apart. 
 
 Di'zen (di'zn), v. a. [0. E. dysyn, to dress a dis- 
 taff. — Cf. Distaff, and Dan. dysse, a Ivap.] 
 [pp. dizening, dizened.] To dress: to bedizen. 
 
 Diz'zi-ness, n. Giddiness; a whirling. 
 
 Diz'zy, a. [A.-S. dysig, foolish ; dirm, dull ; 0. Dnt. 
 duyzigk, dizzy. — Cf. Doze.] Giddy; thoughtless; 
 whirling : — causing dizziness. 
 
 D8, v. a. [A.-S. don; Dut. doen ; 0. Fris. dun; 
 Ger. thun.— Cf. Skr. dha, to place.] [thou dost, 
 fee does or doth; — i. did ; pp. doing, done.] To 
 practise or act any thing; to perform; to exe- 
 cute; to transact.— 2, v. n. To act in any man- 
 ner, well or ill. [in solmization. 
 
 Do. [It.] (Mns.) The first of the syllables used 
 
 Do'-all, n. A factotum. 
 
 Doc-i-bil'i-ty, n. Readiness to learn. 
 
 Doc'i-ble, a. [L. docibilis; docere, to teach.] That 
 may be taught or learnt; apt to learn; teach- 
 able ; tractable ; docile. 
 
 Dos'Ue [do'sil, P. X. H. Wb.], a. [L. docilis; do- 
 cere, to teach.] Teachable ; easily taught. 
 
 Lo-cii'i-ty., n. State of being docile. 
 
 Doc'i-ma-cy., n. [Gr. SoKip-aaia; Soklixos, tested ; 
 doKi/xd^eiv, to assay ; de\eo-6at, to take, to prove, 
 to approve.] The art of assaying or testing. 
 
 DSc-i-mas'tic, a. [Gr. 3o/ci/ao.o-t<,k6s.] Relating 
 to-assays of ores, metals, minerals, medicines, &c. 
 
 Dock, n. [0. Dut. & Dan. dokke, Ger. doeke ; prob- 
 ably akin to Dig. — Cf. Late L. doga, a canal ; It. 
 doccia, a ditch ; also Gr. &o\ri, a receptacle ; Se- 
 XeaOai, to receive.] A place for building and 
 laying up ships; dock-yard: — a place between 
 two wharves: — [A.-S. docce, Gael, doglia. — Cf. 
 Gr. 6a0/co5, a carrot] a plant ; a weed. — 2, v. a. 
 [Welsh locio, to clip. — Cf. 0. Norse dockr, a tail.] 
 [pp. docking, docked.] To cut short :— to lay 
 in a dock. — 3, v. n. To enter a dock. 
 
 Dock'a|-e, n. Money paid for using a dock. 
 
 Dock'et, «. [From Dock, to clip; hence, an ab- 
 stract.] A label or direction on goods. — {Lair.) 
 A list of cases in court. — 2, v. a. [pp. docketing, 
 docketed.] To mark with the titles ; to enter. 
 
 Dock'-yard, n. The place where ships are built 
 and naval stores are reposited. 
 
 Doc' tor, ». [L. doctor, a teacher; docere, to teach.] 
 A title in divinity, law, physic, &c. : — a learned 
 man: — & physician. — 2, v. a. [pp. doctoring, 
 doctored.] To cure; to heal : — to doctorate : — to 
 tamper with ; to falsify : — to adulterate or drug, 
 as liquor. 
 
 Doc'tor-ate, n. The degree of doctor. 
 
 Doc'tor-ate, v. a. [pp. doctorating, doctorated.] 
 To make a doctor. 
 
 Doc'tress, n. A female doctor. 
 
 Doc'tri-naire', ». [Fr.] A mere theorist ; a holder 
 of impracticable doctrines in politics. 
 
 Doc'tri-nal, a. Relating to doctrine; containing 
 doctrine. — 2, n. A doctrine; a principle. 
 
 Doc'tri-nal-ly, ad. In the form of doctrine. 
 
 Doc-tri-na'ri-an, n. Same as Doctrinaire. 
 
 Doc'trine, n. [L. doctrina, learning; docere, to 
 teach.] A principle; precept; tenet. 
 
 Doc'u-ment, ». [L. documeidum, a proof, a show- 
 ing; docere, to teach.] A writing containing 
 some information; a manuscript; a record.— 
 2, v. a. [pp. documenting, documented.] To 
 teach ; to direct : — to accredit. [documentary. 
 
 Doc-u-ment'al, a. Belonging to instruction : — 
 
 Doc-u-ment'a-ry, a. Consisting of documents. 
 
 Dod'der, n. [Fris. dodd, a knot ; Dut. dot, a thread.] 
 A yellow and thread-like parasitical plant. 
 
 Do-dec'a-gon, n. [Gr. SioSena, twelve, and ytavia, 
 an angle.] A figure of twelve equal sides. 
 
 Do-dec-a-he'dral, a. Relating to a dodecahedron. 
 
 Do-dec-a-he'dron, ». [Gr. 6c66e/ca, twelve, and 
 e&pa, a seat, or base ] A regular solid, compre- 
 hended under 12 equal and regular pentagons. 
 
 Dodge, v. ». [Cf. A.-S. dyderian, to mislead ; Ger. 
 tausehen, to deceive.] [pp. dodging, dodged.] To 
 use craft ; to quibble : — to shift place ; to evade. 
 — 2, v. a. To evade by a 
 sudden movement. — 3, ». A 
 sudden shift : — a trick ; an 
 artifice ; an evasion. 
 
 Dodg'er, n. One who dodges 
 or evades. 
 
 Do'do, ». [Port, doudo, a dodo, 
 also foolish ; doido, a fop, a 
 dude, a dolt (</. v.).] A large 
 bird now extinct. 
 
 Doe (do), h. [A.-S. da; Scot, dae; Dan. daa; Swed. 
 dof. — Cf. L. dama, Welsh danns, It. daino, Ger. 
 dam, a deer.] A she-deer ; the female of a buck. 
 
 Do'er, n. One who does a thing; an agent. 
 
 Does (duz), v. The third person sing, from do. 
 
 Dodo. 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, biir, rule, use. — Q, gt, c, £, soft; p, 0, p, g, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; tnis. 
 
DOESKIN 
 
 204 
 
 DON" 
 
 Doe'skin, n. A kind of woollen cloth :— the skin 
 of a doe. [put off; to strip ; to put away. 
 
 Doff, v. a. [For do off.] [pp. doffing, doffed.] To 
 
 Dog-, n. [Dut. dog; Sw. dogg ; Dan. dogge >: all ap- 
 plied to large dogs. — Cf. Gael, dog, stout, thick.] 
 A domestic auimal : — an andiron ; a catch or 
 clutch in a machine. — 2, v. a. [pp. dogging, 
 dogged.] To hunt as a dog; to follow peisist- 
 eutly : — to fasten with a clutch or catch. 
 
 Do'gate, n. The office or dignity of a doge. 
 
 Dog'-cart, n. [It has a box for conveying dogs.j A 
 two- or four-wheeled vehicle, used by sportsmen. 
 
 Dog'-cheap, a. [Cf. Sw. dog, very; Piatt- Deutsch 
 db'ger, very much.] Very cheap. [Colloq.] 
 
 Dog'-day§, n. pi. The days in which the dog-star 
 rises and sets with the sun. 
 
 Doge, ft. [It. doge, dogio, local forms of duca, a 
 duke (q. v.) ; L. dux, a leader.] The .title of the 
 chief magistrate of the former republics of Ven- 
 ice and Genoa. 
 
 Dog'-eared (-ei'd), a. Turned down at the corners 
 through much use : — said of the leaves of a book. 
 
 Dog'-flsh, w. A species of small shark. 
 
 Dog'£ed, a. Sullen; sulky; sour; obstinate. 
 
 Dog'Ied-ly, ad. Sullenly; gloomily; sourly. 
 
 Dog'fer, n. [Dut. dogger, a codfish.] A Dutch 
 fishing-vessel. 
 
 Dog'^er-el (or dog'grel), a. [From Dog, in con- 
 tempt.— Cf. cockerel from cock, pickerel from 
 pike.] Irregular and burlesque ; vile ; despi- 
 cable. — 2, n. Mean, worthless verses. 
 
 Dog'grel, a. & n. Same as Doggerel. 
 
 Dog'ma, n. [L. ; Gr. Soyixa, opinion ; 86/ceiv, to 
 believe.] L. pi. Dog'ma-ta ; Eng. Dog'mas. A 
 settled opinion; a tenet uiged authoritatively; 
 a principle : a doctrine. 
 
 Dog-mat'ic, \a. Relating to dogmas or doc- 
 
 Dog-mat'i-cal, j trines : — positive. 
 
 Dog-mat'i-cal-ly, ad. Positively; arrogantly. 
 
 Dog-mat'ics, n. pi. Dogmatic theology. 
 
 Dog'ma-tism, n. Arrogance in opinion. 
 
 Dog'ma-tist, n. A dogmatical teacher. 
 
 Dog'ma-tize, v. n. [pp. dogmatizing, dogmatized.] 
 To teach arrogantly : — fcu teach as a doctrine. 
 
 Dog'ma-tlz-er, n. One who dogmatizes. 
 
 Dog's'-ear, n. ; pi. Dog'§'-ear§. The corner of a 
 leaf in a book folded down. 
 
 Dog'-star, n. [From Cants major, the greater 
 Dog, the constellation in which Sirius is placed.] 
 The bright star Sirius, or Canicula, which gives 
 name to the dog-days. 
 
 Dog'-wood (-wild), n. [Cf. A.-S. dole, a pin, or 
 brooch.] The cornel-tree : — poisonous sumach. 
 
 Doi'ly, w. [Local E. dirile, Dut. dweud, a towel 
 (q. v.); said, however, to be named from one 
 hoihj, a manufacturer of towels.] A kind of 
 woollen stuff: — a napkin. 
 
 Do'ings, n. pi. Things done; transactions. 
 
 Doit, n. [Dut. duit; said doubtfully to be from 
 Fr. (Fhivit, of eight. — Cf. Venetian duoto, a piece 
 of eight soldi.] A Dutch copper coin. 
 
 Do-lab'ri-fbrm, a. [L. dolabra, a pickaxe.] (Bot.) 
 . Shaped like an axe. 
 
 Dolce (dol'cha), ad. [It.] (Mus.) Softly. 
 
 Dol'drums, n. pi. [A mariner's term ; said to be 
 of West African origin.] A region of calms and 
 squalls at sea : — lowness of spirits. 
 
 Dole, n. [A.-S. dal, dsel : a variant of Deal.] Any 
 thing dealt out; luck: — [L. dolus, deceit; Gr. 
 SdAo?, bait] deceit; craft :— [Fr. devil 0. Fr. dol. 
 — See Dolor] grief; sorrow. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 doling, doled.] To deal; to distribute. 
 
 Dole'fiil, a. [From Dole in the sense of grief.] 
 Sorrowful; dismal; sad. 
 
 Dole'ful-ly, ad. In a doleful manner. 
 
 Dole'ful-ness, n. Sorrow; dismalness. 
 
 Dol'e-rite, n. [Gr. SoAepds, deceitful; 6oAo?, a 
 snare or bait.] (Min,) A species of trap-rock. 
 
 Doll. ». [Perhaps connected with Dut. dollen, to 
 sport; 0. Dut. dol, a top; perhaps Doll, a pet 
 name for Dorothy.] A child's puppet or baby. 
 
 Dol'lar, n. [Ger. thaler, from thai, a valley. The 
 first coins of this name were from silver mined 
 in Joachims</iaZ, Bohemia.] A silver or gold 
 coin of the United States, Mexico, &c, of the 
 value of 100 cents. 
 
 Dol'man, n. [Fr. dolman; Turk, dolaman.] A 
 lady's cloak; a soldier's cloak. 
 
 Dol'men, n. [Bret, dolmen; Gael, tolmen; dol, a 
 table, and men, a stone.] A rude stone monument. 
 
 Dol'o-mite, n. [From Dolomieu, a French geolo- 
 gist.] Magnesiau limestone. 
 
 Do'lor, n. [L. for "grief;" dolere, to grieve.] 
 Grief: sorrow; pain. 
 
 D61-o-r5'§o, ad. [It.] (Mus.) Soft and pathetic. 
 
 Dol'o-roiis [dol'-, H.], a. Sorrowful ; doleful. 
 
 Dol'o-rous-ly, ad. Sorrowfully; mournfully. 
 
 Dol'phin, ft. [L. del- 
 phinns; Gr. 6eA</>i'?, 
 8eA0ivo?; 8e\<f)v<;, 
 belly, womb.] A 
 cetaceous mam- 
 mal, that preys 
 upon fish. 
 
 Dolt, n. [A variant Dolphin. 
 
 of Dulleb, blunt.] 
 A heavy, stupid fellow ; a blockhead. 
 
 Dolt'ish, a. Stupid; mean; dull; heavy. 
 
 Do-main', n. [Fr. domaine; L. dominium; from 
 dominus, a lord.] Dominion; empire; estate. 
 
 Dome, n. [Fr. dome, L. dermis, a home, a house. 
 — Cf. Gr. Sw/Jia, Sojao?, a house : root dan*, to 
 build.] A spherical roof raised over the middle 
 of a building ; a cupola ; a building. 
 
 D8mes/day-book (-buk), n. See Doomsday-book. 
 
 Do-mes'tic, a. [L. do)neslicns ; domus, a house.] 
 Belonging to the house ; private ; tame ; not 
 wild ; not foreign. — 2, n. One kept in the house ; 
 a domestic or household servant. 
 
 Do-mes'ti-cal-ly, ad. In a domestic manner. 
 
 Do-mes'ti-cafe, v. a. [pp. domesticating, domes- 
 ticated.] To domiciliate : — to tame. 
 
 Do-mes-ti-ca'tion, n. The act of domesticating ; 
 the state of being domesticated. 
 
 Do-mes-tic'i-ty., n. Domestic life or habits. 
 
 Dom'ett, n. ' [A manufacturer's family name.] A 
 kind of cotton and wool flannel. 
 
 Dom'i-cil, it- See Domicile. 
 
 Dom'i-cile [dom'i-sil or dom'j-sll, St. ; dom'i-sll, 
 /.], n. [Fr. domicile; L. domicMum; damns, a 
 house, and root of celare, to hide, to shelter.] 
 A house ; a residence ; an abode. — 2, v. a. To 
 establish the residence of. 
 
 Dom-i-cTl'ia-ry (-ya-re), a. Relating to an abode 
 or residence : — intruding into private houses. 
 
 Dom-i-cil'i-ate, w. a. [pp. domiciliating, domi- 
 ciliated.] To render domestic. 
 
 Dom'i-nant, a. Predominant; prevailing. — 2, w. 
 (il/)/$.) ' The fifth note or tone. 
 
 Dom'i-nate, v. n. & v. a. [L. dominari, dominatus, 
 to rule; domare, to tame (q. v.).] [pp. domi- 
 nating, dominated.] To rule; to govern. 
 
 Dom-i-na'tion, n. Power; dominion. 
 
 Dom-i-neer', v. n. [Fr. dominer. — See Dominate.] 
 [pp. domineering, domineered.] To rule in an 
 insolent or overbearing manner; to bluster. — 
 2, v. a. To govern ; to rule. 
 
 Dom-i-neer'ing, p. a. Insolent ; overbearing. 
 
 Do-min'i-cal, a. [Late L. dies dominica, the Lord's 
 day ; dominus, a lord.] Noting the Lord's day ; 
 as," the dominical letter, noting Sunday. 
 
 Do-min'i-can, n. A monk or friar of the order of 
 St. Dominic. 
 
 Dom'i-nie, n. [L. dominus, a master; Sp. domine, 
 a schoolmaster.] A schoolmaster : — a minister. 
 
 Do-min'ion (do-min'yun), n. [L. dominium, Late 
 L. domi'nio, lordship; dominus, a lord.] Sovereign 
 authority ; power : — territory ; region : district. 
 
 Dom'i-no, h. ; pi. Dom'i-nos. [Sp. ; originally a 
 schoolmaster's dress.]' A kind of hood: a long 
 dress : — a kind of game. 
 
 Don, n. [Sp. ; L. dominus, a master.] A title of 
 
 a, e, I, 5, u, y, long; a, e, i, 6, Q, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 
 
DONA 
 
 205 
 
 DOUGHTY 
 
 honor in Spain : — a man of high importance. — 
 2, v. a. [For do on, like doff for do off.] [pp. 
 donning, donned. 1 To put on ; to invest with. 
 
 Dona (don'ya), n. [Sp.] The title of a lady. 
 
 Do'na-ry, n. A thing given to sacred uses. 
 
 Do'nate,'y. a. [pp. donating, donated.] To give. 
 
 Do-na'tion, n. [L. donatio ; do mini, a gift; donare, 
 donalum, to give. — Of. L. dare, datum, to give ; 
 Gr. SiSovai, Skr. da, to give.] Act of giving; 
 something bestowed ; benefaction ; a gift. 
 
 Don'a-tive [do'na-tiv, S. K. Wb.], n. A gift; a 
 present. — 2, a. ' Vested or vesting by donation. 
 
 Done (dun), p. from the verb do. 
 
 Do-nee', n. One to whom any thing is given. 
 
 DSn'jon (dun'jun) [don'jon, I. St.], n. [See Dun- 
 geon'.] A keep of a castle. 
 
 ' re word for dun, from its 
 
 Don'key, n. [Diminutivi 
 
 usual color.] An ass. 
 Don'na, n. [It.] The til 
 
 .] The title of a lady. 
 Do'nbr, n. One who gives ; a bestower. 
 D66m, v. a. [A.-S., Dan., & Sw. dom, judgment : 
 root of Gr. TiOefxi, I place.] [pp. dooming, 
 doomed.] To judge ; to comlemn ; to destine : — 
 to tax at discretion. — 2, n. A judicial sentence ; 
 judgment; ruin; condemnation; destiny; fate. 
 Dooms'day, n. The day of final judgment. 
 Dooms' day-book (-buk), ». [Because its decision 
 was designed to be final.] A book made by 
 order of William the Conqueror, in which the 
 estates of England were registered. 
 Door (dor), n. [A.-S. duru; Dut. devr ; Dan. dor; 
 Ger. thor, thilr; Gr. 9vpa; Skr. dvar ; L. fores.] 
 The gate or entrance of a house; porta)'; pas- 
 sage ; avenue. 
 
 Door'-keep-er (dor^kep-er), n. A porter. 
 
 Door'-post (dor'post), n. The post of a door. 
 
 Dor, n. [A.-S. dora, a locust.] A buzzing insect ; 
 the clock-beetle. 
 
 Do-ree' [do're, /. Sm.; do-re' or do-ra', St.], w. [Fr. 
 dore, Sp. dorado, gilded ; Fr. d'or, of gold ; L. 
 deaurare, to gild ; aurum, gold.] A kind of fish. 
 
 Dor'ic [or do'rik, H.], a. Pertaining to Doris : — 
 relating to an order of Grecian architecture.— 
 2, n. The Dorian dialect of the Greek language. 
 
 Dor'i-cism, n. A Doric phrase or idiom. 
 
 Dbr'man-cy, n. Quiescence ; sleep. 
 
 Dor'mant, a. [Fr. dormant, pres. part, of dormir, 
 L. dormire, to sleep.] Being asleep; sleeping: 
 — not public; concealed: — inactive; not acting 
 publicly ; in abeyance. 
 
 Dbr'mer-win'dow, n. [For dormitory-window.] A 
 window set in the roof of a house. 
 
 Dbr'mi-to-ry, n. [L. dorrnitorimn ; dormitare, freq. 
 of dormire, to sleep. — Cf. Gr. SapOdveiv, Skr. dra, 
 to sleep.] A place to sleep in. 
 
 Dbr'mbuse, n. ; pi. Dbr'mice. [Local E. dor, to 
 sleep, and Mouse. — Cf. L. dormire, to sleep; 
 Icel. dar, sleepy, durr, a nap.] A small rodent 
 animal, torpid in winter. [village ; a thorp. 
 
 Dorp, ». [Dut. dorp; Ger. clorf.— See Thoup.] A 
 
 Dor sal, a. [L. dorsalis; dorsum, the back.] Re- 
 lating to or growing on the back. 
 
 Do'ry, »i. ; pi. Do'rie§. [Probably at first a boat 
 used in cZoree-fishi'ng.] A kind of boat. 
 
 Dose, n. [Gr. 660-15, a giving, a dose. — See Do- 
 nation.] Enough of medicine for one time. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. dosing, dosed.] To proportion ; to 
 give in doses : — to give a dose or doses to. 
 
 Dos'el, or Dos'sal, n. [L. dorsale ; dorsum, the back ; 
 because hung back of the altar.] Drapery or 
 hangings round The walls of a hall or of a church. 
 
 Dos'sil, n. [0. Fr. dosil, dousil, a pledget, a wisp, 
 also a spigot; Late L. ducilis, dnciculus, from L. 
 ducere, to draw.] A pledget or lump of lint. 
 
 Dost (dust), v. The second person singular from do. 
 
 Dot, n. [Dut. dot, a little bundle, or knot ; Local 
 Sw. dott, Fris. dot, dodd, a clump; Icel. delta, 
 part, dottin, to drop.] A small point or spot. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. dotting, dotted.] To mark.— 3, 
 r. n. To make dots. (q. ».).] A dowry. 
 
 Dot (dot or dot), n. [Fr. ; L. dos, dotis, a dowry 
 
 Do'taf-e, n. [See Dote.] Imbecility of mind; 
 senility. 
 
 Do'tard, n. [From Dote, with the pejorative 
 suffix -ard.] One whose mind is impaired, par- 
 ticularly by age ; a driveller. 
 
 Do-ta'tion, n. [L. dotatio ; dotare, to endow (g. v.).] 
 The act of endowing : — endowment. 
 
 Dote, v. n. [Dut. dutten, 0. Dut. doten, to mope ; 
 Dut. dut, a nap; Icel. dotta, a nod.] [pp. doting, 
 doted.] To love excessively : often followed by 
 upon or on : — to be silly from old age. 
 
 Dot'er, ». One who dotes; a dotard. 
 
 Doth [duth, S. I. St. W. P. F. Sm. ; doth, Wb.], v. 
 The third person singular from do; does. 
 
 DSt'ing, p. a. Loving excessively ; very fond. 
 
 Dot' ted, p. from dot; spotted. 
 
 Dot-ter-el, or Dot'er-el, n. [From Dote: named 
 from its stupidity.]' The name of a bird : — a 
 booby. 
 
 Doub'le (dub'bl), a. [Fr. double; L. duplus and 
 duplex, the latter from duo, two, and pUcare, to 
 fold.] Twofold; two of a sort. — 2, ad. Twice 
 over; doubly. — It is much used in composition 
 for doubly.— 3, v. a. [pp. doubling, doubled.] 
 To add as much more ; to repeat : — to fold one 
 part over another : — to pass round, as a head- 
 land. — 4, v. n. To iucrease to twice the quan- 
 tity. — 5, n. Twice as much : — a fold : — a turn. 
 
 Doub'le-bass, n. A large deep-toned musical in- 
 strument of the viol kind. 
 
 Doiib'le-deal'er (dub'bl-del'er), n. A deceitful, 
 insidious person ; a knave. [fice. 
 
 Doub'le-deal'ing (dub'bl-), n. Hypocritical aiti- 
 
 Doub'le-ea'gle (dub'bl-e'gl), n. A gold coin worth 
 twenty dollars. 
 
 Doub'le-en'try, n. A mode of book-keeping, in 
 which two entries are made of evt-ry transaction. 
 
 Doub'le-f irst. n. A student who comes out first 
 both in classics and in mathematics. [Eng. Univ.] 
 
 Doub'le-qmck, n. (Mil.) The marching step next 
 in quickness to the run. — 2, a. Of or pertaining 
 to the step or rate of marching called double- 
 quick. — 3, v. n. & v. a. [pp. double-quicking, 
 double-quicked.] (Mil.) To march or cause to 
 march in double-quick time. 
 
 Doub'let (dub'let . u. [From Double.] An inner 
 garment; a waistcoat : — two ; a pair : — a game. 
 
 Doflb-loon' (diib-l'n'), ». [Sp. dobhm, from doblo, 
 L. duplus, double : it is worth two pistoles.] A 
 Spanish coin, equal to two pistoles. 
 
 Doub'ly (dub'le), ad. In twice the quantity. 
 
 Doubt (diiut), v. n. [Fr. dottier, formerly doubter; 
 L. dubitare, to doubt ; dubius. doubtful ; duo, 
 two.] [pp. doubting, doubted.] To question; 
 to hesitate. — 2, r. a. To suspect; to distrust. 
 — 3, n. Uncertainty of mind; hesitation, sus- 
 pense ; scruple ; suspicion. 
 
 Doubt' er (dout'er), n. One who doubts. 
 
 Doubt' ful (dout'ful), a. Dubious; ambiguous; ob- 
 scure; questionable; uncertain; precarious. 
 
 Doubt' ful-ly (dbut'ful-le), ad. Dubiously. 
 
 Dbubt'ful-nSss (dbut'fdl-nes), n. Uncertainty. 
 
 Db'ubt'ing-ly, ad. Dubiously ; with hesitation. 
 
 Dbubt'iess (dofit'les - ), ad. Without doubt. 
 
 Douceur (do-suV),' u. |Fr. for "sweetness:" L. 
 dulcor, from dulcis, sweet.] A bribe : — gentle- 
 ness : — a compliment. 
 
 Douche (dosh), n. [Fr. ; It. doccia, a spout ; L. 
 ductus, a duct (7. ».).] A stream or jet of water 
 poured on the body ; a show-er-bath. 
 
 Dough (do), n. [A.-S. dah ; Dut. deeg ; Dan. & Tcel. 
 deig; Sw. deg; Ger. teig ; Goth, daigs ; Goth, digan, 
 dei'gan, to knead.] Unbaked paste; kneaded 
 flour. 
 
 Dough'i-ness (do'e-nes), n. The quality or condi- 
 tion of being doughy. [boiled in lard. 
 
 Dough'-nut (do'nut), n. A piece of pastry fried or 
 
 Dough' ti-ness (dou'te-nes), n. Valor; bravery. 
 
 Dbugh'ty (dbu'te), a. TA.-S. dyhtig, valiant; Dan. 
 dygtig, Ger. tiichtig, able; A.-S. dugan, Dut. deu- 
 g'en, Dan. due, to avail.] Brave; valiant. 
 
 mien, sir ; mbve, nor, son ; bull, biir, rule, use. 
 
 18 
 
 5i £. soft ; p, £, », g\ hard ; § as z ; 5 as gz ; this. 
 
DOUGHY 
 
 206 
 
 DEAM 
 
 Dough'y (do'e), a. Soft, like dough ; soft. 
 
 Douse, v. a. [Apparently connected with Douche : 
 it is also an imitative word. — Cf. Duck. J [pp. 
 dousing, doused. J To plunge into the water. — 
 2, o. n. To fall suddenly into the water. 
 
 Dove (duv), n. [Ger. taube; Goth, dubo : from the 
 root of Dive.] A domesticated pigeon. 
 
 Dove, pret. from dive (less correct and less com- 
 mon than diced). 
 
 Dove'-cot, n. A house for doves or pigeons. 
 
 Dove'-Kke (duv'lik), a. Resembling a dove. 
 
 Dove'tail, n. A joint used by carpenters, shaped 
 in the form of a dove's tail. — 2, v. a, [pp. dove- 
 tailing, dovetailed.] To join by a dovetail. 
 
 Dow'a-ble, a. Capable of being dowered. 
 
 Dbw'a-ger, n. [Fr. douairiere; 0. Fr. douagiere. — 
 See Dowry.] A widow with a jointure. 
 
 Dbw'dy, n. [Scot, dawdie, a slut; Icel. dodi, lazi- 
 ness :' kindred to Dotard and Dolt.] An awk- 
 ward, ill-dressed woman. — 2, a. Awkward ; ill 
 dressed : — inelegant. 
 
 Dbw'el, v. a. [Fr. douille, a spigot or outlet; Late 
 L. ducile, or duciculus, from ducere, to draw.] 
 [pp. dowelling, dowelled.] To fasten with pins, 
 as timber. — 2, n. A pin for fastening timber. 
 
 DSw'er, n. [Fr. douaire; Late L. dotarium ; L. do- 
 tare, to endow; dos, dotis, Gr. Sws, a gift; L. 
 dare, datum, to give.] A wife or widow's por- 
 tion : — gift : — dowry. — ' 7 v. a. [pp. dowering, 
 dowered.] To portion. [feather, or of down. 
 
 Dbwle.w. [See Dowel and Dossil.] A filament of a 
 
 Down, n. [Icel. dunn; Sw. dun; Dan. dwun; Dut. 
 dons. — Cf. Dust.] Soft feathers, hair, wool, or 
 fibres: — [A.-S. dun, % hill, tun, a fort, a town 
 (q. v.); Gael, dun, athill or fort.— See Dune] a 
 large open plain : — a sand-bank. — 2, prep. [From 
 the older word Adow.x; A.-S. of-dune, off the 
 hill.] Along a descent. — 3, ad. On the ground ; 
 to a lower place or state. — 4, a. Dejected; 
 downcast. 
 
 Dbwn'cast, a. Bent down ; dejected. 
 
 Db&n'fall, w. Ruin ; calamity :— a sudden fall. 
 
 Dbwn'fallen (doun'faln), a. Ruined; fallen. 
 
 Dbwn'heart-ed, a. Dejected; spiritless. 
 
 Dbwn'hill, n. ' Declivity ; descent.— 2, a. Decli- 
 vous; descending. [rain. 
 
 Dbwn'pour (-p"or), n. A pouring downward, as of 
 
 Dbwn'right (doun'rit), a. Plain; direct.— 2, ad. 
 Plainly ; truly ; truthfully ; unceremoniously. 
 
 Down' sit- ting, n. Act of sitting down. 
 
 Db<vn'-trod-den,ji a. Trodden underfoot; tram- 
 pled upon. 
 
 Db-ftn'ward, a. Tending down; dpjected. 
 
 Downward, \ ad. From a higher situation to a 
 
 Down' wards, / lower. 
 
 Db\vn'y, a. Covered with down ; soft. 
 
 Db<v'ry, n. A marriage portion. See Dowfr. 
 
 Dowse, n. [Local Ger. dusen, to strike ; 0. Dut. 
 doesen, Fris. dossen — Cf. Dash.] A slap on the 
 face. — 2, v. n. [See Douse.] [pp. dowsing, 
 dowsed.] To fall suddenly into water.— 3, v. a. 
 To dp or plunge into water: — [A.-S. dwescan, 
 to extinguish] to extinguish ; to put out. See 
 Douse. 
 
 Dox-ol'o-gy, n. [Gr. 8o£o\oyia ; S6£j, glory, 
 praise, and Ae'yeii/, to speak, to utter ; 6Y£a orig- 
 inally meant an opinion; SoKelv, to think.] A 
 form of giving praise in divine service at the 
 close of a hymn, &c. 
 
 Dox'y,, n. [Dim. form of Duck, a darling.] A 
 mistress: — a sweetheart. [Yulg.] 
 
 Doze, v. n. [Icel. data, Dan. dose, to slumber, to 
 mope : akin to Daze and Dizzy, and the Skr. 
 dhvas, to fall, to crumble, to perish. — Cf. Local 
 E. & Amer. Dozy and Sleepy, terms applied to 
 overripe fruits.] [pp. dozing, dozed.] To slum- 
 ber ; to sleep lightly. — 2, n. A slight sleep. 
 
 Doz'en (diiz'zn), «. [Fr. dovzaine ; L. dnodecim, 
 twelve ; dno, two, and decern, ten.] The number 
 twelve. — 2, a. Twelve; twice six. 
 
 Do'zi-ness, n. Drowsiness; sleepiness. 
 
 Do'zy, a. [See Doze.] Sleepy ; drowsy ; sluggish. 
 
 Drab, a. [Fr. drop, cloth (see Drape) : at first it 
 meant the color of undyed cloth.] Of a dun or 
 dull-brown color. — 2, n. [Celt, drab, a slut; 
 drabuch, filthy ; Irish drab, a stain.] A strum- 
 pet ; a slut : — a dun color. 
 
 Drab'ble, v. a. & v. n. [A variant of Draggle, 
 affected possibly by Drab ; but cf. Low Ger. 
 drdbbelen, to slaver.] [pp. drabbling, drabbled.] 
 To trail on wet ground: — to foul by trailing. 
 
 Drachm (dram), n. [L. drachma.] A Grecian 
 silver coin : — a weight. See Dram. 
 
 Draph'ma, n. ; pi. Draph'mse, or Draph'mas. [Gr. 
 8pa\p-ri, a variant of 8pdyp.a, a handful ; Spdcr- 
 trofxai, I grasp.] A Grecian coin ; a drachm. 
 
 Dra-co'ni-an, a. Of or relating to Draco, a severe 
 lawgiver of ancient Athens ;— hence, noting laws 
 of excessive rigor. 
 
 Draff, ». [Dut. draf, swine's food; Icel. draf, 
 husks; Dan. drav, dregs; Ger. tr'dber, grains, 
 husks; Celt, drabh, refuse, malt-grains; drabhag, 
 druaid, dregs.] Refuse; lees; dregs; sweepings. 
 
 Draft, n. A portion of men drawn for an army : 
 — an order for money ; a bill of exchange ; an 
 outline ; a drawing. See Draught. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. drafting, drafted.] To draw : — to detach. 
 
 Drag, v. a. [Scand. drag, Dan. drage, Goth, dragan, 
 to draw (q. v.) ; A.-S. dragan, Ger. iragen, to 
 carry; Skr. dhri, to bear: probably cognate with 
 L. trahere, to bear.] [pp. dragging, dragged.] 
 To pull along by force ; to draw.— 2, v. n. To 
 trail or grate upon the ground. — 3, n. A drag- 
 net; a net : — a hook : — a kind of car or sledge 
 drawn on the ground ; a showy carriage. 
 
 Drag'gle, v. a. [Frequentative from Drag.— Cf. 
 Drawl and Trail.] [pp. draggling, draggled.] 
 To make dirty by dragging. — 2. v. n. To trail 
 on the ground ; to drag. 
 
 Drag'o-man, u. ; pi. Drag'o-mans. [Arab, tarju- 
 ijmb,' an interpreter; LateGr. 8pa.yovp.apo'; ; Sp. 
 dragoman : akin to Takgum.] An interpreter in 
 Turkey and other Eastern countries. 
 
 Drag' on, n. [Fr. dragon, L. draco, Gr. Sponciov, a 
 dragon, — literally, sharp-seeing ; 8epicop.ai, I see : 
 keenness of vision is often ascribed to serpents.] 
 A fabulous winged serpent :— a kind of lizard: 
 — a constellation. 
 
 Drag'on-fly. n. An insect with a long slender 
 body and four wings. 
 
 Drag-on-nade' (or dra- 
 gon-had), n. [Fr.] A 
 dragoonade. 
 
 Drag'on's-blood (-blud), 
 n. A resin. 
 
 Dra-goon', n. [Fr. dra- 
 gon, a dragon, also a 
 dragoon ; from the 
 dragon-standard of the Dragon-fly. 
 
 French horse in the sixteenth century.] A sol- 
 dier who serves either on foot or on horseback : 
 — a sort of pigeon. — 2, v. a. [pp. dragooning, 
 dragooned.] To persecute with violence. 
 
 Drag-oon-ade', n. A ravaging by soldiers. 
 
 Drain, v. a. [A.-S. drehnian, drenian: probably 
 connected wii h Draw.] [pp. draining, drained.] 
 To draw off gradually ; to exhaust of liquid. — 2, 
 v. n. To flow off gradually.— 3, n. A channel 
 for water to flow off ; a watercourse; a sewer; 
 a sink: — outflow ; waste. 
 
 Drain'age, n. The act or art of draining. 
 
 Drain'-tile, n. A hollow, porous pipe for drains. 
 
 Drake, n. [0. E. endrake, 0. Icel. andrlke, Sw. 
 anddrake, Dan. andrik, Ger. evterich, a drake. 
 The first syllable is A.-S. ened, Icel. find, Stand. 
 & Ger. ente, Dut. eend, L. anas, auatis, Gr. 
 vi)o-cra, a duck. The suffix -rake and its equiva- 
 lents signify chief ; Goth, reiks, chief; L. rex, 
 regis, a king.] The male of the duck. 
 
 Dram, n. [See Drachma.] The eighth part of an 
 ounce troy, or the sixteenth of an ounce avoir- 
 dupois; a drachm : — a glass of spirituous liquor. 
 
 a, e, I, 5, u, y, long; a, e, I, o, Q, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, 7., obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
DEAMA 
 
 207 
 
 DRILL 
 
 Dra'ma, or Dram'a [dra'ma, P. H. N. St. TT'b. Ja. 
 A'.], n. [Gr. dpifxa, 6pd/xaros, a performance; 
 Spaeii', to do. — Of. Lith. damn, to do. to make.] 
 A poem accommodated to action, chiefly either 
 tragedy or comedy; a piny: — theatrical repre- 
 sentation : — dramatic literature. 
 
 Dra-mat'ic, 1 a. Relating to, or having the 
 
 Dra-mat'i-cal. j form of, a drama. 
 
 Dra-mat'i-cal-ly. ad. By representation. 
 
 Dram'a-tist, a. A writer of plays or dramas. 
 
 Dram'a-tlze. v. a. [pp. dramatizing, dramatized.] 
 To convert into a drama. 
 
 Dram'-shop, ». A shop or bar-room where spirits 
 are sold in drams. 
 
 Drank, ;'. from drink. 
 
 Drape, v. a [Kr. draper, from drap, cloth; Late 
 L. drapits, drappus, trapus, cloth ; Sp. trapo, cloth : 
 possibly akin t i the Low Ger. root drab, to 
 stiike, whence Drub.] [pp. draping, draped.] 
 To cover with cloth; to decorate with cloth. 
 
 Drap'er. n. One who sells or deals in cloth. 
 
 Dra/per-y. n. Cloth-work; cloth: — dress of a pic- 
 ture; tapestry; hangings. 
 
 Dras'tic, a. [Gr. 6pa.o-TLx.6s, from opdeiv, to do. — 
 See Drama.] Powerful : efficacious : — vigorous. 
 
 Draught (draft), n. [Dut. & Dan. dragt; Icel. 
 drattr; from Draw, as flight from fly, drift from 
 drive, theft from thieve,' thrift from* thrive!) The 
 act of drinking; a quantity of liquor drunk 
 aton^e: — the act of drawing; quantity drawn : — 
 delineation; sketch :— a privy; a sink:— depth 
 of water : — an order. — In some senses written 
 draft. See Draft. — 2, a. Used in drawing.— 
 3, o. a. [pp. draughting, draughted.] To draw. 
 See Draft. 
 
 Draught' -horse, v. A horse for drawing. 
 
 Draughts (drafts i, ». pi. A game called checkers. 
 
 Draughts'man (drafts'man), n. One who draws 
 or draughts writings, pictures, plans, or maps. 
 
 Drave, old and poetic pret. from drive. See Drive. 
 
 Draw. v. a. [Nearly identical with, but earlier 
 than, Drag (q. v.).] [i. drew: pp. drawing, 
 drawn.] To pull along; to attract; to allure^; 
 to win : — to unsheathe : to extract : — to derive: — 
 to delineate : — to sink into water, as a ship. — 2, 
 v. a. T.i pull; to practise drawing. — 3, n. The 
 act of drawing :— any thing drawn, as a lot : — a 
 part of a bridge to be lifted or turned : — a game 
 finished but neither lost nor won. 
 
 Draw'back, -/. Money paid back or remitted : — 
 a discouragement : — disadvantage. [turned. 
 
 Draw'bridge, n. A bridge made to be lifted up or 
 
 Draw-ee', u. One on whom a bill is drawn. 
 
 Draw'er, n. One who draws : — a sliding box. 
 
 Draw'ers, h. pi. An under-garment for the legs. 
 
 Draw'ing, ><■ Delineation ; representation. 
 
 Draw'i-ng-room, n. .For wUhdravring-room.] A 
 room for company. 
 
 Drawl, v. a. & v. n. [Dut. draJen, Fris. draiden, 
 Icel. driilla, to linger: it is an equivalent form 
 of Draggle.] [pp. drawling, drawled.] To 
 speak or utter tediously and tiresomely; to draw- 
 er spin out.— 2, «. A protracted utterance. 
 
 Drawn, p. from draw: — finished but not won or 
 lost, as a game : — eviscerated : — melted. 
 
 Dray, n. [A form of Drag or Dredge. — Cf. 
 A.-S. drsege, a net, a drag-net: Sw. drag, a 
 sledge.] A cart with low. heavy wheels. 
 
 Dray'a£e, n. Use of a dray; charge for use of a 
 dray. [a dray. 
 
 Dray'man, n. ; pi. Dray'men. A man who drives 
 
 Dread (dred), n. [A.-S. drseaan, 0. fax. dradan, 
 0. Ger. tralau, to fear; all found in composition 
 only.] Great fear; terror: awe: — person or 
 thing dreaded.— 2, «.— Terrible; awful: vener- 
 al>le. — 3, v. a. [pp. dreading, dreaded.] To fear; 
 to be afraid of. 
 
 Dread'ful (dred'ful), a. Terrible : awful ; dire- 
 ful; frightful; tremendous: fearful. 
 
 Dread'ful-ly (dred'ffil-le), ad. ' Terribly. 
 
 Dread'naught (dred'nawt), n. A thick cloth. 
 
 Dream, v. [A.-S. dream, music, joy, glee, — mnch 
 later, a vision; Fris. dram; Ger. traum; Dut. 
 droam. — Cf. Dkdm, an I Gr. Oopvfios, a tumult.] 
 Thoughts in sleep ; idle fancy ; revery. — 2, v. n. 
 [A.-S. dreman, to rejoice; Ger. traumen, to 
 dream.] [i. dreamed, dreamt; pp. dreaming, 
 dreamed or dreamt.] To have ideas in sleep : — 
 to imagine: to think; to idle. — 3, v. a. Tu see 
 in a dream ; to fancy. 
 
 Dream'er, n. One who dreams : — a visionary. 
 
 Dream' -land, n, Fairy -land : — the land of dreams. 
 
 Dream'y, a. Full of dreams ; imaginative. 
 
 Drear, a. Mournful; dismal; gloomy; dreary. 
 
 Drear'i-ly, ad. Gloomily; dismally. 
 
 Drear' j-ness, n. Dismalness; gloominess. 
 
 Drear'y, «. [A.-S. dreorig, Icel. dreyrigr, Ger. 
 traurig, sad, mournful, — all originally meaning 
 bloody; A.-S. dreor, Icel. dreyri, 0. Ger. tror, 
 gore, blood.] Gloomy; dismal; horrid; drear. 
 
 Dredfe, n. [Fr. drtge, or drogue.— See Drag.— Cf. 
 A--S. drsegemet, a draw-net.] A net or drag for 
 taking oysters : — a 
 machine for clearing 
 canals and rivers, or 
 for bringing objects 
 up from the sea-bot- 
 tom : — [Fr. dragee, a 
 confection, formerly f 
 a mixture, as of 
 grains; Pro v. dra- 
 gea, It. treggea, a sugar-plum; Gr. Tp6.yy\p.a, a 
 sweetmeat; rpajyeiv, irpayov, to chew] a mix- 
 ture of oats and barley sown together. — 2. v. a, 
 [pp. dredging, dredged.! Tu scatter flour on: 
 — to take or gather : — to coop up. 
 
 Dredg'er. /;. One who uses a dredge : — a box. 
 
 Dreg'^y, «• Containing dregs; feculent. 
 
 Dregs, a. pi. [Icel. dregg, pi. dreggjer; Sw. dragg; 
 root of Drain and Draw. — Cf. Gr. rpi£. refuse, 
 and Trash.] Sediment of liquors : lees; refuse. 
 
 Drench, v. a. [A causa] and softened form of 
 Drixk. — Cf. stink and stench, wring an 1 
 bank and bene)).) [pp. drenching, drenched.] 
 To wet thoroughly ; to wash ; to Boak ; to steep : 
 — to physic. — 2, n. A draught . — physic for a 
 brute. 
 
 Dress, v. a. [Fr. dresser, It. drigzare, to arrange; 
 Late L. drictus, L. directus, straight, direct (q. v.).] 
 [i. dressed or drest ; pp. dressing, dressed or 
 drest.] To cloth'- ; to adorn ; to deck :— to cook : 
 — to cover, a- a wound. — 2. >■. „. To range in a 
 line : — to put on, or pay a ntion to, dress. — 
 3, r. Clothes: garments; \ L sture; apparel: — a 
 woman's gown. [sions. 
 
 Dress' -coat, n. A coat worn on full-dress occa- 
 
 Dress'er, n. One who dresses : — one who regu- 
 lates": — a kitchen table or bench. 
 
 Dress'ing. ». The act of one who dresses : — appli- 
 cation to a wound : — manure :— attire. 
 
 Dress'-mak-er, n. A maker of women's gowns. 
 
 Dress'y. a. Showy in dress: attentive to dress. 
 
 Drib'bl'e. r. v. [Frequentative of Drip.— ( If. 0. 
 <fe Local E. drib, a driblet, a small sum of money.] 
 [pp. dribbling, dribbled.] To fall in drops; to 
 slaver. psrnall sum. 
 
 Drib'let. «• [See Dribble.] A small quantity ; a 
 
 Dried (drid). i'. & pp. from dry. 
 
 Dri'er. n. He who or that which dries or absorbs. 
 
 Drift. ». [From Drive, as shrift from shrive, 
 thrift from thrive; Dut. & Scand. rlrift, a drift, 
 a drove; Ger. trift, a drove.] Any thing driven 
 at random :— force ; scope; design; tendency: 
 — a heap; a body of snow. — (Geol.) A dilu- 
 vial formation. — 2, v. a. [pp. drifting, drifted.] 
 To drive : to throw in heaps : — to float. — 3, v. n. 
 To form into heaps, as snow :— to float. 
 
 Drift'-wood (-wud), n. Wood floating on water; 
 wood taken out of the water. 
 
 Drill, v. n. [Dut. drillen, to bore, to turn, to exer- 
 cise in arms; aril, drille, a hole: O. E. thrill, to 
 pierce.— See Thrill.] [pp. drilling, drilled.] 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nbr, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, Q, c, f, sojfl; p, p, p, £, hard; s as z ; x as gz ; this. 
 
DRILLING 
 
 208 
 
 DRUGGIST 
 
 To pierce with a drill ; to bore : — to exercise ; to 
 train: — to sow in rows. — 2, v. n. [For trill 
 and trickle; possibly connected with rill; in 
 this sense the wurd is now scarcely in use, ex- 
 cept as a noun in the meaning of a trench or 
 row, and in the verb drill meaning to sow in 
 rows.] To flow gently : — to muster. — 3, n. An 
 instrument for boring holes : — military exercise : 
 — a row of grain or any thing sowed : — a channel 
 or trench: — [Fr. drill; possibly connected with 
 mandril, a kind of ape. — Cf. Fr. drille, a buck, a 
 dog, a fellow, a poor devil ; 0. Ger. drigil, a boy- 
 servantj a West African ape : — [Ger. trillich ; L. 
 Irilix, trilicis ; tres, tri-, three, and lieium, a thread] 
 a kind of cloth, drilling. 
 
 Drill'ing, n. The act of using a drill : — military 
 exercise : — a kind of cotton or linen cloth. 
 
 Drink, v. n. [A.-S. drinean; Dut. drinken; Ger. 
 trinken.] [i. drank; pp. drinking, drunk.] To 
 swallow liquors; to quench thirst; to imbibe : — 
 to drink to excess ; to tipple. — 2, v. a. To swal- 
 low ; tu suck up; to absorb. — 3, n. Liquor to be 
 swallowed ; beverage. 
 
 Drink'a-ble, «• Fit to be drunk; potable. 
 
 Drmk'er, n. One who drinks : — a drunkard. 
 
 Drink'ing, n. The act of swallowing liquid. 
 
 Drip, v. n. [Pan. dryppe, to drip ; dryp, a drop ; 
 Ger. triefei), to drop (q. v.).] [pp. dripping, 
 dripped.] To fall in drops. — 2, v. a. To let fall. 
 — 3, n. That which falls in drops; dripping:— 
 the edge of a roof; a projecting cornice. 
 
 Drip'ping, n. Fat from roast meat; drip. 
 
 Drive, v. a. [A.-S. drifan; Dut. drvjven; Icel. drife ; 
 Sw. drifva; Dan. drive; Ger. treiben.) [i. drove, 
 formerly drave; pp. driving, driven.] To force 
 along; to urge; to compel; to send; to chase; 
 to hunt : — to guide. — 2, v. n. To rush hastily ; 
 to tend ; to aim. — 3, n. A course for, or passage 
 in, a carriage. 
 
 Driv'el (driv'vl), ». n. [0. E. dravelen, drivelen; 
 Sw. drafvel, nonsense; Low Ger. drabbelen, to 
 slaver. — See also Drabble and Dribble.] [pp. 
 drivelling, drivelled.] To slaver; to dote. — 2, n. 
 Slaver ; moisture from the mouth. 
 
 Driv'el-ler (drlv'vl-er), n. A fool; an idiot. 
 
 Driv'en (driv'vn), p. ironi drive. 
 
 Driv'er, n. One who drives ; a charioteer. 
 
 Driz'zle, v. a. [A.-S. dreosan, to fall; Dan. drysse, 
 to fall in drops; Goth, driusan.] [pp- drizzling, 
 drizzled.] To shed in small, slow drops. — 2, v. n. 
 To fall in small, slow drops. — 3, n. A small 
 rain ; mizzle ; mist. 
 
 Driz'zly, a. Shedding small rain ; drizzling. 
 
 Dro'ger, or Dro'gher, n. [Cf. Sp. trocar, to trade. 
 — See Truck. Perhaps from Fr. drogue, a drug, 
 in the wide sense of a commercial product. — Cf. 
 Fr. droguer, to drug, to adulterate ; which also 
 signifies to drudge, and to trudge; a drogher was 
 at first possibly a vessel built to dredge or scour 
 a coast for a cargo.] A small coasting vessel. 
 
 Droll, a. [Fr. drole ; Dut. drollig, odd ; from Xorse 
 troll, a hobgoblin.] Comical; odd; strange; 
 queer. — 2, n. A jester; a buffoon: — a farce. — 
 3, v. n. [pp. drolling, drolled.] To jest: to play 
 the buffoon. [foonery. 
 
 Droll'er-y, n. [Fr. drolerie.] Idle jokes; buf- 
 
 Drom'e-da-ry, n. [Late L. dromadarius, L. dromas, 
 drom'adis, a swift camel ; Gr. Spomd';, swift; Spa- 
 P-elv, to run.] A sort of camel which has only 
 one hump. 
 
 Drone, w. [A.-S. dran; Dan. drone; Gr. 0puiva£ ; 
 probably from its droning noise.] The male 
 bee, which makes no honey: — a sluggard; an 
 idler : — [Dut. dreunen, Icel. dryna, to roar ; Dan. 
 & Sw. drb'ua, to roar: Skr. dhran, to sound; Gr. 
 0peop.at, I cry out; flprjvo?, a dirge] a hum- 
 ming sound : — the bass tube of a bagpipe. — 
 2, i'. n, [pp. droning, droned.] To live in idle- 
 ness : — to make a humming sound : — to snore. 
 
 Drool, v. n. [See Drivel.] [pp. drooling, drooled.] 
 To slaver; to drivel. 
 
 Droop, v. n. [Norse, drupa: closely akin to Drop.] 
 [pp. drooping, drooped.] To languish; to wilt; 
 to hang down.— 2, ». A drooping posture. 
 
 Drop, n. [A.-S. dropa ; Dut. chop; Ger. tropfe; Sw. 
 droppe ; also A.-S. dropian, dreopian, to drop; 
 from dreopan, to drip. — Cf. Icel. drjupa, to drip, 
 or drop.] A globule of liquid : — an ear-ring : — 
 the platform of a gallows, which drops down. — 
 2, v. a. [i. dropped or dropt ; pp. dropping, 
 dropped or dropt.] To pour in drops; to let 
 fall : — to relinquish ; to leave; to quit: — to give 
 birth to.— 3, v. ». To fall in drops; to fall:— 
 to die ; to die suddenly. 
 
 Drop'let, n. A little drop: a small ear-ring. 
 
 Drop'ping, n. That which falls in drops : — a fall. 
 
 Drop'-se-rene', n. [L. gulta serena, a bright drop.] 
 Amaurosis, a disease of the eyes. 
 
 Drop'si-cal, a. Diseased with a dropsy. 
 
 Drop'sy, n. [Older E. hydropsy; L. hydropisis, — 
 later, hydropisia ; Gr. v8pui\jj,— later, vSpuj-io-i? ; 
 vSwp, water.] (Med.) A morbid collection of 
 watery fluid in the body. 
 
 Dros'ky. or Drosch'ke (drosh'ke), ft. [Russ. 
 drozhki.] A Russian' four-wheel carriage: — a 
 one- or two-horse cab, plyiDg for hire. 
 
 Dross, 7i. [A.-S. & Sw. d7-os ; Dut. droesem, Ger. 
 drusen, dregs : root of A.-S. dreosan, to fall. — See 
 Drizzle.] The scum of metals; rust: — refuse. 
 
 Dross'i-ness, n. Foulness; feculence; rust. 
 
 Dross'y, a. Full of dross; worthless; foul. 
 
 Drought (droiit), n. [A.-S. dnigadhe; 0. E. droxihthe; 
 Dut. droogte; A.-S. drugian, to dry (q. v.).] Long- 
 continued dry weather; want of rain : — thirst. 
 
 Drought's (drou'te), a. Wanting rain ; dry. 
 
 Drouth, or Drbwth, n. Drought. 
 
 Droiith'y., 1 (drouth'e or drfith'i), a. Droughty ; 
 
 Drouth's, i ai 'id ; dry : — thirsty. [Scotch.] 
 
 Drove, ft. [A.-S. draf; drivan, to drive (q. v.).] A 
 number of cattle driven. — 2, i. from drive. 
 
 Dro'ver, n. One who drives cattle to market. 
 
 Dro-w-n, v. a. [A.-S. druncnian, to be drowned ; 
 from drinean, past part, druncen, to drink. The 
 idea is that of the water drinking or swallowing 
 up a person. — Cf. Sw. drunkna, Dan. drukue, to 
 drown.] [pp. drowning, drowned.] To suffo- 
 cate in water; to overwhelm; to overflow; to 
 deluge. — 2, c. «. To be suffocated in water. 
 
 Dro^§e, v. a. [A.-S. dntsian, drusan, to be slug- 
 gish : related to dreosan, to mourn, to fall.] [pp. 
 drowsing, drowsed.] To make heavy with sleep. 
 — 2, v. 7i. To slumber; to grow heavj'. — 3, n. 
 Light sleep ; a drowsy state. 
 
 Drow'§i-ly, ad. Iu a drowsy manner. 
 
 DrSw^i-ness, n. Sleepiness ; sluggishness. 
 
 Drop's, j, «• Sleepy ; heavy ; lethargic ; dull. 
 
 Drub, v. a. [A.-S. drepan, Icel. drepa, Sw. drabba, 
 Ger. treffen, to hit.] [jjp. drubbing, drubbed.] 
 To thresh ; to beat ; to bang. — 2, n. A thump ; 
 a knock; a blow, as with a cudgel or stick. 
 
 Drub'bing, n. A beating; a thumping. 
 
 Drudge, v. n. [Irish d7~ugaire, a slave ; Gael. 
 dreuchd, to toil. — Cf. A.-S. dreogan, to endure ; 
 Fr. droguer, to toil, to trudge (g. v.).] [pp. 
 drudging, drudged.] To work hard; to slave. — 
 2, n. One who works hard ; a slave ; a menial 
 servant : — a harrow. 
 
 DrQdf'e-ry, n. Hard, servile work; toil. 
 
 Drug, n. [Fr. drogue; Sp. droga : perhaps akin to 
 Dut. droog, dried, pi. di-oogen, drugs. For the 
 sense of an unsalable article, cf. Welsh drug, 
 dra-g, bad ; Skr. drogha, malice ; also Fr. drogue, 
 rubbish, trash.] An ingredient used in medi- 
 cine ; medicine :— any thing slow of sale. — 2, 
 v. a. [})p. drugging, drugged.] To season with 
 drugs ; to tincture : — to stupefy with drugs. 
 
 Drug'get, «• [It- droghetia; Sp. droguete ; Fr. 
 droguet, said to be a dim. of drogue, stuff, trash ; 
 but otherwise named from Di-ogheda, a town of 
 Ireland.] A kind of woollen stuff. 
 
 Drug'gist, 7i. One who manufactures and sells 
 medicines ; a dealer in drugs. 
 
 e, i, 6, 5, y, long; a, e, 5, 5, ii, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
DRUID 
 
 209 
 
 DULCIMER 
 
 Dru'id, «. [Irish, druidh; Welsh, derwydd; L. pi. 
 
 druides-. — Cf. A.-S. dry, a wizard : perhaps akin 
 to Gael, drud, an enclosure, a temple; or to 
 "Welsh derw, an oak. — Cf. Gr. 6pus, an oak, a tree 
 (q. v.).] A priest of the ancient Britons, &c. 
 
 Dru'id-ess, n. A female Druid. 
 
 Dru-id'ic, «• Of or pertaining to the Druids. 
 
 Dru-id'j-cal, a. Pertaining to the Druids. 
 
 Dru'id-isni, n. The doctrines of the Druids. 
 
 Drum, n. [Dut. trom, droom, Dan. tromme, Ger. 
 trommel, a drum ; Dan. drum, a loud sound. — See 
 Thrum.] An instrument of military music : — 
 the tympanum of the ear : — a cylinder. — 2, v. n. 
 [pp. drumming, drummed.] To beat a drum; 
 to beat.— 3, v. a. To expel with the beat of a 
 drum : — to solicit with assiduity. 
 
 Drum'-head, n. The head of a drum. [ment. 
 
 Drum'-ma-jor, n. The chief drummer of a regi- 
 
 Drum'mer, n. One who beats a drum :— a travel- 
 ling salesman. 
 
 Drum' stick, n. A stick for beating a drum. 
 
 Drunk (drungk), a. [See Drink.] Intoxicated 
 with liquor; inebriated. — 2, p. from drink. 
 
 Drunk'ard, n. [The suffix -aid has intensive and 
 pejorative force in various languages.] One ad- 
 dicted to drunkenness. 
 
 Drunk'en (drung'kn), a. Intoxicated; drunk. 
 
 Drunk'en-ness (drung'kn-nes), n. Inebriety. 
 
 Drupe, n. [Fr. for "stone-fruit;" L. dnipu, Gr. 
 Spvirna, an over-ripe olive : said to be either for 
 dpvireir-qi;, tree-ripened (Spvs, a tree (q. v.), and 
 ireTTTecv, to ripen), or for Spv-rrerris, a windfall 
 (Spv?, a tree, and ninTeiv, to fall).] A one-celled 
 fruit, as a peach or plum. 
 
 Druse, n. [Fr. druse ; Ger. druse, a gland ; druse, 
 dross, weathered ore.] A cavity in a stone; a 
 stone with a cavity in it : — an inward bruise or 
 laceration. 
 
 Dry, a. [Dut. droog ; A.-S. dryge; Ger. trocJcen.] 
 Arid; not wet; not rainy: — not juicy; not 
 green : — not giving milk : — thirsty : — barren ; 
 plain : — frigid :— sly : — severe ; sarcastic. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. drying, dried.] To free from moisture; to 
 drain. — 3, v. n. To grow dry; to lose moisture. 
 
 Dry'ad, n. [Gr. 6"pud?, SpvdSos; 6pC?, a tree.] 
 (Myth.) A wood-nymph. 
 
 Dry'-dock, «. A dock from which the water can 
 be withdrawn, for the repair of those parts of 
 ships which are usually under water. 
 
 Dry'-goods (-gudz), n. Textile fabrics. 
 
 Dry'ly, ad. In a dry manner ; frigidly. 
 
 Dry'ness, n. Want of moisture ; aridity. 
 
 Dry'-rot, «. A disease in timber; sap-rot. 
 
 Dry'-salt-er, v. A dealer in salted or dried meats : 
 — a dealer in drugs, gums, mineral colors, dye- 
 stuffs, chemical salts, lS:c. 
 
 Dry'-shod, ad. & a. Without wetting the feet. 
 
 Du'al, a. [L. dualis; duo, two (q. ».*).] Express- 
 ing the number two; twofold; double. 
 
 Du'al-ism, n. The doctrine of two gods :— the 
 state of being dual or twofold ; the state of exist- 
 ing under two conditions ; duality : — any theory 
 based on a twofold distinction. 
 
 Du-al-is'tic, a. Eelating to dualism. 
 
 Du-al'i-ty', n. The state of being two :— the state 
 of being dual or twofold ; dualism. 
 
 Du'an, n. A song : — a canto. 
 
 Dub, v. a. [A.-S. dubban, Fris. dubben, Icel. dubba, 
 to strike : akin to Dab.] [pp. dubbing, dubbed.] 
 To tap with a sword : — to make a knight of; to 
 confer knighthood on a person : — to nickname. 
 — 2, v. n. To make a quick or brisk noise. — 3, n. 
 A blow or stroke. — 4, v. a. To dress or finish, as 
 cloth, wood, or leather (in this sense it seems to 
 be identical with Gr. Se^eiv, Sifotv, L. depsere, to 
 knead, to tan, or curry.— Cf. Czech dubite, to tan). 
 
 Du-bi'e-ty, n. Doubtfulness; doubt. 
 
 Du'bi-ofis, a. [L. dvbius ; from duo, two. — See 
 Doubt.] Doubtful ; uncertain ; not clear. 
 
 Du'bi-ous-ly, ad. Uncertainly ; doubtfully. 
 
 Du'bi-ous-ness, n. Uncertainty ; doubt. 
 
 Duck-bill. 
 
 Du'bi-tate. v. v. [See Doubt.] [pp. dubitating, 
 dubitated.] To doubt ; to hesitate. 
 
 Du-bi-ta'tion, n. Doubt; hesitation. 
 
 Du'bi-ta-tive, a. Tending to doubt; doubting. 
 
 Du'cal, a. [Fr. — See Duke.] Pertaining to a duke. 
 
 Duc'at, n. [Late L. ducalus, a duchy. — See Duke.] 
 A European coin struck by a duke : — value of 
 the silver ducat, §1.00 to $1.25; that of the 
 golden, about twice as much. 
 
 Duch'ess, n. [rr. duehesse, fem. of diic, duke.] 
 The consort or widow of a duke. 
 
 Duch'y, n. [Fr. duche; Late L. ducatus. — See 
 Duke.] The territory of a duke ; a dukedom. 
 
 Duck, n. [Dut. dukand, a diver. — See Duck, 2.] A 
 water-fowl : — [Dut. dock, Dan. dug, Ger. tuch, 
 cloth] a kind of canvas. — [Fris. dok, a doll; 
 Dan. dukke, Sw. docka, a doll, a pet, a baby] a 
 darling. — 2, v. v. [Dut. duiken, Dan. dukke, Sw. 
 dyka, Ger. tuuchen, to dive, to bow.— Cf. juke, to 
 bow the head.] [pp. ducking, ducked.] To 
 dive under water ; to cringe.— 3, v. a. To put 
 under water ; to immerse. 
 
 Duck'-bLl, n. An egg-laying animal of Aus- 
 tralia; the ornithoihyn- 
 chus, or platypus. 
 
 Duck'ing, «. The act of 
 putting under water. 
 
 Duck' ling, n. A young or 
 small duck. 
 
 Duct, n. [L. ductus ; from 
 ducere, to lead.] A tube 
 in the body ; a canal. 
 
 Due' tile, a. [D. ductHis; 
 
 ducere, to draw out.] That may be drawn out : — 
 easily led ; flexible ; pliable; tractable. 
 
 Duc-til'i-ty, n. Capacity of extension. 
 
 Dud, n. ' [Gael, dud, dudag, Dut. todde, a rag.] A 
 rag. — pi. Eags ; tatters. 
 
 Dude, n. [Port, doudo, a fool, a dolt (q. v.) ; doido, 
 foolish, extravagant.] A fop; a dandy. 
 
 Dud'geon (dud'jun), u. [An old and unexplained 
 nanie'of boxwood.] A small dagger; properly, 
 the handle of a dagger :— [Welsh dychan, a jeer; 
 dygen, resentment; Corn, duchan, grief] sullen- 
 ness; ill-will; anger; resentment :—w high dud- 
 geon is by some explained to mean with the 
 dagger raised to strike. 
 
 Due (dii), a. [Fr. du, due, pp. from decoir, to owe; 
 L. debere, to owe; de privaiive, and habere, to 
 possess.] Owed: — proper; fit :— exact. — 2, ad. 
 Exactly; directly; as, due north. — 3, n. That 
 which belongs or is owed to one ; a debt : — right ; 
 just title ; tribute ; toll. [debt. 
 
 Due'-bill, n. A written acknowledgment of a 
 
 Du'el, n. [It. duello; L. duellum ; from duo, two.] 
 A combat between two. — 2, r. u. [pp- duelling, 
 duelled.] To fight a duel or single c<>mbat. 
 
 Du'el-ling, n. The act or the custom of fighting 
 
 Du'el-list, ■». One who fights a duel. [duels. 
 
 Du-51'lo, n. [It.] The practice, or code, of duelling. 
 
 Du-en'na, n. ; pi. Du-en'nas. [Sp. duerta, a mar- 
 ried lady; L. domina, a lady.] An elderly 
 woman who guards a younger one. 
 
 Du-et', n. [It. duetto; due, L. duo, two.] A song 
 for two performers. [ding. 
 
 Duff, n. [A variant of Dough.] A kind of pud- 
 Duffel, u. [The name of a town in Belgium.] A 
 kind of frieze or coarse cloth. 
 
 Dug, n. [Sw. ddgga, Dan. dsegge, to suckle; Skr. 
 duh, to milk.] A pap or teat of a beast. — 2, i. & p. 
 from dig. [A large sea-animal. 
 
 Du-gong' [du'gong, St. N.], n. [Malay, dnyong.] 
 
 Duke, n. [Fr. due, L. dur, ducis, a leader ; ducere, 
 to lead.] One of the highest order of nobility in 
 England : — in some countries, a sovereign prince. 
 
 Duke'dom, n. Possessions or quality of a duke. 
 
 Dul'cet, a. [Fr. doucet, It. dolcetto; dim. forms from 
 L. dulcis, sweet.] Sweet; luscious; harmonious. 
 
 Dul'ci-mer, n. [0. Fr. doulcemer, dotdcini; Sp. 
 dulc'emeie; L. dulce, sweet, and melos, Gr. ju.eA.os, 
 melody.] An ancient musical instrument. 
 
 mien, sir; move, nbr, son; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, <?, c, f, soft; p, p, p, §, hard; §asz; 5 as gz ; this. 
 
 18* 
 
DULL 
 
 210 
 
 DWAEFISHNESS 
 
 Dull, a. [A.-S. dol, dwol, stupid; Put. dol, Ger. 
 toll, insane; Dut. dwalen, to err.] Not sharp; 
 blunt; obtuse: — not bright; arm : — doltish; 
 stupid: — awkward: — sad; dejected; sluggish; 
 lifeless. — 2, v. a. [pp. dulling, dulled.] To 
 stupefy : — to blunt : — to sadden. 
 
 Dul'lard, n. A blockhead ; a dolt. 
 
 DQl'ly, ad. In a dull manner. 
 
 Dul'ness, n. State of being dull ; stupidity : — 
 dimness : — bluntness. 
 
 Dulse, n. [Irish, duileasg ; Anglo-Irish, dillish; 
 Gael, duffle, a leaf.] An edible sea-weed. 
 
 Du'ly., ad. In due manner ; properly; fitly. 
 
 Dumb (dum), a. [A.-S. dumb, mute; Dut. dom, 
 Ger. dumm, stupid.] Incapable of speech ; mute. 
 
 Dumb' -bell, n. A weight held in the hand and 
 swung to and fro for exercise. 
 
 Dumb'ly. (dum'le), ad-. Mutely; si- 
 lently." 
 
 Dumb'ness, n. Incapacity to speak, 
 
 Du'me-tose, a. [L. dumetum, a bram- 
 bly place ; dumus, a bramble.] (£oi.) ( 
 Bush-like. 
 
 Dum-fbund', v. a. [Dumb and Con- e 
 found ; a word once colloquial 
 only.] [pp. dumfounding, dumfoundod.] To 
 strike dumb; to confound. 
 
 Dum-fdund'er, v. a. [pp. dumfoundering, dum- 
 foundered.] See Dumfound. 
 
 Dum'my, «• Dumb:— designed for show only; 
 fictitious; sham. — 2, n. A sham or imitation : — 
 a stupid fellow : — a locomotive for street use : so 
 called because it is dumb, or noiseless. 
 
 Dump, n. [Dan. dump, low; Local Sw. dumpin, 
 melancholy; Ger. dump/, a stupid state.] Sor- 
 row ; melancholy ; sadness : — a fit of melancholy : 
 — a pile of waste matter : — a lump. — 2, v. a. [Sw. 
 dimpa, supine dumpid, to fall.] [pp. dumping, 
 dumped.] To unload ; to discharge. 
 
 Dump'ling, n. [Dim. of dump, a lump.] A small 
 round pudding. 
 
 Dump'y, u. Short and thick. 
 
 Dun, a. [A.-S. dumi, Celt, donn, Welsh dum, 
 dark.] Of a dark color; dark ; gloomy. — 2, v. a. 
 
 Elcel. duna, to thunder; A.-S. dynnan, to din.] 
 pp. dunning, dunned.] To press; to ask often 
 for a debt. — 3, n: Demand for a debt : — a clam- 
 orous, importunate creditor : — a mound :— a dark 
 color: — an animal, as a horse, of a dun color. 
 
 Dunce, n. [Said to be from Duns Scotus (d. 130 w ), 
 a famous schoolman ; — applied ironically.] A 
 thick-skull; a dullard; a dolt. 
 
 Dune, n. [A.-S. dun, a down (q. v.).] A sand-hill ; 
 a down. See Down. 
 
 Dun' fish, n. [From its dun color.] Fish cured in 
 a certain manner. 
 
 Dung, n. [A.-S. dung; Sw. dynga; Ger. dung. — Cf. 
 Dan. dynge, a heap.] The excrement of animals ; 
 manure.— 2, v. n. [pp. dunging, dunged.] To 
 void excrement. — 3, v. a. To apply dung to. 
 
 Dun'geon (dun'jun), n. [0. Fr. & 6. E. donjon, a 
 keep, a fortress, a strong tower ; Late L. dom- 
 ino, also dunjo, a stronghold ; dominio, power, 
 strength. — See Dominion.] A close, dark prison. 
 
 Dung'hill, n. A heap of dung: — a mean or low 
 state. — 2, a. Sprung from the dunghill ; mean. 
 
 Dun'ker (dung'ker), n. [Ger. tunken, to dip.] One 
 of a sect of Christians. 
 
 Dun'na^e, n. [Origin doubtful.] (Naut.) Loose 
 wood ; fagots laid in the bottom of a ship's hold. 
 
 Dii'o, n. [L.] A song in two parts. 
 
 Du-o-dec-a-he'dron, n. See Dodecahedron. 
 
 Du-o-dec'i-mal, a. Numbered by twelve. 
 
 Du-o-dec'i-mals, n. pi. A term applied to a kind 
 of multiplication used by artificers. 
 
 Du-o-dec'i-mo, n. ; pi. Du-o-dec'i-mos. [L. duo- 
 decim, twelve ; duodecimos, twelfth.] A book 
 formed by folding sheets into twelve leaves. — 
 2, a. Having twelve leaves to a sheet. 
 
 Du-o-de'num, n. [Late L., from L. duodeni, 
 twelve, — distributive form of duodecim, twelve : 
 
 it is twelve finger-breadths long.] (Anat.) The 
 first of the small intestines, connected with the 
 stomach. 
 
 Dupe, n. [Fr. dupe, a dupe, also a hoopoe (q. v.). 
 Mauy bird-names are given to persons easily de- 
 ceived. The name is given to the bird from its 
 cry.] A person imposed on, or easily deceived; 
 a simpleton. — 2, v. a. [pp. duping, duped.] To 
 trick ; to cheat; to mislead ; to deceive. 
 
 Du'plex, a, [L. duplex, duplicis ; duo, two, and 
 plicwe, to fold.] Twofold ; double. 
 
 Dii'pli-cate, v. a. [L. duplicare, duplicatus, to 
 double.— See Duplex.] [pp. duplicating, dupli- 
 cated.] To double; to fold. 
 
 Du'pli-cate, a. Double ; twofold. — 2, n. A second 
 thing of the kind ; an exact copy ; a transcript. 
 
 Du-pli-ca'tion, n. Act of doubling; a fold. 
 
 Du'pli-ca-ture, n. [Fr.] A fold ; any thing doubled. 
 
 Du-plic'i-ty, "• [L. duplicitas, doubleness; duplex, 
 double.] Deceit; deception; guile. 
 
 Du-ra-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being durable ; 
 power of lasting ; permanence. 
 
 Du'ra-ble, a. [L. durabilis; durare, to last; durus, 
 hard; Celt, dur, hard.] Lasting; having long 
 existence. 
 
 Du'ra-bly., ad. In a lasting manner. 
 
 Du'rance, n. Imprisonment :— endurance. 
 
 Du-ra'tion, n. Continuance; length of time. 
 
 Dfi'ress [du-reV, St. Wb.], n. [0. Fr. duresse; L. 
 duritia, hardness; durus, hard.] Constraint. — 
 (Law.) Unlawful imprisonment or constraint. 
 
 Dur'ing, prep. For the time of the continuance of. 
 
 Dur'mast, n. [A.-S. deorc, dark, and E. mast, 
 acorns : a descriptive name.] The English short- 
 stalked oak. 
 
 Durst, i- from dare. [A.-S. dorste, pret. of dear, 
 to dare ; we durston, we dared ; Goth, daursta.] 
 
 Dusk, a. [Sw. dusk, a shower; duskug, misty.] 
 .Tending to darkness ; dark ; dusky. — 2, n. Ten- 
 dency to darkness ; dark color. 
 
 Dusk'i-ly, ad. With a tendency to darkness. 
 
 Diisk'i-ness, v. Incipient obscurity. 
 
 Dusk'x, «• Somewhat dark ; gloomy; dusk. 
 
 Dust, n. [A.-S. & Icel. dust; ' .1st; Dan. dust.] 
 
 Earth reduced to powder ; tith. — 9 •• 
 dusting, dusted.] To free from ' 
 with dust : — to levigate : — 1<' • * sieve. 
 
 Dust'i-ness, n. State of bein^ .. . L .»way dust. 
 
 Dust'man, n. ; pi. Dust'men. Uiie who carries 
 
 Dust'y, 'a. Filled or covered with dust. 
 
 Dutch! w. [Ger. deutsch, German ; L. Teutones, 
 the Teutons; It. tedesco, German; A.-S. theod, 
 Goth, thiud, the people.] The language of Hol- 
 land or of the Dutch.— pi. The people of Hol- 
 land. — 2, a. Pertaining to the Netherlands. 
 
 Dutch'man, n. A native of the Netherlands ; a 
 Hollander : — colloquial American for a German. 
 
 Du'te-ous, a. Obedient; dutiful. 
 
 Du'ti-a-ble, «. Subject to impost or duty. 
 
 Du'ti-ful, a. Submissive to superiors; very re- 
 spectful ; obedient ; reverent. 
 
 Du'ti-ful-ly, ad. In a dutiful manner. 
 
 Du'ty, n. [0. E. dnetee, a debt due; Anglo-Fr. 
 due'te, debt. — See Due.] Whatever one is bound 
 to perform ; obligation : — deference ; obedience : 
 — any service or business : — tax ; custom ; toll. 
 
 Du-um'vir, n. ; pi. Du-um'vi-rl. [L. ; duo, two, 
 and wir,'a man.] Two Roman magistrates who 
 held office jointly. 
 
 Du-um'vir-ate, n. A government exercised by 
 two rulers', as in ancient Rome. 
 
 Dwarf, n. [A.-S. dweorg, dweorh ; Put. dwerg ; Ger. 
 zwerg.—Cf. Skr. dhvaras, an evil fairy.] A man 
 much below the usual size: — an imaginary 
 being of small size and grotesque shape :— an 
 undersized animal or plant. — 2, «. Very small ; 
 stunted; dwarfish. — 3, v. a. [pp. dwarfing, 
 dwarfed.] To hinder from full growth. — 4, v. n. 
 To grow small or less. 
 
 Dwarfish, a. Below the natural size ; small. 
 
 Dwarf'ish-ness, «. Littleness of stature. 
 
 a, e, I, 6, u, y, long ; a, e, 5, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, x, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
DWELL 
 
 211 
 
 EAR-RING 
 
 Dwell, v. n. [A.-S. dwellan, to hinder; dincH, dull, 
 torpid; Icel. dvelja, to dwell, to linger; S\v. 
 dvciljas, to dwell; Dan. dvsele, to linger.] [i. 
 dwelt; pp. dwelling, dwelt.] To remain; to 
 inhabit : to live in a place ; to abide : — to continue 
 long speaking : — to linger. 
 
 Dwell'er, n. An inhabitant. [abode ; mansion. 
 
 Dwell' ing, n. A habitation ; a place of residence ; 
 
 Dwelt, pret. & p. p. of dwell. 
 
 Dwin'dle, v. n. [A diminutive or frequentative 
 word; A.-S. divinan, to languish, to pine; Icel. 
 dvina, Sw. toina, to dwindle.] [pp. dwindling, 
 dwindled.] To shrink; to grow little.— 2, v. a. 
 To make less ; to sink. 
 
 Dy'ad, n. [Gr. 6ud?, SvdSos, two; 8vo, two.] 
 Two units united; a couple; a pair: — an ele- 
 ment whose atoms unite in couples. — 2, a. Of 
 or relating to a pair. 
 
 Dy'ak. re. One of the wild aborigines of Borneo: 
 — written also Dayak. 
 
 Dye, v. a. [A.-S. deagian, to color; deag, deah, 
 dye.] [pp. dyeing, dyed.] To tinge ; to color ; 
 to stain. — 2, «. Coloring matter derived from 
 vegetable substances ; color; tinge; stain. 
 
 Dye'ing, n. Act of staining or coloring cloth, &c. 
 
 Dy'er, re. One who dyes cloth, Arc. 
 
 DyV-stone, n. A variety of hematite iron ore. 
 
 Dye'stuff, re. Materials for dyeing. 
 
 Df'ing, p. fr><m die. Expiring. 
 
 Dyke, n. A mound of earth, &c. See Dike. 
 
 Dy-nam'ic, \ ". [Gr.SvpaniKos; Suva/xis, 'force.] 
 
 Dy-nam'i-cal, J Relating to dynamics. 
 
 Dy-nam'ics, re. The science of moving powers. 
 
 DyVam-ite [di'nam-It, Wb. I. Fa. N. ; dln'a-mit, 
 H. St.], n. [Gr. Svva/xis, force.] A powerful 
 explosive compound. 
 
 Dyn'a-mo, n. A dynamo-electric machine. 
 
 Dyn'a-mo-e-lec'tric, a. Noting a machine for 
 changing mechanical force into electricity. 
 
 Dyn-a-mom'e-ter, w, [Gr. Sv'fa/u.i?, force, and 
 fxerpov, a measure.] An instrument for meas- 
 uring strength or power. 
 
 Dyn-a-mo-met'ric, )«. Of or pertaining to 
 
 Dyn-a-mo-met'ri-cal, j dynamometry or the use 
 of the dynamometer. [the dynamometer. 
 
 Dyn-a-mom'e-try, «. The art or practice of using 
 
 Dy'nas-ty, or Dyn'as-ty, re. [Gr. Swao-reia ; 
 fivvdcmjs, a lord; Si/kxto?, strong; 8vvo.ij.is, 
 force.] A race or family of sovereigns in suc- 
 cession : — sovereignty. 
 
 Dys. A prefix to certain words of Greek origin. 
 It is the Gr. inseparable particle 8vcr-, and has 
 a pejorative, negative, or privative sense. It 
 usually has the meaning of hard, difficult, evil, 
 painful, or unlucky, but sometimes corresponds 
 nearly with the L. dis- or the E. mis-. 
 
 Dys'cra-sy, n. [Gr. 8vo-<pacria, ill condition, — lit- 
 erally, evil mixture ; 8va-, ill, and /cpdcris, mix- 
 ture, temperament; Kepdvvv^i, I mix.] {Med.) 
 A bad habit of body. 
 
 Dys-en-ter'ic, a. Relating to dysentery. 
 
 Dys'en-ter-y, re. [Gr. dvarevTepia; fiver-, ill, and 
 evr'epa, bowels; evros, within; ev, in.] [Med.) 
 A painful disease, attended by mucous or bloody 
 evacuations. 
 
 Dys-pep'si-a, re. [L. ; Gr. Svcr7re^ia; 8v<r-, ill, and 
 nimeiv, 'to digest, to cook.] {Med.) Dyspepsy. 
 
 Dys'pep-sy, or Dys-pep'sy, n. (Med.) A difficulty 
 of digestion ; indigestion ; dyspepsia. 
 
 Dys-pep'tic, «• Relating to dyspepsy ; having bad 
 digestion.— 2, n. One afflicted with dyspepsy. 
 
 Dys'pho-ny, re. [Gr. 8va-, difficult, and ^>wvjj, 
 voice.^J A difficulty in speaking. 
 
 Dysp-nce'a, w. [L. ; Gr. 8vcr-, difficult, and irveetv, 
 to breathe.] (3[ed.) A difficulty of breathing. 
 
 Dys'u-ry (dizh'u-re or dis'u-re), n. [Gr. 8va-, 
 difficult, and ovpov, urine.] (Med.) A difficulty 
 in voiding urine. 
 
 E. 
 
 Ethe spcoi': 1 '. and most frequent vowel in the 
 j English language, has two principal sounds, 
 
 — long, as in mete, and short, as in met £ as a 
 
 prefix is the L. ex or ?, signifying out. 
 Each (ech), «. & pron. [A.-S. tele; 0. E. eche. ijlc ,' 
 
 Scot, ilk, ilka; Dut. elk; Ger. jealich, probably 
 
 fvvmje, always, aye, and gleich, like (q. v.). The 
 
 A.-S. may come from a, aye, and lie, like.] 
 
 Either of two; every one of any number taken 
 
 separately. 
 Ea'ger (e'ger), a. [Fr. aigre, sharp; L. acer, 
 
 keen.] Keenly desirous; vehement; ardent; 
 
 impetuous; quick; sharp; keen. 
 Ea'§er-ly. (e'ger-Ie), ad. Ardently ; keenly. 
 Ea'fer-ness (e'ger-nes), »?. Strong desire; ardor; 
 
 earnestness; keenness; avidity. 
 la'gle (e'gl), n. [Fr. 
 
 aiyle, L. aquila, an 
 
 eagle; aquUus, dark.] 
 
 A bird of prey: — a 
 
 military standard : — 
 
 a gold coin of the 
 
 United States of the 
 
 value of ten dollars. 
 Ea'glet (C-'glet), re. A 
 
 young eagle. 
 Ea'gre (e'gur), n. 
 
 [A.-S. egor, Icel. segir, 
 
 ocean ; Norse CEgir, 
 
 the sea-jotun or sea-god; perhaps from oga, to 
 _ dread.] A high tidal wave ; a bore in a river. 
 Ear (Sr), n. [A.-S. eare; Dut. oor; Ger. ohr ; L. 
 
 maris. — Cf. L. audire, to hear (q. v.); Gr. aleiv, 
 
 to hear, to perceive.] The organ of hearing : — 
 
 Eagle. 
 
 sense of hearing : — attention : — power of judging 
 of harmony :—[ A.-S. ear, eher ; Dut. aar ; Ger. 
 iilrre: cognate with L. acus, a needle] a spike of 
 corn or maize. — 2, v. re. [pp. earing, eared.] 
 To shoot into ears, as corn: — [A.-S. erian ; 
 Goth, arjan ; L. arare ; Gr. apoecv] to plough. 
 [Antiq.] 
 
 Ear' ache (er'ak), «. Pain in the ear. 
 
 Ear' -drop, n. A pendant for the ear. 
 
 Earl (erl), n. [A.-S. eorl, Norse jarl, a hero, a 
 titled soldier; 0. Saxon erl, a man ] A title of 
 English nobility. 
 
 Earl'dom, re. The seigniory of an earl. 
 
 Ear'li-ness, n. State of being early. 
 
 Ear'ly, n. [A.-S. mrlice ; xi\ ere, sooner, and lie, 
 like. — See Ere.] Being in season; seasonable. 
 — 2, ad. In good season ; betimes. 
 
 Earn (ern), v. a. [A.-S. earnicm : akin to Ger. 
 ernte, a harvest, and ]iossibly to ear, to plough.] 
 [pp. earning, earned.] To gain by labor; to ob- 
 tain or become entitled to by labor. 
 
 Ear'nest (er'nest), a. [A.-S. eornvst, Dut. & Ger. 
 ernst, zeal, seriousness ; Icel. ei-n, brisk ; Gr. 6p- 
 vvfj.1, 1 arouse.] Ardent ; warm ; hearty ; cordial ; 
 zealous; eager: intent; serious. — 2, n. Serious- 
 ness; not jest : — [Welph ern, ernes, a pledge; 
 apparently connected, through Gael, earlas, an 
 earnest (see Arles), with Greek and Hebrew 
 roots] a pledge : — first fruits : — money advanced 
 in a bargain, often called earnest-money. 
 
 Ear'nest- iy, ad. Warmly; eagerly. 
 
 Ear'nest-ness (er'nest-nes), ». Eagerness. 
 
 Earn'ing (ern'ing), n. That which is earned. 
 
 Ear'-ring, n. An ornament for the ear. 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— 9, Q, c, £, soft; p, js, p, §, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 
 
EARTH 
 
 212 
 
 ECONOMIZE 
 
 Earth (erth), n. [A.-S. earde ; Dut. aarde ; Ger. 
 ei-de ; Goth, airtha; possibly related with ear, to 
 plough.] The terraqueous globe; world: — ter- 
 rene matter; soil. — (Chem.) A metallic oxide, 
 dry, tasteless, and inodorous. — 2, v. a. [■pp. 
 earthing, earthed.] To hide in earth ; to bury. 
 — 3, v. n. To retire under ground. 
 
 Earth' en (er'thn). a. Made of earth or clay. 
 
 Earth'en-ware, ». Ware made of clay. 
 
 Earth'i-ness, n. State of being earthy. 
 
 Earth'ii-ness (erth'le-nes), n. Worldliness. 
 
 Earth'ly (erth'le), a. Belonging to earth: — 
 worldly ; not heavenly : — corporeal or carnal : 
 — sensual : — sordid ; low ; vile. 
 
 Earth/quake, n. A tremor, violent agitation, or 
 convulsion of the earth. [earth. 
 
 Earth'work (-wiirk), n. A fortification made of 
 
 Earth'worm (erth'wurm), n. A worm that lives 
 under ground :— a sordid person. 
 
 Earth's, a. Consisting of earth : — gross. 
 
 Ear'-wax (er'waks), n. Cerumen of the ear. 
 
 Ear' wig, w. [A.-S. eoi-wicga; literally, ear-horse.] 
 An insect, erroneously believed to creep into the 
 human ear and enter the brain : — a whisperer. 
 
 Ease (ez), n. [Fr. aise; Ital. agio; Port, azo ; 
 Gael, adhais: probably unconnected with A.-S. 
 eadhe, easy.] Freedom from pain or anxiety; 
 quiet; rest after labor: — easiness; facility. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. easing, eased.] To 
 free from pain, anxiety, or labor; 
 to cause to be at ease; to alle- 
 viate ; to assuage ; to relieve ; to 
 
 _ redress. 
 
 Ea'sel (e'zl), n. [Dut. ezel, Ger. esel, 
 an ass ; L. asellus, a little ass.— Cf. 
 Horse in the sense of a support.] 
 The frame on which a painter's 
 canvas or picture rests. Easel. 
 
 Ease'ment (ez'ment), n. Ease ; sup- 
 port; relief. — {Law.) A charge upon one estate 
 for the benefit of another : — a privilege. 
 
 Ea'§i-ly (e'ze-le), ad. Without difficulty. 
 
 Ea'§i-nlss, n. .Readiness; ease; rest. 
 
 East', n. [A.-S. east ; Dut. cost; Ger. ost— Cf. Gr. 
 ^tos, Skr. ushas, dawn: root of L. tirere, ustum, 
 Skr. nsh, to burn, to glow.] The quarter where 
 the sun rises. — 2, a. Being toward the rising 
 sun ; eastern. 
 
 East'er (est'er), n. [A.-S. eastor, from Easire, god- 
 dess' of the spring: root of East.] The day on 
 which the resurrection of Christ is commem- 
 orated, being the first Sunday after the full 
 moon which happens upon, or next after, the 
 
 _ 21st of March. 
 
 East'er-ly, a. & ad. Toward the east. 
 
 East'ern, a. Being in the east ; oriental. 
 
 East' em-most, a. Farthest toward the east. 
 
 East'ward (est'ward), ad. Toward the east. 
 
 Ea'sy (§'ze), a. [See Ease.] Being at ease; free 
 from pain ; quiet : — not difficult ; not stiff. 
 
 Eat (et), v. a. [A.-S. etan ; Dut. eten ; Icel. eta; 
 Ger. essen ; L. edere; Gr. efieiv; Skr. ad.~\ [i. ate 
 or eat (et) ; pp. eating, eaten (e'tn) or eat (et).] 
 To chew and swallow ; to devour ; to consume : 
 — to corrode. — 2, v. n. To feed ; to take food. 
 
 Eat'a-ble (et'a-bl), a. Capable of being eaten. — 
 2, n. Any thing that may be eaten. 
 
 Eaves (evz), v. pi. [A.-S. efece; Icel. vps ; Sw. 
 vffs: root of Up. The word was originally not 
 plural.] The edges of the roof of a building. 
 
 Eaves' drop-per, -n. A listener. 
 
 Ebb, n. [A.-S." ebba ; ebban, to ebb : root of Even.] 
 The reflux of the tide :— waste. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
 ebbing, ebbed.] To flow back toward the sea: 
 — to decay ; to decline. 
 
 Ebb'-tide, n. The reflux of the tide. [black. 
 
 Eb'on, n. Ebony. — 2, o. Made of ebony ; dark ; 
 
 Eb'on-ite, n. Hard vulcanized india-rubber ; vul- 
 canite. 
 
 Eb'on-ize, v. a. [pp. ebonizing, ebonized.] To 
 make black or like ebony. 
 
 Eb'on-y, n. [L. hebenm; Gr. e0«i/o? ; Heb. hob- 
 hnim. — Cf. Heb. eben, a stone.] A hard, black, 
 valuable wood of various species. 
 
 E-bri'e-ty, )/. [Fr. ebriete ; L. ebrietas; ebrius, 
 drunken.] Drunkenness; inebriety. 
 
 E-bull'ient (e-bul'yent), a. [L. ebullire, ebullienlis, 
 to boil up; e, out, and buliire, to boil.] Boiling 
 over. 
 
 Eb-ul-li"tion (eb-ul-lish'un), n. The act of boil- 
 ing with heat; intestine motion ; outbreak. 
 
 Ecarte (a-kar-ta), v. [Fr. for "discarded;" carle, 
 a card.] A game at cards. 
 
 Ec-cen'tric, a, [Late L. eccenlricus, eccenlros; ex, 
 out of, and centrum, the centre; Gr. oc/cej/Tpos; 
 ex, out, and nevrpov, the centre.] Deviating 
 from the centre : — irregular ; odd. 
 
 Ec-cen-tric'i-ty (ek-sen-trls'e-te), n. State of 
 
 ^ being eccentric ; particularity ;' irregularity. 
 
 Ec-phy-mo'sis, n. [Gr. inxvuoxTis ; e«, out, and 
 Xveiv, to pour.] A livid spot on the skin, caused 
 
 _ by the escape of the blood into the tissues. 
 
 Ec-cle-si-as'tes, n. [Gr. for a "preacher," — liter- 
 
 _ ally', ah assembly-man.] A book of Scripture. 
 
 Ec-ele-si-as'tie, n. [Gr. e/cKA^ciaa-Ti/cos ; eKK\rj- 
 o-ia, assembly, church ; e/c, out, and Ka\eeiv, to 
 call.] A clergyman ; a priest. 
 
 Ec-cle-si-as'tic, ) a. Kelating to the church ; 
 
 Ec-cle-si-as'ti-cal, J not civil or secular. 
 
 Ec-cle-si-as'ti-cism, «. Adherence to the au- 
 thority of the church ; church authority. 
 
 Ec-cle-si-as'ti-cfis, ». A book of the Apocrypha. 
 
 Ech'e-lon (esli'e-long), n. [Fr. echelon, a step of a 
 ladder; echelle, L. seala, a ladder.] (Mil.) The 
 position of an army in the form of steps. 
 
 Eph'i-nate, or E-phi'nate, a. Bristled; pointed. 
 
 E-phl'nus (e-kfnus), n. ; pi. E-phI'm. [L. ; Gr. 
 extVo?, a hedgehog.] The sea-urchin :— a prickly 
 head of a plant. 
 
 Egh'6 (ek'o), n. ; pi. Eph'oes. [L. echo, Gr. ifou), 
 echo; r\xos, a ringing noise.] The return or re- 
 verberation of a sound ; the sound returned. — 
 2, v. n. [pp. echoing, echoed.] To resound ; to 
 be sounded back.— 3, v. a. To send back a voice. 
 
 Eclaircissement (e-klar'sis-mang' or e-klar'siz- 
 ment), n. [Fr., from eclaircir, to clear up; L.'e, 
 ex, out of, and clarus, Fr. clair, clear (q. v.).) 
 Explanation ; the act of clearing up an affair. 
 
 Eclat (e-kla') [a-kla, /. H. ; e-klaw', N. S. W. F. 
 C.], rt. [Fr. for "splendor;" eclater, to shine or 
 burst forth : cognate with Slit.] A striking 
 effect ; splendor : — acclamation ; applause. 
 
 Ec-lec'tic, a. [Gr. eKAe/cn/co?, choosing out; e/c, 
 out, and Ae'veiy, to select (7. v.).] Selecting; 
 choosing. — 2, w. One of a class of ancient phi- 
 losophers, who professed to choose what was 
 good from all sects : — one who selects his opin- 
 ions from different sources. 
 
 Ec-lec'ti-cism, n. The practice of choosing ideas 
 and methods from whatsoever source. 
 
 E-clipse' (e-klips'), n. [Gr. e/cAen/zts, a failure; 
 in, out, and \eiiret.v, to leave.] The obscuration 
 of the light of a heavenly body by the interven- 
 tion of another body : — darkness. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 eclipsing, eclipsed.] To darken, as a luminary. 
 
 E-clip'tic. n. [Gr. e«:Aei7TTiK:6s, pertaining to an 
 eclipse {q. v.). It is the line on which eclipses 
 occur.] The imaginary great circle of the 
 sphere, which is the apparent path of the suu. — 
 2, a. Belating to the ecliptic. 
 
 Ec'logue (ek'log), n. [L. ecloga, Gr. exAoy^, a se- 
 lection ; e«, out, and Aeyeiv, to choose.] A pas- 
 toral poem ; a bucolic. 
 
 Ec-o-nom'ic, a. Same as Economical. 
 
 Ec-o-nom'i-cal, or E-co-nom'i-cal, a. Belating 
 to" economy "or to resources :— not wasteful; fru- 
 gal; thrifty. 
 
 Ec-o-nom'ics, n. pi. Household management. 
 
 E-con'o-mist, n. A frugal or thrifty manager. 
 
 E-con'o-mize, v. a. [pp. economizing, econo- 
 mized.] To use with economy. — 2, v. n. To be 
 economical or frugal. 
 
 a, e, I, 0, u, y, long; a, e, I, o, Q, y, short; a, e, i, 0, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
ECONOMY 
 
 213 
 
 EFFICACY 
 
 E-con'o-my, n. [Fr. economic ; L. ceconomia; Gr. 
 ot.iiovop.La., household management ; olnos, a 
 house, and vepeiv, to manage, to deal out.] 
 Thrifty management ; frugality : — disposition of 
 things ; system of rules and regulations. — Polit- 
 ical economy, the science which treats of the 
 wealth of nations. 
 
 Ecraseur (a-kra-ziir), n. [Fr. for "crusher;" 
 ecraser, to crush (q. v.).] A surgeon's instru- 
 ment, which works by tearing or crushing. 
 
 EVsta-sy, b. [Gr. e/ccrrao-is, a trance, displace- 
 ment; ex, out, and iaravai, to set, to stand 
 (q. v.).] Excessive joy ; rapture: — a trance. 
 
 Ec-stat'ic, "la. Filled with ecstasy or joy; 
 
 Ec-stat'i-cal, J ravished ; rapturous. 
 
 Ec-u-men'i-cal, a. [Gr. oiKovp.evLK.6*;, universal ; 
 o'tKovfj.ei'r), the inhabited (world) ; ouceeii', to 
 dwell ; oIko?, a house.] General ; oecumenical. 
 
 EVze-ma, n. [Gr. eic£ep.a, something boiled out; 
 e/c,'out'or up, and £e'en>, to boil.] A skin disease. 
 
 Ec-zem'a-tous, a. Affected by or like eczema. 
 
 Ed'da, »." [Norse for "great-grandmother ;" prob- 
 ably given from its antiquity, or as being the 
 source of Norse literature.] A collection of 
 poetry or prose tales, containing the Scandina- 
 vian mythology. 
 
 Ed'dic, a. Of or pertaining to, or partaking of the 
 character of, the Eddas. 
 
 Ed'dy, n. [Icel. ida, Local Dan. ide, a whirlpool ; 
 Icel*. ida, to whirl ; the prefix id- implies return. 
 — Cf. A.-S. yth, a wave.] A contrary current; 
 a whirlpool. — 2, a. Moving circularly. — 3, >■. n. 
 [pp. eddying, eddied.] To move or whirl, as in 
 an eddy. [adise. 
 
 E'den, n. [Heb. for "pleasure."] A garden ; par- 
 
 E-den-ta'ta, n. pi. [L. e privative, and dens, 
 deulis, a tooth.] An order of mammals either 
 toothless or with aberrant teeth. 
 
 E-den'tate, a. Without teeth :— belonging to an 
 " edentate. — 2, n. An animal of the Edentata. 
 
 E-den'tu-loiis, a. [L. edenlidm ; e privative, and 
 " dens, dentis, a tooth.] Without teeth; toothless. 
 
 fidfe (ej), n. [A.-S. ecg ; Dut. e<jge ; Ger. ecke ; L. 
 acie.% Gr. a*r}, a point.] The sharp side of a 
 blade or cutting instrument: — keenness: — rim; 
 brink. — 2, v. a. [pp. edging, edged.] To sharp- 
 en ; to give an edge. — 3, v. n. To move forward 
 sideways or obliquely. 
 
 fidfe'-tool, n. A tool with a sharp edge. 
 
 Edle'wise, ad. In the direction of the edge. 
 
 Edg'ing. n. A border, a fringe; a lace. 
 
 Ed-i-bil i-ty, n. Fitness to be eaten. 
 
 Ed'i-ble, a. [L. edibilis; edere, to eat.] Fit to be 
 eaten ; eatable. 
 
 E'dict, >t. [L. edictum; edicere, edictum, to pro- 
 claim; e, forth, and dicere, to speak.] An ordi- 
 nance or decree issued by a sovereign ; a rescript ; 
 a proclamation. 
 
 Ed-i-fi-ca'tion. n. Act of edifying; instruction 
 
 ^ in religion and morals ; improvement. 
 
 Ed'i-fice (ed'e-fls), n , [l. sedtficium, a building. 
 —See Edify.] A large or splendid building;"a 
 structure ; a fabric. 
 
 Ed'i-fy, v. a. [Fr. tdifier, to build up, to instruct; 
 L. sedificare, to build; sedes, a house, and facere, 
 to make.] [pp. edifying, edified.] To instruct 
 
 _ in religion and morals; to teach; to improve. 
 
 E'dile, n. [L. sedUis, properly a magistrate in 
 charge of the public buildings; sedes, a build- 
 
 _ ing.] The title of a Roman magistrate. 
 
 E'dile-shlp, n. The office of edile. 
 
 £d'it, v. a. [L. edere, editum, to give forth ; e, 
 out, and dare, to give.] [pp. editing, edited.] 
 To superintend, revise, or prepare for publica- 
 tion ; to conduct ; to publish. 
 
 E-di"tion, n. [L. edilio.— See Edit.] Publication 
 
 ^ of a book : — whole impression of a book. 
 
 Ed'i-tor, n. One who edits ; the conductor of a 
 newspaper, journal, or other publication. 
 
 isd-i-to'ri-al, a. Belonging to an editor. — 2, n. 
 An article written by an editor of a newspaper. 
 
 Ed'i-tor-ship, ». The position of an editor. 
 
 Ed'u-cate (ed'yu-kat), v. a. [L. educare, educa- 
 tum, to educate; from educere, to bring out. — See 
 Educe.] [pp. educating, educated.] To bring 
 up, as a child ; to instruct; to teach; to train. 
 
 Ed-u-ca'tion, n. The act of educating; instruc- 
 tion; tuition; a bringing up; nurture. 
 
 Ed-u-ca'tion-al, a. Relating to education. 
 
 Ed'ii-ca-tor, n. One who instructs youth. 
 
 E-duce', v. a. [L. educere, eductum, to bring out; e, 
 
 ' out, and ducere, to draw.] [pp. educing, educed.] 
 To bring out; to extract. 
 
 E'duct, n. A substance extracted by chemical 
 means. 
 
 E-duc'tion, n. Act of educing or bringing out. 
 
 Eel (el),"«. [A.-S. ad; Dut., Dan., & Ger. aal. — 
 Cf. L unguis, a snake, 
 anguilla, an eel ; Gr. 
 e^is, a snake, eyx e ~ 
 Avs.an eel; Skr. ahi, 
 a snake : root of L. 
 angere, to choke or 
 strangle.] A serpen- 
 tine, slimy fish. 
 
 Eel' -pout, n. A fresh- 
 water fish: — the blenny 
 
 E'en (en), ad. A contraction for even. 
 
 E'er (ar), ad. A contraction for ever. 
 
 Eer'ie, la. [A.-S. earh, timid.] Inspiring feel- 
 
 Eer'y, J ings of awe or lonesomeuess ; weird; 
 lonesome; dreary. 
 
 Ef'fa-ble, a. [L. effabilis, utterable ; e, out, and 
 furi, to speak.] Expressible; utterable. 
 
 Efface', v. a. [Fr. effacer; L. ex, out, and fades, 
 
 ' face {<]. r.).] [pp. effacing, effaced.] To blot 
 out ; to erase ; to destroy. 
 
 Ef-face'ment, w. The act of effacing; erasure. 
 
 Ef-fect',«. [L. effectus ; efficere, affectum, to effect; 
 ex, out, and facere, to make.] An event pro- 
 duced; result; issue :— meaning; reality. — p£ 
 [Goods. — 2, v. a. [pp. effecting, effected.] To 
 bring to pass; to produce. 
 
 Ef-fec'tive, a. Efficient; efficacious; effectual. 
 
 Ef-fec'tive-ly, ad. Powerfully; with effect. 
 
 Ef-fect'u-al (-yu-al), a. Of adequate force; actu- 
 
 ' ally producing effect; efficacious; effective. 
 
 Ef-fect'u-al-ly, ad. In a thorough manner. 
 
 Ef-fect'u-ate (-yu-at), v. a. [Fr. effectuer.—See 
 Effect.] [pp. effectuating, effectuated.] To 
 bring to pass; to effect. 
 
 Ef-fem'i-na-cy, n. Softness; unmanly delicacy. 
 
 Ef-fem'j-nate, a. Womanish; soft. 
 
 Ef-fem'i-nate, v. a. [L. effeminare, effcminatum, to 
 make womanish ; ex, out, completely, and/emtiut, 
 a woman.] [pp. effeminating, effeminated.] To 
 make womanish. 
 
 Ef-fem'i-nate-ly, ad. In an effeminate manner. 
 
 Ef-fen'di (ef-fen'de), »?. [Turk, efendi; modern 
 Gr. a($evrr)<;, Gr. av6ivTf\<;, a ruler. — See Au- 
 thentic.] A Turkish word signifying lord, mat- 
 ter, or superior. 
 
 Ef fer-ent, a. [L. ex, out, and ferre, ferentis, to 
 carry.] Conveying outward. 
 
 Ef-fer-vesce' (ef-fer-vesO, v. n. [L. effervescere, 
 effervescentis ; ex. out, and fervescere, to boil : — in- 
 ceptive of fervere, to glow.*— See Fervent.] [pp. 
 effervescing, effervesced.] To send out gas or 
 elastic vapor ; to bubble ; to boil. 
 
 Ef-fer-ves'cence (ef-fer-ves'sens), n. Escape of 
 vapor from a fluid, as in ebullition. 
 
 Ef-fer-ves'cent, a. Gently bubbling. 
 
 Ef-ftte', a. ' [L. e fetus, weakened by producing 
 
 " young ; ex, out, 'and fetus, breeding.] Worn out 
 with age or excesses. 
 
 Ef-fi-ca'cious (ef-fe-ka'shus), o. [L. effieax ; ex, 
 completely, and facere, to' make.] Actually pro- 
 ducing effects ; effectual; efficient; effective. 
 
 Ef-fi-ca'cious-ly. ad. Effectually. 
 
 Ef fi-ca-cy, n. [L. efficacia.—See Efficacious.] 
 Quality of being efficacious ; power to produce 
 effect; energy. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5, £, 5, §, soft; p, js, p, g, liard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 
 
EFFICIENCE 
 
 214 
 
 ELAIXE 
 
 Ef-f i"cience (ef-f ish'yens), }n. The act or 
 ?f-fi"cien-cy (ef-f Ish'yen-se), j power of pro- 
 
 ducing'effects ; efficacy ; agency. 
 Ef-f f'cient (ef-f isb'yent), k. [L. efficere, efficients, 
 to effect (q. ».).] Agent; cause.— 2, a. Causing 
 effects ; active ; operative ; effective. 
 Ef-f i"cient-ly, a. Effectively. 
 Ef f|-£x. »• [ L - effigies; ex, out, and fingere, to 
 shape. — See Figure.] The image, likeness, or 
 representation of a person ; representation ; pic- 
 ture. — To bun) in effigy, to burn the image of. 
 Ef-flo-resce' (ef-flo-res'j, v. n. [L. efflorescere, efflo- 
 rescentis, inceptive of efflorere, to bloom ; ex, out, 
 and fiorere, to bloom ; flos, floris, a flower.] [ pp. 
 efflorescing, effloresced.] To show dust or pow- 
 der on tlie surface from exposure to air. 
 
 Ef-flo-res'cence, ) b. The act of efflorescing : — 
 
 Ef-flo-res'cen-cy. J the production of flowers : — an 
 eruption or redness on the skin. 
 
 Ef-flo-res'cent, o. Having efflorescence. 
 
 Ef flu-ence, n. A flowing out; issue. 
 
 Efflu-ent, a. [L. effiuere, effluenlis, to flow out; 
 ex, out, and fuere, to flow (q. v.).] Flowing out; 
 issuing out of. 
 
 Ef-fiu'vi-um, n. ; pi. Ef-flu'vi-a. [L., from efflu- 
 ere, to flow out.] A flowing out; vapor; small 
 particles which are continually flying off from 
 bodies ; a noxious or unpleasant exhalation. 
 
 Efflux, n. [L. effluere, effiuxum, to flow out.- See 
 Effluext.] The act of flowing out; effusion; 
 that which flows out. 
 
 Effort [ef'ert, H. ; effort, St. ; effort or ef fert, 
 I.], n. [Fr., from s'efforcer, to strive.— See 
 Force.] An exertion of strength; attempt; 
 trial; strain; endeavor; essay; struggle. 
 
 Ef-fron'te-ry (-frun'-), n. [Fr. effronierie ; ef route, 
 shameless ; ex intensive, and front, impudence,— 
 literally, forehead.— See Front.] Boldness ; im- 
 pudence ; hardihood. 
 
 Ef-fulgV, v. n. [L. efvlgere, effulgentis; ex, forth, 
 out, and fulgere, to shine.] [pp. effulging, ef- 
 fulged.] To send forth lustre.— 2, v. a. To beam 
 forth ; to radiate. 
 
 Ef-fiil' fence, n. Lustre ; brightness. 
 
 Ef- fulgent, a. Shining; bright; luminous. 
 
 Ef-fu§e', v. a. [L. effundere, eft'umnt, to pour forth ; 
 ex, out, and fundere, to pour.] [pp. effusing, 
 effused.] To pour out; to spill ; to shed. 
 
 Ef-fu'sion (ef-fu'zhun), n. A pouring out :— that 
 which is poured out. 
 
 Ef-fu'sive, a. Pouring out; diffusive; gushing. 
 
 Ef-fu'sive-ly, ad. In an effusive manner. 
 
 Ef-fu'sive-ness, ». The state of being effusive. 
 
 Eft (eft), n. [See New v.] A newt ; a sort of tritou. 
 
 Eft-soon', Eft-soons'. ad. Soon after. [Antiq.] 
 
 E-gad\ interj. An exclamation of surprise. 
 
 Egg (eg), n. [A.-S. seg; Icel. egg-, Sw. agg ; Ger. 
 ei ; Irish, ugh: L. oiitm ; Gr. <L6v. — See Oval.] 
 The foetus of the feathered tribe, and of some 
 other animals. — 2, r. a. [Icel. eggja, to edge 
 (q. v.), to incite, to sharpen. — Cf. L. agere, to 
 drive. — See also Eke.] [pp. egging, egged.] To 
 
 ^ provoke ; to urge. 
 
 Egg'nog, n. A drink containing beaten eggs. 
 
 £gg' -plant, n. A plant and its egg-shaped fruit. 
 
 Eg'lan-tine, or Eg'lan-tine, n. [Fr. eglantine; 
 0. Fr. aigiantive, aig'lantier ; probably from Late 
 L. acvlentus, prickly; acim, a prickle, a needle.] 
 
 _ A species of rose ; sweet-brier. 
 
 E'g5, n. [L. ego; Gr. eyu> ; Ger. ieh ; E. T; Skr. 
 
 _ aham.] The thinking subject ; I; myself. 
 
 E'go-ism, n. Scepticism: — selfishness; egotism. 
 
 E'go-ist, n. One of a class of philosophers who 
 professed to doubt every thing except their own 
 existence : — an egotist. 
 
 E'go-tism, or Eg'o-tism, n. The frequent use of 
 
 _ the pronoun I (in Latin, ego) ; self-conceit. 
 
 E'go-tist, n. One who talks of himself. 
 
 E-go-tis'tic, \a. Addicted to egotism; self- 
 
 E-go-tls'ti-cal. J conceited ; vain. 
 
 E-gre'£ious (e-gre'jus), a. [L. egreghis, eminent; 
 
 e, out of, and grex, gregis, the flock. The pejo- 
 rative sense now generally attached to this word 
 is quite modern.] Eemarkable ; monstrous; 
 huge ; exceptional. 
 | E-gre'fious-ly., ad. Eminently ; vastly. 
 j E-ir r e'&ious-ness, n. The state of being eminent. 
 ! E'gress, n. [L. egredi, egressus, 
 to go out ; ex, out, and gradi, 
 gressiis, to go.] The act of go- 
 ing out; departure. — 2, v. n. 
 [pp. egressing, egressed.] To 
 make an egress or departure ; 
 to depart. 
 
 E-gres'sion (e-gresh'un), n. 
 The act of going out. " 
 
 E'gret, n. [Fr. aigrette, an egret, 
 — later, a crest ; dim. of 0. Fr. 
 aigre, a heron (q. v.).] A fowl 
 of the heron kind :— an orna- Egret, 
 
 ment of ribbons. [A native of Egypt. 
 
 ?-§ yp'tian (-shan), a. Relating to Egypt. — 2, n. 
 
 E-gyp-to'l'o-Hst, 7i. One versed in Egyptology. 
 
 E-gyp-tol'o-gy, n. The science of, or a treatise 
 onj Egyptian autiquities. [eider-duck. 
 
 Ei'der, n. [Icel. sedr, sedur ; Sw. eider.'] The 
 
 Ei'der-down, n. The down of the eider-duck. 
 
 El'der-duck, n. A species of duck found in the 
 Orkneys, Hebrides, Alaska, Greenland, &c. 
 
 Ei-do'lon, n. [Gr. — See Idol.] An image ; a 
 phantom. 
 
 Eight (at), a. & n. [A.-S. eahta ; Dut. & Ger. acht; 
 Dan. otle ; Irish, ocht ; L. octo; Gv. 6/ctoj; Skr. 
 ashtan.] Twice four ; seven and one. 
 
 Eigh'teen (a'ten), a. & n. Twice nine. 
 
 Eighteenth (a'tenth), a. Next in order to the 
 seventeenth. 
 
 Eight' fold (at'-), a. Eight times the quantity. 
 
 Eighth (atth), a. Next in order to the seventh. — 
 2, v. The octave or eighth note of the diatonic 
 scale : — the quotient of one divided by eight. 
 
 Eighth'ly. (atthle), ad. In the eighth place. 
 
 Eigh'ti-eth (a'te-'eth), a. Noting eighty. 
 
 Eigh'ty. (ii'te), a. & n. Eight times ten. 
 
 Ei-ren'i-con, n. [Gr.] See Irexicon. 
 
 Ei'tner'(C-'tner) [e'ther or i'tfier, Kenricl; Sm. St. 
 J.], pron. [A.-S. seghwteder, segder, for "each- 
 whether;" Dut. ieder ; Ger. jeder.] One or the 
 other. — 2, conj. Or; as, either this or that. 
 
 E-jac'u-late (e-jak'yu-lat), v. a. [L. ejacuiare, 
 ejacidatum, to hurl out; e, ont, and jaadare, to 
 hurl ;jncidum, a dart or missile ;jacere, to throw.] 
 [pp. ejaculating, ejaculated.] To throw out 
 suddenly ; to shoot ; to dart out ; to utter. 
 
 E-jac-u-la'tion, n. The act of ejaculating or 
 throwing; a darting : — a short prayer. 
 
 E-jac'ii-la-to-ry, o. Darted out ; sudden. 
 
 E-ject', v. a. [L. ejieere, ejection ; e, out, and 
 
 ' jacere, to throw.] [p>p. ejecting, ejected.] To 
 throw out ; to cast forth ; to expel ; to discharge ; 
 to reject. 
 
 E-jec'tion, n. A casting out; expulsion. 
 
 E-ject'nient, n. {Lax:.) A writ or action for re- 
 
 " covering possession of real property ; expulsion. 
 
 E-ject'or, n. One who ejects or expels. 
 
 Eke, v. a. [A.-S. ecan, Icel. auka, Dan. oge, L. an- 
 gere, to augment.] [pp. eking, eked.] To pro- 
 tract; to spin out. — 2, ad. [A.-S. eac ; Dut. ook ; 
 Dan. og ; Icel. & Goth. ayJe: closely related to 
 the verb Eke.] Also; likewise; besides. 
 
 E-lab'o-rate, v. a. [L. elaborate, elaborafum ; e, 
 out, and laborare, to work; labor, work.] [pp. 
 elaborating, elaborated.] To produce with labor : 
 — to improve by labor.. 
 
 E-lab'o-rate, a. Much labored upon ; much stud- 
 
 ' ied ; highly finished. 
 
 E-lab'o-rate-ly, ad. With great labor. 
 
 E-lab-o-ra'tion, n. Act of eliminating. 
 
 E-lab'o-ra-tive. a. Tending to elaborate. 
 E-la'ine, n. [Gr. eAaivos, of the olive ; eAota, 
 
 " olive (q. v.); eAaiov, oil.] (Chem.) The oily or 
 liquid principle of fat and oil; oleine. 
 
 a, e, i, o, u, y, long; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
ELAN 
 
 215 
 
 ELEMENTAL 
 
 Elan (a-lon), n. [Fr. ; origin disputed. — Cf. Ger. 
 eileii, to rush.] Impetuosity inspired by un< on- 
 strained emotion and ardor; unchecked enthu- 
 siasm ; zeal ; glow. 
 E'land, n. [Dut. eland, Ger. elenn, Russ. oleni, 
 Pol. ielen, Czech gelen, stag, elk (q. v.), or deer; 
 "Welsh elain, a fawn ; Basque orina, a deer. 
 There are kindred beast-names in Aryan and 
 many other languages. It seems easy to con- 
 nect it with the name elk on the one hand and 
 possibly with elephant on the other.] A large 
 African antelope. 
 E-lapse', r. n. [L. elabi, elapsus, to glide away; 
 " e, out, and lubi, to glide. — See Lapse.] [pp. 
 elapsing, elapsed.] To pass away ; to glide away. 
 E-las'tic, a. [Gr. eAaeij/, or eAaweiv, to drive, to 
 beat out, to extend.] Having elasticitj - ; spring- 
 ing back ; rebounding ; springy. 
 E-las-tig'i-ty., »• A property in bodies by which 
 
 they restore themselves to their original form. 
 
 E-late', a. [L. elatm, lifted up; e, out, lotus, lifted: 
 
 " tollere, latum (for tollatum), to lift.] Flushed 
 
 with success : — exalted. — 2, v. a. [pp. elating, 
 
 elated.] To elevate ; to puff up; to exalt. 
 
 E-la'tion, ». State of being elated; elevation; 
 
 triumph proceeding from success; exaltation. 
 El'bow (el'bo), n. [A.-S. elboga ; Dut. elleboog ; 
 Dan. albue ; Ger. ellenbogen : roots of Ell and 
 Bow.] Curvature of the arm : — angle :— a beinl 
 in a pipe or rod. — 2, v. a. [pp. elbowing, el- 
 bowed.] To push with the elbow. — 3, v. n. To 
 jut out in angles ; to clash. 
 £ld, b. [A.-S. yldo, seld, old age, old times; from 
 
 euld, old.] Old age; old people; old times. 
 El'der, a. [A.-S. yldra, aldira, older; ealdor, an 
 elder, a man in authority; Fris. alder, a parent; 
 A.-S. ealdras, parents.] Surpassing another in 
 age; older. — 2, n. An older person; a senior: — 
 an ancestor : — a ruler : — a presbyter: — a subordi- 
 nate officer in a church : — [A.-S. ellen, ellern; 
 Low Ger. ellooni ; 0. E. eller.— Cf. Ger. cller, trie, 
 alder (<j. v.)] a tree or shrub of several species. 
 El'der-ly, a. Bordering upon old age ; old. 
 El'der-ship. .i. Seniority : — office of an elder, 
 fil'dest, a. Oldest; most aged. 
 El-e-cam-pane', n. [Fr. enule-campane ; L. inula, 
 Late L. inula campana, field inula; campus, a 
 field. Inula is the Gr. eKeviov, Ger. alant, ele- 
 campane.] A plant: — a sweetmeat. 
 E-lect', v. a. [L. eligere, election ; e, out, and legere, 
 ' to choose.] [pp. electing, elected.] To choose 
 for office ; to select. — 2, a. Chosen ; elected ; 
 taken by preference. — 3, n. One who is chosen : 
 — persons chosen. 
 E-lec'tion, n. The act or power of choosing; 
 choice": — the ceremony of a public choice of 
 officers. — (T/ieol.) Divine choice of individuals 
 to enjoy blessings; predestination. 
 E-lec-tion-eer\ v. n. [pp. electioneering, elec- 
 tioneered.] To use arts for electing, or for being 
 elected, to an office. 
 E-lec-tion-eer'ingr, n. The course of measures 
 
 and arts used'to promote an election. 
 E-lec'tive, a. Having, or regulated by, choice. 
 E-lec'tor, n. [L.] One who elects; a voter. 
 E-lec'to-ral, «. Relating to an elector. 
 E-lec'tor-ate, n. Jurisdiction of an elector. 
 E-lec'trie, \a. Relating to, or containing, 
 E-lec'tri-cal, / electricity. — Electric light, light 
 evolved from materials heated to incandescence 
 by the passage through them of an electric cur- 
 _ rent. [versed in the science of electricity. 
 
 E-lec-tri"cian (e-lek-trlsh'an), n. One who is 
 E-lec-tric'i-ty, ». [Gr. rjAe/cVpof, amber. — Cf. Gr. 
 ^AexTojp, the glowing sun, or the shining fire.] 
 A subtile force produced by friction, first ob- 
 served in amber : — the science which explains 
 the laws of the electric force. 
 E-lec'tri-fy, v. a. [pp. electrifying, electrified.] 
 To communicate electricity to:— to thrill; to 
 arouse to string excitement. 
 
 I E-lec'tro-chem'i-cal, a. Combining electrical 
 and chemical phenomena. 
 
 E-lec'tro-chem'is-trjr. ». The science which 
 
 " treats of the agency'of electricity, or galvanism, 
 in effecting chemical changes. 
 
 E-lec'trode, n. [Electricity, and Gr. 55o?, a 
 
 ' way.] A pole in an electric circuit. 
 
 E-lec-trol'y.-sis. n. [Electricity, and Gr. Averts, 
 a loosening ; Aveiv,"to loose.] The process of re- 
 solving bodies into their elements by the electric 
 current. 
 
 E-lec'trp-mag / net, n. A piece of iron temporarily 
 magnetic. [netisni. 
 
 E-lec'tro- mag-net'ic, a. Relating to electro-mag- 
 
 E-lec'tro-mag'net-ism, n. The science which 
 treats of electricity as communicating magnetic 
 properties : — magnetism induced by electricity. 
 
 E-lec'tro-met'al-liir-gx, n. The art of working 
 in metals by means of electricity. 
 
 E-lec-trom'e-ter, n. [Electricity, and Gr. pe- 
 rpov, a measure.] An instrument for measur- 
 ing the intensity of electricity. 
 
 E-lec'tro-mo'tive. a. Relating to mechanical 
 effects produced by electricity. 
 
 E-lec'tro-m5'tor. ». [See Motor.] An engine or 
 
 " motor 'operated by electricity: — a device for 
 producing electrical currents. 
 
 E-lec-trop'a-thy. ». [Electricity, and Gr. 7rd0ij, 
 6tate of being affected : on type of homoeopathy.] 
 The treatment of diseases by means of elec- 
 tricity, [electricity. 
 
 E-lec'tro-plate, n. Wares plated by means of 
 
 E-lec'tro-plat'ed, a. Plated by means of elec- 
 
 ' tricity. 
 
 E-lec'tro-scope, n. [Electricity, and Gr. o-Koirelv, 
 
 ' to see.] An instrument for detecting electricity. 
 
 E-lec'tro-type, n. [Electricity and Type.] A 
 
 " method of taking reverse fac-similes of wood- 
 cuts, printing-types, &c. : — a fac-simile in metal, 
 from a mould, by an electro-chemical process. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. electrotyping, electrotyped.] To 
 make a fac-simile in metal, from a mould, by 
 an electro-chemical process ; to deposit metals by 
 electricity. [by, electrotypy. 
 
 E-lec-tro-typ'ic, a. Pertaining to, or produced 
 
 E-lec'tro-typ-iDg, n. The method of obtaining a 
 fac-simile by the electrotype process. 
 
 E-lec-trot'y-py, n. The art or process of pro- 
 ducing electrotypic copies or impressions. 
 
 E-lec'trum, n. [L. ; Gr. rj\eKTpop.] Amber:— a 
 mixed metal, an alloy of gold and silver. 
 
 E-lect'u-a-ry, n. [L. electuarium, something to be 
 
 ' licked up; Gr. exActy/oia ; ex, out, and \eixeiv, 
 to lick. — See Lick.] A soft, compound medicine. 
 
 El-ee-mos'y-na-ry (el-e-moz'e-na-re), a. [Gr. 
 e\er)p.oo-vv7i, alms {g. v.).] Relating to alms; 
 depending upoD charity. — 2, n. One who re- 
 ceives, or lives on, alms. 
 
 El'e-gance, n. The beauty of propriety ; refine- 
 ment ; polish; symmetry; politeness. 
 
 £l'e-gant. «. [L. eleganf, elegantis, fine, choice; e, 
 out, and legere, to choose.] Having elegance; 
 refined; polished; graceful ; genteel; accomplished. 
 
 El'e-gant-ly, ad. With elegance; gracefullv. 
 
 El-e-fi'ac [e-le'je-ak or el-e-jl'ak, P. K. I. St. Wb. ; 
 e-le'je-ak, H.~\, a. [Gr. e\eyeiaic6<s. — See Elegy.] 
 Pertaining to elegy ; mournful ; plaintive. — 2, n. 
 Elegiac verse. 
 
 El-e-lri'a-ca.1, a. Belonging to an elegy. 
 
 El-e-g'i'ast, 1 n. A writer of elegies ; an elegiac 
 
 El'e-Iist, /poet 
 
 El'e-fy, «. [Gr. eAeyetoi', a dirge ; eAe-yos, a la- 
 ment.] A mournful song or poem ; a dirge. 
 
 El'e-ment. n. [L. elementum, a principle ; thought 
 to be'a form of alimentum. aliment (g. r.).] A 
 first or constituent principle of any thing; an 
 atom; an ingredient; a constituent part :— 
 proper sphere. — pi. First rudiments. — In popu- 
 lar language, the four elements are aii; earth, 
 fire, and water. 
 El-e-ment'al, a. Pertaining to elements. 
 
 mien, sir ; m8ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— g, Q, c, £, soft; p, p, c, g, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 
 
ELEMENTAKY 
 
 216 
 
 EMANCIPATE 
 
 Elepha 
 
 El-e-ment'a-ry, «• Relating to elements; un- 
 co'mpounded : — initial ; primary ; elemental. 
 
 fil'e-mi, n. [Probably an Oriental name. — See 
 Anime.] A kind of resin or gum. 
 
 fil'e-phant, n. [L. elephas; Gr. eAe<^)a?, eAe^avros. 
 — Cf. Heb. aleph, an ox ; Skr. ibbas, an elephant ; 
 L. ebur, ivory ; Gr. eAa- 
 $65, a stag.] The larg- 
 est of existing laud 
 mammals. 
 
 El-e-phan-tl'a-sis, w. 
 [L.J (Med.) A disease 
 affecting the legs and 
 feet, and the skin. 
 
 fil-e-phan'tine [-tin, I. ; 
 -tin or -tin, H.], a. Re- 
 lating to the elephant : 
 — huge. [rites in the worship of Ceres. 
 
 fil-eu-sln'i-an, a. Relating to Eleusis, and to the 
 
 fil'e-vate, v. a. [L. elevate, elevaturn, to raise up ; 
 e,'out, and levare, to lift.] [pp. elevating, ele- 
 vated.] To raise up ; to lift ; to exalt. 
 
 El-e-va'tion, n. Act of elevating; a raising up; 
 exaltation ; height ; altitude : — a hill. 
 
 fil'e-va-tor, n. A raiser or lifter up : — a contriv- 
 ance for raising persons and goods from the 
 lower story of a building to the higher stories. 
 
 Eleve (a-lav), n. [Fr.] One brought up or pro- 
 tected by another ; a pupil ; a scholar. 
 
 E-lev'en (e-lev'vn), a. & n. [A.-S. endlufon ; Dut. 
 
 ' elf; Dan. elleve; Ger. elf; Goth, ainlif, from ain, 
 one, and /;/, root of Leave. The meaning is 
 one left over after ten are counted.] Ten and one. 
 
 E-lev'enth (e-lev'vnth), a. The next in order 
 after the tenth. — 2, n. The quotient of one di- 
 vided by eleven. 
 
 Elf, n. ; pi. Elve§. [ A -"S- self; Dan. alf ; Ger. elf; 
 Sw. alf, elfra.] A wandering spirit; 'a fairy. 
 
 Elfin, a. Relating to elves or fairies ; elfish. — 
 2, 'n. An elf; a fairy ; a little elf. 
 
 Elfish, or Elv'ish, a. Relating to elves. 
 
 Elf-lock, n. A knot of hair twisted by elves. 
 
 E-lie'it, v. a. [L. elicere, elicilum, to draw out; 
 
 ' lacere, to entice.] [pp. eliciting, elicited.] To 
 draw out ; to strike out. 
 
 fi-llde', v. a. [L. elidere, elisvm ; e, out, and leedere, 
 to dash.] [pp. eliding, elided.] To cut off, as 
 a syllable. 
 
 El-i-£i-bil'i-ty., \u. Quality of being eligible; 
 
 El'i-f i-ble-ness, J desirableness. 
 
 El'i-ii-ble, a. [L. elegibilis ; eligcre, to elect (q. v.).] 
 "Worthy of choice ; fit to be chosen. 
 
 E-lim'i-nate, w. a. [L. eliminate, eliminalum ; e, 
 from,' and limen, liminis, a threshold.] [pp. elim- 
 inating, eliminated.] To turn out ; to expel ; 
 to set aside. 
 
 E-lim-i-na'tion, n. Expulsion :— separation. 
 
 E-li"§ion (e-llzh'un), n. [L. elisio.— See Elide.] 
 
 " The act of cutting off a vowel or syllable, as at 
 the end of a word. 
 
 Elite (a-lef), n. [Fr. ; from Hire, to elect.] The 
 flower of society or i >f an army ; the chosen part. 
 
 E-Kx'ir, n. [Arab, al-ilisir, the philosopher's stone ; 
 Sp. elixir: the Arab, iksir is the Gr. t-rjpov, dry, 
 and seems to represent a dry extract or residue.] 
 A medicine : — quintessence or extract of any 
 thing; cordial. 
 
 Elk, n. [A.-S. eolh; Icel. elgr ; Sw. elg ; Gr. aA*ij ; 
 L. alces. — See Eland.] 
 A large quadruped ; the 
 moose. 
 
 fill, n. [A.-S. eln; Dut. 
 & Ger. elle ; Dan. alen ; 
 Fr. awe. — Cf. Icel. alin, 
 the forearm ; L. ulna, 
 forearm, elbow, cubit; 
 Gr. wAevij, elbow (q. v.).] 
 A measure of a yard and 
 a quarter. 
 
 El-lipse', n. ; pi. El-lip'se§. [Gr. eAAeuJ/t?, a de- 
 
 ' feet, because its plane makes a less angle with 
 
 the plane of the base of a cone than that of the 
 parabola ; eAAetVeii/, to leave behind ; ei>, in, and 
 Aei7reii/, to leave.] An oval figure; an oblique 
 section of a cone ; ellipsis. 
 
 El-lip'sis, n. ; pi. El-llp'se§. The omission of a 
 word or phrase ; a mark thus [...]> [ 1 : — e l" 
 
 El-Hp'sSid, n. A solid elliptical body. [lipse. 
 
 El-lip'tic, \a. Like an ellipse or ellipsis; 
 
 El-Hp'ti-cal, J oval : — defective. 
 
 El-lip'ti-cal-ly, ad. With an ellipsis. 
 
 El-lip-tic'i-ty, n. Quality of being elliptical. 
 
 Elm, n. [A.-S. elm; Dut. olm; Dan. aim, selm ; 
 Ger. idme ; L. ulmnsJ] The name of a forest tree. 
 
 El-o-cvi'tion, n. [L. elocutio; eloqui, eloculus, to 
 speak out; e, out, and loqui, to speak.] Art or 
 manner of speaking; oratory; utterance; elo- 
 quence. 
 
 El-o-cii'tion-a-rx, a. Relating to elocution. 
 
 El-o-cG/tion-ist, n. A teacher of elocution. 
 
 E-lon'gate (e-lung'gat), v. a. [L. e, out, and lon- 
 gus, long; whence Late L. elongate, elongatus, 
 to remove.] [pp. elongating, elongated.] To 
 lengthen ; to draw out. — 2, v. n. To go off to a 
 distance: — to recede: — to be drawn out. 
 
 El-on-ga'tion, v. Act of lengthening : — extension. 
 
 E-l6pe\ v. n. [L. e, out, and Dut. loopen, to run; 
 
 " ontloopen, to escape. — See Leap and Lope.] [pp. 
 eloping, eloped.] To run away; to escape from 
 legal or natural ties. 
 
 E-lope'ment, n. Private departure. 
 
 El'o-quence, n. The art of speaking well ; fluent 
 and elegant speech ; oratory ; rhetoric. 
 
 El'o-quent, «. [L. eloquens, eloguentis, pres. part, 
 of eloqui, to utter.— See Elocution.] Having 
 eloquence ; oratorical. 
 
 El'o-quent-ly, ad. In an eloquent manner. 
 
 Else (els), pron. [A.-S. elles, 0. Sw. olljes, L. alias, 
 otherwise. — See Alien*.] Other; one besides. — 
 2, ad. Otherwise; besides. 
 
 Else'where (els'hwar), ad. In another place. 
 
 E-15'ci-date, v. a. [late L. elucidate, to make 
 clear; L. e, out, and lucidus, lucid (q. v.).] [pp. 
 elucidating, elucidated.] To remove obscurity 
 from; to make clear; to explain ; to illustrate. 
 
 E-15-ci-da'tion, «. Explanation; exposition. 
 
 E-lQde', v. a. [L. eludere, elusum, to outwit; e, 
 
 ' out, and Indere, to play.] [pp. eluding, eluded.] 
 To escape by stratagem; to evade; to avoid slyly ; 
 to shun: — to baffle; to foil; to remain undis- 
 covered by. 
 
 E-lu'sion (e-lu'zhun), n. Evasion: artifice. 
 
 E-lu'sive, a. Practising elusion ; deceptive. 
 
 E-lu'so-ry, a. Tending to elude ; elusive. 
 
 E-lu'tri-ate, v. a. [L. eluere, elutnm, to wash out; 
 Later L. elutriare, elutriatum; e, out, and luere, 
 to wash.] [pp. elutriating, elutriated.] To pu- 
 rify by washing; to wash; to decant or strain 
 out after washing. 
 
 E-15-tri-a'tion, n. The act of elutriating. 
 
 Elves. (elvz),'?». The plural of elf. [chievous. 
 
 Elv'ish, or Elfish, a. Relating to elves; mis- 
 
 E-ly"§i-an (e-lizVe-an), a. Relating to Elysium : 
 
 " — delightful ; happy. 
 
 E-ly"§i-um (e-llzh'e-tim), n. [L. ; Gr. 'HAvtrioi' 
 neSio'v, Elys'ian field.] The place assigned by 
 the heathens to happy souls. 
 
 E-ma'ci-ate (e-ma'she-r.t) [e-ma'se-at, K.], v. a. 
 [L. emaciate, emaciaium, to make lean ; e inten- 
 sive, and macies, leanness.] [pp. emaciating, 
 emaciated.] To waste or make lean.— 2, v. n. 
 To grow lean. 
 
 E-ma'ci-ate (e-mli'she-at), a. Sunk; wasted. 
 
 E-ma-ci-ii'tion, n. The' act of making or growing 
 
 ' lean ; leanness ; thinness. 
 
 Em'a-nate, v. n. [L. e, out, and manare, manatum, 
 to flow.] [pp. emanating, emanated.] To issue ; 
 to arise. [which issues or has issued. 
 
 Em-a-na'tion, n. The act of issuing ; efflux ; that 
 
 Em'a-na-tlve, a. Issuing. 
 
 E-man'ci-pate, v. a. [L. emancipare, emancipalum, 
 
 ' to set free; e, out, and mancipate, to transfer 
 
 a, e, I, 6, u, y, long ; a, e, l, o, u, y, shott; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Pare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
EMANCIPATION 
 
 217 
 
 EMBEYOLOGICAL 
 
 property; manceps, one who takes or gains prop- 
 erty ; from manu, in hand, and capere, to take.] 
 [pp. emancipating, emancipated.] To set free 
 from servitude ; to manumit ; to liberate ; to free. 
 
 E-man-ci-pa'tion, n. The act of emancipating; 
 
 " manumission ; liberation ; enfranchisement. 
 
 E-maV^i-nate, a. [L. emarginare, to deprive of 
 
 * a margin '(</. v.).] Notched on the apex, or on 
 the margins. 
 
 E-mas'cu-late, v. a. [L. emasculare, emasculalvm ; 
 e privative, and maseidns, dim. of mas. a male.] 
 [pp. emasculating, emasculated.] To deprive of 
 virility; to castrate. 
 
 E-mas'cu-late, a. Unmanned; effeminate. 
 
 E-mas-cu-la'tion, n. Castration ; weakness. 
 
 Em-balm' (em-bam'), v. a. [Fr. embaurner ; en, in, 
 
 ' and baume, balm (q. v.).] [pp. embalming, em- 
 balmed.] To fill a body with aromatics, so as to 
 prevent putrefaction. 
 
 Em-bank', v. a. [See Bank.] [pp. embanking, 
 
 ' emlianked.] To heap up:— to protect with a 
 bank. 
 
 Em-bank'ment, n. A mound of earth ; a bank. 
 
 Em-bar'go, v. ; pi. Em-bar'goes. [Sp. embargo; 
 en, in or on, and barra, a bar.] A prohibition 
 upon vessels to prevent their leaving port. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. embargoing, embargoed.] To pro- 
 hibit from sailing. 
 
 Em-bark', v. a. [Fr. embarquer ; en, in, and barque, 
 a bark (q. v.).] [pp. embarking, embarked.] To 
 put on shipboard. — 2, v. u. To go on shipboard : 
 — to engage in any business. 
 
 Em-bar-ka'tion, n. The act of embarking. 
 
 Em-bar'rass, v. a. [Fr. embarrasser; Sp. emba- 
 razar; Prov. barra or barras, a bar. — Cf. Sp. bar- 
 ran, a prison.] [pp. embarrassing, embarrassed.] 
 To perplex ; to entangle. 
 
 Em-bar'rass-ment, n. Perplexity ; trouble. 
 
 Em-bas'sa-dor, n. See Ambassador. 
 
 Em'bas-sy, n. A public message or function of 
 an ambassador : — a body of ambassadors. 
 
 Em-bat' tie, v. a. [Fr. embatuiller ; 0. Fr. embas- 
 
 ' tiller ; Late L. imballalare, to fortify. — See Battle 
 and Battlement, [pp. embattling, embattled.] 
 To range in order of battle : — to furnish with bat- 
 tlements. 
 
 Em-bay' (em-ba'), v. a. [See Bay.] [pp. embay- 
 
 " ing, embayed. I To enclose in a bay ; to landlock. 
 
 Em-bed', o. a. [See Bed.] [j>jj. embedding, em- 
 bedded.] To place in a bed ; to imbed. 
 
 Em-bel'lish, v. a, [Fr. embeUir, part, embelli&sant; 
 bel, beau, fair; L. bellus, handsome.] [pp. embel- 
 lishing, embellished.] To adorn ; to beautify. 
 
 Em-bel'lish-ment, n. [Fr. embellishment.] The 
 act of embellishing: — ornament; decoration. 
 
 Em'ber-day, n. [A.-S. ymbren, ymbryne, a due 
 course; tjmbe, L. ambi, around, and ryne, a tun- 
 ning. The German for an ember-day is quatem- 
 ber, from L. quatuor tempora, the four seasons: 
 this has influenced the English word.] One of 
 certain fast-days in each of the four seasons. 
 Em'bers, n. pi. [A.-S. semyrian ; Icel. eimyrja; 
 Dan. emmer ; Scot, ammers.] Hot cinders; glow- 
 ing coals of fire ; ashes with fire. 
 Em'ber-tide, n. An ember-week. 
 Em'ber-week, n. A week in which ember-days 
 
 occur : — ordination-week. 
 Em-bez'zle, v. a. [0. Fr. embesUlier, to ravage, to 
 weaken : closely related to Imbecile (g. v.).] 
 [pp. embezzling, embezzled.] To steal by breach 
 of trust. 
 Em-bez'zle-ment, n. The act of embezzling. 
 Em-bez'zler, n. One who embezzles. 
 Em-bit'ter, v. a. [See Bitter.] [pp. embitter- 
 ing, embittered.] " To make unhappy ; to exas- 
 perate. 
 Em-bla'zon (em-bla'zn), v. a. [See Blazon.] [pip. 
 emblazoning, emblazoned.] To adorn with en- 
 signs armorial ; to blazon ; to decorate. 
 Em-bla'zon-ry (em-bla'zn-re), n. The act of em- 
 blazoning; devices or pictures rpon shields. 
 
 Em'blem, n. [Gr. efj.p\r)ixa, an ornament, some- 
 thing put on ; ev, in, and jUaWeiv, to throw, to 
 put.] A picture representing one thing to the 
 eye and another to the understanding; a sym- 
 bol ; & device; a figure; a type. 
 
 Em-blem-at'ic, f a. Pertaining to, or com- 
 
 Em-blem-at'i-cal. J prising, an emblem. 
 
 Em-blem-at'i-cal-ly, ad. By emblems. 
 
 Em'ble-ments, n. pi. [0. Fr. embleer, Late L. im- 
 bladare, to sow ; Fr. ble, Late L. bladum, grain.] 
 Profits from land sown. 
 
 Em ; bod'i-ment, n. The act of embodying: — a 
 " united mass; that in which ideas or principles 
 are incorporated. 
 
 Em-bod'y, v. a. [See Body.] [pp. embodying, 
 embodied.] To form into a body ; to incorporate. 
 
 Em-bold'en (em-bol'dn), v. a. [Prom Bold.,] [pp. 
 
 ' emboldening, emboldened.] To make bold; to 
 encourage. 
 
 Em'bo-lism, «. [Gr. e/u/SoAiovxos ; kv, in, and 
 ^aAAeiv, to throw.] Insertion of days or years 
 to produce regularity in time ; days so inserted : 
 — a clot in an artery. 
 
 Embonpoint (iing'bong-pwang / ), n. [Fr. for en bon 
 point, in good case.] Roundness of body ; plump- 
 ness ; stoutness. 
 
 Em-bo'som, v. a. [From Bosom.] [pp. embosom- 
 
 " ing, embosomed.] To enclose ; to enfold. 
 
 Em-boss', v. a. [Fr. embosser. — See Boss.] [pp. 
 
 ' embossing, embossed.] To form with protuber- 
 ances : — to engrave with relief or raised work. 
 
 Embouchure (ang-b6-shur'),». [Fr. for "mouth," 
 or "opening;" bouche, the mouth; L. bucca, a 
 cheek.] The aperture of a flute, &c. ; the mouth 
 of a river. 
 
 Em-bb'^'er, v. a. & v. n. [See Bower.] [pp. em- 
 bowering, embowered.] To lodge in a bower. 
 
 Em-brace', v. a. [Fr. embrasser; 0. Fr. embracer; 
 
 ' en, in, and bras, the arm. — See Brace.] [pp. 
 embracing, embraced.] To hold fondly in the 
 arms ; to enclose ; to comprise ; to contain ; to 
 include. — 2, v. n. To join in an embrace. — 3, n. 
 Clasp ; pressure in the arms. 
 
 Em-bra'cer, n. One who embraces. — {Law.) One 
 
 ' who attempts to corrupt a jury. 
 
 Em-bra'ce-ry, n. (Law.) An attempt to corrupt 
 a court or jury by unlawful means. 
 
 Embrasure (em-bra-zhur' or em-bra'zhur), n. [0. 
 Fr. braser, or embraser, Fr. tbraser, to set askew ; 
 embrasure, a loop-hole, a chamfer or slope in a 
 window-frame.] An aperture in fortifications 
 through which guns are fired : — enlargement of 
 a window or door. 
 
 Em'bro-cate, v. a. [Late L. embrocare, embroca- 
 tum ;'Gr. euppoyr), a liniment; ev, in, and fipe- 
 Xeiy, to wet.] [jip. embrocating, embrocated.] 
 To foment and rub. 
 
 Em-bro-ca'tion, n. The act of embrocating :— a 
 liniment, or lotion. 
 
 Embroglio (em-brol'ye-o), n. Same as Imbroglio. 
 
 Em-broid'er, v. a. [Fr. broder ; Anglo-Norman, 
 
 ' embroyder: regarded as akin to' Border; by 
 others as from the root of Brad and Prod ; in- 
 fluenced in its English development by Braid.] 
 [pp. embroidering, embroidered.] To adorn or 
 diversify with needlework or embroidery. 
 
 Em-brbld'er-y, n. Ornamental needlework. 
 
 Em-brbil', V. a. [Fr. embrouiller; brouiller, to mix; 
 It. imbrogliare. — See Broil.] [pp. embroiling, 
 embroiled.] To disturb; to confuse ; to distract : 
 — to involve in trouble by discord. 
 
 Em'bry-o, n. ; pi. Em'bry-6s. [Gr. enfipvov; ev, 
 within, and fipxiov, pres. part, neuter from /3pueir, 
 to swell with.] The offspring yet unformed in 
 the womb : — first state of any thing. 
 Em-bry-o-i-en'ic, a. Pertaining to embryogeny. 
 Em-bry-Sfe-ny, «. [Gr. efifipvov, an embryo, 
 and yevvdeLv, to produce.] The production and 
 development of embryos; embryology. 
 Em-bry-o-lo£'i-cal, a. Of or pertaining to em- 
 bryology. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5. <?, 5, f, soft; p, p, 
 K 19 
 
 g\ fiord ; § as z ; 5 as gz ; this. 
 
EMBKYOLOGY 
 
 218 
 
 EMPYKEAN 
 
 Emeu. 
 
 Em-bry-ol'o-§-y, n. [Gr. ep./3pvov, an embryo, and 
 Aoyos, a treatise.] The science of the formation 
 of embryos. 
 
 Em-bry-on'ic, a. Relating to or like an embryo. 
 
 E-mend', v. a. [L. ernendare ; e, out of, and men- 
 ' dum, a fault.] [pp. emending, emended.] To 
 correct ; to amend. 
 
 Em-en-da' tion, n. Correction ; improvement. 
 
 E-mend' a-to'-ry, a. Contributing emendation. 
 
 Em'er-ald, n. [Sp. esmeralda; Gr. trjuapa-ySo? ; 
 Sk'r. maraJda.] A precious stone of a green 
 color: — a printing-type between minion and 
 nonpareil. — 2, a. Of a bright green color. 
 
 E-meri'e', v. n. [L. emergere; e, out, and mergere, 
 to dip.] [pp. emerging, emerged.] To rise out 
 of water, &c. ; to come forth ; to emanate ; to issue. 
 
 E-mer'gence, n. The act of emerging : — issue. 
 
 E-meVfen-cy, n. A sudden occasion; an unex- 
 " pected casualty. 
 
 E-mer'i-ent, a. Eising into view ; sudden. 
 
 E-mer'i-tus, a. [L. for "worn out by service," 
 "exempt, as a veteran ;" emerere, to win by ser- 
 vice, to serve out; merere, to serve, to deserve.] 
 Honorably discharged from fui'ther duty. 
 
 E-mer'sion, n. The act of emerging ; a rising out. 
 
 Em'e-ry, n. [Fr. emeri, formerly emeril, esmeril; 
 It." smeriglio ; Gr. tr/xrjpi?. — Cf. Gr. a-juaciv, to 
 smear, to wipe.] (Min.) A hard mineral, a vari- 
 ety of sapphire or corundum, used in polishing. 
 
 E-met'ic, n. [Gr. ep-eriKos; 
 
 " eju.eeiv, to vomit (q. v.).] A 
 
 medicine provoking vomits. 
 
 — 2, a. Provoking vomiting. 
 
 E'meu, n. [Port, ema, an os- 
 trich, a crane. — Cf. Arab. 
 na'amah, na'emah, an os- 
 trich. ] A bird of Australia, 
 allied to the cassowary. 
 
 Emeute (a-nmt'), n. [Fr. ; 
 emeuter, to rouse ; emu, a participle from emouvoir, 
 to agitate. — See Emotion.] An uproar; a riot. 
 
 Em'i-grant, n. One who removes out of his coun- 
 try.— 2, a. Removing from one's own country. 
 
 Em'i-grate, v. n. [L. emigrate, emigranlis, emigra- 
 tum ; e, out, and migrate, to migrate (q. v.).] [pp. 
 emigrating, emigrated.] To go out of one's coun- 
 try to reside in another ; to change habitation. 
 
 Em-i-gra'tion, n. The act of emigrating; going 
 out from one country to another. 
 
 Em'i-nence, \n. Loftiness; height; fame: — a 
 
 Em'i-nen-cy, J title given to cardinals. 
 
 Em'i-nent, a. [L. eminere, eminentis, to excel; e, 
 out, and minere, to project.] High ; exalted ; 
 conspicuous. 
 
 Em'i-nent-ly, ad. Conspicuously ; highly. 
 
 E'mir, n. [Arab, amir, a prince, — literally, a com- 
 mander.] A title of dignity among Moslems. 
 
 Em'is-sa-ry, n. [L. emissarius. — See Emit.] One 
 sent on a mission ; a spy :— an outlet.— 2, a. 
 Looking about ; prying. 
 
 E-mls'sion (e-mish'un), n. [See Emit.] Act of 
 
 " sending out: — that which is sent out: — issue. 
 
 E-mit\ v. a. [L. emittere, emission, to send out; 
 
 " e, out, and mittere, to send.] [pp. emitting, 
 emitted.] To send forth ; to let go ; to dart. 
 
 Em'met, n. [A.-S. semete; Ger. ameise.— See Ant.] 
 An ant ; a pismire. 
 
 E-mol'lient (e-mol'yent), a. [L. emollire, emolli- 
 
 ' entis, to soften ; e, out, and mollire, to soften ; 
 mollis, soft.] Softening; relaxing; soothing. — 
 2, n. A softening medicine. 
 
 E-mol'u-ment, n. [L. emolumevtum, profit; emoliri, 
 
 ' to work out ; e, out, and moliri, to toil : root of 
 L. moles, a heap.] Profit from labor or service; 
 lucre; advantage; gain. 
 
 E-mo'tion, n. [L. emovere, emolum, to move deeply ; 
 
 ' e, out,' and moverc, to move (q. v.).] A moving 
 of the mind or feelings; mental excitement; 
 passion ; agitation. [tion. 
 
 E-mo'tion-al, a. Relating to or implying emo- 
 
 E-mo'tive, a. Relating to emotion. 
 
 Em-pale', v. a. [Fr. empaler; Fr. pal, L. pains, a 
 pale (g. v.}, a stake.] [pp. empaling, empaled.] 
 To fence with pales ; to enclose : — to put to 
 death by fixing on a stake. 
 
 Em-pale'ment, u. Act of empaling: — a calyx. 
 
 Em-pan' el, v. a. [See Panel.] [ pp. empanelling, 
 empanelled.] To form a jury ; to impanel. — 
 2, «. A list of jurors. 
 
 Em'per-or, w. [Fr. empereur, L. imperator, a com- 
 mander; imperare, to command; parare, to ar- 
 range.] The ruler of an empire; a monarch 
 superior to a king. 
 
 Em'pha-sis, n. ; pi. Em'pha-se§. [Gr. l/u^aais, 
 appearance, significance ; ev, in, and 4>a<ri?, ap- 
 pearance, phase (q. v.).~\ Stress or force of voice 
 laid on a word or sentence. 
 
 Em'pha-slze, v. a. [pp. emphasizing, empha- 
 sized.] To place emphasis on. 
 
 Em-phat'ic, \ a. [Gr. e/a^aTiKos.] Uttered with 
 
 Em-phat'i-cal, J emphasis ; forcible ; strong. 
 
 Em-phat'i_-cal-ly, ad. Strongly ; forcibly. 
 
 Em-phy-se'ma, n. [Gr. e|u.$v<r>jM.a, inflation ; ev, 
 in, and 4>vo-aeiv, to blow.] A puffy tumor : — air 
 in any tissue. 
 
 Em'pire, n. [Fr. empire; L. imperium, command. 
 — See Emperor.] An extensive region governed 
 by an emperor : — imperial power. 
 
 Em-pir'ic, or Em'pi-ric, n. [Gr. e/jt,7reipuc6?, ex- 
 perienced; eixneipia, experience; ev, in, and 
 7reipa, a trial.] A pretended or ignorant physi- 
 cian ; a quack ; a charlatan. 
 
 Em-pir'ic, ) a. Charlatanical : — known by or 
 
 Em-pir'i-cal, J based upon experience. 
 
 Em-pir'i-cal-ly, ad. In an empirical manner. 
 
 Em-pir'i-ci§m, n. Dependence on experience 
 without knowledge or art ; quackery : — the doc- 
 trine that we can know only the facts of experi- 
 ence ; the doctrine that all knowledge is derived 
 from experience. 
 
 Em-plby', v. a. [Fr. employer; L. implicare, to 
 * engage; to involve. — See Implicate.] [pp. em- 
 ploying, employed.] To keep at work; to exer- 
 cise ; to use ; to make use of ; to busy. — 2, n. 
 [Fr. emploi.] Business; occupation; agency; 
 employment; service. 
 
 Employe (ang-plwa-ya' or em-plol-a/), n. [Fr.] 
 One who is employed by another. 
 
 Em-plb'y-ee', n. One in the employment of an- 
 other ; an employe. 
 
 Em-plby'er, n. One who employs. 
 
 Em-plby'ment, n. Business; occupation; engage- 
 
 " ment ; office ; service ; agency. 
 
 Em-po'ri-um, n. [L. ; Gr. e/un-optov, a mart ; e?p> 
 7ropos, a merchant, a traveller; ev, in, and 
 7r6pos, a way.] L. pi. Em-po'ri-a; Eng. Em- 
 po'ri-iims. A place of commerce ; a mart. 
 
 Em-pov'er-ish, v. a. [See Impoverish.] [pp. 
 empove'rishing, empoverished.l To make poor. 
 
 Em-pow'er, v. a. [See Power.] [ pp. empowering, 
 
 ' empowered.] To authorize ; to enable. 
 
 Em'press, n. [L. imptratrix, fern, of imperator, an 
 emperor (q. v.).] The wife of an emperor ; a 
 woman who governs an empire. 
 
 Em-presse'ment (or om-pres-mon), n. [Fr. from 
 s'empresser, to hasten, to press on; empresse, 
 earnest.] Eagerness; ardor; zeal. 
 
 Em-pri§e', n. A bold attempt; enterprise (q. v.) 
 
 Emp'ti-ness (em/te-nes), n. State of being empty ; 
 vacuity ; vacuum : — want of substance. 
 
 Emp'ty (em'te), a. [A.-S. semtig ; from semta, lei- 
 sure.] Void; vacant; unfurnished. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. emptying, emptied.] To evacuate; to ex- 
 haust. — 3, v. n. To become empty or void. 
 
 Em-py-e'ma, n. [Gr. e/u.7rii7}p.a ; ev, in, and 7rveiv, 
 to suppurate ; niiov, pus.] Collection of purulent 
 matter. 
 
 Em-pyr'e-al, a. Formed of fire or light. 
 
 Em-py-re'an, or Em-pyr'e-an, n. [Gr. e/onrvpo?, 
 ill fire; "ev, in, "and nv'p, 'fire.] The highest 
 heaven, where pure elemental fire was supposed 
 to subsist. — 2, a. Empyreal. 
 
 a, e, I, o, u, y, long ; a, e, i, 5, fl, y, short ; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her ; 
 
EMPYREUMA 
 
 219 
 
 ENDANGER 
 
 Em-py.-reu'ma, n. [Gr., from epnvpeveLv, to 
 burn; ev, in, and 7riip, fire.] The taste or smell 
 of some burnt, oily substances. 
 
 Em-py-reu-mat'ic, \ a. Having the smell or 
 
 Em-py-reu-mat'i-cal, J taste of burnt oils. 
 
 Em'u-iate", v. a. [L. semidari, semulatum, to vie ; 
 senudus, vying, emulous.] [pp. emulating, emu- 
 lated.] To rival ; to vie with ; to imitate. 
 
 Em-u-la'tion, n. A desire to excel others; com- 
 petition ; rivalry ; contest ; contention. 
 
 Em'u-la-tive, a. Inclined to emulation. 
 
 Em'u-la-tor, n. A rival ; a competitor. 
 
 E-mul'gent, «. [L. emvlgere, emulsum, to milk out; 
 muhjere, to milk (gr. v.).] Milking or draining out. 
 
 Em'ii-lous, a. [L. mnulus.] Rivalling; desirous 
 to excel. 
 
 E-mul'sipn, n. [See Emulgent.] An oily, lubri- 
 cating medicine :— a milk-like, oily mixture. 
 
 E-munc'to-ry, n. [L. emunctorium ; emuuyere, 
 emunctum, to blow the nose : allied to Mucus 
 (q. v.).] An excretory gland or duct. 
 
 En. A prefix to many English words, chiefly from 
 the French, and coinciding with the Latin in: 
 it is identical with em and in. Many of these 
 words have two modes of spelling ; as enclose or 
 inclose, endorse or indorse, enquire or inquire. 
 
 En-a'ble, v. a. [See Able.] [pp. enabling, en- 
 ' abled.] To make able; to empower. 
 
 En-act', v. a. [See Act.] [pp. enacting, enacted.] 
 To perform ; to establish ; to decree. 
 
 En-act'ment, n. The passing of a bill into a law; 
 a law enacted ; a decree ; a statute. 
 
 En-al'la-£e, n. [Gr. ev, in, and aAAacrcreii', to 
 
 " change; aAAos, other.] (Gram.) A change of 
 
 one mode, case, gender, person, &c, for another. 
 
 En-am'el, v. a. [Fr. en, in, and email, It. rnnafto, 
 enamel. — See Smelt.] [pp. enamelling, enam- 
 elled.] To inlay; to variegate with colors. — 
 2, v. n. To practise the art of enamelling. — 3, «. 
 A substance used in enamelling : — a hard ex- 
 terior covering of the teeth. 
 
 En-am'el-ler, n. One who enamels. , 
 
 En-am'el-Kng, n. Art of applying enamels. 
 
 En-am'our, v. n. [Fr. enamourer [Antiq.], or 
 winour acker. — See Amour.] [pp. enamouring, 
 enamoured.] To inflame with love. 
 
 En-cage', v. a. [See Cage.] [pp. encaging, en- 
 caged.] To shut up ; to incage. 
 
 En-camp', v. n. [See Camp.] [pp. encamping, 
 encamped.] To pitch tents; to halt. — 2, v. a. 
 To form an army into a camp. 
 
 En-camp'ment, n. Act of encamping ; a camp. 
 
 En-case , v.' a. [See Case.] [pp. encasing, en- 
 " cased.] To enclose. See Incase. 
 
 En-caus'tic, n. [Gr. eyKavariKog ; ev, in, and 
 Kaieiv, to burn.] Art of painting in burnt wax, 
 or on enamel, the colors being fixed by heat. — 
 2, a. Burnt in, as in enamelling. 
 
 Enceinte (ang-sant'), n. [Fr. for "girdled;" L. 
 incingere, incinctum, to grdle. — See Cincture.] j 
 Ground enclosed.— 2. a. Pregnant; with child. 
 
 fin-ce-phal'ic, a. Relating to the iiead or brain. 
 
 En-ceph'a-lon, n. [Gr. ev, in, and Ke$aA»j, the 
 head.] The brain. 
 
 En-chant', v. a. [Fr. enchanter, L. incantare, to 
 6ing to, to bewitch; cantare, to chant (q. r.).] 
 [pp. enchanting, enchanted.] To charm; to be- 
 witch ; to fascinate ; to enrapture ; to delight. 
 
 En-chant'er, n. One who enchants. 
 
 En-chant'ing-ly, ad. With enchantment. 
 
 !En-chant'ment, n. The act of enchanting; magi- 
 
 * cal charm ;' spells; incantation; delight. 
 
 En-chant'ress, n. A woman who enchants. 
 
 En-chasa', v. a. [Fr. enchdsser ; chdsse, a shrine, 
 a frame, a case (g. v.).] [pp. enchasing, en- 
 chased.] To infix ; to adorn ; to engrave. 
 
 En-chi-rid'i-on, n. [Gr. ev, in, and x et P) hand, — 
 a diminutive word.] A manual ; a hand-book. 
 
 En-cho'ri-al, a. [Gr. eyxioptos, native ; ev, in, 
 and xuipa, a country.] Belonging to a country ; 
 native; popular; common. 
 
 En-cir'cle, v. a. [See Circle.] [pp. encircling, 
 " encircled.] To surround ; to environ. 
 
 En-clave' (or ong-klav'), ». [Fr. ; L. in, in, and 
 " clavare, to fasten ; claims, a nail or key.] A 
 small district enclosed within a foreign country. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. enclaving, euclaved.] To en- 
 close, as in a foreign country. See Exclave. 
 
 En-clit'ic, n. [Gr. cykAitikos ; ev, in, and aAiveiv, 
 " to lean.] A particle which throws back the ac- 
 cent upon the foregoing syllable. — 2, a. Relat- 
 ing to enclitics ; throwing back the accent. 
 
 En-clo§e', v. a. [See Close.] [pp. enclosing, en- 
 closed. ] To environ; to encircle; to circum- 
 scribe; to surround; to include; to inclose. 
 
 En-clos'ure (en-klo'zhur), n. The act of enclos- 
 " ing ; space enclosed ; "inclosure. 
 
 En-co'mi-ast, n. A panegyrist ; a praiser. 
 
 En-co-mi-as'tic, \a. Laudatory; panegyrical; 
 
 En-co-mi-as'ti-cal, J eulogistic. 
 
 En-co'mi-um, n. [L. ; Gr. eynu)p.Lov, an ode of 
 " joy or praise ; ev, in, and ko>/uos, revelry.] L. 
 pi. En-co'mi-a; Eng. En-co'mi-um§. Praise; 
 panegyric ; eulogy. 
 
 En-com'pass (en-kum'pas), v. a. [See Compass.] 
 [pp. encompassing, encompassed.] To enclose ; 
 to encircle; to surround; to environ. 
 
 En-com'pass-ment, n. The act of encompassing. 
 
 Encore (ahg-kor') [ong-kor', S. W. J. E. Ja. &m. ; 
 jino-kor', F. R.], ad. [Fr. ; It. ancora, again, 
 still; L. in hanc horum, to this hour.] Again; 
 once more : — a word used to call for a repeti- 
 tion. — 2, v. a. [pp. encoring, encored.] To call 
 for a repetition. — 3, n. A call for a repetition. 
 
 En-cb'un'ter, n. [Fr. enevntre ; L. in, toward, and 
 " contra, against.] Battle; fight; conflict. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. encountering, encountered.] To meet; to 
 attack. — 3, v. n. To engage ; to fight. 
 
 En-cour'a£e (en-kur'aj), v. a. [Fr. encourager. — 
 See Courage.] [pp. encouraging, encouraged.] 
 To give courage to ; to animate ; to incite ; to 
 embolden ; to cheer. 
 
 En-cour'age-ment (en-kur'aj-ment), n. The act 
 'of encouraging; countenance; support: — that 
 which encourages : — courage. 
 
 En'crin-ite, »• [Gr. ev, in, and Kplvov, a lily.] A 
 stone-lily ; a crinoid. 
 
 En-croach', v. n. [0. Fr. encrouer; Fr. accrocher; 
 en, in, and croc, a hook, a crook (q. v.).] [j)p. 
 encroaching, encroached.] To make invasion; 
 to intrude ; to advance by stealth. 
 
 En-croach'ing-ly, ad. By encroachment. 
 
 ^n-croach'ment, n. An unlawful intrusion ; ad- 
 ' vance by stealth. 
 
 En-crust', v. a. [See Crust.] [pp. encrusting, 
 
 " encrusted.] To cover. See Incrust. 
 
 En-crust'ment, n. Incrustation. 
 
 En-cum'ber', v. a. [Fr. encombrer.— See Cumber.] 
 [pp. encumbering, encumbered.] To clog; to 
 load ; to impede. 
 
 En-cum'branca, n. Clog; load; impediment. 
 
 En-cyc'li-cal [en-slk'le-kal, I. St.], u. [Gr. ey- 
 (cv/cAto?, circular; ev, in, and kvk\o<;, a circle.] 
 Circular; sent round. — 2, n. A circular letter. 
 
 En-cy-clo-pse'di-a, n. [Gr. eyKVKXonaiSeia. — See 
 Cyclopedia.] A complete circle of sciences ; a 
 dictionary of the arts, sciences, and literature: a 
 cyclopaedia. [encyclopaedia. 
 
 En-cy-clo-ped'ic [-ped'-, 7. St.], a. Relating to an 
 
 En-cy-clo-pe'dist, ft. One who assists in com- 
 piling an encyclopaedia. 
 
 En-cys-ta'tion, ) n. [See Cyst.] The state of be- 
 
 En-cyst'ment, j ing enclosed in a cyst. 
 
 En-cyst'ed, a. Enclosed in a vesicle or bag. 
 
 End, n. '[A.-S., Dan., & Ger. ende ; Dut. einde ; 
 Skr. onto, limit, end.] Conclusion ; termination ; 
 period; limit; point: — final issue: — purpose; 
 design.— 2, v. a. [pp. ending, ended.] To ter- 
 minate ; to conclude ; to finish. — 3, v. n. To 
 come to an end ; to die ; to cease. 
 
 En-dan'|-er, v. a. [See Danger.] [pp. endanger- 
 ing, endangered.] To expose to danger. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— g, 9, 9, §•, soft; p, $3, c, g, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; tnis. 
 
ENDEAK 
 
 220 
 
 ENGLISH 
 
 Endless-screw. 
 
 En-dear', v. a. [See Dear.] [pp. endearing, en- 
 deared.] To make dear; to attach. 
 
 En-dear'ing, p. a. Attractive; causing attach- 
 ment, [ifestation of love. 
 
 En-dear'ment, n. Cause of love ; affection ; man- 
 
 ?n-deav'or (en-deVur), n. [Fr. en, in, and devoir, 
 duty.] Labor directed to some end; effort; at- 
 tempt; essay; aim. — 2, v. n. [pp. endeavoring, 
 endeavored.] To labor to a certain purpose ; to 
 make an effort ; to strive ; to try. — 3, v. a. To 
 attempt ; to essay. 
 
 En-dec'a-gon, u. A figure of eleven sides. 
 
 En-dem'jc, a. [Gr. e^jutos ; ey, in, and 677/aos, 
 the people.] Peculiar to a country or place :— 
 applied to diseases, plants, &c. 
 
 End'ing, n. Conclusion; termination. 
 
 En-dite',i>. n. [pp. enditing, endited.] See Indite. 
 
 En'dive, n. [Fr. endive; L.inlubus; Gr. evTvfiov.] 
 A plant used as a salad. 
 
 End'less, a. Without end; perpetual. 
 
 End'less-ly, ad. Perpetually ; without end. 
 
 End'less-ness.jn. State of being endless. [ously. 
 
 End'less-screw, n. A screw operating continu- 
 
 En'do. A prefix to words 
 of Greek origin, signifying 
 within. 
 
 En'do-carp, n. [Gr. evSov, 
 within, and Kapnog, fruit.] 
 The inner layer of the peri- 
 carp of a fruit. 
 
 En-dog'a-mous, a. Noting marriage in which the 
 parties belong to the same tribe. 
 
 En-dog'a-my, n. [Gr. evdov, within, and yojao?, 
 " marriage.]' Marriage within a tribe :— opposed 
 to exogamy. 
 
 En' do-gen, n. [Gr. evSov, within, and yeveadai, 
 to be produced.] (Bot.) A plaut or tree which 
 grows by additions to the inside. 
 
 En-dof'e-nous, a. Kelating to endogens : — grow- 
 " ing within, or from within. 
 
 En-dorse', v. a. [Fr. endosser ; en, in, and dos, L. 
 * dorsum, the back.] [pp. endorsing, endorsed.] 
 To write on the back ; to superscribe : — to ap- 
 prove : — to ratify : — written both endorse and 
 indorse. 
 
 En-dorse'ment, n. Superscription : — ratification ; 
 approval. 
 
 En-dor'ser, n. One who endorses ; indorser. 
 
 En-do-skel'e-ton, n. [Gr. ev&ov, within, and 
 Skeleton."] The internal hard bony structure 
 in man and other vertebrates. 
 
 En-dos-mose', n. [Gr. evSov, within, and wcr/xo?, 
 impulsion.] The inward passage of a fluid 
 through a membrane. 
 
 En-do<v\ v. a. [0. Fr. endoer, endouer. — See 
 Dower.] [pp. endowing, endowed.] To fur- 
 nish with funds, with riches, or with gilts; to 
 endue; to invest; to enrich. 
 
 En-dow'ment, n. The act of endowing : — any 
 thing valuable be-tovved ; a gift of nature. 
 
 En-due', v. a. [An older form of Endow ; through 
 the word Indue (q. v.) it has received the influ- 
 ence of L. induere, to put on, to clothe.] [pp. 
 enduing, endued.] To supply with. See Indue. 
 
 En-dur'a-ble, a. Tolerable; sufferable. 
 
 En-dur'ance, w. Quality of enduring; duration; 
 continuance : — fortitude ; patience. 
 
 En-dure', v. a. [Fr. endurer.— See Durable.] [pp. 
 enduring, endured.] To bear; to sustain; to 
 support. — 2, v. n. To last ; to continue ; to re- 
 
 ^ main ; to bear. 
 
 End' wise, ad. On end ; with one end forward. 
 
 En'e-ma, n. ; pi. En-em'a-ta. [Gr. euep.a; em'rj/xi, 
 
 ^ I send in.] {Med.) A clyster; an injection. 
 
 En'e-mj, n. [Fr. ennemi; L. inirnicus, hostile; in, 
 not, and amicus, a friend.] One who is hostile 
 to another ; a foe ; an adversary ; an opponent. 
 
 En-er-g-et'ic, \a. Forcible; strong; active; 
 
 En-er-g-et'i-cal, j vigorous ; powerful. 
 
 En-er-g-et'i-cal-ly, ad. In an energetic manner. 
 
 En'er-£ize, v. n. [pp. energizing, energized.] 
 
 To acquire energy ; to become energetic : — to 
 act with energy; to exert influence. — 2, v. a. 
 To give energy to. 
 
 En'er-g-y, n. [Gr. e^e'pyeta; ev, in, and epyov, 
 work ((/. v.).] Power to operate; force; vigor; 
 resolution :— strength of expression. 
 
 E-ner'vate, v. a. [L. enervare, enervatum; e, out 
 of, and nervus, a sinew, a nerve (q. v.).] [pp. 
 enervating, enervated.] To deprive of force ; to 
 weaken ; to render feeble ; to debilitate. 
 
 E-ner'vate, a. Weakened ; deprived of force. 
 
 En-er-va'tion [e-ner-va'shun, I.], n. Act of weak- 
 ening : — weakness. 
 
 En-fee'ble, v. a. [See Feeble.] [pp. enfeebling, 
 enfeebled.] To weaken ; to enervate. 
 
 En-fee'ble-ment, n. Weakness; feebleness; act 
 of making feeble. 
 
 En-feoff' (en-fef) [en-fef, S. W. E. Ja. C], v. a. 
 [Law L. infeofare. — See Fief, Feud.] [pp. en- 
 feoffing, enfeoffed.] To invest with possessions 
 in fee ; to convey, as a fee. 
 
 En-feoff'ment (en-fefment), «. The act of en- 
 feoffing :— an instrument or deed. 
 
 En-fi-lade', n. [Fr. ; enfiler, to thread; en, in, 
 and jil, a line, a thread : L. filum, a line.] A 
 line ; straight passage. — 2, v. a. [pp. enfilading, 
 enfiladed.] To rake with shot. 
 
 En-fold', v. a. [See Fold.] [pp. enfolding, en- 
 
 ' folded.] To fold; to embrace. 
 
 En-force', v. a. [See Force.] [pp. enforcing, en- 
 
 " forced.] To strengthen ; to urge : — to put in 
 force : — to constrain ; to compel. 
 
 En-f5rce'a-ble, a. Capable of being enforced. 
 
 En-force'ment, n. Compulsion ; force applied. 
 
 En-fran'chi'§e, v. a. [See Franchise.] [pp. en- 
 franchising, enfranchised.] To make free ; to 
 admit to the privileges of a citizen : — to liberate. 
 
 En-fran'chi§e-ment, n. Act of enfranchising ; re- 
 
 ' lease from prison or from slavery ; emancipation. 
 
 En-ga§"e', v. a. [Fr. engager, to pledge; gage, a 
 
 " pledge. — See Gage.] [pp. engaging, engaged.] 
 To bind by contract ; to enlist ; to induce ; to win ; 
 to gain ; to employ : — to encounter. — 2, v. n. To 
 conflict ; to fight ; to embark. 
 
 En-ga£ed' (en-gajd'), p. a. Enlisted ; betrothed : 
 
 ' — feeling an interest; earnest : — encountered. 
 
 En-gaf'ed-ness, n. Earnestness; zeal. 
 
 En-ga|e'ment, n. Act of engaging; promise; 
 
 ' contract :— employment :— conflict ; battle. 
 
 En-gai-'ing, p. a. Attaching; attractive. 
 
 En-Jen'der, v. a. [Fr. enqendrer ; L. ingenerare, to 
 
 ' produce". — See Gender.] [pp. engendering, en- 
 gendered.] To beget; to produce; to form. — 
 2, v. n. To copulate ; to unite. 
 
 En' fine (en'jjn), n. [Fr. engin ; L. ingenium, wit, 
 genius ; also, a device, a machine. — See Ingen- 
 ious.] A mechanical instrument of complicated 
 parts ; a machine : — an agent. 
 
 En-g4-neer', n. [Fr. ingenietir.] One who con- 
 striicts or manages engines; one who plans 
 machines, canals, railroads, &c. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 engineering, engineered.] To lay out and super- 
 intend the construction of; to act as engineer 
 of or for :— to conduct with skill and ingenuity; 
 to pilot. 
 
 En-gi-neer'ing, n. [Fr. genie, genius, skill, — also 
 engineering.] The business of an engineer; 
 art of managing engines : — the construction of 
 bridges, railroads, canals, etc. 
 
 En'gine-ry, n. Engines ; artillery ; machinery. 
 
 En-fi'rd'. v. a. [See Gird.] [i. engirt or engirded; 
 
 ' pp. engirding, engirt or engirded.] To encircle ; 
 to surround ; to gird. 
 
 Eng'lish (ing'glish), a. [A.-S. JEnglisc,_ named 
 from the Angli, or people of Angeln, a district in 
 Holstein. Angeln (L. Angulus) was possibly 
 named from its angular shape. — See Angle.] 
 Kelating to England. — 2, n. The language of 
 England. — pi. The people of England. — 3, v. a. 
 [pp. Englishing, Englished.] To translate into 
 English. 
 
 a, e, 1, 0, u, y, 
 
 a, e, 1, 0, ii, y, short; a, e, i, 0, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fSst, fall; heir, her; 
 
EXGOEGE 
 
 221 
 
 ENTAIL 
 
 En-gbrgV, v. a. [See Gorge.] [pp. engorging, 
 ' engorged.] To swallow; to gorge. — 2, v. n. To 
 feed with eagerness. 
 
 En-graft', v. a. [See Graft.] [pp. engrafting, 
 * engrafted.] To ingraft. See Ingraft. 
 
 En-grave', v. a. [Fr. engraver; Ger. graben, to 
 
 " cut, to dig, to grave (q. v.).] [i. engraved; pp. 
 
 engraving, engraved or engraven.] To picture 
 
 by incisions; to mark or cut metal, wood, or 
 
 stone: — to impress; to imprint. 
 
 En-grav'er, n. One who engraves. 
 
 En-grav'ing, n. Art or work of an engraver. 
 
 En-gross', v. a. [Fr. en gros, in the gross (g. ».)•] 
 [pp. engrossing, engrossed.] To seize in the 
 gross : — to monopolize ; to forestall ; to buy up 
 in large quantities : — to occupy wholly : — to copy 
 in a large hand. 
 
 En-grbss'ment. n. Act of engrossing : — exorbi- 
 tant acquisition : — the state of being engrossed. 
 
 En-gulf, v. a. [See Gulf.] [pp. engulfing, eu- 
 gnlfed.] To absorb. See Ingulf. 
 
 En-hance', r. a. & v. n. [0. Prov. enaasar, to ad- 
 " vance ; enans, before ; from L. in ante, forward.] 
 [pp. enhancing, enhanced.] To raise; to ad- 
 vance : — to heighten in price : — to aggravate. 
 
 En-hance'ment.^. Increase; aggravation. 
 
 E-nig'ma, n. ; pi. E-nig'mas. [Gr. aiviytxa, alviy- 
 fiaTo;, a riddle; alvos, a tale.] A proposition 
 put in ambiguous terms, so as to exercise the 
 ingenuity in discovering the meaning; a riddle. 
 
 E-nig-mat'ic, la. Partaking of the nature of 
 
 E-njg-mat'i-cal, J an enigma; ambiguous; ob- 
 
 E-nig-mat'i-cal-ly, ad. Obscurely. [scure. 
 
 En-join', v. a. [Ft. enjoindre ; L. injnngere, to 
 "join to or upon, to charge. — See Join. Enjoin, 
 in the sense of to restrain, is a legal word, 
 and is commonly followed by from, which sup- 
 plies the negative element in its meaning.] 
 [pp. enjoining, enjoined. 1 To direct earnestly ; 
 to urge ; to prescribe : — to prohibit or restrain. 
 
 En-jbin'er, n. One who gives injunctions. 
 
 ^n-jby'.V. a. [See Joy.] [pp. enjoying, enjoyed,] 
 Tu have or obtain possession or fruition of: — to 
 delight in ; to exhilarate. 
 
 En-jby'a-ble, a. Capable of being enjoyed. 
 
 ^n-jby'ment, n. Gratification; fruition. 
 
 En-kin'dle. v. a. [See Kindle.] [pp. enkindling, 
 enkindled.] To set on fire; to inflame. 
 
 En-large', v. a. [0. Fr. enlarger. — See Large.] 
 
 ' ipP- enlarging, enlarged.] To make greater; 
 to increase; to extend ; to dilate ; to amplify : — 
 to set free. — 2, v. n. To expatiate ; to be diffuse : 
 — to grow larger. 
 
 En-large'ment, u. The act of enlarging; in- 
 
 " crease; expansion; amplification: — release. 
 
 En-llght'en (en-ll'tn), o. a. [A.-S. Million.— See 
 Lighten.] [pp. enlightening, enlightened.] To 
 illuminate; to light : — to instruct: — to cheer. 
 
 En-light'en-er (en-li'tn-er), n. An illuminator. 
 
 ?n-llght'en-ment (en-li'tn-ment), n, Instruc- 
 tion; culture; civilization; intelligence. 
 
 En-list', v. a. [See List.] [pp. enlisting, enlisted.] 
 To enroll, as for military service; to engage; to 
 record; to register. — 2, v. n. To enroll one's self. 
 
 En-tfst'ment, ». The act of enlisting. 
 
 ^n-lJ'ven'(en-lI'vn), v. a. [See Life.] [pp. en- 
 livening, enlivened.] To make alive, active, 
 
 _ gay, or sprightly; to animate; to exhilarate. 
 
 En'mi-ty, n. [Fr. inimihe; 0. Ft. enamistiet; L. 
 in negative, and amicitia, friendship.] State of 
 being an enemy ; animosity ; malevolence ; 
 hatred; hostility. 
 
 En-ne'a-g5n, or En'ne-a-gon, v. [Gr. ewea, nine, 
 and ywvia, an angle".] ' A figure of nine sides or 
 nine angles. 
 
 En-no'ble, v. a. [Fr. ennoblir.— See Noble.] [pp. 
 ennobling, ennobled.] To make noble ; to dignify. 
 
 Ennui (on-nwe'), n. [Fr. ; 0. Fr anoi. — See Annoy.] 
 Wearisomenoss ; lassitude; listlessness ; disgust. 
 
 Ennuye (on-nwe-a'), p. a. ; fem. Ennuyee (on- 
 nwe-a'). [Fr.] Affected with ennui ; languid 
 
 from lack of interest or object. — 2, n. One 
 affected with ennui. [crime ; atrocity. 
 
 E-nbr'mi-ty, n. Excessiveness : — an atrocious 
 
 E-nbr'mous, a. [L. enormia; e, out of, and norma, 
 a rule.] " Excessive ; prodigious : — bad. 
 
 E-nbr'mous-ly, ad. Beyond measure. 
 
 E-noGgh' (e-niif), a. [A.-S. genoh, genog ; Goth. 
 ganohs; Gei\ gemtg.] Sufficient; satisfying. — 
 2, a. A sufficiency; plenty. — 3, ad. In a suffi- 
 cient degree ; sufficiently. 
 
 En-quire', v. a. & v. n. [Fr. enquerir; L. inquirere; 
 ' in, into, and quserere, to seek.] [pp. enquiring, 
 enq'uired.] To ask ; to search ; to examine ; to 
 inquire. See Inquire. 
 
 En-quir'er, n. One who enquires ; inquirer. 
 
 En-quir'y, v. Act of enquiring; examination; 
 " inquiry. See Inquiry. 
 
 En-rage', w. a. [Fr. enrager. — See Eage.] [pp. 
 ' enraging, enraged.] To irritate ; to make furious. 
 
 En-rapt'ure (en-rapt'yur), v. a. [See Eapture.] 
 [pp. enrapturing, enraptured.] To transport 
 with pleasure; to delight; to enchant. 
 
 En-rich', v. a. [Fr. enrichir. — See Rich.] [pp. 
 ' enriching, enriched.] To make rich ; to fertilize. 
 
 En-rich'ment, n. The act of making rich : — that 
 which makes richer. 
 
 En-roll', v. a. [Fr. enroler.— See Roll.] [pp. en- 
 ' rolling, enrolled.] To register ; to record. 
 
 En-rol'ment, n. A register; a record : — act of en- 
 
 " rolling :' — the state of being enrolled. 
 
 Ens, n. [L.] Any being; existence; essence. 
 
 En-sam'ple, n. [O. Fr. — See Example.] An ex- 
 
 " ample; a pattern. 
 
 En-san'guine (eu-sang'gwjn), v. a. [See San- 
 
 ' guine.] '[pp. ensanguining, ensanguined.] To 
 smear with gore ; to suffuse with blood. 
 
 En-sconce', v. a. [See Sconce.] [pp. ensconcing, 
 
 ' ensconced.] To cover, as with a fort; to place 
 under a shelter; to secure. 
 
 Ensemble (au-sam'bl), ». [Fr. ; L. insimid, at the 
 same time; simid, at once.] The whole; a rela- 
 tive proportion of parts to the whole. 
 
 En-shrine', v. a. [See Shrine.] [pp. enshrining, 
 enshrined.] To preserve as sacred ; to put iu a 
 shrine. 
 
 En-shrbud', r. a. [See Shroud.] [pp. enshrouding, 
 enshrouded.] To wrap or cover, as with a shroud. 
 
 En'si-fbrm, a. [L. ensts, a sword, and forma, form.] 
 Shaped like a sword. 
 
 En'sign (en'sin) [en'sln or en'sin, H.], n. [Fr. 
 enseigne, a sign, a standard ; L. insigne. — See In- 
 signia.] An officer, subordinate to a lieutenant, 
 who carries an ensign or flag: — a flag or stand- 
 ard of a ship or regiment ; a banner. 
 
 En'sign-cy. (en'sin-se), n. The office of an ensijrn. 
 
 En'si-la£e, rt. [Fr. silage or ensilage; en, in, and 
 silo, a' pit; L. sinis, Gr. tripo?, a pit.] A mode 
 of preserving vegetables, as green corn, sugar- 
 cane, and other fodder plants, by burying them 
 in a silo, or trench : — fodder thus preserved. 
 
 En-slave', v. a. [See Slave.] [pp. enslaving, 
 
 ' enslaved.] To reduce to slavery. 
 
 En-slave'ment, n. Act of enslaving; bondage. 
 
 En-snare', v. a. [See Snare.] [pp. ensnaring, 
 
 ' ensnared.] To entrap; to insnare. 
 
 En-sue' (en-su'), r. «. [0. Fr. etuwr, ensuer; Fr. 
 ensnirre; L. mseqvx; Late L. insequere ; L. tn, 
 upon, and sequi, to follow.] [pp. ensuing, en- 
 sued.] To follow ; to succeed. — 2, v. a. To follow. 
 
 En-sure' (en-shur / ), v. a. [See Insure.] [pp. 
 ensuring, ensured.] To make certain or secure ; 
 to secure ; to insure. 
 
 En-tab'la-ture, n. [0. Fr. ; Fr. entablement; L. in,- 
 upon, and tabulation, flooring; tabula, a table 
 (q. ».).] (Arch.) The architrave, frieze, and 
 cornice of a column or pillar. 
 
 En-tail', n. [Fr. entailler, to cut into; laiUer, to 
 
 ' cut, to tally (q. v.) : in the legal sense it means 
 to cut into, in the sense of to limit, to abridge.] 
 (Laic.) An estate entailed or limited with regard 
 to the rule of its descent : — the rule or practice 
 
 mien, sir ; mSve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— g, 9, c, §, soft; p, 0, p, §, hard ; s as z ; ? as gz ; 
 
 19* 
 
 tnis. 
 
ENTAILMENT 
 
 222 
 
 ENVIABLE 
 
 of entailing : — the condition of being entailed. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. entailing, entailed.] To settle the 
 descent of an estate so that it cannot be be- 
 queathed at pleasure. 
 
 En-tail'ment, n. The act of entailing. 
 
 ?n-tan'gle (en-tang'gl), v. a. [See Tangle.] [pp. 
 entangling, entangled.] To iuwrap; to twist; 
 to confuse ; to involve ; to embarrass. 
 
 En-tan'gle-ment, n. Involution; perplexity: — 
 
 " that with which one is entangled. 
 
 En-tan'gling, p. a. Involving; perplexing. 
 
 En'ter, v. a. [Fr. entrer ; L. intrare, to enter; 
 nearly identical in meaning, though only in 
 part from the same roots, with introire, to go 
 into; intro, inward.] [pp. entering, entered.] 
 To go into; to initiate : — to set down; to regis- 
 ter: — to report at the custom-house. — 2, v. n. 
 To come in ; to go in ; to penetrate. 
 
 En-ter'ic, a. [Gr. evrepiKo?; ivrepov, an intestine; 
 ei/To?,' within.] Pertaining to the bowels. 
 
 En-te-ri'tis, u. [Neo-Latin ; Gr. ivrepov, an in- 
 testine.] Inflammation of the bowels. 
 
 En-ter-o-zo'a, n. pi. [Gr. ivrepov, an intestine, 
 and £doov, pi. £o>a, an animal.] A general name 
 for parasites infesting the intestines of animals. 
 
 En'ter-prlse, n. [Fr. entreprise, formerly enlre- 
 priiise ; entreprendre, part, eidrepris, to undertake; 
 L. inter, within, among, and premiere, for pre- 
 hendere, to take hold of; obs. hendere, to get.] 
 An undertaking of importance or hazard ; an 
 adventure; an attempt: — business activity. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. enterprising, enterprised.] To un- 
 dertake ; to essay. 
 
 En'ter-prl§-ing, a. Having enterprise ; bold. 
 
 En-ter-tain', v. a. [Fr. entretenir; L. intertenere; 
 inter, among, and tenere, to hold.] [pp. enter- 
 taining, entertained.] To talk with : — to treat at 
 the table : — to receive hospitably ; to lodge : — to 
 keep ; to cherish : — to amuse; to divert ; to please. 
 
 En-ter-tain'er, n. One who entertains. 
 
 En-ter-tain'ing, a. Amusing; diverting. 
 
 En-ter-tain' inent, n. Act of entertaining : — a 
 treat ; & feast: — amusement ; diversion. 
 
 En-thrall', v. a. [See Thrall.] [pp. enthralling, 
 enthralled.] To bring into thraldom ; to hold 
 captive ; to interest intensely. 
 
 En-thral'ment, \ n. The act of enthralling, or 
 
 ^n-thrall'ment, j state of being enthralled. 
 
 En-throne', v. a. [Gr. iv6povi£eiv ; iv, on, and 
 
 * 6p6vo<>, a throne (q. v.).] [pp. enthroning, en- 
 throned.] To place on a throne. 
 
 En-throne'ment, or En-thro-ni-za'tion, n. The 
 
 " act of enthroning of placing on a throne. 
 
 En-thu'si-asm, n. [Gr. ev6ov<TLacrp.6<; ; evOovcria- 
 £eiv, to be inspired; ivOovs, ev6eo<;, inspired; iv, 
 in, and 6e6<;, a god.] Heat of imagination ; ele- 
 vation of fancy; ardor of mind: — ardent zeal; 
 fanaticism. 
 
 En-thu'si-ast, n. [Gr. evflovo-iaorij?.] One pos- 
 sessed of enthusiasm : — a visionary ; a zealot ; a 
 fanatic. [ardent 
 
 En-thu-si-as'tic, a. Having enthusiasm ; zealous ; 
 
 En-thu-§i-as'ti-cal-ly, ad. With enthusiasm. 
 
 En'thy-meme, n. [Gr. iv6vp.t]p.a; ivOvfxtlcrOaL, 
 to keep in mind; iv, in and 0vfj.6<>, mind.] 
 (Logic.) A syllogism of which one of the prem- 
 ises is understood, or not actually expressed. 
 
 En-tlce', v. a. [0. Fr. enticer.— Of. Fr. altiser, to 
 
 " stir up ; L. titio, a firebrand ; Breton atiza, to in- 
 cite. But in 0. E. tice is not uncommon for 
 entice: this suggests tease, to pull, to draw, as 
 wool.] [pp. enticing, enticed.] To allure to ill ; 
 to tempt ; to seduce ; to attract. 
 
 En-tlce'ment, n. The act of enticing; allure- 
 ment : — that which allures. 
 
 En-tic'ing, p. a. Alluring to ill ; attractive. 
 
 En-tlc'ing-lE, ad. In an enticing manner. 
 
 En-tire', a. [Fr. entier ; It. intero ; L. integer, whole ; 
 
 " in, not, and tangere, to touch.] Whole ; undi- 
 vided ; complete. 
 
 En-tire'lx, o.d. In the whole: completely. 
 
 En-tire'ness, n. Totality; completeness. 
 
 En-tire'tjj, n. Completeness ; wholeness. 
 
 En-ti'tle, v. a. [Fr. intituler.—See Title.] [pp. 
 entitling, entitled.] To prefix a title to ; to give 
 
 ^ a title or a right to :— to superscribe ; to style. 
 
 En'ti-ty, n. [L. ens, ertlis, pres. part, of esse, to 
 be.] Something which is; real being. 
 
 En'to. A prefix to words of Greek origin, signi- 
 fying the inner side or inside, tviOtiu. 
 
 En-tomb' (en-tom'), v. a. [See Tomb.] [pp. en- 
 tombing, entombed.] To put into a tomb. 
 
 £n-to-mo-16g'i-cal, a. Relating to entomology. 
 
 En-to-mol'o-gist, v. One versed in entomology. 
 
 En-to-mol'o-gy, n. [Gr. eVro/uoi/, an insect (q. v.), 
 and Aoyos, a treatise.] That part of zoology or 
 natural history which treats of insects. 
 
 En-tour' age (en-tor'jj), n. [Fr. for "enclosure."] 
 Enclosure ; environs. 
 
 En'trail§ (en'triilz), n. pi. [Fr. entrailles; Late L. 
 intralia; L. intranens or interaneus, inward, in- 
 ner; interanea, entrails.] Intestines; bowels. 
 
 En' trance, n. [See Enter.] The act of entering; 
 passage for entering; avenue; entry. 
 
 En-trance', v. a. [See Trance.] [pp. entranc- 
 
 * ing, entranced.] To put into a trance ; to charm. 
 
 En'trant, n. [Fr.] One who enters. 
 
 En-trap', v. a. [See Trap.] [pp. entrapping, en- 
 trapped.] To ensnare ; to catch in a trap. 
 
 En-treat', v. a. & v. n. [0. Fr. entraiter. — See 
 Treat.] [pp. entreating, entreated.] To beg 
 earnestly; to importune. 
 
 En-trea'tx (en-tre'te), n. Petition ; prayer. 
 
 Entree (ang-tra'), }/. [Fr.] Entrance :— a side-dish. 
 
 Entremets (Jing'tre-ma,'), w. sing. & pi. [Fr. entre, 
 between, and mets (pi. rnets), a mess (q. v.), a 
 course at table.] A side-dish : — dainties or small 
 dishes. 
 
 Entrepot (ang'tre-po r ), n. [Fr. ; L. interpositurn, 
 from interponere, to place between ; inter, be- 
 tween, and ponere, to place.] A magazine; a 
 warehouse for depositing goods. [as Intrust. 
 
 En-trust', v. a. [pp. entrusting, entrusted.] Same 
 
 En' try, n. [Fr. entree. — See ENTtR.] A passage; 
 entrance ; ingress : — a written memorandum. 
 
 En-twine', v. a. & v. n. [See Twine.] [pp. en- 
 ' twining, entwined.] To intwine. 
 
 E-nu'cle-ate, v. a. [L. emicleare, enucleatum, to 
 ' take out the kernel ; nucleus, a kernel ; nux, a 
 nut.] [pp. enucleating, enucleated.] To solve ; 
 to disentangle : — to remove piecemeal. 
 
 E-nu'mer-ate, v. a. [L. enumerare, enumeratum, 
 ' to reckon ; e, out, and numerare, to count; nu- 
 merus, number (q. v.).] [pp. enumerating, enu- 
 merated.] To reckon up singly; to count; to 
 number ; to compute ; to tell. 
 
 E-nii-mer-a'tion, n. The act of numbering. 
 
 E-nii'mer-a-tive, «. Beckoning up. 
 
 E-nun'ci-ate (e-nun'she-at), v. a. [L. enuntiare, 
 enuntiatum, to utter; e, out, and nuntiare, to pi"o- 
 claim; nunlius, a messenger.] [pp. enunciating, 
 enunciated.] To declare; to proclaim; to ex- 
 press ; to announce ; to utter. 
 
 E-nun-ci-a'tion (e-nun-she-a'shun), n. Declara- 
 " tion; expression; manner of utterance. 
 
 E-nun'ci-a-tive, «. Declarative. 
 
 E-nun'ci-a-to-ry, a. Giving utterance. 
 
 E-nure\V. n' [pp- enuring, enured.] (Law.) To 
 ' inure. See Inure. 
 
 En-vel'op (en-vel'up), v. a. [Fr. envelopper ; It. 
 invilup'pare ; Anglo-Fr. voluper, to fold; Walloon 
 veloper, to wind ; Eng lap and wrap.] [pp. en- 
 veloping, enveloped.] To cover with a wrapper ; 
 toinwrap; to surround; to line. — 2, n. A wrap- 
 per. — This is the English form of envelope. 
 
 Envelope (a'ng-ve-lop' or en've )op), n. [Fr.] A 
 wrapper ; an outward case. 
 
 En-vel'op-ment, n. The act of enveloping; en- 
 
 ' tanglement : — a wrapping; a wrapper. 
 
 En-ven'om, v. a. [See Venom.] [^.envenoming, 
 envenomed.] To poison ; to enrage. 
 
 En'vi-a-ble, a. That may excite envy ; desirable. 
 
 a, e, I, o, 5, y, long; a., e, I, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y., obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
ENVIABLY 
 
 223 
 
 EPISCOPATE 
 
 En'vi-a-bly, ad. In an enviable manner. 
 
 En'vi-ous, a. Pained by another's prosperity; 
 full of envy; malicious ; jealous; invidious. 
 
 iSn'vi-ous-lx. ad. With envy or malignity. 
 
 En-vi'ron, v. a. [Fr. environner, to encompass; 
 environ, about; virer, to turn, to veer (q. v.).] 
 [ pp. environing, environed.] To surround ; to 
 encompass. 
 
 En-vl'ron-ment, n. State of being environed or 
 surrounded : — surrounding circumstances. 
 
 En-vi'rons, or En'vi-rons [on-ve-ronz', S. J. E.], 
 ' n. pi. ' Places adjacent; neighborhood. 
 
 En'voy, n. [Fr. envoi, a message; envoye, a mes- 
 senger ; envoyer, to send ; L. iude, thence, and 
 viare, to journey; via, a road.] A special public 
 minister sent from one power to another; an 
 ambassador : — the end of a ballad or other poem. 
 
 En'vy, v. a. [Fr. envier, to envy; envie, envy; L. 
 inridia, envy; invidus, envious: invidere, to envy, 
 — literally, to look upon (with evil eye); in, 
 upon, and videre, to look.] [pp. envying, en- 
 vied.] To hate or dislike another for excellence 
 or happiness; to grieve at; to grudge. — 2, ». 
 Pain or vexation at another's good or pros- 
 perity; ill-will; grudge; malice; spite. 
 
 En-wrap' (en-rap'j, v. re. [See Wrap.] [pp. en- 
 wrapping,' en wrapped.] To cover. See In wrap. 
 
 E'o-cene, a. [Gr. ijuj?, dawn, and /cai^os, recent : 
 the beginning of recent geological times.] {Geol.) 
 Noting the first of the subdivisions into which 
 the tertiary period of the earth is divided by 
 geologists. 
 
 E-o'li-an, or E-ol'ic, a. See 2Eolian, or iEoLic. 
 
 E-ol'i-pile, n. [See ^Eolipyle.] A hollow ball 
 of metal, with a pipe, to show the elastic power 
 of steam. 
 
 E'on, ». [See Mas.] A virtue, attribute, or per- 
 fection existing throughout eternity :— in the 
 metaphysics of Plato, an eternal attribute : — an 
 won. 
 
 E'o-sine (or e'o-sin), n. [Gr. 17015, dawn.] A rose- 
 red dye-stuff. 
 
 E'pact, n. [Gr. endyeiv, to bring to; enaKTos, 
 added; em, to, and dyeiv, to lead.] The excess 
 of the solar month above the lunar, and of the 
 solar year above the lunar. 
 
 Ep'arch, n. [Gr. e7rapx<>s ; eni, over, and dp\v, 
 
 ^ authority.] A governor of a Grecian province. 
 
 Ep'arph-y., u. A province under an eparch. 
 
 E-paule'ment, n. [Fr. ipaulement; ipavXe, a shoul- 
 der.— See' Epaulet.] (Fort.) A side-work made 
 of earth, gabions, &a 
 
 Ep'au-let, n. [Fr. ipaulette, dim. of Cpaule, a 
 shoulder; L. spatula, a blade, Later L. for a 
 shoulder-blade; from Gr. a-nde-q, a blade.— See 
 Spade.] A shoulder-knot, an ornamental mili- 
 tary badge. 
 
 E'phah, n. [Heb. — Cf. Egyptian epi, Coptic oipi, 
 a measure; op, to count.] A Hebrew measure 
 of about nine gallons. 
 
 E-phem'e-ra, ». [L. ; Gr. e^y/.uepos, lasting a day; 
 eni, for, and rj/utpa, a day.] (Med.) A fever that 
 terminates in one day.— (Eat) An insect that 
 lives only one day; the day-fly. 
 
 E-phem'e-ral, a. Diurnal ; beginning and end- 
 ing in a day; short-lived. 
 
 E-phem'e-ris, n. ; pi. Eph-e-mer'i-des. [Gr. e<pri- 
 p.epis ; ripipa, a day.] A 'journal :— * calendar: 
 — an account of the daily motions and situa- 
 tions of the planets. 
 
 Eph'od [ef'od or e'fod, W. H.], n. [Heb., from 
 oph.nl, to clothe.] An ornamental part of the 
 
 ^ dress worn by the Jewish priests. 
 
 £p'i. [Gr. en-i; root of Skr. api, moreover, near; 
 apt, away; L. ob, to, ab, from; Gr. and, away 
 from ; Eng. of and off.] A Greek preposition 
 used as a prefix, signifying on, upon, above, to- 
 ward, addition. 
 
 Ep'ic, a. [Gr. en-ixo?; en-o?, a song. — See Epos.] 
 Narrative ; heroic : — applied to poetry.— 2, n. 
 An epic, heroic, or narrative poem. 
 
 Ep'i-carp, n. [Gr. eni, on, and Kapnos, fruit.] The 
 outer portion of a fruit. 
 
 Ep'i-cene, a. [Gr. eniKO(.vo<; ; eni, to, and koivos, 
 common.] Common to both sexes; of both 
 kinds : — applied to Latin nouns. 
 
 Ep'i-cure, n. [From Epicurus, the Greek founder 
 of a philosophy which made happiness the chief 
 aim of life: his name signifies assistant.] One 
 given to luxury ; a voluptuary ; a sensualist : — 
 one devoted to the pleasures of the table. 
 
 Ep-i-cu-re'an, n. One of the sect of Epicurus; a 
 voluptuary. — 2, a. Belonging to Epicurus; de- 
 voted to pleasure ; luxurious. 
 
 Ep-i-cu-re'an-ism, or Ep-i-cii're-an-ism, n. The 
 doctrine of Epicurus : — luxurious living. 
 
 Ep'i-cu-rism, n. Luxury; voluptuousness. 
 
 Ep'i-cy-cle, n. [Gr. iniKVK\os ; eni, upon, and 
 kukAo?, a circle.] A little circle or curve moving 
 upon the circumference of a greater circle. 
 
 Ep-i-cy'cloid, n. A species of curve line. 
 
 Ep-i-dem'ic, n- [Gr. emS-qpos ; eni, upon, and 
 Stj/xos, the people.] A disease that attacks many 
 persons at the same time. 
 
 Ep-i-dem'ic, la. Generally prevailing; gen- 
 
 Ep-i-dem't-cal, ) eral ; affecting great numbers, 
 as the plague ; pandemic. See Contagious. 
 
 Ep'i-derm, ». Same as Epidermis. 
 
 Ep-i-der'mis, n. [Gr. em.8epfj.is; hrC, upon, and 
 Seppa, the sskin.] (Anat.) The cuticle or scarf- 
 skin of the body of man, &c. : — exterior bark. 
 
 Ep'i-dote. n. [Gr. eni, upon, and 8i66va.t, to give; 
 referring to a frequent enlargement of the base 
 of the minor or constituent crystals.] (Mia.) A 
 species of mineral. 
 
 Ep-i-gas'tric, a. [Gr. eniydo-Tpios ; eni, over, and 
 yao-r-qp, the belly.] Pert lining to the region of 
 the stomach. 
 
 Ep-i-glot'tis, »>. [Gr. eni, upon, and yAujttis, the 
 glottis. — Of. yXuiaa-a, yKdirra, the tongue.] A 
 cartilage of the larynx. 
 
 Ep'i-gram, n. [Gr. eniypapp.a ; eni, upon, and 
 ypdppa, a writing; ypd<f>eiv, to write.] A short 
 poem ending in a point or turn of wit ; a pointed 
 couplet or stanza. 
 
 Ep-i-gram-mat'ic, ) a. Dealing in or like epi- 
 
 £p-i-gram-ma.t'i cal, J grams ; pointed. 
 
 Ep-i-gram'ma-tlst, n. A writer of epigrams. 
 
 Ep'i-graph. u. [See Epigram.] An inscription 
 on a building, statue, etc. ; a title. 
 
 E-pIg'ra-phy, n. The art or practice of engraving 
 inscriptions, as on rocks. 
 
 Ep'i-lep-sy, n. [Gr. eniKrpf/ia ; eni, upon, and 
 \ap.j3dveii', to seize.] A disease of the brain at- 
 
 ^ tended by convulsive stupor; falling-sickness. 
 
 Ep-i-lep'tic, \a. [Gr. em.AenTLK6<;.] Relating 
 
 £p-i-lep't|-cal, j to epilepsy ; convulsed. 
 
 Ep-i-lep'ti-form, a. Resembling epilepsy. 
 
 Ep-i-lep'tbid, a. Resembling or akin to epilepsy. 
 
 Ep'i-logue (ep'e-liig), n. [Gr. eniXoyos ; eni, 
 after, and Aoyos, a discourse.] A poem or speech 
 addressed to spectators at the end of a play. 
 
 E-pIph'a-ny. n. [Gr. enupdvia, manifestation : 
 eni, upon, to, and <}>aivei.v, to show.] A festival 
 in commemoration of Christ's being manifested 
 to the world by a star, being the twelfth day 
 after Christmas. 
 
 Ep'i-phyte, n. [Gr. eni, upon, and <£utoV, a plant ; 
 <pveiv, to grow.] An air-plant: — a vegetable 
 parasite. 
 
 E-pis'co-pa-cy, n. Church government by bish- 
 ops, recognizing three orders of clergy,' — viz., 
 bishops, priests, and deacons. 
 
 E-pis' co-pal, a. [L. episcopali.* ; episcopns, Gr. 
 e7n.'cnco7ro5, a bishop (q. v.).] Relating to episco- 
 pacy; vested in a bishop; episcopalian. 
 E-pis-co-pa'li-an, a. Relating to episcopacy. — 
 
 2, n. An adherent to episcopacy. 
 E-pis-co-pa'li-an-ism, n. Doctrine of episcopa- 
 lians. 
 E-pis'co-pate, n. [L. episcopalus.] The office of 
 a bishop; bishops collectively. 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q, $, c, §, soft; p, p, e , g, hard; §asz; ? as gz ; this. 
 
EPISODE 
 
 224 
 
 EQUIPOLLENCE 
 
 Ep'i-sode, n. [Gr. e7rei'cro6"os, an additional coming 
 in; eiri, upon, over, and eicroSog, entrance; ets, 
 into, and 6665, a way.] Incidental narrative; 
 digression. 
 
 Ep-i-sod'ic, "I a. Relating to, or contained in, 
 
 Ep-i-sod'i-cal, j an episode; digressing. 
 
 Ep-is-tax'is, n. [Gr. ; eiri, upon, and <rra£€ii>, to 
 drop.] A bleeding from the nose. 
 
 E-pis'tle (e-pis'sl), n. [L. epislola; Gr. int.(TTo\rj ; 
 em', upon, and o-TeAAeii>, to send.] A writing 
 sent ; a letter. 
 
 E-pIs'to-la-ry, a. Relating to epistles. 
 
 Ep i-taph, n. [Gr. kirna^nov ; eiri, on, and rectos, 
 a tomb.] An inscription on a tombstone. 
 
 Ep-i-tha-la'mi-um, n. [L. ; Gr. eiriQa\dp.t.ov, nup- 
 tial (song) ; eiri, on, for, and da.kap.os, a chamber, 
 a bride-chamber.] A nuptial song. 
 
 Ep-i-the'li-al, a. Characterized by, or belonging 
 to", epithelium. 
 
 Ep-i-the'li-um, n. [L. ; Gr. eiri, upon, and tfrjAry, 
 0. Ger. tila, a nipple ; the name was at first 
 given to the loose cuticle of the nipples.] The 
 lining membrane of the mucous surfaces; the 
 material of which that membrane is composed. 
 
 Ep'i-thet, n. [Gr. eirtOerov, something added ; eiri, 
 on, and Tiflijjou, I place.] An adjective or word 
 denoting any quality, good or bad ; a term ; a title. 
 
 E-pit'o-me, u. [Gr. for "an abridgment;" eiri, 
 ' upon, arid re/avetv, stem rop.-, to cut; to/iaij, a 
 cutting.] An abridgment ; a compendium. 
 
 E-pit'o-mist, \ n. One who epitomizes ; an 
 
 E-pit'o-miz-er, J abridger. 
 
 ^I-pit'o-mlzei v. a. [pp. epitomizing, epitomized.] 
 To abridge ; to reduce. 
 
 Ep-i-zo'an, n. A parasitic animal. 
 
 Ep-i-zo'on, n. ; pi. Ep-i-zo'a. [Gr. eiri, upon, and 
 £<*>ov, an animal.] A general name for animals 
 infesting the surface of the bodies of other ani- 
 mals ; an ectozobn. [ing among animals. 
 
 Ep-i-zo-ot'ic, a - Parasitic on animals :— prevail- 
 
 Ep-i-zo'o-ty, n. [Gr. eiti, upon, and £1007-19?, ani- 
 mal nature; £cuov, an animal.] A disease pre- 
 vailing among animals. 
 
 Ep'oph, or E'poph, n. [Gr. eVo^*?, a check, a 
 pause, a point of time ; eirex* 11 ', to check ; eiri, 
 on, and e'xeiv, to hold.] A remarkable period 
 of time ; an era ; dale. 
 
 Ep'o-pha, n. [L.] The same as epoch. 
 
 Ep'ode, n. [L. epodos ; Gr. e7ro>66s ; eiri, upon, 
 and aeiSeiv, to sing. — See Ode.] The stanza fol- 
 lowing the strophe and antistrophe : — an addi- 
 tional ode. 
 
 Ep'o-nyme, n. [Gr. eiri, upon, to, for, and bvopa, 
 bvvp.a, a name.] The hypothetical person from 
 whom a race, a kingdom, or a city is supposed to 
 have taken its name : — the name so derived : — 
 surname; an additional name. 
 
 Ep-o-nym'ic, "I a. Giving, or supposed to give, 
 
 E-pon'y-mous, j name to a country or people. 
 
 ^-pon'y-mist. n. A person who gives bis name 
 to a country, a race, or a dynasty ; an eponyme. 
 
 £p-c-pee', n. [Fr. epopee; Gr. en-o7rou'a, the 
 making of an epic, epic poetry ; eiros, an epos 
 ((]. v.), and iroieiv, to make.— See Poet.] An 
 epic or heroic poem : — a series of fine exploits. 
 
 Ep'opt [e'popt, L], n. [Gr. eTrorrTr)?, a spectator, 
 ari initiate, an overseer ; eiri, over, and root ott-, 
 07rr-, associated with opdeiv, to see. — See Optic] 
 An initiated person :— one admitted to view the 
 secrets of the greater mysteries or religious 
 ceremonies of the Greeks. 
 
 Ep'os, n. [Gr., a word, a saying, a song, poetry, 
 epic poetry.] An epic poem: — the story con- 
 tained in an epic. 
 
 fip'som, a. Noting a species of purgative salts, 
 found in Epsom, England. 
 
 E-qua-bil'i-ty, n. Evenness; uniformity. 
 
 E'qua-ble [ek'wa-bl, Sm. St.], a. [L. sequnbilis. — 
 See' Equal.] Equal to itself; even ; uniform in 
 all parts; equal; steady. 
 
 E'qua-bly, ad. Uniformly; evenly; steadily. 
 
 E'qual, a. [L. sequalis, equal; sequus, just. — Cf. 
 Skr. eka, one.] Like another; even: uniform. 
 — 2, n. One of the sume age, rank, or merit. — 
 3, /;. a. [pp. equalling, equalled.] To make 
 equal ; to be equal to. 
 
 E-qual'j-ty (e-kwol'e-te), n. State of being equal ; 
 likeness ; uniformity. 
 
 E-qual-i-za'tion, u. The act of equalizing. 
 
 E'qual-ize, v. a. [pp. equalizing, equalized.] To 
 make even or equal. 
 
 E'qual-ly, ad. In the same degree; uniformly. 
 
 E-quan'gu-lar, a. See Equiangular. 
 
 E-qua-nlm'i-ty, n. [L. sequaniniilus, evenness of 
 mirid; eequanlmis, mild-tempered; sequus, even, 
 and animus, mind.] Evenness of mind ; com- 
 posure ; mental firmness; evenness of spirits. 
 
 E-quate', v. a. [L. square, sequatum, to make 
 equal (q. ?>.).] [pp. equating, equated.] To 
 make equal ; to reduce to a common standard of 
 comparison. 
 
 E-qua'tion, n. [L. sequatio. — See Equate.] The act 
 
 " of bringing things to an equality ; same quantity 
 expressed differently ; an expression of equality. 
 
 E-qua'tor, n. [L., one who makes equal.] A 
 
 " great 'circle (equidistant from the two poles) 
 which divides the earth into two equal parts, 
 the northern and southern hemispheres: — a 
 great circle of the celestial sphere. 
 
 E-qua-to'ri-al, a. Pertaining to the equator. — 
 2, n. A telescope mounted for the continuous 
 observation of any star. 
 
 Eq'uer-ry (ek'we-re), 11. [Fr. ecurie, a stable; 
 Late L. scwia, 0. Ger. scura, skiura, schiure, a 
 shed, a stable; Ger. schauer, a shelter: not re- 
 lated to L. equus, a horse.] A stable for horses : 
 — an officer who has the care of horses. 
 
 E-ques'tri-an, a. [L. equester ; eques, a horseman ; 
 
 " equus, Gr.'uc/cos, 1777705, ahorse.] Relating to a 
 knight, to a horseman, or to horsemanship. — 
 2, n. A skilled rider. 
 
 E-ques'tri-an-igm, n. The performance of an 
 
 ' equestrian ; horsemanship. 
 
 E-ques-tri-enne', n. [Fr.] A female equestrian. 
 
 E'qui-, a prefix, chiefly to words of Latin origin, 
 represents the L. sequus, just, even, and signifies 
 equality. 
 
 E-qui-an'gu-lar, a. Having equal angles. 
 
 E-qui-dis'tant, a. Being at the same distance. 
 
 E-qui-dis'tant-ly, ad. At the same distance. 
 
 E-qui-lat'er-al, a. ■ [L. sequilateralis or 
 sequilateriis.—See Lateral.] Having 
 all sides equal. 
 
 E-qui-H'brate, v. a. [pp. equilibrating, 
 equilibrated.] To balance equally. 
 
 E-qui-li-bra'tion, n. Equipoise ; even Equilateral 
 balance. ' triangle. 
 
 E-quil'i-brist, n. An acrobat; a rope-dancer. 
 
 E-qui-lib'ri-ty, n. Equality of balance. 
 
 E-qui-lib'ri-um, n. [L. sequilibrium ; sequilibris, 
 level ; sequus. even, and libra, balance ; librare, 
 to weigh.] Equipoise; equality of weight; state 
 of being balanced. 
 
 E-qui'nal, or E'quine, a. [L. equinus ; equus, a 
 
 ' horse.— See Equestrian.] Relating to horses. 
 
 E-qui-noc'tial, a. Pertaining to the equinox. — 
 2, n. A great circle of the sphere : — the equator. 
 
 E'qui-nox [ek'we-noks, Sm.], n. [L. seqiduoctium ; 
 sequus, equal, and nqx, noctis, night.] The pre- 
 cise time in which the sun enters into the first 
 point of Aries or of Libra, when the nights and 
 days are of equal length; the equinoctial point. 
 
 E-qmp', v. a. [Fr. cquiper: root of Ship and 
 
 * Shape (q. v.).] [pp. equipping, equipped.] To 
 fit, as a ship for sea, or a soldier for service; to 
 furnish ; to accoutre. 
 
 Eq'ui-pa§e (ek'we-paj), n. Furniture for a horse- 
 man ; carriage; retinue; accoutrements. 
 
 E-quip'ment, n. Act of equipping ; accoutrements. 
 
 E'qui-poi§e, n. [Equi- and Poise.] Equality of 
 weight; equilibration; equilibrium. 
 
 E-qui-pol'lence, n. Equality of force. 
 
 a, e, 1, 0, u, y, long ; a, e, 5, o, ii, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fSll ; heir, her; 
 
EQUIPOLLENT 
 
 225 
 
 EKUPT 
 
 E-qui-pol'lent, a. [L. sequipollens; sequus, equal, 
 and polle're, pollentis, to be strong.] Having 
 equal force. 
 
 E-qui-pon'der-ance, n. Equality of weight. 
 
 E-qui-pon'der-ant, a. Of the same weight. 
 
 E-qui-pon'der-ate, v. n. [L. sequus, equal, and 
 ponderare, ponderatum, to weigh ; poitdus, pon- 
 deris, weight. — Cf. peu'dere, to weigh; pende're, 
 to hang, to suspend.] [pp. equiponderating, 
 equiponderated.] To weigh equal. — 2, v. a. To 
 be equivalent to in weight; to counterbalance. 
 
 Eq'ui-ta-ble (ek'we-ta-bl), a. [Fr. equitable.— See 
 Equity.] Partaking of equity; just; right; 
 honest ; impartial ; fair. 
 
 Eq'ui-ta-ble-ness, n. Justness; equity. 
 
 Eq'ui-ta-bly., ad. Justly; impartially, [astride. 
 
 Eq'ui-tant (ek'we-), a. Riding on horseback:— 
 
 Eq-ui-ta'tion, u. Horsemanship. 
 
 Eq'ui-ty (ek'we-te), n. [Fr. e quite ; L. sequilas; 
 sequus, even, just.] Impartial distribution of 
 justice; natural justice ; right; honesty; impar- 
 tiality. — (Law.) A court of equity or of chancery 
 is one for the correction of common law in cases 
 in which it is deficient. 
 
 E-quiv'a-lence, n. Equality in value or force. 
 
 5-quiv'a-lent, a. [L. sequivalere, sequivaleutis, to 
 be of equal worth ; sequus, equal, and valere, to 
 be worth, to be powerful.] Equal in value, 
 merit, or power; equal; commensurate. — 2, n. 
 A thing of the surue value. 
 
 E-quiv'o-cal, a. [L. sequivocus, ambiguous; sequus, 
 even, alternative, and vox, vocis, voice.] Of 
 doubtful meaning; ambiguous; doubtful. 
 
 E-quiv'o-cal-lx, ad. Ambiguously ; doubtfully. 
 
 E-quiv'o-cate, v. n. [Fr. equh-oquer. — See Equivo- 
 cal.] [pp. equivocating, equivocated.] To use 
 equivocation; to evade; to quibble; to shuffle; 
 to prevaricate. 
 
 E-quiv-o-ca'tion, n. The act of equivocating; a 
 quibble ; evasion ; ambiguity of speech. 
 
 E-quiv'o-ca-tor, n. One who equivocates. 
 
 E'qui-voque, n. [Fr. equivoque. — See Equivocal.] 
 
 _ An'ambiguous expression; equivocation; quibble.. 
 
 E'ra, ii. [L. sera, a date, a reckoning; ses, brass, 
 a brazen object; pi. sera, brasses, brass counters 
 used in reckoning; items of an account.] A poiut 
 of time from which reckoning begins ; an epoch ; 
 a period; date: — a definite series of years. 
 
 E-rad'i-ca-ble, a. Capable of being eradicated. 
 
 ^3-ra.d'i-cate, v. a. [L. eradlcare, eradicutum ; e, 
 out, and radix, radicis, a root.] [pp. eradicating, 
 eradicated.] To pull up by the roots. 
 
 E-rad-i-ca'tion, n. The act of eradicating. 
 
 ^3-rase', v. a. [L. eradere, erasum; e, out, and 
 radere, to scrape.] [pp. erasing, erased.] Toi 
 expunge ; to rub out ; to efface. 
 
 E-rase'ment, "• The act of erasing; obliteration. 
 
 ^3-ra'ser, it. An instrument for erasing. 
 
 E-ra'sion, n. The act of erasing; erasure. 
 
 E-ras'ti-an, n. One who advocates the subjection 
 of the church to state authority. 
 
 E-ras'ure (e-ra'zhur), n. The act of erasing:— 
 something erased : — a spot where something has 
 been erased. 
 
 Ere (ar) [ar, W. J. F. Ja. K. Sm. St. I. ; ar, P. H. 
 Wb. N.; er, S. E.], ad. [A.-S. aer, Icel. ar, 
 soon; Goth, air, early (q. v.); Dut. eer, sooner.] 
 Before ; sooner than. — 2, prep. Before. 
 
 E-rect', v. a. [L. erigere, erectum, to set up; e, 
 out, up, and regere, to set, to rule. — See Regent.] 
 [pp. erecting, erected.] To place upright; to 
 raise; to set up: — to construct; to form; to 
 build. — 2, «. Upright; not leaning. 
 
 E-rec'tile, a. Capable of being erected. 
 5-rec'tion, n. The act of raising; elevation. 
 E-rect'ness, n. Uprightness of posture. 
 ¥-rect'or, n. One who raises or constructs. 
 Ere-long' (ar-long'), ad. Before long. 
 Er'e-mite, n. [See Hermit.] A hermit. 
 Ere-while' (ar-hwll'), ad. Some time ago. 
 Er'g-6, ad. [L.] (Logic.) Therefore. 
 
 Er'got, n. [Fr. ergot or argot, a cock's spur, a 
 
 dew-claw.] A morbid excrescence in grain : — a 
 
 horny substance near the pastern joint of a horse. 
 Er'mine, n. [Fr. hermine; Ger. ermeiin; Sp. ar- 
 
 ruiilo ; It. ermillirio ; 
 
 Late L. armelinus. — 
 
 Cf. 0. Ger. harme, 
 
 hurmo, A.-S. hearma, 
 
 an ermine ; Lith. 
 
 szurmu, a weasel ; but 
 
 it is believed that all 
 
 these forms represent 
 
 L. iilus armeuius, Ar- _ 
 
 men'ian mouse.] A 
 
 species of animal and its fur : — the emblem, 
 
 office, or dignity of a judge. 
 Erne, n. [A.-S. earn, Dan. Urn, an eagle. — Cf. Gr. 
 
 opia?, a bird; Ger. aar, Russ. orel, an eagle.] 
 
 The sea-eagle. 
 E-rode', v. a. [L. erodere, erosum ; e, off, and 
 * rodere, to gnaw.] [pp. eroding, eroded.] To eat 
 
 away ; to corrode. [The act of eating away. 
 
 E-ro'sion (e-ro'zhun), n. [L. erosio.— See Ekode.] 
 E-ro'sive. a. Eating; corrosive. 
 E-rot'ic, or E-rot'i-cal, «. [Gr. epcoTi/cd?; epcu?, 
 
 epor'os, love".] Relating to love; amorous. 
 Err (er), v. n. [L. errure, Ger. irrett, to wander : 
 
 said to be distinct from Fr. ener, to wander. — 
 
 See Errant.] [pp. erring, erred.] To miss the 
 
 right way; to stray; to deviate; to commit 
 
 error ; to mistake. 
 Er'rand, n. [A.-S. & Dan. serende ; Icel. eyrendi, 
 
 b're'ndi.] A message ; commission. 
 Er'rant, a. [Fr., from errer, to wander; erre, a 
 
 course ; L. iter, itiueris, a way : the Fr. verb is 
 
 no doubt influenced in meaning by L. errure, to 
 
 wander. — See Err.] Wandering; roving. 
 Er-ra'ta, n., pi. of erratum. [L.] 
 Er-rat'ic, \ a. [L. erraticus. — See Err.] Devi- 
 Er-rat'i-cal, J ating from the right or usual way ; 
 " erroneous ; wandering : — odd ; eccentric. 
 Er-rat'i-cal-ly, ad. Without rule or order. 
 Er-ra'tym, m. ; pi. Er-ra'ta. [L. ; errare, to err 
 
 (q. v.)'.] An error in printing. See Errata. 
 Er'rhine, a. [Gr. epptvov ; ev, in, and pis, pu>6<;, 
 
 the nose.] That is snuffed up by the nose. — 
 
 2, «. A medicine to be snuffed up. 
 Err'ing, p. a. Committing error; fallible. 
 Er-ro'ne-ous, a. [L. erronens; errare, to err (q. r.).] 
 
 Being in error; incorrect ; mistaken ; false ; un- 
 true; wrong. 
 1 Er-ro'ne-ofis-ly, ad. By mistake ; not rightly. 
 Er-ro'ne-ous-nlss, n. incorrectness. 
 "Efror, n. [Fr. erreur ; L. error; errare, to err 
 
 (q.'v.).] A deviation from the truth ; an invol- 
 untary fault; a mistake; blunder; offence, 
 j-se, ». [A variant of Irish.] The language of 
 
 the Irish Celts. 
 Erst, ad. [A.-S. serest, soonest, first; properly, the 
 
 superlative of Ere (a. v.).] First; formerly; 
 
 till now. [blush. 
 
 Er-u-bes'cence, It. [E. erubescentia.] Redness; a 
 Er-u-bes'cent, a. [L. erubescere, erubescenti*, to 
 blush ; e, out, and rubescere, inceptive of rubere, 
 to be red ; ruber, red.] Reddish ; somewhat red. 
 E-ruct', or E-riic'tate, v. a. [L. eructare, erueia- 
 ' turn; e, out| and ructare, to belch. — Cf. Gr. epev- 
 yeiv, to spit out.] [pp. eructing, eructed ; eruc- 
 tating, eructated.] To belch ; to vomit. 
 Er-uc-ta'tion, ». The act of belching; a belch. 
 Er'u-dite, or Er'u-dite [er'u-dTt, Ja. K. Sm. E. St. 
 H. I. C. Wb. ; er-u-dTt', W. ; er'u-dTt, P.], a. [L. 
 eruditns; ertulire, to instruct ; e negative, and rudis, 
 rude.] Learned; having erudition ; well-read. 
 Er-u-di"tion (er-yu-dlsh'un), »?. Knowledge ob- 
 tained from books ; literature ; learning. 
 E-ru'£i-nous, a. [L. seruginosus; serugo, copper 
 ' rust ;' ses, seris, copper.] Partaking of verdigris. 
 E-riipt', v. a. & v. n. [L. enunpere, eruplum ; e, 
 ' out, and nnnpere, to burst.] [pp. erupting, 
 erupted.] To break forth ; to pour forth. 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q, 9, s, g, soft; fs, js, p, |, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; tnis. 
 
ERUPTION 
 
 226 
 
 ESTIMATE 
 
 E-riip'tion, n. [L. emplio.—See Erupt.] Act of 
 bursting forth; explosion: — efflorescence; pus- 
 tule; humor. [tion ; attended with eruptions. 
 
 E-riip'tive, a. Bursting forth : — having an erup- 
 
 Er-y-sip'e-las, n. [Gr. epucrin-eAas; epvQpos, red, 
 and 7reAAa," skin.] (Med.) A painful inflamma- 
 tion of the skin ; St. Anthony's fire. 
 
 fir-y-si-pel'a-tous, a. Having erysipelas. 
 
 Es-ca-lade', n. [Fr. ; 8p. escaludo; escalar, to 
 scale (7. w.) ; esculo, L. scala, a ladder.] An at- 
 tack by scaling walls with ladders. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. escalating, escaladed.j To scale by ladders. 
 
 Escal'op (skul'lup or es-kol'up) [es-kal'lop, St. ; 
 es-ko'1'lop, Wb.L},n. [0. Fr. 
 escalope; Dut. schelp, a shell ; 
 Ger. schelfe, a husk. — See 
 Shell.] A shell-fish :— a dent. 
 
 Es-ca-pade', n. [Fr. for "an 
 escape ;" an escape from re- 
 straints.] Irregular motion 
 of a hoi se : — a freak : — a wild 
 prank or adventure:— an act Escalop. 
 
 of in) propriety. \^ 
 
 Es-cape', v. a. [Fr. echapper, 0. Fr. escaper, It. 
 scappare, to Blip away ; from L. ex cappa, out of 
 the cloak.] [pp. escaping, escaped.] To shun ; 
 to flee from ; to avoid. — 2, v. n. To fly ; to get 
 out of danger.— 3, n. Flight; a getting out of 
 danger or confinement : — means of escaping. 
 
 Es-cape'ment, ». That part of a watch or clock 
 which regulates its movements. 
 
 Es-carp', v. a. [See Scaup.] [pp. escarping, es- 
 carped.] To form into a slope. 
 
 Es-carp'ment, n. [Fr. escurpement. — See Scarp.] 
 An abrupt face or slope. 
 
 Escha-lot' (esh-a-lot' or sha-lot'), n. [Fr. cchalotte ; 
 Sp. eamlouu ; from Ascalou, a town of Palestine.] 
 A small onion or garlic. See Shallot. 
 
 Es'phar, n. [Gr. ecrxapa, a scar (7. v.).] A scab 
 or mark on a wound. 
 
 Es-pha-rot'ic, a. [Gr. ecrxapioTtKO? ; e(r\apa, a 
 scar.'] Caustic ; searing the flesh. 
 
 Es-pha-tol'o-gy, n. [Gr. e<rx aTOI >> the last, and 
 Aoyo?, a treatise.] The doctrine of the last 
 things; the destruction of the world, <fec. 
 
 Es-cheat', n. [0. Fr. eschet, rent, one's share; 
 escheoir, now echoir, to fall to one ; L. ex, out, 
 and cadere, to fall.] A forfeiture by want of 
 heirs.— 2, v. n. [pp. escheating, escheated.] To 
 be forfeited by want of heirs. 
 
 Es-chew' (es-clm'), v. a. [0. Fr. eschever, Anglo- 
 Fr. eschure, eschuer, to shun ; Ger. gckeuen, to 
 avoid; scheu, shy (7. v.).] [pp. eschewing, es- 
 chewed.] To flee from ; to avoid ; to shun. 
 
 Es'cort, u. [Fr. escorte, a convoy; escorler, to 
 guide ; It. scorta, an escort ; scorgere, to guide ; 
 L. ex, out, and corrigere, to set right, to correct 
 (7. v. ).] A body of men for a guard; convoy. 
 
 Es-c6rt\ v. a. [pp. escorting, escorted.] To at- 
 tend as a guard by land ; to accompany; to wait 
 on; to convoy. 
 
 Escritoire (es-kre-twor') [es-kru-tor', S. W. J. E. ; 
 es-kru-twbr', Ja. K. I. Wb. H. St. ; es-kre-twar', 
 Shi.], n. [0. Fr. ; Fr. ecritoire; ecrire, to write; 
 Late L. scriptorium ; scribere, to write.] A box, 
 desk, or bureau with implements for writing. 
 
 Es-crow', n. [Law Fr. escrover, a roll, a scroll 
 (7. i'.); 0. Fr. escroue, escroele, a strip. — See 
 Screw.] (Lmr.) A deed of lands or tenements 
 delivered to a third person. 
 
 EVcu-lent, a. [L. esadeutus, eatable; escare, to 
 eat; esca, food; edere, esum, to eat (7. v.).] Good 
 for food ; eatable. — 2, n. A plant good for food. 
 
 Es-cutch'eon (es-kuch'un), n. [Fr. ecusson, 0. Fr. 
 eseusson, Anglo-Norman escuchonn, dim. of ecu, 
 0. Fr. escu, L. scutum, a shield. — Cf. Gr. o-kvtos, 
 a hide, leather; Skr. sku, to cover.] The he- 
 raldic shield of a family; ensign armorial. 
 
 E-soph/a-g-us, «. [L. oesophagus; Gr. oLcro^dyos ; 
 o'tcro), I shall carry, (/xx-yua, food; <j)a.yeli>, to 
 eat.] The gullet; the weasand. 
 
 Es-O-ter'ic, a. [Gr. eo-torepiKo? ; from ecrwTepo?, 
 inner; ecrw, within ; e? or eis, into.] Secret, — 
 applied to private teachings or doctrines: — op- 
 posed to exoteric or public: — resulting from 
 causes internal and proper to the organization. 
 
 Es-o-ter'i-cal-ly, ad. In an esoteric manner. 
 
 Es-pal'ier (es-pal'yer), n. [Fr. ; It. spdlliera, an 
 espalier, a chair-back; spalla, a shoulder; L. 
 spatula, a blade.] A frame or lattice :— a tree 
 trai ned on a frame. 
 
 Es-par'to, n. [Sp. esparto; L. spartum : Gr. o-rrdp- 
 tov.] A kind of grass used tor paper; also, a 
 kind of broom which affords a strong fibre. 
 
 Es-pe"cial (es-pesh'al), a. [See Special.] Chief; 
 special. 
 
 Es-pe"cial-ly (es-pesh'al-le), ad. Principally. 
 
 Es'pi-o-nage (,es'pe-o-njj or es'pe-o-nazli') [es'pe- 
 o-riaj, Ja. I. K. ; es'pe-o-nazh, £m.]> n. [Fr. 
 espionnage ; espion, a spy (7. v.).] The einploy- 
 
 ^ ment of spies :— the practice of watching people. 
 
 Es-pla-nade', n. [Fr. ; It. spianala, a levelled 
 place ; from spianare, L. explanare, to level. — See 
 Explain.] (Fort.) The sloping of a counter- 
 scarp toward the open country; a glacis: — a 
 grass-plot :— a terraced walk or drive. 
 
 Es-pbu'sal, n. ; pi. Es-pbu'sals. A contract of 
 marriage : — marriage : — betrothal. 
 
 Es-pbuse', v. a. [Fr. epouser ; 0. Fr. espouser. — 
 
 ' See Spouse.] [pp. espousing, espoused.] To 
 betroth : — to marry : — to defend or adopt. 
 
 Es-py', v. a. [Fr. epier, 0. Fr. espier, to spy (7. v.); 
 
 ' also Fr. espiouner, to spy.] [pp. espying, espied.] 
 To see at a distance ; to discover. — 2, v. n. To 
 watch ; to look about with close attention. 
 
 Es-quire', n. [Fr. ecuyer, 0. Fr. escnyer, Late L. 
 scularius, a squire, — literally, a shield-bearer; 
 Fr. ecu, 0. Fr. escu, a shield.— See Escutcheon.] 
 An attendant on a knight : — a title of a justice 
 of the peace, &c. — 2, v. a. [pp. esquiring, es- 
 quired.] To attend; to wait on. 
 
 Es-say', v. a. [Fr. essai, a trial; essayer, to at- 
 tempt; L. exagium, a trial of weight. — See As- 
 say.] [pp. essaying, essayed.] To attempt; to 
 try ; to endeavor. 
 
 Es'say, n. An attempt; a trial: — a short treatise 
 or dissertation ; a tract. 
 
 £s'say-ist, or Es-say'ist, n. A writer of essays. 
 
 Es'sence, n. [Fr. essence, L. essentia, being; esse, 
 Skr. as, to be.] The nature, substance, or being 
 of any thing; existence: — perfume; scent: — a 
 solution of a volatile oil. 
 
 Es-sen'tial, a. Necessary; very important ; princw 
 
 ' pal: — pure; highly rectified. — 2, n. Something 
 that is necessary; first principle ; nature; ele- 
 ment; chief point. [ity of being essential. 
 
 Es-sen-ti-al'i-ty (es-seu-she-are-te), u. The qual- 
 
 Es-sen'tial-ly, ad. In an essential manner. 
 
 Es-tab'lis'h, v. a. [Fr. etablir, 0. Fr. estublh; 
 stem (in part) establiss- ; L. stabUire.] [pp. es- 
 tablishing, established.] To constitute ; to settle 
 firmly ; to found; to fix ; to confirm ; to ratify. 
 
 Es-tab'lish-ment, n. Settlement; fixed state :— 
 
 " that which is established: — form; foundation: 
 — allowance ; income. 
 
 Es-tate', v. [Fr. etat, 0. Fr. estat, L. status, state 
 
 "(7. i'.).] Condition; fortune: — possessions; 
 landed property : — quality ; rank. — pi. Classes 
 or representatives of a people. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 estating, estated.] To endow. 
 
 Es-teem', v. a. [Fr. estimer, to estimate (7. v.).] 
 [pp. esteeming, esteemed.] To value; to value 
 highly; to prize; to rate; to estimate; to re- 
 spect ; to regard ; to think. — 2, n. Estimation ; 
 high regard. 
 
 Es-thet'ic, a. Relating to esthetics. See ^Esthetic. 
 
 Es-thet'ics, n. pi. See ^Esthetics. 
 
 Es'ti-ma-ble, «. [L. sestimabilis.] Worthy of es- 
 teem ; ' valuable. 
 
 Es'ti-mata, v. a. [L. sestimare, seetimatum, to 
 value.] [pp. estimating, estimated.] To set a 
 value on ; to rate. 
 
 a, e, I, 6, u, y, long ; a, e, 1, 0, Q, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fS.ll ; heir, her; 
 
ESTIMATE 
 
 227 
 
 EUD^EMONISM 
 
 iss'ti-mate, n. Computation; calculation ; value ; 
 valuation; appraisement; estimation. 
 
 Es-ti-ma'tion, n. The act of estimating; com- 
 putation ; estimate ; esteem ; valuatiou. 
 
 Es'ti-val [es-ti'val, /.], a. [L. aestivalis or seslivus; 
 from lestas, summer; eestus, heat.] Pertaining to 
 the summer. 
 
 Es-ti-va'tion, n. [L. sestivare, to pass the sum- 
 mer.] The act of passing the summer. — (Bot.) 
 State of a plant in summer. See Estivation. 
 
 Es-top', v. a. [0. Fr. estoper, to stop (q. v.).] [pp. 
 ' estopping, estopped.] {Law.) To bar; to stop. 
 
 Es-top' pel, n. An act that bars a legal process. 
 
 Es-to'vers, n. pi. [0. Kr. estnver, provisions.— See 
 " Stover.] (Lair.) Necessaries; supplies. 
 
 Es-trade', n. [Fr. ; L. stratum, a layer, a pave- 
 ment.— See Stratum.] A platform. 
 
 Es-trange', v. a. [Fr. Stranger, 0. Fr. estranger, to 
 " alienate. — See Strange.] [j>p- estranging, es- 
 tranged.] To make strange; to alienate. 
 
 Es-trange ment, n. Alienation ; a loss of mutual 
 " regard. 
 
 Es-tray'. n. A beast lost or wandering; a stray. 
 
 Es-treat', n. [0. Fr. estraire, Fr. extraire, to ex- 
 tract (q. v.), or to copy; pp. estret, eslrete.] A 
 copy of an original writing. — 2, v. a. [pp. es- 
 treating, estreated.] (Law.) To take from. 
 
 Est'u-a-rine, a. Kelating to, associated with, or 
 formed in an estuary. 
 
 Est'ii-a-ry, n. [L. sestuarium; sestuare, to surge, 
 to boil; sestus, tide, heat. — Cf. Gr. al6sLv, to 
 glow.] An arm of the sea; a frith; the wide 
 part of a tidal river near the sea. 
 
 EtagSre (a-ta-zhar'), n. [Fr. ; from Stager, to ar- 
 range in stories, shelves, or stages; Stage, a 
 6tage (q. v.).] A piece of cabinet furniture with 
 shelves; a what-not. 
 
 Etch, v. a. [Dut. etzen, to etch ; Ger. atzev, to feed, 
 to bite, to etch; eaten, to eat (q. v.).] [pp. etch- 
 ing, etched.] To engrave on copper by means 
 of nitric acid; to sketch. 
 
 Etch'er, n. One who etches. t 
 
 Etch'ing, n. An impression of an etched plate. 
 
 E-ter'nal, a. [Fr. Sternel; L. selernalis; ttteruus, 
 everlasting; serum, an age; the term -ternus 
 shows a quality.] Without beginning or end; 
 infinite; endless; perpetual; everlasting. — 2, n. 
 An appellation of Sod. 
 
 E-ter'nal-ly., ad. Without beginning or end. 
 
 5-ter'ni-ty, n. Duration without beginning or 
 end :— duration without ?nd. 
 
 E-ter'nize. o. a. [pp. eternizing, eternized.] To 
 make eternal or endless ; to make perpetual ; to 
 immortalize. 
 
 E-te'si-an (e-te'zhe-an), a. [Gr. 6x170-109, annual ; 
 €tos, a year.] Noting winds that blow at stated 
 times; periodical. 
 
 E'ther, ». [L. aether, Gr. al9r)p, the upper air; 
 al9pa, the sky ; alOeiv, to glow.] An element 
 rarer and purer than air. — (Chem.) An anaes- 
 thetic fluid, exceedingly volatile, inflammable, 
 and intoxicating. 
 
 E-the're-al, ". Formed of ether; celestial: — very 
 delicate': — highly refined. 
 
 E-the're-al-Ize, v. a. [pp. etherealizing, ethere- 
 alized.] To render ethereal. 
 
 E-ther-i-za'tion. ». The act of subjecting to the 
 influence of ether. 
 
 E'ther-ize, v. a. [pp. etherizing, etherized.] To 
 
 ^ subject to the action of ether. 
 
 Eth'ic. \a. [Gr. ljfliKd?; tj#09, effo?, custom.] 
 
 Eth i-cal, j Kelating to ethics or morals; moral. 
 
 Eth'i-cal-ly, ad. In an ethical manner. 
 
 Eth'ics, n. pi. The science of morals; moral phi- 
 losophy; morality: morals. 
 
 E-thi-o'pi-an, n. [Gr. AiOioxfj ; aldeiv, to burn, 
 aiflos, burnt, and o\p, face.] A nativeof Ethiopia. ; 
 an Ethiop. — 2, a. Relating to Ethiopia or its in- 
 
 _ habitants. [Ethiopian, language. 
 
 E-thi-op'ic, a. Ethiopian. — 2, n. The Geez, or 
 Eth'moid, a. [Gr. r^uoeiS^ ; r)dfx6<;, a sieve, and 
 
 eT5o?, form.] Sieve-like. — 2, n. A spongy bone 
 
 of the head. 
 Eth'nargh, n. [Gr. e0vapx7}9 ; eQvos, a natiou, 
 ^ and apxos, a ruler.] A provincial governor. 
 Eth'nar-phj;, »• The dominion of an ethnarch. 
 I Eth'nic, \a. [Gr. ZOvlicos ; iOvos, a nation.] 
 Eth'ni-cal, J Heathen : — relating to ethnology, or 
 
 to races of maukind. 
 Eth-nog'ra-pher, »/. One versed in ethnography; 
 
 one who writes on ethnographv. 
 
 iSSSkfc,!, } - Re,atiD S t0 ethnography. 
 
 Eth-nog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. eQvos, a nation, and 
 ypdjieiv, to write.] A description of nations, or 
 
 ^ of the different races of men. 
 
 Eth-no-log'i-cal, a. Relating to ethnology. 
 
 Eth-nol'o-gist, n. One versed in ethnology. 
 
 ?th-nol'o-gy, n. [Gr. ZOvos, a nation, and Adyo9, 
 a treatise.] A treatise on races of men. 
 
 Eth-og'ra-phy, n. A description of the moral 
 characteristics of man. 
 
 Eth-o-log'i-cal, a. Treating of morality. 
 
 E-thol'o-gy, n. [Gr. 77609, e9os, custom, and 
 A6709, a treatise.] A treatise on ethics : — that de- 
 partment of science which investigates the cus- 
 toms prevailing among different races and at 
 different stages of culture. 
 
 E'ti-o-late. v. a. & v. n. [Fr. etioler, 0. Fr. estioler, 
 to enfeeble, to make slender or pale. — Cf. iteule, 
 stubble; Ger. stiel, a stalk.] [pp. etiolating, 
 etiolated.] To blanch or whiten by excluding 
 the sun ; to become white. 
 
 E-ti-o-la'tion, n. Whitening by the exclusion of 
 the'sun's rays; blanching. 
 
 E-ti-ol'o-gy, ». [Gr. atria, a cause, and A6yo9, a 
 treatise.] That department of any science which 
 inquires into causes. 
 
 Et-i-quette' (et-i-kef), n. [Fr. etiquette, a ticket 
 (q. v.), a note of introduction.] The ceremonial 
 code of polite life ; ceremony; civility. 
 
 E-tru'ri-an, or E-triis'can, a. & n. Belonging to, 
 or a native of, ancient Etruria, in Italy. 
 
 Etude (a-tud), >i. [Fr. for "study."] A piece for 
 study, as a passage in music, or a figure to be 
 copied in drawing or sculpture; a study. 
 
 Et-y.-mo-lo£'i-cal, <•. Relating to etymology. 
 
 Et-y.-mo-log'i-cal-ly,<"?. According to etymology. 
 
 Et-y-mol'o-£-Tst,' ». One versed in etymology. 
 
 Et-y-mol'p-gy, n. [Gr. irv/xov, an etymon, a lit- 
 eral meaning, and Aoyo9, a treatise.] That part 
 of philology which treats of the origin and 
 derivation of words :— a treatise on the parts of 
 speech ; grammar. 
 
 Et'y-mon, 11. ; pi. Et'y-mons. or Et'y-ma. [Gr. 
 eTVju.oi', neuter of erv/u.09, true ; ereos, real.] An 
 original or primitive word : — the primary signi- 
 fication of a word. 
 
 Eu, a prefix, is the Gr. ev, well ; its meanings are 
 exactly opposite to those of the prefix dye. 
 
 Eu-ca-lyp'tus, n. [Gr. ev, well, and KaAv7rT09, 
 covered; KaKvirreiv, to cover : the bud has a lid 
 or cover.] A genus of trees of many species, 
 chiefly Australian. 
 
 Eii'eha-rist (yu'ka-rist), v. [Gr. ev^apio-rta, a 
 return of thanks; ev, well, and x«ipi9, thanks, 
 favor. — Cf. x a P<*i 3°J-\ The Lord's supper; com- 
 munion. See Sacrament. 
 
 Eu-pha-ris'tic, 1«. Relating to the eucharist, 
 
 Eu-pha-ris'ti-cal, j or Lord's supper. 
 
 Eu'phre (yu'ke'r), n. [A factitious word ; con- 
 jectured by some to be Gr. ev^etp or evxep7?9, 
 skilful, expert ; ev, well, good, and x et P? a hand.] 
 A game at cards. — 2, v. a. [pp. euchring, eu- 
 chred.] To defeat an opponent in one of the 
 stages of the game of euchre : — [Slang] to out- 
 wit; to baffle; to foil. 
 
 Eu-dae'mon-ism, n. [Gr. evSaijuovio-yu^ ; evSai- 
 ftoiv, happy ; ev, good, and SaLfuov, spirit.] A 
 system of ethics which makes morality depend 
 on the production of happiness : — the systematic 
 pursuit of happiness. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, 9, 5, § , soft ; (3, J3, p, §, hard ; s as z ; x as gz ; this, 
 
EUD^EMONIST 
 
 228 
 
 EVENTUATE 
 
 Eu-dse'mon-ist, ) n. One who regards happiness 
 
 Eu-de'mon-ist, J as the chief good ; one who 
 studieshis own personal enjoyment. 
 
 Eu-em'er-i§m, n. See Euhemerism. 
 
 Eii'lo-gist, n. One who eulogizes. 
 
 Eu-lo-fis'tic, \a. Containing eulogy ; lauda- 
 
 Eu-lo-l'is'ti-cal, j tory ; encomiastic. 
 
 Eu-lo'fi-um, n. [Late Gr. euAoyiov.] Eulogy; 
 panegyric. 
 
 Eu'lo-|lze, v. a. [pp. eulogizing, eulogized.] To 
 commend ; to praise. 
 
 Eu'lo-gy, B. [Gr. euAoyi'a ; eu, well, and Aeyeiv, 
 to speak.] A speech or writing in praise of an- 
 other; encomium; a panegyric; praise. 
 
 Eu'nuph (yu'nuk), n. [Gr. euvouxos; euvTJ, a hed, 
 and e\ei.v, to have, to have in charge.] One that 
 is castrated : — a chamberlain. 
 
 Eu'pep-sy, or Eu-pep'sy, u. [Gr. eu, well, and 
 ireiTTeiv, to cook, to digest.] Good digestion. 
 
 Eu-pep'tic (yu-pep'tik), o. [Gr. evnenTo*;. — See 
 EiPEPSY.] Easy of digestion : — having a good 
 digestion. 
 
 Eu'phem-ism, ». [Gr. ev$r\p.io-p6<; or eu^Tjp-i'a. ; 
 eu, well, and (frr/ni, I speak.] The describing 
 of an offensive thing by an inoffensive expression. 
 
 Eu-phe-nus'tic, a. Relating to or partaking of eu- 
 phemism. 
 
 Eu'phe-mize. v. a. [pp. euphemizing, euphe- 
 mize'd.] To express by a euphemism, or in del- 
 icate language. — 2, v. v. To express one's self 
 in euphemisms or delicate language. 
 
 Eu-phon'ic, \ a. Sounding agreeably; eupho- 
 
 Eu-phon'i-cal, J nious : — relating to euphony. 
 
 Eu-pho'ni-oiis, a. Harmonious; euphonic. 
 
 Eu'pho-ni§m, n. Agreeable sound ; euphony. 
 
 Eu'pho-ny (yu'fo-ne), n. [Gr. eu</>u>via; eu, well, 
 and 0wvrj, voice.] Agreeable sound. 
 
 Eu-phbr'bi-a, n. [Gr. eu<£6p/3iov, from Euphorbos, 
 a noted Greek physician whose name signifies 
 well fed; eu, well, and $ep/3eiv, to feed.] A 
 genus of trees and herbs of many species, often 
 poisonous. 
 
 Eu'phra-sy. n. [Gr. evfypaaia, delight; eixfrpai- 
 veiv, to delight ; eu, well, and </>pi?v, the mind, 
 or the diaphragm.] A plant and its flower; the 
 eyebright, a plant once much used for clearing 
 the sight. 
 
 Eu'phu-i§m, n. [Gr. eu<£u7j<r, fine, excellent,— 
 literally, well grown ; eu, well, and 4>viq, growth : 
 Euphues was the name of the hero of a romance 
 [1579] by John Lyly, celebrated for the affecta- 
 tions and artificiality of its style.] Extreme 
 purity ; fastidious delicacy in language : — high- 
 flown and affectedly artificial diction. 
 
 Eu'phu-ist, n. One who uses euphuisms. 
 
 Eu-phu-is'tic, a. Relating to euphuism. 
 
 Eu'phu-Ize,'r. n. [pp. euphuizing, euphuized.] 
 To express one's self in an affectedly refined 
 manner; to be absurdly fastidious in language. 
 
 Eu-ra'sian (yii-ra'shan), v. [From Europe and 
 Asia.] ' A half-breed between a European and a 
 native Asiatic. 
 
 Eu-roc'ly-don, n. [Gr. evpon\vS<nv ; evpos, the 
 south-east wind, and kAu6o>v, a surge.] The 
 levanter, a storm-wind. 
 
 Eu-ro-pe'an (yu-ro-pe'an), a. Belonging to Eu- 
 rope.— 2, n. A native of Europe. 
 
 Eu-ro-pe'an-ize, v. a. [pp. Europeanizing, Eu- 
 rop'eanized.] To cause to become European ; to 
 accustom to European usages. 
 
 Eu'rus, ». [L. ; Gr. eupos.] The east or south- 
 east wind. 
 
 Eu-sta'phi-an, a. [From Eusfachius, an Italian 
 anatomist of the sixteenth century; his name is 
 the same as Eustace ; probably from Gr. eu, well, 
 and o-raxv?, an ear of corn, an offshoot, a scion ; 
 hence, a child.] Noting a tube which connects 
 the ear with the nostril. 
 
 Eu-than-a'si-a, or Eu-than'a-sy, n. JGr. eu0a- 
 vatria ; eu, and 0<xvaTo?, death ; davelv, to die.] 
 An easy death. 
 
 E-vac'u-ant, n. A purgative medicine. 
 
 E-vac'u-ate, v. a. [L. evacuare, evacuatum; e, out, 
 and vacuus, empty.] [pp. evacuating, evacuated.] 
 To make empty ; to quit. 
 
 E-vac-ii-a'tion, n. Act of evacuating ; valua- 
 tion ; a discharge ; a withdrawing. 
 
 E-vade', v. a. [L. evadere, evasum, to go away ; e, 
 
 ' out, and vadere, to go.] [pp. evading, evaded.] 
 To avoid by artifice ; to elude ; to shun. — 2, r. n. 
 To equivocate : — to make an escap>\ 
 
 E-val'u-ate, c. a. [Fr. trainer. — See Value.] [pp. 
 
 ' evaluating, evaluated.] To determine the value 
 of by examination or experiment ; to appraise ; 
 to appreciate, [r.] 
 
 E-val-u-a'tion, n. A valuation or estimate de- 
 
 " duced from investigation ; appraisement. 
 
 Ev-a-nes'cence, n. Act of vanishing. 
 
 Ev-a-nes'cent, a. [L. evauescere, evunescentis. — See 
 Vanish.]' Vanishing; fleeting. 
 
 E-van'gel, n. The gospel. 
 
 E-van-gel'ic, o. Agreeable to the gospel. 
 
 E-van-fel'i-cal, or Ev-an-geTi-cal, a. Agreea- 
 ble to, or contained in, the gospel ; evangelic. 
 
 E-van'ge-list, n. [Gr. euayyeAia-Tjjs ; euayyeAiov, 
 gospel; eu, well, good, and dyyeAi'a, tidings. — 
 See Angel.] One of the four writers of the gos- 
 pel history : — a preacher of the gospel. 
 
 E-van'gel-Ize, ». a. [pp. evangelizing, evange- 
 lized.] To instruct in the gospel. 
 
 E-van'ish, v. n. [See Evanescent.] [pp. evanish- 
 ' ing, evanished.] To vanish; to disappear. 
 
 Ev-a-ni"tion (ev-a-nish'un), n. The act of vanish- 
 ing, or state of having Vanished. 
 
 E-vap'o-ra-ble, a. Easily dissipated in vapor. 
 
 E-vap'o-rate, v. n. [L. evaporare, evaporation ; e, 
 " out, and vapor, vapor (q. r.).j [pp. evaporating, 
 evaporated.] To fly away in" vapors. — 2, v. a. 
 To disperse in vapors. 
 
 E-vap-o-ra'tion, n. Act of evaporating. 
 
 E-vap'o-ra-tor, n. A machine for drying fruits. 
 
 E-va'§i'on (e-va'zhun), n. [L. evasio. — See Evade.] 
 " A quibble'; an elusion. 
 
 E-va'sive, a. Practising evasion ; elusive. 
 
 E-va'sive-ly, ad. By evasion ; elusively. 
 
 Eve, n. [See Evening.] The evening: — the even- 
 ing before an ecclesiastical festival : — time just 
 preceding an event. 
 
 E-vec'tion (e-vek'shun), n. [L. evectio; e, out, and 
 ' vehere,' vecium, to carry.] A carrying away; a 
 deviation. 
 
 E'ven (e'vn), a. [A.-S. pfen, efn : But. even ; Ger. 
 eben ; Ban. jsevn.~\ Level; uniform; equal; par- 
 allel : — quiet : — out of debt :— not odd. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. evening, evened.] To make even; to level. 
 —3, v. n. To be equal or level.— 4, ad. Verily,; 
 likewise; so much as. — 5, n. [See Evening.] 
 Evening ; eve. 
 
 E'ven-hand'ed, a. Impartial; equitable; just. 
 
 E'ven-ing (e'vn-ing), w. [A.-S. tefnung, from efen, 
 tefen, eve; Ger. abend; Ban. often; Fris. attend: 
 closely related to After.] The close of the day. 
 
 E'ven-ing-star. n. Hesper, or Hesperus :— Venus 
 when visible in the evening. 
 
 E'ven-ly. (e'vn-le), ad. Equally; uniformly. 
 
 E'ven-nSss (e'vn-nes), n. State of being even. 
 
 E'ven-song, n. Worship for the evening ; vespers. 
 
 E-vent', n. [L. eventus, eventum ; evenire, to hap- 
 pen ; e, out, and venire, ventum, to come.] Any 
 thing that happens, good or bad ; issue ; end ; in- 
 cident ; consequence. 
 
 E-vent' ful, a. Full of events ; momentous. 
 
 E'ven-tide (e'vn-tld), n. Time of evening. 
 
 E-vent'u-al, «. [Fr. eventuel.—See Event.] Con- 
 sequential ; ultimate ; final. 
 
 E-vent-u-aTi-ty,, n. A propensity to take cogni- 
 
 " zance of facts' and events : — that which event- 
 uates or happens : — the probability of an event's 
 happening. 
 
 E-vent'u-al-ly, ad. In the event ; ultimately. 
 
 5-vent'u-ate, v. n. [pp. eA-entuating, eventuated.] 
 To happen ; to come to pass. 
 
 a, e, i, o, u, y, long; a, e, i, 5, u, y, short; a, e, j, 9, u, y., obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall ; h6ir, her ; 
 
EVEE 
 
 229 
 
 EXAKCHATE 
 
 Ev'er, ad. [A.-S. sefre. — See Aye.] At any time ; 
 at' all times; always. — Forever, eternally. — Ever 
 is used in composition in the sense of always. 
 
 Ev'er-glade, w- [Said to be properly the name of 
 a glade or open space in a marshy tract. This 
 name is chiefly applied to certain great marshes 
 in Florida.] A marshy tract of country. 
 
 Ev'er-green, a. Verdant throughout the year. — 
 2,'n. A plant or tree green all the year. 
 
 Ev-er-last'ing, a. Having no end; eternal. — 
 2,'n. God : — eternity : — a kind of plant. 
 
 Ev-er-last'ing-ly., ad. Eternally. 
 
 Ev-er-llv'ing, a. Undying; eternal. 
 
 Ev-er-more', ad. Always; eternally. 
 
 E-vert', v. a. [L. evertere; e, out, and vertere, to 
 
 " turn.] [pp. everting, everted.] To overthrow : 
 — to turn outward. 
 
 Ev'e-ry, ad. [O.-E. everich, from ever and each.] 
 Each one ; all, taken separately. 
 
 Ev'e-ry-day, a. Common ; occurring daily. 
 
 Ev'e-ry-where (-hwar), ad. In all places. 
 
 E-vict', v. a. [L. evincere, cvictum, to regain by a 
 
 " process; e, out, and viucere, to conquer.] [pp. 
 evicting, evicted.] To dispossess by legal 
 process. 
 
 E-vic'tion, 11. Dispossession ; deprivation. 
 
 Ev'i-deiice, it. [L. evideutia.] State of being evi- 
 dent ; whatever evinces; testimony; proof;' wit- 
 ness. — 2, v. a. [pp. evidencing, evidenced.] To 
 prove ; to evince ; to show. 
 
 Ev'i-dent, a. [L. evideus, evidentis, visible ; e, out, 
 clearly, and videre, to see.] Plain; apparent; 
 notorious. 
 
 E>-i-den'tial, or Ev-i-den'tia-ry. (-sha-re), a. 
 Affording evidence. 
 
 Ev'i-dent-ly, ad. Certainly; obviously. 
 
 E'vO (e-'vl) [e'vil, /.], a. [A.-S. ijfel; Dut. euvel ; 
 Ger. iiliel; Goth, ubils. — See III.] Not good; 
 wicked ; bad ; ill. — 2, n. Wickedness : — injury ; 
 calamity. — 3, ad. Not well ; injuriously. 
 
 E'vil-do'er (e'vl-do'er), «. A malefactor. 
 
 E'vil-speak'ing (e'vl-spuk'jng), n. Slander. 
 
 E-vince', v. a. [L. evincere, to conquer, to prevail, — 
 
 " hence, to prove or show; e, out, and viucere, to 
 conquer.] [pp. evincing, evinced.] To prove ; 
 to show ; to manifest. 
 
 E-vin'cive, a. Tending to show; indicative. 
 
 E-vis'cer-ate, v. a. [L. evticerare, evisceratnm ; 
 
 ' e, outj and viscera, bowels. — See Viscus.] [pp. 
 eviscerating, eviscerated.] To take out the en- 
 trails of. 
 
 E-vis-cer-a'tion, n. The act of disembowelling, 
 
 ]£-v6ke', v. a. [L. 
 
 re: e, out, and vocare, to 
 
 call.] [pp. evoking, evoked.] To call forth ; to 
 call from. 
 
 Ev'o-lute, n. [L. evolvere, evolution, to evolve 
 (q~. v.).] A certain mathematical curve. 
 
 Ev-o-lu'tion, a. [L. evolulio. — See Evolve.] The 
 act, of unfolding; a displaying. — (Arilh.) Ex- 
 traction of roots. — (MM.) The motion and wheel- 
 ing of troops. — (Biol.) The series of steps through 
 which any living being has passed in acquiring 
 its present characteristics: — the doctrine that 
 all organized beings have been developed by 
 continuous upward progression from simpler 
 forms and lower types to higher and more com- 
 plex structures; Darwinism. 
 
 Ev-o-lu'tion-al, at. Evolutionary. 
 
 Ev-o-lu'tion-a-ry, a. Relating to evolution : — 
 characterized by evolution or progressive devel- 
 opment; produced by evolution. 
 
 Ev-9-lu'tion-ist, w. One who maintains the doc- 
 trine of evolution. 
 
 E-volve' (e-v61v'), v. a. & v. n. [L. evolvere, to un- 
 roll ; e, out, and volvere, to roll.] [pp. evolving, 
 evolved.] To unfold; to open. 
 
 E-vill'sion, n. [L. evnUio; e, out, and vellere, vid- 
 sum, to' pluck. J A plucking or tearing out. 
 
 Ewe (yu), n. [A.-S. eowu; Dut. ooi.—Cf. Lith. 
 avis, L. oris, Gr. ois, Skr. avi, Russ. ovtsa, a 
 sheep.] A female sheep. 
 
 Ew'er (yu'er), n. [Fr. eav, 
 0. Fr. ewe, aigue, L. aqua, 
 water ; 0. Fr. aiguiere, L. aqua- 
 rium, a water-vessel. — Cf. Fr. 
 evier, a drain.] A pitcher for 
 w ater ; a water-jug. 
 
 Ex (eks or egz). A Latin and 
 Greek preposition, signifying 
 out of, from. Besides enter- 
 ing "into the composition of 
 numerous words, it is often Ewer. 
 
 prefixed to names or terms of 
 office, implying out of office, late; as, ej.-chancel- 
 lor, ex-minister. 
 
 Ex-ac'er-bate [egz-a-seVbat, S. Ja. E. ; ex-as'er- 
 bat, St. I.], v. a. [L. exacerbare, exacerbutum, to 
 irritate; ex, thoroughly, and acerbus, bitter.] 
 [pp. exacerbating, exacerbated.] To exasperate. 
 
 Ex-ac-er-ba'tion, n Exasperation ; height of a 
 " disease ; a paroxysm ; increase of violence. 
 
 Ex-act' (egz-akt'), a. [L. exigere, exactum, to weigh 
 " or measure out, — originally, to drive out; ex, 
 out, aud agere, to drive.] Accurate; precise; 
 formal; particular; strict; methodical; punctual. 
 — 2, v. a. [Late L. exactare, to compel, intensive 
 of exigere, to drive out, as above.] [pp. exact- 
 ing, exacted.] To require authoritatively; to 
 demand of right ; to compel ; to enforce. 
 
 Ex-act'ing, a. Severe in compelling fulfilment 
 of obligations; hard; extortionate. 
 
 Ex-ac'tion, n. [L. exactio.] The act of exacting; 
 ' extortion; extreme or unjust demand: — a trib- 
 
 Ex-act'i-tude, «. Exactness; nicety. [ute. 
 
 Ex-act'iy, ad. Accurately ; precisely. 
 
 Ex-act'ness, n. Accuracy; nicety; strictness. 
 
 Ex-act'or, it. One who exacts ; an extortioner. 
 
 Ex-ag'ger-ate, v. a. [L. exaggerate, exaggeration, 
 to heap up; ex, out, and agger, a heap; ad, to- 
 gether, and gerere, to carry.] [pp. exaggerating, 
 exaggerated.] To heighten by representation; 
 to state too high ; to overstate. 
 
 Ex-af-ger-a'tion, n. The act of exaggerating; 
 ' a statement which exceeds the truth ; hyperbole. 
 
 Ex-ag'ger-a-tive, or Ex-aJ-'ger-a-to-ry, a. Ex- 
 aggerating or exaggerated: overstated; height- 
 ened : — tending to exaggeration. 
 
 Ex-alt', v. a. [L. exaltare ; ex, out, and alius, 
 ' high.] [pp. exalting, exalted.] To elevate ; to 
 heighten : — to praise ; to extol. 
 
 Ex-al-ta'tion, n. The act of exalting : elevation. 
 
 Ex-am-i-na'tion, n. The act of examining ; scru- 
 " tiny; inquiry into facts; a trial : — research. 
 
 Ex-am'ine, v. a. [L. examinare, to weigh, to con- 
 sider ; examen or exagmen, a weighing, a bal- 
 ance-rod ; ex, out, and agere, to carry, whence 
 exigere, to weigh; examen (exagmen) strictly 
 means a swarm, a troop, like ugmaA [pp. ex- 
 amining, examined.] To try"; to question ; to 
 search into ; to scrutinize ; to sift : to discuss. 
 
 Ex-am'i-ner, n. One who examines : an inquirer. 
 
 Ex-am'ple. )/. [Fr. exenvple, L. exemplum, a speci- 
 
 " men, a pattern ; eximere, to take out, to select ; 
 ex, out, and einere, to buy, to take.] Something 
 to be imitated ; a copy ; pattern ; model : — some- 
 thing to be avoided : — instance ; illustration ; a 
 precedent. 
 
 Ex-an'i-mate, v. a. [L. exanimare, exanimatum, to 
 
 " deprive of spirit or breath; ex, out, and animus, 
 spirit.] [pp. exanimating, exanimated.] To 
 deprive of life : — to dishearten. 
 
 Ex-an'i-mate, a. Lifeless; dead; spiritless. 
 
 Ex-an-i-ma'tion, n. Deprivation of life. 
 
 Ex-an'them [eks'an-them, J.], n. [L. Ex-an-the'- 
 ma; pi. Ex-an-them'a-ta.] [Gr. e£dv6r)iJ.a.; e£, 
 out, and dvOelv, to bloom ; av0o<;, a flower.] 
 (Med.) A rash ; an eruption on the skin. 
 
 Ex-an-them'a-tous, a. Efflorescent ; eruptive. 
 
 Ex'arph (eks'iirk), ». [L. exarchus ; Gr. e£apx°s; 
 e£, out, and dpxeti', to rule.] A vicerov. 
 
 Ex'ar-phate [eks-iir'kat, Si. N. Wb.], n. The office, 
 or province, of an exarch : — an outlying province. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bail, bur, rule, 6se.— g, Q, c, g, soft; p, p, p, g, hard; §asz; x as gz ; tfiis. 
 
 20 
 
EXASPEEATE 
 
 230 
 
 EXCULPABLE 
 
 Ex-as'per-ate, V. a. [L. exasperare, exasperatum, 
 
 ' to provoke, to roughen ; ex, out, aud asper, 
 rough. — See Asperity.] [pp. exasperating, ex- 
 asperated.] To irritate in a high degree ; to en- 
 rage ; to vex : — to exacerhate ; to inflame. 
 
 Ex-as-per-a'tion, n. Great provocation ; irrita- 
 tion ; vexation; anger; increase of violence. 
 
 Ex'ca-vate, or Ex-ca'vate, v. a. [L. excavure, ex- 
 cavalum; ex, out, and cuvare, to hollow; cuvus, 
 hollow.] [pp. excavating, excavated.] To cut 
 into hollows ; to hollow ; to make hollow. 
 
 Ex-ca-va/tion, n. The act of excavating ; cavity. 
 
 Ex-ceed', v.' a. [L. excedere, to go beyond ; ex, 
 out, and cedere, to go.] [pp. exceeding, ex- 
 ceeded.] To go beyond; to excel; to surpass; 
 to transcend ; to outdo. — 2, v. n. To go too far. 
 
 Ex-ceed'ing, p. a. Great; very large. 
 
 Ex-ceed'ing-ly, ad. To a great degree. 
 
 Ex-cel', v. a. [L. excellere, to surpass.] [pp. ex- 
 
 ' celling, excelled.] To outdo in excellence; to 
 surpass. — 2, v. n. To have or take high rank. 
 
 Ex'cel-lence, n. State of excelling; superiority; 
 good quality ; dignity ; goodness, [of a governor. 
 
 Ex'cel-len-cy, n. Excellence : — a title of honor, as 
 
 Ex'cel-lent, a. [L. excellere, excellentis, to excel.] 
 Eminent in any good quality; superior; unusu- 
 ally good; highly meritorious. 
 
 Ex'cel-lent-ly,W Well in a high degree. 
 
 Ex-cel' si-or, a. [L.] More elevated. 
 
 Ex-cen'tric, a. See Eccentric. 
 
 ^Jx-cept', v. a. [L. exceptare, frequentative of ex- 
 cipere, exceptant, to take out; ex, out, and capere, 
 to take.] [pp. excepting, excepted.] To leave 
 out; to exclude. — 2, v. n. To object; to make 
 objections. — 3, prep. Exclusively of; not in- 
 cluding; with the exception of. 
 
 Ex-cept'ing, prep. With exception of ; except. 
 
 ^x-cep'tion, n. The act of excepting; thing ex- 
 
 ' cepted ; "exclusion ; objection: — cavil. 
 
 Ex-cep'tion-a-ble, a. Liable to objection ; faulty. 
 
 ?x-cep'tion-al, a. Implying exceptions : — con- 
 stituting an exception ; above or beyond aver- 
 age; not ordinary or common; supereminent ; 
 rare :— peculiar. 
 
 Ex-cep'tion-al-ly, ad. In an exceptional man- 
 ner ; to or in an exceptional degree. 
 
 Ex-cep'tive, a. Including an exception. 
 
 ^x-cerpt', n. [L. excerpere, excerptum, to extract; 
 ex, out, and carpere, to pluck.] A passage ex- 
 tracted ; an extract. — 2, v. a. [pp. excerpting, 
 excerpted.] To extract ; to select out. 
 
 Ex-cerp'ta, n. pi. [L.] Extracts ; selections. 
 
 Ex-cess', n. [L. excessus, a going out. — See Ex- 
 ceed.] More than enough; superfluity; exu- 
 berance ; extravagance : — intemperance. 
 
 Ex-ces'sive, a. Beyond due bounds; vehement. 
 
 Ex-ces'sjve-ly, ad. Exceedingly ; extravagantly. 
 
 Ex-change', v. a. [Fr. tchauger ; L. ex, away, and 
 " Change (</. v.).] [pp. exchanging, exchanged.] 
 To give one thing for another; to barter; to 
 commute ; to change. — 2, n. Act of exchanging ; 
 traffic ; barter : — balance of money of different 
 countries : — a place where merchants meet. 
 
 Ex-change-a-bil'i-ty, n. The state or quality of 
 being exchangeable. 
 
 Ex-change'a-ble, a. That may be exchanged. 
 
 ?x-cheq'uer (eks-chek'er), u. [Fr. eehiquier, a 
 chess-board ; also a checkered board for counting 
 and reckoning; hence, public accounts, a treas- 
 ury. — See Checker and Chess.] A public 
 treasury. 
 
 Ex-cip'i-ent, n. [L. excipere, excipientis, to receive ; 
 ex, out, and capere, to take.] A vehicle or sub- 
 stance in which a medicine is taken. 
 
 Ex-cis'a-ble, «. Liable to the duty of excise. 
 
 ^x-clse', n [Fr. accise, excise; Dut. aksiis, Ger. 
 accise, a tax ; Sp. sisa, a cess or tax ; Late L. ac- 
 cisia, a score, a tally, — hence, a tax -account, a 
 tax ; from L. accide>-e, accisum, to cut, to notch ; 
 ad, to, and csedere, to cut.] An inland tax levied 
 upon commodities of home consumption. — 2, 
 
 v. a. [pp. excising, excised.] To levy a tax: — 
 [L. excidere, excisms ; ex, out, and csedere, to cut] 
 to cut out or off. 
 
 Ex-clse'man, n. Inspector of excised goods. 
 
 Ex-ci sion (eks-sizk'un), n. Extirpation ; ruin. 
 
 Ex-ci-ta-bil'i-tx, n. Capability of being excited. 
 
 Ex-ci'ta-ble, a. Easy to be excited. 
 
 Ex-ci'tant [ek'se-tant, Sm. St. I.], n. {Med.) Med- 
 icine which excites action.— 2, a. Exciting; 
 stimulating. 
 
 Ex-ci-ta'tion, n. Act of exciting or rousing. 
 
 Ex-ci'ta-tlve, a. Having power to excite. 
 
 Ex-cl'ta-to-rx, a. Tending to excite. 
 
 Ex-cite', v. a. [L. excitare, freq. of exciere, to call 
 out; ex, out, and ciere, to summon.] [pp. ex- 
 citing, excited.] To rouse; to animate; to stir. 
 
 Ex-clte'ment, 11. State of being excited ; sensa- 
 tion ; agitation ; commotion ; movement. 
 
 Ex-cit'ing, p. a. Tending to excite; rousing. 
 
 Ex-claim', v. n. [L. exclamare, exclamatum ; ex, 
 out, and claviare, to cry.] [pp. exclaiming, ex- 
 claimed.] To cry out ; to vociferate. 
 
 Ex-cla-ma'tion, n. Vehement outcry ; clamor : — 
 a mark [ ! ] indicating emotion. 
 
 Ex-clam'a»to-r;y., «. "Using exclamation. 
 
 Ex-clude', v. a. [L. excludere; ex, out, and chni- 
 dere, to shut.] [pp. excluding, excluded.] To 
 shutout; to hinder from entrance ; to debar; to 
 prohibit; to expel. 
 
 Ex-clu'§ion (eks-klu'zhun), n. [L. exclusio. — See 
 
 "Exclude.] Act of excluding; prohibition; a 
 shutting out. 
 
 Ex-clu'sive, a. Tending to exclude; debarring; 
 excepting : — opposed to inclusive. 
 
 Ex-clii'sive-ly, ad. Without admitting another. 
 
 Ex-clu'sive-ness, w. State of being exclusive. 
 
 Ex-clu'so-ry., a. Excluding; exclusive. 
 
 Ex-cog'i-tate, v. a. [L. excogitare, excogitation ; ex, 
 
 ' out, and cogilare, to think.] [ pp. excogitating, 
 excogitated.] To invent; to cogitate. — 2, v. u. 
 To think ; to cogitate. 
 
 Ex-cog-i-ta'tion, n. Invention; cogitation. 
 
 Ex-com-mu'ni-cate, t'. a. [L. excomvtuuicare, ex- 
 c&tnmunicatum. — See Communicate.] [pp. ex- 
 communicating, excommunicated.] To exclude 
 from communion; to expel from fellowship. 
 
 Ex-com-mu-ni-ca'tion, n. Exclusion from the 
 fellowship of the church ; an interdict. 
 
 Ex-co'ri-ate, v. a. [L. excoriare, excoriuinm, to 
 ' skin; 'ex, off, and corium, Gr. x°P'- 0V t tne hide.] 
 [pp. excoriating, excoriated.] To strip off the 
 skin ; to abrade. 
 
 Ex-co-rj-a'tion, n. Act of flaying; abrasion. 
 
 Ex'cre-ment, n. [L. excrementwm ; excernere, ex- 
 crehlm, to excrete (q. v.). Old writers, in speak- 
 ing of haii' and feathers as excrements, follow the 
 L. excrescere, excrelmit, to grow out. Excremeu- 
 tum in Latin has both senses, that of ordure, 
 and that of outgrowth.] Alvine discharges; 
 ordure ; dung. 
 
 Ex-cre-ment'al. \ a. Relating to or resem- 
 
 Ex-cre-men-ti"tious, j bling excrement. 
 
 Ex-cres'cence, n. [L. excrescetttia ; excrescere, ex- 
 ' cretnm, to grow out ; ex, out, crescere, to grow. — 
 See Crescent.] A protuberance ; a tumor. 
 
 Ex-cres'cent, a. Growing out of something. 
 
 Ex-crete', v. a. [L. excernere, excretunt, to sepa- 
 "rate; ex, out, and cernere, to sift.] [pp. ex- 
 creting, excreted.] To eject as injurious. 
 
 Ex-cre'tion, »?. Ejection of a waste substance from 
 ' the animal bodv :— waste substance ejected. 
 
 Ex'cre-tlve [eks'kre-tiv, S. W. P. J. Wb. I. ; eks- 
 kre'tiv, Ja. St. Sm'.], a. Separating; ejecting. 
 
 Ex'crelto-ry. or Ex-cre'to-ry, a. Excreting; ex- 
 cretive': — throwing out waste. 
 
 Ex-cru'ci-ate (eks-kru'she-at), v. a. [L. excntciare, 
 ' excrnciuium, to torment ; ex, out, and cruciare, to 
 torment, to torture; crux, crxicis, a cross.] To 
 afflict with great pain ; to torture ; to torment. 
 
 Ex-cru-ci-a'tion, n. Torment; vexation. 
 
 Ex-cul'pa-ble, a. That may be excused. 
 
 a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, 5, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y., obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
EXCULPATE 
 
 231 
 
 EXHUME 
 
 Excurrent midribs. 
 
 Ex-ciil'pate, v. a. [L. exculpare, exculpatwm ; ex, 
 ' out, and culpa, blame.] [pp. exculpating, excul- 
 pated.] To clear from fault; to excuse. 
 
 Ex-cul-pa'tion, n. Vindication; excuse. 
 
 Ex-cul'pa-to-ry, a. Clearing, or tending to clear, 
 ' from imputed fault. 
 
 Ex- cur' rent. a. [L. excurrere, excurrentis, to run 
 
 ' out; ej:,'out, and cwrrere, to run.] Running out; 
 extending outward, like 
 the midrib of certain 
 leaves. 
 
 Ex-ciir'sion, n. [L. ex- 
 curoio, from excurrere, 
 excursion, to run out.] 
 A ramble; digression; 
 journey. 
 
 Ex-ciir'sion-ist, w. One 
 " who goes on an excursion. 
 
 Ex-ciir'sive, a. Rambling; wandering. 
 
 Ex-cur' sus, n. [L.] A literary exercise or di- 
 
 " gression ; a digressive dissertation. 
 
 Ex-cus'a-ble, a. That may be excused (said of 
 persons or of faults) ; pardonable; venial. 
 
 Ex-cu'sa-to-ry, a. That excuses ; apologetic. 
 
 Ex-cusV (eks-kuz'), v. a. [L. excusare, to clear of 
 a charge ; ex, out, and causa or caussa, a cause 
 (g. v.), a charge or accusation.] [pp. excusing, 
 excused.] To extenuate by apology; to free 
 from obligation ; to remit ; to pardon. 
 
 Ex-cuse' (eks-kus'), «. A reason alleged for doing 
 " or not doing a thing; plea; apology; pardon. 
 
 Ex'e-cra-ble, a. Hateful; detestable. 
 
 Ex'e-cra-bly. ad. Tn an execrable manner. 
 
 Ex'e-crate, p- a. [L. execrari, execratus, to curse 
 utterly ; ex, out, and sacrarc, to consecrate (also 
 to pronounce accursed) ; sacer, sacred.] [pp. ex- 
 ecrating, execrated.] To curse; to abominate. 
 
 Ex-e-cra'tion, n. Malediction ; a curse. 
 
 Ex-eVu-tarit, u. One who executes or performs. 
 
 Ex'e-eute, v. a. [Fr. exccuter ; L. exsequi, exsecutus, 
 to' pursue, to follow out; ex, out, and scrjui, to 
 follow.] [pp. executing, executed.] To carr,y 
 into effect ; to perform ; to complete ; to finish : 
 — to put to death. 
 
 Ex-e-cu'tion, n. The act of executing; perform- 
 ance :— death inflicted by the tonus of law. 
 
 Ex-e-cu'tion-er, n. One who kills ; one who puts 
 to 'death condemned criminals. 
 
 Ex-ec'ii-tive, a. Having the power to act or exe- 
 
 "cute; putting the laws in force. — 2, n. The 
 person or power that administers the govern- 
 ment, [last will and testament. 
 
 Ex-ec'u-tor, n. [L.] One who executes a testator's 
 
 Ex-ec'u-tor-ship, n. The office of an executor. 
 
 Ex-ec'u-to-ry, a. Relating to execution. 
 
 Ex-ec'u-trix, n. [L.] A female executor. 
 
 Ex-e-i-e'sis, n. [Gr. d^^cris ; l£r)yeia9ai, to ex- 
 plain ; e'£, out. and rjyetadai, to guide; ayeiv, to 
 lead.] The science or art of literary or critical 
 interpretation ; explanation. 
 
 Ex-e-get'i-cal, a. [Gr. efrj-yTjTiKos.— See Exege- 
 sis.] Explanatory ; expository. 
 
 Ex-em'plar, u. [L. exemplar, also exemplarium 
 
 ' aud exemplum. — See Example.] A pattern ; an 
 example; a copy ; a model; plan; resemblance. 
 
 Ex'em-pla-ri-ly, ad. In an exemplary manner. 
 
 Ex'em-pla-ri-ness, n. State of being exemplary. 
 
 Ex'em-pla-ry [egz-em'pla-re, P. K. H.], a. [L. 
 ex'emplaris. — See Example.] Worthy of imita- 
 tion ; serving for a pattern ; correct. 
 
 Ex-em-pli-fi-ca'tion, n. Illustration : — copy. 
 
 Ex-em'pli-fy, v. a. [Late L. exempt ijicare; L. ex- 
 emplum, a copy, and facere, to make.] [pp. 
 exemplifying, exemplified.] To illustrate by 
 example : — to make a certified copy of. 
 
 Ex-empt' (egz-emt'), v. a. [L. eximere, exemptum, to 
 take out ; ex, out, and emere, to procure, properly 
 to buy.] [pp. exempting, exempted.] To free 
 from ; to dispense with ; to privilege ; to excuse. 
 — 2, a. Free by privilege; not liable.— 3, w. A 
 person exempted from certain services or duties. 
 
 Ex-empt'i-ble, a. Capable of being exempted. 
 
 Ex-emp'tion (egz-em'shun), n. State of being 
 
 * exempted ; immunity ; privilege. 
 
 Ex-e-qua'tur, n. [L.] A written instrument 
 recognizing a person as consul. 
 
 Ex'e-quy (eks'e-kwe), «., or Ex f e-quie§ (eks'e- 
 kwiz), '«. pi. [L. exsequise, funeral rites ; ex, 
 out, and sequi, to follow.] Funeral rites. 
 
 Ex-er-cis/a-ble, a. That may be exercised. 
 
 Ex'er-ci§e, n. [Fr. exercice ; L. exercilium; exer- 
 cere, exerciturn, to drive on, to keep at work ; 
 ex, out, and arcere, to compel, to drive away.] 
 Labor; practice; performance. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 exercising, exercised.] To train by use; to em- 
 ploy; to engage; to practise; to use ; to exert. — 
 3, v. n. To use exercise ; to labor. 
 
 Ex-er-ci-ta'tion, n. Exercise; practice; use. 
 
 Ex-ert', v. <i. [L. exserere, exsertum, to thrust out; 
 
 " ex, out, and severe, to put.] [pp. exerting, ex- 
 erted.] To use with effort ; to put into exercise ; 
 to perform. 
 
 Ex-er'tion, n. The act of exerting; effort; en- 
 deavor. 
 
 Ex'e-flnt, v. n. [L. pi. of Exit.] They go out. 
 
 Ex-io'li-ate, v. a. & v. n. [L. exfoliure, exfoliatuin ; 
 ex, off, and folium, a leaf.] [pp. exfoliating, ex- 
 foliated.] To shell off; to peel oft'. 
 
 Ex-fo-li-a/tion, n. The act of shelling off. 
 
 Ex-ha-la'tion, n. The act of exhaling; evapo- 
 ration; vapor; fume; effluvium. 
 
 Ex-hale' [eks-hal', bt.), v. a. [L. exhalare ; ex, 
 ' out, and halare, to breathe.] [pp. exjialing, ex- 
 haled.] To send out in vapors ; to emit. — 2, v. n. 
 To fly off or vanish as vapor. 
 
 Ex-haust' [eks-hawsf, S<.;egz-awst'oregz-hawst', 
 H.], v. a. [L. exhaurire, e'xhaustum ; ex, out, and 
 haurire, to drain.] [pp. exhausting, exhausted.] 
 To draw out totally ; to empty ; to weaken ; to 
 tire out.— 2, w. (Steam Eng.) The steam to be 
 let out of a cylinder after doing its work. 
 
 Ex-haust'ed, p- u. Greatly fatigued ; tired out : 
 
 ' — emptied. 
 
 Ex-haust'i-ble, a. That may he exhausted. 
 
 Ex-haus'tion (effz-hawst'yun), „. The act of ex- 
 hausting; state of being exhausted, [thorough. 
 
 Ex-haust'ive, «. That exhausts: — complete: — 
 
 Ex-haust'iess. a. That cannot be exhausted. 
 
 Ex-hib'it [4ks-hib'it, St. ; eks-hib'it or egz-hib'it, 
 H], v. a. [L. exhibere, exhibitum, to show ; ex, 
 out, and habere, habitum, to hold.] [pp. exhibit- 
 ing, exhibited.] To offer to view; to show : — 
 to administer, as medicine. — 2, v. A paper ex- 
 hibited ; a statement :— that which is exhibited : 
 — articles displayed. 
 
 Ex-hib'it-er. u. One who exhibits or offers. 
 
 Ex-hi-bi"tion (eks-he-bish'un), n. The act of ex- 
 hibiting; display; public'.sW-; — a public ora- 
 torical performance at a literary seminary : — an 
 allowance; a pension. 
 
 Ex-hi-bi"tion-er, n. {England.) A university 
 student who enjoys a pension. 
 
 Ex-hil'a-rant. a. Enlivening; cheering. — 2, n. 
 A medicine which enlivens; a cordial. 
 
 Ex-hil'a-rate [eks-, St. ; eks- or egz-, H.], v. a. [L. 
 exliilarare, exhilaration ; ex, out, and hilarare, to 
 cheer; hilaris, glad.] [pp. exhilarating, exhila- 
 rated.] To make cheerful ; to enliven ; to cheer ; 
 to inspire ; to animate. 
 
 Ex-hil-a-ra'tion, n. Hilarity ; animation. 
 
 Ex-hbrt', v. a. [L. exhortari; ex intensive, and 
 hartari, to urge.] [pp. exhorting, exhorted.] 
 To incite to good; to persuade. 
 
 Ex-hor-ta'ticn, n. Incitement to good ; advice ; 
 an address intended to incite to a right course. 
 
 Ex-hbr'ta-tive, a. Containing exhortation. 
 
 E?-hSr'ta-to-ry. a. Hortatory ; giving advice. 
 
 Ex-hb'rt'er, n. One who exhorts. 
 
 Ex-hu-ma'tion, n. The act of disinterring. 
 
 Ex-hume', v. a. [Fr. exhumer; L. ex, out of, and 
 
 " humuH, the ground.] [pp. exhuming, exhumed.] 
 To dig out of the earth ; to unbury ; to disinter. 
 
 mien, si'r ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— g , 9, 9, §, soft; p, p, p, §, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 
 
EXIGENCE 
 
 232 
 
 EXPENSIVENESS 
 
 EVi-£ence, In. Pressing necessity; urgency; 
 
 Ex'i-gen-cy, J emergency ; want; great need. 
 
 Ex'i-i'ent, a. [L. exigere, exigeutis, to exact (q. v.).] 
 Pressing; urgent. 
 
 Ex'ile, n. [L. exsilium, banishment ; ex, out, and 
 root of salio, to leap ; exsul, an exile ; exsulare, to 
 banish.] Banishment: — the person banished. 
 
 Ex-Ile' [eks'Il, Wb. J. Sm. ; eg'zll or ex'il, H. ; 
 
 ' eg'zTl, St. I.], v. a. [pp. exiling, exiled.] To 
 drive from a country ; to banish. 
 
 Ex-ist', v. n. [L. exsistere, to stand forth, to be; 
 
 " ex, out, and sistere, to set, to cause to stand ; stare, 
 to stand (q. v.).] [pp. existing, existed.] To 
 have existence; to be; to live. 
 
 Ex-ist'ence, n. State of being; being; life. 
 
 E£-ist'ent, a. Having existence or being. 
 
 Ex'it, n. [L. for "he goes out ;" exire, to go out ; 
 ex, out, and ire, to go.] Departure ; a going out ; 
 death :— a passage out. — 2, v. a. (pi. Ex'e-unt.) 
 He, or she, goes out. 
 
 iSx'o-dus, n. [Gr. e£o<5os ; e£, out, and 6S6?, a 
 way.] A departure : — the second book of Moses, 
 describing the journey from Egypt. 
 
 Ex-og'a-mous, a. Of or relating to exogamy ; 
 
 ' noting marriage outside one's tribe. 
 
 Ex-og'a-my, n. [Gr. e£w, outside, and ya/ixo?, 
 
 " marriage.] Marriage beyond one's own tribe; the 
 custom of selecting wives from some outside tribe. 
 
 Ex'o-|'en, n. [Gr. e|w, outside, and yevecrOai, to 
 be' produced.] (Bot.) A plant or tree which is 
 increased by growth on the outside. 
 
 Ex-og'e-neus, a. Belonging to exogens. 
 
 E?-on'er-ate, v. a. [L. exonerare, exoneratum, to 
 disburden ; ex, out, and onus, oneris, a burden.] 
 [pp. exonerating, exonerated.] To disburden; 
 to exculpate; to clear; to discharge ; to relieve. 
 
 Ex-on-er-a'tion, n. The act of exonerating: — 
 state of being exculpated. 
 
 Ex-on'er-a-tive, a. That exonerates. 
 
 E?-or'bi-tance, \n. Excess ; enormity ; extrava- 
 
 Ex-or'bi-tan-cy., j gance. 
 
 ]j?-Sr'bi-tant, a. [L. exorbitare, exorbitantis, to go off 
 the track; ex, out of, and orbila, an orbit (g. v.).] 
 Exceeding due bounds; unreasonable; enor- 
 mous; excessive: — anomalous. 
 
 Ex-or'bi-tant-ry, ad. Excessively. 
 
 Ex'or-cise [eks-or'siz, K.], v. a. [Gr. e£opKi£eiv; 
 e£, out, and opKi^etv, to adjure ; 6p«o?, an oath.] 
 [pp. exorcising, exorcised.] To expel, as evil 
 spirits : — to purify from evil. 
 
 Ex'or-cism, «. [Gr. e£opKia>i6?.— See Exorcise.] 
 Expulsion of evil spirits. 
 
 Ex'or-cist, n. [Gr. c^opkictttj?. — See Exorcise.] 
 One who expels evil spirits. 
 
 Es-Sr'di-um, n. [L. for a "beginning," a "warp;" 
 
 ' exordiri, ordiri, to weave, to begin.] L. pi. Ex- 
 or'di-a; Eng. Ex-br'di-ums. {Rhei.) The open- 
 ing part of an oration ; a preface ; an introduction. 
 
 Ex-o-skel'e-ton, n. [Gr. i£a>, outward, and Skel- 
 eton.] The external skeleton seen in many of 
 the lower animals. 
 
 Ex-os-mose', ft. [Gr. <i£u>, outside, and wOeiv, to 
 push, or thrust.] The outward passage of fluids 
 through membranes. 
 
 Ex-os-mo'sis, n. See Exosmose. 
 
 Ex-os-mot'ic, a. Relating to exosmose. 
 
 Ex-os-to'sis, n. [Gr. e£6o-TO)o-ts ; e£, out, and 
 otrVe'ov, bone.] The protuberance of a bone. 
 
 Ex-o-ter'ic, \ a. [Gr. e£a)Tepi/co?, outward; 
 
 Ex-o-ter'j-cal, J e^wrepw, more outward; e£w, 
 outward ; e£, out.] Public ; exterior ; not secret : 
 — opposed to esoteric. 
 
 E?-ot'ic (egz-ot'ik), a. [Gr. e|coTiKo?, foreign; 
 
 * f'|o), 'outward.]' Foreign; not native; not pro- 
 duced at home.— 2, n. A foreign plant; a for- 
 eign word; any thing foreign. 
 
 Ex-pand', v. a. & v. n. [L. expandere, expansvm, 
 
 ' to spread out; ex, out, and pandere, to spread.] 
 [pp. expanding, expanded.] To enlarge in sur- 
 face ; to spread out ; to open ; to dilate ; to dis- 
 tend ; to enlarge. 
 
 Ex-panse', n. Wide extent : — the firmament. 
 
 ?x-pan-si-bil'i-tj:, «• Capacity of extension. 
 
 Ex-pan' si'-ble, a. That may be expanded. 
 
 ^Ix-pan'sion, n. Act or process of expanding; 
 extent; the state of being expanded :— space. 
 
 Ex-pan' sive, a. Having the power or capacity of 
 expanding ; tending to expansion. 
 
 Ex-pan' sive-ly, ad. By expansion ; in an expan- 
 sive or diffuse manner. 
 
 Ex-pan' sive-ness, n. Quality of being expansive; 
 diffuseness ; openness. 
 
 Ex-pa'ti-ate (eks-pu/she-at), v. n. [L. exspatiari, 
 exspatiatus ; ex, out, and spal'uiri, to roam ; spa- 
 tiurn, space (q. v.).] [pp. expatiating, expati- 
 ated.] To range at large; to enlarge upon in 
 language. 
 
 Ex-pa-ti-a'tion (eks-pa-she-a'shun), n. The act 
 
 " of expatiating or roaming at large. 
 
 Ex-pa'tri-ate, v. a. [Late L. expatriare, expatri- 
 atura, to banish ; ex, out, and patria, native 
 country.] [pp. expatriating, expatriated.] To 
 banish or remove from one's country. 
 
 Ex-pa-tri-a'tion, n. Banishment ; exile. 
 
 Ex-pect', v. a. [L. exspectare, exspectatum ; ex, 
 out, and spectare, to look.] [pp. expecting, ex- 
 pected.] To look for; to wait for; to i 
 See Hope. 
 
 anticipate. 
 
 Ex-pect'ance, \n. Act or state of expecting; 
 
 Ex-pect'an-cy, j expectation ; hope : — abeyance. 
 
 Ex-pect'ant, a. "Waiting in expectation. 
 
 Ex-pec-ta'tion, w. Act of expecting; thing ex- 
 pected ; hope ; trust : — prospect of good. — Expec- 
 tation of life, the mean average duration of the 
 life of individuals of any given age. 
 
 Ex-pec'to-rant, a. Causing expectoration. — 2, n. 
 
 " A medicine to promote expectoration. 
 
 Ex-pec'to-rate, v. a. [L. expectorare, expectoralum ; 
 ex, outj and pectus, pectoris, the breast.] [pp. 
 expectorating, expectorated.] To eject from the 
 breast, chest, or lungs ; to cough up. — 2, v. n. 
 To eject phlegm or other matter from the lungs 
 or breast. 
 
 Ex-pec-to-ra'tion, n. Discharge of matter from 
 
 " the chest or kings by coughing : — matter expec- 
 torated. 
 
 Ex-pe'di-ence, "In. Quality of being expedient; 
 
 Ex-pe'di-en-cXi / fitness : — policy : — convenience, 
 ' advisabiiity ; suitableness to a good end ; utility. 
 
 Ex-pe'di-ent, a. [L. expedire, expedientis, to for- 
 
 " ward, to' make ready ; ex, out, and pes, pedis, the 
 foot.] Proper; convenient : — profitable; accord- 
 ant with present interests rather than with 
 principle ; suitable ; requisite ; advisable ; useful. 
 — 2, n. Means to an end ; device : — a shift. 
 
 Ex-pe'di-ent-ly, ad. Suitably ; fitly. 
 
 Ex'pe-dite, v. a. [L. expedire, expeditum. — See 
 Expedient.] [p>p- expediting, expedited.] To 
 hasten ; to quicken.— 2, a. Quick ; hasty ; easy ; 
 active : — prompt. 
 
 Ex'pe-dlte-lx, ad. With quickness ; hastily. 
 
 Ex-pe-di"tion (eks-pe-dish'un), n. Haste; speed; 
 activity :—" a military, naval, or other important 
 enterprise ; an undertaking :— a voyage or march 
 of importance. 
 
 Ex-pe-di"tious (eks-pe-dish'us), a. Quick ; nim- 
 ble; soon done; speedy; swift; hasty; prompt. 
 
 Ex-pe-di"tious-lj:, ad. Speedily; nimbly. 
 
 Ex-pel', v. a. [L. expellere, expvhma ; ex, out, and 
 
 ' pellere, to drive.] [pp. expelling, expelled.] To 
 drive out; to eject; to banish. 
 
 Ex-pel'la-ble, a. That may be expelled. 
 
 Ex-pend', v. a. [L. expendere, to weigh out, to 
 6pend ; ex, out, and pendere, to weigh.] [pp, 
 expending, expended/] To lay out; to -waste-; 
 to spend. [ment; cost; expense. 
 
 Ex-pen'di-ture, n. Sum expended ; disburse- 
 
 Ex-pense', n. [L. expensa, money spent. — See 
 
 " Expend.] Cost; charges; money expended. 
 
 Ex-pen'sive, a. Given to expense; costly; dear. 
 
 Ex-pen'sive-lx, ad. In an expensive manner. 
 
 ?x-pen'sive-ness, n. Costliness. 
 
 a, e, I, o, u, y, long ; a, e, l, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, Xi obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 
 
EXPERIENCE 
 
 233 
 
 EXPRESS 
 
 Ex-pe'ri-ence, n. [L. experientia, trial, proof; ex- 
 periri, ' expertus, to test ; ex, out, and periri, to 
 try (a verb not found except in composition).] 
 Knowledge or wisdom gained by practice ; re- 
 peated trial; proof; test. — 2, v. a. [pp. experi- 
 encing, experienced.] To know by practice or 
 trial. 
 
 Ex-pe'ri-enced (eks-pe're-enst), p. a. Having had 
 experience; versed; tried. [ence. 
 
 Ex-pe-ri-en'tial, a. Related to or having experi- 
 
 Ex-pe-rj-en'tial-ism, n. The doctrine that all 
 " knowledge and all our ideas are derived from in- 
 dividual experience : — opposed to intuitionalism. 
 
 Ex-per'i-ment, n. [L. experimentum, a test. — See 
 Experience.] An operation to discover or prove 
 some truth; a trial; test; proof. — 2, v. 11. [pp. 
 experimenting, experimented.] To make trial 
 or proof. [experiment. 
 
 Ex-per-i-men'tal, a. Founded on experience or 
 
 Ex-per-i-men'tal-ist, n. A maker of experi- 
 ' ments'; an experimenter. 
 
 Ex-per-i-men'tal-ly, ad. By experience. 
 
 Ex-per'i-ment-er, w. A maker of experiments. 
 
 Ex-pert', a. [L. expertns.— See Experience.] 
 "Skilful; prompt; dexterous.— 2, n. One who 
 has' or professes great skill. 
 
 Ex-pert'ly, ad. In a skilful, ready manner. 
 
 Ex-pert'ness, n. Skill ; readiness ; dexterity. 
 
 Ex'pi-a-ble, a. Capable of being expiated. 
 
 Ex'pi-ate, v. a. [L. expiare, expiation; ex, out, 
 and piare, to appease ; pins, kind, good.] [pp. 
 expiating, expiated.] To atone for; to appease. 
 
 Ex-pi-a'tion, n. Act" of expiating; satisfaction; 
 atonement; compensation. ftion. 
 
 Ex'pi-a-to-ry, a. Relating to or making expia- 
 
 Ex-p'i-ra'tion, n. Act of expiring ; emission of 
 breath : — end ; death :— evaporation. [breath. 
 
 Ex-pi'ra-to-ry, a. Relating to exhalation of 
 
 Ex-pire\ v. a. [L. ex&pirare, to breathe out; ex, 
 
 ' out, and spirare, to breathe. — See Spirit.] [pp. 
 
 expiring, expired.] To breathe out; to exhale. 
 
 — 2, v. n. To emit the last breath ; to die j to 
 
 end. 
 
 Ex-pir'ing 1 , a. Dying or associated with dying. 
 
 Ex'pi-ry feks'pi-re, Wo. Wb. I. N. ; eks-pT're, St.], 
 n. Expiration; end; cessation. 
 
 Ex-plain', v. a. [L. explanure; ex, out, and pla- 
 ' nare, to spread ; planus, smooth, plain (q. p.).] 
 [pp. explaining, explained.] To make intelligi- 
 ble ; to expound; to illustrate; to elucidate. 
 
 Ex-plain'a-ble, a. That may be explained. 
 
 Ex-pla-na'tion, n. Act of explaining; illustra- 
 tion; sense explained ; definition; explication : — 
 a note ; a comment. 
 
 Ex-plan'a-to-ry, «. Containing explanation. 
 
 Ex'ple-tive, n. [L. expletivus, filling up; expletus, 
 filled up; explere, to fill; ex, out, and plere, to 
 fill.] A word not necessary to the sense, but 
 used to fill a space or for ornament. — 2, a. Used 
 to fill up a space. 
 
 fix'pli-ca-ble, a. That may be explained. 
 
 Ex'pli-cate, v. a. [L. explicate, explication or ex- 
 plici'tiou, to unfold ; ex negative, and plicare, to 
 fold; plica, af 'Id.] [pp. explicating, explicated.] 
 To unfold ; to explain. 
 
 Ex-pli-ca'tion, n. Act of explaining; explana- 
 tion'; interpretation. 
 
 Jsx'pli-ca-tive, a. Tending to explain. 
 
 Ex'pli-ca-tor, n. An expounder; an explainer. 
 
 Ex'pli-ca-to-ry, a. Explicative; explaining. 
 
 Ex-plic'it, a. [L. explicitns, unfolded. — See Ex- 
 plicate.] Plain; clear; direct; express. 
 
 Ex-plic'it-ly, ad. Plainly; expressly. 
 
 Ex-plis'it-ness, n. Quality of being explicit. 
 
 Ex-plode', v. a. [L. explodere, explosion, properly, 
 to drive off tlie stage by a noisy demonstration ; 
 ex, off, and plandere, to applaud (q. ».).] [pp. 
 exploding, exploded.] To drive out; to dis- 
 charge : — to decry ; to disprove : — to destroy ; to 
 cause to burst.— 2, v. n. To make an explosion ; 
 to burst with noise. 
 
 Ex-plSit', n. [Fr. exploit; L. explicition, a thing 
 
 'displayed. — See Explicate.] A great act; 
 achievement; deed. — 2, v. a. [Fr. exploiter, to 
 work, to take advantage of: exploit in French 
 formerly meant profit, revenue.] [pp. exploit- 
 ing, exploited.] To turn to account ; to admin- 
 ister ; to work. 
 
 Ex-plbi-ta'tion, n. The act or process of utilizing ; 
 the act of turning to account or administering : 
 — the process by which ores or other minerals 
 are won and made available. 
 
 Ex-,plo-ra'tion, n. The act of exploring ; search. 
 
 Ex-plo'ra-tive, or Ex-plor'a-to-ry [eks-plor'$- 
 " tur-e, & J. K. I. St.], a. Made for the purpose 
 of exploration. 
 
 Ex-plore\ v. a. [L. explorare, to search out, to 
 examine, — originally, to cry alter ; ex, out, and 
 plorare, to grieve, to bewail, to weep.] [pp. ex- 
 ploring, explored.] To search into; to examine 
 by trial; to try; to inspect; to scrutinize. 
 
 Ex-plor'er, n. One who explores. 
 
 Ex-plo'§ion (eks-plo'zhun), n. [L. exjilosio. — See 
 ' Explode.] The act of exploding; a sudden, 
 loud discharge ; displosion. 
 
 Ex-plo'sive, a. Bursting; causing explosion. — 
 •i, u. A substance that will or may explode. 
 
 Ex-po'-nent, n. [L. exponere, exponentis, exposition, 
 ' to set forth ; ex, out, and ponere, to place.] {Al- 
 gebra.) An index of a power; as, a 4 , in which 
 4 is the exponent of a, denoting that a is raised 
 to the fourth power : — one who expounds or t-ets 
 forth any thing. 
 
 Ex-po-neii'tial, a. Relating to an exponent. 
 
 Ex-p6rt\ v. a. [L. exportare ; ex, out, and portare, 
 ' to carry.] [pp. exporting, exported.] To carry 
 out of a country. 
 
 Ex'port, n. That which is exported ; a commodity 
 sent to a foreign market. 
 
 Ex-port'a-ble, a. That may be exported. 
 
 Ex-por-ta'tion, n. The act of exporting; the act 
 of carrying merchandise to another country. 
 
 Ex-port'er, n. One who exports. 
 
 Ex-po§e\ V. a. [Fr. exposer ; L. ex, and pavsare, 
 ' to halt, to pause (q. ».) ; the word has, however, 
 acquired the meaning of L. exponere, to set forth, 
 to expound.— See Exponent.] [pp. exposing, 
 exposed.] To lay open ; to disclose : — to put in 
 danger ; to make liable. 
 
 Expose (eks-po-za'), n. [Fr.] An exposition ; a 
 formal recital of causes and motives. 
 
 Ex-p6§ed', p. a. Unsheltered : — liable. 
 
 Ex-po-si"tion (eks-po-zish'un), n. [L. erpositio. 
 — See Exponent.] Explanation; interpretation; 
 exposure : — an exhibition. 
 
 Ex-p5s/i-tor, n. An explainer; an interpreter. 
 
 Ex-pos'i-to-ry, a. Explanatory; illustrative. 
 
 Ex-post'u-'late, v. n. [L. expostulate, expostulation ; 
 ex intensive, and postulate, to demand. — Cf. post- 
 cere, to ask.] [ pp. expostulating, expostulated.] 
 To reason ; to remonstrate. 
 
 Ex-post-u-la'tipn, n. The act of expostulating; 
 discussion without anger; remonstrance. 
 
 Ex-post'u-la-to-rx. a. That expostulates; con- 
 taining expostulation. 
 
 Ex-pos/ure (eks-po'zhur), n. The act of exposing; 
 ' state of being exposed ; manifestation :— situa- 
 tion with respect to sun, air, or danger. 
 
 Ex-pound', v. a. [0. Fr. espondre, to explain : L. 
 exponere, to set forth. — See Exponent.] [pp. 
 expounding, expounded.] To lay open the 
 meaning; to explain ; to clear; to interpret. 
 
 Ex-pSund'er, n. One who expounds. 
 
 Ex-press', v. a. [L. exprimere, expression; ex, out, 
 and primere, to press (q. v.); expressus, plain, dis- 
 tinct.] [pp. expressing, expressed.] To repre- 
 sent ; to utter ; to declare ; to signify : — to press 
 out : — to send by express. — 2, a. Exactly resem- 
 bling : — given indirect terms; definite: clear; 
 explicit; plain: — swift; swift and regular. — 
 3, n. A messenger, Aehicle, or message sent : — 
 a regular conveyance. 
 
 mien, sir; move, nor, son; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5,9, 5, &,$oft; p, j&, c, £, hard; § as z ; xasgz;this. 
 
 20* 
 
EXPEESSAGE 
 
 234 
 
 EXTOKTIONATE 
 
 Ex-press' a£e, n. The charge for carrying by ex- 
 press : — the business of sending by express. 
 
 Ex-press'i-ble, «. That may be expressed. 
 
 jpx-pres'sion (eks-presh'un), n. The act of ex- 
 
 " pressing ; phrase ; term ) mode of speech : — rep- 
 resentation : — appearance of the countenance. 
 
 Ex-pres'sion-al (eks-presk'un-al), «. Conveying 
 an expression. 
 
 Ex-pres'sive, a. Serving to express; lively. 
 
 Ex-pres'sive-ly, ad. In an expressive manner. 
 
 ibx-pres'sive-ness, n. Power of expression. 
 
 Ex-press' ly., ad. In direct terms; plainly. 
 
 Ex-pro'brate [eks'pro-briit, P. Wb.J. 8m.'], v. a. 
 [L. exprobrare, exprobratum; ex intensive, and 
 probrum, a scandalous act.] [pp. exprobrating, 
 exprobrated.] To upbraid ; to censure. 
 
 Ex-pro'bra-tive, a. Upbraiding; reproaching. 
 
 Ex-pro'pri-ate, v. a. [Fr. exproprier ; L. ex, out, 
 
 " andjjrojjVws, one's own.— See Property.] [pp. 
 expropriating, expropriated.] To part with. 
 
 Ex-pro-pri-a'tion, n. The act of discarding. 
 
 ^x-pugn' (eks-pun'), v. a. [L. expugnare, to con- 
 quer ; ex, out, and pugnare, to fight ; pugna, a 
 fight] [pp. expugnin'g, expugned.J To con- 
 quer ; to take. 
 
 Ex-pug 7 na-ble, a. That may be won by force. 
 
 Ex-pul'sion, n. [L. expulsio. — See Expel.] The 
 
 " act of expelling ; ejection. 
 
 Ex-pul'sive, a. Causing expulsion ; expelling. 
 
 Ex-punge\ v. a. [L. expungere ; ex, out, andpjm- 
 
 " gere, to prick. — See Pungent. At first no doubt 
 applied to such inscriptions as had to be re- 
 moved by a cutting instrument.] [pjj. expung- 
 ing, expunged.] To blot out; to rub out; to 
 wipe out; to efface ; to obliterate. 
 
 Ex-piir'gate (or eks'pur-gat), v. a. [L. expurgare, 
 expurgation; ex, out, and purgare, to purge 
 (q. ».).] [pp. expurgating, expurgated.] To 
 expunge ; to cleanse ; to purify ; to purge. 
 
 Ex-pur-ga'tion, n. The act of expurgating or 
 cleansing ; purification. 
 
 Ex-piir'ga-tor {or eks'pur-ga-tur), n. A cleanser. 
 
 Ex'qui-site,'a. [hi. exqidsitus, choice; exquirere, to 
 search out; ex, out, and quxrere, to seek,] Ex- 
 cellent; consummate; fine.— 2, n. A dandy; a 
 
 Ex'qui-§ite-ly. ad. Completely ; perfectly, [fop. 
 
 Ex-san'guine, or Ex-san'gui-ous, a. [L. ex, out. 
 ' and sanguis, sanguinis, blood.] Destitute of 
 blood; pale. 
 
 Ex-scmd' (eks-sTndO, v. a. [L. exscindere ; ex, out 
 ' or off, and scindere, to cut.] [pp. exscinding, ex- 
 scinded.] To cut off. 
 
 Ex-sect', v. a. [L. exsecare, exsectum, to cut out; 
 
 * ex, out, and secare, to cut.] [pp. exsecting, ex- 
 sected.] To cut; to cut away. 
 
 Ex-sert'ed, a. [L. exsertm.— See Exert.] (Bot.) 
 ' Standing out; projecting. 
 
 Ex-sic'cate, v. a. [L. exsiccare, 
 exsiccaturn ; ex, out, and siccare, 
 to dry; siccus, dry.] [pp. exsic- 
 cating, exsiccated.] To dry; to 
 make dry. Ting ; dryness. 
 
 Ex-sic-ca'tion. n. The act of dry- 
 
 Ex'tant, a. [L. exstans, exstantis, 
 pre's. part, of exstare, to stand 
 forth, to exist ; ex, out, and stare, 
 to stand (q. v.).] Standing in 
 view; now in being; still exist- 
 ing; as, a book still extant. 
 
 Ex'ta-sx,". See Ecstasy. [den; extemporary. 
 
 Ex-tem-po-ra'ne-ous, a. Unpremeditated; sud- 
 
 Ex-tem-po-ra/ne-ous-lx. ad. Extempore. 
 
 Ex-tem-po-ra'ne-ous-ness, n. The quality of 
 being unpremeditated. 
 
 Ex-tem'po-ra-ry, a. Uttered or performed with- 
 " out premeditation ; extemporaneous. 
 
 Ex-tem'po-re, a. & ad. [L. ex tempore, at the time ; 
 " tempus, time.— See Temporal.] Without pre- 
 meditation. 
 
 Ex-tem'po-rlze, v. n. [pp. extemporizing, ex- 
 ' temporized.] To speak extempore, or without 
 
 -2, v. 
 
 To devise or construct 
 
 previous study, 
 in haste. 
 
 Ex-tend', v. a. [L. extendere, extentum, externum, 
 to stretch out ; ex, out, and tendere, to stretch, 
 to tend (q. v.).] [pp. extending, extended.] To 
 stretch out; to expand. — 2, v. n. To reach to 
 any distance. 
 
 Ex-ten-si-bil'i-tx, n. Quality of being extensible. 
 
 Ex-ten'si-ble, or Ex-ten'sile, a. That may be 
 extended. 
 
 Ex-ten' sion, n. [L. extensio, exteutio. — See Ex- 
 
 * tend.] The act of extending; stretching; ex- 
 tent ; expansion ; diffusion ; dilatation. 
 
 Ex-ten'sive, a. Having great extent; large; 
 
 " wide; broad; comprehemive ; expansive. 
 
 Ex-ten'sive-ly, ad. Widely; largely. 
 
 Ex-ten' sive-ness, n. Diffusiveness. 
 
 Ex-ten' sor, n. A muscle which extends. 
 
 Ex-tent', n. [See Extend.] Space; extension; 
 bulk; compass. — (Law.) A writ of execution. 
 
 Ex-ten'u-ate, v. a. [L. extenuare, extenmaimn, to 
 
 ' make thin; ex, out, and tenuare, tu thin ; tenuis, 
 thin.] [jjp. extenuating, extenuated.] To lessen; 
 to palliate : — to render thin. 
 
 Ex-ten-u-a'tion, n. Palliation; mitigation. 
 
 Ex-ten'u-a-to'-rj:, a. Extenuating. 
 
 Ex-te'ri-or, a. [L. exter or exterus, out ; exterior, 
 
 'outer'; 'extremns, outmost, last; from ex, out.] 
 Outward ; external ; extrinsic. — 2, n. Outward 
 surface. [nated. 
 
 Ex-ter'mi-na-ble, a. Capable of being exteimi- 
 
 Ex-ter'mi-nate, v. a. [L. exterminate, extermina- 
 tum ; ex', out of, and terminus (q. v.), the bound- 
 ary.] [pp. exterminating, exterminated.] To 
 root out; to eradicate; to destroy; to kill; to 
 slay ; to extirpate. [nation. 
 
 Ex-ter-mi-na'tion, n. Total destruction; elimi- 
 
 Ex-ter'mi-na-tor, n. A destroyer. 
 
 Ex-ter'mi-na-to-rx, a. Destructive. 
 
 Ex- tern', a. [Fr. externe : L. externus; exter, out- 
 ward; ex, out.] External; exterior; outward. 
 — 2, n. A student who does not board within 
 a college or seminary : — a house-to-house sur- 
 geon of a hospital, [visible. 
 
 Ex-ter'nal, «. [See Extern.] Outward; exterior; 
 
 Ex-ter'nal-ly., ad. In an external manner. 
 
 Ex-ter'nals, n. pi. Things on the outside. 
 
 Ex-tinct'", a. [See Extinguish.] Extinguished ; 
 " put out; obliterated; quenched; destroyed; no 
 longer existing. 
 
 Ex-tinc'tion, n. A quenching; destruction. 
 
 Ex-tm'guish (ek-sting'gwish), v. a. [L. extin- 
 gnere, extinctum ; ex, out, and stingnere, to quench : 
 on type of the cognate word distinguish.] [p>p. 
 extinguishing, extinguished.] To put out; to 
 quench : — to suppress ; to destroy. 
 
 Ex-tin'guish-a-ble, a. That may be quenched. 
 
 Ex-tin'guish-er, n. One that quenches :— a uten- 
 sil to extinguish a candle or a 
 lamp. 
 
 Ex-tin'guish-ment, n. The act of 
 ' extinguishing; extinction; de- 
 struction. — (Law.) Consolidation 
 of an estate with another. 
 
 Ex-t'ir'pate, v. a. [L. exsfhpare, ex- 
 ' stirpatum ; ex, out, and stirps, a 
 stem or stock.] [pp. extirpating, Extinguisher, 
 extirpated.] To root out; to eradicate. 
 
 Ex-tir-pa'tion, n. Eradication ; destruction. 
 
 Ex-tol', v. a. [L. extollere, to raise up; ex, out, 
 ' and toilere, to lift.] [pp. extolling, extolled.] 
 To praise ; to magnify ; to laud ; to applaud ; 
 to commend highly. 
 
 Ex-tort', v. a. [L. extorquere, extortmn ; ex, out, and 
 
 ' torqnere, to twist.] [pp. extorting, extorted.] 
 
 To draw from by force ; to force away ; to wring 
 
 from; to exact.— 2, v. n. To practise oppression. 
 
 Ex-tor'tion, n. [L. extorsio.— See Extort.] Ille- 
 ' gal exaction ; oppression. 
 
 Ex-tbr'tion-a-ry, 1 «• Partaking of extortion; 
 
 Ex-tbr'tion-ate, J rapacious. 
 
 a, e, I, 6, u, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i s o, u, y., obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
EXTORTIONER 
 
 235 
 
 EYRT 
 
 Ex-tbr'tion-er, v. One who practises extortion. 
 
 Ex'tra. [L. 'extra, beyond ; exler, extern, outside ; 
 ex, out.j A word (often used in composition) 
 meaning over and above, extraordinary, as extra- 
 pay, &c. ; or beyond, as extra-judicial, &c. — 2, a. 
 Additional : — unusual : — special. — 3, n. Some- 
 thing unusual or special. 
 
 Ex-tract',?, a. [L. extrahere, extractum ; ex, out, 
 ' and trahere, to draw.] (pp. extracting, ex- 
 tracted.] To draw out ; to take from ; to select. 
 
 Ex' tract, n. Substance extracted ; quotation. 
 
 Ex-trac'tion, n. A drawing out :— lineage. 
 
 Ex-trac'tive, a. Capable of being extracted. — 
 ' 2, b. That which may be extracted. 
 
 Ex-tract'or, n. He who or that which extracts. 
 
 Ex'tra-dite, v. a. [Fr. extruder, to surrender. — See 
 Extradition.] [pp. extraditing, extradited.] 
 To deliver up under a treaty of extradition. 
 
 Ex-tra-di"tion, n. [Kr. extradition; L. ex, out, 
 and traditi'o, a surrender. — See Tradition.] 
 (Law.) The act of sending a person accused of 
 a crime to be tried in a foreign country, where 
 the crime was committed. 
 
 Ex'tra-ju-di"cial (-dish'al), a. Being out of the 
 
 ^ course of legal procedure : — not legally required. 
 
 Ex'tra-mun'dane, a. [L. extramundanus ; extra, 
 beyond, and mundus, the world; mundanvs, 
 worldly.] Beyond the world. 
 
 Ex-tra'ne-ous, a. [L. extranet's; extra, beyond.] 
 Not a part of; foreign; of different substance; 
 exterior. 
 
 Ex-traor'di-na-ri-ljr (eks-tror'de-na-re-le), ad. 
 Uncommonly; remarkably. 
 
 Ex-trabr'di-na-ry (or eks-tra-bVde-na-re), a. [L. 
 exlraordinarius ; extra, beyond, and ordinarius, 
 ordinary (,j. v.).] Not ordinary; eminent; re- 
 markable; uncommon; unusual. 
 
 Ex-trav'a-gance, n. Quality of being extrava- 
 gant ; irregularity ; prodigal expense ; waste. 
 
 Ex-trav'a-gant, a. [L. extravagans, extravagantis ; 
 extra, beyond, and vagans, pres. part, of vagari, 
 to wander; vagus, wandering, vague (q. v.).] 
 Irregular; wasteful; wild. 
 
 Ex-trav'a-gant-ly, ad. Wildly : — wastefully. 
 
 Ex-trav-a-gan'za. n. [It. fur "extravagance.""] 
 A piece of music or literature which is wild and 
 extravagant. 
 
 Ex-trav'a-sate, p. a. [L. extra, beyond, and oas, 
 a vessel.] [pp. extravasating, extravasated.] 
 To force or let out of the proper vessels, as 
 blood. 
 
 Ex-trav-a-sa'tion, n. The act of forcing out, 
 or passing out, of the proper vessels or ducts; 
 effusion. 
 
 Ex-treme', a. [L. extremus, superlative of exter, 
 extents, outside."— See Exterior.] Greatest; of 
 the highest degi-ee ; utmost; last: — rigorous; 
 6trict; severe. — Extreme unction, the rite of 
 anointing a person at the point of death. — 2, n. 
 Utmost point; highest degree of any thing; ex- 
 tremity ; end. 
 
 Ex-treme'ly, ad. In the utmost degree. 
 
 Ex-tre'mist, n. A supporter of extreme doctrines 
 or practice. 
 
 Ex-trem'i-ty, >*• Utmost point or part; end: — 
 necessity: — violence; rigor; distress. 
 
 Ex'tri-ca-ble, a. That may be extricated. 
 
 Ex'tri-cate, r. a. [L. extricare, extricatum; ex, 
 out, and tricse, impediments, toys; tricare, to 
 delay ; to dally.] [pp. extricating, extricated.] 
 To disembarrass ; to free. 
 
 Sx-tri-ca'tion, n. Act of extricating. 
 
 Ex-trin'sic,' \a. [L. extrinsecus (a. & ad.), from 
 
 Ex-trin'si-cal, J the outside ; extrim (ad.), outward, 
 and seen*, according to. — Cf. Intrinsic] Xot 
 contained in ; external ; not essential ; exterior. 
 
 Ex-trin'si-cal-ly, ad. From without. 
 
 Ex-trude', v. a. [L. extrudere, extrusum, to push 
 forth; ex, out, and trudere, to thrust.] [pp. ex- 
 truding, extruded.] To thrusi out; to drive 
 
 Ex-tru'§ion, n. Act of driving out ; expulsion. 
 
 Ex-u'ber-ance, )n. Overflowing plenty ; abun- 
 
 Ex-u'ber-an-cy, J dance ; luxuriance. 
 
 Ex-u'ber-ant (egz-yu'ber-ant), a. [L. exuberare, 
 
 ' exuberaiiiis, to be luxuriant; ex, out, over, and 
 uberare, to be fruitful ; u.ber, fertile, or (>i.) an 
 udder (q. v.).] Abundant; very copious; plen- 
 teous ; luxuriant ; rich. 
 
 Ex-u'ber-ant-ly, ad. Abundantly. 
 
 Ex-u'ber-ate, v. n. [L. exuberare, exvberatum. — 
 See Exuberant.] [pp. exuberating, exuber- 
 ated.] To abound. 
 
 Ex-u-da'tion, n. Act of exuding; that which 
 exudes. 
 
 Ex-ude' (eks-yudO, v. a. [L. exudare, exsudare; 
 ex, out, and sudare, to sweat (q. v.)A [pp- ex- 
 uding, exuded.] To force out ; to discharge. — 
 2, v. n. To sweat out ; to issue out. 
 
 Ex-ult' (egz-ult'j, v. a. [L. exsultare; intensive 
 ' of exsilere, exsullum, to leap up; ex, out, and 
 sulere, to leap, to sally (q. ».).] [pp. exulting, 
 exulted.] To rejoice ; to triumph. 
 
 Ex-ult'ant, a. Bejoicing; exulting. 
 
 Ex-ul-ta'tion, n. Act of joy ; expression of joy or 
 triumph ; joy ; triumph; delight. 
 
 Ex-ult'ing-ly,, ad. Triumphantly. 
 
 Ex-u'vi-se (egz-yii've-e), n. pi. [L. ; from exnere, 
 to stnp off.] Cast skins ; cast shells ; whatever 
 is shed by animals: — whatever is cast off; or- 
 ganic remains. 
 
 Ex-u'vi-al, a. Pertaininjr to, or consisting of, ex- 
 uvias, or parts of organisms 
 shed or cast off. 
 
 Eye (i), n. [A.-S. eage ; Dut. 
 oog ; Dan. die; Ger. auge; 
 Buss, olco; L. oadus; Fr. 
 (id; Goth, a-ugo; Skr. altsha; 
 iksh, to see.] The organ of 
 vision : — aspect ; sight ; view ; 
 notice: — a small hole: — a 
 bud.— 2, b. a. [pp. eying, eyed.] To watch ; to 
 view ; to observe. ' 
 
 Eye'ball (T'bawl >. n. The globe of the eye. 
 
 Eye'bright (i1>rit), n. [Named from au eye-like 
 mark its flower sometimes bears: it was also 
 once used to clear the vision.] A plant, the 
 euphrasy. 
 
 Eye'bro-& (iTirou), n. The hairy arch over the 
 eye ; the brow. 
 
 Eye'-glass, n. A glass to assist the sight. 
 
 Eye'lash. /*- Hair that edges the eyelid. 
 
 Eye'let (I'let), n. [Fr. ceillet, dim. of oeU, an eye.] 
 A hole for the light, &c. : — a hole to receive a 
 small cord or lace. 
 
 Eye'let-hole. «. A hole for the eye of a button. 
 
 Eye'lid (T'lid), n. The membrane or skin that 
 shuts over the eye. 
 
 Eye'-ser-vant, iu A servant who works only 
 when under the eye of his master. 
 
 Eye'-ser-vice (T'ser-vis), n. Service performed 
 only under inspection. 
 
 Eye'shot, n. A glance; range of vision. 
 
 Eye'slght (i'sit), n. The Bight of the eye. 
 
 Eye'sore (i'sor), >,. Something offensive. 
 
 Eye'-stone, n. A small calcareous substance used 
 to clear the eve from dust. 
 
 Eye'-tooth (I'toth), n. ; pi. Eye'-teeth. The tooth 
 on the upper jaw next to the grinders ; the fang 
 or upper canine tooth. 
 
 Eye'-wit-ness. n. One who sees a thing with his 
 own eyes : — ocular evidence. 
 
 Eyne (in), ». pi. Eyes. [Obs.] 
 
 Ey'ot, n. [A.-S. igod, dim. of ig, an island; Icel. 
 ey, an island (q. v.).] An islet. 
 
 Eyre (ar) [ar, S. W. J. E. F. Ja. E. 8m. St. I. ; Ir, 
 lf'6.1, n. [0. Fr. eire, L. iter, a journey ; Fr. erre, 
 a way.] Court of itinerant justices ; "a circuit. 
 
 Eyr'y. (ar'e) [a're, W. P. H. ; e're, Sm. ; i're, I. 
 Wb. ; e're or i're, St.], n. [See Aerie.] The 
 place where birds of prey build their nests and 
 hatch ; an aerie. 
 
 mien, sir ; mSve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, Q, c, §, soft ; p, p, e, £, hard ; § as z ; xa«gz; this. 
 
236 
 
 FAIL 
 
 F. 
 
 Fthe sixth letter of the alphabet, has an unva- 
 5 ried sound, except in the preposition of. It 
 is a labial or labio-dental mute, identical in 
 sound with the digraph ph. 
 
 Fa, n. [From famuli, a word occurring in the 
 Latin hymn whence most of the names of the 
 eight notes of the gamut were selected.] (Mus.) 
 The fourth note in music. 
 
 Fa-ba'ceous (fa-ba/shus), a. [L. faba, a bean ; fa- 
 baceus, of beans.] Like a bean. 
 
 Fa'bi-an, a. Relating to Fabius : — cautious; 
 wisely dilatory. 
 
 Fa'ble (fa'bl), n. [Fr. fable ; L. fabula and fabella, 
 a narrative ; fari, to speak.] A fictitious story 
 designed to enforce some moral precept; an apo- 
 logue ; a fiction : — a falsehood. See Novel. — 
 2, v. n. [pp. fabling, fabled.] To feign ; to write 
 fiction. — 3, v. a. To feign; to tell falsely. 
 
 Fab'ric, n. [L. fubrica, a workshop, a fabric; 
 fabe'r, a workman : akin to facer e, to make.] A 
 building ; an edifice :— a manufacture ; cloth. 
 
 Fab'ri-cate, v. a. [L. fabncari, fabricates, to con- 
 struct. — See Fabric] [pp. fabricating, fabri- 
 cated.] To build; to construct; to devise falsely. 
 
 Fab-ri-ca'tion, n. The act of fabricating; con- 
 struction : — that which is fabricated : — a fig- 
 ment ; a falsehood ; forgery. 
 
 Fab'ri-ca-tor, n. One who fabricates. 
 
 Fab'u-Kst, n. An author or writer of fables. 
 
 Fab'u-lous, a. [L. fabulosus. — See Fable.] 
 Feigned; full of fables :— passing belief; in- 
 credible; enormous. 
 
 Fab'u-lous-ly, ad. In a fabulous manner. 
 
 Fa-cade' [fa-sad', P. E. Wb.], n. [Fr. ; It, facciata, 
 a front; faccia, a face (q. p.).] The front of a 
 building. 
 
 Face, n. [Vr. face, L. fades, the face.] The fore 
 part of the head ; visage ; countenance : — sur- 
 face ; front or fore part :— a plane :— appearance ; 
 look :— boldness.— 2, v. a. [pp. facing, faced.] 
 To meet in front :— to oppose with confidence ; 
 to front ; to confront :— to stand opposite to :— to 
 cover; to line.— 3, v. n. To be turned ; to front. 
 
 Fac'et, n. [Fr. facette, dim. of face, a face (q. v.).] 
 A little face ; a small surface. 
 
 Fa-ce'ti-se (fa-se'she-e), n. pi. [L. ; from faeelus, 
 pleasant, co'mely; fades, a face.] Witticisms; 
 pleasantry ; humorous compositions. 
 
 Fa-ce'tious (fa-se'shus), a. Sportive; jocose; joc- 
 ular; lively'; gay; witty. 
 
 Fa-ce'tious-ly, ad. Gayly ; wittily ; merrily. 
 
 Fa-ce'tious-ness, n. Cheerful wit; mirth. 
 
 Face-val^ue (-val'u), n. Apparent value. 
 
 Fa'cial (fii/shal), a. Relating to the face. 
 
 Fac'iie (fas'ilj, a. [L. facilis, easy ; facere, to do.] 
 Easy; pliant; flexible. 
 
 Fa-cil'i-tate, v. a. [Fr. faeililer.—See Facile.] 
 '[pp. facilitating, facilitated.] To make easy or 
 easier. [less difficult. 
 
 Fa-cil-i-ta'tion, n. The act of making easy, or 
 
 Fa-cil'i'-ty., n. [Fr. facilite; L. fadlitas. — See 
 Facile.]' Readiness proceeding from skill or 
 use; easiness; dexterity :— ductility ; pliability; 
 ready compliance : — ease ; affability :— a means 
 or appliance for a result. 
 
 Fac'ing, n. A covering; ornamental covering. 
 
 Fac-sim'i-le, n. [L. factum simile, a like fact; 
 hence, a copy.] An exact copy or likeness of a 
 writing, engraving, &c. 
 
 Fact, n. [L. factum, a thing done ; facere, factum, 
 to do.] A thing done ; reality ; action ; deed. 
 
 Fac'tion, n. [L. factio, a doing; also a party, a 
 taking sides ; facere, to do ; also to take sides, to 
 stir up, to cause.] A political party ; junto : — 
 dissension ; party spirit. 
 
 Fac'tion-ist, n. One who promotes faction. 
 
 Fac'tious (fak'shus), a. [L. factiosus.— See Fac- 
 tion.]' Given to faction ; turbulent; seditious. 
 
 Fac'tious-ness, n. Inclination to faction. 
 
 Fac-ti"'tious (fak-tlsh'us), a. [L. fucticius, made 
 up, artificial ; facere, to make.] Made by art 
 and not by nature ; artificial ; not natural. 
 
 Fac' tor, n. [L., a maker, a doer; facere, to make, 
 to do.] A merchant's agent; a substitute. — 
 (Arith.) A multiplier or a multiplicand : — an 
 element or condition contributing to produce a 
 result ; a constituent. 
 
 Fac'tor-ship, n. State or office of a factor. 
 
 Fac'to-ry, n. [L. factorium, a manufactory; in 
 classical use, an oil-press.] A house or residence 
 of factors; a body of factors : — a manufactory. 
 
 Fac-to'tum, n. [L. fac totum, do the whole : fac is 
 the present imperative active of facere, to do.] 
 A servant employed alike in all kinds of busi- 
 ness ; a handy deputy. 
 
 Fac'ul-ty, n. [Fr. faculte, L. facullas, skill, ca- 
 pacity ; facul, faculter (ads.), with skill ; facilis, 
 ready, skilful ; facere, to make, to do.] Power 
 of mind or body: — ability; gift; dexterity: — 
 the officers of a college : — a body of physicians. 
 
 Fac'und, a. [L. facundus, eloquent; fari, to speak; 
 the' suffix -mtdus implies fulness.] Eloquent; 
 ready of speech. 
 
 Fa-cun'di-ty, n. [L. facunditas.— See Facund.] 
 'Easiness of speech. 
 
 Fad, n. [Slang contraction for Fr. fadaise, folly.] 
 A craze ; a crotchet ; a hobby. 
 
 Fade, v. n. [Fr. fade, insipid, weak ; L. fatuus, 
 foolish, insipid, silly : root of fari, fatum, to 
 speak. — Cf. Garrulous.] [pp. fading, faded.] 
 To lose color ; to wither ; to vanish. — 2, v. a. To 
 cause to lose color. 
 
 Fadfe (faj), v. n. [Cf. A.-S. fsegian, to fit, to adorn ; 
 found only in the word afmgian, to depict. — Cf. 
 also fegan, to fit,] [pp. fadging, fadged.J 
 suit ; to fit ; to agree. 
 
 Fse'cal (fe'kal), a. See Fecal. 
 
 Fae'cls. (fe'se'z), n. [L. ; pi. of fsex, dregs.] 
 crernent : — lees. 
 
 Fa'e-ry; (or far'e), a. Fairy; fairy-like. — 2, n. 
 Fays collectively : — a fairy. 
 
 Fag, v. n. [Perhaps for flag, to droop, or for fa- 
 tigue.] [pp. fagging, fagged.] To grow weary; 
 to faint; to drudge. — 2, v. a. To compel to 
 drudge ; to beat. — 3, n. A drudge ; a school-boy 
 who dors menial service : — a knot. 
 
 Fag-end', n. [Said to be for flag-end.] End of a 
 web of cloth ; refuse. 
 
 Fag'ot, n. [Fr. fagot, It, fagotto, fangotto, a bun- 
 dle' of sticks.— Cf. L. facida, dim. of fax, a torch ; 
 also Icel. fanga, an armful ; fa, to grasp, to 
 fetch.] A bundle of sticks; a twig.— 2, v. a. 
 [pp. fagoting, fagoted.] To tie up; to bundle 
 together. 
 
 Fa-got' to, w. ; pi. Fa-got' tt, or Fa- 
 got' to§. [It. for "a bundle:" it 
 is made of strips of wood hooped ; 
 or, if taken in pieces, it may be 
 carried in a bundle.] A kind of 
 bassoon. 
 
 Fah-ren-heit', a. [Named from the 
 inventor.] Noting the common 
 thermometric scale. 
 
 Faience, 1 (fa-yons), n. [Fr. ; from Faenza in 
 
 Fayence, J Italy ; according to some, from Fayence 
 in France ; but that town possibly took its name 
 from the ware.] Glazed earthen-ware ; pottery. 
 
 Fail, v. n. [Fr. faillir, to fail ; L. fallere, to elude ; 
 Gr. <T4>d\\eLv, to cause to fall (q. v.).] [pp. fail- 
 ing, failed.] To be deficient; to cease; to perish ; 
 
 To 
 
 Ex- 
 
 Fagotto. 
 
 a, e, I, 6, u, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fail ; heir, her; 
 
FAILING 
 
 237 
 
 FAMISH 
 
 to decay: — to miss: — to become insolvent. — 
 
 2, c. a. To desert: to disappoint; to deceive. — 
 
 3, n. Omission ; failure : — want : — death. 
 Fairing, w. Deficiency ; lapse :— fault : foible ; an 
 
 imperfection : weakness. 
 
 Fail'ure (fal'yur), n. Deficiency; decay; cessa- 
 tion ; omission ; non-performance : — want of 
 success : — bankruptcy. 
 
 Fain, a. [A.-S. fsegen, 0. Saxon fagun, Icel. fe- 
 ginn, glad.] Glad ; pleased. — 2, ad. Gladly. 
 
 Faineant (fa-na-6i)), n. [Fr. ; faire, to do, ueant, 
 nothing.] An epithet applied to French kings 
 during whose reigns the real power was exer- 
 cised by the mayors of the palace : — an apa- 
 thetic or worthless ruler : — an idle fellow. 
 
 Faint, ». [Fr. feint, sham ; feindre, to feign (q. v.).] 
 A swoon. — 2, v. n. [pp. fainting, fainted.] To 
 decay; to sink motionless. — 3, a. Languid; 
 weak ; feeble ; dejected. 
 
 Faint' -heart-ed, a. Cowardly ; timid. 
 
 Faint'ly, ad. "Feebly ; languidly ; timidly. 
 
 Faint'ness, n. State of being taint ; languor. 
 
 Fair (far), a. [A.-S. fseger; Dan. feir ; Icel. fagr.] 
 Beautiful : — white : — clear ; not foul : — favor- 
 able ; equitable ; just ; honest : — plain : — open : 
 — candid: — moderately good. — 2, v. [L. feria, 
 0. Fr. feire, Fr. foire, a holiday.] A stated' mar- 
 ket : — elliptical'ly, a handsome woman. — The 
 fair, the female sex. — 3, ad. Gently ; frankly ; 
 fairly ; well. 
 
 Fair'i-ly. (far'i-le), ad. After the manner of a fairy. 
 
 Fair'ing, n. A present given at a fair: — some- 
 thing unpleasant and unexpected. 
 
 Fair'ly, ad. With fairness; justly; candidly. 
 
 Fair'ness, n. Quality of being fair; honesty. 
 
 Fair'way, n. A navigable channel. 
 
 Fair'y. (far'e), n. [From Fay (g. v.) ; 0. Fr. faerie, 
 enchantment.] A fabled, aerial, mischievous, 
 or sportive being or spirit, in human shape ; an 
 elf; a fay : — an enchantress. — 2, a. Given by, 
 or belonging to, fairies. 
 
 Fair'y.-land, n. The ideal residence of fairies. 
 
 Faith '(fa th), n. [0. Fr. fei, feid, foy, foil ; Fr. foi ; 
 L. fides. — Cf. Gr. nelOeiv, to persuade ; 7ti'o-ti?, 
 faith. The final th in English is apparently in 
 imitation of that seen in health, truth, strength, 
 and other abstract nouns.] Active belief; trust 
 in God; trust in Christ as a Saviour: — doctrine 
 or tenets believed ; creed : — fidelity ; constancy ; 
 confidence; sincerity; honor. [upright. 
 
 Faith'ful, a. Firm to the truth ; loyal ; trusty ; 
 
 Faith'ful-ly, ad. In a faithful manner. 
 
 Faith'ful-nSss, n. Quality of being faithful; 
 fidelity; honesty; loyalty. 
 
 Faith'less, a. Without faith ; perfidious. 
 
 Faith'less-ness, n. Want of faith ; perfidy. 
 
 Fake, n. [A.-S. fsec, a space.] A coil or turn of 
 a cable or rope.— 2, v. n. & v. a. [A.-S. fucian, 
 to deceive, to get ; feccan, to fetch ; facen, de- 
 ceit. —Cf. Fakir.], [pp. faking, faked.] To 
 cheat; to steal. [Slang.] 
 
 Fa-kir', or Fa'kir [fa'kir, P. Sin. Wb. ; fa-ker', 
 St. I. K. C], n. [Arab, for "a poor man."] A 
 sort of wandering monk in India: — (fa'kir) [as- 
 sociated with the idea of fake, to cheat. — Cf. Fr. 
 faquin, a wretch, a poor sot ; Sp. fachin, a porter ; 
 It. facchino, a porter, a base fellow] a wander- 
 ing, cheating adventurer; a pedler. [Slang.] 
 
 Fal'cate, a. [L. fulcalm, scythe-shaped; false, fal- 
 cis, a scythe or sickle.] Bent like a hook. 
 
 FSl'chion (fal'chun or fal'shun). n. [It. falcione ; 
 Fr.fa'uchon; Late L. falcio ; from fd.r, a sickle. 
 — Cf. Gr. 0<xAki75, a ship's rib or balk (g. v.); 
 $oAko?, bow-legged.] A broad, crooked sword. 
 
 Fai'con (faw'ku), n. [L. falco, fahonis, Gr. <£<xA- 
 Kuiv, Fr. faucon, a hawk"; from the shape of the 
 bill and talons : L. fdx, falcis, a sickle.] A hawk 
 trained for sport ; a hawk. 
 
 Fal'con-er (faw'kn-er), n. A trainer of falcons. 
 
 Fal'co-nSt, or F&l'co-net, n. A little falcon :— 
 a sort of ordnance." 
 
 FSl'con-ry (faw'kn-re), n. [Fr. favconnerie.] The 
 art of training hawks, or of taking birds and 
 other game with falcons. 
 
 Faid'st661, n. [Late L. faldistolium : roots of Fold 
 and Stool. — Cf. Fr. fauteuil, an arm-chair.] A 
 reading-desk ; a folding chair. 
 
 Fill, v. n. [A.-S. feallau ; Dut. vallen ; Ger. fallen. 
 — Cf. L. fullere, to deceive ; falli, to err, to be de- 
 ceived. — See Fail.] [i. fell ; pp. falling, fallen.] 
 To drop down : — to die : — to decline ; to sink : — 
 to decrease ; to ebb : — to happen ; to befall : — to 
 revolt; to apostatize : — to lose rank. — 2, it. Act 
 of- falling; overthrow; destruction; downfall: 
 — decline ; diminution : — cadence : — cataract 
 (often in the pi.) : — autumn. 
 
 Fal-la'cious (fal-la'shus), a. [L. fallax, fallacis. — 
 'See Fallacy."] Producing mistake ; sophistical ; 
 deceitful; deceptive; delusive. 
 
 Fal-la'cious-ness, n. Tendency to deceive. 
 
 Fal'la-cy,'n. [L. fallacia, deceit; fallax, fallacis, 
 deceitful ; fallere, to deceive.] Sophism ; deceit- 
 ful argument. 
 
 Fall' en (fal'ln), p. from fall. 
 
 Fal-li-bil'i-ty, ». State of being fallible. 
 
 Fal'l|-ble,'a. ' [L. fallibilis; falli, to err; fallere, to 
 deceive.] Liable to error ; imperfect. 
 
 Fall'ing-sick'ness, n. The epilepsy. 
 
 Fal'low (fal'lo),' a. [A.-S. fealn, feulo, yellow 
 (q. v.) ; also unproductive ; Dut. vaal, faded, 
 pale; Icel. fair, Ger. fuhl, falb, L. paltidus, Gr. 
 ira\ios, Skr. paltia, pale (g. v.).] Pale yellow 
 or red : — unfilled : — neglected. — 2, n. Untilled 
 laud. — 3, v. n. [pp. fallowing, fallowed.] To 
 plough and harrow land. [of European deer. 
 
 Fal'low-deer, n. [See Fallow.] A small species 
 
 Filse, «. [L. falsns, false, deceived ; fallere, falswn, 
 to deceive.] Not true; not genuine; untrue; 
 mendacious; spurious; perfidious; counterfeit. 
 
 False' -heart-ed, a. Perfidious. 
 
 Faise'hood (fals'hud), n. A false assertion ; want 
 of truth ; untruth ; a lie. 
 
 Faise'ly, ad. In a false manner; perfidiously. 
 
 Faise'ness, n. Want of truth ; deceit. 
 
 Fal-set'to, n. [It.] (Mas.) A feigned voice, or 
 unnatural manner of singing. 
 
 Fal-si-fi-ca'tion, n. Act of falsifying. 
 
 Fai'si-f I-er, n. One who falsifies. 
 
 Fai'si-fy, V. a. [Fr. falsifier ; L. fahns, false, and 
 facere, to make.] [pp. falsifying, falsified.] To 
 make or prove false ; to violate : — to forge ; to 
 counterfeit. — 2, v. n. To utter lies or falsehoods. 
 
 Fal'si-ty, n. Contrariety to truth ; error. 
 
 Fal'ter, v. n. [0. Fr. falter, to fail ; Sp. falfar, It. 
 failure, to be at fault ; Sp. & It. faltu, a fault.] 
 [pp. faltering, faltered.] To speak with broken 
 utterance; to hesitate; to stammer: — to waver. 
 
 Fame, n- [L. fama, report ; Gr. </>rjjui, L. fan, to 
 speak.] Public and favorable report; public 
 opinion ; celebrity ; renown ; rumor. 
 
 Famed (fanid),_p. a. Benowned ; celebrated. 
 
 Fa-mil'iar (fa-mil'yar), a. [L. familiaris, belong- 
 ing to the household; famUia, a family (g. <•.).] 
 Affable; easy; unceremonious; intimate; free; 
 frank. — 2, n. An intimate : — a demon. 
 
 Fa-mil-i-ar'i-ty (fa-mil-ye-ar'e-te), n. State of 
 being familiar; intimacy; acquaintance. 
 
 Fa-mil'iar-Ize (fa-mil'yar-Jz), v. a. [pp. famil- 
 iarizing, familiarized.] To make familiar; to 
 make easy by habit. 
 
 Fa-mil'iar-ly, ad. In a familiar manner. 
 
 Fam'i-ly, n. [L. familia, a household, servants 
 collectively ; famulus, 0. L. famul, a servant. — 
 Cf. Oscan famel, a servant; faama, a house.] 
 The persons collectively who live together in a 
 house; household: — lineage; race; progeny; 
 generation : — an order ; class. 
 
 Fam'ine, n. [Fr. famine; Late L. famina; L. 
 fames.] Great scarcity of food ; dearth. 
 
 Fam'ish, v. a. [From famine, on type of demolish.] 
 [pp. famishing, famished.] To afflict with hun- 
 ger. — 2, v. ». To starve: to die of hunger. 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q, g>, c, £, soft; p, J3-, e, §, hard; s as z ; x as gz ; this. 
 
FAMOUS 
 
 238 
 
 FASCINATION 
 
 Fa'mous, a. [L. famosus ; fama, fame.] Renowned ; 
 celebrated ; noted. 
 
 Fa'mous-ly, ad. In a famous manner. 
 
 Fan, n. [L. vannus, a fan : akin to Wind and 
 Winnow.] An instrument for putting the air 
 in motion, used by women to cool themselves : — 
 a machine to make a draught in a furnace : — a 
 utensil to winnow grain. — 2, v. a. [pp. fan- 
 ning, fanned.] To cool with a fan : — to winnow. 
 
 Fa-nat'ic, n. [L. fanaticus, filled with religious 
 enthusiasm ; fannm, a temple.] A wild enthu- 
 siast; a visionary. 
 
 Fa-nat'ic, \a. Filled with fanaticism; wild; 
 
 Fa-nat'i-cal, j enthusiastic ; mad. 
 
 Fa-nat'i-cal-ly, ad. In a fanatical manner. 
 
 Fa-nat'i-cism, n. Visionary notions or feeling ; 
 wild enthusiasm; frenzy. 
 
 Fan'ci-er, n. One who fancies; an amateur. 
 
 Fan'ci-iul, a. Imaginative; visionary; chimer- 
 ical ; fantastical ; whimsical. 
 
 Fan'ci-ful-ly, ad. In a fanciful manner. 
 
 Fan'ci-ful-ness, n. Quality of being fanciful. 
 
 Fan'cy, n. [For fantasy {q. v.).] The faculty of 
 combining ideas ; imagination ; taste ; idea ; im- 
 age : — inclination ; fondness : — freak; humor ; 
 whim. — 2, v. n. [pp. fancying, fancied.] To 
 imagine ; to suppose. — 3, v. a. To imagine ; to 
 conceive : — to be pleased with ; to like. — 4, a. 
 Fine ; pleasing the fancy ; ornamented. 
 
 Fan-dan'go, n. [Sp. ; name and dance are said to 
 be of African origin.] A Spanish dance. 
 
 Fane, n. [L. fanum, a temple.] A temple; a 
 church : — a vane. 
 
 Fan' fare, n. [Fr. ; Sp. fanfarria, bluster; favfar- 
 rear, to brag. — Cf. Arab, farfar, talkative.] A 
 flourish of trumpets: — a short, lively piece of 
 music for trumpets and drums. 
 
 Fan-far-o-nade', n. [Fr. famfarcmma.de; Sp. fan- 
 farrona'da, bluster. — See Fanfare.] A bluster. 
 
 Fang, n. [A.-S. fang, a seizure ; Dut. vangeu, Ger. 
 fangen, to catch ; fang, a fang, a claw.] Tusk 
 of an animal ; a talon ; a claw. 
 
 Fan-ta'si-a, n. [It. — See Fantasy.] (Mus.) A 
 fantastical or capricious air. 
 
 Fan-tas'tic, ) a. [Gr. fyavrao-Tiitos. — See Fan- 
 
 Fan-tas'ti-cal, J tasy.] Imaginary ; fanciful; ca- 
 pricious ; whimsical ; odd. 
 
 Fan-tas'ti-cal-ly, ad. In a fantastic manner. 
 
 Fan-tas'ti-cal-ness, n. Whimsicalness. 
 
 Fan'ta-sy, nl [Fr. fantaisie ; Gr. fyavraala, imagi- 
 nation ; (fravTa^eiv, to make visible ; 4>aiveiv, to 
 show.] Fancy ; imagination. 
 
 Fa-quir', or Fa-queer', n. See Fakir. 
 
 Far, ad. [0. E. fer; A.-S. fear; Ger. fern; Dut. 
 ver. — Cf. Gr. rrepav, Skr. paras, beyond ; para, 
 far.] Remotely; at a distance: — much. — 2, a. 
 Distant; remote; alienated. 
 
 Fa-rad'ic, a. Relating to faradism. 
 
 Far'a-dism, n. [From Faraday, a celebrated Eng- 
 lish physicist.] A form of electricity :— the 
 medical use of faradic currents. [dism. 
 
 Far-a-di-za'tion, n. Medical application of fara- 
 
 Farce, w". [Fr! farce, a farce,— properly, a hodge- 
 podge, force-meat, stuffing for a fowl; farcer, to 
 stuff; L. farcire, to cram.] A ludicrous dramatic 
 representation ; a short piece of low comic char- 
 acter.— 2, v. a. [pp. farcing, farced.] To stuff; 
 to cram. 
 
 Far'ci-cal, a. Relating to a farce; ludicrous. 
 
 Far'ci-cal-ly, ad. In a farcical manner. 
 
 Far'cy. n. [Fr. farcin, L. farciminnm, farcy; far- 
 cirnen, a sausage ; farcire, to cram ; from the 
 puffy tumors which characterize the disease.] 
 Chronic glanders ; a destructive disease of horses. 
 
 Fare, v. n. [A.-S. faran, Dut. varen, Dan. fare, 
 Ger. fahren, Goth, faran, to go.— Cf. Goth, farjan, 
 to convey : probably akin to Far, Ferry, Port.] 
 [pp. faring, fared.] To go; to pass; to travel : 
 — to happen to any one, well or ill : — to feed ; 
 to eat. — 2, n. Price of passage in a vehicle : — 
 food ; provisions : — fish taken : — a litter ; farrow. 
 
 Fare-well', or Fare'well, ad. [For " go well," or 
 "speed well." — Cf. Welcome.] The parting 
 compliment; be well; adieu. — 2, n. Leave; de- 
 parture : — adieu ; valediction. — 3, a. Valedic- 
 tory ; taking leave. 
 
 Far-fetched' (far-fetcht'), o. Brought from a dis- 
 tance :— studiously sought; strained; forced. 
 
 Fa-ri'na [fa-re'na, it. H.], n. [L. farina, meal; 
 far, the grain called spelt.— Cf. Bere.] Flour; 
 meal ; starch. 
 
 Far-j-na'ceous, a. [L. farinaceus. — See Farina.] 
 Mealy; flour-like; starchy. 
 
 Farm, n. [Fr. ferme, a farm, — originally, a rent; 
 Late L. firma, a farm, a rent; L. firm Has, secu- 
 rity; firmus, firm, fixed.] Land cultivated by a 
 farmer. — 2, v. a. [pp. farming, farmed.] To 
 lease or let : — to cultivate. 
 
 Farm'er, n. One who farms; a cultivator: — one 
 who collects taxes on shares. 
 
 Farm'ing, n. Business of a farmer. 
 
 Farm' stead (-sted), «. [On type of homestead.'] A 
 farm, with the buildings thereon. 
 
 Far'o [fa/ro, St. I.; fa'ro, Wb.\ n. [It. faraone; 
 Fr. pharaon ; from Pharaoh, the royal title in 
 ancient Egypt.] A game at hazard with cards. 
 
 Far-ra'go, ». [L. for a "hodge-podge," — prop- 
 erly, a mixture, or mash, of grain ; far, faris, 
 spelt. — See Farina.] A confused mass ; a medley. 
 
 Far'ri-er, n. [Fr. ferreur, a smith ; L. ferrarius, 
 an iron-worker ; 'ferrum, iron.] A shoer of 
 horses; a horse-doctor. 
 
 Far'ri-er-y, n. _ The art or skill of farriers. 
 
 Far'row (f ar'ro), n. [A.-S. fearh, Dut. vark, Ger. 
 ferkel, L. porcus, a pig ; Dan. fare, to farrow.] 
 A litter of pigs ; young pigs. — 2, a. [A.-S. fear, 
 an ox ; Dut. vaar, a bullock ; vaarkoe, a heifer ; 
 Ger. fitrre, a steer, a bull. Thus a furrow cow 
 is one that is unproductive, like an ox, for the 
 season.] Not producing young ; barren. — 3, v. a. 
 [pp. farrowing, farrowed.] To bring forth pigs. 
 
 Far'-sight-ed (-slt-ed), a. Seeing far: — prudent. 
 
 Far' trier, ad. [0. E. ferrer, comp. of fer, far; 
 much influenced by further, with which it was 
 early confounded.] More remotely; beyond; 
 moreover; further. — 2, a. comp. More remote; 
 further. — Further and farther are of much the 
 same meaning, and are both in good use; but 
 farther implies greater remoteness, while further 
 means additional, in addition, in advance. 
 
 Far'thest, a. snperl. [0. E. ferrest, superl. offer, 
 far.] ' Most distant; furthest. — 2, ad. At the 
 greatest distance ; furthest. 
 
 Far'thjng, n. [A.-S. feording, ferthing, dim. of 
 feord', fourth.] The fourth part of a penny. 
 
 Far' thin-gale [-gal, H. I.], n. [Fr. vertugadin; 
 Sp. v'erdugudo, hooped ; verdugo, a green rod, a 
 hoop-pole ; verde, green. — See Verdant.] A 
 hoop or circle of whalebone, to spread the petti- 
 coat; crinoline. 
 
 Fas'ces (fas'sez), n. pi. [L. pi. of fascis, a bundle. 
 — Cf. Gr. (fxx/ceAo?, a band. — See 
 Fascia.] Rods with an axe an- 
 ciently carried by lictors before 
 the Roman consuls. 
 
 Fas'ci-a (fash'e-a), n. [L. for "a 
 band."— See 'f'ascinate. The 
 words of this group appear to 
 have no relation to Fast and 
 Fasten.] A fillet; a bandage ; 
 the belt of a planet ; the sheath 
 of a muscle. 
 
 Fas'ci-cle, n. [L. fasciculus, dim. 
 of fascis, a bundle.] A bundle :— a florescence. 
 
 Fas-cic'u-lar, «. Belonging to a bundle. 
 
 Fas'ci-nate, v. a. [L. fascinare, fascinalmn, to 
 chain]. — Cf. Gr. /Sao-xaiVetv, to bewitch; L. fas- 
 cinum, Gr. fiao-itaviov, a charm : kindred to fas- 
 cina. a bundle.] [pp. fascinating, fascinated.] 
 To enchant ; to charm ; to enrapture ; to bewitch ; 
 to captivate. 
 
 Fas-ci-na'tion, n. Enchantment; charm. 
 
 a, e, i, 5, u, y, long; a, e, \, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
FASCINE 
 
 239 
 
 FAWN 
 
 Fas-cine' (fas-sen'), n. [Fr. ; L. fascina, a fagot ; 
 fastis, a bundle; fascia, a band.] A long fagot 
 used in fortifications. 
 
 Fash/ion (fash'un), n. [Fr. facon; 0. Fr. fachon; 
 L. factio, a making, a shaping; facere, to make. 
 — See Faction.] The custom of many ; tlie gen- 
 eral custom or practice : — form ; make : — way ; 
 mode : — rauk ; high society. — I, v. a. [pp. fash- 
 ioning, fashioned.] To form; to adapt. 
 
 Fash'ion-a-ble (fash'un-a-blj, a. Conformed to 
 the fashion ; modish ; genteel. 
 
 Fash'ion-a-bly, ad. In a fashionable manner. 
 
 Fast [fast," St L; fast, H. Wb.], v. n. [A.-S. fses- 
 tan; Dut. ratten; D&n.faste; Ger. fasten; Goth. 
 fastan : akin to Fast in the sense of firm, with 
 "the idea of strictness.] [pp. fasting, fasted.] 
 To abstain from food; to be abstinent. — 2, n. 
 Abstinence from food : — time of fasting. — 3, a. 
 [A.-S. fsest; Dut. vast; Dan. & Sw. fast; Icel. 
 fastr; Ger. f est.) Firm; strong; fixed :— [a spe- 
 cial use of fast in the sense of firm, or fixed ; the 
 idea is that of urgency. This use of the word 
 comes from the Scandinavian tongues] quick; 
 swift. — 4, ad. Firmly ; closely ; nearly : — swiftly. 
 
 Fast' -day, u. A day of a public fast. 
 
 Fast'en (faVsn) [fiisn, St. I.; fasn, H. Wb.], v. a. 
 [A.-S. faestnian ; from fsest, firm. The termina- 
 tion -en is formative, as in harden, soften, blacken, 
 quicken.] [pp. fastening, fastened.] To make 
 fast : to make firm ; to cement ; to link ; to affix ; 
 to bind.— 2, v. n. To fix itself. 
 
 Fast'en-er (f as'sn-er), n. One who fastens. 
 
 Fast'en-ing- (f iis'sn-), ». That which fastens. 
 
 Fas-tid'i-otis, a. [L. fastidiosus ; fastidium, loath- 
 ing ; ffom fastus, pride. The derivation of the 
 L. fastidium from fasti (tedium, the disgust of 
 pride, is very unlikely to be correct; the suffix 
 -idium is the Gr. diminutive form in -lSiov. — Of. 
 L. presidium, garrison, from prseses, guard.] 
 Disdainful; squeamish. 
 
 Fas-tld'i-ous-ly, ad. In a fastidious manner. 
 
 Fas-tid'i-ou3-ness, n. Squeamishness. 
 
 Fist'ing, n. The act of abstaining from food. • 
 
 Fast'ness, ». [Words ending in -ness usually ex- 
 press abstract qualities. In fastness, a strong- 
 hold, the name of an abstract quality is given 
 to an object possessing that quality. — Cf. L. 
 dominio, power, Late L. dominio, a dungeon; Ger. 
 feste, strength, a fortress.] Firmness ; strength : 
 — swiftness :— a stronghold; a fortified place. 
 
 Fat, ». [A.-S. frt; Dut. vet; Dan. fed; Sw. fet.] 
 The unctuous part of animal flesh ; concrete oil : 
 — [see Vat] a measure; a vessel; a vat. — 2, «. 
 Plump; fleshy; gross; fertile; rich. — 3, v. a. 
 [pp. tatting, fatted.] To make fat; to fatten. — 
 4, o. n. To grow fat ; to grow full-fleshed. 
 
 Fa'tal, a. Appointed by fate: — deadly; mortal; 
 destructive: — inevitable ; necessary. 
 
 Fa'tal-ism, u. The doctrine of overruling fate; 
 belief in inevitable necessity. 
 
 Fa'tal-ist, ». An adherent of fatalism. 
 
 Fa-tal'i-ty, n. Decree of fate : — cause of ill : — 
 mortality. 
 
 Fa'tal-ly, ad. By fate ; mortally. 
 
 Fate, n. [L.fatvm, fate, that which is spoken or 
 decreed; fari, fatum, to decree, to speak.] An 
 inevitable necessity; a fixed series of causes; 
 destiny; final event; lot. 
 
 Fat'ed, a. Decreed by fate ; doomed. [fate. 
 
 Fate'ful, a. Momentous: — fatal: — decisive of 
 
 Fates, ". pi. {Mythology.) Three sifter goddesses 
 supposed to preside over the birth, life, and 
 death of men ; the destinies. 
 
 Fa'tfier, n. [A.-S. feeder; Dut. vader ; Dan. fader; \ 
 Icel. fadir; Ger. vater ; L. pater; Gr. irarrip ; Per. 
 pidar; Skr. pitri.] The male parent: — the first 
 ancestor : — one who creates, invents, or forms : — 
 a Catholic priest or confessor. — 2, v. a. [j)p. 
 fathering, fathered.] To take; to adopt, as a 
 child. [tionship of a father. 
 
 Fa'ther-hood (-hud), n. The character or rela- 
 
 Fa'tner-in-l£w', n. ; pi. Fa'tfiers-m-law'. The 
 father of one's husband or wife. 
 
 Fa'ther-land, u. One's native land. 
 
 Fa'tfter-less, a. Destitute of a father. 
 
 Fa'ther-li-ness, n. Tenderness of a father. 
 
 Fa'tner-ly, a. Like a father; paternal. — 2, ad. 
 In the manner of a father. 
 
 Fatn'om, n. [A.-S. fsedm; 0. E. fadom, fadme, 
 vedme; Dut. vadem; Dan. fucn ; Sw. famn ; Ger. 
 faden. The original meaning of the A.-S., Dan., 
 & Sw. is an embrace,— hence, as much as can 
 be measured by the two arms. — Cf. Ger. fahen, 
 to grasp; L. patere, to extend.] A measure of 
 six feet in length.— 2, v. a. [pp. fathoming, 
 fathomed.] To sound ; to find the bottom. 
 
 Fatn'om-a-ble, a. That may be fathomed. 
 
 Fath'om-less, a. That cannot be fathomed. 
 
 Fa-tigue' tfa-teg'), n. [Fr. fatigue, weariness; 
 fatiguer, to weary ; L. fatigare, to weary. j Weari- 
 ness; lassitude; the cause of weariness; labor; 
 toil :— work or duty in the army which is not 
 military.— 2, v. a. [jjp. fatiguing, fatigued.] 
 To tire ; to weary. 
 
 Fat'ling, n. An animal fed for slaughter. 
 
 Fat' ness, n. Quality of being fat; plumpness. 
 
 Fat' ten (fat'tnj, r. «. [pp. fattening, fattened.] 
 To make fat or fleshy. — 2, v. u. To grow fat. 
 
 Fat'ti-ness, n. Grossuess ; fulness of flesh. 
 
 Fat'ty, a. Lnctuous; oleaginous; greasy. 
 
 Fa-tu'i-ty., n. Foolishness; weakness of mind. 
 
 Fat'u-ous, a. [L. fatuus, foolish. — See Fade.] 
 Foolish; silly; stupid. 
 
 Faubourg (fo'borg), n. [Fr. ; Early Fr. forsbourg, 
 from Late h. for is burgum, the town outside the 
 gates; representing also a mediaeval Fr. faux 
 bourg, false town, which replaced the earlier 
 forsbourg.] The environs of a city; a suburb. 
 
 F3,u'ce§, v. pi. [L.] The interior of the throat. 
 
 Fau'cet. n. \~Fr. faucet or fausset; from L. faux, 
 faucis, a gullet ; or, sotne say, from 0. Fr. favlser, 
 to falsify, — hence, to fault, break, or pierce.] A 
 pipe to give vent to a vessel. 
 
 Faugh (faw), inter}. Notinsr contempt ; foh ! 
 
 Fault, n. [Fr. faute; Sp. & It. fdt i ; L. fallere, to 
 dece.ve; falli, to err, to fail (y. v.).] An offence; 
 slight crime -.—blemish; defect ; want. — ( Miu.) A 
 dislocation of strata.— At fault, puzzled; in diffi- 
 culty.— 2, v. a. [pp. faulting, faulted.] To 
 blame ; to find fault with. 
 
 Fault'i-ly, ad. In a faulty manner; wrongly. 
 
 F&ult'i-ness, n. Badness; viciousness ; defect. 
 
 Fault/less, a. Exempt from fault ; perfect. 
 
 Fault'less-ness, n. State of being faultless. 
 
 Fault' y", a. Having faults ; wrong; defective. 
 
 F&un, ». [L. Faunas: akin to Pan, the Creek rural 
 divinity, and to L. favere, fautnan, to be propi- 
 tious : a euphemistic name, since the fauns were 
 dreaded by rustics.] A kind of demi-god or rural 
 deity. 
 
 F&u'na, n. [L. Fauna, a Eoman goddess of cattle 
 and farms, sister to Faunus, chief of the fauns.] 
 (Zool.) The various kinds of animals found in, 
 or peculiar to, a country. 
 
 Fauteuil (fo-tul), n . [Fr. ; L. faldistoUum, a fald- 
 stool (g. r.).] An arm-chair; a rocking-chair. 
 
 Fa'vor, p. o. [Fr. faveur, L. favor, good will; 
 favere, fan/urn, to favor. 1 [pp. favoring, favored.] 
 To support; to countenance; to assist: to spare : 
 — to resemble. — 2, n. Kindness ; regard ; support; 
 lenity ; good will : — any thing worn as a token. 
 
 Fa'vor-a-ble, a. Kind ; propitious ; friendly ; ten- 
 der; contributing to; convenient; advantageous; 
 auspicious; fair. 
 
 Fa'vor-a-bly, ad. In a favorable manner. 
 
 Fa'vored (fa'vurd), p. «. Regarded with kind- 
 ness : — featured (used with well, ill, &c). 
 
 Fa'vor-ite, n. [Fr. favori, fern, favorite. — See 
 Favor.] A person or thing beloved. — 2, a. Be- 
 loved ; regarded with favor. 
 
 Fa'vor-it-ism, w. Act of favoring; partiality. 
 
 Fawn, n. [Fr. faon, a fawn, a puppy ; 0. Fr. feon, 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, 9, 5, £, soft; p, p, p, g, hard; § as z ; 5 as gz ; this. 
 
FAWNING 
 
 240 
 
 FELL 
 
 feun, a young animal ; L. foetus, fetus, offspring. 
 — Cf. Prov.feda, a sheep. The Fr. termination 
 -on is here diminutive.] A young deer : — flat- 
 tery. — 2, v. n. [A.-S. fsegnian, to rejoice ; Icel. 
 fagna, to rejoice, to welcome. — See Fain.] [pp. 
 fawning, fawned.] To court servilely ; to cringe. 
 
 Fawn'ing, n. Gross or low flattery. — 2, p. a. 
 Meanly flattering; servile. 
 
 Fawn'ing-ly, ad. In a cringing, servile way. 
 
 Fay (fa), n. ' [Fr. fee, Port, fada, It. fata, a fairy ; 
 L. fatum, fate; Fata, the goddesses of fate, the 
 Fates.] A fairy; an elf. — 2, v. a. [A variant 
 of Fadge.] [pp. faying, fayed.] To fit; to 
 suit ; to adapt ; to join. — 3, v. n. To lie or unite 
 close ; to fit. 
 
 Fe'al-ty, n. [0. Fr. fealte, fidelity (g. v.).] Oath 
 of fidelity, or duty' due, to a superior or liege 
 lord ; loyalty ; homage. 
 
 Fear (fer), n. [A.-S. fser, danger, fear; Icel. far, 
 mischief; Ger. gefahr, danger: root of Fare in 
 the sense of to travel.— Of. Peril.] An uneasy 
 or painful apprehension of danger; dread; ter- 
 ror; awe; anxiety.— 2, v. a. To dread; to be 
 afraid of : — to apprehend : to reverence. — 3, v. n. 
 To live in terror ; to be afraid. 
 
 Fear'ful, a. Filled with fear; timorous; afraid: 
 — awful; dreadful. 
 
 Fear'ful-ly, ad. In a fearful manner. 
 
 Fear'ful-ness, n. Timorousness; dread. 
 
 Fear'less, «. Free from fear; intrepid. 
 
 Fear'less-ly, ad. Without terror ; intrepidly. 
 
 Fear/less-ness, n. Courage ; intrepidity. 
 
 Fear' some, a. Causing fear; frightful: — timid. 
 
 Fea-si-bil'i-ty, n. Practicability. 
 
 Fea'si-ble (fe'ze-bl), a. [Fr. faisable ; from faire, 
 to do ; L. facere.] That may be done. 
 
 Fea'si-ble-ness, n. Practicability. 
 
 Fea'si-bly (fe'ze-ble), ad. Practicably. 
 
 Feast (fest), n. [L. festum; festus, glad ; Fr. fete, 
 0. Fr. feste, a feast.] An entertainment at the 
 table; a sumptuous treat; a festival. — 2, v. n. 
 [pp. feasting, feasted.] To eat sumptuously. — 
 8, v. a. To entertain sumptuously ; to pamper. 
 
 Feat, n. [Fr. fait; L. factum, a deed; facere, to 
 do.] An act; deed; action; exploit. 
 
 Feath'er, n. [A.-S. feder ; Dut. veder ; Ger. feder. 
 — Cf. L. penna, Gr. nrepov, a wing ; Skr. patra, 
 a feather.] A plume of a bird; covering of 
 birds : — an ornament : — kind ; species. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. featheiing, feathered.] To dress in feath- 
 ers : — to turn edgewise, as an oar. 
 
 Featft'er-y, a. Feathered; plumose. 
 
 Feat'ly, ad. Skilfully; neatly. 
 
 Feat'ure (fet'yur), n. [0. Fr. faiture; L. factum, 
 formation, make; facere, to make, to do.] A 
 lineament of the face : — a prominent character- 
 istic. — pi. cast of the face. — 2, v. a. [pp. feat- 
 uring, featured.] To take after or resemble in 
 features. 
 
 Feat'ure-less, a. Without distinctive characters. 
 
 Feb'ri-fufe, n. [L. febrifugia ; febris, fever, and 
 fugare, to put to flight.]' Medicine to allay fever. 
 
 Febrile, or Feb'rile, a. [Fr. febrile; L. febris, a 
 fever (q. v.).] Relating to, partaking of, or in- 
 dicating a fever. 
 
 Feb'ru-a-ry, n. [L. Februarius ; februa, the annual 
 Roman feast of purgation, on February 15; feb- 
 ruare, to purge : a word of Sabine origin.] The 
 second month in the year. 
 
 Fe'cal, a. Relating to excrement or lees. 
 
 Fe'ce - ?, ti. pi. Dregs ; ordure. See F^ces. 
 
 Fec'u-la, n. [L. fsecula, dregs, especially the tar- 
 tar of' wine; dim. of fsex, dregs, faeces {q. v.). — 
 Cf. Gr. 4>et<\r), tartar.] Farina; starch. 
 
 Fec'u-lence, n. Lees; sediment; dregs. 
 
 Fec'u-lent, a. [L. fveculentns, abounding in dregs. 
 —See Fecula.] 'Foul; dreggy; filthy. 
 
 Fec'und, a. Fruitful ; prolific. 
 
 Fe-cun'date, or Fec'un-date, v. a. [pp. fecun- 
 dating, fecundated.] To make fruitful or pro- 
 lific; to impregnate. 
 
 Fec-un-da'tion, n. Act of making prolific. 
 
 Fe-cun'di-ty, n. [L. fecundilas ; fecundus, fruitful. 
 —See Fetus.] Fruitfulness ; fertility. 
 
 Fed, i. & p. from feed. 
 
 Fed'er-al, a. [L. foedus, foederis, a treaty : akin 
 to fides, faith.] Relating to a league ; confederate. 
 
 Fed er-al-ism, n. The principles of federalists. 
 
 Fed'er-al-ist, n. An adherent to a federal union : 
 — a' member of a political party. 
 
 Fed'er-ate, a. Joined in confederacy. 
 
 Fed-er-a'tion, n. A league ; a confederacy. 
 
 Fed'er-a-tive, a. Uniting ; forming a league. 
 
 Fee, n. [A. -S. feoh, feo, cattle, or property; Dut. 
 vee, cattle; Icel. fe, cattle, money, property. — 
 Cf. Goth, faihu, property, cattle ; L. pecus, cattle ; 
 pecunia, money; Skr. pagu, cattle.] Reward; 
 compensation for services. — (Law.) A tenure by 
 which lands, &c, are held. An estate held in 
 fee-simple is at the entire disposal of the owner. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. feeing, feed.] To reward; to 
 pay :— to bribe ; to hire. 
 
 Fee'ble, a. [Fr. faible, weak, or a foible; 0. Fr. 
 foible, It. fiecole, weak, feeble ; L ftebilis, mourn- 
 ful; Jiere, to weep.] Wanting strength, force, 
 or vigor; iveak; debilitated; sickly; infirm. — 
 
 2, n. The thinnest part of a sword-blade. 
 Fee'ble-mind'ed, a. Weak of mind. 
 Fee'ble-ness, ti. Weakness ; imbecility. 
 Fee'bly, ad. In a feeble manner; weakly. 
 Feed, v. a. [A.-S. fedan.— See Food.] [i. fed; pp. 
 
 feeding, fed.] To supply; to furnish; to nour- 
 ish ; to cherish. — 2, v. n. To take food ; to eat j 
 to pasture. — 3, n. Food ; that which is eaten ; 
 pasture. — 4, i. & p. from/ee. 
 
 Feed'er, n. One Avho feeds : — a stream or channel 
 of water for supplying a canal. 
 
 Feel, v. n. [A.-S. felan ; Ger. fiihlen ; Dut. voelen.] 
 [i. felt; pp. feeling, felt.] To have feeling; to 
 be affected. — 2, v. a. To perceive by the touch : 
 — to have sense of; to suffer : — to sound ; to try. 
 — 3, n. Sense of feeling ; touch ; feeliug. 
 
 Feel'er, n. He who or that which feels : — an an- 
 tenna; a tentacle ; a palp. 
 
 Feel'ing, p. a. Having sensibility ; tender. — 2, n. 
 Sense of touch ; sensibility. 
 
 Feel'ing-ly, ad. In a feeling manner. 
 
 Fee'-sim-ple, n. An unconditional estate. 
 
 Feet, n. The plural of foot. 
 
 Feign (fan), v. a. [Fr. feindre ; L. fingere.—See 
 Fiction.] [pp. feigning, feigned.] To make a 
 show of; to pretend; to invent; to forge; to 
 counterfeit. — 2, v. n. To relate falsely ; to image ; 
 to pretend. 
 
 Feigned (fund), p. a. Invented ; falsified. 
 
 Feign' er (fan'er), n. One who feigns. 
 
 Feint (fant), n. [See Feign.] False appearance ; 
 mock assault. — 2, v. n. [pp. feinting, feinted.] 
 To make a pretended attack with a view of in- 
 ducing an adversary to expose some point, as in 
 fencing. 
 
 Feld'spar, n. See Felspar. 
 
 Fe-lic i-tate, v. a. [pp. felicitating, felicitated.] 
 To express joy for ; to wish happiness to ; to con- 
 
 Fe-lis-i-ta'tion, n. Congratulation. [gratulate. 
 
 Fe-lic'i-tous, a. Happy; blissful; prosperous. 
 
 Fe-lVi-tous-ly, ad. Happily ; joyfully. 
 
 Fe-lig'i-ty, w. [Fr. fclicite; L. felicitas ; felix, 
 happy, fruitful.] Happiness; prosperity ; bliss. 
 
 Fe'line [fe'lin or fe'lln, H.], a. [L. felinus, cat- 
 like ; felis,'& cat.] Pertaining to or like a cat. 
 
 Fell, a. [A.-S. fel, 0. Fr. & 0. Dut. fel, fierce; 
 Dan. fsel, grim, hideous.— Cf. Irish feal, evil ; 
 Welsh jfel, wily; cf. also Felon.] Cruel; inhu- 
 man; savage; bloodv. — 2, n. [A.-S. fel or fell; 
 Icel. fell, fjall; Sw. fall; Dut. vel; L. pellis, vel- 
 Ins; Gr.neWa; Fr. peau ; 0. Fr. pel— Cf. Pelt.] 
 The skin ; hide of a beast : — [Icel. fell or fjall, a 
 mountain; Dan. field; 8vf.fja.ll: akin to Field] 
 a hill; a mountain-slope: — a kind of seam. — 
 
 3, v. a. [A.-S. fellav, to cause to fall, to fell ; 
 fallan, feallan, to fall ; Dut. vellen, Ger. fallen, to 
 
 5, e, I, 6, u, y, long; a, e, 5, 5, G, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y., obscure. — Fare, far, f&st, fall; heir, her; 
 
FELLAH 
 
 241 
 
 FEKKIC 
 
 fell.— See Fall.] [pp. felling, felled.] To knock 
 down ; to hew or cut down : — to sew with a level 
 seam. — i, i. from fell. 
 
 Fel'lah, n. ; pi. Fel-la-hin'. [Arab, for a "peas- 
 ant," a "ploughman;" faUah, to plough.] An 
 Arab peasant or husbandman. 
 
 Fel'loe, n. The rim of a wheel. See Felly. 
 
 Fel'low (fel'lo), n. [0. E. felawe, Icel. felagi, a 
 partner; felag, a partnership; fe, property, fee, 
 and lag, a laying, a law (g. v.), a laying together. 
 — See Lay.] A companion; au associate; a 
 mate ; an equal ; a peer : — a member of a cor- 
 poration : — a privileged member of a college : — a 
 mean person. [has the same creator. 
 
 Fel'low-creat'ure (fel'lo-krcfyur), n. One that 
 
 FeTlow-feeTing, n. Sympathy; joint interest. 
 
 Fel/low-ship, n. Companionship; society; asso- 
 ciation ; frequency of intercourse : — an estab- 
 lishment in a college. 
 
 FeTly, ad. Cruelly ; savagely ; barbarously. 
 
 Fell's, "• E A --S. felga; l>ut. velg ; Dan. fselge ; 
 Ger. felge. — Cf. A.-S. feolan, to stick, to cleave ; 
 0. Ger. felahan, to put together.] The outward 
 rim of a wheel ; felloe. 
 
 Fe'lo-de-se', n. [Law L., "a felon upon him- 
 self."]* (Law.) He who commits felony by sui- 
 cide ; a self-murderer. 
 
 Fel'on, re. [Law L. felo ; Gael, feallan, a traitor; 
 Breton falloni, treachery ; Irish feall, to betray : 
 akin to L. fallere, to deceive.] One convicted of 
 felony : — a whitlow.— 2, a. Cruel ; felonious. 
 
 Fe-lo'ni-ous, a. Criminal ; wicked ; villanous. 
 
 Fe-lo'ni-ous-ly, ad. In a felonious way. 
 
 Fel'o-ny, n. (Law.) A crime for which capital 
 or other severe punishment may be inflicted. 
 
 Fel'spar, n. [Ger. feldspath; feld, a field, and 
 spath, spar (q. v.).] A silicious mineral which 
 forms a constituent part of granite and sienite. 
 
 Fel-spath'ic, a. Relating to felspar. 
 
 Felt, l & p. from feel— 2, n. [Dut. vitt, Dan. filt, 
 Ger. fdz, Gr. 7riAos, f It; L. pit ens or pilleus, a felt 
 cap. — Cf. L. pilus, a hair; villus, a nap; veUus, a 
 hide, a fleece; E. wool.] Woollen cloth or stuff 
 for hats :— a skin. — 3, v. a. & v. n. [pp. felting, 
 felted.] To turn into felt. 
 
 Felt'ing, re. Cloth made of felt. 
 
 falua, 
 
 Fe-luc'ca (fe-luk'ka), n. [It. feluca ; 
 
 falv.ca ; Fr. felouque ; 
 
 "Arab, felulcka ; fulk, a 
 
 ship ; falaka, to sail : 
 
 root of fallah, to 
 
 plough, whence fellah, 
 
 a peasant.] A small 
 
 vessel with two masts, 
 
 propelled by oars and 
 
 sails. 
 Fe'male, n. [Fr. femelle ; 
 
 L. femetta, a girl ; a 
 
 dim. of femina, a woman. The English spelling 
 
 is influenced by male, which is from a totally 
 
 distinct origin.] One of the sex which brings 
 
 forth young. — 2, a. Not male ; feminine ; soft. 
 Feme covert (fam-ko-vert' or fem-kiiv'ert), n. 
 
 [Law Fr. for "a woman protected."] (Law.] A 
 
 married woman. 
 Feme sole (Kim-soT or fern-sol') [fam-sol', Ja. ; 
 
 fem-sol', Sm.], n. [Law Fr. for "a woman 
 
 alone."] (Law.) A single woman. 
 Fem'i-nine, a. [L. feminintis, pertaining to 
 
 woman ; femina, a woman.] Relating to women 
 
 or females; female ; soft; tender; delicate. 
 Fem-i-nin'i-ty., or Fe-min'i-ty, n. The female 
 
 nature. 
 Fem'o-ral, a. [See Femur.] Belonging to the 
 
 thigh.' [Thethijrh-bone. 
 
 Fe'mur, n. ; pi. Fem'o-ra. [L. femur, femoris.] 
 Fen, n. [A.-S. & Norse, 'fen ; Dut. teen, Goth, fani, 
 
 mud. — Cf. L. pains, a fen ; Gr. 7rrjAos, mud.] A 
 
 marsh ; a moor ; a bog ; a morass. 
 Fence, n. [For defence/] A wall or hedge for pro- 
 tection ; a guard ; enclosure ; a mound ; a hedge. 
 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. fencing, fenced.] To enclose ; to 
 secure ; to guard. — 3, v. n. To practise the art 
 of fencing. 
 
 Fen'cer, n. One who teaches or practises fencing. 
 
 Fen'ci'-ble, a. Capable of defence.— 2, u. A sol- 
 dier for defensive purposes. 
 
 Fen'cing, «. The art of defence by weapons. 
 
 Fend,'i-. a. & v. n. [For defend.] [pp. fending, 
 fended.] To dispute; to resist; to ward off: — to 
 make provision. 
 
 Fend'er, n. [From Fend.] A metal guard placed 
 before a fire or fireplace : — something to protect 
 the, sides of a ship. 
 
 Fe'ni-an, n. [Irish Fionna, a legendary race of 
 heroes.] A member of a political and military 
 organization which originated in 1857, having 
 for its object the national independence of Ire- 
 land. — 2, a. Of or pertaining to Fenians. 
 
 Fe'ni-an-i§m, ». The principles of Fenians. 
 
 Fen'nec, u. [A Moorish name.] A fox-like ani- 
 mal of Africa. 
 
 Fen'nel, n. [L. fseniculum, dim. of fsenam, hay ; 
 A.-S'.ftnol; Fr. fenouil ; Ger. fenchel. The Latin 
 also gives rise to Sp. hinojo, It. finocchio, Port. 
 funcho.] A biennial aromatic plant. 
 
 FSn'ny, a. Marshy ; boggy ; moorish. 
 
 Fen'u-'greek [ten'-, J.], n. [L. fsenum Clrzcum, 
 Greek hay.] A plant and its medicinal seeds. 
 
 Feo'dal (fu'dal), a. See Feudal. 
 
 Feoff '(fef) [flf, Ja.], v. a. [See Fief and Fee; 0. 
 Fr. feoffer, fiefer; Late L. feoffare.] [pp. feoff- 
 ing, feoffed.] To put in possession; to invest. 
 
 Feoffee, or Feof-fee', n. One who is enfeoffed, 
 or put in possession of real property. 
 
 Feoffment, n. [Late L. feoffiamentum.] Grant of 
 a possession. 
 
 Fe'ral, a. [L. feralis, deadly; pertaining to tho 
 dead ; fare, to bear ; feradum, a bier.] Fune- 
 real; deadly: — [L. fera, a wild beast; ferns, 
 wild, fierce (7. v.)] wild; fierce; untamed. 
 
 Fe'ri-al, a. [L. feria, a holiday ; Ec 1. L. feria, a 
 day not kept as a holy-day.] Relating to holi- 
 days or common da\ s. 
 
 Fer-ment', v. a. [L. fermentum, for fervimentum, 
 leaven ; fervere, to boil. — See Fi:rvext.] [pp. 
 fermenting, fermented.] To raise or rarefy by 
 internal motion : — to cause to act. — 2, v. n. To 
 have spontaneous internal commotion, as a 
 liquid; to work. 
 
 Fer'ment, »i. That which causes fermentation : — 
 commotion; tumult. [able. 
 
 Fer-ment-a-bil'i-ty, n. State of being ferment- 
 
 Fer-ment'a-ble,'a. Capable of fermentation. 
 
 Fer-men-ta'tion, n. The act of fermenting; a 
 change by which a new fluid or gas is produced; 
 a working. 
 
 Fer-men'ta-tive, a. Causing fermentation. 
 
 Fern, n. [A.-S. fearn ; Dut. varen ; Ger. farn. — Cf. 
 Skr. parna, a leaf, a feather : akin to Feather.] 
 A plant of many species ; a brake. 
 
 Fe-ro'cious (fe-ro'shus), a. [L. ferox, ferocis, fierce 
 (q. ».).] Savage; fierce. 
 
 Fe-ro'cious-ly, «<:/. In a ferocious manner. 
 
 Fe-roc'i-ty., n. [Fr. ferocitc ; L. ferocitas. — See 
 Fierce.]' Savageness; fierceness. 
 
 Fer're-ous, a. [L. ferreus, made of iron ; ferrttm, 
 iron'.] Like iron ; made of iron. 
 
 Fer'ret, n. [Fr. furet ; Late L. furelitx, furedus ; 
 fnro, a ferret; Welsh 
 ffiured, a ferret, a cun- 
 ning person ; ffur, 
 crafty. By some fu- 
 retus is derived from 
 L. fur, a thief: root 
 of ferre, to carry.] A 
 kind of weasel :— [It. foretto, a little flower, 
 flowered silk;/?ore, a flower (g. v.)] a tape. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. ferreting, ferreted.] To drive out 
 of lurking-places. 
 
 Fer'ri-a£e, n. Fare paid for pacing a ferry. 
 
 Fer'ric, a. Pertaining to, or containing, iron. 
 
 Ferret. 
 
 mien, si'r ; m8ve, nor, son ; bfill, bur, rule, use. 
 L q 
 
 "P. 9. ?, £. soft; p, ^, g, I, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; tfiis. 
 
 21 
 
FEKEUGINOUS 
 
 242 
 
 FICHU 
 
 Fer-ru f-i-nous, a. [L. ferruginus, ferrugineus; 
 ferrvgo, ferruginis, iron rust ; ferrum, iron.] Con- 
 taining iron. 
 
 Fer'rule (fer'ril or fer'ryl), n. [Fr. virole, a ring; 
 L. viriola, dim. of virtu, a bracelet ; viere, to bind, 
 to twist : our word is influenced by L. ferrum, 
 iron.] A metal ring at the end of a stick. 
 
 Fer'ry, v. a. [Dan. fserge ; Icel. ferja ; Sw. fdrja ; 
 A.-S. ferian, to carry ; faran, to go ; Goth, farjan, 
 to sail.] [pp. ferrying, ferried.] To carry over 
 a river, &c, in a boat. — 2, v. n. To pass over 
 water in a boat. — 3, n. A place for passing, or a 
 passage over which ferry-boats pass ; a ferry- 
 boat, [across a ferry. 
 
 Fer'ry-boat, n. A boat for conveying passengers 
 
 Fer'ry-man, n. One who tends a ferry. 
 
 Fer'tile, a. [L. fertilis; ferre, to bear.] Fruitful ; 
 prolific ; productive. 
 
 Fer-tll'i-ty, n. State of being fertile; richness; 
 fecundity ; abundance ; fruitfulness. 
 
 Fer-til-i-za'tion, n. The act of fertilizing. 
 
 F'er'til-Ize, v. a. [pp. fertilizing, fertilized.] To 
 make fertile. 
 
 Fer'til-Iz-er, n. That which fertilizes ; manure. 
 
 Fer'ule [fer'ril or fer'ul, H. Wb. ; fer'ul, St. I.], n. 
 [L. ferula, a rod ; ferire, to strike.] An instru- 
 ment of correction. — 2, v. a. [pp. feruling, fer- 
 uled.] To chastise with the ferule. 
 
 Fer'ven-cy, n. Heat of mind; ardor; fervor. 
 
 Fer'vent, a. [L. fervere, ferventis, to glow.] Hot ; 
 ardent ; eager ; zealous. 
 
 Fer'vent-ly, ad. In a fervent manner, [zealous. 
 
 Fer'vid, a. [L. fervidus.] Hot: vehement; eager; 
 
 Fe'r'vid-ly, ad. In a fervid manner. 
 
 Fer'vid-ness, n. Ardor of mind ; zeal. 
 
 Fer'vor, n. [L.] Heat; warmth; aidor. 
 
 Fes' cue, n. [L. festuca, a straw.] A wire to point 
 with : — a kind of grass. 
 
 Fes'tal, a. Relating to feasts ; festive. 
 
 Fes' ter, v. n. [Cf. Walloon efister, to become cor- 
 rupt; Low Ger. fistrig, ill-smelling. But more 
 probably akin to Foster (in A.-S. foster or fester).] 
 [pp. festering, festered.] To rankle; to corrupt. 
 — 2, n. A small inflammatory tumor. 
 
 Fes'ti-val, n. A day of civil or religious joy ; a 
 festive'anniversary ; a, feast. — 2, a. Relating to 
 a feast ; festive. [to feasts ; mirthful ; gay. 
 
 Fes'tive, a. [L. festivus. — See Feast.] Relating 
 
 Fes'tive-ly, ad. In a festive manner. 
 
 Fes-tiv'i-ty, n. Festive or social joy ; a festival. 
 
 Fes-tS6n', n. [Fr.feston; Late L. feslo : probably 
 allied to L. fastigium, a ridge, a crest.] (Arch.) 
 An ornament; carved work in the form of a 
 garland of flowers. — 2, v. a. [pp. festooning, 
 festooned.] To adorn with festoons. 
 
 Fe'tal, a. Relating to a fetus or foetus. 
 
 Fetch, v. a. [A.-S. fetiav, feccan, Dut, vatten, to 
 take; Ger. fassen, to seize; A.-S. facian, to desire 
 to get.] [pp. fetching, fetched.] To go and 
 bring ; to derive. — 2, n. A long sweep or stroke : 
 — [cf. Ger. fatzen, to trick ; It. fazio, a fool ; L. 
 fatuus, foolish, or a jester] a stratagem; an arti- 
 fice; a trick: — [Scand. vsett, a goblin: probably 
 allied to L. fatuus, deceiving] a ghost; a wraith. 
 
 Fete (fat), n. [Fr.] A feast; a holiday. 
 
 FSte-champetre ffat'shon-patr'), »i. [Fr.] A rural 
 feast, celebrated out of doors. 
 
 Fe'tich, ) i/. [Fr. fetiche, Port, feitifo, a fetish, 
 
 Fe'tish, j sorcery ; feitigo, artificial ; L. factitius, 
 made up. — See Factitious.] An idol or charm ; 
 an object of worship in Africa. 
 
 Fet'i-chism, or Fet'i-cism, w. The worship of ma- 
 terial substances, as stones, weapons, plants, &c. 
 
 FSt'id [fe'tid, I. St. P.\ a. [L. fetidus ; felere, to 
 stink.] Stinking; rancid. 
 
 Fet'id-ness, n. The quality of being fetid. 
 
 Fet'iock, n. [Dut. vitlok ; for "foot-lock."] A tuft 
 of hair that grows behind the pastern joint of 
 horses. [sive smell. 
 
 Fe'tor, n. [L.— See Fetip.] A stench ; an oft'en- 
 
 Fet'ter, n. [A.-S. feter ; Dut. veter; Icel. fjoiurr ; 
 
 Ger. fessel: akin to Foot.] A chain for the feet. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. lettering, fettered.] To bind ; to 
 enchain ; to tie. 
 
 Fet'tered, p. a. Bound by, or as by, fetters. 
 
 Fe'tus, n. ; pi. Fe'tus-es. [L. fetus, verbal noun 
 from obs. fuere, Gr. <j>vetv, to generate. The 
 spelling foetus is less approved.] An animal in 
 the womb. 
 
 Feud (ftid), n. [A.-S. fsehd, Ger. fehde, Sw. fejd, 
 hostility; Dan. feide, a fight.— See Foe.] A 
 deadly quarrel— {Law.) [See Feudal.] A fief; 
 a conditional allotment of land. 
 
 Feu'dal (fu'dal), «. [Late L. feudum, a fief; feu- 
 dalis, a vassal : akin to Fee.] Relating to feudal- 
 ism, or to fees, feuds, or tenures ; held by tenure. 
 
 Feu'dal-i§m, n. A system of holding land by 
 military service ; the feudal system. 
 
 Feu'dal-ist, n. A maintainer of feudalism ; one 
 versed in the feudal system or in feudal law. 
 
 Feu-dal'i-tx, n. The state of being feudal. 
 
 Feii'da-ry, n. A feudal tenant ; feudatory. — 2, a. 
 Holding tenure under a superior. [vassal. 
 
 Feu'da-to-ry, or Feu'da-ta-ry, n. A tenant; a 
 
 Feuilleton (fu-el-ton), n. [Fr. - , dim. of feuillet, a 
 leaf.— See Foliage.] Part of a newspaper de- 
 voted to light literature :— a tale or sketch for 
 a newspaper. 
 
 Fe'ver, n. [Fr. fievre ; L. febris: probably akin to 
 fervere, to burn.] A disease characterized by an 
 accelerated pulse, increased heat, and thirst. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. fevering, fevered.] To put into a 
 fever. [febrifuge (q. v.).] A plant or herb. 
 
 Fe'ver-few, n. [A.-S. fefer-fuge ; L. febrifugia, a 
 
 Fe'ver-ish, a. Diseased with a fever ; tending to 
 a fever :— inconstant : — hot; burning. 
 
 Fe'ver-ish-ness, w. State of being feverish. 
 
 Few'(fu), a. [A.-S. feawe, pi. of fea, of small 
 number; Dan. faa.—Cf. L. paucus, few; Gr. 
 7raupos, small.] Not many; small in number. 
 
 Fez, n. [From Fez, a city in Morocco.] A red 
 Turkish or Moorish cap. 
 
 Fiacre (fe-a'kr), n. [Fr. ; named from the Hotel 
 St. Fiacre, in Paris, where they were offered for 
 hire in 1640. But it is said that the name was 
 first given to the vehicles used in conveying pil- 
 grims to the shrine of St. Fiacre near Pontivy. 
 St. Fiacre was an Irish hermit who died in 
 France about 670 and came to be considered 
 the patron of gardeners.] A light vehicle. 
 
 Fiancee (fe-6h-sa), «. [Fr.— See Affy.] Betrothed. 
 
 Fi-as'c5, n. [It. for "flask" (q. v.) or bottle. It 
 is said that allusion is made to the story of a 
 glass-Mower who undertook to make a hand- 
 some flagon, but barely succeeded in producing 
 a coarse bottle.] A failure, as in a musical per- 
 formance ; a blunder. 
 
 Fi'at, n. [L. for "let it be done;" fieri, to be- 
 come.] An order or decree. — 2, a. Noting a 
 paper currency deriving its value from the fiat 
 of the government issuing it. 
 
 Fib, n. [Old slang for fable.] A lie; a false- 
 hood.— 2, v. n. [pp. fibbing, fibbed.] To lie. 
 
 Fi'bre (fi'ber), n. [Fr. fibre; L. fibra.] A small 
 thread or filament of animal or vegetable pro- 
 duction ; filaments collectively. 
 
 Fib'ri-fbrm, a. Resembling a fibre. 
 
 Fi'bnl, n. [L. fibrilla, dim. of fibra, a fibre.] A 
 small fibre ; a little root. 
 
 Fib-ril-la'tion, n. The state of being reduced to, 
 or furnished with, fibrils. 
 
 Fl'brine, n. (Chern.) A white fibrous substance 
 obtained from coagulated blood. 
 
 Fl'brous (f i'brus), a. Composed of fibres. 
 
 FiVu-1'a, n. ; pi'. Flb'u-lse. [L. fibula, for figibula, 
 a buckle ; figere, fixum, to fasten, to fix (q. v.).] 
 (Anat.) The outer and smaller bone of the leg. 
 
 Fichu (fe-shu), n. [Fr., a neckerchief; properly 
 the past part, of ficher, to fix. This participle 
 has many slang meanings, such as odd, queer, 
 out of sorts, dressed, wretched, sorry.] A light kind 
 of lace or silk cape worn by ladies. 
 
 y, long; a., e, x, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
FICKLE 
 
 243 
 
 FILE 
 
 Fic'kle, a. [A.-S. ficol, deceitful : allied to fie, 
 fraud; facen, deceit.] Changeable; inconstant; 
 wavering; variable; unstable; volatile. 
 
 Fic'kle-ness, w. Inconstancy ; unsteadiness. 
 
 FIc'tile, a. [L. fictilis ; fingere, fictum, to mould.] 
 Moulded, as by a potter ; fit to be moulded ; 
 capable of being moulded. 
 
 Fic'tion, n. [L. fictio ; fingere, fictum, to mould, to 
 feigii (q. v.).] Act of feigning or inventing; 
 thing feigned ; an invented story ; an inven- 
 tion : — a tale ; a novel ; a falsehood. 
 
 Fic-ti"tious (fik-tish'us), a. [L. ficticius.] Coun- 
 terfeit; false'; feigned; imaginary; not real. 
 
 Fic-ti"tious-ly, ad. In a fictitious manner. 
 
 Fid' die, «.* [A.-S. fidele ; Ice\. fidla; Danx.fiddel; 
 Dut. vedel; Ger.fiedel; L. fidicula, dim. of fides, 
 a stringed instrument, a viol (q. v.); Late L. 
 ritula, a fiddle; Gr. <r<j)i$r), catgut.] An instru- 
 ment of music ; a violin. — 2, v. n. [pp. fiddling, 
 fiddled.] To play upon the fiddle ; to trifle. 
 
 Fid'dler, n. One who plays upon a fiddle ; a kind 
 of small crab. 
 
 Fid' die-stick, n. A bow used by a fiddler. 
 
 Fid'dle-string, n. The string of a fiddle. 
 
 Fi-del'i-ty, n. [Fr. fidtlili ; L. fidelitas; fidelis, 
 'faithful ; fides, good'faith.] Faithful adherence 
 to duty ; honesty ; veracity ; faithfulness. 
 
 Fidf-'et, v. n. [Dim. of Local Eng. fidge, a soft- 
 ened form of 0. E. & Scot, fike, to be restless ; 
 Norse film, to go nimbly; Dut. ficJcen, to switch.] 
 [pp. fidgeting, fidgeted.] To move by fits and 
 starts. — 2, n. Restless agitation ; uneasiness. 
 
 Fidg'et-y, a. Restless ; impatient. 
 
 Fi-du'cial (fe-du'shal), a. [L. fiducia, confidence; 
 fides, trust ; fidus, "faithful.] Confident; firm: — 
 having the nature of a trust. 
 
 Fi-du'ci-a-ry. (fe-du'she-a-re), n. [L. fidaciarius. 
 See Fiducial.] One who holds any thins in 
 trust: — an Antinomian. — 2, a. Confident; 
 steady; fiducial : — held in trust. 
 
 Fie (fi), interj. [OF. Fr.fi; Icel., S\v., & Dan.///; 
 Ger. pfui; L. phui; Skr. phut, — all exclamations 
 of disgust, with the idea of puffing or blowing 
 away s>methiag offensive.] Expressing blame 
 or contempt. 
 
 Fief (fef), n. [Fr. fief; Goth, faihu; 0. Ger. fihu, 
 fehu; A.-S. feoh; Ger. vieh, cattle. — See Fee.] 
 A fee; a manor; a possession. 
 
 Field, n. [A.-S. & Ger. field; Dut. veld; Dan. felt ; 
 Russ. pole. — Cf. Fell.] A cultivated tract of 
 ground :— ground of br.ttle :— space ; compass; 
 extent:— all the competitors in any contest or 
 trial, or all save one :— the body of fielders.— 
 2, v. n. [pp. fielding, fielded.] To act as a fielder. 
 
 Field'-driv-er, n. An officer charged with the 
 taking up and impounding of stray cattle. 
 
 Field'er, n. (Cricket.) One of the party of crick- 
 eters' who pick up or catch the balls :— also, the 
 man who officiates in the same way in base-ball. 
 
 Field' fare, n. [A.-S. feldefare, field-traveller ;feal- 
 afor, fellow-traveller. — See Field and Fare.] 
 A kind of thrush. 
 
 Field'-gSn, n. (Artil.) A field-piece, which see. 
 
 Field'ing, ». The act of one who fields at cricket 
 or at base-ball. 
 
 Field'-mar-shal, n. The commander-in-chief of 
 an army; the highest military rank. 
 
 Field'-of-fi-cer, n. An officer of a regiment above 
 the rank of captain. 
 
 Field'-piece (feld'pes), n. A small cannon. 
 
 Fiend (fend), n. [A.-S. feond, fiond, a hater, an 
 enemy ; feogan, to hate.— Cf. Dut. rijand, Dan. 
 fiende, Ger. feind, an enemy.] A deadly enemy; 
 au infernal enemy or being. 
 
 Fiend'ish, a. Infernal; diabolical; malicious. 
 
 Fiend'ish-ly, ad. In a fiendish manner. [ness. 
 
 Fiend'ish-ness, n. Quality of a fiend; malicious- 
 Fierce (fSrs), a. [Fr. fier ; 0. Fr. fiers ; L. ferns, 
 wild. — See Deer.] Savage; ravenous; ferocious; 
 eager; violent; angry; furious. 
 
 Fierce'ly, ad. In a fierce manner; furiously. 
 
 Fierce'ness, n. Ferocity ; savageness. 
 
 Fieri facias (fi'e-ri fa'she-as), n. [L.] (Law.) 
 A writ of execution directed to a sheriff. 
 
 Fi'er-i-ness, n. Heat; acrimony. 
 
 Fi'er-y, a. Consisting of fire; full of fire; hot; 
 fervid ; fervent ; vehement ; ardent. 
 
 Fife, n. [Fr. fifre ; Ger. pfeife.— -Cf. Ger. pfiiff, a 
 whistle; pfifen, to fife. — See also Pipe.] A small 
 wind-instrument of music. — 2, v. n. [pp. fifing, 
 fifed.] To play on a fife. 
 
 Fif'er, n. One who plays on a fife. [and ten. 
 
 Fifteen, a. & n. [A.-S. fiftyne ; five and ten.] Five 
 
 Fifteenth, a. The ordinal of fifteen.— 2, n. (Mus.) 
 An interval of two octaves. 
 
 Fifth, a. The ordinal of five ; next after fourth. 
 
 Fifth'ly, ad. In the fifth place. 
 
 Fif ti-eth, a. The ordinal of fifty. 
 
 Fifty, a. & n. [A.-S. fiftig ; Ger. fiinfzig.] Five 
 times ten ; five tens. 
 
 Fig,*?. [Fr.^te; Sp.figo; L. ficus.] The fruit 
 of the fig-tree ; a fig-tree. 
 
 Fight (fit), v. n. [A.-S. feohtan; Dut. vechten ; 
 Dan. fegte; Ger. fechten.] [i. fought; pp. fight- 
 ing, fought.] To contend in battle or single 
 combat; to battle; to combat; to contest. — 
 2, v. a. To war or combat against. — 3, n. A 
 hostile engagement or conflict; a contest; a 
 battle; a combat; a duel. 
 
 Fight'er (fit'er), n. Uue who fights; a warrior. 
 
 Fig'ment, n. [L. figmentnni, a fiction ; fingere, to 
 feign (q. v.).] An invention; a fiction. 
 
 Fig'-tree, n. The tree that bears tigs. 
 
 Fig'u-line, or Fig'u-line, n. [Fr. ; L. figvlinus or 
 figlinus, belonging to a potter; figidus, a potter; 
 fingere, fictum, to mould.] Figured potterv-ware ; 
 figuresiu pottery; potter's clay: — written also 
 figurine. [ble of being figured. 
 
 Fig'ii-ra-ble, a. Capable of form or figure ; capa- 
 
 Fig'u-rate, a. Having a determinate form. 
 
 Fig-u-ra'tion, «. Act of giving a form. 
 
 Fig'u-ra-tive, a. [L. figurativus. — See Figure.] 
 Full of, or represented by, figures ; typical ; not 
 literal ; metaphorical. 
 
 Fig'u-ra-tive-ly. ad. In a figurative manner. 
 
 Fig'ure" (f'lg'yur) [fig'yur, S. W. J. E. F. Ja. 
 Wb.; fig'ur, P. , fig'yur, K. H. ; fig'yur or 
 f ig'ur, St.], n. [L. figura : fingere, to form.] The 
 form of any thing, as terminated by the outline ; 
 shape : — appearance :— a statue • an image : — a 
 character denoting a number, as 1, 2, 3, Arc. : — 
 an allegory ; a type ; a metaphor ; an emblem. 
 — 2j r. a. [pp. figuring, figured.] To form into 
 any shape ; to show by a resemblance ; to repre- 
 sent — 3, v. n. To make a figure : — to act a part. 
 
 Fig'ure-head, n. A carved figure on a ship's prow : 
 — one who is a mere puppet. 
 
 Fi-la'ceous (-shus), a. [L. filum, a thread.— See 
 Filament.] Consisting of threads. 
 
 Fil'a-gree, n. Same as Filigree. 
 
 Fil'a-ment, n. [Late L. filamentvm ; filnre, to wind 
 as thread; L. filum, thread : akin to figere, fijeum, 
 to fasten.] A slender thread; a fibre. 
 
 Fil-a-men'tous, a. Like a thread; composed of 
 threads. 
 
 Fi'lar, a. Of or pertaining to thread ; furnished 
 with a thread or threads. 
 
 Fil'a-to-rx, n. A machine to form thread. 
 
 Fil'a-ture,'». [Fr.] The spinning of thread or silk 
 from cocoons : — a thread-factory : — a silk-reel. 
 
 Fil'bert, it. [Origin doubtful; probably from St. 
 Phi'libert's day, September 3.] A hazel-nut. 
 
 Filch, v. a. [Cf. Ice), tela, to conceal; Goth, fib- 
 han.] [pp. filching, filched.] To steal ; to pilfer. 
 
 File, n. [Fr. fit, a thread ; file, a line ; L. filum, a 
 thread.] A thread; a line or wire on which pa- 
 pers are strung :— a roll ; a series : — a line of sol- 
 diers :— [A.-S. fed; Dut. vijl ; Dan. fil ; Ger. feile ; 
 Russ. pila] a tool for smoothing iron, &c— 2, 
 v. a. (pp. filing, filed.] To string : — to smooth ; 
 to polish. — 3, v. n. To march in a file or line ; 
 to rank. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son j bull, biir, rule, use.— 5, Q, c, £, soft; p, j», $, g, hard; § as z : ? as gz ; this. 
 
FILE-LEADEK 
 
 244 
 
 FIRE-CLAY 
 
 File'-lead-er, n. The soldier who leads a file or 
 
 is placed in front of the file. 
 Fil'ial (fil'yal), a. [L. Jilialis ; filius, a son.] Be- 
 fitting a son or a daughter. 
 Fil'i-bfls-ter, n. [Sp. filibustero ; Fr. flibuslier ; 
 0. Fr. fribustier: probably from Eng. Free- 
 booter.] A freebooter or buccaneer; a pirate : 
 — a military adventurer. — 2, v. n. [pp. filibus- 
 tering, filibustered.] To act as a freebooter. 
 
 Fil'i-grane, \ n. [Sp. filigrano ; fila, a file, a line, 
 
 Fil'j-gree, J and grano, grain, fibre, texture.] 
 Fine ornamental work in gold or silver, in the 
 manner of little threads or grains. 
 
 Fil'ings, n. pi. Particles rubbed off by a file. 
 
 FilL v. a. [A.-S. fyllan, ixomfid, full; Dut. vullen; 
 D&n.fylde; Icel. & Sw.fylla; Ger. fiillen.— See 
 Full.] [pp. filling, filled.] To make full ; to 
 satisfy; to surfeit. — 2, v. n. To give to drink; 
 to grow full. — 3, n. Fulness ; satiety :— a thill ; 
 a bracing. 
 
 Fil'let". [Fr. filet, dim. of fil, a thread; L. 
 i&pW;'a thread.] A band for the head, &c. ; a 
 Dandage :— the fleshy part of the thigh of veal. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. filleting, filleted.] To bind with 
 a bandage. [which fills. 
 
 Fill'ing, n. Act of making full:— woof: — that 
 
 Fil'lip, v. a. [A variant of flip.] [pp. filliping, 
 filliped.] To strike with the finger-nail. — 2, n. 
 A jerk or snap of the finger :— a stimulus. 
 
 Fil'ly, n. [A dim. of foal; Icel. fylja, a filly.] A 
 young mare : — a wanton girl ; a flirt. 
 
 Film, n. [A.-S. fijlmen, a membrane; 0. Fris. 
 filmeue, skin : allied to Fell.] A thin pellicle or 
 skin. — 2, v. n. [pp. filming, filmed.] To become 
 covered with a film. 
 
 Fil'my, a. Composed of membranes or films. 
 
 Fil'ter, v. a. [Fr. filtrer, to filter; filtre, a filter; 
 Late L. feltrum, filtrum, felt, a felt bag, a filter.] 
 [pp. filtering, filtered.] To defecate or purify 
 by a filter; to strain; to filtrate. — 2, v. n. To 
 percolate. — 3, n. A strainer for liquors. 
 
 Filth, n. [A.-S. fyld, fyldu, fetthe ; from fid, foul ; 
 as wealth from iceal or well; health from heal or 
 whole.'] Foul matter; dirt; grossness. 
 
 Filth'i-ly., ad. In a filthy manner; grossly. 
 
 Filth'i-ne'ss, n. Foulness ; dirtiness. 
 
 Filth'y, a. Nasty; foul; dirty; polluted. 
 
 Fil'trate, v. a. [pp. filiating, filtrated.] To 
 strain ; to percolate ; to filter. 
 
 Fil'trate, n. That which is filtered. 
 
 Fil-tra'tibn, n. Act of filtrating or filtering. 
 
 Fim'bri-ate, a. [L. fimbriatm; fimbrise, fringe, 
 shreds :' nearly akin to Fibrk.] Fringed. 
 
 Fin, n. [A.-S. fin ; Dut. vin ; Dan. finne.—Cf. L. 
 pinna, a fin; penna, a feather.] The wing of a 
 fish, by which it swims. [that may be purified. 
 
 Fin'a-ble, a. Admitting or deserving a fine: — 
 
 Fi'nal, a. [L. finalis ; finis, an end.— See Finish.] 
 Relating to the end; ultimate; last; latest:— 
 conclusive; mortal. 
 
 Fi-na'le, n. [It.] (Mus.) The close ; the last. 
 
 Fi-nal'i-ty, n. State of being final ; state of be- 
 ing concluded or settled. 
 
 Fi'nal-ly, ad. Ultimately ; lastly ; decisively. 
 
 Fi-nance', n. ', pi. Fi-nan'ces. [Fr. ; Late L. 
 'financia, a payment ;' finare, to pay a tax or fine 
 (a. v.); finis, a settlement, a settled payment; 
 L. finis, the end.] The public revenue of a 
 government or state ; funds. 
 
 Fi-nan'cial (-shal), a. Relating to finance. 
 
 Fin-an-cieV [fi-iian'ser, I. St.], n. One who man- 
 ages the public revenue ; one skilled in finance. 
 —2, v. n. [pp. financiering, financiered.] To 
 make shifts to raise money. 
 
 Fin'-back, n. A kind of whale. 
 
 Finch, n. [A.-S. fine; Dut. vink; Ger. & Sw. fink; 
 Dan. finke; Welsh, pine; Gr. o-iriyyos; Fr. pin- 
 son; Sri.pinzon; Late L. pincio: named from the 
 note of the bird.] A small bird of many kinds. 
 
 Find, v. a. [A.-S. findan; Dut. vinden; Dan. finde ; 
 Ger. finden.] [z'.'found; pp. finding, found.] To 
 
 obtain by searching; to meet with; to discover: 
 — to furnish : — to determine by verdict. — 2, v. n. 
 (Law.) To arrive at a finding; to pronounce a 
 verdict. — 3, n. The act of finding ; a discovery : 
 — the object found. 
 Find'er, n. One who finds; a #iscoverer. 
 Find'ing, n. A discovery :— a verdict of a jury. 
 Find'ings, n. pi. The tools and materials used by 
 
 journeymen. 
 Fine, a. [Fr. fin; Dut. fijn; Ger. fein; ~L.fi.nUus, 
 finished, polished, ended. — See Finish. Fine, 
 exquisite, and /me, the end, are thus etymologi- 
 cally the same.] Not coarse: — pure; clear: — 
 thin ; keen : — nice ; exquisite ; delicate : — splen- 
 did ; showy; beautifid ; elegant. — Fine arts, po- 
 etry, music, architecture, painting, sculpture, 
 &c. — 2, v. a. [pp. fining, fined.] To refine ; to 
 purify : — [Late L. finis, a fine, a final payment; 
 L. finis, the end. — See Finish] to inflict a pen- 
 alty ; to amerce; to mulct.— 3, n. A pecuniary 
 punishment; a mulct; a penalty ; forfeit: — the 
 end, as in fine. 
 
 Fine'ly., ad. Admirably : — nicely ; well. 
 
 Fine'ness, n. State of being fine; delicacy. 
 
 Fin'er, n. One who fines; a refiner. 
 
 Fin'er-y., n. [Fr. finerie.] Show ; gayety in attire : 
 — trinkets :— a furnace for refining metals. 
 
 Fi-nesse', n. [Fr. finesse, fineness; also cunning, 
 'tact.] Artifice; stratagem. 
 
 Fin'fer (fing'ger), n. [A.-S., Dan., Sw., & Ger. ' 
 finger; Icel.fingr; Dut. vinger: root of Fang.] 
 One of the fid>* extreme parts of the hand: — 
 the breadth of the finger. — 2, v. a. [pp. finger- 
 ing, fingered.] To touch lightly ; to handle. 
 
 Fin'ier-board, n. A board at the neck of a fiddle, 
 guitar, &c. ; key-board. 
 
 FWSered (f ing'gerd), a. Having fingers. 
 
 Fin'ger-ing, n. The manual execution of music 
 on a' keyed instrument. - ' [nacle. 
 
 Fin'i-al, n. [L. finis, the end.] The top of a pin- 
 
 Fin'i-cal, ,a. [From^jfei— See Finnikin.] Nice in 
 trifles';' foppish; showy. 
 
 Fin'i-cal-lx, ad. In a finical manner. 
 
 Fi'nis, n. [L.] The end; conclusion. 
 
 Fin'ish, v. a. [Fr. finir, part, finissant; L. finire, 
 finltum, to end ; finis, the end," a boundary : root 
 of findere, fissum, to cleave.] [pp. finishing, fin- 
 ished.] To complete; to perfect; to end.— 2, n. 
 The last touch ; last polish. [polished. 
 
 Fin'ish-er, n. One who finishes or perfects. 
 
 Fin'ish-ing, n. Completion ; the last touch. 
 
 Fi'nite [f l'nlt, W. J. F. Ja. Sm. H. St. I. ; f i'nit, 
 P.], a. [L. finire, finitum, to limit.— See Finish.] 
 Limited ; bounded ; not infinite. 
 
 Finned (find), a. Having fins. 
 
 Fin'ni-kin, n. [A variant of finical. — Cf. Dut. 
 fijnkens, neatly.] A particular variety of pigeon. 
 — 2, a. Finical ; foppish. 
 
 Fin'ny, a. Furnished with or 
 having fins. 
 
 Fiord. See Fjord. 
 
 Fir, n. [A.-S. fvrh; Ger. ffhre; 
 S-w.fur,fnra; Dan./iyr; Welsh, 
 pyr: perhaps akin to L. quer- 
 cus, an oak.] An evergreen 
 tree of several kinds. 
 
 Fire, n. [A.-S., Sw., & Dan. fyr ; 
 Ger. feuer; Icel. fyri; Dut. 
 vuur; Gr. nvp.] Combustion; 
 conflagration ; the igneous ele- 
 ment :— any thing burning : — flame , lustre : — 
 ardor; spirit.— 2, v. a. [pp. firing, fired.] To 
 set on fire ; to kindle ; to inflame.— 3, v. n. To 
 take fire ; to discharge fire-arms. 
 
 Fire'-a-larm, n. A telegraphic apparatus for 
 giving notice of a fire. 
 
 Fire'-arms, n. pi. Guns, muskets, pistols, &c. 
 
 FIre'br&nd, n. A piece of wood kindled : — an in- 
 cendiary ; one who inflames factions. 
 
 Fire'-brick, n. A brick that will not melt. 
 
 Fire'-clay, n. Clay for making fire-bricks. 
 
 a, e, i, 6, u, y, long; a, e, i, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y., obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
FIRE-CRACKER 
 
 245 
 
 FIZZ 
 
 Fire'-crack-er, n, A squib : a small firework. 
 
 Fire'-damp, n. Carburetted hydrogen gas; an 
 inflammable gas in coal-mines. 
 
 Fire'-en-gine, n. A machine to extinguish fires. 
 
 Fire'-es-cape, u. gleans of escape from a build- 
 ing in case of fire. 
 
 Flre'-fly, n. An insect which emits light. 
 
 Fire'lock, n. A soldier's gun; a musket. 
 
 Fire'man, n. One employed to extinguish fires : 
 — one who tends fires. 
 
 Fire'-new, a. New from the forge ; brand-new. 
 
 Fire'place, n. A place for a fire in a chimney. 
 
 Fire' -plug, n. A stopple in a pipe, used in fires. 
 
 Fire'-pr66f. a. Proof against fires. — 2, n. Afire- 
 proof room or safe.— -3, v. a. [pp. fire-proofing, 
 fire-proofed.] To render proof against fire. 
 
 Fire'-proof-ing, it. The act of making any thing 
 fire-proof; the materials by which any thing is 
 rendered fire-proof. 
 
 Flre'-ship, n. A ship filled with combustibles. 
 
 Fire'side, u. The hearth; chimney: — home. — 
 2, a. Near the fire ; domestic. 
 
 Fire'wood (f Tr'wud), n. Wood to burn ; fuel. 
 
 Fire'works (fiiAviirks), n. pi. Preparations of 
 powder, &c, to be fired for amusement or dis- 
 play ; pyrotechnics. 
 
 Fir'ing. n. Fuel : — discharge of fire-arms. 
 
 Fir'kin, «. [Dut. vier, four, and dim. euding -kin, 
 as in lambkin; a firkin was the fourth part of a 
 barrel.] A vessel containing nine gallons. 
 
 Firm, a. [h. firm us : Fr. fomtf] Solid; hard; 
 fixed; stable; constant; steadfast; steady; res- 
 olute ; strong. — 2, n. [Sp. firma, signature, sign- 
 manual ; Port, firma, a "handwriting, a firm. 
 The idea is that of a confirmation, an agree- 
 ment; it refers to the signature and business- 
 name of a house.] The persons composing a 
 partnership, or the-Jiame under which a part- 
 nership carries on mercantile or other business. 
 — 3, v. a. [pp. firming, firmed.] To mike firm 
 
 Fir'ma-ment, n. [L. firmamentum, a support, a 
 prop, or the sky; fin, uu-e, to confirm, to support, 
 to make firm (g. v.). As applied to the sky it 
 means something fixed or established.] Eegion 
 of the air ; the sky. 
 
 Fir'man, +t. [Pers. farman. — Cf. Skr. pramana, 
 measure, authority"; pro, before, and . t 
 measure (a. v.).] A license or certificate from the 
 sultan of Turkey; a passport. 
 
 Firm'ly, ad. With firmness; strongly. 
 
 Firm'ness, «. Solidity; stability; steadiness; 
 constancy; resolution: strength; steadfastness. 
 
 First, a, [A.-S. fyrst; Icel. f/jrstr ; Dan. & siw. 
 forste. first. It is the superlative of fore (q. v.).] 
 Earliest in time ; primary ; pristine :' primitive ; 
 original: foremost; chief.— 2, ad. Before any- 
 thing else; before all others; primarily. 
 
 First' -born, a. First in order of birth ; eldest. 
 
 First'-class, «. Of the first quality ; first-rate. 
 
 First'-day, u. Sunday ; the first day of the week. 
 
 First'-floor, n. The ground-floor: — the floor 
 above the ground-floor. 
 
 First'-hand, a. Obtained direct from the producer. 
 
 Firstling, n. The first produce or offspring. 
 
 First'ly, ad. In the first, place; first: — used by 
 some writers instead of first. 
 
 First' -rate, a. Preeminent; superior; best. 
 
 Firth, n. [A form of fjord (q. v.).— See also 
 Frm-h.] A frith; a fjord. 
 
 Fisc (fisk), n. [I* fiscus, a basket, also a pur-e, a 
 ^treasury.] A puolic treasury. 
 
 Fis'cal, a. [L. fiscatis, relating to a fisc, or treas- 
 ury.] Belonging to a public treasury.— 2, n. 
 Public revenue : — a treasure. 
 
 Fish, n. ; pi. Fish'es. [Fish is also used collec- 
 tively instead of the plural ; it is mostly fol- 
 lowed, in this use. by a plural verb.] [A.-S". fisc; 
 Dut. visch ; Ice\.fi.<kr; Dan. & Sw. fisk; Ger. fisch ; 
 L. piscis; Welsh, pysg.] A vertebrated' ani- 
 mal that inhabits the water: — the flesh of fish 
 used for food.— 2, r. n. [pp. fishing, fished.] To 
 
 catch fish ; to seek by art. — 3, v. a. To search 
 in quest of fish, &c. 
 
 Fish'er, n. One employed in catching fish : — an 
 animal of the marten kind. 
 
 Fish'er-man, u. One who lives by fishing. 
 
 Fish-er-y, u. The business, or a place, of fishing. 
 
 Fish' -hook (-bilk), n. A hook to catch fish. 
 
 Fish'ing, n. The art or practice of catching fish. 
 
 Fish'-mar-ket, n. A place where fish is sold. 
 
 Fish'-mon-ier (-mung-ger), n. A dealer in fish. 
 
 Fish'-pond, n. A small pool for fish. 
 
 Fish'-wife, n. A woman who sells fish. 
 I Fish'y, a. Consisting of fish ; like fish : — par- 
 taking of the character of a fish-story ; — hence, 
 dubious; suspicious. [Slang.] 
 I Fis'sile [fls'sil, I.], a. [L. fi.ssilis ; fiudere, fissum, 
 to cleave.] That may be split or cleft. 
 
 Fis-sil'i-ty, n. The quality of being fissile. 
 
 Fis'sion (f ish'un), n. A cleaving. 
 
 Fis'sure (fish'yur), n. [li.fissura; findere, fisswn, 
 to cleave.] A cleft; a narrow chasm ol^pen- 
 ing ; a crevice. 
 
 Fist. n. [A.-S. fyst; Dut. mist; Gev.faust; Buss. 
 piaste. — Cf. Gr. ttv£, with the fi»t ; L. pagans, 
 Gr. Trvyn.ri, the fist ; L. fistuca, a beetle, a ram- 
 mer.] The hand clinched or closed. — 2, p. <. 
 [ pp. fisting, fisted.] To strike with the fist. 
 
 Fis ti-cuffs, n. pi. A combat with the fist. 
 
 Fist'u-la, b. [L.] A pipe :— a sinuous ulcer. 
 
 Fist'u-lar, a. Belating to a fistula; hollow. 
 
 Fist'ii-loiis, a. Having the nature of a fistula. 
 
 Fit, b. [A.-S. fit, a struggle; fitnH; to struggle : 
 possibly allied to Fight.] A paroxysm of any 
 distemper; a convulsion: — interval: — disorder 
 of body or mind: — adjustment: — [A.-S. fit, a 
 step, a song; Icel. fet, part of a poem, a"lso a 
 poetical foot ; Skr. pada, a verse ; pad, a foot 
 (q. v.); A.-S. fittan, to sing, also to struggle] a 
 fytte or canto.— 2, a. Qualified ; proper ; becom- 
 ing; meet; appropriate; suitable; conveniei : 
 apt. — 3, a. a. [Norse fitja, to knit, to bind; 
 Goth, fetjan, to adorn: Dut. ratten, to fit; 0. E." 
 fettle, to adorn.] [pp. fitting, fitted.] To accom- 
 modate ; to suit ; to adapt. — i, p. u. To be 
 to be adapted to. 
 
 Fitch, a. [See Vetch.] The vetch :—[0.*Dut. 
 fisse, 0. Fr. fissau, Walloon fichatu, a polecat; Dut. 
 vies, foul : akin to Fizz] fur of the polecat. 
 
 Fitch'et, n. The polecat:— polecat's fur. 
 
 Fit'ful. a. Full of fits: inconstant; fickle. 
 
 Fit'ful-ly, ad. In a fitful or broken manner; 
 fits; irregularly: brokenly. 
 
 Fit'ful-ness, n. Inconstancy ; waywardness. 
 
 Fit'ly, ad. Properly; justly: suitably. 
 
 FIt'ment. n. A fixture; an article of furniture, 
 or of an outfit or equipment. 
 
 FIt'ness. n. Quality of being fit; qualification; 
 propriety ; neatness ; suitablene-s. 
 
 Fit' ting. p. a. Suiting; adapting: — fit: proper. 
 
 Fit'ting-ly, ad. Appropriately; suitably. 
 
 Fit' tings. »■ pi. Fitments; findings: equipments. 
 
 Five. a. & n. [A.-S. fif.fi/? : Dut. trijf; Icel, rinan ; 
 Goth, fimf; Ger.funf; L. quingve; Gr. n-eVre ; 
 Skr. panclian.] Four and one; half of ten. 
 
 Five'fold, a. & n. Five times as much. 
 
 Fix. o. a. [L. figere, fixum, to fix. — Cf. Gr. a<i>iy- 
 yetv, to bind.] [pp. fixing, fixed.] To make 
 fast, firm, or stable ; to settle. — 2, v. n. To rest : 
 to become firm or hard. [tion. 
 
 Fix-a'tion, n. Act of fixing; stability: solidifica- 
 
 Fixed (f ikst or fiks'ed), p. a. 5Iade fast ; firm ; 
 stable; not wandering ; not volatile. 
 
 Fix'ed-ly, ad. Certainly; firmly: steadfastly. 
 
 Fix'ed-ness, n. Stability; firmness; solidity. 
 
 Fix'i-ty. n. Fixedness ; stability. 
 
 Fixt'ure (fikst'yur), n. A piece of furniture fixed 
 to a house : any thing fixed to a place. 
 
 Fizz, or Fiz'zle, v. n. [Imitative words, common 
 in various forms in the Scandinavian languages.] 
 [pp. fizzing, fizzed: fizzling, fizzled.] To make 
 a hiss or a gush ng sound. 
 
 by 
 
 mien, sir; move, nbr, son; bull, bur, rule, use. 
 
 -C $, c,%,soft, 
 
 21* 
 
 P, 0, e, g\ hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 
 
FIZZLE 
 
 246 
 
 FLAT-IRON 
 
 Fiz'zle, n. A flash in the pan ; a failure. [Slang.] 
 — 2, v. n. [pp. fizzling, fizzled.] To niake an 
 abortive effort; to bungle ; to fail. [Slang.] 
 
 Fjord (fyord or fi-brd'), rt. [Norse; allied to 
 Ford, also remotely to L. portus, a port; Gr. 
 7rop0/i6s, a ferry : root of Fare, to travel.] A 
 firth; a rock-bound strait or inlet. 
 
 Flab'bi-ness, n. Condition of being flabby. 
 
 Flab'by, «• [Dan. flab, the chops; Sw. fldbb, an 
 under lip. — Cf. Flap and L. flabilis, airy,— liter- 
 ally, blowing ', flare, to blow.' All this large class 
 of words are imitative.] Soft; flaccid; lank. 
 
 Fla-bel'li-fdrm, a. [L.flubella, a fan or flap (g. v.), 
 forma, form ; flare, to blow.] Shaped like a fan. 
 
 Flap'cid (flak's'id), a. [L. flaccidus or fluccus, 
 flabby ; flaccere, to droop : akin to Flag.]' Weak 
 
 , and soft; lank; lax. 
 
 Flap-cid'i-ty, »■ Lankness; limberness. 
 
 Flap'cid-ness, n. Slate of being flaccid. 
 
 Flag, v. n. [L. flaccere, to droop ; Icel. flaka, to 
 flap ; Ger. flackern, Sw. flage, to flutter.— Cf. Fr. 
 flageoler, to totter, to fail.] [pp. flagging, 
 flagged.] To grow dejected or feeble ; to lose 
 vigor: — to hang loose. — 2, w. a. To let fall : — 
 to cover with flat stones : — to signal by a flag. — 
 3, n. A water-plant :— a banner: — [Dan. flag; 
 Dut. vlag ; Ger. flagged the colors or ensign* of a 
 ship, &c. : — [Icel. flaga, a slab; flagna, to flake 
 (q. v.) ; Sw. flag, flak, a slice] a flat stone for 
 paving. [practised self-flagellation. 
 
 Fla&'el-lant, n. One of a religious society that 
 
 Flaf'el-late, v. a. [L. flagellare, flagellantis, flugel- 
 latum, to scourge ; flagellum or flagrum, a 
 scourge.] [pp. flagellating, flagellated.] To 
 whip or scourge. 
 
 Flaf-el-la'tion, n. A whipping; a scourging. 
 
 Flag'eo-let (flaj'o-let), n. [Fr., dim. of 0. Fr. 
 flageol, flagel, Port, flanjol, a flute (q. v.).— But 
 cf. Gr. 7rAayiavAos, a flute.] A small musical 
 wind-instrument resembling a flute. 
 
 Flagging, n. A foot-pavement of flag-stone. 
 
 Fliig'gy, a - Weak; limber; not tense: — covered 
 with flags. 
 
 Flafi-tate, v. a. [L. flagitare, flagitatum, to de- 
 mand. — See Flagitiox t s.J [^j>.*flagitating, flagi- 
 tated.] To demand with eagerness or violence ; 
 to importune. 
 
 Flag-i-ta'tion, v. Eager entreaty ; importunity. 
 
 Fla-§i"tious (fla-jish'us), a. [L. flagiliosus ; flagi- 
 t'iuht, a gross outrage, — properly, an iutense de- 
 sire ; flagitare, to demand with eagerness : root 
 of flagrare, to burn.] Grossly wicked ; atrocious ; 
 villanous; heinous; profligate. 
 
 Fla-£i"tious-ness, n. Yillany. [a flag. 
 
 Flag'man, n. One whose duty it is to signal with 
 
 Flag'-of-fi-cer. u. A commander of a squadron. 
 
 Flag' on, n. [Fr. flacon, 0. Fr. flascon, Gr. <£Ado-- 
 Ktov, a great flask (q. v.). — Cf. L. vasculvm, a 
 small vessel.] A vessel for holding liquor. 
 
 Fla'gran-cy, n. Burning; heat: — enormity. 
 
 Fla' grant, a. [L. flagrare, flagranti*, Gr. ^Ae'yeiv, 
 to burn.] Ardent ; glowing : — enormous ; glar- 
 ing; notorious; heinous. 
 
 Fla'grant-ly, ad. In a flagrant manner. 
 
 Flag'-ship, n. The ship which bears the com- 
 mander of a fleet. 
 
 Flag'-stSff, n. The staff on which the flag is fixed. 
 
 Flag' -stone, n. A flat stone for paving. 
 
 Flail, n. [Fr. fle'an; 0. Fr. flael ; Dut. rtegel ; Ger. 
 flegel; L. flagellant, flagrum, , a scourge.] An in- 
 strument for threshing grain. 
 
 Flake, n. [See Flag, a stone ; also Norse flak, a 
 flake ; flagna, to flake, to flay (q. ».).] Any thing 
 loosely held together; a flock: — a layer; film; 
 lamina : — scaffold. — 2, v. a. [pp. flaking, flaked.] 
 To form into flakes or layers.— 3, v. n. To break 
 into laminae or flakes. 
 
 Fla'ky, a. Consisting of flakes or layers. 
 
 Flam, n. [Fr. .//«, a drum-beat, a flam. — Cf. fla-fla, 
 humbug, clap-trap ; flan, refuse, a puff or light 
 cake, a blank.] A falsehood ; illusory pretext : — 
 
 a drum-beat. — 2, v. a. [pp. flamming, flammed.] 
 To deceive with a lie; to delude. 
 
 Flam'beau (flam'bo), n. [Fr. ; flamme, a flame; 
 flamber, to flame.] Fr. pi. Flambeaux ; Eng. 
 Flambeaus (flam'boz). A lighted torch ; a flame. 
 
 Flame, n. [Fr. flamme; L. flamma for flagma; 
 flagrare, to burn; Gr. <j>\eyfxa.] Lighted' gas in 
 a state of combustion ; fire; blaze; flash : — ardent 
 love; ardor. — 2,v.n. [pp. flaming, flamed.] To 
 shine as fire ; to burn. 
 
 Fla' men, n. [L. ; probably from flagrare, to burn : 
 referring to the burning of sacrifices.] (liom. 
 Ant.) A priest. 
 
 Flam'ing, a. Gaudy; resplendent: — ardent. 
 
 Fla-min go. n. ; pi. Fla-min'goes. [Sp. flamenco, 
 from its flame-like color; but flamenco properly 
 means Flemish, and it was doubtless at first 
 applied to this bird by reason of a popular error. 
 — Cf. Provencal flammant, flaming, also a fla- 
 mingo.] A tall red bird allied to the geese. 
 
 Fla'my, a. Inflamed; burning; blazing. 
 
 Flanfe. w. [A variant of flank .— Cf. range and 
 rank.] A ledge or rim raised on an iron rail, 
 or on the tire of a wheel. 
 
 Flank, ». [Fr. flanc, Ger. flanke, Goth, hlanc, 
 O. Ger. lane, the side : root of L. flaccus, soft, 
 which may have become nasalized into flanc.] 
 Part of the side : — part of a bastion : — the side 
 of an army or fleet. — 2, v. a. [pp. flanking, 
 flanked.] To attack the side of a battalion or 
 fleet : -to secure on the side : — to border. 
 
 Flank' er, n. One who flanks ; a structure which 
 flanks. 
 
 Flan'nel, «. [Fr. flanelle ; Local H.flannen ; "Welsh, 
 gwlan'en; givlan, wool (q. v.).] A soft, nappy 
 woollen cloth. 
 
 Flap, ». [Dut. flappen, to flap ; flap, a stroke ; L. 
 plaga, a blow. — See Flag.] Any thing that 
 hangs broad and loose :— a blow. — 2, o. a. [ pp. 
 flapping, flapped.] To beat or move with a flap. 
 — 3, v. n. To ply the wings with noise. 
 
 Flap' jack, n. A broad, thin pancake. 
 
 Flap'per, n. One who or that which flaps. 
 
 Flare, v. n. [Norse flara, Sw. flora, to blaze : akin 
 to Flash and to L. flare, flatum, to blow. Some 
 connect it with L. flagrare, to burn.— Cf. Ger. 
 flacker, to flicker (q. v.).] [j)p. flaring, flared.] 
 To give a glaring or unsteady light; to glare; 
 to glitter :— to expand or widen outward or 
 upward.— 2, ». An unsteady, glaring light; a 
 glare : — expansion or divergence. 
 
 Flash, n. [Local Sw. flasa, to blaze.— See Flush.] 
 A sudden blaze; flame:— & sudden burst of wit; 
 something transient. — 2, v. n. [pp. flashing, 
 flashed.] To burst out into flame or light. — 
 3, v. a. To strike or throw up, as water; to 
 throw, as light, on the eyes, or the mind: — 
 [Icel. flasa, to rush ;flas, a rushing.— See Plash] 
 to inundate ; to flush.— 4, a. Tile ; low ; vulgar : 
 —vulgarly gaudy or showy :— trashy ; false. 
 
 Flash'ing, n. A blazing.— (Arch.) A piece of 
 metal let into the joints of a wall. 
 
 Flash's, a. Dazzling for a moment ; gay; showy, 
 but empty ; not solid ; dashing. 
 
 Flask, n. [A.-S. flasc; Icel. fluska; Dan. flaske; 
 Ger. flasche; It. fiasco; Gr. 4>Xdaicv; Late L. 
 flasca. Perhaps akin to L. flare, to blow.] A 
 bottle ; a powder-horn. 
 
 FlaVket, n. [Cf. "Welsh fllasg, a basket, a flask.] 
 A vessel in which viands are served : — a shallow 
 basket ; a clothes-basket. 
 
 Flat, a. [Dan. flad; Svr.flat; Ger. flach; Dut. 
 vlak.—Cf. Gr. n\dij, a flat surface : TrAaTvs, wide ; 
 Fr. plat, flat.] Horizontal; plain -.—level:— ab- 
 solute :— insipid ; dull :— not shrill; not sharp; 
 not acute.— 2, n. A level ; plain :— a shoal :— a 
 dunce : — a single story used as a dwelling. — 
 (Mus.) A markof depression ; a depressed tone. 
 
 Flat'f ish, n. A fish with a flat body. 
 
 Flat'-ir-on (-I-urn), n. An instrument for smooth- 
 ins clothes; a sad-iron. 
 
 a, e, i, 6, u, y, long ; a, e, i, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obsc«re. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, hers 
 
FLATLY 
 
 247 
 
 FLIEK 
 
 Flat'ly, ad. In a flat manner ; peremptorily. 
 
 Flat'ness, «• Evenness; insipidity; duluess. 
 
 Flat' ten (flat'tn), v. a. [pp. flattening, flat- 
 tened.] To make flat, even, or level : — to make 
 vapid : — to deject; to depress. — (Mus.) To make 
 less sharp. — 2, v. n. To grow even or dull. 
 
 Flat'ter, v. a. [0. Dut. flatteren ; Icel. jiadra ; Fr. 
 flatter; 0. Fr. flater.] [pp. flattering, flattered.] 
 To compliment with praises; to piaise falsely; 
 to caress : — to raise false hopes. 
 
 Flat'ter-er, n. One who flatters ; a fawner. 
 
 Flat'ter-ing, p. a. Bestowing flattery; encour- 
 aging; artful; obsequious; pleasing. 
 
 Flat'ter-y, n. False, venal praise ; adulation. 
 
 Flat'tish, o. Somewhat flat. 
 
 Flat'u-lence, \n. Windiness; turgidness; emp- 
 
 Flat'u-len-cy, J tiness; levity. 
 
 Flat'u-lent, a. [Fr. ; L. flutus, wind, a blowing; 
 flare, flalum, to blow.] Turgid with air; windy. 
 
 Fla'tus', n. [L.] Wind ; flatulence; breath. 
 
 Flat'wlse, ad. With the flat side down. 
 
 Flaunt (flant) [flawnt, I. St. P. £.], v. n. [Local 
 Ger. flandem, to flaunt, to flutter ; Ger. flutleru, 
 to flutter.] [pp. flaunting, flaunted.] To make 
 ostentatious display ; to flutter : — to show impu- 
 dence. — 2, v. a. To display ostentatiously or 
 impudently. — 3, n. Ostentatious display. 
 
 Fla-ves'cent, a. [L. flavescere, flavescenlis, to be- 
 come yellow; flaver'e, to be yellow; flavus, yel- 
 low.] Yellowish. 
 
 Flavor, n. [0. Fr. flaneur, odor; Late L. flavor, 
 originally yellowness, then brightness or tint. 
 It first acquired the meaning of Fr. flair, smell, 
 fragrance (g. v.), and has in English received a 
 still further change of meaning.] Power of 
 pleasing or affecting the taste; relish; taste; 
 6avor :— odor.— 2, r. a. [pp. flavoring, flavored.] 
 To give a flavor or taste to. 
 
 Fla'vor-ous, a. Delightful to the palate. 
 
 Flaw, n. [A.-S. floh, Sw. flaga, a breach.— See 
 Flake.] A crack ; a defect : — [a variant of 
 Flow] a gust of wind : — an uproar. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 flawiug, flawed.] To break ; to crack ; to violate. 
 
 Flaw'y, a. Full of flaws or cracks : — gusty. 
 
 Flax. u. [A.-S. fleax; Dut. riis ; Ger. fluchs: root 
 of Plat, to weave. — Cf. Fleece.] A fibrous 
 plant, of which the finest thread is made : — the 
 fibres of flax cleansed. 
 
 Flax'en (flak'sn), a. [Ger. flachsen.] Made of or 
 like flax. 
 
 Flax'seed, ■». The seed of flax ; linseed. 
 
 Flax'y, a. Like flax ; of a light color; flaxen. 
 
 Flay (fla), v. a. [A.-S.jlean ; Icel. fla.—See. Vl.\ k f,.] 
 [pp. flaying, flayed'.] To skin; to strip off the 
 skin. 
 
 Flea (fle), «. [A.-S. flea, fleo ; Dut. vloo ; Ger. 
 floh : akin to Fly.] A small' blood-sucking insect. 
 
 Fiea'bane, n. A genus of plants, horse-weed. 
 
 Flea'-bite (fle'blt), n. The sting of a flea. 
 
 Flea'-bit-ten (fle'bit-tn), a. Stung by fleas. 
 
 Fleam, n. [Fr. flarnme; Gr. <*>\tfioT6piov. — See 
 Phlebotomy.] An instrument to bleed cattle. 
 
 Fleck, v. a. [Ger. fleck, a spot; flecken, to spot: 
 found in Dut. ami Norse languages also.] [pp. 
 flecking, fleck, d.] To spot ; to streak ; to dapple. 
 —2, n. A spot ; a stain ; a streak :— a flake. 
 
 Fleck'less, o. Without a fleck ; spotless. 
 
 Flec'tion, h. [See Flexion.] The act of bending. 
 
 Fled, i. & p. from flee. 
 
 Fled|e, v. a. [0." E. flegge, ready to fly; Icel. 
 fleygr, able to fly; fleijgja, to cause to fly (g. v.). 
 Influenced by 0. E. fletch, to feather an arrow; 
 fletcher, an arrow-maker ; Fr.fleche, 0. Gev.fli/sch, 
 Dut. flits, Sp. flecha, an arro'w.] [pp. fledging, 
 fledged.] To furnish with wings or feathers. 
 
 Fledg'ling, n. A young bird newly fledged. 
 
 Flee, v. n. [A variant of Fly ; Sw. ftp, Dan. f!?/e, 
 
 to flee.] [i. fled; pp. fleeing, fled.]' To run from 
 
 danger ; to resort to shelter. 
 
 Fleece, n. [A.-S. flys ; Dut. vlies; Ger. fliess, flams. 
 
 — Cf. Russ. volos, Czech vlas, hair : probably akin 
 
 to Flax.] The wool shorn from on<- sheep. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. fleecing, fleeced.] To shear off; 
 to strip ; to plunder. 
 
 Flee'cjj, a. Woolly ; like a fleece. 
 
 Fleer, v. n. [Sw. & N orw. flira, for flisa, to titter.] 
 [pp. fleering, fleered.] To mock ; t > gibe ; to leer. 
 — 2, n. A mocking grimace ; a sneer ; mockery. 
 
 Fleet, n. [A.-S. fleol, fllet, flota, a ship ; Icel. floii, 
 a ship, a fleet ; Ger. flotte, Fr. flotte, Dan. flaade, 
 Sw. flotta, Dut. vloot, a fleet. — See Float. — Cf. 
 also A.-S. fleot, a bay ; 0. E. fleet, a stream ; Dut. 
 vliet, a brook.] A company of ships; a navy. — 
 2, a. [A.-S. fleotig, swift; fleot, to float {g. v.); 
 Icel. fljotr, quick. — See Flit.] Swift of pace ; 
 quick ; nimble. — 3, v. a. [A.-S. fliet, cream, that 
 which floats.] [pp. fleeting, fleeted.] To skim, 
 as milk : — to hasten. — 4, v. n. To fly swiftly ; 
 to hasten. 
 
 Fleet'ing, a. Transitory; swift; transient. 
 
 Fleet'ly, ad. Swiftly ; nimbly ; with swift pace. 
 
 Fleet' ness, m. Swiftness; celerity; quickness. 
 
 Flem'ing, n. An inhabitant of Klanuers. 
 
 Flem'ish, a. [Ger. Fluntisch ; Dut. Vlaemisk.] Re- 
 lating to Flanders or to the Flemings; Belgian. 
 
 Flense, v. a. [Dut. vlensen; Dan. flense.] [pp. 
 flensing, flensed.] To cut up, as a whale for 
 blubber. 
 
 Flesh,". [A.-S. flmsc; Dut. vleesch ; Ger. fleisch. 
 — Cf. Dan. flesk, Sw. flask, Icel. flesh, bacon.— See 
 Flitch.] The muscular part of an animal body ; 
 animal food : — pulp of fruit : — the human race : 
 — animal nature, as opposed to spirit. — -. v. <<.. 
 [pp. fleshing, fleshed.] To initiate; to glut; to 
 satiate. 
 
 Flesh'er, n. A butcher :— a dealer in meat. 
 
 Flesh'i-ness, n. Plumpness: fatness. 
 
 Flesh'iess. a. Destitute of flesh ; lean. 
 
 Flesh'li-ness, n. Carnal appetite. 
 
 Flesh'ly, a. Carnal ; not spiritual ; corporeal. 
 
 Flesh'-meat. n. Flesh of animals used as food. 
 
 Flesh'-mon-ger, n. One who deals in flesh. 
 
 Flesh'-tint, n.' A color which represents the tint 
 of the human body. 
 
 Flesh'-wound (-wood or -wound), n. A wound 
 injuring no part beyond the flesh. 
 
 Flesh'y, a. Full of flesh; fat; pulpy; plump. 
 
 Fleur-de-lis (fliir-de-le'), ». [Fr.] 'A flower re- 
 sembling the iris, called also flotoer-deHuce. — 
 (Her.) A bearing in the royal arms of France. 
 
 Flew (flu)» i. from fly. 
 
 Flex, v. a. [L. flectere, flexum, to bend.] [pp. flex- 
 ing, flexed.] To beiid ; to inflect. 
 
 Flex-i-bil'i-ty, n. Flexibleness : pliancy. 
 
 Flex'i-ble,' o. [L. flextotiis.— See Flex'.] That 
 may be bent; pliable; pliant. 
 
 Flex'ile, «. [L. flexilis.—See Flex.] Pliant; 
 easily bent; flexible. 
 
 Flex'ion (flek'shun), n. [L. flexio.— See Flex.] 
 The act of bending. 
 
 Flex'or, n. [Late L.] A muscle which bends. 
 
 Flex'u-ous. <«. Winding: bending. 
 
 Flex'ure (fleks'yur), n. [L. flexura.— See Flex.] 
 A bending; joint; bend. 
 
 Flick, v. a. [Icel. flik, a flap; flekka, to spot; 
 A.-S. flicerian, to strike often. — See Fleck. — Cf. 
 also Fr. flic-flac, a stroke of a whip ; L. fligere, 
 flictum, to strike.] [pp. flicking, flicked.] To 
 whip with a light, quick stroke.— 2, n. A light, 
 quick sti-oke : — [see Flitch] a flitch. 
 
 Fllck'er, n. [A.-S. flicerian, to strike lightly and 
 often; Dut. fl ikkeren, to sparkle.— Cf. Ger/fl«cZ- 
 ern, to flicker, which is not improbably influ- 
 enced by L. flagrare, to burn. — Cf. also Flut- 
 ter. Flicker iu the sense of flutter is probably 
 distinct in its origin from flicker, to gleam feebly, 
 yet it is impossible to separate their senses at 
 present.] A wavering, evanescent gleam, as 
 of flame ; an expiring flash : — the great wood- 
 pecker.— 2, v. n. [pp. flickering, flickered.] To 
 flutter; to flap the wings : — to burn unsteadily. 
 
 Fli'er, n. One who flies : — part of a machine. 
 
 mien, sir ; mSve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use— Q,Q, c, &,soft; p, p, p, g, hard ; §asz; xosgz; tnis. 
 
FLIGHT 
 
 248 
 
 FLOUNCE 
 
 Flight (flit), n. [A.-S. flyht; Ger. & Tcel. flng ; 
 Sw. flygt, flyM ; Dan. ftiujt ; Dut. vlugl.] The act 
 of flying or fleeing; escape : — a flock of birds : — 
 a saily of the imagination : — a series of steps. 
 
 Flight' i-ness, n. Quality of being flighty. 
 
 Flight' y. (fli'te), a. Wild ; of disordered imagina- 
 tion ; extravagant in fancy ; capricious. 
 
 Flnn'si-ness, n. Weakness of texture. 
 
 Flim'sy, a. [Fr. fleme, idleness, inactivity; a va- 
 riant of flegrne, phlegm (q. v.), dulnes*, insipid- 
 ity. — But cf. Limp, flexible.] Of weak texture ; 
 feeble ; mean ; superficial ; without force. 
 
 Flinch, v. n. [L. fleclere, to bend; Fr. fltchir : it 
 acquired a modification from blench, to which it 
 gave in turn a new meaning.] [pp. flinching, 
 flinched.] To shrink ; to withdraw ; to wince. 
 
 Flin'ders, n. pi. [Cf. Ger. flinder, a spangle ; Dut. 
 flenter, a splinter.] Broken pieces ; shreds. 
 
 Fiing, v. a. [0. Sw. flenga, to strike ; fldng, hard 
 exercise; fldnga, to romp.] [i. flung; pp. fliug- 
 ing, flung.] To cast from the hand; to throw; 
 to dart : — to scatter about. — 2, v. n. To flounce ; 
 to wince; to sneer. — 3, n. A throw; a cast : — 
 a sneer ; an insinuation : — a kind of dance.' 
 
 Flint, n. [A.-S. & Dan. flint; Sw. flinta.—Cf. 
 Plinth, and Fr. flin, pyrites.] A hard stone ; a 
 stone for striking fire. 
 
 Flint' y., a. Made of flint; hard : — cruel. 
 
 Flip, n. [A variant of Flap.] A light blow; a 
 fillip : — liquor made of beer, spirits, and sugar : — 
 a leap. — 2, v. n. [pip. flipping, flipped.] To skip; 
 to leap.— 3, v. a. To strike lightly. [Colloq.] 
 
 FKp'pan-cy, n. Loquacity ; pertness of talk. 
 
 FHp'pant, a. [Cf. Icel. fleipa, to prattle; Sw. 
 flepu, to talk nonsense ; Local Sw. flip, the lip.] 
 Talkative ; loquacious ; pert. 
 
 FHp'per. »/. [See Flap.] The arm of a seal, whale, 
 or turtle ; a broad fin. 
 
 Flirt, v. a. [Cf. Scot, flird, to flirt; flirdoch, a 
 flirt; Sw. fl'drd, deceit; A.-S. fleard, a foolish 
 act; but the primary meaning in English seems 
 to be a quick motion, as with a fan.] [pp. flirt- 
 ing, flirted.] To throw with a quick motion. — 
 2, v. n. To be unsteady ; to coquet. — 3, n. A 
 jerk : — a pert girl ; a coquette. 
 
 Flir-ta'tion, n. The act of flirting; coquetry; 
 desire or effort to attract notice. 
 
 Flit, v. n. [Cf. Sw. fiylta, Dan. flytle, to flit, to 
 remove ; Ger. fliltem, to flit ; Icel. flyta, to hasten : 
 akin to Fleet, Float, and Fly.] [pp. flitting, 
 flitted.] To fly away; to remove; to flutter: — 
 to be unstable. 
 
 Flitch, n. [A.-S. flicce; Icel. flikH (see Flesh). 
 Flitch is a softened form of Flick, which is a va- 
 riant of Flake (q. v.).— Cf. Ger. flatsche, a piece.] 
 The side of a hog salted and cured : — a slab or 
 plank of timber. 
 
 FHt'ter, w. [Ger. & Sw. flitter, a gew-gaw.] A 
 rag; a scrap. — 2, v. n. [pp. flittering, flittered.] 
 To flutter; to flit. 
 
 Float (Hot), v. n. [A.-S. fleotan, flotian ; Sw. flyta; 
 Ger. flossen ; Fr. flotter ; the latter from L. flvere, 
 fluctum, to flow ; the others from the root of Flow : 
 both are from the same remote roots.] [pp. 
 floating, floated.] To swim ; to move easily. — 
 2, v. a. To cover with water; to flood: — to 
 cause to swim. — 3, n. [A.-S. flota, a ship ; Icel. 
 floti, Dut. rht, Ger. floss, a raft.] A body swim- 
 ming on water; a raft: — a cork or quill fastened 
 to a fishing-line : — a rasp or file. 
 
 Float' a-ble, w. [Fr. flottable.] Capable of float- 
 ing : — navigable for rafts. 
 
 Float'ing, p. a. Not settled; not fixed; unattached. 
 
 Floc'cu-lence, n. Quality of being floeculent. 
 
 Floc'cu-lent, a. Floccose : — adhering in flakes; 
 full of flakes ; flaky : — noting the floccus or 
 down on newly-hatched birds. 
 
 Floc'cus, n. [L.] The down of unfledged birds. 
 
 Flock,' n. [A.-S. flocc; Icel. floMr ; Dan. flok; 
 Ger. flng.] A company of birds or sheep: — a 
 congregation : — [L. floccus, a lock of wool] down 
 
 from cloth. — 2, v. n. [pp. flocking, flocked.] 
 To gather in crowds or companies : — to go away 
 in a crowd. 
 
 Floe, n. [Dan. flage, a flake (q. v.). — Cf, Ger. 
 fluh, a stratum.] A mass of floating ice. 
 
 Flog, v. a. [L. flagellare, to scourge ; flagellum or 
 flagrum, a scourge.] [pp. flogging, flogged.] To 
 lash ; to whip ; to beat. 
 
 Flog'§ing, n. A whipping; act of beating. 
 
 Flood '(flud), n. [A.-S. flod;. Dut. vloed; Icel., 
 Sw., & Dan.^od; Goth, flodus; Ger. fluth.— Cf. 
 L. fluctus, a wave, a flood. — See Flow.] A great 
 flow of water ; the sea : — a river : — a deluge ; an 
 inundation ; the general deluge : — flow ; flux. — 
 2, v. a. [p>p. flooding, flooded.] To deluge ; to 
 overwhelm. 
 
 Flood' gate (flud'gat), n. A gate to stop or let out 
 water ; a passage ; an avenue. 
 
 Floor (flor), h. [A.-S. flor ; Dut. vloer ; Ger. flvr ; 
 Welsh, llaur-] The bottom of a room or build- 
 ing ; a platform : — a story in a building. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. flooring, floored.] To cover with a floor : 
 — to place on the floor; to strike down. 
 
 Floor'ing, n. Materials for floors : — a floor. 
 
 Flop, v. a. [A variant of Flap.] [pp. flopping, 
 flopped.] To clap the wings; to flap. — 2, v. 
 The sound made by a broad flat object falling to 
 the ground : — a flap. 
 
 Flo'ra, n. [L. Flora, goddess of flowers; flos, 
 florls, a flower (q. v.).] (Bot.) The botany, or 
 various plants and flowers, of a country: — a 
 treatise on local botany : — a list of plants. — 
 (Astron.) A small planet. 
 
 Flo'ral, a. [L. floralis, belonging to Flora, god- 
 dess of flowers.] Relating to flowers. 
 
 Flor'en-tine, n. A native of Florence : — a silk. — 
 2, a. Belonging to Florence. 
 
 Flo-res'cence, n. The act of flowering : — the sea- 
 son of the flowering of plants. 
 
 Flo-res'cent, a. [L. florescerc, florescentis, incho- 
 ative of flor -ere, to flower (<j. v.).] Blooming into 
 flower; 'flowering. 3tf* 
 
 Flo' ret, n. [Dim. of L. flos, floris, a flower.] *VPf* 
 A little flower; a floweret. W3 
 
 Flor'i-cult-ure, n. [L. flos, floris, a flower, M 
 and" cultura, culture.] The cultivation of ll 
 flowers. U 
 
 Flor-i-ciilt'u-rist, «. A cultivator of Floret> 
 flowers. 
 
 Flor'id, a. [L. floridus ; flos, floris, a flower (q. v.).] 
 Having flowers; flowery :— flushed with red :— 
 embellished ; splendid. 
 
 Flo-rid'i-ty;, n. State of being florid; freshness. 
 
 Flor'in,'**. ' [It. fiorino ; fiore, a flower: it bore a 
 lily', in allusion to Florence (L. Florerdia) ; L. 
 florere, to flower; flos. floris, a flower.] [Fr.] A 
 coin first made at Florence ; now a coin of dif- 
 ferent values : — a modern English coin, worth 
 2s. sterling, or 50 cents. 
 
 Flo'rist, n. [Fr. flmriste.] A cultivator of flowers. 
 
 Floss", n. [It. floscia seta, floss silk ; floscio, local 
 flosso, soft; L. fluxus, flowing; fluere, to flow 
 (q. v.).] Ravelled or untwisted silk. 
 
 Flos' sy, a. Like floss; made of floss. 
 
 Flo-ta'tion. n. [Fr. flottaisou; flotter, to float.] 
 The act of floating. 
 
 Flo-til'la, n. [Sp., dim. of flota, a fleet (q. v.).] 
 A fleet' of small vessels ; a little fleet :— a large 
 naval force. 
 
 Flot'sam [flot'sam, H. I.], Float'sam, or Flot'son 
 [flot'spn, H. /.],n. [Law Fr. ; root of Float and 
 the Norse termination -samr, seen in the words 
 lonesome, icholesome.] (Law.) Goods that float on 
 the sea without an owner, when a ship is wrecked. 
 
 Flounce, v. n. [Local Sw. flmisa, to plunge, to 
 flounder (q. v.).} [pp. flouncing, flounced.] To 
 move with violence. — 2, v. a. [0. E. frounce; 
 Fr. froncer, to plait, to wrinkle. — See Front 
 and Frown.] To deck with flounces. — 3, n. A 
 j er k : _a dash: — a frill or ruffle sewed to a 
 woman's gown. 
 
 a, e, I, o, 5, y, long ; a, e, 5, o, ii, y, sliort; a, e, j, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 
 
FLOUNDEE 
 
 249 
 
 FLUXION 
 
 Flofin'der, «. [Sw. flundra ; Dan. JJynder; Icel. 
 flydra ; Ger. fl under.] _-<*-x«*-. 
 
 A small, flat fisli. — --^iv. 
 
 2, r. n. [Ger. & Dut. tJBPBB^ 
 
 flodderen, to flap, to g|fc^g^_ 
 splash; Sw. fladdra, fStgfr^ -"-'~ J 
 to flutter.] [j>p. ^^ : HBBHL 
 floundering, floun- ^%*>pfiIj3ji[BP^ 
 
 dered.] To strug- ^^ggggS^*'' 
 
 gle ; to stumble. Flounder. 
 
 Flour, w. [Identical 
 with flower, in the sense of the choicest part.] 
 The edible part of wheat, and other grain, bolted 
 or sifted ; meal. — 2, r. a. [pp. flouring, floured.] 
 To convert into flour : — to sprinkle with fluur. 
 
 Flofir'ish (flur'ish), v. n. [Fr. fleurir ; pres. part. 
 fleurissant; L. florescere, inceptive of florere, to 
 bloom; flos, floris, a flower.] [pp. flourishing, 
 flourished.] To thrive, as a plant; to grow; to 
 be prosperous : — to boast. — (Mas.) To play with 
 bold, irregular notes. — 2, v. a. To adorn; to 
 brandish. — 3, n. Bravery : — state of prosperity : 
 — ostentatious embellishment; display: — a mu- 
 sical prelude ; a triumphant sounding of musical 
 instruments. 
 
 Flout, v. a. [Dut. finite)), to play the flute (gr. v.) ; 
 also to jeer; Scot, flyte, to scold.] [pp. flouting, 
 flouted.] To mock ; to insult; to sneer at. — 2, 
 v. a. To practise mockery ; to sneer. — 3, u. A 
 mock; an insult; a sneer; a jeer. 
 
 Flout'ing-ly, ud. In an insulting manner. 
 
 Flow (flo), v. n. [A.-S. flowan ; Dut. vloeijen. As- 
 signed by etymologists to the root plu, to swim 
 (Gr. nKeeiv, 7>\ujeiv, to swim, to sail; L. phut, it 
 rains, etc.), rather thau to the rootjffu, to flow; 
 whence L. fluere, to flow.] [pp. flowing, flowed.] 
 To run as water : — to rise as the title : — to melt : 
 — to proceed ; to issue ; to circulate ; to glide 
 smoothly: — to abound. — 2, v. a. To overflow; 
 to deluge. — 3, n. The rise of water; current; 
 stream ; volubility. 
 
 Flbw'er (flbu'er), u. [L. flos, floris ; Fr. fleur : cog-' 
 nate with Bloom, Blow.] The blossom of a 
 plant: — an ornament: — the prime: — the most 
 excellent part, as the flower of an army. — 2, v. n. 
 [pp. flowering, flowered.] To be in flower; to 
 blossom. — 3, v. a. To adorn with flowers. 
 
 Flbw'er-de-luce', n. The iris; fleur-de-lis. 
 
 Flb^'er-et, it. A small flower; a floret. 
 
 Flbw'er-i'-ness, n. State of being flowery. 
 
 Flbw'er-y, a- Adorned with flowers ; florid. 
 
 Flow'ing.p. a. Fluent; copious; abundant. 
 
 Flow'jng-ly. (flo'jng-le), ad. With copiousness. 
 
 Flown (flou),jj. from. fly. Gone away. 
 
 Fluct'u-ate, o. n. [L. fluctuare, fluctuation ; flue 
 (us, a wave; fluere, to flow.] [pp. fluctuating, 
 fluctuated.] To roll hither and thither, as a 
 wave ; to waver ; to vacillate. 
 
 Fifict-u-a'tion, n. The act of fluctuating ; alter- 
 nate motion ; uncertainty. 
 
 Flue, h. [0. Fr. flue, a flow ; Fr. flver, L. fluere, 
 to flow; but some say a corruption of flute.] 
 Pipe of a chimney :— [Fr. floe; Low Ger. flog, 
 down. — See Flock. — Cf. Fr. flou, light, soft] 
 down or fur. 
 
 Flii'en-cy, n. The act of flowing; volubility; 
 smoothness of speech ; copiousness. 
 
 Flu'ent, a. [L. fluere, fluentis, fluxion, to flow ; Gr. 
 <f)\'veiv, to overflow, to swell ;'Skr. plu, to swim.] 
 Liquid; flowing : — voluble. — 2, ». A stream. 
 
 Flu'ent- ly, ad. With ready flow ; volubly. 
 
 Fluff, n. '[See Flue.— Cf. also Welsh pluf, feath- 
 ers] Nap or down : — loose, light, downy stuff. 
 
 Fluffy, a. Downy ; like fluff. 
 
 Flu'gel-man (flu'gl-man), n. [Ger. flugelmann ; 
 fliigel, a wing, a file, and maim, man.'] A soldier 
 or non-commissioned officer u>ed as a guide to 
 soldiers in the drill ; a fugleman. 
 
 Flu'id, a. [L. fluidus ; fluere, to flow.] Running, 
 as water; not solid; liquid or gaseous. — 2, n. 
 A liquid or gas ; juice ; animal juice. 
 
 I Flu-id'i-ty, n. The quality of being fluid. 
 
 Flu'id-iiess, n. State of being fluid; fluidity. 
 
 Fluke, n. [Ger. pflug, a plough ; or, better, Low 
 Ger. flunk, awing, an anchor-fluke; Dan. flig, a 
 fly or lapel, an anchor-fluke ; Sw. fly, a fluke.] 
 The broad part or arm of an anchor : — tail of a 
 whale :— [A.-S. floe; Icel. floki] a flat fish :— a 
 turbot: — a chance stroke at billiards: — hence, 
 an unexpected advantage gained rather by luck 
 than by judgment. [Slang.] 
 
 Flume, n. [A.-S. flam, Norse flaunt, a stream. — Cf. 
 L. fiumen, a river; fluere, to flow.] A channel 
 or passage for water. 
 
 Flum'mer-y, n. [Welsh Uymru, sour oatmeal 
 jelly ; Uymrig or llym, sharp or sour.] A kind of 
 jelly or food made of flour, &c. : — flattery ; non- 
 Fifing, i. & p. from fling. [sense. 
 
 Flfink, r. [Scot, flunk, to squat ; also a lazy fel- 
 low: perhaps from Flunky.] A total failure 
 in a college recitation ; a backing out. [Slang.] 
 — 2, v. n. [pp. flunking, flunked.] To fail ut- 
 terly in a college examination. [Slang.] 
 
 Flfink'y, n. [Fr. flanquer, to flank (g. v.), to stand 
 at one's elbow.] A mean person; a lackey; a 
 liveried servant ; a snob. 
 
 Flfink'y-dom, ji. The region of flunkies ; flunkies 
 as a class; the state or characteristics of flunk- 
 ies ; snobbishness. 
 
 Flu'or, \ n. [L. fluor, a flow ; fluere, to flow : 
 
 Flu'or-spar. / so called from its fusibility.] [Mia.) 
 Lime fluoride, a mineral often very beautiful. 
 
 Flu-or'ic, o. Partaking of fluorine. 
 
 Flu'or-ide, n. A compound containing fluorine. 
 
 Flu'or-me, n. [Because found in fluor-spar.] A 
 corrosive chemical element. 
 
 Flfir'ry, n. [Cf. Fr. fleurte, a light foam; fleuret, 
 a kind of step, or flourish, in the dance : 
 flower.] A gust of wind :— a light squall of 
 snow: — hurry; bustle. — 2, g. a. [pp. flurrying, 
 flurried.] To put in agitation : to alarm. 
 
 Flfish, v. n. [In all its senses it seems to be de- 
 ved from L. fluxus, a flow.— See Flux.— Cf. 
 also Dut. flnyseu. to rush; Ger.flies&en, to flow.] 
 [pp. flushing, flushed.] To flow suddenly ; to 
 start : — to glow. — 2, v. a. [Cf. Sw. flossa, to 
 blaze.] To color; to redden: — to elate: — to 
 arouse: — to wash out or flood. — 3, «. Fresh; 
 glowing:— [Norse flu*, open-handed] affluent: — 
 even or level with something else.— 4, n. Flow; 
 bloom; abundance: — a blush: — [Sp. flux, a suit 
 of cards] a run of cards of the same suit. 
 
 Flus'ter, v. a. [Icel. flaustr, hurry ; flaustra, to be 
 agitated : akin to "Bluster.] [ pp. flustering, 
 flustered.] To make hot, as with liquor ; to con- 
 found; to hurry. — 2, )i. Agitation: — hurry. 
 
 Flfis'tered (flus'terd), p. a. Agitated. 
 
 Flute, 'u. [Fr. flilte ; 0. Fr. flaiiter, to blow ; 0. E. 
 flouie, to flute ; Late L. flutuare; L. flare, flatum, 
 to blow. The old derivation from L. fluta, a 
 lamprey (which has holes not unlike those of a 
 flute), is quite unhistorical.] A musical wind- 
 instrument : — an upright channel in a column; 
 a groove. — 2, v. n. [pp. fluting, fluted.] To 
 play on the flute. — 3, v. a. To cut into hollows ; 
 to channel. [of the nature of the concertina. 
 
 Flu-ti'na, u. [Ital. flaulino.] A musical instrument 
 
 Flfit'ter,' v. n. [A.-S. flotorian, to float (g. v.) ; Low 
 Ger. './fa/fern, to flutt'er ; Ger. flittem, to flit (q. v.).] 
 [pp. fluttering, fluttered.] To fly or move 
 quickly. — 2, v. a. To drive quickly ; to agitate. 
 — 3, H. Hurry ; quick motion : — confusion. 
 
 Flu'vi-al, a. [L. flucialis ; fluvius, a river; fluere, 
 to flow.] Relating to rivers ; fluviatic. 
 
 Flu'vi-a-tile. a. Belonging to rivers. 
 
 Flux, n. [L. fluxus, a flowing ; fluere, fluxion (flue- 
 Him), to flow.] The act of flowing :— dysentery : 
 — a substance to promote fusion.— 2, v. n. & v. a. 
 [pp. fluxing, fluxed.] To melt; to cause to melt. 
 
 Flfix'ion (fluk'shun), n. [L. fluxio, better fludio, 
 a flowing.— See Flux.] The act «>f flowing; mat- 
 ter that flows.— {Math.) An infinitely small, 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5, £, c, §, soft; p, p, c, g, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 
 
FLY 
 
 250 
 
 FOOD 
 
 variable quantity; a fluent.— pi. The analysis 
 of fluxions and fluents. 
 Fly, v. u. [A.-S.fleogau; Dut. vliegen; Ger. fliegen ; 
 Dan. flyve.] [i. flew; pp. flying, flown.] To 
 move through the air with wings ; to float in the 
 air; to pass swiftly: — to run away; to flee. — 
 
 2, v. a. To shun ; to avoid : — to cause to fly. — 
 
 3, n. [A.-S. fleoga ; Icel. fluga; Ger. Jliege.] A 
 small winged insect :— the regulator of a ma- 
 chine : — a light carriage. 
 
 Fly'bl5w (fli'blo), n. The egg of a fly.— 2, v. a. 
 [i. flyblew; pp. flyblowing, flyblown.] To fill 
 with eggs of flies. 
 
 Fly'-catch-er, n. A bird that devours flies. 
 
 Fly'ing-f ish, n. A fish which has apparently a 
 power of flight. 
 
 Fly'ing-jib, re. The sail spread on the flying- 
 jib-boom outside of the standing-jib. 
 
 Fly'ing-squir'rel (-skwir'rel, -skwer'rel, or 
 -sk'wur'rel), n. A squirrel that takes long leaps, 
 having a natural parachute. 
 
 Fly' -leaf, n. An inserted, loose, or blank leaf. 
 
 Fly' -wheel, n. A heavy wheel attached to ma- 
 chinery to regulate its motion. 
 
 Foal (fol), n. [A.-S. fola; Dut. veulen; Icel. full; 
 Ger. fohlen; Gr. 7rd>Aos. — Cf. L. pullus, a young 
 animal.] The offspring of a mare ; a colt. — 
 2, v. n. [pp. foaling, foaled.] To bring forth a 
 colt or filly. — 3, v. a. To bring forth, as a mare. 
 
 Foam, n. [A.-S. fam ; Local Ger. faum ; Ger. feim. 
 — Cf. L. spuma, Russ. plena, Skr. phena, foam.] 
 A white substance ; froth ; spume. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
 foaming, foamed.] To froth ; to gather foam ; 
 to rage. 
 
 Foam'y, a. Covered with foam ; frothy. 
 
 Fob, re. [Local Ger. Juppe, a pocket.] A small 
 pocket for a watch. — 2, v. a. [Dut. foppen.] [pp. 
 fobbing, fobbed.] To cheat ; to trick ; to defraud. 
 
 Fo'cal, a. Belonging to the focus. 
 
 Fo'cus, n. [L. for "hearth" or "fireplace"']; pi. 
 Fo'ci; Eng. pi. Fo'cus-es (little used). {Optics.) 
 The point of convergence, where the rays of 
 light are concentrated by a lens or concave mir- 
 ror. — 2,v.a. [pp. focussing, focussed.] To bring 
 to a focus, as a camera or a microscopic object. 
 
 Fod'der, n. [A.-S. fodor ; Dut. voeder; Icel. fodr; 
 Dan', foder.— See Food.] Food for cattle. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. foddering, foddered.] To feed with fodder. 
 
 Foe, re. [A.-S. fah; feogan, to hate.] An enemy 
 in war ; an adversary. 
 
 Foe'man (fo'man), v. An enemy in war. 
 
 Foe'tal, a. Of or pertaining to a foetus ; embryonic. 
 
 Foe-ta'tion, ) n. [L. fetare, to breed. — See FffiTUS.J 
 
 Fe-ta'tion, j The formation of a foetus in the 
 womb; pregnancy. 
 
 Foe'tus, re. [L. ; better fetus ; from the obsolete 
 feo, I breed; Gr. <^>va>, I produce.] A child in 
 the womb: — a young animal unborn. 
 
 Fog, n. [Dan. fog, Icel. fjuk, a snow-storm ; fol; 
 spray; fjvka, to drift.] A thick mist; a moist 
 vapor :— [Welsh ffwg] dead aftergrass. 
 
 Fog'-bank, n. An appearance at sea, 
 weather, resembling land at a distance, 
 
 Fog'iage, n. Dead aftergrass. 
 
 Fog'gi-ness, n. State of being 
 
 foggy. 
 
 Fog'gy, a . Filled with fog; 
 misty ; cloudy. 
 
 Fog'-horn, n. A horn blown 
 by steam, or otherwise, as a 
 signal during fogs. 
 
 Fo'fy, n. [Perhaps from Fog. Fog-horn. 
 
 — Cf. Dan. fjog, a dullard.] 
 An eccentric old man : — a stickler for old cus- 
 toms ; a stupid fellow : — written also fogey. 
 
 Fo'gy-i§m, n . Stubborn adhesion to old usages. 
 
 Foh, inter}. Expressing contempt or aversion. 
 
 FSi'ble, n. [0. Fr. foible, Fr. faible, weak, or a 
 weakness. — See Feeble.] A weakness; a fail- 
 ing ; a fault : — the slender part of a sword ; the 
 feeble. 
 
 in hazy 
 
 Foil, v. a. [Fr. fouler, to oppress, to trample. — 
 See Foul.] [pp. foiling, foiled.] To defeat; to 
 balk ; to frustrate ; to puzzle :— to blunt ; to dull. 
 —2, n. A defeat :— [Fr. feuille, a leaf; L. folium] 
 a thin plate or leaf of gold or other metal ; gild- 
 ing :— something to heighten lustre :— a coat of 
 tin or quicksilver on the back of a plate of glass : 
 — a blunt sword. 
 
 Foist, v. a. [Probably Fr. fausser, to falsify.] 
 [pp. foisting, foisted.] To insert wrongfully; 
 to interpolate. 
 
 Fold, n. [A.-S. fold, falod; Welsh, ffald; Dan. 
 fold.] A pen or enclosure for Bheep ; a flock of 
 sheep :— [A.-S. feuldan ; Dan. folde ; Ger. fallen] 
 a plait ; a double ; a complication. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 folding, folded.] To shut in a fold :— to double. 
 — 3, v. u. To close over another. 
 
 Fold'er, «. One Avho folds : — an instrument for 
 folding paper, &c. 
 
 Fo-li-a'ceous (to-le-a'shus), a. [L. foliaceus; fo- 
 lium, Gr. <j)v\\ov, a leaf.] Leafy. 
 
 Fo'li-a&e, n. [Fr. feuillage ; feuille, L. folium, a 
 leaf.] Leaves of trees collectively. 
 
 Fo-li-a'tion, •//. The act of beating into leaves : — 
 arrangement in leaves or layers. 
 
 F6'li-o, or Fol'io, n. ; pi. F6'li-6s. [Sp. folio, It. 
 foglio, a leaf; in L. folio is the ablative singular 
 of folium, a leaf.] A leaf or page :— a book of 
 which the pages are formed by a sheet of paper 
 once doubled. — 2, a. Noting the size of a book 
 having a sheet doubled into two loaves. 
 
 Folk (fok), or Folks (foks), «. pi. [A.-S. folc; 
 Norse, folk; Dut. & Ger. volk: perhaps akin to 
 Flock. — Cf. Kuss. polk, pvlk, a regiment.] Peo- 
 ple, in familiar language ; persons ; mankind. — 
 Folk is a collective noun ; yet in modern use the 
 plural form, folks is more common. 
 
 Folk' -lore, n. Popular legends and superstitions. 
 
 FSl'li-cle (fol'le-kl), n. [L. follicvlus, dim. of follis, 
 a bag.] (Anat.) A little bag or cvst; a gland. — 
 (Bot.) A seed-vessel. [ing to, a follicle. 
 
 Fol-Hc'u-lar, a. Having the shape of, or pertain- 
 
 Fol'low (fol'io), v. a. [A.-S. fylcgan, fyligan, Dut. 
 volgen, Dan. fb'lge, Ger. folgen, to follow : said to 
 be akin to Folk.] [pp. following, followed.] 
 To succeed ; to go after ; to pursue ; to attend : — 
 to imitate; to copy. — 2, v. n. .. To come after 
 another; to be posterior in time; to result. 
 
 Fol'low-er, n. One who, or that which, follows; 
 a disciple. 
 
 Fol'low-ing, n. A body of followers : — occupa- 
 tion ; employment. — 2, p. a. Succeeding ; next 
 in order. 
 
 Fol'ly, re. [Fr. folie ; fol or fou, foolish, or a fool 
 (q. i:).] Foolishness; weakness :— depravity : — 
 a foolish act. 
 
 Fo-ment', v. a. [L. fomentare; f omentum for fovi- 
 mentum, a warm lotion ; focere, to warm.] [pp. 
 fomenting, fomented.] To cherish with heat; 
 to bathe with warm lotions : — to excite : — to abet. 
 
 F6-men-ta'tion, )*. The act of fomenting; a 
 warm lotion ; excitation. 
 
 Fo-ment'er, n. One who foments. 
 
 Fond, a. \0. E. fon, Sw. fane, a fool : closely akin 
 to Vane (q. v.), a weathercock; 0. E. fomien, to 
 act the fool, whence the participle fonned and our 
 adjective fond.] Indulgent; weakly tender; at- 
 tached :— foolish : — highly enjoying. 
 
 Fon' die, v. a. [Frequentative verb from fond, in 
 the sense of loving.] [pp. fondling, fondled.] 
 To treat fondly ; to caress. 
 
 Fond'ling, n. A person or thing much fondled. 
 
 Fond'ly, ad. Dotingly : — with tenderness : — fool- 
 ishly. 
 
 Fond'ness, n. Tenderness; love; affection. 
 
 Font, n. [L. fons, fonti% a fount.] A baptismal 
 basin or vessel ; a fount : — [Fr. fonte, a casting; 
 fondre, to cast. — See Found] an assortment of 
 printing-types. 
 
 F66d, n. [A.-S. /oda; Icel. fsedi; Dun. fode; Sw. 
 fb'da.] Victuals; any thing that nourishes. 
 
 a, e, I, 5, ii, y, long; a, e, I, o, ii, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
FOOL 
 
 251 
 
 FOKEFOOT 
 
 F881, n. [Fr. fou or fol; L. follis, a bellows, a 
 wind-bag.] A person void of understanding; 
 an idiot ; a changeling :— a buffoon ; a jester. — 
 2, v. n. [pp. fooling, fooled.] To trifle; to 
 toy ; to play ; to idle. — 3, v. a. To disappoint ; 
 to cheat ; to befool. 
 
 FS61'er-jr» »■ Habitual folly ; an act of folly. 
 
 F661'b.ar-di-ness, n. Courage without sense. 
 
 F6ol'har-dy., a. Foolishly bold; rash. 
 
 Fool'ish, a. Void of understanding ; idiotic ; silly ; 
 indiscreet; simple; unwise; ridiculous. 
 
 Fool'ish-ljr, ad. In a foolish manner; weakly. 
 
 Fool'jsh-ness, n. Folly; foolish practice. 
 
 F66lV-cap, n. [Said to be from a fool's cap and 
 bells once used as a water-mark on paper.] A 
 kind or size of writing-paper. 
 
 Foot (fut), n. ; pi. Feet. [A.-S. fot; Dut. voel; 
 Dan. fod; Ger. fuss; L. pes, pedis; Gr. irov'?, 
 jroSos ; Skr. pad.] The part upon which a man, 
 an animal, or a thing stauds : — a base ; bottom ; 
 end :— infantry : — a certain number of syllables 
 in verse : — a measure of twelve inches. — 2, v. n. 
 [pp. footing, footed.] To dance; to trip; to 
 walk :— to be summed up. — 3, v. a. To kick ; to 
 tread : — to add up. 
 
 Foot' -ball (fut'bal), w. A ball driven by the foot : 
 — a play with the foot-ball. 
 
 Foot' -fall (fut'-), n. A stumble : — a footstep. 
 
 Foot'-hill (fut'lnl), n. One of the hills of an out- 
 lying range of a mountain system, or of a sub- 
 alpine region. 
 
 Foot'hold (fut'liold), w. A space for the foot to 
 stand on ; that on which one may stand. 
 
 Foot'ing (fiit'ing), v. Ground for the foot ; sup- 
 port ; basis; foundation: — state; condition: — 
 foot of a shoe or stocking : — the act of adding. 
 
 Foot'man (fut'man), n. A menial servant. 
 
 Foot'-note (fut'not), n. A note, as of illustration, 
 comment, &c, at the bottom of a page. 
 
 Foot'pad (ffit'pad), n. A highwayman on foot. 
 
 Foot'-path (fit'-), n. A way for foot-passengers. 
 
 Foot'-pbund (fut'-), n. (Meek.) The unit of work 
 
 Foot'print (fut'-), n. Mark of the foot. [done. 
 
 Foot' -race (fut'-), n. A race run by men on foot. 
 
 Foots (futs), n. pi. Settlings ; lees. 
 
 Foot'-sore (fut '-), a. Having feet rendered pain- 
 ful by travel. [petiole. 
 
 Foot' stalk (tut'stawk), n. The stem of a leaf; a 
 
 Foot' step (fut'-), n. A mark or tread of the f lot ; 
 footprint; track; mark; vestige. 
 
 Foot' stool (fut'-), n. A stool for the feet. 
 
 Fop, n. [Dut. foppen, to cheat; Ger. foppen, to 
 banter, to make a fool of.] A gay, trilling man ; 
 a coxcomb ; a beau. 
 
 Fop'lingr, n. A petty fop; a dandy. 
 
 Fop'pe r-y., n. Impertinence ; showy folly. 
 
 Fop'pish, a. Like a fop; vain in dress; finical. 
 
 Fop'pish-ly, ad. In a foppish manner. 
 
 Fop'pish-ness, ». Quality of being foppish. 
 
 For, prep. [A.-S. & Dan. for; Dut. vow; Ger. 
 far; L. pro; Gr. irpd. Etymologically, it is 
 closely related to Fore.] Because of; with re- 
 spect to; in the place of; for the sake of; 
 during; on account of.— 2, conj. Because; on 
 this account that. For (or fore), in composition, 
 has sometimes an intensive force, and often con- 
 veys the idea of from, as in forbid, to bid from ; 
 forefend, to feud off. 
 
 For'al'e, v. n. [Fr. fourrage, forage; fourrager, to 
 forage ; feurre, straw, fodder ; Late L. fodrum, 
 fodder (q. v.).] [pp. foraging, foraged.] To 
 wander in search of forage or food.— 2, v. a. To 
 plunder; to strip; to spoil.— 3, n. Search for 
 provisions :— food for horses and cattle ; fodder. 
 
 For'a-ger, n. One that forages ; a provider. 
 
 Fo-ra'men, n. ; pi. Fo-ram'i-na. [L. ; forare, to 
 bore.] A small hole ; a perforation. 
 
 For-a§-much', conj. Because; since. 
 
 For'ay (for'a or fo-ra'), n. [A form of Forage.] 
 A hostile incursion ; a raid. 
 
 For-bade' (for-bad'), j. from forbid. 
 
 For-bear' (for-bar'), v. n. [For-, away from, and 
 Bkar.] [i. forbore; pp. forbearing, forborne.] 
 To cease from any thing; to intermit; to pause; 
 to abstain. — 2, v. a. To decline ; to avoid ; to 
 omit ; to spare. 
 
 For'bear (or for'bar), n. [Scot. ; fore, before, and 
 bear, to produce.] An ancestor. 
 
 For-bear' ance, n. The act of forbearing; inter- 
 mission : — command of temper ; lenity. 
 
 For-bear'ing, p. a. Patient; favorable; lenient. 
 
 For-bid', i'. a. [For-, away from, and bid, to com- 
 mand.] [i. forbade, forbid; -pp. foi bidding, for- 
 bidden.] To prohibit; to interdict. 
 
 For-bld'den (for-bid'dn), p. from forbid. 
 
 For-bid'ding, p. a. Causing aversion ; austere. 
 
 For-borne', p. from forbear. 
 
 Force, n. [L. fortis, strong; Late L. fortia, 
 strength.] Strength exerted ; vigor; might ; vio- 
 lence : — virtue; efficacy; validness : — armament; 
 military preparation; an army. — 2, v. a. []>]>■ 
 forcing, forced.] To compel; to constrain; to 
 impel ; to urge ; to coerce .-—to ravish :— tu hasten. 
 
 Forced (foist), p. a. Overstrained ; affected : — 
 strained ; compulsory. 
 
 Force'ful, a. Violent; strong; forcible. 
 
 Force'less, a. Weak; feeble; impotent. 
 
 Force'nieat, n. [Farce, to cram, and Meat.] 
 Finely-cut meat. 
 
 FSr'ceps, n. [L. forceps, tongs ; formtis, hot, and 
 capio, to take.] A surgeon's pincers. 
 
 Force'-pump, n. A pump which ejects water 
 forcibly. 
 
 For'ci-ble, a. Strong; mighty; cogent; valid; 
 efficacious ; active ; powerful ; violent. 
 
 For'ci-bly, ad. Powerfully ; by force. 
 
 Ford, n. [A.-S. ford; Ger. furd: root of Fare, to 
 travel.] A shallow part of a river; a current. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. fording, forded.] To pass a river 
 without swimming. 
 
 Ford'a-ble, a. Passable without swimming. 
 
 Fore, a. [A.-S. fore, before (prep.) ; farecn, foro 
 (ad.). These words are modifications of for 
 (q. i'.).] Anterior; not behind; coming first. — 
 2, ad. Anteriorly.— Fore und aft, the whole 
 length of a ship. — Fore is much used in compo- 
 sition to mark priority. [See For.]— 3, n. Iho 
 front. — To the fore, to the front; into or in plain 
 view ; in existence ; living. 
 
 Fore'arm, n. That part of the arm between the 
 elbow and the wrist. 
 
 Fore-arm', v. a. & o. n. [pp. forearming, fore- 
 armed.] To provide early for attack. 
 
 Fore-armed' (-armd'), p. «. Armed beforehand. 
 
 Fore-bode', v. a. [Fore and Bode.] [pj>. fore- 
 boding, foreboded.] To prognosticate ; to augur. 
 
 Fore-bod'ing, ». Presage ; presentiment. 
 
 Fore-cast', r. a. & v. n, [Fore and Cast.] [i. 
 forecast; pp. forecasting, forecasted.] To pro- 
 ject; to contrive; to prognosticate. 
 
 Fore'cast, n. Foresight ; forethought : — an at- 
 tempt to anticipate the future ; a prognostication. 
 
 Fore'cas-tle (forlcas-sl), n. [Fore and Castle.] 
 (Naut. ) The upper deck, near the head of a ship. 
 
 Fore-close', v. a. [Fr. forclore, part, forclos ; L. 
 foris, outside, and claudere, clcmmm, to close 
 (7. ».)•] [pp- foreclosing, foreclosed.] To shut 
 up ; to preclude. 
 
 F5re-clos/ure (for-klo'zhur), n. Act of foreclosing. 
 — (Law.) A deprivation of the power of redeem- 
 ing a mortgage. 
 
 Fore-dSom', v. a. [Fore and Doom.] [pp. fore- 
 dooming, foredoomed.] To doom beforehand. 
 
 Fore'doSm, n. Previous doom. 
 
 Fore' -end, n. The anterior part. 
 
 Fore'fa-tner[for-fa'ther, W. F. R. TT6.]» n. [Fore 
 and Father.] An ancestor. 
 
 Fore-fend', v. a. [Prefix fore-, away from, off, 
 and Fend.] [pp. forefending, forefended.] To 
 forbid : — to avert ; to prevent. 
 
 Fore'fin-§er, n. The finger next to the thumb. 
 
 Fore'foot (for'fut), n. The anterior foot. 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— 9, 9, 5, g, soft; J3, (5, p, g, hard; § as z ; $ as gz ; tnis. 
 
FORE-FRONT 
 
 252 
 
 FORLORN 
 
 Fore'-front, n. The foremost rank. 
 
 Fore-go', v. a. [Prefix fore-, away from, and Go; 
 A.-S. /organ.] [i. forewent; pp. foregoing, fore- 
 gone.] To quit; to give up ; to resign. 
 
 Fore-go'jng, p. a. Previous ; antecedent. 
 
 Fore-gone', p. a. [For gone before.] Past; gone 
 by ; settled : — already determined. 
 
 Fore'grbund, n. That part of a picture which 
 seems to lie before the figures. 
 
 Fore'head (fOr'ed or for'hed), n. [Fore and 
 Head; Ger. vorhaupt; Dut. voorhoofd.] The up- 
 per part of the face. 
 
 For'eign (for'in), a. [Fr. forain; Late L. fora- 
 neus ; L. foras, out of doors, outside. — See Door.] 
 Of another country ; not domestic ; exotic ; out- 
 landish; alien; remote: — not to the point; ex- 
 traneous. 
 
 For'eign-er (for'in-er), n. One from another 
 country"; not a native ; an alien ; a stranger. 
 
 Fore-judge', v. a. [pp. forejudging, forejudged.] 
 To judge beforehand : — [Law Fr. forjuger, to de- 
 prive ; fors, apart, L. foris, out of doors, and Fr. 
 juger, to judge] to dispossess by legal judgment. 
 
 Fore-know' (for-no'), v. a. [i. foreknew ; pp. fore- 
 knowing, foreknown.] To know previously ; to 
 have prescience of; to foresee. 
 
 Fore-knowl'edge (for-nol'ej), n. Knowledge of 
 what has not yet happened ; prescience. 
 
 Fore'land, re. [Dan. forland ; Dut. voorland; Ger. 
 vorland; Fore and Land.] A promontory. 
 
 Fore'lock, n. A lock of hair on the forehead. 
 
 Fore'man, n. [Fore and Man.] The first or pre- 
 siding' officer of a jury : — a chief workman. 
 
 Fore'mast, n. The first or head mast of a ship. 
 
 Fore'most, a. [Fore and Most ; corrupted from 
 0. E. formest, a double superlative of fore, of 
 which' the A.-S. superlative was forma, first. — 
 Cf. L. primus, first.] First in place, or in dignity. 
 
 Fore'noon, n. The time before mid-day. 
 
 Fo-ren'sic, a. [L. foren&is ; forum, a court.] Be- 
 longing to courts of law. 
 
 Fore-or-dain', v. a. [pp. foreordaining, foreor- 
 dained.] To ordain beforehand. 
 
 Fore-br'der, v. a. [pp. foreorderiug, foreordered.] 
 To order or arrange beforehand ; to foreordain. 
 
 Fore-br-di-na'tion, w, [Fore and Ordination.] 
 Predetermination ; predestination. 
 
 Fore'part, n. The anterior or previous rart. 
 
 Fore-run', v. a. [Ger. vorrennen ; Goth, faurrinan; 
 Fore and Run.] [i. foreran ; pp. forerunning, 
 forerun.] To come before ; to precede. 
 
 Fore-run'ner, n. A precursor; a harbinger. 
 
 Fore'sail, n. (Navf.) The sail of the foremast. 
 
 Fore-see', v. a. [Fore and See; A.-S. foreseon; 
 Dut. vorzien; Ger. vorsehen.] [i. foresaw; pp. 
 foreseeing, foreseen.] To see beforehand. — 2, 
 v. n. To have the faculty of foresight ; to see 
 or look before. 
 
 Fore-see'ing, </. Having the faculty of foresight ; 
 thoughtful for the future ; provident. 
 
 Fore-shad'ow, v. a. \ pp. foreshadowing, fore- 
 shadowed.] To typify before :— to indicate be- 
 forehand. 
 
 Fore' shore, n. The sea-bottom near the shore : — 
 laud near the sea. 
 
 Fore-shbrt'en (for-shor'tn), v. a. [pp. foreshort- 
 ening, foreshortened.] To shorten in accordance 
 with a fore-view of the object. 
 
 Fore-show', v. a. [i. foreshowed ; pp. foreshow- 
 ing, foreshown.] To discover before it happens ; 
 to represent before ; to predict. 
 
 Fore' sight (for'sit), n. Act of foreseeing; pre- 
 science ; foreknowledge ; forecast : — prudence. 
 
 Fbre'skin, re. The prepuce. 
 
 Fore-spent', ". See Forspent. 
 
 For'est, n. [Fr.foret; Late L. foresta or foresHs, 
 forest, waste land; L. foris, out of doors; fores, 
 a door.] A tract of land covered with trees. 
 
 For'est-al, a. Of or pertaining to a forest. 
 
 Fore-stall', v. a. [A.-S. forsteal, an obstruction; 
 fore, before, and steall, a settling.— See Stall.] 
 
 [pp. forestalling, forestalled.] To anticipate: 
 — to buy up corn, &c, before it conies to market. 
 
 Fore-stall'er, n. One who forestalls. 
 
 For'est-er, n. A keeper or inhabitant of a forest. 
 
 For'est-ry, n. The art of forming, caring for, or 
 cultivating forests; the business of a forester. 
 
 Fore'taste, n. Taste beforehand ; anticipation. 
 
 Fore-tell', v. a. [Fore and Tell.] [i. foretold ; 
 pp. foretelling, foretold.] To tell beforehand; 
 to portend ; to predict ; to prophesy ; to prog- 
 nosticate. — 2, v. n. To utter prophecy. 
 
 Fbre'thought (for'thawt), n. Prescience; antici- 
 pation ; provident care ; forecast. 
 
 Fbre-to'ken (for-to'kn), n. [Fore and Token.] 
 A previous sign. — 2, v. a. [pp. foretokening, 
 foretokened.] To foreshow. 
 
 Fore-told', i. & p. from foretell. 
 
 Fore'tooth, n. ; pi. Fore'teeth. A tooth in the 
 forepart of the mouth; an incisor. 
 
 Fbre'top, n. Tbe top part in front : — hair on the 
 forehead : — a platform on the foremast. 
 
 For-ev'er, ad. Eternally; without end. 
 
 Fore-warn', v. a. [pp. forewarning, forewarned.] 
 To admonish beforehand. 
 
 Fore-warn'ing, n. Caution beforehand. 
 
 Fbr'feit (for'fjt), n. [Fr. forf ait, a foifeit; for- 
 faire, to forfeit, — properly, to trespass ; Late L. 
 forisfacere, forisfactium, to transgress ; L. fori", 
 beyond, outside," and facere, to do.] A fine for an 
 offence; mulct: — a deposit as a security. — 2, 
 v. a. [pp. forfeiting, forfeited.] To lose by 
 some offence. — 3, a. Forfeited; alienated for 
 neglect or crime. 
 
 Fbr'feit-a-ble, a. That may be lost. 
 
 Fbr'feit-ure (foi'fit-yur), n. The act of forfeiting ; 
 the thing forfeited ; a mulct; a. fine. 
 
 For-fend', v. a. See Forefend. 
 
 For-gave', i- from forgive. 
 
 Forge, n. [Fr. forge, Sp. forja, a forge ; Fr. forger, 
 Sp. forjar, to forge ; L. fabricari, to forge. — See 
 Fabric] A place where iron is beaten ; a stithy : 
 a smithy : — a furnace : — act of working iron : — 
 a place where any thing is made. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 forging, forged.] To form by the hammer; to 
 make : — to counterfeit ; to falsify ; to feign. — 
 3, v. n. To move on. 
 
 Forg'er, n. One who forges or counterfeits. 
 
 Forf'er-x, n. The crime of forging, falsifying, or 
 counterfeiting ; fabrication. 
 
 For-£et', v. a. [A.-S. forgitan; Dut. vergeten; Ger. 
 vergessen; Dan. forgiette; A.-S. for, away, and 
 gitan, to get.] [i. forgot; pp. forgetting, forgot- 
 ten or forgot.] To lose memory of; to overlook ; 
 to neglect. [heedless. 
 
 For-get'ful, a. [A.-S. forgitol.] Apt to forget ; 
 
 For-fet'ful-ness, n. Quality of being forgetful. 
 
 For-iet'-me-not, n. A plant and its flower. 
 
 Forg'ing, «.' The act of one who forges at a foun- 
 dry or smithy : — that which is forged : — the act 
 of one who commits forgery. 
 
 For-§ive', v. a. [Fope, away, from, and Give; 
 A.-S. forgifan ; Dut. vergeveu ; Ger. rergeben.] 
 [i. forgave ; pp. forgiving, forgiven.] To over- 
 look an offence and treat the offender as not 
 guilty ; to pardon ; to condone : — to remit. 
 
 For-fiv'en (for-glv'vn), p. from forgive. 
 
 For-give'ness, n. The act of forgiving; pardon. 
 
 For-fiv'ing, p. a. Beady to forgive ; placable. 
 
 For-got', i. & p. from forget. 
 
 For-got'ten (for-got'tn), p. from forget. 
 
 Fork, n. [A.-S. fore; Dut. vorc; Fr. fourehe ; L. 
 furca.] An instrument divided at the end into 
 two or more points or prongs :— a point. — 2, v. n. 
 [pp. forking, forked.] To shoot into blades ; to 
 divide. — 3, v. a. To raise or pitch with a fork. 
 
 For-lbrn', a. [A.-S. & Dan. forloren, Dut. & Ger. 
 verloren, lost; all participles from verbs signify- 
 ing to lose; A.-S. forUosan; for, away, and 
 leosan, to lose (q. r.).] Forsaken; helpless; des- 
 perate ; lost. — Forlorn hope, a body of soldiers 
 put upon a service of great peril. 
 
 a, e, I, 6, u, y, sliort; a, e, i, 9, u, x, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
FORM 
 
 253 
 
 FOSTER 
 
 Form, n. [L. forma, shape ; formare, to form : 
 akin to Firm." The old etymology which made 
 forma an anagram of the Gr. ixopfyi), form, is 
 now abandoned by all.] A mould; method; 
 shape ; figure : — order ; empty show ; ceremony ; 
 rite. — 2, v. a. [pp. forming, formed.] To make ; 
 to constitute ; to fashion ; to model ; to contrive ; 
 to arrange. — 3, v. n. To take form. 
 
 Form, or Form, n. A long seat : — a class : — bed 
 of a hare : — type for a sheet set up and locked 
 in an iron frame or chase. 
 
 Fb'r'mal, a. [L. formalis.— See Form.] Ceremo- 
 nious; ceremonial; solemn ; precise; stiff; ex- 
 act; regular; methodical. 
 
 Fbr'mal-Ism, ». Quality of being formal: — im- 
 moderate adherence to form ; excess of form. 
 
 Fbr'mal-ist, n. An observer of forms only. 
 
 For-mal'i-ty, n. State of being formal ; cere- 
 mony; precisene-'s : — established procedure. 
 
 Fbr'mal-ly, ad. In a formal manner; precisely. 
 
 For-ma'tion, n. [L. formatio.] The act of form- 
 ing; contrivance. — (Geol.) An assemblage or 
 group of rocks referred to a common origin. 
 
 Fbr'ma-tive, a. Giving form ; plastic :— serving 
 to form ; derivative ; not radical. 
 
 F'drm'er, n. One who forms; a maker. 
 
 Fbr'mer, a. [A.-S. forma, first, superlative of 
 fore (q. v.); formest, a later double superlative 
 of the same word (see Foremost). The compar- 
 ative former was afterward invented to go with 
 this superlative.] Before; previous; prior. 
 
 Fbr'mer-ly, ad. In times past. 
 
 Fbr'mic, a. [L. formica, an ant.] Noting an acid 
 first obtained from ants. 
 
 Fbr'mi-ca-ry, n. An ant-hill. 
 
 Fbr-mi-ca'tipn, n. [L. formicatio. — See Formic] 
 A sensation as of ants creeping over the skin. 
 
 Fbr'mi-da-ble, a. [L. formidabilis ; formido, dread ; 
 formidare, to fear.] Terrible; dreadful; terrific. 
 
 Fbr'mi-da-bly, ad. In a terrible manner. 
 
 Fbrm'ress, a. Shapeless; having no form. 
 
 Fbr'mu-la, n. [L. ; dim. of forma, a form (q. v.).\ 
 L. pi. Fbr'mu-lae; Fng. Fbr'mu-la§. A pre- 
 scribed form ; a model. 
 
 Fbr'mu-la-ry, n. A book containing forms. — 2, a. 
 Kitual ;'prescribed ; stated. 
 
 Fbr'mu-late, v. a. [Fr. /ormufer.] [pp. formu- 
 lating, formulated. J To reduce to a formula. 
 
 Fbr-mu-la'tion, n. The act or process of formu- 
 lating, or state of being formulated. 
 
 Fbr'ni-cate, v. n. [L. foriticari, fornicatus ; fornix, 
 forn'icis. an arch, — later, a brothel.] [pp. forni- 
 cating, fornicated.] To commit lewdness. 
 
 For-ni-ca'tion, a. [L. fornicatio.] Incontinence 
 or lewdness of unmarried persons. [tion. 
 
 Fbr'ni-ca-tor, n. [L.] One who commits fornica- 
 
 For-ray', or For'ray, n. & v. See Foray. 
 
 For-sake', v. a. [A.-S. forsacan ; Dut. verzagen; 
 Dan. forsage ; Ger. versagen. The Ger. and Out. 
 verbs seem to stand for for- negative, and say, 
 thus meaning to deny ; the others apparently 
 come from for, against, and A.-S. sacan, Goth. 
 sakan, to contend.] [L forsook; pp. forsaking, 
 forsaken.] To leave; to quit; to desert; to re- 
 linquish; to neglect; to abandon. 
 
 For-sook' (for-suk'), i. from forsake. 
 
 For-s66th', ad. [A.-S. for, for, and sode, truth. — 
 See Sooth.] In truth ; indeed; certainly. 
 
 For-swear' (for-swar'), ». a. [A.-S. forswerian; 
 for- negative, and svoerian, to swear (q. v.).] [i. 
 forswore ; pp. forswearing, forsworn.] To re- 
 nounce or deny upon oath.— To forswear one's 
 self, to swear falsely.— 2, v. n. To swear falsely. 
 
 Fort, n. [Fr. fort, strong, a stronghold ; L. fortis, 
 strong.] A fortified post ; a castle; a fortress. 
 
 For'ta-llce, n. [0. Fr. fortelesse, Sp. fortaleza, Late 
 L. fortalida, a fortress (q. v.).] A small fortress. 
 
 Forte, n. [L. fortis, neuter forte, strong.] That 
 in which one excels ; a peculiar talent or fac- 
 ulty ; a strong side. 
 
 Fbr'te (for'ta), ad. [It.] {Mus.) With force. 
 
 Forth, ad. [A.-S. forth, from fore, before; Dut. 
 voort, forward.] Forward ; abroad ; out of doors. 
 
 Forth' -com-ing, a. Beady or about to appear. 
 
 Fbrth-with',"ad. [With what is forth, or just be- 
 fore.] Immediately. 
 
 Fbr'ti-eth, o. The ordinal of forty ; fourth tenth. 
 
 Fbr'ti-i" I-a-ble, a. That may be fortified. 
 
 Fbr-ti-fi-c'a'tion, n. [L. fortificatio. — See Fortify.] 
 The science of military architecture : — the works 
 constructed around a place for defence. 
 
 Fbr'ti-f I-er, n. One who fortifies. 
 
 Fbr'tl-fy, V. a. [L. fortificare ; fortis, strong, and 
 fac'ete, to make.] [pp. fortifying, fortified.] To 
 strengthen against attacks by walls or other 
 works : — to encourage. 
 
 Fbr-tis'si-mo, ad. [It.] (Mus.) Very loud. 
 
 Fbr'ti-tude, w. [L. fortitudo ; fortis, strong: akin- 
 to fen-e, to bear.] Strength and patience to en- 
 dure pain or to encounter danger ; resolution ; 
 patience; firmness; courage. 
 
 Fbrt'night (furt'uit or foft'nit), n. [A.-S. feoicer- 
 tyne nihta, fourteen nights.— Of. Sennight.] The 
 space of two weeks. 
 
 Fbrt'nlght-ly., a. Occurring, or published, every 
 fortnight.— 2, ad. Every fortnight. 
 
 For' tress, v. [Fr. forteresse ; 0. Fr. fortelesce. — 
 See Koetalice.] A stronghold; a fortified place. 
 
 For-tu'i-tous, a. [L. fortuitus; furs, fortis, chance; 
 forte, by chance : akin to ferre, to bear, to pro- 
 duce.] Accidental; casual; contingent. 
 
 For-tii'i-tous-ly., ad. Accidentally. 
 
 For-tu'i-tous-ness, w. Accident; chance. 
 
 For-tu'i-ty., n. Chance ; fortuitousness. 
 
 Fbrt'u-nate, a. [L. fortunatus, lucky; fortunare, 
 fortunaium, to bless," to prosper; fortuna, fortune 
 (q. v.).] Lucky; successful; happy. 
 
 Fbrt'u-nate-ly, ad. Happily ; successfully. 
 
 Fbrt'une (for'chun, IT". J.; for'tun, /. S. F. Ja. ; 
 for'tiin or fbrt'shon, Sm. J, n- [L. fortuna ; for&> 
 forti% chance : akin to ferre, to bear, to produce.] 
 The good or ill that befalls man ; chance ; luck; 
 fate ; event ; success, good or bad : — destiny : — 
 estate ; portion ; wealth ; riches. — 2, v. n. [pj). 
 fortuning, fortuned.] To befall; to happen. 
 
 Fbrt'une-tell-er, n. A foreteller of fortunes. 
 
 Fbr'ty, a. & n. ' [A. S. feoicertig ; feower, four, and 
 the root of ten; Dut. veertig ; Ger. viertig.] Four 
 times ten. 
 
 Fo'rum, n. [L. : akin to foras, out of doors.] L. 
 pl.Fb'ra ; Eng. Fo'rurns. The Boman market 
 and tribunal ; a court". 
 
 For' ward, ad. [A.-S. foreiceard; fore, before, and 
 -weard, denoting direction. Forward was at first 
 an adjective, forwards an adverb.] Onward; 
 progressively ; before. — 2, o. Warm; earnest; 
 ready : — coufident ; bold : — early ripe : — ante- 
 rior; early. — 3, v. a. [pp. forwarding, for- 
 warded.] To hasten ; to quicken ; to advance : 
 — to send on, as goods. 
 
 Fbr'ward-er, n. One who forsvards. 
 
 Fbr'ward-ness, n. Boldness: — assurance: — ad- 
 vanced stage of progress or of preparation. 
 
 Fbr'ward§, ad. [Dut. rooncaarts ; Ger. vorwcirts. 
 — See Forward.] Onward : — same &s forward. 
 
 Fosse. »- [Fr. ; L. fossa, a ditch ; fodere, fossum, 
 to dig.] A ditch ;*a moat ; an intrenchment. 
 
 Fos'sil, n. [L. fossilis; fodere, fossum, to dig.] A 
 substance dug out of the earth, as a petrified 
 plant, mineral, shell, bone, &c. — 2, a. Dug out 
 of the earth : — antiquated. 
 
 Fos-sil-if'er-ous. a. [Fossil, and L. ferre, to pro- 
 duce.] Producing fossils. 
 
 Fos'sil-ize. v. a. & r. n. [pp. fossilizing, fossil- 
 ized.] To change to a fossil state. 
 
 Fos-so ri-al, a. [L. fossorius ; fodere, fossum, to 
 dig.] Digging in the earth ; burrowing. 
 
 Fos'ter, v. a. [A.-S. fostriaii ; fostnr, food ; Dut. 
 voedster, a "foodster," a nurse; Icel. fostra, to 
 nurse ; Dan. & Sw. foster, offspring : root of 
 Food.] [pp. fostering, fostered.] To nurse; 
 to feed ; to support ; to cherish ; to pamper. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, riile, use.- 
 
 ■£. <?. S, §1 so#; P> Pi fi* £» hard; § as z ; 5 as gz j tiiis. 
 
 22 
 
FOSTER-BROTHER 
 
 254 
 
 FRANGIBILITY 
 
 Fos'ter-brotft-er, n. One fed at the same breast. 
 
 Fos'ter-chlld, n. A child nursed or bred by one 
 who is not its parent. [man's child. 
 
 Fos'ter-fa-ther, n. One who brings up another 
 
 Fos'ter-motft-er, n. A nurse. [mother. 
 
 Fos'ter-par-ent, n. A foster-father or foster- 
 
 Fos'ter-s6n, n. One fed and educated as a son, 
 though not a son by nature. 
 
 Foth'er, v. a. [Ger. fulter, a lining,— originally 
 meaning fodder (q. v.).] [pp. fathering, fath- 
 ered.] (Naut.) To stop a leak in a ship.— 2, n. 
 [Ger. fader, foder, Dut. voeder, a cart-load.] A 
 load : — a weight for lead or coals. 
 
 Fought (fawt), i. &. p. from jight. 
 
 Foul, a. [A.-S. & Sw. fid;' But. vuil; Icel. full; 
 Dan. fuul; Ger. faul] ' Not clean ; filthy ; dirty ; 
 
 • impure: — coarse; gross : — unfair: — not clear; 
 not fair. — 2, ad. With rude force, against; as, 
 to run or fall foid of.— 3, v. a. [pp. fouling, 
 fouled.] To daub; to bemire; to soil: — [Fr. 
 fouler, to press, to full (q. v.)j to jostle unfairly 
 in a race : — in a boat-race, to collide with. — 
 4, v. n. To become foul or entangled; to come 
 into collision. — 5, n. A touch or jostle in a 
 race : — in a boat-race, a collision. 
 
 Fou-lard', u. [Fr. ; fouler, to full (q. t;.).] A kind 
 of silk. 
 
 Fbul'ly, ad. In a foul manner ; filthily. 
 
 Fbul'-mbutfted (foul'mbuthd), a. Scurrilous. 
 
 Fbul'ness, n. State of being foul ; filthiness. 
 
 Found [A.-S. funden, part, of fiudan, to find], i. & 
 p. from jiud.—2, v. a. [L. fundare ; fundus, a 
 base.] [pp. founding, founded.] To lay the 
 basis of; to build ; to raise ; to institute ; to es- 
 tablish; to ground; fa fix :— [Fr. fondre; L. 
 fundere, to pour] to form in a mould; to cast. — 
 3, v. n. To lay a foundation*"; to base as an argu- 
 ment, inference, or opinion ; to rely. 
 
 Fbun-da'tion, n. The lowest *iart of a structure 
 lying on the ground; base; oasis; groundwork: 
 — first principles; ground; establishment. 
 
 Fbund'er, ii. One who founds; a builder: — a dis- 
 ease in a horse's hoof. — 2, v. a. [pp. founder- 
 ing, foundered.] To cause lameness or soreness 
 in a horse's foot. — 3, v. n. [Fr. fonder, to sink; 
 effondrer, to fall in ; fond, L. fundus, the bottom ; 
 fondriere, a slough.] To sink : — to trip ; to fall. 
 
 Fbun'der-y, n. [Fr. fonderie.—See Found.] The 
 art of'casting metals ; a place in which founding 
 is carried on : — written also foundry. 
 
 Fbund'ling, n. [Dim. from found. — See Find.] A 
 child deserted or exposed. [font; a fountain. 
 
 Fbunt.w. [See Font and Fountain.] A spring; a 
 
 Fbun'tain (fiiun'tin), n. [Fr. fontaine; Late L. 
 fontana, a spring ; L. fontanns, of a spring ; fans, 
 fontis, a spring : akin to L. fundere, to pour.] A 
 well; a spring; a source; a jet; a spout of 
 water : — first principle ; first cause ; origin : — a 
 printer's trough. 
 
 Four (far), «. & n. [A.-S. feower; Tris.fior; Dut. 
 & Ger. vier; L. quatuor; Albanian, hater; Skr. 
 chatvar.] Twice two. 
 
 Fbur'fold (for'fald), «. Four times told.— 2, n. 
 Four times as many or as much. 
 
 Four'-foot-ed (far'fut-ed), a. Having four feet. 
 
 F6u'rier-ism, n. [From M. Fourier, who proposed 
 the theory.] A form of socialism. 
 
 Four' -in-hand, n. A carriage drawn by four 
 horses, with one driver. 
 
 Four'pence, n. Four pennies : — a groat. 
 
 Four' score, a. & n. Four times twenty ; eighty. 
 
 Foursquare (for'skwar), a. Quadrangular. 
 
 Fbur'teen (for'ten), a. & n. Four and ten. 
 
 Four'teenth, a. The ordinal of fourteen. 
 
 Fourth (forth), a. The ordinal of four.— 2, n. A 
 quarter ; a fourth part. 
 
 Fburth'ly. (farth'le), ad. In the fourth place. 
 
 Fbftl (fotil), n. [A.-S. fugol; Dut. & Ger. vonet ; 
 Dan. fugl.] A winged animal; a bird: — birds. 
 — 2, v. n. [pp. fowling, fowled.] To kill birds 
 for food or game. 
 
 Fbwl'er, n. A sportsman who pursues birds. 
 
 Fbwl'ing-piece, n. A gun for shooting birds. 
 
 Fox, n. [A.-S. fox; Icel. 
 fox, foa; Dut. vos; Ger. 
 fuchs.} An animal remark- 
 able for cunning. 
 
 Fox' glove (faks'gluv), n. 
 [A.-S. foxes glofa: some 
 say folk's glove is an older 
 form, mssimng fairies' glove; r ox " 
 
 but this is improbable.] A plant, digitalis. 
 
 Fox' -hunt- ing, n. The act of hunting foxes. 
 
 Fox'i-ness, n. The state of being foxy, or of hav- 
 ing a harsh flavor or a sour taste. 
 
 Fox' tail, n. A plant, a species of grass. [holes. 
 
 Fox-teVri-er, n. A dog that hunts foxes in their 
 
 Fox' -trot, n. A pace of a horse intermediate 
 between a trot and a walk. 
 
 Fox'y, a. Relating to or like a fox : — having a 
 flavor or odor like that of the fox ; austere. 
 
 Fra'cas (fra'kas or fra-ka') [frak'as, fra'kas, or 
 frak-a, H.], n. [Fr. fracas, It. fracasso, a crash ; 
 Fr. fracasser, It. fracassare, to break ; fra- (L. 
 tra-, trans), across, and cassare, L. guassare or 
 quatere, to break.— See Quash.] A noisy quar- 
 rel ; a disturbance. 
 
 Frac'tion (-shun), n. [L. fractio, a breaking; 
 frangere, fractum, to break.] The act of break- 
 ing; a broken part; a break: — a broken num- 
 ber, or part of an integer. 
 
 Frac'tion-al, a. Relating to fractions. 
 
 Frac'tious (-shus), a. [Akin to Fkeak (q. v.).] 
 Cross ; irritable. [fracture. 
 
 Fract'u-ral, a. Pertaining to or consequent on a 
 
 Fract'ure' (frakt'yur), n. [L. fractura; frangere, 
 fractum, to break.] A breach ; a rupture. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. fracturing, fractured.] To break. 
 
 Frag'ile, a. [L. fragilis; frangere, fregi, to break.] 
 Brittle ; easily broken ; frail. 
 
 Fra-§il'i-ty, n. Biittleness; weakness. 
 
 Frag'ment, n. [L. fragmentum ; frangere, to 
 break.] A part broken off; a piece. 
 
 Frag'men-ta-ry, a. Composed of fragments. 
 
 Fra'grance,' \ n. Sweetness of smell; pleasing 
 
 Fra'gran-cy, J scent or odor ; perfume. 
 
 Fra'grant, a. [L. fragrare, fragrantis, to emit an 
 odor.] Odorous; sweet of' smell. 
 
 Frail, a. [Fr. frele, L. fragilis, fragile (q. v.).] 
 Weak ; infirm ; liable to error; easily led astray : 
 —liable to decay ; fragile.— 2, n. [Norman Fr. 
 fraile, a basket; 0. Fr. frayel.] A basket made 
 of rushes ; a rush. 
 
 Frail'ness, n. Weakness; instability. 
 
 Frail' ty, n. State of being frail; weakness; in- 
 firmity ; irresolution ; instability. 
 
 Frame, v. a. [A.-S. fremman, to promote, to for- 
 ward, to further, to effect; Icel. fremja, to pro- 
 mote; A.-S. fram, from, forward, excellent. — 
 Cf. Ger. fromm, foremost, excellent (now mean- 
 ing harmless, devout): akin to From.] [pp. 
 framing, framed.] To form or fabricate ; to 
 make: — fa compose; to regulate; to contrive; 
 to plan ; to devise ; to invent. — 2, n. The timbers 
 which support a building ; a fabric ; a structure : 
 — order; regularity: — scheme: — shape; form. 
 — (Printing.) A stand for the compositor's cases. 
 
 Fram'er, n. One who frames; a farmer. 
 
 Frame'work (-wiirk), n. Skeleton ; frame. 
 
 Fram'ing, n. A joining together; timber-work. 
 
 Franc, n. [Named from France. — See Frank.] A 
 French coin, value nearly 20 cents. 
 
 Fran'chise tfran'chiz) [fran'chlz, St. I.], n. [Fr. 
 franchir, to clear ; part, franchissant ; Fr. franc, 
 free. — See Frank.] Exemption from an oner- 
 ous duty or service ; privilege ; immunity ; right 
 granted: — a privileged district. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 franchising, franchised.] To make free ; to en- 
 franchise. . 
 
 Fran-cis'can, n. A monk of the order of St. 
 Francis : a gray friar. 
 
 Fran-|-i-bil'i-ty, n. S f ate of being frangible. 
 
 a, e, I, 5, 5, y, long; a, e, 5, 5, Q, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 

 
 FRANGIBLE 
 
 255 
 
 FRESH 
 
 Fran'fi-ble, a. [Fr. ; L. frangere, to break.] 
 Easily broken ; fragile ; brittle. 
 
 Frank (frangk), a. [Fr. franc, free, frank ; Late 
 L. francos, free ; from the Franci or Franks, a 
 German tribe.] A free letter; exemption from 
 postage : — a native of Western Europe. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. franking, franked.] To exempt letters from 
 postage. — 3, a. Free; open; ingenuous; candid. 
 
 Frank-al-mbign' (frangk-al-moin'), n. [Fr. franc, 
 fiee, 6. Fr. aimoine, almosne, Fr. aumone, alms 
 (q. v.).] (Law.) A tenure of divine service. 
 
 Frank'in-cense (frangk'in-sens), n. [Fr. franc, 
 unadulterated, and encens, incense.] A gum- 
 resin used as a perfume; olibanum: — pitch. 
 
 Frank'lin, n. [A dim. form of frank, free ; O. E. 
 frankeleyn; Late L. fruuchilainis.] A freeholder; 
 a yeoman. 
 
 Frank'ly, ad. Liberally ; freely ; candidly. 
 
 Frank'ness, n. Openness ; liberality ; candor. 
 
 Fran' tic, a. [Fr. frenetique, L. phrenelia<s, Gr. 
 (f>peviTiKos, insane ; <f>pevLTig, inflammation of 
 the brain; <\>pr)v, diaphragm, or mind.] Mad; 
 raving; furious; fierce. 
 
 Fran'tie-ly, ad. Furiously; outrageously. 
 
 Fra-ter'nal, a. [Fr. fraternel ; L. fraternus ; f rater, 
 a brother (q. v.).] Brotherly; like brothers. 
 
 Fra-ter'nal-ly., ad. In a brotherly manner. 
 
 Fra-ter'ni-ty, «. A body of men united ; a society ; 
 a brotherhood : — brotherly spirit. 
 
 Fra-ter'nize, v. n. [pp. fraternizing, fraternized.] 
 To concur ; to agree or associate as brothers. 
 
 Frat-ri-ci'dal, a. Relating to fratricide. 
 
 Frat'ri-clde' n. [L. fratricida, murderer of a 
 brother; fratricidium, murder of a brother; fat- 
 ter, fratris, a brother, and csedere, to slay.] The 
 murder of a brother : — the murderer of a brother. 
 
 Fraud, n. [Fr. fraude ; L. /raits, fraudia.] Deceit 
 in contracts or dealing ; imposition.; a cheat. 
 
 Fraud'u-lence, \ n. [L. fraudideniia. — See Fraud.] 
 
 Fraud'u-len-cy, J Deceitfulness ; trickishness. 
 
 Fraud'u-lent, a. [L. fraudidentus. — See Fraud.] 
 Full of fraud or artifice ; treacherous; deceitful. 
 
 Fra.ud'u-lent-ly, ad. By fraud ; by artifice. ' 
 
 Fraught (fiawt). p. from freight. [The verb to 
 fraught was once identical in meaning with the | 
 later verb to freight.] Laden. 
 
 Fray, n. [For affray.] A battle; a fight; a quar- 
 rel; a riot: — a chafe. — 2, v. a. [Fr. frayer, to 
 rub; L. fricare. — See Friction.] [pp. fraying, 
 frayed.] To fright ; to terrify : — to rub ; to wear. 
 — 3, v. n. To become worn, as by rubbing. 
 
 Freak (frek), n. [Scot, frack, A.-S. free, Ger. 
 frech, Dan. frsek, impudent, bold.] A sudden 
 fancy; a whim; a caprice; a prank. — 2, v. a. 
 [Dan. fregue, Sw. frdkne, a freckle (q. v.).] [pp. 
 freaking, freaked.'] To variegate; to checker. 
 
 Freak'ish, a. Capricious; whimsical; fickle. 
 
 Freak'ish-ly, ad. Capriciously. 
 
 Frec'kle (fre'k'kl), n. [Dim. of the verb freak.'] A 
 spot on the skin.— 2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. freckling, 
 freckled.] To give or acquire freckles. 
 
 FreVkled (frek'kkl), a. Spotted; maculated. 
 
 Freck'ly, a. Full of freckles; spotted. 
 
 Free, a. [A.-S. freo ; Dut. vrij ; Norse, fri; Ger. 
 frei.] Being 'at liberty; not enslaved : — fa- 
 miliar; open; ingenuous ; frank ; liberal: — lax; 
 licentious: — innocent; clear; exempt. — 2, v. a. 
 [ pp. freeing, freed.] To set at liberty ; to rescue. 
 Free'b8ot-er, n. [Dut. vrijbuiter; Ger. frabenter; 
 Dut. buiter, a plunderer. — See Booty.*] A rob- 
 ber; a pillager; a pirate. 
 Free'bbrn, «. Born free ; inheriting liberty. 
 Freed'man, n. A slave manumitted. 
 Free'dom, n. State of being free; liberty: — inde- 
 pendence: — privileges; franchises; immunities: 
 —facility : — license. 
 Free'-hand, a. (Art.) Drawn without the help 
 of instruments or measurement ; executed freely 
 by the hand. 
 Free'-hand-ed. a. Liberal; generous. 
 Free'-heart-ed. a. Open ; liberal. 
 
 Free'hold, n. An estate held in perpetual right. 
 
 Free'hold-er, n. One who has a freehold. 
 
 Free' -lance, n. A mercenary soldier : — a literary 
 Ishmaelite. 
 
 Free' -love, n. The doctrine or practice of sexual 
 commerce without marriage. 
 
 Free'ly, ad. With freedom; frankly. 
 
 Free'man, n. One who enjoys liberty : — one pos- 
 sessed' of civil rights ; a citizen. 
 
 Free'ma-son (fre'ma-sn), n. One of the fraternity 
 of masons. See Mason. 
 
 Free'ma-son-ry, n. The craft of freemasons. 
 
 Free'ness, n. Openness; candor. 
 
 Free-soil', a. In American politics, the party op- 
 posed to the extension of slavery. 
 
 Free'stone, n. A sandstone used in building, 
 easily wrought, and cut freely. 
 
 Free'think-er [fre'thlnk-er, 8m. Wb. H. I. ; fre- 
 think'er, 6. PP.], n. An unbeliever; an infidel. 
 
 Free'think-ing, n. Unbelief; infidelity; deism. 
 
 Free' -trade, ». The admission of goods into a 
 country free of duty. ' 
 
 Free-will', n. The power of directing one's own 
 actions freely ; voluntariness. — 2, a. Volun- 
 tary; spontaneous. 
 
 Freeze, v. >i. [A.-S. freosan; Dan. fryae; Ger. 
 frieren. — Cf. L. pruinu, frost; thought to be al- 
 lied to Skr. plush, to burn ; L. prima, a live coal ; 
 prurire, to burn, to itch.] [i. froze; pp. freezing, 
 frozen.] To be congealed by culdj to chill. — 
 2, v. a. To congeal by cold ; to chill. 
 
 Freez'ing-pSInt, n. The temperature at which 
 congelation takes place. 
 
 Freight (frat), v. a. [0. E. fraught, fret; Dan. 
 fragte, to freight; fragt, freight; Sw. frakta, to 
 'freight; Dut. vra'cht, cargo; Ger. fmchien, to 
 freight; fracht, Fi. fret, cargo; Fr. freter, to 
 charter, — formerly, to freight.] [pp. freighting, 
 freighted or fraught.] To load, as a ship. ^Vc — 
 2, n. The cargo v~ lading of a ship; burden : — 
 price of transportation of goods. [freight. 
 
 Freight' a£e (frat'aj), n. Freight : — charge for 
 
 Freight' -car (frat'kar), n. A railroad-car lor car- 
 rying goods. 
 
 Freight' er (frat'er), n. One who freights. 
 
 French,/;. [Fr. franpais.— See Faa.NK.1 The lan- 
 guage of France.— pi. The people of France. — 
 2, a. Belonging to France or to the French. 
 
 French'man. b. A native of France. 
 
 French-rSof , n. A mansard roof. 
 
 Fre-net'ic [fren'e-tik, S. E. K. ; fre-net'jk or fr£n r - 
 e-tik, W. P. Ja.],o. [See Frantic] 'Mad; dis- 
 tracted ; frantic. 
 
 Fren'zied, a. Frantic; maddened. 
 
 Fren'zy, n. [Fr. frenisie; L. phrenestis ; Gr. <£pe- 
 vTjeri?, for (^peitri?. — See Frantic] Madness; 
 distraction ; phrensy. 
 
 Fre'quence, n. [L. freqnentia, a crowd.] A throng; 
 a crowd : — frequency. 
 
 Fre'quen-cy, n. Frequent or common occurrence. 
 
 Fre'quent. a. [L. frequent, frequenHs, crowded, 
 dense: allied to farcire, to cram.— See Farce.] 
 Often occurring; usual. 
 
 Fre-quent', v. a. [Fr. frequenter, L. frequentare, to 
 resort to (see above).] [pp. frequenting, fre- 
 quented.] To visit often ; to resort to. 
 
 Fre-quen-ta'tion, n. The practice of frequenting. 
 
 Fre-quen'ta-tlve, n. (Grain.) A verb which de- 
 notes the frequent repetition of an act. — 2, a. 
 Noting frequent repetition : — applied to verbs. 
 Fre-quent' er, n. One who frequents. 
 Frg'quent-iy. ad. Often; commonly. 
 Fres co, n. t* 1 - fresco, fresh (q. v.).) A painting 
 on fresh plaster. — 2, v. a. [pp. frescoing, fres- 
 coed.] To decorate with frescos, as walls. 
 Fresh, a. [A.-S. fersc; Icel. friekr; Sw. frisk; 
 Dut. versch; Ger. frisch; Fr. frais, fratche : al- 
 lied to Frisk, and probably toBRisic] Cool : — 
 not salt : — new ; recent ; not stale : — florid ; vig- 
 orous ; ruddy: — raw. — 2, n. ; pi. FresVe§. 
 Fresh water ; a flood, or overflowing of a river. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — Q, Q, c. £ , soft; p, fr, p, §, 7*aro*; § us 
 
 gzj this. 
 
FRESHEN" 
 
 256 
 
 FRO 
 
 FrSsh'en (fresh'shn), v. a. [pp. fre-hening, fresh- 
 ened.'] To make fresh. — 2, v. n. To grow fresh. 
 
 Fresh'et, n. A flood of water or sudden rise 
 caused by rain or melting snow ; a spate. 
 
 Fresh'ly, ad. Coolly; newly; recently; ruddily. 
 
 Fresh'man, n. A novice : — one in the lowest class 
 in a college. 
 
 Fresh'ness, n. State of being fresh. 
 
 Fresh' -wa-ter, a. Living in fresh water. 
 
 Fret, n. [A.-S. fretan; for iutens^e, and etan, 
 to eat (q. v.). — Cf. Ger. fressen, for ver-esseu ; Dut. 
 vreten, ver-eten ; Sw. frblta, fo'r-ata ; Goth, fraitan, 
 fra-itan.] Agitation : — worry : — wear and tear : — 
 agitation of mind; irritation. — [A.-S. frsetuwe, 
 ornament; 0. Saxon fratahon, to adorn.] An or- 
 nament : — [Fr. frette, a hoop ; fretter, to hoop ; 
 Late L. ferrare, to hoop with iron; L. ferrum, 
 iron] a bar on a musical instrument. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. fretting, fretted.] To agitate violently ; to 
 vex : — to corrode : — to form into raised work. — 
 3, v. n. To be agitated or angry ; to be worn. 
 
 Fret'ful, a. Disposed to fret; irritable; petulant; 
 peevish; ill-humored; captious. 
 
 Fret'ful-ly, ad. In a fretful manner. 
 
 Fret'ful-ntss, n. State of being fretful. 
 
 Fret'ty, a. Adorned with fretwork. 
 
 Fret' work (frefwiirk), n. A sort of raised work; 
 masonry raised in protuberances. 
 
 FrI-a-bil'i-ty, \n. Capacity of being easily re- 
 
 Frl'a-ble-ness, J duced to powder. 
 
 Frl'a-ble, a. [L. friubilis ; friare, to crumble, to 
 rub.— Cf. Frivolous.] Easily pulverized. 
 
 Fri'ar, n. [Fr. frtre, L. frater, a brother (q. v.).] 
 A religious brother of some order. 
 
 Fri'a-ry, n. A monastery or convent of friars. 
 
 Frib'ble, a. [Local Fr. friboler, to trifle ; L. frico- 
 lus, frivolous (q. v.).] Frivolous; trifling; silly. 
 —2, v. n. [pp. fribbling, fribbled.] To trifle ; 
 to fritter.— 3, n. A fribbler. 
 
 Frib'bler, n. A trifler ; a fop. 
 
 Fric-as-see', w. [Fr. fricasse ; fricasser, to squan- 
 ders—also, to hash up. — Cf. L. frigere, frixum, to 
 fry (q. v.). It may also be allied to the word 
 fracas, through a popular confusion of terms.] 
 A dish of chickens, &c, cut small and dressed 
 ■with strong sauce.— 2, v. a. [pp. fricasseeing, 
 fricasseed.] To dress as a fricassee. 
 
 Fric'tion, n. [L. frictio ; fricare, frictum, a variant 
 of friare, to rub.] The act of' rubbing; resist- 
 ance caused by rubbing; attrition. [tion. 
 
 Fric'tion-al, a. Produced by, or relating to, fric- 
 
 Fri'day, n'. [A.-S. Frige-dseg, Friga's day; Friga 
 was' the goddess of love ; frigu, love. — Cf. Fr. 
 vendredi, literally, Venus's day; Ger. Freitag.] 
 The sixth day of the week. 
 
 Fried (frid), p. a. from/r;/. Roasted in a pan. 
 
 Friend (frend), n. [A.-S. freond; Dut. vriena; 
 Dan. frsend; Ger. freund; the A.-S. is a parti- 
 ciple from freon or freogan, to love.] One joined 
 to another by affection ; an intimate ; a confi- 
 dant : — one of a religious denomination ; a Qua- 
 ker. —2, v. a. [pp. friending, friended.] To 
 favor ; to befriend. 
 
 Friend'less (frend'les), a. Wanting friends. 
 
 Friend'li-ness (frend'le-nes), n. Kindness. 
 
 Friend'ly (frend'le), a. Having friendship; ami- 
 cable; kind; favorable: — salutary. 
 
 Friend' ship, n. Intimacy united with affection; 
 personal kindness; favor. 
 
 Friese (frez), or Frie'sic, n. The language of 
 Friesland; Frisian. 
 
 Frieze (frez), n. [Fr. frize, frise; Sp. frisa; prob- 
 ably named from Friesland.] A coarse woollen 
 cloth. — [Fr. frise, f raise, a border, a ruff; Sp. 
 friso ; It. fregio ; from the source of Friz, to carl, 
 through which it is connected with the cloth 
 called frieze.] (Arch.) A large, flat member, 
 which separates the architrave from the cornice. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. frieziug, friezed.] To form nap 
 on cloth ; to frizz. 
 
 Frig' ate, n. [Fr. frigate} It. fregata; Sp. frngata. 
 
 : — Cf. Sp. fraguai, L. fabricare, to forge, to con- 
 struct. Some" derive it from Gr. a^pa/cros, un- 
 decked, — an undecked ship.] A ship of war 
 smaller than a ship of the line. 
 
 Fright (frit), v. a. [A.-S. fyrhto ; D&xi.frygt; A.-S. 
 fyrld, timid ; Ger. fiirchten, Sw. frukta, to fear : 
 perhaps akin to Fear.] [pp. frighting, frighted.] 
 To terrify ; to frighten. — 2, n. A sudden terror ; 
 panic ; alarm : — a thing to cause terror. 
 
 Frlght'en (fri'tn), v. a. [pp. frightening, fright- 
 ened.] To terrify ; to daunt. 
 
 Fright' ful (frit'ful), a. Terrible ; dreadful ; ter- 
 rific; direful; awful ; fearful. 
 
 Fright' ful-ly. (frit'ful-le), ad. Dreadfully. 
 
 Fright' ful-ness, n. Quality of causing fright. 
 
 Frig'id^a. [L. frigidus ; frigere, to be cold ; frigns, 
 Gr. ptyo?, cold.] Cold: — dull; lifeless: — impo- 
 tent. — Frigid zone, the part of the globe between 
 a polar circle and the pole. 
 
 Fri-gid'i-ty, n. Quality of being frigid ; coldness. 
 
 Frif'id-iy., ad. In a frigid manner; coldly. 
 
 Frif'id-ness, n. Frigidity ; ceddness. 
 
 Frlg-o-rific, a. [L. frigorificus ; frigus, cold, and 
 facere, to make.] Causing or producing cold. 
 
 Frill, n. [0. Fr. fritter, to tremble, to shiver ; Fr. 
 frileux, L. frigidulus, chilly ; frigidus y cold. — See 
 Frigid.] An edging of linen or cotton ; a ruffle. 
 
 Fringe, n. [0. Fr. fringe; Vv.frange; L. fimbria, 
 a fringe; a variant of fibra, a fibre (q. v.). — Cf. 
 Roumanian fimbrie, fringhie, a fringe.] Orna- 
 mental trimming; edge. — 2, v. a. [pp. fringing, 
 fringed.] To adorn with fringes; to decoiate. 
 
 Frip'per-y, n. [Fr. friperie, trifles, rags, old 
 clothes ; fripe (slang), victuals, scraps. — for- 
 merly, a rag ; friper, to crumple, to wear out ; 
 also, to devour. — Cf. Ger. flickerei, patchwork.] 
 Traffic in old clothes ; old clothes; cast dresses; 
 tattered rags: — gaudy finery or trumpery; tri- 
 fles. — 2, a. Trifling; contemptible. 
 
 Fris/i-an (frizh'yan), a. Of or pertaining to 
 Friesland. — 2, «." A native of Friesland or of 
 the islands on its coast ; a Frieslander : — the 
 language of Friesland; Friese. 
 
 Frisk, v. a. [0. Fr. frisque, Icel. friskr, Dan. frisk, 
 hearty, brisk (q. v.) ; Sw. frisk, fresh : closely re- 
 lated to Fresh.] [pp. frisking, frisked.] To 
 leap ; to skip ; to dance. — 2, n. A frolic ; a fit 
 of wanton gayety ; a leap. 
 
 Frisk'et, n. [Fr. frisquet.) A light iron frame to 
 confine sheets of paper in printing. 
 
 Frisk'i-ness, n. Gayety ; liveliness ; frolic. 
 
 Frisk'y, a. [Fr. frisquet, brisk.] Gay ; airy ; frolic- 
 some"; wanton. 
 
 Frit, n. [Vr. fritte ; L. frigere, frictum, frixum, to 
 fry (q. v.), to roast.] Matter for making glass, 
 consisting of calcined silex, fixed alkali, &c. 
 
 Frith, n. [A variant of Firtu or Fjord ; possibly 
 influenced by L. fretum, a strait.] A strait of 
 the sea ; an estuary ; a firth. 
 
 Frit'ter, n. [Fr. friture, a frying, something fried. 
 — See Fry. From this, by extension, came in 
 English the idea of a slice, a shred, and the verb 
 to fritter, as below. — Cf. Sp. fritilla, a pancake.] 
 A pancake : — a fragment. — 2, v. a. [pp. fritter- 
 ing, frittered.] To cut or break into small 
 pieces : — to waste little by little. 
 
 Fri-vol'i-ty, n. Triflingness ; frivolousness. 
 
 Friv'o-lous', a. [L. frivolus; origin doubtful.] 
 Slight; trifling; trivial. 
 
 Friv'o-lous-ly, ad. Triflingly; foolishly. 
 
 Friv'o-lous-ness, v. Triflingness; vanity. 
 
 Frizz,' n. '[Fr. /riser, Sp. frisar, to curl; originally, 
 to raise a nap like that on frieze (q. v.).] A curl ; 
 a frizzle.— 2, v. a. [pp. frizzing, frizzed.] To 
 curl; to frizzle.. 
 
 Friz'zle, v. a. [Dim. of frizz.'] [pp. frizzling, 
 frizzled.] To curl in short curls. — 2, n. A curl ; 
 a lock of hair crisped. 
 
 Fro, ad. [Dan. & Icel. fra, from ; Scot. & North 
 Eng. /me.— See From.] From.— To and fro, 
 backward and forward. 
 
 i, e, i, 5, u, y, long; a, e, i, 5, Q, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y., obsenr.-.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
FROCK 
 
 257 
 
 FRY 
 
 Frock, n. [Fr. froc ; Late L. frocus and floccus : 
 related perhaps to Ger. rock, 0. Ger. hroch, a 
 cloak, or possibly to L. floccus, a flock or lock of 
 wool. — Cf. Sw. & Ger. frock, a coat; Port, fraca; 
 Fr. frac] A dress; a coat :— a loose outer gar- 
 ment : — a gown for children. 
 
 Frock' -coat, n. A kind of coat for a man. 
 
 Frog, n. [A.-S. froga; Dut. vorsch; Ger. frosch.] 
 A small amphibious animal : — an ornamental 
 button : — a tender horn beneath a horse's foot. 
 
 Frol'ic, a. [Dut. vrolijh; Ger. frolich, merry; Ger. 
 froh, A.-S. frah, merry, and the termination 
 -lich, like.] Gay ; full of levity or pranks. — 2, n. 
 A wild prank; a scene of mirth. — 3, v. n. [£. 
 frolicked ; pp. frolicking, frolicked.] To play 
 pranks ; to be merry. 
 
 Fr6Tic-some, a. Full of gayety ; playful. 
 
 From, prep. [A.-S. from, from; Sw.fvan; Dan. & 
 Icel.fra; Goth, from : closely allied are Icel. & 
 Sw. fram, forth, forward : root of Far (q. v.).] 
 Noting source, privation, distance, absence, or 
 departure; out of ; since. 
 
 Frond, n. [L. frons, frondis, a leafy branch.] A 
 leaf of a palm or fern. 
 
 Fron-des'cence, n. [L. frondescere, inceptive of 
 frondere, to put forth leaves.] The time or the 
 act of putting forth leaves. 
 
 Fron-dose', or Fron'dous, a. [L. frondosus. — See 
 Frond.] Full of leaves ; leafy. 
 
 Front [front, 8. K. ; frunt or front, W.\ n. [L. 
 frons, frontis: cognate with Brow.] The fore- 
 head; face: — van of an army: — forepart. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. fronting, fronted.] To oppose 
 directly ; to face. — 3, v. n. To lace ; to be oppo- 
 
 Front'age, n. The forepart; the front. [site. 
 
 Front' al, a. [Late L. frontalis; frons, frontis, a 
 forehead.] Kelating to the forehead or front. — 
 2, n. A little pediment ; a frontlet. 
 
 Fron'tier [frOnt'yer, S. J. F. W.], n. [Fr. fron- 
 tiere; front, a front.] Utmost verge of any ter- 
 ritory ; a border ; confine. — 2, a. Belonging to 
 a frontier. ( 
 
 Fron'tis-piece, n. [Fr. frontispice; Late L. fron- 
 tispicium, a front view ; L. frons, a front, and 
 specere or spicere, to see.] An ornamental page 
 of a book : — tbe face of a building. 
 
 Front'less, a. Unblushing; wanting shame. 
 
 Front'let, n. [Dim. of frontul] A bandage worn 
 upon the forehead :— the margin behind the bill 
 of a bird. 
 
 Frore, o. [A.-S. /row?, gefriren, part, from freosan, 
 to freeze (q. «.).] Frosty; frozen. 
 
 Frost (frost or frawst), n. [A.-S. font; Dut. vorst; 
 Dan. & Ger. frost; Goth, frius: closely akin to 
 Freeze.] A fluid congealed by cold; the power 
 of congelation ; the effect of congelation ; frozen 
 
 dew ; boar-frost : — frosting. 
 
 runzel, a wrinkle.] A wrinkle ; a curl ; a fringe. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. frouncing, frounced.] To curl ; 
 to frizzle ; to wrinkle. 
 
 Frow, n. See Froe. 
 
 Fro' ward, a. [A.-S. fromweard; 0. E. froward; 
 fro for from: on type of toward.'] Peevish; re- 
 fractory; perverse. 
 
 Fro'ward-ly, ad. Peevishly; perversely. 
 
 Fro'ward-ness, n. Peevishness ; perverseness. 
 
 Frown, v. n. [0. Fr. frongner ; Fr. se refroguer, to 
 frown ; Norse froyna : perhaps allied to L. frons, 
 the forehead.] [pp. frowning, frowned.] To 
 express displeasure ; to scowl. — 2, v. a. To re- 
 pel by stern looks. — 3, n. A stern look ; a look 
 of dislike. 
 
 Frb'w'y, «. [Local E. frow, a slattern.— Cf. Ger. 
 /raw, a woman,] Musty; frowzy. 
 
 Frow'zy, a. Fetid ; musty : — dim ; cloudy. 
 
 Froze, i- from freeze. 
 
 Fro'zen (fro'zn),p. from freeze. Congealed. 
 
 Fruc-tif er-oiis, a. [L. fructus, fruit, aud ferre, to 
 bear.] 'Bearing fruit. 
 
 Fruc-ti-fi-ca'tion, n. [L. fructificatio.] Act of 
 fructifying; fecundation; fertility. 
 
 Fruc'ti-fy, v. a. [Fr. fructijier ; L. fructificare ; 
 fiuctus, fruit, and facere, to make.] ["pp. fructi- 
 fying, fructified.] To make fruitful ; to fertilize. 
 — 2, v. n. To bear fruit; to be fruitful. 
 
 Fru'gal, a. [L. frugalis, belonging to fruit, also 
 worthy, virtuous, thrifty, sparing; frux, fruit, 
 dative frngi, for fruit, — hence, advantageous, 
 honest, fit, virtuous, discreet, thrifty.] Thrifty; 
 sparing; economical. 
 
 Fru-gal'i-tx, n. State of being frugal; thrift; 
 economy ; frugal management. 
 
 Fru'gal-ly, ad. Economically ; thriftily. 
 
 Fru-i'lf er-ous, a. [L. frugifer ; frux, frugis, fruit, 
 ■And ferre, to bear.] Bearing fruit; fructiferous. 
 
 Fru-£-iv'o-rous, «. [L. frux, frugis, fruit, and 
 vorare, to devour.] Feeding on fruit. 
 
 Fruit (frut), n. [Fr. fruit ; L. fructus, fruit, or en- 
 joyment; frui, fructus, to enjoy.] Product of 
 the earth, trees, and plants :— profit ; effect: — 
 offspring. — 2, v. n. [pp. fruiting, fruited.] To 
 bear fruit. 
 
 Fruit' age (frut'aj), n. Fruit collectively. 
 
 Fruit'er, n. A ship that carries fruit. 
 
 Fruit'er-er, n. One who trades in fruit. 
 
 Fruit' ful, a. Productive; fertile: bearing fruit; 
 prolific ; child-bearing ; not barren. 
 
 Fruit' ful-ly, ad. In a fruitful manner. 
 
 Fruit' ful-ness, n. Plentiful production. 
 
 Fru-i"tion (fru-ish'un), «. [L. fmitio; frui, to 
 enjoy.] Act of enjoying; enjoyment ; possession. 
 
 Fruit'less, a. Barren; vain; idle; unfruitful. 
 
 Fruit'less-ly, ad. Vainly; uuprofitably. 
 
 ing, frosted.] To cover, as with hoar-frost. 
 
 Frost'-bite, n. A freezing; congelation. — 2, r. a. 
 [i. frost-bit ; pp. frost-biting, frost-bitten.] To nip 
 or wither with frost : — to expose to the frosty air. 
 
 Frost' -bit- ten (-tn), a. Nipped by frost. 
 
 Frost'ed, a. Covered with hoar-frost; chilled. 
 
 Frost'-f ish, n. A small sea-fish. 
 
 Frost'i-ly, ad. With frost: — chillingly. 
 
 Frost'i-ness, n. Cold ; freezing cold. 
 
 Frost'ing, n. A crust, as of sugar on a cake: — 
 that which resembles frost. [frost. 
 
 Frost'ling, n. A fruit, flower, or leaf injured by 
 
 Frost' -work (-wiirk), n. Work resembling hoar- 
 frost :— singular forms assumed by frost. 
 
 Frost' y., a. Very cold; hoary : — producing or 
 containing frost :— of a cold disposition :— re- 
 sembling frost. 
 
 Froth (froth or frawth), n. [Icel. froda; Dan. 
 fraade; Sw. fradgcu] Spume ; foam; unsubstan- 
 tial matter.— 2, y. «. [pp. frothing, frothed.] 
 To foam ; to throw out spume. 
 
 Froth'i-ness, n. The state of being frothy. 
 
 Froth's, a. Full of foam, froth, or spume. 
 
 Frounce, n. [Fr. froncer, to wrinkle.— Cf. Ger. 
 
 [pp. frost- J Fruit'less-ness, n. Unfruitfulness; vanity. 
 
 Fruit' -tree, n. A tree that produces fruit. 
 
 Fruit'y, a. Having the taste or smell of fruit. 
 
 Fru-men-tii'cedus (-shus), a. [L. frumentacem ; 
 fruntentum, grain : akin to Fruit.] Made of grain. 
 
 Frush, n. [Cf. Ger. frosch, a frog.] The frog or 
 tender horn in the middle of the sole of a 
 horse's foot : — thrush. 
 
 Frus'trate, v. a. [L. friistrari, frustrates; frustra, 
 in vain : akin to Fraud.] ' [pp. frustrating, 
 frustrated.] To defeat ; to disappoint; to balk. 
 
 Frus-tra'tion, n. Disappointment; defeat. 
 
 Frus'tule, n. [L. fntstuhim, dim. of frustum, a 
 piece.] The horny cell of a diatom. 
 
 Frus'tum, n. ; pi. Frus'ta. [L.— Cf. Gr. 0pavar6<;, 
 broken ; 6pavo-p.a, a fragment.] The part of a 
 solid next to the base when cut off by a plane. 
 
 Fru-tes'cent, a. [An inceptive form; better fru- 
 tiscescent ; L. frutex, a shrub; fruliscescere, to 
 become shrubby.] (Bot.) Almost shrubby ; be- 
 coming shrubby. [shrub.] (Bot.) Shrubby. 
 
 Fru-ti-cose', a. [L. fruticosus, shrubby ; frutex, a 
 
 Fry, n. [Icel. free, Dan. fro, Fr. f'rai, spawn; 
 Goth, fraiw, seed.] A swarm of little fishes : — 
 little fishes:— a dish fried. —2, v. a. [Fr. frire ; 
 
 mien, sir; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. 
 
 r 
 
 ~9- 9. ?, §, soft; p, p, $, g\ hard; $asz; ? as gz ; this. 
 
 22* 
 
FUCHSIA 
 
 258 
 
 FURBELOW 
 
 L. frigere : Gr. fypvyeiv ; Skr. bhraij.] [pp. fry- 
 ing, fried.] To dress food in a pan on the fire. 
 — 3, v. n. To be roasted or cooked in a pan. 
 
 Fuch'sia (fu'she-a), re. [After Leonhard Fuchs, 
 a German botanist. Fuchs is the German for 
 "fox."] A genus Of beautiful fiowering plants. 
 
 Fuch'sine (fuk'sjn or fu'sin), n. [F'rom the tints 
 characteristic of the fuchsias.] A deep-red col- 
 oring matter derived from coal-tar. 
 
 Fud'dle, v. a. [Low Ger. fuddig, confused. — Cf. 
 Ger. fiisseln, to be unstt-ady on the feet.] [pp. 
 fuddling, fuddled.] To make drunk; to intoxi- 
 cate. — 2, v. n. To drink to excess ; to tipple. 
 
 Fudfe, inter}. [Cf. Local Fr. feuche, Ger. futsch, 
 interjections of contempt.] An expression of 
 contempt. — 2, re. Nonsense. 
 
 Fu'el, re. [0. Fr. fouaille; Late L. foallia; 0. 
 Fr. fuelles, brushwood; Late L. focale, right 
 of cutting fuel; focus, a hearth. — See Focus.] 
 Matter or aliment of fire ; wood, &c. 
 
 Fu-ga'cious (fu-ga/shus), a. [L. fugax, fugacis ; 
 fuga, flight.] Volatile; flying. 
 
 Fu-ga/cious-ness, n. Volatility. 
 
 Fu-gac'i-tx, re. Act of flying away; volatility. 
 
 Fu-ga'to, a. [It.] (2Ius.) A composition in the 
 style of the fugue. 
 
 Fii'gi-tive, a. [L. fugitivus; fugere, fugitum, to 
 flee ; Gr. </>eu'yeii/, to flee.] Unstable ; not dura- 
 ble ; volatile.; fleeting; wandering; short-lived. 
 — 2, n. A deserter; a runaway. 
 
 Fu'gle-man, re. See Flugelman. 
 
 Fugue (fug), n. [Fr. ; It. fuga, L. fuga, a flight.] 
 (JIus.) A repetition of parts in a composition. 
 
 Ful'crum, n. [L. ; from fulcire, to prop..] L. pi. 
 FGl'cra; Eng. Ful'crum§. A prop; a support 
 to a lever. 
 
 FuT-f il\ v. a. [A.-S. fulfyUam : Full and Fill.] 
 [pp. fulfilling, fulfilled.] To accomplish ; to com- 
 plete : — to fill full ; to make full ; to replenish. 
 
 Ful-flTler, n. One who fulfils. 
 
 Ful-fil'ment, n. Completion; performance. 
 
 Ful'l-en-cy. n. Splendor; effulgence. 
 
 Ful'fent, 'a. [L. fulgere, fulgentis, to glow.— Cf. 
 Gr. <£>Aeyeiv, to burn.] Shining; very bright. 
 
 Ful'gor, n. [L. for "lightning," "splendor," a 
 "gleam;" fulgere, to gleam.— Cf. fulgur, light- 
 ning.] Splendor; dazzling brightness. 
 
 Fu-lif'i-nous, «. [L. fuliginosus ; fuligo, fuliginis, 
 soot.] Smoky; sooty. 
 
 Full, a. [A.-S. fid; Put. vol; Ger. roll; Icel. fullr. 
 — See Fill.] Having no space empty; filled; 
 replete ; without vacuity ; saturated ; sated ; im- 
 pregnated : — strong : — large : — complete; entire ; 
 perfect : — not horned or gibbous ; as, a fall moon. 
 — 2,n. Complete measure; the whole. — 3, ad. 
 Quite; exactly : — often used in composition ; as, 
 full-fed, sated." — i, v. a. [A.-S. fullian, to cleanse; 
 Fr. foider, to compress.— See Fuller.] [pp. full- 
 ing, fulled.] To thicken and cleanse, as cloth. 
 
 Full'er, n. | A.-S. fullere ; L. fullo, fullonis ; Fr. 
 foulou.) One whose trade it is to full cloth. 
 
 Full'er's-e'arth', n. A kind of clay, used in full- 
 ing and cleansing cloth. 
 
 Ful'lx, ad. Completely; without lack. 
 
 Ful'mar, n. [Gael, fulmaire; Icel. fulmar: va- 
 riously explained.] A kind of sea-bird ; a petrel. 
 
 Ful'mi-nant, a. Making a loud noise. 
 
 Ful'mi-nate, v. ??. [L. fuhninare, fidminatum, to 
 thunder or lighten; fulmen, a thunderbolt; ful- 
 gere, to flash.] [pp. fulminating, fulminated.] 
 To thunder ; to explode.— 2, v. a. To utter, as a 
 threat ; to denounce : — to cause to explode. — 
 3, w. A salt of fulminic acid. 
 
 Ful-mi-na'tion, re. A thundering; an explosion. 
 
 FuTmi-na-to'-ry, a. Thundering; terrific. 
 
 Ful-min'ic, a. Xoting an acid which forms explo- 
 sive salts, [abundance; satiety; repletion. 
 
 Ful'ness, n. State of being full; completeness; 
 
 Ful'some. a. [Full and the suffix -some, denoting 
 tendencv.— See 
 
 ous ; offensive. 
 
 Gamesome, Gladsome.] Nause- 
 
 Ful'vid, a. [Late L. fulvidus, yellowish; f ulcus, 
 yellow. — Cf. Jiavus, yellow; fulcere, to glow.] 
 Yellowish ; tawny. 
 
 Ful'vous, a. [L. fulvus.] Yellow ; tawny ; fulvid. 
 
 Fu'ma-role, u. [It. fumaruolo ; fumare, to smoke.] 
 A volcanic smoke-hole. 
 
 Fum'ble, v. n. [Dut. fommelen; Sw. famla, funda; 
 Dan. famle; Icel. falma. — Cf. A.-S. folm, L. 
 palma, the palm (g. v.) of the hand.] [pp. fum- 
 bling, fumbled.] To attempt awkwardly ; to 
 feel. — 2, v. a. To manage awkwardly. 
 
 Fume, n. [L. furnns, smoke ; fumare, Fr. fumer, 
 to smoke. — Cf. Skr. dhuma, smoke.] Smoke; 
 vapor: — rage; idle conceit. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
 fuming, fumed.] To smoke : — to be in a rage. 
 — 3, v. a. To smoke ; to perfume by smoke. 
 
 Fii'mid, a. Smoky; vaporous. 
 
 Fu-mid'i-ty, n. Sinokiness ; tendency to smoke. 
 
 Fu'mi-gate, v. a. [L. fumigare, fumigatum ; re- 
 ferred to fumus, smoke, and agere, to drive.] 
 [pp. fumigating, fumigated.] To smoke; to 
 cleanse or purify by smoke ; to perfume. 
 
 Fvi-mi-ga'tion, n. Act of fumigating; vapor. 
 
 Fu'mi-to-ry, n. [Fr. fume-terre, L. fumus terrte, 
 smoke of the earth : names of similar meaning 
 are found in various languages, probably from 
 the rank smoky odor.] A strong-smelling plant. 
 
 Fu'my, a. Filled with fumes ; smoky. 
 
 Fun, n. [Irish & Gael, fonn, pleasure : possibly 
 allied to A.-S. fan, foolish.] Sport; high merri- 
 ment; frolic. 
 
 Fu-nam'bu-la-to-ry, a. Like a rope-dancer. 
 
 Fu-nam'bu-Hst, n. [L. funis, a rope, and ambulare, 
 to walk. — See Amble.] A rope-dancer. 
 
 Func'tion, n. [L. functio ; fungi, functus, to per- 
 form.]' Employment; office; power. 
 
 Func'tion-al, a. Relating to some office. 
 
 Fiinc'tion-a-ry, n. One who has an office. 
 
 Fund, n'. [L. fundus, bottom, foundation.— Cf. Skr. 
 budh-nas, ground.] Funded stock or capital; 
 stock; capital; a bank of money. — Public fund*, 
 the public debt due from a government. — 2, v. a. 
 [ pp. funding, funded.] To place in the funds, 
 as money. 
 
 Fiind'a-ble, a. That can be funded or converted 
 into bonds. 
 
 FQn'da-ment, n. [L. fundamentnm ; fimdare, to 
 found (q. v.).] The seat of the body : — a base. 
 
 Fun-da-ment'al, a. Serving for the foundation or 
 basis; essential; important. 
 
 Fun-da-ment'al-ly, ad. Essentially ; originally. 
 
 Fu'ner-al, n. [Late L. funeralis; L. funus, funtris, 
 a burial. ] Burial; interment; obsequies.— 2, a. 
 Relating to burial ; mourning. 
 
 Fu-ne're-al, a. [L. funereus ; funus, funeris, a 
 burial,' a dead body.]' Suiting a funeral ; dismal. 
 
 Ffin'gous, a. Like a fungus; excrescent. 
 
 Ffln'gus, n- [L.— Cf. Gr. o-<i>6yyos or cnroyyos, a 
 sponge (q. v.).] L. pi-. Fun'^i ; Eng. Ffin'- 
 gus-e§. A mushroom : — an excrescence. 
 
 Fu'ni-cle, n. [L. funiculus ; dim. of funis, a rope.] 
 A small cord ; a fibre ; a string. 
 
 Fu-nic'u-lar, a. Consisting of cord or fibre. 
 
 Fun'nel, n. [L. fundibulum, for iufundibidum ; i», 
 into,' and fundere, to pour.— See Tunnel.— Cf. 
 Breton found, a funnel.] A pipe ; a shaft. 
 
 Fun'ny, «. Comical ; droll. [Colloq.] 
 
 Fur, re. ' [Fr. fourrer, to cover, to sheathe, to thrust ; 
 fourrure, fur; fourreau, a scabbard; Sp. forro, a 
 lining; Late L. fodratura, fur: akin to Fodder. 
 — Cf. Dut. voeder, fodder,— also fur ; Ger. fuller, 
 fodder,— also a case or a lining. The idea is that 
 of a covering or lining.] Soft hair: — a skin with 
 soft hair.— 2, v. a. [pp. furring, furred.] To line 
 with fur :— to cover with morbid matter :— to line 
 with slips of wood. — 3, a. Made of fur. 
 
 Fur'be-low. n. [Fr. farbala, falbala; Sp. & It. 
 falbala, falfala: origin doubtful.] A flounce, 
 fringe, or other ornament on a woman's dress. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. furbelowing, furbelowed.] To 
 arlorn with furbelows. 
 
 a, e, I, o, 5, y, long; a, e, x, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y., obscure— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
FUKBISH 
 
 259 
 
 FYTTE 
 
 Fur'bish, v. a. [Fr. fourbir, part, foiirbissant ; 
 0. Ger. furpjan, viirben, to brighten, to cleanse.] 
 [pp. furbishing, furbished.] To burnish; to 
 polish ; to rub. 
 
 Fiir'bish-a-ble, a. Capable of being furbished. 
 
 Fiir'cate, or FUr'cat-ed, a. [L. furca, a fork 
 (q. v.).] Forky; fork-shaped. 
 
 Fur-ca'tion, n. Forkiness ; a forking. 
 
 Fur'cu-la, n. [L. ; dim. of furca, a fork.] The 
 wish-bone, or merrythought in birds. 
 
 Fur-fu-ra'ceous (flir-fu-ra/shus), a. [L. furfura- 
 ceus; furfar,' bran, or dandruff.] Husky; scaly. 
 
 Fu'ri-ous, a. [L. fwriosus. — See Fury.] Mad; 
 frantic ; raging ; violent. 
 
 Fu'ri-ous-Ljj, ad. In a furious manner. 
 
 Fu'ri-ous-nSss, n. Frenzy ; madness ; fury. 
 
 Fiirli v.'a. [0. E. furdle or fardel, to pack; Eng., 
 Sp., & 0. Fr. fardel, a pack; Fr. fardeau, a load : 
 probably from the Arabic] [pp. furling, furled.] 
 To draw up ; to contract ; to roll up. 
 
 Fur'long, w. [A.-S. furhtng, "furrow-long," the 
 length of a furrow.] The eighth part of a mile. 
 
 Fur'lough (flir'lo), n. [Dut. verlof; Dan. forlov ; 
 Ger. rerluub : for- in the sense of away, far, and 
 leave (</. v.).] A temporary leave of absence from 
 military service. — 2, v. a. [pp. furloughing, fur- 
 loughed.] To give leave of absence to. 
 
 Fur'nace [fur'niis, /. St.], n. [Fr. fournaise; L. 
 fornax, fornacis, also fortius, an oven. — Cf. L. 
 form us, warm (q. v.).'] An enclosed fireplace 
 for producing great heat : — a place for melting 
 metals. 
 
 Fiir'nish, v. a. [Fr. fournir, part fowrrmzant ; 
 0. Fr. fornir, furuir, also frotmir; 0. Ger. frum- 
 ja<i, to furnish, to provide; fruma, advantage, 
 profit; Ger. fromm, good: allied to Eng. from, 
 with the idea of furthering or advancing.] ' [jip. 
 furnishing, furnished.] To supply; to fit up. 
 
 FUr'ni-ture [-tyur, H; -toor or -chur, St.], v. 
 Goods in a house for use; movables: — append- 
 ages ; equipage. 
 
 Fu-ro're, n. [It. ; L. furor, fury (q. v.).] A rage ; 
 intense excitement; fury. 
 
 Fur'ri-er, n. A dealer in furs. 
 
 Fiir'ring, re. Timber nailed to joists or rafters in 
 order to bring them to an even surface. 
 
 Fur'row (fur'ro), n. [A.-S. furh; Icel. for; Ger. 
 furche ; Dan. fare ; S\v. fara.] A long trench or 
 hollow. — 2, v. a. [pp. furrowing, furrowed.] To 
 cut in furrows. 
 
 Fur'row-y., a. Marked wPh furrows; ridged. 
 
 Fiir'ry, a. Covered with or consisting of fur. 
 
 Fiir'tner, a. [A.-S. furthur, comparative of fore, 
 before ; Dut. verder ; Ger. f order. It is distinct 
 from Farther (f. ».).] fco'mp. of fore or of forth ; 
 gnperl. first and furthest.] More in advance ; at a 
 greater distance ; farther. — Further and farther 
 are both in good use, and have much the same 
 meaning. See Farther.— 2, ad. [A.-S. fur- 
 thran ; Dut. vorderen : Ger. fordern.] To a greater 
 distance; farther. — 3, V. a. [pp. furthering, fur- 
 thered.] To forward; to promote; to assist. 
 
 Fur'tner-ance, n. Promotion ; advancement. 
 
 Fiir'tfter-er, re. A promoter; an advancer. 
 
 Fiir'tfrer-more, ad. Moreover; besides. 
 
 Fur'tner-most, a. Most distant; furthest. 
 
 Fiir'tnest, a, [A factitious superlative of Fur- 
 ther, of which the true and original superlative 
 is first. ] M- *st remote. 
 
 Fiir'tive, a. [L. furlirus, secret, stolen; furtum, 
 a theft; fur, Gr.'</>wp, a thief; L. furari, to steal; 
 allied to ferre, to carry.] Stolen; got by theft; 
 thievish :'— stealthy. 
 
 Fur'tive-lx, ad. Stealthily. 
 
 Fu'run-cle, n. [L. furunculus, a boil, — literally, a 
 little thief.] An inflamed tumor; a pustule. 
 
 Fu'ry, n. [L. fnria, rage ; furere, to rage.] Mad- 
 ness ; rage ; passion ; frenzy. 
 
 Furze, n. [A.-s. /,/;-., .- thought to be akin to Fir.] 
 A prickly shrub; gorse; whin. 
 
 Fiirz'y., a. Overgrown with furze. 
 
 Fus'cous, a. [L. fuscus, tawny.] Brown; dark; 
 dusky. 
 
 F5§e, v. a. [L. fundere, fusum, to pour, to melt.] 
 [pp. fusing, fused.] To melt; to liquefy by 
 heat : — to unite closely. — 2, v. n. To be melted ; 
 to melt : — to unite closely. — 3, n. [Corrupted 
 from fusee or fusil.] A fuze ; a slow-match. 
 
 Fu-§ee', n. [Fr. fusee, a fuse, a match, a spindle- 
 full ; fuseau, L. fusus, a spin- ^ 
 die.] Part of a watch on 
 which a chain is wound : — a 
 pipe, for firing a bomb : — [a 
 corruption of fusil] a small 
 musket; a fusil. 
 
 Fu'§el-SIl, n. [Ger. fusel, bad liquor; fusehi, to 
 drink, or have the smell of, bad liquor. — Cf. 
 Fuddle, Fuzzle.] An oily substance obtained 
 from whiskey ; amylic alcohol. 
 
 Fu-§i-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being fusible. 
 
 Fu'§i-ble, a. That may be melted. 
 
 Fu'§i-fdrm, a. Shaped* like a spindle. 
 
 F3'§il (fu'zil or fu-ze'), n. [Fr. fusil; L. focile, a 
 fire-steel; focus, a hearth.] A firelock; a fusee. 
 
 Fu'§ile, or Fu'sil, a. [L. fusilis, molten, liquid; 
 fundere, fusumj to pour.] Fusible :— liquid. 
 
 Fu-§i-leer', n. A soldier armed with a fusil. 
 
 Fu-sjl-lade', n. [Fr. fusillade.] A discharge of 
 fire-arms.— 2, v. a. [Fr. fusilier.] [pp. fusil- 
 lading, fusilladed.] To attack or destroy by a 
 fusillade. 
 
 Fu'§ion (fu'zhun), n. The act of melting; fluid- 
 ity ;' a coalition ; a blending together. 
 
 Fuss, n. [Usually referred to A.-S. fus, funs, 
 quick; Icel. fuss, eager; but it is probably iden- 
 tical with fuzz, fizzle. — Cf. Ger. pfuscheu, to 
 dabble, to meddle, to bungle ; Dan. fuske, Sw. 
 fuska, to bungle.] A tumult; bustle; noise. — 2, 
 V. //. [pp. fussing, fussed.] To make ado about 
 
 Fus'si-ness, n. State of being fussy. [trifles. 
 
 Fus'sj, a. Busy about trifles ; bustling. 
 
 Fust, o. n. [See Fusty.] [pp. fusting, fusted.] 
 To become mouldy, rusty, or rancid. — 2, «. [Fr. 
 fiit, L. fustis, a stick.] The shaft of a column. 
 
 FGs'tet, ». [Fr.] A dye-wood resembling fustic. 
 
 Fust'ian (fust'yan), «. [0. Fr. fouskana ; Fr. fit- 
 taine; It. fustagno ; from Fostat, or old Cairo, in 
 Egypt.— Cf. Arab. fuM, it. a g..at's-hair tent.] A 
 kind of cloth : — bombast. — 2, a. Made of fus- 
 tian : — pompous. 
 
 Fus' tic, n. [L. fusticvlus, a little stick ; fustis, a 
 cudgel.] A sort of wood used in dyeing. 
 
 Fus'ti-gate, v. a. [L. fustigare, fustigatwm ; fustis, 
 a cudgel.] [pp. fustigating,' fustigated.] To 
 beat with a stick. 
 
 Fus'ti-ness, n. Mouldiness : — a bad smell. 
 
 Fus'tx, a. [0. Fr. fusti; juste, Vr.f&t, a cask, a 
 stave, a staff, a stick ; L. fustis, a cudgel : fusty 
 at first meant something like a foul cask.] Ill- 
 smelling; musty. 
 
 Fu'tile, a. [L. fukUs, better fultilis, vain, empty, — 
 literally, easily pouring; fundere, fudi, fusum, to 
 pour. — Cf. futlilis or futis, a water-jug.] Trifling ; 
 worthless ; of no weight. 
 
 Fu-til'i-ty, n. Want of effect ; worthlessness. 
 
 Fut'tocks,' n. pi. [For foot-hooks.] The lower 
 timbers in a ship. 
 
 Fut'ure, a. [L. futurus, about to be.— Cf. fui, I 
 was.] That will be hereafter; that is to come. 
 — 2, n. Time to come. 
 
 Fu-tfi'ri-tXt n. Future time, or time to come. 
 
 Fuze, ». A tube used in exploding. 
 
 Fuzz, r. n. [Dut. voos, spongy.] [pp. fuzzing, 
 fuzzed.] To fly out in small particles. — 2, n. 
 Light particles ; volatile matter. — . 
 
 Fy. inter;". A word of blame and contempt. ^Ij 
 
 Fyke,w. [Dut. fuik.] A bow-net for catch- f 
 ins: fish. "■ 
 
 Fyl'fot, n. [A.-S. fier-fote, four-foot.— Cf. F y lfot - 
 trivet (for three-feet).] A very ancient and wide- 
 spread symbol, "of dubious import. 
 
 Fytte, re. A division of a poem ; a canto. 
 
 mten, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q, Q, $, £, soft; p, ft, t, §, hard; § as z : x as gz ; this. 
 
260 
 
 GALLEY 
 
 G. 
 
 Ghas two sounds : one hard, before a, o, and u, 
 as in go; the other soft, like/, before e, i, and 
 y, as iu gem. — (Mm.) The treble clef. 
 
 Gab, n. [Sw. & Icel. gabb, mockery ; Icel. gabba, 
 to mock. — Cf. Irish gob, the mouth ; Gael, ga- 
 bair, to talk.] The mouth: — loquacity; prate. 
 
 Gab-ar-dine' (-den'), ?i. [Sp. gabardina ; gabcm, a 
 great-coat : akin to cabaila, a shelter, a cabin 
 (q. i-.).] A coarse frock. 
 
 Gab'ble, v. n. [Frequentative form of Gab.] [ pp. 
 gabbling, gabbled.] To talk idly; to prate. — 
 2, ». Loud, foolish talk; prate. 
 
 Ga'bel, n. [A.-S. gafol, Fr. gabelle, Ger. gaffel, Sp. 
 gab'ela, Late L. gabulum, tax : said to be Arab. 
 qabala, agreement, impost.] A tax or impost. 
 
 Ga'bi-on, n. [Fr. gabion ; It. gabbione ; augmented 
 forin'of gabbia, a cage : coguate with Cage and 
 Cave.] (Fort.) A wicker basket filled with 
 earth, used for a protection. 
 
 Ga'ble, n. [Dut. gevel; Dan. gavl; Sw. gafvel; 
 Ger. giebel: closely related to Ger. gabel, Icel. 
 gaff, Irish gabhal, Welsh gaff, a fork.] The tri- 
 angular end of a house from the eaves up. 
 
 Gad, n. [Icel. gaddr, a goad (q. v.) ; Norse gadd, a 
 
 point.] An ingot of steel ; a style or graver : — a 
 
 , goad : — a spike. — 2, v. n. [Probably from gad, a 
 
 goad, with the idea of driving.] [pp. ga,dding, 
 
 gadded.] To ramble about; to rove idly. 
 
 Gad'fly, n. A fly that stings cattle and horses. 
 
 Gae'lic (ga'lik), n. The Gaelic language, a dialect 
 of the Celtic, spoken in tbe Highlands of Scot- 
 land.— 2, a. Pertaining to the Gaelic language, 
 or to tbe Highlanders. 
 
 Gaff, n. [Fr. gaffe, Sp. gafa, Irish gaf, gafa, a 
 hook: akin to L. capere, to take. — Cf. W. gaff, 
 Ger. gabel, a fork.] A harpoon or large hook : 
 — a boom, or spar. 
 
 Gaf fer, n. [For grandfather.] An old title of re- 
 spect for an aged man : — grandfather : — master : 
 — an aged rustic. 
 
 Gag, v. a. [Cf. Welsh ceg, the mouth ; Irish gag- 
 gach, stammering ; Local Swiss gaggen, to stut- 
 ter; Gael, gag, a chink, an impediment.] [pp. 
 gagging, gagged.] To stop the mouth; to shut 
 tip. — 2, n. An instrument to stop the mouth 
 with. 
 
 Ga£e, n. [Fr. gage, Late L. vadium, L. vas, vadis, 
 A.-S. wed, a pledge.— See Wed and Wage.] A 
 pledge ; a pawn : — a measure ; a rule : — a chal- 
 lenge to combat.— 2, v. a. [See Gauge.] [pp. 
 gaging, gaged.] To engage : — to measure. 
 
 Gag'er,"«. One who gages. See Gauger. 
 
 Gai'e-ty, «• Cheerfulness ; mirth. See Gayety. 
 
 Gai'ly, ad. Cheerfully ; merrily. See Gayly. 
 
 Gain (gan), n. [Sw. & Icel. gagn, advantage; 
 gagna, to help ; Dan. gavn, gain ; game, to bene- 
 fit'.] Profit; advantage; interest; benefit:— 
 overplus, — opposed to loss. — 2, r. a. [From the 
 noun ; the Fr. gagner, which early acquired the 
 meanings of this word, and afterwards influ- 
 enced it in turn, originally meant to pasture. — 
 Cf. Fr. gagnage, pasturage.] [pp. gaining, 
 gained.] To obtain; to win; to get; to reach. 
 —3, v. n. To grow rich ; to advance. 
 
 Gain'fftl, a. Profitable; lucrative; productive. 
 
 Gain'ful-ly, ad. Profitably; advantageously. 
 
 Gain'ful-ngss, n. Profit ; advantage. 
 
 Gain-say', or Gain'say, v. n. [A.-S. gegn, Ger. 
 gegen, against, and Say (q. ».).] [i. gainsaid ; pp. 
 gainsaying, gainsaid.] To contradict ; to deny. 
 
 Gain-say'ing, n. Opposition; denial. 
 
 Gair'ish, a. Gaudy ; fine : gay. See Garish. 
 
 Gait, n. [A special use of Gate (q. v.) in the sense 
 of a way.] March; walk; manner of walking. 
 
 Gai'ter, v.; pi. Gai'ters. [Fr. guetre; 0. Fr. 
 
 guestre; Breton, giceltren : akin to Welt (q. v.).] 
 
 A covering for the leg and ankle ; a kind of 
 
 spatterdashes. 
 
 i'la, w. [Fr. ; 
 
 A festival; a show ; mirth. — Gala-day, a day 
 
 Ga'la, n. [Fr. ; It. gala, finerv.— See Gallant.] 
 
 . of 
 festivity and show 
 
 Ga-lan'gal, n. [0. Fr. garingal, Fr. galangue, Sp. 
 galanga, Arab, khalavjun (thought to be allied 
 to Gr. e\evLov, elecampane) ; Chinese Eau-liang- 
 Eiang, ginger of Kau-liang, an old name for 
 a district near Canton.] An aromatic drug like 
 ginger. 
 
 Gal'ax-y, n. [Fr. galaxie ; Gr. yaA.a£i'a? ; yaka, 
 ydkaKTos, milk. — Cf. L. lac, lacti*, milk.] The 
 Milky Way, a luminous tract crossing the heav- 
 ens : — a splendid assemblage. 
 
 Gal'ba-num, n. [L. ; Gr. ^aA/Savr), Heb. chelbenah, 
 a kind of gum or dried resinous sap.] A kind 
 of gum-resin. 
 
 Gale, «. [Dan. gal, furious ; Icel. gola, a breeze ; 
 Norse galen storm, a gale, a furious storm.] A 
 strong wind, not tempestuous ; gust ; current of 
 air:— [Fr. gale ; Dut. gagel; Sp. galo] a fragrant 
 shrub. 
 
 Gal'eas. or Ga'le-as, n. [Fr. gaUasse; Sp. galeaza; 
 It. galeazza, augmentative form of galea, a gal- 
 ley.] A heavy -built vessel. 
 
 Ga'le-at-ed, a. [L. galeatus; galea, a helmet; 
 Skr. jal, to cover.] Covered as with a helmet. 
 
 Ga-le'na, n. [L. for " lead ore ;" Gr. ya.krjvr\, silvery 
 lead ore ; also, an antidote ; originally, a calm.] 
 (Min.) A sulphuret of lead. 
 
 Gal'iot [gal'yot, TT. Ja. K. C ; gal'e-ot, P. Sm. I. 
 St. Wb.], n. [Fr. galiote ; It. galcofla, dim. of 
 galea, a galley.] A little galley ; a Dutch vessel. 
 
 Gill, n. [A.-S. gealla; Dut. gal; Ger. galle; Gr. 
 XoAtj : akin to Yellow.] The bile, a bitter 
 animal juice : — rancor; malignity; bitterness 
 of mind:— [Fr. galle, L. galla, a gall-nut] a nut- 
 gall : — an excoriation. — 2, v. a. [Fr. gale, a scab ; 
 gallei; to scratch ; L. callus, a thick place in the 
 skin.] [pp. galling, galled.] To rub off the 
 skin : — to tease ; to vex.— 3, v. n. To fret ; to 
 be teased or chafed. 
 
 Gal'lant, a. [Fr. galant; 0. Fr. galer, Late L. ga- 
 lare, to regale (q. v.), to rejoice ; Goth, gailjan, to 
 rejoice ; It. & Fr. gala, fine attire, festivity. — Cf. 
 A.-S. 0oZ, luxurious; Ger. & Dut. geil, lustful, — 
 formerly, merry.] Brave ; high-spirited. 
 
 Gal-lant', a. [See Gallant, above.] Polite and 
 attentive to ladies.— 2. n. A man attentive to 
 ladies; a wooer; a paramour. — 3, r. a. [pp. gal- 
 lanting, gallanted.] To pay attention to ladies. 
 
 Gal-lant'ly, ad. In a gallant manner. 
 
 GJl'lant-ly, ad. Bravely ; generously. 
 
 Gal'lant-ry, n. Quality of being gallant :— show : 
 — bravery ; courage : — nobleness ; generosity : — 
 refined address to women. 
 
 Gall'-blad-der, v. (Anat.) A membranous sac 
 that receives the bile from the liver. 
 
 Gal'le-on, n. [Sp. galeon ; Fr. galion; It. galleone, 
 augmentative form of galea, a galley.] A large 
 ship with four decks. 
 
 Gal'ler-y, 7i. [Fr. galerie ; It. galleria; Late L. ga- 
 leria; originally prob- 
 ably a place of amuse- 
 ment ; galare, to re- 
 joice.] A covered 
 passage of greater 
 length than breadth : 
 — a balcony around a 
 building : — an apart- 
 ment in a church or 
 a ship. Ga,le y- 
 
 Gal'ley (galle), n. ; pi. Gal'leys. [Fr. 
 
 a, e, I, 6, u, y, long; a, e, I, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, x» obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
GALL-FLY 
 
 261 
 
 GANOID 
 
 galley (ship) ; gaU.Ce, a printer's galley ; Late L. 
 & It. galea, a galley; O. Fr. galie; Sp. gulera.] 
 A low, flat-bottomed vessel driven with oars and 
 sails : — a frame which receives the contents of 
 the printer's composing-stick. 
 Gall'-fly, h. A fly that causes galls on plants. 
 
 Gal'lic, \a- [h.gallicus; Gallus, a Gaul.] Re- 
 Gal' li-can, J lating to Gaul or France ; French. 
 
 Gall'ic, a. Eelating to the gall-nut. 
 
 Gal'li-can-ism, n. The former French ecclesias- 
 tical theory and system. 
 
 GaTli-cism, n. A French idiom or phrase. 
 
 Gal-li-gas'kins, n. pi. [0. Fr. gregues, yargesques, 
 greguexques', breeches, Greekish (hose) ; Fr. grC- 
 geoi% It. grechescho, Greek ; formerly a kind of 
 breeches : the last two syllables come from the 
 old idea in Engbmcl that the garment was of 
 Gascon origin.] Large hose or breeches. 
 
 Gal-li-mau'fry. n. [Fr. galimafrCe, a hash; gali- 
 mafrC, a clown (the latter name was assumed by 
 one Guerin, a noted clown of Paris, about 1809). 
 — < If. galimatias, a hodge-podge of ideas or words.] 
 A hash; a vile medley. 
 
 Gal-li-na'ceous (gal-le-na'shus), a. [L. gaUina- 
 ceus; gaUuia',a, hen; gullus, a cock.] Denoting 
 birds of the gallinacean or pheasant kind. 
 
 Gal'li-nip-per, n. A large mosquito. 
 
 Gal'li-pot, nl [0. Dut. gleypot, a clay pot.] A pot 
 painted and glazed : — [Fr. galipot] a resin found 
 on fir and pine trees. 
 
 Gall' -nut, n. An excrescence growing on a spe- 
 cies of oak, used in making ink ; nutgall. 
 
 Gal'lon, n. [Sp. galon; Late L. galo, or galona; 
 0. Fr. gallon, jalon. — Cf. Fr. jale, a bowl; L. 
 gonitis, Gr. -yauAos, a bucket : akin to Gill.] A 
 measure of four quarts. 
 
 Gal-lSSn', n. [Fr. & Sp. galon; It. gallone. — Cf. 
 It. & Sp. gala, finery.] A kind of lace. 
 
 Gal'lop, v. n. [Fr. galoper ; galop, a gallop; 0. 
 Flem. walop, a gallop; 0. Fr. waloper, to gallop; 
 a form of Wallop (q. v.). — Cf. Skr. xalg, to gallop. ] 
 [pp. galloping, galloped.] To move by leaps or 
 very fast. — 2, n. The swiftest motion of a horse. 
 
 Gal-lo-pade', u. A kind of dance. 
 
 Gal'lop-er, n. One that gallops. 
 
 Gal'lo-way, n. [From Gallowutj, in Scotland.] A 
 species of small horse. 
 
 Gal'lows (gal'lus, S. W. P. J. F. C. II. ; gal'loz, 
 J. St Ja.\ n. ; pi. Gal'lows-es. [A.-S. gahja, a 
 gibbet; 0. E. galive, pi. "</«Z<res.— Cf. Dan. galge, 
 Dut. gala, Ger. galgen, a. gibbet.] An erection 
 for hanging criminals : — suspenders. 
 
 Gall'-stone, n. A concretion in the gall-bladder. 
 
 Ga-loche' (ga-losh') [ga-losh', H. I. St.], n. ; pi. 
 Ga-16'ches (ga-lo'shez). [Fr. ; Gr. KaKoTroBiou, 
 dim. of KaXanrovs, a shoe ; Ka\ov, wood, and n-ov?, 
 7ro5o5, a foot. But Cf. L. gallka, a kind of shoe, 
 a Gallic shoe.] A shoe worn over another shoe, 
 or a boot, in wet weather. 
 
 Gal'op (or ga-lo), n. [Fr.— See Gallop.] A lively 
 sort of dance; also, the music for the dance. 
 
 Ga-lore', ad. [Irish gu leoir, goleor, in plenty.] 
 Abundantly ; in abundance. 
 
 Ga-losh'es, n. pi. See Galoche. 
 
 Gal-van'ic, a. Eelating to galvanism. — Galvanic 
 batter//, an apparatus for accumulating galvan- 
 ism ; the voltaic pile or battery. 
 
 Gal'van-ism, n. A branch of electricity named 
 from Galcani : voltaic or dynamic electricity. 
 
 Gal'van-Ize, v. a. [}yp. galvanizing, galvanized.] 
 To affect with galvanism. 
 
 Gal-va-nom'e-ter, n. [Galvanism and Metkr.] 
 An instrument for detecting currents of elec- 
 tricity. 
 
 Gam'bit, n. [Fr. gambit; It. gambetto, a trip, a 
 fall ; gamba, a leg.] An opening at chess. 
 
 Gam'ble, v. n. [A frequentative form of Game.] 
 [pp. gambling, gambled.] To play for money. 
 
 Gam'bler, n. One addicted to gambling. 
 
 Garn'Min?, v. Act of playing for money. 
 
 Gam-bo'gV [gam-bo.j', St H. Wb.], n. [Named 
 
 from Cambodia.] A gum-resin used in medicine 
 and as a pigment. 
 
 Gam'bol, v. n. [Fr. gambade, a, gambol; It. gam- 
 bata, a kick ; 0. E. gambaude, gamhaidd, gambold. 
 — See Gambeel.] [pp. gambolling, gambolled.] 
 To dance; to skip; to leap. — 2, n. A skip; a 
 hop; a leap for joy. 
 
 Gam'brel, n. [L. gamba, a hough ; Sp. gamba, a 
 leg; Gr. ndixirrj, a bend.] The hind leg of a 
 horse : — a crooked stick to hang meat on. 
 
 Game, n. [A.-S. gurnen, Dan. gam men, sport, 
 glee, joy.] Sport of any kind; play : — a single 
 match at play: — advantage in play: — field 
 sports : — animals pursued in the field or forest : 
 — a solemn contest ; as, the Grecian games. — 2, 
 v. u. [pp. gaming, gamed.] To play for money ; 
 to gamble. — 3, a. Courageous like a game-cock ; 
 plucky : — lame ; defective. 
 
 Game' -cock, n. A cock bred to fight. 
 
 Game'some (gam'sum), a. Frolicsome ; gay. 
 
 Game'some-ly. (gam'sum-le), ad. Merrily. 
 
 Game'ster, n. One addicted to gamiug. 
 | Gamin (ga-man), n. [Fr. slang; very doubtfully 
 conjectured to be for L. hormmcio, a manikin ; 
 homo, a man.] A neglected boy of the criminal 
 class ; a street Arab. 
 
 Gam'ing, n. Practice of gamesters; gambling. 
 
 Garn'mer, u. [For grandmother.] An old woman ; 
 grandmother. 
 
 Gam'mon, n. [0. Fr. gambon, Fr. jambon, It. gam- 
 bone, a ham, the thigh; L. gamba, a hough. — See 
 Gambrel.] The thigh or buttock of a hog 
 salted and dried: — backgammon : — [A.-S. gamen, 
 play, jest. — See Game] a hoax ; humbug. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. gammoning, gammoned.] To salt and dry 
 in smoke, as bacon: — to hoax: — to fasten a 
 bowsprit. 
 
 Gam-o-pet'a-lous, «■ [Gr. ya/u.os, marriage, union, 
 and neraXov, a leaf.] Having the petals united. 
 
 Gam'ut, n. [Fr. gamme. Tbe Greek letter y 
 [gamma) was formerly used to mark the gr (now 
 b), or seventh note in the musical scale. This 
 letter gamma was followed by ut (now do), the 
 first note of the next octave. [7 is a Latin con- 
 junction, and was arbitrarily chosen, like the 
 other names of the notes, from the syllables of a 
 Latin hymn.] The scale of musical notes. 
 
 Gam'y, a. Having the flavor of game; having a 
 somewhat high flavor : — showing game ; plucky. 
 
 Gan'der, n. [A.-S. gandra, older form ganra ; Dut. 
 gent; Gcr. ganserich; L. anser. — See Goose.] 
 The male of the goose. 
 
 Gang, c. n. [Icel. ganga, Scot, gang, to go; A.-S., 
 Dut., & Dan. gang, a walk ; Icel. gangr, a going, 
 a gang, a crowd.] [pp. ganging, ganged.] To 
 go; to walk. [Old E. & Scot.]— 2, n. A troop; 
 a company ; a band ; crew. 
 
 Gan'gli-on, n. ; pi. Gan'gli-a. [Gr. ■yayyA.toi'.] A 
 minor nerve-centre. 
 
 Gan-gli-on'ic, a. Pertaining to a ganglion. 
 
 Gang'-plank, n. A plank used in going on board 
 a ship. [eral furrows at once. 
 
 Gang'-plough (-plow), n. A plough that cuts sev- 
 
 Gan'grene (gang'gren), n. [Gr. ydyypaiva, an 
 eating; ypaiveiv, ■ypdeiv, to gnaw; Skr. gri, gras, 
 to eat.] The first stage of mortification :— a 
 mortification. — 2, v. a. [pp. gangrening, gan- 
 grened.] To corrupt and mortify. — 3, v. n. To 
 become mortified. 
 
 Gan'gre-nous, a. Mortified ; putrefied. 
 
 Gangue (gang), «. [Fr. ; root of Scot, gang, to 
 go.] (Min.) The matrix of an ore or the course 
 of a vein : — a substance containing ore. 
 
 Gang' way, n. A passage-way in a ship. 
 
 Gan'net, n. [A.-S. ganot, a sea-fowl.— Cf. Ger. 
 gans, a goose; Dut. gent, a gander (q. v.); Cym- 
 ric gan, Gr. xv v , L- anser, Skr. kansa, a goose.] 
 A large aquatic bird. 
 
 Ga'noid, a. [Gr. ydvos, splendor, and elSos, ap- 
 pearance.] Noting certain fishes with bony 
 plates or scales. 
 
 mien, sir j m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — g, Q, c, §, soft; p, £, g, g, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 
 
GANTLET 
 
 262 
 
 GATHER 
 
 Gant'let, n. [Corrupted from the Sw. gatlopp, a 
 gantlet; gata, a laue (see Gate), and lopp, a 
 course.— See Lope.] A military punishment in 
 which the criminal, running between the ranks, 
 receives a lash from each man. See Gauntlet. 
 
 0aol (jal), n. [0. Fr. gaiole, Fr. geule, a cage, a 
 jail ; Late L. gabia, dim. gabiola, a cage (q. v.).] 
 A prison : — also written jail. 
 
 ^aol'er ( jal'er), n. A keeper of a jail ; jailer. 
 
 Gap, «. [Icel. & Sw. gap, a gup; Dan. gab, a 
 mouth, a gap.] An opening ; a breach ; a passage. 
 
 Gape, or Gape, v. n. [A.-S. geapan, Dut. gapen, 
 Dan. gabe, Ger. gaff en, Skr. jabh, to yawn.] 
 [jjp. gaping, gaped.] To open the mouth wide ; 
 to yawn : — to crave : — to stare. — 2, n. Act of 
 gaping ; yawn. [several kinds. 
 
 Gar, n. [A.-S. gar, Icel. geirr, a spear.] A fish of 
 
 Garb, n. [0. Fr. garbe, comeliness; It. garbo, 
 grace, polish, style ; Ger. gerben, to polish, to 
 make ready : root of Scot, gar, to compel, — lit- 
 erally, to get ready. — See Gear, Garment.] 
 Dress ; clothes ; exterior appearance. 
 
 Gar'ba£e, n. [Probably from garble, to purify, to 
 sort 'out.— Cf. Fr. grabeau, refuse.] The entrails : 
 — offal; refuse: 
 
 Gar'ble, v. a. [Sp. garbillar, It. garbellare, to sift; 
 Sp. garbillo, Arab, gliirbal, Per. gharbil, a sieve. — 
 Cf. Sp. crlbillo, L. cribellwn, cribrum, a sieve.] 
 [pp. garbling, garbled.] To select and cull so 
 as to give a false impression ; to purify by assort- 
 ing ; to assort or pick out. 
 
 Gar' den (gar'dn or giir'den), n. [Ger. garten; Fr. 
 jardin; Prov. giardina: cognate with A.-S. geard, 
 a yard (q. v.).] A piece of ground enclosed, ap- 
 propriated to plants, flowers, or fruits; ground 
 highly cultivated. — 2, v. n. [pp. gardening, 
 gardened.] To cultivate a garden. 
 
 Gar'den-er, n. A cultivator of a garden. 
 
 Gar'den-ing (gar'dn-ing), n. Horticulture. 
 
 Gar'gle, v. a. [Fr. gargouiller, to gargle, to rattle, 
 to rumble ; Gr. yapydpt^eiv, to gargle : akin to 
 Gurgle. — See Gorge.] [pp. gargling, gargled.] 
 To wash, as the throat and mouth, with a liquid 
 preparation. — 2, n. A wash for the throat. 
 
 Gar'goyle, n. [Fr. gargouille, a water-spout. — See 
 Gorge.] A projecting water-spout. 
 
 Gar'ish, a. [0. E. gave, gauren, to stare : perhaps 
 variants of Gaze.] Gaudy; showy; staring. 
 
 Gar'land, n. [0. Fr. garlande ; Fr. guirlande; It. 
 ghirlanda; related to 0. Ger. wiara, a golden 
 ornament (see Wire). — Cf. L. virise, armlets.] A 
 wreath of branches or flowers : — an ornamental 
 band or wreath. — 2, v. a. [pp. garlanding, gar- 
 landed.] To deck with a garland. 
 
 Gar'lic, v. [A.-S. garleac ; gar, a spear, and leac, 
 a leek (q. v.).] A strong-scented plant. 
 
 Gar'lick-y, a. Containing or resembling garlic. 
 
 Gar'ment, n. [Fr. garniment; garnir, to garnish 
 (q. v.).] An article of clothing; dress. 
 
 Gar'ner, n. [0. Fr. gamier, Fr. grenier, L. grana- 
 riurn, a granary (q. ».).] A place for grain; a 
 granary. — 2, v. a. [pp. garnering, garnered.] 
 To store, as in a granary. 
 
 Gar'net, n. [Fr. grenat; It. granato; L. granatmm, 
 a pomegranate ; qranatus, having seeds or grains ; 
 granum, a grain (q. v.). The mineral was prob- 
 ably named from its resemblance in color to the 
 interior of a pomegranate.] A red mineral : — a 
 tackle. 
 
 Gar'nish, v. a. [Fr. garnir, part, garnissant, to 
 decorate, to fit out, to provide, — originally, to 
 forewarn; 0. Fr. guarnir, warnir. — See Warn.] 
 [pp. garnishing, garnished.] To decorate with 
 appendages : — to warn. — 2, n. Decoration ; em- 
 bellishment : — a fee. 
 
 Gar-nish-ee', n. (Law.) A person in whose hands 
 the property belonging to another is attached. 
 
 Gar'nish-ment, v. Ornament : — legal notice. 
 
 Gar'nj-ture, n. Embellishment ; ornament. 
 
 Gar' ret, n. [Fr. garite, a ship's top, a lookout ; 
 0. Fr. garir, warir, to guard, to keep; A.-S 
 
 warian, to defend.— See Wary.] The uppermost 
 room of a house. 
 
 Gar-ret-eer', n. One who lives in a garret. 
 
 Gar'ri-son (giir're-sn), n. [Fr. garuison; garnir, 
 to stock, to supply. — See Garnish.] Soldiers or 
 guard for a fortified place; a fortified place. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. garrisoning, garrisoned.] To fortify. 
 
 Gar-rote' [ga-rof, St. I.], u. [Sp. garrote (gar- 
 ro'ta), dim." of garra, a clutch, a talon.] A mode 
 of capital punishment practised in Spain, and 
 performed by strangling a criminal with an iron 
 collar. — 2, v. a. [pp. garroting, garroted.] To 
 rob a person after disabling him by throttling 
 him : — to punish by the garrote. 
 
 Gar-ru'li-ty, v. [L. garrulitas.] The talkativeness 
 of old age ; loquacity. 
 
 Gar'ru-lous, a. [L. garridus; garrire, to chatter; 
 Skr. gir, speech.] Prattling; prating; talkative. 
 
 Gar'ter, w. [0. Fr. & Walloon garbier; Fr. jarre- 
 Here; jerret, 0. Fr. garret, a leg; Breton garr, 
 Irish cara, the shank or leg.] A string, ribbon, 
 or elastic band, to hold up the stocking : — the 
 mark of an English order of knighthood :— chief 
 English king of arms. — 2, v. a. [pp. gartering, 
 gartered.] To bind with a garter; to invest 
 with the order of the Garter. [yard. 
 
 Garth, n. [See Garden and Yard.] A garden ; a 
 
 Gas, n. ; pi. Gas'e§. [Invented by Van Helmont, 
 a Flemish experimenter in the seventeenth cen- 
 tury; conjectured to be for Dut. geest, Ger. geist, 
 spirit or ghost (q. v.).] A permanently elastic, 
 aeriform fluid or air. 
 
 Ga.s-con-a.de', n. [Fr. gasconnade, a boast; Gascon, 
 a native of Gascony, a boaster.] A boast; a 
 bravado. — 2, v. n. [pp. gasconading, gascon- 
 aded.] To boast; to brag; to bluster. 
 
 Gas/e-ous, a. Having the form or state of gas. 
 
 Gas'-f lx-ture, n. A bracket or chandelier for gas. 
 
 Gash, v. a. [Corrupted from 0. E. garsh or game; 
 0. Fr. garser, to cut; Late L. garsa, a cut. — Cf. 
 Gr. xapa|is, a cut.] [pp. gashing, gashed.] To 
 " e a gash " 
 aping wound. 
 
 Gas r -light (gas'lit), n. The light produced by 
 the combustion of carburetted hydrogen gas. 
 
 Gas'-me-ter, n. A measure for gas. 
 
 Gas'o-lene", n. [Gas, and L. oleum, oil.] A volatile 
 hydrocarbon. 
 
 Gasp [gasp, H. ; gasp, I. St.], v. n. [Icel. geispa; 
 Sw. gdspa; 0. Norse gapsa; which may be a 
 frequentative of Gape.] [pp. gasping, gasped.] 
 To catch for breath. — 2, n. A catch of breath. 
 
 Gas'ter-p-pod, n. ; pi. Gas'ter-o-pods, or_Gas-ter- 
 op'o-da. [Gr. yao-rrip, the belly, and 7rous, iroo~6s, 
 a foot.] A mollusk that walks by a ventral disk. 
 
 Gas'tric, a. [Gr. yao-rrip, yao-repo<; or yaarpoq. 
 the belly.] Eelating to the belly or stomach. 
 
 Gas-tril'o-quist, n. [L. gaster, the belly, and 
 loqtn, to talk.] A ventriloquist. 
 
 Gas-trl'tis, n. [Gr. yao-nqp, the belly, and the 
 term -itis, denoting inflammation.] An inflam- 
 mation of the stomach. 
 
 Gas-tro-nom'ic, a. Relating to gastronomy. 
 
 Gas-tron'o-mist, n. An epicure. 
 
 Gas-tron'o-nry., n. [Gr. yaar^p, the belly, and 
 vo/u.0?, a rule.] Delight in eating ; epicurism ; 
 the science or the art of good living. 
 
 Gate, n. [A.-S. geat, Dut. gat, a gate or opening. 
 — Cf. Dan. gade, Ger. gasse, a street: the latter 
 are distinct from the others, but are kindred 
 forms, being represented by the Scot, gate, a 
 way, a course. Eoth are related to get in the 
 sense of to reach.] The door of a city, castle, 
 palace, building, or yard: — an avenue; a way. 
 
 Gate'-way, n. A passage having a gate. 
 
 Gatfi'er, v. a. [A.-S. gsedrian, gaderian; Dut. gade- 
 ren;' A.-S. & Dut. gader, together.] [pp. gath- 
 ering, gathered.] To collect; to pick up; to 
 glean : — to assemble : — to contract : — to pucker. 
 — 2, v. n. To be condensed : — to assemble. — 3, n. 
 A pucker ; cloth drawn together. 
 
 cut deep ; to make a gash in. — 2. n. A deep cut ; 
 
 a, e, I, 6, u, y, long; a., e, i, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fSst, fall; heir, her 
 
GATHERER 
 
 263 
 
 GENERALITY 
 
 Gatft'er-er, n. One who gathers ; a collector. 
 
 Gath'er-ing, n. An assembly : — an abscess. 
 
 Gat'ling-g-un, n. [From Galling, the inventor.] 
 A inachine-gun or mitrailleuse. 
 
 Gaucherie (gosh-re), n. [Fr. ; gauche, left-handed.] 
 Awkwardness; clumsiness; bungling: — an awk- 
 ward action. 
 
 Gaud, n. [L. gaudium, joy ; gnudere, Gr. yaleiv, to 
 rejoice.] A trinket; a piece of finery. 
 
 Gau'di-ljj, ad. In a gaudy manner; showily. 
 
 Gau'di-nlss, n. Showiuess ; tawdry show. 
 
 Gau'dy, a. [See Gaud.] Showy; tawdry; gay. 
 
 Gauge' (gaj), v. a. [Fr. j auger ; 0. Fr. gauger ; 
 jauge, a gauge ; Late L. gaugia, a measure.] 
 [pp. gauging, gauged.] To measure with re- 
 spect to the capacity or contents of a vessel. — 
 2, n. A measure; a standard. 
 
 Gaug'er (gaj'er), n. One who gauges. 
 
 Gauging, n. The art of measuring vessels or 
 casks, as hogsheads, barrels, vats, etc. 
 
 Gaul'ish, «. Relating to the Gauls; Gallic. 
 
 Gaunt (gant) [gawnt, St. S. P.], a. [Cf. Norse 
 gaud, a stick, a thin man, a tall stripling.] 
 Thin; slender; lean; meagre. 
 
 Gaunt'let [gawnt'let, St. I. P. Ja.], n. [Fr. gante- 
 let, dim. of gant, a glove. — Cf. Dan. vante, Dut. 
 want, a mitten.] An iron glove. See Gantlet. 
 
 Gaunt'ly. (g^nt'le), ad. Leanly ; slenderly. 
 
 Gauze, n. [Fr. gaze; Late L. gazzatum: named 
 from Gaza, in Syria] A kind of thin, trans- 
 parent silk. 
 
 Gau'zy, a. Relating to or resembling gauze. 
 
 Gave, i. from glee. 
 
 Gav'el, >/. [Fr. javelle, 0. Fr. gavelle, It. gavella, 
 a heap of straw or grain. — Of. Late L. capella, 
 a handful ; L. capere, to take ; Welsh gafael, a 
 holding.] A pile of reaped grain: — [Cf. Ger. 
 gaffel, a fork] a mallet. 
 
 Gav'el-kind, n. [Possibly derived from A.-S. 
 guwl, tax, and cyud, kind, condition, or sort; 
 more probably the Celt, gabal-cined; gabal, a 
 branch or share, and cined, a family.] The dis- 
 tribution of land among heirs. 
 
 Ga'vi-al, n. [LV-ng. gharkd.] An Asiatic crocodile. 
 
 Gav'ot, or Ga-vot', n. [Fr. gavot, fem. gavotte, 
 belonging to Gap, a town.] A kind of dance. 
 
 Gawk, m. [A.-S. geac, Ger. ganch, Scot, gowk, a 
 cuckoo ; L. cuens, a cuckoo, a fool. Many bird- 
 names are used as synonymes of fool in almost 
 every language.] A cuckoo :— a booby ; a gawky. 
 
 Gawk'y., n. [A dim. of Gawk.] A stupid or 
 awkward person. — 2, a. Awkward; ungainly. 
 
 Gay (ga), a. [Fr. gai; Ger.jahe, gay, rash : allied 
 to Go.] Airy ; cheerful ; jovial ; merry ; sportive . 
 — fine ; finical ; showy ; gaudy. 
 
 Gay'e-ty,, n. [Fr. gaiete. | Cheerfulness; joy; 
 mirth :— finery ; show : — also written gaiety. 
 
 Gay'ly., ad. Merrily; cheerfully :— finely. 
 
 Gaze, v. n. [Local Sw. g<is«, to stare.] [pp. 
 gazing, gazed.] To look intently and earnestly ; 
 to stare ; to gape. — 2, n. Intent regard ; a look 
 of wonder. 
 
 Ga-zelle', n. [Fr. ; Arab, ghazal] A small, beau- 
 tiful antelope. 
 
 Ga-zette', n. [Fr. ; It. gazzetta, a small coin, dim. 
 of L. gaza, Gr. yd£a, wealth ; of Persian origin: 
 it is said that this coin, worth about half a cent, 
 was paid for the privilege of reading the first 
 new s-sheets ; or perhaps the word is derived 
 from It. gazzetta, dim. of gazza, a magpie, a chat- 
 terer.] A newspaper. — 2, v. a. [pp. gazetting, 
 gazetted.] To insert in a gazette. 
 
 Gaz-et-teer', n. A writer or publisher of news : — 
 a geographical dictionary. 
 
 Pear, n. [A.-S. gearwe, preparations, adornments; 
 gearu, ready ; Dut. guar, dressed. — See Garb.] 
 Furniture ; accoutrements ; dress : — ornaments : 
 — stuff; goods: — harness; gearing. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. gearing, geared.] To put in harness : — to 
 connect by gearing. — 3, v. n. To fit together, as 
 toothed wheels. 
 
 J&ear'ing, n. A series of wheels working into one 
 another to transmit motion ; toothed wheels. 
 
 peck'6, n. ; pi. (Seck'oes. [Named from its cry.] 
 A kind of lizard. 
 
 (Seese (§es), n. The plural of goose. 
 
 freez, n. The old Ethiopic language. 
 
 pe-hen'na, ». [Heb. ge-hinom, the valley of Hin- 
 nom.] Hell; luture punishment. 
 
 £el'a-tine, n. [Fr. gelatine; L. gelare, gelalum, to 
 congeal; gelu, frost.] A viscous substance of 
 animal origin. 
 
 ge-lat'i-nlze, v. a. [pp. gelatinizing, gelatinized.] 
 To convert into gelatine or jelly. 
 
 ^e-lat'i-nous, a. Containing gelatine or jelly; 
 Viscous ; cohesive ; like glue. 
 
 j3-eld, *.'. a. [Icel. gelda ; Dan. gilde.] [L gelded 
 or gelt ; pp. gelding, gelded or gelt.] To cas- 
 trate; to mutilate, [trated horse. 
 
 p-eld'ing, >i. [Icel. gelding ; Dan. gilding.] A cas- 
 
 grel'id (jel'id), a. [L. gelidns, cold; gelu, frost: 
 probably akin to Chill.] Extremely cold. 
 
 pelt, i. & p. of geld. 
 
 gem (jem), n. [L. gemma, a bud, a jewel : prob- 
 ably related to L. gemere, to swell (hence, to 
 sigh); Gr. ye/xecv, to swell.] A jewel; a pre- 
 cious stone : — a bud. — 2, v. a. [pp. gemming, 
 gemmed.] To adorn, as with jewels or buds 
 3, c. n. To put forth the first bu 
 
 Gem l-ni, 
 
 ; to bud. 
 pi. [L. for "twins."] The Twins, 
 Castor and Pollux; the third sign in the zodiac. 
 
 Gem'mate, a. (Biol.) Producing gemmae, or buds : 
 —reproducing by buds ; gemmiparous. 
 
 Gem-ma'tion, it, [L. gemmatio ; gemmare, to bud.] 
 (Biol.) Budding : — a mode of reproduction in 
 some of the lowest animals by the development 
 of buds on the parent, which form new indi- 
 viduals or remain attached as independent or- 
 ganisms : — that process by which certain animals 
 reproduce parts which they have lost. 
 
 Gem'me-ous, a. [L. gemmeus.] Pertaining to or 
 like gems. 
 
 Gem-mif er-oiis, a. [L. gemma, a bud, and ferre, 
 to bear.t Propagating by buds. 
 
 Gem-mip a-rofis. a. [L. gemma, a bud, and parere, 
 to produce.] Reproducing by buds. 
 
 Gem-mu-la'tion, n. Multiplication or reproduc- 
 tion by buds' or gemmules ; gemmation. 
 
 Gem'mule, n. [L. gemmula, dim. of gemma, a bud.] 
 A little bud. 
 
 Gem'my. (jem'me), a. Resembling gems. 
 
 pems'bok, n. [Dut. ; Ger. gemse, a chamois, and 
 bock, a buck.] A South African antelope. 
 
 Gendarme (zhan-darm'). n. [Fr. ; from gens d'armes, 
 men of arms.] A military man. — The gendarme*, 
 gens d'ormes, or gendannerie, are a body of police 
 in France. 
 
 Gen'der, v. [Fr. genre, kind ; L. gemis, generis (see 
 Genus) ; generare, to generate (<;. v.).] A sex : — 
 the distinction in regard to sex. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 gendering, gendered.] To beget ; to engender. 
 — 3, v. n. To copulate ; to breed. 
 
 Gen-e-a-log'i-cal, a. Relating to genealogy, or 
 to descent of families. 
 
 Gen-e-al'o-|-ist, n. One who traces descents. 
 
 Gen-e-al'o-fy. [je-ne-al'o-je, W. P. F. Ja. Sm. St. 
 I.],' n. '[Gr. yevea\oyia; yeved, race, descent, 
 and Aoyo?, a treatise.] The pedigree, or a his- 
 tory of the succession, of families : — a successive 
 se;ies of families. 
 
 Gen'e-ra (jen'e-ra), n. The plural of genus. 
 
 Gen'er-al, «• [L. generalis, common, belonging to 
 a genu's or class.] Relating to a genus or whole 
 class : — public ; extensive ; common : — compen- 
 dious. — 2, )j. A high military officer ; the com- 
 mander of an army : — the whole ; the total ; the 
 public. — In general, in the main. 
 
 Gen-er-al-is'si-mo, n. [It. ; from generate, a gen- 
 eral, with the superlative suffix -issimo.] The 
 commander-in-chief of a very large army. 
 
 Gen-er-al'i-ty. n. [Fr. generalite.] The main 
 body ; the bulk : — a vague or general statement. 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q, Q, 9, §, soft ; p, p, p, g, hard; s as z ; x as gz ; this. 
 
GENERALIZATION 
 
 264 
 
 GERANIUM 
 
 gten-er-al-i-za'tion, n. The act of generalizing: 
 — a' general statement; a general inference. 
 
 ^en'er-al-ize, v. a. [pp. generalizing, general- 
 ized.] ' To arrange under general heads : — to re- 
 duce to a genus. — 2, v. n. To form classes or 
 genera; to draw general inferences or conclu- 
 sions from individual instances. 
 
 £en'er-al-ly, ad. In general ; commonly. 
 
 gten'er-al-ship, n. The conduct of a general. 
 
 §ren'er-ate, v. a. [L. generare, generatum, to pro- 
 duce. — See Genus.] [ pp. generating, generated.] 
 To beget ; to produce"; to cause. 
 
 £ren-er-a'tion, n. The act of begetting : — a race ; 
 offspring :'— a single succession ; an age. 
 
 gten'er-a-tive, a. Producing; prolific. 
 
 gen'er-a-tor, n. He who or that which produces. 
 
 gre-ner'ic, a. [See Genus.] Relating to, or em- 
 bracing, the genus. 
 
 5re-ner'i-cal-ly, ad. With regard to the genus. 
 
 £ren-er-os'i-ty.,'r?. Liberality in dispensing favors; 
 magnanimity ; munificence. 
 
 §ren'er-ous, a. [L. generosus, of noble birth. — See 
 Genus.] Magnanimous; noble; liberal; mu- 
 nificent :— strong ; courageous. 
 
 gen'er-ous-ly, ad. In a generous mariner. 
 
 Qen'e-sis, n. [Gr. yevecris, source, origin ; yev- 
 vaeiv, to beget.] The first book of Scripture : — 
 the act or process of producing or originating 
 any thing ; the mode or conditions of reproduc- 
 tion ; origination. 
 
 Qren'et, n. [Sp. ginete, a horseman, ahorse; from 
 the' Zenete, a Berber tribe, famous in Spanish 
 annals; more probably from L. ginnus, a mule.] 
 A small Spauish horse : — [Fr. genette ; Sp. gineta ; 
 Arab, djerneit] an animal of the weasel kind. 
 
 Qe-net'ic, «. Relating to birth or origin. 
 
 Gre-ne'va, n. [Fr. genievre, juniper; Dut. jenever, 
 juniper, gin ; a popular error gave the word the 
 form of Geneva, a town name.] A spirituous 
 liquor; gin. 
 
 9e'ni-al, a. [L. genialis, agreeable,— properly, 
 pertaining to generation or birth. — See Genus.] 
 Causing production : — cheerful; merry; kindly; 
 sympathetic. [fulness; kindliness. 
 
 ge-ni-al'i-ty, n. Quality of being genial; cheer- 
 
 Qe'ni-al-iy, ad. In a genial manner. 
 
 SJ-e-nic'u-late, a. [L. genicidare, geniculalum, to 
 bend the'knee ; genioulnm, dim. of genu, the knee 
 (q. v.).] (Bot.) Knee-jointed. 
 
 0e-nic-u-la'tion, n. Knottiness; a join ting. 
 
 £re'nie (je'ne), n. [Arab, jinnee, pl.jtnn; perhaps 
 for L. genius, a tutelary spirit.] (Moham. Myth.) 
 A spirit. 
 
 ^en'i-tal, a. [L. genitalis; gignere, gentium, to be- 
 get.] ' Belonging to generation. 
 
 gen'i-tive, a. [L. genetivus, belonging to birth or 
 origin ; gignere, to beget ; this case denotes pri- 
 marily the origin or source, and is called the 
 " whence case."] (Gram.) Applied to the sec- 
 ond case of Latin, Greek, and German nouns; 
 
 £en'i-tor, n. [L.] A father; a sire. 
 
 £ren'ius, or ^e'ni-us, n. ; pi. £en'ius-e§. [L. ge- 
 nius, the native quality, inborn faculty ; gignere, 
 to beget.] Inborn bent of mind ; mental power ; 
 power of invention ; peculiar cast of mind; dis- 
 position of nature; talent: — a man of great 
 mental power. [evil; a tutelary divinity. 
 
 9e'ni-us, w. ; pi. ge'ni-I. [L.] A spirit, good or 
 
 Genre (zhon'r), n. [Fr.— See Gender.] Method 
 or style in painting : — a style of art which depicts 
 scenes from every-day life. — 2, a. Noting paint- 
 ings of every-day scenes. 
 
 gen-teel', a. '[Fr.' geuiil ; L. gentilis, belonging to 
 a family ; gens, gentis, a clan.] Polite ; well- 
 bred ; polished; elegant; civil; graceful: — ele- 
 gantly dressed. 
 
 (?en-teel'ly, ad. Elegantly ; politely. 
 
 5en'tian ( jen'shan), n. [L. gentiana : said to be 
 named from Genlius, an Illyrian king.] A plant 
 and its flower 
 
 gen'tile ( jen'til), n. [L. gentilis, a pagan ; from 
 gens, gentis, a nation or race.] A pagan ; a hea- 
 then. — 2, a. Belonging to heathens. 
 
 Cren-til'i-ty., n. Dignity of birth : — elegance of be- 
 havior; gracefulness; politeness. 
 
 Qren'tle, a. [A variant of Genteel.] Soft; mild; 
 meek : — well-born. 
 
 gen' tie-folk (-fok), or Qen' tie-folks (-foks), n. pi. 
 Persons distinguished from the vulgar; gentry. 
 
 5en'tle-man, n. A man raised above the vulgar 
 by birth,' education, condition, or profession ; a 
 man of refinement and honor. 
 
 gren' tie-man-like, ) a. Becoming a gentleman ; 
 
 g-en'tle-man-ly, j honorable ; polite. 
 
 pen'tle-ness, n. Quality of being gentle; softness 
 of manners ; mildness. 
 
 <?en'tle-wom-an (jen'tl-wum-an), n. A woman 
 above the vulgar; a lad}'. 
 
 gen'tly, ad. Softly ; meekly ; tenderly. 
 
 §ren'try, n. [0. Fr. genterise, gentillece, from gentil, 
 gentle, like Fr. noblesse from noble.] A class of 
 people above the vulgar. 
 
 §ren-u-flect\ v. n. [pp. genuflecting, genuflected.] 
 To make genuflections. 
 
 ge-nu-flec'tion, n. [L. genu, the knee (g. v.), and 
 flectere, flexum, to bend.] The act of bending 
 the knee. 
 
 Qe-nu-flex'ion. n. Same as Genuflection. 
 
 <?en'u-ine ( jen'yu-in), a. [L. genuinus, true to its 
 genus or kind.] Belonging to the original stock ; 
 native; free from adulteration; uncorrupt; not 
 spurious; authentic; real; true. 
 
 gen'u-ine-ness, n. State of being genuine. 
 
 gre'nus, n. ; pi. gen'e-ra. [L. genus, Gr. yeVo?, 
 race ; L. gignere, to beget ; Gr. yiyvto-Qai, to be 
 born ; Skr. jan, to beget.] A race or family : — a 
 class of beings comprehending under it different 
 6pecies. See Species. 
 
 £re-o-cen'tric, a. [Gr. yr\, the earth, and /ceVrpov, 
 the centre.] Having the earth for its centre : 
 — opposed to heliocentric. 
 
 Q-e'ode, n. [Gr. yeu8r)s, earthy; yr), the earth, 
 and elSos, form.] A hollow stone ; a hollow in 
 a stone. 
 
 $e-od'e-sy, n. [Fr. geodesie ; Gr. yi), the earth, 
 and Saielv, to divide, to lay off in shares.] The 
 art of measuring the earth : — land-surveying. 
 
 ge-o-det'ic, a. Relating to geodesy. 
 
 gre-og'no-sy, n. [Gr. yg, the earth, and yvd>c7-i?, 
 knowledge.] Geology, or a branch of it. [phy. 
 
 £e-og'ra-pher, n. One who is versed in geogra- 
 
 Qe-9-graph^c, 1 Relating to geography. 
 
 ge-o-graph'i-cal, J , , 
 
 Qe-og'ra-phy, n. [Gr. yaaypa^ia ; yrj, the earth, 
 and y'pd^elv, to write.] A description of the 
 earth : — a book containing a description of the 
 earth ; the science which treats of the earth's 
 surface. 
 
 £e-o-log'i-cal, a. Relating to geology. 
 
 £e-ol'o-gist, n. One who is versed in geology. 
 
 ge-ol'o-fy. n. [Gr. yrj, the earth, and Ao-yos, a 
 treatise.] The science which treats of the for- 
 mation and structure of the earth, its soil, 
 rocks, strata, organic remains, &c, and the 
 changes it has undergone. 
 
 ge-om'e-ter, n. One skilled in geometry. 
 
 gg-o-mit'ric, \ a. Pertaining or according to 
 
 ge-o-met'ri-cal, ( geometry. 
 
 (?e-om-e-tri"cian, n. One versed injjeometry. 
 
 9e-om'e-try, n.' [Gr. yew/u.eTpia ; yrj, the earth, 
 and juerpo'v, measure.] The science of the rela- 
 tions of magnitude ; or the science which treats 
 of solids, surfaces, lines, and angles. 
 
 g-eorge (jorj), n. A figure of St. George on horse- 
 back, worn by the knights of the Garter. 
 
 gebr'gic (jbr'jik), a. [L. georgicus ; Gr. yecopyi- 
 kos ; yecopyia, tillage ; yr), the earth, and epyetv, 
 to work; yeu>pyo?, a farmer.] Relating to agri- 
 culture. — 2, n. A poem on agriculture. 
 
 g-e-ra'ni-iim.w. [Gr. ytpdvLov; yepavos, a crane.] 
 A plant; crane's-bill. 
 
 a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, i, 6, Q, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall* heir, her; 
 
GEKFALCOX 
 
 265 
 
 GIMCRACK 
 
 Ger'fal-con (jer'faw-kn), n. [Late L. gyrofalco ; 
 gyrare, to circle, and falco, a falcon (g. v.).] A 
 bird of prey. 
 
 Germ, n. [Fr. germe ; L. germen, germinis.] A 
 sprout; a shoot; a bud : — origiu. 
 
 Ger'man, a. [See Germane.] Akin; related. — 
 Cousin-german, a first-cousin. — German silver, a 
 silver alloy composed of nickel, copper, and 
 zinc— 2, n. [L. Germanus.] A native of Ger- 
 many: — a dance combining the principles of 
 round and square dancing. 
 
 Ger'man-der, or <jer-man'der, n. [Fr. german- 
 dree; It. calamandrea; Gr. x a M- at 'Spus ; x a P- at > 
 ground, and <Spv?, tree.] A plant; a shrub. 
 
 Ger-mane', a. [L. germanus, akin, or (».) a brother : 
 root of Germ.] Pertinent : — appropriate. 
 
 5'e'r'mi-nal, a. Relating to a germ. 
 
 £r<?r'mi-nate, v. a. [L. germinare, gerrninatum, to 
 bud;' germen, a bud, a germ (q. v.).] [pp. ger- 
 minating, germiuated.] To sprout; to shoot. — 
 2, f. a. To cause to sprout. 
 
 Ger-mi-na'tion, w. Act of sprouting; growth. 
 
 Ger'mi-na-tive, a. Pertaining to germination. 
 
 Ger-ry-man'der, v. a. & v. n. [From Elbridge 
 Gerry, who was accused of having introduced 
 the practice, and salamander: the outline of 
 one of his districts was compared to that of a 
 salamander.] [pp. gerrymandering, gerryman- 
 dered.] (Amer. Pol.) To rearrange electoral 
 districts so as to enable one political party to re- 
 turn more representatives than it is fairly en- 
 titled to. 
 
 Ger'und, w. [L. geritndium ; gerere, , to carry; ge- 
 rundum, that which is to be carried on or per- 
 formed.] A verbal noun, in Latin. 
 
 Ge-run'dive, n. A participle used like a gerund; 
 a participial noun. 
 
 5-es-ta'tion, n. [L. gestatio; gesture, frequentative 
 of gerere, to carry. J The act of bearing young 
 in the womb; pregnancy. 
 
 0es-tic'u-late, v. n. [L. gesticidari, gesticulatns, to 
 make gestures; gestiadns, dim. of geslns, a gest- 
 ure (q. v.).] [pp. gesticulating, gesticulated.] To 
 use gestures; to act. — 2, v. a. To act; to imitate. 
 
 Ges-tic-ii-la'tion, n. [L. gesticulatio.] Act of ges- 
 ticulating; representation by gestures ; action. 
 
 Gest'iire (jest'yur), n. [L. gestus, gesture, post- 
 ure; Late L. gestura; gerere, gestitm, to carry.] 
 Action or posture expressive of sentiment ; move- 
 ment of the body. — 2, v. «. [pp. gesturing, gest- 
 ured.] To gesticulate ; to make gestures. 
 
 Pet, w. a. [A.-S. & Goth. gUan; Icel. geta. L. 
 hendere and Gr. x av ^° LVeLV , to seize, are nasal- 
 ized forms from the same root.] [j. got; pp. 
 getting, got. — Formerly, i. gat, obsolete; p. got- 
 ten, obsolescent.] To procure ; to obtain ; to gain ; 
 to beget. — 2, v. n. To arrive at ; to become ; to 
 advance. 
 
 Get'-iip, n. Equipment; appointments; style. 
 
 Gew'gaw, n. [U. E. giuegove, Local Eug. gijT-gajf, 
 give and take, — reduplicated form of give.] A 
 showy trifle; a toy. —2, a. Showy, without 
 value; gaudy. 
 
 pey'ser, n. [Icel. geysir, a gusher; geysa, to gush 
 (q. v.).] An intermittent hot spring. 
 
 Ghast'li-ness, n. Frightful aspect. 
 
 Ghast'ly, a. [A.-S. gsestan, Goth usgaisjan, to 
 frighten.] Like a ghost; dismal; horrid. 
 
 Ghee, n. [Hind, ghi.] A kind of butter. [India.] 
 
 eher'kin, n. [Sw. gurka; Dut. agurkje ; 0. Dut 
 agurkken, agurke. — Cf. Pers. Jchiyar, a cucumber.] 
 A small pickled cucumber. 
 
 Ghost (gost), ii. [A.-S. & Sw. gast; Dut. geest; 
 Ger. & Dan. geist.] The soul of man ; a spirit : 
 —a spectre ; an apparition. 
 
 Gh5st'ly, a. Spiritual; relating to the soul. 
 
 Ghoul, b. [Pers. ghol.] A demon that feeds on 
 human flesh. 
 
 Gi'ant, n. [Fr. giant; L. gigas, gigantis ; Gr. yt- 
 yas.] A man of extraordinary size. — 2, a. 
 Large, like a giant ; gigantic. 
 
 Gl'ant-ess, n. A female giant. 
 
 Giaour (jour), n. [Pers. gaivr ; Turk, giaour or 
 jaur; from Arab. Jcafir, an infidel.] An infidel : 
 — applied by Turks to Christians. 
 
 Gib'ber, ». n. [A form of Jabber.] [pp. gibber- 
 ing," gibbered.] To speak inarticulately. 
 
 Gib'ber-ish, n. [0. E. gibberage ; from Gibber.] 
 Words without meaning ; confused, inarticulate 
 talk; slang. — 2, a. Canting; unintelligible. 
 
 Gib'bet (jib'bet), b. [Fr. gibet; Dut. wippen.—Cf. 
 Svf.'jippa, to jerk upward.] A gallows. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. gibbeting, gibbeted.] To hang or expose 
 on a gibbet. 
 
 Gib'bon, iz. [Fr. gibbon.— Cf. Gr. /crj|3o<r, Heb. kof, 
 Egypt, leaf, Skr. kapi, an ape.] A long-armed ape. 
 
 Gjb-bos'i-ty., n. Convexity; protuberance. 
 
 Gib'bous, a'. [L. gibbosus, hunch-backed ; gibbus, 
 bent, — also a hump ; gibber, humped ; Skr. ku.bja, 
 Gr. Kvfyos, crooked.] Convex ; protuberant. 
 
 Gib'bous-ness, n. Convexity; protuberance. 
 
 Gibe, v. n. [Possibly akin to Gab. — Cf. Icel. geip, 
 idle talk; geipa, to talk nonsense : more closely 
 allied to jab, a thrust.] [pp. gibing, gibed.] To 
 join censure with contempt. — 2, v. a. To scoff 
 at; to deride; to taunt. — 3, n. A sneer; a hint 
 of contempt; a taunt. 
 
 GiVing-ly, ad. Scornfully ; contemptuously. 
 
 Gib'iets, ii. pi. [Gael, giblian, giblets.— Cf. Fr. 
 gibelolte, a stew ; gibier, game ; L. gigeria, gib- 
 lets.] The eatable internal parts of a fowl. 
 
 Gid'di-ly, ad. In a giddy manner; unsteadily. 
 
 Gid'di-ngss, n. State of being giddy ; vertigo :— 
 levity; wiluness; fickleness. 
 
 Gid'dy, a. [A.-S. gyddian, to sing, to be merry; 
 gied, a song; Xorse gidda, to shake.] Vertigi- 
 nous; having a whirling sensation; whirling; 
 inconstant; wild; fickle. 
 
 Gier'ea-gde (jer'e-gl), n. [Dut. gier, Ger. geier, a 
 vulture.] A kind of large eagle. 
 
 Gift, n. [A.-S., Dut., & Ger. gift.— See Give.] A 
 thing given; a present; a donation; gratuity; 
 benefaction :— a talent; faculty. 
 
 Gift'e'd, a. Endowed with eminent powers. 
 
 Gig - , »• [Fr. gigne, a jig, a shank; It. giga. a jig; 
 Ger. geige, a jig, a fiddle. — See Jog and Shake.] 
 Any thing whined round: — a light chaise: — a 
 harpoon : — a boat. 
 
 Gi-gan'tic, «• [Gr. yiyavriKo? ; yiyas, a giant 
 (q. v.).] Like a giant; big; enormous. 
 
 Gig'&le (gig'gl), n. [A variant of Cackle; imi- 
 tative. — Cf. Ger. kichern, to giggle.] A kind of 
 laugh ; a titter. — 2, v. n. [pp. giggling, giggled.] 
 To laugh; to titter. 
 
 Gig'gler, n. A laugher ; a titterer. 
 
 Gild, i-.' o. [A.-S. gyldan ; Icel. gylla. — See Gold.] 
 [('. gilt or gilded ; pp. gilding, gilt or gilded.] To 
 overlay with gold in leaf or powder : — to adorn; 
 to illuminate. [guilder. See Guilder. 
 
 Gild'er, n. One who gilds: — a Dutch coin; a 
 
 Gild'ing:, n. The act of laying on gold: — gold 
 laid on a surface for ornament. 
 
 Gill (jil), n. [0. Fr. gelle; Late L. gillo, gella, a 
 Avine measure. — See Gallon.] The fourth part 
 of a pint : — [For Jill or Gillian, a woman's name ; 
 L. Juliana] ground-ivy. [gully. 
 
 Gill (£il)> »■ [Icel. gil, geil.] A glen ; a ravine; a 
 
 Gill§, n. pi. [Dan. ghille ; Sw. gal.—Cf. Jowl.] 
 The apertures of a fish's head which are the or- 
 gans for breathing. 
 
 Gil'ly-fiow-er, n. [Fr. giroftce, a clove gillyflower ; 
 girofle, a clove ; Gr. Kapv6<bv\Kov, a clove ; from 
 Kapvov, a nut, and (piiAAov, a leaf.] A garden 
 flower; stock. 
 
 Gilt, i. &p. of gild.— 2, n. Gilding. 
 
 Gim'bals [§im'- s H. I. Wb.], n. pi. [Fr. gemeau 
 (later jumeau), fern, gemelle, a twin ; L. gemellus, 
 a twin. — See Gemini.] Rings to suspend a sea- 
 compass. 
 
 Gim'crack, n. [0. E. gincraclc, a fop ; perhaps from 
 jimp, spruce, neat, and crack or crake, a lad, a 
 fop.] A trivial mechanism ; a toy. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son 
 M 
 
 bull, bur, rule, use. 
 
 -C. G, 5: 
 
 23 
 
 §, soft ; G, Gi P. £. '«wd ; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 
 
GIMLET 
 
 266 
 
 GLAKING 
 
 p-im'let, n. [Fr. gibelet ; 0. Fr. guimbelet; Eng. 
 wimble ; Ger. ivendelbohrer. — See Wind.] A small 
 instrument with a screw at its point for boring 
 holes : — sometimes written gimblet. 
 
 fjimp, n. [Ger. gimpf; probably from Fr. guimpe, 
 a wimple {q. v.). — Of. Guipure.] A kind of silk 
 twist or lace. 
 
 gtfn, n. [See Geneva.] A distilled spirit :— [For 
 ,- Engine {q. v.); influenced by Norse girma, to 
 deceive] a trap ; a snare : — a machine for raising 
 great weights : — a machine for separating the 
 seeds from cotton. — 2, v. a. [pp. ginning, 
 ginned.] To entrap : — to clean cotton. 
 
 £rin'ger, n. [L. zingiberi ; Fr. gingembre; Ger. 
 ingwer; Gr. £(.yyi'/3epis ; Skr. gringavera ; Arab. 
 zunjabil; Pers. chunkober. — Cf. Tamil inchi, gin- 
 ger, and ver, root.] A plant or root of a hot 
 quality. [containing ginger. 
 
 gtfn'£er-bread (jin'jer-bred), n. A sweet cake 
 
 Srin'Jer-lx, ad. [Cf. Local Sw. gingla, gangla, to 
 totter, to walk gently. — Cf. gang, to go.] Cau- 
 tiously ; timidly. 
 
 JSring-'ham (ging'am), n. [Fr. guingan; probably 
 from 'Guingamp, a town in France : some derive 
 it from Javanese ginggang, perishable, slight.] 
 A checkered cotton cloth. 
 
 Qing'ko, n. [A Japanese name.] A large Japan- 
 ese tree. [An aromatic root and plant. 
 
 Qrin'seng, n. [Chinese; dzhin, man, seang, form.] 
 
 Qip'sy, or Gip'sey, n. See Gypsy. 
 
 gi-raffe' fji-raf' or je-raf, H. ; je-raf, Wb. I.; 
 j'i-raf or zhi-raf, St.], n. [Fr. girafe; Sp. gi- 
 ro fa ; Arab, zarafa, jarafa. — Cf. Egypt, sorafe, 
 long-necked.] The tallest of quadrupeds; the 
 camelopard. 
 
 JSi'rd, v. a. [A.-S. gyrdan; Dut. gorden; Icel. 
 gyrda; Sw. gjorda; Dan. giorde; Ger. gurten; 
 Goth, bigairdan : akin to Garden.] [i. girt or 
 girded; pp. girding, girt or girded.] To bind 
 round; to invest: — [A.-S. geurd, a yard (q. v.), 
 a rod] to strike ; to reproach ; to gibe. — 2, v. n. 
 To sneer. — 3, w. A stroke or blow; a twitch; 
 a pang ; a gibe ; a sneer. 
 
 pi'rd'er, n. A large beam. 
 
 pi'r'die, n. [A.-S. gyrdel; Dut. gordel; Ger. gur- 
 tel. — See Gird.] A band or belt for the waist; 
 belt ; sash ; zone ; enclosure.— 2, v. a. [pp. gir- 
 dling, girdled.] To gird; to bind: — to make a 
 circular incision round a tree. 
 
 0-i'rl, n. [Low Ger. gb'r, a child ; Local Ger. gnrre, 
 a girl ; 0. E. girl, a young person of either sex.] 
 A young woman ; a female child. 
 
 pi'rl'hood (girl'hud), n. The time of being a girl. 
 
 P'irl'ish, a. Suiting a girl ; youthful. 
 
 JJ'irl'ish-ly, ad. In a girlish manner. 
 
 Jcrirt, i- & p. from gird. 
 
 pi'rt. \u. [Dan. giord; Goth, gairda. — See Gird.] 
 
 jSi'rth, J A band by which the saddle is fixed upon 
 a horse : — a bandage : — the compass measured 
 by a girt. — 2, v. a. [pp. girting, girted; girth- 
 ing, girthed.] To bind or encompass with a girt; 
 to encircle; to gird. 
 
 gist (jist), n. [0. Fr. gisle, Fr. gite, a lodging; gii, 
 it lies, — third person pres. ind. of the nearly ob- 
 solete gesir, L. jacere, to lie.] The main point 
 of a question or action, or that on which it 
 turns ; essence ; meaning. 
 
 ^it'tern, n. See Cithara. 
 
 Jcrive'(giv), v. a. [A.-S. gifan; Dut. geven ; Icel. 
 gefa; Dan. give; Ger. geben.] [i. gave; pp. giv- 
 ing, given.] To bestow; to confer; to yield; to 
 grant; to supply; to pay; to allow; to apply. — 
 2, v. n. To yield or give way, as to pressure : — 
 to melt or soften ; to thaw :— to open : — to afford 
 a view. — 3, n. Elastic quality. 
 
 piv'er, n. One who gives ; a donor. 
 
 Qiveij, w. pi. Fetters. See Gyve. 
 
 fjiz'zard, n. [Fr. gesier. — Cf. L. gigeria, giblets.] 
 The' musculous stomach of a fowl." 
 
 Gla'brous, a. [L. glaber, smooth. — Cf. Gr. yXa- 
 <£>upds,' smooth, hollowed.] Smooth. 
 
 Gla'ci-al (gla'she-al), a. [L. glacialis; glacies, ice: 
 remotely akin to Glass.] Icy ; frozen : like ice. 
 — Glacial period (Geol.), the period connecting 
 the tertiary and post-tertiary ages, marked by 
 indications of the action of ice. 
 
 Gla'ci-ate (gla'she-at), v. n. [pp. glaciating, gla- 
 ciated.] To turn into ice. 
 
 Gla-ci-a'tion (gla-she-a/shun), n. Act of freezing. 
 
 Glac_'i-er (glas'e-er) [gla'sher or gliis'e-er, H. St. ; 
 gla'she-er, /.],«.; pi. Glas'i-er§. [Fr. glacier- 
 glace, ice; L. glacies, ice; glaciare, to freeze.] 
 A field of ice and snow, as in the elevated val- 
 leys of the Alps. 
 
 Glacis (gla'sis or gla-ses') [gla'se or glii'sjs, H.], n. 
 [Fr. ; from glace, ice.] {Fart.) A sloping bank 
 of earth ; an insensible declivity or slope. 
 
 Glad, a. [A.-S. glsed, shining, glad ; Dut., Dan., & 
 Sw. glad, glad; Ger. glatt, smooth.] Much 
 pleased ; delighted ; cheerful ; gay ; elevated with 
 joy; joyful. — 2, v. a. [pp. gladding, gladded.] 
 To make glad ; to gladden. 
 
 Glad'den (glad'dn), v. a. [pp. gladdening, glad- 
 dened.] To make glad. 
 
 Glade, n. [Cf. Norse glette, glott, a clear place 
 among clouds ; gletta, to peep : akin to Glad 
 and Glitter.] A lawn or opening in a wood. 
 
 Glad'i-ate, a. {Bot.) Sword-shaped. 
 
 Glad'i-a-tor, n. [L. for "a swordsman ;" gladius, 
 a sword": akin to eludes, slaughter.] A sword- 
 player ; a prize-fighter ; a combatant. 
 
 Glad-i-a-to'ri-al, a. Relating to prize-fighters. 
 
 Glad'i-a-to-rjji'a- Same as Gladiatorial. 
 
 Gla-di'o-lus, in. ; L. pi. Gla-di'o-H; Eng. pi. Gla- 
 d'l'o-lus-es. [L. ; dim. of gladius, a sword.] A 
 bulbous plant. 
 
 Glad'ly, ad. Joyfully; with gladness. 
 
 Glad'ness, n. Cheerfulness; joy ; exultation. 
 
 Glad' some (glad'sum), a. Gay; delighted. 
 
 Glad'some-ness, n. Gayety ; delight. 
 
 Glair, n. [Fr. glaire, Sp. clara, It. chiara, white of 
 egg; L. clams, clear (q. v.), white. — See Glare.] 
 The white of an egg :— a halberd. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 glairing, glaired.] To smear with glair. 
 
 Glair'x, a. Relating to or resembling glair. 
 
 Glaivei n. [Fr. for " a sword ;" Welsh glaif, a 
 bill: akin to L. gladius, a sword.— See Clay- 
 more.] A broadsword : — a battle-axe. 
 
 Gla'mour, ) {or gla'mer) [glam'er, St. L], n. [Al- 
 
 Gla'mer j lied to Gleam.— Cf. Glamr, a spirit 
 much celebrated in Norse myths. Some derive 
 this word from grammar, which in the Middle 
 Ages was popularly associated with sorcery as a 
 mysterious art.] Fascination ; witchery ; charm. 
 
 Glance, n. [Sw. & Dut. glans, Dan. glands, Ger. 
 glunz, splendor; Local Sw. gliinta, to glance off. 
 — See Glint, Glitter.] A sudden shoot of light: 
 — a darting of the eye: — a snatch of sight; a 
 glimpse: — lustre of a mineral. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
 glancing, glanced.] To view with a quick cast 
 of the eye ; to play the eye ; to fly off obliquely : 
 — to censure by oblique hints. — 3, v. a. To dart 
 suddenly. 
 
 Gland, n. [L. glans, glandis, an acorn.] {Anat.) 
 A secreting organ of the body, composed of 
 blood-vessels, nerves, &c. 
 
 Glan'ders [gliin'der§, I.], n. pi. [From the glands, 
 which it affects.] A disease in horses. 
 
 Glan-dif'er-ous, a. [L. glandifer; glans, glandis, an 
 acorn, and ferre, to bear.] Bearing mast or acorns. 
 
 Glan'du-lar, a. Pertaining to the glands. 
 
 Glan'dule,' n. [L. glandula, dim. of glans, a gland.] 
 A small gland, as in plants. [glands. 
 
 Glan'du-lous, a. [L. glandidosus.] Relating to 
 
 Glare [glar, I. Si.], v. n. [A.-S. glser, amber, or 
 a pellucid substance ; Dut. gloran, Icel. glora, to 
 gleam.— Cf. Dan. glar, 0. Sw. glser, Icel. gler, 
 glass.] [pp. glaring, glared.] To shine so as 
 to dazzle the eyes, as lightning; to flare; to 
 Maze : _to stare. — 2, n. Dazzling light or lus- 
 tre; flame: — glassiness; smoothness. 
 
 Glar'ing, a. Blazing; dazzling: — notorious. 
 
 i, e, I, o, S, y, long; a, e, i, S, Q, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y obscure.— Jive, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
GLASS 
 
 267 
 
 GLOW 
 
 Glass, n. [A.-S. glees ; Dut, Sw., & Ger. gins. Like 
 many other words beginning with gl (root gal), 
 it conveys the idea of shining.] A hard, brittle, 
 transparent substance: — any thing made of 
 glass ; a glass vessel ; a cup : — as much as a glass 
 holds : — a looking-glass ; a mirror : — a telescope : 
 — an hour-glass. — 2, a. Vitreous ; made of glass. 
 — 3, v. a. [pp. glassing, glassed.] To cover with 
 glass ; to glaze : — to reflect, as a minor. 
 
 Glass' -blow-er (glas'blo-er), «. One whose busi- 
 ness it is to 'blow or fashion glass. 
 
 Glass'i-ness, n. Quality of being glassy. 
 
 Glass'y, a. Made of glass ; like glass ; vitreous. 
 
 Glau'ber's-salt, n, [From Glauber, a German 
 chemist, died 1668.] A sulphate of soda. 
 
 Glau-co'ma, n. [Gr. yAaiiKio/ua ; yAau/cos, green- 
 ish.] (Med.) A disease of the eye, — opacity of 
 the vitreous humor. [sea-green color. 
 
 Glau'cous, a. [L. glaucus; Gr. yAav/co?.] Of a 
 
 Glaze, v. a. [From Glass.] [pp. glazing, glazed.] 
 To furnish or cover with glass : — to polish. — 2, n. 
 A polishing substance : — a hard, smooth surface. 
 
 Gla'zier (gla'zher), ». One who glazes. 
 
 Glaz'ing, re. The act of furnishing with glass : — 
 a vitreous substance on potter's ware. 
 
 Gleam, n. [A.-S. glsem, glimu: akin to Glow, 
 Glimmer.] A sudden shoot of light; glimmer. 
 — 2, v. n. [pp. gleamiug, gleamed.] To shine 
 suddenly; to flash. 
 
 Glean, v. a. [Fr. glaner ; glome, a gleaning; Late 
 L. glena, a handful, — all probably from A.-S. 
 gihn, a handful, 0. E. gelm, gleme, yelm, to 
 glean.] [pp. gleaning, gleaned.] To gather 
 what is left or thinly scattered. — 2, n. A collec- 
 tion gleaned. 
 
 Glean'er, re. One who gleans or gathers. 
 
 Glean'ing, n. Act of gleaning; thing gleaned. 
 
 Glebe,')*. [Fr. glebe; L. glxba.] Turf; soil; 
 ground : — land belonging to a parish church or 
 to a benefice. 
 
 Glede, or Glead, re. [A.-S. glida; from glidan, to 
 glide.] A kind of hawk. ' , 
 
 Glee, n. [A.-S. gleow, gleo, gliw, glig, joy, music ; 
 Icel. ghj, glee.— Cf. Gr. xAevrj, a jest.] Joy; 
 merriment; mirth : — a song. 
 
 Glee'ful, a. Gay; merry; cheerful. 
 
 Glee'some (gle'sum), a. Merry; joyous. 
 
 Gleet,'". [A.-S. gilt: root of Glide.] A thin 
 matter running from a sore. 
 
 Gleet'y, a. Ichorv ; thinly sanious. 
 
 Glen, n. [Celt, gleam; Welsh, glyn.—Cf. Welsh 
 glan, a hill-side.] A narrow valley ; a dale; a vale. 
 
 Gle'noid, o. [Gr. yArjvoeiSijs ; yArjyyj, a socket.] 
 Like a shallow socket. 
 
 Glib, a. [Dut. glibberig, slippery ; glibberen, gUppeu, 
 to slip.] Smooth; slippery; voluble; quick. 
 
 Glib'ly, ad. Smoothly; volubly; quickly. 
 
 Glib'ness, re. Smoothness; slipperiness. 
 
 Glide, v. n. [A.-S. glidan ; Dut. glijden ; Dan. glide; 
 Ger. gleilen.] [pp. gliding, glided.] To flow or 
 move easily. — 2, n. Lapse; act of passing 
 smoothly : — a kind of dance. 
 
 Glim, re. [A form of Gleam.] A candle ; a light. 
 
 Glim'mer, v. re. [Dan. glimre ; Ger. glimmern; 
 frequentatives from the root of Gleam.] [pp. 
 glimmering, glimmered.] To shine or appear 
 faintly.— 2, «, [Sw., Dan., & Ger. glimmer.) A 
 faint, unsteady gleam of light; a ray. 
 
 Glimpse, v. n. [A variant of Gleam.] [pp. 
 glimpsing, glimpsed.] To appear by glimpses. 
 — 2, n. A faint or transitory view : — a gleam ; 
 a glance. 
 
 Glint, v. re. [Dan. glindse, to shine; Local Sw. 
 glinta, to gleam ; Dut. gliuster, a glittering : 
 closely akin to Glow.] [pp. glinting, glinted.] 
 To gleam ; to glisten ; to flash.— 2, n. A gleam , 
 a flash ; a glance. 
 
 Gils' ten (glis'sn), v. re. [A.-S. glisnian: akin to 
 Glitter.] [pp. glistening, glistened.] To shine ; 
 to sparkle. 
 
 Glis'ter, v. n. [0. Dut. glisteren, Dut. glinsteren, 
 
 Ger. glilzern, to glitter.] [pp. glistering, glis- 
 tered.] To shine; to glimmer; to glitter. 
 
 Glit'ter, v. n. [Sw. glittra; Icel. glita, glitra; A.-S. 
 glitian; 0. Sax. glitan; Ger. gleissen.] [pp. glit- 
 tering, glittered.] To shine ; to exhibit light or 
 lustre. — 2, n. Sparkling light ; specious lustre. 
 
 Gloam'ing, n. [A.-S. glomung, glom, twilight; 
 Scot. ' gloom, to gloom, to grow dark. — See 
 Gloom.] Incipient or partial darkness; a slight 
 degree of gloom ; shade ; twilight. 
 
 Gloat, v. re. [Icel. glolla, to grin; Dan. gloe, Ger. 
 glotzen, klolzen, to stare: akin to Glow'; influ- 
 enced in its meaning by Glut.] [pp. gloating, 
 gloated.] To stare with desire; to gaze with 
 satisfaction or longing. [globe. 
 
 GIS'bate, a. [L. globulus.'] Having the form of a 
 
 Globe, n. [L. globus. — See Glome.] A spherical 
 solid body ; a sphere ; a ball : — the earth ; the 
 world : — a spherical map of the earth or of the 
 heavens. [round. 
 
 Glo-bose', a. [L. globosus.] Globular; spherical; 
 
 Glo-bos'i-ty, n. Sphericity ; sphericalness. 
 
 Glo'bous, u.' Spherical ; round ; globular. 
 
 Glob'u-lar, a. Having the form of a globe or 
 sphere'; round; spherical. 
 
 Glob'ule, n. [L. globulus, dim. of globus, a globe.] 
 A small round particle, as of blood ; a little globe. 
 
 Glome, re. [L. glomus, a ball : akin to Globe and 
 Clew.] A roundish head of flowers. 
 
 Glom'er-ate, v. a. [L. glomerare, glomeratum ; glo- 
 mus,' glomeris, a ball.] [pp. glomerating, glom- 
 erated.] To gather into a ball. 
 
 Glom-er-a'tion, n. Conglomeration. 
 
 Gloom! m. [A.-S. glom: akin to Glow, Gleam. — 
 See Glum.] Dimness; darkness :— dismal ness ; 
 sadness; melancholy. — 2, v. n. [pp. gloom- 
 ing, gloomed.] To be dark or melancholy. 
 
 Gloom'i-ly., ad. Dismally ; not cheerfully. 
 
 Gloom'i-ness. n. State of being gloomy. 
 
 Gloom'y, «. Dark; dismal; melancholy. 
 
 Gl5-ri-fi-ca'tion, n. The act of glorifying. 
 
 Glo'ri-fy, v. a. [Fr. glorifier; L. glorificare; glo- 
 ria, glory, and facere, to make.] [pp. glorify- 
 ing, glorified.] To honor; to exalt to glory. 
 
 Glo'ri-ous, a. Noble; illustrious; excellent. 
 
 Glo'ri-ofis-ly., ad. Nobly ; illustriously. 
 
 Glo'ry, n. [L. gloria.] High honor; praise; re- 
 nown: — lustre; splendor: — pomp :— a circle of 
 ays round a head in paiuting. — 2, v. n. [L. gh>- 
 riari.] [pp. glorying, gloried.] To boast; to 
 exult; to be proud. 
 
 Gloss, n. [Fr. glose; L. glossa, a word requiring 
 explanation ; Gr. yAwcrcra, a tongue ; also, a 
 word requiring explanation.] A comment or 
 exposition : — [Icel. glossi, a blaze ; 0. Ger. glosen, 
 to glow; glosa, a glow] superficial lustre; a 
 smooth, shining surface. — 2, v. a. [pp. glossing, 
 glossed.] To explain by comment : — to palliate : 
 to smooth ; to embellish. 
 
 Glos'sa-rist, n. A writer of a gloss or glossary. 
 
 Glos'sa-ry, n. [L. glossarium ; glossa, a difficult 
 word'. — See Gloss.] A dictionary of difficult 
 words or phrases, or of uncommon words. 
 
 Glos'si-ness, n. State of being glossy ; polish. 
 
 Glos-s51'o-f y, n. [Gr. -yAdxro-a, a tongue, a hard 
 word, and Aoyo?, discourse.] The science of 
 languages : — the nomenclature of a science. 
 
 Glos'sy, a. Smooth and shining; polished. 
 
 Glot'tis, n. [Gr. yAajxris. — Cf. yAwrra, for yAaxr- 
 a-a.]' (Anat.) An opening in the larynx. 
 
 Glot-tol'o-gj;, n. [Gr. yAtoTra, a tongue, and Adyos, 
 a treatise.] Comparative philology ; glossology. 
 
 Glove (gluv), n. [A.-S. gluf; Icel. glofi.] A cov- 
 ering for the hand. — 2, v. a. [pp. gloving, 
 gloved.] To cover, as with a glove. 
 
 Glov'er, n. One who makes or sells gloves. 
 
 Glow, v. n. [A.-S. glowan, to glow; Dan. gloe; 
 Dut. gloeijen ; Ger. gluhen.] [pp. glowing, 
 glowed.] To shine with intense heat; to burn : 
 — to feel heat; to feel ardent passion. — 2, n. 
 Shining heat; passion: — brightness. 
 
 mien, sir ; m8ve, nor, son ; bull, biir, rule, use.— 5, 9, 5, g, soft; fs, js, p, §, hard; s as z ; 5 as gz ; this. 
 
GLOWING 
 
 268 
 
 GODWIT 
 
 G15w'ing\ p. a. Shining with heat; bright. 
 
 Glow'worm (glo'wiirm), n. A small insect that 
 shines in the dark. 
 
 Gloze, v. n. [Fr. ghser, 
 to comment, to explain, 
 to gloze. — See Gloss " 
 [pp. glozing, glozed 
 To flatter ; to com- 
 ment.— 2, v. a. To pal- 
 liate by specious ex- Glowworm, 
 position ; to smooth 
 
 over ; to put a fair face on. — 3, n. Flattery ; 
 specious show. 
 
 Glu'cose [glu-kos', St. J.], w. [Gr. yXvicvs, sweet.] 
 Sugar obtained from starch and from fruits. 
 
 Glue (glu), n. [Fr. glu; L. glus (glutti), gluten; 
 Gr. y\ia, yAoids.J A viscous substance; cem- 
 ent. — 2, v. a. [pp. gluing, glued.] To join with 
 glue or a viscous cement ; to cement ; to join. 
 
 Glu'ey (glu/e), a. Having the nature of glue. 
 
 Glum, a. [Local Ger. glumm : akin to Gloom.] 
 Sullen ; frowning ; stubbornly grave. 
 
 Glume, «. [L. gluma, a husk ; glubere, to peel. — 
 Cf. Gr. yAv<£eu/, to carve.] The husk of corn; 
 chaff of grass, &c. 
 
 Glut, v. a. [L. glulire, to swallow ; aula, throat ; 
 gulo, a glutton ; Skr. gri, gal, to eat.] [pp. glut- 
 ting, glutted.] To swallow : — to cloy ; to satu- 
 rate. — 2, n. More than enough; superabun- 
 dance ; repletion : — a large wooden wedge. 
 
 Glu'ten, n. [L. — See Glue.] A viscid, elastic 
 substance, found in wheat and other grains. 
 
 Glu'ti-nate, c a. [L. glutinere, glutinatum ; from 
 gluten, glue.] [ pp. gliitinating, glutinated.] To 
 join with glue ; to glue. [tenacious. 
 
 Glu'ti-noiis, a. [L. glutinosus.] Gluey; viscous; 
 
 Glu'ti-nous-ness, n. Viscosity ; tenacity. 
 
 Glut' ton (glut'tn), n. [Fr. glouton; L. gluto, ghi- 
 tonis. — See Glut.] One who eats to excess ; a 
 gormandizer : — a wolverene. 
 
 Glut'ton-ous, a. Given to excessive eating. 
 
 Gliit'ton-y, n. Excess in eating; voracity. 
 
 Glys'e-rine, w. [Fr. glycerine; Gr. yAv/cepds, for 
 yXvkvs, sweet.] A sweet, viscid liquid, extracted 
 from fatty substances : — written also glycerin. 
 
 Glyp'tic, n. [Gr. y\vnTLK6<;, carving; yA.v7rTo?, 
 carved; yXv4>eiv, to carve.] The art of en- 
 graving gems and precious stones. — 2, a. Per- 
 taining to gem-cutting. 
 
 Gnarl (narl), v. n. [Frequentative of 0. E. gnar, 
 to snarl; Dut. knorren, Dan. Jcnurre, Ger. Jcnurren, 
 to growl.] [pp. gnarling, gnarled.] To growl; 
 to snarl : — to twist ; to knot. — 2, n. [Dim. of 
 0. E. gnar, knur, a knot; 0. Dut. knor ; Dut. 
 knorf; Dan. knort, Icel. gnerr, Ger. knorren, a 
 knot.] A knot in wood. 
 
 Gnarl'ed (narl'ed), a. Knotty; twisted. 
 
 Gnar'ly. a. Having knots; knotty; gnarled. 
 
 Gnash (nash), v. a. [Sw. knastra; Dan. knaske; 
 Ger. knastern.] [pp. gnashing, gnashed.] To 
 strike together; to clash. — 2, v. n. To grind the 
 teeth. 
 
 Gnat (nat), n. [A.-S. gnset. — Cf. Sw. gnet, a nit.] 
 A small stinging insect. 
 
 Gnaw (naw), v. a. & v. n. [A.-S. gnagan, Dut. 
 knagen, Dan. gnave. — Cf. Ger. nagen, Dan. nage, 
 to gnaw.] [pp. gnawing, gnawed.] To bite ; to 
 corrode ; to wear away by biting. 
 
 Gneiss (nTs), n. [Ger.] (Min.) A stratified stone 
 resembling granite. 
 
 Gnome (nom), n. [Fr. ; probably Gr. yvu>ixy], in- 
 telligence.] An imaginary being ; a spirit. 
 
 Gnome (no'me or nom), u. [Gr. yv^^y, a maxim, 
 intelligence; yjwai, to know (q. v.).] A wise 
 saying. 
 
 Gnom'ic (nOm'ik). a. [Gr. yvtaixiKos. — See Gnome.] 
 Didactic ; sententious. 
 
 Gno'mon (no'mon), n. [Gr. for "interpreter;" 
 yvoiv'ai, to know (q. v.).] The hand or pin of a 
 dial : — an instrument for taking altitudes. 
 
 Gno-mon'ics (no-mon'iks), «. The art of dialling. 
 
 Gnos'tic (nfls'tjk), n. [Gr. yvtoariKos, knowing; 
 yvurog, yvioo-Tos, known; yvutats, knowledge; 
 yviivai, to know (q. v .).] One of certain early 
 sects of heretics. 
 
 Gnos'ti-ci§m, n. An ancient system of half- 
 Christian philosophy, of many sects. 
 
 Gnu (nu), n. [A Hottentot name.] (Zool.) An 
 African antelope, called horned horse, or wildebeest. 
 
 Go, v. n. [A.-S. gan, for gangan, to go; Dan. gaae ; 
 Sw.ga; Dut. gacin; Ger.' geheu.] [i. want; pp. 
 going, gone.] To walk; to move; to travel; to 
 proceed ; to pass.— 2, n. [Colloq.] Spirit ; enter- 
 prise :— a fashion ; prevailing mode. 
 
 Goad (god), n. [A.-S. gad, gadu; Icel. gaddr.— See 
 Gad.] A pointed stick to drive oxen. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. goading, goaded.] To drive with a goad ; 
 to incite; to spur; to irritate. 
 
 Go'-a-head (go'a-hed), a. Rapidty progressive; 
 pushing; energetic. [Colloq.] 
 
 Goal (gol), n. [Fr. gaide, a pole, winning-post; 
 Fris. waal; Goth, walus.] The point to which 
 racers run ; a starting-post : — final purpose ; end. 
 
 Goat, n. [A.-S. gal; Dut. geit; Ger. geiss ; Goth. 
 gaitsa; L. hsedus. — Cf. Eng. kid.] A well-known 
 ruminant animal. 
 
 Goat'herd, n. One who tends goata. 
 
 Goat'suck-er, n. A nocturnal bird, popularly be- 
 lieved to suck the milk of goats. 
 
 Gob'bet, n. [Fr. gobet, a morsel; gobe, a bolus; 
 0. Fr. gob, mouthful, gulp ; Irish gob, the mouth. 
 —See Gab.] A mouthful ; a lump. 
 
 Gob'ble, v. a. [Frequentative from Fr. gober, to 
 swallow.] [pp. gobbling, gobbled.] To swal- 
 low with noise. — 2, v. n. [Imitative.] To make 
 a noise as a turkey. — 3, n. The noise of a turkey. 
 
 Gob' bier, n. One that gobbles : — a male turkey. 
 
 Go'-be-tween, n. One that transacts business by 
 going between two parties : — a neutral. 
 
 Gob'let, n. [Fr. gobelet, dim. of 0. Fr. gobeau, 
 gobe'l, a cup; Late L. cupellus, a cup (q. v.)', L. 
 cupella, cupa, a vat.] A cup or drinking- vessel. 
 
 Gob'lin, n. [Fr. gobelin; Late L. gobeliuus, for 
 cobalus, Gr. »c6/3aAo?, a goblin. — See Xobold.] 
 An evil spirit ; phantom; fairy. 
 
 Go'by, n. [Fr. gobie ; L. gobim, gobio ; Gr. kco- 
 /3io5.] A spiny sea-fish. 
 
 Go'-cart, n. A machine or small frame by wnich 
 to teach children to walk. 
 
 God, n. [A.-S. & Dut. God; 
 Icel., Dan., & Sw. Gud ; Ger. 
 Gott; Goth. Guth: probably 
 quite distinct from Good.] 
 The Supreme Being ; the Cre- 
 ator; the Deity: — a false 
 god ; an idol. 
 
 God'child, ii. [See Gossip.] A 
 child for whom one became 
 sponsor at baptism. 
 
 God'daugh-ter (god'daw-ter), h. A girl for whom 
 one became sponsor at baptism. 
 
 God'dess, n. A female divinity. 
 
 God'fi-tner, n. A male sponsor in baptism. 
 
 God'head.V [God, and A.-S. had, Ger. heit, Eng. 
 -hood, state or condition.] Deity ; divine na- 
 ture ; divinity. 
 
 God'less, a. Atheistical ; wicked ; impious. 
 
 God'like, a. Divine; supremely excellent 
 
 God'li-ness, n. Piety; religious life. 
 
 God'ly, a. Pious toward God; religious. 
 
 God'moth-er (god'muth-er), n. A woman 
 has undertaken sponsion in baptism. 
 
 God'§-a'cre (-a'ker), n. [Ger. gottesacker.] 
 church-yard. 
 
 God'send, n. An unexpected help or gift ; some- 
 thing providentially sent. 
 
 God' son (god'sun), n. [See Gossip.] He for whom 
 one has become sponsor in baptism. 
 
 God'-speed, n. Prosperous journey ; success. 
 
 God'wit, n. [Referred to A.-S. god wild, good 
 wight, good creature, from its excellent flavor.] 
 A kind of snipe. 
 
 Go-cart. 
 
 who 
 
 The 
 
 a, e, i, o, u, y, 
 
 a, e, l, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fS.ll ; heir, her ; 
 
GOFFER 
 
 269 
 
 GOSPEL 
 
 Goffer, r. a. [Fr. gaufrer ; gaufre, a plait, a wa- 
 fer \q. v.).] [pp. goffering, goffered.] To form 
 in flutes or plaits. 
 
 Gog'gle (gog'gl), v. n. [Cf. Gael, gogshuileach, hav- 
 ing wandering eyes ; gog, to move slightly, and 
 suil, the eye.] [pp. goggling, goggled.] To 
 strain or roll the eyes. — 2, n. A stare; a hold 
 or strained look. — pi. Blinds for horses: — 
 glasses worn to defend the eyes. — 3, a. Staring; 
 having full eyes. 
 
 Go'ing, /(. Act of walking; departure. 
 
 Goitre (goi'ter), n. [Fr. goitre (gwatr) ; L. guttur, 
 the throat.] A tumor or swelling on the throat ; 
 a morbid enlargement of the thyroid gland; 
 bronchocele. 
 
 GbTtrous, a. [Fr. goitreux; L. gutturosus.] Par- 
 taking of, or like, the goitre. 
 
 Gold, n. [A.-S. & Ger. gold; But. gold, goud; Dan. 
 guld.] A precious metal : — money. — 2, a. Made 
 
 Gold'-beat-er, n. A beater of gold. [of gold. 
 
 Gold'-dust, n. Gold in particles. 
 
 GSld'en (gol'dn), a. Made of gold: — bright; 
 splendid : — yellow : — excellent ; precious : — hap- 
 py and prosperous. 
 
 Gold'finch, r». A small singing-bird. 
 
 Gold'-leaf, n. Gold beaten into thin leaf. 
 
 Gold'smith, n. One who works in gold. 
 
 Golf, n. [But. kolf; Ger. & Ban. koUte, a club 
 (q. v.).] A game played with a ball and bat. 
 
 Go-lo'ches, n. pi. See Galoche. 
 
 Gom'bo, n. [Fr. gombaud, gombo : probably from 
 gomme, gum (q. p.).] Soup or food made from 
 the pods of the plant okra : — okra ; gumbo. 
 
 Gon'do-la. n. [It., dim. of gonda, a boat. — Cf. Late 
 Gr. kovSv, Pers. kandu, an earthen vessel.] A 
 Venetian barge or pleasure-boat ; aflat-bottomed 
 boat : — a kind of freight-car. 
 
 Gon-do-lier', n. One that rows a gondola. 
 
 Gone (gon or gawn), p. from go. Advanced; past. 
 
 Gon'fa-lon, or Gon'fa-non, n. [Fr. ; 0. Ger. gund, 
 battle, and fano, 'Ger. fahne, standard. —See 
 Yank.] A banner; a standard. 
 
 Gong, n. [Malay, gang, agong ; Chinese, gong-gong.\ 
 A sort of brass drum or cymbal: — a sounding 
 instrument used at hotels. 
 
 G5-ni-om'e-ter, n. [Gr. ywvi'a, an angle, and p.e- 
 rpov, a measure.] An instrument lor measuring 
 angles, as those of crystals. 
 
 Go-ni-o-met'ri-cal, a. Relating to goniometry. 
 
 Go-ni-om'e-try, »• Art of measuring angles. 
 
 G6n-or-rhoe'a (gon-or-re'a), n. [Gr. yovo'ppoia ; 
 yovos, seed, and pieiv, to flow.] (Med.) A mor- 
 bid running, occasioned by contagious taints. 
 
 Good (gud), a. [A.-S., Ban., <fe Sw. god; Bnt. 
 
 foed; Ger. gut.] [comp. better; euperL best.] 
 'ossessedof excellent qualities; not bad ; excel- 
 lent; right; proper; fit; convenient; sound. — 
 2, n. The contrary to evil ; benefit.— 3, ad. Well ; 
 not ill ; not amiss. 
 
 Good'-breed'ing, n. Politeness; civility. 
 
 Good' -by' (g'ud'biO, ad. [For God be'icilh you.] 
 Adieu; farewell. 
 
 Good'-Fri'day (gud'fri'de), n. The fast in com- 
 memoration of our Saviour's crucifixion, being 
 the Friday before Easter. 
 
 Good'-hu'mor (gud'yu'mur), n. A cheerful and 
 agreeable temper of mind. See Himor. 
 
 Good'-hii'mored (gud'yu'murd), a. Cheerful. 
 
 Good-lack', interj. Alack (an exclamation of sur- 
 prise). 
 
 Good'li-ness (gud'le-nes\ n. Beauty ; grace. 
 
 Good'ly. (gud'le), «. Beautiful ; graceful : — happy; 
 pleasant ; desirable. 
 
 Good'man, n. A rustic term of civility. 
 
 Good'-nat'ure (gud'nat'yur), n. A kindly dis- 
 position ; good-humor ; kindness. 
 
 Good'-nat'ured (gud'nat'yurd , a. Of a kindly 
 disposition ; placid ; benevolent. 
 
 Good'ness (gud'nes), n. Quality of being good; 
 excellence; benevolence; virtue. 
 
 Goods (gudz), «. pi. Movables : — merchandise. 
 
 [Probably a di- 
 
 Good-will' (gud-wll'),,«. Benevolence ; kindness ; 
 friendly feeling and influence. 
 
 Good'y (gud'e), n. ; pi. Good'ie§. A rustic ap- 
 pellation for a woman, especially an old woman : 
 — pi. Belicacies; sweetmeats. 
 
 Goos-an'der [gos'an-der, N. I.], ; 
 minutive form of Goose.] 
 A large water-fowl. 
 
 Goose, n. ; pi. ^eese. [A.-S. 
 gos, pi. ge$; Ban. gcuis, 
 pi. gses; Icel. gas; Kuss. 
 gus; Lith. zasli; Ger. j= 
 gam* L. anser ; Gr. XV V \ 
 Skr. hansu.] A large do- 
 mestic water-fowl : — a 
 tailor's iron : — a sim- 
 pleton. 
 
 G66se'ber-ry, «. [But. 
 kruisbezie; Fr. groseille ; Sw. knisbcir ; Ger. kraus- 
 beere; kraus, rough, curled, and beere, berry.] 
 A shrub and its fruit. 
 
 Go'pher, n. [Fr. gaufre, to honeycomb; from the 
 burrows of the various animals of this name.] 
 A potiched rat: — a kind of ground-squirrel: — 
 a kind of serpent : — [probably from its burrow- 
 ing (as above) ; but its native name is said to be 
 muitgofa] a species of Xorth American tortoise : 
 — [Heb. : perhaps akin to Cypress] anciently, a 
 tree and its wood. 
 
 GSr'di-an, o. Kelating to Gordius ; intricate. — 
 Gordum knot, an intricate knot made by Gordius 
 and cut by Alexander the Great. 
 
 Gore, n. [A.-S. gor, filth; Icel. gor, gore; Sw. 
 gorr, dirt.] Blood clotted or congealed : — [A.-S. 
 gara; from gar, a spear; Icel. geiri; from geirr, 
 a spear. — Cf. L. gsenan, a javelin] a triangular 
 piece of cloth : — a slip of land.— 2, v. a. [pp. 
 goi-ing, gored.] To stab; to pierce ; to penetrate. 
 
 Gorfe, n. [Fr. gorge, Sp. go>ja, the throat; L. 
 gurges, a whirlpool, the throat ; gurguUo, a gullet. 
 
 — Cf. Skr. gargara, a whirlpool.] The throat; 
 the swallow; the gullet: — a passage through 
 a mountain. — 2, v. a. [pp. gorging, gorged.] 
 To glut; to satiate; to swallow. — 3, v. n. To 
 feed ; to eat greedily. 
 
 GSr'geous.(gor'jus), «. [0. F. gorgias, a gorget, a 
 neck-ruff (q. v.), — later (slang), gorgias, gaudy, 
 showy ; se gorgiaser, to flaunt.] Splendid ; showy. 
 
 Gbr'fet (gor'jet), n. [Fr. gorgette; from gorge, the 
 throat.] A piece of armor to defend the throat: 
 
 — a pendant: — a surgical instrument: — the 
 throat-patch on certain birds. 
 
 Gor'gon, n. [Gr. TopyJj ; L. Gorgon. — Cf. Gr. 
 yopyos, active, dreadful.] A fabled monster; 
 any thing horrid. 
 
 Go-rll'la, n. [Gr. ; from a 
 W. African name, through 
 the Punic] A large ape 
 in form much like a man. 
 
 Gbr'mand, n. A gourmand. 
 
 Gb'r'mand-Ize, v. n. [Fr. 
 gonrmander ; goiuinandise, 
 gluttony. — See Gouk- 
 maxd.] [pp. gormandiz- 
 ing, gormandized.] To 
 eat greedily. 
 
 Gbr'mand-iz-er, n. A vora- 
 cious eater. 
 
 Gbrse, n. [A.-S. gorst. — Cf. 
 A.-S. gears, goers, grass.] 
 A prickly shrub ; furze ; Gorilla 
 
 whin. 
 
 Gor'y, a. Covered with clotted blood ; bloody. 
 
 Gos'hawk, n. [For goose-hawk.] A hawk of a 
 large kind. [goose not full grown. 
 
 Gos'ling, h- [Bim. of A.-S. gos, a goose.] A young 
 
 Gos'pel, n. [A.-S. godspell; god, God, and spell, a 
 story; also for god, good, and spell, a story, 
 tidings.— Cf. 0. Ger. gotspel, Icel. gudspjall, God- 
 story.] The evangelical history of Christ : — the 
 Christian revelation :— divinitv. 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. 
 
 -C. Q, 5, g, soft; p, £, p, g, hard; § , 
 
 23* 
 
 z ; ? as gz ; this. 
 
GOSSAMEK 
 
 270 
 
 GKAMMAK 
 
 Gos'sa-mer, n. [Called locally summer-goose, sum- 
 mer-gauze, summer-colt; in German, sommerfdden, 
 summer- threads, madchen-sommer, virgin's-sum- 
 mer ; l)ut. zomerdraden, Sw. sommertrad, summer- 
 thread; many other similar names are found. 
 There is a legend that the gossamer is made of 
 the shreds of St. Mary's winding-sheet which 
 fell away at her assumption.] Down of plants : 
 — a thin, floating cobweb or film spun by spiders. 
 
 Gos'sip, n. [A.-S. god, God, and sib, peace, — later, 
 kindred, meaning kindred through God. — See 
 Godchild, Godfather. A gossip at first was a 
 sponsor or a godchild. — Cf. Ger. sippe, affinity ; 
 Goth, sibja, relationship.] An idle tattler :— tri- 
 fling talk : — a close friend ; a sponsor. — 2, v. n. 
 [pp. gossiping, gossiped.] To chat; to prate; 
 to be merry. 
 
 Gos'sip-Ing, p. a. Tattling; talking idly. 
 
 Got, i. & p. from get. [barian. 
 
 Goth, n. One of an old Teutonic people : — a bar- 
 
 Goth'ie, a. Relating to the Goths ; rude : — noting 
 a style of pointed architecture. 
 
 Goth'i-ci§m, n. A Gothic idiom : — rudeness. 
 
 Got'ten (got'tn), p. of get. Got. [Obsolescent.] 
 
 Gou£e (gbuj or goj), n. [Fr. gouge; Sp. gubia. — 
 Cf. Gr. ko7t<.'s, a curved knife.] A scooping chisel. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. gouging, gouged.] To scoop out, 
 as with a gouge : — to force out with the thumb. 
 
 Gourd (gord or gord), n. [Fr. gourde; 0. Fr. cou- 
 gourde, gouhourde ; L. eucurbita.] A plant that 
 Dears a bottle-shaped fruit. 
 
 Gourd' -tree (gord'-), n. The calabash-tree. 
 
 Gour'mand, n. [Fr. — Cf. Irish gioraman, a glut- 
 ton ; giorr, to gorge.] A glutton ; a greedy eater. 
 
 Gourmet (gbr-ma), ». [Fr. ; said to be for gromet, 
 a cellar-boy; 0. Dut. grom, a boy.] A connois- 
 seur in eating and drinking; a delicate eater. 
 
 Gout. n. [Fr. goutte, L. gutta, a drop.] (3Ied.) A 
 painful inflammation of the joints ; a very pain- 
 ful disease ; arthritis. [Taste ; relish. 
 
 Gout (go), n. [Fr. gout; L. gustare, to taste.] 
 
 Gbut'i-ness, n. The state of being gouty. 
 
 Gout'y, «• Diseased with the gout. 
 
 Gov'ern (guv'eru), v. a. [Fr. gouvemer, to rule; 
 L. gubernare, Gr. Kvflepvaeiv, to steer.] [pp. 
 governing, governed.] To rule; to direct; to 
 regulate; to control.— 2, v. n. To administer 
 the laws. 
 
 Gov'er-nance, n. Government ; rule. 
 
 Gov'ern-ess, n. A directress ; an instructress. 
 
 Gov'ern-ment, n. [Fr. gouvernement.] The act of 
 governing; the body of fundamental laws of a 
 state; administration; direction; control; exer- 
 cise of authority; executive power; manage- 
 ment: — a state, or body politic. — (Gram.) The 
 power of one word in determining the case, 
 mood, &c, of another. 
 
 GSv-ern-ment'al, a. Relating to government. 
 
 G6v'ern-or, n. [L. gubernator, steersman, ruler.] 
 One who, or that which, governs : — a device for 
 maintaining uniform velocity in machines. 
 
 GovVan, n. [Cornish growan, grouan, gravel. — 
 Cf. Breton grouan, sand.] Decomposed granite : 
 — [Gael, gugan] the daisy. 
 
 Goftn, n. [Welsh, gvm; Gael, gun.] A garment 
 of women, — also ot men devoted to arts of peace, 
 as divinity, law, &c. 
 
 Gowned (gbund), a. Dressed in a gown. 
 
 Gowns/man, n. A man devoted to the arts of 
 peace; a divine, lawyer, professor, or student, 
 wearing a gown. 
 
 Grab, v. a. [Sw. grabba, to grasp; Skr. grabh, 
 grah, to seize. — See Gripe.] [pp. grabbing, 
 grabbed.] To seize suddenly ; to gripe. — 2, n. 
 A sudden act of seizing : — something grabbed. 
 
 Grace, n. [L. gratia, favor; gratus, pleasing. — Cf. 
 Gr. x.<xpis, favor, grace.] the unmerited favor 
 of God ; undeserved kindness ; pardon ; mercy : 
 — virtue ; piety ; goodness : — privilege : — ease 
 and elegance of form and manners; polish; 
 beauty ; ornament : — a short prayer before or 
 
 after meals : — the title of a duke or of an arch- 
 bishop. — 2, v. a. [pp. gracing, graced.] To 
 adorn ; to embellish. 
 
 Grace' ful, a. Elegant in manner or appearance ; 
 beautiful; becoming; genteel; comely. 
 
 Grace'ful-ly, ad. In a graceful manner. 
 
 Grace' ful-ness, n. Elegance of manner. 
 
 Grace'less, a. Void of grace ; very wicked. 
 
 Gra'ce§, n. pi. (Myth.) Three sister goddesses, 
 attendants on Venus : — elegant manners ; 
 charms :— favor : — a game for girls. 
 
 Gra'cious (grFi'shus), a. Merciful; benevolent; 
 kind ; acceptable ; good ; condescending. 
 
 Gra'cious-ly, ad. Mercifully; kindly. 
 
 Gra'cious-ness, n. Mercifulness; condescension. 
 
 Gra-da'tion, n. [L. gradatio. — See Grade.] Regu- 
 lar progress from one degree to another ; a step ; 
 order; a series. [Proceeding step by step. 
 
 Grad'a-to-ry., n. A series or flight of steps.— 2, a. 
 
 Grade, n. [L. gradus, a step; gradi, to go.] Bank; 
 degree ; step : — the rise and descent of a rail- 
 road. — 2, v. a. [pp. grading, graded.] To re- 
 duce, or level, and prepare, as ground, for 
 placing rails on a railroad : — to cross with a 
 purer breed. — 3, a. Cross-bred. 
 
 Gra'di-ent, a. [L. gradiens, gradients, pres. part, 
 of gradi, to walk, to go.] Walking; moving by 
 steps. — 2, n. Degree of ascent and descent. 
 
 Grad'u-al (grad'yu-al), a. [L. gradus, a step.] 
 Proceeding by degrees; advancing step by step. 
 — 2, n. An order of steps :— [Late L. graduate, 
 gradale, a church service-book ; properly, that 
 part of the service sung from the altar-steps ; L. 
 gradus, a step] a grail, or service-book. 
 
 Grad'u-al-ly, ad. By degrees ; step by step. 
 
 Grad'u-ate, v. a. [Late L. graduare, graduaium; 
 gradus, a step, or degree. — See Grade.] [pp. 
 graduating, graduated.] To dignify with a de- 
 gree or diploma: — to divide into degrees. — 2, v. n. 
 To receive a degree ; to proceed regularly or by 
 degrees. — 3, n. A man dignified with a degree : 
 — a glass cup marked off for measuring. 
 
 Grad-u-a'tion, n. The act of graduating ; state of 
 being graduated : — regular progression. 
 
 Grad'u-a-tor, n. One who graduates: — an instru- 
 ment for'dividing into degrees :— a contrivance 
 to hasten evaporation. 
 
 Graft, n. [Fr. graej'e, 0. E. graff, a scion; L. 
 graphiolum, a pencil, a shoot; Gr. ypa^iov, a 
 pencil ; ypa^eie, to write.] A small shoot or 
 scion of a tree. — 2, v. a. [pp. grafting, grafted.] 
 To insert a scion, or branch, of one tree into the 
 stock of another; to insert. 
 
 Grail, n. [See Gradual.] A book of hymns and 
 prayers : — [0. Fr. graul, grasal ; Late L. gradale : 
 probably from Late L. cratellus, dim. of crater, a 
 cup. — See Crater] an ancient name for a cup. 
 
 Grain, n. [Fr. graine; L. granum.] Any kind of 
 corn : — a s^ed, or the seeds, of a cereal : — a 
 minute particle: — a small weight: — the direc- 
 tion of the fibres of wood, &c. : — disposition ; 
 temper; heart.— 2, v. a. [pp. graining, grained.] 
 To form with grains; to paint so as to resemble 
 the fibres of wood. 
 
 Grained (grand), a. Painted to resemble the grain 
 of wood : — finished with a grain, as leather. 
 
 Grains (granz), n. pi. Husks of malt in brewing : 
 — a fish-spear. 
 
 Gral'la-tp-ry, a. [L. grallator, pi. grallalores, a 
 stilt-walker; grallse, stilts; gradi, to go.] Noting 
 a wading bird ; wading. [pea. 
 
 Gram, n. Same as Gramme: — [Hind.] the chick- 
 
 Gra-mer'cy, inlerj. [Fr. grand merci, great thanks.] 
 An expression of gratitude. 
 
 Gra-min'e-al, or Gra-min'e-ofis, a. [L. gramineus; 
 gramen, graminis, grass.] Grassy. 
 
 Gram-i-nw'o-rous, a. [L. gramen, grass, and 
 vorare, to eat.] Living upon grass. 
 
 Gram'mar, n. [Fr. grammaire; Late L. (probably) 
 grammaria ; L. grammatica, Gr. ypafx^aTiKri, 
 grammar; ypdfxfj.a, a letter, a writing; ypafyeiv, 
 
 a, e, l, o, u, y, 
 
 a, e, i, 5, Q, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, x, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
GRAMMARIAN 
 
 271 
 
 GRATULATE 
 
 to write.] The art of speaking or writing a 
 language correctly ; a system of laws or rules 
 which regulate language ; a book of principles. 
 
 Gram-ma'ri-an, n. One versed in grammar. 
 
 Gram'mar-sphool, n. A school in which the 
 Greek and Latin languages are taught : — a 
 school in rank above a primary school. 
 
 Gram-mat'i-cal, a. Conformed to grammar. 
 
 Gramme (gram), n. [Fr. ; Gr. yp6.p.p.a, a letter 
 (see Grammar), — also, a scruple's weight.] The 
 metric unit of weight; 15.43 grains troy. 
 
 Gram'pus, n. [Fr. grand poisson, Sp. gran pes, great 
 fish; Nornian, grapois.] A cetaceous animal. 
 
 Gran'a-ry [gra'na-re, P. Ja.], n. [L. granaria, 
 from granum, grain (q. v.).] A storehouse or 
 room for grain. 
 
 Grand, a. [Fr. grand; L. grandis, great (q. v.).] 
 Great; illustrious; high in power; splendid; 
 magnificent; sublime: — principal; chief. 
 
 Grand' child, n. The child of a son or daughter. 
 
 Grand'daugh-ter (grand'daw-ter), a. The daugh- 
 ter of a son or daughter. 
 
 Grand-duke', ». A title of certain princes. 
 
 Gran-dee', n. [Sp. grande, a nobleman; gran, or 
 grande, great; L. grandis.— See Grand.] A man 
 of great power or dignity; a Spanish nobleman. 
 
 Gran'deur (graad'yur), n. [Fr. — See Grand.] 
 Splendor; magnificence; greatness. 
 
 Grand' fa-ther, u. A father's or mother's father. 
 
 Gran-dil'o-qusnce, n. High, lofty speaking. 
 
 Gran-dil'o-quSnt, \a. [L. grandiioquus ; grandis, 
 
 Gran-dil'o-quoiis, /large, and loqui, loquentis, to 
 talk.] Using lofty words; pompous. 
 
 Gran'di-ose, a. [Fr. ; It. qrandioso.— See Grand.] 
 Bombastic; turgid: — grand; imposing. 
 
 Gran-di-os'i-ty, n. The quality of being grandi- 
 ose; grandeur or pomp in style or manner. 
 
 Grand'-ju'ror, n. One of a grand-jury. 
 
 Grand'-ju'ry. n. A jury whose duty it is to con- 
 sider whether bills of indictment should lie pre- 
 sented to the court against persona accused. 
 
 Grand'ly. ad. Sublimely ; loftily. 
 
 Grand'moth-er (grand'niuth-er), n. A father's or 
 mother's mother. [parent. 
 
 Grand'par-ent, n. The father or mother of a 
 
 Grand'sire, n. A grandfather; an ancestor. 
 
 Grand'son, n. The son of a son or daughter. 
 
 Grange, w. [Fr. grange, a barn ; Sp. granja, a 
 villa, a farm-house ; Late L. granea, a bani ; L. 
 granum, grain.] A farm; a farm-house: — an 
 association of farmers designed to bring the pro- 
 ducer and consumer into direct relations. [U. S.] 
 
 Gran'ger, n. A member of a grange. [U. S.] 
 
 Gra-mf'er-ous, a. [L. granifer; granum, corn, and 
 ferre, to produce.] Grain-bearing. 
 
 Gran'ite, n. [Fr. granit ; It. granito, granite, — 
 also, grained, speckled; granire, to speckle.] 
 (Min.) A hard stone or rock, composed of 
 quartz, felspar, and mica. 
 
 Gra-nit'ic, a. Containing or like granite. 
 
 Gra-niv'o-roiis, a. [L. granum, a grain, and vorare, 
 to eat.] Living upon grain. 
 
 Grant, v. a. [0. Fr. graunter, creamier, to caution, 
 to assure, to grant ; Late L. creantare, credentare, 
 to guarantee ; credentia, a promise ; L. credere, to 
 trust : influenced by Guarantee.] [pp. grant- 
 ing, granted.] To admit as true what is not yet 
 proved : to allow ; to yield ; to concede ; to cede : 
 —to give ; to bestow.— 2, n. Any thing granted ; 
 a gift; a boon. 
 
 Gran-tee', n. One to whom a grant is made. 
 
 Grant'or, or Grant-br', n. A person by whom a 
 grant is made. 
 
 Gran'u-lar, ) a. Consisting of grains; resem- 
 
 Gran'u-la-ry, J bling grain or seed. 
 
 Gran'u-late, r. v. [Fr. granular.] [pp. granulating, 
 
 granulated.] To be formed into grains.— J, r. a. 
 
 To break into grains. [like mass. 
 
 Gran-u-la'tion, n. Act of granulating :— a grain- 
 
 Gran'iile (gran'yul), n. [L. granuhim, dim. of 
 
 granum, a grain.] A small particle. 
 
 Gran'u-lous (gran'yu-lus), a. Full of grains. 
 
 Grape, n. [Fr. grapp'e, a cluster, a bunch, a hand- 
 ful : root of Grapple, Grab.] The fruit of the 
 vine : — grape-shot. 
 
 Grap'e-ry, n. A plantation of grape-vines. 
 
 Grape' -shot, n. A combination of small shot 
 fired from a cannon. 
 
 Grape'-stone, n. Stone or seed of a grape. 
 
 Grape'-vine, n. The vine that bears grapes. 
 
 Graph'ic, \a. [Gr. -ypa^t/cos; ypafyeiv, to 
 
 Graph'i-cal, J write.] Relating to delineation; 
 descriptive ; delineated. 
 
 Graph' i-cal-ly. ad. In a graphical manner. 
 
 Graph'ite,' n. [Gr. ypa^eiv, to write.] Black lead; 
 plumbago. 
 
 Gra-phit'ic, a. Of the nature of graphite. 
 
 Grip'nel,'n. [Fr. grappin; Ger. krapfe, a hook.] 
 (Naui.) A small anchor; a giappling-iron. 
 
 Grap'ple (grap'pl), v. n. [Fr. grappe, a handful; 
 Sp. grapa, a clamp; It. grappolo, a cluster: akin 
 to Grab.] [pp. grappling, grappled.] To con- 
 test in close fight; to struggle, as wrestlers; to 
 seize. — 2, v. a. To seize; to lay fast hold of. — 
 3, n. Close fight : — a seizure. — (Xaut.) A hook 
 or iron instrument. 
 
 Grap'pling, or Grap'pling-ir'on (-I'urn), n. 
 (Naul.) An instrument used in close action. 
 
 Grasp, v. a. [Ger. grwpsen: akin to Grab, Gripe, 
 Gropk. — Cf. Gr. 6p6.aaoiJ.ai, to grasp.] [pp. 
 grasping, grasped.] To lay hold of; to hold in 
 the hand; to gripe; to seize. — 2, v. u. To en- 
 deavor to seize ; to struggle. — '■'•, //. Gripe or 
 seizure of the hand; hold : — comprehension. 
 
 Grasp'ing, a. Avaricious ; greedy. 
 
 Grass,'/*. [A.-S. grsea, guers ; Dut., Goth., & Ger. 
 graft; Dan. & Sw. grlis.~] The common herbage 
 of fields. — 2, c. n. [jip. grassing, grassed.] To 
 breed grass; to become pasture.—:;, a. >•. To 
 cover with grass. [allied to the locust. 
 
 Grass'hop-per, //. [A.-S. gsershoppa.] An insect 
 
 Grass'i-ness, i*. State of abounding in grass. 
 
 Grass'-plot, n. A level spot covered with grass. 
 
 Grass/y, a. Covered with or containing grass. 
 
 Grate, ". ^It. grata, Late L. grain, vrata, L. crates, 
 a hurdle, a crate (q. r.).] A partition or frame 
 made with bars: — a range of bars within which 
 fires are made.— 2, v. a. "[Fr. gratter, It. grattare, 
 Sw. Jcratle, But, kronen, Ger. hratzen, to scratch 
 (q. v.).] [pp. grating, grated.] To rub off; to 
 make a harsh sound : — to rob so a< to vex : — to 
 enclose with bars. — 3, v. n. To rub; to make a 
 harsh noise. [ing bars like a grate. 
 
 Grat'ed, a. Granulated; worn by robbing : — hav- 
 
 Grate'ful. a. [L. grata*, pleasing: gratise, thanks. 
 — See Grace.] Having a due sense of benefits; 
 thankful :— acceptable; delightful. [ner. 
 
 Grate'ful-ly, ad. In a grateful or pleasing man- 
 
 Grate'ful-ness, u. Gratitude; thankfulness. 
 
 Grat'er. »■ He who or that which grates: — a 
 rough instrument to grate with. 
 
 Grat-i-f i-ca'tion, n. Act of gratifying; enjoy- 
 ment ; pleasure ; delight; that which affords 
 enjoyment. 
 
 Grat'i-fy, r. a. [Fr. gratifier : L. gratificsri; grains, 
 pleasing, and facere, to make.] [pp. gratifying, 
 gratified.] To indulge; to humor: to please. 
 
 Grat'ing, n. A harsh noise : — the bars of a grate. 
 — 2, jp. a. Sounding harshly ; offensive, [freely. 
 
 Gra'tis. ad. [L. ; from gratia, favor.] For nothing; 
 
 Grat'i-tude, n. [L. gratUudo; grafm, pleasing.] A 
 due' sense of benefits received; duty to bene- 
 factors ; thankfulness. 
 
 Gra-tu'i-tous, a. [L. gratuitus. — See Grattitt.] 
 
 Bestowed freely; free: — voluntary: — asserted 
 
 without proof or reason. [without proof. 
 
 Gra-tu'i-tous-ly, ad. Without compensation : — 
 
 Gra-tu'i-ty, n. [L. gratvitas; gratis, free.] A 
 
 present ; 'free gift ; benefaction. 
 Grat'u-late, v. n. [L. grahdari, gratulatm ; grains, 
 pleasing.] [pp. gratulating, gratulated.] To 
 congratulate: to salute. 
 
 mten, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— g, Q, 5, g, soft; (S, £, c, §, hard; § as 7. ; ? as gz ; this, 
 
GRATULATION 
 
 272 
 
 GRIEVANCE 
 
 Grat-u-la'tion, n. Congratulation. 
 
 Grat'u-la-to-ry, a. Congratulatory. 
 
 Gra-va'men, n. [L. ; from gravis, weighty, trouble- 
 some] ; pi. Gra-vam'i-na. (Law.) The essen- 
 tial part of the grievance complained of; the 
 substantial cause of action. 
 
 Grave, n. [Ger. grab; Dut. graf; Pol. & Russ. 
 grob : root of Grave, to cut, to dig.] A pit in the 
 earth for the dead. — 2, v. a. [A.-S. grafun, Dan. 
 grave, Dut. graven, Ger. graben, to cut, to dig ; 
 Gr. ypa<j>eiv, to write, to engrave.] [i. graved; 
 pp. graving, graven or graved.] To carve; to 
 cut ; to engrave : — [from Eng. greaves or graves, 
 waste tallow; Ger. griebe ; Platt-Deutsch greven] 
 to clean and dress, as a ship's bottom. — 3, v. n. 
 To delineate on hard substances. — 4, a. [L. 
 gravis, heavy; Fr. grave.] Solemn; serious; 
 weighty: — slow: — not showy: — not acute or 
 sharp in sound. 
 
 Grav'el, n. [Fr. gravelle, dim. of greve, or grave, 
 gravel. — Cf. Celt, grow, gro, sand, pebbles; 
 Skr. gravan, a stone.] Hard, rough sand : — 
 sandy or calculous matter concreted in the kid- 
 neys or bladder.— 2, v. a. [pp. gravelling, grav- 
 elled.] To cover with gravel :— to puzzle. 
 
 Grave'less, a. Wanting a tomb; unburied. 
 
 Grav'el-ly, a. Abounding with gravel. 
 
 Grave'ly, ad. Solemnly ; seriously ; soberly. 
 
 Grav'en.'j?. a. from grave. Engraved; carved. 
 
 Grave'ness, n. State of being grave. 
 
 Grav'er, m. One who engraves : — a graving-tool. 
 
 Gravestone, n. A stone placed by a grave. 
 
 Grave'yard, n. A place for burying the dead. 
 
 Grav'id, a. [L. gravidus; gravis, heavy.] Heavy 
 with pregnancy. 
 
 Gra-vim'e-ter, n. [L. gravis, heavy, and Metre.] 
 An instrument for ascertaining the specific 
 gravity of bodies. 
 
 Grav'ing, n. Carved work; engraving. 
 
 Grav'i-tate, v. n. [Fr. graviter ; L. gravare, to 
 burden; gravis, heavy.] [pp. gravitating, gravi- 
 tated.] To be affected by gravitation; to tend 
 to the centre of attraction. 
 
 Grav-i-ta'tion, n. The act of gravitating or tend- 
 ing to the centre of gravity ; gravity. 
 
 Grav'i-ty, n. Tendency to the centre ; heaviness ; 
 ponderosity ; weight : — seriousness. — Specific grav- 
 ity is the weight of the matter of any body, com- 
 pared with the weight of an equal bulk of pure 
 water taken as a standard. 
 
 Gra/vy, n. [From 0. E. grave, greaves, drippings, 
 tallow-waste. — See Greave.] The juice of roast- 
 ed meat, &c. 
 
 Gray, 
 
 [A.-S. grseg ; Dan. graa; Dut. graauw ; 
 
 Ger. gran; Gr. ypaio? ; L. rams.] White mixed 
 with black ; hoary. — 2, n. A gray color : — a badger. 
 
 Gray'beard (gra/berd), n. An old man. 
 
 Gray'ish, a. Approaching to a gray color. 
 
 Gray'Iing, n. [From its gray color.] A fish much 
 like a trout. 
 
 Graze, v. n. [From Grass.] [pp. grazing, grazed.] 
 To eat grass ; to supply grass. — 2, v. a. To sup- 
 ply with grass; to feed on or devour, as grass : 
 Dut. krassen, Ger. kratzen, to scrape; Fr. raser, 
 to grate (q. v.). — Cf. Skr. grish, to grind; Gr. 
 Xpteiv, to graze] to touch or rub lightly. — 3, n. 
 The act of grazing : — a slight scratch or rub. 
 
 Graz'ier (gra'zher), n. One who feeds cattle. 
 
 Graz'ing, n. The act of feeding on grass. 
 
 Grease (gres), n. [Fr. graisse; gras, fat, plump; 
 L. crassus, fat, thick.] Animal fat in a soft state; 
 fatty matter: — a swelling in a horse's leg. 
 
 Grease (grez), v. a. [pp. greasing, greased.] To 
 smear with grease. 
 
 Greas'i-ness, n. State of being greasy. 
 
 Greas'y (gre'ze), a. Oily; fat; unctuous. 
 
 Great (grat), 'a. [A.-S. great; Dut. groot; Ger. 
 gross: akin to Grow.] Having magnitude; 
 large in bulk or number; chief; principal; 
 illustrious; noble; grand; generous: — distant 
 by one or more, generations, as gree^-grand father. 
 
 Great'ly (grat'le), ad. In a great degree. 
 
 Great'ness, n. Largeness ; dignity ; power. 
 
 Greave, n. ; pi. Greaves. [Fr. greves ; Sp. grebas.] 
 Ancient armor for the legs : — [Ger. griebe ; Low 
 Ger. greven; Local Sw. grevar] sediment of melted 
 tallow. [water-bird. 
 
 Grebe, n. [Fr. grebe. — Cf. Cymric crib, a crest.] A 
 
 Gre'cian (gre'shan), a. Relating to Greece. — 2, n. 
 A native of Greece ; a Greek. 
 
 Greed, n. [See Greedy.] Greediness; avarice. 
 
 Greed'i-ly, ad. In a greedy manner. 
 
 Greed'i-ness, n. Quality of being greedy ; raven- 
 ousness ; voracity ; avidity : — avarice. 
 
 Greed'y, a. [A.-S. grsedig ; Dut. gretig ; Dan. 
 graadig ; Skr. griddhin; gridh, to be greedy. — Cf. 
 Goth, gredus, Russ. golod, Icel. gradr, hunger.] 
 Ravenous; voracious; eager. 
 
 Greek, a. [L. Grsecus.] Relating to Greece ; Gre- 
 cian. — 2, n. A native of Greece ; a Grecian : — 
 the language of the Greeks or Grecians. 
 
 Green, a. [A.-S. grene ; Dan. grim; Dut. groen; 
 Ger. grunT] Of the color of grass ; verdant : — 
 flourishing; fresh; new: — not dry: — unripe; 
 immature : — inexperienced. — 2, n. Green color : 
 — a grassy plain. — 3, v. a. [pp. greening, 
 greened.] To make or become green. 
 
 Green'back, n. In United States currency, a 
 legal-tender note, so called because the backs 
 w-ere printed in green. 
 
 Green'bri-er, n. An American climbing shrub. 
 
 Green'er-y, n. Green vegetation ; verdure. 
 
 Green' -gro-cer, n. A retailer of vegetables. 
 
 Green' house, "». A house for tender plants. 
 
 Green'ing, w. A large, green apple.— 2, p. & a. 
 Growing green ; becoming verdurous. 
 
 Green' ness, n. State of being green. 
 
 Green' room, n. A retiring-room attached to a 
 theatre. 
 
 Greens, n. pi. Leaves of vegetables for food. 
 
 Green'shank, n. A species of snipe. 
 
 Green' sward, n\ Turf on which grass grows. 
 
 Green' -wood (-wud), n. A green or leafy forest. 
 
 Greet, v. a. [A.-S. gretan ; Dut. groeten; Ger. 
 grilssen.] [pp. greeting, greeted.] To address 
 kindly at meeting; to welcome; to hail; to con- 
 gratulate. — 2, v. n. To meet ana salute. 
 
 Greet'ing, n. A friendly salutation at meeting. 
 
 Gre-g5'ri-ous, a. [L. gregarius; grex, gregis, a 
 flock.] ' Going in flocks or herds. 
 
 Gre-nade', n. [Fr. grenade, a grenade,— properly, 
 a' pomegranate ; Sp. granado ; L. granatus, seedy ; 
 granum, a seed.] A little hollow'ball of iron, to 
 be filled with powder, and thrown upon invaders. 
 
 Gren-a-dier', n. A tall foot-soldier. 
 
 Gren'a-dfne, n. [Fr. grenadin; from Granada, in 
 Spain.] A thin fabric for ladie 
 
 Grew (gru), i. of grorv. 
 
 Grew' some (gru'sum), a. [Dut. 
 grausam; Dut. grue, to dr< 
 Frightful; dreadful; ugly. 
 
 Grey (gra), a. Gray. See Gray. 
 
 Grey'hb'und (gra'hound), n. 
 [Grey and Hound.— Cf. Icel. 
 greyhundr, a dog, a greyhound ; 
 grey, a dog, and hundr, a hound 
 (g. v.). — Cf. Local E. grey, a 
 badger.] A tall dog, remark- 
 able for swiftness and keenness of sight. 
 
 Grid' die, n. [Welsh, gredyll; Irish, greideal; 
 Welsh greidio, Irish greadaim, Sw. gr'dda, to 
 bake or broil.] An iron pan for baking cakes. 
 
 Gride, v. n. [By metathesis from Gird.] [pp. 
 griding, grided.] To strike ; to cut :— to grate ; 
 to chafe.— 2, n. A grating sound. 
 
 Grid'Ir-on (grid'T-urn), n. [Griddle and Iron.] 
 A portable grate" on which meat is laid to be 
 broiled. 
 
 Grief (gref), n. [Fr. grief, sorrow,— also, heavy, 
 burdensome; L. gravis, heavy.] Sorrow; afflic- 
 tion; regret. 
 
 Griev'ance, n. A wrong suffered ; an injury. 
 
 gruwzaam ; Ger. 
 gru, horror.] 
 
 Greyhound. 
 
 i, e, i, o, 5, y, long; a, e, i, 5, u, y, short; a, e, j, 9, u, y, obscure.— -Fire, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
GRIEVE 
 
 273 
 
 GEOSSNESS 
 
 Grieve (grev), v. a. [Fr. grever, L. gravare, to 
 burden; gratis, heavy.] [pp. grieving, grieved.] 
 To afflict ; to make sad. — 2, v. n. To ieel sorrow ; 
 to mourn. — 3, n. A farm manager or bailiff; the 
 principal servant on a farm; a reeve. 
 Griev'ous (gre'vus), a. Afflictive; painful; sad; 
 
 causing sorrow : — atrocious ; heinous ; heavy. 
 Griev'ous-ly., ad. Painfully ; calamitously. 
 Griev'ous-ness, n. Oppressiveness: — sorrow; 
 
 pain i-^-enormity. 
 Griffin, "In. [Gr. ypvty; L. gnjphus; Fr. griffon; 
 Griffon, / Ger. greiff.] A fabled animal, with the 
 upper part resembling an eagle and the lower 
 part a lion. 
 Grig, n. [Probably a form of Cricket. — Cf. Dut. 
 kriel; krichd, a cricket. Similar names are given 
 in various languages to insects and small ani- 
 mals. — Cf. Ger. kriechen, to creep.] A cricket; 
 a grasshopper : — a young eel. 
 Grill, v. a. [Fr. gril. a gridiron ; grille, a grating ; 
 L. craticulu, dim. of crates, a crate (g. v.).] [pp. 
 grilling, grilled.] To broil on a grate or grid- 
 iron. — 2, n. A grating. 
 Grilse, n. ; pi. Grilse. [Fr. gril] A salmon one 
 
 year old. 
 Grim, a. [A.-S. & Dan. grim; Icel. grimr. — Cf. Ger. 
 grimm, fury; grimmen, to rage: closely allied to 
 Ger., A.-S., & Dan. gram, angry, and to Grum. — 
 Cf. Sp. grima, dread.] Horrible; hideous: — 
 sour : — surly. 
 Gri-mace', n. [Fr. : akin to A.-S. & Icel. grima, a 
 mask, and to Grin.] A distortion of the coun- 
 tenance from habit, affectation, or insolence. 
 Gri-mal'kin, n. [For gray maUcvn: maOcm is an 
 
 old dim. of Matilda.] The name of an old cat. 
 Grime, v. a. [Dan. grim; 0. Dut. grimael; Fris. 
 grime.] [pp. griming, grimed.] To sully deep- 
 ly; to daub. — 2, n. Dirt deeply insinuated. 
 Grim'ljj, ad. Horribly ; hideously ; sourly. 
 Grim'ness, n. Horror; frightfulness. 
 Gri'mv,, a. Dirty ; sooty : — grim ; frightful. 
 Grin, v. n. [A.-S. grermian; Dan. grim; Sw, 
 griiia ; Dut. grijnsen ; Ger. grinsen. — Cf. Ger. 
 greinen, to gri:_, — also, to howl ; Dut. grijuen, to 
 fret, to weep: closely related to Groan.] [pp. 
 grinning, grinned.] To show the teeth set to- 
 gether; to simper. — 2, n. The act of grinning; 
 an affected laugh; a forced or contemptuous 
 smile. 
 Grind, v. a. [A.-S. grindan. — Cf. Skr. gkrish, to 
 grind; Gr. xP tet,, > to graze.] [i. ground; pp. 
 grinding, ground.] To reduce to powder or 
 meal by friction ; to triturate : — to sharpen : — to 
 oppress. — 2, v. n. To perform the act of grind- 
 ing; to be ground: — to cram or study.— 3, //. 
 The act of grinding : — hard or distasteful work. 
 Grind'er, n. He or that which grinds ; an instru- 
 ment for grinding : — a double tooth. 
 Grind'stone, or Grind'stone, n. A stone on which 
 
 edged tools are ground. 
 Grip, n. [Fr. gripper, to seize. — See Gripe.] 
 Power of griping; grasp :— an appliance for 
 holding fast :— a handle.— 2, v. a. [pp. gripping, 
 gripped.] To lay fast hold of; to seize ; to gripe. 
 Gripe, v. a. [A.-S. gripan; Dut. grijpen; Dan. 
 gribe ; Ger. greifen : akin to Grab.] [pp- 
 griping, griped.] To hold hard; to grasp; to 
 squeeze.— 2, v. n. To feel the colic ; to pinch. — 
 3, n. A grasp ; hold ; pressure :— a lever : — a 
 ditch. — pi. Pain in the bowels; the colic. 
 Grip'ing, n. A holding fast : — pain; distress. 
 Gri-sette (gre ztt'), n. [Fr. ; properly a name for 
 a cheap gray fabric; gris, gray. — See Grizzly.] 
 A woman or girl of the working-class : — a fabric 
 for dresses. 
 Gris'ly, a. [A.-S. gris, horror; 0. Dut. grijseliel; 
 Dan. grsessclig, 0. Ger. grisenlieh, hideous. — Cf. 
 Ger. graasig, horrible; graus, horror.] Dreadful; 
 horrible :— grizzly. 
 Gri'son, n. [Fr. prison, gray-haired; gris, gray.] 
 The South American wolverene. 
 
 Grist, n. [A.-S. grint : grindan, 0. Ger. griesen, to 
 grind. — Cf. Grate; also Skr. ghrish, to grind, 
 and Ger. griitze, grits (meal). J Com to be 
 ground : — supply. 
 
 Gris' tie (gris'sl), n. [A.-S. gristle: akin to Grist 
 and Grind, from its toughness.] A tough, 
 smooth, elastic animal substance ; a cartilage. 
 
 Gris'tly. (gris'sle), a. Full of gristle. 
 
 Grist' -mill, n. A mill for grinding grain. 
 
 Grit, n. [A.-S. greot; 0. Fris. gret ; Ger. gries : 
 akin to Grixd, Geate, and Grout. — Cf. Ger. 
 griitze, grits.] The coarse part of meal : — sand ; 
 gravel: — a coarse-grained sandstone: — resolu- 
 tion; courage. — 2, v. n. [pp. grilting. gritted.] 
 To grate. — 3, v. a. To cause to grate. 
 
 Grit'ti-ness, n. State of being gritty. 
 
 Grit'ty, a. Full of grit; consisting of grit. 
 
 Griz'zle, n. [Fr. grisaille, a gray color; 0. E. 
 grisel, Ger. greis, an old man ; Fr. grig, Ger. greis, 
 gray.] A mixture of white and black. — 2, v. n. 
 [pp. grizzling, grizzled.] To become grizzly or 
 gray ; to grow grav - -haired. 
 
 Griz'zly, a. Somewhat gray ; grayish. 
 
 Griz'zlx-bear, n. A formidable American bear. 
 
 Groan, v. n. [A.-S. granian. — Cf. Dut. grijuen, to 
 weep : akin to Grin. — Cf. Fr. grogner, to groan, 
 to grunt (g. v.).] [pp. groaning, groaned.] To 
 moan or sigh, as in pain. — 2, n. A deep moan 
 from sorrow or pain. 
 
 Groan'ing, n. Lamentation; a deep sigh. 
 
 Groat (grawt) [grot, I. Ja.], n. [Dut. groot, 0. Ger. 
 grote, great (q. v.): so called from its size.] A 
 piece of money valued at four pence. 
 
 Groats (grawtsl, n. pi. [A.-S. gratan, grid; Dut. 
 grid. — See Grout.] Oats freed from hulls. 
 
 Gro'cer, n. [0. Fr. grossier, Fr. marchand en grot, 
 a wholesale dealer ; Fr. grosserie, wholesale 
 trade; gros, large. — See Gross.] A dealer in 
 tea, sugar, spice, etc. 
 
 Gro'cer-y,, n. Commodities sold by grocers: — 
 place where a grocer's business is carried on. 
 
 Grog, »i. [Said to be from Admiral Vernon (died 
 in 1757), called "Old Grog,*' from his grogram 
 breeches. He diluted the sailors' rat ons of 
 spirits.] Spirit and water : — strong drink. 
 
 Grog'ier-y, n. A place where grog is sold. 
 
 Grog'gy, a. Tipsy ; tender-footed. 
 i Grog'ram, n. [Fr. gros-grain ; grot, coarse, gross, 
 and grain, texture.] A kind of silk stuff. 
 
 Grog'-shop, ». Same as Groggery. 
 
 GrSin, n. [Icel. grein, a branch ; grcina, to fork ; 
 Dan. green, a prong; Sw. gren.] The part next 
 above the thigh :— an angular curve. — 2, /•. «. 
 [pp. groining, groined.] (Arch.) To form into, 
 or embellish with, groins. 
 
 Groom, n. [Dut. grom, 0. Xorse gromr, a boy.— 
 Cf. Fr. gromiau, an urchin, a brat. Groom is, 
 however, probably a corruption of A.-S. ijinihi, a 
 man; Icel. gumi ; L. homo. — See Human.] One 
 who tends horses; a servant : — a bridegroom. — 
 2, r. a. [pp. grooming, groomed.] To take care 
 of, as a horse. 
 Grooms'man, «. An attendant on a bridegroom. 
 Groove, v. a. [Dut. groef, a groove ; Ger. gmbe, a 
 pit : identical in origin with Grave.] [pp. 
 grooving, grooved.] To cut in channels; to 
 hollow. — 2. n. A channel. 
 Grope, v. n. [A.-S. oi-apian, to seize. — See Grasp, 
 Gripe.] [pp. groping, groped.] To feel where 
 one cannot see. — 2, a. a. To search by feeling 
 in the dark. [some bird. 
 
 Gros' beak, n. [Fr. gros-hec, thick beak.] A hand- 
 Gross, a. [Fr. gros; Ger. gross; L. gr-ossns, crassus, 
 thick: akin to Great.] Thick; bulky: — palpa- 
 ble: — indelicate; coarse; rough: — impure; un- 
 refined: — stupid; dull: — fat: — not net. — Gross 
 weight, the total weight of merchandise, in- 
 cluding the vessel containing it. — 2. n. The 
 bulk or main body ; the whole : — twelve dozen. 
 Gross'ly, ad. In a coarse manner; coarsely. 
 Gross'ness, ». Quality of being gross : — vulgarity. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, biir, rule, use.— Q, Q, c, £, soft; fi, #, e, g, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 
 
GROT 
 
 274 
 
 GUERILLA 
 
 Grct, n. [Fr. grotte ; It. grotta ; Prov. crota, cropla ; 
 Late L. grupta, crupta, L. crypto, a crypt (q. v.).] 
 A cave ; a cavern ; a grotto.' 
 
 Gro-tesque' (gro-tesk'), a. [Fr. ; It. grottesca, paint- 
 ing in the style found in grottos.] Distorted; 
 fantastic; odd. 
 
 Gro-tesque'ly, ad. In a fantastic manner. 
 
 Grot' to, n. ; pi. Grot'tos. [For It. grottu.] A cave; 
 a cavern. 
 
 Ground, n. [A.-S., Dan., Sw., & Ger. gnmd ; Dut. 
 grond; Lith. gruntas ; Irish, grunnt ; Gael . grunnd.] 
 Earth; land; territory: — floor; bottom; basis; 
 foundation: — first stratum of paint : — first hint; 
 first principle. — pi. [Gael, grunndas ; Irish, grun- 
 tas, grunndas : kindred with Ground, the base or 
 bottom. — Cf. Foots.] Lees. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 grounding, grounded.] To place or fix ; to 
 found. — 3, v. n. To strike the bottom and remain 
 fixed, as a vessel. — 4, i. & p. from grind. 
 
 Grbund'-floor (-flor), n. Tlie lower floor. 
 
 Grbund'-hog, ». Tbe marmot, or woodchuck. 
 
 Groundless, a. Wanting ground or reason. 
 
 Grbund'less-ness, n. Want of ground. 
 
 Gr«5und'-nut, n. A plant and its fruit. 
 
 Ground' -plot, n. Ground occupied by a building. 
 
 Ground' -rent, n. Eent paid for land on which a 
 building stands. 
 
 Ground' sel, n. [A.-S. grundsicelge ; Ground, and 
 swelgan,' to swallow.] A coarse weed ; ragwort : 
 — a ground-sill. [buildug. 
 
 Grbund'-sill, n. The lowest sill or timber of a 
 
 Grbund'-swell, n. An undulation of the ocean, 
 or the swell of billows near the shore. 
 
 Ground' work (-wLirk),«. The foundation ; ground ; 
 first principle ; first stratum ; base. 
 
 Group (grop), n. [Fr. groupe, It. yroppo, a group, 
 a bunch; A.-S. crop, a knot.— See Crop.] A 
 cluster; a collection. — 2, v. a. [pp. grouping, 
 grouped.] To form into groups; to collect. 
 
 Grouse, n. ; pi. Grouse. [0. Fr. griocjie, griesche ; 
 probably from gris, Late L. grists, gray. — See 
 Grizzly.] A kind of fowl ; a heath-cock. 
 
 Grout, n. [A.-S. & Dut. grid; Dan. grod; Ger. 
 griitze, grits ; Fr. griot } gruau. — Cf. Icel. grautr, 
 porridge ; Lith. grudas, corn ; Fr. gru, gronx, 
 gruel.] Coarse meal ; wort : — mortar in a fluid 
 state.— pi. Sediment of liquor. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 grouting, grouted.] To fill with grout or mortar. 
 
 Grout' ing, n. A bed or floor of cement or mortar. 
 
 Grbut'y, a. Cross-tempered; surly; irritable. 
 
 Grove, n. [A.-S. graf; probably from grafan, to 
 cut : the word may have meant at first a place 
 where wood was cut.] A small wood. 
 
 Grov'el (grdv'vl), v. u. [Probably, by a popular 
 error, from 0. E. adverb groveling, face-down- 
 ward (cf. darkling, sideling, headlong) ; Icel. grufa, 
 grvfla, to lie on one's face; Local Sw. gruva, flat 
 on one's face; Scot, groufe, flat: akin to Grub, 
 and to Ger. grubeln, to dig.] [pp. grovelling, 
 grovelled.] To lie prone : — to creep low on the 
 ground : — to be mean. 
 
 Grow, v. n. [A.-S. growan; Dut. groeijen; Dan. 
 groe; Sw. gro: akin to Green and Grkat.] [i. 
 grew; pp. growing, grown.] To vegetate; to 
 increase in size : — to improve ; to advance ; to 
 extend : — to become. — 2, v. a. To cause to grow ; 
 to raise ; to produce by culture. 
 
 Growl, v. n. [Dut. grollen. — Cf. Ger. grollen, to be 
 angry, to rumble; Fr. grouiller, groiler, to grum- 
 ble; Gr. ypvWi^eLv, to grunt; ypvAAos, a pig.] 
 [pp. growling, growled.] To snarl; to mur- 
 mur; to grumble. — 2, v. a. To express by 
 growling. — 3, n. A murmur, as of a dog. 
 
 Grbwl'er, n. One that growls; an angry dog. 
 
 Grown, p. from grow. Advanced. 
 
 Growth (groth), n. [Icel. gradr, grodi. — See Grow.] 
 Act of growing; vegetation: — product; thing 
 
 - produced: — increase of stature : — progress; ad- 
 vance ; advancement. 
 
 Grub, v. a. [Ger. grubeln, to grovel, to dig. — See 
 Grovel, Grope.] [pp. grubbing, grubbed.] To 
 
 dig up; to root out. — 2, n. A small worm or 
 maggot : — victuals. [Slang.] 
 
 Grudge, v. a. [0. E. grucchen ; 0. Fr. groncher, 
 gruger. — Cf. Icel. krytju, to murmur : akin to 
 Grunt.] [pp. grudging, grudged.] To envy the 
 enjoyment of; to give unwillingly ; to begrudge. 
 — 2,v.n. To murmur ; to be envious. — 3,"n. An 
 old quarrel ; ill-will ; envy. 
 
 Grud£'ing-ly, ad. Unwillingly. 
 
 Gru'el, n. [Fr. gruau; 0. Fr. gruel. — See Grout.] 
 Food made by boiling meal in water. 
 
 Grue'some, a. Same as Grewsome. 
 
 Gruff, a. [Dut. & Sw. grof, Dan. grov, Ger. grob, 
 coarse, huge. — Cf. commercial Eng. grovpli or 
 grough, rough, crude ; as, grovph saltpetre.] Sour 
 of aspect ; harsh of manners. 
 
 Gruffly, ad. In a gruff manner; harshly." 
 
 GrQff'ness, n. Harshness of manner or look. 
 
 Grum, a. [A.-S. & Dan. grum, Welsh grivm, sour, 
 surly. — See Grim.] Sour; surly; severe; grim. 
 
 Grum'ble, v. n. [Fr. gromeler, grumeler, to growl ; 
 Ger. grummel, Puss, grorne, thunder; Dut. grom- 
 men, to growl (q. v.). — See also Rumble: all are 
 imitative.] [ptp. grumbling, grumbled.] To 
 murmur with discontent. 
 
 Grum'bler, n. One who grumbles; a inurmurer. 
 
 Grume, n. [L. grumus, a heap, a knot ; Fr. gru- 
 meau, a clot; grumeler, to clot.] A viscid fluid. 
 
 Grum'ly, ad. In a grum manner; sullenly. 
 
 Gru'mous, a. Thick; clotted; viscid. 
 
 Grunt, v. n. [A.-S. grnnian, Dan. grynle, Ger. 
 grunzen, Fr. grander, L. grunnire, grundire, Gr. 
 ypvC,etv. all imitative.] [pp. grunting, grunted.] 
 To murmur like a swine.— 2, n. The murmur 
 of a swine; a groan. 
 
 Gryph'on, n. See Griffin. 
 
 Gua'iac (gwa'yak), or Gua'ia-cum (gwa'ya-kum), 
 ti. [Late L. ; Sp. guayacan, from the native 
 Haytian name.] A resin from the lignum-vitse. 
 
 Gua-na'co, n. [Spanish-American]; pi. Gua-na'- 
 cos. A wild llama. 
 
 Gua'no, n. [Sp. ; Peruvian huawu, dung.] The 
 excrement of sea-fowls, imported for manure. 
 
 Guar-an-tee' (gar-an-te'), n. [Fr. garantie ; ga- 
 rantir, to guarantee. — See Warrant.] A surety 
 for performance ; surety : — one to whom a guar- 
 antee of surety is made. — 2, v. a. [pp. guaran- 
 teeing, guaranteed.] To engage tliat another 
 shall perform stipulations : — to insure the per- 
 formance of; to warrant. 
 
 Guar'an-tbr, n. One who guarantees. 
 
 Guar'an-ty, v. & v. a. See Guarantee. 
 
 Guard' (gar'd) [gyard, W. J. F.], v. a. [Fr. garder, 
 to guard; garde, a guard. — See Ward.] [pp. 
 guarding, guarded.] To watch by way of de- 
 fence or security : — to protect ; to keep. — 2, r. u. 
 To be in a state of caution. — 3, v. A man, or 
 body of men, employed for defence : — protec- 
 tion ; care : — part of the hilt of a sword. 
 
 Guard'ed-ly, ad. In a cautious manner. 
 
 Guar'di-an (gar'de-an or giird'yau), ». One who 
 has the care of an orphan or other person ; a 
 protector. — 2, a. Performing the office of pro- 
 tector; guarding; protecting. 
 
 Guar'di-an-ship, n. The office of a guardian. 
 
 Guard'-room, n. A room in which those who are 
 appointed to watch assemble. 
 
 Guard'-shlp, n. A ship to guard the coast. 
 
 Guava (gwa'va), w. [Sp. guayaba, a Mexican 
 name.] A tropical tree and its fruit. 
 
 Gu-ber-na-to'ri-al, a. [L. gubernator, a governor 
 (q. ».)■]' Relating to a governor. 
 
 Gfldfeon (gudjun), n. [Fr. goujon; L. gobio, go- 
 bins; Gr. kio/3i6?, kJ)0os.] A fish : — a man easily 
 cheated : — a pin on which a wheel turns. 
 
 Guer'don (§er'don), n. [Fr. gverdon; It. gvidar- 
 done; Late L. wider donia; Ger. wieder, back 
 again, and L. donum, a gift.] A recompense. 
 
 Gue-ril'la, v. [Sp. guerrilla, a skirmish ; dim. of 
 guerra, war (q. v.).] Irregular warfare :— a per- 
 son engaged in irregular warfare. 
 
 a, e, I, o, u, y, long ; a, e, I, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y,, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
GUESS 
 
 275 
 
 GUSTY 
 
 Guess (£es), v . n . [Dan. gisse; Sw. gissa ; Dut. 
 gessen ; Fris. gedse, gezze : related to Get, of which 
 it was at first probably a desiderative form.] [ pp. 
 guessing, guessed.] To conjecture; to judge. — 
 2, v. a. To hit upon by conjecture. — 3, u. Judg- 
 ment without certain evidence ; a conjecture ; a 
 supposition. 
 
 Guest (gest), n. [A.-S. gsest, gest; Dan. giest; Dut. 
 & Ger. gust.— Cf. L. hostis, a guest, an enemy.] 
 One entertained by another. [horse-laugh. 
 
 Guf-faw', n. [Imitative.] A boisterous laugh ; a 
 
 Gug'gle, v. n. See Gurgle. 
 
 Guld'ance (gid'ans), n. Direction ; government. 
 
 Guide" (§Id) [gyld, S. W. J. F. C], v. a. [Fr. gukler; 
 guide, a guide; It. guidare ; Sp. guiar; probably 
 from the Teutonic root of Wise. — Cf. A.-S. wl- 
 sian, to guide.] [pp. guiding, guided.] To di- 
 rect; to govern; to regulate; to conduct; to 
 lead.— 2, n. One who guides ; a director. 
 
 Guide'book (gld'buk), n. A tourist's directorj\ 
 
 Guide'post (gld'post), n. A directing post. 
 
 GuT'don, n. [Fr. — See Guide.] A cavalry banner. 
 
 Gulld'(gild), n. [A.-S. & Goth, gild, gyld, a pay- 
 ment; A.-S. gildan, to pay, to yield (q. v.) ; Dut. 
 gild, Ger. gilde, a guild.] A society ; a corpora- 
 tion, [the root of.GoLO.] A Dutch coin. 
 
 Guild'er (gild'er), n. [Ger. & Dut. gulden; from 
 
 Guild'hall, u. ' The meeting-place of a guild or 
 corporation. 
 
 Guile (gil) (gyil, S. W. J. F. (?.], n. [0. Fr. gnile, 
 A.-S. wil, a trick, a wile (q. v.).] Deceitful 
 cunning; insidious artifice; deceit, fraud; du- 
 plicity ; craft. 
 
 Guile'ful, «. Wily; insidious; arrful. 
 
 Guile' ful-ly (gll'ful-le), ad. Insidiously. 
 
 Guile'less, a. Free from deceit ; honest. 
 
 Guil'le-mot. n. [Fr.] A marine bird like the auk. 
 
 Guil-lo-tlne' (gil-lo-ten'), n. [Fr. ; named for the 
 inventor of the improved machine.] A machine 
 used for beheading in France. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 guillotining, guillotined.] To behead by the 
 guillotine. < 
 
 Guilt (gilt), n. [A.-S. gylt, a crime; at first a 
 fine, a recompense ; gyll, gild, a payment.] State 
 of being guilty of having violated a law; crim- 
 inality ; sin; a crime. 
 
 Guilt'i-ness, ». State of being guilty; guilt. 
 
 Guilt'iess, a. Free from crime ; innocent. 
 
 Guil'ty. (gil'te), a. Having guilt ; chargeable with 
 a crime ; not innocent; wicked. 
 
 Guin'ea (gin'e), n. [At first coined from Guinea 
 gold'; the country was called Guinea from Jemie, 
 a town on the river Niger.] An English gold 
 coin, value 21 shillings sterling; 21 shillings. 
 
 Guin'ea-hen, n. A species of fowl. 
 
 Guin'ea-pig (gln'e-pigi, n. [Probably named 
 from Gni ma.] A small quadruped. 
 
 Guise (gTz), n. [Fr. gui*e, Sp. guisa, Ger. rceise, 
 method, way: cognate with Wise.] Manner; 
 mien ; habit: dress. 
 
 Gui-tar' (ge-tar'), i/. [Fr. guitare ; Sp. guitarra ; 
 tt. cithura: Gr. Ki.6a.pa. — See Cithara and Zith- 
 er.] An instrument of music. [water-course. 
 
 Gulch. )*. [A variant of Gtn.LT.] A gully ; a deep 
 
 Gules (gulz), n. [Fr. gueules, pi. of gneule, the 
 mouth ; L. guln, the throat, the mouth : it is the 
 color of the open mouths of heraldic animals. — 
 Cf. Sw. gnl, yellow ; Per. gul, a rose.] (Her.) Red. 
 
 Gulf, n. [Kr. golfe; It. golfo ; Late Gr. koA$os, 
 Gr. ko.Wo?, a bay, the bosom.] An arm of the 
 sea extending into the land; a large bay: — a 
 whirlpool : — a deep hole. 
 
 Giilf'y, a. Full of deep places or whirlpools. 
 
 Gull, v. a. [Corn sh, guOan; Welsh, gwtjlan; Fr. 
 go'eland, a gull.] [pp. gulling, gulled.] To trick ; 
 to cheat; to defraud. — 2, ». A sea-fowl: — a 
 t'ick : — one easily cheated; a dupe. 
 
 Gul'let, ii. [Fr. gonlet; gueule, L. gula, the throat.] 
 The throat; the oesophagus. 
 
 Giil-li-bil'i-ty, n. Weak credulity. 
 
 Gul'li-ble, o. Easily gulled or imposed upon. 
 
 Gul'ly, n. [A form of Gullet.] A ravine ; a chan- 
 nel :" — a knife. — 2, v. a. [pp. gullying, gullied.] 
 To wear away by water. — 3, v. n. To form a 
 channel; to gurgle. 
 
 Gulp, v. a. [Dut. gulpen, to devour; Dan. gulpe, 
 to vomit : possibly connected with Gulf. — Of. 
 Dut. gidp, a swallow, a gulp, — also a wave, a 
 billow; golf, a gulf, a wave.] [pp. gulping, 
 gulped.] To swallow eagerly or voraciously. — 
 2, n. The act of taking a large swallow ; a large 
 swallow of liquid. 
 
 Gum,-«. [Fr. gomme ; L. gummi; Gr. KOfj.ni.; 
 Coptic, koine.] A concrete vegetable substance 
 that exudes from certain trees: — [A.-S. goma, 
 Sw. gom, Ger. gaumen, the palate : root of Gape] 
 the fleshy covering that contains the teeth. — 
 2. v. a. [pp. gumming, gummed.] To close or 
 wash with gum. 
 
 Gum-ar'a-bic, n. A dried mucilaginous gum. 
 
 Gum'bo, h. See Gombo. 
 
 Gum'bdil, n. An abscess on the gum. 
 
 Gum'-e-las'tic, n. Caoutchouc ; india-rubber. 
 
 Gum-mif er-ous, a. [L. gummi, gum, and ftrre, 
 to bear.]' Producing gum. 
 
 Gum'mi-ness, it. The state of being gummy. 
 
 Gihn'my, a. Consisting of or having gum. 
 
 Gump'tion (gum^hun), n. [A.-S. gyman, Icel. 
 guma, to observe.] Understanding. Wulgar or 
 colloq.] 
 
 Gum'-rash, n. A cutaneous disease; red-gum. 
 
 Gum-res'in, n. A resinous gum. 
 
 Gum'-tree. n. A name of many kinds of tree. 
 
 Gun, ». [Welsh gwn, a gun, a bowl : Gallic gurma : 
 perhaps for 0. Fr. mangonne, a mangonel, a ma- 
 chine for throwing stones in war; or possibly a 
 variant of Caxxox.] A general name for all 
 kinds of fire-arms. — 2, v. n. [pp. gunning, 
 gunned.] To shoot with a gnn; to hunt. 
 
 Gun'-bar-rel, ». The tube of a gun. 
 
 Gun'-boat, n. A boat carrying one or two guns. 
 
 Gun'nel, n. See Gunwale. 
 
 Gun'ner, n. A cannoneer; one who shoots. 
 
 Gim'ner-y, n. Art of handling artillery. 
 
 Giin'ny, n. [Guni, gouia, native Indian names for 
 fibrous plants.] A coarse sacking-cloth. 
 
 Gun'pbw-der, n. The powder put into guns, com- 
 posed of saltpetre, sulphur, and charcoal. 
 
 Gun'shot. ii. The reach or range of a gun. — 2, a. 
 Made by the shot of a gun. 
 
 Gun'smith, n. A nwn who makes guns. 
 
 Gun'stock, n. Wood in which a gun is fixed. 
 
 Gun'wale (commonly pronounced gun'nel), ( /. Prob- 
 ably the u-ole or beam from which a gun was dis- 
 charged.] (NauL) Upper part of a ship's side. 
 
 Giir'gle (giir'gl), v. n. [Imitative.— Cf. It. gor- 
 gogliare, to gurgle; gorgogiio, a gurgling; L. 
 gnrgidio, a gullet ; gurges, a whirlpool.] [pp. gur- 
 gling, gurgled.] To gush, as water from a bot- 
 tle. — 2, n. The noise or flow of water. 
 
 Gur'nard, n. [Fr. grognard, a growler; grogner, to 
 grunt (q. v.) ; from the noise emitted by the fish, 
 which are locally called crooners.] A fish of sev- 
 eral kinds. 
 
 Gush, v. v. [Icel. gma, (josa ; Dut. gudsen ; Ger. 
 gie*sen. — Cf. A.-S. geotan, Dan. gyde, to pour; 
 Ger. guss, a gush, a shower.] [pp. gushing, 
 gushed.] To flow or rush out as a fluid. — 2, n. 
 A copious emission of water or a liquor : — effu- 
 sive sentiment. 
 
 Gush'ing. a. Flowing copiously or with a gush : 
 — effusively sentimental. 
 
 Gus'set, n. [Fr. gousset, dim. of gousse, a pod. — 
 Cf. It. guscio, a husk, a shell.] An angular piece 
 of cloth at the upper end of a shirt-sleeve. 
 
 Giist. n. [L. gnstm, taste; gustnre, to taste: Skr. 
 jiish, to like ; Gr. Yeuetv, to taste.] Sense of tast- 
 ing : — [Icel. gitstr; gjosta, gjosa, to gush (q. v.)] a 
 violent blast of wind ; a sudden squall. 
 
 Gus'ta-to-ry. a. Pertaining to tasting. 
 
 Gus'to, ii. fit.] Taste ; relish : liking. 
 
 Gus'ty, a. Stoi 
 
 stormy; tempestuous; windy. 
 
 mien, sir ; mQve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q, <>, c, £, soft; p, p, p, £, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 
 
GUT 
 
 276 
 
 HACK 
 
 Gut, n. [A.-S. gut, a gut, a channel ; Sw. gjnta, a 
 null-channel; Dan. gyde, a lane; Ger. gosse, a 
 drain : root of Gush.] The intestinal canal of 
 an animal ; an intestine : — a passage : — catgut : 
 — a stout cord made from the entrails of silk- 
 worms. — 2, v. a. [pp. gutting, gutted.] To evis- 
 cerate : — to plunder. 
 
 Gut'ta, n. ; pi. Gflt'tae. [L.] A drop.— (Arch.) A 
 little cone in the form of a bell. 
 
 Giit'ta-per'cha, n. [Malay guita, gum, and percha, 
 the name of a species of tree.] A substance much 
 used in the arts, obtained from the juice of a 
 tree found in some of the Asiatic islands. 
 
 Gut'ter, «. [Fr. goidliere ; fcp. golera ; Fr. goutte, 
 L. gutta, a drop : originally the gutter was an 
 eaves-trough.] A passage for water ; a channel. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. guttering, guttered.] To cut in 
 small hollows. 
 
 Gut'tur-al, a. [L. gutturalis ; guttur, the throat.] 
 Belonging to the throat. — 2, n. A letter pro- 
 nounced chiefly in the throat, as the Greek \- 
 
 Guy (§i), n. [Sp. Quia, a guy, a guide (>j. v.). 
 Guy, in the sense of a "fright," is s<> named 
 from the effigies of Guy Fawkes, burned on the 
 5th of November in England. Guy, as a proper 
 name, is the same as Guido, L. Vitus.] A rope 
 used for lifting; a stay-line or rod; a sort of 
 tackle : — a fright; a dowdy. [Colloq.] — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. guying, guyed.] To act as a guy or stay- 
 line : — to vex or make ridiculous. 
 
 Guz'zle (guz'zl), v. n. & v. a. [0. Fr. gouziller, 
 gosiller, Fr. gosier, the gullet. — Cf. It. gozzo, the 
 throat, the crop.] [pp. guzzling, guzzled.] To 
 drink greedily. 
 
 Guz'zler, n. An immoderate drinker. 
 
 g-ym-na'si-um ( jim-na/zhe-um), u. [L. ; Gr. yvfi- 
 vdcriov ; yvfxvd^eiv, to exercise naked ; yvixvas, 
 yvjuvo?, naked.] L. pi. Gym-na/si-a ; Eng. 
 gym-na'si-ums. A place for athletic exercises : 
 — a seminary ; a school of high grade. 
 
 gym'nast, n. [Gr. yuju.va.o-T77s.] One who teaches 
 or practises athletic exercises. 
 
 gym-nas'tic, a. [Gr. yv^vaariKos.] Kelating to 
 gymnastics ; athletic. 
 
 gym-nas'tics, n. pi. The art of applying gym- 
 nastic exercises; athletic exercises. 
 
 gym'no- (jim'no). A prefix to several words of 
 Greek origin, implying nakedness. 
 
 gym-nos'o-phist, n. [Gr. yvp.vo<;, naked, and 
 <ro</)6s, wise ; <ro</>itrTrjs, a sophist.] An Indian 
 philosopher. 
 
 gym'no-sperm, n. [Gr. yu/uvos, naked, and 
 a-rrepfj.a, seed.] A plant having naked seeds. 
 
 gym-no-sper'mous, a. Having naked seeds. 
 
 gyn-se-col'o-gist, n. One versed in gynaecology. 
 
 gyn-ae-col'o-gy, n. [Gr. yvvrj, yvvaiKo<;, a woman, 
 and Aoyos, a treatise.] That department of sci- 
 ence which treats of the female constitution. 
 
 gyp'se-ous, a. Relating to gypsum. 
 
 gyp' sum, n. [L. gypsum, Gr. yui//o?, chalk; Per. 
 jabsin, lime; Arab. jibs, plaster.] Plaster-stone; 
 a sulphate of lime. 
 
 GYP'sy, n.; pi. gyp'sies. [From Egypt, once 
 supposed to be the original home of the Gypsies.] 
 One of a wandering race of people : — a strolling 
 beggar ; a fortune-teller. 
 
 gy'rant, a. Gyrating; gyral. 
 
 gy'rate, v. n. [L. gyrare, gyratum, to turn ; grirus, 
 Gr. yupos, a ring.] [^.gyrating, gyrated.] To 
 turn round ; to whirl. 
 
 (Jry-ra'tion, n. The act of turning about. 
 
 gry-ra'tion-al, a. Of or pertaining to, or charac- 
 terized' by,' gyration. 
 
 9y'ra-to-ry, a. Moving round ; ro- 
 tatory". 
 
 Gyre (jir), n. [Gr. yupos, a ring.] 
 A circle or circular motion. 
 
 gyVfal-con, n. See Gerfalcon. 
 
 Qy'ro-scope, u. [Gr. yupos, a circle, 
 and (TKOirelv, to view.] An instru- 
 ment for exhibiting certain effects 
 of revolution or rotation. 
 
 gyve, n. ; pi. gyves. [Welsh, gefyn; 
 
 Gael, geimheal: root of Celt, gabh, Gyroscope. 
 to take.] A fetter; a chain for 
 the legs or limbs; — used commonly in the plu- 
 ral. — 2, v. a. [pp. gyving, gyved.] To fetter; 
 to shackle. 
 
 H. 
 
 His a note of aspiration, or mark of a strong 
 breathing; and it is, by some, accounted no 
 letter. [delight. 
 
 Ha, interj. An expression of wonder, surprise, or 
 
 Ha'be-as cbr'pus, n. [L. for "you may, or do 
 you, take the body."] (Law.) A writ bringing 
 an imprisoned person before a court with a view 
 to his discharge on bail. 
 
 Hab'er-dash, v. n. [pp. haberdashing, haber- 
 dashed.] To deal in small wares or in a small 
 way. 
 
 Hab'er-dash-er, n. [0. Fr. hafertas, a kind of 
 cloth ; 0. feel, hapurtask, trumpery, — at first 
 probably pedlers' wares. — Cf. Icel. haprtask, a 
 haversack (q. v.).~\ A dealer in small wares. 
 
 Hab'er-dash-er-y, n. Small goods or wares. 
 
 Ha-ber'fe-on, n. [0. Fr. haubergeon, dim. of hau- 
 berc, a hauberk (q. v.).] Armor for the breast. 
 
 Ha-bil'i-ment, n. [Fr. habillement, clothing; ha- 
 biller, to dress, to fit out ; habile, ready ; L. habilis, 
 fit; habere, to have.] Dress; clothes; garment. 
 
 Hab'it, n. [Fr. habit, a garment,— formerly, a 
 custom, a practice ; L. habitus, condition, habit, 
 attire; habere, habitum, to have.] The effect of 
 a frequent repetition of the same act : — usual 
 practice; custom; inveterate use; usage: — con- 
 stitution; state of any thing: — dress; garb. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. habiting, habited.] To dress; to 
 accoutre ; to array. 
 
 Hab-i-ta-bil'i-ty, n. State of being inhabitable. 
 
 Hab'i-ta-ble,'«. '[L. habitabilis ; habitare, to dwell, 
 to inhabit, frequentative of habere, to have, to 
 hold.] Capable of being dwelt in. 
 
 Hab'i-tan-cy, n. (Law.) Legal settlement. 
 
 Hab'i-tant, n. [Fr.] An inhabitant. 
 
 Hab'i-tat, n. [L. for "he, she, or it dwells."] 
 The place of the natural growth of plants, ani- 
 mals, insects, &c. 
 
 Hab-i-ta'tion, n. [L. habitatio.— See Habitable.] 
 Place of abode ; dwelling. 
 
 Hab'it-ed, a. Clothed :— accustomed ; usual. 
 
 Ha-bit'u-al (ha-bit'yu-al ), a. [Fr. hnbituel; Late 
 L. habilualis.]' Being "in constant use ; custom- 
 ary; constant; common. 
 
 Ha-bit'ii-al-ly, ad. Customarily ; by habit. 
 
 Ha-bit'u-ate, v. a. [L. hubituare, habituatum. — See 
 Habit,] [pp. habituating, habituated.] To 
 make habitual ; to accustom ; to make familiar. 
 
 Hab'i-tude, n. Long custom ; habit; state. 
 
 HabituS (a-be-tu-a), n. [Fr.] One who frequents 
 a place. 
 
 Hack, v. a. [A.-S. haccan; Dut. hakken; Dan. 
 hakke; Scot, hag; Ger. hacken; Fr. hacher. — See 
 Hatchet.] [pp. hacking, hacked.] To cut ; to 
 chop; to cut clumsily. — 2, «. A notch ; a cut : — 
 [see Hackney] a horse kept for hire : — a hack- 
 ney ; a hackney-coach : — a writer for hire. — 3, a. 
 Hired ; mercenary ; venal. — 4, v. w. To be venal : 
 
 a, e, I, 5, 5, y, long ; a, e, I, 5, fi, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, hen 
 
HACKBEREY 
 
 277 
 
 HALLELUJAH 
 
 — [Imitative. — See Hawk ; Welsh Jiochi; Magyar 
 Jiak] to cough. 
 
 Ha.ck'ber-ry,«i. [Haw and Beery. — Cf. A.-S. haga, 
 a haw, a hedge.] A species of tree and its fruit. 
 
 Hack'but, ) w- [0. Fr. haquebuie; l>ut. haakbus. — 
 
 Hag'bui, j See Arquebuse.] A mediaeval very 
 heavy arquebuse fired from a hook or forked rest. 
 
 Hac'kle, v. a. [See Heckle.] [pp. hackling, 
 hackled.] To dress flax; to hatchel. — 2, n. A 
 comb for dressing flax; hatchel: — a pointed 
 feather. [American larch. 
 
 Hack'ma-tack, n. [Native American name.] The 
 
 Hack'ney (hak'ne), n. [Sp. hacanea; haca, a pony ; 
 It. chinea, acchinea; 0. Fr. hacquente; 0. Dut. 
 hackeneye: origin doubtful.] A nag; a hired 
 horse : — a drudge : — a hireling : — a prostitute : — 
 any thing let out for hire, as a carriage ; a hack. 
 — 2, a. Much used ; let out for hire. — 3, v. a. [pp. 
 hackneying, hackneyed.] To use much ; to inure. 
 
 Hack'ney-coach, n. A carriage let for hire. 
 
 Hack'neyed (hak'nid), p. a. Much used; trite. 
 
 Had, i. '& p. of have. 
 
 Had'dock, n. [Gael, adag ; Irish, codog; Fr. hadot, 
 hadec: probably a dim. of Cod (q. v.).] A sea- 
 fish of the cod kind. 
 
 Hade, n. [A.-S. heald, inclined, heeled; hyldan, 
 to incline; Ger. halde, Dan. held, slope. — See 
 Heel.] The steep descent of a shaft ; descent : — 
 the dip of a mineral vein. — 2, v. u. [pp. hading, 
 haded.] (Mining.) To deviate from the vertical ; 
 to slope, as a vein or lode. 
 
 Ha'des, n. [Gr. a'Srys, said to be from a privative, 
 and iSetV, to see.] The place of departed spirits. 
 
 Haem'or-rhafe, n. Same as Hemorrhage. 
 
 Haft, w. [A.-S. hfeft; Dut. & Ger. heft: root of 
 Have.] A handle; a hilt. 
 
 Hagr, n. [A.-S. hsegtesse; Ger. hexe. — Cf. Dut. 
 haagtis, a lizard, from haag, a hedge. The idea 
 seems to be that of a woman who lives among 
 the hedges.] A witch ; a fury : — an ugly woman. 
 -2, v. a. [pp. hagging, bagged.] To torment; 
 to harass with vain terror. , 
 
 Hag'but, n. See Hackbut. 
 
 Hag'gard, a. [Probably meaning nag-Mke ; Ger. 
 hager, lean.] Lean; pale; ugly; deformed: — 
 wild. — 2, n. [Ger. hagard, a hawk ; hag, a hedge ; 
 or perhaps akin to Hawk.] A species of hawk : 
 — any thing ugly :— [from hag, a hedge] a stack- 
 yard ; an enclosure. 
 
 Hag'gard-ly, ad. De formed ly ; pallidly. 
 
 Hag'fis, n. [Fr. hachis, a hash (q. v.).] A Scotch 
 dish of chopped meat. 
 
 Hag'gHsh, a. Like a hag; deformed; horrid. 
 
 Hag'gie, v. a. [Dim. or frequentative of Hack.] 
 [pp. haggling, haggled.] To cut; to chop; to 
 mangle. — 2, u. n. To be difficult in a bargain ; 
 to higgle. 
 
 Hag'gler, n. One who haggles; a higgler. 
 
 Ha-gi-og'ra-pher, n. [Gr. ayi.6ypa.fya, holy writ- 
 ings; ayi'o?, holy, and ypdfyeiv, to write.] A 
 holy writer. 
 
 Ha-gi-og'ra-phy, «. Holy or sacred writings; 
 biographies of the saints. 
 
 Ha-gi-ol'o-gy, n. [Gr. oiyio?, holy, and Aoyos, a 
 treatise.] A treatise on the saints. 
 
 Hah (ha), interj. Expressing surprise or effort. 
 
 Ha-ha', n. A fence sunk below the ground. 
 Hail (hal), ». [A.-S. hagal; Ger., Dut., Dan., & 
 Sw. hagel.] Drops of rain frozen in falling. — 
 2, v. n. [pp. hailing, hailed.] To pour down 
 hail. — 3, v. a. To salute ; to call to : — to pour. — 
 4, v. n. (Naut.) To declare in answer to a hail ; 
 to sail from or belong to.— 5, interj. A term of 
 salutation; health. —6, a. [Icel. heill, well, 
 sound ; Sw. hel. Dan. lieel, well cognate with 
 Whole.] See Hale. 
 Hail' -f el-low, n. An intimate companion. 
 Hail' stone, n. A particle or single ball of hail. 
 Hail'y, a. Characterized by hail. 
 Hair, n. The dry, elastic filaments arising from 
 tbe skin of animals. 
 
 Hair' -breadth (har'bredth), n. The diameter of 
 a hair ; a very small distance. 
 
 Hair'-brush, n. A brush for the hair. 
 
 Hair'j-ness, n. The state of being hairy. 
 
 Hair' -pin, n. A pin used in dressing the hair. 
 
 Hair'y, a. Covered with, or consisting of, hair. 
 
 Hake, n. [Sw. hake, Dan. huge, a hook; from the 
 shape of its under-jaw.J A kind of 
 fish resembling the cod. 
 
 Hal'berd, or Hal'berd, n. [Ger. helle- 
 burte; 0. Ger. he'lmburte; Fr. halle- , 
 barde; Ger. halm, a stalk, — formerly, 
 a pole or handle (see Helm), — and 
 barte, Icel. barda, an axe. By con- 
 fusion with helm, a helmet, the name, 
 especially in German y, came to mean 
 a helmet-axe, an axe for splitting Halberd, 
 helmets. Ger. barte, an axe, is closely 
 related to barb, a beard.] A kind of spear; a 
 cross-bar : — written also halbert. 
 
 Hal-ber-dier', n. One armed with a halberd. 
 
 Hal'cy-on (hal'she-un or hal'se-uu), n. [L. hal- 
 cyon or alcyon, otherwise alctdo, Gr. o.\kvu>v, a 
 kingfisher. The bird was believed to breed at 
 midwinter, at which time the sea was said to be 
 calm for fourteen days.] A bird, the king- 
 fisher. — 2, «. An epithet applied to seven days 
 before, and seven after, the winter solstice : — 
 placid; quiet; still; peaceful. 
 
 Hale, a. [Icel. heill, Sw. hel, Dan. heel, Ger. he'd, 
 whole (</. v.), well.— See Heal.] Healthy ; sound ; 
 hearty; uninjured. [See Haul. 
 
 Hale, or Hale, v. a. [pp. haling, haled.] To drag. 
 
 Half (hiif), m. ; pi. Halves (havz). [A.-S. healf, 
 Dut. & Sw. half, Dan. hale, Ger. halb, a half,— 
 originally, a side.] A moiety; one of two equal 
 parts. — 2, ad. In part ; equally. — 3, a. Consist- 
 ing of a moiety or half. 
 
 Half -ape, ». A lemur. 
 
 Half-blood (haf'blud), n. One torn of the same 
 father or mother, but not of botli :— a half-breed. 
 
 Half-breed, n. A person or an animal of mixed 
 race ; a half-caste. 
 
 Half -broth-er, n. A brother by one parent only. 
 
 Half-caste, n. A half-breed; a person of mixed 
 descent. 
 
 Half -cock, v. a. [pp. half-cocking, half-cocked.] 
 To set the cock of a fire-arm at the first notch. 
 — 2, n. The first notch of a gun-lock. 
 
 Half-crb<vn', n. A British silver coin, worth 
 about sixty cents. 
 
 Half-dime', n. A five-cent piece. 
 
 Half-dol'lar, n. A fifty-cent piece. 
 
 Half -doz-en (hafdiiz-zn), n. or a. Six. 
 
 Half-heart'ed, a. Lukewarm; indifferent. 
 
 Half -mast, 'a. At half the full height (said of 
 flags). [effectual scheme. 
 
 Half -meas-ure, n. An imperfect, feeble, or in- 
 Half -m66n, n. The moon half illuminated. 
 
 Half -note, n. A minim in music. 
 
 Half -pen-ny (ha'pen-ne, hap'pen-ne, or hafpgn- 
 ne), n. ; pi. Half -pence (ha'pens or bafpens), 
 or Half-pen-nies (or ha'pen-nez). A copper 
 coin worth half a penny. 
 
 Half -pike, n. A pike carried by officers. 
 
 Half-sis' ter, »/. A sister by one parent only. 
 
 Half-way, w. Half the distance. — 2, a. Equi- 
 distant ; in the middle. 
 
 Half -wit-ted (haf wit-ted), a. Foolish. 
 
 Hal'i-but (hoi'-), n. [Dut. heilbot; heilig, holy, 
 and bot,. Ger. butte, a flounder.] A large, flat 
 sea-fish. 
 
 Hail, n. [A.-S. hal, heall; Dut. hal; Icel. & 0. Sw. 
 hall : root of A.-S. helan, to cover. — Cf. Ger. halle, 
 and Skr. gala, a mansion. — See Cell. It is dis- 
 tinct from L. aula, a hall.] A large room for 
 the transaction of public business ; a large pub- 
 lic room : — a manor-house : — an entry ; a vesti- 
 bule : — a collegiate body in a university. 
 
 Hal-le-lu'jah (bal-le-lu'ya), n. [Heb., Praise ye 
 the Lord.] A song of thanksgiving. 
 
 mien, sir; m6ve, nor, sSn; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5, <?,$,§, soft; p, £}, p, § , hard ; sasz; $ 
 
 24 
 
 gz ; this. 
 
HALLIAKDS 
 
 278 
 
 HANDY 
 
 Hall'iards (hal'yardz), n. pi. [Haul (Hale) and 
 Yard.] (Xaut.) Hopes or tackle to hoist or lower 
 yards, &c. 
 
 Hal-loo', iuterj. [A simple interjection. — Cf. Ger. 
 halo; Fr. huro ; A.-S. eula.] Expressing call. — 
 2, v. n. [pp. hallooing, hallooed.] To cry out. 
 — 3, v. a. To encourage with shouts; to chase 
 with shouts; to call to. — 4, n. A loud call. 
 
 Hal'low (hal'lo), v. a. [A.-S. halig, holy; hulgiah, 
 to make holy.] [pp. hallowing, hallowed.] To 
 consecrate ; to make holy ; to sanctify ; to rev- 
 erence as holy. 
 
 Hal-low-een', re. [Originally, halowene was the 
 genitive plural of O. E. halo we, a saint, and sig- 
 nified of the saints; later, it signified the eve 
 (colloq. Scut, e'en) or evening preceding the 
 feast of All Saints.] The evening before Hal- 
 lowmas. 
 
 Hal'low-mas, n. [0. E. alle halowene tyd, all saints' 
 time; A.-S. halig, holy, halga, a saint, and Mass 
 (q. ».).] The feast of All Saints. 
 
 Hal-lu-ci-na'tion, n. [L. ulncinutio ; aliiciuari, to 
 wander in mind; Gr. aXveiv, aAvcrcreii'.] A dis- 
 eased imagination ; a delirium : — error ; blun- 
 der; mistake. 
 
 Ha'io, b.; pi. Ha'los. [L. halos ; Gr. aA«>s, liter- 
 ally, a round threshing-floor.] A bright circle 
 round the sun or moon ; a glory. 
 
 Ha'lbid, )i. [Gr. aAs, ciAos, salt, and elSos, form.] 
 (Chem.) A species of salt. — 2, a. Like com- 
 mon salt. 
 
 Halt, v. n. [A.-S. healtian.] [pp. halting, halted.] 
 To limp : — [Ger. halt en, to hold, to make a halt ; 
 halt, a halt. — See Hold] to stop; to hesitate. — 
 2, v. a. To cause to stop. — 3, a. [A.-S. healt; 
 Dan. & Sw. halt.] Lame; crippled. — i, n. The 
 act of limping : — a stop in a march. 
 
 Hal'ter, n. [A.-S. healfter ; Ger. halfter.] A rope 
 to hang malefactors with : — a sort of bridle. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. haltering, haltered.] To bind with 
 a halter. 
 
 Halve (hav), v. a. [pp. halving, halved.] To 
 divide into two equal parts. 
 
 Halve§ (havz), ». The plural of half. 
 
 Hal'yards, re. pi. See Halliards. 
 
 Ham, n. [A.-S. hamm; Dut. ham ; Icel. horn, a 
 haunch. — Cf. JPr.fambe; It. gamba; L. gamba, 
 a hock; Gr. /ca/u.7rij, a bend.] The hip: — the 
 thigh of a hog salted. 
 
 Ham'a-dry-ad, n. [Gr. pi. 'A/uaSpvaSes ; &M a , 
 with (see 'Same), and opus, a tree (q. ».).] A 
 wood-nymph. 
 
 Hames, n. pi. [Walloon hene, a splint; Flem. 
 haem, a horse-collar. — Cf. Fr. humegon, a hook.] 
 A frame attached to a horse-collar. 
 
 Ham'let, n. [Anglo-Fr. hamelet; 0. Fr. humel; 
 Fr. h'ameau: root of Home.] A small village. 
 
 Ham'mer, b. [A.-S. humor; Dan. & Ger. hammer; 
 Dut. h'anier.] An instrument for driving nails. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. hammering, hammered.] To beat 
 or form with a hammer. — 3, v. n. To work ; to 
 be busy. 
 
 Ham'mer-cloth, n. [Dut. hemel, Ger. himmel, a 
 covering (later, heaven), and Cloth.] Cloth 
 covering a coach-box. 
 
 Ham'mock, n. [Sp. hamaco ; a West-Indian 
 name.] A swinging bed : — a fertile tract. 
 
 Ham' per. n. [0. E. hanaper, Late L. hunaperium, 
 a basket. — Cf. A.-S. hnsep, Dut. nap, Ger. napf, 
 Eng. nappy, a dish, a basin.] A large basket ; 
 a kind of fetter. — 2, v. a. [Etymology unknown. 
 — Cf. Scot, hamp, to stumble, to halt, to go limp; 
 A.-S. hamelian, 0. E. humble, to mutilate. Prob- 
 ably related to Ham and Hamstring.] [pp. 
 hampering, hampered.] To shackle; to entan- 
 gle ; to ensnare ; to fetter; to put into a hamper. 
 
 Ham'ster, n. [Ger. & Fr.] An animal of the rat 
 tribe. ' 
 
 Ham'string, n. The tendon of the ham. — 2, v. a. 
 [i. hamstrung; pp. hamstringing, hamstrung.] 
 To lame by cutting the tendon of the ham. 
 
 Han'a-per, n. [See Hamper.] A hamper :— a 
 treasury. 
 
 Hand, n. [A.-S., Dan., Sw., & Ger. hand; Dut. 
 haand: root of Goth, hinthan, to seize.— Cf. L. 
 prehendere, to grasp.] The palm with the fin- 
 gers :— a measure of four inches ; a palm ; an 
 index, as of a clock : — manner of writing :— side, 
 right or left : — a person employed ; a workman : 
 — agency. — 2, v. a. [pp. handing, handed.] To 
 give or transmit :— to guide or lead. 
 
 Hand' -bar-row, n. A frame carried by hand. 
 
 Hand'bill, n. A loose printed sheet. 
 
 Hand'-book (hand'buk), n. A manual. 
 
 Hand' -breadth (hand'bredth), n. A space equal 
 to the breadth of the hand ; a palm. 
 
 Hand'-car, n. A car propelled by hand. 
 
 Hand'-cart, n. A cart pushed or pulled by hand. 
 
 Hand'craft, n. See Handicraft. 
 
 Hand' crafts-man, n. See Handicraftsman. 
 
 Hand' cuff. n. [A.-S. handcops; cops or cosjy, a fet- 
 ter.] A fetter for the wrist. — 2, v. a. [pp. hand- 
 cuffing, handcuffed.] To manacle; to fasten. 
 
 Hand'fast, v. a. [A.-S. handfsestan.— See Hand 
 and Fasten.] [pp. handfastiug, handfasted.] 
 To betroth : — to marry conditionally. 
 
 Hand'ful, n. ; pi. Hand'ful§. As much as the 
 hand can grasp : — a small quantity. 
 
 Han'di-cap, v. a. [For hand in cap ; probably from 
 the drawing of lots from a cap.] [pp. handi- 
 capping, handicapped.] To assign, as to a horse, 
 some additional weight to counterbalance sup- 
 posed superiority : — to affect disadvantageous^- ; 
 to burden; to weight. — 2, b. A race in which 
 the chances are equalized by granting some ad- 
 vantage in the start to inferior ones : — the allow- 
 ance thus made. 
 
 Hand'i-craft, n. [A.-S. handcrseft; Hand and 
 Craft.] Manual occupation. 
 
 Hand'i-crafts-man, n. A manufacturer; a me- 
 chanic ; an artisan. 
 
 Hand'i-ly, ad. Skilfully; conveniently; easily. 
 
 Hand'i-nlss, n. Readiness ; dexterity. 
 
 Hand'i-work (-wurk), n. [A.-S. hand jeweorc ; ge- 
 weorc is a form of iceorc, work.] Work of the 
 hand ; work done by the hands. 
 
 Hand'ker-chlef (hang'ker-chlf ), n. [Hand and 
 Kerchief.] A piece of silk or linen to wipe the 
 face or cover the neck. 
 
 Han'dle, w. «. [A.-S. handlian; Dut. handelen ; 
 Dan. handle; Ger. handeln ; Dut. handel, a han- 
 dle.— See Hand.] [pp. handling, handled.] To 
 touch, feel, use, or hold, with the hand : — to 
 manage ; to treat of; to use. — 2, n. The part of 
 a thing held in the hand ; a haft :— that of which 
 use is made. 
 
 Hand'ling. n. Touch ; execution ; management. 
 
 Hand'maid, n. A maid that waits at hand. 
 
 Hand'maid-en (-ma-dn), n. A handmaid. 
 
 Hand-br'gan, n. A barrel-organ. 
 
 Hand'saw, n. A saw managed by the hand. 
 
 Hand'sel (han'sel), m. [A.-S. handxelen, a delivery ; 
 hand, hand, and sellan, to deliver (see Sell) ; Icel. 
 handsal, a bargain; hand, hand, and sal, a giv- 
 ing; Dut. handsel; Sw. handsol.] The first use 
 of any thing : — an earnest. — 2, v. a. [pp. hand- 
 selling, handselled.] To use or do the first 
 time. 
 
 Hand'some (han'sum), a. [Hand and the suffix 
 -some,' as in u-insome, gladsome: the first mean- 
 ing was handy, dexterous, skilful, serviceable. — 
 Cf. Dut. handzaam, serviceable.] Moderately 
 beautifid ; graceful ; elegant : — ample ; liberal. 
 
 Hand'some-ly, ad. Beautifully ; generously. 
 
 Hand'some-ness, n. Beauty ; elegance. 
 
 Hand' spike, n. A kind of wooden lever. 
 
 Hand' work (-wtirk), n. Work done by hand. 
 
 Hand'writ-ing (-rit-ing), n. A form of writing 
 peculiar to each hand ; :-hirography. 
 
 Hand'y, a. [A.-S. hendig, Dut. handig, Dan. hsen- 
 dig ; all from hand.] Ready ; dexterous :— [A.-S. 
 gehende, near at hand] convenient. 
 
 a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, I, 6, Q, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, x. obscure— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
HANG 
 
 279 
 
 HAKMONICALLY 
 
 Hang", v. a. [A.-S. hongian, pp. hangen : Icel. hengja ; 
 Ger. hilngen, henken ; Dut. hanyen ; Dan. hsenge.] 
 [i. hung or hanged; pp. hanging, huug or 
 banged.] To suspend; tu show aloft :— to kill 
 by suspending by the neck. — 2, v. n. [A.-S. 
 hongian; Icel. hanga; Ger. hangen.] To be sus- 
 pended ; to depend. — 3, v. Manner of connection. 
 
 Hang'er, n. He who or that which hangs : — that 
 by which a thing hangs : — a broad sword. 
 
 Hang'ing, n. A suspension : — that which hangs : 
 — drapery hung to the walls of rooms. 
 
 Hang'man, n. A public executioner. 
 
 Hang'nail. n. [Hang and Nail: the word repre- 
 sents, however, the much older Agnail (q. v.).] 
 A portion of the cuticle shivered off from the 
 roots of the finger-nail. 
 
 Hank (hfingk), n. [Dan. lunik, a handle ; Sw. 
 hank, a string; Ger. henkel, a handle; Icel. Itouk, 
 a hank ; hang, a coil : akin to Hang.] A skein ; 
 a tie. — 2, v. a. [pp. hanking, hanked.] To form 
 into hanks. 
 
 Hank'er (hangk'er), v. n. [Dut. hunkeren, — for- 
 merly honkeren, hengelen, to hanker; Local Eug. 
 hank, to long for; from Hang. — Of. to hang about; 
 Icel. hanga, to cleave to.] [pp. hankering, hank- 
 ered.] To long importunately; to have eager 
 desire ; to crave. 
 
 Han-se-at'ic, a. [Ger. hanse, hansa, an associa- 
 tion ;' Goth, hausa, a troop.] Relating to the 
 Hanse towns. [wheeled cab. 
 
 Han'som, n. [From the inventor's name.] A two- 
 Hap, u. [Icel. hupp, unexpected luck; "Welsh 
 hap, good luck. — Cf. A.-S. gehsep, fit; possibly 
 connected with Fr. happer, Ger. happen, to snap, 
 to seize, to lay hold of; cf. also L. aptus, fit; Gr. 
 a-Teiv, to seize.] Chance; fortune; luck; acci- 
 dent. — 2, v. n. [pp. happing, happed.] To hap- 
 pen.— 3, v. a. [A form of hp or wrap.] To 
 cover ; to wrap. 
 
 Hap-haz'ard, n. Chance ; accident. — 2, a. Hap- 
 pening by chance; made or done at random. 
 
 Hap'less, a. Unhappy; luckless , 
 
 Hap'ly, ad. Perhaps ; by chance. 
 
 Hap'pen (hapfpn), ,-. „. [From Hap.] [pp. hap- 
 pening, happened.] To chance; to take place. 
 
 Hap'pi-ly, ad. In a happy manner :— appropri- 
 ately. 
 
 Hap'pi-ness, n. Felicity; bliss; blessedness. 
 
 Hap'py, a. [From Hap.] Having the desires 
 satisfied ; felicitous ; lucky ; successful ; fortu- 
 nate:— apt. 
 
 Ha-rangue' (ha-r;ing'), n. [Fr. harangue; Sp. 
 arenga ; It. arringa; from 0. Ger. hring,a ring, 
 a circus, an assembly. — See Ring.] A declama- 
 tory or noisy speech ; declamation. — 2. r. n. [pp. 
 haranguing, harangued.] To make a declama- 
 tory speech ; to declaim. — 3, v. a. To address by 
 an oration. 
 
 Har'ass, c. a, [Fr. harasaer; possibly connected 
 with Fr. herse, a harrow, — more probably with 
 Eng. Harry, 0. Fr. harer.—Vf. Lith." 
 war; Goth, harjis, an army; Skr. para, hurt.] 
 [pp. harassing, harassed.] To waste : — to weary ; 
 to perplex ; to distress. 
 
 Har'bin-£-er, n. [0. E. herbergeour, a provider of 
 lodgings, a quartermaster; 0. Fr. herberger, to 
 harbor, to lodge ; herberge, Fr. auberge, a lodg- 
 ing; Ger. heer, 0. Ger. heri, an army, and bergan, 
 to shelter. — See Harbor.] A forerunner: a 
 precursor. — 2, v. a. [pp. harbingering, harbin- 
 ger ed.] To forerun or precede and announce; 
 to usher in ; to introduce. 
 
 Har'bor, n. [Icel. herbergi, harbor, inn; herr, an I 
 army, and bjarga, to protect; 0. Sw. hserberge, i 
 an inn; 0. Ger. hereberga, a camp; heer or heri, 
 an army, and bergan, to shelter.] A station for 
 ships; a port;' a haven: — asylum; shelter. — 
 2, v. n. [pp. harboring, harbored.] To lodge; 
 to take shelter.— 3, v. a. To entertain ; to shel- 
 ter; to secure. — (Law.) To receive clandestinely. 
 
 Har'bor-age. u. Shelter; entertainment. 
 
 Har'bor-er, n. One who harbors. 
 
 Har'bor-less, a. Wanting harbor. 
 
 Har'bor-mas'ter, n. An officer who has the care 
 of mooring ships in a harbor. 
 
 Hard, a. [A.-S. heard; Dut. hard; Dan. hoard; 
 Ger. hart; Goth, hardus. — Cf. Gr. Kparvs, strong.] 
 Not easy to be pierced, penetrated, or com- 
 pressed; firm; solid; not soft: — difficult; pain- 
 ful ; laborious : — rigorous ; severe ; unkind : — 
 insensible ; obdurate : — impregnated with salts. 
 — 2, ad. Close; near; laboriously. 
 
 Hard'en (har'dn), v. n. [pp. hardening, hardened.] 
 To grow hard. — 2, v. a. To make hard or firm. 
 
 Hard'-f a-vored (-vurd), a. Coarse of feature. 
 
 Hard'-f ist-ed, a. Close-handed; covetous. 
 
 Hard' hack, n. A small shrub, spiraea. 
 
 Hard'-head-ed, a. Sshrewd; obstinate. 
 
 Hard'-heart-'ed, a. Cruel; obdurate. 
 ■ Hard'i-hood (har'de-hud;. n. stoutness; bold- 
 ness"; effrontery ; audacity. 
 ' Hard'i-ly, ad. Boldly; confidently. 
 i Hard'i-nSss, n. Firmness ; stoutness ; courage. 
 
 Hard'ly, ad. Xot easily ; scarcely ; barely ; al- 
 most : — severely ; harshly. [hard. 
 
 Hard'ness, n. [A.-S. heardnes.] Quality of being 
 
 Hard' -pan, n. (Geol.) The hard strata imme- 
 diately underlying the soil : the till; the pan. 
 
 Hard'ship, n. Severe labor; suffering. 
 
 Hard' tack, n. Hard dry bread; sea-bread. 
 
 Hard'ware, /*. Manufactures, goods, or wares 
 made of iron or other metals. 
 
 Hard'ware-man, n. A dealer in hardware. 
 
 Hard'y, a. [Fr. hurdi, bold; O. Fr. hardir, to 
 make' bold. — See Hard.] Bold; brave; stout; 
 6trong; firm. 
 
 Hare, n. [A.-S. hara; Dut. haas; Dan. hare; Ger. 
 hose. — Cf. Skr. fasa, papa, a hare, — literally, a 
 leaper; pas, pap, to jump: cognate with Haste.] 
 A small, swift, timid quadruped, allied to the 
 rabbit : — a constellation. 
 
 Hare'bell, n. [Hare and Bell.] A plant and its 
 blue flower. 
 
 Hare'-brained (-l>r"ind\ a. Volatile; wild. 
 
 Hare'llp, n. A divided lip, like a hare's. 
 
 Hare'lipped (har'llptj, a. Having a harelip. 
 
 Ha'rem, or Ha'rera, n. [Arab, haram, prohibited, 
 sacred: men are forbidden to enter harems.] 
 The apartments for women in a seraglio or other 
 house in the East : — the women of a seraglio. 
 
 Har'i-cot ihar'e-ko), „. [Fr. for "a bean," "a 
 stew;" connected apparently with 0. Fr. hkrigot, 
 t. a spur or dewclaw.] A kind of ragout : 
 — a kind of bean. 
 
 Hark, v. n, [See Hearken.] [pp. harking, 
 harked.] To listen; to give ear: to hearken. — 
 2. interj. (imperative of hark.) List: hear. 
 
 Har'le-quin (hiir'le-kin) [har'le-kwln, Jo. St. I.], 
 n. [Fr. asieguht; It. arlecchino; 0. Fr. hierlekin: 
 probably a dim. of hade, a smew or gull.] A 
 buffoon; a merry -andrew ; a zany. 
 
 Har'lot, n. [0. E. harlot, a person, a fellow ; 0. 
 Fr. arlot, a vagabond ; "Welsh herlod, a stripling : 
 probably the word was at first a dim. of Churl 
 Iq.v.).] A prostitute ; a strumpet.— 2, a. Wan- 
 ton ; lewd ; like a harlot. 
 
 Har'lot-ry. ». The trade of a harlot; lewdness. 
 
 Harm, n. [A.-S. hearm, harm, grie; ; Dan. borate, 
 Sw. harm, anger; Ger. harm, grief.] Injury ; 
 mischief; hurt; eril.—2, r. a. [pp. harming, 
 harmed.] To hurt; to injure; to damage. 
 
 Harm'ful, a. Hurtful ; injurious ; mischievous. 
 
 Harm'less. a. Innocent; not hurtful : — unhurt. 
 
 Harm'less-ly, ad. Innocently ; without harm. 
 
 Harm'less-ness. n. State of being harmless. 
 
 Har-mon'ic, j a. [L. harmonicas. — See Har- 
 
 Har-mon'i-cal. j MONT.] Relating to music or 
 harmony ; concordant. 
 
 Har-mon'i-ca, n. A musical apparatus, consisting 
 of a collection of glass goblets :— a small, flat 
 wind-instrumeut. 
 Har-mSn'i-cal-ly, ad. "With harmony. 
 
 mien, si'r; move, nor, son; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5, <?, 5, £, soft; p, J3, p, g, hwd ; s us z; ? <« gz; this. 
 
HARMONICS 
 
 280 
 
 HATEFUL 
 
 Har-mon'ics, n. pi. The science of musical 
 sounds; proportions of sound: — subsidiary 
 sounds. 
 
 Har-mo'ni-ous, a. [See Harmony.] Partaking 
 of harmony; concordant; musical; agreeing. 
 
 Har-mo'ni-ous-ly, ad. With harmony. 
 
 Har-mo'nj-ous-ness, ■». Concord; harmony. 
 
 Kar'mo-nist, n. One skilled in harmony. 
 
 Har-mo'ni-um, n. A reed-orgun. 
 
 Har-mon-i-za'tion, n. The act, state, or process 
 of harmonizing. 
 
 Har'mo-nize, v. a. [Fr. harmoniser.] [jip. har- 
 monizing, harmonized.] To adjust properly. — 
 2, v. n. To agree ; to correspond. 
 
 Har'mo-ny, n. [Fr. harmonie; Gr. a.pp.ovla, a joint, 
 a fitting, fitness, accord ; ap/uo^eiv, apeiv, to fit.] 
 The just adaptation of parts to each other; sym- 
 metry ; agreement : — musical concord ; melody : — 
 a literary work showing agreement; as, a Har- 
 mony of the Gospels. 
 
 Har'ness, ><• [Fr. harnais; Ger. hamisch. — Cf. Bret. 
 harnez, old iron ; Welsh hakim, Gael, iarunn, 
 iron (g. v.).] Armor :— furniture for horses. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. harnessing, harnessed.] To put 
 on harness ; to equip. 
 
 Harp, 11. [Dut. harp ; A.-S. hearpe ; Dan. harpe ; 
 Ger. harfe; It. arpa.] A musical stringed in- 
 strument; a lyre: — a constellation. — 2, v. n. 
 [pp. harping, harped.] To play upon the harp; 
 to dwell on. 
 
 Harp'er, or Harp'ist, n. A player on the harp. 
 
 Har-po-neer', ) n. ' One who throws the harpoon 
 
 Kar-p66n'er, J in whale-fishing. 
 
 Har-poon', n. [Fr. harpon; Sp. arpon ; Dut. har- 
 poeit ; Fr. harper, to grapple ; Sp. arpar, to tear. 
 — Cf. L. harpago or harpaga, Gr. apnayri, a hook ; 
 Gr. dpnd^eiv, to seize.] A dart to strike whales 
 with. — 2, v. a. [pp. harpooning, harpooned.] 
 To strike with the harpoon. 
 
 Harp'si-phbrd, n. [Late L. harpichordum ; 0. Fr. 
 harpechorde ; harpe, a harp, and corde, a tone; 
 It. arpicordo.] A keyed musical instrument 
 strung with wires. 
 
 Har'py, n. ; pi. Har'pies. [Gr. dp-rrvia, a spoiler; 
 apnd'^etv, to seize.] A fabulous monster, or a 
 species of fury, with wings and claws like a 
 bird : — a ravenous wretch or extortioner. 
 
 Har'que-buse, n. See Arqui buse. 
 
 Har'ri-dan, n. [Fr. haridelle, an old horse, a 
 wretched woman. — Of. 0. Fr. harer, to harry, to 
 worry.] A strumpet : an old hag. 
 
 Har'ri-er, n. [From Hare.] A small hound 
 trained for hunting the hare :— [from Harry] 
 a kind of hawk. 
 
 Har'row (har'ro), rt. [A.S. hearge, 0. E. harwe, 
 Icel. herfi, Dan. harv, a harrow ; harve, to har- 
 row. — Cf. Ger. harke, a rake.] A frame of timber 
 set with teeth, to be dragged over ploughed 
 lands. — 2, v. a. [pp. harrowing, harrowed.] To 
 break or cover with the harrow : — to tear up. 
 
 Har'ry, v. a. [A.-S. hergian; Dan. hterge; A.-S. 
 here, genitive herges, Ger. heer, an army.] [pp. 
 harrying, harried.] To tease; to ruffle; to 
 plunder. [rough ; crabbed ; severe. 
 
 Harsh, a. [Ger. harsch ; Dan. harsh.] Austere; 
 
 Harsh'ly, ad. In a harsh manner; roughly. 
 
 Harsh'ness, n. Roughness ; acrimony. 
 
 Hars'let,' n. See Haslet. 
 
 Hart, n. [A.-S. heort; Dut. hert; Dan. hiort; Ger. 
 hirsch : akin to L. cervus, a deer, and Gr. (cepa?, 
 a horn (q. v.).] A he-deer; the male of the hind. 
 
 Harts'horn, n. The horn of the hart :— water of 
 ammonia : — a plant. 
 
 Har'um-scar'um, a. Flighty; wild. 
 
 Ha-rus'pice, n. [L. haruspex.] See Aruspice. 
 
 Har'vest, n. [A.-S. hserfest, Dut. herfst, Oer. herbsi, 
 autumn : related to L. carpere, to'gather.] The 
 season of gathering in grain and other produce : 
 — corn, grain, and other produce gathered; 
 product of labor. — 2, v. a. [pp. harvesting, har- 
 vested.] To gather in, as produce. 
 
 Hastate leaf. 
 
 Dan. haste, Dut. 
 to haste.] Speed; 
 a. & v. n. [pp. 
 
 ' Har'vest-er, In. One who gathers grain; a 
 
 Har'vest-man, J reaper : — a long-legged insect. 
 
 HaV vest-home, n. The time of harvest : — a har- 
 vest-feast : — a harvest-song. 
 
 Har'vest-m66n, n. The moon in harvest time, 
 near' the autumnal equinox, when it rises near 
 the same hour for several evenings. 
 
 Ha§. The third person sing, of have. 
 
 Hash, v. a. [Fr. hachis; hacher, to hash.— See 
 
 Hack.] [pp. hashing, hashed.] To mince; to 
 
 chop into small pieces. — 2, n. Minced meat; 
 
 a mixture :— a scarifier for grass-land. 
 
 . Hash' eesh, \ n. [Arab, for " dried herb."] Indian 
 
 | Hash'ish, J hemp, a narcotic drug. 
 
 Ha'slet, or Has'let, n. [Fr. hdtelette, a roast, dim. 
 of 0. Fr. hastille ; Fr. haste or hdtelet, a spit ; L. 
 hasta, a spear.] Liver, lights, &c, of a beast: — 
 written also luirslet. 
 
 Hasp, «. [A.-S. hsrpse; Dan., Sw., & Ger. haspe.] 
 A clasp fold* d over a staple. — 2, v. a. [pp. hasp- 
 ing, hasped.] To shut or fasten with a hasp. 
 
 Has' sock, n. [Welsh hesgog, 
 sedgy; hesg, sedges; hesor, a 
 pad; Cornish hescen, a rush 
 or reed.— Cf. Sp. has, a bun- 
 dle. — See also Tussock.] A 
 thick mat : — a footstool : — a 
 tuft of coarse grass ; a tussock. 
 
 Hast. The second person sing. 
 of have. 
 
 Has'tate, a. [L. hasiafus; hasta, 
 a spear.] Formed like a spear 
 or halberd. 
 
 Haste, 11. [Dan. haste, Ger. hast, 
 Dut. haast, Fr. hate, haste; 
 haasten, Ger. hasten, Fr. hater, 
 hurry ; precipitation. — 2, v. 
 hasting, hasted.] To hasten. 
 
 Has'ten (h;l'sn), v. n. [pp. hastening, hastened.] 
 To make haste; to be quick or in a hurry. — 
 2. v. a. To drive forward ; to urge on ; to speed ; 
 to push on. 
 
 Has'ti-ly. ad. With haste; speedily: quickly. 
 
 Has'ti-ness, n. Haste; speed: — testiness. 
 
 Hast'ing§, n. pi. Early pease; early fruit. 
 
 Has'ty, a. Quick; speedy; cursory: — vehement; 
 rash; easily excited; irritable. 
 
 Hat, w. [A.-S. hset; Dan. hat; Sw. haft— Cf. Skr. 
 chhad, to cover: probably not related to Hood.] 
 A cover for the head. 
 
 Hat'a-ble. a. That may be hated; odious. 
 
 Hat' -band, n. A string tied round the hat. 
 
 Hatch, v. a. [Sw. h'dcka, to hatch, from had; a 
 coop, a hatch ; Ger. hecken, to hatch ; hecle, a 
 cage or coop.] [pp. hatching, hatched.] To 
 produce young from eggs : — to plot ; to contrive : 
 — [Fr. hacher, to cut.— See Hack] to engrave; 
 to shade.— 2, v. n. To be hatched.— 3, n. [A.-S. 
 haca, dative hsecce, a bar; Dut. heh, a fence; 
 Dan. hteh, a rack.] A half door :— a brood ex- 
 cluded from the egg; exclusion from the egg; 
 disclosure : — the opening in a ship's deck or 
 floor ; floodgates : — cover for such openings. 
 
 Hatch' el, w. [See Hackle.] An instrument for 
 cleaning flax :— written also hackle and hetchel. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. hatchelling, hatchelled.] To clean 
 or dress flax, &c. 
 
 Hatch'et, 11. [Fr. hachelle, dim. of hache, an axe; 
 hacher, to hack {q. v.).] A small axe. 
 
 Hatch'et-face, n. An ugly, thin face. 
 
 Hatch'ing, n. A kind of shading in a drawing. 
 
 Hatch'inent, n. [For achievement.] (Her.) An 
 armorial escutcheon. 
 
 Hatch'way, ". An opening with a trap-door. 
 
 Hate, v. a. [A.-S. hete, Dut. haat, Dan. had, Ger. 
 hass, hate; A.-S. hatien, Dut. haten, Dan. hade, 
 Ger. hassen, to hate. — Cf. Welsh casan, to hate.] 
 [pv. hating, hated.] To detest; to abhor; to 
 abominate. — 2, n. Hatred ; malignity ; detesta- 
 tion, [nable; malignant. 
 
 Hate'ful, a. Detestable ; odious ; execrable ; abomi- 
 
 a, e, I, 5, u, y, long; a, e, I, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
HATEFULLY 
 
 281 
 
 HEAL 
 
 Hate'ful-ljr, ad. In a hateful manner. 
 
 Hate'ful-ne'ss, ». Quality of being hateful. 
 
 Hat'er, n. One who hates; an abhorrer. 
 
 Hath, v. An archaic form for has. 
 
 Ha'tred, n. [Hate and the suffix -red, as in Kin- 
 dred; A.-S. -rseden, condition, mode.] Extreme 
 aversion ; animosity ; detestation ; enmity ; hate ; 
 abhorrence; malignity. 
 
 Hat'ter, n. A maker of hats. 
 
 Hau'b'erk, n. [Fr. haubert; 0. Fr. halbert; 0. Ger. 
 hols-berg ; hats, the neck, and bergan, to protect, 
 to cover.] A coat of mail without sleeves. 
 
 Haugh (haw), n. A meadow ; a dale : — haw. 
 
 Haugh' ti-ly (haw'te-le), ad. Proudly; arrogantly. 
 
 Haugh' ti-ness, n. Pride ; arrogance ; disdain. 
 
 Haugh' ty. (haw'te), a. [Fr. hautain; haul, L. alius, 
 high.] Proud; arrogant; insolent: — bold; ad- 
 venturous; high; lofty. 
 
 Haul, v. a. [A.-S. holian, to get; Dut. halen, Dan. 
 hale, to draw ; Ger. holen, to fetch ; Fr. haler, to 
 haul.] [ pp. hauling, hauled.] To pull ; to draw ; 
 to drag. — 2, n. A pull ; a violent pull : — a draugbt. 
 
 Haum, or Haulm (hawm), n. [A.-S. heahn; Dut. 
 & Dan. halm.— See Calamus.] The dry stem or 
 stalk of a plant : — written also halm, and hawm. 
 
 Haunch (hancii) [hawnch, St.], n. [Fr. hanche; 
 Sp. anca. — Cf. £>. Ger. ancha, encha, the leg : akin 
 to Ankle.] The thigh ; hip; rear. 
 
 Haunt (hant) [hawnt, St. I. E. K. R.], v. a. [Fr. 
 hanter ; probably from a Late L. ambikere, to 
 go about. — See Ambition.] [pp. haunting, 
 haunted.] To resort to : — to frequent trouble- 
 soinely, or as a spirit. — 2, n. A place much fre- 
 quented. 
 
 Haunt'ed, p. a. Frequented, in an ill sense. 
 
 Haut'boy (ho'bbi), »,.. [Fr. hautbois; hunt, high 
 (in tone), and bois, wood.] A wind-instrument; 
 an oboe ; a sort of flute : — a strawberry. 
 
 Hauteur (ho-tiir'), n. [Fr.] Haughtiness. 
 
 Haut-gout (ho-gG'), n. [Fr.] A strong relish. 
 
 Have (hav), v. a. [A.-S. habban; Dut. hebben; 
 Dan. have; Ger. haben: allied to L. capere, to 
 take.] [%. had; pp. having, had; ind. pres. I 
 have, thou hast, lie has; we, you, they have.] To 
 possess ; to enjoy ; to hold.— It is much used as 
 an auxiliary verb. 
 
 Ha'ven (ha/vn), n. [A.-S. hsefene; Dut. haven; 
 Dun. havn; Ger. hafen; connected with Have, to 
 hold; also with Ger. haff, a sound; A.-S. hsef, 
 Dan. hav, the sea.] A port; a Juirbor ; a shelter. 
 
 Hav'er-sack, n. [Fr. hav.esac; Ger. hafersaek; 
 hafer, Scot. & Dut. haver, oats, and sack, a sack.] 
 A soldier's bag for food. 
 
 Hav'oc, «. [Probably from A.-S. hafoc, a hawk 
 (q. v.).] Waste; devastation; destruction.— 
 2, v. a. [pp. havocking, havocked.] To destroy; 
 to lay waste. 
 
 Haw, n. [Ger. hag, a hedge ; hagapfel, a haw ; Sw. 
 hiigg, a wild cherry. — See Hedge.] Berry of 
 the hawthorn :— [imitative] a stammer.— 2, v. n. 
 [pp. hawing, hawed.] To speak slowly, with 
 hesitation :— [cf. Fr. huhau, imperative gee] to 
 turn to the left, as a team. 
 
 Haw-haw', n. A sunk fence. See Ha-ha. 
 
 Hawk, n. [A.-S. hafoc, haefoc; Dut. havic; Dan. 
 hog; Sw. hb'k ; Ger. habi'cht: perhaps akin to 
 Have.] A voracious bird of prev. — 2, ». n. 
 [pp. hawking, hawked.] To fly hawks at fowls : 
 —[Welsh, hochi; Magyar, hah: imitative.— See 
 Hack] to force up phlegm with a noise.— 3, v. a. 
 [See Hawker, and Norse hauka, to cry.] To cry 
 and sell goods; to peddle. 
 Hawk'er, n. [0. Dut. heukeren, Dan. hokre, to 
 hawk; Ger. hocker, a retailer; Dan. boker, a 
 huckster (q. v.).] A pedler ; a news-carrier :— a 
 falconer. 
 Hawk'ing, n. Falconry :— peddling. 
 Hawse'-hole, n. [Dut. hals, neck, a tack (nauti- 
 cal) ; Icel. hals, the neck, a ship's bow, end of a 
 rope : not related to Hawser.] A hole for a 
 cable in a ship's bow. 
 
 Haw'ser, n. [Fr. haussiere, aussiire; hausser, to 
 hoist ; It. alzare, to raise ; L. alius, high : con- 
 nected with Haul, but not with Hoist.] A rope 
 or cable. [bears haws. 
 
 Haw' thorn, n. [Haw and Thorn.] A thorn that 
 
 Hay (ha), n. [A.-S. hig ; Dut. hooi; L>an. ho; Ger. 
 heu: akin to Hew, to cut.] Grass dried for fodder. 
 
 Hay' -cock, n. A heap of fresh hay. 
 
 Hay'ing, n. The employment of making hay. 
 
 Hay'-loft, n. A loft to put hay in. 
 
 Hay'mak-er, n. One employed in making hay. 
 
 Hay'-mow (ha'mou), n. A mow of bay. 
 
 Hay'-rick (ha'rik), n. A rick of hay. 
 
 Hay' -seed, n. The seed of grass. 
 
 Hay'-stack (ha'stak), n. A stack of hay. 
 
 Haz'ard, n. [Fr. hasurd; Sp. azar ; Arab, al zar, 
 the'die ; Pers. zar, a die.] Chance of loss ; risk ; 
 peril ; danger ; chance ; hap : — a game at dice. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. hazarding, hazarded.] To ex- 
 pose to chance ; to risk. 
 
 Haz'ard-oQs, a. Dangerous; exposed. 
 
 Haze", n. [A.-S. hasu, a dark gray color; Icel. 
 hoss, gray. — Cf. Breton aezen, a vapor.] A light 
 mist. — 2, v. a. [pp. hazing, hazed.] (Nnut.) To 
 punish by hard work : — to play abusive tricks on. 
 
 Ha'zel (ka/zl), ?*. [A.-S. hsesel; Dut. hcaelaar; 
 Icel. hasl; Dan. hassel; Ger. hasel] A slirub 
 or small tree bearing a nut. — 2, a. Light brown ; 
 like a hazel-nut. 
 
 Ha'zel-nut, n. The nut or fruit of the hazel. 
 
 Ha'zi-ness, n. State of being hazy. 
 
 Ha'zy, a. Characterized by haze ; misty. 
 
 He, pron. [A.-S. .he; Dut. hij ; Dan. han. — Cf. 
 Goth, his, this; Gr. e/ceivos, he.] [pos. his; obj. 
 him: pi. they ; pos. theirs; obj. tliem.] The man; 
 the person :— the male alluded to. — Sometimes 
 used adjectively for male; as, a 7<e-goat. 
 
 Head (hed), ». [A.-S. heafod; Dut. hoofcl; Dan. 
 hoved; Ger. haupl; Gr. Ke(ba.\ri ; Skr. kapalaJ] 
 The part of an animal that contains the brain 
 and is the seat of sensation : — the chief; princi- 
 pal; the principal person; leader: — first place; 
 place of honor : — understanding; brain ; mind : 
 — front ; forepart : — topic : — foam or bead : — 2, a. 
 Chief; principal; first; highest. — 3, v. a. [pp. 
 heading, headed.] To lead; to direct ; to gov- 
 ern. — 4, v. n. To form a head, as a plant. 
 
 Head'ache (hed'ak), ». Pain in the head. 
 
 Head'-dress (hed'dres), ». Dress of the head. 
 
 Head-first', or Head-fore'most, ad. With the 
 head in advance; precipitately. 
 
 Head'-gear (hed'gar), «. Dress of the head. 
 
 Head'i-ness, n. Rashness: — obstinacy. 
 
 Head'ing, n. Materials for a head : — foam. 
 
 Head'iand, n. A promontory : a cape. 
 
 Head'less, a. Having no head : — rash. 
 
 Head'long (hed'long), «. [The suffix -long (A.-S. 
 -lunga or -unga) is properly adverbial.] Steep : — 
 thoughtless. — 2, ad. Rashly ; hastily ; precipi- 
 tately : — with the head foremost. 
 
 Head'man (hed'man), n. A chief; a leader. 
 
 Head'-piece, n. Armor for the head; helmet: — 
 understanding; force of mind. 
 
 Head'-quar'ters (hed'kwar'terz), w. pi. The quar- 
 ters or office' of a general. 
 
 Head' ship, n. Authority : — chief place. 
 
 Heads'man (hedz'man), n. An executioner. 
 
 Head' -spring, n. Fountain; origin. 
 
 Head' stall (hed'stal), n. Part of a bridle. 
 
 Head'strSng, a. Ungovernable; obstinate; self- 
 willed ; heady ; stubborn ; violent. 
 
 Head-wa'ters, n. pi. Upper part of a river: — 
 upper tributaries of a river. 
 
 Head'-way, ». The space under an arch : — the 
 
 motion of advancing ; progress. 
 Head' -wind, n. A contrary wind. 
 Head'y (hed'e), a. Rash ; hastv ; violent. 
 Heal (hel), v. a. [A.-S. hxlan ; Dut. heelen ; A.-S. 
 hal, Dut. heel, whole (q. v.).] [pp. healing, 
 healed.] To cure; to restore: — to reconcile. — 
 2, v. n. To grow well. 
 
 mien, sir; mSve, nor, son; bull, bur, rule, use. 
 
 24* 
 
 oft; p, p, p, g, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 
 
HEALER 
 
 282 
 
 HECKLE 
 
 Heal'er (hel'er), n. One who heals. 
 
 Heal'ing, p. a. Tending to cure ; sanative. — 2, n. 
 Cure : — recovery of health. 
 
 Health (helth), n. [A.-S. hseld, from hal, whole 
 (q. v.).) Soundness of body ; freedom from bod- 
 ily pain or sickness; a sound state : — purity; 
 moral soundness : — wish of happiness, used in 
 drinking : — condition of body. 
 
 Health'ful (helth'ful), a. Free from sickness; 
 sound ; salubrious ; salutary ; healthy. 
 
 Health'ful-ly, ad. In a healthful manner. 
 
 Health'ful-ngss, n. Healthiness. 
 
 Health'i-ly, ud. Without sickness or pain. 
 
 Health'i-ness, n. State of being healthy. 
 
 Health'y. (helth'e), a. Enjoying health; condu- 
 cive to health ; wholesome; bealtliful. 
 
 Heap (hep),n. [A.-S. heap; Dut. Itoop ; Dan. hob; 
 Ger. haufe; Kuss. kupu.\ A pile; accumulatiun ; 
 cluster. — 2, v. a. [pp. heaping, heaped.] To 
 throw ; to pile ; to accumulate. 
 
 Hear (her), v. n. [A.-S. hyrun; Dut. hooren; Ger. 
 hb'ren; Dan. hare. — Of. Ear.] [i. heard; pp. 
 hearing, heard.] To perceive by the ear; to 
 listen ; to be told. — 2, v. a. To perceive by the 
 ear ; to attend to ; to listen to ; to regard ; to 
 obey :— to attend to judicially ; to try. 
 
 Heard (herd), i. & p. from hear. 
 
 Hear'er (her'er), n. One who hears. 
 
 Hear'ing, n. The sense by which sounds are per- 
 ceived; audience : — a judicial trial. 
 
 Heark'en (har'kn), v. a. & v. n. [A.-S. hyrcnian, 
 heorcnian; 0. Dut. horkeH; Ger. horchen: closely 
 akin to Hear.— See Hark.] [pp. hearkening, 
 hearkened.] To listen ; to attend. 
 
 Hear'say (her'sa), n. A report; a rumor. — 2, a. 
 Founded on rumor. 
 
 Hearse (hers), n. [Fr. herse, a harrow, a hearse ; 
 It. erpice, L. hirpex, a harruw ; 0. E. herce, a har- 
 row, a candle-frame for decorating a bier.] A 
 carriage in which the dead are conveyed to the 
 grave. — 2, v. a. [pp. hearsing, hearsed.] To 
 place upon a hearse. 
 
 Hearse' -cloth, n. A cloth covering a hearse. 
 
 Heart (hart), n. [A.-S. heorte ; Dut. hart; Dan. 
 hierte ; Ger. herz ; Gr. KapSia, Kyp ; L. cor, cordis ; 
 Skr. hrid; Irish, cridhe ; Russ. serdtse. — Of. Skr. 
 Jcurd, to leap.] The primary organ of the blood's 
 motion in an animal body : — chief or vital part : 
 — courage ; spirit :— affection ; good-will : — ear- 
 nestness; sincerity :— memory ; as, to learn by 
 heart. — It is much used iu composition for mind 
 or affection. 
 
 Heart'aphe (hart'ak), n. Sorrow; pang. 
 
 Heart' -bro-ken (-bro'kn), a. Yery sorrowful. 
 
 Heart'-biirn, n. Pain in the stomach ; cardialgy. 
 
 Heart' -biirn-ing, «. Heart-burn :— enmity. 
 
 Heart'-felt (tiart'felt), a. Felt at heart :— affect- 
 ing or touching the heart; deeply felt; sincere. 
 
 Hearth (harth), n. [A.-S. heord; Dut. haard; 
 Ger. herd.] A place for a fire under a chimney ; 
 fireplace : — home. 
 
 Hearth'-stone, n. The fireside ; the home hearth. 
 
 Heart'i-ly, ad. Cordially ; sincerely. 
 
 Heart'i-nlss, n. Cordiality; sincerity. 
 
 Heart'iess, a. Void of feeling -.—insincere. 
 
 Heart'less-ly, ad. In a heartless manner. 
 
 Heart'less-niss, n. Want of feeling. 
 
 Heart' s'-ease, n. A violet : — quiet. 
 
 Heart'-shaped, a. Cordate. 
 
 Heart' -sick, a. Pained in mind 
 or heart. 
 
 Heart' strings, n. pi The tendons 
 or nerves supposed to brace and 
 sustain the heart. [love. 
 
 Heart'-whole (-hoi), a. Not in 
 
 Heart' -wood (-wild), n. The cen- Heart-shaped. 
 tral wood of a tree-trunk. 
 
 Hear'ty (har'te), a. [See Heart.] Cordial; sin 
 cere : — healthy. 
 
 Heat, n. [A.-S'. hselu, from hat, hot (q. v.); Dan, 
 hede; Sw. hetta; Dut. hitle; Ger. hitze; A.-S. hsetan 
 
 to heat.] The sensation caused by fire ; caloric : 
 — hot air or weather : — party rage ; a flush ; pas- 
 sion ; ardor : — course at a race. — 2, v. a. [i. heat- 
 ed (formerly heat); pp. heating, heated (for- 
 merly heat).] To make hot ; to warm ; to excite. 
 
 Heat'er, n. He who or that which heats. 
 
 Heath (heth), n. [A.-S. hied; Dut. heide ; Dan. 
 hede ; Ger. heide.] A shrub called ling or heather : 
 — a place overgrown with heath or other shrubs. 
 
 Heath'-cock, «. A large fowl; grouse. 
 
 Hea'then (he'thn) n. ; pi. Hea'then, Hea'then§. 
 [From Heath, in the sense of waste-land or 
 wilderness; dwellers in remote districts were 
 naturally among the last to become Christian- 
 ized.] A gentile ; a pagan. — 2, a. Gentile ; pagan. 
 
 Hea'then-dom, n. The parts or regions of the 
 earth in which heathenism prevails. 
 
 Hea'then-ish (he'thn-ish), a. Pagan ; savage. 
 
 Hea'then-i§m (he'thn-izm), n. Paganism. 
 
 Hea'then-Ize (he'thn-Tz), v. a. [pp. heathenizing, 
 heathenized.] To render heathenish. 
 
 Heath'er [heth'er, I. M. St. Wb.], n. Heath; 
 ling. ' 
 
 Heath'er-y, n. A plantation of heaths. — 2, a. 
 (heth ; er-e.) Abounding in heather. 
 
 Heath' -hen, n. See Prairie-chicken. 
 
 Heath'y (heth'e), a. Full of health. [lating. 
 
 Heat'ing, a. Tending to promote heat; stiniu- 
 
 Heave, v. a. [A.-S. hebbau; Dut. heff'en; Ger. 
 heben; Dan. hseve.] [i. heaved or hove; pp. 
 heaving, heaved.] To lift ; to raise : — to throw. 
 — 2, v. u. To pant; to breathe with pain. — 8, n. 
 A throw :— an effort to vomit. 
 
 Heav'en (hev'vn), n. [A.-S. heofon; 0. Sax. hevan: 
 probably that which is heaved or raised up.] The 
 regions above ; the expanse of the sky : — the 
 habitation of God and blessed spirits :— state of 
 bliss : — divine power. 
 
 Heav'en-born, a. Descended from heaven. 
 
 Heav'en-li-ness, n. State of being heavenly. 
 
 Heav'en-ly, a. Celestial; divine; excellent. 
 
 Heav'en-ward, ad. Toward heaven. 
 
 Heave' -of- fer-ing, n. An offering to be raised 
 aloft in worship. [by difficult respiration. 
 
 Heave§, n. pi. A disease of horses, characterized 
 
 Heav'i-ly,, ad. With weight or grief. 
 
 Heav'i-ne"ss (hev'i-nes), n. Quality of being 
 heavy; weight; gravity; depression. 
 
 Heav'ing (hev'ing), n. A pant; a swell. 
 
 Heav'y (hev'e),a. [A.-S. hefig ; Icel. hofign: root 
 of Heave.] Ponderous; weighty: — sorrowful; 
 dejected; depressed: — grievous; oppressive; se- 
 vere : — sluggish ; slow ; dull. 
 
 Heav'y-la'den, a. Heavily burdened. 
 
 Heb-do'm'a-dal, \a. [Gr. €/3Som<xs, seven to- 
 
 Heb-dom'a-da-ry, J gether; iirra, seven (q. v.).] 
 Relating to a week ; weekly. [weekly. 
 
 Heb-dom'a-dal-ly, ad. In periods of seven days; 
 
 Heb'e-tude, n. [L. hebetudo ; hebes, hebetis, dull.] 
 Dulness; obtuseness. [istic. 
 
 He-bra'ic, a. Relating to the Hebrews ; Hebra- 
 
 Hi'bra-ism [heb'ra-izm, W. J. C], n. A Hebrew 
 idiom : — a Hebrew characteristic ; the Hebrew 
 type of character. 
 
 He'bra-ist, n. One versed in Hebrew. 
 
 He-bra-is'tic, a. Relating to the Hebrews. 
 
 He'bra-ize.'v. a. [pp. Hebraizing, Hebraized.] 
 To cause to conform to or adopt Hebrew cus- 
 toms. — 2, v. n. To conform to or adopt Hebrew 
 speech, idioms, or customs. 
 
 He' brew (he'brii), n. [Fr. hebreu; Gr. e/3paios ; 
 Syr. ebraya ; Heb. iori, from avar, to cross over, — 
 referring to their origin beyond the Euphrates.] 
 An Israelite; a Jew: — the Hebrew tongue. — 
 2, a. Relating to the Jews. 
 
 Hec'a-tSmb (hek'a-tom) [hek'a-tom, S. Sm. T. St], 
 n. [Gr. eKaTOju^rj ; e/caroi^, a hundred, /3ous, an 
 ox.] A sacrifice of a hundred oxen or cattle. 
 
 Heck'le (hek'kl), n. & v. a. [Dan. hegle, Ger. 
 hechel, h'dkel, Dut. hekel, dims, of Dan. huge, Ger. 
 haken, Dut. haak, a hook.] See Hackle. 
 
 y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y,, obscure— Fare, far, fast, fill; heir, her; 
 
HECTAEE 
 
 283 
 
 HELLENIZE 
 
 Hec'tare [hek'tar, I.; hek'tar, H. ; hek-taV, 
 
 St.], n. [Fr. ; Gr. eKarov, a hundred, and are 
 (q. v.).] A land measure equal to 100 ares, or 
 10,000 square metres, or 2.471 acres. 
 
 Hec'tic, n. [Gr. 6ktik6? ; e£is, habit,; e'x etv ) ^ u " 
 ture e£u>, to have.] A remittent or hectic fever. 
 — 2, a. Habitual ; protracted : — applied to a fever 
 or cough. 
 
 Hec'to-gram, \n. [Fr. hectogramme; Gr. e/ca- 
 
 Hec'to-gramme, J tov, a hundred, and gramme 
 (g. v.).] A metric weight equal to 100 grammes, 
 or 3.5277 ounces avoirdupois. 
 
 Hec'to-li-ter, \ n. [Fr. hectolitre; Gr. e<ar6v, a 
 
 Hec'to-li-tre, j hundred, and litre.] A measure 
 of capacity equal to 100 litres, or 2.75 bushels. 
 
 Hec'to-me-ter, \n. [Fr. hectomitre ; 
 
 Hec'to-me-tre (hek'to-ma-tr), J Gr. ena-rov, a hun- 
 dred, and metre.] A measure of length equal to 
 100 metres, or 328.086 English feet. 
 
 Hec'tor, v. a. [From Hector, the Trojan hero : his 
 name literally means "hold fast" in Greek.] 
 [pp. hectoring, hectored.] To bully ; to threaten ; 
 to tease. — 2, v. n. To play the bully. — 3, n. A 
 bully ; one that tea-es. 
 
 Hed§-e, n. [A.-S. kege, haga ; Dut. hegge, heg, 
 haag; Fr. haie.] A fence made with thorns, &c. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. hedging, hedged.] To enclose 
 with a hedge ; to obstruct.— 3, v. n. To shift ; to 
 hide the head. 
 
 Hedfe'hog, w. An animal set with prickles. 
 
 Hedg'er, n. One who sets or trims hedges. 
 
 Hedges-row, n. Bushes for enclosures ; a hedge. 
 
 Hed'o-nism, n. [Gr. r/<W?y, pleasure ; rjSeaOat, to 
 delight ; i)8vs, sweet.] The pursuit of pleasure 
 as the highest good. 
 
 Hed'o-nist [he'do-nist, I.], n. One who makes the 
 pursuit of pleasure the main object of life. 
 
 Heed, v. a. [A.-S. hedan, Dut. koeden, Ger. kitten, 
 to heed; Ger. hut, heed; Dut. hoede, care: akin 
 to Hood.] [pp. heeding, heeded.] To mind; to 
 regard ; to attend to. — 2, v. n. To consider ; to use 
 caution. — 3, n. Notice; circumspection; watch 
 for danger; care; attention; caution; regard. 
 
 Heed'ful, a. Watchful; vigilant; attentive; cau- 
 tious; careful; mindful. 
 
 Heed'ful-ly, ad. Attentively; carefully. 
 
 Heed'ful-ness, n. Vigilance; attention. 
 
 Heed'less, a. Negligent; inattentive. 
 
 Heed'less-ly, ad. Carelessly; inattentively. 
 
 Heed'less-ness, n. Carelessness. 
 
 Heel, n. [A.-S. hela; Dut. Mel; Dan. kml] The 
 hind part of the foot; the whole foot : — a spur : 
 — the hind part of any thing. — 2, y. n. [A.-S. 
 hijldan; Dan. helde; Icel. hatta; Dan. held, a 
 slant; A.-S. heald, bent; Ger. halde, a slope.] 
 [pp. heeling, heeled.] To lean to one side, as a 
 ship.' — 3, v. a. To arm a cock : — to add a heel. 
 
 Heft, n. [Root of Have.] A handle :— [root of 
 Heave] weight: — the greater part. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. hefting, hefted.] To try the weight of by 
 lifting. [Old and colloq.] 
 
 He-£e'li-an-i§m, n. The metaphysical system 
 taught by Hegel, a German philosopher. 
 
 He-gem'o-nx, or Heg'e-mon-x, n. [Gr. y\ytp.ovLa; 
 7)yeiAu)v, a guide.] Leadership. 
 
 He£'i-ra, or He-gi'ra, n. [Arab, hijvah, hajr, sep- 
 aration.] Flight : — the Mohammedan era, reck- 
 oned from the day when Mohammed tied from 
 Mecca, July 16, a.d. 622. 
 
 Heifer (hefer), n. [A.-S. heahfore ; thought to be 
 from heah, tall, and fear, an 'ox or cow. — Cf. Gr. 
 7r6pis, Ger. farre, a bullock; farse, a heifer.] A 
 young cow. 
 
 Heigh' -ho (hl'ho), interj. Expressing languor. 
 
 Height (hit), n. [A.-S. heahdu, from heah, high ; 
 Dut. hoogie, from hoog, high ; Dan. hb'ide, from 
 Mi, high; Ger. ho'he, from koch, high.] State 
 of being high ; elevation ; altitude ; summit ; 
 ascent ; high place : — utmost degree :— crisis. 
 
 Height'en (hl'tn), v. a. [pp. heightening, height- 
 ened.] To raise ; to improve. 
 
 Hei'nous (ha'nus), a. [Fr. haineux; 0. Fr. ha'inos; 
 Fr. haine, hate (grj v.).] Atrocious; very wicked. 
 
 Hei'nous-ly. (ha/iius-le), ad. Atrociously. 
 
 Hei'nous-ness (hii'nus-nes), w. Atrociousness. 
 
 Heir (ar) n. [L. heres; Fr. hoir; 0. Fr. heir. — Cf. 
 L. erus, a master.] One who inherits ; an in- 
 heritor. — Heir apparent, an heir whose right of 
 inheritance is indefeasible, if he outlives the an- 
 cestor; heir presumptive, one whose inheritance 
 may be defeated by some contingency. 
 
 Heir'dom (ar'dum), n. The state of an heir. 
 
 Heir'es's (ar'es), n. A woman who inherits. 
 
 Heir'iess (ar'les), a. Being without an heir. 
 
 Heir'166m (ar'IGm), n. [Heir, and Loom in the 
 old sense of a piece of furniture or of property.] 
 Any movable or personal chattel which descends 
 by inheritance. 
 
 Heir' ship (ar'ship), n. The state of an heir. 
 
 Held, i. & p. from hold. 
 
 He-li'a-cal, a. [Gr. TjAia/cds ; rjAios, the sun.] 
 Pertaining to or near the sun. 
 
 He-li'a-cal-ly., ad. With regard to or near the 
 sun, 'in rising or setting, as a star. 
 
 Hel'j-cal, a. [See Helix.] Spiral; winding. 
 
 Hel'i-cSid, n. [Gr. eMKoeiSr/s ; e'Ai£, a helix 
 {q.'v.), and elfios, shape.] A parabolic spiral or 
 curve. 
 
 He-li-o-cen'tric, a. [Gr. rjAios, the sun, and kev- 
 Tpov,'the centre.] Relating to the sun as a centre. 
 
 He'li-o-graph, n. [Gr. rjAtos, the sun, and -ypa- 
 ^eiV," to write.] A reflector for transmitting 
 messages to a distance by means of sun-flashes : 
 — the message so sent :— a picture taken by heli- 
 ograph}' ; a photograph. — 2, v. n. [pp. helio- 
 graphing, heliographed.] To send a message 
 by means of a heliograph ; to communicate by 
 reflected sun-flashes. [heliography. 
 
 He-li-o-graph'ic, a. Relating to, or produced by, 
 
 He-li-og'ra-phy, n. A description of the sun : — 
 the art of fixing images of objects made by the 
 camera obscura : — the art of signalling to a dis- 
 tance by reflecting the sun's rays: — a process of 
 photographic printing. 
 
 He-li-o-gra'vure, n. [Fr. heliogravure; Gr. rjAioy, 
 the sun, and Fr. gravure, an engraving.] The 
 art of photographic engraving: — a picture pro- 
 duced by photographic engraving. 
 
 He'li-o-stlt, n. [Gr. tjAios, the sun, and la-Tavat, 
 to place.] A reflector for sunlight. 
 
 He'li-o-trope, n. [Gr. ■qKioTponioi' ; rjAios, the 
 sun, and rpeiretv, to turn.] (Bot.) A genus of 
 plants; the turnsole : — a silicious mineral. 
 
 He'li-o-type, n. [Gr. rjAios, the sun, and Type.] 
 A picture produced by heliotypy. 
 
 He-li-o-typ'ic, «. Of or relating to heliotypy. 
 
 He-li-5t'y.-py, »• A method for photographic pic- 
 tures by a process akin to lithography. 
 
 He'lix, n. ; pi. Hel'i-ce§. [Gr. e'Aif, a coil ; eAur- 
 creiv, to turn.] Part of a spiral line ; a winding; 
 a coil : — the snail ; snail-shell. 
 
 Hell, n. [A.-S., Dut., & Icel. hel; Ger. Mile: root 
 of A.-S. hehin, Ger hehlen, to hide. — Cf. L. celare, 
 to hide.] The grave; hades: — the place of the 
 devil and wicked spirits ; the infernal regions : 
 — a gaming-house. 
 
 Hel'le-bore, n. [L. helleborus; Gr. eAAe£opos.] A 
 plant, the Christmas rose. 
 
 Hel'lene, »• ; pi. Hel-le'nes. [Gr. "EAArji/es, 
 Greeks.] A native of Greece, ancient or mod- 
 ern ; a Greek. 
 
 Hel'le-nic, or Hel-len'ic, a. [Gr. 'EAAtjukos.] 
 Relating to the Hellenes ; Grecian. 
 
 Hel'le-niijm, h. [Gr. 'EAAr/j'tcrp-o?.] A Greek idiom 
 or characteristic ; type of character of the Greeks. 
 
 Hel'le-nist, n. A Jew who used the Greek lan- 
 guage : — one skilled in the Greek language. 
 
 Hel-le-ms'tic, a. Relating to the Greek tongue 
 or to the Hellenists. 
 
 Hel'le-nize, v. a. [Gr. 'EAA^eiv.] [pp. Helle- 
 nizing, Hellenized.] To give a Greek form or 
 character to; to change into Greek or Greeks. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nbr, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— g, Q, s, £, soft; p, {&, p, §, hard; §asz; x as gz ; tnis. 
 
HELLISH 
 
 284 
 
 HEKBIVOKOUS 
 
 Hell'ish, a. Eelating to hell ; infernal. 
 
 Helm, n. [A.-S. helma, Icel. hjalm, a rudder; Ger. 
 helm, a helve (q. v.).] The instrument by which 
 a ship is sieered :— post of direction :— a helmet. 
 
 Hel'met, n. [A.-S., Dut., & Ger. helm ; Icel. 
 hjahur ; Dan. hielm ; Goth. hUms; Lith.. szalmas ; 
 Russ. shleme.] Armor for the head ; a head-piece. 
 
 Hel-mln'thes, n. pi. [Gr. for ''worms."] (Zool.) 
 A class comprising the various kinds of worms. 
 
 Hel-min-thol'o-gy, n. [Gr. eAp.ii/?, e'AjUtvflos, a 
 worm, and Adyos, a treatise.] The science of 
 worms. 
 
 Helms/man, n. One who manages the helm. 
 
 Hel'ot, ». [Gr. e'iAa>s, pi. eiAures ; said to have 
 been named from the town of Helots, in ancient 
 Laconia.] A slave; a Spartan slave. 
 
 Hel'ot-i§m, n. Tlie condition of helots. 
 
 Hel'ot-ry, n. Helots collectively. 
 
 Help, v. a. [A.-S. helpan; Dut. helpen; Dan. hielpe ; 
 Ger. helfeu; Lith. szelpti.] [pp. helping, helped.] 
 To lend aid to; to assist; to support; to aid : — 
 to prevent; to forbear; to avoid. — 2, v. n. To 
 contribute assistance. — 3, n. Assistance ; aid ; 
 support; succor. 
 
 Help'er, u. One who helps; an assistant. 
 
 Help'iul, a. Giving help ; useful ; salutary. 
 
 Help'ful-ness, n. Assistance ; usefulness. 
 
 Help'less, «. Destitute of help ; weak ; feeble. 
 
 Help'less-ly, ad. Without help or succor. 
 
 Help'less-ness, n. Want of ability. 
 
 Help'mate, n. A companion ; an assistant ; a con- 
 sort ; a wife.— Helpmeet, formed by the union of 
 the two words help and meet ("an help meet for 
 him,'" Gen. ii. 18), is sometimes used in the same 
 eense as helpmate. 
 
 Hel'ter-skel ter, ad. Confusedly. 
 
 Helve (helvj, 'n. [A.-S. hielf, 0. Dut. helce, 0. 
 Ger. helbm, Ger. helm, a handle. — See Helm.] 
 The handle of an axe. — 2, v. a. [pp. helving, 
 helved.] To fit with a helve. 
 
 Hel-vet'ic, a. [L. Helvetia, the ancient name for 
 Switzerland.] Eelating to Switzerland. 
 
 Hem, n. [A.-S. hemm ; Fris. ha,„el.— Cf. Ger. 
 hamme, a fence ; hemmen, to check, to stop.] The 
 edge of a garment doubled and sewed : — an 
 inarticulate sound. — 2, v. a. [pp. hemming, 
 hemmed.] To form a hem : — to shut in. — 3, v. n. 
 [Imitative. — Cf. Dut. hem, to hem.] To utter a 
 noise expressed by hem. 
 
 Hem'a-tite. «■ [Gr. aiixariTTqs, like blood ; al/xa, 
 blood.] A kind of iron ore. 
 
 Hem'i (hem'e). [Gr. iip-i-, half. — See Semi.] An 
 abbreviation from the Greek, used in composi- 
 tion, and signifying half. 
 
 Hem-i-cra'ni-a, n. [Gr. ; i]fju-, half, and KpavLov, 
 the skull.] " A pain in the side of the head. 
 
 Hem-i-ple'gi-a, »• [Gr. ; rjp-i-, half, and n\7jyq, 
 a stroke.] A paralysis of one side. 
 
 Hem-i-pleg'ic, «. Relating to hemiplegia. 
 
 He-nup'te-ra, n. pi. [Gr. rjfja.-, half, and -rrrepov, 
 a wing.] An order of insects, including locusts. 
 
 Hem'i-sphere (hem'i-sfer), n. [Gr. T/p.icr$aipioi/ ; 
 t)p-i-', half, and cnpcupa, a sphere.] Haifa globe. 
 
 Hem-i-spher'ic, )a, Relating to, or forming, 
 
 Hem-i-spher'i-cal, j a hemisphere. 
 
 Hem'is-tiph, or He-mis'tigh, n. [Gr. t/p-icttixiov ; 
 T//JU-, half, and crVi'xos, a row, a verse.] Half a 
 line in poetry. 
 
 Hem'lock, n. [A.-S. hemlic, perhaps for hntie lice, 
 stinking leek.] A poisonous plant; a deadly 
 poison : — an evergreen tree. 
 
 He-mop'ty-sis, n. [Gr. alp.a, blood, and tttvo-i^, 
 a spitting; TrTueiv, to spit.] (Med.) The spit- 
 ting of blood. 
 
 Hem'or-rhai-e (hem'or-raj), n. [Gr. ai/xoppayia; 
 alp.a, blood, and p-qyvvixt, I burst.] A discharge 
 of blood. 
 
 Hem-or-rhag'ic, a. Relating to hemorrhage. 
 
 Hem-or-rhoid'al, a. Relating to hemorrhoids. 
 
 Hem'or-rhoid§, n. pi. _ [Gr. at/u.oppot?, pi. aijuop- 
 pot'Ses; atp-a, blood, peecv, to flow.] The piles. 
 
 Hemp, n. [A.-S. henep ; Dut. hennep ; Dan. hamp ; 
 Ger. hauf ; Gr. Kavva$L<; ; Skr. cana. — See Can- 
 vas.] A plant ; also its dressed fibres. 
 
 Hemp' en (hem'pn), «. Made of hemp. 
 
 Hemstitch, n. An ornamental stitch for a hand- 
 kerchief. 
 
 Hen, n. [A.-S. henn; hana, a cock; Dut. hen; 
 haan, a cock; Dan. hone; hune, a cock; Ger. 
 henne; hahn, a cock; huhn, a fowl.] The female 
 of a fowl or a bird. [ous plant. 
 
 Hen'bane, n. [Hen, and Bane, poison.] A poison- 
 Hence, ad. [A.-S. heonun, older hiuan ; Ger. hin, 
 humeri; L. hinc. It is related to he, him, as the 
 L. hinc is 10 hie, hunc, and the Ger. him/en to ihn, 
 him, through intermediate adverbial words.] 
 From this place ; at a distance ; from this time, 
 reason, cause, or source. — 2, v. imp. Begone ; 
 depart. [forward. 
 
 Hence' forth (or hens-forth'), ad. From this time 
 
 Hence-fbr'ward, ad. Henceforth. 
 
 Heneh'man, n. [A.-S. hengest, Ger. & Dut. hengst, 
 Sw. & Dan. hingst, a horse, and man.] A fol- 
 lower ; a servile supporter. 
 
 Hen'-coop, n. A cage for keeping hens. 
 
 Hen-dec'a-gon, n. [Gr. eVfie/ca, eleven, and ytovia, 
 an angle ; eV, one, and Seica., ten.] A figure of 
 eleven sides. 
 
 Hen-di'a-dys, n. [Gr. eV Sid Svoiv, one through 
 two.] (Ehet.) A figure by which two substan- 
 tives are used, instead of a substantive and a 
 limiting adjective or genitive. 
 
 Hen'-hu§-§y, n. A cotquean; a cotbetty. 
 
 Hen'ne-ry, n. A coop or place for hens. 
 
 Hen'-pecked (hen'pekt), a. Governed by a wife. 
 
 Hen'-r66st, n. A place where poultry roost. 
 
 He-pat'ic, \a. [Gr. ^rran/cos ; ynap, the liver.] 
 
 He-pat'i-cal, j Relating to the liver : — of a liver- 
 brown color. 
 
 He-pat'i-ca, a. A plant and its flower ; liverwort. 
 
 Hep-a-ti-za'tion, n. [See Hkpatic.] Consolida- 
 tion into a substance resembling liver. 
 
 Hep'ta-gon, n. [Gr. en-ra, seven, and ytovia, an 
 angle. J A figure of seven sides and seven angles. 
 
 Hep-tag'o-nal, a. Having seven angles and sides. 
 
 Hep-ta-hg'dron, n. [Gr. eirrd, seven, and e6pa, 
 a seat.] A solid figure with seven sides. 
 
 Hep'tar-phy, n. [Gr. eTrrd, seven, and apx>y, gov- 
 ernment.] A government conducted by seven 
 persons or sovereigns. 
 
 Her, pron. [A.-S. heo, gen. hire; Ger. ihr.] The 
 objective ca^e of she.— pron. a. Belonging to a 
 female ; of a she. 
 
 Her'ald, n. [Kr. heraut; Ger. herold; Late L. he- 
 ralihis; Ger. heer, an army, and walten, to direct.] 
 An officer who anciently proclaimed war and 
 peace : — one who registers genealogies and regu- 
 lates funerals and public ceremonies : — a precur- 
 sor; a harbinger : — a proclaimer. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 heralding, heralded.] To introduce as by a 
 herald. 
 
 He-ral'dic, a. Relating to heraldry. 
 
 Hgr'ald-ry, n. The art or office of a herald ; the 
 science of conventional distinctions on coats of 
 arms, shields, banners, &c. ; registry of genealo- 
 gies; blazonry. 
 
 Her'ald-ship. n. The office of a he- aid. 
 
 Herb' (erb) [herb, D. St. S. J. K. Sw.], n. [Fr. 
 herbe; L. herba ; Sp. yerba.] A plant not woody. 
 
 Her-ba'ceous (her-ba/shus), «. [L. herbaceus.] 
 Relating to herbs. 
 
 HerVafe (er'baj or her'baj), n. [Fr. herbage.] 
 Herhs collectively ; grass ; pasture. 
 
 Herb'al, n. A treatise on, or book of, plants. — 
 2, a.' Pertaining to herbs. 
 
 Herb'al-ist, \ r>. One skilled in herbs; a sim- 
 
 Herb'ar-ist, j pier :— a botanist. 
 
 Her-ba'ri-um, n. [L., from herba, an herb (q. v.).] 
 L. pi. Her-ba'ri-a ; Eng. Her-ba'ri-fim§. (Bot.) 
 A collection of dried plants ;' a hortus-siccus. 
 
 Her-Mv'o-rous. a. [L. herba, an herb, and vorare, 
 to devour.] Feeding on herbage. 
 
 a, e, 1, 0, u, y, long; a, e, 1, 0, u, y, short; a, ?, i, 9, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
HEKBOKIZE 
 
 285 
 
 HETEEODOX 
 
 Her'bo-rlze, v. n. [Fr. herboriser.'] [pp. herbo- 
 rizing, herborized.] To seek for plants. 
 
 Her-cu'le-an, a. Relating to or like Hercules; 
 very strong: — requiring strength; arduous; 
 difficult :— large ; massy. 
 
 Herd, n. [A.-S. heord, care, herd; Ger. heerde; 
 Dan. hiord.] A number of beasts together; a 
 drove. — 2, v. n. [pp. herding, herded.] To run in 
 herds ; to associate : — to care for a herd. — 3, v. a. 
 To throw or put into a herd : — to attend in a herd. 
 
 Herd'er, n. A herdsman. 
 
 Herds' -grass, n. A valuable grass for hay. 
 
 Herds/man, n. One who tends herds. 
 
 Here, ad.' [A.-S. & Dan. her; Dut. & Ger. hier: 
 related to the pronoun he.] In this place; in 
 this state. 
 
 Here-after, ad. In time to come; in future. — 
 
 2, n. A' future state. 
 Here-at', ad. At this point; hereupon. 
 Here'a-way, ad. Hereabouts. 
 Here-by', ad. By this place or thing. 
 He-red'i-ta-ble, a. That may be inherited. 
 Her-e-dit'a-ment, n. (Law.) ' Property inherited ; 
 
 inheritance. 
 He-red' i-ta-ri-ly, ad. By inheritance. 
 Ke-red'i-ta-ry, a. [L. hereditarily ; heres, heredis, 
 an heir.]' Transmitted from parents to children ; 
 descending by inheritance. 
 He-red'i-ty, n, [L. hereditas; heres, heredis, an 
 heir (7. r.').] Heirship: — the doctrine that off- 
 spring inherit the characteristics of their parents 
 or ancestors. 
 Here-In', ad. In this place or thing. 
 Here-in-after, ad. In this afterward. 
 Here-in'tS, or Here-in-t6\ ad. In this. 
 Here-of (or her-ov'), ad. From this ; of this. 
 Here-on', ad. On this; in this place or thing. 
 He-re'si-arph [he-re'zhe-ark, W. P. F. ; he-re'se- 
 ark, I. K. ; her'e-se-ark, 8m. C. StXn. [Or. a'i- 
 pe<7i<xpxi75 : aipea-is, heresy, and apxos, chief.] A 
 leader among heretics; a chief heretic. 
 Her'e-sy, n. [Gr. aipeo-19, a choice, a sect, a her- 
 esy"; aipeiv, to choose.] An heretical doctrine; 
 an opinion not orthodox ; heterodoxy ; a sect. 
 Her'e-tic, n. [Gr. aipei-uco?; L. hsereticus. — See 
 Heresy.] One who propagates his private opin- 
 ions in opposition to the Catholic church ; one 
 who propagates or holds opinions inconsistent 
 with the Christian religion. 
 He-ret'i-cal, a. Containing heresy ; heterodox. 
 He-ret'j-cal-ly, ad. In an heretical manner. 
 Here-to', ad. To this; hereunto. 
 Here-to-fore', ad. Formerly; anciently. 
 Here-un-t6\ ad. To this place or thing. 
 Here-up-on', ad. Upon this place or thing. 
 Here'with, or Here-witn', ad. With this. 
 Her'i-ot, "• [A.-S. heregeat; from here, army, and 
 gea'tu, provisions.] A fine paid to the lord of a 
 manor. 
 Her'i-ta-ble, a. Capable of being inherited. 
 Her'i-ta|-e, n. [Fr. heritage; heriter, to inherit. — 
 
 See Heir.] An inheritance; inherited estate. 
 Her-maph'ro-dism, n. The state of being an 
 
 hermaphrodite ; hermaphroditism. 
 Her-maph'ro-dite, >/. [Gr. epp.a(pp66i.To? ; from a 
 fabled son' of Hermes and Aphrodite : he was 
 united into one person with the nymph Sal- 
 macis.] A person, animal, or plant of double 
 sex, or of doubtful sex. 
 Her-maph-ro-dit'ic, \a. Partaking of both 
 Her-maph-ro-dit'i-cal, J sexes. 
 Her-maph'ro-dit-isni, n. The union of both 
 
 sexes in the same individual. 
 
 Her-me-neu'tics, n. pi. [Gr. epprj^evriKos, skilled 
 
 in interpretation ; eppeveuTTjs, an interpreter ; 
 
 'Ep/xfj? (Hermes), the god of skill.] Science of 
 
 interpretation. 
 
 Her-mgt'ic, ) a. [Late L. hermeliem, relating 
 
 Her-met'i-cal, j to alchemy ; from Hermes Tris- 
 
 megistus, the reputed discoverer of great secrets 
 in alchemy; hence secret.] Chemical: — com- 
 pletely closing; as, an hermetic seal : — noting the 
 ancient mystic literature of the Egyptians ; also 
 the writings of the mediaeval alchemists. 
 
 Her-met'i-cal-ly, ad. Closely. 
 
 Her'mit, n. [Fr ermite ; Gr. epTjjuinjs ; epijpia, 
 a desert or solitude ; epyjpos, deserted.] One 
 who retires from society ; an anchoret ; a re- 
 cluse ; a solitary. 
 
 Her'mit-age, n. A hermit's cell. 
 
 Her'mit-Sss, n. A female hermit. 
 
 Hern, n. [See Heron.] A heron. 
 
 Her'ni-a, n. [L.] (Med.) A rupture. 
 
 He'ro, n. ; pi. He'roes. [L. heros, herois; Gr. 
 rjpojs ; Sp. heroe.] A man distinguished for valor ; 
 a brave man ; a great warrior : — the principal 
 character in a poem. 
 
 He-ro'ic, "I a. Relating to a hero; brave: in- 
 
 He-ro'i-cal, J trepid ; valiant : — epic : — noting a 
 daring mode of treatment in which remedies 
 remarkable for their potency are employed. 
 
 He-ro'i-cal-ly, ad. In an heroic manner. 
 
 He-ro-i-com'ic, ) a. [Heroic and Comic] 
 
 He-ro-i-com'j-cal, J Comic in heroic mask ; com- 
 bining what is heroic with what is ludicrous. 
 
 Her'o-Ine (or he'ro-m), n. [Fr. heroine; L. hero- 
 ina'; Gr. ripaiLvr). — See Hero.] A female hero. 
 
 Her'o-ism (or he'ro-izni), n. The qualities or 
 character of a hero ; valor; gallantry; courage. 
 
 Her'on, n. [Fr. heron, 0. Fr. hairon, It. aghirone, 
 Sp." airon, augmentative forms. — Of. Sw. hUger, 
 Dan. heire, A.-S. hragra, Ger. heiger, reiher, a 
 heron; L. ardea, Gr. epoiSios, a heron.] A 
 bird that feeds upon 
 fish. S£s$lM^*J$%%£ : : 
 
 Her'on-ry, n. A place 
 where herons breed. 
 
 He'ro -wor' ship (-wiir'- 
 ship), n. Reverence 
 paid to great men. 
 
 Her' pes, n. [L. ; Gr. ep-' 
 mj?; epneiv, L. ser- ! 
 pere, to creep.] (Med.) 
 A cutaneous inflamma- 
 tion or eruption, as tet- 
 ter, ringworm, &c. neron - 
 
 Her-pet'ic, a. [Gr. epirr/vrtKos.] Relating to 
 herpes. 
 
 Her-pe-tol'o-i-y, n. [Gr. epnerov, a reptile, and 
 AoyoV, a treatise ; epueiv, to creep.] The science 
 which treats of reptiles. 
 
 HeVring, n. [A.-S. hserincg; Dut. hairing; Ger. 
 hcLring; perhaps from the root of Ger. heer, an 
 army.] A small sea-fish. 
 
 Hers, pron. The possessive form of she. 
 
 Her-self, 
 
 pr< 
 
 A female individual ; she or her 
 
 (emphatic or reflexive). 
 
 Hes'i-tan-cy, tj. Uncertainty; suspense. 
 
 Hes'i-tant, a. Hesitating. 
 
 Hes'i-tate [hes'i-tat, St], v. n. [L. heesitare, hesi- 
 tation, intensive of hserere, to stick, to adhere 
 (q. v.).] [pp. hesitating, hesitated.] To stop to 
 consider; to be doubtful ; to pause; to falter : — 
 to stammer. 
 
 Hes-i-ta'tion, n. Doubt; a faltering. 
 
 Hes-pe'ri-an, a. [L. hesperus, evening star; Gr. 
 eo-rrepos, L. vesper, evening.] Western; being 
 in the west. 
 
 Hest, n. [A.-S. 1ms; root of A.-S. hatnn, Ger. heis- 
 sen, to command. — See Hight.] Behest. 
 
 Het'ai-ri§m, n. [Gr. eraipicr/uo? ; eratpa, a con- 
 cubine, a companion.] Harlotry : — concubinage 
 as practised in ancient Athens. 
 
 Hetch'el, ». & v. See Hackle. 
 
 Het'er-o-clite, n. [Gr. erepoxAtTo? ; eTepo?, other, 
 and /cXtveiv, to lean, to decline.] An irregular 
 noun or word. — 2, a. Irregular ; anomalous. 
 
 Het-er-o-clit'ic, \a. Irregular; deviating from 
 
 Het-er-o-clit'i-cal, j rule. 
 
 Het'er-o-dox,' a.' [Gr. erepo?, other, and 66f<x, 
 
 mien, sir ; m3ve, nor, son ; bfill, biir, rule, lise— 5, Q, 5, £, soft ; p, p, p, §, hard ; § as z ; ? as gz ; tnis. 
 
HETEKODOXY 
 
 286 
 
 HIND 
 
 opinion ; Sokslv, to think.] Not orthodox ; 
 heretical. 
 
 Het'er-o-dox-y, n. Quality of being heterodox. 
 
 Het-er-o-l-e-ni'i-tjr, n. Opposition ; diversity. 
 
 Het-er-o-|-e'ne-ous, a. [Gr. eVepo?, other, and 
 yeVos, "kind, genus (q. v.).] Opposite or dissim- 
 ilar in nature ; composed of differing elements : 
 — opposed to homogeneous. 
 
 Het'man, n. [Ger. hauptmann; havpt, head, and 
 mann, man.] The commander of the Cossacks : 
 — a minor officer of Cossacks : — an ataman. 
 
 Hew (hu), v. a. [A.-S. heawan; Dut. houwen; 
 Dan. hugge; Ger. hauen. — Cf. L. cudere, to strike.] 
 [£. hewed; pp. hewing, hewn or hewed.] To cut 
 with an axe ; to chop : — to cut and form regu- 
 larly, as timber. 
 
 Hew'er, n. One who hews wood, &c. 
 
 Hex'a-gon, n. [Gr. k£dyu>vo<; ; e£, six, and yiovi'a, 
 an angle.] A figure of six sides or six angles. 
 
 Hex-ag'o-nal, a. Having six sides or six angles. 
 
 Hex-a-he'dral, a. Relating to a hexahedron. 
 
 Hex-a-he'dron, n. [Gr. e£, six {q. v.), and eSpa, a 
 base.] (Geom.) A solid figure having six equal 
 square sides ; a cube. 
 
 Hex-am'e-ter, n. [Gr. etjanerpos ; e£, six, and 
 p-erpov, measure.] A verse or line of six feet. — 
 2, a. Having six metrical feet. 
 
 Hey (ha), interj. [Cf. Ger. & Dut. hei, Fr. hem, 
 hey; purely interj ectional.] An expression of 
 joy or inquiry. 
 
 Hey'day (ha'da), h. [Probably for high day.] A 
 frolic ; wildness ; flush ; vivacity. — 2, interj. [Cf. 
 Ger. heida, halloo.] Noting exultation. 
 
 Hi-a'tus, n. [L. for a "chasm" (q. v.); hiare, hia- 
 tum, to yawn (q. v.).] An aperture; a breach; 
 a deficiency. 
 
 Hi'ber-nate, v. n. [L. hibernare, hibernatum ; hi- 
 ber'nus, wintry; hiems, winter. — Cf. Skr. hima, 
 frost.] [pp. hibernating, hibernated.] To pass 
 the winter; to winter in sleep, or in a dormant 
 state. 
 
 Hi-ber-na'tion, n. The act of wintering. 
 
 Hi-ber'ni-an', a. [L. Hibemia, Gr. 'Iepvr?, Ireland.] 
 Eelating to Ireland; Irish. — 2, n. An Irishman. 
 
 Hi-ber'ni-cism, n. An Irish idiom or phrase. 
 
 Hl-bis'cus, n. [L. ; Gr. i)3tcrK:os.] A genus of plants. 
 
 Hic'cough (hik'kup or hik'kof), n. [Imitative; 
 Fr. hoquet; Dut' Ink ; Dan. hikke; Welsh, ig ; 
 Breton, hik, hak.] A convulsive cough or sob ; a 
 hickup. See Hickup. — 2, v. n. [pp. hiccough- 
 ing, hiccoughed.] To have a hiccough. 
 
 Hick'o-ry, n. [Native American.] A tree of the 
 walnut kind. 
 
 Hick'up, n. & v. See Hiccough. 
 
 Hid, Hid'den (hid'dn), v . See Hide. 
 
 Hi-dal'go. n. [Sp. for hijo de algo, a son of some- 
 thing ; L. films alicujus, a son of somebody ; Port. 
 fidulgo.] A Spanish gentleman. 
 
 Hide, v. a. [A.-S. hidan. — Cf. Gr. xevOeiv, to hide : 
 akin to the noun Hide.] [i. hid; pp. hiding, 
 hid or hidden.] To conceal; to cover; to pro- 
 tect ; to secrete ; to shelter : — to beat. — 2, v. n. 
 To lie hid ; to be concealed.— 3, n. [A.-S. hyd ; 
 Dut. huid; Dan. hud; Ger. haul; L. cutis; Gr. 
 kvtos, (7/ct)to?.] The skin of an animal : — [A.-S. 
 hid, higid. — Cf. hiivisc, a household; hi/van, those 
 of one house] a quantity of land from sixty to a 
 hundred acres. [gardly; stingy :— bigoted. 
 
 Hide'-bound, a. Having the skin close: — nig- 
 
 Hid'e-oiis, a. [Fr. hideux ; 0. Fr. hideus, hidos, 
 possibly for L. hispidiosus, hispidns, rough, hispid 
 (q. ?,'.).] Horrible; dreadful; shocking; ghastly. 
 
 HId'e-ous-ly, ad. Horribly ; dreadfully. 
 
 Hld'e-ous-ness, n. Horribleness. 
 
 Hid'ing, n. Concealment : — a beating. 
 
 Hie '(hi), v. n. [A.-S. higian, to haste.— Cf. Gr. 
 kUiv, to move; L. ciere, to cause to move.] [pp. 
 hying or hieing, hied.] To hasten ; to go in haste. 
 
 Hi'e-rarph, n. The chief of a sacred order. 
 
 Hl'e-rar-phal, ) a. Eelating to a hierarch or 
 
 HI-e-rar'phi-cal, J to a hierarchy. 
 
 HI'e-rar-phy, n. [Gr. lepapxia; iepos, sacred, and 
 apxeiv, to rule.] Governmi-nt by the priesthood ; 
 ecclesiastical government : — prelates collectively. 
 
 Hi-e-rat'ic, a. [Gr. lepari/cos ; iepos, sacred.] 
 Employed in sacred uses. 
 
 Hi'e-ro-glyph, \n. [Gr. iepoyXvfyiicos ; iepo<;, 
 
 Hl-e-ro-glyph'ic, J sacred, and y\v<*>eiv, to carve, 
 to inscribe.]' Picture-writing; a symbolical 
 character.. 
 
 Hi-e-ro-glyph'ic, \a. Having the nature of 
 
 Hl-e-ro-glyph'i-cal, J hieroglyphics. 
 
 Hl-e-ro-glyph'ics, n. pi. Picture-writing, con- 
 sisting of figures of animals, plants, and other 
 material objects. 
 
 Hi-er'o-phant, or Hi'e-ro-phant, n. [Gr. tepo- 
 cpavTTjs ; iep6<;, sacred, and (pcuVeiv, to show.] 
 An expounder of mysteries ; a priest. 
 
 Hig'gle, v. n. [Cf. Dut. heukelaar, a huckster; 
 Local Ger. Imgkler, apedler; hughe, Ger. hr>ck, a 
 pack.] [pp. higgling, higgled.] To chaffer ; to 
 haggle ; to be hard in a bargain ; to peddle. 
 
 Hig'gler, n. One who hawks or higgles. 
 
 High (hi), a. [A.-S. heuh; Dut. hoog ; Dan. hoi; 
 Ger. hoch.] Rising much above the ground or 
 surface; elevated; exalted; not low: — difficult; 
 arduous :-r-proud : — noble; great: — violent; op- 
 pressive : — full : — exorbitant; dear : — loud. — 
 2, ad. Aloft ; aloud ; powerfully. 
 
 High'-born (hl'born), a. Of noble extraction. 
 
 HIgh'-bred, a. Of high breed or training. 
 
 High' -church, a. Strenuous for episcopal and 
 ecclesiastical authority. 
 
 High' -flown (hi'tlon). «. Turgid; bombastic. 
 
 HIgh'-hand-ed, a. Arbitrary; overbearing. 
 
 High'land, n.' A mountainous district. 
 
 High'land-er, n. A mountaineer. 
 
 High ly (hi'le), ad. Aloft; in a great degree. 
 
 High' -mass, n. The Roman Catholic, mass cele- 
 brated with the singing of the choristers. 
 
 High'-mind-ed, a. Noble ; magnanimous ; honor- 
 able : — proud ; arrogant. 
 
 High'ness (hi'nes), n. Elevat ; on ; dignity of na- 
 ture ; excellence : — a title of princes. 
 
 High' -priest, n. The chief priest. 
 
 High' -road, n. A public road. 
 
 High'-spir-it-ed, a. Bold; daring; proud. 
 
 Hight (hit), n' See Height.— 2, v. & p. passive 
 and defective. [A.-S. hatan, to be called; Ger. 
 heissen, Goth, haitan, to call.] [i. bight; p. 
 hight.] To be called :— called. [Poet, and antiq.] 
 
 High-way' (hT-wfi/), n. A great road; a public 
 path : — an open way by water. 
 
 HIgh'way-man (hi'wa-man), n. A robber. 
 
 Hi-la'ri-ous, a. [L. hilarus, hilaris; Gr. iXapo?, 
 gay ; iAao?, propitious.] Gay ; merry ; jovial. 
 
 Hi-lkr'i-ty, n. [Fr. hilarite ; L. hilaritas.—See 
 Hilarious.] Gayety excited by social pleasure ; 
 joviality ; mirth ; merriment. 
 
 Hill, n. [A.-S. hull; 0. Dut. hit; Ger. hiigel—Cf. 
 L. collis, Lith. kalnas, a hill.] An elevation of 
 ground less than a mountain and larger than a 
 hillock.— 2, v. a. [pp. hilling, hilled.] To form 
 into, or surround with, elevations or hills. 
 
 Hil'lock, n. A little hill. 
 
 Hil'ly, a. Full of hills ; unequal in surface. 
 
 Hilt, n. [A.-S. hilt; Icel. hjalt ; 0. Ger. helza: not 
 connected with Hold.] The handle of a sword, &c. 
 
 Hilt'ed, a. Having a hilt. 
 
 Hi'lu'm, n. [L.] (Bot.) The scar left upon a seed 
 when separated from its support. 
 
 Him, pron. The objective case of he. 
 
 Him-self , pron. in the nominative or objective 
 case. He or him.— By himself, alone. 
 
 Hin, n. [Heb. ; from the Egyptian.] A Jewish 
 liquid measure of ten pints. 
 
 Hind, a. [A.-S. hindan, back ; Goth, hindar, Ger. 
 hinter, hinten, behind : allied to Hence.] [comp. 
 hinder ; super!, hindmost.] Backward; contrary 
 in position to the face. — 2, n. [A.-S. & Dan. 
 hind; Dut. hinde ; Ger. hind, hinde, hindin: prob- 
 ably related to Hlnt.] The female of the stag : 
 
 a, e, I, 6, u, y, !ong ; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a,'e, i, 9, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
HINDEK 
 
 287 
 
 HOBBLEDEHOY 
 
 — [A.-S. hina or hina-man, a house-servant ; Iriwan, 
 domestics : possibly related to Hive] a rustic. 
 
 Hin'der, v. a. [A.-S. hindrian ; hinder, hindan, be- 
 hind"; Icel. hindra, to hinder. — See Hind.] [pp. 
 hindering, hindered.] To obstruct; to stop; to 
 impede. — 2, ». n. To cause impediment. 
 
 Hind er, a. On the rear <>r backside. 
 
 Hin'der-ance, n. Any thing that hinders; an ob- 
 stacle; 'an impediment; a stop; an obstruction : 
 — very often written hindrance. 
 
 Hm'der-er, ». He who or that which hinders. 
 
 Hind'er-most, a. Hindmost; last. 
 
 Hind'most, a. [A corrupt lbim : A.-S. hindema ; 
 Goth, hindu mists; hind, and suffixes akin to the 
 L. superlative ending -imus.] Last; that comes 
 in the rear. 
 
 Hin-d6S', n. ; pi. Hin-d66s'. A native of Hindostan. 
 
 Hin-dos-tan'ee, n. A language of the Hindoos.— 
 2, a.' Relating to the Hindoos or to Hindostan. 
 
 Hin'drance, n. See Hinderance. 
 
 Hin-du\ \ n. [Arab. Hind, India, named 
 
 Hin-du-stan'ee, J from the river Indus; Skr. 
 si, i<lhv, a river.] See Hindoo, Hindostanee. 
 
 Hinge, n. [0. E. hingel; Dut. hengsel; Ger. hanqe: 
 root of Hang.] The joint on which a door turns : 
 — that on which something depends.— 2, v. a. 
 [pp. hinging, hinged.] To furnish with hinges; 
 to bend. — 3, p. n. To turn, as upon a hinge. 
 
 Hin'ny., n. [L. Irinnvs, ginnvs, a mule ; Gr. yiVvo;, 
 ivvo?.] The offspring of a stallion and a she-ass ; 
 a mule. — 2, 7-. n. [See Whinny : imitative.] [pp. 
 hinnying, hinnied.] To neigh ; to whinny. 
 
 Hint, v. a. & v. n. [Pan. ymte, to whisper; affected 
 by 0. E. henlen, A.-S. hentan, Goth, hinthan, to 
 catch, to seize.] [pp. hinting, hinted.] To bring 
 to mind ; to allude. — 2, n. A remote suggestion ; 
 an intimation. 
 
 Hip, n. [A.-S. hi/pe: Dut. hcnp ; Ger. hiifte ; Dan. 
 hofte : allied to Heap.] The joint of the thigh ; 
 the haunch :— [A.-S. heope ; 0. Ger. hiefe ; Goth. 
 hivfo, a bramble] the fruit of the brier of dog-rose. 
 
 Hipped (hipt), \a. (A corruption of hypochondriaa) 
 
 Hip pish, J Low-spirited : — affected with hyp- 
 
 ochondria; hypped. 
 
 Hip'po-drome, )/. [Gr. i7T7T6SpojU.o? ; itttto?, a horse, 
 and Sp6/uo9, a race; 8po.fj.eii>, to run.] A course 
 for horse-races. 
 
 Hip-p6ph'a-£y, n. [Gr. 'iwiros, a horse, and <f>ayelv, 
 to eat.] 'The eating of horse-flesh. 
 
 Hip-po-pot'a-mus, n. [L. ; Gr. in-Tron-ora/uo? ; iV- 
 nos, a horse, and noTa.fj.cs, a river.] L. pi. Hip- 
 po-pot'a-mi; Eng. Hip-po-pot'a-mus-es. The 
 river-horse, a large aquatic animal. 
 
 Hi'r'cine, or Hir'cine, a. [L. hircinus; hircns, a 
 goat.] Of or pertaining to, or resembling, a 
 goat : — smelling like a goat; smelling rank. 
 
 Hire, v. a. [A.-S. hi/r ; Dut. hwir ; Dan. hijre ; 
 Ger. heuer.] [pp. hiring, hired.] To engage for 
 pay ; to employ for wages : — to bribe :— to let or 
 let out. — 2, n. Reward ; recompense ; wages ; 
 salary. [2, a. Serving for hire ; venal. 
 
 Hire'ling, n. One who is hired ; a mercenary. — 
 
 Hir'er, n. One who hires. 
 
 Hir-sute', a. [L. hirsvius; hirtutj, shaggy: prob- 
 ably related to Harsh.] Rough ; hairy ; shaggy. 
 
 H5§ (biz), prom. The possessive case of he. Of him. 
 
 His'pid, a. [L. Mspidm.] Set with bristle*. 
 
 Hiss, v. n. [Imitative: A.-S. h>/sian ; 0. Dut. hiss- 
 chen ; Dut. eissen; Gei'. zischen; Local E. sws.] 
 [pp. hissing, hissed.] To utter a noise like that 
 of a serpent; to express contempt or disapproba- 
 tion. — 2, v. a. To condemn by hissing. — 3, n. 
 The voice of a serpent; censure. 
 
 Hiss'ing, n. Noise of a serpent, &c. ; hiss. 
 
 Hist, interj. [Dan. hys; hi/use, to hush (q. v.). — 
 See Whist.] Commanding silence ; hush. 
 
 His-tol'o-iry., n. [Gr. icrro?, a web, a bolt of 
 cloth, and Aoyo?, a discourse ; Io-tos also means 
 a mast, a standing beam ; from lareftt, to set up, 
 to stand (q. p.).] Anatomy, especially the minute 
 anatoniv of the tissues. 
 
 His-to'ri-an, n. A writer of history. 
 
 His-tor'ic, "la. [Gr. ia-ropt/cos.] Relating to 
 
 His-tor'i-cal, J history ; containing historj'. 
 
 His-tor'i-cal-ly, ad. In the manner of history. 
 
 His-to-ri-og'ra-pher, n. [Gr. io-ropto-ypd$os ; i<r- 
 ropia, history, and ypa^ecv, to write.] One who 
 is employed to write history ; an historian. 
 
 His-to-ri-og'ra-phy, n. Business of an historian. 
 
 His'to-ry, n. [L. historia, Gr. io-ropia, history, 
 information, inquiry; to-rcop, learned; eiSevcu, 
 to know : akin to Wit.] A narrative of past 
 events; a relation of facts respecting nations, 
 empires, &c. [Theatrical ; pantomimic. 
 
 His-tri-on'ic, a. [L. histrionicus ; htetrio, an actor.] 
 
 His-tri-on'i-cal-ly, ad. Theatrically. 
 
 Hit, v.'a. [Dan. hitte, Icel. hitta, to meet, to hit 
 upon; Sw. hilta, to find.] [i. hit; pp. hitting, 
 hit.] To strike; to touch; not to miss: — to reach; 
 to attain : — to suit; to touch or represent prop- 
 erly. — 2, v. n. To clash ; to collide ; to fit ; to suit. 
 — 3, n. A stroke : — a chance ; a lucky chance. 
 
 Hitch, v. n. [Probably by mutation from Hook. — 
 Cf. 0. E. hicchen, kikken, to move convulsively.] 
 [pp. hitching, hitched.] To be caught: to move 
 by jerks. — 2, v. a. To fasten; to bind to; to 
 tie. — 3, n. A catch ; any thing that holds. 
 
 Hith'er, ad. [A.-S. hither, hider ; Goth, hidre; 
 Dan', hid; L. cilra ; Ger. hierher: related to 
 Here and He.] To this place ; to this end. — 
 2, a. Nearer; being toward this part. 
 
 Hitfi'er-most, a. Nearest on this side. 
 
 Hith'er-to, ad. To this time; yet; till now. 
 
 Hither- w|rd, ) d This vvav . toward this place. 
 
 Hitn er-wards, J 
 
 Hi'ty-tl'ty, interj. See Hoity-toity. 
 
 Hive. ». [A.-S. h§fb, hyfi: akin to Cover.] A box 
 or artificial receptacle for bees. — 2, p. a. [pp. 
 hiving, hived.] To put into hives: to harbor. 
 — 3, v. n. To reside or take shelter together in 
 large numbers. 
 
 Hiv'er, n. One who puts bees in hives. 
 
 Hive's, n. pi. [Related to Heave.] The disease 
 called croup : — a skin disea-e. 
 
 Ho, interj. Commanding or calling attention. 
 
 Hoar (hor), a. [A.-S. hear; Icel. hair; hum, gray 
 hair.] White or gray with age or frost.— 2, n. 
 Antiquity; hoariness : — mist. 
 
 Hoard (hord), n. [A.-S. hard, Ger. hort, a hoard; 
 A.-S. hordian, to hoard : akin to Herd.] A store 
 laid up; a treasure.— 2, c. n. [pp. hoarding, 
 hoarded.] To lay up stores or hoards. — 3, v. a. 
 To store ; to lay in hoards. 
 
 Hoard'ing (hord'ing), n. [0. Fr. horde, a barrier; 
 0. Ariglo-Fr. hordi/s, a fence; Dut. horde, a hur- 
 dle (q. ».).] A board fence enclosing a house in 
 process of erection or repair. 
 
 Hoar'-frost (lnVfrdst), n. A white frost. 
 
 Hoar'hound, n. [A.-S. humor harhune; har, hoary, 
 and hnne, strong-scented.] A bitter medicinal 
 plant. 
 
 Hoar'i-ness, n. The state of being hoary. 
 
 Hoarse (hors), a. [A.-S. has; Dan. hx* ; Sw. hes; 
 Dut. heesch ; Ger. heiser.] Having the voice rough. 
 
 Hoarse'ly (hors'le), oil. With a rough voice. 
 
 Hoarse'ness, n. Tlie state of being hoar>e. 
 
 Hoar'y (h'or'e), a. [See Hoar.] White : gray with 
 age : — white with frost ; hoar :— mouldy. 
 
 Hoax (hoks), n. [Cf. Hocus-pocrs.] An imposition; 
 a deception. — 2, v. a. [pp. hoaxing, hoaxed.] 
 To deceive ; to impose upon ; to quiz. 
 
 Hob. n. [An old nickname for Hobert ; otherwise 
 Bob and Bob.] A fairy :— a rustic fellow: — [a 
 form of Hub] side of a grate ; a hub. 
 
 Hob'ble, v. n. [A frequentative of Hop.— Cf. Dut. 
 hobbelen, to rock, as a boat, to stutter; 0. Fr. 
 hober, to stir.] [pp. hobbling, hobbled.] To 
 walk lamely; to limp.— 2, v. a. To fetter; to 
 clog.— 3, n. An uneven, awkward gait ; a limp : 
 — a scrape ; a difficulty :— a fetter ; a hamper. 
 
 Hob'ble-de-hb'y', n. [A factitious word, having 
 a reference to awkwardness.] A stripling. 
 
 mien, c:r , move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— -g, Qt, 9, g, soft ; p, p, p, §, hard ; § as z ; 5 as gz ; this. 
 
HOBBY 
 
 288 
 
 HOLY-WATER 
 
 HoVby, n. [Fr. hobereau ; 0. Fr. hole, hobel: per- 
 haps 'related to Ger. habicht, a hawk (gr. v.).] A 
 hawk : — [Fr. uubiu, hobin, a nag ; Dan. hoppe, a 
 mare; Frisian hoppe, a pony : connected with 
 Hop] a horse ; a nag : — a favorite object, pur- 
 suit, or plaything. 
 
 Hob'by-hbrse, n. A wooden horse on which boys 
 ride : — a favorite object ; a hobby. 
 
 Hob-gob'lin, n. [Hob and Goblin.] A fairy; a 
 frightful apparition. 
 
 Hob'nail, n. [Hob, a head or hump, and Nait..] A 
 nail used in shoeing a horse, or in heavy shoes : 
 — a clown ; a rustic fellow. 
 
 Hob'nob, n. [A.-S. hubban, to have, and nabban, 
 for ne habban, not to have, implying a free 
 choice.] A familiar call in drinking. — 2, v. n. 
 [pp. hobnobbing, hobnobbed.] To drink with 
 another in a familiar manner : — to be familiar. 
 
 Hock, v. a. [See Hough.] [pp. hocking, hocked.] 
 To cut the hough; to hamstring; to hough. — 
 2, ra. The joint of an animal between the knee 
 and the fetlock :— [from Hochheim, a place in 
 Germany] a Rhenish wine. 
 
 Hock'ey, n, [From Hook.] A game at ball : — 
 called also hawkey, or hookey. 
 
 Ho'cus-po'cus, n. [Meaningless juggler's Latin.] 
 A juggler :'— a juggle ; a cheat. 
 
 Hod, n. [Local E. hod, for hold. — Cf. Local Ger. 
 hotte, a tub ; 0. Dut. hotte, a pedler's pack ; Fr. 
 hotte, a basket carried on the back.] A trough 
 used in carrying bricks and mortar : — a coal- 
 scuttle. 
 
 Hodge, n. [A nickname for Eoger.] A rustic 
 person ; a clown. 
 
 Hod£e'podge, n. [Cf. Hotchpot.] A medley; a 
 hotchpotch. 
 
 Ho-di-er'nal, a. [L. hodie, for hoc die, this day; 
 hodlernus,' of to-day.] Of this day; of to-day. 
 
 Hod'man, n. A laborer who carries mortar. 
 
 Hod'o-graph, n. [Gr. 6665, a way, and vpa^eiv, to 
 inscribe.] A certaiu mathematical curve. 
 
 Ho-dom'e-ter, n. [Gr. 666?, a way, and ixerpov, a 
 measure.]' A device for registering the distance 
 travelled hy a vehicle. 
 
 Hoe (ho), n. [Fr. hone; Ger. hone: akin to Hew.] 
 A tool used in gardening, &c. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 hoeing, hoed.] To cut or dig with a hoe. 
 
 Hog, n. [Probably akin to Hack in the sense of 
 to cut, to castratp, or to shear. — Cf. Welsh hwch, 
 a sow; Bret, hoch, a pig.] A swine: — a young 
 sheep : — a mean man. — 2, v. a. [pp. hogging, 
 hogged.] To cai ry on the back : — to cut the 
 hair short : — to scrub a ship's bottom. 
 
 Hoggish, a. Like a hog ; brutish ; selfish. 
 
 Hog'iish-ness, n. Brutality ; selfishness. 
 
 Hogs/head (hogz'hed), n. [Dut. oxhoft, Ger. ochs- 
 hoft, Dan. oxhoved, — literally, ox-head; perhaps 
 from some old brand on casks.] A large cask : 
 — a liquid measure, half a pipe, or sixty-three 
 wine gallons. 
 
 HSi'den (hoi'dn), n. [Dut. heiden, a heathen, a 
 gypsy ; 0. E. hoydon, a clown : a variant of Hea- 
 then; but cf. 6. E. hoit, to riot.— See Hoot.] 
 A rude, awkward girl. — 2, a. Rustic; coarse; 
 rude. — 3, v. n. [pp. hoidening, hoidened.] To 
 romp indecently or rudely. 
 
 Hoist, v. a. [Dut. hijschen; 0. Dut. hyssen; Dan. 
 heisse; Sw. hissa; Fr. hisser: distinct from Fr. 
 hausser, to raise.— See Hawser.] [pp. hoisting, 
 hoisted.] To raise or lift up; to heave. — 2, n. 
 A lift; the act of raising up; an elevator. 
 
 Hbi'ty-tbi'ty, ittterj. [Reduplicated from 0. E. 
 hoit,'to riot." — Cf. Hoot.] Noting surprise. — 2, a. 
 Thoughtless; giddy. 
 
 Hold, v. a. [A.-S. healdan; Dut. houden; Dan. 
 holde; Ger. Ixdten.] [i. held; pp. holding, held 
 or holden : — holden is now little used except in 
 legal forms.] To restrain from escape ; to grasp ; 
 to keep ; to retain ; to have ; to maintain : — to 
 consider ; to regard : — to receive ; to contain. — 
 2, v. n. To stand ; to last :— to refrain.— 3, «. A 
 
 grasp ; support ; custody ; a prison ; a fortress : 
 —[Dut. hoi, a hold, a hole (q. v.)] the interior 
 of a ship. 
 
 Hold'back, n. A hinderance ; a restraint. 
 
 Hold'er, n. He who or that which holds: — a 
 tenant : — something to take hold with. 
 
 Hold' fast, n. A catch; a hook; a support; ahold. 
 
 Hold'ing, n. Tenure ; hold :— land held. 
 
 Hole.'w. [A.-S. & Dut. hoi; Dan. hid; Ger. hold. 
 — Cf. A.-S. holen, to hide.] A cavity ; a perfora- 
 tion ; a hollow place ; a cell :— a mean habitation. 
 
 H51'i-day, n. [For holy day, a saint s day.] A 
 day of some ecclesiastical festival ; a day of fes- 
 tivity, rest, or sport :— written also holyduy. — 
 2, a. Befitting a festival ; cheerful. 
 
 Hb'li-ly, ad. Piously ; with sanctity. 
 
 Ho'li-ness, n. [A.-S. halignes. — See Holy.] Qual- 
 ity of being holy ; sanctity ; piety : — the title of 
 the pope. 
 
 Hol'land, n. A fine linen made in Holland. 
 
 Hol'l^nds, n. A sort of gin. 
 
 Hol-lo\ interj. [Fr. hold. — See Halloo.] A word 
 used in calling to any one at a distance. — 2, v. n. 
 [pp. holloing, holloed.] To cry out loud; to 
 halloo. — 3, n. A shout; a loud call. 
 
 Hoi' low (hol'lo), a. [A.-S. holh, healoc, holg, vari- 
 ants of hoi, a hole (q. v.).] Excavated ; having 
 a void within ; void ; not solid : — not faithful. — 
 2, n. A space between hills or elevations; a 
 cavity ; cavern ; hole ; pit. — 3, v. a. [pp. hol- 
 lowing, hollowed.] To make hollow. 
 
 Hol'low-ness, n. A cavity :— deceit. 
 
 H61' low-ware, n. Kitchen-utensils. 
 
 Hol'ly, n. [A.-S. holen; Dut. huht; Ger. huhe; 
 L. ilex, ilicis; Fr. houx. — Cf. Welsh celyn, Bret. 
 kelen, Irish cuilennu, holly.] An evergreen tree 
 or shrub. 
 
 Hol'ly-hock, n. [0. E. holihoc; holy, and A.-S. 
 hoc, mallow ; said to have been called holy be- 
 cause it was regarded as a native of the Holy 
 Land.] A plant, the rose-mallow. 
 
 Holm (bom or holm), n. [A.-S. holm, a mound, a 
 billow, the sea; Dan. & Ger. holm, an islet; 
 Russ. kholm, a hill; L. oilmen, a ridge.] A small 
 island : — low, flat land : — [A.-S. holen, holly] the 
 evergreen oak. 
 
 Hol'o-caust, n. [Gr. b\6i<avo~Tov ; 0A05, entire, 
 and Kaleiv, fut. ko.v<tu>, to burn.] A whole 
 burnt-sacrifice. 
 
 Hol'o-graph, n. [Gr. oAos, entire, and -ypa<f>eiv, 
 to write.] A document entirely in its author's 
 handwriting. 
 
 Hol-o-graph'ic, a. Relating to a holograph. 
 
 Hol-o-pho'tal [ho-loph'o-tal, St.], a. [Gr. 6A0?, 
 entire, and </>o>s, 4>o>t6?, light.] Utilizing all the 
 light (chiefly used of light-house apparatus). 
 
 Hol-o-thu'ri-an, n. [Gr. oAos, whole, and 0vpa, 
 an 'opening: the alimentary canal is open at 
 either end.] (Zob'l.) The sea-cucumber, a ma- 
 rine animal. 
 
 Holp, l, Holp'en (hol'pn), p., from help. 
 
 Hol'ster, n. [Dut. holster; A.-S. heolstor, a cov- 
 ering; Goth, hnlistr, a veil; Dut. hullen, A.-S. 
 Iwlan, L. celare, to cover.] A case for a horse- 
 man's pistol. 
 
 Holt, m. [A.-S. & Icel. holt, a grove ; Dut. houl, 
 Ger. hoh, wood : akin to A.-S. helan, to cover.] 
 A grove ; a woodland ; an orchard. 
 
 Ho'ly., a. [A.-S. halig ; Dut. & Ger. heilig ; A.-S. 
 hall Ger. heil, whole, perfect.] Perfectly pure ; 
 divine; immaculate; pious; religious; hallowed; 
 
 Hol'y-day, m A festival day ; a day of rest or joy : 
 
 —written also holiday— Ln the solemn style, 
 
 written and pronounced ho'ly-day. 
 Ho'ly-phost', n. The Holy Spirit. 
 Ho'ly-rSod, n. The cross of Christ. 
 Ho'ly-stone, n. A stone used in scouring a ship's 
 
 decks. — 2, v. a. [pp. holy-stoning, holy-stoned.] 
 
 To clean with a holy-stone. 
 Ho'ly-wa'ter, n. Water blessed by a priest. 
 
 a, e, 1, 0, G, y, long; a, e, 1, 6, Q, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure— Fare, far, fast, fail; heir, her; 
 
HOMAGE 
 
 289 
 
 HOOT 
 
 Hom'afe, «. [Fr. hommage, — literally, a man's 
 service ; Homme, L. homo, a man. — See Human.] 
 Service and submission to a superior; fealty; 
 reverence ; duty ; respect. — 2, v. a. [pp. hom- 
 aging, homaged.] To reverence ; to pay honor. 
 
 Home, n. [A.-S. ham; Dan. & Ger. heim: closely 
 akin to Goth, haims, a village. — Cf. Lith. kemas, 
 Gr. /COJ/U.7J, a village : root of Gr. Kelnai, to lie 
 down.] One's house, dwelling, place of abode, 
 or country ; residence ; domicile. — 2, a. Domes- 
 tic : — close ; direct ; pointed. — 3, ad. To one's 
 home : — to the point. 
 
 Home'less, a. Destitute of a home. 
 
 Home'li-ness, n. Plainness ; coarseness. 
 
 HSme'ly, a. [For Jwme-like.] Plain ; not elegant ; 
 coarse ; rude. 
 
 Ho-mer'ic, «. Relating to the poet Homer. 
 
 Home'sick, a. Ill by being absent from home; 
 desirous to go home ; nostalgic. [nostalgia. 
 
 Home'sick-ness, n. State of being homesick; 
 
 Home'spim, a. Made at home ; plain ; homely. 
 
 Home' stead, n. [Home and Stead.] The place 
 of the house ; a mansion-house ; a farm with its 
 buildings. 
 
 Home'ward, or Home'wards, ad. Toward home. 
 
 Hom-i-ci'dal, a. Relating to homicide. 
 
 Hom'i-cide, ». [L. homicida, a man-sla3 T er ; horni- 
 cidium, manslaughter; homo, a man, and csedere, 
 to kill.] (Laic.) The killing of a man by the 
 hand of man ; manslaughter : — a man-slayer. 
 
 Hom-i-let'ic, ) o. [Gr. o/uiA^ti/cos. — See Hom- 
 
 Hom-i-let'i-cal, J ily.j Relating to homilies; 
 hortatory :— 'social. 
 
 Hom-i-let'ies, n. pi. The art of preaching. 
 
 Hom'i-list, n. A preacher to a congregation. 
 
 Hom'i-ly, n. [Gr. o/xiMa; d/xiAo?, an assembly; 
 6|u.6?, like, same, and eiArj, a crowd ; e'tAeij/, to 
 press.] A religious discourse : — a sermon. 
 
 Hom'ing-, a. Returning home (as a pigeon). 
 
 Hom'i-ny, »• [Algonquin, auhuminia.] Food made 
 of maize boiled : — written also homony and hom- 
 mony. < 
 
 Ho-mo-cen'tric, a. [Gr. bp.6s, same, and icevrpov, 
 a centre.] Having the same centre. 
 
 Ho-mce-o-path'ic, a. Relating to homoeopathy. 
 
 H6-mce-op'a-thist, n. One who practises or is 
 versed in homoeopathy. 
 
 Ho-moe-op'a-thx, u. [Gr. op-oiowdOeia, likeness 
 of feeling; 6/xoio?, like (o/xd?, same), and iraQelv, 
 to suffer.] (Med.) A system of medicine based 
 on the opinion that diseases are cured by medi- 
 cines which have power to cause similar diseases 
 in healthy persons. 
 
 Ho-mo-i-e-ne'i-ty;, \ n. Sameness of nature 
 
 Ho-mo-ge'ne-ous-ness, J throughout. 
 
 H6-mo-|-e'ne-ous, a. [Gr. ojioyei/r}? ; 6/u.d?, same, 
 and yei/o?, race, genus (gr. v.).] Having the same 
 nature throughout: — composed of similar ele- 
 ments : — opposed to heterogeneous. 
 
 Ho-mol'o-gate, v. a. [See Homologous.] [pp. 
 homologating, homologated.] To allow ; to ap- 
 prove. 
 
 Ho-mol'o-gous, a. [Gr. 6/aoAoyd?, agreeing; 
 o/u-os, same, and Adyo?, a saying ; Ae-yeii>, to say.] 
 Proportional to each other: — corresponding in 
 structure. 
 
 Hom'o-logue (hoiu/o-log), n. An organ structu- 
 rally like another, but of different functions. 
 
 Ho-mol'o-fy, n. (Auat.) The correspondence of 
 
 parts in structure, with difference in function. 
 Hom'o-ny, n. Food of maize. See Hominy. 
 Hom'o-nyme, n. A word which agrees in sound 
 with another, but has a different meaning ; as, 
 air and heir. See SYNONYMS. 
 Ho-mon'y-moiis, a. [Gr. o/u.aii'w.aos ; bp.6<;, same, 
 and ow^a, a name.] Having the same sound, 
 but different signification ; equivocal. 
 Ho-mon'y-my, n. Sameness of sound with differ- 
 ence of meaning : — an equivocation. 
 Hone, n. [A.-S. han, Icel. hein, Sw. hen, a hone; 
 Skr. cana, a grindstone ; po, to sharpen : akin to 
 
 Cone, and to L. cos, a whetstone.] A stone for 
 whetting razors, &c. — 2, v. a. [pp. honing, 
 honed.] To sharpen on a hone. 
 
 Hon'est (on'est), a. [Fr. honnite, L. honestus, hon- 
 orable ; houos, honor (g. v.).} Upright; true; 
 just ; equitable : pure ; sincere ; virtuous ; chaste. 
 
 Hon'est-ly (on'est-le), ad. Uprightly ; justly. 
 
 Hon'es-ty (on'es-te), n. [L. hoaestas, honor, credit. 
 —See Honest.] Constant adherence to truth 
 and rectitude; uprightness; probity; integrity; 
 fair dealing ; justice ; virtue. 
 
 Hon'ey (hun'e), n. [A.-S. hunig ; Dut. & Ger. 
 honig ; Dan. honning.] A sweet substance col- 
 lected by bees from flowers. — 2, v. a. [pp. hon- 
 eying, honeyed.] To sweeten. 
 
 Hon'ey-ant, u. An ant that stores up honey. 
 
 Hon'ey-comb (-kom), n. [Honey and Comb; 
 A.-S. hunig-carub.] Cells for honey. [ties. 
 
 Hon'ey-combed (-komd), a. Having little cavi- 
 
 Hon'ey-dew, n. A sweet substance on leaves. 
 j Hon'ey-moon, n. The first month after marriage. 
 j Hon'ey-sfic-kle (hun'e-suk-kl), s. [Honey and 
 Suckle.] A plant or shrub; the woodbine and 
 its fragrant flower. 
 
 Hong, n. [Chinese, hang.] A European or foreign 
 factory in China. 
 
 Hon'or (on'or), n. [Fr. honneur ; L. honor or ho~ 
 nos, honoris.] High estimation or respect: dig- 
 nity ; high rank ; reputation ; integrity ; fame ; 
 glory : — a title of respect. — 2, v. a. [pp. honor- 
 ing, honored.] To reverence ; to dignify ; to 
 venerate ; to respect ; to adore. 
 
 Hon'or-a-ble (on'or-a-bl), a. Having honor; il- 
 lustrious ; magnanimous ; generous. 
 
 H6n'or-a-bly (on'or-a-ble), ad. With honor. 
 
 Hon-o-ra'ri-um, n. [L.j A fee voluntarily paid. 
 
 Hon'o-ra-ry (on'o-ra-re), a. Conferring honor. 
 
 Hood (hfidj. [-hood or -head, a suffix, is the A.-S. 
 had, state, Ger. -licit.] A suffix used to denote Mate 
 or quality ; as, chi!d/>ooc/. — 2. n. [A.S.hod; Dut. 
 hoed; Ger. hut : allied to Hked and Hide.] A 
 covering for a woman's head : — a cap-like cov- 
 ering. — :i, v. a. [pp. hooding, hooded.] To dress 
 in a hood ; to cover. 
 
 Hood'lum (hfid'lum), n. [Ger. hudel, Sw. hnllare, 
 a ragamuffin; Ger. hudehi, Sw. hutla, to be a 
 loafer.] A rowdy, a young ruffian. [Slang.] 
 
 Hood'wink (hud'-), v. a. [pp. hoodwinking, hood- 
 winked.] To blindfold ; to impose upon. 
 
 Hoof. ». [A.-S. hof; Dut. half; Dan. fop; Ger. 
 kaf; Skr. papha.] The homy part of a beast's 
 foot.— 2, v. ii. [pp. hoofing, hoofed.] To walk, 
 as cattle. [Vulgar or colloq.] 
 
 HoSfed (hoft), a. Furnished with hoofs. 
 
 Hook (bilk), n. [A.-S. hoc; Dut. hnah; Dan. 
 huge; Ger. haken.—Cf. Skr. Jcueh, to bend.] Any 
 thing bent so as to catch hold ; a catch : — a 
 snare : — an instrument. — 2, v. a. [pp. hooking, 
 hooked.] To catch with a hook ; to insnare : — to 
 gore or strike with a horn : — to steal. — 3, v. n. 
 To bend ; to have a curve. 
 
 H66'kah, n. [Arab. ; from hugq, a hollow.] A 
 sort of tobacco-pipe in the East. 
 
 Hooked (huk'ed or hu'kt), a. Bent; curvated. 
 
 Hoop (hop or hup), n. [Dut. hoep. — Cf. Icel. hop, 
 a curve, a bay; Skr. chapa, to bend.] A band 
 of wood or metal encompassing a cask : — any- 
 thing circular; a farthingale. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 hooping, hooped.] To bind or enclose with hoops. 
 
 H6Sp, r. n. [Fr. houper. — See Whoop.] [pp. hoop- 
 ing, hooped.] To shont; to whoop.— 2, n. A 
 shout ; a whoop :— a peck measure. 
 
 Hoop'ing-cough', n. See Whooping-cough. 
 
 H66 poe, or H68'p66, «- [Fr. huppe ; L. upuna ; 
 Sp. abubilla; Gr. eVoi//: from the bird's note.] A 
 bird with a fine crest. 
 
 Hoot, v. n. [Imitative. — Cf. Fin. hutaa, to shout; 
 Sw. huta ut, to hoot out, to drive out ; hota, to 
 threaten.] [pp. hooting, hooted.] To shout; to 
 cry as an owl. — 2, v. a. To drive away with 
 noise. — 3, n. A shout of contempt; a clamor. 
 
 mien, sir; mfive, nor, son; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5,9, c,§, soft, 
 N t 25 
 
 P, £, P, §. hard; § as z ; $ as gz ; this. 
 
HOP 
 
 290 
 
 HOSANNA 
 
 Hop, v. n. [A.-S. hoppian; Dut. happen; Ger. 
 hilpfen.] [pp. hopping, hopped.] To jump; to 
 skip ; to leap on one leg. — 2, n. [Dut. hop ; Ger. 
 Ivopfen; Fr. Jwublon ; Icel. humal; Dan. hunde; 
 Late L. humulus. — Of. Gr. Kaju7rvAos, bent, 
 twined.] A plant and its flower, used for making 
 beer, &c. : — a dance : — a jump ; a leap. 
 
 Hope, n. [A.-S. hopian, Dut. Itopen, to hope; hoop, 
 A.-S. hopu, Dan. haab, hope; Ger. hojf'en, to 
 hope.] Desire united with expectation: — a 
 thing hoped for : — a ground for expectation. — 
 2, v. n. [pp. hoping, hoped.] To live in expec- 
 tation of some good. — 3, v. a. To expect with 
 desire. — Forlorn hope [Dut. verloren hoop, a lost 
 or devoted troop; hoop, a band, — literally, a 
 heap], a military party detailed for service of 
 uncommon peril. 
 
 Hope'ful, a. Full of hope :— giving hope; prom- 
 ising good ; encouraging. 
 
 Hbpe'ful-ly, ad. In a hopeful manner. 
 
 Hope'ful-ness, n. Prospect of good : — quality of 
 being hopeful. 
 
 Hope'less, a. Destitute of hope; despairing. 
 
 Hbpe'less-ly, ad. In a hopeless manner. 
 
 Hope'less-ness, n. Want of hope ; despair. 
 
 Hop'lite, «. [Gr. ottAi'ttj? ; 07rAa, war-imple- 
 nients.] A heavy-armed soldier of ancient 
 Greece. 
 
 Hop'per, n. One who hops : — a box : — a kind of 
 funnel :— a box for supplying corn to millstones : 
 — a grasshopper. 
 
 Hop'ple, v. a. [See Hobble,] [pp. hoppling, 
 hoppled.] To tie the feet together; to fetter. 
 
 Hop'ple? (hop'plz), n. pi. Fetters for horses, &c. 
 
 Hops, n. pi. Dried flowers of the hop plant. 
 
 Ho'ral [L. hondis], or Hb'ra-ry. [L. horarius], a. 
 Relating to an hour. 
 
 Horde, n. [Fr. ; Turk. & Pers. ordu, urdu, Tartar 
 urdu, a camp, an army, a horde.] A clan ; a no- 
 madic or migratory party ; a multitude. 
 
 Hore'hbund, n. See Hoarhound. 
 
 Ho-ri'zon, n. [Gr. 6pi'c,W, — originally a pres. part. 
 6f opi'^eip, to bound; 6po?, a limit.] The line 
 that terminates the view; the apparent junction 
 of the earth and sky : — this is called the sensible 
 horizon; the rational horizon is an imaginary 
 great circle whose poles are the zenith and 
 nadir, and which divides the globe into two 
 hemispheres. 
 
 Hor-i-zon'tal, «. Parallel to the horizon ; level. 
 
 Hor-i-zon'tal-ly, ad. In a horizontal direction. 
 
 Horn, ». [A.-S., Dan., & Ger. horn; Dut. horen ; 
 L. cornu.] A hard substance growing on the heads 
 of some quadrupeds :— any thing in the shape 
 of a horn ; a point :— a drinking-cup : — a feeler 
 of an iusect : — a wind-instrument of music. 
 
 Hbrn'beam, n. [From the horny hardness of its 
 wood.] A tree having tough timber. 
 
 Hbrn'bill, v. A species of large-billed bird. 
 
 Hbrn'blende, n. [Ger. ; horn and blende.] A dark- 
 colored mineral. 
 
 Hbrn'-blow-er, n. One who blows a horn. 
 
 Hbrn'book (horn'buk), «. A child's book or read- 
 ing-tablet, formerly covered with plates of horn. 
 
 Horned (hbrn'ed or hbrnd), a. Furnished with 
 horns ; shaped like a horn. 
 
 Ebr'net, n. [A.-S. hi/met; Ger. horniss; Dut. 
 hornsel: akin to Horn, from its tone.] A large 
 sort of wasp. 
 
 Hbrn'plpe, n. A dance :— a wind-instrument :— a 
 tune for the dance called hornpipe. 
 
 Hbrn'work (-wiirk), n. (Fort.) A work having 
 angular points or horns. 
 
 Hbr'ny, a. Made of horn :— hard; callous. 
 
 Ho-rog'ra-phy, n. [Or. oipa, an hour, and ypd- 
 fciv, to describe.] The art of constructing dials : 
 — an account of the hours. 
 
 Hor'o-loge [hbr'o-loj, J. E. Ja.], n. [Fr. horloge; 
 Gr. copoAoyioi/ ; iopa, an hour, and \eyet.v, to 
 tell.] A clock or watch ; a timepiece. 
 
 Hor-o-lofi-cal, a. Relating to horology. 
 
 Ho-rol'o-fy:, n. [Gr. oipa, an hour, and Aoyo?, a 
 treatise.] The art of measuring time : — the prin- 
 ciples of the. construction of timepieces. 
 
 Ho-rom'e-try, n. [Gr. topa, an hour, and p.irpov, 
 a measure.] The art of measuring time. 
 
 Hor'o-scope 1 n. [Gr. oipoaKonos ; oipa, the time, 
 and o-Ko-rrelv, to see.] (Astrol.) A scheme show- 
 ing the configuration of the planets at the hour 
 of one's birth ; a nativity. 
 
 Hor'rent, a. [See Horrid.] Bristling. 
 
 Hor'ri-ble, a. [Fr. ; L. horribilk; hoirere, to shiver, 
 to dread, — primarily, to be bristly.] Tending to 
 excite horror ; enormous ; dreadful ; terrible ; 
 shocking; hideous. 
 
 Hor'ri-ble-ness, n. Dreadfulness; hor -or. 
 
 Hor'ri-blx, a ^- I n a horrible manner. 
 
 Hor'rid, a. [L. horridus, rough; horrere, to be 
 rough.] Hideous; dreadful; shocking. 
 
 Hor'rid-ly, ad. In a horrid manner. 
 
 Hor'rid-ness, n. Hideousness; enormity. 
 
 Hor-rif'ic, a. Causing horror ; terrible. 
 
 Hor'ri-fy, v. a. [L. horrificare; horrere, to dread, 
 and facere, to make.] [pp. horrifying, horri- 
 fied.] To impress with horror. 
 
 Hor'ror, n. [L. horror, dread,— originally, rough- 
 ness'.] Terror mixed with hatred; a shudder- 
 ing; dread; excessive fear; gloom. 
 
 Horse, n. [A.-S. hors; Icel. liars, hross; Dut. ross; 
 0. Ger. hros; Ger. ross.] A well-known quad- 
 ruped : — caAalry : — a wooden frame for a sup- 
 port.— 2, b. a. [pp. horsing, horsed.] To mount 
 on a horse ; to ride. 
 
 Hbrse'back, n. The back of a horse :— the posi- 
 tion or state of being on a horse. 
 
 Hbrse'-car, n. A street-car drawn by horses. 
 
 Hbrse'-chest-nut, n. A tree and its nut. 
 
 Horse' -flesh, n. The flesh of horses : — horses 
 generally. 
 
 Hbrse'-fly, n. A fly that stings horses. 
 
 Horse' -guards, n. pi. A body of cavalry : — the 
 British war-department, or its military officers. 
 
 HSrse'-jock-ey, n. A dealer in hoises. 
 
 Horse'-laugh (-laf), n. A loud, rude laugh. 
 
 Horse' -leech, n. A large species of leech : — a 
 horse-doctor; a veterinarian. 
 
 Hbrse'-lit-ter, «. A carriage hung upon poles, 
 borne by and between two horses. 
 
 HSrse'man, n. One skiiled in riding; a rider. 
 
 Hbrse'man-ship, n. The art of riding. 
 
 Hbrse'mint, n. A coarse kind of mint. 
 
 Hbrse'-play, n. Coarse, rough play. 
 
 Horse'-pb^-er, n. The power or strength of a 
 horse in draught : — the dynamical unit used to 
 express the power of the steam-engine; a power 
 capable of raising 33,000 pounds one foot in a 
 minute : — a machine worked by horses. 
 
 Hbrse'-race, w. A match of horses in running. 
 
 Hbrse'rad-ish, u. A plant and its acrid root. 
 
 Hbrse'shoe' (hors'shu), n. A shoe for horses : — 
 any thing shaped like a horse-shoe. 
 
 Hbrse'-tail, n. A name of several plants. 
 
 HSrse'whip, n. A whip to strike a horse with. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. horsewhipping, horsewhipped.] To 
 strike with a horsewhip. 
 
 Hbrse'wom-an (-wum-an), n. A woman expert 
 in riding ; an equestrienne. 
 
 Hbr'sy, a. Associated with, devoted to, or sug- 
 gestive of horses or horse-racing. 
 
 Hbr-ta'tion, n. Advice; exhortation. 
 
 Hbr'ta-to-rx, a. [L. hortator, an exhorter; hortari, 
 to exhort; hnri, to urge.] Encouraging; ad- 
 vising ; containing exhortation. 
 
 Hbr-ti-cult'u-ral, a. Relating to horticulture. 
 
 Hbr'ti-cult-ure (hbr'te-kult-yur), n. [L. horlus, a 
 garden, and adtura, culture \q. ».).] The art of 
 cultivating gardens; gardening. 
 
 Hbr-ti-cult'u-rast, n. One skilled in horticulture. 
 
 Hbr'tus sic'cus, n. [L. for a "dry garden."] A 
 collection of specimens of plants'dried ; an her- 
 barium. 
 
 Ho-san'na, n. [Gr. ilwawa; Heb. hoshiahnna, 
 
 a, e, i, o, u, y, long ; a, e, l, o, 
 
 u, y 
 
 short : 
 
 y, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
HOSE 
 
 291 
 
 HUB 
 
 "Save, we pray."] An exclamation of praise to 
 God ; a shout or song of praise. 
 
 Hose, n. ; pi. Hose {formerly Hos'en). [A.-S. hosa; 
 Dan. hose; Dut. hoos, a stocking, a spout; Ger. 
 hose, breeches.] Stockings ; covering for the 
 legs : — a tube or pipe for conveying water. 
 
 Ho'sier (ho'zher), n. A dealer in stockings. 
 
 Ho'sier-y, n. The business of making or selling 
 stockings : — stockings collectively. 
 
 Hos'pice, n. [Fr., for L. hospitium, a guest-house; 
 hospes, a guest, a host.] A sort of hospital for 
 monks : — an inn for lodging travellers. 
 
 Hos'pi-t.i-ble, a. [0. Fr. ; Fr. hospitalier ; L. hos- 
 pes, a host (q. v.).] Kind to guests or strangers. 
 
 Hos'pi-ti-bly, ad. In a hospitable manner. 
 
 Hos'pi-tal [Cs'pe-tal, W. E. F. K. 11. C], n. [0. Fr. ; 
 Fr. hopital, Late L. hospitale, a large house; L. 
 uOspitaUa (pi.), guest-chambers; hospes, a guest 
 or host (q. ».).] A refuge or abode for the sick, 
 the wounded, the insane, or the poor. 
 
 Hos-pi-tal'i-ty, n. Quality of being hospitable; 
 attention or kindness to strangers. 
 
 Hos'pi-tal-ler, n. A knight of a religious order. 
 
 Hospitium (hos-pish'e-uin), n. [L. — See Hospice.] 
 A monastery serving as an inn for travellers. 
 
 Host, b. [L. hospes, a host or guest, — also, an en- 
 emy ; 0. Fr. hoste, Fr. hole, host or guest.] One 
 who entertains another; a landlord : — [L. hosHs, 
 an enemy, a hostile army] an army ; a great 
 number: — [L. hostia, a victim, a sacrifice; hos- 
 tire, 0. L. fostire, to strike] the consecrated wafer 
 in the mass. 
 
 Host' age, >i. [Fr. otage ; 0. Fr. hostage; It. ostag- 
 gw/Late L. obsidalicus ; obsidatus, state of being 
 a hostage ; L. obses, a hostage ; obsidere, to re- 
 main ; ob, at, and sedere, to sit.] One given in 
 pledge as security for the performance of ceitain 
 conditions. 
 
 HSs'tel-rv (or ho'tel-re), n. [Fr. hotellerie.—See 
 Hotel.] An inn ; a tavern. 
 
 Host'ess, b. A female host; a landlady. 
 
 Hos'ti'le [hos'til, Ja. St. I.], a. [L. hostilU ; 
 host'ls, an enemy.] Like an enemy ; inimical ; 
 adverse. 
 
 Hos'tile-ly, ad. In a hostile manner. 
 
 Hos-til'i-ty. n. Open war; the practice of war; 
 warfare; hatred: animosity; enmity. 
 
 Hos'tler (osier), n. [Fr. hotdier, 0. Fr. hostelier, an 
 innkeeper. — See Hotel.] One who has the care 
 of horses at a stable. 
 
 Hot, a. [A.-S. hat; Dut. heet ; Dan. hed; Ger. 
 hews. — See Heat.] Having heat; fiery ; furious. 
 
 Hot'-bed, n. A bed of earth heated by the fer- 
 mentation of dung, for rearing early plants. 
 
 H6t-bl66d'ed, a. Impulsive : — high-spirited. 
 
 Hot'-brained (hot'br-ind), «. Rash; precipitate. 
 
 Hotch'pot, 1 »• [Fr. hochepot ; hocher, to jog, to 
 
 Hotch'potch, J hustle (q. v.), and pot, pot (q. v.).] 
 A hash; h dgepodge : — a blending of propertv. 
 
 Ho-tel', n. [Fr. hotel; 0. Fr. hostel, Late L. hos- 
 pitale, an inn.— See Hospital.] An inn, public 
 house, or house of entertainment. 
 
 Hot'-head-ed, a. Violent; passionate; rash. 
 
 Hot' -house. b. An enclosure kept warm for rear- 
 ing tender plants and ripening fruits. 
 
 Hot'ly, ad. With heat; not coldly; violently. 
 
 Hot'ness, n. State of being hot ; heat ; fury. 
 
 Hot' spiir, n. A violent, passioDate, rash man. 
 
 Hough (hcik), n. [A.-S. hoh, heel ; Dut. hah.— Cf. 
 L. coxa, hip.] The joint of the hinder leg of a 
 beast ; the ham ; hock. — 2, v. a. [pp. houghing, 
 houghed.] To hamstring ; to hock. 
 
 Hound. b. [A.-S., Dan., &"~Ger. hund ; Dut. hond; 
 L. canis; Gr. kvhjv; Skr. coon; Roumanian, cum. 
 — Cf. Ksthonian hundi, a wolf.] A species of dog 
 used in the chase. — 2, v. a. [pp. hounding, 
 hounded.] To set on the chase ; to hunt. 
 
 Hour (our), w. [Fr. heiire ; L. horn; Gr. cipa; 
 u>po<;, a year (q. v.), a season.] The twenty- 
 fourth part of a natural day; sixty minutes: — 
 a particular time. 
 
 t 
 
 ' Hbur'-glass (our'glas), n. A glass 
 | filled with sand for the purpose of 
 
 measuring time. 
 Hou'ri (hbu're), n. [Per. hurl— Cf. 
 
 Arab, hawra, black-eyed.] A nymph 
 | of the Mohammedan paradise. 
 Hbur'ly (dut'le), a. Happening every 
 
 hour.— 2, ad. Every hour ; often. Hour-glass. 
 | House, n. ; pi. HSus/es. [A.-S. hus ; Dut. huis; 
 
 Dan. huus; Ger. haus.] A sheltered place of hu- 
 | man abode : — a family ; a race ; a household : — a 
 I hotel : — au abode ; a dwelling : — a church : — a 
 | college : — a legislative body. 
 ; House, v. a. [pp. housing, housed.] To harbor; 
 
 to cover. — 2, v. n. To take shelter ; to reside. 
 
 HSuse'-break-er. ft. A thief who forcibly enters 
 
 i a house ; a burglar. 
 
 House' -break-ing, n. Forcible entry into a house. 
 
 Hoiise'-fly, n. The common fly. 
 
 ! Hbuse'hold, n. A family living together.— 2, a. 
 
 Domestic ; belonging to a family or home. 
 i House'hold-er, ?i. An occupier of a house. 
 Hbuse'-keep'-er, n. One who keeps a house: — a 
 
 woman who has the care of a family. 
 House' -keep-ing, n. Management of a house. 
 Hbuse'leek, b! A plant of seveial species. 
 Hbuse'less, a. Destitute of a house. 
 Hbuse'-inaid, n. A female menial servant. 
 House' -rent, b. Rent paid for a house. 
 House' -siir-geon, n. A surgeon resident in a 
 
 hospital. 
 ! House' -warm-ing, n. A feast or merrymaking 
 
 upon goiug into a new r house. 
 House'wife (huz'wif or hbus'wif) [huz'zif, P. J. 
 
 E. Ja.], u. distress of a family: — a female 
 
 economist: — a case for needles, thread, &c 
 House'wife-ly, a. Economical ; thrifty. 
 House'wife-ry, n. Domestic economy. 
 Hbus'ing, ?;. A habitation : — [Fr. housse, Late L. 
 
 hv.cia, hii<ia, hvlci<i, kulcititm, covering. — Cf. Ger. 
 
 hiilie, Dut. hulse, a hull, a husk] a saddle-cloth. 
 Hove, t. of heave. 
 Hov'el [huv'l, Tl'6.]. n. [Dim. of A.-S. hof, a 
 
 house.] A shed; a mean habitation; a hut. — 
 
 2, v. a. [pp. hovelling, hovelled.] To shelter 
 
 in a hovel. 
 Ho'ven (ho'vn), n. [From Heavf..] A disease 
 
 of cattle ; distention of the stomach with gas. 
 Hov'er [huv'er, IF. F. J. 8m. C H. ; hov'er, S. St. 
 
 I. K. E.], v. n. [Dut. hui/veren, 0. Dut. kuivereu, 
 
 to quiver. It seems to be a form of QUIVER. 
 
 But cf. 0. E. hove, to abide, connected with A.-S. 
 
 hof, a house.] [pp. hovering, hovered.] To hang 
 
 in the air overhead : — to wander about. 
 How, ad. [A.-S. hu, hut/ ; Dut. hoe : related to 
 
 Who and Why.] To what degree; in what 
 
 manner. 
 Hbw-ad'ji, n. [Arabic for "a traveller."] In the 
 
 East, a pilgrim :— also, a merchant or pedler. 
 Hbw-be'it, ad. Nevertheless : yet. 
 Hbw-ev'er, ad. & eonj. In whatever manner; at 
 
 all events.; at least ; nevertheless ; yet. 
 Hbw'it-zer, n. [Ger. hanbilze.— Cf. Czech haufnice, 
 
 a sling.] A kind of cannon. 
 Howl, v. ». [Fr. houhovler, hnluler, L. tdulare, Gr. 
 
 i/Aav, Ger. heulen, Dut. huilen, Dan. hyle, to 
 
 howl. — Cf. L. vlula, Skr. ulttka, Oer. eide, an 
 
 owl. These words are all imitative.] [pp. 
 
 howling, howled.] To cry as a wolf or a dog, 
 
 or as one in distress ; to make a loud cry. — 2, n. 
 
 The cry of a wolf or a dog; a cry of distress. 
 Hbw'let, n. A bird of the owl kind; an owlet. 
 Hbwl'ing, r. The cry of a wolf or a dog; a yell. 
 Hbw-so-ev'er, ad. In whatever manner; al- 
 though; however. 
 Hoy, n. [Dut. & Fr. hen ; Flem. hoi.] A small 
 
 vessel, usually rigged as a sloop. — 2, interj. A 
 
 vague exclamation or call. 
 Hub, w. [A form of Hump or Heap; Ger. hub, a 
 
 lift (see Heave) ; Gr. k{/<£o?, a hump.] Nave of 
 
 a wheel : — a mark : — a hilt. 
 
 mien, sir ; m3ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, Q, c, §, soft; p, p, p, jjj, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 
 
HUBBUB 
 
 292 
 
 HUMOKOUSNESS 
 
 Hub'bub, n. [Imitative.— Cf. Fr. houper, to whoop 
 (q. »,).] A contusion; a tumult. 
 
 Huck, v. n. [See Huckster.] [pp. bucking, 
 hucked.] To baggie in purchasing goods. — 
 2, n. [For huckaback.] Coarse linen for towels. 
 
 Huck'a-back, n. [Cf. Ger. huckeback, pickapack; 
 hucke, a back, and back, bebind. It was prob- 
 ably at first the name of a pedler's pack or 
 ware.] A coarse kind of linen cloth. 
 
 Huc'kle-ber-ry, n. [See Whortleberry.] A 
 small shrub and its fruit ; whortleberry. 
 
 Huck'ster, n. [Dut. heuker, a hawker (q. v.) ; heu- 
 kelaar, a retailer; Dan. hb'kre, a huckster. — Cf. 
 Ger. hucke, a back, a bent back ; 0. Dut. huycken, 
 Low Ger. huken, to crouch : akin to Hook.] A 
 retailer; a pedler.— 2, v. n. [pp. huckstering, 
 huckstered.] To deal in petty bargains. 
 
 Hud' die, v. a. [A frequentative word, akin to 
 Hide and Hoop ; Local E. hud, to collect.] [pp. 
 huddling, huddled J To du or perform in a 
 hurry; to throw together in confusion. — 2, v. n. 
 To press together in confusion.— 3, n. A crowd ; 
 a tumult ; confusion. 
 
 Hu-di-bras'tic, a. Like Hudibras ; doggerel. 
 
 Hue, n. [A.-'S. hiw, heo, looks; Sw. hy, skin, com- 
 plexion; Goth, hiici, form, show.] Color; tint: 
 — [Fr. huer, to hoot, to yell: akin to Hoot] a 
 clamor ; a pursuit. 
 
 Huffj n. [Ger. & Scot, hauch, to puff : iinitatn e.] 
 A swell of anger or arrogance. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 burring, huffed.] To swell ; to treat with inso- 
 lence. — 3, v. n. To bluster ; to storm. 
 
 Huffish, a. Arrogant; insolent; petulant. 
 
 Huffy, a. Petulant ; angry ; huffish. 
 
 Hug, v. a. [A form of Hook.] [pp. hugging, 
 hugged.] To embrace ; to hold fast : — to cling 
 to. — 2, ». Close embrace ; a gripe in wrestling. 
 
 Huf'e, a. [0. Fr. ahuge, ahuque, ahoege. — Cf. Dut. 
 hoog, high, large; Ger. hnch, high (q. v.).] Vast; 
 very great; bulky; enormous. 
 
 Hufe'ly, ad. Immensely; enormously. 
 
 Huge'ness, n. Enormous bulk; vast extent. 
 
 Hu'gue-'not (hii'ge-not), n. [0. Fr. dim. of Hugues, 
 Hugh ; originally a cant name.] A French Cal- 
 vinist or Protestant. 
 
 Hu'lan, n. [See Uhlan.] A cavalryman ; uhlan. 
 
 Hulk, n. [A.-S. hide, Late L. kulcus, holcas, a 
 heavy ship; Gr. 6Ak<xs, — properly, a ship to be 
 towed ; from eA/ceiv, to drag.] The body of a 
 ship: — an old vessel. — 2, v. a. [pp. hulking, 
 hulked.] To eviscerate. 
 
 Hulking, a. Heavy ; large ; unwieldy ; clumsy. 
 
 Hulk'j, a - Heavy, large, or unwieldy. 
 
 Hull, n. [A.-S. hula; Ger. hulle ; A.-S. hulian, 
 helan, Ger. hidlen, to cover; Dut. huUen, to cap; 
 Ger. verhiillen, to enwrap.] A husk ; a covering : 
 — [Dut. hoi, the hold (q. v.) of a ship : assimi- 
 lated in form and meaning to hull, a shell] the 
 body of a ship. — 2, v. a. [pp. hulling, hulled.] 
 To peel off: — to pierce the hull. 
 
 Hul-la-ba-lo6\ n. [Fr. hurlvburlu, a giddy person. 
 — Cf. Hurly-burly; also Heb. (and Fr.) tohu- 
 bohu, chaos.] An uproar; noisy confusion. 
 
 Hum, v. «. [Ger. hummen, Dut. hommelen, to buzz : 
 imitative. — Cf. Port, zumbir, Sp. zumbar, to hum.] 
 [pp. humming, hummed.] To sing low ; to 
 buzz ; to murmur. — 2, v. a. To sing low : — to 
 impose upon. — 3, n. A buzzing noise : — [ap- 
 plause and hence flattery and cajolery were 
 formerly often expressed by humming: cf. Sp. 
 zumbar, to buzz, — also, to jest] a jest; a hoax. — 
 4, inlerj. Implying doubt and deliberation. 
 
 Hu'man, a. [Fr. hnmain, L. humanus, human, 
 gentle; L. hmno, a man.] Belonging to man; 
 having the qnaliries of a man or of mankind. 
 
 Hu-mane', a. [See Human.] Having the quali- 
 ties which become a man ; kind ; benevolent. 
 
 Hu-mane'ly, ad. In a humane manner. 
 
 Hu'man-i§m, n. The sturly of humanity or clas- 
 sic literature, or the refinement resulting from 
 6uch study. 
 
 Hu'man-ist, n. One versed in the knowledge of 
 humanity ; a grammarian ; a philologist : — a 
 student of Latin. 
 
 Hu-man-is'tic, «. Of or relating to humanism or 
 the study of classic literature. 
 
 Hu-man-i-ta'ri-an, a. Noting one who believes 
 Christ was only a man : — humane ; benevolent ; 
 philanthropic : — often used ironically. — 2, n. 
 One who believes Christ was a mere* man :— a 
 philanthropist. 
 
 Hu-man-i-ta'ri-an-ism, n. The doctrine that 
 Christ was only a man :— affected or sentimental 
 philanthropy : — the worship of human nature. 
 
 Hu-man'i-ty, n. [L. hnmanitas. — See Human.] 
 The nature of man; mankind :— philanthropy ; 
 benevolence; tenderness. — (sing, or pi.) Polite 
 literature ; classical learning. 
 
 Hu'man-ize, v. a. [pp. humanizing, humanized.] 
 To render humane. — 2, v. n. To become human : 
 — to wax mote humane or civilized. 
 
 Hu-man-kind', m. Race of man ; mankind. 
 
 Hu'man-ly, ad. After the manner of men. 
 
 Hum'ble (hum'bl or tirn'bl), a. [Fr. humble; L. 
 humilis, lowly; humus, the ground; hnmi, Gr. 
 Xa/uai, on the ground.] Not proud ; modest ; 
 submissive; lowly of spirit. — 2, v. a. [pp. hum- 
 bling, humbled.] To make humble ; to subdue. 
 
 Hum'ble-bee, n. [Dut. hommel; Ger. hummel; 
 hummen, Dut. hommelen, 0. E. humble, to hum.] 
 A large bee ; bumblebee. 
 
 Hum'bles (um'blz), n. pi. [Fr. nombles. — Cf. L. 
 lumbellus or lombulus, dim. of lumbus, a loin.] 
 The entrails of a deer: — called also nombles, 
 nnmbles, and umbles. 
 
 Hum'bl^, ad. Without pride; with humility. 
 
 Hum'bug. n. [Probably Hum, a hoax, and Bug, a 
 terror, false alarm.] An imposition ; a hoax. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. humbugging, humbugged.] To 
 cheat; to impose upon. 
 
 Hum'drum, a. [Hum, and Drum, to drone.] Dull ; 
 dronish : — tedious; commonplace. — 2, n. A 
 stupid fellow ; a drone. 
 
 Hu'me-rfis, n. [L. ; Gr. w/mos, Goth. & Skr. amsa, 
 shoulder.] The arm-bone ; arm above the elbow. 
 
 Hii'mid, «. [L. humidus; humere, to be damp; 
 udus, uvidus, Gr. vypo?, moist. — Cf. Skr. uksh, to 
 wet.] Wet; moist; damp; watery. 
 
 Hu-mid'i-ty., n. State of being humid or some- 
 what wet; moisture; dampness. 
 
 Hu-mil'i-ate, v. a. [L. humiliare, hvmiliatum ; hu- 
 milis, humble (q. v.).] [p>p. humiliating, humili- 
 ated.] To humble ; to mortify. 
 
 Hu-nril-i-a'tion, n. Act of humbling; state of 
 being humbled ; mortification. 
 
 Hu-mil'i-ty, n. [L. humilitas. — See Humble.] 
 Quality of being humble ; lowliness of self-esti- 
 mation ; the opposite of pride ; modesty ; diffi- 
 dence. 
 
 Hurn'ming, n. Noise of bees or flies; hum. 
 
 Hum'ming-bi'rd, n. A small beautiful bird. 
 
 Hum'mock, n. [Dim. of Hump.] A circular 
 mound :— ice thrown up by pressure. 
 
 Hu'mor (yu'mur or hu'rnur) n. [L. humor, moist- 
 ure, — later, a temperament ; Fr. humeur, condi- 
 tion, temper, whim ; L. humere, to be moist. — 
 See Humid.] Moisture : — animal fluid ; animal 
 fluid in a vitiated state, tending to eruptive dis- 
 ease ; cutaneous eruption : — temper ; disposition : 
 — whim ; caprice : — facetiousness ; merriment ; 
 a kind of wit flowing from the temper or dispo- 
 sition of the person. — 2, v. a. [pp. humoring, 
 humored.] To gratify ; to indulge. 
 
 Ku'mor-al (yu'- or hu'-), a. Relating to humors. 
 
 Ku'mor-al-ism, n. (Med.) The doctrine that dis- 
 eases have their seat in the humors. 
 
 Hu'mor-ist (yu'mor-ist), n. One who gratifies his 
 own humor : — a jester ; a wag. 
 
 Hu'mor-ous (yu'mor-iis), o. Full of humor; mer- 
 ry; jocular; jocose; pleasant. 
 
 Hu'mor-ous-ly. (yu'mpr-us-le), ad. Jocosely. 
 
 Hu'mor-ous-ness (yu'mor-us-nes), n. Humor. 
 
 a, e, i, 6, u, y, long; a, e, i, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
HUMOESOME 
 
 293 
 
 HYBEID 
 
 Hu'mor-some (yu'mor-suni), a. Petulant; odd. 
 
 Hump, n. [Dut. homp ; Low Ger. hiimpel; Norse 
 hump, a knoll: akin to Heap.] A protuberance, 
 as on the back. [a crooked back. 
 
 Hump'back, n. A crooked back : — a person with 
 
 Hump'y, a. Full of humps or protuberances. 
 
 Hu'mus, n. [L. — Cf. L. Inoni, Gr. xajuai, on the 
 ground.] Decomposed organic matter in soil. 
 
 Hunch, v. a. [A nasalized form of Hook. — Cf. 
 Ger. hucfce, the back ; hock or hocker, a hunch ; 
 Skr. hunch, kuch, to bend.] [pp. hunching, 
 hunched.] To jostle; to shove; to crook. — 2, n. 
 A hump ; a bunch : — a push : — a lump. 
 
 Hunch'back, n. A humpback. 
 
 Hun'dred, a. [A.-S. hand, hundred ; Ger. hundert ; 
 A.-S. hund originally meant tenth, and red, or 
 reed, a rate (q. v.) or reckoning. — Cf. Goth, tai- 
 hun-laihund, tenth-ten, a hundred.] Ten multi- 
 plied by ten ; ten times ten. — 2, n. The number 
 100 : — a district. 
 
 Hun'dredth, a. The ordinal of a hundred. 
 
 Hung, t. &p. of hang. 
 
 Hun'ger (hung'ger), n. [A.-S. hungor; Dut. han- 
 ger; Sw., Dan., & Ger. hunger. — Cf. Dut. hunkeren, 
 to hanker.] An eager desire for, or want of, 
 food; a craving appetite. — 2, v. n. [pp. hunger- 
 ing, hungered.] To feel hunger. 
 
 Hungered (hung'gerd), a. Famished; hungry. 
 
 Hun'gri-ly, ad. With keen appetite. 
 
 Hun'gry (hung'gre), a. [Ger. hungrig.] Feeling 
 pain from want of food ; wanting food ; famish- 
 ing, [a large piece. [Low.] 
 
 Hunk, n. [Cf. Hunch, Hump, Chunk.] A lump; 
 
 Hunk'er, n. An opposer of changes ; a conserva- 
 tive. " [miser. [Colloq.] 
 
 Hunks, n. A sordid wretch; a curmudgeon: a 
 
 Hunt, V. a. [A.-S. hunlian, to capture; haito.n, to 
 seize; hunta, a hunter; Goth. J 'rah inthan (part. 
 frahunthoms, to take captive.] [pp. hunting, 
 hunted.] To chase ; to pursue; to search for. 
 — 2, v. n. To follow the chase ; to search. — 3, n. 
 A pack of hounds; a chase; pursuit. 
 
 Hunt'er, n. One who chases animals. 
 
 Hunt'ing, n. Diversionofthecha.se; hunt. 
 
 Hunt'ress, n. A woman who hunts. 
 
 Hunts'inan, n. One who practises hunting. 
 
 Hur'dle, n. [A.-S. hyrdel; Dut. horde; Ger. hurde. 
 — Cf. Gr. KapTaAo?, a basket : akin to Cradle.] 
 A texture of sticks; a kind of wicker-work; a 
 crate :— a sort of sledge. — 2, v. a. [pp. hurdling, 
 hurdled.] To close with hurdles. 
 
 Hur'dle-race, n. A race in which hurdles or bar- 
 riers are placed to be leaped. 
 
 Hiir'dy-gur'dy, n. [Purelj imi- 
 tative. —Cf. Dan. hurre, Scot. 
 hur, to snarl, to buzz, and Scot. 
 gurr, to growl.] A stringed in- 
 strument ; a vielle. 
 
 Hiirl, v. a. [Probably a form of 
 Hurtle, or of Whirl.] [pp. 
 hurling, hurled.] To throw 
 with violence ; to fling ; to drive : 
 — to play a kind of game. — 2, 
 
 Hurdy-gurdy. 
 
 v. n. To move 
 rapidly ; to whirl.— 3, n. The act of throwing : 
 — a tumult ; a riot. 
 
 Hiir'ly.-bUr'ly, v. [Fr. hurluberhi.—Cf. hurler, It. 
 urltire, to howl.] A tumult; confusion; bustle. 
 
 Hur-rah' (hu-ra'), interj. & n. [Dan. & Sw. hurra. 
 — -Cf. Huzza.] A shout of joy, triumph, or ap- 
 plause ; huzza. 
 
 Hur'ri-cane, n. [Sp. & Carib huracan.] A violent 
 storm of wind ; a tornado ; a violent tempest. 
 
 Hur'ry, v. a. [Local Sw. him; haste : related to 
 Whir.] [pp. hurrying, hurried.] To hapten ; 
 to drive confusedly.— 2, v. n. To move on with 
 precipitation.— 3, n. Too great or blind haste; 
 tumult; precipitation; commotion. 
 
 Hur'ry-skur'ry, n. [Hurry and Skurrt.] Haste 
 and confusion.— 2, ad. Confusedly ; in a bustle. 
 
 Hurt, v. a. [0. E. hurten, to dash ; Fr. harder. — 
 Cf. Welsh hyrddu, to butt; Cornish hordh, a ram; 
 
 It. urtare, to hit; Dut. horten, to jolt.] [i. hurt; 
 pp. hurting, hurt.] To do injury to ; to harm ; 
 to wound; to injure. — 2, n. Harm; mischief; a 
 wound ; injury. 
 
 Hiirt'ful, a. Mischievous; injurious. 
 
 Hiirt'ful-ly, ad. Injuriously. 
 
 Hiirt'ful-ness, n. Injuriousness; harm. 
 
 Hiir'tle (hiir'tl), v. n. [Frequentative of Hurt 
 in the old sense of to dash.] [pp. hurtling, 
 hurtled.] To clash; to skirmish: — to make a 
 loud noise ; to resound. — 2, v. a. To push ; to 
 
 Hiirt'less, a. Innocent; harmless. [whirl. 
 
 Hus/band, n. [A.-S. husbonda; Norse, husbondi; 
 hus, "a house, and buandi, abiding, a participle 
 from bua, to dwell.] A married man : — correla- 
 tive to wife: — an economist. — 2, v. a. [pp. hus- 
 banding, husbanded.] To manage frugally. 
 
 Hus'band-man, n. A farmer; a cultivator. 
 
 Hus'band-ry, n. Culture of land ; farming : — do- 
 mestic economy ; thrift; frugality. 
 
 Hush, inter}. [Imitative; Ger. hutch. — Cf. Whist.] 
 Silence! be still ! no noise! — 2, a. Still; silent; 
 quiet. — 3, n. Quietude ; silence. — L v. n. [pp. 
 hushing, hushed.] To be still; to be silent. — 
 5, v. a. To still ; to silence ; to quiet. — Hush up, 
 to keep silent or concealed. 
 
 Hush'-mon-ey (hush'mun-e), n. A bribe to in- 
 duce secrecy or to hinder information. 
 
 Husk, n. [Eelated to Ger. hulee, Dut. hulse, a 
 husk, and to Hull. — See Holster.] The out- 
 most integument of fruits. — 'I, v. a. [pp. husk- 
 ing, husked.] To strip off the integument. 
 
 Husk'i-ness, n. The state of being husky. 
 
 Husk'ing, n. The act of stripping off busks. 
 
 Husk'y, a. [Formed from hi'*k, hut representing 
 A.-S.' hicosta, Dut. hoest, GeT.husten, Scot, hoast, 
 a cough ; Skr. kas, to cough.] Having husks : — 
 dry; hoarse. 
 
 Hu§-§ar' (huz-zar'), «. [Hung, huszar, twentieth; 
 husz, twenty : at first the hussars were a levy of 
 every twentieth man.] A horse-soldier. 
 
 Hu§'§y (huz'ze), n. [For Housewife.] A base 
 woman: — [Tcel. liusi, a case, a cover; has, a 
 house] a needle-case. 
 
 Hust'ing§, n.pL [A.-S. hasting; Norse, husthing ; 
 hus, a bouse, and thing, an assembly. — See 
 Thing.] A court. — {England.) The place of 
 meeting for electing a member of parliament. 
 
 Hus'tle (hus'sl), v. a. [Dut. hutselen; from hot- 
 sen, to jog, to hitch (q. v.).] [pp. hustling, hus- 
 tled.] To shake together. — 2, v. n. To push 
 one*s way, as through a crowd; to move hastily 
 and with embarrassment. 
 
 Hiis/wife (huz'zif or huz'wif ), n. A bad manager ; 
 a hussy : — a case for needles, &c. :— a housewife. 
 See Housewife. 
 
 Hut. n. [Fr. hutte; Ger. hiltte ; Sp. hvta ; Dut. 
 hut; Sw. hydda; Skr. kuti. Similar words of re- 
 lated meaning are found also in nearly all Fin- 
 nic and Dravidian tongues. — See Cot.] A poor 
 cottage ; a temporary building. — 2, v. a. &i v. n. 
 [pp. hutting, hutted.] To lodge in huts. 
 
 Hutch, n. [Fr. huche : Sp. hucha; Late L. hutica.] 
 A corn-chest :— a rabbit-box : — a trap for taking 
 vermin; a rat-trap. — 2, v. a. [pp. 'hutching, 
 hutched.] To hoard ; to lay up. 
 
 Huz-za' [hfiz-za' or huz-za', H.], interj. [Ger. 
 hussa.) An exclamation of joy or triumph ; 
 hurrah. — 2, n. A shout; a cry of acclamation. 
 — 3, v. n. [pp. huzzaing, huzzaed.] To utter 
 acclamation or huzzas. — 4, v. a. To receive or 
 attend with acclamation or huzzas ; to applaud. 
 
 Hy'a-cinth, «. [L. hyacinthus ; Gr. vaieivOos.] A 
 beautiful cultivated' plant and flower : — a gem 
 or mineral of several kinds. 
 
 Hy-a-cin' thine, a. Relating to hyacinths. 
 
 Hy-ae'na, n. ' See Hyena. 
 
 Hy'a-line, a. [Gr. t»aAii/os; vaAos, glass (q. v.).] 
 Glassy; crystalline; transparent. 
 
 Hy'brid. or HyVrid, a. [L. hybrida, a mongrel ; 
 referred to Gr. vj3pi?, {JjSpiSo?, insult, outrage, 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, s6n ; bull, biir, rule, use.— g. Q-, c, £•, soft; p, £, p, g, hard; s as z ; x as gz ; 
 
 25* 
 
 this, 
 
HYBRIDISM 
 
 294 
 
 HYPERBOLE 
 
 lewdness.] Mongrel; of mixed origin. — 2, n. 
 An animal or plant of mixed origin. 
 
 Hyb'rid-ism (or hy'brjd-isni), or Hy-brid'i-ty, n. 
 State of being bybrid. [of species. 
 
 Hy-brid-i-za'tion (or hib'rid-), n. Tbe crossing 
 
 Hyb'rid-Ize, or*Hy'brid-Ize, v. n. [pp. hybrid- 
 izing, hybridized.] ' To produce offspring by 
 cross-breeding.— 2, v. a. To cause to blend with 
 another species. 
 
 Hy'da-tld (or hl-dat'id), n. A little bladder : — an 
 animal formed like'a bladder. 
 
 Hy'da-tis, n. ; pi. Hy-dat'i-des. [L. ; Gr. vSa- 
 ti's ; i)Su>p, water.] A little transparent, watery 
 bladder; hydatid. 
 
 Hy'dra, n. [L. ; Gr. i)8pa, a water-serpent ; v8<ap, 
 water.] A monster with many heads. 
 
 Hy'dra-gogue (hi'dra-gog), n. [Gr. vSpayoyos ; 
 t)Su>p, water, and dycoyos, leading; dyetv, to 
 lead.] A medicine which expels water. 
 
 Hy'dra-head'ed, a. Having many heads : — hard 
 to exterminate. 
 
 Hy-dran'ge-a, n. [Gr. vSwp, water, and ayyelov, 
 a vessel (referring to its seed-capsules).] A shrub 
 and its flower. 
 
 Hy'drant, »?. [Gr. vSpcu'veiv, to flood; vSiop, 
 water.] A pipe for discharging water. 
 
 Hy'drate, n. [Fr.] (Chem.) A compound of a me- 
 tallic oxide with water. 
 
 Hy-drau'lic, o. [Gr. vSpavkiicos ; v&op, water, 
 and auAo?, a pipe.] Eelating to hydraulics. 
 
 Hy-drau'lics, n. The science of the motion and 
 force of fluids : — the art of conveying water 
 through pipes. [gen with an element. 
 
 Hy'drlde (or hi'drid), n. A compound of hydro- 
 
 Hy'dro-. A prefix, usually representing the Gr. 
 vSmp, water; latterly, it frequently stands, in 
 chemical names, for Hydrogen.— Cf. Skr. uda- 
 ham, water (q. v.). [and carbon. 
 
 Hy-dro-car'bon, >i. A compound of hydrogen 
 
 Hy'dro-cele, n. [Gr. iSpo/cr/Ar) ; vficop, water, and 
 KriArj, a tumor.] (Med.) A morbid collection of 
 water in the scrotum. 
 
 Hy-dro-ceph'a-lus, n. [Gr. vSpoKed>a\o<; ; vSop, 
 water, and /ce$aA»J, head.] A dropsy in the 
 head. 
 
 Hy-dro-phlo r ric, a. [Hydrogen and Chlorine.] 
 Noting an acid containing hydrogen and chlo- 
 rine ; muriatic. 
 
 Hy-dro-cy-an'ic, a. [Hydrogen and Cyanogen.] 
 Noting a poisonous acid, called also prussic acid. 
 
 Hy-dro-dy-nam'ics, n. [Hydro- and Dynamics.] 
 A science comprising hydrostatics and hydrau- 
 lics. 
 
 Hy'dro-f-en, n. [Gr. iJStop. water, and -yeVeiv, to 
 generate.] (Chem.) A gaseous element, which, 
 combined with oxygen, produces water. 
 
 Hy-drog'ra-pher, n. One versed in hydrography ; 
 a maker of charts. 
 
 Hy-dro-graph'ic, a. Eelating to hydrography. 
 
 Hy-drog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. vStop, water, and ypd- 
 <j>ei.p, to Avrite.] The science of the waters of the 
 earth or of any country. 
 
 Hy'dro-mel, n. [Gr. vSpo/ueAi ; viScop, water, and 
 /u.e'Ai,' honey.] A liquor formed of honey and 
 water; mead; metheglin. 
 
 Hy-drom'e-ter, n. [Gr. vSwp, water, and fj-erpov, 
 a measure.'] An instrument to measure the 
 gravity, density, &c, of liquids. 
 
 Hy-drom'e-try, «. Art of measuring the densi- 
 ties or specific gravities of liquids. 
 
 Hy'dro-path, n. One who practises hydropathy. 
 
 Hy-dro-path'ic, a. Eelating to hydropathy. 
 
 Hy-drop^a-thist, n. One versed in hydropathy. 
 
 Hy-drop'a-thy, n. [Gr. vSu>p, water: on type of 
 homoeopathy.} The method of curing diseases 
 by means of water ; water-cure. 
 
 Hy-dro-pho'bi-a, n. [Gr. vSiop, water, and <^6j8o?, 
 fear.] Dread of water ; canine madness ; rabies. 
 
 Hy-dro-phob'ic, a. Eelating to hydrophobia. 
 
 Hy-drop'ic, \a. [Gr. vSpwirt/cos. — See Dropsy.] 
 
 Hy-drop'i-cal, j Diseased with dropsy ; dropsical. 
 
 Hyena. 
 Eelating to health : — promotive 
 
 Hy-dro-stat'ic, a. Eelating to hydrostatics. 
 
 Hy-dro-stat'ics, n. [Hydro- and Statics.] The 
 science which treats of the equilibrium and 
 pressure of liquids. [in the chest. 
 
 Hy-dro-tho'rax, n. [Hydro- and Thokax.] Dropsy 
 
 Hy-dro-zo'a, n. pi. [Gr. u6wp, water, and t,wov, a 
 living animal.] A class of aquatic animal or- 
 ganisms, chiefly marine. 
 
 Hy-e'mal, or Hy'e-mal, a. [L. hyemalis ; hiems 
 or hyems, winter.] Belonging to winter ; wintry. 
 
 Hy-e'na, n. [L. hysena, Gr. vaiva, a hyena, — lit- 
 erally', swine-like ; 0? 
 a sow.] A fierce ani 
 mal like a wolf. 
 
 Hy'|i-ene, or Hy' 
 Irene, n. [Fr. hygiene 
 Gr. v-yirj?, v-ytetvo? 
 healthy ; 'Yyieia 
 
 health, or the goddesi 
 of health.] (Med.) Th< 
 science of the preser 
 vation of health. 
 
 Hy-gi-en'ic 
 of health. 
 
 Hy-grom'e-ter, n. [Gr. uypo?, moist, and p.irpov, 
 a measure.'] An instrument to measure the 
 moisture of the atmosphere. 
 
 Hy-gro-met'ric, a. Eelating to hygrometry. 
 
 Hy-grom'e-try, n. The measurement of the 
 moisture' of the atmosphere. 
 
 Hy'gro-scope, n. [Gr. vypog, moist, and (TKorrelv, 
 to view.] An instrument to show the moisture 
 and dryness of the air. 
 
 Hy-gro-scop'ic, a. Imbibing moisture :— percep- 
 tible 'by the'hygroscope. 
 
 Hy'ing, p. from hie. 
 
 Hy'inen, n. [L. ; Gr. 'Y/avjv, the god of marriage : 
 not improbably related to L. suere, Eng. sew, to 
 unite.] The god of marriage :— [Gr. vy.-qv, a 
 membrane] a membrane. 
 
 Hy-me-ne'al [him-e-ne'al, S. E.\ a. [Gr. vp.i- 
 vatos.] Pertaining to marriage. 
 
 Hy-me-ne'an, a. Same as Hymeneal. 
 
 Hy-men-op 7 te-ra, n. pi. [Gr. i/iijc, a membrane, 
 and VTepov,' a Ming.] An order of insects, in- 
 cluding the bees and ants. 
 
 Hymn (him), ?i. [L. hymtuts; Gr. ii/mvos, a song.] 
 A religious song; a song of praise. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. hymning, hymned.] To praise in song; to 
 sing. — 3, v. n. To sing songs of adoration. 
 
 Hym'nal, or Hym'na-ry, n. A collection of 
 hymn's. 
 
 Hymn' -book (-buk), n. A hymnal. 
 
 Hym'no-dy, n. [Gr. vp.v(oSCa, hymn-singing; 
 v/xvos, a hymn, and aeiSeiv, to sing.] A treatise 
 on hymns ; hymns collectively. 
 
 Hym-nog'ra-phy, v. [Gr. v/uvos, a hymn, and 
 ypdcfretv, to write.] The art of hymn-writing. 
 
 Hym-nol'o-fy.. «• [Or. vp.vo<;, a hymn, and Aoyo?, 
 a treatise.] A collection of hymns : — a treatise 
 on hymns. 
 
 Hy'bid, a. [Gr. votSrjs, Y-shaped; from the letter 
 Y and elfios, form.] Noting the bone at the root 
 of the tongue. 
 
 Hy-o-scy'a-mus (hi-o-sr'a-mus), n. [Gr. for "hog- 
 bean ;" v?, a hog, and /cua/ao?, a bean.] A medici- 
 nal plant, an extract from whose leaves is used 
 to alleviate pain and procure sleep; henbane. 
 
 Hyp. v. a. [pp. hypping, hypped.] To make 
 melancholy ; to dispirit : — a contraction of hypo- 
 chondi-iasis. [Vulg.] 
 
 Hy'per-, a prefix, is the Gr. preposition vnep, L. 
 super, above. It denotes excess. 
 
 Hy-per'bo-la, n. [Gr. vnepfioAr), excess : the cut- 
 ting plane makes a greater angle with the base 
 than that made by the side of the cone. — See 
 Hyperbole.] One of the conic sections. 
 
 Hy-per'bo-le, n. [L. ; Gr. v7rep/3oAij, excess; vnep, 
 beyond, and /3dAAeii/, to throw.] (L'het.) A figure 
 which expresses more than the exact truth ; ex- 
 aggeration. 
 
 a, e. l, o, u, 
 
 y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, 
 
 u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
HYPERBOLIC 
 
 295 
 
 ICE-BLINK 
 
 Hy-per-bol'ic, \a. Like an hyperbole or an 
 
 Hy-per-bol'i-cal, J hyperbola. [ner. 
 
 Hy-per-bol'i-cal-ly, ad. In a hyperbolical man- 
 
 Hy-per-bo're-an, a. [Gr. v7rep/36peos; virip, be- 
 yond, and 'p'opeas, Boreas (q. v.).] Far north; 
 frigid ; cold. 
 
 Hy-per-crit'ic, it. [Gr. V7rep, beyond, and KpiTi- 
 kos, critical.]. A captious critic. 
 
 Hy-per-crit'i-cal, a. Too severely critical. 
 
 Hy-per-crit'i-clse, v. a. [pp. hypercriticising, 
 hypercriticised.] To criticise too severely. 
 
 Hy-per-crit'i-cism, n. Captious criticism. 
 
 Hy-per'me-ter, n. [Gr. vTrep/xerpos, excessive ; 
 virep, over, and jxerpov, measure.] (Bhet.) Some- 
 thing more than the standard, as a verse too long. 
 
 Hy-per'tro-phy, n. [Gr. virep, over, and rpo^ij, 
 nourishment; rpe<pei.v, to nourish.] Morbid 
 overgrowth. 
 
 Hy'phen, n. [Gr. v<pev ; vno, under, and eV, one.] 
 A mark of conjunction, thus [-]. 
 
 Hyp-not'ic, n. | Gr. v7rvo)Tt/c6s ; vttvos, sleep.] A 
 medicine to induce sleep. 
 
 Hyp'no-txsm, n. Magnetic or mesmeric sleep. 
 
 Hy'po-. [Gr. vtto, under.] A prefix, usually de- 
 noting deficiency or lowness of situation. — 2, n. 
 Melancholy ; hypochondriasis. [Colloq.] 
 
 Hyp-o-ghon'dri-a, w. [L. pi. ; Gr. vTro\6vSpia, 
 the 'region under the breast-bone ; vwo, under, 
 and xov&PoS) cartilage. This is the region of 
 the spleen, once thought to be the seat of low- 
 ness of spirits.] The region of the stomach : — 
 (L'ltg. sing.) low spirits or dejection ; melancholy; 
 spleen ; vapors ; hypochondriasis. 
 
 Hyp-o-phon'dri-ac, a. [Gr. VTroxov8pi.aK.6s.] Hy- 
 pochondriacal.— 2, n. One who is melancholy, 
 or afflicted with hypochondria. 
 
 Hyp-o-ghon-dri'a-cal, a. Melancholy; dispirited; 
 disordered in tlie imagination. 
 
 Hyp-o-chon-dri'a-sis, n. [Neo-Latin.] Hypo- 
 chondriac affection ; melancholy; hypochondria. 
 
 Hy-poc'ri-sy, n. [Gr. inroicpio-K;, acting, playing 
 a part ; vwo, under, and Kpiveiv, to judge, to dis- 
 cern ; vTroKpivecrdai, to feign, to play a pai*t.] 
 Dissimulation ; deceit. 
 
 Hyp'o-crite, u. [Gr. i)7ro/cptTijs^ — See Hypocrisy.] 
 A dissembler in religion, &c. 
 
 H^p-o-crit'ic, 1 a. Partaking of hypocrisy ; 
 
 Hyp-o-crit'i-cal, j dissembling ; insincere : — pre- 
 tended; false; simulated. 
 
 Hyp-o-crit'i-cal-ly, ad. With hypocrisy. 
 
 Hy-po-der-mat'ic, a. The same as Hypodermic. 
 
 Hyp-o-der'mic, a. [Gr. vno, under, and Sepp.a, 
 skiii.] Of or pertaining to what lies under the 
 skin ; subcutaneous. 
 
 Hyp-o-gas'tric, «. [Gr. vTroyao-rpiof, the lower 
 abdomen.— See Htpo- and Gastric] Seated in 
 the lower part of the belly or abdomen. 
 
 Hy-po-phos'phate, n. A salt of hypophosphoric 
 acid and a base. 
 
 Hy-po-phos'phlte, n. A salt of hypophosphorous 
 acid" and a base. 
 
 Hy-po-phos-phor'ic, a. [Hypo- and Phosphoric] 
 Noting one of the acids formed of phosphorus 
 and oxygen, but having less oxygen than the 
 phosphoric acids contain. 
 
 Hy-po-phos'phor-ous, a. Noting one of the acids 
 formed of phosphorus and oxygen, and having 
 a smaller proportion of oxygen than phosphor- 
 ous acid contains. 
 
 Hy-pos'ta-sis, n. ; pi. Hy-pos'ta-ses. [L. ; Gr. 
 vTToaraa-ig, a groundwork, substance ; viro, 
 under, and a-rdo-is, a standing : root crra-, to 
 stand (q. v.).] Personality ; person : — substance : 
 — element. 
 
 Hy-po-stat'i-cal, a. Constitutive ; personal. 
 
 Hy-po-stat'i-cal-ly, ad. Personally. 
 
 Hy-poth'ec, n.' [Gr. vno9ri>cr), a pledge, — origi- 
 nally, a'prop ; viro, under, and ri&ivat, to place.] 
 A kind of pledge, lien, or security. 
 
 Hy-poth'e-cate, v. a. [Law L. hi/pothecare, hypothe- 
 catum, Gr. vTroO^Krj, a pledge"; viro, under, and 
 Ti9evai, to place.] [pp. hypothecating, hypothe- 
 cated.] To pawn; to give in pledge: — to state 
 by hypothesis. 
 
 Hy-po*th-e-ca'tion, n. The act of hypothecating : 
 — a pledge without possession. 
 
 Hy-poth'e-niise, n. [Gr. inroreLvovaa, subtend- 
 ing, a participle from vnoTeiveiv, to subtend; 
 viro, under, and relveiv, to stretch.] The longest 
 side of a right-angled triangle : — written also 
 hypotenuse. 
 
 Hy-p5th'e-sis. n. ; pi. Hy-poth'e-ses. [Gr. vtroBi- 
 <rt5, a supposition, a basis, a foundation ; v-6, 
 under, and TL0evat, to place.] A theory or doc- 
 trine assumed but not proved ; a supposition. 
 
 Hy-po-thet'ic, )o. Conditional; conjectural: 
 
 Hy-po-thet'i-cal. J —supposed. 
 
 Hy-po-thet'i-cal-ly, ad. Conditionally; in a hy- 
 pothetical manner. 
 
 Hyp-som'e-try, n. [Gr. v^os, height, and /uerpov, 
 a measure.] Art of measuring heights. 
 
 Hy'rax, v. [Gr. vpa£, a shrew (q. v.); L. sorex: 
 the word is apparently related to Gr. vs, L. sus, 
 a swine. 1 A small animal of several 6pecies. 
 
 Hy'son (hi'snK n. [Chinese hi-tshnn, blooming 
 spring, — i. e., the first leaves of the season.] A 
 species of green tea. 
 
 Hys'sop, or Hys'sop, n. [L. hyssopus; Gr. va- 
 aojTro? ; Heb. ezobh'.] A genus of plants ; an herb. 
 
 Hys-te'ri-a, n. Hysterics. 
 
 Hys-ter'ic, \a. [Gr. vo-repiKog; varepa, the 
 
 Hys-ter'i-cal, ) uterus.] Relating to hysterics; 
 troubled with fits. 
 
 Hys-ter'ics, n. pi. Fits peculiar to women. 
 
 I. 
 
 I a vowel, has two principal sounds: one long, 
 j as in fine ; the other short, as in fin 7 is a nu- 
 meral for one. It is also used as an abbreviation 
 
 _ for id; as, i.e., id est, that is. 
 
 I, pron. of the first person. [A.-S. ic ; Dut. ik; 
 Dau. jeg ; Ger. ich; L. ego; Gr. eyJJ; Skr. aham. 
 — See Am.] Myself, the person speaking. — Pos. 
 mine; obj. me; pi. we, ours, us. 
 
 I-am'bic, a. [Gr. icliaPlkos. — See Iambus.] Having 
 a short and a long syllable. — 2, n. A verse com- 
 posed of iambic feet. 
 
 I-am'bus, n. [L„ ; Gr. Ia/u.j3o?; Idnreiv, to throw, 
 to assail. The Greeks considered the iambus as 
 specially adapted to satire and sarcasm.] L. pi. 
 i-am'bi; Eng. i-am'bus-es- A poetic foot con- 
 sisting of a short and a long syllable. 
 
 [L.] A wild goat. 
 I'bis. n. [L. ; Gr. I|8i? : 
 
 I'bex, n. 
 
 Coptic & 
 Heb. hip'pen.] An Egyptian bird 
 like the stork. 
 
 ice, n. [A.-S. & Sw. is; Dut. ijs ; 
 Ger. eis ; Dan. its.] Water or 
 other liquid congealed solid by rC~ 
 cold. — 2, v. a. [pp. icing, iced.] jL/*^ 
 To cover with ice ; to freeze. «^ 
 
 Ice'berg, ». [Dan. iisbierg ; Dut. Ibex- 
 
 ijsberg ; Sw. isberg ; Ger. eisberg ; Ice, and Ger., 
 Dut., & Sw. berg, Dan. bierg, a mountain.] A 
 mountain or great mass of ice, as in the polar seas. 
 
 Ice'-bllnk, n. [Dan. usbUnk; Sw. isblink; Dan. 
 blinl-e, to gleam.] The dazzling whiteness caused 
 by the reflection of light from a field of ice. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nbr, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5, £, c, g, soft; p, p, p, §, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 
 
ICE-BOAT 
 
 296 
 
 IDYL 
 
 Ice'-boat, w. A boat to sail on the ice : -a boat to 
 break the ice. [&c, frozen. 
 
 Ice'-cream, b. A confection made of cream, sugar, 
 
 Iced (1st), a. Chilled with ice : — frosted with sugar. 
 
 ice' -house, n. A house in which ice is kept. 
 
 ice'-w3.-ter, n. Water cooled by ice. 
 
 fch-neii'mon (lk-nu'mon), n. [Gr. ixvevp.oiv, a 
 tracker, an ichneumon ; ixveveiv, to track ; ix* 
 vos, a track.] A small animal : — a kind of insect. 
 
 Iph'no-Hte, n. [Gr. 'ix*^, a track, and Ai0o9, a 
 stone.] A stone marked with fossil footprints. 
 
 I'chor (I'kor), n. [Gr. i-x^p, juice or blood of the 
 gods.] A thin, watery discharge. 
 
 I'chor-ous (I'kor-us), a. Serous ; sanious. 
 
 Iph'thy.-b'id, a. [Gr. ix0voei6r)s ; i-x^^y a fish.] 
 Resembling a fish. 
 
 ich-thy-ol'o-i-y, n. [Gr. tx^t a fi sn > aQ d A6yo9, 
 a treatise.'] The science of fishes. 
 
 iph-thy.-oph'a-|-ist, n. An eater of fish. 
 
 iph-thy.-oph'a-gy, n. [Gr. ix#v?, a fish, and <j>a- 
 yeiv, to eat.*] The practice of eating fish. 
 
 Iph-thy.-o-saur'i-a, \ n. pi. [Gr. Lx^vs, a fish, and 
 
 iph'thy-o-saurs, ' J craupo?, a lizard.] A group 
 of extinct marine lizards whose remains are 
 found in the mesozoic strata. 
 
 i'ci-cle (i'sik-kl), n. [A.-S. isgicel; is, ice, and 
 gicel, also ice. — Cf. Icel. iss, ice, and jokull, an 
 icicle, — also, a glacier, an ice-mountain ; dim. 
 of jaki, a piece of ice ; Low Ger. (shekel, isjiikel, 
 icicle.] A pendent shoot of ice. 
 
 i'ci-ly, ad. In an icy manner; freezingly. 
 
 I'ci-ness (I'se-nes), n. The state of being icy. 
 
 I'cing, n. A covering of concreted sugar. [ture. 
 
 i'con, n. [Gr. et/cwv.] An image ; a figure ; a pic- 
 
 I-con'o-clast, n. [Gr. ei/<c6v, einovos, an image, 
 and KAao-Ti75, a breaker; KKaetv, to break.] A 
 breaker of images. 
 
 1-con-o-cla.s'tic, «. Breaking images : — destruc- 
 tive of fancies, of ideals, or of superstitions. 
 
 I-con-o-graph'ic, a. [Gr. cikujv, a likeness, and 
 ypa.<$e<.v, to write.] Describing by means of pic- 
 tures or cuts. 
 
 I-co-sa-he'dron, n. [Gr. eiicoo-i, twenty, and i6p<x, 
 abase.] (Geom.) A solid figure comprehended 
 under twenty equal sides. 
 
 Ic-ter'ic, \ a. [Gr. iKTepiKos; from "ucTepos, 
 
 jc-ter'i-cal, J jaundice.] Eelating to the jaundice ; 
 good against the jaundice. [voice. 
 
 J c'tus, n. [L. ; (cere, to strike.] Accent ; stress of 
 
 i'cy, a. Full of ice; cold; frosty; chilling. 
 
 I'd (id). A contraction for I would or I had. 
 
 ide, n. [Ft. ide: Neo-Latin (dvs. — Cf. Skr. (ddha, 
 bright.] A fresh-water fish. 
 
 I-de'a, n. ; pi. i-de'as. [L. idea, Gr. [Sea, look, 
 image ; ISelv, to see.] An archetype ; a pattern : 
 — the image of any thing in the mind; concep- 
 tion; thought; notion ; perception ; imagination. 
 
 I-de'al, n. [Ft. ideal; L. idealis. — See Idea.] An 
 imaginary model of perfection :— any thing im- 
 aginary. — 2, a. Mental ; intellectual ; imaginary. 
 
 I-de'al-ism, n. The doctrine of ideal existence : — 
 the opposite of materialism. 
 
 I-de'al-ist, w. One who believes in idealism : — 
 one' who indulges in ideas of imaginary excel- 
 lence ; one given to form romantic fancies ; a 
 dreamer. 
 
 I-de-al-is'tic, a. Of or pertaining to idealization ; 
 given to idealizing; characteristic of an idealist. 
 
 I-de-al'i-ty, n. The quality of being ideal : — the 
 talent for poetry and works of imagination: — 
 capacity to form ideals. 
 
 I-de-al-i-za'tion, n. The act of regarding from 
 an ideal point of view; the act of investing with 
 ideal perfection. 
 
 I-de'al-Ize, v. a. [pp. idealizing, idealized.] To 
 form ideas of: — to form in idea : — to endow with 
 imaginary qualities. 
 
 I-de'al-ly, ad. Intellectually; mentally. 
 
 I-de-a'tion, n. The act or process of forming 
 ideas o'f external objects; thought as distin- 
 guished from sensation. 
 
 l-de-a'tion-al, a. Of or relating to ideation or the 
 forming of ideas. 
 
 I'dem. [L.] The same : — often contracted to id. 
 
 I-den'ti-cal, a. [Ft. identique. — See IDENTITY.] 
 The same ; not different. 
 
 i-den'ti-cal-ly, ad. Not differently. 
 
 I-den-ti-fi-ca'tion, n. The act of identifying. 
 
 I-den'ti-fy, v. a. [Ft. identifier. — See Identity.] 
 [pp. identifying, identified.] To prove or make 
 the same : — to establish the identity of. 
 
 I-den'ti-ty, n. [Ft. identite ; L. identitas, same- 
 ness; idem, the same.] Sameness; the quality 
 of being identical. 
 
 i'de-o-graph, n. [Gr. ISea, idea, and ypa^eiv, to 
 write.] A written or printed character repre- 
 senting an idea independently of sound. 
 
 I-de-o-graph'ic, a. Kepi-esenting ideas. 
 
 I-de-og'ra-phy, n. Short-hand writing : — writing 
 by signs intelligible to people speaking any lan- 
 guage whatever. 
 
 I-de-ol'o-£y, n. [Gr. i8ea, idea, and Aoyos, a 
 treatise.] The science of mind, or of ideas. 
 
 Ides, n. [L. idus. — Cf. Skr. indv, the moon ; iddha, 
 clear, bright.] (Roman Calendar.) The 15th 
 day of March, May, July, and October, and the 
 13th of the other months. 
 
 id-i-oc'ra-sy, n. [Gr. 16109, own, and fcpacrts, 
 mixture.]' Peculiarity of constitution. 
 
 id-i-o-crat'i-cal, a. Peculiar in constitution. 
 
 id'i-o-cy, n. [See Idiot.] State of being an idiot ; 
 want of understanding, idiotcy. 
 
 Id'i-om, n, [L. idioma, Gr. iBLiofxa, a peculiarity; 
 ifiioeiv, to make one's own; 'iStos, own.] A 
 mode of expression peculiar to a language. 
 
 Id-i-o-mat'ic, ) «. [Gr. t5ia)p.aTiK:6?.] Relating 
 
 id-j-9-mat'i-cal, j to idioms; peculiar or proper 
 to a language. 
 
 id-i-o-path/ic, a. [Gr. ISioTraOeia, feeling for 
 one's self;' 16109, own, peculiar, and ira9elv, to 
 suffer.] Primary; not derived from any other. 
 
 id-i-o-syn'cra-sy, «. [Gr. 16109, own, peculiar, 
 and" o-uy»cpa"o-i9, mixture, constitution ; <rvv, to- 
 gether, and /cpao-19, a hi ending, a mingling.] A 
 peculiar temperament or disposition ; individual 
 peculiarity. 
 
 id'i-ot, n. [Ft.; L. idiota, an ignorant person; 
 Gr. i6to>TTj9, a private person ; 16109, peculiar, 
 own, personal.] One devoid of understanding; 
 a person born without the ordinary mental 
 qualities. 
 
 fd'i-ot-cy, n. See Idiocy. [foolish. 
 
 id-i-ot'ic', a. Devoid of understanding; stupid; 
 
 i'dle, a.' [A.-S. & Dan. idel, But. ijdel, Ger. e.itel, 
 vain, empty. These words, or their originals, 
 once meant clear, pure. — Cf. Skr. iddha, bright.] 
 Lazy; not employed; inactive; indolent: — iise- 
 less"; trifling.— 2, v. n. [pp. idling, idled.] To 
 lose time in indolence ; to trifle. — 3, v. a. To 
 waste ; to trifle with. 
 
 i'dle-ness, n. Laziness; sloth: — trivialncss. 
 
 i'dler, n. An idle or lazy person ; a sluggard. 
 
 i'dly, ad. In an idle manner; foolishly. 
 
 id'o-crase, n. A hard mineral, hyacinth. 
 
 i'dol, n. [Ft. idole ; Gr. ei6coAor, image, appear- 
 ance ; ISelv, el&ov, to see.] An image worshipped 
 as a god ; a fabe object of worship : — a person 
 loved and honored to adoration. 
 
 i-dol'a-ter, n. A worshipper of idols. 
 
 i-dol'a-tress, n. A female idolater. 
 
 i-dol'a-trous, a. Having the nature of idolatry. 
 
 i-dol'a-try, n. [Ft. (dolatrie ; Gr. e£6wAoAa.Tpei'a ; 
 ei6u)Xov, an idol, and Aarpei'a, service.] Wor- 
 ship of idols or images : — excessive attachment 
 or veneration. 
 
 i'dol-ize. v. a. [pp. idolizing, idolized.] To love 
 or reverence to excess. 
 
 i'dyl (i'dil or Id'il), n. [L. idyllium, Gr. elSv\- 
 Ai'ov, a descriptive poem, — dim. of e!6o9, appear- 
 ance, figure ; eiSevai, to seem, to appear ; L. vi- 
 dere, to see.] A pastoral poem; an eclogue; a 
 picturesque narrative p<>em. 
 
 a, e, 1, 0, u, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, §, i, o, u, x, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 
 
IDYLLIC 
 
 297 
 
 ILLUMINE 
 
 I-dyl'lic, a. Relating to idyls ; like an idyl. 
 
 If, couf. [A.-S. ,jif; Icel. ef, if; Dut. of; 0. Fries. 
 ief, gef; Goth, iba; 0. Ger. ibu, if, dative of iba, 
 condition, agreement. — Cf. Icel. ef, doubt; efa, 
 to doubt. Not clearly allied to Give, although 
 0. E. & Scot, gif and gin (given), if, have acquired 
 the idea and* form of give.] Give or suppose 
 that; allowing that; though : — used as the sign 
 of condition. 
 
 Ig'ne-ous, a. [L. igneus, fiery; ignis, fire.] Con- 
 taining fire; emitting fire; produced by fire; 
 relating to fire. 
 
 Ig'nis fat'u-us. re. ; pi. Ig'nes fat'u-i. [L. for 
 "foolish fire," since it is said to mislead trav- 
 ellers.] A fiery meteor, seen in marshy places, 
 arising from the gas of putrefying substances : 
 — called Will-tcith-the-icisp and Jack-with-a-lantem. 
 
 Jg-nlte', v. a. [L. ignire, ignitum, to kindle; ignis, 
 Skr. agni, Lith. ugnis, fi're.l [pp. igniting, ig- 
 nited.] To kindle ; to set on fire. — 2, v. re. To 
 become fiery ; to take fire. 
 
 ?gr-nit'i-ble, a. Capable of being ignited. 
 
 jg-ni"tion (jg-nlsh'un), u. [Fr. ; L. ignire, ig- 
 nttwm, to kindle. — See Ignite.] The act of ig- 
 niting : — the state of being ignited. 
 
 Ig-no'ble, a. [Fr. ignoble; L. ignobilis; in, not, 
 and nobilis, formerly gnobilis, noble (</. v.).] Not 
 noble; of low birth ; mean. 
 
 Ig-no'bly, ad. Ignominiously ; meanly. 
 
 Ig-no-mln'i-ous, a. [L. ignominioms. — See Igno- 
 miny.] Shameful; dishonorable; reproachful; 
 infamous ; mean. 
 
 Ig-no-min'i-ous-ly, ad. Meanly; basely. 
 
 Ig'no-min-y, n. [L. ignominia; in privative, and 
 nomen (gnotnen), a name (q. v.).] Public disgrace; 
 reproach; shame; infamy; dishonor; discredit. 
 
 Ig-no-ra'mus, n. ; pi. Ig-no-ra'mus-es. [L. for 
 "we are ignorant," — a legal term.] A foolish 
 fellow; a vain pretender; a sciolist. [edge. 
 
 Ig'no-rance, re. [L. ignoranUa.] Want of knowl- 
 
 Ig'no-rant, a. [L. ignorant, ignorantis, pres. part, 
 of ignorare, to ignore (q. v.)'.] Wanting knowl- 
 edge; unlearned. — 2, n. An nninstructed person'. 
 
 Ig'no-rant-ly, ad. Witliout knowledge. 
 
 Jg-nore', v. a. [Fr. ignorer; L. ignorare; in, not, 
 and noscere, older gnoscere, to know (q. v.).] 
 [pp. ignoring, ignored.] (Laic.) To declare 
 ignorance of : — to treat as unknown ; to neglect. 
 
 J-gua'na, n. [Sp. ; Carib igoana, or guana.] A 
 lizard of tropical America. 
 
 I1-, a prefix, represents the pre- 
 fix in before the letter I. 
 
 Xl'e-um, re. [L.] The lowest part 
 
 _ of the small intestine. 
 
 I'lex, re. [L.] A kind of oak: — 
 a holly-tree. 
 
 Il'i-ac, «. [Fr. iliaque ; L. He, 
 or ileum, a flank, a bowel.] 
 Relating to the lower bowels. 
 
 Il'i-ad, re. [Gr. 'Ui<£?, 'IAiiSo?; 
 from "IAio?, Troy.] The Greek 
 epic poem of Homer. iguaua 
 
 Ilk. a. [A.-S. He, ylc, the same; 
 i, he, and lie, like.] The same; each.— 2, n. The 
 same name; as, Balfour of that ilk; i.e., Baltour 
 of Balfour. [L'sed in Scotland.] 
 
 Ill, a. [Icel. illr, ill ; Dan. Ode, Sw. ilia, bndlv : 
 contracted forms, closely akin to Evil.] Bad ; 
 not good; evil :— sick; 'ailing.— 2, re. Wicked- 
 ness; misfortune; misery. —3, ad. Not well; 
 not rightly. 
 
 ?l-lapse' (il-laps'), re. [L. illobor, illapsus, to glide 
 in ; in, into, and labi, to glide.— See Lapse.] A 
 gradual sliding in. 
 
 Jl-la'que-ate, v. a. [L. illaqneare, illaguealum ; in, 
 in, and laquere, to snare ; lagueus, a snare.] [pp. 
 illaqneating, illaqueated.] To entrap; to in- 
 snare ; to entangle. 
 
 Jl-la'tion, re. [L. Ulatio ; in. and {ferre) latum, to 
 carry.] A conclusion drawn from premises ; in- 
 ference; deduction. 
 
 Il'la-tive, a. Eelating to illation ; inferential. — 
 2, re. A particle denoting illation. 
 
 Il'la-tive-ly, ad. By illation or conclusion. 
 
 Il-laud'a-ble, a. [L. tUaudabilis; in, n<>t, and lau- 
 dabilis,' laudable (q. v.).] Not laudable ; cen- 
 surable. 
 
 Il-laud'a-bly, ad. Without deserving praise. 
 
 Ill' -bred', a.' Not well-bred ; uncivil. 
 
 Il-le'gal, a. [Li, not, and Legal.] Contrary to 
 law ; 'not legal. 
 
 11-le-ga.l'i-ty, re. State of being illegal. 
 
 il-le'gal-Ize, v. a. [pp. illegalizing, illegalized.] 
 To render illegal. 
 
 Il-le'gal-ly, ad. In an illegal manner. 
 
 Il-le|--i-bil'i-ty, re. Incapability of being read. 
 
 Il-leg'i-ble,'«. '[In, not, and Legible.] that can- 
 not be read ; not legible. 
 
 Il-leg'i-bly, ad. Not legibly. 
 
 Il-le-£-it'i-ma-cy, re. State of being illegitimate. 
 
 Il-le-git'i-mate, a. [In, not, and Legitimate.] 
 Not legitimate; born out of wedlock; spurious; 
 unlawful; illegal. 
 
 Il-le-fit'i-mate, v. a. [pp. illegitimating, ille- 
 gitimated.] To make illegitimate. 
 
 Il-le-£-it'i-mate-ly, ad. Not in wedlock. 
 
 Il-le-git-i-ma'tion, re. The act of illegitimating. 
 
 Ill'-fa/vored (-fa'vurd), a. Deformed; ugly. 
 
 Ill'-hu'nior (-yu'mor), n. Bad temper. 
 
 Il-lib'er-al, a. [In, not, and Liberal.] Not lib- 
 eral ; sparing ; mean. 
 
 fl-lib-er-al'i-ty, re. Want of liberality. 
 
 il-lib'er-al-iy, ad. In an illiberal manner. 
 
 Il-lic'i't (Il-lis'it), a. [L. illicitns, not permitted; 
 in, not, and licitus, passive part, from Ucere, to be 
 lawful. — See License.] Unlawful ; illegal. 
 
 Il-lim'it-a-ble, a. [In, not, and Limitable.] 
 That cannot be limited. 
 
 H-lim'it-a-bly, ad. Without susceptibility of 
 bounds;' without limits. 
 
 jl-li"sion (il-lizh'un), re. [L. Olisio; illidere, illi- 
 su:n, to strike against ; in, against, and Ixdere, 
 Isesum, to strike.] A collision. 
 
 Il-lit'er-a-cy, n. Want of learning; ignorance. 
 
 Il-lit'er-ate, a. [L. ittUeratus; in, not, and Kte- 
 ratus, instructed; litera, a letter («/. v.).] Igno- 
 rant; unlearned. 
 
 Ill' -judged' (-jujd'), a. Unwise; injudicious. 
 
 Ill'-man'nered, a. Uncivil ; rude ; impolite. 
 
 Ill'-nat'ure (il'nafyur), re. Bad temper. 
 
 Ill'-nat'ured (-nat'yurd), a. Cross : peevish. 
 
 Ill'ness, n. Sickness; a malady; a disorder. 
 
 Il-log'i-cal, a. [In, not, and Logical.] Cor« 
 trary to' the rules of logic. 
 
 Il-lo|--i-cal'i-ty, n. Illogicalness. 
 
 Il-log'i-cal-iy, ad. In an illogical manner. 
 
 Ill'-o'mened, a. Ill-starred; unlucky. 
 
 Ill'-starred' (Il'stiird'), a. [The stars were once 
 held to be ominous of good or evil to every per- 
 son.] Unlucky. [sour : — not well mixed. 
 
 Ill'-tem'pered (-tem'perdi, «. Morose: crabbed; 
 
 Ill-timed' (-timd'), a. Attempted or said at an 
 unsuitable time. [treat ill ; to alaise. 
 
 Ill-treat', v. a. [pp. ill-treating, ill-treated.] To 
 
 Il-lude', v. a. [L. illudere, iUumm, to deceive; in, 
 upon, and ludere, to play.] [pp. illuding, il- 
 luded.] To deceive; to mock; to delude. 
 
 Il-lume'. r. a. [See Illuminate.] [pp. illuming, 
 illumed.] To enlighten; to illuminate. 
 
 Il-lu'mi-nate, v. a. [L. Slummare, Uheminatum ; 
 in, upon, and luminare, to shine, to make light; 
 lumen, a light.] [pp. illuminating, illuminated.] 
 To throw light on ; to enlighten ; to illustrate : 
 — to adorn or illustrate with pictures and colors. 
 Il-lu-mi-na'tion, n. The act of illuminating : — 
 
 splendor : — lights hung out as a token of joy. 
 il-lu'mi-na-tive, a. Affording light, 
 il-lu'mi-na-tor, re. One who illuminates, 
 il-lu'mine, r. a. [Fr. illuminer. — See Illumi- 
 nate.] [pp. illumining, illumined.] To throw 
 light on; to enlighten; to decorate; to adorn; 
 to illuminate. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5, 0, 5, £, soft; p, p, ft, g\ hard; § as z ; x as gz ; tnia. 
 
ILLUSION 
 
 298 
 
 IaOIEKGE 
 
 jl-lu'§ion (il-lii'zhun), n. [L. illusio.— See II- 
 lude.] Deceptive appearance ; mockery : false 
 show ; delusion : — a delicate fabric used for la- 
 dies' dresses, drapery, veils, &c. 
 
 jl-lu'sive, <i. Deceiving by false show ; delusive. 
 
 jl-lii'sive-ly. ad. In a deceptive manner. 
 
 il-lu'sive-ness, n. Deception ; false appearance. 
 
 il-lii'so-ry, a. [Fr. Ulusoire.] Deceiving ; delusive. 
 
 il-lus'tra-ble, a. That can be illustrated. 
 
 jl-lus'trate, v. a. [L. iUustrare, illustration ; in, 
 upon, and lustrare, to lighten. — See Lustre.] 
 [pp. illustrating, illustrated.] To make bright, 
 plain, or clear; to explain; to elucidate by pic- 
 tures ; to make illustrious. 
 
 Il-lus-tra/tion, n. Something which illustrates; 
 an explanation ; an elucidation ; an example. 
 
 il-lus'tra-tive, a. Tending to illustrate. 
 
 il-lus'tra-tor, n. One who illustrates. 
 
 il-lus'tri-otSs, a. [Fr. ilhistre, L. illustris, renowned ; 
 from lustrum, a purification, or more probably 
 from the root of lumen, light; lucidus, bright.] 
 Conspicuous; eminent; renowned; celebrated; 
 distinguished ; famous. 
 
 Ill' --will', n. Malevolence; enniity; spite. 
 
 Il'ly., ad. In an ill manner : — not well. [Hardly 
 in'good use ; HI is preferable.] 
 
 I'm (im). A contraction for I am. 
 
 Im-, a prefix, represents the prefix in- (in its va- 
 rious senses) before b, m, and p. It sometimes 
 replaces the French prefix em, and not unfre- 
 quently represents the English preposition in. 
 
 Im'a£e, n. [Fr. image; L. imago: akin to Imi- 
 tate.] Any corporeal representation ; a statue ; 
 & figure; a picture : — an idol : — an idea. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. imaging, imaged.] To copy by the fancy ; 
 to imagine. 
 
 Im'a-i-er-y, or lm'a§-e-ry, n. A representation ; 
 pictures ; statues : — figurative language ; meta- 
 phors. 
 
 im-a.fi-na.-ble, a. That may be imagined. 
 
 Im-af'i-na-ry, a. Fancied ;_visionary ; ideal. 
 
 jm-aj-i-na'tion (e-mad-je-na'shun), n. [L. ima- 
 ginatio. — See Imagine.] The faculty or power 
 of forming ideal pictures, or producing original 
 thoughts or new combinations of ideas; inven- 
 tion ; an image in the mind ; conception ; idea ; 
 fancy. 
 
 Im-af'i-na-tive, a. That imagines ; fancying. 
 
 jm-aj'ine. *'. a. [Fr. imaginer; L. imaginari, ima- 
 
 finatus; from imago, imaginis, an image (q. ».).] 
 pp. imagining, imagined.] To fancy; to con- 
 ceive. — 2, v. n. To form conceptions. 
 
 r.-mam\ or i-maum', n. [Arab. ; from ammo, to 
 preside, to go before.] A Mohammedan priest 
 or prince : — variou.-ly written and pronounced 
 I-mihii', I-m&umf, I-maun', I-mCin', I' man. 
 
 Jm-bank', w. a. [pp. imbanking, imbanked.] To 
 embank. 
 
 Im-bank'ment, n. A bank; an embankment. 
 
 im-bec'ile, or Im-be-cile' [jm-bes'jl or im'be-sil, 
 H. ; im'be-sil, B. Wb.], a. [L. imbecUlus or im- 
 becillis, weak ; by some referred to in privative, 
 and bacillus, a staff, without a support.] Want- 
 ing strength of body or mind ; weak ; feeble ; 
 infirm. — 2, n. One who is weak in mind or body. 
 
 Im-be-cTl'i-ty, n. [L. imbecillitu-s.] Feebleness of 
 mind or body. 
 
 |m-bed', v. a. [pp. imbedding, imbedded.] To 
 cover, as in a bed. See Embed. 
 
 Jm-bibe', v. a. [L. imbibere ; in, into, and bibere, 
 to drink.— Cf. Skr. pibami, a drink.] [pp. im- 
 bibing, imbibed.] To drink in; to absorb. 
 
 Im-bi-bi"tion (-bish'un), n. The act of imbibing. 
 
 Jm-bod'y, v. a. [pp. imbodying. imbodied.] Toem- 
 body. See Embody. [shelter. See E3ibower. 
 
 Im-bb'w'er, v. a. [pp. imbowering, imbowered.] To 
 
 Im'bri-cate, ]_ a. [L. imbiicare, ivibricatum, to 
 
 Im'bri-cat-ed, j cover, to tile ; imbrex, imbricis, a 
 gutter-tile; imber, Gr. 6/m.8po?, a shower.] In- 
 dented with concavities ; overlapping like slates 
 or shingles. 
 
 Im-bri-ca'tion, n. A concave indenture :-=- an 
 overlapping. 
 
 Imbroglio (im-brol'ye-o), n. [It. ; brogliare, to 
 broil (q. v.).] An intricate plot : — an embarrass- 
 ing complication. 
 
 Im-brue' (im-bru'), v. a. [0. Fr. embruer, to be- 
 dabble : a variant form of Imbue.] [pp. imbru- 
 ing, imbrued.] To soak ; to drench. 
 
 Im-brute', v. a. [In and Brute.] [pp. imbruting, 
 imbruted.] To degrade to brutality.— 2, v. n. 
 To sink down to brutality. 
 
 im-bue', v. a. [L. imbuere, to cause to drink in; 
 from imbibere, to drink in. — See Imbibe.] [pp. 
 imbuing, imbued.] To tincture deeply ; to tinge. 
 
 Im-i-ta-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being imitable. 
 
 Im'i-ta-ble, a. That may be imitated; worthy 
 of' imitation. 
 
 Im'i-tate, v. a. [L. imitari, imitatum. — See Im- 
 age.] [pp. imitating, imitated.] To follow the 
 way or action of another; to copy. 
 
 Im-i-ta'tion, n. The act of imitating : — a resem- 
 blance; a copy; likeness; a counterfeit. 
 
 Im-i-ta'tion-al, a. Implying imitation. 
 
 Im'i-ta-tive, a. Inclined or tending to copy. 
 
 Im'i-ta-tor, n. One who imitates or copies. 
 
 Im'i-ta-trix, n. She who imitates. 
 
 Im-mac'u-late, a. [L. immaeuhdus ; in, not, and 
 maculare, maculatum, to spot ; macula, a spot.] 
 Spotless ; pure ; cleaD. 
 
 Im'ma-nence, n. Internal dwelling ; inherence. 
 
 Im'ma-nent, a. [L. immanere, immaneutis, to re- 
 main near; in, in or at, and manere, to remain 
 (q. ».).] Intrinsic; inherent; internal. 
 
 Jm-man'i-ty, n. [L. immanitas ; immanis, huge, 
 atrocious; in intensive, and magnus, great.] 
 Barbarity : — monstrousness. 
 
 Im-ma-te'ri-al, a. [In, not, and Material.] Not 
 material ; ' incorporeal : — spiritual : — not impor- 
 tant ; unimportant. 
 
 Im-ma-te'ri-al-i§m, n. The opinion that matter 
 does' not really exist : — the doctrine of the ex- 
 istence of spiritual being. 
 
 Im-ma-te-ri-al'i-ty. v. [Fr. immattrialite.] State 
 of being immaterial : — distinctness from matter. 
 
 Im-ma-ture', «. [L. immaturus; in, not, and ma- 
 turus, mature.] Not mature; not perfect; not 
 ripe ; incomplete : — early ; hasty. 
 
 Im-ma-ture'ly, ad. Too soon ; too early. 
 
 Im-ma-ture'ness, \ n. [Fr. immaturity ; L. imma- 
 
 Im-ma-tu'ri-ty, J turitas.] State of being imma- 
 ture ; unripeness. 
 
 Im-meas'u-ra-ble (im-mezh'yu-ra-bl), a. [In, 
 not, and Measurable.] That cannot be meas- 
 ured; immense. 
 
 Im-meas'u-ra-bly, ad. Beyond measure. 
 
 Im-me'di-ate, a. [In, not, and Mediate ; Fr. 
 immedi'at.'] Having nothing intervening; act- 
 ing without a medium ; proximate ; direct ; not 
 acting by second causes : — instant; present. 
 
 Im-me'di-'ate-ly, ad. "Without a medium or any 
 intervention :— instantly ; directly. 
 
 Im-me'di-ate-ness, n. State of being immediate.; 
 exemption from second causes. 
 
 Im-me-mo'ri-al, a. [Fr. immemorial. — See Mem- 
 ory."] Past the time of memory ; not remem- 
 bered : — originating before records begin. 
 
 Im-me-mo'ri-al-ly, ad. Beyond memory. 
 
 Im-mlnse', '«.' [Fr. immense; L. immensus; in, 
 not, and mensus, measured; metiri, to measure 
 (q. ».).] Unlimited; unbounded; v*st. 
 
 Im-mense'ly, ad. Without measure or limits. 
 
 im-mense'ness, n. Immensity. 
 
 im-men'si-ty, n. [L. immensitas.] Unbounded 
 extent ; infinity. [measured. 
 
 Im-mens-u-ra-bil'i-ty, n. Impossibility of being 
 
 Im-mens'u-ra-ble, a. [In, not, and Mensurable.] 
 Not to be measured ; immeasurable. 
 
 Im-m'e'ri-e', v. a. [See Immerse.] [pp. immerg- 
 ing, immerged.] To put under water; to im- 
 merse. — 2, v. n. To disappear, as behind another 
 body, or by immersion into some medium. 
 
 a, e, i, o, ii, y, long; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
1MMEKSE 
 
 299 
 
 IMPASSIONED 
 
 Jm-merse', v. a. [L. immergere, immersum; in, 
 into, and mergere, to plunge.] [pp. immersing, 
 immersed.] To put under water ; to plunge into 
 a fluid; to immerge ; to sink. 
 
 Jm-mer'sion (iin-nier'shun), n. [L. immersio. — 
 See Immerse.] The act of putting, or the state 
 of being put, below the surface ; submersion ; 
 an overwhelming. 
 
 Im-mesh', v. a. [In and Mesh.] [pp. immeshing, 
 immeslied.l To entangle in meshes or nets. 
 
 Im-me-thod i-cal, a. Not methodical. 
 
 Im-me-thod'i-cal-ly, ad. Without method. 
 
 im'mi-grant, n. [L. immigrant, immigrantis (pres. 
 part.). — See Immigrate.] One who comes into a 
 country to dwell in it. 
 
 Xm'mi-grate, v. n. [L. immigrate, immigratum ; 
 in, into, and migrare, to remove.] [pp. immi- 
 grating, immigrated.] To come into a country 
 in order to dwell in it : — to emigrate, to go out of 
 a country. 
 
 im-mi-gra'tion, n. Act of immigrating. 
 
 Im'mi-iience, n. An impending danger. 
 
 im'mi-nent, a. [L. imminere, pres. part, immi- 
 nently, to project; in, upon, and minere, to jut. — 
 See Eminent.] Impending; threatening; near. 
 
 Jm-mln'gle (im-ming'gl), v. a. [In and Mingle.] 
 [pp. immingling, immingled.] To mingle. 
 
 Im-nus-ci-bil'i-ty., n. Incapacity of being mixed. 
 
 Im-mis'ci-ble, a. " [In, not, and Miscible.] Not 
 capable of being mingled. 
 
 Jm-mis'sion (im-mlsh'un), n. [L. immissio. — See 
 Immit.] ' Act of sending in. 
 
 Jm-mit', v. a. [L. immittere, immissum; in, into, 
 and mittere, to send.] [pp. immitting, immitted.] 
 To send in ; to inject. 
 
 im-mit'i-ga-ble, a. [In, not, and Mitigable.J 
 That cannot be mitigated. 
 
 T.m-nux\ v. a. [In and Mix.] [pp. immixing, 
 innnixed.] To mingle; to intermix; to mix. 
 
 Jm-mob'ile, a. [L. immobUis. — See Mobile.] 
 Fixed; immovable; stable. 
 
 i m-mo-bil'i-ty, n. [Fr. immobilite ; L. immobUUas. 
 — hi negative, and Mobility.] Lack of mo- 
 bility ; resistance to motion. 
 
 fm-mod'er-ate, a. [L. immoderatus. — See Moder- 
 ate.] 'Excessive; extravagant. 
 
 im-mod'er-ate-ly, ad. Excessively. 
 
 Im-mod-er-a'tion, n. Want of moderation. 
 
 Im-mod'est, a.' [L. vmmodestus. — See Modest.] 
 Not modest; indelicate. 
 
 Im-mod'es-ty, n. Want of modesty. 
 
 Im'mo-late, v. a. [L. immolare, immolation, to 
 sacrifice; in, upon, and viola, meal (g. v.) : salted 
 meal was sprinkled on the heads of victims.] 
 [pp. immolating, immolated.] To sacrifice ; to 
 offer up. [offered. 
 
 1 m-mo-la'tion, n. Act of sacrificing :— the sacrifice 
 
 fm'mo-la-tor, n. One who offers in sacrifice. 
 
 f m-mor'al, a. [In, not, and Moral.] Not moral ; 
 dishonest; vicious. 
 
 Im-mo-ral'i-ty, n. [Fr. immorality.] Quality of 
 being immoral; dishonesty; want of virtue; 
 vice ; depravity ; an immoral act or practice. 
 
 im-mbr'tal, a. [L. immortaJis. — See Mortal.] 
 Not mortal ; imperishable ; exempt from death ; 
 perpetual ; deathless. 
 
 fm-mor-tal'i-tx, «• [I*. immortalitac—See Mor- 
 tality.] State of being immortal; exemption 
 from death ; endless life. 
 
 Im-mor'tal-Ize, v. a. [pp. immortalizing, immor- 
 talized.] To make immortal; to exempt from 
 death ; to perpetuate. 
 
 Im-mor'tal-ly, ad. Without mortality or end. 
 
 Im-mor-telle, n. [Fr.] A name common to sev- 
 eral flowers, from their durability ; everlasting 
 flower: — a wreath of such flowers. 
 
 Im-mov-a-bil'i-ty, \n. Quality of being immov- 
 
 Im-mov'a-ble-ness, | able ; steadfastness. 
 
 Xm-m6v'a-ble, a. [In, not, and Movable.] That 
 cannot be moved; firmly fixed :— hard-hearted ; 
 unim 
 
 T.m-mu'ni-ty, n. [L. immunilas; immunis, free 
 from a' service ; in, not, and mums, obliging, 
 serviceable. — Of. mumts, a duty, a gift.] Free- 
 dom from obligation or service ; privilege ; ex- 
 emption ; freedom. 
 
 Im-mure', v. a. [L. in, within, and murare, to 
 wall; murus, a wall.] [pp. immuring, im- 
 mured.] To enclose; to confine; to shut in. 
 
 Im-mu-ta-bil'i-ty, n. Exemption from change. 
 
 im-mii'ta-ble, a. [L. immutabilis. — See Mutable.] 
 Unchangeable ; unalterable. 
 
 im-mu'ta-bly, ad. Unchangeably. 
 Imp,/)i. [0. E. imp, a scion, offspring, child. — Cf. 
 Late L. impotus, a graft; Gr. ep-^vros, a shoot; 
 (j>vei.v, to grow r ; Dan. ympe, Ger. imp/en, to 
 graft.] A subaltern or puny devil ; a demon ; a 
 sprite. — 2, v. a. [pp. imping, imped.] To graft; 
 to enlarge : — to mend. 
 
 Jm-pact', v. a. [L. impingere, impactum ; in, upon, 
 and pangere, to strike.] [pp. impacting, im- 
 pacted.] To drive close or hard. 
 
 Im'pact, ft. [L. impactus.] Instantaneous action 
 of one body on another; collision ; impulse. 
 
 Im-pac'tion, n. [L. impactio.] Compression : — a 
 disease among animals in which the food be- 
 comes dry and impacted in the stomach ; stom- 
 ach-staggers. 
 
 Im-pair', v. a. [Fr. empirer, Late L. impejorare, 
 to make worse; in, intensive, and L. pejor, 
 worse.] [pj). impairing, impaired.] To injure; 
 to make worse. — 2, r. n. To be lessened or worn. 
 
 Im-pair'ment, n. Injury. [Empale. 
 
 Im-pale', v. a. [pp. impaling, impaled.] See 
 
 f m-pal-pa-bil'i-ty., ""• State of being impalpable. 
 
 Im-pal'pa-ble, a. ' [In, not, and Palpable.] Not 
 to be distinguished by the touch : — exceedingly 
 fine : — not easily distinguishable. 
 
 im-pa-na'tion, n. [Late L. impanatio; in, within, 
 and panis, bread.] The supposed presence of 
 the body of Christ in the sacramental bread. 
 
 Im-pan'el, v. a. [See Panel.] [pp. impanelling, 
 impanelled.] To enroll; to form, as a jury. 
 
 Jm-par'a-dise, v. a. [See Paradise.] [p]>. im- 
 paradising, imparadised.] To put in a state of 
 felicity. 
 
 Im-par'i-ty, n. [L. imparitas : vmpar, unequal. — 
 See Parity.] Inequality; disproportion. 
 
 Im-park', v. a. [In and Park.] [j^j. imparking, 
 imparked.] To enclose in a park. 
 
 Im-par'lance, n. [See Parlance.] (Lair.) Li- 
 cense for delay of trial ; continuance of a cause. 
 
 Im-part', v. a. [L. impartire; in, upon, and partire, 
 to bestow or share, — originally, to divide. — See 
 Part.] [pp. imparting, imparted.] To make 
 known; to communicate ; to give; to confer. 
 
 Xm-par'tial (-shal), a. [In, not, and Partial.] 
 Not partial : equitable : free from regard to party ; 
 disinterested; just; fair. 
 
 im-par'tial-ist. u- One who is impartial. 
 
 Im-par-ti-al'i-ty (lm-par-she-al'e-te), «. Quality 
 of being impartial ; equitableuess. 
 
 Im-par'tial-ly, ad. With impartiality. 
 
 im-part-i-bil'i-ty, n. State of being impartible. 
 
 im-part'i-ble,' a. [From Impart.] Communica- 
 ble : — [in negative, and Part] not divisible. 
 
 Im-part ment, ». The act of imparting : — that 
 which is imparted. 
 
 Im-pas'sa-ble, a. [In, not, and Passable.] Not 
 to be passed ; impervious. 
 
 fm-pas'sa-ble-ness, n. Incapability of passage. 
 
 Im-pas-si-bil'i-ty, \n. Exemption from suffer- 
 
 Im-pas'si-ble-ness, J ing. 
 
 Im-pas'si-ble, a. [L. impassibilis ; passibUis, capa- 
 ble of suffering; pad, passus, to suffer.] Incapa- 
 ble of suffering; exempt from pain or injury. 
 
 Im-pas'sion-ate, a. [In, intensive, and Passion- 
 ate.] Strongly affected ; full of passion :—[in, 
 not, and Passionate] free from passion ; without 
 feeling. 
 
 Jm-pas'sioned (im-pash'und), p. a. [For impas- 
 sionate.] Animated : — full of passion : excited. 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, biir, rule, use.— Q, 9, 5, §■, soft; £, (3-, p, §, hard; § as z ; $ as gz ; tnis. 
 
IMPASSIVE 
 
 300 
 
 IMPIOUSLY 
 
 Im-pas'sive, a. [In, not, and Passive.] Not pas- 
 sive ; free from suffering. 
 
 Jm-pas'to, n: [It. ; in, and pasta, paste (g. «.).] A 
 layer or body of pigment applied by a painter to 
 his canvas. 
 
 Im-pa'tience (lin-pu'shens), n. [L. impatientia. — 
 See Patience.] Want of patience ; vehemence 
 of temper ; restlessness ; inquietude ; uneasi- 
 ness; eagerness. 
 
 Im-pa'tient (lm-pa'shent), a. [L. impatiens. — See 
 Patient.] Not patient ; uneasy; hasty; eager; 
 ardently desirous. 
 
 Im-pa'tient-ly. (Im-pa/shent-le), ad. Uneasily. 
 
 Jm-peach', v. a. [Fr. empecher, to hinder; Sp. 
 empaclmr, It. impacciare, to delay. The French 
 is said to represent L. impedicare, to fetter ; from 
 Ii. pedica, a fetter ; pes, pedis, a foot ; but the 
 Spanish and Italian are from Late L. impac- 
 tare, frequentative of L. impingere, impactum, to 
 fasten; pangere, to bind.] [pp. impeaching, 
 impeached.] To charge publicly with an of- 
 fence as a public officer; to accuse; to censure : 
 — to bring discredit upon. 
 
 Jm-peach'a-ble, a. Liable to impeachment. 
 
 Jm-peach'ment, n. The act of impeaching; pub- 
 lic accusation; censure. 
 
 Jm-pearl', v. a. [pp. impearling, impearled.] To 
 adorn as with pearls. 
 
 im-pec-ca-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being impecca- 
 ble ; sinlessness ; incapability of doing wrong. 
 
 fm-pec'ca-ble, a. [L. impeccubilis ; peccare, to sin.] 
 Exempt from possibility to sin ; not liable to sin ; 
 sinless; infallible. 
 
 fm-pec'can-cy, n. [L. impeccantia.] Sinlessness. 
 
 im-pe-cu'-ni-os'i-ty, n. Want of money. 
 
 fm-pe-cu'ni-ous, a. [L. in, not, and pecunia, 
 money.] Destitute of, or scantily supplied with, 
 money ; moneyless ; poor. 
 
 Jm-pede', v. a. [L. impedire, to obstruct, to en- 
 tangle the foot; in, in, and pes, pedis, the foot.] 
 [pp. impeding, impeded.] To hinder; to delay; 
 to obstruct. [struction ; hinderance. 
 
 Im-ped'i-ment, n. [L. impedimentum.] An ob- 
 
 jm-pel', v. a. [L. impellere, irnpulsum, to drive on; 
 in, on, and pellere, to drive.] [pp. impelling, im- 
 pelled.] To urge forward; to instigate; to in- 
 cite : to drive. 
 
 Jm-pel'lent, a. Impelling ; urging onward. — 2, n. 
 A power that drives forward. 
 
 Jm-pend', v. n. [L. impendere ; in, upon, over, and 
 pendere, to hang.] [pp. impending, impended.] 
 To hang over; to be at hand; to press nearly; 
 to threaten. 
 
 Im-pend'ence, \n. The state of hanging over; 
 
 im-pend'en-cy, J near approach. 
 
 im-pend'ing, a. Hanging over; near at hand. 
 
 Im-pen-e-tra-bil'i-tjr, n. The quality of being 
 impenetrable. 
 
 im-pen'e-tra-ble, a. [In, not, and Penetrable.] 
 That cannot be penetrated; impervious: — not to 
 be affected. 
 
 im-pen'e-tra-ble-ness, n. Impenetrability. 
 
 im-pen'e-tra-bly, ad. With impenetrableness. 
 
 im-pen'i-tence, \n. [L. impcenitentia. — See Pen- 
 
 im-pen'i-ten-cy, J itence.] Want of penitence or 
 contrition ; obduracy. 
 
 Im-pen'i-tent, a. [L. impcenitens. — See Penitent.] 
 Not penitent ; obdurate. 
 
 Im-pen'i-tent-ly, ad. Without penitence. 
 
 Jm-per'a-tive, «. [L. imperaticus ; imperare, to 
 command : in, upon, and parare, to order, to 
 make ready.] Commanding; authoritative. — 
 (Gram.) Noting the mood of a verb which com- 
 mands, entreats, or exhorts. 
 
 Jm-per'a-tive-ly, ad. In an imperative manner. 
 
 Im-per-cep-ti-bil'i-ty, n. The quality of being 
 imperceptible. 
 
 Im-per-cep'ti-ble, a. [In, not, and Perceptible.] 
 Not to be perceived ; impalpable ; not easily per- 
 ceived. 
 
 Im-per-cep'ti-bly, ad. Without being perceived. 
 
 fm-per'fect, a. [L. imperfectus. — See Perfect.] 
 Not perfect; defective. 
 
 Im-per-fec'tion, n. Want of perfection: — a de- 
 fect; a fault. 
 
 fm-per'fect-ly, ad. In an imperfect manner. 
 
 Im-per'fo-ra-ble, a. Not to be perforated. 
 
 Im-per'fo-rate, a. [In, not, and Perforate.] 
 Not pierced through. 
 
 Im-pe'ri-al, a. [L. imperialis ; imperium, empire 
 (q. v.).] Relating to an empire or an emperor : 
 — monarchical ; supreme.— 2, n. A size of paper, 
 21 inches by 30 :— a Russian gold coin, equal to 
 tenjubles, and worth nearly eight dollars. 
 
 Jm-pe'ri-al-ism, n. Imperial power or authority ; 
 spirit of empire. [imperial government. 
 
 Im-pe'ri-al-ist, n. One who is favorable to an 
 
 Im-pe-ri-al'i-ty, n. Imperial state or power. 
 
 Im-per'il, v. a. [In, not, and Peril.] [pp. im- 
 perilling, imperilled.] To bring into danger; 
 to peril. 
 
 Jm-pe'ri-oiis, a. [L. imperioms ; imperium, author- 
 ity.] Assuming command; domineering; com- 
 manding; authoritative; magisterial; haughty; 
 arrogant ; tyrannical. 
 
 Im-pe'ri-ous-ly, ad. In an imperious manner. 
 
 Im-pe'ri-ous-ness, n. Arrogance. 
 
 Im-uer'is'h-a-ble, a. [Fr. imperissable. — See Per- 
 ish.] Not liable to perish. 
 
 im-per-me-a-bil'i-ty, n. [See Permeability.] 
 The quality of being impermeable. 
 
 Im-per'me-a-ble, a. Not to be passed through. 
 
 Im-per'son-al, a. [L. impersonalis- — See Person.] 
 Not personal. — Impersonal verb, a verb used only 
 in the third person singular; as, it rains, it 
 snows. 
 
 Im-per-son-al'i-ty, n. Absence of personality. 
 
 Im-per'son-al-iy., ad. Without personality. 
 
 im-per'son-ate, v. a. [See Personate.] [pp. im- 
 personating, impersonated.] To assume the part 
 of; to personate. 
 
 Im-per-son-i-fi-ca'ti9n, \ n. Act of personifying ; 
 
 Im-pe'r-son-a'tion, /representation; person- 
 
 ation ; investment with personality. 
 
 im-per'ti-nence, 1 n. Irrelevancy : — intrusion ; 
 
 Im-p'e'r'ti-nen-cy, J rudeness ; insolence. 
 
 Im-per'ti-nent, a. [L. impertinent. — See Perti- 
 nent.]' Of no weight; not pertinent; not ap- 
 posite: — rude; intrusive; insolent. 
 
 1 m-per'ti-nent-ly, ad. Intrusively ; rudely. 
 
 Im-per-turb-a-bii'i-ty, n. Calmness ; composure. 
 
 Im-per-turb'a-ble, a. [L. imperturbabilis. — See 
 Perturb.] * That cannot be disturbed; com- 
 posed; unmoved. 
 
 Im-per-tur-ba/tion, n. Calmness ; quietude. 
 
 Im-per'vi-ous, a. [L. impervim; in, not, per, 
 through, and via, a way.] Impenetrable; im- 
 passable. 
 
 im-pe-tig'i-nous, a. [L. impetiginosus. — See Im- 
 petigo.] Covered with scabs. 
 
 im-pe-ti'go, n. [L. impetigo, impetiginus ; impetere, 
 to attack; in, upon, and petere, to seek, to "go to- 
 ward.] (Med.) An eruption of small pustules on 
 the skin ; a tetter. 
 
 Im-pet-u-os'i-ty, n. Violence; vehemence. 
 
 im-pet'u-ous (im-pet'yu-us), a. [L. impetvoms ; 
 impetus, an impulse.] Violent; forcible; fierce; 
 vehement of mind ; passionate. 
 
 Im-pet'u-ous-ly, ad. In an impetuous manner. 
 
 im-pet'u-ous-ness, n. Impetuosity; rashness. 
 
 im'pe-tus, n. [L. for "attack," "impulse;" in, 
 upon, and petere, to seek, to go toward.] Force 
 applied to any thing; momentum; impulse. 
 
 fm-pi'e-ty, n. [Fr. impiete; L. impielas. — See Im- 
 pious'.] Want of piety ; irreverence with respect 
 to God ; irreligion ; wickedness. 
 
 Im-pingV, v. v. [L. impingere, impactum; pangere, 
 to strike. — See Impact.] [pp. impinging, im- 
 pinged.] To strike against ; to clash. 
 
 fm'pi-ofis, a. [L. impius; in, not, and pins, good, 
 kindly.] Not pious ; irreligious ; wicked. 
 
 Im'pi-ous-ly, ad. In an impious manner. 
 
 e, I, o, u, y, long ; a, e, l, o, u, y, short; a, e, 
 
 u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
IMPIOUSNESS 
 
 301 
 
 IMPKECATOEY 
 
 Im'pi-ous-ness, n. Impiety; irreligion. 
 
 imp'ish, a. Like an imp ; mischievous. 
 
 Im-pia-ca-bU'i-tx, n. Inexorable enmity. 
 
 Im-pla'ca-ble, a. [L. implacabilis. — See Placa- 
 ble.] that cannot be appeased; not placable; 
 inexorable; unrelenting; relentless. 
 
 Im-pla'ca-ble-ness, n. State of being implacable. 
 
 Im-pla'ca-bly., ad. Inexorably ; relentlessly. 
 
 Im-pla-cSn'tal, a. [In, not, and Placental.] 
 Having no placenta. 
 
 Im-plant', v. a. [Fr. im planter ; in and Plant.] 
 [pp. implanting, implanted.] To plant; to in- 
 sert; to ingraft. 
 
 Im-plan-ta'tion, n. Act of implanting. 
 
 im-plead' (im-pled'), v. a. [Fr. emplaider. — See 
 Plead.] [pp. impleading, impleaded.] (Law.) 
 To prosecute ; to sue ; to indict ; to accuse ; to 
 arraign. 
 
 Im-plead' er, n. One who impleads or indicts. 
 
 im'ple-ment. n. [L. implementum, accomplish- 
 ment, means of accomplishing; implere, to ful- 
 fil; plere, to fill.] An instrument ; tool; vessel. 
 
 Im'pli-cate, v. a. [L. implieare, implicatum, to in- 
 volve; in, in, and plicare, to fold; plica, a fold.] 
 [pp. implicating, implicated.] To fold into ; to 
 entangle : — to include with; to involve. 
 
 im-pli-ca'tion, n. Act of implicating; involu- 
 tion": — an inference tacitly implied. 
 
 Xm'pli-ca-tive, a. Having implication. 
 
 im'pli-ca-tive-ly, ad. By implication. 
 
 J.m-plic'it, a. [L. implieare, implicitum (or impli- 
 catum). — See Implicate.] Inferred; tacitly im- 
 plied or comprised: — resting on the authority 
 of others : — received or admitted witliout proof : 
 — unquestioning; unreserved. 
 
 Im-plic'it-ly;, ad- In an implicit manner. 
 
 im-pli'ed-ly, ad. By implication. 
 
 im-plore', v. a. [L. implorare, to beg; in, upon, 
 and plorare, to wail.] [pp. imploring, implored.] 
 To beg earnestly ; to beseech ; to supplicate ; to 
 entreat; to crave. 
 
 T.m-plor'er, n. One who implores. * 
 
 Jm-plo'sion (jm-nlo'zhun), n. [On type of explo- 
 sion.] A bursting inward. 
 
 Jm-ply', v. a. [Fr. impliquer ; 0. Fr. emploier ; 
 from L. implieare. — See Implicate.] [pp. im- 
 plying, implied.] To involve by implication; 
 to signify : — to include ; to comprise. 
 
 Im-pol'i-cy, n. [L. inipoUtin, untidiness. — See 
 Policy.] ' Want of policy ; bad policy. 
 
 Im-po-Hte', a. [L. impolitic, unpolished. —Sec 
 Polite.] Not polite: rude; uncivil. 
 
 Sm-po-llte'ness, n. Want of politeness. 
 
 Im-pol'i-tic, a. [In, not, and Politic] Not po- 
 litic; imprudent; indiscreet; injudicious. 
 
 im-pon-der-a-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being im- 
 ponderable'; want of weight. 
 
 Im-pon'der-a-ble, a. [In, not, and Ponderable.] 
 That cannot be weighed ; not ponderable ; hav- 
 ing no weight. 
 
 Jm-port', v. a. [L. importare ; in, in, and portare, 
 to bring.] [pp. importing, imported.] To bring 
 from abroad :— to imply ; to infer ; to signify : — 
 to concern. 
 
 fm'port, n. Importance; moment: — meaning; 
 tendency : — merchandise or any thing imported. 
 
 T.m-port'a-ble, a. That may be imported. 
 
 jm-por'tance, n. [Fr. importance. — See Import.] 
 Consequence ; moment. 
 
 Jm-por'tant, a. [Fr. important. — See Import.] 
 Momentous; weighty; material; forcible. 
 
 Im-por-ta'tion, n. The act of importing : — that 
 which is imported. 
 
 Jm-port'er, «. One who imports. [nate. 
 
 jm-pb'rt'u-na-cy., n. Quality of being importu- 
 jm-pbrt'u-nate (im-port'yu-nat), a. [Fr. impor- 
 tun; L. imporlunus. — See Importune.] Incessant 
 in solicitation; urgent; pertinacious. 
 Jm-pbrt'u-nate-ly, ad. With importunity, 
 jm-port'u-nate-ness, n. Importunity 
 Im 
 
 ■por-tune*, 
 
 imporlunus, troublesome, inconvenient, — origi- 
 nally, unsuitable, hard of access; in, not, and 
 fortus, a harbor, an approach ; portare, to carry.] 
 pp. importuning, importuned.] To press or 
 entreat incessantly ; to solicit earnestly ; to tease. 
 
 Im-por-tu'ni-ty, n. [L. importunitas ; Fr. impor- 
 tuni'te.] Act of importuning ; incessant solicita- 
 tion ; urgency ; pertinacity. 
 
 Im-pos/a-ble, a. That may be imposed. 
 
 im-pose', e. a. [Fr. imposer ; in meaning it rep- 
 resents L. imponere, to place upon, but histori- 
 cally it comes from L. in, upon, at, and pausare, 
 to halt, to pause (q. v.).] [pp. imposing, im- 
 posed.] To enjoin as a duty ; to lay or put on, 
 as a penalty, a burden, or a law. — (Printing.) To 
 lay the pages on an imposing-stone and fit them 
 into the chase. — To impose on or upon, to deceive ; 
 to delude. 
 
 im-pos'ing, p. a. Making a show ; impressive. — 
 2, n. Act of one who imposes. — (Printing) Act 
 of arranging the pages of a sheet so that they 
 may follow one another regularly. 
 
 T.m-pos'irig-stone, n. The table upon which pages 
 are imposed and made into forms. 
 
 lm-po-si"tion (hn-po-zish'un), n. [L. vnpositio ; 
 imponere, imposUum, to place upon ; in, upon, 
 and ponere, to place.] Act of laying on : — act of 
 imposing on ; cheat ; imposture : — that which is 
 imposed ; as, a penalty, a tax, £c. 
 
 Im-pos-si-bil'i-ty, n. The quality of being im- 
 possible ; that which cannot be. 
 
 im-pos'si-ble, a. [L. impossibilis. — See Possible.] 
 That cannot be ; not possible ; 
 impracticable ; unachievable. 
 
 Im'post, n. [Fr. impot. — See Im- 
 position.] A rate or tax on arti- 
 cles imported ; duty ; toll : — the 
 junction of the arch with a 
 column. 
 
 T.m-p6st'hu-mate (jm-post'yu- 
 
 mat), v. n. [See Imposthume.] 
 [pp. imposthumating, imposthu- 
 mated.] To form an abscess ; to mp 
 
 gather; to collect pus; to imposthume. — 2, v. a. 
 To afflict with an abscess or imposthume. 
 
 Im-post-hu-ma'tion, n. Formation of an abscess. 
 
 Im-post'hume (ini-pos'tiim or im-post'hum), n. 
 [A corrupt form of Aposteme.] A collection of 
 purulent matter in a cyst ; an abscess. — 2, r. n. 
 [pp. imposthuming, imposthunied.] To breed 
 an imposthume ; to suppurate. 
 
 Im-pos'tor, n. [L.— See Imposition.] A false 
 pretender ; one who assumes a name or charac- 
 ter not his own. 
 
 Im-post'ure (im-post'yur), n. [L. impostnra. — See 
 Imposition.] Conduct of an impostor; decep- 
 tion; fraud; imposition. 
 
 Im'po-tence, \n. State of being impotent; im- 
 
 £m'po-ten-cy., j becility ; weakness. 
 
 1 m'po-tent, a. [L. impotens. — See Potent.] Weak; 
 feeble; infirm; without the power of generation. 
 
 Im'po-tent-ly, ad. Without power ; feebly. 
 
 Im-pound', v. a. [In and Pound.] [pp. impound- 
 ing, impounded.] To enclose as in a pound ; to 
 confine. 
 
 Jm-pov'er-ish, v. a. [L. impoverire; Sp. empo- 
 brecer ;'L. pa-aperies, poverty. — See Pauper.] [pp. 
 impoverishing, impoverished.] To make poor. 
 
 Im-pov'er-ish-ment, n. Beduction to poverty. 
 
 im-prac-ti-ca-bil'i-ty, ) n. Quality or condition 
 Im-prac'ti'-ca-ble-ness, j of being impracticable ; 
 
 impossibility : — stubbornness. 
 Im-prac'ti-ca-ble, a. [In, not, and Practicable.] 
 Not practicable ; impossible ; untractable ; un- 
 manageable. 
 Im'pre-cate, v. a. [L. imprecari, imprecatus ; in, 
 upon, against, aud precari, to pray (q. v.).] [pp. 
 imprecating, imprecated.] To invoke or call 
 for evil : — to invoke a curse upon. 
 
 im-pre-ca'tion, n. Invocation of evil ; a curse. 
 [Fr. importuner, to beg ; L. | Im'pre-ca-to-ry, a. Containing imprecations. 
 
 mien, sir; move, nor, son; bail, bur, rule, use.- 
 
 ■& 9. 5i k< soft; p, js, p, §, liard; s as z ; ? as gz ; tnis. 
 
 26 
 
IMPKEGNABILITY 
 
 302 
 
 IMPUTKESCIBLE 
 
 im-preg-na-bil'i-ty., re. Quality of being impreg- 
 nable. 
 
 Im-preg'na-ble, a. [Fr. imprenable; hi, not, and 
 prendre, L prehendere, to take. Tbe English 
 word has by an error taken tbe spelling of Fr. 
 impregnable, capable of impregnation.] That 
 cannot be taken. 
 
 Im-preg'na-bly., ad. In an impregnable manner. 
 
 Jm-pregr'nate, v. a. [L. imprsegnare, imprsegnutum. 
 — See Pregnant.] [pp. impregnating, impreg- 
 nated.] To make pregnant ; to make prolific : — 
 to saturate ; to fill full. 
 
 Im-preg'nate, a. Impregnated ; made prolific. 
 
 Im-preg-na'tion, n. The act of impregnating. 
 
 Im-pre-§a'ri-6, n. [It.] A stage-director : — spe- 
 cifically, the conductor of an opera-troupe. 
 
 Im-pre-script'i-ble, a. [Fr. — See Prescription.] 
 Independent' of prescription; not to be alien- 
 ated or lost. 
 
 Jm-press', v. a. [L. impressare, frequentative of 
 imprimere, impressum, to impress. — See Press.] 
 [pp. impressing, impressed.] To stamp; to fix 
 deep ; to enforce ; to imprint ; to inculcate : — to 
 force into military or naval service. 
 
 I m'press, n. A mark ; stamp ; figure ; device. 
 
 Im-pres-si-bil'i-ty, n. The qualit}' of being im- 
 pressible, [ceptible of impressions. 
 
 Jm-pres'si-ble, a. That may be impressed; sus- 
 
 Jm-pres'sion (im-presh'un), n. The act of im- 
 pressing : — a mark made by pressure ; a stamp : 
 —an indistinct idea or notion :— an image fixed 
 in tbe mind: — operation: — influence; effect: — 
 an edition of a book. [tive of impressions. 
 
 Im-pres'sion-a-ble, a. Easily impressed; recep- 
 
 jm-pres'sion-ist, n. An artist who reproduces 
 effects of impressions, disregarding objective 
 
 Im-pres'sive, a. Making impression; effective: 
 forcible ; powerful ; pungent. 
 
 Jm-pres'sive-ly, ad. In an impressive manner. 
 
 Im-pres'sive-ness, n. Quality of being impressive. 
 
 jm-press'ment, n. The act of impressing or 
 forcing into service, as seamen or soldiers! 
 
 im-pri-ma'tur, n. [L.] A license to print. 
 
 Im-prI'mis, ad. [L.] In the first place. 
 
 Jm-print', v. a. | Fr. imprinter, and empreindre, 
 part, empreint; L. imprimere, to impress (q. v.).] 
 [pp. imprinting, imprinted.] To print: — to im- 
 press ; to impress deeply. 
 
 f m'print, n. The designation of the place, date, 
 printer's name, &c, affixed to a book. 
 
 Jm-pris'on (im-priz'zn), v. a. [Fr. emprisonner. — 
 See Prison.] [pp. imprisoning, imprisoned.] 
 To put into prison ; to shut up ; to confine. 
 
 Im-pris/on-ment, n. Confinement in prison. 
 
 im-prob-a-bil'i-ty, n. Want of probability. 
 
 im-prob'a-ble, a. [L. improbabilis. — See Proba- 
 ble.] Not probable; unlikely. 
 
 fm-prSb'a-bly, ad. Without probability. 
 
 Im'pro-bate, v. a. [L. improbare, improbatnm, to 
 disapprove.— See Approve.] [pp. improbating, 
 improbated.] To disallow ; to disapprove. 
 
 Im-pro-ba'tion, n. An act of disapproval ; disap- 
 probation. 
 
 3fm-prob'a-tive, a. Implying improbation ; tend- 
 ing to improbate. 
 
 Im-prob'i-ty, n. Want of honesty; dishonesty. 
 
 im-promp'tu, n. [Fr. ; L. in promptu, in readi- 
 ness. — See Prompt.] An extemporaneous com- 
 position.— 2, ad. Without study. 
 
 f m-prop'er, a. [Fr. impropre. — See Proper.] Not 
 proper ;' unsuitable ; unfit. 
 
 fm-prop'er-ly, ad. Not properly ; not fitly. 
 
 im-pro-por'tion-ate, a. Not proportionate. 
 
 im-pro'pri-ate, v. a. [L. in, to, and propriare, to 
 make one's own ; proprius, own.] [pp. impro- 
 priating, impropriated.] To convert to private 
 or personal use :— to put into the hands of lay- 
 men, as the possessions of the church. 
 
 Jm-pro-pri-a'tion, n. The act of impropriating : 
 — that which is impropriated. 
 
 fm-pro-pri'e-ty, n. [Fr. impropricte ; L. impro- 
 prietas.—See Propriety.] Want of propriety; 
 unfitness : — an improper act; barbarism. 
 
 Im-prov'a-ble, a. Capable of improvement. 
 
 Im-prove', v. a. [By some referred to L. in, 
 toward, and probns, good (the L. improbus means 
 evil, wicked, in having the negative meaning) ; 
 more probably from in, toward, and the root of 
 Fr. preux, valiant ; Eng. proof; 0. Fr. prou, ad- 
 vantage ; thought to be from L. prodesse, to be 
 of profit.] [pp. improving, improved.] To make 
 better ; to amend : — to augment ; to increase ; to 
 heighten: — to make good use of; to employ ad- 
 vantageously. — 2, v. n. To make improvement. 
 
 Im-prove'ment, n. Act of improving; progress 
 from good to better ; proficiency; melioration. 
 
 Jm-prov'er, re. He who or that which improves. 
 
 Im-prov'i-dence, n. Want of forethought. 
 
 Im-prov'i-dent, a. [Li, not, and Provident.] 
 Not provident ; thriftless. 
 
 Im-prov'i-dent-ly, ad. Without forecast. 
 
 Im-prov'ing, p. a. Making or becoming better. 
 
 im-prov'i-sate, v. a. & v. n. [See Improvise.] 
 [pp. improvisating, improvisated.] To compose 
 and sing extemporaneously. 
 
 Im-prov-i-sa/tion, n. The act or art of extempo- 
 raneous composing and singing : — that which is 
 improvised. [extemporaneously. 
 
 im-pro-vis/a-tor, n. One who composes and sings 
 
 Im-pro-visV (lin-pro-vez'), v. a. & v. n. [Fr. ini- 
 proviser ; It. improvoisare; L. improvisus, unfore- 
 seen ; in, not, pro, before, and videre, visum, to 
 see.] [pp. improvising, improvised.] To com- 
 pose without preparation :— to accomplish or do 
 any thing extemporaneously. 
 
 Im-prii'dence, n. Want of prudence; indiscre- 
 tion ; cairelessness : — an indiscreet act. 
 
 Im-pru'dent, «. [L. imprudeus. — See Prupent.] 
 Not prudent ; wanting prudence ; indiscreet ; 
 injudicious; careless; rash. 
 
 Im-pru'dent-ly, ad. Without prudence. 
 
 Im'pu-dence, re. Quality of being impudent; 
 shamelessness ; insolence; audacity. 
 
 Im'pu-dent, a. [L. impudens, impudentis; in, not, 
 and pudens, modest ; pudere, to feel shame.] Bold 
 and contemptuous ; shameless ; immodest; saucy ; 
 insolent ; rude. 
 
 Im'pu-dent-ly, ad. Insolently; saucily. 
 
 im-pu-dic'i-ty., n. Immodesty. 
 
 Jm-pugn' (im-pun'), v. a. [L. impugnare, to fight 
 against; in, against, and pugnare, to fight.] [pp. 
 impugning, impugned.] To attack; to oppose; 
 to assault by argument ; to contradict. 
 
 Im-pug'na-ble (im-pug'na-bl or im-pun'a-bl), a. 
 That may be Impugned or assailed. 
 
 Im-piign'er (im-piin'er), n. One who impugns. 
 
 Im'pulse, n- [L. impvlsus. — See Impel.] Force 
 communicated ; impulsion ; influence ; impres- 
 sion : — sudden determination. 
 
 Im-pul'sion, n. The act of impelling; impulse. 
 
 im-pul'sive, a. Impelling; rash; unpremedi- 
 tated : — governed by impulse. 
 
 Jm-pul'sive-ly, ad. By or with impulse. 
 
 im-pu'ni-ty, n. [Fr. impunite, L. impwnitas; impu- 
 nis, unpunished. — See Punish.] Exemption from 
 punishment or penalty : — freedom from injury. 
 
 Im-piire', «. [L. impurus. — See Pure.] Not pure ; 
 unholy ; foul ; lewd. 
 
 Im-pure'ly, ad. With impurity. 
 
 Im-pu'ri-ty, n. Want of purity; filthiness :— an 
 adulteration : — a base admixture. 
 
 |m-pu'ta-ble, a. That may be imputed; ascriba- 
 ble; attributable. . 
 
 fm-pu-ta'tion, re. The act of imputing :— censure. 
 
 Im-pii'ta-tive, a. Imputed; derived from an im- 
 putation. 
 
 Jm-pute', v. a. [L. imputare ; in, upon, and putare, 
 to reckon, to charge.] [pp. imputing, imputed.] 
 To charge upon ; to attribute. 
 
 Im-pu-tres'ci-ble, a. [In, not, and Putrescible.J 
 Not liable to be corrupted. 
 
 e, I, o, ii, y, long; a., e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, \}, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fS.ll ; heir, her; 
 
IN 
 
 INCASE 
 
 in, prep. [L., A.-S., Dut., Ger., Goth., & Irish 
 in; Gr. ei>.] Noting presence in place, time, or 
 state; within ; not without ; near; close. — 2, ad. 
 Within some place; not out. — In, from the 
 Latin, is much used as a prefix, commonly as a 
 particle of negation, equivalent to un ; as, in- 
 active. The Latin preposition in (meaning in, 
 at, upon, into, &c.) is also much used as a prefix. 
 
 In-a-bil'i-ty, n. [In, not, and Able.] Want of 
 ability or power. 
 
 I n-ac-ces-si-bil'i-ty, \ n. State of being inacces- 
 
 i n-ac-ces'si-ble-ness, J sible. 
 
 Xn-ac-ces'si-ble, a. [In, not, and Accessible.] 
 Not to be approached ; not accessible. 
 
 $n-ac-ces'si-bly, ad. So as not to be approached. 
 
 in-ac'cu-ra-cy, n. Want of accuracy; an error. 
 
 fn-ac'cu-rate,'a. [In, nut, and Accurate.] Not 
 accurate ; incorrect. 
 
 In-ac'cu-rate-ly, ad. Incorrectly. 
 
 In-ac'tion, n. [In, not, and Action.] Want of 
 action'; idleness. 
 
 fn-ac'tive, a. Not active; indolent; sluggish. 
 
 fn-ac'tjve-ly, ad. Without labor ; sluggishly. 
 
 In-ac-tiv'i-ty, n. Want of activity ; idleness. 
 
 In-ad'e-qua-oy, n. Insufficiency. 
 
 Jn-ad'e-quate. a. [In, not, and Adequate.] Not 
 adequate; defective; insufficient; incompetent; 
 deficient. 
 
 Xn-ad'e-quate-ly. ad. Not adequately. 
 
 in-ad'e-quate-ness, n. Inadequacy. 
 
 1 n-ad-mis-si-bll'i-ty, n. Want of admissibility. 
 
 £n-ad-mis'si-ble,'«. " [In, not, and Admissible.] 
 Not admissible ; unfit. 
 
 Jn-ad-ver'tence, ) ». Carelessness; negligence; 
 
 Xn-ad-ver'ten-cy, / inattention. 
 
 In-ad-ver'tent. a. [In, not, and Advertent.] 
 Negligent; careless. 
 
 In-ad-ver'tent-ly. ad. Carelessly ; negligently. 
 
 fn-al'ien-a-'ble tfn-al'yen-a-bl), a. [In, not, and 
 Alienable. J Tliat cannot be alienated or trans- 
 ferred to another. 
 
 In-al'ien-a-ble-ness (in-. r tl'yen-a-bl-nes), n. The* 
 state or quality of being inalienable. 
 
 i n-al'ien-a-bly, ad. So as not to be alienated. 
 
 In-al'ter-a-ble', a. [In, not, and Alterable.] 
 Unalterable. 
 
 T.n-am-o-ra'to, n. [It. innanwrato, a lover. — See 
 Enamour.] A lover; one who is in love. 
 
 in-ane', a. [L. man is, empty.] Empty; void. 
 
 In-an'i-mate, a. [L. inanimates. — See Animate.] 
 Void of life or animation ; lifeless; inert; dead: 
 — unanimateil. 
 
 fn-a-ni"tion (In-a-nish'un), v. [Fr.— See Inane.] 
 Emptiness: — exhaustion from lack of food. 
 
 Jn-an'i-ty, v. Emptiness; void space; vanity: — 
 mental vanity; frivolity. 
 
 In-ap-peas/a-ble, a. [In, not, and Appeasable.] 
 Not to be appeased. 
 
 In-ap'pe-tence, \ n. [Fr. inappetence.—See Appe- 
 
 fn-ap'pe-ten-cy, J tence.] Want of appetence; 
 want of appetite or desire. 
 
 fn-ap-pli-ca-bil'i-ty, n. State of being inappli- 
 cable ; unfitness for the purpose. 
 
 fn-ap'pli-ca-ble, a. [In, not, and Applicable.] 
 Not applicable ; unfit. 
 
 In-ap-pli-ca'tion, n. Want of application. 
 
 In-ap'po-slte, a. [In, not, and Apposite.] Not 
 apposite ; unsuitable. 
 
 In-ap-pre'ci-a-ble (in-ap-pr5'she-a-bl), a. [In, 
 not, and Appreciable.] Too small to be appre- 
 ciated or estimated. 
 
 fn-ap-pre-hen'si-ble, o. Not apprehensible. 
 
 In-ap-pre-hen'sive. a. [In, not, and Apprehen- 
 sive.] Not apprehensive. 
 
 fn-ap-pro'pri-ate, a. [In, not, and Appropriate.] 
 Not appropriate; unfit. 
 
 In-apt', a. [In, not, and Apt. — See Inept.] Not 
 apt; inept; unfit; awkward. 
 
 fn-ap'ti-tude, n. Want of aptitude : unfitness. 
 
 Jn-apt'ly, ad. Awkwardly. [unfit for tillage. 
 
 In-ar'a-ble, a. [In, not, and Arable.] Not arable ; 
 
 in-arch'ing, n. [In and Arch.] The act of graft- 
 ing by approach. 
 
 In-ar-tic'ii-late, a. [In, not, and Articulate.] 
 Not uttered' with articulation, as human speech ; 
 not articulate. 
 
 fn-ar-tic'u-late-ly, ad. Not articulately. 
 
 In-ar-tic-u-la'tion, n. Want of articulation. 
 
 in-ar-ti-fi"cial '(in-ar-te-flsh'al), a. [L. inartifi- 
 cialis.'—In, not, and Artificial.] Not artifi- 
 cial; natural; plain; artless. 
 
 In-as-much', ad. Seeing; seeing that; since. 
 
 In-atVten'tion, n. [In, not, aud Attention.] 
 Want of attention ; neglect; heedlessness; care- 
 lessness. 
 
 In-at-ten'tive, a. Heedless ; unobservant. 
 
 In-at-ten'tive-ly, ad. Without attention. 
 
 in-au'di-ble, a. ' [In, not, and Audible.] That 
 cannot be heard. 
 
 In-au'di-bly, ad. So as not to be heard. 
 
 In-au'gii-ral, «. Relating to inauguration. — 2, n. 
 An inaugural address. [U. S.] 
 
 Jn-au'gu»-rate, v. a. [L. inaugurate, mauguratum. 
 — See Augur.] [pp. inaugurating, inaugurated.] 
 To introduce into office with ceremonies ; to con- 
 secrate. 
 
 In-au-gii-ra'tion, n. Act of inaugurating; instal- 
 lation ; investiture by solemn rites. 
 
 in-au'gu-ra-to-ry, a. Inaugural. 
 
 In-au-spi"cious (In-aw-spish'us), a. [In, not. and 
 Auspicious.] Not auspicious ; unfortunate; un- 
 favorable. 
 
 In-au-spJ"cious-ly (ln-aw-spish'us-le), ad. In an 
 inauspicious manner ; with ill omens. 
 
 in-au-spi"cious-ness (In-aw-splsh'us-nes), n. 
 The state or quality of being inauspicious. 
 
 fn'born, a. [In and Born.] Innate: implanted 
 by nature ; natural; inbred; inherent. 
 
 In-'breathe', v. a. [pp. inbreathing, inbreathed.] 
 To infuse by breathing. 
 
 In'bred, a. [In and Bred.] Inborn; innate; in- 
 herent. 
 
 In'ca, a. [Peruvian.] The title of a king or prince 
 of Peru before its conquest by the Spaniards. 
 
 Jn-cal'cu-la-ble, o. [In, not, aud Calculable.] 
 That cannot be calculated. 
 
 fn-cal'cu-la-bly, ad. Beyond calculation. 
 
 fn-can-des'cence, 
 
 A white heat. 
 
 in-can-des'cent, o. [L. incandescere, incandescenlis, 
 to glow; in intensive, and candescere, to grow 
 hot; candere, to glow. — Cf. candidus, white.] 
 Glowing, or white with heat. 
 
 I n-can-ta'tion, n. [L. meant din .- incantare, to 
 enchant [q. v.).] A charm; enchantment; a 
 magical spell. 
 
 In-ca-pa-bll'i-ty, \n. Quality of being incapa- 
 
 In-ca'pa-ble-ness, j He : incapacity. 
 
 fn-ca'pa-ble. a. [In, not, and Capable.] Not ca- 
 pable ;' unable ; unfit : — not qualified ; disquali- 
 fied; incompetent. 
 
 In-ca-pa'cious, a. Not capacious. 
 
 In-ca-pac'i-tate, v. a. [pp. incapacitating, inca- 
 pacitated.] To disable. 
 
 In-ca-pac-i-ta'tion, n. Disqualificati n. 
 
 In-ca-pac'i-ty, n. [Fr. incapacity. — See Capacity.] 
 Want of "capacity ; inability ; incompetency. 
 
 jn-car'cer-ate, v. a. [L. in, in, and carcerare, enr- 
 cerabum, to imprison; career, a prison.] [pp. in- 
 carcerating, incarcerated.] To imprison. 
 
 In-car-cer-a'tion, n. Imprisonment. 
 
 in-car'na-dine, or in-car'nar-dine. v. a. [Fr. in- 
 carnadin, It. mcarnadino, carnation (o. r.).] [pp. 
 incarnadining, incarnadined; incarnardining, 
 incarnardined.] To stain or dye red. — 2, a. 
 Flesh-colored. 
 
 Jn-car'nate, a. Clothed or embodied in flesh. 
 
 In-car-na'tion, n. [L. incarnatio ; incarnate, to 
 clothe with flesh ; caro, carnis, flesh.] The act 
 of assuming body or flesh ; the assumption of a 
 human body. 
 
 Jn-case', r. a. [See Case.] [pp. incasing, in- 
 cased.] To cover; to enclose ; to enwrap. 
 
 mien, sir ; mSve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q, Q, c, £•, soft; p, ja, p, £, hard; § as z ; 5 as gz ; this. 
 
INCAUTIOUS 
 
 304 
 
 INCOMPATIBLE 
 
 fn-cstu'tious (In-kaw'shus), a. [In, not, and Cau- 
 tious.] Not cautious ; careless; unwary; heed- 
 less ; improvident. 
 
 In-c&u'tious-ly, ad. Unwarily; imprudently. 
 
 In-ce-leb'r'i-ty, n. [In, not," and Celebrity.] 
 Want of renown. 
 
 Jn-cen'di-a-rism, n. The act of an incendiary ; 
 the act or practice of maliciously setting build- 
 ings or other property on fire. 
 
 Jn-cen'di-a-ry, n. [L. incendium, a burning. — See 
 Incense.] One who maliciously sets houses, 
 other buildings, &c, on fire : — a fomenter of 
 strife. — 2, a. Relating to the malicious burning 
 of buildings : — inflammatory. 
 
 In'cense, n. [L. incendere, to burn; incensum, 
 burnt ; incense. — Cf. candere, to glow.] Perfume 
 exhaled by burning gums or spices : — a mixture 
 to be burned for its perfume. — 2, v. a. [pp. in- 
 censing, incensed.] To perfume with incense. 
 
 Jn-cense', v. a. [pp. incensing, incensed.] To 
 enrage ; to provoke; to inflame. 
 
 In-cen'tive, n. [L. incentivus ; from incinere, in- 
 centum, to sound an instrument ; in, into, and 
 canere, to sing.] An incitement; a motive; a 
 stimulus. — 2, a. Inciting; encouraging. 
 
 Jn-cep'tion, n. A beginning ; commencement. 
 
 jn-cep'tive, a. [L. incipere, inceptum, to begin; 
 in, upon, and capere, to seize.] Beginning ; 
 noting beginning. 
 
 in-cer'ti-tude, n. [In, not, and Certitude.] Un- 
 certainty ; hesitation. 
 
 In-ces'sant, a. [L. in, not, and cessans, cessantis, 
 ceasing; cessare, to cease.] Unceasing; continual. 
 
 fn-ces'sant-ly, ad. Without intermission. 
 
 In'cest, n. [L. incestus, unchaste; in, not, and 
 caslus, pure.] Carnal knowledge between per- 
 sons related within degrees prohibited. 
 
 Jn-cest'u-ous, a. Guilty of incest. 
 
 Inch, n. [A.-S. ynce, L. uncia, an inch, an ounce 
 (q. v.).] A measure; the twelfth part of a foot. 
 
 Sn'pho-ate, a. [L. inchoare, inchoatum, or incohare, 
 inco'ha'tum, to begin.] Recently begun ; entered 
 upon : — incomplete ; unfinished. 
 
 in'pho-ate-ly, ad. In an incipient degree. 
 
 In-pho-a/tion, n. Inception ; beginning. 
 
 jn-pho'a-tive [Ing'ko-a-tiv, St. Sm. B.], a. Incep- 
 tive; expressing. a commencement. 
 
 In'ci-dence, n. The direction with which one 
 body strikes or falls upon another : — an accident. 
 
 In'ci-dent, a. [L. incidere, incidentis, to fall upon ; 
 in, upon, and cadere, to fall.] Casual ; fortui- 
 tous ; occasional. —2, n. Something happening 
 beside the main design ; casual event ; occurrence. 
 
 In-ci-dent'al, a. Not intended; happening by 
 chance; accidental; circumstantial ; casual. 
 
 in-ci-dent'al-ly, ad. In an incidental manner. 
 
 in-ci-dent'al§, n. pi. Casual expenses. 
 
 Jn-cin'er-ate, v. a. [Late L. incinerare ; L. in, 
 into, and cinis, cineris, ashes.] [pp. incinerating, 
 incinerated.] To burn to ashes. 
 
 In-cin-er-a'tion, n. The act of burning to ashes. 
 
 in-cip'i'-ence, ' \n. A beginning; commence- 
 
 jn-cip'i-en-cy, J ment; inception. 
 
 jn-cip'i-ent, a. [L. incipere, incipientis, to begin ; 
 in, and capere, to take.] Beginning; com- 
 mencing. 
 
 Jn-cise', v. a. [L. incidere, incisum; in, into, and 
 csedere, to cut.] [pp. incising, incised.] To cut; 
 to carve ; to engrave. 
 
 Jn-ci"§ion (in-slzh'un), n. A cut; a gash. 
 
 Jn-ci'sive, a. Having the quality of cutting: — 
 acute'; keen; terse: — biting; sarcastic. 
 
 Jn-ci'sor, n. [L. for "a cutter."'] A cutter; a 
 fore-tooth that cuts and divides the food. 
 
 In-ci'so-ry, a. Having the quality of cutting. 
 
 in-ci'tant, n. That which incites ; a stimulant. 
 
 in-ci-ta'tion, «. Incitement; impulse. 
 
 Jn-cite', v. a. [L. incitare ; citare, to arouse. — See 
 Cite.] [pp. inciting, incited.] To stir up; to 
 animate; to urge on. 
 
 Jn-cite'ment, n. A motive ; incentive. 
 
 In-ci-vil'i-ty, n. [In, not, and Civility.] Want 
 of courtesy or civility ; discourtesy; rudeness: — 
 an uncivil act. 
 
 In-clem'en-cy, n. Rigor; severity; roughness. 
 
 in-clem'ent, a. [In, not, and Clement.] Severe ; 
 rough; "stormy. 
 
 In-clln'a-ble, a. Willing; somewhat disposed. 
 
 In-cli-na'tion, n. State of being inclined; ten- 
 dency to a point ; a leaning: — affection; regard; 
 disposition of mind ; predilection : — the dip of 
 the magnetic needle. 
 
 In-cllne', v. n. [L. inclinare, to lean (q. v.).] [pp. 
 inclining, inclined.] To lean ; to be disposed. — 
 2, v. a. To turn toward; to bend. — 3, n. A 
 regular descent or ascent. 
 
 In-cllned' (in-kllnd'), p. a. Having a slope or an 
 inclination. — Inclined plane, a plane forming an 
 angle with the plane of the horizon less than a 
 right angle. 
 
 in-close', v. a. [pp. inclosing, inclosed.] To sur- 
 round ; to shut in ; to enclose. See Enclose. 
 
 In-clos/ure (in-klo'zhur), n. The act of inclosing ; 
 state of being inclosed : — space inclosed : — a fence. 
 
 Jn-clude', v. a. [L. includere, inclusum ; in, within, 
 and claudere, to close (q. v.).] [pp. including, 
 included.] To enclose ; to shut in ; to embrace ; 
 to comprehend ; to comprise. 
 
 In-clu'§ion (in-klu'zhuu), n. The act of including. 
 
 in-clu'sive, a. Enclosing; comprehended. 
 
 in-clu's|ve-ly., ad. So as to include. 
 
 In-cog', a. & ad. [Abbreviated from incognito.] In 
 a state of concealment ; unknown. 
 
 In-cog'ni-to, ad. [It. ; L. incognilus, unknown. — 
 See Cognition.] In a state of concealment. — 
 2, a. Unknown ; concealed. — 3, n. A disguise ; a 
 person disguised : — name assumed for a disguise. 
 
 in-co-he'rence, )w. [See Coherent.] Want of 
 
 In-co-he'ren-cx, J coherence ; incongruity. 
 
 In-co-he'rent, a. Not coherent ; inconsequential ; 
 inconsistent ; incongruous. 
 
 In-co-he'rent-ly c-d. In an incoherent manner. 
 
 fn-com-bus-ti-bil'i-tx, \ n. Quality of being in- 
 
 In-com-bus'ti-ble-ness, J combustible. 
 
 In-com-bus'ti-ble, a. [In, not, and Combustible.] 
 That cannot be consumed by fire; not combustible. 
 
 In'come (In'kum), n. [In and Come.] That gain 
 which proceeds from labor, business, or prop- 
 erty ; revenue ; profit ; produce. 
 
 in'com-ing, n. Revenue ; income. — 2, a. Coming 
 in or on ; ensuing ; accruing. 
 
 In-com-mens-u-ra-bil'i-ty, u. The state of having 
 nocommon measure. * 
 
 In-com-mens'u-ra-ble, a. [L. incommensurabilis. 
 — See Commensurate.] Having no common 
 measure. 
 
 In-com-mode', v. a. [L. incommodare ; incommo- 
 dus, inconvenient. — See Commodious.] [pp. in- 
 commoding, incommoded.] To be inconvenient 
 to ; to trouble ; to molest ; to discommode. 
 
 in-com-mo'di-ous, a. Inconvenient; trouble- 
 some ; annoying ; vexatious ; giving trouble. 
 
 in-com-mo'di-ous-ness, n. Inconvenience. 
 
 in-com-mu-ni-ca-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being in- 
 communicable ; incapability of being imparted. 
 
 In-com-mu'ni-ca-ble, a. [In, not. and Communi- 
 cable.] That cannot be communicated; not 
 communicable. [parted. 
 
 In-com-mu'ni-ca-bly, ad. So as uot to be im- 
 
 In-com-mu'ni-ca-txve, a- Unsocial ; taciturn. 
 
 In-c6m-mu-ta-bil'i-tx, n. Quality of not being 
 exchangeable. [Not exchangeable. 
 
 In-com-mu'ta-ble, a. [In, not, and Commutable.] 
 
 in-com'pa-ra-ble, a. [Fr. incomparable. — See 
 Comparable.] Not to be compared; excellent 
 beyond comparison ; matchless. 
 
 in-com'pa-ra-ble-ness, n. Great excellence. 
 
 In-com'pa-ra-bly, ad. Beyond comparison. 
 
 Jn-com-pat-i'-bil'i-tx, n. Inconsistency. 
 
 In-com-pat'i-ble, a. [In, not, and Compatible.] 
 Not compatible ; inconsistent with something else; 
 incongruous. 
 
 a, e, i, 5, u, y, long; a, e, i, 5, Q, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Pare, far, fast, fail; heir, her; 
 
INCOMPATIBLY 
 
 305 
 
 INCREDULITY 
 
 In-com-pat'i-bly, ad. Inconsistently. 
 
 In-com'pe-te'nce, 1 n. Want of competence ; in- 
 
 i n-com'pe-ten-cy, J sufficiency. 
 
 In-com'pe-tent, a. [In, not, and Competent.] Not 
 competent ; inadequate ; insufficient : — legally 
 unable. [complete; defective. 
 
 In-com-plete', a. [In, not, ami Complete.] Not 
 
 in-com-plete'ness, n. Want of completeness. 
 
 in-com-ple'tion, n. An unfinished state. 
 
 In-com-pli'ance, n. Indisposition to comply; 
 failure to comply. 
 
 fn-com-pli'ant, a. [In, not, and Compliant.] 
 Unyielding ; not disposed to comply. 
 
 In-com-pre-hen-si-bil'i-ty, n. The quality of 
 being incomprehensible ; inconceivableness. 
 
 In-com-pre-hen'si-ble, a. [In, not, and Compre- 
 hensible.] That cannot be comprehended ; in- 
 conceivable. 
 
 in-com-pre-hen'si-ble-ness, n. Inconceivable- 
 ness; incomprehensibility. 
 
 In-com-pre-hen'si-bly, ad. Inconceivably. 
 
 In-com-pres-si-bil'i-ty, n. [See Compress.] Qual- 
 ity of resisting compression. 
 
 I n-com-pres'si-ble, a. Not to be compressed. 
 
 In-com-put'a-ble, a. [In, not, and Computable.] 
 Incapable of being computed. 
 
 In-con-ceiv'a-ble, a. [In, not, and Conceivable.] 
 Not to be conceived. [conceivable. 
 
 In-con-ceiv'a-ble-ness, n. Quality of being in- 
 
 In-con-ceiv'a-bly, ad. Beyond conception. 
 
 in-con-clu'sive, a. [In, not, and Conclusive.] 
 Not conclusive ; insufficient. 
 
 In-con-clu'sive-ly, ad. Not conclusively. 
 
 In-con-clu'sive-ness, n. Quality of being incon- 
 clusive ; want of decisiveness. 
 
 lu-con-den'sa-ble, a. [In, not, and Condensa- 
 ble.] Not condensable. 
 
 In'con-dite, or Jn-con'dite, a. [L. inconditus, 
 rude ; in, not, and condere, to put together, to 
 finish; con, together, and dare, to give. J Irregu- 
 lar ; rude ; unpolished ; crude. 
 
 In-con'gru-ence, n. Incongruity. 
 
 fn-con'gru-ent, a. Unsuitable ; incongruous. 
 
 fn-con-gru'i-ty, n. Want of congruity ; unsuit- 
 ableness; inconsistency: — that which is incon- 
 gruous. 
 
 In-con'gru-ous (In-kong'gru-us), a. [L. incon- 
 gruus. — See Congruous.] Unsuitable; not fit- 
 ting ; inconsistent ; improper. 
 
 T.n-con'gru-ous-ness, n. Incongruity. [ity. 
 
 tn-con'se-quence, n. Inconclusiveness; illogical- 
 
 In-con'se-quent, a. [L. vfieon&equem. — See Conse- 
 quent.] Not consequent; not following from 
 the premises. 
 
 in-con-se-quen'tial (-shal), a. Not important; of 
 no consequence : — inconsequent. 
 
 in-con-sid'er-a-ble, a. [In, not, and Considera- 
 ble.] Not considerable ; unimportant; trifling. 
 
 fn-con-sid'er-ate, a. [In, not, and Considerate.] 
 Careless ; thoughtless ; heedless ; inattentive ; in- 
 discreet; rash. 
 
 In-con-sid'er-ate-ly, ad. Thoughtlessly. 
 
 in-con-sid-er-a'tion, ». Want of thought. 
 
 In-con-slst'ence, or in-con-sist'en-cy, n. Want 
 of consistence; want of consistency; contrari- 
 ety; incongruity; self-contradiction. 
 
 Jn-con-sist'ent, a. [In, not, and Consistent.] 
 Not consistent; incompatible; incongruous; self- 
 contradictory. 
 
 In-con-sist'ent-ly, ad. In an inconsistent man- 
 ner ; absurdly ; incongruously. 
 
 Xn-con-sol'a-ble, a. [L. inconsolabilis.—See Con- 
 solable.J Not to be comforted. 
 
 Xn-con-sol'a-bly, ad. Disconsolately. 
 
 In-cpn-spier u-ous, a. [In, not, and Conspicuous.] 
 Not conspicuous. 
 
 Jn-con'stan-cy, n. Unsteadiness; mutability ; fic- 
 kleness; instability. 
 
 In-con'stant. a. [In, not, and Constant.] Not 
 constant; fickle; mutable; not firm ; changeable. 
 
 i n-con'stant-ly, ad. Unsteadily ; changeably. 
 
 fn-con-tes'ta-ble, a. [In, not, and Contestable.] 
 Not contestable ; not to be disputed ; indisputa- 
 ble ; certain ; undeniable. 
 
 In-con-'tes'ta-bly, ad. Indisputably. 
 
 in-con' ti-nence, 1m. Want of continence or re- 
 
 in-con'ti-nen-cy, J straint ; unchastity. 
 
 in-con'ti-nent, «. [L. incontinent. — See Conti- 
 nent.] Not continent; lewd; licentious; un- 
 chaste. — 2, ad. Immediately. 
 
 In-con' ti-nent-ly, ad. Licentiously ; lewdly :— 
 immediately ; suddenly. 
 
 In-con-tro-vert'i-ble, a. [In, not, and Contro- 
 vertible.] Not controvertible; unquestion- 
 able; indisputable. 
 
 In-con-tro-vert'i-bly^ ad. Indisputably. 
 
 in-con-ven'ience, or in-con-ve'ni-ence, n. Want 
 of convenience ; unfitness; disadvantage; diffi- 
 culty. — 2, v. a. [pp. inconveniencing, inconve- 
 nienced.] To trouble ; to vex. 
 
 In-con-ven'ient, or In-con-ve'ni-ent, a. [L. in- 
 conveniem.—See Convenient.] 'Not convenient; 
 incommodious ; unfit : — inexpedient. 
 
 In-con-ven'ient-ly, ad. Incommodiously. 
 
 In-con-vert-i'-bil'i-ty, )n. Incapacity for change 
 
 In-con-ve'rt'i-ble-ness, ) or for interchange. 
 
 In-con-vert'i-ble, a. [L. irtconvertibilis. — See Con- 
 vert.] Incapable of change or of interchange. 
 
 Jn-cbVpo-rate, v. a. [L. incorporare, incoipora- 
 tum; corpus, corporis, a body 7] [pp. incorpo- 
 rating, incorporated.] To form into a body or 
 corporation; to establish with certain rights: — 
 to unite ; to associate ; to embody : — to mingle 
 into one mass. — 2, v. n. To blend. 
 
 In-cbr'po-rate, a. Associated ; incorporated : — 
 not corporate ; not corporated. 
 
 jn-cbr-po-ra'tion, n. The act of incorporating : — 
 formation of a body : — association. 
 
 In-cbr'po-ra-tive, a. Tending to, or marked by, 
 incorporation ; blending into one. 
 
 In-cor-po're-al, a. [L. incorporeus. — See Corpo- 
 real. J Not corporeal ; immaterial. 
 
 In-cb'r-po-re'i-ty, b. Immateriality. 
 
 In-cor-rect', a. [L. incorrectus. — See Correct.] 
 Not correct ; inaccurate. 
 
 In-cor-rect'ly, ad. Not correctly ; wrong. 
 
 In-cor-rect'ness, n. Inaccuracy ; error. 
 
 In-cor-ri-ii-bil'i-ty, \ n. The quality of being 
 
 In-cor'rj-gi-ble-ness, j incorrigible. 
 
 In-cor'ri-gi-ble, a. [L. incorrigibilis. — See COR- 
 RECT.]' That cannot be corrected ; incapable of 
 amendment; hopeless. 
 
 In-cor'ri-gi-bly, ad. Beyond amendment. 
 
 in-cor-rb'di-ble, «. [See Corrode.] Not liable to 
 become corroded. 
 
 In-cor-rfipt', a. [L. incorruptus. — See Corrupt.] 
 Not corrupt ; uncorrupt. 
 
 In-cor-rupt-i-bil'i-ty, \n. The quality of being 
 
 In-cor-rupt' j-ble-ness, J incorruptible. 
 
 in-cor-rupt'i-ble, a. [L. incorruptibUis. — See Cor- 
 rupt.] Incapable of corruption ; inflexibly up- 
 right, [corruptibility. 
 
 In-cor-rup'tion, n. Incapacity of corruption ; in- 
 
 In-cras'sate, v. a. & v. n. [L. incrassare, incras- 
 siitmv. — See Crass.] [pp. incrassating, incras- 
 sated.] To thicken. 
 
 Jn-creas'a-ble. a. That may be increased. 
 
 In-crease* (in-kres'), v. n. [L. increscere; in, to, 
 in, and crescere, to grow.] [pp. increasing, in- 
 creased.] To become greater in bulk or quan- 
 tity ; to grow; to advance. — 2, v. a. To make 
 more or greater. 
 
 In' crease, or jn-crease', n. The act of growing 
 more ; addition ; accession ; growth. 
 
 In-creas'ing-ly, ad. More and more. 
 
 in'cre-ate, a. [See Create.] Not created. 
 
 In-cred-i-bil'i-ty, ) n. Quality of being incredi- 
 
 In-cred'i-ble-ness. j ble. 
 
 In-cred'i-ble, a. [L. incredibUis. — See Credible.] 
 Surpassing belief. 
 
 iH-cred'i-bly, ad. In an incred ; ble manner. 
 
 In-cre-du'li-ty, n. Indisposition to believe. 
 
 mien, sir ; mSve, nor, s8n ; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5 9, c, g, soft; p, js, p, |, Imrd; § as z ; x as gz ; this, 
 U 26* 
 
XNCEEDULOUS 
 
 306 
 
 INDESTEUCTIBLE 
 
 
 In-cred'u-lous (in-kred'yu-liis), a. [L. wcredulus. 
 —See Credulous.] Not credulous; sceptical. 
 
 In'cre-mate, v. a. [L. in, intensive, and cremare, 
 to burn.— See Cremate.] [pp. incremating, in- 
 cremated.] To consume by burning, as a dead 
 body; to cremate; to incinerate. 
 
 Jn-cre-ma'tion, n. The act or process of incre- 
 mating; the consuming of a dead body by fire. 
 
 In'cre-ment, n. [L. incrementum. — See Increase.] 
 Increase ; matter added. 
 
 fn-crim'i-nate, v. a. [See Criminate.] [pp. in- 
 criminating, incriminated.] To accuse. 
 
 Jn-crust', v. a. [L. incrusture. — See Crust.] [pp. 
 incrusting, incrusted.] To cover with a crust. 
 
 in-crus-ta'tion, n. The act of incrusting; crust. 
 
 in'cu-bate, v. n. [L. incubare, incubatum ; in, 
 upon, and cubare, to lie down.] [pp. incubating, 
 incubated.] To sit upon eggs ; to hatch. 
 
 In-cu-ba'tion, n. The act of sitting upon eggs : — 
 the period of development from the germ. 
 
 fn'cu-ba-tor, n. A machine for hatching eggs. 
 
 Sn'cu-bus, n. ; L. pi. in'cu-bi ; Eng. in'cu-bus-e§. 
 [L. incubus, a nightmare : in, upon, and cubare, 
 to lie down.] The nightmare. 
 
 Jn-cul'cate, v. a. [L. inculcare, inculcatum; in, 
 upon, and calcare, to tread; calx, the heel.] [pp. 
 inculcating, inculcated.] To impress on the 
 mind; to enforce; to implant; to infuse. 
 
 In-cul-ca/tion, n. The act of inculcating. 
 
 In-cul'pa-bfe, a. [L. incidpabilis. — See Culpable.] 
 •Not culpable ; unblamable. 
 
 Jn-nul'pate, v. a. [L. in, upon, and culpa, blame.] 
 *([■#)$• inculpating, inculpated.] To censure. 
 
 In-cul-pa'tion, n. Blame; imputation; censure. 
 
 Jn-cul'pa-to'-ry, a. Imputing blame. 
 
 In-cum'ben-cy, n. The holding of an office. 
 
 jn-cum'bent, a. [L. incurnbentis, participle of in- 
 cumbere, to lie upon. — Cf. incubare, to lie on ; 
 cubare, to lie down.] Lying upon : — obligatory. 
 — 2, n. One who possesses an office. 
 
 In-cum'ber, v. a. [pp. incumbering, incumbered.] 
 See Encumber. 
 
 in-cum'brance, n. See Encumbrance. 
 
 In-cu-nab'u-la, n. pi. [L. for "swathing-bands," 
 "cradle," "birthplace," "infancy;" cunse, a 
 cradle.] Books printed before 1-00 a.d. 
 
 In-ciir', v. a. [L. incur r ere, to run into; in, into, 
 and currere, to run.] [pp. incurring, incurred.] 
 To become liable to ; to bring on. 
 
 fn-cu-ra-bil'i-ty, \n. Impossibility of remedy 
 
 f n-cu'ra-ble-ness, j or cure. 
 
 In-eu'ra-ble, a. [L. wcurabilis. — See Cure.] That 
 cannot be cured. — 2, n. An incurable patient. 
 
 In-cu'ra-bly, ad. Without remedy. 
 
 In-cu-ri-os'i-ty, n. [L. incuria and incuriosiias. — 
 See Curiosity.] Want of curiosity. 
 
 Xn-cu'ri-ous, a. [L. incuriosus. — See Curious.] 
 Not curious ; inattentive. 
 
 f n-cu'ri-otis-ly, ad. Without curiosity. 
 
 Jn-ciir'sion (-shun), n. [L. incursio; in, into, 
 upon, and currere, cursurn, to run.] A hostile 
 entrance; an attack; an invasion; an inroad; 
 ravage. 
 
 In-clir'sive, a. Making incursion; aggressive. 
 
 In-ciir'vate, a. [L. incurvare, incurvatum, to bend. 
 — See Curve.] Bent inward ; incurved. 
 
 In-cur-va'tion, n. [L. incurvatio. — See Curve.] 
 The act of bending ; curvity. 
 
 In-cuVvi-ty, n. A bending inward. 
 
 jn-debt'ed (in-det'ed), p. a. [See Debt.] Being 
 in debt. — Indebted to creditors ; obliged to friends. 
 
 Jn-debt'ed-ness (in-det'ed-nes), n. State of being 
 indebted ; debt. 
 
 in-de'cen-cy, n. Want of decency; indecorum; 
 immodesty; indelicacy; impurity. 
 
 in-de'cent, a. [L. indecens.— See Decent.] Not 
 decent; unbecoming; indelicate; immodest. 
 
 Jn-de'cent-ly, ad. Without decency. 
 
 fn-de-cl'pher-a-ble,a. [See Decipher.] That can- 
 not be deciphered or interpreted. 
 
 In-de-ci"§ion (in-de-sizh'un), n. [In, not, and 
 
 Decision.] Want of decision ; inconclusiveness ; 
 irresolution. 
 
 In-de-ci'sive, a. Not decisive ; inconclusive. 
 
 in-de-clin'a-ble, a. [L. indeclinubilis. — See De- 
 clinable."] Not declinable. 
 
 in-de-co'rous, or In-dec'o-rous, a. [L. indecorus 
 or indecor. — See Decorum.] Not decorous ; iu- 
 decent; unbecoming. 
 
 In-de-co'rous-ly, or In-dec'o-rous-ly, ad. In an 
 unbecoming manner; without decorum. 
 
 In-de-co'rum, n. [See Decorum.] Indecency; 
 indelicacy ; impropriety ; a breach of decorum. 
 
 In-deed', ad. [In and* Deed.] In reality; in 
 truth ; in verity. 
 
 fn-de-fat'i-ga-ble, a. [L. indefatigabilis ; defatir 
 gore, to tire out ; de, down, and fatigare, to fa- 
 tigue (g. v.).] Untiring; not yielding' to fatigue. 
 
 In-de-fat'i-ga-bly, ad. With untiring persever- 
 ance. 
 
 In-de-fea'§i-ble (In-de-fe'ze-bl), a. [In, not, and 
 Defeasible.] Incapable of being defeated or 
 made void. 
 
 In-de-fec-ti-bil'i-ty, n. Exemption from decay. 
 
 ln-de-fec'ti-ble,'a. ' [In, not, and Defect.] Not 
 liable to decay. 
 
 in-de-fen'si-ble, a. [In, not, and Defensible.] 
 That cannot be defended or justified; censu- 
 rable; faultv. 
 
 in-de-fin'a-bie, a. [In, not, and Definable.] 
 That cannot be defined. 
 
 In-def i-nite, a. [L. indefinitus.—See Definite.] 
 Having no limitation ; not definite ; not settled ; 
 indeterminate; not precise. 
 
 in-def i-nite-ly, ad. Without settled limit. 
 
 In-defi-nite-ness, n. Quality of being indefinite. 
 
 fn-de-his'cent, a. [In, not, and Dehiscent.] 
 (Bot.) Not opening when ripe. 
 
 In-del-i-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being indelible. 
 
 In-del'i-ble,'a. [L. indelebilis.—See Delete.] That 
 cannot be blotted out, effaced, or annulled. 
 
 I n-del'i-bly, ad. So as not to be effaced. 
 
 In-deTj-ca-'cy, n. Want of delicacy ; indecency; 
 indecorum ; grossness ; coarseness. 
 
 in-del'i-cate, a. [In, not, and Delicate.] Want- 
 ing delicacy ; coarse; indecent. 
 
 In-del'i-cate-ly, ad. Indecently ; offensively. 
 
 Jn-dem-ni-fi-ca'tion, n. The act of indemnifying : 
 — that which indemnifies; reimbursement. 
 
 Jn-dem'ni-fy, v. a. [L. indemnis, unharmed, and 
 facere, to make; in, not, and damnum, loss.] 
 '[pp. indemnifying, indemnified.] To exempt 
 from loss :— to remunerate. 
 
 |n-dem'ni-ty, n. [L. indemnitees; Fr. indemnite. — 
 See Indemnify.] Exemption from loss or in- 
 jury : — compensation for loss ; remuneration. 
 
 In-dent', v. a. [Late L. indenture, to notch : L. 
 dews, dentis, a tooth.] [pp. indenting, indented.] 
 To notch : — to bind by contract. — 2, n. An in- 
 cision ; indentation ; a notch. 
 
 In-den-ta'tion, n. The act of indenting : — a notch. 
 
 In-dlnt'ed, p. a. Cut with teeth like a saw : — 
 having dents : — bound by indenture. 
 
 In-dent' ure (in-dent'yur), n. [Late L. indentura, 
 a notch, a notching ; deeds and legal instru- 
 ments were made in duplicate with notched 
 edges, which had to tally in order to prove their 
 genuineness.] A covenant; a writing contain- 
 ing a contract: — indentation. — 2, v. a. [pp. in- 
 denturing, indentured.] To bind by indentures. 
 
 Sn-de-pen'dence, n. State or quality of being in- 
 dependent'; freedom; exemption from control. 
 
 fn-de-pen'dent, a. [In, not, and Dependent.] 
 Not dependent; free; self-reliant; bold. — 2, n. 
 A Congregationalism 
 
 in-de-pen'dent-ly, ad. Without dependence. 
 
 In-de-scrib'a-ble, a. [In, not, and Desckibable.] 
 That cannot be described. 
 
 In-de-struc-ti-bll'i-ty, n. Quality of not being 
 liable to destruction. 
 
 In-de-struc'ti-ble, a. [In, not, and Destructi- 
 ble.] That cannot be destroyed. 
 
 a, e, l, o, u 
 
 y, long ; a, e, i, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fSst, fill; heir, her; 
 
INDETEKaTINABLE 
 
 307 
 
 INDOCTRINATE 
 
 in-de-ter'mi-na-ble, a. [In, not, and Determi- 
 nable.] That cannot be determined or fixed. 
 
 In-de-ter'mi-nate, «. [L. indeterminatus. — See 
 Determine.] ' Not defined; uncertain. 
 
 In-de-ter'mi-nate-ness, n. Indefiniteness. 
 
 fn-de-ter-mi-na'tion, it. Want of determination. 
 
 In-de-vo'tion, n. Want of devotion ; ii religion. 
 
 Sn-de-vbut', a. Not devout; uudevout. 
 
 In'dex, b. ; pi. In'dex-e§ or In'di-ces. [L. index, 
 a pointer. — See Indicate.] A directing point or 
 pointer; a hand that points to any thing :— an 
 alphabetical table of contents to a book. — [Math.) 
 The exponent of a power. — 2. v. a. [pp. index- 
 ing, indexed.] To furnish with an index. 
 
 fn-dex-ter'i-ty, n. [In, not, and Dexterity.] 
 Want of dexterity; awkwardness. 
 
 Ind'ian (ind'yan), a. [See Hindoo.] Relating to 
 India or the Indians. — 2, n. A native of India : 
 —an aboriginal inhabitant of America. 
 
 fnd'ian-Ink' (Ind'yan-Ingk'), n. A kind of ink 
 used for lines and shadows in drawing. 
 
 Jn'dia-pa'per, n. A fine absorbent paper made 
 in India and China. [paper. 
 
 Sn'dia-proof, n. An engraving printed on India- 
 
 fn'dia-riib'ber, n. Caoutchouc; gum-elastic. 
 
 In'di-cate, v. a. [L. indicate, indicatum; in, to- 
 ward, and dicare, to make known.] [pp. indi- 
 cating, indicated.] To show; to point out. 
 
 Xn-di-ca'tion, n. Mark: sign; symptom. 
 
 Jn-dic'a-tive, o. [L. indieaticus.— See Indicate.] 
 Showing; pointing out. — (Gram.) Noting the 
 mood of a verb which affirms. 
 
 Jn-dlc'a-tive-ly., ad. So as to show. 
 
 in'di-ca-tor, n. He who or that which shows : — 
 an instrument for determining the power ex- 
 erted by a steam-engine. 
 
 Jn-dict' (in-dlt'), v. a. [L. indictare, to accuse; 
 frequentative of indicere, indicium, to publish, to 
 announce; in, upon, and dicere, to say.] [pp. 
 indicting, indicted.] To accuse or charge with 
 a crime or misdemeanor; to impeach. 
 
 Jn-dict'a-ble (jn-dit'a-bl), a. That is liable to be 
 indicted : — that may bring on an indictment. 
 
 Jn-dic'tion, n. [L. indictio. — See Indict.] A dec- 
 laration.— (Citron.) A cycle of fifteen years. 
 
 In-dict'ment (in-dlt'nient), «. (Law.) The act of 
 indicting; a bill for a penal offence, presented to 
 a court by a grand jury. 
 
 Jn-dif'fer-ence, u. [L. indijferentia. — See Differ- 
 ence.] ^tate or quality of being indifferent; 
 neutrality ; insensibility ; apathy. 
 
 Jn-dlf'fer-ent, a. [L. indijjt'erens.— See Different.] 
 Neutral ;' unconcerned; inattentive; impartial: 
 — passable; mediocre. [ably; passably. 
 
 In-dif'fer-ent-ly. ad. With indifference; toler- 
 
 in'di-i-e'nce, n. Want; penury; poverty. 
 
 Jn-dig'e-nofis, o. [L. indigenus: L. in, 0. L. indu 
 (cf. Gi". ei/, evSov), and root of gignere, to beget. 
 — See Genus.] Native; not exotic or foreign. 
 
 fn'di-gent. a. [L. indigere, to need; egere, to 
 want.] Poor; needy; necessitous. 
 
 in-di-£est'i-ble, a. Not digestible. 
 
 In-di-fest'ion (in-de-jest'yun), n. [In, not, and 
 Digestion.'] Want of digestion or digestive 
 power; dyspepsia. 
 
 Jn-dig'nant, a. [See Indignation.] Having in- 
 dignation; affected by resentment; angry. 
 
 In-dig'nant-ly, ad. With indignation. 
 
 in-dig-na'tion, «. [L. indignaUo; indignari, indig- 
 natus, to be displeased at, to consider unworthy ; 
 indignus, unworthy: digitus, worthy.]' Anger 
 mixed with disgust; the anger of a superior; 
 j nst resentment; rage. 
 Jn-dig'ni-ty, n. [L. indignitas, unworthiness, in- 
 dignation (q. <;.).] Contemptuous injury ; insult. 
 Jn'di-go, n. [Fr. indigo; Sp. indico, L. indicuut, 
 Gr. ivSiKov, literally, Indian ; the name India 
 (Per. Hind is from the river Indus ; Skr. sindku, 
 a river.] A plant: — a pigment obtained from 
 ti.e plant, us d in dyeing blue, 
 in-di-rect', a. [Late L. indirectus— See Direct.] 
 
 Not direct ; oblique ; circuitous ; not straight : 
 — wrong ; improper. 
 
 In-di-rec'tion, n. Oblique course or means. 
 
 in-di-rect'lx, ad. Not directly :— not rightly. 
 
 In-di-rect'ness, n. Obliquity; unfairness. 
 
 In-dis-cern'j-ble (in-djz-zern'e-bl), a. [In, not, 
 and Discernible.] ~Sot discernible ; uudiscern- 
 ible ; not discoverable. 
 
 In-dis-creet', a. [L. indiscretus, indiscriminate, — 
 also, undiscerning. — See Discrekt.] Not dis- 
 creet; wanting discretion ; injudicious. 
 
 fn-dis'-creet'ly, ad. Without discretion. 
 
 In-dis-cre"tion (in-dis-kresk'un), n. Want of 
 discretion ; imprudence : — an indiscreet act. 
 
 In-dis-crim'i-nate, a. [In, not, and Discrimi- 
 nate.] Without discrimination; promiscuous; 
 not making discrimination. 
 
 In-dis-crim'i-n^te-lj;, ad. Without distinction. 
 
 In-dis-crim-i-na'tion, n. Want of discrimination; 
 indistinctness. 
 
 In-dis-pen-sa-bll'i-tx, n. Absolute necessity. 
 
 In-dis-pen'sa-ble, a. [In, not, and Dispensable.] 
 That cannot be dispensed with ; necessary ; es- 
 sential ; requisite. 
 
 fn-dis-pen'sa-ble-ness, n. Necessity. 
 
 In-dis-pen'sa-bly, ad. Necessarily. 
 
 fn-dis-pose\ v. a. [Fr. mdispoaer, to make unwill- 
 ing, to unfit, to make unwell. — See Disposr 
 [pp. indisposing, indisposed.] To make unl 
 to disincline. 
 
 fn-dis-posed' (in-dis-pozd'), p. a. Not dispc 
 disinclined :— disordered in health ; ill. 
 
 ln-dis-po-§i"tion (in-dis-po-zish'un), n. SI 
 disorder of health ; illness : — disinclination. 
 
 In-dis'pu-ta-ble, a. [In, not, and Disputable.] 
 That cannot be disputed; incontrovertible; in- 
 contestable; indubitable ; clear; certain. 
 
 in-dis'pii-ta-ble-ness, /*. Certainty. 
 
 In-dis'pu-ta-bly., ad. Without controversy. 
 
 In-dis-so-lu-bil'i-ty., »• Tue quality of being 
 soluble ; stability. 
 
 In-dis'so-lu-ble, a. [L. indissohtbUia.—See Dis- 
 solve "and Soluble.] That cannot be dissolved 
 or destroyed; firm; stable; binding. 
 
 In-dis'so-lu-bly, ad. Stably ; permanently. 
 
 In-dis-s51v'a-ble, a. Not to be dissolved. 
 
 In-dis-tinct'", a. [L. hidistinctus. — See Distinct.] 
 Not distinct; not plainly marked or represented ; 
 obscure; confused. 
 
 Jn-dis-tinc'tion, u. Confusion ; uncertainty. 
 
 In-dis-tinct'ly;, ad. Confusedly; obscurely. 
 
 in-dis-tinct'ness, n. Want of distinctness ; con- 
 fusion ; uncertainty; obscurity. 
 
 fn-dis-tln'guish-a-ble, a. Undistinguishable. 
 
 Jn-dlte', v. a. [0. Fr. enditer, endicter. — See In- 
 dict.] [pp. inditing, indited.] To compose; to 
 write; to dictate. 
 
 In-di-vid'6-al, a. [L. mdwiduus, undivided; in, 
 not, and d'ividuus, divisible. — See Divide.] Re- 
 lating to the person or thing: relating to one; 
 particular; single. — 2, n. A single person. 
 
 in-di-vid-u-al'i-ty., n. Quality of being individual ; 
 distinct existence. — (Phren.) The faculty of ob- 
 serving and individualizing objects. 
 
 fn-di-vid'u-al-ize. v. a. [pp. individualizing, in- 
 dividualized.] To distinguish : — to mark out as 
 an individual. 
 
 In-di-vld'u-al-ly. ad. Separately :— severally. 
 
 fn-di-vis-i-bil'i-ty, \n. State or quality of being 
 
 in-di-vis'i-ble-ness, J indivisible. 
 
 In-di-vis'i-ble. a. [L. indivisibilis.—See Divisible.] 
 That cannot be divided. 
 
 In-di-vis'i-bly, ad. So as not to be divided. 
 
 fn-doc-i-bil'i-'ty, n. Unteachableness. 
 
 In-doc'ii-ble, a. ' [Se° Docible.] Unteachable. 
 
 In-doc'ile, a. [L. indocilis.— See Docile.] Un- 
 teachable ; untractable. 
 
 in-do-cil'i-ty, n. Unteachableness; dulness. 
 
 fn-doc'tri-nate, v. a. [L. in, into, within, and 
 doctrina, doctrine (q. v.).] [pp. indoctrinating, 
 indoctrinated.] To instruct in principles. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q, Q, c, £, soft; p, 0, p, §, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 
 
INDOCTRINATION 
 
 INEXECUTION 
 
 In-doc-tri-na'tion, n. Instruction in principles. 
 
 in'do-lence, n. [L. indolentia, ease, — literally, 
 freedom from pain; in, not, and dolentla, pain; 
 dolere, to grieve.] Quality of being indolent; 
 laziness; idleness; slothfulness ; listlessness. 
 
 In' do-lent, a. Careless ; lazy ; idle. — (Med.) In- 
 dolent tumor, a tumor that has little or no pain. 
 
 In'do-lent-ly, ad. Carelessly ; lazily. 
 
 In-dom'i-ta-ble, a. [L. in, not, and domitare, freq. 
 of domure, to tame. — Of. dontus, home.] Un- 
 tamable ; invincible. 
 
 In' -door (lu'dor), a. Being within doors. 
 
 In-dbr'sa-ble, a. That may be indorsed. 
 
 jn-dbrse', v. a. [See Endorse.] [pp. indorsing, 
 indorsed.] To write upon, as a name on the 
 back of a paper ; to assign ; to confirm : — to 
 sanction : — written also endorse. 
 
 In-dbr-see', n. One to whom a bill is indorsed. 
 
 Jn-dorse'ment, n. See Endorsement. 
 
 jn-dbrs'er, n. One who indorses. 
 
 In-du'bi-ta-ble, a. [L. indubitabilis ; dubitabilis, 
 doubtful." — See Doubt.] Undoubted ; unques- 
 tionable ; that may not be doubted. 
 
 In-du'bi-ta-bly, ad. Undoubtedly; certainly. 
 
 Jn-duce', v. a. [L. inducere ; in, into, upon, and 
 ducere, to lead.] [pip. inducing, induced.] To 
 influence; to persuade; to incite; to instigate; 
 to produce. 
 
 ^n-duce'ment, n. That which induces or per- 
 suades ; incitement ; motive ; reason. 
 
 Jn-du'ci-ble, a. That may be induced. 
 
 Jn-duct', v. a. [L. inducere, inductum. — See In- 
 duce.] To introduce; to bring in. 
 
 In-due' tile, a. Not ductile ; intractable. 
 
 In-duc-tll'i-ty, n. Quality of being inductile. 
 
 |n-duc'tion, */. Entrance : — a mode of reasoning 
 from particulars to generals : — inference. 
 
 Jn-duc'tion-al, a. Implying induction. 
 
 jn-duc'tive, a. Proceeding by induction. 
 
 Jn-duc'tive-ly, ad. By induction. 
 
 Jn-duc'tor, n. The person who inducts. 
 
 Jn-due', V. a. [L. induere, to put on; believed to 
 be distinct from Gr. ev&veiv, to put on.] [pp. 
 induing, indued.] To supply with; to invest; 
 [a form of Endue or Endow] to endow ; to endue. 
 
 Jn-dulgV, v. a. [L. indidgere, to treat gently; 
 probably related to dulcis, sweet.] [pp. in- 
 dulging, indulged.] To humor; to gratify; to 
 cherish. — 2, v. n. To give or take indulgence. 
 
 Jn-dul' fence, n. [L. indtdgentia. — See Indulge.] 
 The act of indulging; kindness; forbearance of 
 restraint; tenderness; favor; gratification: — 
 remission of temporal punishment for sin. 
 
 Jn-dul'i-ent, a. Disposed to indulge ; compliant ; 
 kind ; fond ; gentle ; mild ; favorable. 
 
 In-dul'£-ent-ly, ad. Without severity. 
 
 In'du-rate, v. n. [L. indurare, induratum • durus, 
 hard.] [pp. indurating, indurated.] To grow 
 hard. — 2, v. a. To make hard ; to harden. 
 
 In'du-rate, a. Impeuitent; obdurate; hard. 
 
 In-du-ra'tion, n. A hardening : — obduracy. 
 
 Jn-dus'tri-al, a. Relating to industry ; performed 
 by manual labor; laboring. 
 
 Jn-dus'tri-al-ism, n. The industrial or manufac- 
 turing spirit. 
 
 Jn-dus'tri-ous, a. [L. industriosua.'] Practising 
 industry; diligent; laborious; assiduous. 
 
 In-dus'tri-ous-ly, ad. Laboriously; assiduously. 
 
 In'dus-try, n. [L. industria.] Habitual employ- 
 ment; diligence; Assiduity; occupation. 
 
 In'dwell-ing, »■ The act of dwelling within. — 
 2, a. Dwelling within ; internal. 
 
 Jn-e'bri-ant, n. Any thing that intoxicates. — 
 2, a. Tending to intoxicate. 
 
 Jn-e'bri-ate, v. a. [L. inebriare, inebriatnm, to 
 make' drunken ; ebrius, drunken.] [pp. inebri- 
 ating, inebriated.] To intoxicate; to make 
 drunk : — to disorder the senses. 
 
 Jn-e'bri-ate, n. One intoxicated; a toper. 
 
 Jn-e'bri-ate, \ a. Drunken; inebriated; intoxi- 
 
 Jn-e'bri-ous, J cated ; often intoxicated. 
 
 In-e-bri-a'tion, n. Drunkenness. 
 
 In-e-bri'e-ty, n. Drunkenness; ebriety. 
 
 in-ed'it-ed, a. [In, not, and Edited.] Not ed- 
 ited ; not published. 
 
 In-ef- fa-bil'i-ty, n. Unspeakableness. 
 
 In-ef fa-ble, a. [L. ineffabilis, unutterable ; in, 
 not, 'ex, out, and fari, fatum, to speak.] Un- 
 speakable; unutterable. 
 
 In-ef fa-bly, ad. In an ineffable manner. 
 
 In-ef-face'a-ble, a. [In, not, and Effaceable.] 
 That cannot be effaced. 
 
 In-ef-fec'tive, a. [In, not, and Effective.] Pro- 
 ducing no effect. 
 
 In-ef-fect'u-al (in-ef-f ekt'yu-al), a. [In, not, and 
 Effectual.'] Not effectual; inefficient; weak; 
 vain; fruitless. 
 
 In-ef-fect'u-al-ly, ad. Without effect. 
 
 In-ef-fi-ca'cious (-ka'shus), a. [In, not, and Ef- 
 ficacious.] Not efficacious ; unable to produce 
 effects; weak. 
 
 In-ef-fi-ca'cious-ness, n. Want of efficacy. 
 
 In-ef fi-ca-cy.,'ii. [In, not, and Efficacy.] Want 
 of efficacy or power; want of effect; weakness. 
 
 In-ef-fi"cien-cy (in-ef-fish'en-se), n. Want of 
 efficiency'; weakness. 
 
 In-ef-fi"cient (In-ef-fish'ent), a. [In, not, and 
 Efficient.] Not efficient. [tic ; unelastic. 
 
 In-e-las'tic, a. [In, not, and Elastic] Not elas- 
 
 In-el'e-gance, n. Want of elegance. 
 
 In-el'e-gant, a. [L. inelegans.—See Elegant.] 
 Not elegant ; not beautiful. 
 
 In-el'e-gant-ly, ad. Not elegantly. 
 
 In-el-i-gi-bil'i-ty, n. Condition or quality of 
 being ineligible. 
 
 In-el'i-£-i-ble, «• [I», not, and Eligible.] Inca- 
 pable of being elected: — not desirable; not 
 worthy to be chosen. 
 
 In-ept', a. [L. ineptus ; in, not, and aptns, fit. — 
 See Apt.] Not apt or fit; trifling; foolish. 
 
 In-ep'ti-tude, In-ept'ness, n. Unfitness. 
 
 In-e qua-ble, a. Not equable. 
 
 In-e-qual'i-ty (In-e-kwol'e-te), n. [0. Fr. inequa- 
 lite; Fr.' intgaliti. — See Equality.] Want of 
 equality ; difference in quantity or quality : — 
 unevenness : — an elevation or depression. 
 
 In-eq'ui-ta-ble, a. [In, not, and Equitable.] 
 Not equitable ; unjust. 
 
 In-e-rad'i-ca-ble, a. [In, not, and Eradicable.] 
 Incapable of being rooted out. 
 
 In-er-ra-bil'i-ty., n. Exemption from error. 
 
 In-er'ra-ble,' a. ' [L. inerrabilis.— See Err.] Ex- 
 empt from error. 
 
 In-e'rt', a. [L. iners, inertis; in, not, and ars, skill, 
 art.] Inactive; sluggish; motionless. 
 
 In-er'ti-a (in-ei'she-a), n. [L.— See Inert.] In- 
 activity ; want of action : — a property of matter 
 by which it remains at rest : — passiveness. 
 
 In-er'tion, n. Want of activity ; inertness. 
 
 In-ert'ly, ad. Inactively ; sluggishly. 
 
 In-ert'ness, n. Want of motion or activity. 
 
 In-er'u-dite, a. [In, not, and Erudite.] Un- 
 learned. 
 
 In-es'ti-ma-ble, a. [In, not, and Estimable.] 
 That ' cannot be estimated ; above all price ; in- 
 valuable. 
 
 In-es'ti-ma-bly, ad. So as not to be estimated. 
 
 In-ev-i-ta-bil'i"-ty, \n. State or quality of being 
 
 in-ev'i-ta-ble-nes's. J inevitable. 
 
 In-ev'i-ta-ble, a. [L. inevitabilis ; evitare, to shun; 
 e, out, 'and vitare, to avoid.] That cannot be 
 avoided or escaped : unavoidable ; certain. 
 
 In-ev'i-ta-bly, ad. Without possibility of escape. 
 
 In-ex-'act', a.' [In, not, and Exact.] Not exact; 
 not precisely correct. [lately. 
 
 In-ex-act'ly, ad. In an inexact manner ; inaccu- 
 
 In-ex-cu'sa-ble, a. [In, not, and Excusable.] 
 Not to be excused or palliated; admitting no 
 excuse. 
 
 In-ex-cu'sa-bly, ad. To a degree beyond excuse. 
 
 In-ex-e-cu'tion', n. [See Execution.] Non-per- 
 formance. 
 
 i, e, I, o, u, y, long ; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
INEXHAUSTIBLE 
 
 309 
 
 INFINITELY 
 
 Xn-ex-haust'i-ble, a. [In, not, and Exhaustible,] 
 That cannot be exhausted. [Want of being. 
 
 In-ex-Ist'ence, n. [In, not, and Existence.] 
 
 Xn-ex-Ist'ent, a. Not existing. [orable. 
 
 Xn-gx-o-ra-bil'i-ty, n. The quality of being inex- 
 
 Xn-ex'o-ra-ble, a. [L. inexoruhilis ; in, not, ex, 
 out, and orare, to entreat.] That cannot be 
 moved by entreaty ; implacable ; unrelenting. 
 
 Xn-ex'o-ra-bly, ad. In an inexorable manner. 
 
 In-ex-pe'di-ence, ) n. Want of fitness or expe- 
 
 Xn-ex-pe'di-en-cy, / dience. 
 
 Xn-ex-pe'di-ent, a. [In, not, and Expedient.] 
 Not expedient; inconvenient; unfit; undesira- 
 ble. [Not costly. 
 
 Xn-ex-pen'sive, a. [In, not, and Expensive.] 
 
 Xn-ex-pe'ri-ence, n. [In, not, and Experience.] 
 Want of experience. 
 
 Xn-ex-pe'ri-enced (In-eks-pe're-enst), a. Not ex- 
 perienced; untried; unskilled. 
 
 Xn-ex-pert', a. [In, not, and Expert.] Not ex- 
 pert; unskilful; awkward. 
 
 In-ex'pi-a-ble, a. [L. inexpiabilis. — See Expiable.] 
 That cannot be expiated ; admitting no atone- 
 ment ; irreconcilable. 
 
 Xn-ex'pi-a-bly, ad. In an inexpiable manner. 
 
 Xn-ex-pH-ca-bil'i-tx. ) ». The state of being in- 
 
 Xn-ex'pli-ca-ble-'ness, J explicable. 
 
 Xn-ex'pli-ca-ble, a. [L. inexplicabilis. — See Ex- 
 plicable.*] Incapable of being explained; un- 
 accountable ; strange. 
 
 In-ex'pli-ca-bly, ad. So as not to be explained. 
 
 Xn-ex-ptfc'it, a. [L. inexplicitus. — See Explicit.] 
 Not explicit; not clear. 
 
 In-ex-pres'si-ble, a. [In, not, and Expressible.] 
 That cannot be expressed; unspeakable; unut- 
 terable ; ineffable. 
 
 In-ex-pres'si-bly, ad. Unutterably. 
 
 Xn-ex-pres'sive, a. [In, not, and Expressive.] 
 Not expressive; unexpressire. 
 
 Xn-ex-pug'na-ble, a. [L. inexpugnabiUs. — See Ex- 
 pugn.] Not to be taken by assault. 
 
 In-ex-tinct\ a. [L. inextinctus. — See Extinct.]. 
 Not extinct ; not quenched. 
 
 Xn-ex-tin'guish-a-ble (In-eks-ting'gwish-a-bl), a. 
 [See Extinguishable.] That cannot be extin- 
 guished. 
 
 Xn-ex'tri-ca-ble, a. [L. inextricabilis. — See Extri- 
 cate.] 'Tliat cannot be disentangled, unravelled, 
 or extricated. 
 
 Xn-fal-li-bil'i-ty, ) n. Perfect exemption from 
 
 In-fal'li-ble-ness, / liability to error. 
 
 Xn-fal'li-ble. a. [See Fallible.] Incapable of 
 error or failure. 
 
 Xn-fal'li-bly, ad. Without failure : certainly. 
 
 Xn'fa-mous, a. [L. infamis. — See Fame.] Noto- 
 riously bad; shameless; of ill report; scanda- 
 lous ; disgraceful ; opprobrious. 
 
 In'fa-my, n. [L. infamia.— See Fame.] Public 
 reproach or disgrace ; notoriety of bad charac- 
 ter ; ignominy. 
 
 Xn'fan-cy, n. [L. infantia. — See Infant.] The 
 state of an infant; the first part of life; child- 
 hood : — beginning. 
 Xn'fant, n. [L. infant, speechless, — also, a babe ; 
 in, not, and fart, pact, funs, to speak.] A babe; 
 a young child. — (Law.) A person less than 
 twenty-one years old.— 2, a. Pertaining to in- 
 fancy ; young. [cess of the royal blood. 
 Jn-fan'ta, n. [Sp.] (Spain and Portugal.) A prin- 
 jn-fan'te, n. [Sp.] (Spain and Portugal.) A prince 
 
 of the royal blood. 
 Jn-fan'ti-cide, v. [L. mfantieida, a child-mur- 
 derer; infanticidium, a child-murder; csedere, to 
 kill, to cut.] The murder, or a murderer, of an 
 infant. 
 In' fan-tile, or In' fan-tile, a. [L. infantilis.] Per- 
 taining to an infant ; childish ; infantine. 
 Xn' fan-tine, or In' fan-tine, a. [Fr. enfantin.] 
 
 Childish; young; tender; infantile. 
 Xn'fan-try, n. [It. infanteria, — originally, a bind 
 of infants; young "men attending on knights 
 
 were at one time termed infants.] The foot-sol- 
 diers of an army. 
 
 Xn'fare, n. [In, and Fare, to go.] An entertain- 
 ment given on newly entering a house, or by a 
 bridegroom at his house on the reception of the 
 bride. 
 
 Jn-fat'u-ate (in-fat'yu-at), v. a. [L. infatuare, in- 
 fatuatum; fatuus, a fool.] [pp. infatuating, in- 
 fatuated.] To affect with folly; to deprive of 
 understanding ; to befool ; to delude. 
 
 In-fat'u-ate, a. Infatuated ; deluded. 
 
 in-fat-u-a'tion, n. State of being deluded , folly. 
 
 in-fea-si-bil'j-ty., I «• State of being infeasible; 
 
 Xn-fea'si-ble-ness^ j impracticability. 
 
 In-fea'si-ble (In-fe'ze-bl), a. [In, not, and Fea- 
 sible.]' That cannot be accomplished; imprac- 
 ticable. 
 
 Jn-fect', v. a. [L. inficere, infection; in, into, and 
 facere, to do, to effect.] [pp. infecting, iufected.] 
 To taint ; to corrupt ; to pollute. 
 
 In-fect'ed, p. a. Hurt by infection ; tainted. 
 
 in-fec'tion, n. [See Infect.] The act of infecting; 
 that which infects ; contagion; taint; poison. 
 
 Jn-fec'tious, a. Communicable by air, breath, 
 touch, or exhalation, as a disease ; contagious. 
 
 In-fec'tious-ly, ad. By infection. 
 
 jn-fec'tious-ness, n. The quality of l>eing infec- 
 tious; infection. [fruitful; infertile. 
 
 In-fec'und, a. [L. infecundus. — See Fecund.] Un- 
 
 In-fe-cund'i-ty, n. Want of fecundity. 
 
 Xn-fe-Kc'i-tous, a. [L. infelix.— See Felicitous.] 
 Not happy; unfortunate. 
 
 Xn-fe-lic'i-ty, n. Unhappiness ; misery. 
 
 Jn-fiofF (in-fef), v. a. [pp. infeoffing, infeoffed.] 
 See Enfeoff. 
 
 Jn-fe'r', v. a. [L. inferre ; in, upon, and ferre, to 
 bring.] [pp. inferring, inferred.] To deduce; 
 to draw, as conclusions from premises ; to con- 
 clude ; to imply. [See Inferrible. 
 
 Jn-fer'a-ble, a. That may be inferred ; inferrible. 
 
 In'fer-ence, n. A proposition or a conclusion 
 drawn from premises; a truth drawn from an- 
 other laid down as true ; deduction. 
 
 In-fer-en'tial, a. Deduced by inference. 
 
 Jn-fe'ri-or, a. [L. inferior, comparative of infer, 
 or inferus, low.] Lower iu station or value. — 
 2, n. One lower in rank, station, age, or merit. 
 
 Jn-fe-ri-or'i-ty, n. A lower state or quality. 
 
 Jn-fer'nal, «. [L. infemalis, or infernus; inform, 
 low.] Relating to' hell or the lower regions; 
 hellish; tartarean ; detestable; devilish. 
 
 Jn-fer'ri-ble, a. That may be inferred ; deduci- 
 ble : — written also inferable. 
 
 In-fer'tile, a. [L. infertilis. — See Fertile.] Un- 
 fruitful ; not productive. 
 
 In-fer-til'i-ty, ». [L. infertilita*. — See Fertile.] 
 Want of fertility; unfruitfulness : barrenness. 
 
 Jn-fest', i: a. [L. infeslare, to attack; infestus, 
 hostile : akin to Offend.] [pp. infesting, in- 
 fested.] To harass : to disturb ; to plague. 
 
 Xn-fes-ta'tion, n. [L. infestatio.] Molestation ; 
 annoyance. 
 
 Xn'f i-del, n. [L. infideUs, unfaithful.— See Fidel- 
 ity.] ' A disbeliever of Christianity ; a deist ; an 
 atheist; an unbeliever: — a misbeliever. — 2, a. 
 Unbelieving; wanting belief. 
 
 In-fi-deTi-ty, «• [L. infidel itas ; Fr. iufidOW'.] 
 Tlie quality or state of being an infidel"; want 
 of faith ; disbelief of Christianity ; atheism : — 
 unfaithfulness : — treachery. 
 
 Jn-f Il'ter, v. a. & v. n. [See Filter.] [pp. infil- 
 tering, infiltered.] To filter in ; to infiltrate. 
 
 Jn-fil'trate, v. n. & r. a. [See Filtrate.] [pv. 
 infiltrating, infiltrated.] To enter a substance 
 by penetrating the pores ; to infilter. 
 
 Xn-fil-tra'tion, n. Entrance by the pores :— a sub- 
 stance which has filled the pores. 
 
 Xn'fi-nite, a. [L. infinitvs. — See Finite and Fin- 
 ish.] Boundless; unlimited; immense. — 2, n. 
 The infinite Being: God: — infinity. 
 
 Xn'fi-nite-ly, ad. Without limits. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — g, Q, c, §, soft; p, fSr, p, £, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; tnis. 
 
INFINITESIMAL 
 
 310 
 
 INGOT 
 
 In-fin-i-tes'i-mal, a. [Fr. infinitesimal; It. infini- 
 tes imule ; infinilesimo, an infiuitesimal ; from L. 
 infinities, infinite; on type of decimal, from L. 
 decent, ten.] Infinitely small or divided; less 
 than any assignable quantity.— 2, n. {Math.) 
 An infinitely small quantity. 
 
 Jn-fin'i-tive, a. [L. infinititus.] Not limited. — 
 (Gram.) The infinitive mood expresses the action 
 of a verb, without limiting it to number or per- 
 
 Jn-f m'i-tude, n. Infinity ; immensity. [son. 
 
 Jn-f in'i-ty., a. [L. infinites.] The quality or state 
 of being infinite ; immensity ; endless number. 
 
 Jn-firm\ a. [L. infirmus. — See Firm.] Disabled 
 of body; not firm; not sound; weak; irresolute. 
 
 Jn-fi'rm'a-ry, n. [Late L. infirmaria.] A residence 
 for the 'sick ; a hospital for the sick poor. 
 
 Jn-firm'i-ty, n. [L. infirmitas.] State of being in- 
 firm; debility; weakness: — failing: — disease. 
 
 Jn-firm'ness, n. Weakness ; feebleness. 
 
 jn-fix', v. a. [L. infigere, infixum. — See Fix.] [pp. 
 infixing, infixed.] T6 drive in ; to set ; to fasten. 
 
 Jn-flame', v. a. [L. inflammare; Fr. enflammer. — 
 See Flame.] [pp. inflaming, inflamed.] To set 
 on fire; to enkindle: — to provoke; to iiritate; 
 to incense. — 2, v. n. To grow hot, angry, or 
 painful. [on fire. 
 
 ?n-nam-ma-bil'i-ty, n. Susceptibility of being set 
 
 jn-flam'ma-ble, a. That may be inflamed or set 
 on fire ; i'gnitible ; combustible. 
 
 in-flam-ma'tion, n. [L. inJlammatio.~\ State of 
 being inflamed : — a swelling and redness, at- 
 tended by heat. 
 
 Jn-flam'ma-to-ry, a. Tending to inflame ; tend- 
 ing to excite animosity or sedition. 
 
 Jn-flate', v. a. [L. inflare, inflation; flare, to blow.] 
 [pp. inflating, inflated.] To swell witli Avind ; 
 to puff. [ulence ; distention. 
 
 Jn-fla'tion, n. [L. inflatio.'] Act of inflating: flat- 
 
 Jn-fla'tus, n. [L.] A breathing into ; inspiration. 
 
 in-fleet/, v. a. [L. inflectere, inflexion; flectere, to 
 bend.] [pp. inflecting, inflected.] To bend; to 
 turn ; to vary : — to vary by terminations, as verbs. 
 
 Jn-flec'tion, n. [L. inflexio.] The act of inflecting ; 
 curvature ; a bending : — modulation of the voice. 
 — (Gram.) The variation of nouns and verbs. 
 
 in-flex-i-bil'i-ty, n. Unyielding stiffness ; perti- 
 nacity'. 
 
 In-flex'i-ble, a. [L. inflexihilis. — See Flexible.] 
 That cannot be bent; stiff; immovable; firm; 
 unyielding; obstinate. 
 
 Xn-fleVi-bly, ad. With firmness; invariably. 
 
 Jn-flict', v. a. [L. infligere, inflklum; fligere, to 
 strike.] [pp. inflicting, inflicted.] To lay on ; 
 to apply ; to impose. [flicted ; punishment. 
 
 Jn-flic'tion, n. The act of inflicting; a tiling iu- 
 
 In-flic'tive, a. Tending to inflict. 
 
 In-flo-res'cence, n. [L. inflorescere, to bloom. — See 
 Flourish.'] (Bot.) The collection of flowers on 
 a plant ; act of flowering. 
 
 In' flow, n. Influx ; that which flows in. 
 
 in'flu-ence, n. [Late L. influentia; L. influere, to 
 flow in ; fluere, to flow.] An impelling or direct- 
 ing power; invisible power; a power known 
 only by its effects: — credit; sway ; bias : — influx. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. influencing, influenced.] To act 
 upon ; to bias ; to modify ; to prepossess ; to per- 
 suade. 
 
 In-flu-en'tial, a. Exerting great influence. 
 
 In-flu-en'za, n. [It. for "influence" (q. v.).] An 
 epidemic catarrh. 
 
 fn' flux, n. [L. influxus, influxio ; fluere, fluxum, to 
 flow.] The act* of flowing in ; infusion ; that 
 which flows in ; an inward flow. 
 
 Jn-fbrm', v. a. [L. informare; formare, to form 
 (q. v.).] [pp. informing, informed.] To in- 
 struct; to acquaint; to apprise ; to advise; to 
 tell ; to teach : — to imbue ; to endow. — 2, v. n. 
 To give intelligence. 
 
 In-fdr'mal, a. [See Formal.] Not in the usual 
 form ; irregular. 
 
 In-for-mal'i-ty, n. Want of regular form. 
 
 In-fdr'mal-ly, ad. Without regular form. 
 
 in-form'ant, n. One who informs; an informer. 
 
 In-for-ma'tion, n. [L. informutio. — See Inform.] 
 Intelligence given ; instruction :— a charge or 
 accusation exhibited. 
 
 In-fdrm'er, n. One who informs : — an accuser. 
 
 Jn-fract', v. a. [L. infringere, infraction; frungere, 
 to break.] [pp. infracting, infracted.] To break; 
 to violate. [ing ; violatiun. 
 
 Jn-frac'tion, n. [L. infractio.] The act of break- 
 
 In-fran'gi-ble, o. [Fr.] That may not be broken. 
 
 In-fre'quence, "In. State of being infrequent; 
 
 In-fre'quen-cy, j rareness ; rarity. 
 
 In-fre'quent, a. [L. infrequens, infreqnentis. — See 
 Frequent.] Not frequent ; uncommon. 
 
 Jn-fringV (in-frinj'), v. a. [See Infract.] [pp. 
 infringing, infringed.] To violate; to break. — 
 2, v. n. To trespass ; to encroach. 
 
 In-fringVment, n. A breach ; an encroachment. 
 
 In-fu'ri-ate, «. [It. infuriare, infuriate-, to rage. 
 — See Fury.] Enraged; raging; furious. 
 
 Jn-fu'ri-ate, v. a. [pp. infuriating, infuriated.] 
 To render furious. 
 
 jtn-fu§e', v. a. [L. infundere, infusum ; in, in, 
 upon, and fundere, to pour.] [pp. infusing, in- 
 fused.] To pour in ; to instil ; to inspire : — to 
 steep. v 
 
 In-fu-si-bil'i-ty, n. State of being infusible. 
 
 In-fu'§i-ble, a. [In, not, and Fusible.] That 
 may be infused : — incapable of being melted ; not 
 fusible. 
 
 Jn-fu'§ion (in-fu'zhun), n. [L. infusio.] The act 
 of infusing ; instillation : — suggestion : — a prep- 
 aration made by infusing. • 
 
 Jn-fu'sive, a. Having the power of infusion. 
 
 In-fii-so'ri-a, n. pi. [Neo-Latin: so named be- 
 cause they abound in infusions.] Microscopic 
 animalcules found in water. 
 
 In-fu-so'ri-al, ) a. Relating to or containing in- 
 
 In-fu'so-ry, J fusoria : — obtained by infusion. 
 
 in'gath'-er-ing, n. Act of gathering in ; harvest. 
 
 ?n-£"em'i-nate, v. a. [L. ingeniinare, ingeniinalum ; 
 geminus, double.] [pp. ingeminating, ingemi- 
 nated.] To double; to repeat. 
 
 In-£em'i-nate, a. Redoubled ; ingeminated. 
 
 In-£-em-i-na'tion, n. Repetition. 
 
 In-£en'ious, vr In-ge'ni-ous, «. [L. ingenioms ; 
 iugenium, natural bent, ability, wit. — See Ge- 
 nius.] Possessed of or indicating ingenuity ; 
 inventive; creative; skilful; clever; subtle. 
 
 In-£en'ious-ly, ad. With ingenuity. 
 
 in-gen'ious-ness, n. Ingenuity; subtlety. 
 
 Ingenue (an-zha-nu), n. [Fr.— See Ingenuous.] 
 (Stage.) The lady who acts the part of an artless 
 
 In-£e-nu'i-ty, n. [L. ingenuitas. — See Ingenious.] 
 Power of invention ; invention ; genius ; subtlety ; 
 acuteness; ability. 
 
 jn-£en'u-o-us (jn-jen'yu-us), a. [L. mgenuus, na- 
 tive, natural.— See Genus.] Free from reserve 
 or dissimulation; open; frank; fair; candid: — 
 generous ; high-minded ; noble. 
 
 Jn-£en'u-ous-ly, ad. Openly; candidly. 
 
 J.n-gen'u-ous-ness, n. Frankness ; candor. 
 
 In-gest\ v. a. [L. ingerere, ingestum ; gercre, to 
 carry.] [pp. ingesting, ingested.] 'Jo throw 
 into, as the stomach. 
 
 In-£est'ion (in-jest'yun), n. The act of ingesting. 
 
 in'gle, n. [Scot.; Celt, aingeal, fire. — Cf. L. ignir 
 cidus, a spark ; L. ignis, Skr. agni, fire.] A fire- 
 place ; a flame. 
 
 In'gle^side, w. Fireside. 
 
 In-glo'ri-ous, a. [L. inglorius. — See Glory.] Dis- 
 honorable ; ignominious. 
 
 in-glo'ri-ous-ly, ad. With ignominy. 
 
 In'go-ing, a. Entering, as upon office or a lease. 
 — 2, n. Place of entrance : — the act of entering ; 
 the time of entrance. 
 
 In'got, n. [A.-S. in, in, and geolan, to pour. — Cf. 
 Ger. giessen, to pour; eingnss, a pouring in ; gvss, 
 an ingot. — See Gush.] A bar or wedge of metal. 
 
 a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, l, o, u, y, short; a, e, j, 9, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
INGRAFT 
 
 311 
 
 INKSTAXD 
 
 Jn-graft', v. a. [In and Graft.] [pp. ingraft- 
 ing, ingrafted.] To insert a scion of one tree 
 into the stock of another ; to fix deep. 
 
 Jn-grain',». a. [In, and Grain (g. v.), formerly a 
 name for kermes (q. v.). — Cf. Late L. grana, 
 kermes-ilye.] [pp. ingraining, ingrained.] To 
 dye in the grain ; to engrain. 
 
 in' grain, or In-grain', a. Dyed with grain :— 
 dyed in the "grain or fibre before manufacture ; 
 thoroughly dyed or impregnated. 
 
 fn-grate', or In' grate, a. [L. ingratus, unthank- 
 ful ; gralise, thanks.] Ungrateful. — 2, n. An 
 ungrateful person. 
 
 Jn-gra'ti-ate (in-gra/she-at), v. a. [L. in, in, and 
 gratia, 'favor. — See Grace.] [pp. ingratiating, 
 ingratiated.] To put in favor ; to recommend to 
 kindness; to insinuate. 
 
 In-grat'i-tude, n. [L. ingralitudo. — See Grati- 
 tude.]' "Want of gratitude ; want of a due sense 
 of favors; unthankfuluess. 
 
 Jn-gre'di-ent [iu-gre'jent, S. W. ; in-gre'dyent, E. 
 F. A'.], n. [L. ingrediens, pres. part, of ingredi, 
 to enter in ; gradi, to go.] A component part of 
 any compound ; an element. 
 
 In'gress, n. [L. ingredi, ingressus, to walk in ; 
 gradi, to go.] Entrance; power of entrance. 
 
 ?n-gres'sion (in-gresh'un), n. Entrance. 
 
 In'gui-nal (ing'gwe-nal), a. [L. inguinalis ; in- 
 guen, the groin.] Belonging to the groin. 
 
 Jn-gulf , v. a. [See Gulf.] [pp. ingulfing, in- 
 gulfed.] To swallow up in a gulf; to engulf. 
 
 Jn-hab'it, v. a. [L. inkabitare, to dwell in. — See 
 Habitable.] [pp. inhabiting, inhabited.] To 
 dwell in ; to reside in. — 2, v. n. To dwell ; to live. 
 
 Jn-hab'i-ta-ble, a. [See Inhabit.] That may be 
 inhabited : — [L. inhabitabilis] that may not be in- 
 habited ; not habitable. 
 
 Jn-hab'it-ance, \n. Permanent or legal resi- 
 
 jn-hab'it-an-cj:, J dence ; residence. 
 
 Jn-hab'it-ant, n. One who inhabits. 
 
 jn-hab-i-ta'tion, n. [L. inhabitatio.] The act of 
 inhabiting ; abode. t 
 
 Jn-hab'it-er, n. One who inhabits. 
 
 In-ha-la'ti'on, n. [L. mhaiaius. — See Inhale.] 
 The act of inhaling ; the act of drawing air, &c, 
 into the lungs. 
 
 Jn-hale', v. a. [L. inhalare ; halare, to breathe.] 
 [pp. inhaling, inhaled.] To draw in with air; 
 
 In-hal'ent, a. That inhales. [to inspire. 
 
 jn-hal'er, n. One who inhales :— a machine for 
 throwing steam or air i.ito the lungs. 
 
 In-har-mon'ic, ) a. [In, not, and Harmonic] 
 
 In-har-mon'i-cal, J Wanting harmony; discord- 
 ant; inharmonious. 
 
 fn-har-mo'ni-ous, «. [In, not, and Harmonious.] 
 Not harmonious; wanting harmony ; unmusical; 
 discordant. 
 
 Jn-here', v. n. [L. inhserere, to stick fast in ; hserere, 
 to stick fast.] [pp. inhering, inhered.] To ex- 
 ist in something else. 
 
 Jn-her'ence, \ n. Inseparable existence in some- 
 
 jn-her'en-cy, J thing else ; inhesion. 
 
 Jn-her'ent, «■ [See Inhere.] Existing inseparably 
 in something else ; innate; inborn; inbred. 
 
 In-her'ent-ly., ad. By inherence. 
 
 jn-her'it, v. a. [L. in, and hereditare, to inherit; 
 heres, heredis, an heir; inhereditare or inheridare, 
 to appoint as heir.] [pp. inheriting, inherited.] 
 To receive by inheritance; to succeed to; to 
 possess; to enjoy. 
 
 Jn-her'i-ta-ble, a. That may be inherited. 
 
 jn-her'i-tance, n. Act of inheriting; that which 
 is inherited; patrimony; hereditary possession. 
 
 Jn-her'it-or, n. One who inherits; an heir. 
 
 Jn-her'i-tress, \ n. [See Heir. Inheritrix is Neo- 
 
 jn-her'i-trix, (Latin.] An heiress. 
 
 jn-he'sion (in-he'zhuu), n. [L. inhsesio.—See In- 
 here.] Inherence. 
 
 Jn-hib'it, v. a. [L. inhibere, inhibitum, to check; 
 in, and habere, to hold.] [pp. inhibiting, inhib- 
 ited.] To hinder; to repress; to prohibit. 
 
 fn-hi-bi"tion (lu-he-bish'un), n. Prohibition. 
 
 in-hib'i-to-ry., a. Restraining; prohibitory. 
 
 in-hos'pi-ta-ble, a. [L. iuhospittdis. — See Hospi- 
 table.] Not hospitable ; not disposed to enter- 
 tain strangers ; unkind. 
 
 in-hos'pi-ta-bly., ad. In an inhospitable manner. 
 
 in-hos-pi-tal'i-ty., »• [L. inhuspitalitas.j Want of 
 hospitality. 
 
 In-hu'man, a. [L. inhumanus. — See Humane.] 
 Barbarous ; savage ; cruel. 
 
 In-hu-man'i-ty., u. Cruelty ; barbarity. 
 
 In-hii'man-iy, ad. Cruelly; barbarously. 
 
 fn-hu-ma'tion, n. Act of burying ; sepulture. 
 
 In-hume', v. a. [L. inJaanare; humus, the ground.] 
 [pp. inhuming, inhumed.] To bury in the earth. 
 
 In-im'i-cal, or in-i-mi'cal, a. [L. inimieus or 
 inimicalis; in, not, and amicus, a friend.] Un- 
 friendly; hostile; unkind; adverse; repugnant. 
 
 in-im-i-ta-bil'i-ty., n. Incapacity to be imitated. 
 
 In-im'i-ta-ble, a. [L. inimitubUis. — See Imitate.] 
 Surpassing all imitation. 
 
 In-nn'i-ta-bly, ad. In an inimitable manner. 
 
 In-iq'ui-t'ous (in-ik'we-tus), a. Unjust; evil. 
 
 jn-iq'ui-ty (in-Ik'we-te), n. [L. miquitas; in, not, 
 and sequitas, justice; sequns, just.] Injustice; 
 sin; an unjust or unrighteous act; wickedness. 
 
 In-i"tial (jn-ish'al), a. [L. initiates; iuitiam or 
 initus,' a beginning; in, upon, and ire, to go.] 
 Beginning; incipient. — 2, n. The first letter of 
 a word or name. 
 
 Jn-i"ti-ate (in-ish'e-at), v. a. [L. mitiare, initia- 
 tum; initium, a beginning.— See Initial.] [pp. 
 initiating, initiated.] To enter ; to introduce : — 
 to instruct in the rudiments.— 2, v. n. To begin. 
 
 T.n-i"ti-ate (in-ish'e-at), «. Fresh; initiated. — 
 2, n. One who is initiated, or lately initiated 
 
 In-I-ti-a'tion (in-ish-e-a'shun), u. [L. initiatio.] 
 Act of initiating; admission; entrance. 
 
 In-i"ti-a-tive (in-ish'e-a-tiv), n. Bight or act of 
 introducing a measure in legislation. — 2, a. In- 
 troductory. 
 
 T.n-i"ti-a-to-ry. (in-Tsh'e-a-to-re), «. Serving to 
 initiate of iutroduce; introductory. 
 
 In-ject', v. a. [L. injicere, injectum; jacere, to 
 throw.] [pp. injecting, injected.] To throw in ; 
 to dart in. 
 
 In-jec'tion, n. Act of throwing in ; a clvster. 
 
 In-ju-di^cial (in-ju-dish'al), a. Not judicial. 
 
 in-ju-di"cious (in-ju-dish'usK. a. [See Judicious.] 
 Not judicious; void of judgment ; unwise; in- 
 discreet. 
 
 in-j'u-di"cious-ly, (in-ju-dish'us-le), ad. In an in- 
 judicious manner; not wisely. 
 
 In-ju-di"cious-ness, n. Want of judgment. 
 
 In-junc'tion, n. [L. injunctio. — See Enjoin.] A 
 command; order; precept.— (La a:) An order 
 issued by a court of equity to stay proceedings. 
 
 In'jure (in'jur), c. a. [L. iryuriari; injuria, wrong; 
 in, not, and jus, right. — See Just.] [pp. in- 
 juring, injured.] To do wrong to; to damage; 
 to harm ; to hurt ; to wrong. 
 
 Jn-ju'ri-oiis, a. [L. injurius or injurionus.] Causing 
 injury; mischievous; unjust; hurtful ; offensive. 
 
 in-ju'ri-ous-ly, ad. "Wrongfully ; burtfully. 
 
 in-ju'ri-ous-ness, n. Quality of being injurious. 
 
 xn'ju-ry, «. [L. injuria. — Spe Injure.] Damage; 
 hurt; harm: evil; injustice; detriment. 
 
 In-jus'tice (ln-jus'tis), n. [L. injustitia.—See Jus- 
 tice.] Iniquity; wrong. 
 
 ink (ingk), n. [Fr. encre ; 0. Fr. enqne; L. en- 
 caiistinn, It. inchiosfro, Gr. eyKavcrros, ink, — liter- 
 ally, ''burnt in."— See Encaustic] A fluid for 
 writing and printing. —2, r. a. [pp. inking, 
 inked.] To black or daub with ink. 
 
 Ink'horn, n. A portable case for the instruments 
 of writing; a vessel for ink; an inkstand. 
 
 Ink'i-ness, n. The quality of being inky. 
 
 Ink'ling, n. [0. E. inkle, to hint, to murmur; 
 0. Dan. ymle, to rumor, to whisper. — See Hint.] 
 Hint; intimation; desire. 
 
 Ink'stand. v. A vessel for holding ink. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5, (?, 9, §, soft; p, p, p, §, hard; §asz; x as gz ; this. 
 
INKY 
 
 312 
 
 INSATIABLENESS 
 
 Ink'y, a. Consisting of ink :— black as ink. 
 
 |n-laid\ i. & p. from inlay. 
 
 In'land, a. [In and Land.] Interior ; remote from 
 the sea. — 2, n. Interior part of a country. — 
 3, ad. Toward the interior of a country. 
 
 Jn-lay' (jn-la/), v. a. [In and Lay.] [i. inlaid; 
 pp. inlaying, inlaid.] To diversify ; to veneer. 
 
 fn'lay, n. Matter inlaid or to be inlaid. 
 
 Jn-lay'er, n. One who inlays. 
 
 jn-lay'ing, n. The art of diversifying with va- 
 rious materials or different sorts of wuod. 
 
 In/let, n. [In and Let.] Passage; place of in- 
 gress ; entrance : — a small bay, recess, or arm of 
 the sea. [See Enlist. 
 
 In-list', v. a. [pp. inlisting, inlisted.] To enlist. 
 
 In'ly, a. [A.-S. inlic, iniice; in, and lie, like.] In- 
 
 _ terior; internal; secret.— 2, ad. Internally. 
 
 In'mate, n. [In and Mate.] One who dwells 
 jointly with another ; a lodger; a boarder. 
 
 in'most, a. Deepest within ; most interior. 
 
 Inn, n. [A.-S. inn, an inn, — also, (ad.) within ; 
 Icel. inui, an inn, — also, within.] A house of 
 entertainment for travellers; a hotel ; a. tavern. 
 — Inns of court, colleges of common law for stu- 
 dents in England. — 2, v. n. [pp. inning, inned.] 
 To take up a temporary lodging. — 3, v. a. To 
 put under cover ; to lodge. 
 
 fn-nate' [in'nat, F. St. Wb.], a. [L. innasci, iuna- 
 tus, to be born in.— See Native.] Inborn; na- 
 tive ; inherent. 
 
 Jn-nate'ly, ad. By nature ; inherently. 
 
 fn-nate'ness, n. Quality of being innate. 
 
 In'ner, a. Interior; not outward; internal. 
 
 In'ner-most, a. Inmost; deepest witliin. 
 
 In-ner-va'tion, n. The act of innerving. — [Fr. — 
 See Nervation.] {Med.) Nervous influence 
 necessary to the maintenance of life and the 
 functions of the organs. 
 
 Jn-nerve', v. a. [See Nerve.] [pp. innerving, 
 innerved.] To invigorate; to strengthen. 
 
 Inn'hold-er, n. Keeper of an inn; an innkeeper. 
 
 Inn'ing, n. The ingathering of corn or grain : — 
 a turn at the bat. [turn at the bat. 
 
 Inn'ings, n. pi. Lands recovered from tlie sea : — 
 
 Inn'keep-er, n. One who keeps an inn. 
 
 In'no-cence, \ n. [L. innoceutia.] Freedom from 
 
 In'no-cen-cy, J guilt; purity ; harmlessness. 
 
 In'no-cent, a. [L. innocens; in, not, and nocens, 
 harmful; nocere, to hurt. — See JJoxious.] Free 
 from guilt ; harmless : — imbecile — 2, n. One free 
 from guilt : — an idiot ; a weak-minded person. 
 
 In'no-cent-ly, ad. Without guilt. 
 
 In-noc'u-ous, a. [L. innocuus. — See Noxious.] 
 Not hurtful ; harmless. 
 
 In-noc'u-ous-ly, ad. Harmlessly. 
 
 fn-noc'u-ous-ness, n. Harmlessness. 
 
 In-n5m'i-nate, a. [L. innominalus. — See Nomi- 
 nate.]' Nameless : — noting the pelvic bones. 
 
 fn'no-vate, v. a. [L. innovare, innovation; in, 
 within, and novare, to renew.] [pp. innovating, 
 innovated.] To introduce, as novelties. — 2, v. n. 
 To introduce novelties. 
 
 in-no-va'tion, n. [L. innovatio.] Introduction of 
 novelty :— a novelty ; a change of custom. 
 
 In'no-va-tor, n. An introducer of novelties. 
 
 In-nox'ious (in-nok'shus), a. [L. innoxius. — See 
 Noxious.] Harmless. 
 
 In-nu-en'do, n. ; pi. fn-nu-en'does. [L. for "by 
 an intimation ;" innuere, to intimate ; in, toward, 
 and nvere, to nod.] An oblique hint; an indi- 
 rect allusion ; an insinuation. [a!>le. 
 
 In-nu-mer-a-bil'i-ty, n. State of being innumer- 
 
 in-nfi'mer-a-ble, a. [L. innurnerabilis ; in, not, 
 and numerabilis, that may be counted ; numerare, 
 to number (q. »..)..] That cannot be numbered; 
 countless; numberless. 
 
 Sn-nu'mer-a-bly, ad. Without number. 
 
 In-nu-tri"tion, n. Want of nutrition. 
 
 In-nu-tri"tious, a. [In, not, and Nutritious.] 
 Not nutritious. 
 
 fn-ob-serv'ance, n. Want of observance. 
 
 In-ob-serv'ant, a. [L. inobservam. — See Observe.] 
 Not observant ; careless. 
 
 In-oc'u-late (in-ok'ku-lat), v. n. [L. inoculare, 
 inoculation, to engraft; ocukis, a bud, an eye 
 (q. v.).] [pp. inoculating, inoculated.] To prop- 
 agate by insertion : — to practise inoculation. — 
 2, v. a. To bud; to insert: — to infect with a 
 disease, as the smallpox, by inserting virus into 
 the flesh :— to vaccinate. 
 
 Jn-oc-ii-la'tion, n. The act of inoculating. 
 
 in-6'dor-ous, a. [L. inodorus. — See Odor.] Want- 
 ing scent or odor. 
 
 In-of-fen'sive, a. [In, not, and Offensive.] Giv- 
 ing no offence ; harmless. 
 
 In-of-fen'sive-ly, ad. Without offence. 
 
 In-of-fen'sive-ness, ». Harmlessness. 
 
 ln-of-fi"cial (in-of-fish'al), a. Not official. 
 
 In-of-fi"cious (in-of-fish'us), a. [L. inofficimus. 
 
 —See Officious.] Not officious: — not attentive 
 to duty : — unkind. 
 
 in-op'er-a-tive, a. [In, not, and Operative.] Not 
 operative ; inactive. 
 
 In-op-por-tune', a. [Late L. inopportunns. — See 
 Opportune.] Not opportune ; unseasonable; in- 
 convenient; unfit; not timely. 
 
 In-op-por-tune'ly, ad. Unseasonably. 
 
 In-or'di-nate, a. [L. inordinatus, irregular. — See 
 Ordinary, Order.] Irregular; disorderly; im- 
 moderate; excessive. 
 
 fn-br'di-nate-ly, ad. Immoderately. 
 
 In-or'di-nate-ness, n. Irregularity ; excess. 
 
 In-or-gan'ic, o. [in, not, and Organic] Not or- 
 ganic ; destitute of organs ; uot produced by vital 
 processes. 
 
 Jn-cs'cu-late, v. n. [L. in, in, and osculari, oscu- 
 latus, to kiss, to touch ; osculum, a little mouth, a 
 kiss; dim. of os, the mouth.] [pp. inosculating, 
 inosculated.] To unite by contact, as two ves- 
 sels at their extremities. — 2, v. a. To cause to 
 unite or grow together; to insert; to join in. 
 
 In-os-cu-la'tion, n. Union bj' conjunction. 
 
 in'quest, n. [L. inqumtus. — See Inquire.] A ju- 
 dicial inquiry or examination ; search, as made 
 by a coroner's jury : — a jury. 
 
 In-qui'e-tude, it. [L. inquietude. — See Quiet.] 
 Want'of quiet; disquietude. 
 
 Jn-quire', v. n. [L. inquirere. — See Enquire.] [pp. 
 inquiring, inquired.] To seek for information ; 
 to ask questions ; to make search : — written in- 
 differently inquire or enquire. — 2, v. a. To ask 
 about ; to seek out. 
 
 In-qulr'er, n. One who inquires ; enquirer. 
 
 jn-qui'ry, n. Act of inquiring; search; interro- 
 gation; query; enquiry ; research ; examination. 
 
 In-qui-si"tion (In-kwe-zish'un), ». [L. inquisitio. 
 — See Enquire.] Judicial inquiry; search: — 
 an ecclesiastical court for punishing heretics. 
 
 ln-qui-si"tion-al, «. Making inquiry. 
 
 In-quis i-tive, a. Curious ; busy in search. 
 
 in-quis/i-tive-ly, ad. In an inquisitive manner. 
 
 in-quis'i-tive-ness, n. The quality or habit of 
 being inquisitive ; curiosity. 
 
 in-quis'i-tor, n. [L.] One who examines judi- 
 cially :— an officer in the court of inquisition. 
 
 In-quis-i-to'ri-al, a. Sharply and severely in- 
 quisitive ; prying. 
 
 fn'r5ad (in'rod), n. [In, and Old South Eng. road, 
 a riding, a raid (q. v.).] Incursion; invasion. 
 
 In-sa-lu'bri-ous, a. [L. insalubris. — See Salubri- 
 ous.] Not salubrious; unhealthy; unhealthful. 
 
 Jn-sa-lu'bri-ty, n. Unwholesomeness. 
 
 In-sane', a. [L. insanus. — See Sane.] Mad; dis- 
 tracted ; crazy ; lunatic. 
 
 fn-sane'ly, ad. Without reason ; madly. 
 
 in-san'i-ty, n. [L. insanitas. — See Sane.] Want 
 
 of sound mind ; madness. 
 In-sa'ti-a-ble (in-sa'she-a-bl), a. [L. ineaiiabilis. 
 — See' Satiate.] Incapable of being satisfied; 
 greedy beyond measui-e. 
 In-sa'ti-a-ble-ness (ni-sa'she-a-bl-nes), n. Quality 
 of being insatiable; greediness. 
 
 a, e, I, o, ii, y, long; a, e, 1, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
INSATIABLY 
 
 313 
 
 INSPECTION 
 
 in-sa/ti-a-bly, ad. In an insatiable manner. 
 
 in-sa'ti-ate (in-sa'she-at), a. [L. insatiatus. — See 
 Satiate.] Insatiable; greedy. 
 
 in-sa'ti-ate-ly, ad. Greedily. 
 
 In-sa-ti'e-ty, n. [L. imatietas. — See Satiety.] 
 Insatiableness. 
 
 Jn-scribe', v. a. [L. imcribere, inscriptum ; in, on, 
 and scribere, to write.] [pp. inscribing, in- 
 scribed.] To write on ; to mark witb writing : — 
 to address. 
 
 In-scrlp'tion, n. [L. inscriptio.] A title, name, 
 character, or address, either written or engraved. 
 
 in-scru-ta-bil'i-ty, "I n. State or quality of being 
 
 in-scru'ta-ble-'ness, J inscrutable. 
 
 In-scru'ta-ble, a. [L. inscrutabilis ; scrutari, to 
 scrutinize (</. «.).] Unsearchable; hidden. 
 
 fn-scru'ta-bly, ad. So as not to be traced out. 
 
 In' sect, n. [L. insectum, an insect; insecure, in- 
 sectum, to cut into ; secure, to cut. The Gr. evro- 
 fj.oi>, an insect, also means, literally, cut into, 
 referring to the divisions or segmentations of 
 the body.] A small creeping or flying animal: 
 — one of a numerous class of minute, inverte- 
 brate, oviparous animals. 
 
 in-sect'i-clde, n. [L. insectum, an insect, and 
 csedere, to kill : on type of homicide.] A sub- 
 stance which destroys insects. 
 
 In-sec' tion, n. An incision; a cutting in. 
 
 in-sec-tiv'o-ra, n. pi. [L. insectum, an insect, and 
 vorare, to 'eat.] An order of insect-eating mam- 
 
 i n-sec-tiv'o-roiis, a. Feeding on insects. [nials. 
 
 in-se-cure', a. [Late L. insecurus. — See Secure.] 
 Not secure ; not safe ; unsafe. 
 
 in-se-cure'ly, ad. Without security. 
 
 in-se-cu'ri-ty, n. [In, not, and Security.] Want 
 of security or safety; danger; hazard; uncer- 
 tainty ; exposure. 
 
 in-sen'sate, a. [L. insensatus; sensatus, having 
 sense (q. v.).] Stupid; foolish; insensible. 
 
 In-sen-si-bil'i-ty, n. State of being insensible; 
 want of sensibility ; torpor; indifference. 
 
 in-sen'si-ble, a. [L. imensibilis. — See Sensible.} 
 Not sensible ; not perceived by the senses ; im- 
 perceptible : — void of sensibility or feeling ; un- 
 feeling; torpid; stupid. 
 
 in-sen'si-bly. ad. Imperceptibly : — torpidly. 
 
 In-sen'tient (In-sen'shent), a. [In, not, and Sen- 
 tient.] Not sentient. 
 
 in-sep-a-ra-bil'i-ty, \n. Quality of being in- 
 
 in-sep'a-ra-ble-ness, J separable. 
 
 in-sep'a-ra-ble, «. [L. vngeparabilis. — See Separa- 
 ble.] ' That cannot be separated. 
 
 in-sep'a-ra-bly, ad. In an inseparable manner. 
 
 Jn-sert', v. a. [L. inserere, insertuni, to introduce; 
 in, into, and serere, to combine, to join.] [jjp. 
 inserting, inserted.] To place or set in or among ; 
 to infix ; to implant. 
 
 in'sert, n. Something inserted. [serted. 
 
 In-sert'ing, n. An ornamental material to be in- 
 
 Jn-ser'tion, n. [L. insertio. — See INSEBT,] Act of 
 inserting; thing inserted. 
 
 in-ses-so'res, n- pi. [L. insessor, a percher ; in, 
 upon, and sedere, to sit.] (Omith.) The perchers, 
 a name applied to various orders of birds. 
 
 Jn-ses-so'ri-al, a. Adapted to perching : — said of 
 certain birds. [tion. 
 
 In'set, n. [In and Set.] Something set in ; inser- 
 
 in'side, n. [In and Side.] Interior part; part 
 within. — 2, a. Being within ; interior. 
 
 In-side', prep. In the interior of ; within. 
 
 Jn-sid'i-oiis, a. [L. insidiosus; insidise, a plot, an 
 ambush ; in, for, and sedere, to sit.] Lying in 
 wait; ensnaring; sly; circumventive ; diligent 
 to entrap ; treacherous ; captious, 
 
 In-sid'i-ous-ly, ad. In an insidious manner. 
 
 In-sid'i-ous-ness, w. State of being insidious. 
 
 in' sight (in'sTt), n. [In and Stght.] Introspec- 
 tion ; knowledge of interior parts ; penetration ; 
 acuteness of observation. 
 
 Jn-sig'ni-a (in-sig'ne-a), n. pi. [L. for "ensigns" 
 (see Ensign) ; insignis, remarkable ; in, on, and 
 
 signum, a sign.] Badges or distinguishing marks 
 of office or honor. 
 
 in-sigr-nif i-cance, \n. Want of significance or 
 
 ln-sig--nif i-can-cy, j importance. 
 
 in-sigr-nif i-cant, a. [In, not, and Significant.] 
 Not significant ; unimportant ; immaterial ; tri- 
 fling ; trivial ; mean. 
 
 in-sig-nif i-cant-ly, ad. Without importance. 
 
 in-sin-cere', a. [L. insincerue. — See Sincere.] 
 Not sincere ; not hearty ; false. 
 
 In-sin-cere'ly, ad. Without sincerity. 
 
 in-sin-cer'i-ty, n. Want of sincerity. 
 
 In-sin'u-ate, v. a. [L. in&inuare, insinuahim; in, 
 into, and sinuare, to wind; sinus, a bend.] [pp. 
 insinuating, insinuated.] To introduce, as by a 
 spiral motion ; to infuse or introduce gently; to 
 impart indirectly; to suggest; to hint. — 2, v. n. 
 To creep or wind in. 
 
 in-sln'u-at-ing-, p. a. Artfully and insensibly 
 winning confidence : — artfully suggesting. 
 
 jn-sin-ii-a'tion, n. [L. insinuaiio.] The act of 
 insinuating"; a sly hint ; an artful suggestion. 
 
 In-sin'u-a-tive, a. That insinuates. 
 
 in-sin'u-a-tor, n. [L.] One who insinuates. 
 
 in-sip'id, a. [L. insipidus; in, not, and sapidus, 
 savory (q. v.).] Tasteless; vapid; flat; dull. 
 
 in-si-pid'i-ty, \ n. Quality of being insipid; 
 
 In-sip'id-ness, J want of taste or spirit. 
 
 in-sip'id-ly, ad. Without taste or spirit. 
 
 Jn-sist', v. n. [L. insistere ; in, upon, and sistere, 
 to set; causal form from stare, to stand iq. r.).] 
 [pp. insisting, insisted.] To persist in ; to urge. 
 
 In-sist'ence, n. The act of dwelling or insisting 
 on a matter as being of special importance ; per- 
 sistence, [sistently urgent ; dwelling on. 
 
 In-sist'ent, a. Standing or resting upon : — per- 
 
 jn-sist'ent-ly, ad. In au insistent manner ; per- 
 sistently; urgently. [or place. 
 
 In si'tu. [L. — See Site.] In its natural position 
 
 jn-snare'. v. a. [pp. insnaring, insnared.] To 
 seduce bj' artifice : — written also ensnare. 
 
 In-so-brl'e-ty, n. [In, not, and Sobriety.] Ebri- 
 eiy; drunkenness. 
 
 in' so-late, v. a. [L. insolare; in, in, and sol, solis, 
 the sun.] [ pp. insolatiug, insolated.] To dry 
 or expose in the sun. 
 
 in-so-la'tion, n. [L. insolatio.] Exposure to the 
 sun's rays : — a sunstroke. 
 
 In'sole, n. The inner sole of a shoe. 
 
 In'so-lence, n. Haughtiness or pride mixed with 
 contempt; impudence; insult; gross disrespect. 
 
 in'so-lent, a. [L. insolens, unusual, — hence, in- 
 suiting, haughty; in, not, and solere, to be ac- 
 customed.] Contemptuous of others; haughty; 
 abusive; rude; saucy; impudent. 
 
 in'so-lent-ly, ad. With insolence. [solidity. 
 
 In-so-lid'i-ty, n. [In, not, and Solidity.] Want of 
 
 In-sol-u-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being insoluble. 
 
 in-sol'u-ble, a. [L. msolubilis. — See Soluble.] 
 That cannot be dissolved or solved : — insolvable. 
 
 in-sol'va-ble, a. That cannot be solved. 
 
 in-s51'ven-cy, n. [In, not, and Solvency.] In- 
 ability' to pay all debts : — the state of a person 
 who is unable to pay his debts : — bankruptcy. 
 
 in-sol'vent, «. [In, not, and Solvent.] Unable 
 to pay'; bankrupt. 
 
 in-s5m'ni-a, it. [L. ; in, not, and somnns, sleep.] 
 Want of sleep ; wakefulness. 
 
 in-so-much', couj. So that; to such a degree. 
 Insouciance (ah-so-se-dns), n. [Ft. ; soucier, to 
 care ; souci, care, solicitude (q. v.).) Careless- 
 ness; heedlessness; indifference; apathy; neg- 
 ligence; unconcern. 
 In-span', v. a. & v. n. [Dut. inspannen. — Cf. In and 
 Span.] [pp. inspanuing. inspanned.] To yoke, 
 as a span of oxen to a wagon. 
 In-spect', v. a. [L. inspectare, freq. of inspicere, 
 inspection, to look into; specere, to look, to spy 
 (q. v.).] [pp. inspecting, inspected.] To look 
 into; to examine, 
 in-spec'tion, n. [L. inspectio.] Close examination. 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. 
 
 
 *5- <?« 5, £, soft; p, £, e, §, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 
 
 27 
 
INSPECTOE 
 
 314 
 
 INSULT 
 
 Jn-spect'or, n. [L.] A superintendent; an overseer. 
 
 jn-spect'or-ship, or In-spect'or-ate, n. The office 
 or jurisdiction of an inspector.' 
 
 In-sphere', w. a. [In and Sphere.] [pp. inspher- 
 ing, insphered.] To place in a sphere. 
 
 In-spl'ra-ble, a. That may be inhaled. 
 
 in-spi-ra'tion, n. [L. inspiratio. — See Inspire.] 
 Act' of inspiring; a drawing in; state of being 
 inspired : — infusion of supernatural ideas into 
 the mind. — Plenary inspiration excludes all error. 
 
 In'spi-ra-to-ry, or In-spl'ra-to-ry., a. Pertaining 
 to inhalation. 
 
 Jn-spire', v. n. [L. inspirare ; in, into, and spirare, 
 to breathe.] [pp. inspiring, inspired.] To draw 
 in the breath. — 2, v. a. To breathe into ; to in- 
 fuse ; to animate : to enliven ; to infuse into the 
 mind, as supernatural ideas. 
 
 ln-spired',_p. a. Endued with inspiration. 
 
 in-spir'ing, a. Animating; cheering. 
 
 jn-spir'it, v. a. [In and Spirit.] [pp. inspiriting, 
 inspirited.] To animate; to excite; to enliven. 
 
 Jn-spis'sate, v. a. [L. inspissare,_ inspissatum, to 
 thicken; spissus, thick.] [pp. inspissating, in- 
 spissated.] To thicken; to make thick. 
 
 In-spls'sate, a. Thick; dense; inspissated. 
 
 Sn-spis-sa'tion, n. The act of making thick. 
 
 in-sta-bil'i-ty, n. [L. instabilitas.—Sae Stability.] 
 Want of stability ; changeableness ; fickleness. 
 
 in-sta'ble, a. [L. instabilis.—See Unstable.] In- 
 constant ; unstable ; mutable. 
 
 Jn-stall', v- a. [Late L. instailare; stalhim, a stall 
 (g.v.).] [pp. installing, installed.] To place or 
 instate in office, &c. : — to institute an ordained 
 minister over a parish : — to advance a part. 
 
 In-stal-la'tion, w. The act of installing. 
 
 In-stal'ment, n. Installation : — a part of a sum 
 of money, or of a debt, paid at one time. 
 
 in' stance, n. [L. instantki; in, at, upon, and stare, 
 to stand (q. v.).] Importunity ; urgency ; solicita- 
 tion : — example : — time ; occasion : — act. — 2, v. n. 
 [pp. instancing, instanced.] To give or offer an 
 example. — 3, v. a. To mention as an example. 
 
 fn'stant, a. [L. instans, instantis.—See Instance.] 
 Urgent ; immediate ; present ; quick. — 2, n. A 
 moment : — the present month. 
 
 In-stan-ta-ne'i-ty, n. Instantaneousness. 
 
 In-stan-ta'ne-ous, a. [Sp. & It. instantaneo. — See 
 Instant.] Done in au instant; speedy; instant; 
 immediate. [moment; immediately. 
 
 fn-stan-ta'ne-ous-ly, ad. In an instant; at the 
 
 In-stan-ta'ne-ous-niss, ». Quality of being in- 
 stantaneous: instantaneity. 
 
 In-stan'ter, ad. [L.] {Law.) Instantly. 
 
 in'stant-ly, ad. At the moment; immediately : — 
 urgently'; assiduously. 
 
 In-state', v. a. [In and State.] [pp. instating, 
 instated.] To place in a certain rank or state. 
 
 In-stau'rate, v. a. [L. instaurare, instauratinn, to 
 repair : akin to Gr. o-ravpos, a stake, a fixture. 
 — See Stand and Restore.] [pp. instaurating, 
 instaurate'l.] To restore ; to repair. 
 
 fn-stau-ra'tion, n. [L. iwtawatio.] A restoration. 
 
 Jn-stead', ad.' [In and Stead.] In the place ; in 
 the room. 
 
 In' step, n. [Probably from in and stoop, to bend; 
 formerly spelt uistup.] The upper part of the foot. 
 
 In'sti-gate, v. a. [L. instigare, instigatnm, to goad 
 on : root of Sting.— See Stigma.] [pp. insti- 
 gating, instigated.] To urge, provoke, or incite 
 to ill : — to stir up ; to encourage ; to impel. 
 
 In-sti-ga'tion, n. [L. instiyatio.] An incitement 
 or impulse. 
 
 fn'sti-ga-tor, n. One who instigates. 
 
 In-sth', v.'a. [L. instillare; stilla, a drop.— See 
 Still.] [pp. instilling, instilled.] To infuse by 
 drops, or slowly. 
 
 In-stil-la'tion, n. The act of instilling. 
 
 In-stil'ment, n. Instillation ; infusion. 
 
 fn'stinct, ». [U instinctus, an impulse; instiuguere, 
 instinetum, to goad on. — See Instigate.] A natu- 
 ral aptitude or faculty, by which animals are 
 
 directed to do whatever is necessary for their 
 preservation; natural impulse independent of 
 instruction. [stimulated. 
 
 in-stinct' [in'stingkt, K. Sm. N.], a. Moved; 
 
 In-stinc'tive, a. Prompted by instinct. 
 
 In-stinc'tive-lx, ad. By force of instinct ; spon- 
 taneously; by natural impulse. 
 
 In'sti-tute, v. a. [L. instituere, institution, to es- 
 tablish ; in, on, and statuere, to place ; status, 
 place, state (q. v.).] [pp. instituting, instituted.] 
 To fix; to establish; to found; to appoint; to 
 enact :— to invest, as with office.— 2, n. An es- 
 tablished law ; a precept ; principle :— a scientific 
 body ; institution. 
 
 In-sti-tu'tion, n. [L. institutio. — See Institute.] 
 The act of instituting :— an establishment; a 
 seminary: — an institute; a law :— education; 
 instruction : — the act of investing a clergyman, 
 clerk, &c, with office. 
 
 In-sti-tu'tion-al, \ a. Elemental ; containing 
 
 In-sti-tu'tion-a-ry, j principles. 
 
 In-struct', v. a. [L. instruere, instructum ; in, in 
 or to, and struere, to build. — See Structure.] 
 [pp. instructing, instructed.] To teach ; to edu- 
 cate ; to inform ; to give instructions to ; to 
 direct authoritatively. 
 
 In-struc'tion, n. [L. instructio.] The act of in- 
 structing'; teaching; a precept : — direction. 
 
 In-struc'tive, a. Conveying knowledge ; impart- 
 ing instruction ; didactic. 
 
 In-struc'tive-ly, ad. So as to convey instruction. 
 
 in-struc'tive-ness, n. Power of instructing. 
 
 in-struc'tor, n. [L.] One who instructs. 
 
 Jn'stru-ment, n. [L. instrxmentum, an equipment; 
 instruere, to build, to furnish, to prove.] That 
 by means of which something is done; a tool; 
 an implement; a musical contrivance: — an 
 agent or subordinate actor : — a writing ; a writ- 
 ten contract or deed. 
 
 In-stru-men'tal, a. Serving as an instrument; 
 conducive ; helpful : — not vocal. 
 
 fn-stru-men-tal'i-ty, n. State or quality of being 
 instrumental ; subordinate agency. 
 
 in-stru-men'tal-ly, ad. By use of an instrument. 
 
 in-stru-men-ta'tion, n. [It. instrumentazione.] 
 (Mm.) The management of an instrumental 
 musical performance; execution upon au in- 
 strument :— music arranged for instruments. 
 
 In-sub-jec'tion, n. [In, not, and Subjection.] 
 The state of disobedience. 
 
 In-sub-br'di-nate, a. [In, not, and Subordinate.] 
 Mutinous'; not obedient. 
 
 In-sub-or-di-na'tion, n. Disobedience to lawful 
 authority : — mutinous spirit. 
 
 In-suf'fer-a-ble, a. [In, not, and Sufferable.] 
 That cannot be endured or borne ; intolerable. 
 
 in-suf'fer-a-bly, ad. Beyond endurance. 
 
 In-suf-f i"cien-cy. (In-suf-f ish'en-se), n. State of 
 being insufficient; deficiency. 
 
 In-suf-fi"cient (in-suf-fish'ent), a. [L. insnffi- 
 ciens. — See Sufficient.] Not sufficient; inade- 
 quate ; incapable ; deficient. [adequately. 
 
 ln-suf-fi"cient-ly (in-suf-fish'ent-le), ad. In- 
 
 In'su-lar, a. [L. insularis ; insula, au island: said 
 to be for L. in, in, and solum, the sea. — Cf. Gr. 
 craAo?, surge; but the syllable sul may repre- 
 sent L. solum, soil (q. v.) or land.] Relating to 
 an island; formed like an island; surrounded 
 by water : — characteristic of an island ; narrow ; 
 exclusive. [rowness of view. 
 
 In-su-lar'i-tx, n. State of being an island : — nar- 
 
 I n'su-late, v. a. [L. insulalus, made into an island. 
 — See Insular.] [pp. insulating, insulated.] To 
 make an island : — to place in a detached situa- 
 tion ; to separate from contact or influence ; to 
 detach from electric influence. 
 
 In-su-la'tion, n. State of being insulated ; the act 
 of detaching or insulating. 
 
 In'su-lat-or, n. He who or that which insulates. 
 
 in'sult, n.' The act of insulting; an act or speech 
 of insolence; gross abuse; indignity. 
 
 a, e, I, 5, ii, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 
 
INSULT 
 
 315 
 
 INTEECEDE 
 
 Jn-sult', v. a. [L. insultare, freq. of insilire, in- 
 sultum, to leap upon; salire, to leap.] [pp. in- 
 sulting, insulted.] To treat with gross abuse, 
 insolence, or contempt; to affront. — 2, v. re. To 
 behave with insolence. 
 In-sult'ing, p. a. Bestowing insult; insolent. 
 in-sult'ing-lx ad. In an insolent manner. 
 Jn-su-per-a-bil'i-tx, n. Invincibility. 
 In-su'per-a-ble, a. [L. insuperabilis ; in, not, and 
 supera're, to surmount; super, above, over.] That 
 cannot be overcome ; invincible; insurmountable. 
 In-su'per-a-bljr, ad. Insurmountably. 
 In-sup-port'a-ble, a. [In, not, and Supportable.] 
 That cannot be supported or borne ; intolerable. 
 In-sup-port'a-bly, ad. Beyond endurance. 
 Jn-sur'a-ble'(jn-shur'a-bl), a. Capable of being 
 
 insured; proper to be insured. 
 Jn-sur'ance (in-shur'ans), n. Act of insuring; a 
 sum or premium paid for insuring; security 
 against loss; assurance. 
 Jn-sure' (in-shur'), v. a. [In and Sure. — See As- 
 sure.] [pp. insuring, insured] To secure against 
 loss; to make secure : — written also ensure. 
 Jn-sur'er (in-shur'er), ». One who insures, 
 jn-siir'g-ent, re. [L. insurgere, insurgentis, to rise 
 up; in, against, and surgere, to rise.— See Surge.] 
 One who rises in open rebellion against the gov- 
 ernment. — 2, a. Rising in rebellion ; rebellious. 
 In-sur-mount'a-ble, a. [Fr. insurmontable. — See 
 
 Surmount.] 'insuperable ; invincible. 
 fn-sur-mount'a-bly, ad. Invincibly, 
 in-sur-rec'tion, re. [L. insurrectio; insurgere, in- 
 mrrectum, to rise up. — See Insurgent.] A sedi- 
 tious rising up against civil government ; sedi- 
 tion; rebellion. 
 In-sur-rec'tion-al, \ a. Relating to insuri ec- 
 In-sur-rec'tion-a-ry, J tion ; rebellious ; seditious, 
 in-sur-rec'tion-ist, n. An insurgent. 
 fn-sus-cep-ti-bil'i-ty., w. Incapability of being 
 impressed. ' [Not susceptible, 
 
 fn-sus-cep'ti-ble, a. [In, not, and Susceptible.] 
 In-tact', a. [L. inlactus, untouched; in, not, anil 
 tangere, factum, to touch. — See Tact.] Not 
 touched ; untouched. 
 Jn-tagl'io (in-tal'yo), n. [It, ; in, in, and tagliare, 
 Fr. taiUer, to cut.— See Taiior, Tally.] A pre- 
 cious stone having some figure engraved on it. 
 fn-tan-t-i-bil'i-tx, \n. The state or quality of 
 In-tan'f i-ble-ness, j being intangible. 
 in-tan'|-i-ble, a. [In, not, and Tangible.] That 
 cannot be touched :— not perceptible to the touch. 
 fn'te-ger, n. [L. integer, untouched, entire; in, 
 not, and tangere, tetigi, to touch.] A whole num- 
 ber (not a fraction). 
 In'te-gral, «. Whole ; complete ; not fractional. 
 — Integral calculus, a branch of mathematics. — 
 2, n. The whole made up of parts. 
 fn'te-gral-ly, ad. Wholly ; completely. 
 In'te-grant, o. Making part of a whole. 
 In'te-grate, v. a. [L. integrare, integration, to make 
 whole; integer (q. v.), whole.] [pp. integrating, 
 integrated.] To renew; to make entire, 
 f n-te-gra'tion, n. The act of making whole. 
 Jn-teg'ri-ty, re. [L. integritas, wholeness, sound- 
 ness.— See Integer.] Purity of mind ; rectitude ; 
 honesty; uprightness : — unimpaired state. 
 Jn-teg-'u-ment, n. [L. integurnentum ; in, on, and 
 tegere, to cover.] Any thing that covers, as the 
 skin of an animal ; a cover ; an envelope. 
 In'tel-lect, re. [L. intellectus ; intelligere, intellectum, 
 to discern ; inter, between, and legere, to choose.] 
 The power of understanding or of forming ideas ; 
 mind; understanding. 
 fn-tel-lec'tion, re. Act of understanding. 
 In-tel-lect'u-al (in-tel-lektfyu-al), a. Relating to 
 the intellect or mind; existing in the mind; 
 mental; ideal; endowed with intellect. 
 In-tel-lect'u-al-ly, ad. By use of intellect. 
 Jn-tel'li-i-ence, n. [L. intclligentia.—See Intel- 
 lect.] Acquired knowledge ; information ; news ; 
 tidings; advice; instruction; understanding. 
 
 In-tel'li-fen-cer, n. A conveyer of intelligence. 
 
 In-tel'li-gent, a. [L. intelligent, pres. part, of in- 
 telligere, to discern. — See Intellect.] Well in- 
 formed ; knowing ; instructed ; skilful. 
 
 In-tel'li-gent-lx, ad. In an intelligent manner. 
 
 in-tel-li-gi-bil'i-ty, l». The quality of being 
 
 In-tel'li-|-i-ble-ness, J intelligible. 
 
 jn-tel'li-li-ble, a. [L. inteUigibiUs.] That may 
 be understood ; comprehensible ; clear. 
 
 In-tel'li-g4-bly, ad. So as to be understood. 
 
 in-tem'per-ance, n. [L. intemperantia, excess. — 
 Sea Temperance.] Want of temperance ; exces- 
 sive indulgence, as in drink; excess. 
 
 I n-tem'per-ate, a. Immoderate in drink : — glut- 
 tonous : — passionate : — excessive. 
 
 In-tem'per-ate-ly, ad. Immoderately. 
 
 In-tem'per-ate-ness, n. Want of temperance. 
 
 In-tem'per-a-ture, re. Excess of some quality. 
 
 In-tend , v. 'a. [Fr. entendre, to conceive ; L. in- 
 tendere, to apply the mind ; in, toward, and len- 
 dere, to stretch. — See Tenb.] [pp. intending, 
 intended.] To mean; to design; to purpose: 
 — to stretch out; to keep directed; to aim. 
 
 In-tend'an-cy, n. The office of an intendant : — a 
 province or geographical division. 
 
 In-tend' ant, n. [Fr. — See Intend.] An officer 
 who superintends : — a magistrate. 
 
 In-tend'ed, n. One whom another expects to 
 marry ; an affianced or betrothed lover. [Colloq.] 
 
 In-tense', a. [L. intendere, intensum, to stretch; 
 interims, strained. — See Tend.] Strained; in- 
 tent; noting fixed attention ; vehement; ardent. 
 
 In-tense'ljr, ad. In an intense manner. 
 
 in-tense'ness, re. Vehemence ; intensity. 
 
 in-ten'si-fy, v. a. [pp. intensifying, intensified.] 
 To render more intense. 
 
 In-ten'sion, re. [L. Udensio, a stretching. — See 
 Intend.'] A straining or forcing : — comprehen- 
 sion ; sum of attributes. 
 
 in-ten'si-ty, n. Vehemence; ardor; severity; 
 keenness : — effectiveness. 
 
 In-ten'sive, a. Intent: — adding, or expressing, 
 force or emphasis : — assiduous. 
 
 Jn-ten'sive-ly., ad. In a manner to give force. 
 
 Jn-tent', «. [Fr. entente, purpose, meaning. — See 
 Intend.] Anxiously diligent; eager; earnest. 
 — 2, n. A design; purpose; meaning. 
 
 In-ten'tion. n. [L. intentio, a stretch, a design. — 
 See Intend.] Design; purpose; end; aim. 
 
 In-ten'tion-al, a. Designed; done by design. 
 
 In-ten'tion-al-ly. ad. By design. 
 
 In-tent'ly, ad. With close attention. 
 
 jn-tent'ness, re. The state of being intent. 
 
 In-ter', v. a. [Fr. enterrer ; L. in, in, and terra, the 
 earth.] [pp. interring, interred.] To cover 
 under ground ; to bury. 
 
 In'ter. [L. inter, among; related to Eng. under. 
 — Of. Skr. antar, within ; L. interns, inward.] A 
 Latin preposition, signifying between, used as a 
 prefix ; as, interchange, international. 
 
 in'ter-act, n. [Inter and Act.] A short piece be- 
 tween others. [reciprocal action. 
 
 in-ter-ac'tion, re. [Inter and Action.] Mutual or 
 
 in-ter'ca-lar, a. Inserted; intercalary. 
 
 in-t'e'r'ca-la-ry [jn-ter'ka-la-re, S. P. J.a. E. Sm. R. 
 Wb. ; 'in-'ter-kal'a-re, If. J. F. C], a. [L. inter- 
 calaris, inlercalarius. — See Intercalate.] Inserted 
 out of the common order to preserve the equa- 
 tion of time ; as, the 29th of February, in a leap- 
 year, is an intercalary day. 
 in-ter'ca-late, v. a. [L. intercalare, intercalation ; 
 inter, between, and calare, to proclaim. — See 
 Calendar.] [pp. intercalating, intercalated.] 
 To insert out of the common order, as an extraor- 
 dinary day. 
 in-ter-ca-la'tion, n. Insertion of odd days : — any 
 
 thing placed between. 
 In-ter-cede', v. re. [L. intercedere, intercession ; in- 
 ter', between, and cedere, to go.] [pp. inter- 
 ceding, interceded.] To pass between; to in- 
 terpose ; to mediate ; to plead in favor of one. 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, lise — g, <?, c, £, soft; p, £, p, g, hard; § as z ; $ as gz ; this. 
 
INTEKCEPT 
 
 316 
 
 I^TEKMEDDLE 
 
 in-ter-cept', v. a. [L. intercipere, interceptum ; in- 
 ter, between, and cupere, captum, to take.] \_pp. 
 intercepting, intercepted.] To stop and seize 
 on the way ; to stop ; to obstruct ; to cut off. 
 
 in-ter-cep'tion, n. Stoppage; obstruction. 
 
 fn-ter-ces'sion (ln-ter-sesh'un), n. [L. intercessio. 
 — See Intercede.] The act of interceding ; me- 
 diation ; interposition. 
 
 In-ter-ces'sor, n. [L.] One who intercedes. 
 
 In-ter-ces'so-ry, a. Containing intercession. 
 
 In-ter-changV, v. a. [Inter and Change.] [pp. 
 interchanging, interchanged.] To give and take 
 mutually ; to reciprocate ; to succeed alternately. 
 
 In'ter-chamfe, n. A mutual exchange. 
 
 In-ter-changVa-ble, a. That may be inter- 
 changed ; given and taken mutually. 
 
 In-ter-changVa-ble-ness, n. The quality of being 
 interchangeable. 
 
 in-ter-changVa-bly, ad. By interchange. 
 
 In-ter-cip'i-ent, a. [L. intercipientis, pres. part, 
 of '' 'intercipere, to intercept (q. v.).] Obstructing; 
 stopping. — 2, n. An intercepting power. 
 
 In-ter-clude', v. a. [L. intercludere, interclusum ; 
 inter, between, and chulere or claudere, to close 
 (q. v.).] [pp. intercluding, intercluded.] To 
 shut from ; to intercept. 
 
 In-ter-clu'sion, n. [L. interclusio. — See Inter- 
 clude.] Obstruction. 
 
 in-ter-co-lo'ni-al, a. [Inter and Colonial.] Per- 
 taining to more than one colony. 
 
 in-ter-co-lum-ni-a'tion, n. [L. inter, between, 
 and columna, a column.] (Arch.)' The space 
 between two columns or pillars. 
 
 In-ter-com-mu'ni-cate, v. n. [Inter and Commu- 
 nicate'.] [^.'intercommunicating, intercom- 
 municated.] To communicate reciprocally. 
 
 In-ter-com-mun'ion, n. Mutual communion. 
 
 In-ter-cos'tal, a. [L. inter, between, and costa, a 
 rib".] Placed between the ribs. 
 
 Xn'ter-course (in'ter-kors), n. [L. intercursus; in- 
 ter'currere, to run between ; inter, between, and 
 currere, to run.] Exchange of sentiment or opin- 
 ion ; commerce ; reciprocal exchange : — commu- 
 nication ; connection. 
 
 In-ter-cur'rence, n. Intervention. 
 
 in-ter-cur'rent, «• [L. intercurrent, running be- 
 tween.— See Intercourse.] Intervening. 
 
 In-ter-dict', v. a. [L. interdicere, inter dictum; inter, 
 between, and dicere, to speak.] [pp. interdict- 
 ing, interdicted.] To prohibit; to forbid; to 
 hinder ; to prevent ; to exclude ; to debar. 
 
 In'ter-dict, w. [L. interdictum. — See above.] A 
 prohibition; interdiction: — a papal prohibition 
 of the sacrament. 
 
 in-ter-dic'tion, n. [L. intcrdictlo. — See Interdict.] 
 The act of' interdicting ; prohibition ; a curse ; 
 interdict. [prohibit. 
 
 fn-ter-dic'to-ry, a. [L. interdictoriits/] Serving to 
 
 In'ter-est, v. a. [L. interesse, to be of importance ; 
 inter, between, and esse, to be. — See below.] [pp. 
 interesting, interested.] To concern ; to affect; 
 to excite ; to engage the feelings or attention of. 
 
 in'ter-est, n. [L. interest, it is of importance.] 
 Concern : — advantage ; benefit : — share ; part : 
 — influence; excited feeling: — a premium paid 
 for the use of money. 
 
 f n'ter-est-ed, p. a. Having an interest or con- 
 cern; not uninterested ; not disinterested. 
 
 in'ter-est-ing, p. a. Exciting interest or atten- 
 tion; affecting. 
 
 In-ter-fere', v. n. [L. inter, between, and ferire, 
 to 'strike; 0. Fr. entreferir.] [pp. interfering, 
 interfered.] To intermeddle officiously; to in- 
 terpose; to clash; to strike against. 
 
 fn-ter-fer'ence, n. The act of interfering; an in- 
 termeddling; interposition. 
 
 In-ter-fuse', v. a. [L. mte.rfvm.dere, inter fusum ; in- 
 ter, between, &ti<\ fundere, to pour.] [pp. inter- 
 fusing, interfused'.] To pour into or among; to 
 commingle : — to be commingled with or diffused 
 through ; to permeate ; to pervade. 
 
 Interlaced arches. 
 
 In'ter-im, n. [L. for "in the mean time;" inter, 
 between, and Old L. im, L. mm, accusative of 
 is, he, it.] The mean time; intervening time. 
 
 in-te'ri-or, a. [L., comparative of interns, inward ; 
 intus, inter, within.] Internal; inner; not out- 
 ward. — 2, n. That which is within; inside; inner 
 
 In-te'ri-or-ly, ad. Inwardly ; internally. [part. 
 
 in-ter-ja'cent, a. [L. interjacere, to lie between ; 
 jacere, to lie. ] Lying between ; intervening. 
 
 In-ter-ject', v. a. [L. interjacere, interjectum ; ja- 
 cere, to throw, to cause to lie.] [pp. interjecting, 
 interjected.] To put between ; to throw in. 
 
 In-ter-jec'tion, n. [L. interjectio. — See Interject.] 
 The act of throwing between. — (Gram.) A word 
 expressing some emotion ; as, Oh! Alas! 
 
 In-ter-jec'tion-al, a. Relating to interjections. 
 
 In-ter-join', v. a. & v. n. [L. 
 interjungere, to join (q. v.).~] 
 [ pp. interjoining, inter- 
 joined.] To join mutually or 
 reciprocally ; to intermarry. . 
 
 in-ter-lace', v. a. [Fr. entre- 
 lac'er. — See Lace.] [pp. inter- 
 lacing, interlaced.] To put 
 one thing within another; to 
 intermix; to intertwine. — 2, 
 v. n. To intertwine. 
 
 In-ter-lard', v. a. [Fr. entre- 
 lar'der. — See Lard.] [pp. interlarding, inter- 
 larded.] To mix fat with lean : — to interpose ; 
 to insert between ; to diversify, 
 
 in-ter-lay', v. a. [Inter and Lay.] [i. interlaid; 
 pp'. interlaying, interlaid.] To lay between. 
 
 In-ter-leave\ v. a. [Inter and Lkaf.] [pp. inter- 
 leaving, interleaved.] To insert between leaves. 
 
 In-ter-line', v. a. [Fr. interligner or entreliguer ; 
 Late L. interlineare. — See Line.] [pp. inter- 
 lining, interlined.] To write between lines. 
 
 In-ter-lm'e-ar, \ a. [Late L. interlinearis. — See 
 
 Jn-ter-lin'e-a-ry, J Line.] Written or inserted 
 between lines. 
 
 in-ter-lin-e-a'tion, n. The act of interlining : — 
 matter written' between the lines. 
 
 fn-ter-lin'ing, n. The act of writing between 
 lines; interlineation; correction. 
 
 in-ter-link', v. a. & v. n. [Inter and Link.] [pp. 
 interlinking, interlinked.] To connect, by links. 
 
 In-ter-lock', v. n. & v. a. [Inter and Lock.] [pp. in- 
 terlocking, interlocked.] To communicate with, 
 or flow into, each other; to lock mutually. 
 
 In-ter-lo-cii'tion, n. [L. interlocutio ; loqui, locutus, 
 to talk'.] A dialogue; a conference. — (Law.) An 
 intermediate act or decree. 
 
 In-ter-loc'u-tor [in-ter-lok'u-tur or in-ter-lo-kii'- 
 tuf, W.], n. ' [L. inter, between, and locator, a 
 talker.] One who speaks with or among others. 
 
 fn-ter-loc'u-to-ry, a. Consisting of dialogue : — 
 preparatory to a final decision. 
 
 Jn-ter-lope', v. n. [Fr. interlope, an intruder; L. 
 inter, and Dut: loopen, to run.— See Lope and 
 Leap.] [pp. interloping, interloped.] To run. 
 between parties ; to intermeddle; to intrude. 
 
 In-ter-15p'er, n. An intruder. 
 
 In'ter-lude", n. [L. interludere, to play between , 
 hidere, to play.] A piece played at intervals of 
 a drama, play, or entertainment ; a short dra- 
 matic piece, generally with music; a farce. 
 
 In-ter-lu'nar, \ a. [L. inter, between, and luna, 
 
 in-ter-lu'na-ry, J the moon.] Belonging to the 
 time when the moon, being in conjunction with 
 the sun, is invisible. 
 
 In-ter-mar'ria|e (-mar'rij), n. [Inter and Mar- 
 riage; Fr. intermariage.] Reciprocal marriage 
 between two families. 
 
 in-ter-mar'ry, v. n. [Inter and Marry.] [pp. 
 intermarrying, intermarried.] To marry recip- 
 rocally. [Between the jaw-bones. 
 
 fn-ter-max'il-la-ry, a. [Inter and Maxillary.] 
 
 In-ter-med'dle, v. n. [Fr. eniremcler ; 0. Fr. enlre- 
 me'sler, entremedler.—See Meddle.] [pp. inter- 
 meddling, intermeddled.] To intrude. 
 
 a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, x, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
INTEKMEDDLEK 
 
 317 
 
 INTEEVAL 
 
 In-ter-med'dler, n. One who intermeddles. 
 
 In-ter-me'di-a-ry, n. [L. intermedins. — See Me- 
 dium.] A' gb-between ; a mediator. — 2, a. In- 
 termediate. 
 
 in-ter-me'di-ate, a. [Fr. intermedial.] Lying be- 
 tween two' extremes; intervening; interposed. 
 
 f n-ter-me'di-ate, v. n. [Lite)- and Mediate.] [pp. 
 intermediating, intermediated.] To interpose. 
 
 fn-ter-me-di-a'tion, n. Interposition. 
 
 T.n-ter'xnent, n. [Fr. interrement. — See Inter.] 
 Act of interring ; burial. 
 
 fn-ter'mi-na-ble, a. [L. interminabilis. — See Ter- 
 minus.] Having no limits ; immense ; boundless; 
 endless. 
 
 Xn-ter'mi-nate, a. [L. interminatus. — See Termi- 
 nate.] ' Unbounded; unlimited. 
 
 In-ter-mm'gle, v. a. & v. n. [Inter and Mingle.] 
 [pp. intermingling, intermingled.] To mingle. 
 
 In-ter-mis'sion (in-ter-mish'un), n. [L. in/er- 
 missio. — See Intermit.] A cessation for a time; 
 pause; intervenient time; rest. 
 
 in-ter-mit', v. a. Th. inter mitt ere, intermissum, to 
 interrupt; inter, apart, and mittere, to send.] 
 [pp. intermitting, intermitted.] To cause to 
 cease for a time ; to suspend. — 2, v. n. To cease 
 for a time. 
 
 fn-ter-mit'tence, n. Intermission. 
 
 In-ter-mlt'tent, a. [See Intermit.] Ceasing at 
 intervals.— 2, n. An intermitting fever. 
 
 In-ter-mit'ting--ljr, ad. At intervals. 
 
 In-ter-mlx', v. a. & v. n. [L. intermiscere, inter- 
 mirtum. — See Mix.] [pp. intermixing, inter- 
 mixed.] To mingle ; to mix together. 
 
 In-ter-mlxt'ure (-mikst'yur), u. [See Mixture.] 
 Mixture. [Lying between walls. 
 
 In-ter-mu'ral, a. [L. intermuralis; murus, a wall.] 
 
 Jn-tern'. v. a. [Fr. interner, to confine, to intro- 
 duce ; interne, L. interims or intents, inward ; inter, 
 within.] [pp. interning, interned.] To confine 
 for safe custody in the interior of a country, 
 
 Jn-ter'nal, a. [L. interims. — See above.] Xut exter- 
 nal ; within the body ; inward ; interior; spiritual, 
 
 Jn-ter'nal-ly, ad. Inwardly; mentally. 
 
 In-ter-na"tion-al (Tn-ter-nash'un-al), a. [Inter 
 and National.] Relating to the'mutual inter- 
 course between' nations. 
 
 Jn-terne'. ». [Fr.] A house-surgeon in a hospital. 
 
 In-ter-ne'eine, a. [L. intemecinus, murderous ; 
 internecio, slaughter; inte>; throughout, and ue- 
 care, to slay.] Mutually destructive ; deadly. 
 
 Jn-tern'ment, n. [Fr. inter nement.~\ Confinement, 
 as of refugees, in the interior of a country. 
 
 Sn'ter-node, n. [L. internodium. — See >~ode.] The 
 interval between two nodes. 
 
 in-ter-nun'ci-6 (in-ter-ndn'she-o), n. [L. — See 
 Nuncio.] A messenger between two parties : — 
 an envoy of the pope. 
 
 1 n-ter-o-ce-an'ic, a. [Fr. inter octanique. — See Oce- 
 anic] Between oceans. 
 
 fn-ter-pel', v. a. [L. interpellare, interpellation, to 
 interrupt; inter, between, and pellere, to drive.] 
 [pp. interpelling, interpelled.] To urge by way 
 of intercession.— 2, v. n. To interfere by en- 
 treaty, intercession, or question. 
 
 fn-ter-pel'late, v. a. [See Interpel.] [pp. in- 
 terpellating, interpellated.] To question for- 
 mally or officially. 
 
 In-ter-pel-la'tion, n. [L. interpellate.] A formal 
 request or demand for explanation. 
 
 In-ter-plan'et-a-ry, a. [Liter and Planetary.] 
 Situated between planets. [tion ; interaction. 
 
 In'ter-play, n. [Inter and Play.] Reciprocal ac- 
 
 In-ter-plead', v. n. [Inter and Plead.] [pp. in- 
 terpleading, interpleaded.] {Law.) To discuss a 
 point preliminary or incidental. 
 
 In-ter-plead'er, n. (Law.) One who interpleads : 
 —the title of a bill in equity. 
 
 Jn-ter'po-late, v. a. [L. interpolare, interpolatum, 
 to patch up; infer, between, and pol 'ire, to polish 
 (<]• "•)•] [pp- interpolating, interpolated.] To 
 insert into another composition; to foist in. 
 
 in-ter-po-la'tion, n. Act of interpolating; some- 
 thing added or foisted in. 
 
 In-ter'po-la-tor, n. One who intei-polates. 
 
 Jn-ter-po'sal, n. Interposition. 
 
 In-ter-pose', v. a. [Fr. interposer ; in meaning it 
 represents L. interponere, interposition, to place 
 between (see Pose); historically, it is from the 
 root of Pause (q. v.).] [pp. interposing, inter- 
 posed.] To place between ; to thrust in. — 2, v. n. 
 To act in a friendly manner between two par- 
 ties; to interfere ; to intervene; to intercede. 
 
 In-ter^po-§i"tion (In-ter-po-zish'un), n. [L. in- 
 terpositto ; inierponere, interposition, to place be- 
 tween.] The act of interposing ; intervention. 
 
 In-ter'pret, v. a. [L. interpretari, to expound; in- 
 terpres, an interpreter, a factor.] [jjp. interpret- 
 ing, interpreted.] To explain; to translate ; to 
 decipher; to expound; to elucidate. 
 
 in-ter-pre-ta'tion, a. Art, or act, of interpreting; 
 exposition ; explanation ; exegesis. 
 
 in-ter'pre-ta-tive, a. Explanatory. 
 
 in-ter'pret-er, n. One who interprets. 
 
 in-ter-reg'num, n. [L, inter, between, and regmim, 
 a reign.] The time in which a throne is vacant, 
 between the death of one sovereign and the ac- 
 cession of another. 
 
 In-ter'ro-gate, v. a. [L. interrogare, interrogation ; 
 inter, throughout, and rogare, to ask.] [ pp. in- 
 terrogating, interrogated.] To examine by ask- 
 ing questions ; to inquire of; to question. — 2, v. n. 
 To put questions. 
 
 In-ter-ro-ga'tion, n. [L. interrogatio.] A ques- 
 tion; an inquiry: — a point, thus [?], denoting 
 a question. 
 
 In-ter-rog'a-tive, a. [L. interrogativw.] Question- 
 ing. — 2, n. A pronoun or word used in asking 
 questions; as, who? what? — a question. 
 
 fn-ter-rog'a-tive-lj:, ad. In form of a question. 
 
 In-ter'ro-ga-tor, n. [L.l An asker of questions. 
 
 in-ter-rog'a-to-rjj, n. [L. interrogator ins, ques- 
 tioning.] ' A'question ; inquiry. — 2, a. Contain- 
 ing a question. 
 
 fn-ter-rupt', v. a. [L. intemonpere, interruption; 
 inter, between, and rumpere. to break.] [pp. in- 
 terrupting, interrupted.] To stop; to interfere 
 
 ^ with ; to hinder :— to divide ; to separate. 
 
 In-ter-rup'tion, n. [L. mierrvptio.] The act of 
 interrupting; that which interrupts; stop. 
 
 In-ter-sect', v. a. [L. irUerseeare, mtersectwm ; se- 
 cure, to cut.] [pp. intersecting, intersected.] 
 To cut; to divide mutually. — 8, v, n. To meet 
 and cross. 
 
 In-ter-sec'tion, v. [L. inlersectio. — See Section.] 
 The act of intersecting; a crossing; a point 
 where lines cross. [vening space. 
 
 In'ter-space, n. [Inter and Space.] An inter- 
 
 In-ter-sperse', v. a. [L. interspergere, interspersnm ; 
 spargere, sparmm, to scatter.] [pp. interspersing, 
 interspersed.] To scatter among. 
 
 fn-ter-spe'r'sion, n. The act of interspersing. 
 
 In-ter-state', a. [Inter and State.] Between dif- 
 ferent states. [the stars. 
 
 in-ter-stel'lar, a. [Inter and Stellar.] Between 
 
 in'ter-stice, or In-ter'stice, n. [L. interstitiina 
 or mterstitio; inter, between, and sistere, station, 
 to place.] A small space between things; a 
 small intervening space. 
 
 In-ter-sti"tial (in-ter-stish'al), a. Relating to, 
 or containing, interstices. 
 
 In-ter-text'iire (in-ter-tekst'yur), n. [Inter and 
 Texture.] The act of intenveaving : — any 
 thing interwoven. [tween the tropics. 
 
 in-ter-trop'i-cal, a. [Inter and Tropical.] Be- 
 
 In-ter-twine'. v. a. & v. n. [Inter and Twine.] 
 [pp. intertwining, intertwined.] To twine mu- 
 tually : — to interweave. 
 
 In-ter-twist', v. a. & v. n. [Inter and Twist.] [pp. 
 intertwisting, intertwisted.] To unite by twist- 
 ing together. 
 
 In'ter-val, n. [L. interrallum ; inter, between, and 
 vailum, a wall, — properly, the space between the 
 
 mien, sir; mSve, nor, son; bull, bur, rule, use.— g, 9, 5, £, soft; p, )&, p, g, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; tfiis. 
 
 27* 
 
INTERVENE 
 
 318 
 
 INTROSPECTION 
 
 rampart and the tents.] Space between places; 
 an interstice: — a vacuity: — a space of time; 
 season ; remission : — low or alluvial land. 
 
 In-ter-vene', v. n. [L. intervenire, to come be- 
 tween; venire, to come.] [pp. intervening, in- 
 tervened.] To come between persons or things ; 
 to come between points of time. 
 
 Xn-ter-ve'ni-ent, a. Passing between. 
 
 fn-ter-ven'ing, p. a. Coming between. 
 
 fn-ter-ven'tion, n. [L. iuterventio.—See Inter- 
 vene.] Interposition ; mediation. 
 
 In-ter-ver'te-bral, a. [Inter and Vertebral.] 
 Between the vertebrae. 
 
 in'ter-view (-vu), n. [Fr. s'entrevoir, to meet; L. 
 inter, between, and videre, to see. — See View.] 
 Mutual sight :— an appointed meeting or confer- 
 ence ; a meeting. — 2, v. a. [pp. interviewing, 
 interviewed.] To have an interview with : — to 
 call upon a person and question him. 
 
 In'ter-view-er (-vu-er), n. One who interviews 
 another. 
 
 in-ter-volve', v. a. [L. inter, between, and volvere, 
 to roll.] [pp. intervolving, intervolved.] To 
 involve together. 
 
 In- ter- weave', v. a. [Inter and Weave.] [i. inter- 
 wove or interweaved ; pp. interweaving, inter- 
 woven or interweaved.] To weave together; to 
 intermingle ; to intermix. 
 
 In-tesHa-ble, a. [L. iidestabllis. — See Testament.] 
 Disqualified to make a will. 
 
 fn-tes'ta-cy, n. State of dying without a will. 
 
 In-tes'tate, a. [L. udestatus; in, not, and te$ta7-i, 
 testalus, to make a will.— See Testament.] Dying 
 without having made a will ; wanting a will. — 
 2, n. One dying without leaving a will. 
 
 Jn-tes'ti-nal, a. Belonging to the intestines. 
 
 jn-tes'tine, a. [L. iniestinus, inward ; intus, Gr. 
 evros, within.] Internal ; inward ; domestic. 
 
 Jn-tes'tine§, n. pi. The bowels; entrails. 
 
 jn-thrail', v. a. [See Enthrall.] [pp. inthrall- 
 ing, i bralled.] To enslave ; to shackle. 
 
 Jn-thral'meh*' n. Servitude; slavery. 
 
 In'ti-ma-cy, *• lose faOwJiarity or fellowship. 
 
 in'ti-mate, a. [L. intm ' r"nwiJAtive of 
 
 interns', interior. — Ci". . In- 
 
 most; inward: — near; ol losely 
 
 acquainted. — 2, n. . A familiar &• . < a confidant. 
 
 In'ti-mate, v. a. [L. intimare, intimatum, to bring 
 within, to announce.— See the adjective Inti- 
 mate.] [pp. intimating, intimated.] To suggest 
 obscurely ; to point out indirectly ; to hint. 
 
 in'ti-mate-ly, ad. Closely; familiarly. 
 
 In-ti-ma'tion, n. [L. intimatio.] Act of intimating ; 
 insinuation; a hint; an obscure suggestion. 
 
 Jn-tim'i-date, v. a. [Late L. intimidare, intiwi- 
 datum; L. in intensive, and timidus, timid (q.v.)i] 
 [pp. intimidating, intimidated.] To frighten. 
 
 Jn-tim-i-da'tion, n. Act of intimidating. 
 
 Sn'tS, prep. [In and To.] Noting entrance or 
 penetration. 
 
 In-tol'er-a-ble, a. [L. intolerabilis ; Fr. intolerable. 
 — See' Tolerable.] That cannot be tolerated; 
 insufferable; insupportable; unendurable. 
 
 f n-tol'er-a-bly, ad. Not tolerably. 
 
 In-tol'er-ance, n. [L. irdolerantia. — See Toler- 
 ance.'] 'Want of tolerance, toleration, or en- 
 durance ; want of forbearance. 
 
 In-tol'er-ant, a. [L. intolerant; intolerOre, not to 
 endure.— See Tolerate.] Not tolerant; not en- 
 during. 
 
 In-tol-er-a'tion, n. Want of toleration. 
 
 Jn-tomV (in-torn'), v. a. [In and Tomb.] [pp. 
 intombing, intombed.] To place in a tomb. 
 
 In'to-nate, v. a. [Late L. intonare, intonatum. — 
 See Intone.] [pp. intonating, intonated.] To 
 sound ; to sing. 
 
 In-tp-na'tion, n. Manner or act of sounding. 
 
 Jn-tone', v. a. & v. n. [L. intonare, to thunder, — 
 later, to chant; 0. L. tonus, thunder; L. tonm, 
 Gr. tovos, a tone (q. v.).] [pp. intoning, intoned.] 
 To chant ; to recite. 
 
 Jn-tox'i-cant, n. Any thing that can intoxicate. 
 
 jn-tox'i-cate^ v. a. [Late L. intoxicare, intoxicatum, 
 to poison ; Fr. intoxiquer ; L. in, into, and toxicum, 
 poison ; Gr. to^lkov , arrow-poison ; rojjov, a bow ; 
 to£<x, arrows.] [pp. intoxicating, intoxicated.] 
 To make drunk ; to inebriate. 
 
 In-tox-i-ca'tion, n. Drunkenness ; ebriety. 
 
 in'tra-. [L. intra, within, an adverb and preposi- 
 tion from inlerus, inward. — See Interior.] A 
 prefix denoting situation within or between ; 
 
 ^ it is seen in only a few English words. 
 
 In-trac-ta-bil'i-ty, n. Ungovernableness. 
 
 ln-trac'tg.-ble, a. [L. intractabilis.—See Tracta- 
 ble.] Stubborn; unmanageable; unruly; per- 
 verse ; obstinate ; refractory ; indocile. 
 
 In-trac'ta-ble-ness, n. Perverseness. 
 
 In-trac'ta-bly, ad. Unmanageably. 
 
 In-tra-mu'ral, a. [L. intra, within, and murus, a 
 wall.] Within the walls. 
 
 In-tran'si-tive, a. [L. intransitivus. — See Transi- 
 tive.] (Gram.) Expressing^ a meaning which 
 does not pass over to an object ; neuter. 
 
 In-tran'si-tive-ly, ad. Not transitively ; without 
 an object following. 
 
 In-trans-mis'si-ble, a. [See Transmissible.] Not 
 
 ^ transmissible. [transmutable. 
 
 In-trans-mu'ta-ble, a. [See Transmutable.] Not 
 
 In- trench', A. n. [In and Trench.] [^.intrench- 
 ing, intrenched.] To encroach; to trench. — 
 2, v. a. To furrow : — to fortify. 
 
 In-trench'ment, n. A fortification with a trench ; 
 a ditch or trench. 
 
 In-trep'id, a. [L. intrepidus; in, not, and trepidus, 
 alarmed. — See Trepidation.] Fearless ; daring ; 
 brave. [Fearlessness; courage. 
 
 In-tre-pid'i-ty, n. [Fr. intrepidite. — See Intrepid.] 
 
 In-trep'id-ly, ad. Fearlessly ; daringly. 
 
 In'tri-ca-cy, n. Complexity; complication. 
 
 In'tri-cate, a. [L. intricare, intricalum, to perplex, 
 to entangle; in, in, and tricss, wiles, plots, vexa- 
 tions.] Perplexed; complicated. 
 
 In'tri-cate-ly, ad. In an intricate manner. 
 
 In-trig-ue' (in-treg'), n. A plot or secret contriv- 
 ance to effect some object, applied to affairs of 
 love or government; a stratagem; an amour. — 
 2, v. n. [Fr. intriguer, to plot ; L. intricare, to 
 perplex. — See Intricate and Trick.] [ pp. in- 
 triguing, intrigued.] To form plots. 
 
 in-trigu'er (in-treg'er), n. One who intrigues. 
 
 in-trin'sic, \ a. [L. intrinsecus; intra, within, 
 
 in-trin'si-cal, j and secus, according to, follow- 
 ing : on type of extrinsic. L. secus is said to be 
 related to sequi, to follow.] Not extrinsic ; in- 
 herent; internal; natural; substantial; real; 
 true; genuine; not merely apparent. 
 
 In-trm'si-cal-ly, ad. Internally; really. 
 
 in'tro-. [L. intro, inwardly; for intero, in the in- 
 terior.] A Latin prefix, sparingly used in Eng- 
 lish, and denoting motion toward the interior. 
 
 In-tro-duce'. v. a. [L. introducere ; ducere, to lead.] 
 [pp. introducing, introduced.] To bring, con- 
 duct, or usher in ; to make known; to present; 
 to produce : — to thrust in. 
 
 In-tro-duc'er, n. One who introduces. 
 
 In-tro-duc'tion, n. [L. introductio. — See Intro- 
 duce.] Act of introducing; presentation : — the 
 preliminary part of a book; an exordium. 
 
 in-tro-duc'tive, a. Serving to introduce. 
 
 In-tro-diic'to-ry, a. Serving t,o introduce. 
 
 Jn-tr5'it [in-tro'it, Sm. CI. N. ; in-trbit', K. Wb. 
 St.], n. [L. introitus, entrance; introire, to enter; 
 intro, inward, and ire, to go.] A psalm sung 
 while the priest enters within the altar rails. 
 
 In-tro-nus'sion (In-tro-mTsh'un), n. [Fr. ; L. intro, 
 inward, and mittere, missum, to send.] Act of 
 intromiting; admission ; a sending in. 
 
 In-tro-mit', v. a. [See Intromission.] [pp. intro- 
 mitting, intromited.] To send in; to let in. — 
 2, v. n. To intermeddle. 
 
 In-trp-spec'tion, n. [Late L. introspeclio ; L. intrc 
 spicere, introspectum., to look into ; intro, inward, 
 
 I, 5, u, y, long ; a., e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 
 
INTROSPECTIVE 
 
 319 
 
 INVIDIOUSLY 
 
 and specere, to look.] A view of the inside : — the 
 act or practice of examining the operations of 
 one's own mind ; self-examination. 
 
 fn-tro-spec'tive, a. Viewing inwardly. 
 
 In-tro-ver'sion, n. The act of introverting. 
 
 In-tro-vert', v. a. [L. introvertere, introversion ; 
 intro, inward, and vertere, to turn.] [pp. intro- 
 verting, introverted.] To turn inward. 
 
 Jn-trude', o. n. [L. intrudere, intrusum ; in, into, 
 and trudere, to thrust (g. v.).] [pp. intruding, 
 intruded.] To come in or to enter without per- 
 mission ; to encroach ; to interlope. — 2, v. a. To 
 force in rudely ; to obtrude. 
 
 Jn-trud'er, »■ One who intrudes ; an interloper. 
 
 Jn-tru'sion (in-tru'zhun), n. [Late L. intrusio. — 
 See Intrude.] Act of intruding-, an unwelcume 
 entrance; obtrusion. 
 
 In-tru'sive, a. Intruding; apt to intrude. 
 
 jn-trust\ v. a. [In and Trust.] [pp. intrusting, 
 intrusted.] To deliver in trust ; to entrust. 
 
 fn-tu-i"tion (ln-tu-Ish'un), n. [L. intuei-i, intuitus, 
 to look upon ; in, upon, and tv.eri, to look. J The 
 act of the mind by which a truth is immediately 
 perceived; intuitive perception: — knowledge 
 gained independently of experience; immediate 
 knowledge. 
 
 In-tu-i"tion-al, a. Of or pertaining to intuition. 
 
 Jn-tu'i-tive, a. [Fr. intuitif. — See Intuition.] 
 Seen by the mind immediately: — perceiving at 
 once, or directly. 
 
 In-tu'i-tive-ly, ad. By intuition. 
 
 In-tu-mesce' (iii-tu-mes'), v. n. [L. intumescere ; 
 i,t intensive, and tumescere, inceptive of tumere, 
 to swell.] [pp. intumescing, intume^ced.J To 
 swell: to be tumid. 
 
 In-tu-mes'cence. n. A swelling; a tumor. 
 
 In-tus-sus-cep'tion, n. [L. inlus, Gr. cvtos, within, 
 and susceptio, a reception; su&cipere, susceplum, to 
 take up, to undertake; sub, under, and cupere, to 
 take.] Reception of one part within another. 
 
 jn-twine'. v. a. [In and Twine.] [pp. intwining, 
 intwined.] To twist together ; to entwine. 
 
 jn-twist', r. a, [In and Twist.] [pp. intwisting, 
 intwisted.] To twist together; to intwiue. 
 
 Jn-un'date, r. «. [L. immdare, inundalum, to flood; 
 in, upon, and undare, to flow; undo, a wave.] 
 [pp. inundating, inundated.] To overflow with 
 water. [water. 
 
 fn-un-da'fion, n. [L. inundatio.] An overflow of 
 
 Jn-Gre' (in-yiir'), v. a. [In, and O. E. are, to work, 
 to practise; 0. Fr. evre, or.re, Fr. ceuvre, L. opus, 
 operis, work.] [pp. inuring, inured.] To habitu- 
 ate; to accustom. — 2, v. n. {Laic.) To take effect. 
 
 T.n-ure'ment, n. Practice; habit; use. 
 
 Jn-iirn', v. a. [In, and Urn.] [pp. inurning, in- 
 urned.] To entomh ; to bury. 
 
 fn-u-til'i-ty, n. [L. inutiUtas. — See Utility.] 
 Want of utility; uselessness; unprofitableness. 
 
 Jn-vade', v. a. [L. invadere ; in, into, and vadere, 
 to go.] [pp. invading, invaded.] To enter for a 
 hostile purpose ; to attack ; to assail : to assault. 
 
 Jn-vad'er, n. One who invades; assailant. 
 
 In-vaT'id, «. [L. invalidus. — See Valid.] Not valid; 
 of no legal force; weak; of no weight or cogency. 
 
 In-va-lid' (In-va-led') [In'va-led or in'va-lid, H. ; 
 in'va-lid, Wb.'; in'va-led," J. N. Skeat]', n. [Fr. 
 invalide.—See above.] One who is weak or dis- 
 abled by sickness ; a soldier disabled. — 2, a. Dis- 
 abled ; infirm ; weak. 
 
 In-vaT'i-date, o. «. [Fr. invalider. — See Invalid.] 
 []>p. invalidating, invalidated.] To make void; 
 to weaken. 
 
 In-val-i-da'tion, n. The act of weakening. 
 
 In-va-lid'i-ty, n. Want of validity. 
 
 In-vaTu-a-ble (in-val'yu-a-bl), a. [In, not, or in 
 intensive, and Valuable.] That cannot be val- 
 ued; inestimable; precious; above all price. 
 
 fn-val'u-a-bly, ad. Inestimably. 
 
 in-va'ri-a-ble, a. [I», not, and Variable.] Not 
 variable ; immutable ; unchangeable ; unalter- 
 able ; constant. 
 
 fn-va'ri-a-ble-ness, n. Immutability. 
 
 In-va'ri-a-bly, ad. Unchangeably ; constantly. 
 
 In-va'§ion (in-va'zhun). n. [L. invnsio. — See In- 
 vade.]' Act of invading; a hostile entrance; 
 inroad; attack. 
 
 In-va'sive, a. Making invasion ; aggressive. 
 
 in-vec'tive, n. [L. invectivus, reproachful. — See 
 Inveigh.] An abusive or angry speech ; a harsh 
 censure; angry abuse; reproach; satire. — 2, a. 
 Satirical ; abusive. 
 
 In-veigh' (in-va'), v. n. [L. invehere, invectum, to 
 attack; in, against, and vehere, to carry.] [pp. 
 inveighing, inveighed.] To utter censui-e or re- 
 proach ; to rail ; to declaim. 
 
 In-vei'gle (in-ve'gl), v. a. [Probably for Fr. aveug- 
 ler, to blind, to delude ; aveugle, blind ; Late L. 
 aboculis, blind; ab, away from, and ocuius, an 
 eye.] [pp. inveigling, inveigled.] To wheedle; 
 to persuade to evil. 
 
 T.n-vei'gle-ment, n. Seduction ; enticement. 
 
 in-vei'gler (in-ve'gler), n. One who inveigles ; a 
 seducer; a deceiver. 
 
 Jn-vent', v. a. [L. invenire, invention, to come 
 upon; in, upon, and venire, to come.] [pp. in- 
 venting, invented.] To contrive ; to devise; to 
 discover ; to forge ; to feign. 
 
 in-vent'er, n. One who invents; a fonrer. 
 
 in-ven'tion, m. [L.incentin.] Act of inventing; 
 faculty or power of inventing: ingenuity :— a 
 thing invented; a contrivance; forgery; fiction. 
 
 In-ven'tive, a. Apt to invent : ingen ous. 
 
 in-vent'or, ». [L.] One who invents : a contriver. 
 
 in-ven-to'ri-al, a. Relating to an inventory. 
 
 In-ven-to'ri-al-ly. ad. By an inventory. 
 
 In'ven-to-ry, n. [Fr. inventaire, L. invent 
 list, a list of things found.] A list of goods. 
 
 In-ven'tress, n. A female who invents. 
 
 in-ve-rac i-ty, n. [In, not, and Veracity.] Want 
 of truthfulness. 
 
 In-verse', a. [L. inversus. — See INVERT.] In- 
 verted : — opposed to direct. 
 
 in-verse'ly, ad. In an inverted oH«T. 
 
 jn-ver'sion (in-ve'r'shi'n). «. ,. nversio. — See 
 Invent"! j' . nverting; change of or- 
 
 der, that the first becomes 
 
 last, 
 
 Tn-vert', (. ■• uivert&re, inrermm ; vertere, to 
 
 turn.] [pp. invertinir, inverted.] To turn up- 
 side down ; to place in a contrary order; to place 
 the last first; to reverse; to o<> 
 
 In-ver'te-brate, o. [In, not. and Vertebrate.] 
 Not vertebrate ; having no spinal column. 
 
 T.n-vest\ v. a. [L. inveMire, to clothe; in, ujion, 
 and vestire, to clothe. — See Vest.] [pp. invest- 
 ing, invested.] To dress; to clothe; to array; 
 to endue: — to place, as money in some perma- 
 nent form : — to besiege ; to enclose. 
 
 Jn-ves'ti-gate, v. a. [L. invesligare, investigatum, 
 to track out; in, upon, and vestigare, to trace; 
 vestigium, a trace. — See Vestige'.] [pp. investi- 
 gating, investigated.] To search out; to find 
 out ; to trace up. 
 
 fn-ves-ti-ga'tion, n. [L. investigate.] The act of 
 investigating; a searching; examination. 
 
 |n-ves'ti-ga-tor, n. [L.] One who investigates. 
 
 Jn-ves'ti-ture, n. [Late L. investitura, invest- 
 ment.] The act of giving possession. 
 
 T.n-vest'ment. n. The act of investing; property 
 invested: — dress; vesture; vestment :— that in 
 which money is invested. 
 
 jn-vet'er-a-cy, n. State or quality of being in- 
 veterate ; long continuance of any thing bad, as 
 a disease, &c. : — obstinacy of mind. 
 
 T.n-vet'er-ate, a. [L. invelerare, moeteratum : in 
 intensive, and veins, veteris, old.] Fixed or es- 
 tablished by long continuance ; old ; long estab- 
 lished. 
 
 |n-vid'i-ous, a. [L. invidue, im-idiosus; invidia, 
 envy (<;. ».).] Likely to promote envy or ill-will 
 or to give offence : — envious; malignant. 
 
 T.n-vid'i-ous-ly >( ad. In an invidious manner. 
 
 mien, si'r ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, Q, c, £-, soft; p, p, p, §, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 
 
INVIDIOUSNESS 
 
 320 
 
 IEONY 
 
 In-vid'i-ous-ness, n. Quality of provoking envy. 
 
 Jn-vig'o-rate, v. a. [In and Vigor.] [pp. in- 
 vigorating, invigorated.] To strengthen; to 
 animate. 
 
 Jn-vig-o-ra'tion, n. The act of invigorating. 
 
 In-vin-ci-bil'i-ty, ) n. Quality of being invin- 
 
 in-vin'ci-ble-ness, j cible. 
 
 in-vin'ci-ble, a. [L. invincibilis ; in, not, and otV 
 cibilis, conquerable; viucere, to conquer.] That 
 cannot be overcome ; insurmountable ; insuper- 
 able ; unconquerable. 
 
 in-vin'ci-bly, ad. Insuperably. 
 
 In-vI-o-Ia-bil'i-ty, \ n. Quality of being invio- 
 
 In-vi'o-la-ble-ness, j lable. 
 
 In-vi'o-la-ble, a. [L. inviolabUis. — See Violate.] 
 That may not be profaned or broken : — sacred. 
 
 in-vi'o-la-bly, ad. Without breach or failure. 
 
 in-vi'o-late, a. [L. inviolatus. — See Violate.] Un- 
 hurt; linprofaned. 
 
 fn-vis-i-bil'i-ty, n. State of being invisible. 
 
 In-vis/j-ble, a. [L. invisibilis. — See Visible.] That 
 cannot be seen ; not visible ; imperceptible by 
 the sight; unseen. 
 
 In-vis'i-bly, ad. In an invisible manner. 
 
 in-vi-ta'tion, n. [L. invitatio.—See Invite.] The 
 act of inviting; solicitation. 
 
 Jn-vlte', v. a. [L. invitare, invitatum.~\ [pp. in- 
 viting, invited.] To bid; to call; to allure. — 
 2, v. n. To give an invitation; to ask. — 3, n. 
 An invitation. [Cclloq.] 
 
 In-vit'ing, p. a. Alluring; attractive. 
 
 in-vlt'ing-ly, ad. So as to invite. 
 
 fn-vo-ca'tion, n. [L. invocatio. — See Invoke.] 
 The act of invoking; the act of calling upon in 
 prayer; supplication. 
 
 In'vbice, v. a. [Fr. envois, pi. of envoi, a sending, 
 a consignment. — See Envoy.] [pp. invoicing, 
 invoiced.] To insert in an account. — 2, n. A 
 catalogue of a ship's freight : — a catalogue of 
 goods, with their prices annexed : — a statement 
 cf taxable property. 
 
 Jn-voke', v. a. [L. invocare; in, toward, to, and 
 vocare, to call.] [pp. invoking, invoked.] To 
 call upon earnestly ; to implore ; to pray to ; to 
 supplicate ; to beseech. 
 
 In-vo-lu'crate, a. Having an involucre. 
 
 fn'vo-lu-cre (-lu-ker), n. [L. iuvolucrum, an en- 
 velope. — See Involve.] (Bot.) A collection of 
 bracts placed in a whorl ; a whorl. 
 
 In-vol'un-ta-ri-ly, ad. Not by choice or will. 
 
 in-vol'un-ta-ry, a. [L. involiwtarius. — See Vol- 
 untary.] ' Not voluntary ; unwilling. 
 
 In'vo-lute, a. [L. involutvs. — See Involve.] Rolled 
 inward. — 2, n. A certain mathematical curve. 
 
 In-vo-lu'tion, n. [L. involutio. — See Involve.] 
 The act of involving; complication. — (Math.) 
 The raising of quantities from their roots to 
 any powers assigned. 
 
 Jn-volve', v. a. [L. involvere, involutum ; volvere, 
 to roll.] [pp. involving, involved.] To in- 
 wrap ; to comprise ; to entwist ; to take in ; to 
 entangle. 
 
 Jn-volve'ment, or T.n-volv'ed-ness, n. State of 
 being involved. 
 
 In-vul-ner-a-bil'i-ty, It?. The state of being 
 
 Jn-vul'ner-a-ble-ness, j invulnerable. 
 
 in-vul'ner-a-ble, a. [L. invidnerabilis. — See Vul- 
 nerable.]' That cannot be wounded ; not vul- 
 nerable; secure from injury. 
 
 In' ward, a. [A.-S. inneweard, innanweard • inne 
 or innan, within, and -weard, a suffix signifying 
 toward.] Internal; interior; being within. 
 
 in' ward, ) ad. Toward the inside or internal 
 
 In'wardg, j parts ; within. 
 
 In'ward-ly, ad. In the heart; internally. 
 
 In'ward§, n. pi. The bowels; inner parts. 
 
 Jn-w§ave', v. a. [In and Weave.] [i. inwove ; 
 pp. inweaving, inwoven or inwove.] To weave 
 together. 
 
 Jn-wrap' (in-rap'), v. a. [In and Wrap.] [pp. 
 inwrapping, inwrapped.] To infold ; to involve. 
 
 |n-wreatfie' (in-reth'), v. a. [In and Wreathe.] 
 [pp. inwreathing, inwreathed.] To wreathe 
 round. 
 
 In-wrought' (in-rawf), a. [In and Wrought.] 
 Worked in ; figured. 
 
 I'o-dlde, n. A compound of iodine and a metal. 
 
 I'o-dine [I'o-din, St. H. N. I.], n. [Gr. U8r^, 
 loeifojs, violet-like ; lov, a violet, and e!6o?, ap- 
 pearance : its vapor is of a violet color.] A non- 
 metallic, soft substance obtained from the ashes 
 of sea-weeds, etc. 
 
 I-od'o-f6rm, n. [An iodide of formyl, whence it is 
 named.] A medicinal compound of iodine. 
 
 I-o'ni-an, a. Relating to Ionia, or to a cluster of 
 Greek islands. 
 
 I-on'ic, a. Relating to Ionia or to the dialect of 
 thelonians: — noting one of the five orders of 
 architecture : — noting a foot of four syllables. 
 
 I-o'ta, n. [Gr. — Cf. Heb. yod, a small ietter.] A 
 Greek letter, i :— a tittle'; the least quantity. 
 
 ip'e-cac, n. See Ipecacuanha. 
 
 Ip-e-cac-i-an'ha (ip-e-kak-u-an'a.) [Ip-e-kak-u- 
 a/na, W. ; Ip-e-kak-u-a'na, Ja.], n. [Native Bra- 
 zilian i-pe-ca'a-guen, "smaller road-side sick- 
 making plant."] A South-American plant or 
 root of emetic virtues. 
 
 I'ra-cund, a. [L. iracundus. — See Ire.] Irasci- 
 ble : — angry ; passionate. 
 
 I-ras-ci-bil'i-ty, n. Propensity to anger. 
 
 I-ras'ci-ble, a. [L. irascibilis ; irasci, to become 
 angry; ira, anger.] Prone to anger; irritable. 
 
 I'rate, a. [L. irasci, iratus, to become angry. — See 
 Ire.] Angry. [sionate hatred. 
 
 Ire, n. [Fr. ire, L. ira, wrath.] Anger; rage; pas- 
 Ire' ful, a. Angry; raging; furious. 
 
 I-ren'ic, or i-ren'i-cal, a. [Gr. eipiivixo?, peace- 
 ful ;' eiprjvr], peace.] Promoting peace ; intended 
 to promote peace. 
 
 ir-i-des'cence, n. [Fr. ; L. iris, iridis, a rainbow.] 
 The color of the rainbow : — a display of colors. 
 
 ir-i-des'cent (Ir-i-des'sent), a. [Fr.] Colored like 
 the rainbow : — exhibiting a play of colors. 
 
 I-rid'i-um, n. [From iris, the rainbow : solutions 
 of some of its compounds are iridescent.] A very 
 hard, heavy metal. 
 
 I'ris, n. ; pi. l'ris-e§. [L. ; Gr. Ipi?.] The rain- 
 bow : — the circle round the pupil 
 of the eye : — the flower-de-luce : 
 — a small planet. [its people. 
 
 Ir'ish, a. Relating to Ireland or 
 
 Ir'ish-moss, n. See Carragheen. 
 
 I-ri'tis, n. [-itis as a suffix signi- 
 fies inflammation.] Inflamma- 
 tion of the iris. 
 
 Irk (urk), v. a. [0. E. irlcen, to 
 weary; Sw. yika, to press, to 
 urge (q. v.).—Ci. Dan. vxrge, to 
 pain ; Lith. wargas, need : prob- 
 ably akin to Work.] [pp. irking, irked.] To 
 weary. [Used impersonally.] 
 
 Irk'some (urk'sum), a. [A.-S. weorcsum.] Weari- 
 some; tedious." 
 
 Irk'some-ly (urk'sum-le), ad. Wearisomely. 
 
 Irk'some-ngss, n. Tedi'ousness. 
 
 Ir'on (l'urn), n. [A.-S. iren, isen; Dut. ijzer ; Icel. 
 jam; 0. Norse isarn; Dan. jern; 0. Ger. isern ; 
 Ger. eisen ; Welsh haiarn; Irish iarann. — Cf. L. 
 zes, seris, brass.] The most common and useful 
 of the metals.— pi. Chains; manacles.— 2. a. 
 Made of iron ; stern ; hard : — rude and miser- 
 able ; as, the iron age. — 3, v. a. [pp. ironing, 
 ironed.] To smooth with an iron: — to confine 
 or shackle with irons. 
 
 Ir'on-clad, n. A war-vessel having its sides 
 plated with iron.— 2, a. Clad or cased with iron. 
 
 I-ron'ic, \ a. [Gr. eiowviKo?.— See Irony.] Ex- 
 
 I-ron'i-cal, J pressing one thing and meaning an- 
 other ; containing irony. 
 
 Ir'on-mon-ger (l'urn-mung-ger), n. A dealer in 
 iron, or in hardware. 
 
 I'ron-y. (i'run-e), n. [Gr. eipwveux; elptov, a dis- 
 
 Ii is. 
 
 a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, y, y, obscure.— Fare, far, f&st, fail; heir, her; 
 
IREADIANCE 
 
 321 
 
 ISHMAELITE 
 
 sembler, a talker ; elpeiv, to talk.] A mode of 
 speech in which the meaning is contrary to the 
 words ; a species of sarcasm or satire ; ridicule. 
 
 Ir-ra'di-ance, ) n. An emission of rays of light; 
 
 ir-ra'di-an-cy, J beams of light. 
 
 jr-ra'di-ate, v. a. [L. irradiare, irracliatum; in, 
 upon," and radiare, to make light; radius, a ray 
 (q. v.).] [pp. irradiating, irradiated.] To adorn 
 with light ; to brighten ; to illumine ; to illumi- 
 nate. — 2, v. n. To shine ; to grow bright. 
 
 Jr-ra'di-ate, a. Adorned with light. 
 
 Jr-ra-di-a'tion, n. Illumination ; light. 
 
 Ir-ra"tion-ai (Ir-rash'un-al), a. [L. irrationalis. — 
 See Rational.] Not rational; contrary to rea- 
 son ; absurd ; unreasonable ; unwise ; foolish. 
 
 ir-ra-tion-al'i-ty. (lr-rash-un-al'e-te), a. State of 
 being irrational ; want of reason. 
 
 Ir-ra"tion-al-ly. (ir-rash'un-al-le), ad. Not ra- 
 tionally ; absurdly; unreasonably. 
 
 Jr-re-claim'a-ble, a. [In, not, and Reclaim able.] 
 That cannot be reclaimed. 
 
 fr-re-claim'a-bljc, ad. So as not to be reclaimed. 
 
 fr-rec-on-cil'a-bie, a. [In, not, and Reconcila- 
 ble.]' That' cannot be reconciled ; inconsistent ; 
 incompatible. [ner. 
 
 fr-rec-on-cil'a-blx, ad. In an irreconcilable man- 
 
 fr-rec-on-cil-j-a'tion, n. [In, not, and Recon- 
 ciliation.] ' Want of reconciliation. 
 
 Ir-re-cov'er-a-ble (Ir-re-kuv'er-a-bl), a. [In, not, 
 and Recoverable.] That cannot be recovered ; 
 not recoverable. 
 
 Ir-re-cov'er-a-blj;, ad. Beyond recovery. 
 
 fr-re-deeni'a-ble, a. [In, not, and Redeemable.] 
 Not to be redeemed. 
 
 Jr-re-du'ci-ble, a. [Li, not, and Reducible.] 
 That cannot be reduced. 
 
 Ir-ref ra-ga-ble [ir-re-frag'a-bl, P. E. C. ; ir-ref- 
 ra.-ga.-bl or ir-re-frag'a-bl. W.J, a. [L. irrefraga- 
 bilis; in, not, and refragari, to withstand.]' Not 
 to be confuted. 
 
 Ir-rgf'ra-ga-blj;, ad. Above confutation. 
 
 Ir-re-fut'a-ble, or fr-ref u-ta-ble, <(. [L. irre- 
 ftUabiUs. — See Refutable.] That cannot be re- 
 futed; unanswerable; indisputable. 
 
 Ir-reg'u-lar, «. [Late L. irregularis. — See Regu- 
 lar.] Not regular; immethodical ; abnormal; 
 disorderly ; extravagant. 
 
 Ir-reg-u-lar'i-ty. n. [In, not, and Regularity.] 
 Want of regularity ; deviation from rule. 
 
 Ir-reg'u-lar-lx, ad. Without rule or method. 
 
 ir-rel'a-tive, «. [In, not, and Relative.] Not 
 relative ; unconnected. 
 
 Ir-rel'e-van-cy, n. Quality of being irrelevant. 
 
 Ir-rel'e-vant, a. [In, not, and Relevant.] Not 
 relevant; inapplicable. 
 
 Ir-rel'e-vant-ly;, ad. In an irrelevant manner. 
 
 Xr-re-lif'ion (ir-re-lid'jun), ». [L. irreligio.—See 
 Religion.] Impiety. 
 
 Ir-re-lig'ious (ir-re-lid'jus), o. [L. irreligiosus. — 
 See Religion.] Not religious; impious; profane. 
 
 ir-re-lig'ious-lj;, ad. Impiously. 
 
 ir-re-me'di-a-ble, a. [L. irreniediabili*. — See Rem- 
 edy.] That caunot be remedied or redressed; 
 incurable. 
 
 Ir-re-me'di-a-bljr, ad. Without remedy. 
 
 Ir-re-mis'si-'ble, a. [L. irremissibiHs. — See Remit.] 
 Not to be pardoned. 
 
 Jr-re-m6v'a-ble, a. [In, not, and Removable.] 
 Immovable ; not removable. 
 
 Xr-rep'a-ra-ble, a. [L. irreparabilis. — See Repair.] 
 That cannot be repaired. 
 
 Ir-rep'a-ra-bly, ad. Without remedy. 
 
 fr-rep-re-hen'si-ble, a. [L. irreprehensibilis. — See 
 Reprehend.] Not reprehensible. 
 
 Ir-rep-re-hen'si-blj:, ad. Without blame. 
 
 Ir-re-press'i-ble, a. [In, not, and Repressible.] 
 Not to be restrained. 
 
 Jr-re-proach'a-ble, a. [Fr. irre'prochable.—See 
 Reproach.] Not reproachable ; free from re- 
 proach; blameless; pure; spotless. 
 
 fr-re-proach'a-bljr, ad. Without reproach. 
 
 Ir-re-pr6Va-ble, a. [In, not, and Reprovable.] 
 Not to be blamed ; upright. 
 
 Ir-re-sist'ance, n. [In, not, and Resistance.] 
 Non-resistance. 
 
 Ir-re-sJLst-i-bil'i-tX) n. Force above opposition. 
 
 ir-re-§ist'i-ble.' a.' [In, not, and Resistible.] 
 That cannot be resisted; superior to opposition. 
 
 fr-re-sist'i-bly, ad. Above opposition. 
 
 ir-res'o-lute, a. [In, not, and Resolute.] Not 
 resolute ; not firm. 
 
 Ir-res'o-lute-lx, ad. Without resolution. 
 
 fr-res-9-lu'tion, n. Want of resolution. 
 
 Ir-re-solv'a-ble, a. [In, not, and Resolvable.] 
 Not to be' resolved. 
 
 Ir-re-spec'tive, a. [In, not, and Respective.] Not 
 respective ; regardless of circumstances. 
 
 Ir-re-spec'tive-lx, ad. In an irrespective manner. 
 
 fr-rls'pi-ralble, a. [In, not, and Respirable.] 
 Not respirable. 
 
 Jr-re-spon-si-bil'i-tjr, n. Want of responsibility. 
 
 Ir-re-spon'si-ble, a. ' [In, not, and Responsible.] 
 Not responsible. 
 
 Ir-re-triev'a-ble, a. [In, not, and Retrievable.] 
 Irrecoverable ; irreparable. 
 
 Ir-re-triev'a-bly, ad. Irrecoverably. 
 
 fr-rev'er-ence, n. Want of reverence or venera- 
 tion ; ' disrespect. 
 
 Ir-rev'er-ent, a. [L. irreverens, irreverentis. — See 
 Revere.] Wanting in reverence. 
 
 fr-rev'er-ent-lx, ad. Without reverence. 
 
 Ir-re-vers'i-ble, a. [In, not, and Reversible.] 
 Not to be' reversed. 
 
 fr-re-vers'i-blv, ad. Without change. 
 
 Ir-rev-o-ca-bil'i-ty, \n. State of being irrevo- 
 
 f r-rev'o-ca-ble-ness, j cable. 
 
 Ir-rev'o-ca-ble, a. [L. irrevocnbilis. — See Revoke.] 
 That cannot be revoked, recalled, or reversed. 
 
 Ir-rev'o-ca-bly., ad. Without recall. 
 
 fr'ri-gate, v. a. [L. krigare, irrigahim; in, upon, 
 and rigare, to flood. — See Rain.] [pp. irrigat- 
 ing, irrigated.] To wet ; to moisten ; to water. 
 
 fr-ri-ga'tion, n. [L. irrigatio.] The act of water- 
 ing. [Watery; watered; dewy. 
 
 Ir-rig'u-ofls, a. [L. irriguus: root of Irrigate.] 
 
 ir-ri-ta-bil'i-ty., n. State of being irritable. 
 
 fr'ri-ta-ble, a. [L. irritabdis.] Easily irritated. 
 
 Ir'ri-tant, n. [L. irritant, irritating. — See Irri- 
 tate.] That which causes irritation. — 2, a. 
 Irritating. 
 
 Ir'ri-tate, v. a. [L. irritare, irritation, to vex : ety- 
 mology doubtful.] [pp. irritating, irritated.] 
 . To excite anger in ; to exasperate ; to provoke ; 
 to tease; to fret: — to excite to heat or redness 
 by friction or by stimulant applications. 
 
 Ir-ri-ta'tion, n. [L. irritatio.] The act of irri- 
 tating; a provocation ; exasperation. 
 
 Ir'ri-ta-tive, a. Tending to irritate ; irritating. 
 
 Jr-rup'tion, n. [L. bruptio; in, upon, and ruptio, 
 a bursting; irrumpere, to break in. — See Rup- 
 ture.] A violent rushing in ; an entrance by 
 force ; inroad ; invasion. 
 
 Ir-rup'tive, «• Rushing in; breaking in. 
 
 Is. (iz), v. n. [A.-S. is; L. est; Gr. ecrri'; Ger. ist; 
 L. esse, Skr. as, to be.] The third person singu- 
 lar of to be. 
 
 I'sa-gon, n. [Gr. Zero?, equal, and yovia, angle.] 
 A figure having equal angles. 
 
 Is-phi-at'ic, a. [Gr. £o-x<-aSi/cos *, Wx^ov, the hip.] 
 Pertaining to the hip. 
 
 Is'phi-um, n. [L. ; Gr. io^'ov, the hip.] A part 
 of the innominate bone. 
 
 Is'phu-ry. (is'ku-re), n. [Gr. i<rxovpia; la^eiy, to 
 check, and ovpov, urine.] A stoppage of urine. 
 
 ish. [A.-S. -isc ; Ger. -isch ; Dan. -isk.] A termi- 
 nation added to an adjective to express diminu- 
 tion ; as, blue, bluish. It denotes also a partici- 
 pation in the qualities of a substantive ; as, fool, 
 foolish; and it is likewise used to form a gentile 
 adjective ; as, Danish, Swedish. 
 
 Ish'ma-el-Ite, n. A descendant of Ishmael : — 
 henc'e,'one at war with society ; a social outcast. 
 
 mien, sir; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — Q, Q, c, £, soft; p, £, p, §, hard; s as z; $ as gz; tnis. 
 
ISINGLASS 
 
 322 
 
 JACK 
 
 f'sin-glass (I'zing-glas), n. [Corrupted from Dut. 
 tiuizeublas; Ger. hausenblase; hausen, a sturgeon, 
 and blase, a bladder.] A substance prepared 
 from the air-bladders of certain fishes :— mica. 
 
 Is'lam, n. [Arab, for "submission to God."] Ma- 
 hdmetanism. 
 
 Isl'and (I'land), n. [A.-S. igland; ig, Icel. ey, 
 Dan. if, an island, and land, land. — Cf. Dut. & 
 Ger. eiland, Icel. eyland, an island. The s is in- 
 serted from confusion with isle.] A tract of land 
 entirely surrounded by water ; an isle. 
 
 Isl'and-er (I'land-er), n. A dweller on an island. 
 
 Isle (II), w. [6. Fr. isle, Fr. He, It. isola, L. insula, 
 an island. — See Insulate.] A small island ; an 
 island. 
 
 isl'et (i'let), n. [Dim. of isle: 0. Fr. islette; Fr. 
 ilot.] A little island. 
 
 Ism, n. [From the Gr. terminations -icrfj.a, -107x6?, 
 belonging mostly to verbal nouns.] A whim 
 or crotchet ; a visionary belief (properly a suffix). 
 
 I'so. [Gr. io-os, equal; Skr. vishu, equally.] A 
 prefix in words of Greek origin, denoting equal- 
 ity or similarity. 
 
 I'so-bar, n. [Gr. tcro?, equal, and /3apos, weight.] 
 Line of equal mean barometric pressure. 
 
 1-so-ba.r'ic, a. Pertaining to an isobar. 
 
 I-soph'ro'-nism, n. Equality of time.^ 
 
 I-soph'ro-nous, 'a. [Gr. iaoxpovos ; tcros, equal, 
 and xpovos, time.] Having, or performed in, the 
 same length of time ; isochronal. 
 
 fs/o-late [Iz'o-lat. W. J. F. Sm,. ; is'o-iat., e. H. 
 Wb. ; I'so-lat, K. St.], v. a. [It. isolato, Fr. isole, 
 insulated, detached. — See Isle and Insulate.] 
 [pp. isolating, isolated.] To detach ; to separate. 
 
 Is-o-la/tion, n. Detached state ; separation. 
 
 I-so-mer'ic, a. [Gr. tcros, equal, and /uepos, a 
 part.] identical in composition. 
 
 I-som'e-rism, n. Identity in composition, with 
 difference in properties. 
 
 l'so-pod, n. [Gr. tcros, equal, and 7rovs, ^oSd?, a 
 foot.] A crustacean with the legs 
 alike. 
 
 I-sos'ce-les, a. [Gr. lo-ocr/ceATj? 
 i<70?, equal, and cn<eAos, a leg.J 
 Applied to triangles which have 
 two legs or sides equal. 
 
 I'so-therm, n. [Gr. tcros, equal, and 
 OepfjLY), heat. — See Thermal.] A 
 line of identical mean tempera- 
 ture. 
 
 I-so-ther'mal, a. Having equal heat 
 
 Is'ra-el-ite, n. One descended from Israel ; a Jew. 
 
 Is'sA-a-ble (ish'shu-a-bl), a. That may be issued. 
 
 Is'su-ance (ish'shu-a'ns), n. The act of issuing. 
 
 Is'siie (ish'shu), n. [Fr. issu, fern., issue, de- 
 scended, sprung, flowing ; issue, an issue : origi- 
 nally, a participle of 0. Fr. issir, to go out; L. 
 exire ; ex, out, and ire, to go.— See Exit.] The 
 act of passing out ; exit ; egress : — event ; ter- 
 mination ; conclusion : — a vent ; evacuation : — 
 progeny ; offspring. — (Bled.) An artificial ulcer 
 kept open.— 2, v. n. [pp. issuing, issued.] To 
 come out ; to proceed. — 3, v. a. To send out ; to 
 send forth. 
 
 Is' sue-less (Ish'shu-les), a. Having no issue. 
 
 Isopod. 
 
 I s'sA-ing 1 (ish'shu-ing), n. Act of sending out. 
 
 Isth'mi-an (1st'-), a. Pertaining to an isthmus. 
 
 Isth'mus' (Ist'mus), n. ; pi. Isth'mus-es. [Gr. 
 io-fyxos, a narrow passage. — Cf. 10/j.a, a step; 
 tevcu, L. ire, to go.] A neck of land joining a 
 peninsula to a continent, or two parts of a con- 
 tinent or of an island together. 
 
 It, pron. [A.-S., Icel., & 0. E. hit: closely related 
 to Mm and his; L. id, that, it.] A pronoun of 
 the neuter gender used for a thing. 
 
 J-tal'ian (it-tal'yan), n. [L. Italia, Italy : said to 
 be for "cattle-country." — Cf. Gr. iraAos, L. 
 vitulus, a calf.] A native of Italy.— 2, a. Re- 
 lating to Italy. 
 
 J-tal'ian-ize (it-tal'yan-iz), v. a. & v. n. [pp. Ital- 
 ianizing, Italianized.] To make, render, or 
 speak Italian. 
 
 J-tal'ic (it-tal'ik), a. Denoting a kind of sloping 
 letter or type, first used in Italy. 
 
 J-tal'i-cize, v. a. [pp. italicizing, italicized.] To 
 represent in italic letters. 
 
 J-tal'ics, n. pi. Italic or inclining letters. 
 
 Itch, n. [Softened from A.-S. giccan ; 0. E. yiken, 
 icchen, Dut. jeuhen, Ger. juclcen, to itch.] A cu- 
 taneous disease : — a teasing desire. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
 itching, itched.] To feel irritation in the skin. 
 
 Itch'-mite, h. The acarid which causes the itch. 
 
 I'tem, n. [L. item, also; ita, fthus. — Cf. Skr. 
 iitham, ittha, iti, thus ; idam, this ; L. idem, the 
 same ; id, that.] A new article ; a single entry ; 
 a hint. — 2, v. a. [pp. iteming, itemed.] To make 
 note of. — 3, ad. [L.] Also :— used when some- 
 thing is added. 
 
 I'tem-ize, v. a. [pp. itemizing, itemized.] To 
 specify in detail. 
 
 It'er-ate, v. a. [L. iterate, iteratum, to repeat; 
 iterum, again : related to Item.] [pp. iterating, 
 iterated.] To repeat; to do again. 
 
 It-er-a'tion, n. [L. iteratio.] Repetition. 
 
 It'er-a-tive, a. Repeating; redoubling. 
 
 I-tin'er-a-cy, or I-tin'er-an-cx> n. Act or habit 
 of travelling. 
 
 I-tin'er-ant, a. [L. itinerans, ilineranlis, a travel- 
 ler (a participle in form).] Travelling; wander- 
 ing. — 2, n. One who travels about: — a travel- 
 ling preacher. 
 
 I-tin'er-a-rj;, n. A book of travels : — a guide- 
 book.— 2, a. Relating to travel. 
 
 I-tin'er-ate, v. n. [L. iter, itineris, a journey : 
 kindred to ire, itum, to go.] [pp. itinerating, 
 itinerated.] To travel; to journey. 
 
 Its, pron. Possessive case from it. 
 
 It-self ,pron. A neuter reciprocal pronoun. 
 
 I'vo-ry, n. [0. Fr. ivurie; Fr. ivoire; Prov. evori; 
 It. avorio ; L. eboreus, ebvrneus, of ivory ; ebur, 
 eboris, ivory. — Cf. Copt, ebu, Skr. ibhas, an ele- 
 phant (q. v.).] A hard white substance, being 
 the tusk of the elephant, &c. — 2, a. Made of 
 ivory. 
 
 l'vo-ry-type, n. In photography, a photograph 
 colored so as to imitate a miniature on ivory. 
 
 i'vjr (I've), n. [A.-S. ifig, Ger. ephev, 0. Ger. ebah, 
 ivy. — Cf. Ger. eppich, parsley, or ivy ; L. apium, 
 Gr. amov, parsley.] A climbing plant. 
 
 Iz'zard, n. Another name of the letter Z. 
 
 J a consonant, has in English the same sound 
 j as that of g soft in giant ; as, jet. 
 Jab'ber, v. n. [Imitative : akin to Gab, Gabble. — 
 Cf. Fr. jitper, to yelp; jappe, gabble.] [pp. jab- 
 bering, jabbered.] To talk idly ; to chatter.— 
 2, n. Idle talk ; prate ; chat. 
 Jab'ber-er, n. One who jabbers. 
 Jac' co-net, n. A light fabric; jaconet. 
 
 Ja'cinth, n. .[A variant of Htacinth.] A pre- 
 cious gem ; the hyacinth. 
 
 Jack, n. [A nickname for John,— originally for 
 Fr. Jacques, James.] An instrument to pull off 
 boots :— an engine to turn a spit, &c. : — a young 
 pike: — a flag: — a support: — a bowl; cup; 
 pitcher : — the male of some animals :— the court- 
 card otherwise called the knave. 
 
 a, e, I, 5, u, y, long; a, e, i, 5, u, y, short; a, e, \, 9, u, x» obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
JACKAL 
 
 323 
 
 JAUNT 
 
 Jack'al [jak'al, S. J. E. F. Sm. H. St. I.; jak-al', 
 W. P. Ju. |, n. [Ger. schakal, jackal; Per. shagal; 
 Skr. crigala, howler.] A Mild species of dog. 
 
 Jack' -a-lan' tern, n. Ignis fatuus. 
 
 Jack'a-napes, n. A monkey; a coxcomb. 
 
 Jack' ass, ». The male of the ass :— a fool. 
 
 Jack'-b66ts, w. pi. Cavalry boots : — long boots. 
 
 Jack'daw, n. A species of the crow ; a daw. 
 
 Jack'et, n. [Fr.jaquette; 0. Fr. jacque ; It. giaco ; 
 Sp. 'jaco ; Ger. jucke.] A short coat ; a close 
 waistcoat. 
 
 Jack' -knife (jak'nif ), n. A pocket clasp-knife. 
 
 Jack' -plane, n. A fore-plane. 
 
 Jack'-pud'ding, n. [Cf. Fr. Jean-potage; Ger. 
 Hanswurd, jack-sausage, a buffoon. J A zany ; a 
 merry-andrew. [weights. 
 
 Jack' -screw (-skru), n. A screw for raising great 
 
 Jack'-witfi-a-lan'tern, n. Ignis fatuus. 
 
 Jac'o-bin, n. [Named from the Rue St. Jacques 
 (L.' Jacobus, James), where there was a friary of 
 Jacobins.] A gray or white friar: — a member 
 of a French club or faction in the revolution of 
 1789 : — a sort of pigeon. [lutionary. 
 
 Jac-o-bin'ic, a. Relating to the Jacobins; revo- 
 
 Jac'o-bin-ism, n. Principles of the Jacobins ; op- 
 position to orderly government. 
 
 Jac'o-bite, n. [L. Jacobus, James.] A partisan of 
 James II. of England :— a monophysite. — 2, a. 
 Of or relating to the principles of a Jacobite. 
 
 Jac'o-bit-ism, n. Principles of the Jacobites. 
 
 Jac'o-net, n. [Fr. jaconas.] A slight muslin. 
 
 Jac-quard' (jak-kard'), a. [Named from the in- 
 ventor.] Noting a loom for figured silks. 
 
 Jac-ta'tion, n. [L. jactatio ; jactare, to throw, to 
 'boast : frequentative of jacere, to throw.] The 
 act of throwing. 
 
 Jac-ti-ta/tion, n. [L. jactitare, to utter in public : 
 frequentative of jactare, to boast. — See Jacta- 
 tion.] A tossing : — vain boasting. — (Law.) A 
 false pretension to marriage. 
 
 Jac-u-la'tion, n. [L. juculatio.] The act of throw- 
 ing weapons. i 
 
 Jac'u-la-to-ry., a. [L. jaculatorius ; jaculari, to 
 hurl ;' jaculnm, a javelin ; jacere, to throw.] 
 Darting out : — ejaculatory. 
 
 Jade, u. [Scot, yad, a jade; Icel. jalda, a mare; 
 jailer, a gelding : root of Geld. J A worthless 
 borse :— a woman, in contempt: — [Fr. jade ; It. 
 
 - iada ; Sp. piedra de ijada ; iiada, or hijtda, a side; 
 this stone was used as a charm against pain in 
 the side. — Cf. L. ilia, the Hank. But its Indian 
 name is said to be igida; Chinese, yu-che] a sili- 
 ci"ii> mineral; nephrite. — 2, v. a. [/nj. jading, 
 jaded.] To tire; to weary; to ride down. 
 
 Jad'ish, a. Vicious ; bad ; unchaste. 
 
 Jag, n. [Irish gag, a cleft; gag, to split. — But cf. 
 Ger. zacke, a tooth.] A denticulation : — [Scot. 
 jag, a wallet] a small load. 
 
 Jag, or Jagg, v. a. [pp. jagging, jagged.] To 
 cut into indentures. 
 
 Jag'ied, o. Cut in notches; indented. 
 
 Jag'fner-y, »/. [East-Indian : root of Sugar (q.v.).] 
 Coarse sugar. 
 
 Jag'gx, a. Uneven ; denticulated ; notched. 
 
 Jag-u-ar', w. [Sp. ; 
 Brazilian, jagoara; 
 Guarani, jaqua- 
 rete.] A ferocious 
 feline animal; the 
 American tiger, or 
 American panther. 
 
 Jah, and Jah'vah, n. 
 Same as Jehovah. 
 
 Jail, n. [Fr. geole ; 
 0. Fr. gaiole ; Late L. gabiola ; cavea, a cage 
 (q. r.).] A prison; a place of confinement: — 
 written also gaol. 
 
 Jail'-b'ird, n. One who has been in jail. 
 
 Jail'er, n. A keeper of a jail ; gaoler. 
 
 Jail'-fe-ver. «. A dangerous fever generated in 
 prisons and other close places; typhus. 
 
 Jaguar. 
 
 Jal'ap [jol'up, & E.], n. [Named from Jalapa, in 
 Mexico.] A medicinal purgative rout or drug. 
 
 Jam, n. [0. E. cham, to champ, chew, or press.] 
 A conserve : — a bed of stone : — a child's frock : 
 — an accumulation of bodies crowded closely to- 
 gether ; a block, as in a river. — 2, v. a. [pp. jam- 
 ming, jammed.] To squeeze closely ; to press. 
 
 Jamb (jam), n. [Fr. jambe, leg, ham, door-post. — 
 See Gambrel, Ham.] A side-piece of a fireplace, 
 door, window, or other opening in a building. 
 
 Jane, n. [From Genoa, L. Janua; or from Jaen, 
 in Spain.] A twilled cloth : — jeans : — a coin. 
 
 Jan'gle, v. n. [0. Fr. jangler, to prattle; But. 
 jaugelen, to beg, frequentative of Dut. & Low Ger. 
 janken, to yelp. — Cf. L. gannire, to yelp, to prate : 
 imitative. — See Jingle. J [pp. jangling, jangled.] 
 To prate; to quarrel; to bicker. — 2, v. a. To make 
 sound untunably. — 3, n. Discordant sound; 
 prate; dispute : — a tinkling sound. 
 
 Jan'gler, n. A wrangling, noisy fellow. 
 
 Jan'is-sa-rx t n. Same as Janizary. 
 
 Jan'i-tor, it. [L. ; from janua, a door.] A door- 
 keeper ; a porter. 
 
 Jan'i-za-rx, n. [Turk, yefti, new, and askari, 
 Arab.' askar, a soldier.] A soldier of the Turkish 
 foot-guards, abolished in 1S26. 
 
 Jant, ». A ramble. See Jaunt. 
 
 Jant'i-ness, n. Airiness; flutter; fickleness. 
 
 Jant'y, a. Showy; airy; fluttering; finical. 
 
 Jan'u-a-ry, n. \Jj. jvmuarms ; probably from the 
 god Janus, whose name is of disputed origin.] 
 The first month of the year. 
 
 Ja-pan', a. [From the country so called.] Noting 
 a kind of varnish, or of japanned work, like 
 that of Japan. — 2, n. A varnish :— a work var- 
 nished. — 3, v. a. [pp. japanning, japanned.] 
 To varnish and embellish. 
 
 Jap-an-e§y, a. Belonging to Japan. 
 
 Ja-pan'ner, n. One who japans. 
 
 Ja-pan'ning, n. The act or art of varnishing. 
 
 Ja-pon'i-ca, n. The camellia. 
 
 Jar, v. n. [Local Ger. garren, to creak, or rattle. 
 — Cf. Sp. chiar, to chirrup; L. garrire, to prate. 
 —See Jargon.] [pp. jarring, jarred.] To clash; 
 to interfere; to quarrel. — 2, v. a. To make to 
 jar; to shake; to agitate. — 3, n. A vibration; 
 discord : — [Fr. Jarre ,• Sp. jarra : It. giarra, giarro ; 
 Per. jarrah, jurrah] a deep vessel. 
 
 Jar'gon, n. [Fr. jargon: It. gergo. — Cf. 0. E. 
 c/«trA-, to creak.] Unintelligible talk ; gibberish. 
 —2, r. n. [pp. jargoning, jargoned.] To talk 
 jargon ; to make a confused, unintelligible noise. 
 
 Jar-go-nelle', n. [Fr. ; from jargon, It. giargone, 
 a yellow diamond, or zircon (q. v.). — Cf. Per. zar- 
 gun, gold-colored; zar, gold.] A species of pear. 
 
 Jar'gon-ing, n. A confused noise, as of many 
 voices. 
 
 Jarl (yarl), n. [See Earl.j An ancient Scandina- 
 vian title of nobility next to that of king; an earl. 
 
 Jar'rah, n. [Native name.] A West-Australian 
 timber-tree. 
 
 Jas'mine, or Jas'mine, n. [It. gesmino, gehomino; 
 Sp.jazmm; Per. yasmin, yasamin.] A plant and 
 its flower : — written also jessamine. 
 
 Jas'per, w. [0. Fr. jaspre ; Fr.jaspe; h.Jaapis; 
 Gr. lao-rns; Arab, yasb, yashb; Per. yashp ; Heb. 
 yaslipheh. — Cf. Turk, yashm, jade.] A hard stone 
 used in jewellery. 
 
 Jaun'dice ( jau'djs), n. [Fr. jaunisse ; from jaune, 
 yellow : L. galbns, yellow (q. v.).] (Med.) A dis- 
 ease which proceeds from obstruction of the 
 liver and gives the eyes and skin a yellow color. 
 
 Jaun'diced ( jan'dist), a. Having the jaundice : 
 — prejudiced : — envious. 
 
 Jaunt (jant), v. n. [Cf. Scot, jaunder, to talk fool- 
 ishly, to ramble in talk, to rove about ; jumph, 
 to mock, to sneer at. — also, to trifle, to weary, 
 to trudge; 0. Fr. jancer, to tease.] [pp. jaunt- 
 ing, jaunted.] To ramble ; to wander about ; to 
 bustle about.— 2, n. A ramble ; a walk :— [Fr. 
 jante] a felly. 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, biir, rule, use. — Q, &, c, £, soft; p, ja, p, jjj, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 
 
JAUNTING-CAR 
 
 324 
 
 JLMCEACK 
 
 Blue-jay. 
 It is a variant of 
 
 Jaunt'jng-car, n. An Irish passenger-wagon. 
 
 Jaunt' y., a. [0. Fr. gent; Fr. gentil. — See Gen- 
 teel.] Airy; gay and easy ; showy. 
 
 Jav-a-nese', a. Relating to Java. 
 
 Jave'lin (jav'lin), n. [Fr. javeline ; Sp. jabalina. 
 — Cf. Gavel and Gaff. Of Celtic origin.] A 
 spear or half-pike. 
 
 Jaw, v. [From the root of Chew and Chaw.] 
 The bone of the mouth in which the teeth are 
 fixed; the mouth: — gross 
 abuse; wrangling. [Low.] 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. jawing, 
 jawed.] To abuse.— 3, v. n. 
 To scold. [Low.] 
 
 Jay (ja), n. [Fr. geai; Sp. 
 gayo : akin to Gay.] A bird 
 having gaudy plumage. 
 
 Jeal'ous (jel'us), a. [Fr. ja- 
 lonx ; It. geloso ; Span, zeloso. 
 Zealous (q. v.).] Suspicious in love ; suspiciously 
 cautious; envious; emulous; zealous. 
 
 Jeal'ous- ly (jel'us-le), ad. Suspiciously. 
 
 Jeal'ous-y (jel'us-e), n. Quality of being jealous ; 
 uneasiness from fear of a rival; suspicion in 
 love; suspicion; envy; fear; concern. 
 
 Jean(jan or jen), n., or Jeans (janz or jenz), n.pl. 
 [See Jane.] A kind of cloth. 
 
 Jeer, w. a. & v. n. [Dut. scheeren, to shear, — also, 
 to gibe, to jeer.] [pp. jeering, jeered.] To treat 
 with scoffs; to mock. — 2, n. A scoff; a taunt; a 
 biting jest; a gibe. 
 
 Jeer'ing-ly, ad. In a scoffing manner. 
 
 Je-ho'vah, n. [Heb. yahveh: etymology doubt- 
 "ful.] The Scripture name of God. 
 
 Je-june', a. [L. jejunus, hungry, fasting, poor, 
 'empty.] Wanting; empty; vacant; dry; bar- 
 ren; bare; meagre. 
 
 Je-june'ness, w. Dryness or meagreness of style. 
 
 Je-ju'num, n. [L. for "empty:" when observed, 
 *it is usually almost empty.] The second portion 
 of the small intestine. 
 
 Jel'lied (jel'lid), a. Glutinous ; viscous. 
 
 Jel'ly, n. [Fr. gelee, frost, jelly ; geler, L. gelare, 
 to congeal; L. gelu, frost.] A gelatinous sub- 
 stance ; a kind of sweetmeat. 
 
 Jel'ly-f ish, b. An acaleph ; a sea-nettle. 
 
 Jen'net, n. A Spanish horse. See Genet. 
 
 Jen'net-ing, n. [Fr. Jeanneton, Jenny (a girl's 
 name) ; with reference to St. John's day, June 
 24. The spelling Juneating is based on an error.] 
 An apple ripening very early. 
 
 Jen'ny, n. [Said by its inventor to be a pet name 
 for gin, or engine.] A machine for spinning. 
 
 Jeop'ard (jep'ard), v. a. [See Jeopardy.] [pp. 
 jeoparding, jeoparded.] To hazard; to risk. 
 
 Jeop'ard-ize, v. a. [pp. jeopardizing, jeopard- 
 ized.] To put in danger or jeopardy ; to hazard ; 
 to jeopard. 
 
 Jeop'ard-y ( jep'ar-de), n. [0. Fr. jen parti ; Late L. 
 jocu's partitas, — literally, a divided game, a game 
 of doubtful issue.] Hazard ; danger. [mal. 
 
 Jer'bo-a, n. [Arab, yarbu.] A leaping rodent mam- 
 
 Jer-e-mi'ade, n. [From the Lamentations of Jere- 
 miah.] A lamentation ; a tale of grief. 
 
 Jer'fal-con ( jer'faw-kn), n. See Gyrfalcon. 
 
 Jerk, v. a. [Also written yerh, and formerly jert: 
 Icel. jarki, a kick : probably a form of Gird, to 
 strike.] [pp. jerking, jerked.] To strike ; to 
 twitch ; to throw : — to cut : — [Peruv. charqui, 
 dried beef] to cut and dry beef. — 2, n. A twitch ; 
 a lash : — a sudden spring; a throw. 
 
 Jerked ( jerkt), p. a. Sliced and dried, as beef. 
 
 Jer'kin, n. [Dut. jurb, a frock.] A jacket ; a short 
 coat : — a male falcon, a kind of hawk. 
 
 Jerk'y, a. Moving by jerks or starts; character- 
 ized by jerks. 
 
 Jer'sey, n. [Named from the island of Jersey.] 
 Fine wool or yarn :— a close-fitting garment. 
 
 Jess, n. [0. Fr. jecte (pi.), jesses, or a hawk's straps ; 
 jecter, to cast; L. jactare, to throw.] A short 
 strap of leather ; a ribbon. 
 
 Jes'sa-mine, n. A flower. See Jasmine. 
 
 Jest, v. n. [0. Fr. geste, a story, an exploit ; L. 
 gesta, exploits; gerere, gestum, to do, — properly, 
 to carry.] [pp. jesting, jested.] To divert; to 
 make sport; to joke.— 2, n. Any thing ludi- 
 crous ; a joke. 
 
 Jest'er, n. One given to jesting :— a buffoon. 
 
 Jest'ing, n. Utterance of jests; sport; juke. 
 
 Jest' word (jest'wiird), «. A laughing-stock. 
 
 Jes'u-it, n. [From Je.s!<s.] One of a religious and 
 learned order of the Roman Catholic Church, 
 founded in 1534, and called the Society of Jesus. 
 
 Je§-u-it'ic, ) a. Belonging to a Jesuit : — crafty ; 
 
 Jes-u-it'j-cal, J artful. 
 
 Jes-u-it'i-cal-ly, ad. In a Jesuitical manner. 
 
 Jes'u-it-ism, n. 'The principles of the Jesuits. 
 
 Jes'ii-it's-bark, n. Peruvian bark ; cinchona. 
 
 Jet, n. [Ger. gayat ; Fr. giak ; L. gagates; Gr. 
 ■ya-yaTTjs; from Gagas, a former town of Lycia, 
 Asia Minor.] A fine black fossil :— [Fr. jet, a 
 throw ; jeter, to throw; L. jactare, frequentative of 
 jacere, to fling ; Gr. lameii/, to throw] a spout of 
 water. — 2, v. a. [pp. jetting, jetted.] To emit in 
 jets or as in jets.— 3, v. n. To shoot forward ; to 
 project ; to jut. 
 
 Jet' -black, a. As black as jet ; very black. 
 
 Jet'sam, or Jet' son, n. [Law Fr. ; from Fr. jeter, 
 to throw : on type of flotsam.] (Law.) The act 
 of throwing goods overboard in a storm : — goods 
 cast overboard which remain under water. 
 
 Jet'ti-son. n. The same as Jetsam. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 jettisoning, jettisoned.] To throw overboard. 
 
 Jet'ty, n. [Fr.jetee, a pier; properly a participle 
 from jeter, to throw.] A mole projecting into 
 the sea ; a pier. — 2, a. Made of jet ; black as jet. 
 
 Jew (ju or ju), n. [Fr. Juif ; 0. Fr. Juev, Jueu ; 
 L. Judseus, from Judaea, which took its name 
 from the tribe of Judah, Heb. yehudah, illus- 
 trious.] A Hebrew ; an Israelite. 
 
 Jew'el (ju'el), n. [Ft. joyau ; 0. Fr. joiel, jouel, 
 dini. from joi'e, pleasure, joy (q. v.); It. gioello, 
 from gioja, joy, or jewel ; Sp. joyel or joya, a 
 jewel.] A personal ornament ; a precious stone ; 
 a gem : — any thing precious. — 2, v. a. [pp. jew- 
 elling, jewelled.] To adorn with jewels. 
 
 Jew'el-ler, n. [0. Fr.joyallier.] A dealer in jewels. 
 
 Jew'el-ler-y, n. [0. Fr. joyaiderie.] Jewels col- 
 lectively ; the wares of jewellers; jewelry. — 
 Jewellery is the more regularly formed word, yet 
 jewelry is perhaps the more common. 
 
 Jew'el-ry, n. Jewels or the wares of jewellers. 
 
 Jew'ess (ju'es), n. A Hebrew woman. 
 
 Jew'ish ( ju'ish), o. Relating to the Jews. 
 
 Jews'-harp ( juz'barp), n. A musical instrument. 
 
 Jez'e-bel, n. [Heb. Isebel.] A rapacious, cruel, 
 vile woman. 
 
 Jib, n. [From Jibe.] The beam or arm of a 
 crane : — the foremost sail of a ship. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. jibbing, jibbed.] To shift a boom-sail. 
 
 Jib -b66m, n. A spar run out from the bowsprit 
 on which the jib is set. 
 
 Jibe, v. a. & v. n. [Dan. gibbe; Dut. gijpen.] [pp. 
 jibing, jibed.] To shift, as a sail, from side to 
 side of a vessel. 
 
 Jiffy, «. [Cf. Fr. chiffe, a scrap, a trifle, a rag.] 
 An instant; a moment. 
 
 Jig, n. [Fr. gigue, Sp. giqa, a jig; It. giga, Ger. 
 geige, a violin. — See Gig.] A light, careless dance 
 or tune ; a song. — 2, v. n. [pp. jigging, jigged.] 
 To dance carelessly ; to dance. — 3, v. a. To as- 
 sort, as ore : — to cheat or trick. 
 
 Jig'ger, n. A machine of various kinds : — a chigoe. 
 
 Jig'-sSw, n. [Named from its dancing motion.] 
 A saw for cutting out pieces of various shapes. 
 
 Jill, n. A young woman. See Gill. 
 
 Jilt, n. [For Jill, dim. Jillot, an 0. E. nickname 
 for Juliana.] A woman who deceives her lover. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. jilting, jilted.] To trick or de- 
 ceive in love. — 3, v. n. To play or act the jilt or 
 coquette. 
 
 Jim'crack, n. A toy. See Gimcrack. 
 
 a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, i, 5, ii, y, slwrt; §,, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fist, fall; heir, her; 
 
JIMMY 
 
 325 
 
 JOUST 
 
 Jim'my, »». [A cant name, like Betty, Billy, Jack.] 
 A burglar's tool for forcing locks. 
 
 Jim'son (jini'sn), n. [For Jamestown, Virginia, 
 where it was first naturalized in America.] A 
 coarse weed ; stramonium. 
 
 Jin'gle (jing'gl), v. re. [Imitative.— See Chink, 
 Jangle.] [pp. jingling, jingled.] To sound 
 with a sharp rattle; to tinkle. — 2, v. a. To 
 cause to give a sharp sound. — 3, re. A tinkling 
 sound ; a tinkle. 
 
 Jinn, n. The Arabic plural of Jinnek. 
 
 Jin'nee, ) re. [Arab. ; said to be for L. genius, a 
 
 Jin'ni, /spirit.] (Moham. Myth.) One of a race 
 of genii, augels, or demons — made out of fire, and 
 capable of assuming any form at will. 
 
 Job. re. [Thought to be for gob (q. v.), a mouth- 
 ful.] A piece of chance work ; piece of labor : 
 — a piece of work undertaken for gain : — [a form 
 of Jab, or Chop] a sudden stab. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 jobbing, jobbed.] To strike or stab with a sharp 
 instrument : — to hire ; to let. — 3, v. n. To buy 
 and sell as a broker : — to speculate in the public 
 funds : — to work at jobs. 
 
 Job'ber, re. One who jobs : — a middle-man. 
 
 Job'ber-y, re. The practice of underhand or dis- 
 honest jobbing. 
 
 Job'bing, n. Act of performing jobs : — act of pur- 
 chasing from importers and selling to retailers. 
 
 Job-print'er, re. A printer of miscellaneous work. 
 
 Jock'ey (j'ok'e), n. [For Jack.—Cf. Scot. Jock.] 
 One'who rides, or oue who deals in, horses; a 
 trickish fellow.— 2, v. a. [pp. jockeying, jock- 
 eyed.] To cheat; to trick. 
 
 Jo-cose', a. [L. jocosus; jocus, a joke (q. ».).] 
 Merry ; waggish ; given to jest. 
 
 Jo-cose'ly, ad. Waggishly ; in jest. 
 
 Jo-cose'ness, ) re. Quality of beiug jocose; sport; 
 
 Jo-cos'i-ty, j waggery. 
 
 Joc'u-lar, a. [L. jocular is; joculus, dim. of jocus, 
 a jest.'] Sportive; merry; jocose; waggish. 
 
 Joc-u-lar'i-ty, re. Merriment; jocoseness. 
 
 Joc'u-lar-iy, ad. In a jocular manner. • 
 
 Joc'und, «. [L. jocundus, — more often jucundus ; 
 jocus, a joke.] Merry; gay; airy; lively. 
 
 Jo-cfin'di-ty. re. Gayety ; mirth. 
 
 Jog, v. a. [Welsh gogi, to shake ; Irish gog, a 
 nod ; 0. E. shog, to jog : remotely akin to Shak e.] 
 [pp. jogging, jogged.] To push or shake gently ; 
 to give notice by a sudden push.— 2, v. n. To 
 move by jogs; to travel leisurely. — 3. n. A push ; 
 a slight shake ; a hint : — a gentle trot, pace, or 
 motion. 
 
 Jog-'gde, v. a. [Frequentative of Jog.] [jip. jog- 
 gling, joggled.] To disturb by pushing ; to push ; 
 to shake ; to jostle ; to justle. — 2. v. re. To shake ; 
 to totter; to jostle. — 3, n. A shake; a jostle; a 
 push; a jog. 
 
 John'ny-cake (jon'e-kak), n. [Said to be for 
 journey-cake, or for jannock, a local form of ban- 
 nock; most likely both johnny-cake and jannock 
 are cant names from John.] A cake made of 
 maize meal. 
 
 Join, v. a. [Fr. joindre; L. jungere, junctum. — Cf. 
 Gr. ^evyvvvai, to yoke (q. v.).] [pp. joining, 
 joined.] To knit or unite together; to add to; 
 to couple; to combine; to unite. — 2, v. n. To 
 adhere ; to close ; to unite. 
 
 Jbln'der, re. [Fr. joindre, to join.] A conjunc- 
 tion :'— act of joining.— (Law.) The putting of 
 two or more causes of action into the same 
 declaration. 
 
 Jbln'er, n. One who joins : — one who makes the 
 wooden work for finishing houses. 
 
 Jbin'er-y, n. Work of a joiner; wood-work. 
 
 Joint, re. [Fr. ; from joindre (part, joint), to join 
 (q. ».).] An articulation of limbs ; a juncture ; a 
 junction ; a hinge :— the knot of a plant. — 2, a. 
 Shared by two or more ; united. — 3, v. a. [pp. 
 jointing, jointed.] To unite :— to divide at a joint. 
 
 Jbint'ed, a. Having joints or commissures. 
 
 JSint'er, n. A long plane, used by joiners. 
 
 Jbint'ly, ad. Together ; not separately. 
 
 Joint' ress, n. [For jointure-ess.] A woman who 
 has a jointure. 
 
 Joint' -stock, n. Stock held in company. 
 
 Joint'-ten'an-cy, re. (Law.) A tenure by unity 
 of title, a mode of jointly possessing lands or 
 goods by two or more persons. 
 
 Joint' -ten' ant, n. (Law.) One who holds an es- 
 tate by joint-tenancy. 
 
 Joint'ure (jolnt'yur), re. [Fr. jointure, a joining ; 
 L.junctura, a joint. — See Join.] An estate set- 
 tled on a wife, to be enjoyed after her husband's 
 decease. — 2, v. a. [pp. jointuring, jointured.] 
 To endow with a jointure. 
 
 Joist, n. [Fr. git, 0. Fr. giste, a sleeper, a bed- 
 piece; L. jacitum, part, from jacere, to lie.] A 
 secondary beam of a floor. — 2, r. a. [pp. joist- 
 ing, joisted.] To fit or lay with joists. 
 
 Joke, n. [L. jocus.] A jest; something uot serious; 
 sport. — 2, v. n. [pp. joking, joked.] To jest. — 
 3, v. a. To cast jokes at. 
 
 Jok'er, re. A jester ; a merry fellow. 
 
 Jok'i'ng-ly. ad. In a jesting, merry way. 
 
 Jole, re. The face or cheek ; the head ; jowl 
 
 Joll, v. a. [0. E. joll,jo>d, the cheek, the head, 
 the skull; Older E. chaul, chavel. the jaw ; A.-S. 
 ceafl, the jaw.— Cf. Ger. kieferu, jaws.] [pp. joll- 
 ing, jolled.] To beat the head against ; to" clash. 
 
 Jol-li-fi-ca'tion, n. A scene of hilarity. 
 
 JoTli-ness, \ n. State of being jolly; gayety; 
 
 Jol'li-ty, /merriment; hilarity. 
 
 Jol'ly, a. [Ft. joli, merry, pleasant, handsome, 
 neat; Dut. joelen, to revel : probably from Yule 
 (q. v.).] Gay; merry; airy; cheerful. 
 
 Jorly-boat (jol'le-bot), n. [Dan. joUe, Sw. j»Ue, 
 But.jol, a yawl (q. p.).] A ship"s small boat. 
 
 Jolt, v. n. [Originally a participle, equivalent to 
 jolled, beaten. — See Joll.] [pp. jolting, jolted.] 
 To shake, as a carriage on an uneven road or on 
 rough ground. — 2, v. a. To shake, as a carriage 
 does. — 3, n. A shock : a shake ; violent agitation. 
 
 JSn'quil, or Jon-quille' [jun-kwil'. II". P. F. ./«. ; 
 jtin-kel', S. ; jon-keT, K. ; jung'kwjl. ,<,„.'. „. 
 [Fr.jonquille,Sp.jvnqniUo, It. gwnchiglia, dimin- 
 utive forms; Fr. jonc, Sp. ju'nco. It. gi\ 
 juncus, a rush.] A species of daffodil. 
 
 Jo'rum, re. [Probably a cant use of the Scripture 
 name of Joram, a king of Israel.] A punch-bowl 
 or its contents. 
 
 Joss' -house, n. [Joss is a pidgeon-Fnglish name 
 of God; Port. Bios, God.] A Chinese temple. 
 
 Jos'tle (jos'sl), v. a. [A frequentative form of 
 Joust, to tilt.] [pp. jostling, jostled.] To 
 shake; to justle. 
 
 Jot, re. [Gr. iuTa, Heb. yod, a very small letter. — 
 See Iota ; Sp. & It. jota, a jot.] The least quan- 
 tity : a tittle ; iota.— 2, v. a. [pp. jotting, jotted.] 
 To set down ; to mark briefly. 
 
 Joiir'nal. n. [Fr. journal, daily; jour, a day; L. 
 dinrn'alis, daily, diurnal (q. ».).] An account of 
 daily transactions; a diary; a paper published 
 daily; a newspaper : — [with the idea of a jour- 
 ney or of travelling] the bearing of a shaft :— a 
 shaft. 
 
 Joiir'nal-i§m, re. The management of newspapers ; 
 the act of keeping a journal. 
 
 Joiir'nal-ist, n. A newspaper writer. 
 
 Joiir'nal-ize, v. a. [pp. journalizing, journalized.] 
 To enter in a journal. 
 
 Joiir'ney, n. : pi. Joiir'neys. [Fr. joumte, a day, 
 a day's work, a day's travel ; Sp. Jornada, a clay's 
 march, a journey; It. giornata, a day, a journey; 
 L. dinrnus. daily. — See Diuknal.] Travel in- 
 land ; a passage ; excursion. — 2, ?•. n. [pp. jour- 
 neying, journeyed.] To travel; to pass from 
 place to place; to ramble. [hired workman. 
 
 Joiir'ney-man, n. [Fr. journce, a day's work.] A 
 
 Joiir'ney-work (jur'ne-wurk), R . ' Work per- 
 formed by a journeyman or for hire. 
 
 Joust (just), n. [FT.jouler, 0. Fr.jouster, Late L. 
 juxtare, to approach; L. juxta, near; jugis, con- 
 
 mien, sir ; mSve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. 
 
 -5. S. S. I", soft; 0, JS, p, |, hard; s as z ; ? as gz : 
 28 
 
 this. 
 
JOVE 
 
 JUNK-BOTTLE 
 
 ro-vi-al'i-tx, \n. State of being jovial; gayety; 
 ro'vi-al-ness, J merriment ; hilarity. 
 
 Glad; 
 
 tinuous; root of Join.] A tournament; a mock 
 fight; a just. — 2, v. n. [pp. jousting, jousted.] 
 To run in the tilt; to tilt. 
 
 Jove, n. [0. L. Jovis, Jupiter ; L. Jovis, of Jupi- 
 ter : akin to Gr. Zevs, Jove ; L. dens, Skr. deva, 
 a god; div, to shine.] Jupiter, an ancient heathen 
 deity. 
 
 Jo'vi-al, a. [L. jovialis, like the god Jupiter : in 
 later times the planet Jupiter was believed to 
 make those under its influence merry and joy- 
 ous.] Expressive of hilarity ; gay ; airy ; merry ; 
 cheerful ; convivial. 
 
 Jo 
 
 Jo 
 
 Jo'vi-al-ly, ad. Merrily ; gayly 
 
 J6'vi-an, a. Of or pertaining to Jove or to the 
 planet Jupiter. 
 
 Jowl (jol), n. [0. E. iol, chole, chavel, the jaw; 
 A.-S. ceafl. — See Joll.] The cheek. See Jole. 
 
 Joy, n- [Fr. joie, It. gioja, L. gaudium, joy ; gau- 
 dere, to rejoice.] Gladness; gayety; mirth; ex- 
 ultation. — 2, v. n. [pp. joying, joyed.] To re- 
 joice ; to be glad ; to exult. 
 
 Joy'ance, n. [0. Fr.] Festivity; joyousness. 
 
 Joy'ful, a. Full of joy; glad; happy. 
 
 JSy'ful-ly, ad. In a joyful manner. 
 
 Joy'ful-ness, n. Gladness ; joy ; exultation. 
 
 Joy'less, a. Void of joy ; giving no pleasure. 
 
 Jby'less-ly, ad. Without joy or pleasure. 
 
 Jby'less-ness, n. State of being joyless. 
 
 Joy'ous. a. [Fr. joyeux; 0. Fr. joyous.} 
 merry; gay; joyful. 
 
 Jby'ous-ly, ad. With joy; with gladness. 
 
 Jby'ous-ness, n. State of being joyous. 
 
 Ju'bi-lant, a. [L. jubilare (part, jubilantis), to re- 
 joice.'] Kejoicing; shouting for joy. 
 
 Ju-bi-la'tion, w. [L. jubilatio ; jubilare, to rejoice. 
 — Of. jub'iluni, a shepherd's song.] The act of 
 declaring triumph :— exultation ; triumph. 
 
 Ju'bi-lee, u. [L. jubilseus, Gr. twjSrjAatos, from 
 He'b. yobel, a blast of a trumpet : it is questioned 
 whether this word is connected with L. jubilare, 
 to rejoice.] A sahbatical year among the Jews, 
 being every fiftieth year :— a solemn season in 
 the church of Rome, occurring at stated inter- 
 vals :— a season of public festivity. 
 
 Ju-ciin'di-ty, n. [L. jueunditas. — See Jocund.] 
 Pleasantness. 
 
 Ju-da'ic, a. [L. judaicus, from Judseus, a Jew 
 \q. v.).] Kelating to the Jews; Judaical. 
 
 Ju-da'i-cal, a. Jewish ; belonging to the Jews. 
 
 Ju'da-isni, n. The religious belief of the Jews. 
 
 Ju'da-ize, v. n. [pp. Judaizing, Judaized.] To 
 conform to Judaism. 
 
 Ju'da-Iz-er, v. One who conforms to Judaism. 
 
 Jud§-e, v.' [Yr.juge; L. judex, judicis ; jus, law, 
 and dicare, to show.] One who judges ; an of- 
 ficer who presides in a court of judicature ; 
 an arbiter. — 2, v. n. [Fr. juger ; L. judicare.] 
 [pp. judging, judged.] To pass sentence; to 
 decide.— 3, v. a. To pass sentence upon ; to de- 
 termine finally ; to examine. 
 
 Jud§-e'ship, n. 'Office or dignity of a judge. 
 
 Judgement, n. [Fr. jvgement.— See Judge.] The 
 act of judging; power of judging ; understand- 
 ing; goodsense; discrimination; discernment: — 
 decision ; criticism ; opinion : — punishment ; final 
 doom : — sentence of a judge. 
 
 Ju'di-ca-tive, a. [L. judicatives; judicarc, jndica- 
 tum, to judge {q. v.).] Having power to judge. 
 
 Ju'di-ca-to-ry, v. [L. judicatories. — See Judge.] 
 A court of justice. — 2, a. Dispensing justice. 
 
 Ju'di-ca-ture, n. [Fr.] Power of distributing jus- 
 tice :— the jitrisdiction of a court. 
 
 Ju-di"cial (ju-dlsb/a.1), a. [L. judicialis. — See 
 'Judge.] Relating to public justice, or a court : 
 — inflicted as a penalty. 
 
 Ju-di"cial-ly. (ju-dish'al-le), ad. In a judicial 
 manner; in the form of legal justice. 
 
 Ju-di"ci-a-ry. (ju-dlsh'e-a-re), a. [L. judiciarius. 
 " — See Judge.] Relating to courts of judicature ; 
 
 passing judgment.— 2, n. The power which dis- 
 penses justice ; judicature : — judges collectively. 
 
 Ju-di"cious (ju-dish'us), a. [Fr. judicieux.] Di- 
 rected by judgment; prudent; discreet; rational. 
 
 Ju-di"cious-ly. (ju-dish'us-le), ad. Wisely. 
 
 Ju-di"cious-ness, n. Prudence. 
 
 Jug, n. [Once a nickname for Joan, and probably 
 for Judith.— See Betty, Billy, Jack, &c] A 
 vessel with a small mouth and a belly either 
 gibbous or straight, for holding liquors :— [imi- 
 tative] the nightingale's cry.— 2, v. n. [pp. jug- 
 ging, jugged.] To emit a particular sound, as a 
 bird. 
 
 Jug'ger, n. A kind of falcon. 
 
 Jug'gle (jug'gl), v. n. [Fr. jongler, It. giocolare • 
 L. joculari, to jest.] [pp. juggling, juggled.] 
 To practise jugglery.— 2, n. A trick of legerde- 
 main ; a deceptive trick. 
 
 Jug'gler, n. [Fr. jongleur, a juggler; 0. Fr. jo- 
 gleor,'& wandering minstrel; It. giocolare, ~L.jocu- 
 lator, a jester; jocus, joculus, a jest. — See Joke.] 
 One who practises jugglery or sleight of hand. 
 
 Jug'gler-y, n. The feats of a juggler. 
 
 Jug'gling, n. Deception ; imposture. 
 
 Ju'gu-iar, a. [L.jugidum, the throat, the collar- 
 bone;' dim. of juguirn, a yoke (q. v.).] Belonging 
 to the throat. 
 
 Juice (jus), n. [Ft. jus, juice; L. jus, broth ; Skr. 
 yusha, soup.] The sap of vegetables ; succulence : 
 — the fluid in animals. 
 
 Juice'less, a. Dry ; without moisture. 
 
 Jui'ci-ness, m. State of being juicy. 
 
 Jui'cy (ju'se), a. Abounding with juice ; moist. 
 
 Ju'jube, n. [Fr. ; L. ziziphum; Gr. C,l$v$ov ; Pers. 
 zizafun ; Arab, zizuf; Port, afofeifa ; Sp. azu- 
 fdifa.] A shrub and its fruit : — a sweetmeat. 
 
 Juke, v. n. & v. a. [Scot, jouk, a form of Duck 
 (q. v.). — Cf. Ger. zucken, to duck the head.] To 
 duck, or lower the head, as if to dodge a blow. 
 
 Ju'lep, n. [Fr. julep; Sp. julepe; Port, julepo ; 
 Pers. gulab, rose-water; gul, a rose, and ab, 
 water.] A flavored drink ;' liquid medicine. 
 
 Jul'ian (jul'yan or ju'le-an), a. Relating to Ju- 
 lius Caesar :— denoting "the old account of the 
 year, introduced at Rome by Julius Ca?sar. 
 
 Ju-ly', n. [L. julius, named in honor of Julius 
 Caesar.] The seventh month in the year. 
 
 Jum'ble (jum'bl), v. a. [A frequentative of Jump.] 
 [pp. jumbling, jumbled.] To mix confusedly. 
 — 2, v. n. To be agitated together. — 3, n. A 
 confused mass : — [Ttal. ciambella] a kind of cake. 
 
 Jump, v. n. [Sw. gnppa, locally gumpa, to spring; 
 Dan. gumpe, to jolt ; Old & Local Ger. gampen, 
 gumpen, to jump.] [pp. jumping, jumped.] To 
 leap; to skip; to bound.— 2, v. a. To hazard : 
 — to leap over. — 3, n. A leap ; a skip ; a bound. 
 
 Jump'er, n. One that jumps or leaps : — a drill : — 
 a rude sleigh. 
 
 Junc'tion, n. [L. jnnctio ; jungere, to join.] A 
 union'; a joining; a coalition. 
 
 Junct'ure ( j ungkt'yur), n. [L.junctura, a join- 
 ing ; jungere, to join.] A joint ; an articulation ; 
 union : — a critical point of time. 
 
 June, n. [L. Junius: probably named in honor of 
 one Junius, or of his family, in ancient Rome.] 
 The sixth month of the year. 
 
 Jun'gle (jung'gl), n. [Skr. jangala, dry, desert; 
 Hind, jangal, a thicket.] A thicket of shrubs. 
 
 Jun'gly, a. Relating to or full of jungle. 
 
 Jun'ior' (jiin'yur), a. [L. for "younger;" com- 
 parative of juven is, young; Skr. yuvan, young.] 
 Younger : — later in office or rank. — 2, n. A per- 
 son younger than another. 
 
 Jun-ior'i-ty (jun-yor'e-te), n. State of being 
 junior,' or younger than another. 
 
 Ju'ni-per, n. [L. juniperus.] An evergreen shrub 
 or tree which bears a berry. 
 
 Junk, n. [Fr. jonc, h.juncus, a rush.] Pieces of 
 old cable : — [Port. & Sp. jtnico ; Fr. jonque ; Ma- 
 lay, ajong ; Chinese, chwan] a Chinese ship. 
 
 Junk'-Dot-tle, n. A strong glass bottle. 
 
 I, o, u, y, long ; 
 
 e, i, o, 
 
 a, e, i, 9, u, v., obscure. — rare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her ; 
 
JUNKET 
 
 327 
 
 KEDGE 
 
 Junk'et, n. [It. giuncata, Fr. jonchee, cream- 
 cheese ; originally, cream-cheese served up on 
 rushes ; It. giunco, Fr. jotic, L. juncus, a rush.] 
 A sweetmeat: — a jolly entertainment; a jun- 
 cate. — 2, v. n. [pp. junketing, junketed.] To 
 feast secretly or merrily. — 3, v. a. To entertain 
 jovially ; to feast. 
 
 Jun'ta, or Jun'to, n. ; pi. Jun'tas, or Jun'tos. 
 [Sp.j from junto, L. junctus, joine'd, united. — See 
 Join.] A political faction; a cabal. 
 
 Ju'pi-ter, n. [L. Juppiter ; Gr. Zevo-jraTJjp ; Skr. 
 dyaus' pilar, father of light.] Jove, an ancient 
 heathen deity : — one of the primary planets. 
 
 Ju-ras'sic, a. [Named from the Jura Mountains.] 
 (Geol.)' Noting the middle secondary age and its 
 strata and fossils. 
 
 Ju-rid'i-cal, a. [L. juridicus ; jus, juris, law, right, 
 and dicere, to speak.] Relating to courts of jus- 
 
 Ju-rid'i-cal-ly, ad. With legal authority, [tice. 
 
 Ju-ris-con'sult, n. [L. juris considtus; jus, juris, 
 law, and considtus, a lawyer, — properly, one con- 
 sulted. — See Consult.] A counsellor at law. 
 
 Ju-ris-dic'tion, n. [L. juridsictio ; jus, juris, law, 
 and dictio, a proclaiming. — See Diction.] Legal 
 authority ; the right or the extent of authority. 
 
 Ju-ris-dic'tion-al, a. Relating to jurisdiction or 
 legal authority. 
 
 Ju-ris-pru'dence, n. [L. jurisprudent ; jus, juris, 
 law, and pr'udentia, skill, prudence (q. v.).] The 
 science of law. 
 
 Ju-ris-prii'dent, \ a. Relating to jurispru- 
 
 Ju-ris-pru-den'tial, J dence ; juristic. 
 
 Ju'rist. n. One versed in the civil or Roman law; 
 a civilian; a lawyer; a judge; a legal writer. 
 
 Ju-ris'tic, a. Relating to jurisprudence. 
 
 Ju'ror, n. [Fr. jureur, one who swears. — See Jury.] 
 One who serves on a jury; a juryman. 
 
 Ju'ry, n. [Obs. Fr. juree, juri (now jurij, from the 
 English), from jurer, L. jurare, to swear. — Cf. 
 Skr. yu, to bind: akin to Just.] A number of 
 men selected and impanelled for the purpose of 
 deciding some controversy, or trying some case 
 in law. — A petit-jury consists of twelve men ; a 
 grand-jury, of not less than twelve nor more than 
 twenty-three. 
 
 Jii'ry-box, n. An enclosure for a jury. 
 
 Ju'ry-man, n. One impanelled on a jury. 
 
 Ju'ry-m&st, n. [Said by some to be for injnry- 
 mast : very doubtful.] A mast erected to supply 
 the place of one lost. 
 
 Just, a. [L. jmtus, just; from jus, juris, right, fit- 
 
 ting. — Cf. Skr. yu, to join.] Conformed to the 
 laws of God ; founded on justice ; upright ; right- 
 eous; equitable; honest; fair; exact; proper; 
 accurate ; true. — 2, ad. Exactly ; merely ; almost. 
 — 3, n. [For Joust.] A mock fight on horseback 
 between two persons with lances : — written also 
 joust. — 4, v. n. [pp. justing, justed.] To en- 
 gage in a mock fight ; to tilt. 
 
 Jus' tice, n. [L. justitia, justice, — later, a court, a 
 judge; Justus, just.] Equity; right; law: — a 
 judge : — a peace officer ; as, a justice of the peace. 
 
 Jus' tice -ship, n. The rank or office of a justice. , 
 
 Jus-ti"ci-ar (jus-tish'e-ar), n. A judge; a justi- 
 ciary. ' [trator of justice : — a high judge. 
 
 Jus-ti"ci-a-ry (jus-tish'e-a-re), n. An adniinis- 
 
 Jus'ti-fl-a-ble, a." That may be justified; right; 
 defensible by law or reason. [justifiable. 
 
 Jus'ti-fi-a-ble-ness, n. State or quality of being 
 
 Jus'ti-f l-a-bly, ad. So as to be justified. 
 
 Jus-ti-fi-ca'tion, n. [L. justificutio.] The act of 
 justifying; state of being justified; a defence; 
 vindication. — (Theol.) The act by which a per- 
 son is accounted just or righteous in the sight 
 of God. 
 
 Jus-tif'i-ca-tive, a. Having power to justify. 
 
 Jiis-tif i-ca-to-ry, «. Vindicatory. 
 
 Jus'ti-fi-er, n. One who justifies. 
 
 Jus'tj-fy, v. a. [Fr. justifier ; L.justificare; Justus, 
 just, exact, and facere, to make.] [pp. justify- 
 ing, justified.] To prove to be just ; to defend; 
 to vindicate : — to free from sin ; to absolve : — to 
 adjust, as the words, lines, spaces, &c, of a page. 
 
 Jus'tle ( jua'sl), v. n. [See Jostle.] [pp. justlins, 
 justled.] To encounter; to jostle. — 2, v. a. To 
 push ; to jostle.— 3, n. A shock ; a slight en- 
 counter. 
 
 Just'ly, ad. Uprightly; honestly; properly. 
 
 Just'ness, n. Justice : — accuracy. 
 
 Jut, v. 'u. [A variant of Jet.] [ pp. jutting, jutted.] 
 To push or shoot out ; to butt. 
 
 Jute, ». [Bengalee, jut; Skr. jata, matted hair.] 
 A kind of plant and its fibre. 
 
 Ju-ve-nes'cence, ». [L.juvenescere, to grow young.] 
 A growing young. 
 
 Ju've-nile [ju've-nil, S. Ja. K. C. I. St.], a. [L. 
 juvenilis, youthful ; juvenis, young. — See Junior.] 
 Young; youthful. [fulness:— light manner. 
 
 Ju-ve-nil'i-ty, »• State of being juvenile ; youth- 
 
 Jux-ta-po-si"'tion (juks-ta-po-zisu'un), n. [L. 
 juxta, near, and positio, position.] A placing or 
 being placed near together. 
 
 K. 
 
 Ka letter borrowed from the Greek alphabet, 
 j has, before all the vowels, one invariable 
 sound, as in keen, kill. 
 
 Ka-byle' (or ka-beT), n. [Native name.] One of 
 a race of Berbers inhabiting North Africa. 
 
 Kaffir, \ (kaffir or ka'fir), n. An Arabic term 
 
 Kafir /signifying "infidel," applied by Moham- 
 medans to all unbelievers:— a native of Caf- 
 fraria in Africa or of Kafiristan in Asia. 
 
 Kaim, or Kame, n. [Scot, for a " comb."] (Geol.) 
 A low ridge. [salt of potash. 
 
 Kain'it, n. [Ger. ; Gr. KaLvos, new.] A crude 
 
 Kale, 'or Kail, n. [Gael. & Irish cal ; Manx kail. 
 See Cole.] A kind of cabbage; colewort. 
 
 Ka-lei'do-scoge (ka-li'do-skop), n. [Gr. *caAd?, 
 beautiful, eiSos, appearance, and cncoweli', to 
 see.] An optical instrument which exhibits a 
 great variety of beautiful colors and symmetrical 
 forms. 
 
 Kal'en-dar, n. See Calendar. 
 
 Ka'li, n. ' Sea-weed, — whence the word alkali. 
 
 Ka'lif, m. See Caliph. 
 
 Kal'mi-a, n. [From Peter Kalm, a botanist and 
 traveller.] An evergreen shrub; a laurel. 
 
 Kan-ga-r66' (kang-ga- 
 ro'), n. [Native Aus- 
 tralian name.] A mar- 
 supial animal of Aus- 
 tralia, having short 
 fore-legs, and long 
 hind-legs, on which it 
 leaps. 
 
 Ka'o-Hn, or Ka'o-Hne 
 [k'a'o-lin, H.\ n. '[Chi- 
 nese kau, high, and tin, 
 ridge: a local name.] 
 Porcelain or China 
 clay. 
 
 Ka'ty.-did, n. [From the call of the insect.] An 
 insect ; a sort of grasshopper. 
 
 Kau-ri (kbw're), n. [A native name.] A pine- 
 tree of New Zealand, and its resin. 
 
 Kedfe, v. a. [Local Sw. keka, to drag one's self, 
 to tug : perhaps related to Catch.] [j>p. kedg- 
 
 Kangaroo. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nbr, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q, Q, c, £-, soft; p, p, p, g, hard; § as z ; x«*gz; this. 
 
KEEL 
 
 328 
 
 KILDEEKIN 
 
 ing, kedged.] To warp or more, as a ship.— 
 2, n. (Nunt.) A small anchor, used in a river 
 or harbor ; a kedger. 
 
 Keel, n. [Dut. & Ger. kiel; Dan. kjol.—Cf. A.-S. 
 ceol, 6r. yavAo?, a snip.] The largest and lowest 
 timber in a ship :— a ship. — (Bot.) The two low- 
 est petals in some flowers : — red chalk. — 2, v. n. 
 [pp. keeling, keeled.]] To turn the keel ; to heel 
 or turn ; to navigate. 
 
 Keel'-boat, n. A low, flat-bottomed boat. 
 
 Keel'er, n. [A.-S. celan, 0. E. keel, to cool.] A 
 small, shallow tub. 
 
 Keel'haul, v. a. [Dut. kielhaalen ; Keel and 
 Haul.] [pp. keelhauling, keelhauled.] (Naut.) 
 To punish by dragging the offender under the 
 keel. 
 
 Keel' son (or kel'sun), n. [Sw. kblsvin; Dan. kjbl- 
 sviin; Ger. kielsc'hivein ; Norw. kjb'lsvill, keel-sill; 
 the other names are probably corrupted from 
 this.] A piece of timber in a ship over her keel. 
 
 Keen, a. [A.-S. cene, Dut. koen, Ger. kilhn, bold ; 
 Icel. keen, wise : cognate with Ken.] Sharp ; 
 acute: — severe; piercing; eager. 
 
 Keen'ly, ad. Sharply ; eagerly ; bitterly. 
 
 Keen'ness, n. Sharpness ; eagerness. 
 
 Keep, v. a. [A.-S. cepan, cypan, to keep, to store 
 up, — originally, to sell, to traffic. — See Cheap.] 
 [i. kept; pp. keeping, kept.] To retain; to pre- 
 serve ; to protect ; to guard ; to detain or hold ; 
 to restrain: — to observe. — 2, v. n. To remain; 
 tn stay ; to last. — 3, n. The strongest part of a 
 castle : — guard : — subsistence. 
 
 Keep'er, n. One who keeps or holds; a defender. 
 
 Keep'ing, n. Charge; custody; guard; support: 
 — just proportion ; congruity : — management of 
 light and shade in painting. 
 
 Keep'sake, n. A gift to be kept for the sake of 
 the giver; a souvenir. 
 
 Keg-, n. [Scand. kagcji, kagge: related to Dan. 
 kegle, Ger. kegel, a cone, a bobbin; Dut. keg, a 
 wedge.] A small cask or barrel. 
 
 Kelp, n. [Origin unknown.] Sea-weed : — alkaline 
 ashes from burnt sea-weed. 
 
 Kel'pie, \ n. [Scot. ; said to be akin to Calf.] A 
 
 Kel'py, J supposed spirit of the waters, in the 
 
 Kelt, n. A Celt. [form of a horse. 
 
 Kel'ter, n. [Celt, cealtair, dress, cause, matter : 
 thought to be for L. cultura, care, finish, cul- 
 ture (q. v.).] Order; good condition ; kilter. 
 
 Kelt'ic, n. & a. Same as Celtic. 
 
 Ken, v. a. [Ger. & Dut. kennen, Icel. kenna, to 
 know ; A.-S. cennan, to cause to know, to teach ; 
 cunnan, to know. — See Can.] [pp. kenning, 
 kenned.] To see at a distance : — to know. — 
 2, v. n. To look round ; to direct the eye. — 3, n. 
 View; sight; the reach of the sight : — a kennel. 
 
 Ken'nel, n. [Fr. chew.il, a dog-house ; chien, Local 
 Fr. ken, a dog ; L. canis.] A cot for dogs : — a 
 pack of hounds or dogs: — hole of a fox, &c. : — 
 [a variant of Canal] the watercourse of a street ; 
 gutter. — 2, v. n. [pp. kennelling, kennelled.] 
 To lie ; to dwell, as beasts. — 3, v. a. To keep in 
 a kennel. [dred weight; a quintal. 
 
 Ken' tie, n. [See Quintal and Cental.] A nun- 
 Kent' ledg-e, n. [Cf. Cantle, and Sp. ccntil, a mass 
 of stone.] Iron ballast for a ship. 
 
 Kept, i. & p. from keep. 
 
 Ke-ram'ic, a. Same as Ceramic. 
 
 Kerb, n. ' See Curb. 
 
 Ker'chief (ker'chif), n. [Fr. couvre-chef, head- 
 gear (colloq.); couvre, cover, and chef, the head. 
 — See Chief.] A head-dress of a woman ; a dress 
 or loose cloth worn on the neck. 
 
 Kerf, n. [See Carve; Dut. kerf, Ger. kerbe, a 
 notch.] The cut or opening made by a saw. 
 
 Ker'mes, n. sing. & pi. [Arab. — See Crimson.] A 
 small insect found in the scarlet oak and used 
 as a scarlet dje. 
 
 Kern, n. [Irish ceatharnach, a soldier ; calh, battle, 
 and fear, man.] An Irish foot-soldier : — [see 
 Quern] a hand-mill. 
 
 Ker'nel, n. [A.-S. cyrnel; Ger. kern; Dan. kleme: 
 akin" to Corn.] An edible substance in the shell 
 of a nut, or in a husk ; grain : — a nucleus. 
 
 Ker'o-sene, n. [Gr. Kijpds, wax, with allusion to 
 paraffin.] Oil prepared from petroleum. 
 
 Ker'sey, n. [Said to be named from Kersey, in 
 Suffolk, England.— Cf. Fr. carize, Dut. karsaai, 
 kersey.] A kind of stuff or cloth. 
 
 Ker'sey-mere, n. [Corrupted from Cashmere.] 
 A twilled, woollen cloth :— called also cassimere. 
 
 Kes'trel, n. [0. E. coistrel, a coward.] A kind of 
 bastard hawk. 
 
 Ketch, n. [It. caicco ; Fr. caiche, quaiche; Dut. kits: 
 all probably, like Fr. caique, from Turk, qaiq, a 
 boat.] (Naut.) A vessel with two masts. 
 
 Ketch'iip, n. A sauce. See Catchup. 
 
 Ke'tone, w. [From acetone, the most important 
 member of the ketone series.] A compound of 
 a hydrocarbon with carbonic acid. 
 
 Ket'tle, n. [A.-S. cetel, cytel; Dut. kelel; Goth. 
 katils; Ger. kessel; Kuss. kotel ; L. catillus, a 
 bowl ; Gr. kotvAos. a cup.] A vessel in which 
 liquor is boiled. 
 
 Kef tie-drum, n. A kettle- 
 shaped drum : — a fashionable 
 afternoon tea. 
 
 Key (ke), n. [A.-S. ceag ; 0. 
 Fris. kai, kei.] An instrument 
 to fasten and open a lock, &c. : 
 — an instrument by which Kettle-drum. 
 something is screwed or 
 turned : — the fundamental note in music : — an 
 index ; an explanation ; that which explains ; a 
 guide : — [Sp. cayo, a shoal, a reef; L. cautes, a 
 cliff] an islet : — [see Quay] a quay. — 2, v. a. [ pp. 
 keying, keyed.] To fasten with a key or wedge. 
 
 Key'a|-e (ke'aj), n. Money paid for wharfage. 
 
 Key'-board, n. The range of keys in a piano or 
 an organ. [ger-keys or stops. 
 
 Key'-bu-gle, n. A bugle furnished with six fin- 
 Keyed (ked), a. Furnished with keys. 
 
 Key'-hole (ke'hol), n. A hole to put a key in. 
 
 Key'-note, "I n. The fundamental note, or tonic, 
 
 Key' -tone, J of a piece of music. 
 
 Key'-stone, n. The middle stone of an arch. 
 
 Khan (kan or kan), n. [Turk.] A prince ; a sov- 
 ereign ; a high officer : — a sort of inn. 
 
 Kh^n'ate, n. A province ruled by a khan. 
 
 Khe-di've (ka-<h5' v a.)> or Khe-dive', n. [Arab. 
 khidewi, Per. khadiw, a king.] The viceroy or 
 ruler of Egypt. 
 
 Kick, v. a. [Welsh cic, a foot ; cicio, to kick ; Gael. 
 ceig, to kick.] [pp. kicking, kicked.] To strike 
 with the foot. — 2, v. n. To thrust out the foot; 
 to resist: — to recoil. — 3, n. A blow with the 
 foot : — a recoil. 
 
 Kick'er, n. One who kicks ; a wincing horse. 
 
 Kick'shaw, n. [Fr. quelque-chose, something; L. 
 qualis, of what kind, and caussa, cause, or thing.] 
 A fantastic dish of cookery : — a trifle. 
 
 Kid, n. [Dan. & Sw. kid; Ger. kitze.] The young 
 of a goat : — a bundle : — a mess-kid. — 2, v. n. 
 [pp. kidding, kidded.] To bring forth kids. 
 
 Kid' ling, n. [Icel. kidlingr.] A young kid. 
 
 Kid'nap, v. a. [Eng. slang kid, a child, and nab, 
 to seize.] [pp. kidnapping, kidnapped.] To 
 steal a human being. 
 
 Kid'nap-per, n. One who kidnaps. 
 
 Kid'ney (kid'ne), n. ; pi. Kid'neys. [0. E. quid, 
 quith, Icel. kvidr, A.-S. cwid, the womb, the 
 belly, and 0. E. neer, Icel. nyra, Dan. mjre, Dut. 
 nier, Ger. mere, Gr. i/e^pd?, a kidney.] One of 
 the two glands which separate the urine from 
 the blood : — kind or sort; disposition ; humor. 
 
 Kil'dee, or Kil'deer, n. [From the bird's note.] 
 A kind of plover. 
 
 Kil'der-kin, n. [0. Dut. kindekm,<— literally, a 
 little child or boy; Dut. kirmetje ; kind, a child : 
 so named colloquially from its relatively small 
 size.] A liquid measure of eighteen gallons ; a 
 small barrel. 
 
 a, e, I, o, 5, y, long; a., g, i, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, 
 
 u, y, 
 
 obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fS.ll ; heir, her j 
 
KILL 
 
 329 
 
 KLEPTOMANIAC 
 
 Kill, v. a. [Icel. holla, to harm,— literally, to cut 
 on the head ; kollr, Norw. koll, S\v. kidle, Irish 
 coll, the head ; Dut. kollen, to knock down ; but 
 possibly related to Quell.] [pp. killing, killed.] 
 To deprive of lite; to destroy; to slay. — 2, u. A 
 small river or narrow strait. 
 
 Kill'dee, or Kill'deer, n. See Kildee. 
 
 Kill'er, n. One who kills or deprives of life. 
 
 Kill' in?, a. Charming; fascinating. [Colloq.] 
 
 Kiln (kil), n. [L. culina, a kitchen, a drying- 
 house; whence A.-S. eyln, Icel. kylna, Welsh 
 cylin, ajl, a kiln. — See Culinary.] A stove or 
 furnace for drying or burning ; a pile of brick 
 for burning. [dried.] To dry in a kiln. 
 
 Kiln'dry (kilMri), v. a. [pp. kilndrying, kiln- 
 
 Ki'lo, n. A trade name for the kilogram. 
 
 Kil'o-gram, n. [Fr. kilogramme; Gr. \ikt.ov, a 
 thousand, and gramme.] A French weight of 
 1000 grams, equal to 2.2046 pounds avoirdupois. 
 
 Kil'o-li-tre (-le-tr), n. [Fr. ; Gr. x^<-ov, a thou- 
 sand, and litre.] A French measure of 1000 
 litres, equalling 264.17 gallons. 
 
 Kil'o-me-trs (-me-tr), n. [Fr. kilometre; Gr. x^tov, 
 a thousand, and metre.'] A French measure of 
 1000 metres, or 3280.9167 feet. 
 
 Kil'o-stere, n. [Fr. kilostere ; Gr. x^ l0V , a thou- 
 sand, and slere.) A French measure of solidity, 
 equal to 1000 steres, or 35336.636 cubic feet. 
 
 Kilt, n. [Dan. kille, to truss up; Local S\v. kilta, 
 to swathe ; Icel. kilting, a skirt. — Cf. Irish cealt, 
 clothes, and L. celare, to hide.] A kind of short 
 petticoat, especially that worn by the Scotch 
 Highlanders; fillibeg. — 2, v. a. [pp. kilting, 
 kilted.] To tuck up, as the skirts. 
 
 Kil'ter, n. Condition ; order. See Kelter. 
 
 Kin, n. [A.-S. cynn, Icel. hyn, Goth, hint, race, 
 kindred: root of Genus.] A relation : — kin- 
 dred ; relatives ; the same species : — a diminutive 
 termination. — 2, a. Of the same nature ; kindred. 
 
 Kind, a. [A.-S. cynde, natural, after its kind.] 
 Benevolent; good; tender; beneficent; favorable; 
 indulgent; mild.— 2, n. [A.-S. cynd, gecynd, na- 
 ture : closely related to Kin.] Any thing of the 
 same nature ; race ; generical class ; sort. 
 
 Kin'der-gar-ten, n. [Ger. for "children's gar- 
 den."] A place of training for young children, 
 intermediate between nursery and school-room. 
 
 Kin'dle, v. a. [Icel. kyndyll, a torch, a candle 
 (q. r.); kynda, to inflame.] [pp. kindling, kin- 
 dled.] To set on fire; to light; to inflame. — 
 2, v. n. To catch fire ; to be inflamed. 
 
 Kin'dler, n. One who or that which kindles. 
 
 Kind'li-ness, n. Affection; good-will; favor. 
 
 Kind'ly, a. Congenial; proper; mild; bland. — 
 2, ad. Benevolently ; favorably ; fitly. 
 
 Kind'ness, n. Quality of being kind; benevolence; 
 good-will ; favor ; beneficence ; love. 
 
 Kin'dred, n. ; pi. Kin'dred, or Kin'dreds. [From 
 kin, as hatred from hate'; A.-S. -rseden, condition, 
 law.] A person or persons of the same, descent ; 
 relation by birth : — relatives ; connections ; kins- 
 folk. — 2, a. Congenial ; related ; cognate. 
 
 Kine, n. ; pi. of cow. [A.-S. cu, a cow ; k//, cows ; 
 whence the O. E. double plural kyen, on" type of 
 oxen.] Cows. 
 
 Ki-ne-mat'ics, ». [Gr. icivieiv, to move ; Kivrjfxa, 
 a movement : on type of mathematics.] Same as 
 Kinetics. 
 
 Ki-ne-sip'a-thy, w- [Gr. mveetv, to move ; *aVe<ris, 
 movement : on type of homoeopathy.] The move- 
 ment cure. 
 
 Ki-net'ic, a. [Gr. kivwtiko';, moving; Kiveeiv, to 
 move.] Moving or causing motion ; of or per- 
 taining to kinetics. 
 
 Ki-net'ics, n. The science of motion. 
 
 King, n. [A.-S. eyning ; 0. Sax. tuning; Dan. 
 konge; Ger. konig: from the root of Kin, A.-S. 
 cyn, a race, a tribe : probably at first meaning 
 a son of the tribe.] The ruler of a kingdom"; 
 a monarch : a sovereign ; a chief ruler : — a piece 
 or card representing a king in a game. 
 
 King'bird, n. A small bird of great courage. 
 
 King' -crab, n. A horse-shoe crab or 
 sea-spider. [governing. 
 
 King' craft, n. Craft of kings ; art of 
 
 King'dom, n. [A.-S. cynedom; cyne, 
 
 royal, and -dom (suffix), state or 
 
 condition.] The dominion of a king : 
 
 — reigu : — a class ; as, the vegetable 
 
 kitiy<lon(. 
 
 King'fish-er, n. A species of bird. 
 
 King'ly. , a. ' Relating to a king ; royal. King-crab. 
 
 King' -post, n. {Arch.) The middle post of a 
 framed roof; crown-post. 
 
 King's'-e'vil (kingz'e'vl), n. [It was long be- 
 lieved to be curable by the touch of a king.] 
 The scrofula. 
 
 Kink, ». [Dut., Sw., & Norw. kink, a twist ; Norw. 
 kika, kiuka, to twist; Icel. kemjr, a bend.] A 
 twist; an entanglement. — 2, v. n. [pp. kink- 
 ing, kinked.] To become entangled. 
 
 Kink'x, a. Full of kinks; entangled. 
 
 Ki'no, ». [Mandiugo, kuno.] An astringent vege- 
 table extract. 
 
 Kins/folk (kinz'fok), n. pi. Kindred; relations. 
 
 Kin' ship, n. Relationship ; kindred. 
 
 A man of the same 
 
 ship, 
 
 Kins/man, n. ; pi. Kins/men. 
 race or family ; a relation. 
 
 Kins/wom-an (-wum-an), n. A female relation. 
 
 KJ-osk', n.' [Turk, 'kiosk, kushk, koshk ; Pers. 
 knshk, a palace.] A Turkish pleasure-house. 
 
 Kip'-leath-er, n. Leather made of kip-skin. 
 
 Kip'per, a. [Dut. kipper, a spawner; Jcippen, to 
 spawn, to hatch.] Lean and unfit fop use. — 
 2, n. A salmon in the spawning state :— salmon 
 split up, dried or smoked, salted, and spiced. 
 — 3, v. a. [pp. kippering, kippered.] To split 
 open, dry or smoke, salt, and spice : — said of 
 fish. 
 
 Kip' -skin, n. The skin of a heifer or steer not 
 more than two years old; kip-leather. 
 
 Kirk. n. [See Church.] A church ; th e church 
 of Scotland. 
 
 Kir' tie, n. [A.-S. cyrtel; Icel. kyrtill ; Dan. kior- 
 tel : probably cognate with Skirt.] A gown ; a 
 petticoat ; a cloak. 
 
 Kir' tied (ker'tld), a. Wearing a kirtle. 
 
 Kis'met, n. [Turk.] Fate; destiny. 
 
 Kiss, v. a. [A.-S. coss, a kiss; cyssnn, to kiss; 
 Dut. his, Dan. kys, Ger. kuss, a kiss ; kdssen, to 
 kiss : said to be related to L. gustus, a taste.] 
 [pp. kissing, kissed.] To salute by applying 
 the lips; to caress; to touch gently. — 2, n. A 
 salute given by the lips. 
 
 Kit, n. [Abridged form of A.-S. cytere, a cithara 
 {g. v.).] A small fiddle:— [Dut. hitte, a tub; kit, 
 a can ; Norw. kitte, a corn-crib] a fish-tub ; a pail : 
 — the tools of a shoemaker ; an outfit : — [see 
 Kitten] a kitten. 
 
 Kitch'en, n. [A.-S. cicen; Dan. kjoekken; L. co- 
 quina, from coquere, to cook (q. v.).] A room 
 where provisions are cooked. 
 
 Kitch'en-gar'den, n. A vegetable-garden. 
 
 Kitch'en-mid'den, n. [Kitchen and Mipden; 
 Dan. kjoekken-moedding.] A heap of kitchen- 
 waste ; a refuse-heap. 
 
 Kite, n. [A.-S. cyta ; Welsh, cydytt.— The toy is 
 named from the bird.] A bird of prey :— a paper 
 toy raised into the air by the wind and held by 
 a string. 
 
 Kith, n. [A.-S. cyd, kindred, acquaintance ; cad, 
 known; cnnnan, to know. — Cf. Uncouth.] Ac- 
 quaintance. — Kith and kin, friends and relatives. 
 
 Kit' ten (kit'tn), n. [Dim. of Cat; O. E. killing ; 
 Norse, kjetling.] A young cat. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
 kittening, kittened.] To bring- forth young cats. 
 
 Kit'ti-wake, n. »A kind of sea-gull. 
 
 Klep-to-ma'ni-a, n. [Gr. /cAeVrT)?, a thief, and 
 fxavia, madness.] A real or supposed species of 
 moral insanity, actuating its subjects to steal ; a 
 morbid desire to steal. [mania. 
 
 Klep-to-ma'ni-ac, n. One affected with klepto- 
 
 mien, sir; move, nor, son; bull, bur, rule, lise. — <?, Q, c,g, soft, 
 
 28* 
 
 P, )S, p, §, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 
 
KNACK 
 
 330 
 
 KOUMIS 
 
 Knack (nak), n. [0. E. for "a snap,"— imitative; 
 Gael, cnac, a crack ; Dut. Icnak, Dan. knage, to 
 crack.] A toy : — trick; dexterity. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
 knacking, knacked.] To make a sharp noise. 
 
 Knack'er, n. [0. E. knacker, a saddler; Icel. 
 hnakkr, a saddle.] A maker of small work : — a 
 buyer of dead animals. 
 
 Knag (nag), re. [Irish cnag, cnaig, a knob, a knot ; 
 Sw. kuagg, a knot.] A knot in wood : — a peg. 
 
 Knag'£y (nag'ge), a. Knotty :— rough. 
 
 Knap (nap), n. [Ger. & Dut. knappen, to snap 
 (g. v.)', Sw. knclpp, Dan. knep, a snap, a crack: 
 imitative.] A knob ; a knoll : — a blow. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. knapping, knapped.] To bite :— to break 
 short. — 3, v. n. To make a short, sharp noise; 
 to knack ; to snap. 
 
 Knap' sack (nap'sak), n. [Dut. knapzak; knap, 
 eating, knappen, to crush, to snap, to eat, and 
 zak, a sack (q. v.).] A soldier's bag. 
 
 Knarl (narl), n. [See Gnarl.] A knot in wood. 
 
 Knarled (narld or narl'ed), a. Knotty ; gnarled. 
 
 Knave (nav), n. [A.-S. cnapa, cnafa, a boy; Dut. 
 knaap, Ger. knube, a boy, a servant : probably 
 from the root of Genus.] A dishonest or base 
 man ; a rascal ; a scoundrel : — a jack of cards. 
 
 Knav'er-y. (nav'er-e), n. The practice or conduct 
 of a knave ; dishonesty ; villany. 
 
 Knav'ish (nav'jsh), «. Dishonest; trickish. 
 
 Knav'ish-ly (nav'jsh-le), ad. Dishonestly. 
 
 Knav'isk-ness (nav'ish-nes), n. Knavery. 
 
 Knead (ned), v. a. [A.-S. cnedan; Dut. kneden ; 
 Ger. kneten; Russ. gnetate.] [pp. kneading, 
 kneaded.] To work or press into a mass, as in 
 making flour into dough. 
 
 Knead'ing-trough (ned'ing-trof ), n. A trough in 
 which the dough or paste of bread is worked. 
 
 Knee (ne), re. [A.-S. cneo; Dut. & Ger. knie ; Dan. 
 knee ; L. genu ; Gr. yovv ; Skr. janu.] The joint 
 of the leg and thigh. 
 
 Knee'-cap, n. The knee-pan ; patella. 
 
 Knee' -deep, a. Rising, or sinking, to the knees. 
 
 Kneel (nel), v. n. [A.-S. hnyluvg, a kneeling; 
 Dan. knsele, to kneel : from Knee.] [i. knelt or 
 kneeled ; pp. kneeling, knelt or kneeled.] To 
 bend, or rest on, the knees. 
 
 Knee'-pan (ne'-), n. A round bone on the knee. 
 
 Knell (nel), n. [A--S. cnyl, Welsh cnill, cmd, a 
 knell.— Cf. Dut. knal, Dan. knald, a loud report ; 
 Dut. & Ger. knallen, to make a loud noise.] The 
 sound of a funeral bell. — 2, v. n. [pp. knell- 
 ing, knelled.] To sound as a bell ; to knoll. 
 
 Knelt (nelt), i. & p. from kneel. 
 
 Knew (nu), i. & p. from know. 
 
 Knick'er-bock-er§ (nik'-), n. pi. [From Knicker- 
 bocker, a Dutch family name, — also a cant name 
 for an American of Dutch descent.] A kind of 
 trousers or breeches wide at the thigh and end- 
 ing immediately beneath the knee. 
 
 Kmck'knack (nlk'nak), n. [A reduplication of 
 knack, a toy.] A trifle or toy. 
 
 Knife (nif ), n. ; pi. Knives, (nlvz). [A.-S. cnif; 
 Dut. knijf; Dan. kniv; Local Ger. kneif; Fr. 
 canif.] An instrument with a sharp edge for 
 cutting. — 2, v. a, [pp. knifing, knifed.] To stab. 
 
 Knight (nit), re. [A.-S. cniht, a boy, a servant; 
 Dut. & Ger. knecht, a servant; Dan. knegt, a ser- 
 vant; Sw. knekt, a soldier.] A military attend- 
 ant ; a champion : — a man advanced to a certain 
 rank, and having Sir prefixed to his name. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. knighting, knighted.] To create 
 one a knight. 
 
 Knlght'age (nit'aj), n. The body of knights. 
 
 Knight' -er' rant (nit'er'rant), n. ; pi. Knights'- 
 er'rant. [See Errant.] A knight wandering 
 in search of adventures, as in the times of chiv- 
 alry. 
 
 Knight' -er'rant-rjr (nit'-), re. The character, 
 manners, or feats of a knight-errant. 
 
 Knight'hood (nit'hud), n. [A.-S. cnildhad, boy- 
 hood.] Dignity of a knight :— the order and 
 fraternitv of knights. 
 
 Knight'li-ness, n. Qualities of a knight. 
 
 Knight'ly (nit'le), a. Pertaining to a knight; 
 becoming to a knight; chivalrous. 
 
 Knit (nit), v. a. [A.-S. cnyttan; Icel. knyta ; Dan. 
 knytte: closely akin to Knot.] [i. knit or knit- 
 ted; pp. knitting, knit or knitted.] To weave, 
 or make, or unite by texture without a loom, or 
 by the hand with needles :— to tie ; to unite. — 
 2, v. re. To unite or become united. 
 
 Knit'ter (nit^ter), n. One who knits. 
 
 Knit' ting-nee' die (nit'ting-ne'dl), n. A wire 
 which is used in knitting. 
 
 Knive§ (nlvz), ». ; pi. of knife. 
 
 Knob (nob), n. [A.-S. cnsep, a hill-top ; Dut. knop, 
 knoop, a knob ; Ger. knopf, Irish cnap, a button : 
 allied to Knock.] A protuberance ; a hill. 
 
 Knobbed (nobd), a. Having protuberances. 
 
 Knob'bi-ness (nob'be-nes), n. The state of being 
 knobby. 
 
 Knob'by. (nob'be), a. Full of knobs ; hard. 
 
 Knock (nok), v. n. [A.-S. cnacian ; Celt, cnac, cnag, 
 to crack, to snap, to strike : imitative.] [pp. 
 knocking, knocked.] To clash; to beat,; to 
 strike. — 2, v. a. To beat; to strike. — 3, n. A 
 sudden stroke ; a blow. 
 
 Knock'er (nok'er), n. One who knocks ; a striker : 
 — a door-hammer. 
 
 Knock'ing, n. A striking; a beating. 
 
 Knock' -kneed (nok'ned), a. Having legs bent 
 inward so that the knees knock in walking. 
 
 Knoll (nol), v. a. [See Knell.] [pp. knolling, 
 knolled.] To ring a funeral bell ; to toll. — 2, v. n. 
 To sound as a bell. — 3, n. The tolling of a bell : 
 —[A.-S. cnol; Dut. knol; Ger. knollen.— Cf. Celt. 
 cnoc, a hillock.] A little round hill; a hillock. 
 
 Knot (not), n. [A.-S. cnotta; Dut. knot; Ger. 
 knoten; Dan. knude ; L. nodus (gnodus) : allied to 
 Knit.] A part which is tied ; complication : — 
 a knurl or a knar in wood : — a difficulty : — a 
 confederacy : — a cluster. — (Xaut.) A division 
 of the log-line; a mile. — 2, v. a. [jtjj. knotting, 
 knotted.] To complicate; to tie. — 3, v. n. To 
 form knots ; to knit knots. 
 
 Knot' grass (not'gras), n, A knotty weed. 
 
 Knot' ted (not'ted), a. Full of knots ; knotty. 
 
 Knot'ti-ness (not'te-nes). re. Fulness of knots. 
 
 Knot'ty. (not'te), a.' Full of knots; difficult. 
 
 Knout (nbut), n. [Russ. knute; from the root of 
 Knot.] A Russian instrument of punishment : 
 — punishment by the knout. 
 
 Know (no), v. a. [i. knew, pp. knowing, known.] 
 [A.-S. cnaiuan; Icel. kna: allied to Russ. znate, 
 L. noscere, novi, Gr. yiyvutaKeiv, Skr. jna, to 
 know\] To have knowledge of; to perceive 
 with certainty ; to recognize. — 2, v. n. To have 
 certain perception. 
 
 Know'a-ble, a. That may be known. 
 
 Know'ing (no'ing), a. Skilful ; intelligent : — art- 
 ful ; shrewd ; sharp. 
 
 Know'ing-ly (nb'ing-le), ad. With knowledge. 
 
 Knowl'edge'(nol'ej), re. [From know; the final 
 syllable is of Norse origin, and is the same as 
 -lock in wedlock.] The act of knowing; thing 
 known ; certain perception; science; learning; 
 skill ; information. 
 
 Known (non), p. from know. 
 
 Knuc'kle (nuk'kl), n. [Dut. & Dan. knokkel; Ger. 
 knochel.] A joint of the finger.— 2, v. n. [pp. 
 knuckling, knuckled.] To bend; to submit. 
 
 Knur (niir), \ n. [See Gnarl.] A knot in wood 
 
 Knurl (niirl), J or timber; knarl. 
 
 Kniirl'ed, \a. Full of knots; knotty; gnarly; 
 
 Kniirl'y., j gnarled. 
 
 Kob'old, n. [Ger. — Cf. L. cobalm, Gr. /c6(3aAo?, a 
 goblin (q. v.).] A goblin; a spirit of the mines. 
 
 Ko'peck, n. [See Copeck.] A Russian copper coin. 
 
 Ko'ran, n. [See Alcoran.] The Mohammedan 
 bible. 
 
 Kos/mos, re. [See Cosmos.] The universe as tha 
 embodiment of order and beauty. 
 
 Kou'mis, n. See Kumiss. 
 
 y, long ; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y., obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
KKAAL 
 
 331 
 
 LACTTSTKINE 
 
 Kra'al, or Kraal, n. [Said to be for Sp. corral, an 
 enclosure; very doubtful.] A native village in 
 South Africa, whether Kafir or Hottentot. 
 
 Kri'o-sphinx, n. Same as Criosphinx. 
 
 Kris', n. [Malay.] The twisted dagger of the 
 Malays : — spelled also creese. 
 
 Kry'o-llte, or Kry'o-Hth, n. See Cryolite. 
 
 Ku'miss, n. [Russ. kumys'; a Mongolian or Tar- 
 tar word.] A liquor made from mares' milk. 
 
 Ky'a-nize, v. a. [From Ryan, the inventor.] [pp. 
 kyanizing, kyanized.] To preserve timber from 
 dry-rot by the use of corrosive sublimate. 
 
 La liquid consonant, preserves always the same 
 j sound in English ; as in like, fall. As a nu- 
 meral it stands for fifty. 
 
 La, n. [See Fa.] (Mus.) A note in music. 
 
 La (law), interj. [A.-S. la.— See Lo.] See! look! 
 behold ! 
 
 Lab'a-rum, n. [L. ; Late Gr. kafiapov : probably 
 allied to L. Inhere, to waver, to flag.] A stand- 
 ard ; a banner. [strong smell. 
 
 Lab'da-num. n. [See Ladanum.] A resin of a 
 
 Lab-e-fae'tion, n. [L. labefactio ; labere, to totter, 
 and facere, to make.] The act of weakening. 
 
 La'bel, n. [0. Fr. label; Fr. lambel, lambeau: cog- 
 nate with Eng. lap and lapel, and with Ger. 
 lappen, a flap.] A name or title affixed to any 
 thing; a slip of writing. — 2, v. a. [pp. label- 
 ling, labelled.] To affix a label on ; to mark. 
 
 La'bi-al, a. [Late L. labialis ; L. labium, a lip 
 (q. *«.").] Uttered by or relating to the lips. — 
 2, n. A letter pronounced by the lips. — The 
 labials are b, p, v, f, m, and w. 
 
 La'bi-ate, a. [Neo-Latin labiatus, lipped ; L. la- 
 bium', a lip.] Formed like a lip. 
 
 La'bi-o-den'tal, «. [Labial and Dental.] Artic- 
 ulated by means of both the lips and the teeth. 
 
 La'bor, n. [L. labor or lubos, toil ; luborare, to toil ; 
 Obs. L. rabos : allied to Skr. labh, to get ; rabh, 
 to seize; Gr. Aap.$dvfiiv, to take.] The exertion 
 of muscular strength; pains; toil; work ; exer- 
 cise :— childbirth.— 2, v. n. [pp. laboring, la- 
 bored.] To exert the powers of body or mind ; 
 to toil; to work :— to be in travail. — 3, v. a. To 
 work at ; to beat ; to belabor. 
 
 Lab'o-ra-to-ry, it. [Fr. laboratoire. — See Labor.] 
 A place or room for experiments in chemistry, 
 pharmacy, pyrotechny, &c. ; a workshop. 
 
 La'bored, a. Showing sign.', of effort. 
 
 La'bor-er, n. One who labors or does work. 
 
 La-bo'ri-ous, a. [L. lubnriosns.] Diligent ; assid- 
 uous ; tiresome ; requiring labor ; difficult. 
 
 La-bo'ri-ous-ly, ad. In a laborious manner. 
 
 La-bo'ri-ous-ness, n. Toilsomeness. 
 
 La-bur'num, n. [L. ; perhaps for alburnum, 
 whitish ; albus, white.] A flowering tree or shrub. 
 
 LaVy-rmth, n- [Gr. AafivpivOos : akin to Aavpa., 
 an alley.] A subterraneous cavern or place lull 
 of windings; amaze; intricacy. 
 
 Lab-y-rin' thine, a. Mazy ; intricate. 
 
 Lac, n. [Per. lac, Skr. laksha, or 7-akta, lac ; from 
 ranj, to dye.] A concrete, brittle substance; a 
 resin and dvestuff produced on trees by myriads 
 of little insects:— [Hind, lakh, Skr. Wcsha, a 
 hundred thousand, — originally, as many as the 
 insects in a lump of lac] 100,000 ; as, a lac, or 
 lack, of rupees. 
 
 Lace, n. [Fr. lacer, to bind ; lacet, lacs, 0. Fr. las, 
 a tie ; L. laqueus, a snare : root of lacere, to al- 
 lure.] An ornamental fabric of linen or cotton 
 thread :— a string ; a cord :— a texture of thread 
 with gold or silver; plaited cord. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 lacing, laced.] To bind, as with a cord ; to adorn. 
 
 Lac'er-a-ble, a. That may be torn or rent. 
 
 Lac'er-ate, v. a. [L. lacerare, laceratttnt, to tear; 
 lacer, Gr. Aa/cepo?, torn ; Skr. vracch, to tear : 
 akin to Rag.] [pp. lacerating, lacerated.] To 
 tear off in small pieces ; to rend ; to mangle ; to 
 torture. 
 
 Lac-er-a'tion, n. [L. laceratio.] The act of tear- 
 ing ; a breach. 
 
 Lac'er-a-tive, a. Having power to tear. 
 
 Lach'es', n. pi. [0. Fr. lachesse, remissness ; Fr. 
 Idch'e, slack.— See Lax.] (Law.) Negligence. 
 
 Lach'e-sis, n. [Gr. Adxecris, one of the Fates; 
 \axelf, to assigu by lot.] A venomous West- 
 Indian snake. 
 
 Laph'ry-mal, a. Generating tears ; weeping. 
 
 Laph'ry-ma-ry, a. Containing tears ; tearful. 
 
 Laph-ry-ma'tion, n. The act of weeping. 
 
 Laph'ry-ma-to-ry, n. [Late L. lacrimatorium.] A 
 vessel' to preserve tears in, in honor of the dead : 
 — a tear-bottle. 
 
 Laph-ry-mose'. a. [L. lacrimosus ; lacrima (not 
 lachry'ma), a tear; O. L. dakrima, Gr. Sdicpv, a 
 tear (q. v.).] Shedding tears. 
 
 Lac'ing, n. A binding; decoration : — a cord. 
 
 Lack, i'. a. [Dut. lak, a blemish; Icel. UtJer, de- 
 fective : probably akin to Leak.] [pp. lacking, 
 lacked.] To want; to need; to be without. — 
 2, v. n. To be in want ; to be wanting. — 3, i». 
 Want ; need ; deficiency : — a lac. [rowful. 
 
 Lack-a-dai'si-cal, a. Affectedly pensive or sor- 
 
 Lack'a-dai-sy, «• [A humorous word, from Lack- 
 adaJ-.] Sentimental; effeminate. 
 
 Lack-a-day', inteij. [For alack the day!} Alas! 
 alas the day ! 
 
 Lack'er, n. One who lacks : — a varnish. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. lackering, lackered.] See Lacquer. 
 
 Lack'ey (lak'e), n. [Fr. laquais; Ger. lackei; Sp. 
 lacayo; O. Fr. alacay, a cross-bowman; thought 
 to be for Arab, luka, lalca, servile.] A footman. 
 — 2, i'. a. [pp. lackeying, lackeyed.] To attend 
 as a footman. 
 
 La-con'ic, \ a. [From Laconia, in Greece, whose 
 
 La-con'i-cal, J people were noted for brevity and 
 pith in speech.] Concise in style; short; brief; 
 as, a laconic answer. 
 
 La-con'i-cal-ly, ad. Briefly ; concisely. 
 
 La-con'i-cism, ». Concise style ; laconism. 
 
 Lac'o-nism, n. [Gr. AaKiov<.o>6s.] A concise 
 style : — a pithy or brief phrase or saying. 
 
 Lac'quer (lak'er), n. [Port, lucre, lac (q. ».).] A 
 varnish, consisting chiefly of shell-lac dissolved 
 in alcohol. — 2, v. a. [pp. lacquering, lacquered.] 
 To varnish with lacquer. 
 
 La-crosse', n. [Fr. la crosse, the cross.] A Cana- 
 dian game at ball, played with a battledore. 
 
 Lac'ta-ry, a. [L. lactarius ; lac, milk.] Milky; 
 full'of "juice like milk. — 2, n. A dairy-house. 
 
 Lac'tate, v. A salt of lactic acid and a base. 
 
 Lac-ta'tion, n. The act or time of giving suck. 
 
 Lac'te-al! «. Milky; conveying chyle. — 2, n. The 
 vessel that conveys chyle. 
 
 Lac-te-oiis, «• [L. lac-tens ; lac, lactis, milk. — Cf. 
 Gr. yd\a, yaAa/c-ros, milk.] Milky ; lacteal. 
 
 Lac-tes'cent. a. [L. lactescere, luctescentis, to be- 
 come milky.] Producing milk or a white juice. 
 
 Lac'tic, a. Applied to the acid of sour milk. 
 
 Lac-tifer-ous, a. That conveys milk. 
 
 Lac-tom'e-ter, ». See Galactometer. 
 
 Lac'tose, n. ' Sugar of milk. 
 
 La-cu'na, n. ; pi. La-cu'nae. [L. ; akin to lacus, a 
 lake (q. ».).] A vacant space; an hiatus; a gap; 
 a vacancy ; a defect. [a lake or lakes. 
 
 La-cfis'trine, a. [L. lactis, a lake.] Belonging to 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use— p, Q, c, §, soft ; p, p, ft, g, hard ; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 
 
LAD 
 
 332 
 
 LAND 
 
 Lad, n. [Welsh llcavd, Irish lath, a youth ; Gael. 
 laid ir, stout.] A boy ; a stripling; a youth. 
 
 Lad'a-num, n. [L. ; Gr. Xr/Savov; kr)8ov, L. lada, 
 Per. ladan, a gummy shrub.] The gum called 
 labdanum. See Labdanum. 
 
 Lad'der, n. [A.-S. hlseder ; Dut. ladder; Ger. leiter. 
 — Cf! L. clathri, a grate ; Gr. K.\eZ0pov, a bar.] A 
 frame with steps for climbing. 
 
 Lade, v. a. [Dut. laden, Icel. hlada, Dan. lade, 
 Russ. Made, a load (q. v.).] [i. laded; pp. lading, 
 laden or laded.] To load ; to freight : — [A.-S. 
 hladan; 0. E. lhaden: a special use of the fore- 
 going ; from it comes Ladle] to dip out. 
 
 La' den (la'dn), p. from lade and load. 
 
 Lad'ing, n. Freight of a ship ; cargo; burden. 
 
 La' die (la/dl), n. [See Lade.] A large spoon; a 
 dipper with a handle : — the receptacle of a mill- 
 wheel. — 2, v. a. [pp. ladling, ladled.] To dip out. 
 
 La'dy, n. ; pi. La'die§. [A.-S. Meefdige; probably 
 from hlaf, a loaf, and dsegee, a kntader.] A re- 
 spectable or well-bred woman ; a title of respect ; 
 a gentlewoman: — correlative of gentleman: — in 
 England, correlative of lord. 
 
 La' dy -bird, ) n. Names of red insects that feed 
 
 La/dy-fly, J upon plant-lice. 
 
 La'dy-day (la'de-dS), n. The 25th of March; the 
 annunciation day of the Virgin Mary. 
 
 La'dy-Kke, a. Becoming a lady; elegant. 
 
 La'dy-ship, n. The title of a lady. 
 
 La'dy'§-slip'per, n. A plant and its flower. 
 
 Lag, a. [Welsh Hag, slack ; Irish lag, weak : akin 
 to Lax and Languid and probably to Slack.— 
 Cf. Gr. Arjyetv, to cease.] Coming behind ; slug- 
 gish; tardy. — 2, n. The lowest class : — the fag- 
 end. — 3, v. n. [pp. lagging, lagged.] To loiter; 
 to stay behind ; to linger ; to move slowly. 
 
 La'jjrer-beer, n. [Ger lager, storage, a storehouse. 
 — See Lay.] A kind of light German beer. 
 
 Lag'gard, a. [See Lag.] Backward; sluggish; 
 slow". — 2, n. A lazy fellow. 
 
 Lagging, n. [Dut. leggen, Ger. legen, to lay. — See 
 Lay!] The covering of a steam boiler or cylinder. 
 
 La-g66n\ n. [It. la gone, laguna, a pool; lago, a 
 'lake; L. lacuna, a pool; lacus, a lake.] A large 
 pond or lake ; a marsh. 
 
 La'ic, \a. [L. laicus.— See Lay.] Belonging 
 
 La'i-cal, J to the laity or people ; not clerical ; lay. 
 
 Laid (lad), i. & p. from lay. 
 
 Lain (Ian), p. from lie. 
 
 Lair (lar), n. [A.-S. leger, a bed; Ger. lager, a 
 couch : root of Lie.] The couch of a wild beast. 
 
 Laird, n. The lord of a manor. [Scottish.] 
 
 La'i-ty, n. The people, as distinct from the clergy 
 of from any other profession. 
 
 Lake, n. [A.-S. lac; L. lacus; Scot, loch (q. v.). — 
 Cf. Gr. AaKKo?, a pit.] A large extent of inland 
 water): — [a variant of Lac] a red color; a color 
 made of cochineal or lac. 
 
 La'ma, n. [Thibetan, bLama, spiritual lord.] The 
 sovereign pontiff of the Tartars, and the head 
 of religion in Thibet : — a Buddhistic priest. — 
 (Zool.) A quadruped; llama. 
 
 La'ma-ism, n. The northern form of Buddhism. 
 
 Lam'a-ser-y, n. [From Lama, on type of monas- 
 tery or caravansary ; Per. saray, an inn, a palace.] 
 A Buddhist monastery. 
 
 Lamb (lam), n. [A.-S., Icel., & Goth, lamb; Dut. 
 & Dan. lam; Ger. & Sw. lamm.] The young of 
 a sheep. — 2, v. n. [pp. lambing, lambed.] To 
 bring forth lambs. 
 
 Lam'bent, a. [L. lambere, lambentis, Gr. Xdmeiv, 
 to lap (q. v.).) Playing about ; gliding lightly. 
 
 Lamb'kin (lam'kin), n. [Dim. of Lamb ; Ger. 
 I'dmmchen or lammerchen.] A little lamb. 
 
 Lam'bre-quin (lam'ber-kin), n. [Fr., of Flemish 
 origin'; a diminutive word allied to Ger. lappen, a 
 patch. — Cf. Skr. lamb, to hang down.] The orna- 
 mental covering for a helmet : — drapery pendent 
 from above a window, from a shelf, or the like. 
 
 Lame, a. [A.-S. lama; Dan., Dut., and Sw. lam; 
 Ger. lahrn. — Cf. Buss, lomate, to break; Icel. 
 
 Sadly; mournfully. 
 
 [L. lamentatio.] An expres- 
 
 lama, to bruise.] Crippled; disabled ; imperfect. 
 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. laming, lamed.] To make lame. 
 La-mel'la, n. ; pi. La-mel'lae. [L., a dim. of 
 
 lamina (q. v.).] A thin plate ; a scale. 
 Lam'el-lar, a. Composed of scales or flakes. 
 Lam'el-l4te, ) a. Covered with films or plates ; 
 Lam'el-lat-ed, j lamellar. 
 La-mel'li-branph, a. Lamellibranchiate. 
 La-mel-li-bran' phi-ate, a. [L. lamella, a layer, 
 
 and Gr. ^pdyxt-a, giUs.] (Zool.) Having gills 
 
 in symmetrical semicircular layers, like bivalve 
 
 mollusks. The oyster and clam are examples. 
 Lame'ly, ad. In a lame manner; imperfectly. 
 Lame'ness, n. State of being lame ; weakness. 
 La-ment', v. n. [L. lamenlum, a wail; lamentari, 
 
 to wail.] [pp. lamenting, lamented.] To mourn ; 
 
 to wail ; to grieve. — 2, v. a. To bewail ; to mourn ; 
 
 to bemoan. — 3, n. Lamentation. 
 Lam'ent-a-ble, a. [L. lamentabilis.] Mournful; 
 
 grievous. 
 Lam'ent-a-bly, ad. 
 Lam-en-ta'tion, n. 
 
 sion'of sorrow. 
 La'mi-a, n. [L. ; Gr. kd/xia, a witch, — also, a 
 
 shark' : root of Aaju/3aj/eiv, to seize.] A kind of 
 
 demon among the ancients:— a hag ; a witch. 
 Lam'i-na, n. ; pi. Lam'i-nae. [L.] A thin plate ; 
 
 one' coat or layer laid over another. 
 Lam'i-nar, \a. Plated ; consisting of plates or 
 Lam'i-na-ry, J layers ; laminated. 
 Lam'i-nat-ed, a. Consisting of plates ; plated. 
 Lam-i-na'tion, n. Arrangement in layers: — a 
 
 layer. 
 Lam'mas, n. [A.-S. hlafmsesse, loaf-mass : loaves 
 
 were 'once offered as first-fruits on this day.] 
 
 The first day of August. 
 Lam-mer-£el'er, n. [Ger. lammergeier ; lamm, a 
 
 lamb, 'and ge'ier, a vulture.] A European vulture. 
 Lamp, n. [L. lampas; Gr. Kaunas; Xdixweiv, to 
 
 shine.] A vessel furnished with a wick and oil 
 
 for giving light ; a light. 
 Lam'pass, \ n. [Fr. lampas, formerly also empas; 
 Lam'perg, J probably the same as Local Eng. 
 
 ampe'r, anbury, a tumor.] A lump of flesh, or a 
 
 swelling, in a horse's mouth. 
 Lamp'-black, n. A fine soot used as a pigment. 
 Lam'per-eel, n. The lamprey. 
 Lam-poon', n. [0. Fr. lampon,— originally, a drink- 
 
 'ing-song; Fr. lamper, to drink; L. lambere, to 
 
 lick up. — See Lat.] A personal satire; abuse. — 
 
 2. v. a. [pp. lampooning, lampooned.] To 
 abuse with personal satire. 
 
 Lam-poon'er, n. One who lampoons. 
 
 Lam'prey ^lam'pre), n. [Fr. lamproie; It. lam- 
 preda; L. lampetra; land>ere, to lick, and petra, 
 a stone. It clings to rocks by suction.] A fish 
 like the eel. 
 
 La'nate, a. [L. lanatus, woolly ; lana, Gr. Aax^. 
 Doric Gr. Aavos, wool.] Covered with wool or 
 soft hair. 
 
 Lance, n. [Fr. ; L. lancea; Gr. \6yxv-] A long 
 spear; a weapon of war. — 2, v. a. [pp. lancing, 
 lanced.] To pierce; to cut; to open with a 
 lancet, as a surgeon :— to thi-ow. 
 
 Lan'ce-o-late, a. [L. lanceolahts, spiked ; lanceola, 
 a dim.' of lancea, a lance.] Shaped like a lance. 
 
 Lan'cer, n. One who uses or carries a lance. 
 
 Lan'cet, n. [Fr. lancette, dim. of lance, a lance 
 (q. v.).~\ A small surgical instrument for letting 
 blood : — a pointed window. [wood. 
 
 Lance'-wood (-wtid), n. A tree and its elastic 
 
 Lan'ci-nate, v. a. [L. lancinare, lancinalvm, to 
 tear": akin to Lacerate.] [pp. lancinating, 
 lancinated.] To tear ; to lacerate. 
 
 Lan-ci-na'tion, n. A tearing ; laceration. 
 
 Land/w. [A'.-S., Dut., Ger., Goth., & Scand.] A 
 country ; a region ; a district : — soil ; ground : — 
 earth, as distinguished from water or the sea: — 
 real estate : — a nation. — 2, v. a. [pp. landing, 
 landed.] To set on shore ; to disembark. — 
 
 3, v. n. To come or go on shore. 
 
 u, y, long; a, e, I, o, Q, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
LANDAU 
 
 333 
 
 LAEIAT 
 
 Lan-dau', or Lan'dau, n. [Fr. ; from Landau, in 
 Germany.] A coach which opens and closes at 
 the top. 
 
 Lan-dau-let', n. A small landau. 
 
 Land'ed, a. Consisting of, or having, land. 
 
 Land' fall, n. A falling of land to any one by a 
 death : — land first seen from the sea. 
 
 Land'grave, n. [Ger. landgraf ; land, province, 
 land, and graf, a count; Dut. landgraaf.] A 
 German title of nobility. 
 
 Land-gra'vi-ate, n. Estate of a landgrave. 
 
 Land'gra-vine, n. [Ger. landgrafinn ; Dut. land- 
 gravin.) The wife of a landgrave. 
 
 Land'hold-er, n. One who holds lands. 
 
 Land'ing, n. The act of going on shore : — a place 
 to land at : — the floor at the head of stairs. 
 
 Land'la-dy, n. A mistress of an inn; a hostess: 
 — a woman who has tenants. 
 
 Land'less, a. Destitute of land. 
 
 Land'locked (land'lokt), a. Enclosed with land : — 
 cut off from the sea. 
 
 Land'lord, n. [Land and Lord.] One who owns 
 and leases land : — the master of an inn ; a host. 
 
 Land'liib-ber, n. A landsman, in contempt. 
 
 Land'mark, n. A mark of boundaries. 
 
 Land' scape, n. [Dut. landschap : the final syllable 
 is the same in origin with that of friendship.] 
 The scenery or prospect presented to the eye. 
 
 Land' slide, \ n. A portion of a hill or mountain 
 
 Land' slip, J that slides or slips down. 
 
 Lands/man, n. One who lives or serves on land. 
 
 Land'ward, ad. Toward the land. 
 
 Landwehr (lant'var), n. [Ger. land, country, and 
 wehr, defence.] The militia. 
 
 Lane, n. [A.-S. lane, lone; Scot, loan; Fris. lana, 
 lona' Dut. laan.] A narrow street ; an alley. 
 
 Lan'grage, or Lan'grel, n. [Etymology doubt- 
 ful.] A kind of chain-shot, formed of pieces of 
 iron tied together. 
 
 Lang-syne', ad. [Scot.] Long since ; long ago. 
 
 Lan'guage (lang'gwaj), n. [Fr. Icmgage; It. Un- 
 guaggio ; L. lingua, a tongue.] The expression of 
 thought and feeling; human speech ; the speech 
 of one nation ; tongue; dialect; idiom; style. 
 
 Lan'guid (lang'gwid), a. [L. languidus. — See Lan- 
 guish.] Faint; weak; feeble. 
 
 Lan'guid-ly (lang'gwid-le), ad. Weakly. 
 
 Lan'guid-ness, n. Weakness; feebleness. 
 
 Lan'guish (lang'gwish), v. n. [Fr. languir, part. 
 languissant; L. languescere, inceptive of languere, 
 to be weak. — Cf. Gr. kiyyd^eiv, to slacken: 
 akin to Lag and Lax.] [pp. languishing, lan- 
 guished.] To grow feeble or languid; to pine 
 away ; to decline. 
 
 Lan'guish-ment, n. A state of pining. 
 
 Lan'guor (lang'gwor), n. [L.— See Languish.] 
 A languid state ; lassitude ; debility ; faintness. 
 
 Lan'guor-ous (lang'gwor-us), a. Suggestive of 
 languor; melancholy; tedious; languid. 
 
 La-mf'er-ous, a. [L. lanifer ; lana, wool, and 
 ferre, to bear.] Bearing wool ; woolly. 
 
 La-nig'er-ous, a. [L. Imager; lana, wool, and 
 'gerere,'to carry.] Bearing wool. 
 
 Lank, a. [A.-S. hlanc. — Cf. Dut. slank, schlank, 
 lank : perhaps related to Lax and Slack, but 
 not to Long.] Loose; lax; not fat; slender; 
 faint. 
 
 Lank'ness, n. Want of plumpness. 
 
 Lank'y, a. Lank ; thin and tall. 
 
 Lan'ner, n. [Fr. lanier ; L. laniarius or lanius, a 
 butcher; laniare, to rend.] A species of hawk. 
 
 Lan'ner-et, n. A little hawk. 
 
 Lan'sque-net (lan'ske-net), n. [Fr. ; Ger. lands- 
 knecht; land, country, and knecht, a soldier.] A 
 foot-soldier of former times : — a game at cards. 
 Lan-ta'na, or Lan-ta'na, u. [An old name for the 
 
 viburnum.] A plant and its flower. 
 Lan'tern, n. [L. lanterna; Gr. kdp.irrr]p, a torch. 
 See Lamp.] A transparent case for a candle or 
 lamp : — a little turret on the top of a dome. 
 Lan'thorn (lan'tern), n. Same as Lantern. 
 
 La-nu'§i-nous, a. [L. lanuginosus; lanugo, lanu- 
 'ginis, down ; lana, wool.] Downy ; covered with 
 hair. 
 
 Lan'yard, n. [Fr. laniere, a thong; perhaps from 
 L. laniare, to tear, with the idea of a shred.] A 
 small rope or piece of cord. 
 
 Lap, n. [A.-S. Iseppa, Fris. lappa, Dan. lap, Sw. 
 lapp, Ger. lappen, a patch : the idea is that of 
 something which hangs, like an apron. — Cf. L. 
 labi, to fall ; Skr. lamb, to hang.] That part of 
 a person sitting which reaches from the waist 
 to the knees ; a flap : — an overlapping. — 2, v. a. 
 [A variant of Wrap (q. v.); 0. E. wlappen, wrap- 
 pen, to wrap.] [pp. lapping, lapped.] To wrap 
 round ; to involve ; to lay or extend over : — 
 [A.-S. lapian, Icel. lepja, Dan. labe, L. lambere, 
 Fr. taper, Gr. XdnreLv, to lick : akin to Lip] to 
 lick up. — 3, v. n. To be spread or extend over 
 any thing : — to lick up. 
 
 Lap'dog, n. A little dog fondled by ladies. 
 
 La-pel', n. [See Lap.] A lapping part of a coat. 
 
 Lap'ful, n. As much as the lap can contain. 
 
 Lap-i-da'ri-an, a. Inscribed on stone ; lapidary. 
 
 Lap'i-da-ry, n. [L. lapidarius ; lapis, lapidis, a 
 stone.— Cf. Gr. Aen-as, a rock ; Xeweiv, to scale.] 
 One who cuts and polishes gems : — a dealer in 
 gems. — 2, a. Monumental ; inscribed on stone. 
 
 La-pid-i-fi-ca'tion, n. The act of forming stone. 
 
 La-pid'i-fy, v. a.' & v. n. [p>p. lapidifying, lapid- 
 ified.]' To turn into stone. 
 
 Lap'i-dist, n- A dealer in stones or gems. 
 
 La'pis laz'u-H, n. [Late L. — See Azure.] A fine 
 blue stone. 
 
 Lap'land-er, or Lapp, n. A native of Lapland. 
 
 Lap'pish, a. Of or belonging to the Lapps. 
 
 Lapse, n. [L. labi, lapsus, to fall ; lapsare, to slip.] 
 Flow; fall; glide; a smooth course: — a little 
 fault; petty error; mistake. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
 lapsing, lapsed.] To glide ; to slip ; to fall from 
 right. [void. 
 
 Lapsed (lapst), p. a. Fallen : — inoperative ; made 
 
 Lap' stone, n. A stone used by a cobbler or shoe- 
 maker to hammer leather on. 
 
 Lap' wing, n. [A.-S. hleapewince : roots of Leap 
 and Wince ; referring to the tottering and vacil- 
 lating flight of the male bird.] A noisy bird 
 with long wings. 
 
 Lar, n. ; pi. La're§. [L. ; of Etruscan origin.] A 
 household god. 
 
 Lar'board (lar'bord), v. [Origin doubtful; Fr. 
 b'tbord; It. babordo ; Ger. backbord ; Sw. bagbord; 
 Port, bombordo; Sp. babor. The English may be 
 from Sp. lado, near, and borde, side. — See Star- 
 board. J The left-hand side of a ship to a person 
 on shipboard looking toward the head; port : — 
 opposed to starboard. — 2, o. Left-hand ; port. 
 
 Lar'ce-nous, a. Of or pertaining to, or character- 
 ized by, larceny. 
 
 Lar'ce-ny, n. [Fr. larcin; L. latrocinium,, theft; 
 latro, a robber. J Theft ; petty theft ; robbery. 
 
 Larch, n. [L. larix, laricis; Gr. Aapi^; Ger. lerche.] 
 A large tree : — hackmatack ; tamarack. 
 
 Lard, n. [L. lardum, laridum. — Cf. Gr. Aapti/o?, 
 fat.] The fat of swine.— 2, v. a. [pp. larding, 
 larded.] To stuff with bacon ; to grease. 
 
 Lar-da'ceous (-shus), a. Like lard. 
 
 Lard'er, n. A room where meat is kept : — stock 
 of provisions. 
 
 La're§, n. pi. [L.] See Lar. 
 
 Lar£e, a. [L. largus ; Fr. large.] Great; bulky; 
 wide ; liberal ; abundant ; ample ; spacious ; ex- 
 tensive. 
 
 Large' -heart-ed, a. Generous; magnanimous. 
 
 Large'ly, ad. Widely ; amply ; liberally :— chiefly. 
 
 Large'ness, n. Bigness ; greatness. 
 
 Lar'£ess, n. [Fr. largesse; L. largitus, largiHo ; lar- 
 giri, largitus, to bestow; largus, large, liberal.] 
 A present ; a gift ; a bounty. 
 Lari-'ish, a. Somewhat large. 
 Lar i-at, n. [Sp. reata.] A noosed cord or rope 
 used for catching wild horses ; a lasso. 
 
 mien, sir ; m8ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — Q, Q, c, §, soft ; fS, p, p, g, hard; s as z ; 5 as gz ; this. 
 
LAKK 
 
 334 
 
 LAUGH 
 
 Lark, n. [A.-S. lawerce ; Icel. Iseverki; Low Ger. 
 lewerke ; Ger. lerche ; Dan. Iserlce ; Scot, laverock. 
 The Icelandic has been doubtfully referred to 
 lie, craft, and virke, worker ; the Anglo-Saxon, to 
 Imio, guile, and werca, worker.] A small 6inging 
 bird : — [A.-S. lac, Dan. leg, Icel. leikr, sport] a 
 prank ; a frolic. 
 
 Lark' spur, n. A plant and its flower. 
 
 Lar'rup, t>. a. [Dut. larpen, to thrash.] [pp. lar- 
 ruping, larruped.] To beat ; to thrash. [Low.] 
 
 Lar'um, or La'rum, n. [See Alarm.] Sound of 
 alarm; alarm ;' noise noting danger ; alarum. 
 
 Lar'va, n. ; pi. Lar'vse. [L., a mask, a spectre.] 
 An insect in its grub or caterpillar state : — an 
 undeveloped animal. [veloped. 
 
 Lar'val, a. Pertaining to a larva: — not fully de- 
 
 La-ryn'fe-al, a. Relating to the larynx. 
 
 Lar-yn-£i'tis, n. Inflammation of the larynx. 
 
 La-ryn'go-scope (la-rlng'go-skop), n. [Gr. Adpvytj, 
 larynx," and o-xoneli>, to see.] An optical in- 
 strument consisting of two mirrors by which the 
 throat and larynx may be brought into view. 
 
 Lar-yn-gos'co-py, n. The art of using the laryn- 
 goscope. 
 
 Lar-yn-got'o-my, n. [Gr. Kapvyt-, larynx, and 
 TojuTj, a cutting; re/jLveiv, to cut.] The act of 
 cutting the larynx. 
 
 Lar'ynx, or La'rynx, n. [Gr. \apvy!-.] The upper 
 part of the trachea or windpipe. 
 
 Las-car', or Las'car.w. [Per. & Hind. Ioshkar, an 
 army; lashkari, a soldier.] A native seaman of 
 India. 
 
 Las-civ'i-ous, a. [L. lascivus, sportive, lewd; Skr. 
 Zascwrct/play.] Lewd; lustful; wanton. 
 
 Las-civ'i-ou's-ly, ad. Lewdly; wantonly. 
 
 Las-civ'i-ous-ness, n. Wantonness. 
 
 Lash, n, [but. lasch, a joining ; lusschen, to join ; 
 Sw. & Dan. lask ; Ger. lasche, a joint or scurf, a 
 flap.] The thong of a whip : — a stroke with a 
 whip or thong: — a stroke of satire. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. lashing, lashed.] To strike; to scourge; 
 to satirize : — to tie up strongly. — 3, v. n. To 
 ply the whip ; to strike. 
 
 Lass, n. [Probably from laddess, the feminine of 
 lad.] A girl; a maid ; a young woman. 
 
 Las'si-tude, n. [L. lassitudo; lassus, weary, weak: 
 akin to Lax and Late.] Weariness; languor. 
 
 Lass' lorn, a. Forsaken by a mistress. 
 
 Las' so, n. ; pi. Las'sos. [Sp. lazo ; L. laqueus, & 
 noose.] A rope or strap, used in South America 
 and Mexico, for catching wild cattle. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. lassoing, lassoed.] To capture with a lasso. 
 
 Last, a. [For latest.] Superl. of late. Latest; final; 
 hindmost; lowest; meanest. See Late. — 2, ad. 
 For the last time ; in conclusion ; lastly. — 3, v. n. 
 [A.-S. Iseslan, to remain, to last, to fulfil, to ob- 
 serve; from last, a track, — literally, to track.] 
 [pp. lasting, lasted.] To endure ; to continue ; 
 to remain.— 4, v. a. To form on or by a last. — 
 5, n. [A.-S. last, a footprint; Iseste, a last; Dut. 
 leest, Dan. Isest, Ger. leisten, a last.] A mould to 
 form shoes on: — [A.-S. hlsest, a burden; Dut., 
 Sw., Dan., & Ger. last: root of Lade] a load. 
 
 Last'ing, n, A woollen stuff, usually black. — 
 2, p. a. Enduring ; perpetual ; durable. 
 
 Last'ing-ly, ad. Perpetually ; durably. 
 
 Last'ly, ad. In the last place; finally. 
 
 Latch, n. [A.-S. lasccan, to seize : possibly akin to 
 Lace and L. laqueus, a noose.] A catch or fasten- 
 ing for a door.— 2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. latching, 
 latched.] To catch ; to fasten. 
 
 Latch'et, n. [Dim. of Latch or of Lace.] A sort 
 shoe-buckle or fastening. 
 
 Late, a. [A.-S. Iset, Dut. laat, slow ; Ger. lass, idle, 
 weary.— Cf. L. lassus, weary.] [comp. later or 
 latter; superl. latest or last.] Not early ; slow; 
 tardy :— far in the day or night :— recent; as, a 
 
 . late occurrence : — deceased. — 2, ad. Lately ; far 
 in the day or night. 
 
 La-teen' -sail, n. [Fr. Mine, Sp. latino, a Latin or 
 Roman sail.] A sort of triangular sail. 
 
 Late'ly, ad. Not long ago ; recently. 
 
 La'ten-cy, n. State of being hidden. 
 
 Late^ness, n. State of being late ; tardiness. 
 
 La' tent, a. [L. latere, latentis ; Gr. \avQdveLv, to 
 lie' hidden.] Hidden; secret; occult. 
 
 La'ter, a. Subsequent ; more recent. 
 
 Lat'er-al, a. [L. lateralis; latus, luteris, a side.] 
 Of or belonging to the side. 
 
 Lat'er-al-ly, ad. By the side ; sidewise. 
 
 Lat'er-ite, n. [L. later, lateris, a brick.] A stone 
 or clay that may be cut in the form of brick, and 
 used for the same purpose. [sap of plants. 
 
 La'tex (la'teks or la'teks), n. [L.J The milky 
 
 Lath [lath, H. N. St, I.], n. ; pi. Laths. [Fr. latte; 
 Fris. & Ger. latte; Dut. lat; A.-S. Uedu— Cf. 
 Welsh Hath, a rod, 0. Ger, lade, a plank : possi- 
 bly akin to Slit and Slat.] A thin, long piece 
 of wood, used in plastering and tiling. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. lathing, lathed.] To fit up with laths. 
 
 Lathe, n. [Icel. lod, pi. ladar. — Cf. Ger. lade, a 
 chest.] The machine of a turner or potter. 
 
 Lath'er, v. n. [A.-S. leador ; Icel. Wdra, to foam; 
 leydra, to wash: akin to Lave.] [pp. lathering, 
 lathered.] To form a foam. — 2, v. a. To cover 
 with foam of soap. — 3, n. Foam made of soap 
 and water, or of sweat. 
 
 Lath'y, a. Thin or long like a lath. 
 
 Lat-i-cifer-oiis, a. [L. latex, juice, and ferre, to 
 carry.] ' Containing latex, or milky sap. 
 
 Lat' in, a. [L. latinus, from Latium, the region 
 near Rome.] Relating to the Latins ; Roman. — 
 2, n. The Latin or Roman language. 
 
 Lat'in-ism, n. An idiom of the Latin tongue. 
 
 Lat'in-ist, n. One skilled in Latin. 
 
 La-tm'i-ty, n. The style of the Latin language. 
 
 Lat'in-ize,' v. n. [pj>. Latinizing, Latinized.] To 
 use Latin words. — 2, v. a. To render into Latin. 
 
 Lat'ish, a. Somewhat late. 
 
 Lat'i-tude, v. [L. latitudo; latus, broad: said to 
 be 'identical with stratus (stlatus), a participle from 
 sternere, to stretch.] Breadth; width; extent; 
 distance north or south from the equator. 
 
 Lat-i-tu-di-na'ri-an, a. Not confined; free.— 
 2, n. One who indulges in latitude of religious 
 opinion, or who is not rigidly orthodox. 
 
 Lat-i-tu-di-na'ri-an-ism, n. Laxity of religious 
 opinion or practice. 
 
 La'tri-a [la-trl'a, St. I. Sm.], n. [Gr. Xarpeia, ser- 
 vice ; \6.Tpov, hire.] The highest kind of worship. 
 
 Lat-rine', ) n. [Fr. latrines; L. latrina, for lava- 
 
 Lat-rines', J trina; lavare, to wash.] A privy, es- 
 pecially in a military camp or public place. 
 
 Lat' ten, n. [Fr. lailon.— Cf. Sp. laton, Port, latao, 
 brass; It. latta, tin.] A mixed metal; a kind 
 of bronze ; an alloy : — metal in sheets. 
 
 Lat'ter, a. [Aformof Later.— See Late.] Modern; 
 recent ; last of two ; mentioned last of two : — 
 opposed to former. 
 
 Lat'ter-ly, ad. Of late ; recently. 
 
 Lat'ti'ce (ifit/tis), n. [Fr. laltis ; latte, a lath (q.v.).] 
 A reticulated window: — net-work of slats or 
 rods ; lattice-work. — 2, v. a. [pp. latticing, lat- 
 ticed.] To furnish with lattice. 
 
 Laud, v. a. [L. laas, laudis, praise; laudare, to 
 praise.] [pp. lauding, lauded.] To praise; to 
 extol; to celebrate.— 2, n. Praise; honor paid. 
 
 Laud'a-ble, a. [L. laudabilis.] Praiseworthy; 
 commendable. 
 
 Laud'a-bly, ad. In a laudable manner. 
 
 Laud'a-num (law'da-num or lod'a-nu.™). n. [Cor- 
 rupted from ladanum.] A preparation of opium, 
 or a soporific tincture made from opium. 
 
 Lau-da'tion, n. [L. laudutio.] Honor; commen- 
 dation. ' [giving praise. 
 
 Laud'a-to-ry, a. [L. laudatorius.] Containing or 
 
 Laugh (laf),' v. n. [A.-S. hlehhan; Dut. lagchen ; 
 Ger. lachen: imitative.] [pp. laughing, laughed.] 
 To make that noise which sudden merriment 
 excites ; to appear gay.— 2, v. a. To deride ; to 
 ridicule.— 3, n. A convulsion caused by merri- 
 ment; expression of merriment; laughter. 
 
 a, e, I, o, 5, y, long; a, g, I, o, G, y, short; a, §, i, 9, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 
 
—=r~~--*r 
 
 LAUGHABLE 
 
 335 
 
 LEAD 
 
 Laugh'a-ble (laf'a-bl), a. That may excite laugh- 
 ter; ludicrous; ridiculous; diverting; comical. 
 Laugh'er (lafer), n. One who laughs. 
 Laugh' i'ng-gas (lafing-), n. An anaesthetic gas ; 
 
 nitrous oxide. 
 Laugh'ing-stock (lafing-stok), n. An object of 
 
 ridicule ; a butt of jests. 
 Laugh' ter. (laf'ter), n. [A.-S. hleahtor ; Dan. lat- 
 ter; Ger. ladder.] The act of laughing ; convul- 
 sive merriment; titter; giggle. 
 Launch (lanch) [lawnsh, St.], v. n. [Fr. lancer, to 
 fling. — See Lance.] [pp. launching, launched.] 
 To rove at large ; to dart. — 2, v. a. To move or 
 slide into the water, as a ship ; to push to sea : — 
 to dart. — 3, n. The act of launching :— a boat. 
 Laun'der (lan'der), n. [See LaUxVdress.] A wash- 
 erwoman or washerman. — 2, v. a. [pp. launder- 
 ing, laundered.] To wash ; to wet. 
 Laun'der-er (lan'der-er), n. One who launders. 
 Laun'dress (lan'dres), n. [0. E. lavender; Fr. la- 
 vandiere; L. lavandarla, things to be washed; 
 lavare, kivandum, to wash. — See Lave.] A wash- 
 erwoman, [a washing-room. 
 Laun'dry. (lan'dre) [lawn'dre, St.], n. Washing; 
 Lau're-ate, o. a. [L. laureatus, crowned with lau- 
 el (q. v.).] [pp. laureatiug, laureated.] To 
 crown with laurel. 
 Lau're-ate, a. Invested with laurel. — 2, n. One 
 decked or crowned with laurel ; a poet-laureate. 
 Lau're-ate-ship, n. The office of laureate. 
 Lau-re-a'tion, n. The act of conferring degrees. 
 Lau'rel (lor'el or law'rel), n. [L. lavrea, laurus ; 
 
 Fr. laurier.) An evergreen tree or shrub. 
 Lau'relled (lor'reld), a. Crowned with laurel. 
 Lau-ren'tian (-shan), «. [From the river St.. Law- 
 rence.] Noting azoic rocks older than the Hu- 
 ronian. 
 Lau'res-tine, n. [L. laurus, and thins, each plant- 
 names.] An evergreen shrub. 
 La'va, or La'va, n. [It. lava, lava, — formerly, a 
 flow, a gutter; L. lacare, to wash.] Matter dis- 
 charged in a molten state by volcanoes. , 
 La-va'tion, n. [L. lavatio.] The act, of washing. 
 Lav'a-to-ry, n. [L. lavatorium; lavare, lavalunt, to 
 
 wash.] A wash ; a bathing-place. 
 Lave, v. n. [L. lavare, to wash; Gr. \oveiv.] [pp. 
 laving, laved.] To wash one's self; to bathe. — 
 2, v. a. To wash ; to bathe. 
 Lave'ment, n. A bath : — a clyster. 
 Lav'en-der, »'. [Fr. lavande; Late L. lavandula; 
 L. lavare, to wash : it wrs once laid away with 
 washed linen.] An aromatic plant. 
 La'ver, n. [From Lave.] A washing-vessel : — 
 [L.] an edible sea-weed. [skylark. 
 
 Lav'er-ock, n. [Scot.— See Lark.] The lark ; the 
 Lav'ish, a. [0. E. lave, to bale out, to pour. — 
 Cf. 0. Fr. lavace, lavasse, a flood; Fr. lavage, 
 wash, waste, loss ; L. lavare and luere, to wash.] 
 Spending indiscreetly ; prodigal ; wasteful ; pro- 
 fuse ; extravagant. — 2, v. a. [pip. lavishing, lav- 
 ished.] To scatter profusely; to waste. 
 Lav'ish-ly,, ad. Profusely; prodigally. 
 Law, w. [A.-S. lagn; Icel. log; Sw. lag; Dan. 
 lov ; L. lex, leg is ; Fr. hi: akin to Lay.] A rule 
 of action ; an act or enactment of a legislative 
 body ; jurisprudence : — the decalogue : — the rule 
 or principle by which any thing is regulated; a 
 decree, ediet, statute, or custom, publicly estab- 
 lished. — Canon law, the law relating to ecclesias- 
 tical affairs. — Civil law, municipal law, or the 
 law of a state or country : — appropriately, the 
 institutes of the Roman law.— Common law, un- 
 written law, which receives its binding force 
 from immemorial usage.— International law, the 
 law of nations.— Moral laic, the law of the Ten 
 Commandments. 
 Law'ful, a. Agreeable to law ; legal ; right. 
 Law'ful-ly, ad. Legally; according to law. 
 Law'ful-ness, n. Legality. [lator. 
 
 Law'-giv-er, n. One who makes laws; a legis- 
 Law'less, a. Not restrained by law ; illegal. 
 
 Lawn 
 
 Law'less-ly, ad. Unlawfully. 
 
 Law'less-ness, u. Disorder; disobedience. 
 
 Law'-mak-er, n. One who makes laws. 
 
 Lawn, n. [Fr. lande, a plain ; Welsh llaivnt, a 
 lawn ; llan, an enclosure : — akin to Land.] An 
 open space between woods; a plain: — [from 
 Laon (pron. Ian), a town of Fiance] a sort of 
 fine linen fabric. — 2, a. Made of lawn ; resem- 
 bling lawn. 
 
 Lawn'-mow-er, n. An in- 
 strument for clipping grass. 
 
 Lawn'-ten-nis, n. A modi- 
 fication of' the game of 
 tennis played out-doors in- 
 stead of in a court. 
 
 Lawn'j;, a. Having lawns ; 
 resembling lawn. 
 
 Law'suit, n. Legal process ; a litigation. 
 
 Law'yer, n. [From law, as sawyer from saw.] One 
 versed in law ; an attorney. 
 
 Lax, a. [L. loams, loose ; laxare, to loosen : root 
 of Lag.] Loose; vague; not exact; not strict. 
 — 2, n. A looseness ; a diarrhoea. 
 
 Lax-a'tion, n. [L. laxatio. — See Lax.] The act of 
 loosening; looseness. 
 
 Lax'a-tive, a. [L. laxativus. — See Lax.] Tending 
 to relax; purgative.— 2, n. A medicine that re- 
 laxes, [ing lax ; looseness. 
 
 Lax'i-ty, n. [L. laxitas; Fr. laxUe.] State of be- 
 
 Lax'ness, n. Laxity; looseness; slackness. 
 
 Lay (fa), i. from lie.— 2, v. a. [A.-S. lecgan, from 
 licgan, to lie (q. v.); Dut. leygeu ; Dan. Ixgqe ; 
 Ger. legen.] [ i. laid ; pp. laying, laid.] To place ; 
 to put :— to beat down :— to allay ; to calm :— to 
 wager :— to produce, as eggs.— 3, 'v. n. To bring 
 forth eggs.— 4, n. [Fr. lai ; Prov. lais: allied to 
 Welsh llais, a voice; Irish hwi, Gael, laoidh, a 
 hymn; Ger. lied, a song.] A song; poem: — a 
 layer:— a wager.— 5, a. [L. laicus; Gr. Acuko?, 
 belonging to the people ; Aao?, the people.] Re- 
 lating to the laity ; not clerical. 
 
 Lay'er, n. [A variant spelling of Lair.] One 
 who lays: — a stratum: — a twig put under 
 _ground for propagation. [artists. 
 
 Lay'-fig'ure, n. An image used as a model by 
 
 Lay'man, «._> One of the laity :— a lay-fimire. 
 
 Lay'stall (la'stawl), n. [Gael. Uos-staU, & refuse- 
 heap : referred to lies, a garden, and stall, to 
 throw.] A heap of dung. 
 
 La'zar, n. [From Lazarus, in the Gospel parable; 
 Heb. Eleazar, he whom God helps.] One in- 
 fected with a pestilential disease, or with filthy 
 sores ; a leper. 
 
 Laz-a-ret'to, n. [It. lazaretto. — See Lazar.] A 
 Jazar-house; a pest-house ; a quarantine station. 
 
 La'zi-ly, ad. Idly; sluggishly; heavily. 
 
 La'zi-ness, n. Idleness; slothfulness. * 
 
 La'zy, «. [Ger. liissig, from lass, slow, late (q. v.). 
 — Cf. Fr. Idche, sluggish, remiss; It. Iosco, lazy: 
 akin to Lax.] Disinclined to action or labor; 
 jdle; sluggish; slothful; inactive; indolent 
 
 Laz-za-ro'ni, n. pi. [It. lazaroni. — See Lazar.] 
 Houseless or unsheltered besrgars, as in Naples. 
 Lea (le), -n. [A.-S. leak, a field; Ger. loli, a mo- 
 rass; Local Ger. loge, loo, a plain.] A plain; 
 a meadow ; a pasture. 
 Leach, v. a. [L. lix, ashes; A.-S. leak, Ger. Imge, 
 lye (q. v.). — Cf. Lixiviate.] [pp. leaching, 
 leached.] To pass water through ashes ; to per- 
 colate :— written also leech and letch. — 2, n. A 
 vessel or tub in which ashes are leached. 
 Leach'y, a. Allowing water to percolate. 
 Lead (led), v. a. [A.-S. Isedan, from lidan, to go; 
 Sw. leda, from lido, to go; Dan. lede, from tide; 
 Ger. leiten, to lead; 0. Ger. lidan, to go.] [». led; 
 pp. leading, led.] To guide by the hand ; to con- 
 duct; to induce: — to draw; to ent ce; to allure: 
 —to pass.— 2, v. n. To go first anil show the 
 way.— 3, n. [A.-S. lad, Sw. led, a way; Dan. 
 led, a gate.] Guidance; direction; first place: 
 — an opening : — a lode. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5, Q, c, g, soft ; p, £, p, £, hard ; § o.s z ; ? as gz ; this. 
 
LEAD 
 
 336 
 
 LEDGE 
 
 lead (led), n. [A.-S. lead; Dut. hod; Ger. lot, 
 loth.] A heavy metal : — a plummet :— a small 
 cylinder of graphite : — in printing, a thin plate 
 of metal to separate lines. — 2, v. a. [pp. leading, 
 leaded.] To fit with lead in any manner: — to 
 separate lines, in printing, by spaces. 
 
 Lead'ed (led'ed), p. a. In printing, having the 
 lines separated by spaces :— fitted with lead. 
 
 Lead'en (led'dn), a. Made of lead; heavy. 
 
 Lead'er, n. One who leads; conductor; chief: — 
 the ieading article in a newspaper. [ance. 
 
 Lead'er-ship, n. The position of a leader ; guid- 
 
 Lead'ing (led'ing), p. a. Principal ; chief. — 2, n. 
 Guidance; conduct. 
 
 Lead'ing-strmgs, n. pi. Strings by which chil- 
 dren are guided and supported. 
 
 Lead'-pen'cil, n. A pencil of graphite. 
 
 Leaf (lef ). n. ; pi. Leaves. [A.-S. leaf; Dut. loof; 
 Ger. laub ; Sw. lof. — Of. Russ. lepeste, Lith. lapas, 
 a leaf ; Gr. Ae7ro?, a scale.] The green, deciduous 
 part of trees and plants ; a petal :— any thing 
 foliated : — part of a book, door, table, &c. — 2, v. n. 
 [pp. leafing, leafed.] To bear leaves. 
 
 Leafafe, n. Leaves collectively ; foliage. 
 
 Leafed (left), a. Having leaves ; leaved. 
 
 Leafless, a. Destitute or bare of leaves. 
 
 Leaflet, n. Division of a leaf; a small leaf. 
 
 Leaf y, a. Full of leaves ; having leaves. 
 
 League (leg), n. [Fr. llgue; It. lega ; Sp. liga; 
 L. ligare, to bind.] A treaty of alliance be- 
 tween sovereigns or states ; an alliance ; a union : 
 — [It. lega; Sp. legua; Fr. lieue,— formerly luie, 
 legue ; L. leuca, leuga, a mile (of Celtic origin) ; 
 Bret, leo, lev, len, a league ; Irish, leige : possibly 
 akin to Cymric lech, a stone] a measure of three 
 geographical miles. — The French league is about 
 2.76 English miles. — 2, v. n. [pp. leaguing, 
 leagued.] To unite ; to confederate. 
 
 Lea'guer (le'gur), n. [Dut. leger, a camp. — See 
 Lair.*] One united in a league : — a camp : — a 
 siege. 
 
 Leak (lek), n. [Icel. leki, a leak.] A hole which 
 lets a fluid in or out. — 2, v. n. & v. a. [Icel. leka, 
 to drip; Dan. Isekke; Dut. lekken; Ger. lecken. — 
 Cf. A.-S. leccan, to moisten.] [pp. leaking, 
 leaked.] To let a fluid in or out. 
 
 Leak'a£-e, n. Allowance made for leaking; a 
 leaking ; quantity lost by leaking. 
 
 Leak's, a. Letting a fluid in or out. 
 
 Leal, a. [Norm. Fr. leal, loyal {q. v.).] Loyal; 
 true-hearted. 
 
 Lean (len), v. n. [A.-S. hlsenan, hleonian, hlinian; 
 Dut. lennen; Dan. Isene ; Ger. lehnen; It. lenare. 
 — Cf. L, reclinare, to lean, and Gr. ic\iveiv, to 
 cause to lean.] [i. leaned or leant; pp. leaning, 
 leaned or leant.] To deviate from a perpendicu- 
 lar line; to incline; to bend; to waver. — 2, a. 
 [A.-S. hlsene; Low Ger. leen: related to the verb 
 lean, but not to It. leno, weak, which is from L. 
 lenis, mild.] Not fat ; wanting flesh ; thin ; bar- 
 ren. — 3, n. The part of flesh distinct from fat. 
 
 Lean'ly, ad. Meagrely ; without plumpness. 
 
 Lean'ness, n. Want of flesh ; thinness. 
 
 Leap [lep, W. P. J. E. F. Ja; lep, S.], v. n. [A.-S. 
 hleapen ; Icel. hlaupa ; Ger. laufen, lief; Dut. 
 loopen, Hep.] [pp. leaping, leapt or leaped.] To 
 jump; to bound; to spring; to start. — 2, v. a. 
 To pass over by jumping. — 3, n. [A.-S. hlyp.] 
 A bound; a jump ; a sudden transition. 
 
 Leaped (lept or lept), p. from leap. 
 
 Leapt (lept or lept), p. See Leaped. 
 
 Leap'-year, n. Every fourth year, which has 366 
 days,— February having 29 :— bissextile. 
 
 Learn (lern), v. a. [A.-S. leornian; Ger. lemen: 
 akin to Ger. lehren, A.-S. Iseran, Dut. leeren, to 
 teach.] [i. learned or learnt; pp. learning, 
 learned or learnt.] To gain knowledge or skill 
 in ; to copy ; to study : — to teach. — 2, v. n. To 
 gain or acquire knowledge. 
 
 Learn' ed (lern'ed; as a part., lernd), a. Having 
 learning; erudite; literary; educated. 
 
 Learn'ed-ly, ad. With knowledge. 
 
 Learn' er (lern'er), n. One who learns. 
 
 Learn' ing, n. Skill in science, languages, or lit- 
 erature; literature; erudition. 
 
 Leas'a-ble, a. Capable of being leased. 
 
 Lease (h3s), n. [Fr. laisser, to leave ; Ital. lasciare, 
 to quit; L. laxare, to slacken, to let go. — See 
 Lax.] A contract for a temporary possession of 
 houses or lands ; a tenure. — 2, v. a. [pp. leasing, 
 leased.] To let by lease ; to let. 
 
 Lease'hold (les'hold), n. A tenure held by lease. 
 — 2, a. Held by lease. 
 
 Leash, n. [Fr. laisse ; It. lascio. — See Lasso.] A 
 leather thong ; a band wherewith to tie : — three 
 things held together by a leash.— 2, v. a. [pp. 
 leashing, leashed.] To bind ; to hold in a string. 
 
 Leas'ing (lez'ing), n. [A.-S. leasing, Icel. lousing, 
 falsehood; A.-S. leas, false, empty, loose (q. v.); 
 Dut. loos, false; Goth, laus, empty.] Lying; 
 slander; falsehood. 
 
 Least (lest), a. [See Less.] Superl. of little. Small- 
 est. — 2, ad. In the smallest or lowest degree. 
 
 Least' wise, ad. At least; at all events. 
 
 Leath'er (leth'er), n. [A.-S. leder ; Dan. Iseder; 
 Dut. '& Ger. leder.] The hide or skin of an ani- 
 mal tanned and prepared for use. — 2, a. Made 
 of leather ; leathern. — 3, v. a. [pp. leathering, 
 leathered.] To beat; to lash. 
 
 Leatn'ern (letfi/ern), a. Made of leather. 
 
 Leath'er-y, a. Resembling leather ; tough. 
 
 Leave (lev), n. [A.-S. leaf, permission ; lyfan, to 
 permit ; Icel. lyfi, leave, leyfa, to permit ; Ger. 
 erkmben. — See Furlough.] Permission ; license : 
 —farewell.— 2, v. a. [A.-S. tefan; Icel. leifa; 
 Dan. levne, to leave ; A.-S. laf, a remnant ; Icel. 
 leif, a patrimonj' , Goth, laiba, a remnant. The 
 word is connected with Live, with the idea of 
 tarrying, staying behind : probably not related to 
 Gr. AeiVetv, to leave.] [i. left; pp. leaving, left.] 
 To quit ; to forsake ; to desert ; to abandon ; to 
 permit ; to refer ; to bequeath. — 3, v. n. To cease ; 
 to desist: — to go away : — [see; Leaf] [pp. leav- 
 ing, leaved] to put forth leaves. 
 
 Leaved (levd), a. Having, or furnished with, 
 leaves ; made with leaves or folds. 
 
 Leav'en (lev'vn), n. [Fr. levain; L. levamentum 
 or levamen, a mitigation, — literally, that which 
 raises ; levare, to raise ; levis, light.] A ferment- 
 ing mixture. — 2, v. a. [pp. leavening, leav- 
 ened.] To ferment. 
 
 Leaves (levz), n. ; pi. of leaf. 
 
 Leav'ings, n. pi. Things that are left ; remains; 
 remnants; relics; refuse. 
 
 Lech'er, n. [Fr. Ucheur, a gormandizer, — also, a 
 lick-spittle, a parasite; lecher, to lick (q. v.).] A 
 lewd person ; a fornicator. — 2, v. n. [pp. lecher- 
 ing, lechered.] To practise lewdness. 
 
 Lech'er-ous, a. Libidinous ; lewd ; lustful. 
 
 Lech'er-ous-ness, n. Lewdness. 
 
 Lech'er-y.,' n. Lewdness ; lust. 
 
 Lec'tern,'w. [Late L. lectrinum, lectrnm ; Gr. Ae'/c- 
 rpov, a couch, a rest.] A desk in a church for 
 holding the Bible ; a reading-desk. 
 
 Lec'tion, n. [L. lectio, a reading; legere, tectum,, to 
 read'.] A reading; a variety in copies. 
 
 Lec'tion-a-ry, n. A service-book ; a course of les- 
 sons'or lections. 
 
 Lect'ure (lekt'yur), n. [Late L. ledum, L. lectus, 
 a reading; legere, to read.] Act of reading; a 
 discourse read or pronounced: — a reproof. — 
 
 2, v. a. [pp. lecturing, lectured.] To read lect- 
 ures to ; to instruct :— to reprove ; to censure. — 
 
 3, v. n. To deliver lectures. 
 Lect'ur-er, n. One who lectures. 
 Lect'ure -ship, n. The office of a lecturer. 
 Lec'turn, n. [See Lectern.] A reading-desk. 
 Led, i. & p. from lead. 
 
 Ledge, n. [Sw. lagg, Icel. logg, a rim ; Norse liggja, 
 Dan. ligge, to He (q. v.).'] A row; a layer; a 
 stratum ; a ridge ; a shelf :— a long ridge or 
 stratum of rocks. 
 
 a, e, I, 5, u, y, long; a, e, i, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fSst, fall; heir, her; 
 
LEDGER 
 
 337 
 
 LEMUR 
 
 Ledf-'er, n. [0. Dut. legger, a lower millstone : 
 — akin to Ledge ; literally, a lodger, that which 
 lies still : a ledger is thus a book too largs to be 
 portable.] A horizontal pole in scaffolding : — the 
 chief book in merchants' accounts. 
 
 Ledg'er-llne, n. [Fr. Uger, light, and Line.] 
 {Mm.) A short line above or below the staff. 
 
 Lee, n. [Icel. hie ; Ban. Ise ; Sw. la ; Dut. lij.—Cf. 
 0. E. lew, 0. Sax. hleo, a shelter; Goth, hlija, a 
 tent; Icel. hlyja, to shelter.] (Naut.) The side 
 opposite to that from which the Mind blows : — 
 a sheltered place. 
 
 Leech, n. [A.-S. Isece, Icel. Isehnir, Dan. Isege, Sw. 
 lakere, Celt, leigh, a physician; 
 A.-S. lacnian, Icel. Isekna, Dan. 
 Isege, to cure.] A small blood- 
 sucker : — a physician : — a tub : — a 
 leach : — [Sw. & Icel. lik, Dan. lig, 
 a bolt-rope] the edge of a sail. 
 
 Leech' craft, «. The art of healing. 
 
 Leek, n. [A.-S. leac; Dut. look; 
 Dan. log; Ger. lauch.] A biennial 
 plant with a bulbous root. 
 
 Leer, n. [A.-S. hleor, Icel. hbjr, the 
 
 cheek.] An oblique view or sin- Leech. 
 
 ister cast of the eye. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
 
 leering, leered.] To look obliquely ; to look archly. 
 
 Leer'ing, p. a. Smiling askance or sneering. 
 
 Leer'ing-ly, ad. With a smile of contempt or of 
 solicitation. 
 
 Lees, n. pi. [Fr. lie; Late L. lia; It. letto : prob- 
 ably from the root of Lie. — Cf. Celt, li, lees, leit, 
 mud.] Dregs : sediment of liquor. 
 
 Lee'-shore, n. The shore to the lee of a ship ; the 
 shore on which the wind blows. 
 
 Lee' ward (le'ward or lu'urd), a. [0. Dut. lywaard; 
 Dut. tijwaarts.] Opposite the wind ; not wind- 
 ward. — 2, ad. Toward the lee. — 3, n. The side 
 not exposed to the wind ; lee. 
 
 Lee'-way, n. The lateral movement or drift of a 
 ship to the leeward of her course. 
 
 Left, i. & p. from leave. — 2, a. [Fris. leeff,; O. 
 Dut. luft, lucht.—Cf. L. Isevus, Gr. Adios, Rusa 
 lievnii, left: possibly akin to A.-S. left <>r h/f/, 
 weak, or to L. levis, light.] Not right; siiiis- 
 trous ; weak. — 3, n. The side opposite the right. 
 
 Left' -hand, n. The hand on the left side.— 2, a. 
 On the left side ; left-handed. 
 
 Left'-hand'ed, a. Using the left hand: — sinis- 
 trous; awkward; not dexterous : — insincere. 
 
 Leg, n. [Icel. le<jgr ; Dan. lieg ; Sw. lagg.] The 
 limb which supports tha body : — the part of it 
 between the knee and the foot. 
 
 Leg'a-cy, n. [0. Fr. legal, Late L. legatum. a be- 
 quest ; L. legare, legatum, to appoint.] A bequest ; 
 a sum of money, or property, given by a will. 
 
 Le'gal, a. [L. legalis; lex, legi.% a law.] Permitted 
 or authorized by law; lawful; legitimate; ad- 
 hering to law. 
 
 Le'gal-ist, n. One who adheres to law. 
 
 Le-gal'i-ty, ) n. [Fr. Ugalite.] Quality or state 
 
 Le'gal-ness, J of being legal; lawfulness. 
 
 Le'gal-Ize, v. a. [Fr. Ugaliser.] [pp. legalizing, 
 legalized.] To make lawful. 
 
 Le'gal-ly, ad. Lawfully ; according to law. 
 
 Leg'ate [leg'at, IF. F. N. St. I. Ja. Sm.\ n. [L. 
 legatus; legare, to send.] A deputy; an ambas- 
 sador : — an ambassador from the pope. 
 
 Leg-a-tee', n. One to whom a legacy is left. 
 
 Leg'ate-ship, n. The office of a legate. 
 
 Leg'a-tine, a. Belonging to a legate. 
 
 Le-ga'tion, n. A deputation ; an embassy. 
 
 Le-ga'to, a. [It. ; L. Ugare, to tie.] (Mus.) A 
 term denoting the tying of one note to another. 
 
 Leg-a-tbV [leg-a-tbV, S. W. Ja. Sm. ; le-ga'tor, P. 
 AV], n. One who bequeaths legacies. 
 
 Le'gend, or Leg' end, n. [Late L. legenda, a le- 
 gend; L. legenda, things to be read; legere, to 
 read, to collect. — Cf. Gr. Aeyeiv, to speak, to col- 
 lect.] A chronicle or register of the lives of the 
 saints : — a story ; a fable : — an inscription. 
 
 Lef-'en-da-ry [15'jen-da-re, Ja. C], a. Relating 
 to a legend: — fabulous; romantic. — 2, n. A 
 book or a relater of legends. 
 
 Leg'er (led'jer), n. [0. Dut. leggen, to lie (q. v.); 
 equivalent to Lodge.] A resident : — a ledger. — It 
 is used also as an adjective ; as, a leger, or resident, 
 ambassador. See Ledger. 
 
 Leg-er-de-main', n. [0. Fr. Uger de. main, light 
 or quick of hand.] Sleight of hand ; a juggle. 
 
 Leg'gin, or Leg'ging, n. [From Leg.] A cover- 
 ing for the leg. 
 
 LegSj-bil'i-ty, n. State of being legible. 
 
 Leg-'i-ble, a. [L. legibilis; legere, to read.] Capable 
 of being read; plain. 
 
 Leg'i-bly, ad. In a legible manner. 
 
 Le'gion (le'jun), n. [L. legio ; legere, to gather, 
 to levy.] A body of Roman soldiers, about 30U0 
 to 6000 : — a great number. 
 
 Le'gion-a-ry (le'jun-a-re), a. Relating to a legion. 
 — 2, n. One of a legion. 
 
 Le£-'is-late, v. n. [L. lex, legis, a law, and ferre, 
 latum, to bring, to carry.] [pp. legislating, 
 legislated.] To make or enact laws. 
 
 Leg-is-la'tion, n. [L. legidatio.] The act of 
 making laws. 
 
 Leg'is-la-tive, a. Relating to a legislature ; giving 
 laws ; lawgiving. [laws. 
 
 Leg'is-la-tor, n. A lawgiver; one who makes 
 
 Le|-'js-lat-ure (led'jjs-lat-yur), ». [Fr. legislature.] 
 The legislative body or bodies of a state or nation 
 in which is vested the power of making laws. 
 
 Le'gist, n. [Fr. ligiste; Late L. legiatu.] One 
 skilled in law. 
 
 Le-git'i-ma-cy, n. State of being legitimate ; 
 lawfulness of birth ; state of being born in wed- 
 lock : — lawfulness. 
 
 Le-git'i-mate, a. [L. legitimns, lawful; lex, legis, 
 law.]' Born in marriage ; lawful. 
 
 Le-glt i-mate, v. a. [Late L. legitimare, legiti- 
 matum, to render lawful.] [pp. legitimating, 
 legitimated.] To make legitimate or lawful ; to 
 establish the legitimacy of. 
 
 Le-§it'i-mate-ly, ad. Lawfully. 
 
 Le-g-it'i-m^te-ness, n. Lawfulness. 
 
 Le-lit-i-ma'tion, n. The act of legitimating. 
 
 Le-git' i-mist, n. A supporter of hereditary mon- 
 archy. 
 
 Le-£it'i-mlze, v. a. [pp. legitimizing, legiti- 
 mized.] To render legitimate. 
 
 Leg'ume (leg'yum), n. [Fr. legume, a kitchen- 
 vegetable; L. legumen, pulse; legere, to gather.] 
 A pod, as of the pea; pulse. 
 
 Le-gu'mi-nous, a. Belonging to pulse or legumes. 
 
 Lei'sure (le'zhur) [lezh'ur. Nares; le'zhur or 
 lezh'ur, H.], n. [Fr. loisir, leisure; 0. Fr. 'leisir, 
 permission,— originally, to i>erniit; L. licere.— 
 See License.] Freedom from emplovment or 
 business ; vacancy of mind :— opportunity ; spare 
 time. — 2, a. Unemployed. 
 
 Lei'§ure-ly (le'zhur-le), 'a. Xot hasty; deliberate. 
 — 2, ad. Not hastily ; deliberately. 
 
 Le'man, n. [0. E. lemman, leofmon; leof, beloved, 
 and mann, person.] A mistress: — a lover (often 
 in a bad sense). 
 
 Lem'ma, n. ; pi. Lem'mas., or Lem'ma-ta. [L. ; 
 Gr. \r)fiij.a, a thing assumed ; Aa^/3avetV, perf. 
 elArj/a/aai, to take.] (Oeom.) A proposition pre- 
 viously assumed as being demonstrated. 
 
 Lem'ming, n. [Norw. le- 
 mende, lemelde, lemming; 
 Sw. lemel; Lapp, loumek.] 
 A rodent quadruped. 
 
 Lem'on, n. [Fr. & Sp. Union; 
 
 It. Umone; Port, limao ; Tomm -~ ' 
 
 Per. & Turk, limun ; Arab! hemming. 
 
 laimun.—See Lime.] A tree and its acid fruit. 
 
 Lem-on-ade', n. [Fr. limonade ; It. Umonata.] A 
 beverage made of water, sugar, and lemon-juice. 
 
 Le'mur, n. [L. for a "ghost," from the nocturnal 
 habits of the animals.] A half-ape; an ape-like 
 animal of many species. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; hull, btir, rule, use.— £, 9, 5, g\ soft; p, ja, g, §, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 
 P w 29 
 
LEND 
 
 338 
 
 LEVIATHAN 
 
 Lend, v. a. [A.-S. Isenan; Dut. leenen ; Icel. lana; 
 Local Ger. lehnen: akin to Loan and Lien.] 
 [i. lent; pp. lending, lent.] To afford, grant, or 
 supply on condition of return or repayment; to 
 furnish ; to bestow. 
 
 Lend'er, n. One who lends auy thing. 
 
 Le'ne [len, I.], n. [L. lewis, lene, gentle, soft.] An 
 unaspirated consonant. — 2, a. Not aspirated. 
 
 Length, n. [A.-S. lengd; Dut. lengte ; Dan. Istngde. 
 — See Long.] Measure or extent of a thing 
 from end to end ; the longest line of a body ; 
 extension ; extent ; reach. — At length, at last. 
 
 Length'en (leng'thn), v. a. [pp. lengthening, 
 lengthened.] To extend in length. — 2, v. 71. To 
 grow longer. 
 
 Length'wl§e, ad. In direction of the length. 
 
 Length'y, a. Long; not short; not brief; tire- 
 somely long ; as, a lengthy discourse. 
 
 Le'ni-en-cy, n. Mildness ; lenity ; clemency. 
 
 Le'ni-ent, a. [L. lenlre, lenientis, to soften; lenis, 
 soft.] Assuasive; softening; mild. — 2, n. An 
 emollient ; a lenitive. 
 
 Len'i-tive, a. Assuasive ; emollient. — 2, n. Any 
 thing to ease pain ; a soothing application. 
 
 Len'i-ty, »■ [L. lenitas ; lenis, gentle.] 
 Mildness; tenderness; clemency. 
 
 Len§, /*. ; pi. Lens/es. [L. for "a 
 lentil-seed."] A piece of glass, or 
 transparent substance, so formed 
 as to change the direction of the 
 rays of ligiit passing through it : — 
 the crystalline humor of the eye. 
 
 Lent, i. & p. from lend. — 2, n. [A.-S. 
 lencten, Dut. lente, Ger. lenz, spring; 
 perhaps from the root of Length. 
 lengthening days.] The quadragesimal fast ; a 
 fast of forty days, from Ash-Wednesday to Easter. 
 
 Lent'en (len'tn), a. Relating to Lent : — meagre. 
 
 Len-tic'u-lar, or Len'ti-fdrm, a. Lens-shaped. 
 
 Len'til, n. [L. lens, lentis, a lentil-seed ; lenticula, 
 a little lentil.] A sort of pulse or pea. 
 
 L'envoy' (lan-vwa'), n. [Fr.— See Envoy.] The 
 postscript of a book or a poem. 
 
 Le'o, n. [L. — See Lion.] (Astron.) The Lion; a 
 constellation ; the fifth sign of the zodiac. 
 
 Le'o-nlne, «. [L. leoninus.] Like a lion. 
 
 Leop'ard (lep'ard), n. [L. leopardns ; Gr. Aeo- 
 7rap5os; Aeaji', a lion, and irdpSos, a pard.] A 
 spotted beast of prey. 
 
 Lep'er, n. [Fr. Upre, leprosy (q. v.).] One in- 
 fected with leprosy. 
 
 Lep'er-ous, a. Having leprosy; leprous. 
 
 Lep-|-dop'te-ra, v. pi. [Gr. Ae7ri9, \eniSo<;, a scale, 
 and nrepov, a wing.] An order of insects, in- 
 cluding butterflies and moths. 
 
 Lep'o-rlne (or -rin), a. [L. leporinus; lepus, lepo- 
 ris,' the hare.] Belonging to a hare. 
 
 Lep'ro-sy, n. [Fr. Upre ; L. lepra; Gr. \enpa ; AeVi? 
 or A'en-os, a scale (see Leaf); Xewpos, scaly.] A 
 loathsome cutaneous disease, characterized by 
 whitish scales. [fected with leprosy. 
 
 Lep'rous, a. [L. leprosus; Gr. AeVpo?, scaly.] In- 
 
 Le'§ion (le'zhun), n. [L. Isesio ; Isedere, Isesum, to 
 hurt.] Damage; injury; hurt :— a change pro- 
 duced by disease or injury. 
 
 Less. A privative termination ; as, lifetess. 
 
 Less, a. [A.-S. Isessa; 0. Fris. lessa.] The com- 
 parative of Utile .—smaller.— 2, ad. In a smaller 
 or lower degree. 
 
 Les-see', n. A person to whom a lease is given. 
 
 Les'sen (les'sn), v. a. [pp. lessening, lessened.] To 
 make less ; to diminish. — 2, v. n. To grow less. 
 
 Less'er, a. Less; smaller; minor. — It is a cor- 
 ruption of less, but is established by good use iu 
 certain cases ; as, Lesser Asia. 
 
 Les'son (les'sn), «. [L. lectio; Fr. leQon. — See Lec- 
 tion.] A task or any thing to learn ; a piece to 
 be read ; precept ; a lecture ; reproof. 
 
 Les'sbr, or Les-sbY, n. [See Lease.] One who 
 grants a lease. 
 
 Lest, conj. That not ; for fear that. 
 
 Let, v. a. [A.-S. Isetan ; Dut. laten ; Ger. lassen. — 
 Cf. Lith. leidmi, to let.] [i. let; pp. letting, 
 let^ To allow ; to suffer ; to permit ; to leave : 
 —to lease ; to put out to hire. — 2, v. n. To be 
 let; as, a house to let:— [A.-S. lettan; Dut. letten: 
 closely akin to Late] to act as an obstruction ; 
 to hinder.— 3, v. a. [i. letted ; pp. letting, letted.] 
 To hinder ; to obstruct ; to oppose. — 4, n. A 
 hinderance ; an obstacle. 
 
 Let. A diminutive termination ; as in rivu/e<. 
 
 Le'thal, a. [L. lethal is ; lelum, death.] Deadly; 
 mortal; fatal. 
 
 Le-thar'iic, \ a. Affected by lethargy ; drowsy ; 
 
 Le-thar'ii-cal, J heavy ; dull. 
 
 Leth/ar-fy., n. [Gr. \r)6apyia, drowsiness ; \y)Bap- 
 70s,' forgetful: \-qQ-q, oblivion.] A morbid drow- 
 siness ; sleepiness; torpor ; dulness ; insensibility. 
 
 Le'the, n. [Gr. \r\Qr\ : root of \av6di>eiv, to lie 
 hidden.] Oblivion ; a draught of oblivion. 
 
 Le-the'an, a. Oblivious ; causing oblivion. 
 
 Le-thif er-ous, a. [L. lethifer ; letwm, death, and 
 ferre, to bring.] Deadly; bringing death. 
 
 Let'ter, n. [Fr. lettre, L. litera, a letter ; linere, 
 litum, to smear, to daub.] An alphabetic char- 
 acter; a printing-type : — a written message; an 
 epistle ; a note ; a billet. — Letter patent, an open 
 letter, granting some privilege. — Dead letter, a 
 writing without authority: — a letter left in 
 the post-office and not called for. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 lettering, lettered.] To stamp or mark with 
 letters. 
 
 Let'tered (let'terd), a. Educated; learned. 
 
 Let'ter-ing, n. The act of marking with letters : 
 — the letters formed upon any thing. 
 
 Let'ter-press, n. Letters and words printed : — 
 print, as distinguished from engravings or illus- 
 
 Let'ter§, n. pi. Learning; literature. [trations. 
 
 Let'tuce (let'tis), n. [Fr. laitue; L. lactuca, from 
 its milky juice; lac, lactis, milk.] A garden- 
 plant for salad. 
 
 Le-vant', w. [It. levante, east; L. levare, levaiitis, 
 to raise; se levare, to rise; from the rising sun.] 
 The East, particularly the eastern parts and 
 coasts of the Mediterranean Sea. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
 levanting, levanted.] To decamp surreptitiously ; 
 to abscond dishonestly. [Slang.] 
 
 Le'vant, or Le-vant', a. Eastern ; from the East. 
 
 Le-vant' er, n. A strong easterly wind. 
 
 Le-van'tine, or LeVan-tlne, a. Belonging to the 
 Levant'.— 2, n. [Fr.] A kind of silk stuff. 
 
 Lev'ee (lev'e), n. [Fr. lever, 0. Fr. levc ; from 
 lever, to raise, to rise. — See Levy.] A morning 
 call or assembly ; an assembly : — an evening 
 party or assembly: — a concourse: — a bank of 
 earth on the margin of a river. 
 
 Lev'el, a. [0. Fr. livel (Fr. niveau); L. libella, a 
 level; dim. of libra, a balance.] Even; flat; 
 smooth; plain.— 2, v. a. [pp. levelling, lev- 
 elled.] To make horizontal, level, or even ; to 
 lay flat : — to aim ; to direct. — 3, v. n. To aim ; 
 to direct the view. — 4, n. A plane or plain; a 
 flat surface : — even state : — a standard ; an in- 
 strument, [destroy social distinctions. 
 
 Lev'el-ler, n. One who levels : — one who would 
 
 Lev' el-ling, n. Act of finding a horizontal line. 
 — 2", a. Aiming at the destruction of social dis- 
 tinctions. 
 
 Lev'el-ness, n. The state of being level. 
 
 Lev'en (lev'vn), n. Ferment. See Leaven. 
 
 Le'ver [leVer, Wb.], n. [Fr. leveur, a lifter; levier, 
 a lever; L. levator; levare, levatum, to lift; levis, 
 light.] The Be' .u mechanical power: — a bar 
 used to elevate great weights : — a prize or pry. 
 
 LeVer-age, n. i'lie advantage gained by using a 
 lever : — the application of a lever. 
 
 Lev'er-et, n. [Fr. lievre, a hare ; 0. Fr. levrault, 
 It. ' lepretta, a young hare; L. lepus, leporis, a 
 hare.] A hare in its first year. 
 
 Lev'i-a-ble, a. Capable of being levied. 
 
 Le-vi'a-than, n. [Heb.] A great water-animal, 
 mentioned in Job, supposed to be the crocodile. 
 
 e, 1, 6, u, y, long ; a, e, x, 0, u, y, chort; a, e, i, 0, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
LEVIGATE 
 
 339 
 
 LICK 
 
 Lev'i-gate, v. a. [L. levigare, levigatum, to smooth ; 
 levk, smooth.] [pp. levigating, levigated.] To 
 polish ; to plane : — to reduce to powder; to pul- 
 verize. 
 
 Lev-i-ga'tion, n. [L. levigatio.] Act of levigating. 
 
 Lev-i-ta'tion, n. [Late L. levitalio ; L. levare, to 
 raise ; lech, light.] The act of rendering light : 
 — the act of rising or being raised into the air. 
 
 Le'vite, n. [L. Lecita; Gr. AeviVijs.J One of the 
 tribe of Levi. 
 
 Le-vit'i-cal, a. Kelating to the Levites. 
 
 Le-vit'i-cus, n. [L. — See Levite : it contains the 
 ceremonial law of the Levitical and priestly 
 caste of the Hebrews.] The third book of Moses. 
 
 Lev'i-ty, n. [L. levitas ; lewis, light (q. v.).] Quality 
 of being light; lightness : — want of seriousness; 
 frivolity ; inconstancy ; giddiness ; volatility ; 
 fickleness ; vanity. 
 
 Lev's, v. a. [Fr. lever, to raise ; levee, a levy ; L. 
 levare, to raise ; levis, light.] [pp. levying, lev- 
 ied.] To raise, as men for ah army or money 
 as a tax ; to collect; to impose. — 2, n. The act of 
 raising money or men: — the quantity, amount, 
 or number raised. 
 
 Lewd (lud), a. [A.-S. Isewede, lay, laic, the laity, 
 — meaning the ignorant; from Ifeivan, to betray, 
 to weaken.] Wanton; lustful; libidinous. 
 
 Lewd'ly (lud'le), ad. Wantonly; lustfully. 
 
 Lewd'ness, «. Dissoluteness; licentiousness. 
 
 Lex-i-cog'ra-pher, a. A writer of dictionaries. 
 
 Lex-i-co-graph'ic, 1 a. Relating to lexicog- 
 
 Lex-i-co-graph'i-cal, J raphy. 
 
 Lex-i-cog'ra-phy, u. [Gr. \e£iie6v, a dictionary, 
 and vpadeu', to write.] The art or labor of 
 making dictionaries; lexicology. 
 
 Lex'i-con, n. [Gr., from Ae£i?, a saying or word; 
 A.eyeii', to speak.] A dictionary; a word-book. 
 
 Ley (le), n. A field. See Lee, Lye, and Lie. 
 
 Ley'den-jar' (li'dn-), n. [First made at Leyden, 
 Holland.] A jar to be charged with electricity. 
 
 Leze'-maj es-ty, /*. [Fr. tise-majeste ; User, to in- 
 jure (see Lesion), and majeste, a title of kings.], 
 Treason; an offence against the sovereign. 
 
 Ll-a-bil'i-ties, ". ]>l. Amount of obligations or 
 indebtedness; debt. 
 
 Li-a-bil'i-ty, I n. State of being liable; respon- 
 
 Ll'a-ble-ness, / sibility ; exposedness. 
 
 LI'a-ble, «. [Probably from Fr. Her, L. Ugare, to 
 bind.] Not exempt from; exposed to ; answer- 
 able; bound; obnoxious; subject. 
 
 Liaison (L 'a-zoiig'!, n. [Fr. ; from tier, to bind.] 
 A bond of union :— a love-intrigue ; amour. 
 
 Li-a'na, u. [Sp. ; from liar, to tie ; L. Ugare, to 
 bind'; Fr. liane.] A woody tropical vine. 
 
 Li'ar. n. [A.-S. leogere.—See Lie.] One who tells 
 lies or falsehoods. 
 
 LI'as. »'. [Fr. lias; 0. Fr. Uais, a hard freestone. 
 — Cf. Bret, liach, Welsh llech, Gael, leac, a stone.] 
 (Geol.) A limestone and clay formation above 
 the triassic and below the Jurassic strata, [lias. 
 
 Li-as'sic, a. Pertaining to the formation called 
 
 Li-ba'tion, >i. [L. libatio; Hbare, tibatum, Gr. \ei- 
 /3eii>, to pour.] An offering made of wine. 
 
 Li'bel, n. [L. Ubclluiii, a little book, a brief; dim. 
 of liber, a book. — See Library.] A malicious 
 publication designed to render a person odious; 
 a lampoon; defamation: — a legal complaint. — 
 2, r. a. [pp. libelling, libelled.] To defame 
 maliciously ; to lampoon : — to bring a charge 
 against : — to proceed against. 
 
 Li'bel-lant, /*. One who flu,,,, or brings a charge 
 
 in a chancery or admiralty case. 
 Li'bel-ler, n. One who libels or. lefames. 
 Li'bel-loQs, a. Partaking of the nature of libel ; 
 
 defamatory ; abusive. 
 Lib'er-al, a. [L. liberalis ; Uber, free.] Generous; 
 beneficent: — free; candid; catholic: — free to ex- 
 cess ; lax ; loose. — 2, n. A political reformer : — 
 a liberalist. 
 Lib'er-al-I§m, n. Liberal or lax principles. 
 Lib'er-al-ist, it. An adherent to liberal opinions. 
 
 Lib-er-al'i-ty, n. [Fr. liberalite ; L. liberalitas.] 
 Quality of being liberal; bounty; generosity: — 
 largeness of mind. [To make liberal. 
 
 Lib'er-al-Ize, v. a. [pp. liberalizing, liberalized.] 
 
 Lib'er-al-ly, ad. In a liberal manner. 
 
 Lib'er-ate, v. a. [L. Uberare, tiberatum; liber, free.] 
 [pp. liberating, liberated.] To free; to set free; 
 to deliver. [deliverance. 
 
 Lib-es-a'tion, n. Act of liberating or setting free ; 
 
 Lib'er-a-tor, n. One who liberates ; deliverer. 
 
 Lib'er-tine, n. [L. libertinus, a freedman, — also, 
 belonging to a freedman ; libertus, a freedman ; 
 liber, free.] One who lives dissolutely : — a Ro- 
 man freedman. — 2, a. Licentious ; dissolute. 
 
 LIb'er-tin-I§m. n. Licentiousness; debauchery. 
 
 Lib'er-ty, n. [Fr. liberie; L. libertus; liber, free.] 
 Power of acting without constraint ; freedom ; 
 privilege; permission; leave.— pi. Precincts or 
 outer districts of a city. 
 
 Lj-bid'i-nous, a. [L. libidinosus ; libido, libidinis, 
 lust ;' libet, it pleases. — Cf. liber, acting at pleas- 
 ure. — See Love.] Lewd; lustful; licentious. 
 
 Li-bid'i-nous-ly, ad. Lewdly; lustfully. 
 
 Li'bra,'«. [L.]' A balance: — the Balance, the 
 seventh sign in the zodiac. 
 
 Li-bra'ri-an, a. One who has the care of a library. 
 
 Li-bra'ri-an-ship, n. Office of a librarian. 
 
 Li'bra-ry, n. [L. librarium, a bookcase; liber, a 
 book or bark : the latter was an early writing 
 material; Fr. librairie, a book-store.] A collec- 
 tion of books : — a house or an apartment for 
 books ; a book-room. 
 
 LI'brate, v. a. & v. n. [L. VSorare, libratum, to poise; 
 libra, Gr. At'rpa, a balance.] [pp. librating, 
 librated.] To poise ; to balance. 
 
 Li-bra'tion, n. [L. libratio.] Act of balancing; 
 equipoise. 
 
 Li-bret't5, n. [It., dim. of libra, a book.] A book 
 containing the words of an opera. 
 
 Lice, n. ; pi. of louse. 
 
 Ll'cens-a-ble, «. That may be licensed. 
 
 Li'cense, «. [L. ticentia, freedom; /«.,.=, to be al- 
 lowable.] Authority or liberty given: permis- 
 sion; leave: — abuse of liberty: excess. — 2. r. «. 
 [pp. licensing, licensed.] To permit by a legal 
 grant; to give permission ; to authorize. 
 
 Li'cens-er, «. A granter of permission. 
 
 Li-cen'ti'-ate (IT-sen'sbe-ati. ,/. [L. licentiare, li- 
 cenliatum, to license; ticentia, license.] One who 
 has a license to preach, or to practise any art 
 or profession. 
 
 Ll-cen'ti-ate (lT-sen'she-at), v. a. [pp. licenti- 
 ating, licentiated.] To 1 
 
 Li-cen'tious (li-sen'shiis), o. [L.licentiosus] ticen- 
 tia, license.] Using license, in a bad sense ; dis- 
 solute; unrestrained; lewd. 
 
 Li-cen'tious-ly, ad. In a disorderly manner. 
 
 Li-cen'tious-ngss (li-sen'shus-nesi, u. Quality of 
 being licentious; lewdness. 
 
 Li'phen, or Lich'en, n. [L. ; Gr. \slxv v '■ possibly 
 allied to Aei'xei^, to lick (o. r.), fi'om its en- 
 croachments.] (Bot.) An order of plants of very 
 low r organization, which grow on the bark of 
 trees, on rocks, and on the ground. — Clfp«/.j A 
 cutaneous disease ; a tetter: a kind of rash. 
 
 Liph-en-og'ra-phy, n. [Gr. Aeixw, a lichen, and 
 ypafyetv, to 'write.] A description of lichens. 
 
 Lich'-gate, n. [0. E. lich, a 
 corpse; Dut. lijk : Icel. & S\v. 
 lik; Dan. lig ; Ger. leiche, lei<h- 
 nam, a corpse; A.-S. lie, the 
 body [see Like], and Gate.] 
 A shed over a church-gate : — 
 the side-gate of a church-yard. 
 
 Lick, v. a. [A.-S. liccian; Dut. 
 Ukhen; Ger.lecken; Fr. lecher; 
 L. lingere, lictum ; Gr. Aet'^eiv; 
 
 Lich-gate. 
 Skr. lih.] [pp. licking, licked.] To pass over 
 
 with the tongue ; to lap : — to beat ; to strike. 
 [Colloq.] — 2, n. A wash ; what is smeared over : 
 — a blow ; a stroke : — a salt spring. [U. S.] 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nbr, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5, §, 5, g\ soft; p, p, p, g, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; tnis. 
 
LICKEKISH 
 
 340 
 
 LIKELINESS 
 
 Lick'er-ish, a. [Cf. Lecherous.] Nice ; dainty : 
 — eager; greedy. 
 
 Lick' -spit- tie, n. A mean, servile flatterer. 
 
 Lic'o-rice, n. [0. Fr. licorice; Fr. rtglisse; It. le- 
 gorizia, regolizia ; L. liquiritia, glycyrrhiza ; Gr. 
 y\vKvppi£a; yAv/ev?, sweet, and pi^a, root.] A 
 sweet, medicinal root. [A Roman officer. 
 
 Lic'tor, n. [L. ; probably allied to ligare, to bind.] 
 
 Lid, n. [A.-S. & Icel. Mid; Dut. lid; A.-S. hlidan, 
 to cover.] A cover for a pan, box, &c. 
 
 Lie (11),. ». [A.-S. leogan ; Dut. liegen; Ger. lugen- 
 Dan. lyre; Sw. Ijnga, to lie ; A.-S. lige, hjge, a lie.] 
 A violation of truth ; a criminal falsehood ; un- 
 truth : — a charge of falsehood :— lye. — 2, v. a. 
 [i. lied; pp. lying, lied.] To utter a criminal 
 falsehood; to violate truth. — 3, v. n. [A.-S. 
 licgan; Dut. liggen; Dan. ligge; Ger. liegen. — Cf. 
 L. leclus, a bed ;' Gr. aorist e'Ae£a, I lay.] [i. lay ; 
 pp. lying, lain.] To rest horizontally; to rest; 
 to remain. 
 
 Lief (lef ), ad. [A.-S. leof, liof, Dut. lief, Sw. ljuf, 
 Ger. Ueb, dear. — See Love.] "Willingly; gladly. 
 
 Liefe (lej ), a. [Fr. lige; 0. Fr. liege; Late L. 
 ligius. These words," probably connected with 
 Ger. ledig, 0. Dut. leec, free, had at first only the 
 meaning of free or sovereign ; but from a sup- 
 posed connection with L. ligare, to bind, they 
 later acquired the meaning of bound or loyal.] 
 Bound by feudal tenure or connection ; subject. 
 — It is joined indifferently to lord or subject; as, 
 liege lord, or liegeman. — 2, n. A sovereign; a su- 
 perior lord : — a vassal. 
 
 Liege'man (lej'man), n. A subject; a vassal. 
 
 Li'en, orLi'en, «." [Fr. lien, a tie, a bundle; L. 
 li'gamen, band; ligare, to tie. — Cf. Ger. lien, a 
 rope.] A legal claim to property by a creditor. 
 
 Li-en-ter'ic, a. [Gr. AeievTepi/cos.] Pertaining to 
 a lientery. 
 
 Li'en-ter-y., :n. [Gr. Aeievrepia ; Aeio?, smooth, 
 soft, and evrepov, an intestine.] A flux of the 
 bowels; a kind of looseness, or diarrhoea, with 
 the passage of undigested food. [as, in lieu of. 
 
 Lieu (lu), n. [Fr. ; L. locus, a place.] Place ; room ; 
 
 Lieu-ten' an-cy. (lev-ten'an-se or lii-ten'an-se), n. 
 The office or province of a lieutenant. 
 
 Lieu-ten'ant (lev-ten'ant or lii-ten'ant), n. [Fr. — 
 See Lieu and Tenant; L. locum tenens.] An 
 officer below a captain : — a deputy ; one second 
 in rank; as, lieutenant-governor. 
 
 Lieu-ten' ant-ship, n. Office of lieutenant. 
 
 Lieve (lev), ad. Willingly; lief. See Lief. 
 
 Life, n. ; pi. Lives. [A.-S. lif; Dan. liv.—Cf. Ger. 
 leib, Dut. lijf the body.— See Live.] State of 
 living; vitality; animation; existence; spirit; 
 soul; vivacity : — conduct: — a history of a life; 
 biography. 
 
 Life'-blood (lifblud), w. The vital blood. 
 
 Life' -boat, w. A boat to preserve life. 
 
 Life'-es-tate', n. An estate held during life. 
 
 Life'-fiv-ing, a. Imparting life ; invigorating. 
 
 Life'guard (lif'gard), n. Guard of a king, &c. 
 
 Life'-in-sur'ance, n. A contract to pay a certain 
 sum on the death of a person on condition of re- 
 ceiving a certain annual premium. 
 
 Life'less, a. Destitute of life ; dead ; dull. 
 
 Life'-Hke, a. Like a living person. 
 
 Life'-long, a. Continuing through life. 
 
 Life'-pre-serv'er, n. An apparatus made of In- 
 dia-rubber cloth or other materials, for pre- 
 serving the lives of persons at sea. 
 
 Life'time, n. Continuance or time of life. 
 
 Lift, v. a. [Icel. lupta; Dan. lofte; Sw. lyfta.—See 
 Loft.] [pp. lifting, lifted.] To raise; to ele- 
 vate ; to exalt :— [Goth. hlifan, L. clepere, Gr. 
 >cAe7rTeiv, to steal ; Goth, hliftus, Gr. KkenT-qs, a 
 thief] to steal. — 2, v. n. To strive to raise by 
 strength.— 3, n. The act of lifting :— weight 
 lifted: — an elevator. 
 
 Lig'a-ment, n. [L. ligamentum, a band; ligare, to 
 tie!] A cord ; a substance which joins bones 
 together. 
 
 Lig-a-men'tous, a. Relating to, or composed by, 
 a ligament. ' 
 
 Lig'an, n. [Law Fr. or Anglo-Fr. ; L. ligare, to 
 tie!] Goods sunk at sea with a buoy attached. 
 
 Li'gate, v. a. [L. ligare, ligation.] [pp. ligating, 
 ligated.] To tie. 
 
 Li-ga'tion, n. [L. ligatio.] The act of binding; 
 confinement. 
 
 Lig'a-ture, n. [L. ligatura; ligare, to bind.] A 
 bandage ; a band ; a cord ; a tie. 
 
 Light (lit), n. [A.-S. leoht; Dut. & Ger. Held; 
 Goth, liuhath: akin to L. lux and lumen, light.] 
 The ethereal medium of sight ; that by which 
 we see ; the transparency of the air caused by 
 the rays of the sun, &e. : — artificial illumination ; 
 a taper : — a light-house : — situation or point of 
 view :— day :— knowledge. — 2, a. [A.-S. leoht; 
 Dut. ligt; Dan. let; Goth, leihts ; Ger. leicht.) 
 Not heavy : — active : — slight ; trifling : — gay ; 
 airy: — not dark; bright. — 3, ad. Lightly; 
 cheaply. — 4. v. a. [i. lighted or lit ; pp. light- 
 ing, lighted or lit.] To kindle :— to fill with 
 light; to illuminate; to lighten. — 5, v. n. [See 
 Alight : the meaning was at first to lighten the 
 horse of his burden.] To fall on ; to dismount. 
 
 Light' -armed (lit'armd), a. Not heavily armed. 
 
 Light'en (li'tn), v. n. [A.-S. lyhtan, lihtan, leohtan. 
 — See Light.] [pp. lightening, lightened.] To 
 flash ; to shine. — 2, v. a. To illuminate; to en- 
 lighten : — to make lighter ; to unload. 
 
 Lignt'er (lit'er), n. [Dut. ligter.] One who lights : 
 — a boat for freight. — 2, v. a. [pp. lightering, 
 lightered.] To load or discharge by a lighter. 
 
 Light' er-man, n. One who manages a lighter. 
 
 Light' -fin-gered (llt'f ing-gerd), a. Thievish. 
 
 Light' -head-ed (lit'-), a. Thoughtless; weak. 
 
 Light' -heart-ed (lit'-), a. Gay ; merry. 
 
 Light' -horse, n. Light-armed cavalry. 
 
 Light'-hbilse (lit'hoCis), n. A tower or high 
 building, at the top of which lights are hung to 
 guide ships in the night. 
 
 Light'ly. (lit'le), ad. In a light manner. 
 
 Light'ness (lit'-), w. State of being light; bright- 
 ness :— want of weight; inconstancy; levity. 
 
 Light' ning (lit'-), ?i. [See Lighten.] The electric 
 flash that attends thunder. [lightning. 
 
 Light' ning-rod, n. A rod to protect a house from 
 
 Lights (lite), n. pi. [So called from their light- 
 ness.] The lungs of brute animals. 
 
 Light'-ship, n. A ship serving as a light-house. 
 
 Light' some (lit'sum), a. Luminous: — gay. 
 
 Lign-al'oes (lin-al'oz or lig-nal'oz), n. [L. lignum 
 aloes, wood of the aloe; Gr. ^vkakon ; £v\n, wood, 
 and aAorj, the aloe.] Eagle-wood; aloes-wood. 
 
 Lig'ne-ous, a. [L. ligneus, wooden ; lignum, wood.] 
 Made of wood ; wooden. 
 
 Lig'nine, n. A chemical principle of wood. 
 
 Lig'nite, n. A kind of coal ; fossilized wood. 
 
 Lig'num-vi'tae (lig'num-vi'te), «. [L. for "wood 
 of life :" it has medicinal qualities.] Guaiacum, 
 a very hard, heavy, tough wood. 
 
 Lig'u-late, a. [L. ligula, a strap; for lingxda, dim. 
 of lingua, a tongue.] (Bot.) Strap-shaped. 
 
 Li'gure [lig'yur, I. St.], n. [L. ligurius; Gr. Aiyv- 
 piov ; probably named from Liguria in Italy ; 
 some called it Kvynovpiov ; \vy£, a lynx, and 
 ovpov, urine: it was fabled to be formed from 
 petrified urine of the lynx.] A precious stone. 
 
 Like, a. [A.-S. lie, gelic ; Dut. gelijk; Ger. gleich: 
 akin to A.-S. lie, Goth, leik, the body, the form, 
 resemblance, shape, likeness.] Resembling; 
 similar; alike; likely.— 2, n. A thing similar; 
 near approach. — 3, ad. In the same manner; 
 likely. — 4, v. a. [A.-S. lician, lican ; Dut. lijken; 
 Goth, leikan : the original sense was to be like, 
 or suited for.] [p>p. liking, liked.] To be pleased 
 with ; to approve.— 5, v. n. To be pleased ; to 
 choose ; to list. 
 
 Like'U-hood (lik'le-hud), n. Appearance; show; 
 resemblance; likeness; probability. 
 
 Like'li-ness, n. Quality of being likely. 
 
 a, e, i, o, u, y 
 
 long; a., e, i, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o,'u, y., obscure. — Fare, far, fist, fall; heir, her; 
 
LIKELY 
 
 341 
 
 LINK 
 
 LIke'ly, a. Probable; credible :— pleasing; hand- 
 some'; thriftv : — respectable ; w'orthy of esteem ; 
 sensible. [Colloq., U. S.]— 2, ad. Probably. 
 
 Lik'en (li'kn), v. a. [Sw. likna; Dan. Ugue; A.-S. 
 lician; Dut. lijken.—See Like.] [pp. likening, 
 likened.] To make like ; to compare. 
 
 Like'ness, n. Resemblance; similarity. 
 
 Like' wise, ad. In like manner; also; too. 
 
 Lik'ing, n. Inclination; desire; delight in. 
 
 Li'la'c [Hl'lak, SL Kenrick], n. [Turk, leilaq ; Per. 
 Ul'aj. — Cf.Skr. nil, blue; nilak, bluish; nili, Late 
 ~L.'nil, anil, indigo.— See Aniline.] A beautiful, 
 sweet-flowering shrub.— 2, a. Of a pale-purple 
 color. [a lily. 
 
 Lil-i-a'ceous (lil-e-a'shus), a. [L. liliaceus.] Like 
 
 Lil'ied (lil'id), a. ' Embellished with lilies. 
 
 Lil-i-pu'tian (-shan), a. [From Liliput, a fictitious 
 country of dwarfs, in " Gulliver's Travels."] 
 Dwarfish; diminutive; pygmy-like. 
 
 Lilt, n. [Cf. Ger. & 0. Dut. Mien, Dan. lulle, to 
 hum, to lull ; Sw. Udla, to hum.— See Lull.] A 
 song-tune; a cheerful tune; a lay; a song. — 
 2, v. n. [pp. lilting, lilted.] To sing merrily. 
 
 Lil'y. (Ill's), «•; P 1 - Lil'ies. [A.-S. lilie; L. lilium; 
 Gr! Aet'piov.] A plant and its flower. 
 
 Li'man, or Li-man', n. [Turk. & Russ. ; Gri 
 Ai^v, a harbor.] An inlet or channel; a bay : 
 — alluvial land. 
 
 Li-ma'tion, ». [L. limatio; limare, to file; lima, 
 'a file.] ' Act of filing or polishing. 
 
 Li'ma-ture, n. [L. limaturu.] Particles rubbed 
 off by a file. 
 
 Limb (lim), n. [A.-S. Urn; Dan. Jem, lime.] A 
 branch of a tree ; a bough : — a jointed part of 
 an animal; a member: — [L. limbus, a border, an 
 edging. — Cf. Skr. lambli, to hang] a border. 
 
 Lim'bec, n. [See Alembic] A still ; an alembic. 
 
 Lim'b§r, a. [A variant of Limp.] Flexible ; easily 
 bent; pliant. — 2, n. [Old & Local E. limmer, 
 limm, a shaft or thill ; from Limb, a branch, a 
 shoot.] Part of a gun-carriage : — a thill or shaf^ 
 of a wagon. — (Naid.) A hole cut in the floor for 
 the passage of water. 
 
 Lim'ber-ness, w. Flexibility; pliaucy. 
 
 Limb'less, a. Wanting, or deprived of, limbs. 
 
 Lim'bo, n. ; pi. Lim'bos. [L. in Umbo, in a limtws 
 (q. v.).] A border : — a region bordering on hell : 
 — a prison. 
 
 Lim'bus, h. [L. for a "border;" later, limbus was 
 a hypothetical place on the border of hell; a 
 prison for departed spirits.] Same as Limbo. 
 
 Lime, n. [A.-S. Urn, cement; Dut. lijm, Ger. leim, 
 glue ; L. limns, mud. — Cf. L. Here, to plaster ; 
 linere, to daub; limere and limare, to smooth.] 
 Calcareous earth obtained from limestone, and 
 used for mortar, &c. ; quick-lime : — a viscous sub- 
 stance, bird-lime: — [written also line, linn, lind, 
 and linden (q. v.)] a tree: the linden-tree :— [Fr. 
 lime; Port. ffiSp. lima; Arab. Uimdi. — See Lemon] 
 an acid fruit. — 2, v. a. [pp. liming, limed.] To 
 insnare ; to cover with lime or with bird-lime. 
 
 Lime'-kiln (llm'kil), n. A furnace for lime. 
 
 Lime'stone, n. A calcareous stone ; carbonate of 
 lime; stone of which lime is made. 
 
 Lime'-wa-ter, n. A water containing lime. 
 
 Lim'it, n. [Fr. limile; L. limes, liniitis.] That 
 which terminates any thing; a check; a bound; 
 a border ; utmost reach ; term. — 2, v. a. [L. 
 limitare.] [pp. limiting, limited.] To set limits 
 or bounds to; to confine; to restrain; to circum- 
 scribe ; to bound; to restrict. 
 
 Lim'it-a-ble, a. That may be limited. 
 
 Lim-i-ta'tion, n. [L. limitatio.] A restriction; a 
 confinement. 
 
 Limn (Urn), v. a. [0. E. limnen : L. illuminare. — 
 See Illuminate.] [pp. limning, limned.] To 
 draw ; to paint. 
 
 Lim'ner, n. A painter; a picture-maker. 
 
 Lnn'ning, n. The art of painting in water-colors. 
 
 Lim'on-ite, n. [Gr. Aet(u.o6v, a marsh.] A kind of 
 iron ore found in lakes and bogs. 
 
 Limp, v. n. [A.-S. lemp-lieall, lame; 0. Ger. liraphin, 
 Low. Ger. lumpen, Local Dan. lumsa, to hobble.] 
 [ pp. limping, limped.] To halt ; to walk lamely. 
 — 2, n. A halt ; the act of limping. — 3, a. [Icel. 
 liinpa, weakness ; Skr. lambh, to hang. — Cf. Lame. 
 But it is possibly allied to Slim or Flimsy.] 
 Pliant ; flaccid. * [A small shell-fish. 
 
 Lim'pet, n. [L. lepas, lepadis, Gr. AeTras, a limpet.] 
 
 Lim'pid, a. [L. Umpidus.—Cf. Gr. Aa/u/n-pos, bright; 
 L. lymplta, water.] Clear; pure; transparent. 
 
 Lim-pid'i-ty., «• State of being limpid. 
 
 Lim'pid-ness, n. Limpidity; clearness. 
 
 Li'my., a. Containing lime ; glutinous. 
 
 Linch'pin, n. [Dut. luns ; Ger. liiuse ; Dan. lund- 
 stikke.—Cf. A.-S. lynis, an axle; also Link.] The 
 iron pin of an axle-tree. 
 
 Linct'ire (lingkt'yur), n. [L. linctus ; lingere, to 
 lick (q. v.).] Medicine licked up. 
 
 Lin'den, n. [A.-S. & Dan. Had; Dut. & Ger. Unde, 
 pi. linden.— Cf. L. lenlus, pliant.] A handsome 
 tree ; basswood. 
 
 Line, n. [L. liuea, A.-S. line, Fr. ligne, a cord ; L. 
 lineus, flaxen.— See Linen. The Ger. lien, a 
 rope, seems related to this word, though prob- 
 ably shaped by Fr. lien, a band, a tie.— See 
 Lien.] Longitudinal extension : — a string : — 
 lineament; delineation; an extended mark : — a 
 regular series : — a row : a rank ; a course :— a 
 business :— as much as is written from one mar- 
 gin to another; a verse; a short letter: — out- 
 line :— limit :— the equator :— lineage ; progeny : 
 — one-tenth of an inch :— any thing or a number 
 of things extended.— 2, c. «. [From Linen.] 
 [pp. lining, lined.] To guard within ; to cover; 
 to double :— to place along the side of. 
 
 Lin'e-ai-e, n. [Fr. lignage ; Ugue, a line (q. v.).] 
 Family or race ascending or descending; race; 
 progeny ; genealogy. 
 
 Lin'e-al, «. [L. linealis ; Unea, a line (q. v.).] 
 Descending in a line ; hereditary. 
 
 Lin'e-al-ly, ad. In a direct line. 
 
 Lin'e-a-ment, n. [L. Hneamentum, a feature, a 
 drawing; Uueare, to trace; Unea, a line (g. v.).] 
 A feature; a form; an outline. 
 
 Lin'e-ar, a. [L. linearis: lima, a line (gr. «.).] 
 Composed of lines ; having lines. 
 
 Lin'en, n. [A.-S. lin, flax; linen, flaxen; L. linum. 
 Gr." kivov, flax.] Cloth made of flax or hemp : — 
 the under part of dress. — 2, a. Made of linen ; 
 resembling linen. 
 
 Lm'en-dra'per, n. One who deals in linen. 
 
 Lin'er, n. Aship of the line: — a ship belonging 
 to some line. 
 
 Ling, n. [Icel. & Dan. hjng ; Sw. lino, ljung.] 
 Heath: — [Dut. leng, from lang, long; Ger. Hinge 
 or liingfisch, long-fish] a kind of sea-fish. 
 
 Lin'ger (ling'ger), v. n. [A.-S. lengan, to put off, 
 to prolong ; Ger. verldngern, to linger ; Dut. 
 lengen, to lengthen. — See Long.] [pp. lingering, 
 lingered.] To remain long ; to delay. 
 
 Lin'go (ling'go), n. [L. lingua, tongue.] Lan- 
 guage; talk. [Low.] 
 
 Lin-gua-den'tal (ling-gwa-), a. [L. lingua, the 
 tongue, and dentes, the teeth.] Uttered by the 
 joint action of the tongue and the teeth. 
 
 Lin'gual (ling'gwal), a. [Late L. liugualis ; lingua, 
 a tongue; 0. L. dingna, A.-S. tunga, Ger. ziiuge. 
 — See Tongue.] Pertaining to the tongue. 
 
 Lin'guist (iing'gwist), n. [Fr. linguiste ; Ger. lin- 
 guist ; L. lingua, a tongue.] One versed or skilled 
 in languages. 
 
 Lin-guis'tic, a. Relating to language. 
 
 Lin-guis'tics, n.pl. The study of languages, their 
 origin, descent, and relationship. 
 
 Lin'i-ment, n. [L. linimentirm ; linere, to smear.] 
 Ointment; balsam; ungnent. 
 
 Lin'ing, n. The inner covering of any thing. 
 
 Link, n. [A.-S. hlence, Sw. liink, Ger. gelenk, a 
 link; Dan. Isenke, a chain: related to Ring, 
 Rink.] A single ring of a chain :— [0. E. lint, 
 lunt, a torch; Dut. lont, a gun-match; Dan. Unite, 
 
 mien, sir ; mSve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. 
 
 -g.9, c,§,soft; 
 
 29* 
 
 P» Pi P. £i hard; § as z; ? as gz ; tins. 
 
LINK-BOY 
 
 342 
 
 LITHOTOMY 
 
 Linnet. 
 
 Sw. lunta, a match. — See Linstock] a torch.- 
 2, v. a. [pp. linking, linked.] To complicate 
 to unite ; to join. — 3, v. n. To be connected. 
 
 Link' -boy, n. A boy that carries a 
 torch. 
 
 Linn, n. [See Linden.] The linden- 
 tree : — [A.-S. hlynna; Welsh llyn; 
 Irish linn] a pool : — a waterfall. 
 
 Lin' net, n. [Fr. linotte, from Un, 
 flax"; A.-S. lein-Jinke (literally, 
 flax-finch), linetej and linetwige: 
 named from its fondness for flax- 
 seed.] A small singing-bird. 
 
 Lin'seed, n. [A.-S. Un, flax, and 
 Seed.] The seed of flax ; flaxseed. 
 
 Lin'sey-wool'sey (lin'se-wul'se), n. [From Linen 
 and' Wool.] ' Stuff made of linen and wool 
 mixed ; a light stuff. — 2, o. Made of linen and 
 wool mixed : — vile ; mean. 
 
 Lin' stock, n. [Dut. lont-stocJc ; Dan. lunte-stoJc ; 
 Dut. lont, Dan. lunte, a match; Eng. hint, a 
 match, a string for firing a cannon.] A staff 
 with a match at the end, used by gunners in 
 firing cannon. 
 
 Lint, n. [L. Unteus, of linen (q. v.); linteum, a 
 linen cloth.] Flax : — linen scraped into a soft 
 substance for wounds. 
 
 Lin'tel, n. [0. Fr. lintel; Fr. linteau; Late L. lin- 
 tellus, for limitellus, dim. of limes, limitis, a thresh- 
 old. — See Limit.] (Arch.) A horizontal piece of 
 timber or stone over a door or window. 
 
 Lint' white, n. .[A.-S. linetwige. — See Linnet.] 
 The linnet. 
 
 Li'on, n. [Fr. lion; L. leo ; Gr. Aeov; Ger. Ib'we; 
 Buss, lev; Heb. labi.] A large and powerful 
 carnivorous animal : — a person who, or a thing 
 which, is an object of general interest or curiosity. 
 
 Li'on-ess, n. [0. Fr. lionesse ; It. leonessa.~\ A 
 female lion ; a she-lion. [a lion of. 
 
 Li'on-ize, v. a. [pp. lionizing, lionized.] To make 
 
 Lip", n. [A.-S. lippa; Dut. Up; Dan. lube; Sw. 
 Idpp ; Ger. Uppe; L. labium, labrurn; Irish lab; 
 Per. lab : perhaps akin to Lap in the sense of to 
 lick.] The border of the mouth ; the edge. 
 
 Liq'ua-ble (lik'wa-bl), a. [L. Uquabilis.] That 
 may be melted. 
 
 Li-qua'tion (H-kwa'shun), n. [L. liquatio ; liquare, 
 to melt.] The act of 'melting :— a mode of puri- 
 fying tin. 
 
 Liq-ue-fac'tion (lik-we-fak'skun), n. [L. lique- 
 factio ; lique'facere, liq'uef actum , to melt; liquere, 
 to be liquid, and facer'e, to make.] The act of 
 melting; state of being melted. 
 
 Liq'ue-fi-a-ble (lik'we-fi-a-bl), a. Dissolvable. 
 
 Liq'ue-fy (lik'we-f i), v. a. & v. n. [L. liguefio, 
 passive of liquefacere, to melt.] [pp. liquefying, 
 liquefied.] To melt; to dissolve. 
 
 Li-ques'cen-cy, n. Aptness to melt. 
 
 Li-ques'cent (li-kwes'sent), a. [L. liquescere, li- 
 quescenti's, to melt; inceptive of liqui, to flow.] 
 Melting; becoming liquid. 
 
 Li-queur' (le-kfir'), n. [Fr.] A cordial drink. 
 
 Liq uid (llk'wid), «. [L. liquidus, flowing ; liquere, 
 to be fluid.]' Neither solid nor gaseous; fluid; 
 flowing :— mellifluous.— 2, n. Liquid substance ; 
 liquor : — a letter. — The four liquids are I, m, n, r. 
 
 Liq'uid-am'bar, n. [Liquid and Amber.] The 
 sweet-gum tree : — also, a balsamic resin ; sty rax. 
 
 Liq'ui-date (lik'we-dat), v. a. [Late L. liquidare, 
 liquidatum, to make clear; liquidus, flowing, 
 clear.] [pp. liquidating, liquidated.] To clear ; 
 to lessen : — to adjust and settle, as an account. 
 
 Liq-ui-da'tion, n. The act of liquidating. 
 
 Li-quid'i-ty," n. [L. liquiditas.] The state or qual- 
 ity of being liquid. 
 
 Liq'uor (lik'ur), n. [L. liquor, fluid, fluidity; 
 liquere, to be liquid.] Any liquid; strong drink. 
 
 Liq uor-ice, n. See Licorice. 
 
 Li'ra, V. [It. ; from L. libra, a pound.] An Italian 
 silver coin, worth 19 cents. 
 
 Lisp, v. n. [Dut. lispen, Ger. lispeln, Dan. Isespe, to 
 
 lisp. — Cf. A.-S. wlisp, lisping.] [pp. lisping, 
 lisped.] To speak with a lisp, like a child. — 
 2, v. a. To utter with a lisp. — 3, n. A defective 
 speech or utterance. [pie ; nimble. 
 
 Lis'som, or Lis'some, a. [See Lithesome.] Sup- 
 List, n. [Fr. Uste, a list, a roll, a catalogue, a strip 
 or selvage; A.-S. list, Dut. lijst, Dan. liste, Ger. 
 leiste, a strip, border, selvage.] A roll; a cata- 
 logue: — a bound; a limit: — desire; choice: — a 
 strip of cloth ; a border.— (Naut.) Inclination 
 to one side, as a ship. — 2, v. n. [A.-S. lystan, to 
 desire. — See Lust.] [pp. listing, listed.] To 
 choose ; to desire ; to wish : — to incline to one 
 side : — [see Listen] to listen. — 3, v. a. To enlist : 
 —to sew :— to listen to. 
 
 Lis' ten (lis'sn), v. n. [A.-S. hlystan, hlosnian; Sw. 
 lyssna; Icel. hlusta. — Cf. Icel. Must, Welsh dust, 
 the ear; L. cluere, Gr. KAveiv, to hear.] [pp. 
 listening, listened.] To hearken; to attend. 
 
 Lis'ten-er (lis'sn-er), n. One who hearkens. 
 
 List'less, a. [0. E. lustless, without pleasure or 
 desife. — Cf. Lust, and List, to incline.] Indif- 
 ferent ; careless ; heedless. 
 
 List'less-ly., ad. Carelessly ; heedlessly. 
 
 List'less-ness, n. Inattention. 
 
 Lists, 'n. pi. [Fr. lice, Sp. liza, Port, liga, a tilt- 
 yard; It. liccia, a barrier; L. licium, a girdle, a 
 thread.] A place enclosed for combats, races, 
 wrestlings, &c. 
 
 Lit, i. & p. from light. Lighted. See Light. 
 
 Lit'a-ny, n. [Late L. litania; Gr. Atresia ; Aitjj, 
 a prayer; AiTaiveiv, to pray.] A form of suppli- 
 catory prayer. 
 
 Liter (le'ter) [li'ter, I. Wb.], n. See Litre. 
 
 Lit'er-al, a. [L. literalis; litera, a letter (q. v.).] 
 Consisting of letters; according to the letter; 
 not ftgu rati ve ; verbal: — exact; actual; positive. 
 
 Lit'er-al-i§m, n. Accordance with the letter. 
 
 Lit'er-al-ist, n. One who adheres to the letter. 
 
 Lit'er-al-ly, ad. In a literal manner; according 
 to 'the letter. 
 
 Lit'er-a-ry, a. Relating to letters or literature. 
 
 Lit'er-ate, a. [L. literatus.] Learned; skilled in 
 letter's. — 2, n. One who is educated but not 
 graduated. [learning : — literary persons. 
 
 Lit-er-a'ti, n. pi. [L.] The learned; men of 
 
 Lit-er-a'tim, ad. [L.] Letter by letter. 
 
 Lit'er-a-ture, n. [L. literatura; liter*., letters; Fr. 
 litiercdure.] Literary productions ; letters. 
 
 Lith'ar|-e, n. [Gr. kiOdpyvpos ; MOos, a stone, 
 and'ao-yupos, silver.] Oxide of lead. 
 
 Lithe, a. [A.-S. lide, linde, soft; lid, gentle.— Cf. 
 L. lenis, lentus, soft.] Limber; flexible; soft; 
 pliant.— 2, v. a. [pp. lithing, lithed.] To 
 smooth ; to soften. 
 
 Litiie'ness, n. Limberness ; flexibility. 
 
 Litne'some (lith'sum), a. Pliant ; limber. 
 
 Lith'i-a, n. An alkali ; lithium oxide. 
 
 Lith'ic,' a. Eelating to the stone or calculus, 
 
 Lith'i-um, n. [Gr. Atflos, a stone.] A rare metal. 
 
 Lith'o-graph, n. [Gr. Aiflos, a stone, and ypd(j>eiv, 
 to write.] A lithographic print. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 lithographing, lithographed.] To draw and etch 
 on stone. [phy. 
 
 Li-thog'ra-pher, n. One who practises lithogra- 
 
 Litn-o-graph'i'c, a. Relating to lithography. 
 
 Li-thog'ra-phy, n. Art of engraving upon stone 
 'and taking prints ; petrography. 
 
 Lith-o-lo£'i-cal, a. Eelating to lithology. 
 
 Li-thol'o-fist,'tt. One versed in lithology. 
 
 Li-thol'o-|y, n. [Gr. Ai'0o?, a stone, and Ao-yos, a 
 'treatise. J " Natural history of stones. 
 
 Lith-on-trip'tic, or Lith-o-trip'tic, n. [Fr. lilhon- 
 tripiique or lithotriptique. — See Lithotrity.] A 
 medicine proper to dissolve the stone in the kid- 
 neys or bladder. — 2, a. Dissolving the stone. 
 
 Lith-on-trip'tist, n. An operator for the stone. 
 
 Li-thot'o-mist, n. One who performs lithotomy. 
 
 Li-thot'o-my, n. [Gr. Ai'0o?, a stone, and ro/arj, a 
 'cutting; refivetv, to cut.] The art of cutting 
 for the stone. 
 
 a, e, i, 5, ii, y, long ; a, e, i, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, jr., obscure. — Fare, far, fast, falll ; heir, her; 
 
LITHOTRIPSY 
 
 343 
 
 LOBBYIST 
 
 Lith'o-trip-sy, re. Same as Lithotritt. 
 
 Li-thot'ri-ty., or Lith'o-tri-ty, w. [Gr. Ai'0o?, a 
 stone, and rpifieiv, to rub.] (Med.) The art or 
 act of pulverizing the stone in the bladder. 
 
 Lit'i-gant, re. [L. litigans.— Sec Litigate.] One 
 engaged in a lawsuit. — 2, a. Engaged in a law- 
 suit. 
 
 Lit'i-gate, v. a. [L. litigare, litigatum ; lis, litis, a 
 lawsuit, and agere, to conduct.] [pp. litigating, 
 litigated.] To contest in law; to debate. — 
 2, v. re. To contend in law. 
 
 Lit-i-ga'tion, re. The act of litigating ; a judicial 
 contest ; a suit at law ; a lawsuit. 
 
 Li-tig'ious (le-tid'jus), a. [L. litigiosus ; litigium, 
 'a lawsuit, strife. — See Litigate.] Inclined to 
 litigation. 
 
 Lit'mus, re. [Dut. laJcmoes; laic, lac, and moes, 
 pulp, paste.] (Bot.) A lichen ; orchil : — a blue 
 pigment obtained from orchil. — Litmus paper, 
 paper tinged blue or red by litmus. 
 
 Li'tre (le'tur), re. [Fr. ; Gr. AiVpa, a pound : said 
 to be a Sicilian corruption of L. libra, a pound.] 
 A measure of capacity equalling 1.0567 quarts 
 wine measure ; a cubic decimetre. 
 
 Lifter, n. [Fr. litiere, horse-bedding; literie, bed- 
 ding ; Late L. lectaria, L. lectus, a bed ; Gr. Ae'/c- 
 rpov, a bed. — See Lie.] A carriage with a bed 
 in it; straw and chaff strewn for beds of horses, 
 &c. : — scattered shreds or fragments : — a brood 
 of young : — a birth of animals. — 2, v. a. [pp.- 
 littering, littered.] To bring forth, as quadru- 
 peds : — to scatter about : — to cover with straw. 
 
 Litterateur (let-ta-ra-tiir), re. [Fr. ; L. liberator.] 
 A literary man ; one who writes for the press. 
 
 Lit' tie, a. [comp. less and lesser; superl. least.] 
 [A.-S. It/tel, lyf; Dut. luttel; Icel. litill: Dan. 
 liden, lille.] Small ; diminutive ; not p*eat : — 
 mean ; stingy. — 2, re. A small space, time, part, 
 or affair. — 3, ad. In a small degree ; not much. 
 
 Lit'tle-ness, re. State of being little. 
 
 Lit'to-ral, a. [L. Uttoralis ; litus, litoris,the shore,] 
 Belonging to, or on, the shore. 
 
 Li-tUr'&ic, \ a. Relating to a liturgy or formu- 
 
 Li-tUr'|j-cal, J lary of prayer. 
 
 Lit'ur-gy, re. [Gr. AeiTovpyia ; Aeiros, Acuto?, 
 public (Aao?, the people : see Lay), and epyov, 
 work.] A formulary of public devotion. 
 
 Live (llv), v. n. [A.-S. lifian, libban; Dut. leven; 
 Dan. leve; Ger. leben: akin to Leave: those 
 who live are those who remain or are left. — See 
 Life.] [pp. living, lived.] To be alive; to 
 dwell ; to feed. 
 
 Live, a. [0. E. on life, in life.— Same as Alive.] 
 Not dead; active; having life; alive. 
 
 Live'li-hood (llv'le-hurl), ». [0. E. lifelode, lif- 
 lade; Life, and A.-S. lad, a leading, provision, 
 living. — See Lead.] Support of life; means of 
 living ; subsistence ; maintenance. 
 
 Live'li-ness, n. State of being lively. 
 
 Live'limg, a. Tedious ; long in passing. 
 
 Live'ly, a.. [0. E. lifhj ; Life and Like.] Having 
 life ; animated ; brisk ; vigorous ; sprightly ; gay ; 
 
 Live-oak', re. An evergreen oak. [cheerful. 
 
 Liv'er, re. [A.-S. lifer; Dut. & Dan. lever; Ger. 
 leb'er. — Cf. Euss. livere, the pluck.] One who 
 lives : — one of the viscera. 
 
 Liv'er-wort (liv'er-wiirt), re. [Some of these 
 plants are named from the liver-like shape of 
 their lobes, others from their supposed medici- 
 nal qualities.] A name of various plants of 
 widely different qualities. 
 
 Liv'er-y,, re. [Fr. livree, livery, — originally, some- 
 thing given ; livrer, to give ; Late L. liberare, to 
 give; L. liberare, to set free. — See Liberate.] 
 Delivery : — a writ for possession : — a uniform or 
 dress worn by servants : — the collective body of 
 liverymen in London. — 2, v. a. [pp. liverying, 
 liveried.] To clothe in a livery. 
 
 Liv'er-y-man, re. One who wears a livery : — one 
 of a class of freemen embracing the different 
 trades in London. 
 
 Liv'er-E-sta'ble, re. A stable where horses are 
 kept and let. 
 
 Lives (livz), re. ; pi. of life. 
 
 Liv'id, a. [L. lividus ; livere, to look bluish.] 
 Discolored; black and blue. 
 
 Li-vid'i-ty, Ire. State of being livid; discolora- 
 
 Liv'id-ness, J tion of the body. 
 
 Liv'lng, re. Course of life : — sustenance ; support ; 
 maintenance ; livelihood : — a benefice. 
 
 Li'vre (li'vur or le'vur), w. [Fr. ; L. libra, a 
 pound.] A French money of account, now dis- 
 used, of a little less value than a franc. 
 
 Lix-iv'i-ate, v. a. [L. lix, ashes; lixivium, lye.] 
 [pp. lixiviating, lixiviated.] To impregnate 
 with salts from wood ashes ; to form lye. 
 
 Lix-iv'i-ate, \a. Containing or impregnated 
 
 Lix-iv'i-at-ed, J with lixivium. 
 
 Lix-iv'i-um. re. [L.] Lye made of ashes, water, 
 '&c. ; an alkaline salt in solution. 
 
 Liz'ard, re. [Fr. lezard; L. lacerta.] A reptile re- 
 sembling a serpent. 
 
 Llama (la'in^) [la'ma or lya'ma, H. I. ; la'ma, St. ; 
 la'ma. or la'ma, TIT).], re. [Peruv. llama, glama.] 
 A woolly beast of burden of Peru. 
 
 Llano (lya'no), re. ; pi. Llanos. [Sp., fur L. planus, 
 smooth. — See Plain.] In Spanish America, a 
 flat, treeless plain or prairie. 
 
 Lo, interj. [0. E. lo, low; probably a mere call, 
 like halloo.] Look! see! behold! 
 
 Loach, re. [Fr. loche; Sp. loja, locha; It. loccia. — 
 Cf. Roach, and L. lucius, a pike.] The name of 
 various fishes. 
 
 Load (lod), re. [A.-S. lidan, to go; lad, a way; 
 0. E. lode, a way. — See Lead. By confusion 
 with Lade it acquired its present meaning.] A 
 burden; a freight; pressure :— [see Lode] a 
 metallic or mineral vein. — 2, v. a. [pp. load- 
 ing, loaded or laden.] To burden; to freight; 
 to encumber; to charge, as a gun. 
 
 Load'ing, re. A burden ; a cargo ; a load. 
 
 Load' star, re. [0. E. lode, a way, and Star ; Ger. 
 leitstem, " leading-star ;" Icel. laidar-stj a ma.] The 
 pole-star; the Cynosure. 
 
 Load'st5ne, re. [Icel. leidersteinn, "leading-stone". — 
 See Loadstar.] The magnet; an ore of iron. 
 
 Loaf, re.; pi. Loaves. [A.-S. Kloaf; Ger. Mb; 
 Icel. hleifr.—Cf. Lith. Mepas, Russ.' kMieb, bread.] 
 A mass of bread, &c. — 2, v. a. [See Loafer.] 
 [pp. loafing, loafed.] To waste in idleness. — 
 3, v. re. To be idle. [Colloq. or slang.] 
 
 Loafer, n. [Gypsy lovo, to steal ; Ger. landl'dufer, 
 a vagabond.] An idler; a vagrant. 
 
 Loam (15m), n. [A.-S. lam; Dut. leem; Ger. lehm: 
 akin to Lime.] Rich earth or mould ; marl. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. loaming, loamed.] To smear with 
 loam or clay. 
 
 L6am'y,_(lom'e), a. Containing loam ; marl v. 
 
 Loan (Ion), re. [A.-S. Ian, Isen, Icel. Ian, Dut. & 
 Dan. laan, a load.— Cf. Dut. leen, Ger. hhv, a 
 fief: root of Lend.] Any thing lent; act of 
 lending.— 2, v. a. [pp. loaning, loaned.] To 
 deliver to another for temporary use ; to lend. 
 [Modern, and chiefly American.] 
 
 Loath (loth), a. [A.-S. lad, Sw. & Dan. led, hate- 
 ful.] Unwilling; reluctant; averse. 
 
 Loathe, v. a. TA.-S. ladian. — See Loath.] [pp. 
 loathing, loathed.] To regard with nausea, dis- 
 gust, or abhorrence; to nauseate; to abhor.— 
 2, v. re. To feel abhorrence. 
 
 Loath'ing, re. Disgust ; abhorrence. 
 
 Loath' some (loth'sum), a. Disgusting. 
 
 L5atn'some-ness, re. Quality of raising disgust. 
 
 Loaves (lovz), re. ; pi. of loaf. [of a lobe. 
 
 Lo'bate, a. [See Lobe.] (Bot.) Having the form 
 
 Lob'bx, «• [Late L. laubia, labia, labium, a gal- 
 lery ; Ger. laube, a bower; laub, a leaf (q. v.).] 
 An opening before a room, or a passage to an 
 apartment; a small apartment : — persons collec- 
 tively who frequent the lobbies of a le-rislative 
 assembly. [legislative body. 
 
 Lob'bx-ist, re. One who frequents the lobby of a 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, <?, c, £, soft; p, ja, p, g, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 
 
LOBE 
 
 344 
 
 LONESOMENESS 
 
 Lobe, n. [Gr. A6|3os; Fr. lobe.] A division; a 
 part of the lungs. 
 
 Lo-be'li-a, n. [Named in honor of Mathias de 
 VObel, 1*538-1616.] A medicinal plant. 
 
 Lob'ster, n. [A.-S. loppestere, lopystre, lopust, — 
 probably a corruption of L. locustu, a lobster, a 
 locust (gr. v.).] A marine crustacean. 
 
 Lob'u-late, a. Divided into lobules. 
 
 Lob'ule (lob'yul), n. [Dim. of Lobe.] A little 
 lobe ; a minor division in a lobe. 
 
 Lo'cal, a. [L. local is ; locus, a place.] Relating 
 or limited to a place. 
 
 Lo-cal'i-ty, n. [L. localitas.] Existence in place ; 
 position ; place : — position of a plant or mineral. 
 
 Lo'cal-ize, v. a. [pp. localizing, localized.] To 
 make local ; to assign or restrict to a place. 
 
 Lo'cal-ly, ad. With respect to place. 
 
 Lo'cate, v. a. [L. locare, location; locus, a place.] 
 [pp. locating, located.] To place; to fix; to set 
 off. {Locate, in the sense of to settle, to estab- 
 lish one's self, has some warrant in English 
 writers, but is considered an Americanism, and 
 lacks authorization.) 
 
 Lo-ca'tion, n. [L. locatio.] The act of placing; 
 situation : — a place : — surveyed laud. 
 
 Loc'a-tive, n. A word indicating the place. — 2, a. 
 Indicative of place. 
 
 Loph (loli), n. [Gael, loch; Welsh, llwcli; Anglo- 
 Irish, lough. — See Lake.] A lake. [Scotland.] 
 
 Lo'phi-al, a. [Gr. Aoxei'a, childbirth ; Aoxos, a 
 bed.'] ' (Med.) Consequent on childbirth. 
 
 Lock, n. [A.-S. loca, Icel. loka, a lock; Ger. loch, 
 a dungeon.] An instrument to fasten doors, <fcc. : 
 — part of a gun : — a grapple : — an enclosure in 
 a canal to confine the water : — [A.-S. locc; Dut. 
 & Dan. loJc ; Ger. locke. — Cf. Icel. lylcka, a loop] 
 a tuft of hair. — 2, v. a. [pp. locking, locked.] 
 To fasten with locks ; to close. — 3, v. n. To be- 
 come fast by a lock ; to unite. 
 
 Lock'age, n. The construction of locks : — materi- 
 als for locks : — elevation and descent in a series 
 of locks : — water to fill a lock :— toll. 
 
 Locked' -j aw, )«• A spasmodic affection of the 
 
 Lock'jaw, j jaw; trismus; tetanus. 
 
 Lock'er, n. He who or that which locks :— any 
 thing closed with a lock : — a drawer. 
 
 Lock'et, n. A small lock ; a catch ; a trinket. 
 
 Lock'-out, n. The closing of their works by em- 
 ployers of labor. 
 
 Lock'ram, n. [Fr. Locrcnan (now Locronan), a 
 town in Brittany; Breton loc, a cell, and Eenan 
 or Ronan, a saint's name. Many fabrics are 
 named from places.] A sort of coarse cloth. 
 
 Lock'smith, n. A man who makes locks. 
 
 Lock'-up, n. An enclosure for confinement. 
 
 Lo-co-mo'tion, n. [L. locus, a place, and motio, 
 motion (q. v.).] The act or power of moving 
 forward, or changing place ; locomotivity. 
 
 Lo-co-mo'tive, n. A locomotive engine ; a car. — 
 2, a. Changing place ; moving. 
 
 Lo'cust, n. [L. locusta, a locust, — oftener, a lob- 
 ster.] A devouring insect : — a kind of tree. 
 
 Lode, n. [The same as Load, in its old sense of a 
 way, a course.] A metallic or mineral vein. 
 
 Lode'star, n. See Loadstar. 
 
 Lode'stone, n. See Loadstone. 
 
 Lodge, v. a. [Fr. loge ; It. loggia; Late L. lobia, 
 laubia, a lobby (q. v.).] [ pp. lodging, lodged.] 
 To afford a lodging; to place; to fix.— 2, v. n. 
 To reside ; to keep residence. — 3, n. A small 
 house ; a tenement : — a den : — a lair : — an apart- 
 ment : — a society, as free-masons. 
 
 Lodge'ment, n. Act of lodging ; collocation ; en- 
 campment : — written also lodgment. 
 
 Lodg'er, n. One who lodges. 
 
 Lodging, n. Temporary abode ; rooms hired. 
 
 Lo'ess, n. [Ger. loss.] (Geol.) A loamy deposit 
 or formation. 
 
 Loft, n. [Dan. & Sw. loft, a loft ; Icel. lopi, air, 
 sky, a loft ; Ger. luft, the sky ; Dut. luchl, air.] 
 A floor ; a story ; a high room. 
 
 Ship's log. 
 
 Lofti-ly, ad. On high ; proudly ; haughtily. 
 
 Lofti-ness, n. State of being lofty; highuess; 
 height ; elevation ; pride. 
 
 Lofty., a. [See Loft.] Elevated in place ; high; 
 tall: — sublime; haughty. 
 
 Log, n. [Icel. lug ; Local Sw. laga : root of Lie.] 
 A bulky piece of wood or 
 timber : — a piece of wood 
 which, with a line, serves to 
 measure the course of a ship 
 at sea. 
 
 Log'a-rithm, n. [Gr. Ao-yos, a 
 word, proportion, and apt&- 
 fxog, a number.] The expo- 
 nent of a power to which a 
 fixed number, called the base, 
 must be raised, to produce a certain other num- 
 ber : — one of a series of numbers in arithmetical 
 progression, corresponding to another series in 
 geometrical progression. 
 
 Log-a-rith'mic, \ a. Relating to, or consisting 
 
 Log-a-rith'mj-cal, J of, logarithms. 
 
 Log' -book (ldg'b'uk), n. Register of a ship's way. 
 
 Log'jjjer-head, n. [Log and Head; but cf. Dut. 
 log, "heavy ; Eng. logy, stupid.] A blockhead : 
 — an iron used for heating tar or for warming 
 liquids : — a sea-turtle. 
 
 Loggia (lod'je-a), n. ; pi. Loggie (lod'je-al [It. 
 — See Lodge.] An enclosed piazza or veranda. 
 
 Log'ic, n. [Gr. Aoyi/crj (Te^fri) ; A.6yo?, speech ; Ae- 
 ■yetV, to tell, to gather, to choose. — Cf. L. legere, 
 to select, to read.] The art of reasoning ; dia- 
 lectics, [conformed to logic. 
 
 Lo|'i-cal, a. Pertaining to, or skilled in, logic; 
 
 Lof'i-cal-ly., ad. According to the laws of logic. 
 
 Lsf ' lcli'f t SS ' I "" The quality of being lo S ical - 
 Lo-gi"cian (lo-jish'an), n. One versed in logic. 
 Log'o-gram, n. [Gr. Aoyo?, a word, and yptxix^a, 
 
 a mark.] A symbol standing for a word. 
 Log-o-graph'ic, a. Relating to logography. 
 Lo-gog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. Aoyos, a word, and ypa- 
 
 '4>et.v, to" write.] A mode of printing in which 
 
 a type contains a whole word. 
 Lo-gom'a-phy, n. [Gr. Aoyos, a word, and p-axy, 
 
 "a fight.] Contention about words ; a war of words. 
 Log'os, n. [Gr.— See Logic] A word ; reason : 
 
 — hence, the Divine Word, or Christ. 
 Log'o-type, n. [Gr. A6709, a word, and tv7tos, a 
 
 type.] Two or more letters cast in one piece; 
 
 as, /, ffl, se, o?, &c. 
 Log'wood (log'wud), n. [It is imported in logs 
 
 and blocks.] A wood used in dyeing. 
 Lo'gy., a. [Dut. log, heavy.] Dull ; stupid ; slow. 
 
 [Coiloq.] 
 Loin, n. [L. lumbus ; Fr. longe; 0. Fr. logne ; 
 
 A.-S. lendenu; Sw. land; Dan. lend. — Cf. Ger. 
 
 lende, the haunch.] The back of an animal :— 
 
 pi. The reins. 
 LSi'ter, v. n. [Dut. leideren; Fris. loteren ; Icel. 
 
 lotr'a : akin to Late.] [pp. loitering, loitered.] 
 
 To linger ; to be dilatory ; to idle.— 2, v. a. To 
 
 consume in trifles ; to waste. 
 Lbi'ter-er, n. One who loiters; a lingerer. 
 Loll, v. n. [0. Dut. lollem to doze; Icel. lolla, to 
 
 loll : akin to Lull.] [pp. lolling, lolled.] To 
 
 lean idly ; [imitative] to hang out the tongne. 
 Lol'lard, n. [From Loll, to lounge about; influ- 
 enced by Ger. Mien, L. laUcere, 0. Dut. hdlen, to 
 
 sing, to stammer : -ard is a pejorative suffix.] A 
 
 follower of Wickliffe. 
 Lo'ment, n. [L. lomentum, a cosmetic paste of 
 
 bean-meal ; in Neo-Latin, a kind of pod.] A kind 
 
 of pod. 
 Lone, a. [For alone.] Solitary; lonely; single. 
 Lone'li-ness, "• State of being lonely. 
 Lone'ly, a. Solitary ; being alone. 
 Lone'ness, n. Solitude ; dislike of company. 
 Lone' some, a. Solitary ; lonely ; dismal. 
 Lone'some-ly, ad. In a solitary manner. 
 Lone'some-ness, n. State of feeling lonesome. 
 
 a, e, 1, 0, u, 
 
 y, long; a, e, 1, 0, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
LONG 
 
 345 
 
 LOTTEEY 
 
 long 1 , o. [A.-S. lang, long; Dut., Dan., & Ger. 
 latig ; L. longus.] Not short; having length; 
 extended ; drawn out ; tedious ; dilatory. — 2, ad. 
 To a great extent; not soon. — 3, v. n. [A.-S. 
 langian, tongian, to make long, to stretch out.] 
 [pp. longing, longed.] To wish or desire ear- 
 nestly ; to yearn ; to crave. 
 
 Long'-boat, n. The largest boat of a ship. 
 
 L6n|e (lunj), n. [Fr.] See Lunge. 
 
 Lon-£ev'i-ty, n 
 sevus, age.] I 
 
 L. longsevitas; longus, long 
 Length of life ; long life. 
 
 and 
 
 Long'-head-ed, a. Far-seeing; sagacious. 
 
 Long'ing, n.' Earnest desire; a hankering. — 
 2, p'. a. Earnestly desiring ; craving. 
 
 Long'ing-ly, ad. With incessant wishes. 
 
 L5n-£i-ros tral, a. [L. longus, long, and rostrum, 
 a beak.] Having a long bill or beak. 
 
 Lon'fi-tude, n. [L. longltudo, length ; longus, 
 long.] Length : — the distance of any part of the 
 earth east or west from a meridian. 
 
 Lon-£i-tu'di-nal, a. Relating to length or to lon- 
 gitude ; measured by length. 
 
 lon-i-i-tu'di-nal-ly, ad. In a longitudinal direc- 
 tion ; lengthwise. 
 
 long' -lived (long'llvd), a. Having long life. 
 
 Long'-prim'er, n. A printing-type intermediate 
 between small pica and bourgeois. 
 
 Long'shore-man, n. [Along, Shore, and Man.] 
 A laborer employed in discharging and loading 
 ships, &c. 
 
 Long'-stop, n. One of the fielders in cricket. 
 
 Long'-suffer-ing, a. Bearing patiently. — 2, n. 
 Patience; 'clemency; forbearance. 
 
 Long'-wlnd-ed, a. Tedious : — protracted. 
 
 L66, n. [Formerly lanterloo ; Fr. lanturlu, lanturelu, 
 fudge, nonsense, — originally the meaningless re- 
 frain of a song.] A game at cards. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 looing, looed.] To beat by winning every trick. 
 
 Loof (luf or lof ), v. a. [See Luff.] [pp. looting, 
 loofed.] To bring close to the wind, as the head 
 of a ship; to luff. 
 
 Look (luk), v. n. [A.-S. loclan; Local Ger. lugen. 
 — Cf. Skr. lok, to see.] [pp. looking, looked.] 
 To direct the eye; to see : — to expect: — to have 
 some appearance; to appear. — 2, v. a. To influ- 
 ence by looks. — 3, imterj. See! lo! behold! — 
 4, n. Air of the face ; mien ; aspect ; a glance. 
 
 Look'er (luk'er), n. One who looks. 
 
 Look'ing-glass (luk'ing-glas), n. A glass which 
 shows forms reflected; a mirror. 
 
 Look'out (luk'out), n. A careful watch : — a place 
 of observation : — one who looks out. 
 
 L86m, w. [A.-S. geloma, and loma, an implement.] 
 A weaver's machine : — a loon. — 2, v. n. [Icel. 
 Ijoma, to gleam; tjomi, A.-S. leorua, a ray. — Cf. 
 0. Fr. luiuer, to light; L. lumen, light.] [pp. 
 looming, loomed.] To appear large. 
 
 L86n, n. [Icel. lomr, Scot, loom, Dan. lorn, a loon 
 (bird) : bird-names are often applied metaphor- 
 ically to foolish or awkward persons. The word 
 loom seems allied to Lame ; the bird walks with 
 difficulty.— Cf. Dut. loen, lummel, Dan. lommel, 
 Ger. liimmel, a lubber.] A scoundrel ; a dunce : 
 — a water-fowl. 
 
 L66p, n. [Celt. Inb, a bend, to bend.— See Lop.] 
 A double, as in a string or rope.— 2, v. a. [pp. 
 looping, looped.] To fasten in a loop. 
 
 L86p'-hole, n. [Dut. luipen, to peep; Local Fr. 
 loup, a roof-window.] An aperture : — an evasion. 
 
 L86se, v. a. [See Loosen.] [pp. loosing, loosed.] 
 To unbind ; to relax ; to untie ; to set at liberty ; 
 to release ; to free.— 2, v. n. To set sail ; to leave 
 a port,— 3, a. [A.-S. leas, false, loose; Icel. 
 lauss, Sw. Ilk, Ger. los, loose ; laus, vain : akin 
 to Lose.— Cf. Gr. \vetv, to loosen.] Unbound ; 
 untied ; not fast ; not close ; slack : — lax in lan- 
 guage ; vague ; not strict : — lax in body ; not 
 costive : — dissolute ; immoral. 
 
 LSSse'ly, ad. In a loose manner ; carelessly. 
 
 L88s'en (lo'sn), ». n . [A.-S. losian ; Dut. lossen; 
 Ger. Ibsen; Dan. lose; Goth, lausjan. — See Loose.] 
 
 [pp. loosening, loosened.] To become loose ; to 
 part. — 2, v. a. To relax ; to separate. 
 
 L88se'ness, n. State of being loose; laxity; ir- 
 regularity of conduct : — a flux. 
 
 LSose'strife, w. [Apparently a translation of the 
 Gr. Avcrt/xdxtov, a plant-name ; Aveiv, to loose, 
 end, destroy, and p-a-xv, contention; but the 
 plant is said to be named in Greek from Lysi- 
 machus, a physician.] An herb of several species. 
 
 L66t, n. [Hind, lut, Skr. lotra, loptra, lupta, booty : 
 — akin to Rob.] Plunder acquired by thieving 
 or sacking; plunder carried off by a victorious 
 army. — 2, v. a. [pp. looting, looted.] To plun- 
 der ; to sack : — to steal. 
 
 Lop, v. a. [Dut. lubben, 0. Dut. luppen, to maim; 
 in the sense of to bend, it is probably a variant 
 of Loop.] [pp. lopping, lopped.] To cut ofl'; 
 to bend; to let fall. — 2, v. n. To bend over. — 
 3, n. That which is cut from trees : — a flea. 
 
 Lope, n. [Ger. laufeu, Dut. loopen, to run : akin to 
 Leap.] A kind of gallop.— 2, v. u. [pp. loping, 
 loped.] To move in a lope. 
 
 Lop'-sid-ed, a. Inclining to one side. 
 
 Lo-qua'cious (lo-kwa'shus), a. [L. loquax, loqua- 
 'cis, talkative ; loqui, to talk.] Talkative. 
 
 Lo-qua'cious-ness, n. Loquacity. 
 
 Lo-quac'i-ty. (lo-kwas'e-tf), n . [Fr. loquacile ; L. 
 'loquacitas ;' loqui, to talk.] Quality of being lo- 
 quacious ; garrulity; talkativeness. 
 
 Lord, n. [A.-S. hlaford; probably for hlaf, loaf, 
 and weard, warden, keeper.] A monarch ; a 
 ruler; a master: — the Supreme Being: — a hus- 
 band: — a nobleman; a peer; a baron : — a title 
 of honor given to English peers, bishops, &c. — 
 2, v. n. [pp. lording, lorded.] To domineer; to 
 rule despotically. 
 
 Lb'rd'li-ness, n. Dignity ; pride ; haughtiness. 
 
 Lbrd'ling, n. A little or diminutive lord. 
 
 Lb'rd'ljr, a. Like a lord ; haughty ; imperious. 
 
 Lbrd's/-day, n. Sunday. 
 
 .Lbrd'ship, n. State, quality, or dignity of a lord : 
 — dominion : — a title given to lords. 
 
 Lore, n. [A.-S. lar ; Dut. leer; Dan. Hire; Ger. 
 lehre. — See Learn.] Learning; instruction. 
 
 Lorgnette (lbr-nyef), n. [Fr., from lorgner, to 
 quiz; Ger. lauern, to spy. — See Lower.] An 
 opera-glass. 
 
 Lor'i-cate, a. [L. loricare, loricatnm, to clothe in 
 mail;' loriea, armor of leathern thongs, mail; 
 hrum, a thong.] Covered with plates. 
 
 Lor-i-ca'tion, n. A cover of scales or plates. 
 
 Lor'i-keet, «• [From lory, as parraheet from par- 
 rot'.] A kind of small parrot. 
 
 Lo'ris, n. [Ceylonese name.] A kind of lemur. 
 
 Lorn, p. a. [An old participle from lose.] For- 
 saken; lost; forlorn. 
 
 Lo'ry, n. [Malay luri or nuri.] A fine Asiatic par- 
 rot': — the loris, a kind of lemur. 
 
 L6§e (loz), v. a. [A.-S. losian, to loosen (q. v.); 
 leosan, to lose ; Dut. liezen ; Ger. Keren ; Goth. 
 
 — Cf. Gr. kveLv, L. luere, to set free.] [i. 
 lost; pp. losing, lost.] To be deprived of; to 
 suffer loss of; to forfeit; to miss : — to bewilder: 
 — to waste. — 2, v. n. Not to Avin ; to tail. 
 
 L6§'er (loz'er), n. One who loses or forfeits. 
 
 Lossi n. [A.-S. los. — See Lose.] Damage ; waste ; 
 forfeiture ; ruin. 
 
 Lost, i. & p- from lose. 
 
 Lot, n. [A.-S. Mitt, Hot; Dut. lot; Dan. lod; Sw. 
 hit; It. lotto; Ger. loos.] That which comes to 
 one as his portion ; fortune ; state assigned ; des- 
 tiny: — chance; a die; a portion, a parcel: — a 
 piece of laud. — 2, v. a. [pp. lotting, lotted.] To 
 assign ; to set apart. 
 
 Lo'tion (lo'shun), n. [L. lotio ; lavare, lotum, to 
 wash.] A medicinal wash. 
 
 Lo'tos, ». The lotus. 
 
 Lo'tos-eat-er, \n. (dlyth.) One of a fabled race 
 
 Lo'tus-eat-er, J who fed on the lotus: — one who 
 gives himself up to indolence and enjoyment. 
 
 Lot'ter-y, v.. [From lot, as brevery from brew ; It. 
 
 mten, sir ; mSve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — Q, Q, c, £, soft; p, £, p, g, hard; s as z ; x as gz 
 
 this. 
 
LOTUS 
 
 346 
 
 LUDICKOUS 
 
 lotteria; Fr. loterie.] A hazard in which small 
 sums are ventured for the chance of obtaining 
 a greater value; a distribution of prizes and 
 blanks by chance ; a sortilege. 
 
 Lb'tus, n. [L. lotus; Gr. Auto?.] The name of 
 various plants and trees. 
 
 Loud, a. [A.-S. Mud; Dut. had; Ger. lauL— Cf. 
 Gr. /cAvto?, renowned.] Noisy; high-sounding; 
 clamorous. — 2, ad. So as to sound with force ; 
 loudly ; aloud. 
 
 Lbud'ly, ad. Noisily ; clamorously. 
 
 Loud' -mouthed (-mouthd), o. Clamorous; noisy. 
 
 Lbud'ness, «. Noise ; force of sound. 
 
 Lough (10k), n. [See Loch.] A lake or inlet. 
 [Ireland.] 
 
 Louis d'or (16'e-dor'), n. [Fr. for " Louis of 
 gold."] A former gold coin of France, valued at 
 about four dollars. 
 
 Lbumfe, v. n. [Fr. lougin or longis, a worthless, 
 lazy fellow ; said to be from Longimis, the (tra- 
 ditional) name of the soldier who pierced the 
 Lord's side with his spear ; Gr. hoyxv, a lance ; 
 with a punning reference to L. longus, long, 
 whence the idea of slowness.] [pp. lounging, 
 lounged.] To idle; to loll; to live lazily. — 2, u. 
 A lazy stroll : — a kind of couch. 
 
 Lbun^'er, n. One who lounges ; an idler. 
 
 Louse, n. ; pi. Lice. [A.-S. & Sw. Ins ; Dan. luus ; 
 Dut. luis ; Ger. laus.] A small parasitic insect. 
 
 Lbu'si-ly, ad. In a paltry way ; scurvily. 
 
 Lbu'si-ness, n. State of abounding with lice. 
 
 Lbu'sy, a. Infested with lice : — mean ; vile. 
 
 Lout, n. [0. E. lout, to bow; A.-S. lulan. Dan. 
 hide, to stoop : akin to Little.] A mean fellow ; 
 an awkward bumpkin. 
 
 Lout'ish, a. Clownish; rude; clumsy. 
 
 Lfiu'ver (lo'ver), n. [For Fr. Vouvert, the open 
 (space). — See Overt.] An opening for smoke. 
 
 Lov'a-ble, a. Worthy to be loved; amiable. 
 
 LbVafe (luvlj), «. [Fr. Uveche, 0. Fr. luvesche, 
 It. leristico, L. Ituisticum or lignsticum, lovage: 
 named from Liguria, in Italy.] A plant resem- 
 bling celery. 
 
 Love (luv), ». a. [A.-S. lufa; Ger. Uebe ; Russ. 
 Uobov. — Cf. Skr. lobha, co'vetousness ; L. lubido, 
 libido, desire.] [pp. loving, loved.] To regard 
 with affection. — 2, n. The passion between the 
 sexes, between parents and children, or between 
 friends : — the passion excited by beauty, excel- 
 lence, or whatever is pleasing; affection; good 
 will; fondness: — the object beloved; courtship. 
 
 L6ve'-ap-ple, n. The tomato. 
 
 Love'-bi'rd. n. A small kind of parrot. 
 
 Love' -feast, n- A feast of charity: — agape. 
 
 Love'-knot (luv'noti, ,i. A complicated knot. 
 
 Love'li-ness, ». Quality of being lovely. 
 
 Love'lock, n. A peculiar sort of curl. 
 
 Love'lbrn, a. Forsaken of one's lover. 
 
 Love'ly, a. Worthy of love ; very beautiful. 
 
 Lov'er, n. One who is in love ; a friend. 
 
 Love 7 sick, a. Disordered with love. 
 
 Lov'ing, a. Kind; affectionate. 
 
 Lov'ing-kind'ness, n. Tenderness; mercy. 
 
 Lov'ing-ly, ad. In a loving manner. 
 
 Low'(lo), a. [Icel. lagr ; Sw. lag; Dan. lav; Dut. 
 laag : akin to Lie.] Not high ; humble ; dejected ; 
 base. — 2, ad. Not aloft: — with a low voice. 
 
 Low (lo) [lbu or lo, W. F. ; often pronounced 16], 
 r. n. [A.-S. hloican ; Dut. loeijen ; 0. Ger. Megan: 
 imitative.] [pp. lowing, lowed.] To bellow as 
 a cow. — 2, n. The call or cry of a cow. 
 
 Low'-chiirch, a. Evangelical :— opposed to high- 
 church views. 
 
 Low'er (lo'er), r. a. [See Low.] [pp. lowering, 
 lowered.] To bring low ; to lessen. — 2, v. n. To 
 grow less ; to sink. — 3, a. More low. 
 
 Low'er (lbu'er), ?•. n. [Akin to Leer.— Cf. Ger. 
 lauern, to lie in ambush, to spy; Fr. lorgner, to 
 quiz, to ogle.] [pp. lowering, lowered.] To be 
 clouded : — to frown. — 2, n. Cloudiness ; gloom- 
 iness. 
 
 Low'er-case, n. A printers case which holds the 
 small letters. — 2, a. Noting small letters, as 
 distinguished from capitals. 
 
 Lbw'er-ing, a. Cloudy ; overcast ; gloomy. 
 
 Low'er-most (lo'er-most), a. Lowest. 
 
 Lbw'er-x, a. Cloudy; gloomy; lowering. 
 
 Low'est, «. Most low; deepest: — cheapest. 
 
 Low'ing (lo'ing), n. The cry of cattle. 
 
 L5w'iand (lo'land), n. A country that is low. 
 
 Low'land-er, «. An inhabitant of a low country : 
 — an inhabitant of the lowlands of Scotland. 
 
 Low'li-ness (lo'le-nes), n. State of being lowly ; 
 humility : — abject state ; meanness. 
 
 Low'ly (lo'le), o. Humble; meek; mild.— 2, ad. 
 Not highly ; humbly. 
 
 Low'ness (lo'nes), n. State or quality of being low. 
 
 Lox-o-drom'ic, a. Relating to oblique sailing. 
 
 Lox-o-drom'ics, n. pi. [Gr. Ao£6?, slanting, and 
 SpafieLv (stem 6po/a-), to run.] The art of oblique 
 sailing by the rhomb : — a table of rhombs, with 
 the table of longitudes and latitudes. 
 
 Lby'al, a. [Fr. loyal, faithful ; 0. Fr. loyal, legal ; 
 Fr.' foi, law. — See Legal.] Faithful to a sover- 
 eign, to a superior, or to duty ; obedient ; true ; 
 devoted. 
 
 Lby'al-ist, n. One who adheres to his sovereign. 
 
 Lby'al-ly, ad. With fidelity or loyalty. 
 
 Lby'al-ty, n. Fidelity to a supprior :— constancy. 
 
 Loz'enge, n. [Fr. losange; Sp. lozavje : etymology 
 doubtful.] A rhomb: — a form of medicine; a 
 sort of cake : — an ornament. 
 
 Lub'ber. n. [Local Sw. lubber, Dut. lobbes. Welsh 
 Hob, a lubber.] A sturdy drone ; an idle clown. 
 
 Lub'ber-ly, o. Clumsy : awkward : lazy and bulky. 
 
 Lu'bri-cant, n. Any thing which lubricates. 
 
 Lu'bri-cate, v. a. [L. lubricare, htbrioatum ; bibri- 
 cus, ' slippery.] [pp. lubricating, lubricated.] 
 To make smooth or slippery. 
 
 Lu-bri-oa'tion, n. Act of lubricating. 
 
 Lu'bri-ca-tor, n. One who lubricates. 
 
 Lu-bric'i-ty, n. [L. lubricitas.] Slipperiness : — 
 lewdness. [pike. 
 
 Luce, n. [L. lucius, a fish ; perhaps the pike.] A 
 
 Lu'cen-cy, n. The quality or state of being lu- 
 cent; resplendency. 
 
 Lu'cent, a. [L. lucere, lucentis, to shine ; lux, lucis, 
 light.] Bright; shining. 
 
 Lu'ce'rn, n. [Ger. lucerne: Fr. hizerne; etymology 
 doubtful.] A plant cultivated for fodder. 
 
 Lu'cid, a. [L. lucidtts; lucere, to shine.] Shining; 
 bright; clear; distinct. 
 
 Lu-cid'i-ty, n. Brightness; luciduess. 
 
 Lu'cid-ness, n. Transparency; intelligibility. 
 
 Lu'ci-fer, n. [L. lux, lueis, light, and ferre, to 
 bring!] The devil : — the morning star. 
 
 Lu'ci-fer-match, n. A match for procuring fire 
 by friction, used for lighting lamps, &c. 
 
 Luck, n. [Dut. lul; geluk ; Dan. h/U:e : Ger. gl'uci: 
 root of locken, to entice.] That which happens 
 by chance ; chance ; hap ; fortune, good or bad. 
 
 Luck'i-ly., ad. In a lucky manner. 
 
 Liick'i-ne'ss. n. Good fortune or chance. 
 
 Luck'iess, a. Unfortunate ; unhappy. 
 
 Luck'y', a. Fortunate ; happy by chance. 
 
 Lu'cra-tive, «. [L- Iv.crativus.— See Lucre.] Gain- 
 ful ;' profitable. 
 
 Lu'cre (lu'ker), n. [Fr. ; L. lucrum, gain.] Base or 
 unworthy gain ; money; pecuniary gain; profit. 
 
 Lu'cu-brate, v. n. [L. luenbrare, lucubraium, to 
 work by candle-light: lucnbrum, a taper; lu.r, 
 lucis, a light.] [pp. lucubrating, lucubrated.] 
 To study by night. 
 
 Lu-cu-bra'tion, n. [L. lucubralio, night-work.] 
 Nightly study or work; any thing composed by 
 careful study. 
 
 Lu'cu-bra-to-ry., a. Done by lamp-light. 
 
 Lu'cu-lent. a. [L. lucideutus ; lux, light.] Clear; 
 transparent ; evident. 
 
 Lu'cli-crous. o. [L- ludicrus; ludere, to sport.] Ex- 
 citing laughter ; laughable; ridiculous; comical; 
 droll ; burlesque. 
 
 y, long; a, e, i, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, q, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fail; heir, her; 
 
■ „ ." -- 
 
 LUDICROUSLY 
 
 347 
 
 LUST 
 
 Lu'di-crous-ly, ad. In a ludicrous manner. 
 Lu'dj-crous-ness, n. Burlesque; drollery. 
 Luff,' v. a." [Dut. loeven; Dan. luve.] [pp. luffing, 
 luffed.] To keep close to the wind. — 2, n. [Dut. 
 loof; Dan. Inv ; Sw. to/.— Cf. 0. E. loaf, a steer- 
 ing-oar ; Local Ger. laffen, an oar-blade ; Scot. 
 loof, the hand or palm.] A sailing close to the 
 wind ; a weather-gage : — part of a ship's bow. 
 Lug, v. a. [A.-S. lyccan, to pull; Scot, rug, Sw. 
 lugga, to pull by the hair ; lugg, a forelock : akin 
 to Lock.] [pp. lugging, lugged.] To drag; to 
 pull with effort or violence. — 2, v. n. To drag; 
 to come heavily. — 3, n. A small fish :— a heavy 
 load ; a strong pull : — an ear : — a handle. 
 Lug'ga^e, n. Any thing cumbrous to be carried ; 
 
 effects of a traveller ; baggage. 
 Lug'ger, n. [Dut. logger ; Dan. lugger; from Eng. 
 Lug-sail.] (Naut.) A small vessel carrying two 
 or three masts with lug-sails. 
 Lug'-sail, n. [A sail hoisted by a lug, or pull.] A 
 
 square sail hoisted on a yard. 
 Lu-gu'bri-ous, a. [L. lugtibris, mournful ; lugere, to 
 mourn ; Gr. Av-ypos, sad.] Mournful ; sorrowful. 
 Luke' warm, a. [Ger. lauwarm; 0. E. leuk, hike, 
 or leu; A.-S. wlsec, tepid. — Cf. Icel. hlaha, a 
 thaw ; A.-S. hleo, a sheltered place, a lee (q. v.). 
 — Cf. also Local Ger. slugwarm, lukewarm : ap- 
 parently akin to Slack or Slow.] Moderately 
 warm; tepid: — cool; indifferent; not zealous. 
 Luke'warm-ness, n. State of being lukewarm; 
 
 moderate warmth ; indifference. 
 
 Lull, r. a. [Dan. hille, to lull ; Sw. lulla, to hum ; 
 
 Ger. lullen, to babble; Gr. \a\elv, to chatter, to 
 
 speak; L. lullere, to sing lullaby: imitative.] 
 
 [pp. lulling, lulled.] To compose to sleep; to 
 
 put to rest. — 2, v. n. To become calm for a time ; 
 
 to subside ; to abate. — 3, n. Quality of soothing : 
 
 — an abatement; a comparative quiet after or 
 
 during a storm. 
 
 Lul'la-by, n. [See Lull.] A song to still babes. 
 
 Lum-'ba'go, n. [L. ; lumbus, a loin.] (Med,) Pain 
 
 or rheumatic affection about the loins. &c. 
 Lum'bar, a. [L. lumbaris; lumbus, a loin (q. v.).] 
 
 Relating to the loins. 
 Lum'ber, n. [Usually referred to Lombard, a na- 
 tive of Lombardy, — later, a pawnbroker; still 
 later the name was transferred tu pawned goods, 
 and hence to any trumpery. — Cf. Ger. lumpen, 
 trumpery.] Any thing useless, cumbersome, or 
 bulky. — [U. S.] Timber iu general. — 2, r. a. 
 [pp. lumbering, lumbered.] To heap together 
 irregularly. — 3, v. v. [Local Sw. lomra, to re- 
 sound; Ijumm, a great noise: imitative.] To 
 move heavily and slowly. 
 Lum'ber-mg, n. The act or business of procuring 
 lumber or timber.— 2, a. Moving heavily or 
 clumsily. 
 Lum'ber-r86m, n. A room for things out of use. 
 Lum'ber-yard, n. Ground where timber is stored. 
 Lum'bric, n. [L. lumbricus.] A worm. 
 Lum'bri-cal, a. Pertaining to worms : — noting 
 
 certain muscles in the fingers and toes. 
 Lu'mi-na-ry, n. [L. lurninare; lumen, luminis, a 
 light; lucere, to shine.] He who or that which 
 diffuses light; a body which gives light; an 
 illuminator. 
 Lu-mi-nif er-ous, a. [L. lumen, light, and ferre, to 
 bear.] Producing, emitting, or conveying light. 
 Lu-mi-nos'i-ty, ». State of being luminous. 
 Lu'mi-nous, a. [L. luminosits; lumen, luminis, 
 
 light.] Shining; bright; lucid; clear. 
 Lu'mi-nous-ly, ad. In a luminous manner. 
 Lu'mi-nous-ness, n. Brightness ; clearness. 
 Lump, n. [Norse, lump ; Dut. lomp, a rag, a lump; 
 lamp, clumsy : probably related to Clump.] A 
 small, shapeless mass : — the gross. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 lumping, lumped.] To unite or take in the gross. 
 Lfimp'-f ish, n. A sort of thick fish. 
 Lump'ish, «. Heavy ; gross ; dull ; inactive. 
 Lump'ish-ness, n. Stupid heaviness. 
 Lump'y, a. Full of lumps; full of masses. 
 
 Lu'na-cy, n. [See Lunatic] A kind of madness, 
 formerly supposed to depend on the moon; »m- 
 sanity. 
 
 Lu'nar, a. [Fr. lunaire; L. .lunaris; luna, the 
 moon : akin to lucere, to shine.] Relating to the 
 moon ; measured by the moon. — Lunar month, 
 time 'from one new moon to another. — Lunar 
 caustic, nitrate of silver. 
 
 Lii'na-tic, n. [L. lunuticus, moon-struck, insane; 
 luna, the moon.] A person affected with lunacy. — 
 
 2, a. Affected with lunacy ; insane ; moon-struck. 
 Lu-na'tion, w. [Fr. lunaison; L. lima, the moon.] 
 
 A revolution of the moon. 
 
 Lunch, n. [For lump, as hunch for hump.~\ A 
 small meal between breakfast and dinner; 
 luncheon. — 2, v. n. [pp. lunching, lunched.] 
 To eat a luncheon. 
 
 Lunch'eon (lunch'un), n. [Extended form of 
 Lunch'.] Same as Lunch. 
 
 Lune, n. [Fr. lune; L. luna, the moon.] Any 
 thing in the shape of a half-moon. 
 
 Lu-nette', n. [Fr., dim. of lune, a moon.] A semi- 
 circular window : — pi. a sort of spectacles. — 
 (Fori.) A small half-moon ; a work with two 
 faces and two flanks. — (Arch.) An aperture for 
 admitting light. 
 
 Lung, n. ; pi. Lungs. [A.-S. & Dan. lunge; Icel. 
 lunga; Ger. lunge, pi. ; Dut. long. — Cf. Gr. eAax 1 "?, 
 Skr. laghu, light.— See Light.] The organ of 
 respiration. 
 
 Lunfe, n. [0. E. longe, for Fr. allonge, a length- 
 ening, a thrust; ollonger, to lengthen, to lunge, 
 to strike. — See Long.] A kind of thrust in fenc- 
 ing; a push or pass. — 2, v. a. [pp. lunging, 
 lunged.] To make a lunge. 
 
 Lunt, n. [Dut. lonl, Dan. lunte, Sw. brut", a match. 
 — See Linstock.] A match-cord with which 
 guns are fired. 
 
 Lu'pine, n. [L. lupimim <; from lupinus, wolfish, 
 greedy ; lupus, a wolf. But cf. Pol. lupina, a pod ; 
 lupic, to shell, to peel; Gr. kenis, a scale.] A 
 plant ; a kind of pulse. — 2, «. Wolfish ; wolf-like. 
 
 Lii'pu-line, n. [L. lupulus, dim. of lupus, a hop.] 
 The fine, yellow powder of hops. [ease. 
 
 Lu'pus, n. [L. for "a wolf."] A destructive dis- 
 
 Liirch. n. [Fr. lourche, a kind of game, for Vourche ; 
 0. Fr. ourche, a pool ; It. orchio, L. urceus, a jar.] 
 A forlorn or deserted condition. — [0. E. lurch, to 
 dodge, to play a trick, to steal : probably a form 
 of Lurk.] (Naut.) A heavy roll of a ship at 
 sea. — 2, v. u. [pp. lurching, lurched.] To shift ; 
 to play tricks; to lurk: — to roll to one side. — 
 
 3, v. a. To defeat (especially in cribbai;e); to 
 disappoint : — formerly to devour : — to dodge : — 
 to steal. [poacher. 
 
 Lurch'er, n. [See Lurk.] A poacher's dog; a 
 
 Lure, n. [Fr. leurre, a decoy, a lure; leurrer, to 
 allure, to decoy ; Ger. luder, a bait : perhaps kin- 
 dred to Lurk.] An enticement; allurement; 
 bait. — 2, v. a. [pp. luring, lured.] To attract ; 
 to entice; to allure. 
 
 Lu'rid, a. [L. luridus, ghastly ; luror, yellowish- 
 ness, wanness. — Cf. Gr. x Aw P°? 5 green, pale.] 
 Gloomy ; dismal : — pale ; purplish. 
 
 Lurk, v. n. [0. E. lorTcen, lurken, older lusJcen, Dan. 
 luske, to sneak, to skulk : akin to Listen. — Cf. 
 Dan. lure, to lurk ; Ger. lauern, Dut. loeren, to 
 peer, to peep, to lurk.] [pp. lurking, lurked.] 
 To lie in wait ; to lie hidden. 
 
 Lus'cious (lush'us), «. [Possibly from Delicious ; 
 but probably from L. luoaus, excess in eating and 
 drinking, luxury (q. v.); Fr. luxeux, sumptuous.] 
 Very sweet; delicious: — excessively sweet or 
 rich : — cloying. 
 
 Lus'cious-ly (lush'us-le), ad. Very sweetly. 
 
 Lus'cious-ness (lush'us-nes), n. Sweetness. 
 
 Lush, a. [Probably for luscious.] Juicy; succu- 
 lent ; luxuriant. 
 
 Lust, ». [A.-S., Dut., Ger., & Sw. lust, Dan. lyst, 
 pleasure : akin to Loose, with the idea of free- 
 dom.] Carnal desire; evil propensity. — 2, v. n. 
 
 mien, sir ; mSve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, $, 5, §, soft; p, j», p, §, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 
 
LUSTFUL 
 
 348 
 
 MACEKATE 
 
 [pp. lusting, lusted.] To desire carnally or ve- 
 hemently. 
 
 Lust'ful, a. Libidinous; having lust; sensual. 
 
 Lust'ful-ly, ad. In a lustful manner. 
 
 Lust'ful-ness, n. Libidinousness ; lust. 
 
 Lust'i-ly, ad. Stoutly ; with vigor. 
 
 Lust'i-ness, n. Stoutness ; vigor of body. 
 
 Lus'tral, a. [L. lustralis.—See Lustrum.] Used 
 in purification. 
 
 Lus'trate, v. a. [L. lustrare, lustratum, to purify. 
 — See Lustrum.] [pp. lustrating, lustrated.] 
 To purify ; to cleanse. [water. 
 
 Lus-tra'tion, w. [L. lustratio.] Purification by 
 
 Lus'tre (lus'ter), n. [Fr. ; Late L. lustrum, a win- 
 dow ; L. lustrare, to make bright : probably akin 
 to lux, light.] Brightness; splendor; glitter; 
 gloss; brilliancy; radiance .-—splendor of birth or 
 deeds ; renown :— a chandelier or sconce with 
 lights : — a lustrum. 
 
 Lus'trous, a. Bright ; shining ; glossy. 
 
 Lus'trum, n. ; pi. Lus'tra. [L. lustrum, an ex- 
 piation, a quinquennial religious purification ; 
 hence, a period of five years.] A space of five 
 years. 
 
 Lust'y, «. [From Lust, in its old sense of vigor, 
 activity.] Stout; vigorous; healthy; large. 
 
 Lut'a-nist, n. One who plays upon the lute. 
 
 Lu-ta'tion, n. The act of luting. 
 
 Idte, n.' [Fr. luth; It. liuto ; Sp. laud; Dut. luit; 
 Dan. lut; Ger. laut; Port, alaude ; Arab, al ud, 
 the lute ; ud, wood.] A stringed instrument of 
 music : — [L. lutum, mud ; luerc, lutum, to wash. — 
 See Lave] a sort of paste or clay; a cement. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. luting, luted.] To close or coat 
 with lute. 
 
 Lu'ther-an, n. A follower of Luther. — 2, a. Per- 
 taining to Luther. 
 
 Lu'ther-an-i§m. n. The doctrines of Luther. 
 
 Lu'thern, n. [Fr. lucarne, a roof-window ; L. lu- 
 cerna, a lamp ; lux, lucis, light.] A sort of window 
 over a cornice or in a roof ; a dormer. 
 
 Lut'ing, n. A clayey composition or coating. 
 
 Lux' ate, v. a. [L. luxare, luxatum, to put out of 
 joint; luxus, dislocated ; Gr. Ao£6?, awry.] [pp. 
 luxating, luxated.] To put out of joint; to dis- 
 locate. 
 
 Lux-a'tion, n. [L. luxatio.] A disjointing; a thing 
 disjointed. 
 
 Lux-u'ri-ance, In. State of being luxuriant; 
 
 Lux-u'ri-an-cy, j exuberance ; rank growth. 
 
 Lux-u'ri-ant [iuk-sboo're-ant, H.], a. [L. luxuri- 
 are, luxuriantis, to flourish.] Exuberant; very 
 abundant; superabundant; of rank growth. 
 
 Lux-5'ri-ant-ly, ad. Abundantly; profusely. 
 
 Lux-u'ri-ate, v. n. [L. luxuriare, luxuriatum.] [pp. 
 luxuriating, luxuriated.] To grow exuber- 
 antly : — to live luxuriously. 
 
 Lux-u'ri-ous [luk-sh6G're-us, H.], a. [L. luxuri- 
 osus. — See Luxury.] Luxuriant: — delighting 
 in luxury; voluptuous; given to pleasure. 
 
 Lux-u'ri-ous-ly, ad. Deliciously ; voluptuously. 
 
 Lux-u'ri-ous-ness, n. Luxury ; voluptuousness. 
 
 Lux'u-ry (iuk'shu-re), n. [L. luxuria; luxus, ex- 
 cess.] Delicious fare; a dainty: — voluptuous- 
 ness; epicurism. 
 
 Lyc'an-thrope, «. [Gr. Avkos, a wolf, and avOpu- 
 7ros, a man.] One suffering from lycanthropy : 
 — one supposed to be turned into a wolf; a were- 
 wolf, [transformation into a wolf. 
 
 Ly-can'thro-py, n. A kind of madness ; a fancied 
 
 Ly-ce'um, 'n. ; L. pi. Ly-ce'a; Eng. Ly-ce'um§. 
 [L. ; Gr. to Avkelov, the resort at Athens where 
 Socrates and Aristotle taught : named from the 
 Lycian Apollo, or from Apollo as the wolf- 
 slayer ; Au/cos, a wolf.] The gymnasium at 
 Athens where Aristotle taught his philosophy : 
 — a literary seminary ; an academy ; a literary 
 association. 
 
 Ly'co-pod, ». A club-moss. 
 
 Ly-co-po'di-um, n. [Gr. Av/cos, a wolf, and tto- 
 Slo'v, dim', of novs, a foot.] A club-moss : — a fiue 
 powder from club-mosses. 
 
 Lye, n. [A.-S. lech; Dut. loog ; Ger. lauge : akin 
 to Lave.] Water impregnated with alkaline salt. 
 
 Ly'ing, p. a. Telling lies : — recumbent. — 2, n. 
 The act of telling lies : — recumbence. 
 
 Ly'ing-In, n. The act or state of childbirth. 
 
 Lymph (limf), n. [L. tympha: perhaps akin to 
 Limpid.] The liquor contained in the lym- 
 phatics ; a pure, transparent fluid ; serum. 
 
 Lym-phat'ic, n. [L. lymphaticus ; from lympiha, 
 water. The meaning "insane" is very ancient. 
 — Cf. Hydrophobia. The meaning "sluggish" 
 is very modern, and comes from the idea that 
 excess of lymph is inconsistent with activity of 
 body.] An absorbent vessel which carries the 
 lymph from all parts of the body. — 2, a. Per- 
 taining to lymph: — enthusiastic; insane: — 
 heavy ; sluggish. 
 
 Lynch, v. a. [Probably from the name of some 
 person.] [pp. lynching, lynched.] To punish 
 without legal trial :— to hang by mob-law. 
 
 Lynch' -law, n. The decree of a mob as a substi- 
 tute for the common or civil law. 
 
 Lynx, ii. [L. lynx; Gr. Auy£; Ger. luclis ; A.-S. 
 lox ; from its bright eyes. — Cf. L. lux, light ; 
 lucere, to shine.] A swift, sharp-sighted beast. 
 
 Ly'rate, a. Lyre-shaped. 
 
 Lyre, n. [Fr. ; L. lyra; Gr. Avpa.] A harp; a 
 musical instrument. 
 
 Lyr'ic, n. A lyric poem ; a short poem. 
 
 Lyr'ic, 1 a. Pertaining to a harp, or to odes or 
 
 Lyr'i-cal, J poetry intended to be sung. 
 
 Ly'rist, w. One who plays on a lyre or harp. 
 
 M. 
 
 Ma labial consonant of the group called liquids, 
 9 has, in English, one unvaried sound, formed 
 by the compression of the lips ; as, mine, tame. — 
 It is a numeral for 1000. [mother. 
 
 Ma, n. A child's abbreviation for mamma or 
 
 Ma'am, n. A colloquial contraction for madam. 
 
 Mab, ii. The queen of the fairies : — a slattern. 
 
 Mac. A prefix in Celtic names, denoting son. 
 
 Mac-ad'am-ize, v. a. [From John Macadam, in- 
 ventor" of the system.] [pp. macadamizing, 
 macadamized.] To form with broken stone, as 
 roads and streets. 
 
 Mac-a-ro'ni (mak-a-ro'ne), n. [Fr. ; It. macche- 
 roni; 0. It. maccare, to bruise, to knead: akin 
 to Macerate and Mass.] A kind of edible 
 paste ': — [cf. L. maccus, a fool] a coxcomb. 
 
 Mac-a-ron'ic, a. Belating to macaroni :— noting 
 a kind of burlesque verse : — vain. 
 
 Mac-a-r86n\ n. [Fr. macaron. — See Macaroni.] 
 A cake : — a coxcomb. 
 
 Ma-caw', n. [Said to be a Brazilian name.] A 
 large species of parrot : — a tree. 
 
 Mac' co-boy, n. [Named from Maccouba in Marti- 
 nique.] A species of snuff. 
 
 Mace, ii. [Fr. masse.— Cf. Mass and L. mateola, a 
 mallet.] An ensign of authority: — [It. mace; 
 Fr. macis; L. maccis, maces, m.acer (all spice- 
 names) ; Gr. p.&K.ep, mace] a spice. 
 
 Mac'er-ate, v. a. [L. mucerare, maceratum, to 
 soften; Gr. /uao-creiv, to knead.] [pp. macer- 
 ating, macerated.] To make lean ; to mortify : 
 — to steep almost to solution. 
 
 a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, i, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
MACERATION 
 
 349 
 
 MAGNIFICAT 
 
 Mac-er-a'tion, n. [L. maceratio.] The act of 
 making lean; mortification : — the act of steeping. 
 
 Maeh-i-a-vel'ian (mak-e-a-veTyan), a. Relating 
 to Machiavel ; crafty ; subtle. 
 
 Ma-chic'o-lat-ed, a. Having machicolations. 
 
 Mach-i-co-la'tion, n. [Fr. machicoulis: variously 
 explained.] An opening for dropping missiles 
 upon besiegers. 
 
 Maph'i-nate, v. n. [L. machinari, machinatum. — 
 See Machine.] [pp. machinating, machinated.] 
 To plan ; to contrive. 
 
 Maph-i-na'tion, n. [L. machinatio.] An artifice; 
 contrivance'. [trives. 
 
 Maph'i-na-tor, n. [L.] One who plots or con- 
 
 Ma-chine' (ma-shen'), n. [L. machina, Fr. ma- 
 chine, Gr. ix7)K.avr), a device.— See Make, and 
 Mechanic] Any artificial complicated work 
 which serves to apply or regulate moving power ; 
 a piece of mechanism ; engine. 
 
 Ma-chin' er-y, n. [Fr. machinerie.] Machines col- 
 lectively ; works of a machine; enginery: — su- 
 pernatural, or other, agency introduced into a 
 poem. [of machines. 
 
 Ma-chin'ist, n. [Fr. mackinisfe.] A constructor 
 
 Mack'er-el,«. [Fr. maquereau, — originally, a spot: 
 perhaps akin to L. macula, a spot; Sp. maca, It. 
 macchia, a stain.] A small sea-fish : — a pander. 
 
 Mack'in-tosh, ». [The inventor's name.] A water- 
 proof garment. 
 
 Ma'cle, n. [Fr. ; L. macula, a spot, a mesh.] A 
 twin crystal : — a blotch on a gem. 
 
 Ma'cro-cosm [mak'ro-kozm, St. Ja. C. Wb.], n. 
 [Gr. )j.aK pos, long, great, and /cootao?, the world.] 
 The great or whole world, in opposition to micro- 
 cosm; the universe. 
 
 Ma-crom'e-ter, n. [Gr. fxaxpo?, long, great, and 
 jxerpov, a measure.] An instrument for meas- 
 uring the distance of inaccessible objects. 
 
 Ma/cron, n. [Gr. for "long."] A straight hori- 
 zontal line to show that a vowel has a long sound. 
 
 Mac-ro-scop'ic, "la. [Gr. naicpos, long, great, 
 
 Mac-ro-scop'i-cal, J and o-kottqIv, to see.] Noting 
 an object which, although comparatively mi- 
 nute, is visible without the aid of the microscope. 
 
 Mac'u-la, n. ; pi. Mac'u-lae. [L.— Cf. Skr. mola, 
 dirt.] A spot upon the skin; a spot upon the 
 sun, &c. 
 
 Mac'u-late, V. a. [L. maculare, macnlatum, to 
 stain: macula, a spot.] [pp. maculating, macu- 
 lated.] To stain ; to spot. 
 
 Mac-u-la'tion, n. [L. maculitio.] A spot ; a taint. 
 
 Mad, a. [A.-S. gemsed, geiuaad, 0. Sax. gemed, 
 foolish; 0. Ger. gbueit, vain.] Insane; distracted ; 
 crazy : — raging with passion ; enraged ; furious. 
 
 Mad' am, n. [Fr. madame ; ma, my, and dame, 
 lady. — See Dame.] See Madame. 
 
 Mad'ame, or Ma-dame', n. : pi. Mesdames (me- 
 dam'). [Fr.] A term of address to a lady. 
 
 Mad'cap, n. A wild, hot-brained person. 
 
 Mad'den (mad'dn), v. n. & v. a. [pp. maddening, 
 maddened.] To become or make mad. 
 
 Mad'der, n. [A.-S. mseddere ; Icel. madra; Dut. 
 meed'. — Cf. Skr. madhura, sweet (a plant-name).] 
 A plant and root used for dyeing. 
 
 Mad'ding, a. Raging ; tumultuous : — bewildering. 
 
 Made, i. & p. from make. 
 
 Ma-dei'ra [ma-da'ra, Wb.], v. [The island is 
 named 'from Tort, madeira, timber. — See Mat- 
 ter.] A wine made in the island of Madeira. 
 
 Mad-em-oi-selle' (mad-em-wa-zel'), n. [Fr. ; ma, 
 my,' and demoiselle, damsel (q. v.).] A young, 
 unmarried lady ; a girl. 
 
 Mad' -house, n. A house for the insane. 
 
 Mad'ly, ad. With madness ; furiously. 
 
 Mad'man, n. A man void of reason ; a maniac. 
 
 Mad'ness, n. Violent insanity : — extreme folly : — 
 fury; wildness ; rage. 
 
 Ma-don'na, n. [It. ; ma, my, and donna, lady. — 
 See Dame.] Madam : — the Yirgin Mary. 
 
 Mad're-pore, n. [Fr. ; It. madrepora: origin 
 doubtful.] A kind of coral. 
 
 Mad'ri-gal, n. [It. madrigale, formerly mandri- 
 gale,' a "shepherd's song ; niandra, a flock ; L. 
 mandra, Gr. fxavSpa, Skr. mandura, a stable ; 
 maud, to sleep.] A pastoral song and its music. 
 
 Mael'strom, n. [Norse for "mill-stream."] A 
 whirlpool on the coast of Norway. 
 
 Ma-es'<tr5, n. [It.] A master ; a master of music. 
 
 Mag-a-zine', n. [Sp. magacen, almagacen, a store- 
 house; Arab, makhzan, pi. makhazin.] A store- 
 house for munitions of war, &c. ; an arsenal or 
 armory : — a periodical publication or pamphlet. 
 
 Mag'da-len, n. [From Mary Magdalene.] A re- 
 formed harlot. 
 
 Ma-gen' ta, n. [Named in honor of the battle of 
 Magenta in Italy.] A coloring matter of a red- 
 dish purple hue from aniline; also, the color 
 itself. 
 
 Mag'got, n. [Welsh maceiad, a maggot; magiaid, 
 grubs; magad, a brood; magv, to breed.] A 
 small grub : — a whim. 
 
 Mag'got-y, a. Full of maggots : — whimsical. 
 
 Ma'£"i, n. pi. [L. ; Gr. fxayoi ; /mayo?, a Magian, 
 a wizard : said to have been at first a tribal 
 name.] Wise men of the East. 
 
 Ma'gi-an, a. Denoting the Magi of the East. — 
 2, n. ' One of the ancient Magi. 
 
 Mag'ic, n. [Gr. fxayiKos ; /aayos, a wizard.] The 
 art of putting in action the power of spirits or 
 the occult powers of nature ; necromancy ; sor- 
 cery ; enchantment. 
 
 Mag'ic, la. Relating to or done by magic; 
 
 Maf-'i-cal, J enchanted ; necromantic. 
 
 Maf 'i-cal-ly, ad. According to magic. 
 
 Ma-gi"cian (ma-jish'an), n. One who practises 
 magic ; an enchanter. 
 
 Mag-is-te'ri-al, a. [L. magisterius ; magister, a 
 master.] 'Authoritative; arrogant; imperious; 
 lofty ; haughty. 
 
 Ma£-is-te'ri-al-ly., ad. Arrogantly ; proudly. 
 
 Mag'is-tra-cy.', n. The office or dignity of a 
 magistrate ; the body of magistrates. 
 
 Mag'is-trate, n. [L. magistrains : magister, a mas- 
 ter \q. v.).] A public civil officer; a president; 
 a governor; a justice of the peace. 
 
 Mag'na phar'ta (mag'na kar'ta). [L. for "great 
 charter." — See Chart.] The great charter of 
 English liberty. 
 
 Mag-na-nim'i-ty, 11. [Fr. magnanimity ; L. mag- 
 nanirniias. — See Magnanimous.] Quality of be- 
 ing magnanimous; greatness of mind; gener- 
 osity; nobility. 
 
 Mag-nan'i-mous, a. [L. magnanimus ; magmts, 
 great, and animus, mind.] Great of mind ; noble. 
 
 Mag-nan'i-mous-ly, ad. With magnanimity. 
 
 Mag'nate, 11. [L. magnas, magnatis; magnus, great. 
 — Cf. Gr. peyas, Skr. mahant, malta, great.] A 
 man of rank ; a grandee. 
 
 Mag-ne'si-a (mag-ne'zhe-a), n. [Gr. fxayvrjo-ios, 
 belonging' to Magnesia, in Thessaly.] (Chem.) 
 A white earthy substance, gently purgative. 
 
 Mag-ne'si-um (niag-ne'zhe-tim), n. The metal 
 found in magnesia. 
 
 Mag'net, n. [L. magnes, magnetis; Gr. fxayvrj 1 ;, or 
 /aayvijTTjs (adjectives), from Magnesia, in Thes- 
 saly.] An ore of iron, or a piece of iron or steel, 
 which attracts iron ; loadstone. 
 
 Mag-net'ic, ) a. Relating to the magnet, or to 
 
 Mag-net'i-cal. J magnetism ; attractive. 
 
 Mag'net-isni, n. The science which treats of the 
 properties of the magnet: — magnetic attraction. 
 
 Mag'net-ize, r. a. & v. n. [pp. magnetizing, 
 magnetized.] To imbue with, or to receive, the 
 properties of magnetism. 
 
 Mag'net-o-e-lec-tric'i-tj:, n. Electricity pro- 
 duced by magnetism". 
 
 Mag'ni-f I-a-ble, a. That may be magnified. 
 
 Mag-nif'ic,'(r. [L. magnificus. — See Magnificent.} 
 Great; noble; magnificent; illustrious; grand. 
 
 Mag-nifi-cat, n. [L. ; from its first words, in L. 
 magnificat anima m.ea, my soul doth magnify.] 
 (Eccl.) A hymn of praise. 
 
 mien, sir; m8ve, nor, son; bull, biir, rule, use.— 5, Q, c, g, soft; p, 
 
 30 
 
 J3-, p, 5t h- a) 'd ; § a» z ; ? as gz ; tnis. 
 
MAGNIFICENCE 
 
 850 
 
 MALE- 
 
 Mag-mf i-cence, «. Grandeur; splendor. 
 
 Mag-nif i-cent, a. [L. maguificeus, maguificentis, 
 — literally, doing great things; magnus, great, 
 and facere, to do.] Grand ; splendid ; pompous. 
 
 Mag-nlfi-cent-ly, ad. Splendidly. 
 
 Mag'ni-fy, v. a. [Fr. magnifier; L. magnificare ; 
 magnus, great, and facere, to make.] [pp. mag- 
 nifying, magnified.] To make great ; to enlarge ; 
 to make apparently large : — to exalt ; to extol ; 
 to praise greatly. 
 
 Mag-nil' o-quence, n. [L. magniloquentia ; magnus, 
 great, and loqui, to speak.] Pompous language. 
 
 Mag-ml'o-quent, a. Lofty in speech. 
 
 Mag'ni-tude, n. [L. magnitude-; magnus, great. — 
 See Magnate.] Greatness in size, dimension, or 
 importance; extent; size. 
 
 Mag-no'li-a, n. [Named in honor of Pierre Ma- 
 guol, 1638-L715.] A genus of flowering trees. 
 
 Mag'ple (mag'pi), n. [Mag, for Margaret, and 
 Eug. pie; Fr. pie, Welsh pi, L. pica, a magpie. — 
 Cf. L. picus, a woodpecker; Skr. pika, a cuckoo. 
 — Compare Eng. Bobin and Jenny Wren.] A chat- 
 tering bird. 
 
 Ma-hog' a-ny, n. [A "West-Indian name.] A valu- 
 able kind of wood, and the tree producing it. 
 
 Ma-hom'e-tan, n. A disciple of Mahomet; a 
 Mussulman; a Mohammedan. — 2, a. Relating 
 to Mahomet. 
 
 Ma-h5m'e-tan-i§m, n. The religion of Mahome- 
 tans ; Mohammedanism; Islam. 
 
 Maid, n. [A.-S. msegd, mseged, fern, of mseg, a son ; 
 Ger. magd, a maid ; Goth, magus, a boy. — Cf. Celt. 
 mac, a son : root of May, Might, and expressive 
 of vigor.] A girl ; a virgin ; a female servant. 
 
 Maid'en (ma'dn), n. [A.-S. msegden, mseden, maig- 
 den; Ger. maldchen, magdeln: all diminutive 
 forms.] An unmarried woman ; a girl ; a vir- 
 gin. — 2, a. Fresh; unpolluted; first produced. 
 
 Maid' en-hair (ma'dn-), n. A delicate fern. 
 
 Maid'en-hood (nia/dn-hud), n. The state of a 
 maid ; virginity. 
 
 Maid'en-ly (ma/dn-le), a. Gentle; modest. 
 
 Mail, n. [Fr. maille, mail, mesh, ring ; L. macula, 
 a spot, a mesh, a net.] A coat of steel net-work 
 for defence ; armor : — [Fr. malle, Celt, mala, 0. 
 Ger. malhe, a bag] a bag ; a bag in which letters, 
 newspaper, &c, are encTJeed : — a mail-coach. 
 — 2, v. a. 'f pp. mailing, maile 1 '.] To arm defen- 
 sively : — to enclose in a mail. ' 
 
 Mail'a-ble, a. That may be carried by mail. 
 
 Mail' -bag, n. A mail ; a bag for letters. 
 
 Maim, v. a. [0. Fr. mehaigner, to wound ; It. ma- 
 gagnare, to spoil ; 0. Fr. mehaing, a maiming. — 
 Cf. Breton machaHa, to mutilate ; machaft, muti- 
 lation : probably related to Mangle.] [pp. maim- 
 ing, maimed.] To disable; to wound; to cripple. 
 — 2, n. A crippling; lameness; injury. 
 
 Main, a. [0. Fr. mains, magne, chief; L. magnus, 
 great.] Principal; mighty; chief; forcible. — 
 2, n. The gross; the bulk : — [A.-S. mssgen, Icel. 
 megin, strength : akin to Might] force ; violence : 
 — the ocean: — the continent, as distinguished 
 from islands : — a large pipe for gas or water. 
 
 Main'ly, ad. Chiefly"; principally ; greatly. 
 
 Main' -mast, n. The chief or middle mast. 
 
 Main'-sail, n. (Naut.) The principal sail. 
 
 Main'-sheet, n. A sheet fastening the main-sail. 
 
 Main'-spring, n. The principal spring; chief 
 motive power; chief motive or cause. 
 
 Main'-stay, n. A chief support ; a prop. 
 
 Main- tain (man-tan' or man-tan'), v. a. [Fr. 
 maintenir ; L. manu, by the hand, and tenere, to 
 hold.] [pp. maintaining, maintained.] To pre- 
 serve ; to keep ; to defend ; to support. 
 
 Main-tain'a-ble, a. Defensible. 
 
 Main-tain'er (man-tan'er), n. A supporter. 
 
 Main'ten-ance [inan'ten-ans, P. J. E. F. Sm. E. ; 
 men'ten-ans, S. W.], n. Act of maintaining; 
 defence: — support; sustenance; living. 
 
 Main'-top, n. The top of the main-mast. 
 
 Main'-yard, n. The yard of the main-mast. 
 
 Maize, n. [Sp. maiz; from the native Haytian 
 name.] Indian corn, a plant and grain. 
 
 Ma-jes'tic, a. Having majesty ; grand; imperial; 
 elevated ; stately ; splendid ; august ; magnificent. 
 
 Ma-jes'ti-cal-ly, ad. With majesty. 
 
 Maj'es-ty, n. [Fr. majeste"; L. majestas, mqjexlatis, 
 dignity; magnus, great; major, greater.] Dig- 
 nity; grandeur; magnificence :— a title given to 
 sovereigns. 
 
 Ma-jol'i-ca, n. [Named from the island of Ma- 
 jorca.] A variety of enamelled colored pottery. 
 
 Ma'jor, a. [L. major, greater; magnus, great. — 
 See Magnate.] Greater ; larger : — senior ; older. 
 — 2, n. A senior :— a military officer next above 
 a captain. — (Logic.) The first proposition of a 
 syllogism. 
 
 Ma'jor-do'mo, n. [Sp. mayor-domo ; It. major- 
 domo ; L. major, greater, chief, and domus, a 
 house.] A master of a house : — a steward. 
 
 Ma'jor-gen'er-al, n. (Mil.) An officer of a rank 
 next below that of lieutenant-general. 
 
 Ma-jor'i-ty, n. The greater number; more than 
 half : — the excess of the greater number : — the 
 end of minority ; full age : — the office or rank of 
 a major. 
 
 Make, v. a. [A.-S. macian ; Ger. maclien : akin to 
 May.] [i. made ; pp. making, made.] To cre- 
 ate ; to form ; to frame ; to compose ; to produce : 
 — to compel:— to reach; to gain. — 2, v. v. To 
 tend; to operate; to appear; to act. — 3, n. 
 Form; structure; texture; nature. 
 
 Make'-be-lieve, n. A pretence. — 2, a. Unreal; 
 professed ; fancied. 
 
 Mak'er, n. One who makes : — the Creator. 
 
 Make' shift, ». A temporary expedient. 
 
 Make'-up, n. The general composition of any 
 thing ; structure :— artificial preparation. 
 
 Make' weight (mak'wat), n. Any thing which 
 is added to make up weight. 
 
 Mak'ing, n. Composition ; structure ; formatiou. 
 
 Mai-.' [L. mains, evil ; male, ill ; Fr. mal, bad.— 
 See Malice.] A prefix, denoting some evil, 
 fault, or defect. 
 
 Mal'a-chlte, n. [Gr. /u.aXax>7, a mallow (q. v.); 
 from the color.] A carbonate of copper. 
 
 Mal-a-col'o-gy, n. [Gr. /aaAa/cia, mollusks ; fia- 
 Aa»cos, soft, and \6yos, discourse.] The science 
 of mollusks ; conchology. 
 
 Mal-ad-min-is-tra'tion, n. [Mal- and Adminis- 
 tration.] Bad administration. 
 
 Mal-a-drbit', a. [Fr. ; mal, ill, and adroit, adroit 
 (q. v.).] Awkward; unhandy. 
 
 Mal'a-dy, n. [Fr. maladie ; malade, sick; Prov. 
 mataptes, malandes, ill ; L. male habitus, ill kept, 
 out of condition ; male, ill, and habere, habilum, 
 to keep, to have (q. v.).] A disease ; a distemper. 
 
 Mal-aise', n. [Fr. ; mal, ill, and aise, ease.] An 
 uneasy sensation. 
 
 Mal'a-pert, a. [0. Fr. mal apert; mal, ill, and 
 ape'rt, expert, ready, — also forward, pert (q. v.); 
 originally, plain, clear; L. aperhis, open; ape- 
 rire, to open.] Saucy; impudent; rude. 
 
 Mal'ap-ro-pos' (mal'ap-pro-po'), ad. [Fr. — See 
 Apropos.] Unsuitably; unseasonably. 
 
 Ma'lar. o. [L. mala, the cheek.] Pertaining to 
 the' cheek. 
 
 Mal-a'ri-a. «• [!*•> f° r mala aria, bad air. — See 
 Air.] A noxious vapor or exhalation. 
 
 Mal-a'ri-al, ) a. Pertaining to, or affected with, 
 
 Mal-a'ri-an, > malaria :— tending to paludal fever, 
 
 Mal-a'ri-ous, ) or to some kindred disease. 
 
 Ma-lay', n. A native of Malaya or Malacca. 
 
 Mal'con-tent, n. & a. [Mal- and Content.] See 
 Mal'econtent. 
 
 Male, a. [Fr. male; 0. Fr. mascle ; L. masculus, 
 dim. of mas, male: cognate with Man.] Of the 
 sex that begets young; not female: — applied 
 to a screw with spiral threads, which enter the 
 grooves of the female screw. — 2, n. The he of 
 any species. 
 
 Male-. A prefix. See Mal-. 
 
 a, e, I, 5, u, y, long ; a., e, I, o, fi, y, tbort; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 
 
MALEADMINISTKATION 351 
 
 MANATEE 
 
 Male-ad-mln-is-tra'tion, n. Bad administration 
 or management. 
 
 Male'con-tent, re. One who is dissatisfied. — 2, a. 
 Dissatisfied ; discontented. 
 
 Mal-e-dic'tion, re. [L. maledictio ; male, ill, and 
 dicere, dictum, to speak.] A curse ; an execration. 
 
 Mal-e-fac'tor, n. [L. mule, ill, amiss, and facere, 
 factum, to do.] An offender; a criminal. 
 
 Male-fea'sance, n. [Fr. malfaisance ; faire, to do. 
 — See Malefactor.] (Law.) An unj ust perform- 
 ance ; an evil deed or act. 
 
 Male-prac'tice, n. See Malpractice. 
 
 Ma-lev'o-lence, n. Malignity; malice. 
 
 Ma-lev'o-lent, a. [L. malevolens, malevolerdis ; 
 mole, ill, and relic, volui, to wish.] Ill-disposed; 
 malignant; malicious; virulent; hostile. 
 
 Ma-lev' o-lent-ly, ad. Malignantly; maliciously. 
 
 Mal-feVsance, n. See M ylefeasaxce. 
 
 Mal-for-ma'tion, or Male-for-ma'tion, n. [Mal- 
 and Formation.] An ill formation ; deformity. 
 
 Mal'ice, n. [Fr. ; L. malitia, badness; mains, bad, 
 foul : probably akin to Gr. /u.e'A.as, black, Skr. 
 mala, foul, and to L. mollis, soft.] Hostile or bad 
 feeling; ill-will; malevolence; malignity. 
 
 Ma-K"cious (ma-llsh'us), a. [Fr. malicieux. — See 
 Malice.] Full of malice; ill-disposed; malig- 
 nant; malevolent; malign. 
 
 Ma-li"cious-ly. ad. With malignity. 
 
 Ma-li"cious-ness (ma-lish'us-nes), re. Malice. 
 
 Ma-llgn' (ma-lin'), a. [Fr. malin, L. malignus, 
 wicked ; mains, evil, and -genus, born.] Malicious ; 
 malignant; pernicious; fatal; pestilential. — 2, 
 v. a. [pp. maligning, maligned.] To hurt; to 
 defame ; to slander. 
 
 Ma-lig'nan-cy, re. Malevolence; malice. 
 
 Ma-lTg-'nant, a. [L. malignare, malignanlis, to act 
 with spite.] Partaking of malice and envy ; 
 malicious; pernicious :— hostile to life; fatal. — 
 2, re, A man of ill intention. 
 
 Ma-llg-'nant-ly, ad. With ill intention. 
 
 Ma-lign'er (ma-lin'er), n. One who maligns. 
 
 Ma-Hg'ni-ty, n. [Fr. malignite ; L. malignitas. — 
 See Malign.] Malice; maliciousness. 
 
 Ma-llgn'ly, (ma-lln'le), ad. With ill-will. 
 
 Ma-lin'ger, v. n. [Fr. malingre, sickly ; mal, badly, 
 and 0. Fr. haingre, thin; L. ager, sick.] [pp. 
 malingering, malingered.] To feign sickness, 
 as a soldier. 
 
 Mal'i-son (mal'e-zn), n. [0. Fr.— See Maledic- 
 tion. — Of. Bknison.] A curse. 
 
 Mall [m-il, ,S. W. F. 8m.], re. [Fr. mail; L. mal- 
 leus. \ A wooden beetle or hammer ; a mallet; a 
 maul. — 2, v. a. [pp. mailing, mailed.] To beat 
 or strike with a mall. 
 
 Mall [mel, W. E. Ja.], n. [From Pall-Mall (q. v.), 
 a walk in London.] A public walk. 
 
 Mal'lard, re. [Fr. rnalart: probably from male, 
 male, with the termination -art (-ard), here in- 
 tensive; -art often implies masculine qualities.] 
 The drake of the wild duck. 
 
 Mal-le-a-bil'i-ty, ) n. Quality of being malleable; 
 
 Mal'le-a-ble-ness, J capability of being beaten out 
 with a hammer. 
 
 Mal'le-a-ble, a. [Fr. malleable; malic er, to ham- 
 mer; L. maUeus, a hammer.] Capable of being 
 spread out by being beaten with a hammer. 
 
 Mal'let, n. [Fr. maillet, dim. of mail, 
 a maul.— Cf. Russ. molot, a ham- 
 mer.] A wooden hammer ; a mall. 
 Mal'low, re. ; pi. Mal'lows. [A.-S. 
 malice ; L. malva ; Gr. /u.aXa^ij ; fj.a- 
 Aao-a-eiv, to soften ; /ixaAaKo?, soft.] 
 A plant of demulcent qualities. 
 Malm'sey (ma'm'ze), n. [From Mal- Mallet. 
 vasia, a town of Greece.] A sort of grape, and a 
 luscious wine, originally from Malvasia. 
 Mal-o'dor-ous, a. [Mal- and Odorous.] Having 
 
 a bad smell ; in bad odor or repute. 
 Mal-prac'tice, ». [Mal- and Practice.] Danger- 
 ous or unlawful practice. 
 Malt, re. [A.-S. mcalt, malt, — literally, melted; 
 
 Dan., Sw., & Icel. malt; Dut. moid; Ger. malz. 
 —See Melt.] Grain, usually barley, steeped in 
 water, fermented and dried. — 2, v. n. [pp. malt- 
 ing, malted.] To make malt; to be made malt. 
 Malt'ster, re. One who makes malt. 
 Mal-treat' (mal-tref), v. a. [Fr. maltruiter — See 
 Treat.] [pp. maltreating, maltreated.] To treat 
 ill ; to abuse ; to injure. 
 Mal-treat'ment, n. Ill usage ; abuse. 
 Mal-ver-sa'tion, n. [Fr. malversation; maherser, 
 to commit malversation ; L. male, ill, and versare, 
 versalum, to turn, to conduct one's self; frequen- 
 tative of vertere, to turn.] Mean artifices; mis- 
 conduct. — (Laic.) Misbehavior in office. 
 Mam'e-lpn, n. [Fr. for "a nipple ;" dim. of ma- 
 melle; L. mantilla or mamma, Gr. ixdixtx-n, the 
 breast. — See Mammal.] A small mound or hil- 
 lock. 
 Mam'e-luke, n. [Arab, mamlul; a slave, — literally, 
 one owned.] One of a former military class in 
 Egypt, who were imported as slaves. 
 
 Mam-ma', re. [Gr. fxaix^rj, L. maun,, a. mother, — 
 also the breast; Fr. maman, mother; Dut., Ger., 
 & Sp. mama. An infantile word, found in 
 much the same form in many languages in all 
 parts of the world.] A familiar word for mother. 
 
 Mam'mal, n. [L. mammalia, pertaining to the 
 breast.' — See Mamma.] (Zool.) An animal that 
 suckles its young; a mammifer. 
 
 Mam-ma'li-a, re. pi. (Zool.) That class of animals 
 which suckle their young; mammals. 
 
 Mam-ma'li-an, a. Relating to mammalia. — 2, ». 
 A mammal. 
 
 Mam-mal'o-i-y, n. [Mammal, and Gr. A6709, a 
 treatise.]' (Zool.) The natural history of mam- 
 mals, or of animals that suckle their young. 
 
 Mam'ma-rv, a. Relating to the breasr. 
 
 Mam-mlf er-ous, a. [L. mamma, a breast, an 
 udder, and/erre, to carry.] Having breasts. 
 
 Mam'mil-la-ry, a. [L. mamUlaris.—See Mame- 
 lon.] Like, or belonging to, the breast or teats. 
 
 Mam'mon, n. [Syr. mamona, riches.] Riches; 
 
 . wealth. [spirit of money-getting. 
 
 Mam'mon-ism, n. Devotion to mammon; the 
 
 Mam'moth, n. [Russ. mamant; Tartar, mammont 
 or mammuth; mamma, the earth. The Siberians 
 believe that the mammoth once '-'veil under 
 ground; but B< *e say it is a vari it of Bkhe- 
 MOTH.] A huge quadruped now extinct ; a fossil 
 elephant. See Mastodon. — 2, a. Huge ; enormous. 
 
 Man, re. ; pi. Men. [Dut, & Sw. man; A.-S. & Ger. 
 ma, in ; Goth, manna; Skr. manu. — Cf. L. mat, a 
 male : akin to Skr. maun, to think. — See Mind.] 
 A human being: — mankind: — a male of the 
 human race: — an adult male: — one of manly 
 qualities: — a husband: — an individual: — a ser- 
 vant : — a piece at chess, draughts, &c. :— a ship 
 of war.— 2, v. a. [pp. manning, manned.] To 
 furnish with men ; to fortify. 
 
 Man'a-cle, 0. a. [Late L. marticula, dim. of L. 
 maiiica, a sleeve, a handcuff: maims, the hand.] 
 [ pp. manacling, manacled.] To chain the hands. 
 — 2, re. A chain for the hands. 
 
 Man'afe, v. a. [Fr. maneger, to control (chiefly 
 used of horses) ; It. maueggiare, to control, to 
 handle; L. manus, the hand.] [pp. manasina, 
 managed.] To conduct ; to carry on ; to regulate ; 
 to superintend; to direct. — 2, v. n. To superin- 
 tend affairs. 
 
 Man'afe-a-ble, «. Governable ; tractable. 
 
 Man'age-a-ble-ness, ». Tractableness. 
 
 Man'age-ment, n. The act of managing or con- 
 ducting ; economy; direction; conduct: — artful 
 practice : — administration. 
 
 Man'a-frer, n. A conductor ; a director. 
 
 Man-a-£-e'ri-al, a. Of or pertaining to a manager. 
 
 Man'-at-arms. n. Formerly a mounted and armed 
 follower of a knight. 
 
 Man-a-tee', n. [Sp. manati; perhaps named from 
 its hand-like flippers; Sp. mono, a hand; but 
 manati is said to be its Carib name.] The sea- 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — Q, $, s, g , soft; p, p, p, §, hard; s as z ; ? as gz ; this. 
 
MANCHINEEL 
 
 352 
 
 MANOMETER 
 
 cow; one of a genus of herbivorous marine ani- 
 mals (sirenians). 
 
 Manch-j-neel', n. [Sp. manzanillo, dim. of man- 
 zana, an apple.] A poisonous tree of the West 
 Indies. 
 
 Man'ci-ple, n. [0. Fr. mancipe, L. mancipium, a 
 slave, property ; manus, the hand, manv, in hand, 
 and capere, to take.] A purveyor ; a steward. 
 
 Man-da'mus, n. [L. for "we charge;" mandare, 
 to enjoin! — See Mandate.] (Laiv.) A writ from 
 a superior court directed to an inferior court, or 
 to some person, requiring some act to be done. 
 
 Man-da-rin', n. [Skr. mantrin, Malay mantri, a 
 counsellor ; Port, mandarim, a mandarin ; Skr. 
 mantra, a holy text, advice ; manv, to think. — See 
 Mind and Man.] A Chinese magistrate or pub- 
 lic officer, civil or military : — a variety of orange. 
 
 Man'date, n. [L. mandatum ; mandare, to charge ; 
 in manum, into the hand, and dare, to give.] 
 Command; precept; charge. 
 
 Man'da-to-rx, a. Preceptive ; directory. 
 
 Man'di-ble, n. [L. mandibula, a jaw; mandere, to 
 chew.] The jaw ; the jaw of a bird. 
 
 Man-dib'u-Iar, a. Belonging to the jaw. 
 
 Man'do-lin, n. [Fr. mandoline, mandore ; It. man- 
 dolino, mandola; names of various stringed in- 
 struments. — See Bandore.] A kind of lute. 
 
 Man'drake, n. [L. & Gr. mandragoras.] An her- 
 baceous medicinal plant. 
 
 Man'drel, n. [Fr. mandrin. — Cf. Gr. iidvopa, the 
 bezel of a ring.] An instrument or revolving 
 shank belonging to a lathe. 
 
 Man'dril, n. [Said to be for man-ape. — Cf. Drill, an 
 ape ; Fr. mandrill] (Zob'l.) A species of baboon. 
 
 Man'dii-cate, v. a. [L. manducare, manducatum, 
 to chew ; mandere, to chew.] [ pp. manducating, 
 manducated.] To chew; to eat. 
 
 Man-du-ca'tion, n. The act of chewing. 
 
 Kane, n. [Sw. & Dan. man; Dut. maan; Ger. 
 mahne. — Cf. Skr. manya, the nape ; Gr. fxdvos, 
 juavfo?, a necklace.] The long hair on the neck 
 of a horse or a lion. 
 
 Manege (nxa-nazh'), n. [Fr.— See Manage.] A 
 riding-school ; the art of horsemanship. 
 
 Ma'nes, n. pi. [L. : akin to manus, good.] Souls 
 of the dead ; ghosts ; shades ; remains of the dead. 
 
 Man'ful, a. Bold; stout; valiant; manly. 
 
 Man'ful-ly, ad. Boldly; stoutly; like a man. 
 
 Man-ga-nise' (mang-ga-nes'), n. [Of doubtful 
 origin ; by some referred to Gr. fxdyyavov, a 
 charm, a drug ; L. mangonizere, to adorn : it was 
 anciently much used to qualify the colors of 
 glass.] (Mm.) A black mineral :— a metal of 
 gray color, hard, brittle, and difficult of fusion. 
 
 Mange, n. [Fr. mangeson; manger, to eat.] The 
 itch or scab in cattle, dogs, &c. 
 
 Man'gel-wur'zel (mang'gl-wur'zl), n. [Ger. man- 
 gel, scarcity, and wurzel, a root.] A plant and 
 root of the beet kind. 
 
 Manner, n. [Fr. mangeoire ; manger, L. mandere 
 and manducare, to eat.] A trough for animals to 
 eat out of. 
 
 Man'l'i-ness, n. Infection with the mange. 
 
 Man'gle (mang'gl), v. a.. [A.-S. bemancian. — Cf. 
 L. mancus, maimed ; 0. Fr. mehangler, for ma- 
 haigner, to maim (q. v.).] [pp. mangling, man- 
 gled] To lacerate ; to cut piecemeal : — to smooth ; 
 to calender. — 2, n. [Dut. mangelen, to roll; It. 
 mavgano, a press ; Gr. tx.dyya.pov, a machine. — 
 See Mangonel.] A calender for smoothing linen. 
 
 Man'go (mang'go), n. [Malay, mangga.] The tropi- 
 cal fruit of the mango-tree : — a pickled melon. 
 
 Man'go-bird, n. The Indian oriole. 
 
 Man'gold-wiir'zel, n. See Mangel-wurzel. 
 
 Man'go-nel, n. [Late L. manqonellus, dim. of man- 
 gona, Gr. ftdyyavov, an engine.] A machine 
 formerly used in war for throwing stones. 
 
 Man'go-steen, n. [Malay.] A delicious Oriental 
 fruit.' [tree or shrub. 
 
 Man'grove, n. [Malay, manggi-manggu] A tropical 
 
 Man'gy, «• Infected with the mange. 
 
 Man'hood (mim'hud), n. The state or quality of 
 being a man ; man's estate ; virility. 
 
 Ma'ni-a, n. [L. ; Gr. juavia, frenzy : akin to fievog, 
 mind ; ii.alvon.at, /xav^vai., to rage.] Violent in- 
 sanity ; madness. 
 
 Ma'ni-ac, n. A person infected with mania. 
 
 Ma'ni-ac, ) a. [Gr. ju.avia/c6?.— See Mania.] In- 
 
 Ma-ni'a-cal, j fected with mania ; insane ; raving. 
 
 Man'i-cure, h. [L. manus, the hand, and cura, 
 care.] A process for beautifying the hands. 
 
 Man'i-fest, a. [L. manifestus, palpable; manus, 
 the hand, and obs. fendere, to strike.] Obvious; 
 not concealed ; plain; open; evident ; apparent;, 
 visible ; clear. — 2, n. A writing : — an invoice or 
 account of the cargo of a ship.— 3, v. a. [pp. 
 manifesting, manifested.] To make appear; to 
 show plainly ; to make public ; to evince. 
 
 Man-i-fes-ta'tion, n. [L. manifestatio.] Act of 
 manifesting; exhibition; discovery; publication. 
 
 Man'i-fest-lx, ad. Clearly ; evidently. 
 
 Man-i-fes'to, n. [It. — See Manifest.] A public 
 declaration of a sovereign or a government, stat- 
 ing reasons for some act, as the entering into war. 
 
 Man'i-fold, a. [A.-S. manigfeald; Many and 
 Fold.] Many in number; multiplied. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. manifolding, manifolded.] To produce nu- 
 merous copies of, as of a document, by a ma- 
 chine : — to fold into many thicknesses. 
 
 Man'i-kin, n. [Dim. of Man ; 0. Dut. manneken.] 
 A little man; a dwarf; an anatomical model of 
 the human body. 
 
 Ma'ni-oc, n. [Brazilian, mandioca.] Cassava, the 
 plant from which tapioca is made. 
 
 Man'i-ple, n. [L. manipvlns; manus, the hand, 
 and root of Full.] A handful : — a small body 
 or band, as of soldiers : — a sort of scarf. 
 
 Ma-mp'u.-late, v. a. [L. manipulating, by troops 
 or handfuls.] [pp. manipulating, manipulated.] 
 
 • To operate or work with the hands ; to handle : 
 — to handle in an artistic or skilful manner; to 
 rearrange skilfully or for a purpose ; to tamper 
 with. — 2, v. n. To use the hands in a skilful or 
 artistic manner, as in the operations of chemis- 
 try, mesmerism, and the like. 
 
 Ma-nip-u-la'tion, n. A manual operation : — the 
 act of manipulating; the act of handling or 
 operating with, or as with, the hands; the act 
 of tampering with. 
 
 Ma-mp'ii-lat-or, n. One who manipulates; one 
 who practises manipulation. 
 
 Man-kind', n. [A.-S. mancynn ; Man and Kin.] 
 The human race ; men colle tively. 
 
 Man'li-ness, w. Dignity ; bravery ; stoutness. 
 
 Man'ly, a. Becoming a man ; manful ; firm. — 
 2, ad. With courage like a man. 
 
 Man'na, n. [L. & Gr. ; thought to be from Heb. 
 man, it is a gift.] A gum or honey-like juice. 
 
 Man'ner, n. [Fr. maniere ; 0. Fr. manier, to man- 
 age ; L. manus, the hand.] Peculiar way ; mode ; 
 method; form; custom; habit; kind; aspect. 
 
 Man'ner-i§m, n. A uniformity of manner : — the 
 style' peculiar to an artist or a writer : — marked 
 adherence to a peculiar stvle. 
 
 Man'ner-li-ness, n. Civility ; complaisance. 
 
 Man'ner-ly, a. Civil ; complaisant.— 2, ad. Civ- 
 illy ; 'without rudeness. 
 
 Man'nerg, n. pi. Morals; habits :— polite be- 
 havior; civility; carriage. 
 
 Man'ni-kin, n. A little man. See Manikin. 
 
 Man'nish, «. Like a man ; bold; masculine. 
 
 Ma-noeu'vre (ma-nu'ver), n. [Fr. ; Sp. maniobra; 
 Late L. manuopera ; L. manu operari, to operate 
 by hand.] A stratagem ; dexterous manage- 
 ment; finesse; trick: — adroit management in 
 naval or military affairs. — 2, v. v. & v. a. [pp. 
 manoeuvring, manoeuvred.] To act or manage 
 with address, art, or stratagem. 
 
 Man'-of-war', n. A large ship of war. 
 
 Ma-nom'e-ter, n. [Gr. /aavos, thin, and fxerpov, 
 a measure'.] An instrument for measuring the 
 density or tension of a gas or vapor. 
 
 a, e, l, 5, u, y, long; a, e, l, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y., obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 
 
MANOE 
 
 353 
 
 MAEIXE 
 
 Man'or, n. [Fr. manoir ; 0. Fr. manoir, L. manere, 
 to dwell, to remain (q. v.).] The jurisdiction or 
 land of a lord or great personage; a landed estate. 
 Man'or-hbuse, n. The house of a manor. 
 Ma-no'ri-al, a. Belonging to a manor. 
 Man'sard-r66f, n. [From the inventor, Mansard.'] 
 
 A roof having two rates of pitch. 
 Manse, n. [Late L. manga, a farm ; manere, mansum, 
 
 to dwell.] A farm-house : — a parsonage-house. 
 Man'sion (man'shun), n. [L. man ho ; manere, to 
 dwell'; Gr. ixiveiv, to stay.] The house on a 
 manor; a large house; a residence. 
 Man'slaugh-ter (man'slaw-ter), n. {Law.) The 
 unlawful killing of a human being, though 
 ■without malice or deliberate intention. 
 Man'tel (man'tl), n. [A form of Mantle ; a small 
 fireplace is also called a hood.] A beam or tim- 
 ber before a chimney : — called also mantel-piece, 
 and also written mantle. See Mantle. 
 Man-til'la, n. [Sp. ; dim. of manto, a mantle {q. v.).] 
 A light, loose garment thrown over a lady's dress. 
 Man'tis, n. [Gr. p.dvri<;, a prophet.] A grotesque 
 
 insect. 
 Man-tis'sa, n. [L. & Tuscan mantisa, a make- 
 weight.]' The decimal part of a logarithm. 
 Man' tie, n. [Fr. manteau; 0. Fr. mantel; Sp. 
 manto; Late L. mantum.] A kind of cloak or 
 loose garment : — a shelf or beam on the jambs 
 of a fireplace ; a mantel, mantel-piece, or man- 
 tle-tree. — 2, v. a. [pp. mantling, mantled.] To 
 cloak ; to cover ; to disguise. — 3, v. n. To spread ; 
 to be suffused. 
 Man'tu-a, or Man'tua [man'tii-a, J. F. Jn. X ; 
 man'ta, S. E. ; man'chu-a, W. ; "man'tu, K. Sin. 
 St.], n. [It. & Sp. manto; by confusion with the 
 name of Mantua, in Italy.] A lady's gown or dress. 
 Man'tu-a-ma'ker {or man'tu-ma/ker), n. One who 
 
 makes gowns or dresses for women. 
 Man'u-al, a. [Fr. manuel; L. manualis, from 
 manus, the hand.] Performed by the hand. — 
 2, n. A small book : — a service-book : — a key- 
 board. 
 Man-u-fac'to-rj;, n. A building or place where a 
 
 manufacture is carried on ; a factory. 
 Man-u-fact'ure (man-yu-fakt'yur), n. [Fr. ; L. 
 manv, by hand, and factum, a making; fucere, 
 to make.] The act of making any thing by art; 
 any thing made by art. — 2, v. a. [pp. manu- 
 facturing, manufactured.] To make by art ; to 
 employ; to work up; to fabricate. 
 Man-6-fact'u-rer, n. One who manufactures. 
 Man-u-mis'sion (man-yu mish'un), n. [L. manu- 
 mtesio. — See "Manumit."] The" act of manumit- 
 ting; emancipation; liberation. 
 Man-u-mit\ v. a. [L. manumi&tere ; manu, from 
 the hand, and mittere, to send.] [pp. manumit- 
 ting, manumitted.] To release from slavery; to 
 emancipate; to liberate. 
 Ma-nure', v. a. [A contracted form of Manoeuvre : 
 the original meaning was to till.] [pp. ma- 
 nuring, manured.] To fertilize by manure or 
 compost; to dung; to enrich. — 2, n. Anything 
 that fertilizes land. 
 Man'tt-script, n. [L. mamiscripium ; manu, by 
 hand, and scriptum, written. — See Script.] A 
 book or paper written, not printed ; a writing. 
 Manx, or Manks, n. The language of the Isle of 
 
 Man.— 2, a. Relating to the Isle of Man. 
 Man's (men'e), a. [A.-S. manig ; Dut. menig ; Ger. 
 manch. — Cf. Celt, minic, frequent; Kuss. rnnogie, 
 many ; Skr. mailJaihu, much ; L. magnus, great.] | 
 [comp. more ; mperl. most.] Consisting of a great j 
 number; numerous. — It is used distributive!}' 
 before nouns of the singular number ; as, many 
 a time.— 2, n. A great number:— the crowd ; the 
 majority. 
 Map, n. [L. mappa, a napkin, a painted cloth : 
 said to be a Punic word.] A delineation of some 
 portion of a sphere, or of the earth, on a plane ; 
 a chart. — 2, v. a. [pp. mapping, mapped.] To 
 delineate ; to set down. 
 
 Ma'ple (ma'pl), n. [A.-S. mapul] A tree of many 
 species. 
 
 Mar, v. a. [A.-S. amerran, to waste ; gemearr, im- 
 pediment; Icel. merja, to bruise; 0. Ger. murr- 
 jnn, to vex, to hinder: akin to Mark.] [pp. 
 marring, marred.] To injure ; to spoil ; to hurt ; 
 tq damage ; to deface. 
 
 Mar-a-bou', n. [It is regarded with veneration, 
 like" the marabouts.] A kind of stork or adjutant ; 
 a marabout : — a plume of marabou's feathers. 
 
 Mar-a-bout' {or mar-a-boo'), n. [Arab. ; identical 
 with the historic name Ahnoravide, and said to 
 mean "bound" or "devoted;" by others, "a 
 frontiersman." In either case the idea of limit is 
 expressed.] A Moorish anchorite or saint, or a 
 fanatical combatant against the Christians : — a 
 Moorish saint's tomb : — a kind of stork. 
 
 Ma-ras'mus, n. [Gr. ; a verbal nouu from y.apai- 
 veiv, to waste.] {Med) A wasting consumption. 
 
 Ma-raud', v. n. [Fr. marauder; maraud, a rascal; 
 Sp. marrar, to deviate, — properly, to wander.] 
 [pp. marauding, marauded.] To rove about for 
 plunder. 
 
 Ma-raud' er, n. A plunderer. 
 
 Mar-a-ve'di, n. [Sp. ; from the Almorarides, an 
 Arabian dynasty in Spain.] A small Spanish 
 copper coin. 
 
 Mar'ble, n. [Fr. marbre ; L. marmor ; Gr. /u.dp/txa- 
 pos; p.app.aipetv, to sparkle.] A limestone of 
 many varieties, having a granular and crystal- 
 line texture, and susceptible of a high polish : 
 — something made of marble: — a round stone 
 to play with. — 2, a. Made of or like marble. — 
 3, v. a. [pp. marbling, marbled.] To variegate 
 like marble. 
 
 Marc. h. [Fr. ; Ger. mark, pith, pulp.— Cf. Skr. 
 marg, to press, to beat, to extract.] The refuse 
 of grapes after wine-making. 
 
 March, n. [L. Martins, pertaining to Mars, the 
 god of war.] The third month of the year :— a 
 military movement or journey ; a stately or reg- 
 ulated step : — [see Mark] a frontier district. — 
 2, v. n. [Fr. marcher: possibly related to L. 
 marcus, a hammer.] [pp. marching, marched.] 
 To move by steps, or in military form; to walk 
 in a stately manner. — 3, v. a. To cause to move, 
 as an army. 
 
 March'es, n. pi. Frontiers of a country. 
 
 Mar'chion-ess (mar'shun-es) [miir'shun-es, W. 
 Sui. R. Wb. ; mar'chun-es, S. J. E. F. Ja.], n. 
 [Late L. marchionksa, fern, of murchio, a mar- 
 quess (7. ».)•] The wife of a marquis ; a lady of 
 the rank of a marquis or marquess. 
 
 Mare, ». [A.-S. mere; mearh, a horse; Icel. merr, 
 from marr, ahorse; Dan. mar-. Ger. mahre. — Cf. 
 Irish marc, a stallion. Eoot found apparently 
 in Mongolian as well aa in Aryan languages.] 
 The female of a horse. 
 
 Marge, n. The margin. 
 
 Mar'gin, n. [L. margo, marginu. — See Mark.] A 
 border; a brink ; the verge : — the blank edge or 
 border of a page. — {Stock Exchange.) A sum of 
 money deposited by a speculator with his broker 
 to secure the latter against loss on funds ad- 
 vanced by him. — 2, v. a. [pp. margining, mar- 
 gined.] To border with a margin. 
 
 Mar'gin-al, a. "Written on the margin. 
 
 Mar'grave, n. [Dut. markgraaf ; Ger. markgraf; 
 mark, a march or border-land, and gmf, a count. 
 — See Marquis.] A title of nobility in' Germany. 
 
 Mar-gra'vi-ate, n. The territory, jurisdiction, or 
 
 dignity of a margrave. 
 Mar'gra-vine, n. [Dut. markgrarin ; Ger. mark- 
 
 gr'dfin.] The wife of a margrave. 
 Mar'i-gold [ma're-gold, S. K.], n. [St. Mary and 
 
 gold.] A plant and its flower. 
 Ma-rine' (ma-ren'), a. [L. marinvs; mare, the 
 sea. — Cf. Kuss. more, Icel. marr, Welsh mor, the 
 sea. — See Mere.] Belonging to the sea; mari- 
 time. — 2, n. Sea-affairs : — the whole naval force ; 
 a navy : — a sea-soldier. 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, s8n ; bulL bur, rule, use. — 5. Q, 5, £, soft ; p, J3, p, g, hard ; § as z ; x as gz ; tnis. 
 X 30* 
 
MARINES 
 
 354 
 
 MARTIN 
 
 Mar'i-ner, n. One who gains his living at sea; a 
 seamaii ; a sailor. 
 
 Ma-ri-ol'a-try, n. [Gr. Mapi'a, Mary, and \arpela, 
 worship'.] Worship of the Virgin Mary. 
 
 Max-i-o-nette' (-net'), n. [Fr. Marionnette, dim. 
 of Marion, itself a dim.' of Marie, Mary.] A little 
 image in a puppet-show ; a puppet. 
 
 Mar'ish, n. [Fr. marais ; Late L. mariscus ; It. 
 marese. — See Marsh.] A marsh ; a wet place. 
 
 Mar'i-tal [ma-ri'tal, Shi.], a. [L. maritalis ; muri- 
 his,'& husband.— See Marry.] Pertaining to a 
 husband. 
 
 Mar'i-tlme [-tim, St. I.], a. [Fr. ; L. maritimus; 
 mare, the sea.] Relating to the sea ; marine. 
 
 Mar'jo-ram, >*. [Fr. marjolaine; It. rnajorana; 
 Late L. majoraca; for L. amaracus ; Gr. ap-dpa- 
 kos.] An aromatic plant. 
 
 Mark, n. [A.-S. rnearc, bound, limit, mark; rnear- 
 cian, to mark ; Dut. merk v ; Dan. mserke, a mark ; 
 Ger. mark, Goth, raarka, a border-country : akin 
 to L. margo, a margin ; Skr. marga, a trace.] A 
 token by which any thing is known ; a stamp ; 
 a print; an impression; a proof: — an object to 
 shoot at: — [A.-S. marc; Ger. mark; Icel. mb'rk; 
 Old Scot, merk: originally a mark, sign, or 
 token ; then a fixed or marked weight or value] 
 a silver coin : — a badge.— 2, v. a. [ jjp- marking, 
 marked. 1 To impress with a token; to stamp; 
 to branu -to observe; to note; to notice. — 
 3, v. n. To note ; to take notice. 
 
 Mark'ed-ly, ad. In a marked or notable manner ; 
 so as to attract attention. 
 
 Mark'er, n. One who, or that which, marks. 
 
 Mar'ket, n. [L. mercatns, traffic, market; merx, 
 mercis, merchandise ; mercari, to trade ; Ger. 
 markl; Fr. marche : root of L. merere, to gain.] 
 A place for buying ami selling, particularly pro- 
 visions ; a place for anu time of sale ; a mart : — 
 purchase and sale ; sale. — 2, r. n. [pp. market- 
 ing, marketed.] To deal at a market ; to buy or 
 sell. — 3, v. a.- To sell ; to dispose of. 
 
 Mar'ket-a-ble, a. Fit for sale ; salable. 
 
 Marks'man, n. A man skilful to hit a mark. 
 
 Marks'man-ship, n. Skill in shooting. 
 
 Marl, n. '[0. Fr. marie; Fr. marine ; Welsh, marl; 
 Ger., Dan., & Dut. mergel; Late L. marga, mar- 
 gila.) A kind of fertilizing earth.— 2, v. a. [pp. 
 marling, marled.] To manure with marl. 
 
 Mar'lin.., n. [Dut. marlijn; marren, to tie, and 
 Zj/n, "aline.— See Moor.] (Naut.) A small, slightly- 
 twisted line, used to wind round cables, &c. 
 
 Mar'line-spike, n. An iron spike used by seamen. 
 
 Marl'y, a. Abounding with or like marl. 
 
 Mar' ma-lade, n. [Fr. marmelade; Port, marme- 
 lada;'marmelo, a quince; L. melimelum, a honey- 
 apple, a quince ; Gr. /u.eAi,u.7}Aov, a sweet apple ; 
 /ne'Ai, honey, and p.r)\ov, an apple.] A confec- 
 tion of quinces, &c, boiled with sugar. 
 
 Mar-mo-§et\ n. [0. Fr. ; Fr. marmouset, dim. of 
 marmot, a puppet, an ape; 0. Fr. merme, tiny, 
 little : corrupted from L. minimus, very small.] 
 A small monkey. 
 
 Mar'mot, or Mar-mot' [mar-mot', S. W. ; mar'- 
 mot, I. R. St. Ja. K. Wb. ; 
 mar-mot', P. Sm.], n. [It. 
 marmotfo ; Fr. marmotte ; 
 Romansch, murmont; L. 
 mus, muris, a mouse, and 
 mons, montiz, a moun- 
 tain.] A burrowing ani- 
 mal classed with rodents. Marmot. 
 
 Ma-r66n', n. [Fr. marron, It. marrone, a chestnut.] 
 A brownish-crimson or claret color : — [Fr. mar- 
 ron; Sp. cimarron, wild ; cima, a mountain-ridge] 
 a free negro living in the mountains in the West 
 Indies. — 2, a. Brownish-crimson ; of a claret 
 color. — 3, v. a. [pp. marooning, marooned.] 
 (Naut.) To leave on a desolate island, as sailors, 
 for punishment. 
 
 Mar'plot, n. One who defeats or mars a plot or 
 design by officious interference. 
 
 Marque (mark), n. [Fr. for "a mark," — formerly 
 a march, or border-district : it probably acquired 
 the sense of reprisal in connection with border 
 forays.] (Law.) A license : — a reprisal. — Letter 
 of marque and reprisal, a license to make reprisals 
 on an enemy. 
 
 Mar-quee' (mar-ke'), n. [Fr. marquise, a marchion- 
 ess, — also a tent ; said to have been an army- 
 tent to shelter ladies of rank ; but perhaps 
 named from its elegance.] A field-tent. 
 
 Mar'quess (mar'kwes), \ n. [Sp. marques; Fr. mar- 
 Mar' quis (mar'kwis), } quis ; It. marchese ; Late 
 L. marchensis or marchio ; marcha, a mark, or 
 march, a border-district. — Cf. Margrave.] (Eng) 
 One of he second order of nobility, next below 
 a duke. — Till of late, marquis was the usual and 
 almost the only form. 
 
 Mar'quet-ry. (mar'ket-re), n. [Fr. marqueterie ; 
 marqueter, to spot, to inlay; marque, a mark.] 
 Inlaid work. 
 
 Mar'quis-ate, n. The seigniory of a marquis. 
 
 Marquise (mar-kez'), n. [Fr.] A marchioness. 
 
 Ma.r'ria£e (mar'rij), n. [Fr. mariage ; Late L. 
 maritagimn. — See Marry.] The act of uniting a 
 man and woman for life ; wedlock ; matrimony. 
 
 Mar'riafe-a-ble (mar'rij-a-bl), a. That may be 
 married; fit for wedlock ; nubile. 
 
 Mar' row (mar'ro), n. [A.-S. mearh ; Dut. merg ; 
 Ger. mark; Dan. maro.~\ An oily substance in 
 bones ; the pith : — essence or best part. 
 
 Mar'row-fat, n. A large, rich pea. 
 
 Mar'row-less, «. Void of marrow or pith. 
 
 Mar'row-y, a. Pithy ; full of marrow. 
 
 Mar'ry^ v. a. [Fr. marier ; L. m.aritare ; maritus, a 
 husband ; mas, maris, a male.] [ pp. marrying, 
 married.] To unite in marriage; to give in 
 marriage ; to take in marriage. — 2, v. n. To 
 enter into the conjugal state. — 3, interj. By 
 Mary (an oath). 
 
 Mar§, n. The Roman god of war : — a planet. 
 
 Marsh, n. [A.-S. mersc, Low Ger. marsch, a marsh ; 
 A.-S. merisc, marshy. — See Mere.] A watery 
 tract of land ; a swamp. 
 
 Mar'shal, n. [Fr. marechal; Ger. marscltall; 0. 
 Ger. marah, a horse, a steed (see Mare), and 
 8halk, A.-S. scealc, a servant. — Cf. Ger. & Dut. 
 schalk, a knave.] A chief officer of arms or of an 
 army ; a field-marshal : — a police-officer : — a 
 master of ceremonies ; a herald. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 marshalling, marshalled.] To arrange; to rank 
 in order. 
 
 Mar'shal-ship, n. The office of a marshal. 
 
 Marsh'-mal-low, n. An astringent salt-marsh 
 plant : — a confection. 
 
 Marsh'y, a. Boggy; wet; fenny; swampy. 
 
 Mar-su'pi-al, n. [L. marsupium, a pouch ; Gr. 
 jxapo-v nio'v, dim. of ixdp&vnos, a bag.] One of a 
 class of quadrupeds the female of which carries 
 her young in a pouch, as the kangaroo. — Used 
 also as an adjective ; as, a marsupial animal. 
 
 Mart, n. [For market.] A place of public traffic ; 
 a market. 
 
 Mar-tel'lo, a. [It. martello, a hammer : a bell in 
 the tower was formerly struck with a hammer 
 on the approach of an enemy.] Noting a circu- 
 lar tower for defence. 
 
 Mar'ten, n. [Fr. & 0. E. 
 martre ; 0. E. also mar- 
 tern; It. martosa; Ger. 
 murder; A.-S. meard ; 
 L. martes.] A large kind 
 of weasel : — a martin. 
 
 Mar'tial (mar'shal), a. 
 [L. martialis, like Mars 
 
 (gen. Marlis).] Warlike; given to war; suiting 
 war; military; soldier-like. 
 
 Mar'tial (mar'shal), \ a. Of or pertaining to the 
 
 Mar'tian (mar'shan), J planet Mars. 
 
 Mar' tin, a. [Fr. ;" properly, a personal name, like 
 Robin, Jenny Wren, &c] A swallow ; a martlet : 
 — a marten. 
 
 a, e, I, o, ii, y, long ; a, e, I, o, fl, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, f&st, fall ; heir, her; 
 
MAKTIXET 
 
 355 
 
 MATE 
 
 Mar-ti-net', n. [From a French tactician of that 
 name in the seventeenth century.] A kind of 
 swallow : — a precise or stz-ict military disciplina- 
 rian.— (Xaut.) A small rope. 
 
 Mar' tin-gal, ( n. [Fr. ; originally the name of 
 
 Mar' tin-gale, J a kind of breeches; named from 
 Martigu.es in Provence.] A strap made fast to a 
 horse's girth. — (Xaut.) A spar. 
 
 Mar' tin-mas. n. [St. Martin and Mass.] Feast of St. 
 Martin, — Nov. 11. [of swallow; a martin. 
 
 Mart'let, n. [Fr. martelet, a dim. of martin.] A kind 
 
 MaVtyr, n. [L.; Gr. ixdprvp, fxdprvs, a witness.] 
 One who is put to death fur the truth, or on ac- 
 count of his belief.— 2, v. a. [pp. martyring, 
 martyred.] To put to death as a martyr. 
 
 Mar'tyr-dom, re. The death of a martyr. 
 
 Mar-tyr-ol'o-gist, n. A writer of martyrology. 
 
 Mar-tyr-ol'o-gy, n. [Gr. ixdprvp, a martyr, and 
 Ao-yos, a discourse.] A register of martyrs. 
 
 Mar'vel, n. [Fr. merveille, It. rnaraviglia, a mar- 
 vel ; L. mirabUia, wonderful things; mirabilis, 
 wonderful; mirari, to admire; minis, strange.] 
 Any thing astonishing; a wonder; a prodigy; a 
 miracle. See Miracle. — 2, v. n. [pp. marvel- 
 ling, marvelled.] To wonder ; to be astonished. 
 
 Mar'vel-lous, a. Wonderful; amazing; very 
 strange ; astonishing; extraordinary. 
 
 Mar'vel-loSs-ly, ad. Wonderfully. 
 
 Mar'vel-lous-ness. n. Wonderfulness. 
 
 Mas'cu-line, «• [L. masculinus, or masculus; mas, 
 a male.] Male ; not feminine ; manly. — (Gram.) 
 Considered of the male sex. 
 
 Mas'cu-lme-ly, ad. In a masculine manner. 
 
 Mas'cii-line-ness, re. Masculine quality. 
 
 Mas-cu-lin'i-ty, ». Masculine quality. 
 
 Mash, a. [I)an. mask; Ger.meisch: root of Mix.] 
 A mixture; a mass: — a mesh. — 2, v. a. [Dan. 
 mseske ; Ger. me'ischeu; Celt, masg : distinct from 
 Fr. mdcher, to chew, to mash.] [pp. mashing, 
 mashed.] To beat into a mass ; to mix : — to smash. 
 
 Mask, n. [Fr. masque, a mask, a masker; Sp. 
 mascara, a masker; Arab, maskharat, & buffoon.] 
 A cover to disguise the face ; a blind ; a visor : — 
 a revel.— 2, a, a. [pp. masking, masked.] To 
 disguise as with a mask ; to cover. 
 
 Mask'er, n. One who revels in a mask. 
 
 Ma'son (ma'sn), tt. [Fr. maCon; Late L. macio ; 
 Ger. steinmetz ; 0. Ger. mezzo; meissen, to hew.] 
 A builder in stone or brick : — a free-mason. 
 
 Ma-son'ic, a. Relating to masons, or to free- 
 masons, [son : — free-masonry. 
 
 Ma'son-ry. h. [Fr. mafohnerie.] Work of a ma- 
 Masque (mask), )j. [Fr.] A mask : — a histrionic 
 pageant. 
 
 Mas-quer-ade' (tnas-ker-ad'), n. [Fr. mascarade; 
 It. masi-herhta ; Sp. n/ascarada. — See Masque.] 
 A diversion in which the company is masked; 
 disguise. — 2, v. n. [pp. masquerading, masquer- 
 aded.] To assemble in masks : — to go in disguise. 
 
 Mas-quer-ad'er, n. A person in a mask. 
 
 Mass, ))■ [Fr. masse; L. massa; Gr. ixdo-a-eiv, to 
 knead.] A body; a lump; the bulk; the whole 
 quantity : — a confused assemblage : — [A.-S. 
 msesse, Ger. messe, Sw. messa, Fr. mease, Dut. 
 mis, Late L. miasa, a mass; L. mittere, mission, 
 to send away] the celebration of the Lord's sup- 
 per in the Roman Catholic church :— music for 
 the Eucharistic celebration. — 2, v. a. & r. n. [pp. 
 massing, massed.] To assemble in a body. 
 Mas'sa-cre (mas'a-ker), n. |Fr. ; probably related 
 to Ger. metzgern, to slaughter: akin to Mason.] 
 Indiscriminate destruction; carnage; butchery; 
 murder.— 2, /•. a. [Fr. massaerer.] [pp. massa- 
 cring, massacred.] To butcher; to slaughter. 
 Massage uua-sazb'), ». [Fr. ; masser, to mass 
 (q. v.) ; Gr. fidaveiv, to knead.] A method of 
 treating certain ailments by pinching and knead- 
 ing the body; shampooing. 
 Mas'se-ter, n. (Anat.) [Gr. /uacrrjTTjp ; nao-dadai, 
 to chew'.] A muscle of the lower jaw that assists 
 in chewing;. 
 
 Mas' si-cot, n. [Fr.] A yellowish oxide of lead. 
 
 Mas'si-ness, \ n. State or quality of being mas- 
 
 Mas'sive-ness, J sive; weight; bulk. [massy. 
 
 Mas'sive, a. [Fr. massif.] Heavy ; weighty ; bulky; 
 
 Mas'sy, «. Bulky ; heavy; massive. 
 
 Mast [mast, I. St.; mast, H.], n. [A.-S. msest, a 
 tree, a mast ; Dut., Sw., Dan., A: Ger. mast] The 
 elevated beam or timber of a vessel : — [A.-S. 
 msest; Ger. mast; mdsten, to fatten] the fruit of 
 the oak, beech, &c. 
 
 Mas'ter [mas'ter, I. St. ; mas'ter, H.], re. [Fr. 
 maitre, 0. Fr. maistre, L. magister, a master; 
 originally a comparative form from magnus, 
 great.] One who has servants, persons, or things 
 in subjection ; a director : — a teacher of a school : 
 — an owner:— a ruler: — a title in universities; 
 as, master of arts :— an official title in law ; as, 
 master in chancery : — an appellation given to a 
 boy in his minority ; as, Master Henry : — a term 
 of respect, abbreviated to Mr. and in pronuncia- 
 tion corrupted to mister. — 2, c. a. [pp. master- 
 ing, mastered.] To rule; to govern: to guide. 
 
 Mas'ter-ful, «. Masterly; having skill or ability: 
 — imperious. 
 
 Mas'ter-key, n. A key which opens many locks : 
 — a clew out of many difficulties. [able. 
 
 Mas'ter-ly, a. Having or showing skill ; skilful ; 
 
 Mas'ter-piece, n. A capital perforn tnv'e. 
 
 Mas'ter-ship, n. The position of aster : — mas- 
 tery. 
 
 Mas'ter-stroke, ». A clever achievement. 
 
 Mas'ter-y, n. Dominion; rule; superiority. 
 
 Mast' -head, n. (Xaut.) The head d*. mast. — 2,v.a. 
 [pp. mast-heading, mast-headed.] To cause to 
 remain at the mast-head as a punishment. 
 
 Mas' tic. n. [Gr. ixaanxr). —literally, chewing- 
 substance.— See MASr cate.] The lentisk, a tree 
 and its resin. 
 
 Mas'ti-cate, v. a. [L. maslicare, masticatum; Gr. 
 ixaarrd^eiy, to chew. — Cf. L. mandere, to chew.] 
 [pp. masticating, masticated.] To chew with 
 the teeth. [chewing. 
 
 Mas-ti-ca'tion, n. [L. mastieaiio.] The act of 
 
 Mas'ti-ca-to-ry, re. Medicine or other substance 
 to be chewed. 
 
 Mas'tiff [mas'tif, St. J. ; mas'tif, H.], ». [Fr. 
 matin, a mastiff, a fat man ; 6. Fr. mastin, It. 
 mastino, a mastiff; Sp. mastin, a mastiff, a clumsy 
 fellow. — Cf. Ger. mast, mastig, tat; masten, to 
 fatten.] A large, fierce breed of dog. 
 
 Mas'to-don, n. [Gr. /xao-ros, breast, nipple, and 
 68ous, 656fTos, a tooth.] A huge quadruped 
 allied to the elephant, now extinct. 
 
 Mas' told, a. [Gr. /uao-ToeiS^s ; /uao-ro?, a nipple.] 
 Shaped like the breast. 
 
 Mas-tur-ba'tion, n. [L. masturbari, to defile one's 
 self.] Self-pollution. 
 
 Mat, n. [L. matla; Late L. natta ; A.-S. meatta ; 
 Dut. mat ; Ger. matta ; Fr. natte : probably akin 
 to L. mama, nappa, a napkin (</. ».).] A texture 
 of sedge, flags, rushes, &c, used for wiping the 
 feet and for other purposes. — 2, v. a. [pp. mat- 
 ting, matted.] To cover with, mats; to twist. 
 
 Match, n. [Fr. meclie. — Cf. L. mi/.ra, a wick, or a 
 wick-tube; Gr. /u.u£a, a nostril, a nozzle.] Any 
 thing that catches fire: — [A.-S. msecca, maca, 
 0. E. make, a mate (q. v.), a companion ; Sw. 
 make, a fellow ; Dan. wage, a companion, a 
 match] a contest; a game': — one equal to an- 
 other; an equal : — a union by marriage. — 2, r. a. 
 [jip. matching, matched.] To be equal to; to 
 suit ; to marry. — 3, v. v. To be married ; to suit ; 
 to tally ; to resemble closely. 
 
 Match'a-ble, a. Comparable ; fit to be compared. 
 
 Match'less, a. Having no equal : unrivalled. 
 
 Match'lock. n. A gun-luck holding a match; a 
 gun fired by a lock holding a match. 
 
 Mate, n. [Dut. maat ; 0. Sw. mat: root of A.-S. 
 msecca, maca, a mate ; propei'ly gemaca, an equal, 
 one of like make (7. v.).] A companion ; an as- 
 sociate : — a second officer in a mercliant-vessel : 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — Q, Q, c, g, soft; p, p, g, g, hard; § ;i» z . x as gz ; this. 
 
MATE 
 
 356 
 
 MAWKISH 
 
 — checkmate. — 2, v. a. [pp. mating, mated.] 
 To match ; to marry ; to equal :— [see Check- 
 mate] to checkmate. 
 
 Mate (ma'ta), n. [Guarani.] Paraguay tea. 
 
 Ma-te'ri-al, a. [L. materialis. — See Matter.] 
 Consisting of matter; corporeal; not spiritual; 
 important; essential.— 2, n . The substance of 
 which any thing is made ; matter. 
 
 Ma-te'ri-al-ism, n. Doctrine of materialists. 
 
 Ma-te'ri-al-ist, n. One who denies the existence 
 of spiritual substances. 
 
 Ma-te-ri-al'i-ty., n. Corporeity; material exist- 
 ence: — importance; moment; -weight. 
 
 Ma-te-ri-al-i-za/tion, n. The act of material- 
 izing or of rendering or becoming material. 
 
 Ma-te'ri-al-Ize, v. a. [pp. materializing, mate- 
 rialized.'] To form into matter.— 2, v. n. To 
 assume a material form. 
 
 Ma-te'ri-al-ly, ad. In a material manner. 
 
 Ma-te'ri-a med'i-ca. flu] Substances used in 
 medicine : — the branch of medical science which 
 treats of the knowledge of medicines. 
 
 Ma-te'rj-el (-ta'-), n. [Fr.] The provisions, arms, 
 equipage, &c, of an army or a navy. 
 
 Ma-ter'nal, a. [L. m ate ni alts ; mater, a mother 
 (q. v.).] Befitting a mother ; motherly. 
 
 Ma-ter'ni-ty, ». [L. matemitas ; Fr. matemite. — 
 See Mother.] State or relation of a mother. 
 
 Math-e-mat'ic, \a. [Gr. ju.a07jju.aTi;c6s, belong- 
 
 Math-e-mat'i-cal, J ing to knowledge ; ^dOn^a, 
 learning, science ; fxavOdvetv, to learn. — Cf. Skr. 
 man, to think.] Relating to mathematics ; con- 
 formed or according to mathematics. [matics. 
 
 Math-e-mat'i-cal-ly, ad. According to niathe- 
 
 Math-e-ma-ti"cian (math-e-ma-tish'an), n. One 
 who is versed in mathematics* 
 
 Math-e-mat'ics, n. [See Mathematic] That sci- 
 ence which treats of numbers and magnitude, 
 or of whatever is capable of being numbered or 
 measured. 
 
 Ma-ti'co [mat'e-kd, St. N.], n. [Peruvian.] A 
 medicinal shrub and its leaves. 
 
 Mat'in, a. [See Matins.] Relating to or used in 
 the" morning. 
 
 Mat-i-nee (mat-e-na'), n. [Fr.] The forenoon : — 
 an afternoon musical or dramatic entertainment. 
 
 Mat'ins, n. pi. [Fr. matin, It. mattino, morning; 
 L. matutinns, belonging to morning.] Morning 
 worship or service. 
 
 Mat'rass, n. [Sp. matraz; Fr. matras, a javelin or 
 arrow, — also, a long, slender vessel ; L. materis, 
 a Celtic javelin.] A chemical glass vessel. 
 
 Ma'trice (ma'tris), n. [L. matrix : akin to mater, 
 matris, mother.] The womb ; a matrix. 
 
 Mat'rice (mat' ris), n. A matrix ; a mould for 
 casting types, coins, <fcc. 
 
 Mat'ri-clde, n. [L. matricida, a matricide (per- 
 son) ; matrieidium, matricide (the crime); mater, 
 a mother, and csedere, to slay.] The murder of 
 a mother : — the murderer of a mother. 
 
 Ma-tric'u-late, v. a. [Late L. matricidare, matricu- 
 latum, to enroll; L. matricida, a list, dim. of 
 mater, a mother, — later, a register.] [pp. ma- 
 triculating, matriculated.] To admit to mem- 
 bership. — 2, v. n. To be enrolled as a member. 
 
 Ma-tric'u-late, n. One who is matriculated. 
 
 Ma-tric-u-la'tion, n. The act of matriculating. 
 
 Mat-ri-mo'ni-ai, a. Relating to marriage. 
 
 Mat-ri-mo'ni-al-ly,, ad. Connubially. 
 
 Mat'ri-mo-ny, «. [L. matrimonium, marriage, — 
 properly, the condition or state of being a wife ; 
 from mater, mother.] The state of those who are 
 married ; the nuptial state ; wedlock ; marriage. 
 
 Ma/trix, n. [L. — See Matrice.] The womb; a 
 mould ; a matrice : — a gangue. 
 
 Ma'tron, n. [Fr. matrone ; L. matrona, — extended 
 form of mater, mother (q. v.).] An elderly lady : 
 — a married woman. 
 
 Mat'ron-al, or Ma'tron-al, a. [L. matronalis.] 
 Relating or suitable to a' matron ; motherly. 
 
 Ma'tron-ly, a. Motherly; matron-like. 
 
 [Dan. matros, Dut. matroos, Ger. 
 sailor.] An under-soldier in the 
 
 Ma-tross', 
 malrose, i 
 artillery. 
 
 Matte (mat), n. [Fr. matte, regulus, curds.— Cf. 
 Sp. mate, rough.] Crude copper ; a mass of crude 
 copper. 
 
 Mat'ter, n. [Fr. matiere, L. matena, matter, stuff.] 
 That which is visible or tangible; that which 
 occupies space ; body ; substance extended, either 
 solid, liquid, or aeriform :— pus :— subject ; affair ; 
 business :— importance.— 2, v. n. [pp. mattering, 
 mattered.] To be of importance ; to import. 
 
 Mat' ting, n. Materials for mats: — mats; a cov- 
 ering for floors. 
 
 Mat' took, n. [A.-S. mattuc ; Welsh, matog ; Gael. 
 madag ; Russ. motuika; Lith. muttikas.] A tool 
 of husbandry ; a pickaxe. 
 
 Mat' tress, n. [Fr. matelas; 0. Fr. materas ; It. 
 materasso.—Cf. Sp. almadraque, a mattress ; from 
 the Arabic] A bed stuffed with hair, wool, &c. 
 
 Mat'u-rate (mat'yu-rat), v. a. & r. n. [L. maturare, 
 maturation, to ripen ; maturus, ripe.] [ pp. matu- 
 rating,^ maturated.] To ripen; to suppurate. 
 
 Mat-u-ra'tion, n. [L. matiiratio.] The state of 
 growing ripe :— suppuration. 
 
 Ma-ture', a. [L. maturus, ripe.] Having maturity ; 
 perfected by time ; perfect in growth, in condi- 
 tion, or in years ; ripe ; complete ; well digested ; 
 well considered. — 2, v. a. [pp. maturing, ma- 
 tured.] To ripen; to make ripe. — 3, v. n. To 
 become ripe or perfect. 
 
 Ma-ture'ly, ad. Ripely ; completely ; early. 
 
 Ma-tu'ri-ty, n. [Fr. matin- itc ; L. maturitas.] A 
 mature state; ripeness.— {Law.) The time when 
 a note is due. 
 
 Mat'u-ti-nal [ma-tu'tj-nal, K. ; mat-yu-ti'nal or 
 ma-tu'tj-nal, H. ; mat'yu-ti'ual, St. I. K.), a. 
 [L. matutinalis.—See Matin.] "Relating to the 
 morning. 
 
 Maud'lin, a. [From Mary Magdalen, as the type 
 of tearful repentance. The name Magdalen is 
 from the town Magdala ; named from Heb. 
 migdol, a tower.] Drunk; fuddled; stupid; 
 gushing :— excessively sentimental. 
 
 Mau'gre (maw'ger), prep. [0. Fr. ; Fr. malgrc, in 
 spite of; L. malus, ill, and gratum, pleasing.] 
 In spite of. 
 
 Maul, n. [See Mall.] A heavy wooden hammer; 
 a mall. — 2, v. a. [pp. mauling, mauled.] To 
 beat harshly ; to mall. 
 
 Maul'-stick, n. [Ger. malerstocJc ; maler, a painter, 
 and stock, a stick.] A painter's stick on which 
 he rests his hand while painting. 
 
 Maund [inand, W. Ja. Sm. ; mawnd, St. I. P. E. J. 
 K. C'.j, n. [Dut. & A.-S. mand, a basket.] A 
 hand-basket; a hamper :— [Per., Hind., & Beng. 
 man or mand] a weight in India. 
 
 Maun'der [niawn'der, S. P. J. K. St. I.], v. n. [0. E. 
 maunder, a beggar; from maund, a basket.] [pp. 
 maundering, maundered.] To murmur; to beg. 
 
 Maun'dy-Thiir§'dax, n. [L. mandatnm novum, a 
 new commandment. — See John xiii. 34.] The 
 Thursday preceding Good Friday and Easter. 
 
 Mau-so-le'um, n. [L. ; Gr. fj.avo-<akelov ; from the 
 splendid tomb of Mausolns, a satrap of Caria.] 
 L. pi. Mau-so-le'a; Eng. Mau-so-le'ums. A 
 magnificent tomb or monument. 
 
 Mauve (or mov), n. [Fr. mauve, mauve, a mallow; 
 L. malva, a mallow : referring to certain tints 
 in the flowers of a mallow.] A rich violet color- 
 ing matter obtained from aniline and yielding a 
 variety of brilliant and permanent shades : — the 
 color it produces. — 2, a. Of a rich violet color. 
 
 Ma' vis, n. [Fr. manvis; Sp. malvis: probably a 
 Celtic word.] A thrush, or a bird like a thrush. 
 
 Maw, n. [A.-S. maga ; Dut. maag ; Dan. mave; 
 Ger. magen.] The stomach of animals : — the craw. 
 
 Mawk'ish, a. [0. E. mawkish, maggoty, loath- 
 some ; madek, meade, Dan. maddik, Norse makk, 
 Ger. made, a maggot.] Apt to give satiety or 
 to cause loathing. 
 
 e, l, o, u, y, 
 
 a, e, i, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y,, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
MAW-SEED 
 
 357 
 
 MEDDLESOME 
 
 Maw'-seed, n. The seed of a species of poppy, 
 used as food or medicine for birds. 
 
 MaVw'-worm (-wiirm), ». A worm in the stomach ; 
 hence, a parasite. 
 
 Max-Il'la, n. ; pi. Max-Il'lae. [L. for *' a jaw- 
 bone ;"'dim. of mala, the cheek.] A jaw ; a jaw- 
 bone, [jaw-bone. 
 
 Max'il-la-ry, a. [L. maxillaris.] Belonging to the 
 
 Max'im.'re. '[L. maximus, greatest, superlative of 
 magnus, great.] A generally received and ad- 
 mitted truth or principle ; a leading truth in 
 morals ; an aphorism ; a proverb. See Axiom. 
 
 Max'i-mum, n. ; pi. Max'i-ma. [L.] The greatest 
 quantity attainable in a' given case : — opposed to 
 minimum.— 2, a. The greatest. 
 
 May (ma), auxiliary verb. [A.-S. ic mseg, l>ut. ik 
 ■ mag, I may ; A.-S. mugan, Dut. mogen, Ger. 
 mogen, to be able.] [t. might.] To be per- 
 mitted ; to be allowed ; to be possible. — 5J, n. 
 [L. mains; said to be in honor of the goddess 
 Maia: akin to major, greater: it is the month 
 of growth.] The fifth month of the year. — 
 3, v. n. To gather flowers on May-day. [fruit. 
 
 May'-ap-ple, n. The American mandrake and its 
 
 May'-day (nia'da), n. The first day of May. 
 
 May'-flbw-er, n. A flower that blossoms in May. 
 
 May-hap', ad. Perhaps; it may be. 
 
 Mayhem (ma/hem or mam), n. [See Maim.] 
 (Law.) The act of maiming ; lameness; maim. 
 
 May'ing, n. The gathering of flowers on May-day. 
 
 May'or [mu'ur, \\~. J. F. Ja. Sm. Wb. ; mar, S. 
 E.],'n. [Sp. mayor, L. major, greater.] The chief 
 magistrate of a city. 
 
 May'or-al-ty, re. The office of a mayor. 
 
 May'or-ess, re. The wife of a mayor. 
 
 May'-pole, n. A pole danced round in May. 
 
 Maz'ard, n. [0. E. mazer, a bowl, — at first a 
 maple bowl ; 0. Dut. maser, a knot. — Cf. Icel. 
 mosurr, a maple; 0. Ger. masa, a spot, a dot.] 
 A sort of cherry :— the head. 
 
 Maze. n. [Norse masa, to chatter, to be occupied 
 with troublesome work ; Local Sw. masa, to be 
 lazy.] A state of perplexity ; a labyrinth ; con- 
 fusion; uncertainty; perplexity. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 mazing, mazed.] To bewilder; to amaze. 
 
 Ma-zur'ka, n. [From Mazovia, a former district 
 in Poland, whose people were called Maeures. 
 Mazurka is also the name of a town and river in 
 Russia.] A Polish dance in % or % time; also, 
 the music to which it is danced. 
 
 Ma'zy, a. Full of windings. 
 
 Me, pron. [A.-S. me; Dut. my; Ger. mich; L. me; 
 Gr. /me, e/u.e; Skr. me.] The objective case of /. 
 
 Mead. n. [A.-S. medu, Dut. mede, Ger. meth, Welsh 
 me<bl, Gr. p.eOv, intoxicating drink. — Cf. Skr. 
 mailltu. sweet ; Lith. middus, mead, medus, honey ] 
 A drink made of water and honey; hydromel ; 
 nietheglin : — [see Meadow] a meadow. 
 
 Mead'ow (med'o), re. [A.-S. msedu; Ger. mahd, a 
 mowing; Swiss matt, a meadow: root of Mow.] 
 Land mown for hay : — low or marshy land. 
 
 Mea'gre (me'ger), a. [Fr. maigre ; Ger. mager; 
 Dan. magr; L. macer, thin.] Lean; thin; poor. 
 
 Mea'gre-ly (me'ger-le), ad. Poorly; thinly. 
 
 Mea'gre-ness (me'ger-nes), n. Leanness. 
 
 Meal, n. [A.-S. mad, Dut. maal, a time, a meal; 
 Ger. muhl, a meal ; mat, time.] A repast: — [A.-S. 
 melu ; Dut. & Dan. meel ; Ger. mehl: root of 
 Mill] corn or grain ground. 
 
 Meal'i-ness, n. The quality of being mealy. 
 
 Meal'y, a. Having or resembling meal. 
 
 Meal'y-moutned (mele-mouthd), a. Bashful; 
 using soft words ; suppressing the truth. 
 
 Mean, a. [A.-S. mxne, wicked. — Cf. A.-S. gemsene, 
 Dut. gemeen, common, bad; Icel. meinn, base: 
 perhaps referable to the root of Diminish.] 
 Wanting dignity ; of low rank; ordinary; com- 
 mon; base; contemptible; low; vile; coarse: — 
 [Fr. mogen ; 0. Fr. meien ; L. medianus, for me- 
 dius, middle] middle: intermediate; moderate. — 
 2, n. A middle state between two extremes ; 
 
 a medium; a middle rate ; mediocrity : — means. 
 — 3, v. n. [A.-S. msenan; Dut. meenen; Dan. 
 mene; Ger. meinen : root of Mind.] [i. meant; 
 pp. meaning, meant.] To have in mind ; to pur- 
 pose. — 4, v. a. To purpose ; to intend ; to design. 
 
 Me-an'der, n. [L. Mseander, Gr. MaiavSpos, a 
 river celebrated for its windings.] A labyrinth ; 
 a winding. — 2, v. n, [pp. meandering, mean- 
 dered.] To run with a winding course. — 3, v. a. 
 To turn round ; to wind about : — to follow out ; 
 to track. 
 
 Mean'ing, re. That which is meant ; design ; pur- 
 pose'; intention; signification; sense. — 2, a. Sig- 
 nificant; suggestive; full of meaning. 
 
 Mean'ing-less, a. Without any meaning. 
 
 Mean'ing-ly, ad. Significantly. 
 
 Mean'iy, ad. In a mean manner; basely. 
 
 Mean'ness, n. Want of dignity ; baseness. 
 
 Means, n. sing. & pi. [See Mean.] An instru- 
 ment ; method ; mode ; way. — pi. Income ; rev- 
 enue ; resources. 
 
 Meant (nient), i. & p. from mean. 
 
 Mean'time, ad. In the intervening time. — 2, n. 
 Intervening time. [Intervening time. 
 
 Mean'while, ad. In the intervening time. — 2, ii. 
 
 Mea'§le§ (nie'zlz), re. pi. [Dut. maselen : Ger. ma- 
 sern; maser, O. Ger. masa, a spot.] A contagious, 
 eruptive disease : — a disease in swine. 
 
 Mea'sly (ine'zle), a. Infected with measles. 
 
 Meas/u-ra-ble (mezh'u-ra-bl), a. That may be' 
 measured : — moderate ; small. 
 
 Meas'u-ra-bly (mezh'u-ra-ble), ad. Moderately. 
 
 Meas'iire (mezh'ur), re. [Fr. mesure; L. mensvra: 
 metiri, mensus, to measure.] That by which any 
 thing is measured ; a standard : — proportion ; 
 extent; degree ; quantity : — moderation; limit: 
 — metre: — musical time. — ph Proceedings. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. measuring, measured.] To compute 
 by rule; to adjust; to proportion; to mark out. 
 
 Meas/ure-less (niezh'ur-les), a. Immeasurable. 
 
 Meas'ure-ment (mezh'ur-nient), n. Act of meas- 
 uring; measure; mensuration. 
 
 Meat, ». [A.-S. mete; Dan. mad; Goth, mats, 
 food.] Flesh to be eaten; food. 
 
 Me-a'tus, n. [L. ; meare, meatum, to pass, to go.]» 
 A passage in the animal body. 
 
 Meat'y, «. Having meat; fleshy. 
 
 Me-ehan'ic, n. [Gr. /ar/xaiuKo? ; /unj^a»'>j, a ma- 
 chine (<]. v.).] One employed in mechanical or 
 manual labor; an artisan ; an artificer. 
 
 Me-chan'ic, \a. Relating to mechanism or 
 
 Me-chan'i-cal. (mechanics; employed in manual 
 labor. — Mechanical powers, the lever, the wheel 
 and axle, the pulley, the inclined plane, the 
 wedge, and the screw. [by force of habit. 
 
 Me-ehan'i-cal-ly, ad. By mechanical means : — 
 
 Mgch-a-ni"cian (mek-a-nfeh'an), n. A maker of 
 machines; a mechaTiical phUosopher. 
 
 Me-chan'ics, n. The science of the laws of matter 
 and motion ; the science which treats of forces 
 and powers, and of their action on bodies, either 
 directly or by the intervention of machinery. 
 
 Mech'an-ism, »• Action according to the laws of 
 mechanics: — the construction of a machine. 
 
 Med'al, n. [Fr. mSdaille; It. medagUa; Late L. 
 medaha, medalla ; from L. metallum, metal (q. v.).] 
 An ancient coin :— a piece of metal stamped in 
 honor of some person or event. 
 
 Me-dal'lion (me-dal'yvini. n. [Fr. medaiQon, It. 
 medaglione, augmentative forms. — See Medal.] 
 A large medal : — a figured tablet. 
 
 Med'al-Hst, ». A person skilled in medals : — one 
 who gains a prize-medal. 
 
 Med'dle (med'dl), v. n. [0. Fr. mesler, meller, — cor- 
 rupted under the influence of L. medius or its 
 derivatives to medler ; Fr. mcler, to mix, to min- 
 gle; Late L. vasculare, L. miscere, to mix; mis- 
 cellus, mixed.] [pp. meddling, meddled.] To 
 have to do ; to interfere. 
 
 Med'dler, re. One who meddles ; a busybody. 
 
 Med'dle-some, a. Intermeddling; officious. 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — g, Q, c, &. soft; p, p, g, g, hard; § asz; x as gz ; this. 
 
MEDDLING 
 
 358 
 
 MELLOW 
 
 Med'dling, n. Officious interference. — 2, a. Offi- 
 cious'; interfering in other people's business. 
 
 Me'di-a, n. [L.J Plural of medium. 
 
 Med-j-se'val [me-, H. St.}, a. [L. medius, middle, 
 and sevam, an age.] Relating to the middle 
 ages :— written also medieval, 
 
 Me'dj-al, a. Middle; mesial :— -average. 
 
 Me'di-an, a. Middle; mesial: — pertaining to 
 Media or the Medes. 
 
 Me-di-as-ti'num, n. [L.] The mesian partition 
 of the chest. 
 
 Me'di-ate, v. n. [L. mediate, mediation, to be in 
 the midst; medius, middle (q.v.).] [pp. medi- 
 ating, mediated.] To interpose as a friend be- 
 tween two parties; to intercede; to interfere. — 
 2, v. a. To effect by mediation. 
 
 Me'di-ate, o. Intervening : — not direct. 
 
 Me'di-ate-ly, ad. By a secondary cause. 
 
 Me-di-a'tion, u. Act of mediating; intervention; 
 interference ; interposition ; intercession. 
 
 Me'di-a-tlze, v. a. [See Mediate.] [pp. media- 
 tizing, mediatized.] To render subject, as a 
 prince, without deprivation of rank and titles. 
 
 Me'dj-a-tor, n. [L. ; from mediare, to mediate 
 [g. i-.).] ' One who interposes between two par- 
 ties : — the Redeemer. 
 
 Me-di-^-to'rj-al, a. Relating to a mediator. 
 
 Me-di-a' tor-ship, n. The office of a mediator. 
 
 Me'dj-a-to-ry, a. Pertaining to a mediator or to 
 mediation. 
 
 Me'di-a-trix, n. [L.] A female mediator. 
 
 Med'ic, n. [L. medico, ; for Gr. /u.ijSik:7j, Median 
 grass.] A certain forage-plant. 
 
 Med'i-cal, a. [Fr. medical; Late L. viedicalis; L. 
 medicos, a physician; mederi, to cure.] Relating 
 to medicine. 
 
 Med'i-cal-ly, ad. Physically ; medicinally. 
 
 Med'i-ea-ment [med'e-ka-ment or me-dik'a-ment, 
 W. I. F.], n. [L. medicamentum,] Any thing 
 used in healing. 
 
 Med'i-cate, v. a. [L. medicare, medicatnm, to cure.] 
 [pp. medicating, medicated.] To treat or tinct- 
 ure with medicine. [medicine. 
 
 Med-i-ca'tion, n. [L. medicalio.] Treatment with 
 
 Me-dlc'i-nal [me-dis'e-nal or nied-e-si'nal, S. W. 
 J. Jo.], a. [L. medicinalis; Fr. medicinal.] Be- 
 longing to physic or medicine; healing; sana- 
 tive ; medical ; physical. 
 
 Me-dic'i-nal-ly, ad. In a medicinal manner. 
 
 Med'i-cine [med'sin, S. I. K. ; med'e-sin, collo- 
 quially med'sin, St. Sm.], n. [L.medicina; me- 
 deri, to heal. — Cf. Zend madh, to treat with med- 
 icine ; madha, medical knowledge.— Cf. Mathe- 
 matics.] That branch of physic which relates 
 to the healing of diseases : — a drug : — a potion : 
 — physic : — a remedial agent; a remedy. 
 
 Med'i-co-le'gal, a. Relating to law and medi- 
 cine, or to medical jurisprudence. 
 
 Med-i-e'val, a. Same as Medieval. 
 
 Me'di-o-cre (me'de-o-kur), a. [Fr. mediocre; L. 
 mediocris; medius, middling, middle.] Of mod- 
 erate quality or degree ; of moderate ability. 
 
 Me-di-oe'ri-ty, n. [Fr. mediocritS; L. mediocritas.] 
 Moderate degree ; middle rate, state, or degree ; 
 moderation. ' 
 
 Med'i-tate, v. a. [L. meditari, medUatus, to pon- 
 der.] [pp. meditating, meditated.] To plan; to 
 think on. — 2, v. ». To dwell in thought on any 
 thing ; to think ; to contemplate. 
 
 Med-i-ta'tion, n. [L. meditatio.] Deep thought; 
 contemplation. [tation. 
 
 Med'i-ta-tive, a. [L. meditatimis.] Given to medi- 
 
 Med-i-ter-ra'ne-an. a. [L. viediterraneus ; medius, 
 middle, and terra-, land.] Encircled by land, as 
 a sea ; lying between lands. 
 
 Me'di-um, n. ; L. pi. Me'di-a, Eng. Me'di-ums. 
 [L. medius, middle (q. v.).] A space or sub- 
 stance passed through : — the mean or middle 
 state or degree ; mean :— an instrument through 
 which an agent acts or is acted upon. — 2, a. 
 Middling; average; median: — intermediate. 
 
 Med'lar, n. [Gr. p.eo-m.\ov ; L. mespilum ; 0. Fr. 
 meslier, mesle : probably under the influence of 
 mesler, medler, to meddle (</. v.), it was corrupted 
 to its present English form.] A tree, and the 
 fruit of the tree. 
 
 Med/ley (med'le), v. [0. Fr. medlee, meslee, Fr. 
 melte, a confused fight, — properly, a mixture. — 
 See Meddle.] A mixture ; mingled mass. 
 
 Me-dul'la, ». [L. — Cf. medius, middle.] Marrow ; 
 pith. 
 
 Med'ul-la-ry, or Me-dul'la-ry, a. [L. medullars ; 
 medulla, marrow.] Relating to marrow or pith. 
 
 Me-du'sa, n. [Gr. Me'Soucra., one of the Gorgons, 
 a being who had the power of turning all who 
 looked at her into stone. The name may be the 
 feminine of p-eSuv, a ruler.] A sea-nettle, or 
 jelly-fish. 
 
 Meed, n. [A.-S. med, Ger. miethe, hire.— Cf. Gr. 
 fj.ia66<;, pay.] A reward ; recompense. 
 
 Meek, a. [Sw. mjuk, pliant; Dan. myg, Dut. muiJc, 
 soft.] Mild; not proud; gentle; humble. 
 
 Meek'ly, ad. Mildly ; gently ; humbly. 
 
 Meek'ness, n. Gentleness ; humility. 
 
 Meer'schaum (-shbuni), n. [Ger. ; meer, the sea, 
 and schaum, foam.] A magnesian mineral : — a 
 tobacco-pipe made of meerschaum. 
 
 Meet, a, [A.-S. gemet, from metan, to measure. 
 The idea at first was that of fitting tightly; 
 hence A.-S. msete, scanty, small.] Fit; proper; 
 qualified; suitable.— 2, v. a. [A.-S. metan; Icel. 
 viseta; Dan. mode : from the root of Moot (a. v.), 
 a meeting.] [i. met; pp. meeting, met.] To 
 come together from opposite directions ; to come 
 face to face; to join; to find. — 3, v. n. To en- 
 counter; to assemble. — i, n. An assembly, or 
 place of assembly. [interview. 
 
 Meet'ing:, ». [A.-S. gemeting.] An assembly ; an 
 
 Meet'jng-house, n. A house of public worship; 
 a chapel. See Church. 
 
 Meet'ly, ad. Fitly ; properly ; suitably. 
 
 Meet'ness, n. Fitness ; propriety. 
 
 Meg-a-iith'ic, a. [Gr. ju.e'ya?, great, and Ai'0o?, a 
 stone.] Consisting of large stones. 
 
 Meg'a-lo-saur, n. [Gr. pieyas, peydkog, great, 
 and' o-aOpos, a lizard.] A large extinct species 
 
 Me-gass', n. See Begasse. [of lizard. 
 
 Meg-a-the'ri-iim, n. [Gr. /ueyas, great, and 0rj- 
 piov, dim. of Gyp, a beast.] A gigantic extinct 
 mammiferous quadruped, allied to the sloth. 
 
 Me-gilp', v. [litymology unknown.] An oily 
 varnish used in mixing colors. 
 
 Me'grim, n. [Fr. migraine; Late L. hemigranea ; 
 L. hemicranium ; Gr. 17/u.t-, half, and Kpaviov, the 
 skull.] A disorder of the head ; vertigo. 
 
 Mel'an-fhol-ic, a. Dejected; melancholy. 
 
 Mel'an-chol-y, n. [Gr. /aeAayxoAia; /u.eAa.9, black, 
 and x oA7 ?i bile : excess of bile was regarded as 
 the cause of lowness of spirits.] Depression of 
 spirits and apprehension of evil: gloom; sad- 
 ness; dejection. See Insanity. — 2, a. Gloomy; 
 dejected ; sad : — causing depression of spirits. 
 
 Melange (me-l;inzh'), n. [Fr.] A mixture. 
 
 Melee (ma-la'), n. [Fr.— See Medley.] A battle ; 
 a conflict. 
 
 Mel'i-lot, ». [Gr. /ueAiAoro? ; /oceAi, honey, and 
 Aioi-og, lotus, or clover.] A species of trefoil. 
 
 Mel'io-rate (mel'yo-rat) [meie-o-rat, W. P. J. 
 Ja.], v. a. [L. meliorare, melioratum; melior, 
 better.] [pp. meliorating, meliorated.] To 
 make better: to improve: to ameliorate. 
 
 Mel-io-ra'tion (mel-yo-ra'shun), n. [L. ruelioratio.] 
 Improvement ; amelioration. 
 
 Mel-Hf lu-ence, n. A flow of sweetness. 
 
 Mel-L'f lu-ent, ) «. [L. mellifluens, mellijfum; mel, 
 
 Mel-Hf'lu-ous, J honey, and 'fluere, follow.] Flow- 
 ing as with honey ; sweetly flowing. 
 
 Mel' low (mel'lo), a. [A.-S. rnearu, Dut. murw, 
 mollig, soft. — Cf. L. mollis, Gr. fia\aKO?, soft.] 
 Soft ;' fully ripe ; mature.— 2, v. a. [pp. mel- 
 lowing, mellowed.] To ripen : — to soften. — 
 3, v. 11. To grow mcture ; to ripen. 
 
 a, e, i, 0, 5, y, long ; a., e, 1, 
 
 y, short; a, e, 
 
 u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her ; 
 
MELLOWNESS 
 
 359 
 
 MEKCANTILE 
 
 Mel'low-ness, n. Maturity; softness. 
 
 Me-lo'de-on, n. [Gr. /xeAo?, a song, and (JSeiov, a 
 kind o'f inusic-hall.— See Ode.] A kind of organ : 
 — a music-hall. 
 
 Me-lod'ic, «. Of or pertaining to, or consisting 
 of. melody ; melodious. 
 
 Me-16'di-ous, a. Having melody ; musical. 
 
 Me-lo'di-ous-ness, ». Sweetness of sound. 
 
 Mel'o-dize, v. a. [pp. melodizing, melodized.] 
 To make melodious. 
 
 Mel-o-dra'ma, «. [Gr. /ueAo?, a song, and Spa^ia, 
 a drama (</. v.).] Melodrame : — a sensational, 
 romantic play. 
 
 Mel-o-dra-mat'ie, a. Eelating to a melodrama; 
 sensational. " [melodramas. 
 
 Mel-o-dram'a-tist, n. A writer, or a player^ of 
 
 Mel'o-drame [mel'o-dram, Ja. C. ; me'lo-dram, 
 Sid'.], n. [Fr.] A drama with songs or music; 
 a sensational, i-omantic play. 
 
 Mel'o-dy, n. [Gr. ixe\(i>8ia ; ju.e'Ao?, a song, and 
 iuS-q, an ode (q. v.).] An agreeable succession of 
 sounds of a single voice ; sweetness of sound ; 
 air or tune: — harmony; accordance; music. 
 
 Mel'on, n. [L. melo, melonis. — Cf. Gr. /xrjAoi', L. 
 malum, an apple.] A creeping plant and its fruit. 
 
 Melt, v. a. [A.-S. melton; probably related to 
 Smelt.] [pp. melting, melted.] to make liq- 
 uid :— to soften. — 2, v. n. To become liquid ; to 
 be softened.— 3, n. An act of melting. 
 
 Melt' nig, n. Act of softening; inteneration. — 
 2, a. Tender; kindly :— affecting. 
 
 Mem'ber, n. [Fr. membre; L. membrum. — Cf. Skr. 
 marman, member, joint.] A part of any thing; 
 a limb; a clause: — one of a society or commu- 
 nity. 
 
 Mem'bered (mem'berd), a. Having limbs. 
 
 Mem'ber-ship, n. State of a member; union : — 
 members collectively. 
 
 Mem-bra-na'ceous (-shus), a. [E. membranaceus.] 
 Consisting of membranes, membranous. 
 
 Mem'brane, n. [L. menibrana: akin to Member.] 
 A web of several sorts of fibres ; a thin, elastip, 
 white skin, or film. 
 
 Mem'bra-noiis, a. Consisting of, or constructed 
 like, membranes ; membranaceous. 
 
 Me-men'to, n. ; pi. Me-men'tos. [L. ; imperative 
 from memini, I remember.] A memorial; a re- 
 membrancer; a notice: a hint. 
 
 Me-moir' (me-ruoir' or mem'war), n. [Fr. mimoire. 
 — See Memory.] An account of transactions 
 written as remembered : — a biographical notice: 
 — a record. See History. 
 
 Mem-o-ra-bll'i-a, n. pi [L.] Things worthy.of 
 being recorded' or remembered. 
 
 Mem'o-ra-ble, «. [L. memorabilis.] Worthy of 
 remembrance; signal; illustrious; remarkable. 
 
 Mem'o-ra-bly, ad. In a memorable manner. 
 
 Mem-o-ran'dum, n. [B.] L. pi. Mem-o-ran'da ; 
 Eng. Mem-o-ran'dums. A note to help the 
 memory ; a notice ; a record. 
 
 Me-mo'ri-al, a. [L. memorialis.] Preserving 
 memory. — 2, n. Something to preserve the 
 memory; a monument; record: — a written ad- 
 dress, soliciting attention. 
 
 Me-mo'ri-al-ist, n. One who signs a memorial. 
 
 Me-mo'ri-al-Ize, v. a. [pp. memorializing, me- 
 morialized.] To address by a memorial; to 
 petition. 
 
 Mem'o-rize. v. a. [pp. memorizing, memorized.] 
 To record; to register : — to commit to memory; 
 to learn by heart. 
 
 Mem'o-ry^ n. [L. memoria; memor, mindful; 
 mem'ini, I remember. — Cf. Skr. snai, to remem- 
 ber.] The faculty of recollecting things past; 
 recollection; reminiscence; remembrance. 
 
 Men, n. ; pi. of man. 
 
 Men'ace, n. [Fr. menace, L. minacia, a threat; 
 minax, threatening ; minx, things overhanging, 
 threats; minere, to jut out.] A threat; denun- 
 ciation.— 2, v. a. [Fr. menncer.] [pp. menacing, 
 menaced.] To threaten ; to threat. 
 
 Men'a-cer, n. One who menaces or threatens." 
 
 Menage \me-nazh'), «. [Fr.] A collection of ani- 
 mals ; a menagerie : — the care of horses. 
 
 Men-£g'e-rie (me-na'zhe-re), or Men-ag'e-ry, 
 [men-azh-er-e', TV". Ja. ; me-na'zhe-re, P.' K. 
 Sm.], n. [Fr. menagerie ; menage, a household. 
 — See Menial.] A collection of auimals ; a place 
 in which animals are kept for show. 
 
 Mend, v. a. [For emend or amend.] [pp. mend- 
 ing, mended.] To repair; to correct; to im- 
 prove. — 2, v. n. To grow better; to improve. 
 
 Mend'a-ble. a. Capable of being mended. 
 
 Men-da'cious (rnen-da'shus), a. [L. mendax, men- 
 ilacis, lying, false ; mentiri, to lie.] False: lying. 
 
 Men-dac'i-tjf, n. [L. mendacitas.] A habit of 
 lying; falsehood. 
 
 Men'di-can-cy., n. Beggary; mendicity. 
 
 Men'di-cant, n. [L. mendicare, mendicanUs, to 
 beg;' mendicus, beggarly.] One who begs; a 
 beggar: — a begging friar. — 2, a. Begging; poor. 
 
 Men-dic/i-ty, n. [Fr. mendicUe; L, mendicitas.] 
 The life or state of a beggar. 
 
 Men-ha'den, n. [An American Indian name.] A 
 fish much taken for its oil. 
 
 Me'ni-al, a. [0. Fr. meignud ; 0. E. meinee, a 
 household; 0. Fr. maisnee, weenie, a family; It. 
 masnada, Fr. manage, a household ; L. mansto, 
 manaumis, a dwelling. — See Mansion.] Belong- 
 ing to servants ; low with respect to employment 
 or office; servile. — 2. ». One who labors in some 
 low employment ; a domestic servant. 
 
 Me-nm'ges," »• pi [Gr. wviyg, pi. m^YV 6 ^ a 
 membrane.] The membranes enveloping the 
 brain and spinal cord. 
 
 Men-in-gi'tis. ». [See MENINGES. The termina- 
 tion' -£is implies inflammation.] {Med.) Inflam- 
 mation of the membranes of the brain or spinal 
 cord. 
 
 Me-ms'cus. n. [Gr. p.-nvio-Ko<;, a crescent: dim. of 
 jxrn>n, the moon.] A lens shaped like a crescent, 
 or concave on one side and convex on the other. 
 
 Men'i-ver, n. See Miniver. 
 
 Men'se?. n. jd. [L. mensis, a month (q. r.).] 
 Monthly discharges. 
 
 Men'stru-al. a. Monthly; lasting a month. 
 
 Men'stru-ate, v. n. [L. menstruare, menstruatumJ] 
 [pp. menstruating, menstruated.] To discharge 
 the menses. 
 
 Men-stru-a'tion, n. Flow of the menses. 
 
 Men'strii-ous,' a. [L. mendrtmu, monthly. — See 
 Month'.] Having monthly discharges. 
 
 Men'stru-um, n. ; pi. Men'stru-a. [L.] A dis- 
 solving fluid ; a solvent. 
 
 Mens-u-ra-bil'i-ty, n. State or quality of being 
 mensurable ; mensurableness. 
 
 Mens'u-ra-ble (mens'yu-ra-bl), a. That may he 
 measured ; measurable. 
 
 Mens-u-ra'tion, n. [L. menmratio ; meimira, a 
 measure (g. «.).] The act or art of measuring. 
 — {Geom.) The art of ascertaining the exten- 
 sion, solidity, and capacity of bodies by meas- 
 uring lines and angles. 
 
 Men'tal, a. [Late L. mentaUs; mens, mentis, the 
 mind (a. r.).J Relating to the mind ; intellectual. 
 
 Men-tal'i-ty, »• Mental quality : intellect. 
 
 Men'tal-ly:, ad. Intellectually ; in the mind. 
 
 Men'ti'on, n. [L. mentio: akin to mens, mind 
 (q. r.).] Act of mentioning; a notice; a recital, 
 oral or written; a hint. — 2, v. a. [pp. mention- 
 ing, mentioned.] To name ; to state : to express. 
 
 Men'tion-a-ble, a. That may be mentioned. 
 
 Men' tor, n. [L. ; Gr. fj-evrmp, a wise counsellor 
 (doubtless[akin to Monitor [q. v.).] A wise coun- 
 sellor. 
 
 Me-nii' (or me-nu), n. [Fr.] A bill of fare. 
 
 Me-phit'ic, 1<t. [B. mephiticus.] Offensive to 
 
 Me-phit'i-cal. J the smeil; foul; noxious. 
 
 Me-phi'tis. '».; pi. Me-phi'te§. [L.] A noxious 
 exhalation ; mephiti'sm. 
 
 Meph'i-tism, n. A noxious exhalation. 
 
 Me'r'cain-tile [mer'kan-til, II". J. F. Ja. Wb. : 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, biir, rule, use.— -r;, Q, c, f, soft; p, ja, p, |, hard; § as z ; ? a« gz ; tnis. 
 
MEKCENARY 
 
 360 
 
 METABASIS 
 
 S. E. E. Srn.], a. [Fr. mercan- 
 Merchant.] Re- 
 
 mer'kan-tll, I. 
 
 til; Late L. mercantile. — See 
 
 latin g to commerce; trading; commercial 
 
 Mer'ce-na-ry, a. [L. merceuarius; merces, merce- 
 dis, a reward.] Serving for pay; venal; hired. — 
 2, n. One serving for pay ; a hireling : — a hire- 
 ling soldier. 
 
 Mer'cer, n. [Fr. mercier; Late L. mercerius, a mer- 
 chant (q. v.).] A dealer in silks and woollens. 
 
 Mer'cer-y, n. The trade, or wares, of mercers. 
 
 Mer'chan-dl§e, n. [Fr. marchaudise ; marchand, a 
 merchant (q. v.).] Objects of commerce; com- 
 modities ; wares : — commerce. — 2, v. n. [pp. mer- 
 chandising, merchandised.] To trade; to traffic. 
 
 Mer' chant, n. [Fr. marchand; L. mercari, rner- 
 cantis, to barter ; merx, mercis, goods ; merere, to 
 gain; mercator, a merchant.] An importer or 
 exporter of merchandise ; a wholesale trader : — 
 a retail trader; a shopkeeper. 
 
 Mer'chant-a-ble, a. Fit to be bought and sold. 
 
 Mer' chant-man, n. A ship of trade. 
 
 Her'ci-ful, a. Full of mercy ; compassionate ; 
 tender ; kind ; gracious ; benignant. 
 
 Mer'ci-ful-ly, ad. In a merciful manner. 
 
 Mer'ci-less, a. Void of mercy; cruel. 
 
 Mer'ci-less-ly, ad. In a merciless manner. 
 
 Mer-cu'ri-al, a. Containing mercury : — spirited : 
 —fickle ; ' flighty : — crafty : — mercantile. — 2, n. 
 A preparation of mercury. 
 
 Mer-cu'ri-al-Ize, v. a. [pp. mercurializing, mer- 
 curialized.] To imbue with mercury. 
 
 Mer'cu-ry, n. [L. Mercurius, the god of tiaders; 
 merx, mercis, merchandise.] An ancient heathen 
 deity : — a planet : — [the names of many of the 
 ancient gods were given first to planets, and 
 next to metals] quicksilver : — a messenger. 
 
 Mer'cy, n. [Fr. merci, mercy, thanks, good-will, 
 pleasure ; L. merces, mercedis, reward ; merere, 
 to gain, to merit (q. v.).] Favor to one who 
 deserves punishment; tenderness toward an 
 offender; pity; grace; kindness: — clemency. 
 
 Mer'cy-seat, n. The propitiatory of the Jews; 
 the place of forgiveness; the throne of God. 
 
 Mere, a. [L. me?tis, pure, unmixed.] This or 
 that only; bare; sheer; pure. — 2, n. [A.-S. 
 mere, a hike ; Dut. & Ger. meer, Fr. mer, Welsh & 
 Slavic mor, L. mare, the sea.] A pool ; a lake : 
 — a boundary. 
 
 Mere'ly, ad. Simply; only; solely; barely. 
 
 Mer-e-tri"cious (mer-e-trish'us), a. [L. meretri- 
 cius; meretrix, meretricis, a courtesan; merere, to 
 gain, to earn.] Alluring by false show; false: 
 — lewd ; vile. 
 
 Mer-gan'ser, n. [L. mergvs, a diver (see Merge), 
 and anser, a goose.] A kind of wild goose. 
 
 Mer£e, v. a. [L. mergere, to dip.] [pp. merging, 
 merged.] To immerse ; to plunge ; to immerge. 
 — 2, v. n. To be swallowed, lost, or sunk. 
 
 Mer^'er, n. He who or that which merges : — con- 
 solidation. 
 
 Me-rid'i-an, n. [L. meridianus, belonging to noon ; 
 meridies', noonday ; medius, middle, and dies, 
 day.] Nood ; mid-day: — an imaginary great 
 circle passing through the earth's axis and the 
 zenith of the spectator, which the sun crosses at 
 noon : — the highest point : — a great circle of the 
 earth running north and south. — 2, a. Being at 
 the point of noon ; relating to mid-day or the 
 highest point. [southern ; southerly. 
 
 Me-rid'i-o-nal, a. Relating to the meridian ; 
 
 Me-ri'no, n. [Sp. merino, a sheep-inspector, a 
 shepherd; Late L. majorimis, a major-domo 
 (g. v.).] A variety of fine-woolled sheep :— a 
 cloth made of fine wool. 
 
 Mer'it, n. [L. meribum; merere, to deserve, to 
 gain : akin to Gr. p-epos, a portion.] Excellence 
 deserving rewaid; desert of good or evil; due 
 reward; claim. — 2, v. a. [pp. meriting, mer- 
 ited.] To deserve ; to have a right to. 
 
 Mer-i-to'ri-ous, a. [L. meritorim.] Having merit; 
 worthy; deserving. 
 
 Mer-i-to'ri-ous-ly, ad. With desert or merit. 
 
 Merk, n. [See Mark.] An old Scottish coin, worth 
 about 25 cents. 
 
 Merle (inert), n. [Fr. ; L. menda.] A blackbird. 
 
 Mer'lin, n. [Fr. emerillon ; It. smerlo, a hawk; 
 smeriglione, a merlin.] A kind of hawk. 
 
 Mer'lon, n. [Fr.] Part of a parapet in a fortifica- 
 tion'. 
 
 Mer'maid, or Mer'maid-en, n. [Fr. mer, the sea, 
 and Maid (q. v.).] A sea-woman : a fabled ani- 
 mal, the fore part woman, the hind part fish. 
 
 Mer' man, n. ; pi. Mer'men. The male of the mer- 
 
 Mer'ri-ly, ad. Gayly ; cheerfully. [maid. 
 
 Mer'ri-ment, n. Koisy sport; mirth; hilarity. 
 
 Mer'ry, a. [A.-S. merg ; Celt, mear ; mire, play; 
 mir, to play.] Gay; jovial; cheerful; laughing. 
 
 Mer'ry.-an'drew, n. A buffoon ; a zany. 
 
 Mer'ry-mak-ing, n. A jovial entertainment. 
 
 Mer'ry-thought (mer're-thawt), n. The forked 
 breast-bone of fowls : — the wish-bone. 
 
 Mesalliance (ma-zal-le-ans), n. [Fr.] A de- 
 grading marriage connection. 
 
 Mesdames (ma-dam), n. Plural of madam e. 
 
 Me-seems/, impersonal verb. It seems to me. 
 
 M§§-en-ter'ic, a. Relating to the mesentery. 
 
 Me§'en-ter-y, n. [Gr. ^eaevTepiov ; /ueo-os, middle, 
 and kvTepov, an entrail.] A membrane which sus- 
 pends the small intestine and keeps it in its place. 
 
 Mesh, n. [A.-S. max, rnasc, a net ; msescre, a mesh ; 
 Dut. maas, net, mesh; Dan. maake; Ger. masche; 
 Welsh, masg.] Space between the threads of a 
 net. — 2, v. a. [pp. meshing, meshed.] To catch 
 in a net ; to insnare. 
 
 Mes/i-al [me'si-al, St. N. ; me'zi-al, I. Th.], a. 
 [Gr. juieo-0?, middle.] Middle; median. 
 
 Me§' lin, n. [See Miscellany.] A mixture of dif- 
 ferent kinds of grain : — a union of flocks. 
 
 Mes-mer'ic, a. Relating to mesmerism. 
 
 Mgs'mer-i§m, v. A peculiar kind of sleep : — 
 called also animal magnetism and magnetic sleep. 
 
 Mes/mer-Ize, v. a. [Named from Anthony 2Ies- 
 nter.]' [pp. mesmerizing, mesmerized.] To put 
 into a state of mesmeric sleep. 
 
 Mesne (men), a. [Norman Fr. — See Median.] 
 (Law.) Middle; intermediate. 
 
 Me§-quite', 1 (mez-kef or mez-ke'ta), n. [Sp. mez- 
 
 Mez-quite' J quita, a mosque, — i.e., mosque-wood.] 
 A small, gnarled, leguminous Mexican tree. 
 
 Mess, n. [Fr. mets; 0. Fr. mes; mettre, L. mittere, 
 missum, to send, to place.] A dish ; a portion of 
 food : — an ordinary :— a company at the same 
 table; a crew :— disorder ; a mixture. — 2, v. u. 
 [pp. messing, messed.] To eat ; to feed together. 
 
 Mes'salfe, n. [Fr. message; Late L. missaticum ; 
 L. mittere, missum, to send.] A notice or com- 
 munication sent : an errand. — A communication 
 from the President, or from a governor, on pub- 
 lic affairs, to the legislature. 
 
 Mes'sen-fer, n. [Fr. messager ; Old Anglo-Fr. 
 mass'anger, massager.—See Message.] One who 
 carries a message. 
 
 Mes-sl'ah, n. [Heb.] The Anointed ; Christ. 
 
 Mis-si-an'ic, a. Relating to the Messiah. 
 
 Messieurs (mesh'iuz or mesh'yerz), n. [Fr. ; pi. 
 of monsieur.] Sirs; gentlemen.— It is the plural 
 of Mr. ; abbreviated to Messrs. 
 
 Mess'mate, n. One -nho eats at the same table. 
 
 Mes'suafe (mes'swaj), n. [Late L. messvagium, 
 massagium, mansuagium ; masa, mansu, a house: 
 akin to Manse, Mansion, and to L. nianere, 
 mansum, to remain, to dwell.] (Lair.) A dwell- 
 ing-house, adjoining land, offices, &c. 
 
 Mes-ti'zo, )/. ; pi. Mes-ti'zc§. [Sp. ; mesclar, mes- 
 iurar, to mix (q. ».").] The offspring of a Span- 
 iard or Creole and an American Indian. 
 
 Met, i. & p. from meet. 
 
 Met' a-. [Gr. juera, beyond, across.— Cf. Ger. mit, 
 with.] A prefix in certain words of Greek origin, 
 signifying beyond, across, conversely, &c. 
 
 Me-tab'*a-sis, n. [Gr. ; p-era, beyond, and /Sai'veiv, 
 to go.]' (Rhet.) A transition. 
 
 a, e, l, o, u. 
 
 y, long ; a, e, I, 5, Q, y, short ; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her j 
 
METABOLIC 
 
 361 
 
 METTLESOME 
 
 Met-a-bol'ic, a. [Gr. /aera/SoA??, change; fierd, 
 about, and pdWeiv, to throw.] Of or pertaining 
 to change or to metamorphosis. 
 
 Met-a-car'pal, a. Relating to the metacarpus. 
 
 Met-a-car'pus, n. [Gr. ixerd, bej'ond, and Kapnos, 
 the' wrist. J' The -hand apart from the fingers. 
 
 Me-taph'ro-nism, n. [Gr. /aera, beyond, after, 
 and xpoi'o?, time.] A date too late in time. 
 
 Met'al (met'tl or met'al), n. [L. metallum, Gr. 
 fjieraWov, a mine, a mineral : probably related to 
 (jLerakkdeiv, to search for.] A firm, heavy, and 
 hard substance, shining, opaque, and fusible by 
 heat : — broken glass : — broken stone : — iron rails. 
 
 Me-tal'lic, a. Relating to, containing, resem- 
 bling, or consisting of, metal. 
 
 Met-al-lif er-ous, a. [L. metallum, a metal, and 
 ferre, to bear.] Producing metals. 
 
 Met'al-lbid, ». A non-metallic element. 
 
 Met-al-lur'fic, a. Relating to metallurgy. 
 
 Met'^l-liir-fist, n. A worker in metals. 
 
 Met'al-lUr-gy, n. [Gr. ixeraWovpyelv, to work 
 metals ; p.eraAAoi', a metal, and epyov, work.] 
 The art of extracting metals from their ores : — 
 the art of working in metals. 
 
 Met-a-mbr'phic, a. Transformed ; transforming. 
 
 Met-a-mor'phi5m, n. The process, or result, of 
 metamorphosis. 
 
 Met.-a-mbVphose, v. a. [pp. metamorphosing, 
 metamorphosed.] To change the form of; to 
 transform ; to transfigure. 
 
 Met-a-mbr'pho-sis, n. ; pi. Met-a-mbr'pho-se?. 
 [L. ; Gr. /uera/Aop^ojcrt? ; p.erd, across, and /u.op0»j, 
 form.] Change of form ; transformation. 
 
 Met'a-phor, u. [Gr. /aeTa^opa ; /aera, beyond, and 
 <pep'eiv, to carry.] (Iihet.) A comparison or a 
 simile comprised in a word ; a figure of speech 
 by which a word is transferred from a subject 
 to which it properly belongs, to another, in such 
 a manner that a comparison is implied. 
 
 Met-a-phor'ic, \a. Partaking of metaphor; 
 
 Met-a-phor' j-cal, j figurative ; not literal. 
 
 Met-a-phor'i-cal-ly, ad. Figuratively. 
 
 Met-a-phys'ic, I a. Versed in or relating to 
 
 Met-a-phys/i-cal, / metaphysics. [ner. 
 
 Met-a-phys'i-cal-ly, ad. In a metaphysical man- 
 
 Met-a-phy-si"cian (met-a-fe-zish'an), n. One 
 versed in metaphysics. 
 
 Met-a-phys' ics, n. [Gr. perd, beyond, and ^uo-t/ca, 
 natural things, physics (</. v.).] The science 
 which regards the ultimate grounds of being : — 
 a science which inquires about objects other 
 than physical or sensible : — the philosophy of 
 mind as distinguished from that of matter; 
 intellectual philosophy; psychology; ontology; 
 pneumatology. 
 
 Me-tas'ta-sis, »■ [Gr. ; /mei-a, over, and la-rdvai, 
 to place.] {Med-) The transfer of the seat of a 
 disease. [by, metastasis. 
 
 Met-a-stat'ic, a. Relating to, or characterized 
 
 Met-a-tar'sal, a. Belonging to the metatarsus. 
 
 Met-a-tar'sus, n. [Gr. fxerd, beyond, and rapa-os, 
 the' tarsus' (q. v.).J {Anat.) The middle of the 
 foot. 
 
 Me-tath'e-sis, n. [Gr. ; nerd, implying change, 
 and 6ecr\s, a setting. — See Thesis.] A transposi- 
 tion of letters. 
 
 Me-ta'yer, n. [Fr. metayer; Late L. medietaritis, a 
 middle-man.] One who works a farm on shares. 
 
 Mete, v. a. [A.-S. metan; But. meten ; Ger. messen: 
 akin to Gr. neTpov, a measure ; L. metiri, Skr. 
 ma, to measure; L. modus, a measure.] [pp. 
 meting, meted.] To measure ; to reduce to meas- 
 ure. — 2, n. A measure; a limit; abound. 
 
 Me-temp-sy-pho'sis, n. [Gr. ; nerd, implying 
 change, £v, in, and *pv\ri, soul, — whence /aere/m- 
 \jjvxdeiv, to transfer the soul.] The transmigra- 
 tion of the soul from one body to another. 
 
 Me'te-or, n. [Gr. fiereiopov, a meteor; p-erecopo?, 
 soaring; /xerd, among, and ecjpa, aiupa, any 
 thing suspended; deipetv, to lift.] Any natural 
 phenomenon in the atmosphere : — a luminous, 
 
 transient body in the atmosphere ; a fire-ball ; 
 a meteoric stone ; an aerolite. 
 
 Me-te-or'ic, a. Relating to meteors. 
 
 Me'te-or-ite, n. A meteorolite ; an aerolite. 
 
 Me-te-or'o-llte [me'te-o-ro-lit, K. Wb. Sm.lL n. 
 [Gr. fi.er'eujpov, a meteor, and \L6os, a stone.] A 
 meteoric stone. 
 
 Me-te-or-o-log'ic, 1 a. Relating to the atmos- 
 
 Me-te-or-o-16g i-cal, j phere or to meteors. 
 
 Me-te-o-r51'c-£ist,')i. One versed in meteorology. 
 
 Me-te-o-rol'o-£y, n. [Gr. ixerempov, a meteor, 
 and" Aoyo?, a treatise.] The science of meteors ; 
 the science of the atmosphere and its phe- 
 nomena, the weather, &c. ; climatology. 
 
 Me'ter, n. A measure. See Metre. 
 
 Me-theg'lin, n. [Welsh, meddyglyn; medd, mead 
 (q. v.), and Uyn, liquor.] Brink made of honey 
 and water fermented ; mead ; hydromel. 
 
 Me-thinks', v. impers. [A.-S. me thynced, from 
 ihyncan, to seem : cognate with thencan. to think 
 (q. v.).] I think ; it seems to me. 
 
 Meth'od, n. [L. methodus ; Gr. fieOoSos; fxerd, 
 after", and 666s, a way.] A regular order ; disposi- 
 tion ; system; arrangement; manner; mode ; waif, 
 
 Me-thod'ic, \a. Relating to method; exact; 
 
 Me-thod'i-cal, /regular; orderly; formal. 
 
 Me-thod'i-cal-ly, ad. According to method. 
 
 MSth'od-isni, n.' The principles of Methodists. 
 
 Meth'od-Ist, n. [Named, derisively at first, from 
 their advocacy of method and system in the 
 religious life.] One of a denomination of Chris- 
 tians who date their rise from 17-i). 
 
 Meth-od-ist'ic, ) a. Relating to Methodism or 
 
 Meth-od-ist' j-cal, j to the Methodists. 
 
 Meth'od-ize, v. a. [pp. methodizing, methodized.] 
 To reduce to method ; to regulate ; to dispose in 
 order. [thought ; it appeared to me. 
 
 Me-thbught' (me-thawf), i. from methinks. I 
 
 Meth'yl, n. [Gr. p-era, after, and vAij, wood ; 
 or ix'eOv, an intoxicant, and vAt?, principle.] 
 (Chem.) A hypothetical compound of carbon 
 and hydrogen, forming the base of wood-spirit. 
 
 Meth'y-lat-ed, «. Mixed with methylic alcohol. 
 
 Meth'y'l-ene, n. A volatile and inflammable liquid 
 distilled from wood. 
 
 Me-thyl'ic, a. Pertaining to methyl. 
 
 Me-ton'ic, a. Relating to Meton, an Athenian : 
 —noting a cycle of PJ years, or G940 days. 
 
 Met-o-nym'i-cal, «. Put for something else. 
 
 Me-ton'y-my, or Met'o-nym-y, /(. [Gr. neruiw- 
 p:ia ; fxerd, across, and bvoy.a, ouv^a, a name.] 
 (Rhet.) A figure by which the effect is put for 
 the cause, or the cause for the effect ; as, gray 
 hairs for old age. 
 
 Met'o-pe, n. [Gr. (xctotttj ; ju.€t<x, between, and 
 birr], a hole.] A panel between triglyphs. 
 
 Me'tre (me'ter), n. [Fr. metre; L. meirum, Gr. 
 /xerpov, a rule, a measure. — See Mete.] The sub- 
 division of averse; the measured arrangement 
 of words in verse ; verse ; measure : — poetical 
 arrangement of syllables; rhythm: — a measure 
 equal to 39.37 inches. 
 
 Met'ric, o. Of or pertaining to measurement. — 
 Metric system, the system of weights and meas- 
 ures in which the metre is the unit on which 
 measures are based. 
 
 Met'ri-cal, a. Relating to metre or to numbers. 
 
 Met'ro-nome, n. [Gr. /uerpoi/, a measure, and vo/uos, 
 distribution.] An instrument for beating time 
 in music. 
 
 Me-trop'o-lis. n. [Gr. ; /J-rfrnp, mother, and 7roAt?, 
 a city.]' [Not used in the plural.] The chief 
 city of a country. 
 
 Met-ro-pol'i-tan [me-tro-pol'e-tan, S. P. K. 8m.], 
 n. [L. m'etropolitanns.] A bishop who presides 
 over other bishops of a province ; an archbishop. 
 — 2, a. Belonging to a metropolis. 
 
 Met'tle (met'tl), n. [A variant of Metal.] Sub- 
 stance; metal: — temperament easily excited; 
 spirit ; sprightliness ; courage. 
 
 Met' tie-some (met'tl-sum), a. Lively ; brisk. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— g, 9, 5, £, soft; p, ja, p, g, hard; § as z ; ? 
 
 Q 31 
 
 gz; this. 
 
MEW 
 
 362 
 
 MILEAGE 
 
 Mew (mu), n. [L. mutare, to change (for movitare, 
 frequentative of rnovere, to move) ; whence Fr. 
 muer, to moult ; mue, a bird's cage, — properly, a 
 moulting-place. In England mews were at first 
 falcon-houses; in 1534 tlie royal falcon-houses 
 were changed into horse-stables; whence the 
 more recent meaning of the word.] An en- 
 closure : — a stable for horses and carriages : — 
 [A.-S. msew ; Dut. meeuw ; Dan. maage; Ger. 
 mo we; Fr. mouee, miaulard: all from the bird's 
 cry] a sea-fowl: — limitative. — Cf. Per. maw, 
 Arab, mua, a mew ; Heraldic Eng. musion, a cat, 
 a wild-cat ; Fr. miquler, to mew] the cry of a cat. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. mewing, mewed.] To shut up ; to 
 confine : — to shed. — 3, v. n. To moult : — to cry 
 as a cat. 
 
 Mewl (miil), v. n. [Fr. miauler, to mew, to squall.] 
 [pp. mewling, mewled.] To cry or squall. 
 
 Me-ze're-on, n. [Neo-Latin, mezereon ; Fr. meze- 
 reon; Per. mdzariyun.] {Bot.) A flowering shrub. 
 
 Mez'zo-ri-lie'vo (med'zo-re-le'vo or -re-le-a'vo), 
 n. [It.]' Middle relief, or d'emi-relief; half-relief. 
 
 Mez'zo-tint (med'zo-tint), n. Same as Mezzotinto. 
 
 Mez-zo-tin'to (med-zo-tiin'to), n. [It. ; mezzo (L. 
 medius), half, and linto, tinted. — See Tint.] A 
 kind of engraving on copper or steel. 
 
 Ml'asm [mi'azm, S. W. K. Sm. Wb.; me'azm, 
 Ja.j, n. Noxious exhalations or effluvia. 
 
 Mi-as'ma, n. ; pi. Mi-as'ma-ta. [Gr. p-iao-p-a, 
 pollution ; p-aiveiv, to stain.] A noxious parti- 
 cle, substance, or exhalation ; miasm. 
 
 Mi-as-mat'ic, a. Eelating to miasma ; noxious. 
 
 Mi'ca, n. [L. mica, a crumb : not related, except 
 in 'its present application, to L. micare, to glit- 
 ter.] A transparent foliaceous mineral. 
 
 Mi-ca'ceous (ml-ka/shus), a. Containing mica. 
 
 Mice, n. The plural of mouse. 
 
 Miph'ael-mas (mik'el-mas), n. [Michael and Mass.] 
 The feast of the archangel Michael, 29th of Sep- 
 tember. 
 
 Mic'kle (mik'kl), a. [A.-S. mycel; Icel. mikill — 
 Of. Much, also Gr. p.eyaAos, great : root found, 
 apparently, in Dravidian as well as in Aryan 
 tongues.] Much; great. 
 
 Mi'cr5be [me-krob', Th.], n. [Gr. jut/epos, little, 
 and /3tos, life.] A minute living organism; a 
 germ : — a disease-germ. 
 
 Mi'cro-cosm, u. [Gr. /u-ixpo?, little, and koct.uos, 
 the world.] A little world :— man considered as 
 an epitome of the macrocosm, or great world. 
 
 Mi-cro-cos'mic, ) a. Eelating to a microcosm, 
 
 Mi-cro-cos' mi-cal, j or to man. 
 
 Ml-crog'ra-phy.,'H. [Gr. /ui/cpo?, little, and ypa- 
 </>eiv, to write.] A description of very minute 
 objects seen by a microscope. 
 
 Mi-crom'e-ter, n. [Gr. /ai/cpo?, small, and fierpov, 
 a measure."] An instrument contrived to meas- 
 ure small spaces or distances. 
 
 Mi-cro-met'ric, a. Relating to the micrometer. 
 
 Mi'cro-phone, n. [Gr. p-i/cpos, small, and (Jhdvyi, a 
 sound.] An apparatus by which sounds are 
 magnified or intensified. 
 
 Mi'cro-scope, n. [Gr. jou/cpo?, small, and aKo-n-eiv, 
 to see.] An optical instrument for viewing the 
 smallest objects. 
 
 Mi-cro-scop'ic, \a. Eelating to a microscope ; 
 
 Mi-cro-scop'i-cal, j very minute. 
 
 Mi'cro-sco-pist, or Mi-cros'co-pist, n. One skilled 
 with the microscope. 
 
 Mi-cros'co-py, n. The use of the microscope. 
 
 Mid, a. [A.-S. mid; Goth, midja; L. medius; Gr. 
 /u.eo-05 ; Skr. madhya.] Middle ; equally between 
 two extremes':— used in composition; as, mid- 
 day.— 2, ad. & prep. Amid ; amidst. [place. 
 
 Mid'-air, n. The middle of the air:— a high 
 
 Mid' -day (mid'da), a. [Dut. m id-da g ; A.-S. mid- 
 dseg; Ger. mit-tag.] Meridional; being at noon. 
 — 2, n. Noon ; meridian. 
 
 Mid' den (mid'dn), n. [A.-S. midding ; Dan. mod- 
 ding; mb'g, muck (c/. v.), and dynge, a heap.] A 
 dung-heap ; a heap of kitchen-waste. 
 
 Mid' die (mid'dl), a. [A.-S. & Dut. middel; Ger. 
 mittel. — See Mid,] Equally distant from the 
 two extremes; intermediate; central. — Middle 
 Ages, a period comprising about seven hundred 
 or one thousand years, from the fifth or the 
 eighth century to the fifteenth century of the 
 Christian era. — 2, n. The part equidistant from 
 two extremes ; the centre ; the midst. 
 
 Mid' die-man, n. An agent between two par- 
 ties, buyer and seller, or landlord and tenant. 
 
 Mid'dling, a. Of middle rank ; moderate. 
 
 Mid'dling§, n. A coarse kind of flour. 
 
 Mid'dy, n. A popular contraction of midshipman. 
 
 Midge (mij), n. [A.-S. micge, mycge; Dut. mug; 
 Dan. myg ; Ger. muche. — Of. Skr. makshas, a fly.] 
 An insect ; a gnat. 
 
 Midf-'et (mij'et), n. A minute insect : — a dwarf. 
 
 Mid'laind, a. Surrounded by land; interior. 
 
 Mid'leg, n. The middle of the leg. 
 
 Mid'night, n. [A.-S. mid-niht; Ger. mUternacJit.] 
 Twelve o'clock at night. — 2, a. In the middle 
 of the night. 
 
 Mid'rib, n. The middle rib or vein of a leaf. 
 
 Mid'riff, n. [A.-S. mid, middle, and lirif, the 
 belly.] The diaphragm. 
 
 Mid' ship-man, n. A kind of naval cadet, or in- 
 ferior young officer, on board a ship of war. 
 
 Mid'ships, ad. (Naitt.) In the middle of a ship. 
 
 Midst, n. The middle.— 2, a. Middle.— 3, prep. 
 Poetically used for amidst. 
 
 Mid'-stream, n. The middle of the stream. 
 
 Mid'sum-mer, n. The summer solstice, June 21. 
 
 Mid'way, n.' The middle of the way. — 2, a. Be- 
 ing in the middle. — 3, ad. In the middle. 
 
 Mid'wife, n. [0. E. mid (Dut. mede, Ger. mit, 
 Gr. v-era), with, and vtif, a woman.] A woman 
 who practises obstetrics, or assists women in 
 childbirth. 
 
 Mid'wife-ry. [mid'if-re, W. P. ; mid'wif-er-e, N. ; 
 mid'wif-re, K. H. St. Sm. ; mid'wif-re, Wb'.], n. 
 The art or profession of assisting women in child- 
 birth ; obstetrics. 
 
 Mid'win-ter, n. The winter solstice, Dec. 21-23. 
 
 Mien (men), n. [Fr. mine; Bret, min; Ger. miene.] 
 Air; look; manner; aspect. 
 
 Miff, n. [Local Ger. mtiffen, to sulk.] A slight 
 resentment ; offence. — 2, v. a. [ pp. miffing, 
 miffed.] To give a slight offence. 
 
 Might (mit), i. from may. [A.-S. meahte, migte.] 
 Could; had power. — 2, n. [A.-S. mild; Dut. & 
 Dan. magt ; Ger. macht : root of May.] Power ; 
 strength ; force. 
 
 Mlght'i-ly. (mi'te-le), ad. Powerfully. 
 
 Might'i-ness (ml'te-nes), n. Power ; might. 
 
 Might'y (mi'te), a. Strong; powerful; great. 
 
 Mign-o-nette' (min-yo-nef), n. [Fr. mignonnette, 
 dim.' of mignon, a darling. — See Minion.] A 
 plant and its fragrant flower. 
 
 Mi' grant, a. Migratory ; roving. 
 
 Mi'grate, v. n. [L. m&grare, migratum.'] [jtp. mi- 
 grating, migrated.] To remove to another coun- 
 try or place. 
 
 Mi-gra'tion, n. Change of residence ; removal. 
 
 MI'gra-to'-ry, a. Changing residence. 
 
 Mi-ka'do, n. [Japanese.] The emperor of Japan. 
 
 Milch, «. [A softened form of - Milk.] Giving 
 milk ; as, a milch cow. 
 
 Mild, a. [A.-S. milde; Dut., Dan., & Ger. mild.] 
 Kind; tender; soft; gentle; placid. 
 
 Mil'dew (inil'du), n. ' [A.-S. meledeaw ; 0. Ger. 
 militow; Ger. niehlthau; — literally, meal-dew; 
 Irish, milceog, — literally, honey-dew. — Cf. L. mel, 
 honey.] A blight; a rust. — 2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. 
 mildewing, mildewed.] To taint or become 
 tainted with mildew. 
 
 Mild'ly, ad. In a mild manner; gently. 
 
 Mild'ness, n. Gentleness ; clemency ; mercy. 
 
 Mile, u'. [A.-S. mil; Ger. meile ; Dut. mijl; L. 
 rnUte passuum, a thousand paces.] A measure of 
 distance; 320 rods. [in miles. 
 
 Mile'age, n. Fees for travel by the mile; length 
 
 a, e, i, o, 5, y, long; a, e, i, o, fi, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall j heir, her; 
 
MILE-STONE 
 
 363 
 
 MINEVER 
 
 Mlle'-stone, re. A stone to mark the miles. 
 
 Mil' foil, m. [L. mttifolinm; mille, a thousand, and 
 folium, a leaf.] A plant, the yarrow. 
 
 Mil'ia-ry. (mil'ya-re), a. [L. miliarias; milium, a 
 millet-seed. — See Millet.] Accompanied by a 
 minute eruption. 
 
 Mil'i-tant, a. [L. militans, militantis.—See Mili- 
 tate.] Fighting; engaged in war. 
 
 Mil'i-ta-ry, a. [L. militaris or militariiis; miles, 
 mil itii, a soldier.] Eelating to an army, to arms, 
 or to war; warlike; martial; soldierly. — 2, re. pi. 
 The soldiery ; the army. 
 
 Mil'i-tate, v. n. [L. militare, militatum, to fight. 
 — See Military.] [pp. militating, militated.] 
 To war ; to operate against. 
 
 Mi-li"tia (me-llsh'ya.), re. [L. for "army," "war- 
 fare ;" 'mile's, a soldier.] A body of citizens en- 
 rolled for military exercise. 
 
 Milk, n. [A.-S. meolc; Dut. & Dan. melk; Ger. 
 milch. — Cf. Ger. melken, Gr. djueAyeiv, L. mulgere, 
 to milk.] The liquor with which females feed 
 their young from the breast : — juice of plants. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. milking, milked.] To draw milk 
 by the hand. 
 
 Milk'er, n. One that milks or that gives milk. 
 
 Milk'i-ness, re. Resemblance to milk. 
 
 Milk'maid, re. A woman who milks. 
 
 Milk'man, n. A man who sells milk. 
 
 Milk'sop, re. [Milk and Sop.] Bread steeped in 
 milk : — a soft, mild, simple, effeminate man. 
 
 Milk'-tooth, re. One of the first set of teeth. 
 
 Milk' -weed, n. A plant of several species. 
 
 Milk'y, a. Made of or like milk; soft. 
 
 Milk'y-way (milk'e-wa), re. The Galaxy. 
 
 Mill, n. [Local Eng. miln, A.-S. myln, Icel. mylna, 
 L. molina, a mill. — Cf. also mola, a mill ; molere, 
 to grind : akin to Meal.] An entrine for grind- 
 ing corn, &c. ; a building; manufactory: — one- 
 tenth of a cent. — 2, v. a. [pp. milling, milled.] 
 To grind; to stamp :— to beat. 
 
 Mill'-dam, n. A dam to flow water for a mill. 
 
 Mil-le-na'ri-an, re. A believer in the millennium ; 
 a m'illenn'iaiist. — 2, a. Eelating to the millen- 
 nium or to a thousand. 
 
 Mil-len'ni-al, a. Pertaining to the millennium. 
 
 Mil-len'ni-um, n. [L. ; mille, a thousand, and 
 annus, a year.] A thousand years :— a thousand 
 years of Christ's reign on earth. 
 
 Mil'le-ped, n. [L. rnillipeda; mille, a thousand, 
 and pes, pedis, a foot.] An animal of a thousand 
 feet, or of many feet ; the wood-louse. 
 
 Mill'er, n. One who attends a mill: — [from its 
 mealy covering] a kind of moth with powdery 
 wings. 
 
 Mil-les'j-mal, a. [L. miUesimus.] Thousandth. 
 
 Mil/let, re. [Fr. mil or millet; A.-S. mil; L. mi- 
 lium : Gr. /LteAiVrj ; It. miglietto : probably a di- 
 minutive of miglio, L. mille, a thousand, because 
 it was thought to yield a thousandfold ; whether 
 the Greek is from this root is doubtful.] A name 
 of various grains and grasses. 
 
 Mill'iard (nril'yard), n. [Fr.] A thousand millions. 
 
 Mil'li-gram, re. [Fr. milligramme; L. mille, a 
 thousand, and Gram (q. v.).] The one-thousandth 
 of a gram, equal to .0154 grain. 
 
 Mil'li-li-tre (-le-ter), n. [L. mille, and Fr. litre 
 (g. ?;.).] A measure, the thousandth part of a 
 litre, or .06103 of a cubic inch. 
 
 Mil'li-me-tre (or -ma-ter), v. [L. mille, a thou- 
 sand, and Fr. metre.] A French measure, the 
 thousandth part of a metre, or .03037 of an inch. 
 
 Mil'li-ner, n. [Named from Milan, in Italy, once 
 a great market for small wares.] One who makes 
 and sells head-dresses, caps, &c, for women. 
 
 Mil'li-ner-y, n. The work of milliners. 
 
 Mil-li-net', re. [Said to be for Milan net.] A sort 
 of coarse, thin muslin. 
 
 Mill'ion (mll'yun), n. [Fr. ; Late L. millio, an 
 extended form of L. mille, a thousand.] Ten 
 hundred thousand. 
 
 Millionaire (mtl-yun-ar / ), re. [Fr. millionnaire.] 
 
 A man possessed of property of the value of one 
 or more millions ; a man of great wealth. 
 
 Mil'lionth (mil'yunth), «. Ordinal of a million. 
 
 Mill' -pond, re. A* pond dammed up for a mill. 
 
 Mill'-race, n. A current of water to drive a mill- 
 wheel ; a canal or channel for water. 
 
 Mill'rea, or Mill'ree, re. [Port, mil reis, a thou- 
 sand reals : reis is the plural of real.] A Portu- 
 guese and Brazilian coin. 
 
 Mill' stone, re. A stone for grinding corn. 
 
 Mill' -wright (mil'rit), n. A builder of mills and 
 mill-machinery. 
 
 Milt, n. [A variant of Milk.— Cf. Ger. milch, Dan. 
 melk, Sw. mjolke, all sometimes meaning milt as 
 well as milk.] The sperm of the male fish: — 
 [Dut. & Dan. milt; A.-S. milte ; Ger. milz: re- 
 lated to Malt and Melt, from its supposed aid 
 in digestion] the spleen. 
 
 Mime, re. [L. mimus; Gr. /uuju.0?. — See Mimic] A 
 mimic ; a buffoon : — a farce. [icry. 
 
 Mi-me'sis, re. [Gr.] Imitation; simulation; mini- 
 
 Mi-met'ic, or Mi-met'i-cal, a. [Gr. ju.t^TjTix6s.] 
 Imitative. 
 
 Mim'ic, v. a. [Gr. jui/xikos ; /xi^elaOaL, to imitate.] 
 [i. mimicked; pp. mimicking, mimicked.] To 
 imitate for sport ; to ape. — 2, n. A ludicrous 
 imitator; a buffoon. — 3, a. Relating to mim- 
 icry ; imitative ; acting the mimic. 
 
 Mim'ic-ry, n. Burlesque or playful imitation : — 
 resemblance of plants or animais to other objects. 
 
 Mi-mo'sa, v. [Late L. ; L. mimus, an imitator: 
 from its power of motion.] The sensitive plant. 
 
 Min'a-ret, n. [Sp. minarete ; Arab, manaral or 
 manor, a candlestick, a turret. — Of. Heb. mano- 
 rah, a candlestick.] A spire in architecture. 
 
 Min'a-tp-ry, a. [L. minatorvus; miaare, to threaten; 
 minse, threats.] Threatening. 
 
 Mince, v. a. [Fr. mincer, It. minuzzare, to chop 
 small.— Cf. A.-S. minsjanjto grow small, to fail: 
 akin to Minor.] [pp. mincing, minced.] To cut 
 into small parts; to palliate : — to pronounce af- 
 fectedly. — 2, r. a. To act, walk, or speak with 
 affected delicacy or nicety. [meat. 
 
 Mince'-pie (mins'pi), n. A pie made of minced 
 
 Mins'ing-ly, ad. In small parts; affectedly. 
 
 Mind,' n. [A.-S. gemynd, Dan. minde, memory; 
 L. mens, mentis, mind; memini, to remember; 
 Gr. jLtero?, Skr. manas, mind; man, to think.] 
 The thinking faculty in man ; soul: understand- 
 ing ; intellect : — choice : — opinion : — remem- 
 brance. — 2, v. a. [pp. minding, minded.] To 
 mark; to attend; to regard. — 3, v. n. To in- 
 cline ; to be disposed. 
 
 Mind'ed, a. Disposed; inclined; affected. 
 
 Mind'ful, a. Attentive; heedful; observant. 
 
 Mind'ful-ly, ad. Attentively : needfully. 
 
 Mind'ful-ngss, n. Attention ; regard. 
 
 Mine, pron. poss. from I. [A.-S. & Dan. min ; Ger. 
 mein. — See Me.] Belonging to me. — 2, n. [Fr. 
 miner, Sp. minor, It. minare, to mine; Late L. 
 minare, to lead, to drive: root of L. mivari, to 
 threaten.] A place in the earth containing min- 
 erals or ores: — a cavern under a fortification. — 
 3, v. «. [pp. mining, mined.] To dig mines or 
 burrows.— 4, ». a. To sap ; to ruin by mines. 
 
 Min'er, n. One who digs in mines. 
 
 Min'er-al, n. [Fr. — See Mine.— Cf. Sp. minera, a 
 mine.]' An inorganic substance found in the 
 earth ; matter dug out of mines.— 2, a. Consist- 
 ing of fossil bodies. 
 
 Min'er-al-Ize, v. «• [pp. mineralizing, mineral- 
 ized.] ' To change into a mineral ; to combine 
 with a mineral. 
 
 Min-er-a-loi-'i-cal, a. Relating to mineralogy. 
 
 Min-er-al'o-|-ist,' n. One versed in mineralogy. 
 
 Min-er-al'o-fy, n. [Mineral, and Gr. Aoyo?, a 
 treatise.]' The science which teaches the prop- 
 erties, composition, and relations of minerals 
 or mineral substances. 
 
 Min'e-ver, n. [0. Fr. menu voir ; Fr. menu, little, 
 and voir, ermine's fur: menu is L. minutus, mi- 
 
 mlen, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — Q, 9, 5, £, soft; p, £, p, §, hard; § as z ; ?asgz; this. 
 
MINGLE 
 
 364 
 
 MISAPPROPRIATION 
 
 nute, and vair is from L. varius, spotted.] The 
 ermine and its fur : — squirrels' fur. 
 
 Min'gle (ming'gi), v. a. [A.-S. mengan, Dut. men- 
 gen, mengelen, to mix ; Ger. mengen. — Cf. Ger. 
 rnenge, A.-S. mang, a crowd : akin to Many and 
 Among.] [pp. mingling, mingled.] To mix; to 
 compound. — 2, v. n. To be mixed. 
 
 Mm'ia-ture, or Min'i-a-ture, n. [It. miniatura; 
 miniare, to paint; L. minium (g. v.), red lead or 
 cinnabar.] A portrait, picture, or representa- 
 tion in a small compass, or less than the reality. 
 
 Min'im, n. [L. minimus, smallest. — See Minor.] 
 A dwarf : — a short note in music : — a short poem : 
 — a small type ; minion : — a small liquid meas- 
 ure : — a small fish : — one of an order of friars. 
 
 Min'i-mize, v. a. [pip- minimizing, minimized.] 
 To reduce to the lowest point : — to detract from. 
 
 Min'i-mum, n. ; pi. Mm'i-ma. [L.] The small- 
 est quantity : — opposed to maximum. 
 
 Mln'ing, n. The act of working in mines. 
 
 Mm'ion (min'yun), n. [Fr. mignon, a darling : 
 root' of Ger. minne, love, remembrance.] A ser- 
 vile favorite ; a low, mean dependant : — a small 
 printing-type. 
 
 Mm'is-ter, n. [L. minister, a servant, root of 
 minor, 'less; correlative of magister, a master, 
 root of magnus, great.] One who ministers or 
 serves; a servant: — one who administers; an 
 administrator ; a high officer of the state : — an 
 ambassador ; a delegate ; an agent : — a clergyman ; 
 a priest ; a pastor. — 2, v. a. [pp. ministering, 
 ministered.] To give; to supply; to afford. — 
 3, v. n. To attend ; to serve. 
 
 Mm-is-te'ri-al, a. Relating to a minister or to 
 ministry :— done under another. 
 
 Min'is-trant, a. [L. ministrare, ministrantis, to 
 serve.] Attendant; ministering, [vice; office. 
 
 Min-is-tra'tion, n. [L. ministratio.] Agency ; ser- 
 
 Min'is-try, n'. The office of a minister ; service ; 
 agency :— the ecclesiastical function : — the body 
 of ministers of a state. 
 
 Min'i-um, or Min'ium, n. [L.] Red lead. 
 
 Min'i-ver, n. See Minever. [for its fur. 
 
 Mink, n. [See Minx.] A small animal, valued 
 
 Min'ne-sing-er, n. [Ger. minne, love, and singer, 
 a singer.] A lyric poet of mediaeval Germany. 
 
 Min'now, n. [A.-S. myne: possibly related to Fr. 
 menuise, small fishes, fry. — Cf. L. msena. Gr. 
 fjiaivn, a kind of sea-fish; Skr. mina, Hind. 
 mama, a fish ; Dravidian min, a fish ; min, to 
 shine.] A small river-fish ; a minim. 
 
 Mi'nor, a. [L. for "smaller." — Cf. Icel. minnr, 
 Goth, minizza, less; A.-S. & Celt, min, small.] 
 Inferior ; less ; smaller ; lower. — 2, n. One 
 under age. — (Logic.) The second or particular 
 proposition of a syllogism. 
 
 Mi-nor'i-tx, n. State of being a minor : — the less 
 number : — opposed to majority. 
 
 Min'ster, n. [A.-S. mynster, L. monasterium, a 
 monastery (q. ».).] A monastery : — a cathedral. 
 
 Min'strel, n. [0. Fr. menestrel, menestral, a re- 
 tainer,' a servant; Late L. ministerialis ; L. mi- 
 nister, a servant.— See Minister.] A player upon 
 instruments ; a musician ; a poet and singer ; a 
 bard. [etry. 
 
 Mm'strel-sy, n. Music :— -musicians :— ballad po- 
 
 Mint, n. [A.-S. mynet, a coin; Ger. miinze, a 
 mint; L. moneta, money, a mint. — See Money.] 
 A place for coining money : — [A.-S. minte ; Ger. 
 miinze; L, mentha; Gr. fiivOa] an aromatic plant, 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. minting, minted.] To coin; to 
 stamp : — to invent. 
 
 Mint' age, n. Coinage : — duty paid for coining. 
 
 Min'u-end, n. [L. minuendum, having to be di- 
 minished; minuere, to diminish (q. v.).] (Arilh.) 
 The number from which another number is to 
 be subtracted. 
 
 Min'u-et, n. [Fr. menuet, from menu, little, short. 
 — See Minute.] A stately, regular dance. 
 
 Mi'nus, a. [L., neuter form of minor, less.] Less : 
 — noting subtraction. 
 
 Mi-nute\ or Mi-nute', a. [L. minutm, small; a 
 participle from minuere, to diminish; minor, less. 
 — Cf. Gr. fj.Lvv6eiv, to make small.] Very small; 
 slender; trifling: — particular; circumstantial. 
 
 Min'ute (min'ut or min'it), n. The sixtieth part 
 of an hour : — the sixtieth part of a degree : — a 
 short note ; a memorandum : — the first draught 
 of a writing. — 2, v. a. [pp. minuting, minuted.] 
 To set down in short notes. 
 
 Min'ute-book (-buk), n. A book of short hints or 
 of memoranda or records. 
 
 Min'ute-gun, u. A gun discharged every minute. 
 
 Min'ute-ly., ad. Happening every minute. 
 
 Mi-nute'ly, ad. To a small point; exactly. 
 
 Min'ute-man, n. A man enlisted as a soldier 
 and bound to march at a minute's notice. 
 
 Mi-nute'ness, n. Extreme smallness. [records. 
 
 Min'utes, n. pi. "Written or printed memoranda or 
 
 Mi-nG'ti-ae (me-nu'she-e), n. pi. [L.] Minute 
 divisions ; the smallest particulars. 
 
 Minx, ». [0. E. minnikin, a darling, a pet; Dut. 
 mmnekyn, a Cupid, a pet; Dut. & Ger. minne, 
 love.] A pert girl : — a puppy : — a mink. 
 
 Mi'o-cene, a. [Gr. fxedov, less, and /cat'vo?, recent.] 
 {Geol.) Relating to the second division of the 
 tertiary epoch. 
 
 Mir'a-cle, n. [Fr. ; L. miracidum, a wonder; mi- 
 rar'i, to wonder; minis, wonderful.] An event 
 which cannot be explained by the laws of na- 
 ture, or a deviation from the established laws of 
 nature ; an effect above human power ; a prodigy ; 
 a wonder: — a sort of theatrical representation. 
 
 Mi-rac'u-lous, a. Supernatural ; wonderful. 
 
 Mi-rac'u-lous-lx, ad. By miracle. 
 
 Mirage' (me-razh'), n. [Fr. ; mire, a sight; mirer, 
 to see; Late L. mirare, to behold; L. mirari, to 
 wonder at.] An optical illusion presenting an 
 image of water in sandy deserts, or apparently 
 elevating objects into the air. 
 
 Mire, n. [Icel. myri, a bog ; Dan. myr, Sw. myra, 
 a marsh : akin to Moor.] Mud ; dirt at the 
 bottom of water. — 2, v. a. [pp. miring, mired.] 
 To whelm in the mud ; to soil. 
 
 Mir'i-ness, w. Muddiness ; fulness of mire. 
 
 Mir'ror, n. [Fr. miroir; mirer, to behold.— See 
 Mirage.] A looking-glass ; a pattern. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. mirroring, mirrored.] To exhibit by use 
 of a mirror : — to cast an image of. 
 
 Mirth, k. [A.-S. myrth ; merg, merry (q. r.) ; Celt. 
 ■mireadl), play, mirth.] Merriment; hilarity. 
 
 Mirth' ful, a. Merry; gay; joyful; cheerful. 
 
 Mi'rth'ful-lj;, ad. In a merry manner. 
 
 Mirth'ful-ngss, n. Merriment; mirth. 
 
 Mir'y., a. Deep in mud ; muddy ; full of mire. 
 
 Mis-.* An English prefix, of the same origin as the 
 verb to miss, denoting error or mistake. In cer- 
 tain words the prefix mis- stands for the French 
 pejorative prefix me- or mes- (0. Fr. mes-), which 
 represents the L. minus, less. 
 
 Mis-ad-vent'ure (mls-ad-vent'yur), n. [Fr. mesa- 
 venture.] A mischance ; misfortune ; bad fortune. 
 
 Mis-al-li ance, n. [Fr. mesalliance. — See Alli- 
 ance.] An improper association. 
 
 Mis'an-thrope, n. [Gr. ixio-a.vdpo)iro<; ; fjno-f.lv, to 
 hate, and avQpiairos, aman.] A hater of mankind. 
 
 Mis-an-throp'ic, \«- Partaking of misan- 
 
 Mis-an-throp'i-cal, / thropy. 
 
 Mis-an'thro-pist, n. A hater of mankind. 
 
 Mis-an'thro-px, n. [Gr. ^io-av6po>TTi.a..} Hatred 
 of mankind :— opposed to philanthropy. 
 
 Mis-ap-pli-ca'tion, n. A wrong application. 
 
 Mis-ap-ply', r. a. [Mis- and Apply.] [pp. mis- 
 applying, misapplied.] To apply incorrectly. 
 
 Mis-ap-pre-hend', v. a. [Mis- and Apprehend.] 
 [pp. misapprehending, misapprehended.] To 
 misunderstand. 
 
 Mis-ap-pre-hen'sion, n. A misconception. 
 
 Mis-ap-pro'pri-ate, v. a. [Mis- and Appropriate.] 
 [pp. misappropriating, misappropriated.] To 
 appropriate to a wrong use. 
 
 Mis-ap-pro-pri-a'tion, w. A wrong appropriation. 
 
 a, e, I, 5, u, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y,, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her ; 
 
MISBECOME 
 
 365 
 
 MISOGYNIST 
 
 Mis-be-c6me' (mis-be-kuni'), v. a. [Mis- and Be- 
 come.] [i. misbecame; j>p. misbecoming, mis- 
 become.] Not to become ; to be unseemly to. 
 
 Mis-be-have', v. n. [Mis- and Behave.] [pp. 
 misbehaving, misbehaved.] To act ill or im- 
 properly. — 2, v. a. To conduct improperly. 
 
 Mis-be-hav'ior (mis-be-hav'yur), n. Ill conduct. 
 
 MIs-be-lief , n. A wrong belief. 
 
 Mis-be-lieve', v. n. [Mis- and Believe.] [pp. 
 misbelieving, misbelieved.] To believe wrongly. 
 
 Mis-cal'cu-late, v. a. [Mis- and Calculate.] 
 [pp. miscalculating, miscalculated.] To reckon 
 wrongly. 
 
 Mis-cal-cu-la'tion, n. A wrong computation. 
 
 Mis-call', v. a. [Mis- and Call.] [pp. miscalling, 
 miscalled.] To name or call improperly. 
 
 Mis-car' riage (mis-kar'rij), n. Act of miscarry- 
 ing; failure; ill conduct : — abortion. 
 
 Mis-car' ry, v. n. [Mis- and Carry.] [pp. miscarry- 
 ing, miscarried.] To fail : — to have an abortion. 
 
 Mis-cel-la'ne-a, n. pi. [L.] Miscellanies :— a mis- 
 cellany. 
 
 Mis-cel-la'ne-ous, a. [L. miscellaneus ; miscellus, 
 mixed; miscere, to mix (q. v.).] Composed of 
 various kinds ; diversified; various; mixed. 
 
 Mis'cel-la-ny, n. A collection of various literary 
 pieces or other matters ; medley. 
 
 Mis-chance', n. [0. Fr. meschance, mischief; Fr. 
 mediant, ill. — See Chance.] Misfortune ; mishap. 
 
 Mis'chief (mis'chif), n. [0. Fr. mis-, ill, and 
 chef, a head, result, issue. — Cf. Sp. menoscabo, 
 loss. — See Chief.] Evil, intentional or unin- 
 tentional; harm; hurt; injury; trouble. 
 
 Mis'chiev-ous, a. Making mischief; harmful ; 
 hurtful ; injurious. 
 
 Mis'chiev-oiis-ly, ad. Hurtfully. 
 
 Misch'n'a, or Mish'na, n. [Heb.] The text of the 
 Jewish Talmud. 
 
 Mis-choose', v. a. [Mis- and Choose.] [i. mis- 
 chose ; pp. mischoosing, mischosen.] To choose 
 erroneously. [Capable of being mixed. 
 
 Mis'ci-ble, a. [Fr. ; L. miscere, to mix (q. v.).] 
 
 Mis-con-ceit', n. Wrong conceit or opinion. 
 
 Mis-con-ceive' (mis-kon-seV), v. a. & v. n. [Mis- 
 and' Conceive.] [pp. misconceiving, miscon- 
 ceived.] To conceive wrongly ; to misjudge ; to 
 misunderstand. 
 
 Mis-con-cep'tion, n. A wrong notion. 
 
 Mis-con'duct. n. Bad conduct ; ill behavior. 
 
 Mis-con-dfict', v. a. [Mis- and Conduct.] [pp. 
 misconducting, misconducted.] To manage 
 
 Mis-dS'ing, n. An offence ; misconduct. 
 
 Mis-em-pl6y', v. a. [Mis- and Employ.] [pp. 
 misemploying, misemployed.] To employ or 
 use amiss. 
 
 Mis-en' try, n. [Mis- and Entry.] A wrong entry. 
 
 Mi'ser, n. [L. miser, wretched.] A wretch covet- 
 ous" to excess ; a person excessively penurious. 
 
 Mis'er-a-ble, a. [L. miserabilis ; miserari, to pity.] 
 Unhappy; wretched. 
 
 Mis'er-a-bly, ad. Unhappily ; wretchedly. 
 
 Mis-e-re're, n. [L. for "have mercy;" miserari, 
 to pity; 'miser, pitiable, wretched.] A cry for 
 mercy ; a lament. 
 
 Mi'§er-ly, a. Very avaricious ; niggardly. 
 
 Mis'er-y, n. [L. miseria; miser, wretched.] State 
 of 'being miserable; wretchedness; calamity; 
 misfortune; woe. 
 
 Mis-es'ti-mate, v. a. [Fr. mesestimer. — See Esti- 
 mate.]' [pp. misestimating, misestimated.] To 
 estimate wrongly. 
 
 Mis-fea'sance, n. [Law Fr. ; 0. Fr. mefaire, mes- 
 faire, to' do evil. — See Malfeasance.] A mis- 
 deed ; malfeasance ; a wrong act ; a trespass. 
 
 Mis-for-ma'tion, n. [Mis- and Formation.] An 
 abnormal or irregular formation; malformation. 
 
 Mis-fdrt'une (mis-f ort'yun) , n. [Mis- and For- 
 tune.] Evil fortune; calamity; ill luck; mis- 
 chance; evil. 
 
 Mis-give', v. a. [Mis- and Give.] [('.misgave; 
 pp. misgiving, misgiven.] To give wrongly : — 
 to fail (used with the reciprocal pronoun). 
 
 Mis-giv'ing, n. Doubt; distrust: — apprehension. 
 
 Mis-gov'ern (-guv'ern), v. a. [Mis- and Govern.] 
 [pp. misgoverning, misgoverned.] To govern 
 
 Mis-g6v'em-ment, «. Bad government. [ill. 
 
 Mis-fuld'ance (mis-gid'ans), n. False direction. 
 
 Mis-fuide' (mis-gldO, v. a. [Mis- and Guide.] 
 [pp. misguiding, misguided.] To guide amiss. 
 
 Mis-hap', n. [Mis- and Hap.] Ill chance; ill 
 luck; a calami///. 
 
 Mis-con-struc'tion, n. A wrong construction. 
 
 Mis-c5n'strue, v.' a. [Mis- and Construe.] [pp. 
 misconstruing, misconstrued.] To interpret in- 
 correctly. 
 
 Mis-count', v. a. [Mis- and Count.] [pp. mis- 
 counting, miscounted.] To count or reckon 
 amiss. — 2, v. n. To reckon amiss. — 3, n. An 
 erroneous reckoning. 
 
 Mis'cre-ant, n. [Fr. mecreanf, 0. Fr. mescreant, 
 unbelieving, infidel ; mes-, ill, and croire, L. 
 credere, to believe. — Cf. It. miscredente, heathen : 
 at first a miscreant was an unbeliever.] A villain. 
 
 Mis-deal', n. [Mis- and Deal.] A wrong deal. 
 — 2, v. a. & v. n. [i. misdealt; pp. misdealing, 
 misdealt.] To deal amiss. 
 
 Mis-deed', n. [A.-S. misdeed; Ger. missethat; Dut. 
 misdaad.] An evil action ; fault ; offence. 
 
 Mis-deem , v. a. [Icel. misdsema. — See Deem.] [ pp. 
 misdeeming, misdeemed.] To judge wrongly ; 
 to mistake. 
 
 Mis-de-mean'or, n. [Mis- and Demeanor.] An 
 offence less atrocious than a crime ; misconduct. 
 
 Mis-di-rect', v. a. [Mis- and Direct.] [pp. mis- 
 directing, misdirected.] To direct or guide amiss. 
 
 Mis-di-rec'tion, n. A wrong direction or com- 
 mand. 
 
 Mis-d8', v. a. & v. n. [Dut. misdoen ; Ger. miis- 
 thnn. — See Do.] [i. misdid; pp. misdoing, mis- 
 done.] To do wrong. 
 
 Mis-im-prove 
 
 [Mis- and Improve.] [pp. 
 
 pp. 
 
 misimproving, misimproved.] To misuse; to 
 abuse. 
 
 MIs-in-fdrm', v. a. [Mis- and Inform.] [pp. 
 misinforming, misinformed.] To inform wrongly. 
 
 Mis-in-for-ma'tion, n. False intelligence. 
 
 Mis-in-teVpret, v. a. [Fr. m6sinterpre~ter. — See 
 Interpret.] [pp. misinterpreting, misinter- 
 preted.] To interpret wrongly. 
 
 Mis-in-ter-pre-ta'tion, n. A wrong interpreta- 
 tion or explanation. 
 
 Mis-jud§e\ v. a. [Fr. mejuger. — See Judge.] [pp. 
 misjudging, misjudged'.] To judge incorrectly ; 
 to mistake. — 2, v. n. To judge incorrectly. 
 
 Mis-judgment, n. An incorrect judgment. 
 
 Mis-lay', v. a. [Mis- and Lay.] [j. mislaid ; _ 
 mislaying, mislaid.] To lay in a wrong place; 
 to misplace. 
 
 Mis-lead', v. a. [Mis- and Lead.] [i. misled; pp. 
 misleading, misled.] To lead or guide wrong; 
 to delude. 
 
 Mis'le-toe (miz'zl-to), n. See Mistletoe. 
 
 Mis-like', v. a. & v. v. [A.-S. mislican. — See Like.] 
 [pp. misliking, misliked.] To disapprove; to 
 dislike. — 2, n. Disapprobation ; dislike. 
 
 Mis-man'afe, v. a. [Mis- and Manage.] [pp. 
 mismanaging, mismanaged.] To manage ill. 
 
 Mis-man' afe-ment. n. Ill management. 
 
 Mis-mat' e'd, a. [Mis- and Mated.] Unsuitably 
 mated. 
 
 Mis-name', v. a. [Mis- and Name.] [pp. mis- 
 naming, misnamed.] To call by the wrong name. 
 
 Mis-no'mer, w. [Old Law Fr. mesnommer, to mis- 
 name ; 6. Fr. mes- pejorative, and nommer, L. 
 nominarc, to name (q. v.).] A wrong name : — a 
 misnaming. 
 
 Mi-s5g'a-mist, n. [Gr. fi.i<royap.oq ; /oiureiV, to 
 hate, and va/mo?, marriage.] A hater of marriage. 
 
 Mi-sog'a-my, n. Hatred of marriage. 
 
 Mi-sog'y-nist, n. [Gr. ixicroyvvys ; puo-eiv, to hate, 
 and ywr). woman.] A hater of women. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, 9, c, £, soft ; p, J3, c, g, hard; § asz; ?. as gz ; 
 
 31* 
 
 this. 
 
MISOGYNY 
 
 MIX 
 
 Mi-so£'y-ny, n. Hatred of women. 
 
 Mis-pick'el [niis'pik-1, St. N. I.], n. [Ger.] {Min.) 
 Arsenical pyrites. 
 
 Mis-place', v. a. [Mis- and Place.] [pp. mis- 
 placing, misplaced.] To put in a wrong place. 
 
 Mis-print', v. a. [Mis- and Print.] [pp. mis- 
 printing, misprinted.] To print incorrectly. — 
 2, n. An error of the press. 
 
 Mis-prise', v. a. [Fr. mevriser. — See Prize.] [pp. 
 misprising, misprised.f To undervalue. 
 
 Mis-pris/ion (rnis-prizh'un), n. [0. Fr. mesprison; 
 Fr. mepriser, to overlook, to undervalue.] (Law.) 
 Neglect ; negligence.— Misprision of treason is the 
 concealment of known treason. 
 
 Mis-pro-nbunce', v. a. & v. n. [Mis- and Pro- 
 nounce.] [ pp. mispronouncing, mispronounced.] 
 To pronounce incorrectly. 
 
 Mis-pro-nun-ci-a'tion (-pro-nun-she-a/shun) [-se- 
 a'shiin, Sm. H.], u. A wrong pronunciation. 
 
 Mis-quo-ta'tion, w. A wrong quotation. 
 
 Mis-quote' (mis-kwof), v. a. [Mis- and Quote.] 
 [pp. misquoting, misquoted.] To quote falsely. 
 
 Mis-rep-re-sent', v. a. [Mis- and Represent.] 
 [pp. misrepresenting, misrepresented.] To rep- 
 resent wrongly. 
 
 Mis-rep-re-sen- ta'tion, n. A false representation ; 
 a false account. 
 
 Mis-rule', n. [Mis- and Rule.] Confusion; dis- 
 order ; unjust government. — 2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. 
 misruling, misruled.] To govern badly. 
 
 Miss, i>. [For mistress?] A young girl : — the title 
 of an unmarried woman : — [L>ut. mis; 0. Ger. 
 misse] loss ; want ; failure ; omission. — 2, v. a. 
 [A.-S. missan; Ger. & Dut. missen: a common 
 Teutonic word.] [pp. missing, missed.] Not to 
 hit; to mistake; to omit. — 3, v. n. Not to suc- 
 ceed ; to fail ; to mistake. [mass-book. 
 
 Mis'sal, n. [Late L. missale.— See Mass.] A 
 
 Mis/sel-thrush, n. [Ger. misteldrossel ; mistel, mis- 
 tletoe, and drossel, thrush (q. v.).] A large Eu- 
 ropean thrush. 
 
 Mis-shape', v. i Qer. misschaffen ; 0. Dut. mis- 
 schepen. — See S. e.3 '"■!"/. misshaped ; pp. mis- 
 shaping, misshaped o "i p n.] To shape ill. 
 
 Mis'sile, a. [L. missilis, be thrown or 
 
 sent; mittere, mission, to j That may be 
 
 thrown. — 2, n. A weapon thrown; a projectile. 
 
 Mis'sion (mish'un), n. [L. missio ; mittere, missvm, 
 to send.] The* act of seeding or being sent:— a 
 delegation ; commission : — a body of persons sent 
 to perform any service. 
 
 Mis'sion-a-ry (mish'un-a-re). n. A person sent, 
 especially one sent to propagate religion. — 2, a. 
 Relating to missions. 
 
 Mis'sive, a. [Fr. — See Missile.] Sent abroad : 
 — sent; dispatched. — 2, n. A letter sent: — a 
 messenger. 
 
 Mis-spell', v. a. [Mi •.- and Spell.] [i. misspelt 
 or misspelled; pp. misspelling, misspelt or mis- 
 spelled.] To spell wrongly. 
 
 Mis-spend', v. a. [Mis- and Spend.] [;'. mis- 
 spent; pp. misspending, misspent.] To speud 
 ill ; to waste. 
 
 Mis-state', v. a. [Mis- and State.] [pp. mis- 
 stating, misstated.] To state incorrectly. 
 
 Mis-state'ment, n. Erroneous statement. 
 
 Mis-step', «.' [Mis- and Step.] A false step. 
 
 Mist, n. [A.-S., Dut., & Sw. ; from the base mig-, 
 as blast from blow. — Cf. Lith. migla, Gr. o/ou'xAt;, 
 mist: Skr. mih, to sprinkle.] A small, thin rain, 
 not perceived in drops ; vapor; fog: — anything 
 that dims. — 2, v. a. [iip. misting, misted.] To 
 cloud ; to cover with a vapor. 
 
 Mis-tak'a-ble, a. That may be mistaken. 
 
 Mis-take', v. a. [Mis- and Take.] [i. mistook; 
 pp. mistaking, mistaken.] To conceive wrongly ; 
 to misunderstand; to misapprehend. — 2, v. n. 
 To err ; to judge wrongly. — To be mistaken (mis- 
 ta/kn), to err ; to misconceive : — to be misunder- 
 stood. — 3, n. A misconception ; an error. 
 
 Mis-ta'ken-ly, ad. Erroneously ; incorrectly. 
 
 Mis-teach', v. a. [Mis- and Teach.] [i. mis- 
 taught ; pp. misteaching, mistaught.J To teach 
 wrongly. 
 
 Mis'ter. The pronunciation of the title Mr., the 
 abbreviation of master. See Master. 
 
 Mist'i-ly, ad. With mist ; darkly ; obscurely. 
 
 Mist'i-ness, n. The state of being misty. 
 
 Mis/ tie-toe (miz'zl-to), n. [A.-S. misteltan or mis- 
 tel; Icel. mistelteinn; Dan., Sw., & Ger. rnistel: 
 probably akin to Ger. mist, dung ; the last sylla- 
 ble is A.-S. tan, a twig. It was believed to be 
 propagated through the dung of birds.] A para- 
 sitical plant growing on trees. 
 
 Mis-took' (rnls-tuk'), i. from mistake. 
 
 Mis'tral, n. [Fr. for magistral, powerful.] A 
 northwest wind (in the Western Mediterranean). 
 
 Mis-trans-late', v. a. [Mis- and Translate.] [pp. 
 mistranslating, mistranslated.] To translate in- 
 correctly. 
 
 Mis-trans-la'tion, n. An incorrect translation. 
 
 Mis' tress, n. [Fr. mattresse; 0. Fr. maistresse. — 
 See Master.] A woman who governs; an in- 
 structress : — a woman beloved and courted : — a 
 concubine : — a title of respect to a married 
 woman : — in this last sense abbreviated to Mrs., 
 and pronounced mis'sis or mls'sez. 
 
 Mis-tri'al, w. [Mis- and Trial.] A defective trial. 
 
 Mis-trust', n. [Mis- and Trust.] Suspicion; dis- 
 trust. — 2, v. a. [pp. mistrusting, mistrusted.] 
 To suspect ; to doubt ; to regard with suspicion 
 or distrust ; to discredit. 
 
 Mist'y, a. Filled with mist; like mist; obscure. 
 
 Mis-un-der-stand'. v. a. [Mis- and Understand.] 
 [i. misunderstood ; pp. misunderstanding, mis- 
 understood.] To misconceive. 
 
 Mis-un-der-stand'ing, n. Erroneous impression ; 
 error :— disagreement ; dissension. 
 
 Mis-us'a|-e, n. Abuse ; bad treatment. 
 
 Mis-usV (mis-yiiz'), v. a. [Fr. misuser. — See Use.] 
 [pp. misusing, misused.] To use improperly ; to 
 abuse. [abuse. 
 
 Mis-iise' (mis-yus'), n. Wrong or erroneous use ; 
 
 Mite, n. [A.-S. & Low Ger. mite; 0. Ger. miza; 
 Ger. miete: root of Goth, maitan, to cut or bite.] 
 A small insect :— [0. Dut. mijt, a small coin] any 
 thing small ; a coin of trifling value. 
 
 Mith'ri-date, n. [Fr. ; L. mithradatium, an anti- 
 dote ;' from Miihradates, king of Pontus, whose 
 use of counterpoisons was proverbial.] An old 
 medicine or antidote. 
 
 Mit'i-ga-ble, a. [Late L. mitigabilis.] Capable of 
 mitigation. 
 
 Mit'i-gant, a. [L. mitigans.] Lenient; lenitive. 
 
 Mit'i-gate, v. a. [L. mitigare, mitigation ; from 
 mil is, mild, and agere, to make.] [pp. mitigating, 
 mitigated.] To render mild or less severe; to 
 temper ; to alleviate ; to assuage ; to appease. 
 
 Mit-i-ga'tion, n. [L. mitigatio.\ Alleviation ; an 
 assuaging. [leviate. 
 
 Mit'i-ga-tive, a. [L. mitigativus.] Tending to al- 
 
 Mitrailleur (me-tra-yur), \n. [Fr. ; mUraitte, 
 
 Mitrailleuse (me-tra-yuz), j grape - shot, scrap- 
 iron ; Late L. materialia, rubbish.— See Mate- 
 rial.] A kind of fire-arm in which several bar- 
 rels discharge a large number of shots in rapid 
 succession ; a machine-gun. 
 
 Mi'tral, a. Resembling or pertaining to a mitre. 
 
 Mi'tre (mi'ter), n. [L. mitra ; Gr. n-irpa.] An or- 
 nament for the head worn by the pope and car- 
 dinals, also by archbishops, bishops, and certain 
 abbots; an episcopal crown :— a diagonal joint. 
 
 Mi'tred (mi'terd), a. Adorned with a mitre. 
 
 Mit'ten, n. [Fr. mitaine, miton. — Cf. Irish mutan, 
 a glove, a muff : origin doubtful.] A cover for 
 the hand ; a glove. 
 
 Mit'ti-mus, n. [L. for " we commit."] (Law.) A 
 kind of writ: — a warrant for committing to 
 prison. [gere. 
 
 Mitts, n. pi. [See Mitten.] Gloves without fin - 
 
 Mix, v. a. [A.-S. miscan; Ger. mischen ; Welsh, 
 mysgu ; Gael, measg. — Cf. L. miscere, mixturn, Gr. 
 
 a, e, i, 5, ii, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, f, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure— Fare, far, f£st, fall; heir, her; 
 
MIXEN 
 
 367 
 
 MOIST 
 
 fjilayeiv and fxiyvvvai (fut. ju.t'£oju.ai), to mix.] 
 [L mixed ; pp. mixing, mixed ; i. & p. sometimes 
 mixt.] To unite to something else; to blend; 
 to mingle. — 2, v. n. To be united into one mass. 
 
 Mix'en (niik'sn), ». [A.-S. ; from mix, muck 
 {(]. v.).] A compost-heap. 
 
 Mlx'er, «. One who mixes : — a large bowl. 
 
 Mixt'ure (nrikst'yur), n. [L. mLrtura or rnistura.] 
 The act of mixing ; a mixed mass ; a compound. 
 
 Mlz'zen (miz'zn), n. [It. mezzana, a mizzeD-sail ; 
 Fr. misaitie, a foresail; L. medius, Late L. mediu- 
 m's, middling, — probably referring to its relative 
 size.] The hindmost sail of a ship. 
 
 Miz'zen-mast, n. The mast at the stern of a ship. 
 
 Miz'zle (miz'zl), v. a. [From Mist.] [pp. miz- 
 zling, mizzled.] To drizzle. — 2, n. Small rain ; 
 mist; misle. 
 
 Mne-mon'ic (ne-mon'ik), \a. Assisting the 
 
 Mne-mon'i-cal'(ne-mon'-), J memory. 
 
 Mne-mon'ics (ue-mon'iks), n. pi. [Gr. p.vqpovi<6<;, 
 pertaining to memory (q. v.) ; /u.j'ijju.cov, mindful, 
 fx.vdofxai, I remember.] The art of improving 
 and using the memory. 
 
 Moan (mon), v. a. & v. n. [A.-S. msenan, to moan : 
 imitative.] [pp. moaning, moaned.] To la- 
 ment ; to grieve. — 2, n. Lamentation ; audible 
 sorrow; a groan. 
 
 Moat (mot), h. [0. Fr. mote, Sp. mola, It. motto, a 
 mound or bank; Irish mota, a mound or moat. — 
 Cf. Icel. modr, a snow-bank; Romausch muotta, 
 a hill : akin to Mud.] A canal round a house 
 or castle: — the place where, in Anglo-Saxon 
 times, the people met for deliberative purposes; 
 a mote or assembly. — 2, v. a. [pp. moating, 
 moated.] To surround with canals. 
 
 Mob, n. [Contraction for L. mobile vulgus, the 
 fickle crowd. — See Mobile.] A tumultuous and 
 disorderly assemblage; a crowd; a rabble; a 
 rout:— a mob-cap. — 2, v. a. [pp. mobbing, 
 mobbed.] To harass ; to overbear by tumult. 
 
 Mob'-cap, v. [0. Dut. mop, a coif. — See Muffle.] 
 A woman's cap or head-dress.- 
 
 Mo-bile' (or mob'il) [mo-beT, W. P. Ja. K. ; mdb'- 
 i'l, Sm.; mo'bil. /. St. H. S. Wb. K], ra. [L. 
 mobUis l movabj< , tickle; mocere, motum, to move 
 ((j. c.).] The populace; a mob. — 2, a. Fickle; 
 easily moved. 
 
 Mob-i-li-za'tion, ». The act of fitting for service. 
 
 Mob'i-lize, v. a. [Fr. mobiliser.] [pp. mobilizing, 
 mobilized.] To fit for active service. 
 
 Mo-boc'ra-cy., n. Government by the mob. 
 
 Moc'ca-son (mok'ka-sn), /;. [Algonkin, makasin.] 
 An Indian shoe or cover for the foot : — a venom- 
 ous serpent : — written also moccasin. 
 
 Mock, v. u. [Fr. moquer; Ger. mucken, Dut. moclc- 
 eu, to mumble. — Cf. It. mocca, the mouth ; L. 
 maccus, a buffoon ; Gr. /xwko?, mockery.] [pp. 
 mucking, mocked.] To deride; to ridicule; to 
 mimic. — 2, v. n. To make contemptuous sport. 
 — 3, n. Ridicule; a sneer; mimicry. — 4, «. 
 False; counterfeit; not real. 
 
 Mock'er, n. One who mocks; a scoffer. 
 
 Mock'er-y, h. [Fr. moguerie.] Scorn; derision. 
 
 Mock'ing, h. Scorn; derision; an insult. 
 
 MSck'ing-bi'rd, n. A species of thrush, a bird 
 which imitates other birds. 
 
 Mo'dal, a. [Fr.] Relating to the form or mode. 
 
 Mo-dal'i-tj:, n. [Fr. modulilc.\ Difference in mode 
 or form ; restriction in respect to mode. 
 
 Mode, n. [Fr. ; L. modus, measure, kind, way : 
 akin to Mete.] Method ; form ; fashion ; state : 
 — a thin silk : — variation of a verb. See Mood. 
 
 Mod'el, ». [Fr. modele, It. modello, L. modulus, a 
 standard ; dim. of modus, a measure.] A repre- 
 sentation ; a copy to be imitated; exawjde ; a 
 pattern ; a standard. — 2, v. a. [pp. modelling, 
 modelled.] To plan; to shape or form. 
 
 Mod'el-ler, n. One who models; a planner. 
 
 Mod'er-ate, a. Observing a due mean between 
 extremes; middling; temperate; not excessive ; 
 mild ; reasonable ; deliberate : — mediocre. 
 
 Mod'er-ate, v. a. [L. moderari, moderatus, to con- 
 trol'; modus, measure, moderation.] [pp. mod- 
 erating, moderated.] To regulate ; to restrain ; 
 to still ; to repress ; to quiet : — to preside over. — 
 2, v. n. To become quiet or less violent : — to 
 preside as moderator. 
 
 Mod'er-ate-lx, ad. With moderation. 
 
 M6d-er-a'tion, n. [L. moderatio.] State of being 
 moderate ; forbearance ; calmness ; restraint. 
 
 Mod'er-a-tor, n. [L.] One who moderates or pre- 
 sides. 
 
 Mod' er-a- tor-ship, n. Office of moderator. 
 
 Mod'ern, a. [Fr. moderne, L. modernus, in the 
 present mode; modus, a mode, a measure, a 
 standard.] Late ; recent ; not ancient ; new. — 
 2, n. A person of modem times. 
 
 Mod'ern-ism, n. A modern practice or idiom. 
 
 Mod-ern-i-za'tion, n. The act of modernizing. 
 
 Mod'ern-ize, v. a. [Fr. nwdertjiser.] [pp. mod- 
 ernizing, modernized.] To render modern. 
 
 Mod'est, «. [Fr. modeste; L. modestus, modest, 
 within the measure ; modus, measure.] Re- 
 strained by a sense of propriety ; diffident : — 
 meek ; humble .-—chaste ; decent. 
 
 Mod'est-ly, ud. Not arrogantly ; chastely. 
 
 Mod'es-ty, n. State of being modest; propriety; 
 moderation; diffidence; chastity: decency. 
 
 Mod'i-cum, n. [L. modicus, moderate ; modus, 
 measure.] A small portion. 
 
 Mod'i-f I-a-ble, a. That may be modified. 
 
 Mod-i-fi-ca'tion, n. [L. modificutio.] The act of 
 modifying; state of being modified ; variation. 
 
 Mod'i-fi-er, n. He who or that which modifies. 
 
 Mod'j-fy, v. a. [Fr. modifier; L. modificare; mo- 
 dus', a measure, and facere, to make.]' [jjjp. mod- 
 ifying, modified.] To qualify; to shape; to soften. 
 
 Mo-dil'lion (mo-dil'yun), ». [Fr. modiUon; It. mo- 
 diglione) L. modulus, a model (q. v.).] (Arch.) 
 An ornament in columns; a console or bracket. 
 
 Mo'dish, a. Conformed to the mode; stylish. 
 
 Mo-diste, n. [Fr.] A millin ; a dress-maker. 
 
 Mod'ii-late (mod'yu-lat), v. . . n. [L. modu- 
 lari, modulatus, to veg.^at o control; modus, a 
 measure, mod'- ' u [pp. modulating, modu- 
 lated.] To r adapt, as the voice or 
 sounds; to . sound to a certain key; to 
 attune. 
 
 Mod-u-la'tion, w. [L. modulatio.] The act of mod- 
 ulating; inflection uf the voice: harmony. 
 
 Mod'ule (mod'yul), n. [Fr. — See Model.] A rep- 
 resentation ; a model. 
 
 Mod'u-lus, n. [L. — See Model.] A constant factor 
 in a variable function. 
 
 Mo'dus, n. [L.— See Mode.] L. pi. Mo'di ; Eng. 
 Mo'dus-es. Mode; manner. — (Law.) A com- 
 pensation for tithes; a consideration. 
 
 Mo-gul', n. [Per. Moghol, a Mongolian.] The 
 title of former East-liid : m emperors. 
 
 Mo'hair. w. [Fr. ; 0. Fr. mouaire; Arab, mulchay- 
 yar, camlet, hair-cloth.] Goats' hair, or cloth 
 made of it. 
 
 Mo-ham'me-dan, n. A follower of Mohammed ; a 
 Mahometan. [med ; Mahome tanism ; Islam. 
 
 Mo-ham'me-dan-ism, n. The religion of Moham- 
 
 Mbi'dore, »>.' [Port, moeda de ouro, money of gold.] 
 A Portuguese coin, rated at about £1 is. sterling 
 (about $6.53). 
 
 Mbi'e-ty., n. [Fr. moitie; L. medietas, a middle 
 course.] Half; one of two equal parts. 
 
 Moil, t'. a. [Fr. mouiUer, 0. Fr. moiler, to drench, 
 to soak ; L. mollis, soft.] [pp. moiling, moiled.] 
 To daub with dirt; to defile.— 2, o. n. To labor; 
 to toil ; to drudge. — % n. Defilement ; dirt ; stain ; 
 drudgery. 
 
 Moire (mwar), n. [Fr. ; probably from moilir, to 
 moisten, to water.] A rich silken fabric. 
 
 Moist, a. [Fr. moitir, to wet; moite (formerly 
 moists), wet; 0. Fr. & 0. E. moiste, fresh, new: 
 probably related to L. musleus, new, fresh, be- 
 longing to new wine; mustus, new, fresh. — See 
 Must, n.] Moderately wet; damp; juicy. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q, Q, 5, g, soft ; p, ja, p, g, hard ; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 
 
 
MOISTEN 
 
 368 
 
 MONOCOTYLEDON 
 
 Mois'ten (miu'sn), v. a. [pp. moistening, mois- 
 tened.] To make damp. 
 
 Moist'ness, n. Dampness ; moisture. 
 
 Mbist'ure (miiist'yur), «. [Fr. moiteur. — See 
 Moist.] Humidity. 
 
 M5'lar, a. [L. molaris, grinding; mola, a mill 
 (q. ».).] Having power to grind ; grinding. — 
 2, w. A double or molar tooth. 
 
 Mo-las'ses, n. [Port, melapo ; Sp. melaza; It. me- 
 ted; Fr. melusse. — Cf. L. mellaceus, honey-like; 
 mel, honey.] A syrup which drains from sugar. 
 
 Mold, n. A form ; a matrix. See Mould. 
 
 Hole, n. [A.-S. mal, metal; Ger. maal; Goth. 
 mail. — Cf. L. macula, a spot.] A soft excrescence 
 of the skin ; a spot ; a mark : — [Fr. mole, L. moles, 
 a heap] a ruouud : — a jetty: — [a short form of 
 Mouldwarp] a small animal. 
 
 Mo-lec'u-lar, a. Relating to molecules. 
 
 Mol'e-cule, n. [Neo-Latin, molecula, dim. of L. 
 moles, a heap.] A small mass ; a minute particle. 
 
 Mole' -Mil, n. A hillock formed by moles. 
 
 Mole' skin, n. A stout fustian cloth. 
 
 Mo-lest', v. a. [Fr. molester, L. molestare, to an- 
 noy ; moles, a heap, — also labor, annoyance.] 
 [pp. molesting, molested.] To disturb; to 
 trouble ; to vex. 
 
 Mol-es-ta'tion, n. Disturbance ; vexation. 
 
 Mol'li-f I-a-ble, a. That may be softened. 
 
 Mol-l'i-f i-ca'tion, n. A softening. 
 
 Mol'li-fy, v. a. [Fr. mollifier ; L. mollificare; mol- 
 lis, soft, and facere, to make.] [pp. "mollifying, 
 mollified.] To soften ; to assuage; to soothe. 
 
 Mol-lus'ca, n. pi. [Neo-Liitin ; L. molluscus, a 
 soft-shelled nut; mollis, soft, mollescere, to be- 
 come soft.] (Zocil.) A division of animals hav- 
 ing soft bodies and no internal skeleton, as shell- 
 fish ; mollusks. 
 
 Mol-lus'can, ) a. Eelating to the mollusca or 
 
 Mol-lus'cous, j mollusks. 
 
 Mol-lus'cbid, n. An animal resembling a mollusk. 
 
 Mol'lusk, n. (Zool.) A shell-fish. See Mollusca. 
 
 Molt'en (mol'tn), p. a. [See Melt.] Melted; made 
 of cast metal. 
 
 Mo-lyb'date, n. (Cliem.) A salt composed of mo- 
 lybdic acid and a base. [num. 
 
 Mol-yb-de'na, n. (Mm.) Sulphide of molybde- 
 
 Mol-yb-de'num, n. [Gr. ju.oAv/3Scuya, a plummet, 
 a bullet ; /u.'6Av)36os or /u6Ai/3o?, lead : akin to L. 
 plumbum, lead.] A brittle metal. 
 
 Mo-lyb'dic, a. Derived from molybdenum. 
 
 Home, n. [Gr. ju.a>/u.o?, ridicule; Fr. mome, a brat, 
 a buffoon; Sicilian Gr. /awp-ap, a fool. — Cf. 
 Mimic and Mummery.] A buffoon ; a fool. 
 
 Mo'ment, n. [L. momentum, movement, force, 
 weight, an instant ; for movimentum, a movement 
 (q. «.).] The most minute part of time; an in- 
 stant : — importance ; weight :— momentum. 
 
 Mo'men-ta-ri-ly, ad. Every moment. 
 
 Mo'men-ta-ry, a. [L« momentarius.] Lasting for 
 a moment. 
 
 Mo'ment-ly, ad. For a moment : — in a moment: 
 — from moment to moment. [weighty, 
 
 Mo-men' tous, a. [L. moruentosus.] Important; 
 
 Mo-men'tum, n. ; pi. Mo-men'ta. [L. — See Mo- 
 ment.] Motion or force of a moving body ; im- 
 petus. 
 
 Mon-, \ [Gr. /u.6i/os, alone, single.] A Greek pre- 
 
 Mon'o-.J fix implying unity or singleness. 
 
 Mon'a-phism, n. [Gr. /u-o^axo?, solitary; /uoVo?, 
 single.] Monkery; monastic life. 
 
 Mon'ad [mon'ad or mo'nad, W.], n. .[Gr. /utova?, 
 fi.ovdSo<:, a unit; txovos, single.] An indivisible 
 particle ; an atom : — a minute animalcule. 
 
 Mo-nad'ic, \a. [Gr. /uovaSiKo?.] Relating to, 
 
 Mo-nad'i-cal, / or having the nature of, monads. 
 
 Mo-nan'dry, w. [Gr. /u.6vo?, single, av-qp, avSpos, 
 a man, a husband.] Marriage to one man only. 
 
 Mon'arph, n. [Gr. /jLovapxo?, ruling alone ; /u.6- 
 vos, single, and ap^eif, to rule ; Fr. monargue.] 
 A sovereign ; an emperor ; a king. 
 
 Mo-narch'al, a. Suiting to a monarch ; regal. 
 
 Mo-n'argh'ic, \ a. [Gr. /aovapxtKo?.] Eelating 
 
 Mo-narph'i-cal, j to a monarch or to monarchy. 
 
 Mon'arph-ism, n. A preference for monarchy. 
 
 Mon'arph-ist, n. An advocate for monarchy. 
 
 Mon'arph-y, n. [Gr. ixovapxLa.~\ The government 
 of a monarch or of a single person ; a kingdom. 
 
 Mon-as-te'ri-al, a. Relating to a monastery. 
 
 Mon'as-ter-x [mon'as-ter-e or mon'as-tre, W. F. 
 St.], n. [L. nionccsterium; Gr. fjiOvaaTrjolov; /u.o- 
 vao-T^?, a monk ; /u.ova£eiv, to be alone ; /novos, 
 solitary.] A house appropriated to monks; a 
 convent ; an abbey ; a priory ; a cloister. 
 
 Mo-nas'tic, n. [Gr. /otovao-Tt/cos, dwelling in soli- 
 tude.] A monk ; a recluse. — 2, a. Pertaining to 
 monks or to nuns ; religiously recluse. 
 
 Mo-nas'ti-cism, n. A monastic life. 
 
 Mon'day, n. [A.-S. monan dseg, the moon's day.] 
 The second day of the week. 
 
 M6n'e-ta-ry [or mon'-), a. [L. monetarins ; moneta, 
 money, a mint (</. v.).] Relating to money. 
 
 M6n-e-ti-za'tion, n. The act or process of mone- 
 tizing or converting into money. 
 
 Mon'e-tize, v. a. [pp. monetizing, monetized.] 
 To convert into money or into a legal tender. 
 
 Mon'ey (mun'e), m. ; pi. Mon'eys. [Fr. monnaie ; 
 L. moneta, money, or a mint (7. t-.).] Metal 
 coined for traffic ; coin : — bank-notes exchange- 
 able for coin. 
 
 M6n'ey-chan£'er, n. A broker in money. 
 
 Mon'eyed (mun^d), a. Rich in money. ' 
 
 Mon'ey-less, a. Wanting money ; penniless. 
 
 M6n'|er (mting'ger), n. [A.-S. mangere; Icel. man- 
 gari; A.-S. mangian, to traffic; mengan, to mix; 
 Icel. manga, to traffic; Dut. mangelen, to barter, 
 — literally, to mingle (q. v.).] A dealer; a seller: 
 — used in composition, as fish-monger. 
 
 Mon'grel (mung'grel), a. '[0. E. mengrel; A.-S. 
 mengan, to mix, to mingle (q. v.). The' termi- 
 nation -rel is pejorative and diminutive.] Of a 
 mixed breed. — 2, n. Any thing of a mixed breed. 
 
 Mo-nil'i-fbrm, «. [L. monile, a necklace, and 
 forma, a form.] Formed like a necklace. 
 
 Mon'ism, n. [Gr. fxovos, single.] The doctrine 
 of unity ; the reference of all existence and all 
 phenomena to a single ultimate principle : — op- 
 posed to dualism. 
 
 Mon'ist, n. A defender of monism. 
 
 Mo-ni"tion, n. [L. monitio ; monere, to warn.] A 
 hint; an admonition. 
 
 Mon'i-tive, a. Admonitory ; instructive. 
 
 Mon'i-tor, n. [L.— See Monition.] One who ad- 
 monishes or warns ; one who observes or inspects 
 students in a school : — [it was believed to warn 
 people of the approach of crocodiles] a lizard of 
 various species. — (Nant.) A small fishing-vessel : 
 — a low iron-clad war-vessel, intended mainly 
 for harbor-defence. 
 
 Mon-i-to'ri-al, a. Relating to a monitor. 
 
 Mon'i-to-ry, a. Giving admonition ; admonitory. 
 
 Monk (mungk), n. [A.-S. mnnec ; L. monachus; 
 Gr. novaxos. — See Monachism.] One of a re- 
 ligious community withdrawn from intercourse 
 with the world and living in a monastery. 
 
 M6nk'er-y, n. The life and state of monks. 
 
 Mon'key (mung'ke), «. [0. It. monicchio, dim. of 
 mona, an ape ; It. monna, Sp. mono, a monkey. 
 The It. monna means strictly a lady, hence a 
 dame, an old woman.] An ape ; a baboon. 
 
 Mon'key-wrench (-rench), n. [Said to be named 
 from its inventor.] An adjustable wrench. 
 
 Monk'ish, a. Monastic; pertaining to monks. 
 
 Monk's'-hood (-hud), n. A plant, the aconite. 
 
 Mon'o-. A prefix. See Mon-. 
 
 Mon'o-phbrd, n. [Gr. fiofo?, single, and x°P^V, a 
 string.] A musical instrument with one string. 
 
 Mon-o-phro-mat'ic, a. [Mono- and Chromatic] 
 Having but one color. 
 
 Mon'o-phrome, n. A painting in a single color. 
 
 Mon-o-cot-y-le'don, n. [Mono- and Cotyledon.] 
 (Bot.) A plant having only one seed-lobe in 
 each seed. 
 
 a, e, l, 0, u, y, long; a, e, 1, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure. — Fare- far, fiat, fall; heir, her; 
 
MONOCOTYLEDONOUS 
 
 369 
 
 MOP 
 
 Mon-o-cot-x-led'o-nous, a. Having one cotyledon 
 in each seed. 
 
 Mo-noc'u-lar, \a. [Gr. /U.0V09, single, and L. 
 
 Mo-noc'u-lous, ) oculus, an eye.] Having only one 
 eye ; one-eyed. 
 
 Mon'o-dist, ». A writer of monodies. 
 
 Mon'o-dy, n. [Gr. fxovwBCa; fxovo<;, single, and 
 0*617, a song.] A poem sung by one person ; a 
 poetical lament for one person. 
 
 Mo-nog' a-mist, n. One who disallows second 
 marriages : — one who has but one wife. 
 
 Mo-nog'a-my, n. [Gr. ixofoya/xla; juovos, single, 
 and ya/aos, marriage.] Marriage of one wife 
 only : — rejection of a second marriage. 
 
 Mon'o-gram, n. [Gr. /xovos, single, and ypa.fj.ixa, 
 a letter or figure ; ypdfyeiv, to write.] One char- 
 acter or cipher : — a character compounded of 
 two or more letters. 
 
 Mon'o-graph, n. [Gr. /xdvo?, single, and ypa<t>n, 
 a writing.] An account of a single thing. 
 
 Mon'o-lith, w. [Gr. n.6vo<;, single, and Ai'0o?, a 
 stone.] A pillar formed of a single stone. 
 
 Mon-o-lith'ic, a. Consisting of only one stone. 
 
 Mon'o-logue (mon'o-log), n. [Fr. ; Gr. fxovos, 
 aloiie, and Aoyo?, a discourse; Aeyeiv, to speak.] 
 A soliloquy. 
 
 Mon-o-ma'ni-a, n. [Gr. fj.6vos, single, and fxavca, 
 madness.] ' insanity on one subject only. 
 
 Mon-o-ma'ni-ac, n. One who is affected with 
 monomania. 
 
 Mon-o-met'al-lism, n. [Gr. fiovos, single, and 
 fxeraWov, a metal (q. v.).] The employment of 
 one metal only, as gold, as the monetary stand- 
 ard : — contradistinguished from bimetallism. 
 
 Mon-o-met'al-list, n. An advocate of monomet- 
 allism. 
 
 Mo-no'mi-al, n. [Gr. /novo;, single, and ovo/xa, 
 a name.] A single algebraic term. 
 
 Mon-o-pet'a-lous, a- [Gr. fxovos, single, and nira- 
 \ov, a petal.] (Bot.) Having hut one petal or leaf. 
 
 Mo-nop'o-list, n. One who monopolizes. 
 
 Mo-nop'o-lize, v. a. [pp. monopolizing, monopo- 
 lized.] ' To buy up so as to be the only purchaser 
 and seller; to obtain the monopoly or the whole 
 of; to engross. 
 
 Mo-nop'o-liz-er, n. A monopolist. 
 
 Mo-nop'o-ly, n. [L. monopolium ; Gr. /xovottooXiov, 
 fj.ovon(ij\ia ; ixovos, only, and nuiKelf, to sell.] 
 The exclusive possession of any thing ; the sole 
 right of selling. 
 
 Mon-o-sper'mous, a. [Gr. ixovos, single, and 
 crirepfj.a, a seed.] Having only one seed. 
 
 Mon-o-syl-lab'ic, a. Having only one syllable. 
 
 Mon'o-syl-la-bie, n. [Gr. /uoVo?, single, and cruA- 
 AajSrj, a syllable.] A word of only one syllable. 
 
 M5n'o-the-i§m, n. [Gr. p.6vo<;, single, and 8e6s, 
 a god.] A belief in only one God. 
 
 Mon'o-the-ist, ». A believer in monotheism. 
 
 Mon-o-the-ist'ic, a. Relating to monotheism. 
 
 Mon'o-tone, «.' [See Monotony. J Uniformity of 
 sound ; uniform sound. 
 
 Mo-not'o-noiis, a. [Gr. /otovorovo?. — See Tone.] 
 Having monotony ; wanting variety ; uniform in 
 sound : — uniform in appearance. 
 
 Mo-not'o-nous-ly, ad. With uniform tone. 
 
 Mo-not'o-ny, u. [Gr. txovorovia. — See Tone.] Uni- 
 formity of sound or tone; an irksome sameness 
 in speaking ; sameness in appearance (as of a 
 landscape). 
 
 Mon-o-trem'a-toiis, a. [Gr. ixovos, single, and 
 Tpfifxa, a hole.] Having but one vent for the 
 excretions. 
 
 Monsieur (mos-yuV or mon-ser'), n. ; pi. Mes- 
 sieurs. [Fr. ; mon, my, and sieur, for seigneur, a 
 lord, a master.] Sir; Mr.; the compella'tion of 
 a French gentleman : — formerly th^ title of the 
 French king's oldest brother. See Mkssieurs. 
 Monsignore (mon-sen-yo'ra), n. ; pi Monsignori 
 (mon-sen-yo're). [It. for "my lord;" Fr. mon- 
 seigneur. — See Monstf.x-ii and SifiNiOR.] A title 
 given to various ecclesiastics. 
 
 Mon-sS6n', n. [It. monsone ; Sp. monzon; Port. 
 monpao ; i'r. mousson ; Malaj' mttsim, a monsoon, 
 a season ; Arab, mawsim, a season, a time ; wasm, 
 a marking.] A periodical wind, being a modi- 
 fication of the trade-winds. 
 
 Mon'ster, n. [Fr. monstre; L. monstrum, an omen, 
 a wonder, a portent : root of monere, to warn.] 
 Something unnatural or horrible ; an unnatural 
 production : — something very large. 
 
 Mon'strance, n. [Late L. monstrantia; L. mon- 
 strare, to show.] A transparent pyx in which 
 the consecrated wafer is placed. 
 
 Mon-stros'i-ty, n. State of being monstrous : — a 
 monster :— a deformed production. 
 
 Mon'strous, a. [L. tnonstruosus or moastrosus. — 
 See Monster.] Unnatural; shocking; huge. 
 
 Mon' strous-lx. ad. Shockingly; horribly. 
 
 Month (munth), n. [0. E. moneth; A.-S. monad; 
 mona, the moon ; Dut. maand, a month ; maan, 
 the moon; Dan. moaned; Ger. monat; Goth. 
 menoths; L. mensis. — See Moon.] One of the 
 twelve divisions of the year : — four weeks. 
 
 Month' ly, a. Happening every month. — 2, ad. 
 Once in a month. 
 
 Mon'u-ment, »• [U. momimentnm, a memorial ; 
 monere, to remind.] Some structure erected as 
 a memorial ; a memorial ; a tomb ; a pillar. 
 
 Mon-u-ment'al, o. Memorial ; sepulchral. 
 
 Mon-u-ment'al-ly, ad. By way of memorial. 
 
 Mood, n. [A'.-S. mod, mind: Dut. moed, heart, 
 spirit ; Icel. modr, wrath ; Ger. mutk, courage.] 
 Temper or state of mind; disposition; form. — 
 [See Mode.] (Gram.) The manner of conju- 
 gating or inflecting a verb : — written also mode. 
 
 M66d'i-ly, ad. Sadly; pensively; peevishly. 
 
 Mood'i-ness, n. Peevishness; vexation. 
 
 Mood'y, a. Out of humor; peevish; sad. 
 
 Moon, n. [A.-S. mona; Dut. maan; Dan. maane ; 
 Ger. mond; Gr. tx-qviq. — Cf. Skr. ma, to measure.] 
 The luminary of the night ; a satellite : — a 
 month. — 2, v. a. [pp. mooning, mooned.] To 
 act as if moon-struck; to dream in an inane 
 sentimental way ; to stare in a dreamy manner; 
 to wander vacuously. 
 
 Moon' -beam, n. A beam or ray of lunar light. 
 
 Moon'less, a. Not enlightened by the moon. 
 
 Moon'light (-lit), n. The light of the moon. — 
 
 2, a. Illuminated by the moon. 
 Moon'lit, o. Lighted by the moon. 
 
 M66n' shine, n. The lustre or light of the moon : 
 — empty show ; delusion ; a thing of no value. 
 
 Moon' -stone, n. A kind of gem. 
 
 Moon' -struck, a. Affected by the moon ; lunatic. 
 
 Moor. n. [A.-S. mor ; Icel. mor, a moor, peat; 
 Dan. mor ; Ger. moor.] A marsh ; a fen ; a bog : 
 — [L. 3taurus. — Cf. Gr. /xavpos, dark] a native of 
 Barbary in Africa; a blackamoor.— 2, v. a. [Dut. 
 marren, to tie, to moor. — Cf. A.-S. merren, to 
 hinder,— also, to mar (q. v.).] [pp. mooring, 
 moored.] To fasten or confine by anchors. — 
 
 3, v. n. To come to anchor. 
 
 Moor'age, n. A place or station for mooring. 
 
 Moor' -hen, n. A species of grouse. 
 
 Moor'ings, n. pi Anchors, chains, &c, laid across 
 a harbor or river, to confine a ship. 
 
 Moor'ish, a. Marshy : — denoting Moors. 
 
 Moor'iand, ». Watery ground ; wasteland. 
 
 M66se,'w. [Algonkin.] The elk, a large animal 
 of the deer kind. 
 
 M35t, v. a. [A.-S. motian, to summon, to cite ; 
 mot, gemot, a meeting.— See Meet.] [pp. moot- 
 ing, mooted.] To discuss ; to debate : — to plead 
 in a fictitious cause, or for exercise. — 2, r. n. To 
 argue upon a supposed cause. — 3, a. Disputable ; 
 unsettled. — 4, n. A moot-court; a dispute : — an 
 assembly. 
 
 M66t'a-ble, a. That may be mooted. 
 
 Moot'-court, m. A court held for the purpose of 
 arguing imaginary cases. 
 
 Mop, n. [0. Fr. mappe, L. mappa, a napkin ; said 
 to be a Punic word ; Welsh mop, Irish moipal, a 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, sSn ; bflll, bur, rule, use. — 9, 0, 5, §, soft ; p, 0, e, £, hard; s as z ; ? as gz ; tfiis. 
 
 y 
 
MOPE 
 
 370 
 
 MORTGAGE 
 
 mop.] A utensil for cleaning floors : — a gri- 
 mace. — 2, v. a. [pp. mopping, mopped.] To 
 rub or clean with a mop. — '6, v. n. [See Mope.] 
 To make grimaces. 
 
 Mope, v. n. [Dut. moppen, Local Ger. muffen, to 
 sulk. — See Mock.] [pp. moping, moped.] To 
 be stupid or dull; to drowse. — 2, n. A drone; 
 a stupid, spiritless person. 
 
 Mbp'ish, a. Spiritless; inattentive; dejected. 
 
 Moquette (mo-kef), a. [Fr. ; originally, an imita- 
 tion, a mockery (q. v.).\ Noting a kind of carpet. 
 
 Mo-raine', n. [Fr. ; origin disputed.] An accu- 
 mulation of stones, gravel, and debris, by glaciers. 
 
 Mor'al, a. [L. rnoralis ; mos, a custom; pi. mores, 
 manners.] Relating to rational beings, and their 
 duties to one another, as right or wrong : — re- 
 lating to morality ; obligatory in its nature : — 
 subject to a moral law; accountable: — volun- 
 tary : — probable ; supported by the customary 
 course of things ; as, moral evidence, moral cer- 
 tainty : — good, as estimated by a standard of 
 right and wrong; virtuous; just; honest. — 2, n. 
 The instruction of a fable, &c. 
 
 Mo-rale', n. [Fr.] The condition of troops re- 
 specting courage or confidence. 
 
 Mor'al-ist, n. One who teaches or practises mo- 
 rality ; a moral philosopher. 
 
 Mo-rai'i-ty, n. [Fr. moralite.] The doctrine of 
 human duty ; ethics : — correct moral conduct : — 
 a kind of allegorical play. [tion. 
 
 Mor-al-i-za'tion, n. Moral reflection or explana- 
 
 Mor'al-ize, v. a. [Fr. moraliser.] [pp. moralizing, 
 moralized.] To apply or explain in a moral 
 sense ; to make moral. — 2, v. n. To discourse on 
 moral subjects ; to make moral reflections. 
 
 Mor'al-ly, ad. In an ethical or moral manner : 
 — practically ; virtually. 
 
 Mor'al§, n. pi. The practice of the duties of life ; 
 ethics; morality: — conduct; behavior. 
 
 Mo-rass', n. [Dut. moeras. — Cf. 0. Dut. moerasch, 
 moorish, muddy ; moer, mire.] A fen ; a bog; a 
 moor ; a marsh. 
 
 Mbr'bid, a. [L. morbidus; morbus, a disease.] Dis- 
 eased ; sickly ; ill ; unsound. 
 
 Mbr'bid-ness, n. The state of being morbid. 
 
 Mor-blfic, a. [L. morbus, illness, and fueere, to 
 make.] Causing diseases ; noxious. 
 
 Morceau (mbr-so'), n. ; pi. Morceaux (mbr-soz'). 
 [Fr. — See Morsei,.] A small piece ; a morsel. 
 
 Mor-da'cious (mor-da/shus), a. [L. mordax ; mor- 
 dere, to bite.] Biting ; acrid. 
 
 Mor-dac'i-ty, n. [L. mordacitas; Fr. mordacite.] 
 A biting quality. 
 
 Mbr'dant, a. [L. mordere, mordanlis, to bite, to 
 lay hold of.] Tending to fix; biting.— 2, n. A 
 substance to fix colors in cloth. 
 
 More, a. [A.-S. ma, 0. E. mo, Goth, mais, L. ma- 
 gis, Ger. meh.r, more; also A.-S. mara, greater; 
 the A.-S. ma is a comparative ; mara is a double 
 comparative.] [Comparative of many, much, and 
 some.] Greater in number or quantity; added. 
 — 2, ad. To a greater degree; again. — 3, n. A 
 greater quantity or degree. 
 
 Mo-reen', n. [Cf. Fr. moraine, morine, waste wool, 
 wool from dead sheep ; 0. E. mortlings : akin to 
 Murrain.] A kind of worsted stuff. 
 
 Mo-rel', n. [It. morello, blackish; moro, a negro. 
 —See Moor.] A mushroom :— a morello cherry. 
 
 Mo-rel'lo, n. An acid, juicy cherry. 
 
 More-o'ver, ad. Besides ; further ; likewise. 
 
 Mo-resque' (mo-resk'), n. [Fr. ; from More, a 
 Moor (q. v.).] ' A specie* of ornamental painting, 
 much used by the Moors, in which foliage, 
 flowers, and fruits are combined. — 2, a. Done 
 after the manner of the Moors. 
 
 Mbr-ga-nat'ic, a. [Law L. matrimonium ad mor- 
 gana'ticum contraction, a left-hand or restricted 
 marriage. — Cf. Goth, maurgjan, to restrict; but 
 the origin of the term is very doubtful.] Ap- 
 plied to a marriage between a man of superior 
 and a woman of inferior rank, also called a left- 
 
 hand marriage -.—noting the wife by a left-hand 
 marriage. 
 
 Morgue (mbrg), n. [Fr. ; etymology disputed.] 
 A place where dead bodies are exposed in order 
 to be recognized. [Dying. 
 
 Mbr'i-bund, a. [L. moribundus ; mori, to die.] 
 
 Mb'ri-on, n. [Fr. morion ; It. morione ; Sp. morrion : 
 origin disputed.— Cf. Sp. morra, the scalp or 
 crown ; morro, any thing round ; moron, Basque 
 rnurua, a hill.] A lielmet; armor for the head. 
 
 Mbr'mon, n. [An invented word.] One of a re- 
 ligious sect founded by Joseph Smith about 1830 : 
 — a web-footed bird. 
 
 Mbr'mon-i§m, n. The doctrines and principles 
 of the Mormons. 
 
 Morn, n. [A.-S., Dut., Dan., & Ger. morgen; 0. E. 
 morwe, morwen.] The first part of the day; 
 morning. 
 
 Mbrn'ing, n. [0. E. m.orwening ; morwen, morn 
 {q. v.).] The first part of the day. — 2, a. Being 
 in the early part of the day. 
 
 Mbrn'ing-star, n. The planet Venus. 
 
 Mo-roc'co, n. [From the country of Morocco ; L. 
 Mauretania; Maurus, a Moor (q. v.).] A fine 
 leather of goat-skin. 
 
 Mo-rose', a. [L. morosus, self-willed, captious; 
 mos, moris, a habit : morose, in the obsolete sense 
 of "slow," "dull," is the L. morosus, delaying; 
 mora, a delay.] Sour of temper ; peevish ; sullen. 
 
 Mo-rose'ly, ad. Sourly; peevishly; sullenly. 
 
 Mo-rose'ness, n. Sourness; peevishness. 
 
 MoYphew'(mbr'fu), n. [Fr. morphee, It. morfea, 
 leprosy.] A scurf on the face. 
 
 Mbr'phi-a, \ n. [Gr. Morpheus (Mop$ew?), the god 
 
 Mbr'phine, J of sleep and of dreams ; /u.op</>rj, a 
 shape', a form.] The narcotic principle of opium ; 
 an alkaloid extracted from opium. 
 
 Mbr-pho-lo|-'i-cal, «. Pertaining to morphology. 
 
 Mor-phol'o-£y, n. [Gr. /aop^ 1 ?, form, and Abyo?, 
 a treatise.] That department or division of 
 science which treats of the organs or structure of 
 plants or animals. 
 
 Mor'rice, n. Same as Morris. 
 
 Mor'ris, n. [For Moorish dance.] A kind of play ; 
 morris-dance. [bells were fixed to the feet. 
 
 Mor'ris-dance, n. A Moorish dance, in which 
 
 Mor'row, n. [0. E. morwe, morwen. — See Morn.] 
 The day after the present : — next day. 
 
 Morse, n. [Buss, morzh; more, the sea.] A sea- 
 horse or walrus. 
 
 Mbr'sel, n. [0. Fr. morcel; Fr. morceau ; It. mor- 
 sello ; L. mordere, morsum, to bite.] A mouthful ; 
 a piece ; a bite. 
 
 Mbrt, n. [Fr. mart, L. mors, mortis, death : affected 
 in meaning by 0. E. mot, atrumpet-call ; Fr. mot, 
 a word, a note. — See Motto.] A tune sounded 
 at the death of game : — death, as of game. 
 
 Mbr'tal, a. [L. mortalis; mors, mortis, death; 
 mori, to die. ] Subject to death : — deadly ; destruc- 
 tive; fatal -.—final ; extreme: — not venial : — hu- 
 man. — 2, n. A man; a human being. 
 
 Mpr-tal'i-ty, n. State of being mortal ; death ; 
 frequency of deaths ; number of deaths in pro- 
 portion to population :— human nature. 
 
 Mbr'tal-ly, ad. Hopelessly; fatally. 
 
 Mbr'tar, n. [L. mortarium, a mortar, or material 
 prepared in a mortar: root of Eng. mar, to 
 bruise.] A vessel in which substances are 
 pounded: — a cannon for throwing bombs: — 
 cement used in building with 
 brick oi- stone. 
 
 Mort'gai-e (mbr'gaj), n. [0. 
 Fr. ; Fr. mort, dead, 
 gage, a pledge : so called be- 
 cause on breach of the con- 
 ditions the mortgagee's in- 
 terest dies.] A pledge; a 
 grant of an estate in fee as Mortar, 
 
 security for a debt.— 2, v. a. [pp. mortgaging, 
 mortgaged.] To make over or pledge to a cred- 
 itor as security for a debt. 
 
 a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y., obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 
 
MOETGAGEE 
 
 371 
 
 MOUNT 
 
 agnn : 
 
 3 
 
 Mbrt-ga-£ee' (mor-ga-je'), n. A person to whom 
 a mortgage is given. 
 
 Mbrt-gage-br' (mbr-gaj-or'), n. (Law.) One who 
 gives a mortgage : — correlative of mortgagee. : — 
 written also mortgagor. [mortgage. 
 
 Mbrt'ga-ger (mbr'ga-jer), n. One who gives a 
 
 Mbr-ti-fi-ca'tion, n. [L. mortificatio.] Act of 
 mortifying; chagrin; humiliation : — that which 
 mortifies : — local death ; gangrene : — a gift for 
 charitable uses. 
 
 Mbr'ti-fy, v. a. [L. mortificare, to cause death; 
 mors, mortis, death, and facere, to make.] [pp. 
 mortifying, mortified.] To affect with gangrene : 
 — to subdue ; to humble ; to depress ; to chagrin : 
 — to dispose of for charitable 
 purposes. — 2, v. n. To gan- 
 grene ; to be subdued. 
 
 Mbr'tise, n. [Fr. mortaise; Irish, 
 mortis; Sp. mortaja. — Cf. Arab. 
 murtazz, fixed, tenacious.] A Mortise and tenon, 
 hole cut in wood for a tenon. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. mortising, mortised.] To cut or 
 make a mortise in. 
 
 Mbrt'main, n. [Fr, mort, dead, and main, hand : 
 lands in mortmain were inalienable, and the 
 power to transfer was regarded as dead.] An 
 alienation of lands and tenements : — an unalien- 
 able estate. 
 
 Mbrt'u-a-ry, n. [L. mortuarius, belonging to the 
 dead ; 'mortuus, dead; mori, to die.] A burial- 
 place: — a morgue: — a gift left at death to a 
 church or a clergyman. — 2, a. Belonging to sep- 
 ulture or death. 
 
 Mo-§a'ic, n. [It. mosaico; Gr. ju.ovo-eios, belong- 
 ing to the Muses, artistic ; /u.ov<ra, a muse (q. <•.).] 
 An inlaid representation of objects by means of 
 pieces of colored glass, or in pebbles, marbles, 
 tiles, or shells. — 2, a. Relating to, or consisting 
 of, inlaid work : — relating to Moses. 
 
 Mos'lem [moz'lem, St I. Wb. N. Sm. Co. Cu.], n. 
 [Arab, muslim, a righteous man, a man at peace : 
 salamia, to be at rest, to have fulfilled one's duty.] 
 A Mussulman ; a Mohammedan. , 
 
 Mosque (mosk), n. [Fr. mosquee ; Sp. mezquila ; 
 Arab, maxjid. — Cf. Arab, mjgadah, a carpet, a 
 mosque ; sajada, to prostrate one's self, to adore.] 
 A Mohammedan temple. 
 
 Mos-qui'to (mos-ke'to), n. ; pi. Mos-qui'toes. [Sp., 
 dim. of mosca, L. muaca, a flj\] A small trouble- 
 some insect; a kind of gnat. 
 
 Moss, ». [A.-S. meos; Dut. & Pan. mos; Ger. 
 moos; L. muscm.] A snail flowerless plant of 
 many species: — a swamp or bog. — 2, r. a. [pp. 
 mossing, mossed.] To cover with moss. 
 
 Moss'-ag'ate. n. An agate having a moss-like 
 appearance within. 
 
 Moss'-grown, «. Covered with moss. 
 
 Moss'i-ness, it. State of being mossy. 
 
 Moss'-rose, n. A rose with a mossy calyx. 
 
 Moss'-tr66p-er, n. A bandit; a marauder. 
 
 Moss'y, a. Overgrown or covered with moss. 
 
 Most, a. [A.-S. iiui'st ; Goth, matefs; Ger. meirt. — 
 See More.] [The superlative of many and much.] 
 Greatest in number; greatest in quantity. — 
 2, ad. In the greatest or highest degree. — 3, n. 
 The greatest number, extent, or quantity. 
 
 Most'ly, ad. For the greatest part; chiefly. 
 
 Mote, ii. [A.-S. & But, mot, a speck; Sp. mota, a 
 pa tide.— Cf. It. mota, dirt, mud (q. v.).] A 
 small particle of matter; a spot.— 2, v. Might, 
 must, or may. [Antiq.] 
 
 Mo-tet', n. [Fr. motet, dim. of mot, a word, an ex- 
 pression ; It. tnottetto, a jest, — formerly also a 
 song, a ditty.] A kind of sacred air ; an anthem. 
 
 Moth, ii. ; pi. Moths. [A.-S. modde, mohde : But. 
 mot; Ger. molte.] An insect related to butter- 
 flies : — a larva which eats cloth ; a consumer. 
 
 M5t&'er(muth'er\ n. [A.-S. moder ; But. moeder ; 
 D&n. moder ; Irish, mathair ; Ger. mutter; L. ma- 
 ter; Gr. jui?Tr)p; Skr. mdta, main.] A female 
 parent; that which has produced any thing; 
 
 cause ; origin : — [0. But. modder, mire ; But. 
 nicer, sediment; Ger. moder, mud, mould] a slimy 
 substance in liquors. — 2, a. Native; natural; 
 vernacular. [maternity. 
 
 Moth'er-hood (muth'er-hud), n. State of a mother ; 
 
 M6tfi'er-in-law, n. The mother of a husband or 
 of a wife. 
 
 Meth'er-less, a. Bestitute of a mother. 
 
 M6th'er-ly, a. Like a mother; maternal. 
 
 Motft'er-of-pearl', n. The internal layer of the 
 pearl oyster ; nacre. 
 
 Moth'er-wlt, n. Native wit; common sense. 
 
 Moth'er-wort (-wiirtj, n. A strong-smelling herb. 
 
 M6th'er-y, «. Full of mother; slimy. 
 
 Moth'y, a. Full of moths. 
 
 Mo'tile, a. Relating to motion ; having motility. 
 
 Mo-til'i-ty, n. [Fr. motilite.] Capability of motion. 
 
 Mo'tion (mo'slmn), n. [L. motio, motionis; mo- 
 vere, motum, to move (q. v.).] The act of mov- 
 ing; the act of changing place ; movement; gait; 
 action: — a proposal made in a public assembly. 
 — 2, v. n. [pp. motioning, motioned.] To make 
 proposal ; to move : — to beckon. 
 
 Mo'tion-less, a. Being without motion. 
 
 Mb'tive, a. [Fr. motif; Late L. motivum, a mo- 
 tive; L. motiviis, moving. — See Move.] Causing 
 motion; moving. — 2, n. That which determines 
 the choice; inducement; reason; cause; prin- 
 eiple; design : — theme; prevailing idea. — 3, r. a. 
 [pip. motiving, motived.] To act as a motive 
 on :— to constitute the motive of ; to be the in- 
 citing cause of. 
 
 Mot'ley, «. [0. Fr. matteU, clotted, mottled; Fr. 
 & Local Ger. matte, curd. — See Mottle. — Cf. Gr. 
 fxarvr), L. mattea, a hash or stew.] Mingled of 
 various colors. — 2, n, A parti-colored garb. 
 
 Mb'tor, n. [L. tnotm; a mover. — See Move.] A 
 moving force, machine or muscle. — 2, a. Per- 
 taining to motion. 
 
 Mo'to-ry, a. Giving motion ; moving. 
 
 Mot'tle (mot'tl), r. a. [Akin to Motley.] [pp. 
 mottling, mottled.] To mark with spots. 
 
 Mot'to, n. ; pi. Mot toe§. [It. motto, Fr. mot, a 
 word ; L. mntta,,,, a grunt, a muttered utterance.] 
 A sentence prefixed to a word, book, or essay. 
 
 Mould (mold), n. [A.-S. molde, soil; Icel. mold, 
 Ban. muld, earth: akin to Mem,.] Concreted 
 matter, as smut in corn: a spot: — the upper 
 stratum of earth; earth: soil: — [Fr. motile, Sp. 
 molde, L. modulus, a model] the matrix in which 
 any thing is cast; a model; a cast; a form. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. moulding, moulded.] To gather 
 mould; to rot. — 3, v. a. To shape; to model. 
 
 Mould'a-ble, «. That may be moulded. 
 
 Mould'-board (mold'bord), n. The part of a 
 plough which turns over the furrow. 
 
 Mould'er (mold'er), ». One who moulds. — 2, v. n. 
 [pp. mouldering, mouldered ] To be turned to 
 dust. — 3, r. a. To turn to dust: to crumble. 
 
 Mould' i-ness, n. The state of being mouldy. 
 
 Mbuld'ing (mold'ing), ». An ornamental line in 
 wood'; a cavity or projection ; an edging. 
 
 Mould'warp, n. [0. E. molde, soil, mould (q. p.), 
 and warpen, to cast. — See Warp.] A mole; a 
 small animal. 
 
 Mould'y, a. Covered with or having mould. 
 
 Moult (molt), v. n. [0. E. mouten, Fr. timer, to 
 moult; L. mutare, to change.] [pp. moulting, 
 moulted.] To shed the feathers; to lose feathers; 
 to shed hair; to mew. — 2, n. The act of shed- 
 ding feathers; moulting. 
 
 Moult'ing, ». A shedding of feathers. 
 
 Mound, n. [A.-S. & 0. Fris. mund, a protection; 
 confused with L. mons, montis, a mountain, a 
 hill.] A rampart; a fence; a bank of earth. — 
 2, r. a. [pp. mounding, mounded.] To fortify 
 with a mound. 
 
 Mount, n. [L. mons, montis ; Fr. mo»t.] A moun- 
 tain: — an artificial hill: — ahorse for the sad- 
 dle. — 2, v. it. [Fr. monter, to mount; L. mons, 
 montis, a hill.] [pp. mounting, mounted.] To 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, <?, c, £, soft ; p, J3-, p, g, hard ; § as z ; 5 as gz ; this. 
 
MOUNTAIN 
 
 372 
 
 MULCT 
 
 ascend ; to get on horseback. — 3, v. a. To raise | 
 aloft; to ascend : — to furnish : — to embellish; to 
 decorate : — to prepare for use. 
 
 ffibun'tain (rubun'tm), n. [Fr. montagne, a moun- 
 tain ; L. montanus, belonging to a mountain, 
 hilly; mans, moutis, a mountain.] A vast protu- 
 berance of the earth ; a very large hill ; mount. 
 — 2, a. Relating to mountains. 
 
 Mbun'tain-ash, n. The rowan-tree. 
 
 Mbfin-tain-eer', n. [Fr. montaguard.] An inhab- 
 itant of a mountain. 
 
 Mbun'tain-ous (mbun'tjn-tis), a. [Fr. montagneux ; 
 L. montanus, hilly.] Full of mountains; hilly: 
 — large as mountains; huge. 
 
 Mbun'te-bank, n. [It. rnontambanco ; montare, to 
 mount, in, on, and banco, a bench (q. v.).] A 
 quack; a charlatan. 
 
 Mbunt'ed, p. a. Seated on horseback: — furnished 
 with guns : — raised ; embellished. 
 
 Mount' ing, n. An ascent : — embellishment. 
 
 Mourn (.morn), v. n. [A.-S. murnan, meprnan; 
 Icel. moma; Goth, maurnan. — Cf. Ger. murren, 
 to murmur (q. v.).] [])])■ mourning, mourned.] 
 To grieve ; to be sorrowful. — 2, v. a. To grieve 
 for ; to lament. 
 
 Mourn'er, n. One who mourns ; a lamenter. 
 
 Mourn' ful, a. Causing sorrow ; sorrowful. 
 
 Mourn' ful-ly, ad. Sorrowfully; sadly. 
 
 Moum'ing, n. Sorrow; the dress of sorrow. — 
 2, p. a. Indicating sorrow or grief. 
 
 Mouse, n. ; pi. Mice. [A.-S., L., & Sw. mus; But. 
 muis; Dan. rnuus; Ger. mans; 
 Gr. javs; Per. mush; Skr. 
 musha. — Cf. Skr. muslw, a thief ; 
 mush, to steal.] A little ani- 
 mal which infests houses and Mouse, 
 granaries. 
 
 Mouse (mbuz), v. n. [pp. mousing, moused.] To 
 catch mice ; to be sly. 
 
 Mouse' ear, n. A plant with a downy leaf. 
 
 Mbu§'er, n. One that catches mice. 
 
 M8us-tache' (mos-tash'), n. [Fr. ; It. mostaccio ; 
 Gr. fj.vo-ra£, juacrra£, the upper lip: akin to 
 Masticate.] The hair on the upper lip; mus- 
 tache. See Mustache. 
 
 Mouth, n.\ pi. Mouths- [A.-S. muth; Dut. mond ; 
 Ger. & Dan. mimd.] The aperture in the head 
 at which the food is received and the voice 
 emitted : — the opening of a vessel ; entrance : — 
 the instrument of speaking : — a voice. 
 
 Mouth, v. n. [pp. mouthing, mouthed.] To 
 speak loudly ; to vociferate ; to rant. — 2, v. a. 
 To utter with an affected voice. 
 
 Mbuth'ful, n. ; pi. Mbuth'fuls. As much as the 
 mouth holds at once. 
 
 Mbuth'-piece, n. Part of an instrument for the 
 mouth : — one who speaks for others. 
 
 Mov'a-ble, a. That may be moved ; not fixed. 
 
 e !:"ii: 
 
 Move, v. a. [L. movere ; Fr. monvoir. — Cf. Skr. 
 miv, to push ; Gr. a/uei'/3ojuai, ap.evop.ai, to change 
 place, to change.] [pp. moving, moved.] To 
 put in motion ; to actuate : — to propose ; to in- 
 cite ; to persuade.— 2, v. n. To change place ; to 
 walk ; to stir. — 3, n. The act of moving ; move- 
 ment. 
 
 M6ve'ment, n. [Fr. mouvemenl.] A motion ; a 
 march'; excitement; disturbance. 
 
 Mov'er, n. The person or thing that moves. 
 
 Mov'ing, p. a. Changing place; exciting; pa- 
 thetic; touching; affecting. 
 
 Mbw> [mo, I. N. St.], n. [A.-S. outgo.] A mass of 
 hay or grain ; a hay-loft : — [Fr. moue : root of 
 Mouth] a wry face*.— 2, v. a. [pp. mowing, 
 mowed.] To stow away, as hay or straw. — 
 3, v. n. To make wry faces. 
 
 Mow, v. a. [A.-S. maivan; Dut. maaijen; Ger. 
 m'dhen. — Cf. Gr. apdeiv, to reap.] [i. mowed; 
 pp. mowing, mowed or mown.] To cut with a 
 scythe or other implement. 
 
 Mow'er (mo'er), n. One who cuts grass. 
 
 Mbw'ing, n. The act of cutting with a scythe : — 
 
 Mown, p. from mow. [a hay-field. 
 
 Mox'a, n. [A Portuguese word, said to be from 
 the Japanese.] A cottony substance used in 
 cauterizing. 
 
 Much, a. [A.-S. mycel; Icel. mjblc— See Mickle.] 
 Large in quantity :— long in time.— 2, ad. In 
 or to a great degree; by far; often.— 3, n. A 
 great deal; abundance. 
 
 Mu'ci-lafe, n. [L. mucilago, mucilaginis. — See 
 Mucus.] A slimy or viscous mass. 
 
 Mu-ci-la§'i-nous, a. Slimy; viscous; ropy. 
 
 Mu-ci-lag'i-nous-ness, n. Sliminess. 
 
 Muck, n. [Icel*. myH; Dan. mog. — Cf. L. mucus, 
 slime ; mucedo, mould.] Dung for manure ; ma- 
 nure ; filth :— peaty mud.— 2, v. a. [ pp. muck- 
 ing, mucked.] To manure with muck.— 3, ad. 
 Same as Amuck. 
 
 Muck'i-ness, n. Nastiness ; filth. 
 
 Muck'y, a. Consisting of muck ; filthy ; muggy. 
 
 Mu'cous, a. [L. mucosus.] Relating to mucus; 
 slimy. 
 
 Mu'cro-nate, a. [L. mucronatus, pointed ; mucro, 
 mucronis, a point.] Narrowed to a point. 
 
 Mu'cus, n. [L. mucus; Gr. /uu£a, snivel, slime. — 
 Cf. Gr. is.vK.7rip, the nose, and Drav. muJchu, the 
 nose; mugar, to smell.] The fluid that flows 
 from the nose : — any slimy liquor or moisture. 
 
 Mud, n. [Local & 0. Ger. mudde, mud ; molt, peat ; 
 Dut. modder, mud, lees, mother of Mine.] Dirt 
 or soil mixed with water; mire.— 2, v. a. [pp. 
 mudding, mudded.] To befoul with mud. 
 
 Mud'di-ness, n. The state of being muddy. 
 
 Mud' die, v. a. [Frequentative of to mud.] [pp. 
 muddling, muddled.] To make turbid ; to foul : 
 — to make partially drunk ; to stupefy. — 2, v. n. 
 To be dirty or confused. — 3, n. A confused or 
 turbid state. 
 
 Mud'djr, a. Turbid; foul with mud; dull. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. muddying, muddied.] To make 
 muddy ; to cloud. 
 
 Mud' -hen, n. A water-fowl of several kinds. 
 
 Mu-ez'zin, n. [Arab, mueddin, muazzin; adan, or 
 azav, the call to prayer ; uzv, the ear.] An officer 
 or clerk, in Mohammedan countries, who calls 
 the people to prayers. 
 
 Muff, n. [Ger. mvff; Dan. mttffe ; Dut. mof.—Qi. 
 Low Ger. mowe, a sleeve ; Fr. moufle, Sp. mufla, 
 a thick glove.] A soft, warm cover for the 
 hands :— [Ger. muff, a grumbler.— Cf. Dut. & 
 Local Ger. mu t fen,\o be stupid or sulky : akin to 
 Mope] a stupid, soft fellow; a mean-siiitited, 
 truckling person : — a failure to catch a ball. 
 
 Muffin, «• [From Muff, referring to its soft- 
 ness'.] A kind of light, spongy cake. 
 
 Muffle, v. a. [Fr. moufle, Sp. mvfla, a glove or 
 mitten : akin to Muff.] [pp. muffling, muf- 
 fled.] To conceal ; to wrap ; to cover. — 2, n. A 
 vessel in which small objects are heated : — [Fr. 
 mufle. — Cf. Ger. nntffel, an animal with large 
 lips] the naked part of an animal's nose. 
 
 Muffler, n. A cover for th« face. 
 
 Mufti, n. [Arab.] A Mohammedan high-priest. 
 
 Mug, it. [Irish, mugan, mucog ; Sw. mugg.] A cup 
 to drink from : — {cf. Skr. mukha, the face ; Gr. 
 fjLVKTrjp, the nose] the face [Low]. 
 
 Mug'gy, or Mug'fish, a. [Icel. mugga, drizzling 
 mist :' akin to Muck.] Moist; damp; close. 
 
 Mu-lat'to, n. ; pi. Mu-lat'tbe§. [Sp. mulato, or 
 muleto, a mule, a hybrid.] One born of parents 
 of whom one is white and the other negro. 
 
 Mul'ber-ry, n. [Ger. maulbeere; A.-S. mor, a mul- 
 berry, and Berry; L. morus, Gr. p-wpov, a mul- 
 berry.] A tree and its fruit. 
 
 Mulch, n. [Cf. Ger. molsch, L. mollis, soft.] Straw, 
 litter, &c, half rotten.— 2, v. a. [pp. mulching, 
 mulched.] To cover with rotten straw. 
 
 Mulct, n. [L. mulcfa, or multa, a fine ; multare, to 
 fine.] A pecuniary penalty or fine. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. mulcting, mulcted.] To punish with fine 
 or forfeiture. 
 
 a, e, I, 5, u, y, long; a, e, i, 5, u, y, short; a, §, i, o, u, x. obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; hSir, her; 
 
MULE 
 
 373 
 
 MUEK 
 
 Mule, n. f A.-S. mul ; L. mulm.~] An animal gen- 
 erated between a he-ass and a mare, or between 
 a horse and a she-ass : — a hybrid : — a machine 
 for spinning cotton. 
 
 Mii-le-teer', u. [Fr. mulelier.] A mule-driver. 
 
 Mu-li-eb'ri-ty, n. [L. muliebritas ; mulier, a 
 woman ; ' muliebris, womanly.] "Womanhood ; 
 feminity ; womanly quality. 
 
 Mul'ish, «. Like a mule; obstinate; sullen. 
 
 Mulli n. [Scot. & Dut. mul, dust.] A snuff-box : 
 — [Hind, mal-mal] a species of muslin. — 2, v. a. 
 [Cf. Fr. mouiller, to soften; L. mollis, soft.] [pp. 
 mulling, mulled.] To soften and reduce the 
 spirit of; to heat, sweeten, &c, as wine. ' 
 
 Mul-la-ga-taw'ny, n. [Tamil milagn-tunni, pep- 
 per-water.] A kind of soup. 
 
 Mul'lein, n. [A.-S. moleyn; whence Fr. molene ; 
 Goth! malo, a moth: it was regarded as good 
 against moths.] A coarse, herbaceous plant. 
 
 Mul'ler, n. One who mulls : — a stone or instru- 
 ment for grinding powder or colors. 
 
 Mul'let, n. [Fr. imdet, mulle ; L. muttus, also mugil.] 
 A sea-fish, valued for food. 
 
 Mul'lion (mul'yun), n. [0. E. munnion, Fr. moi- 
 gnon, Sp. mufton, a stump.— Cf. L. mancus, 
 maimed.] (Arch.) An upright post or bar in a 
 window-frame. 
 
 Mult-, ) Common prefixes in words of Latin ori- 
 
 Mult'i-. J gin, from L. multus, many ; as, mwtongu- 
 lar, Vnufttfarious. 
 
 Mult-an'gu-lar, a. [L. multus, many, and angu- 
 laris, angular (q. ».).] Having many angles. 
 
 Mul-ti-fa'ri-ous, a. [L. muMfarius, various ; 
 probably from multus, many, and fori, to speak.] 
 Having pxeat multiplicity ; diversified ; numer- 
 ous; manifold. 
 
 Mul-ti-fa'ri-ous-ly, ad. With multiplicity. 
 
 Mul-ti-fa'ri-ous-ness, n. Great diversity. 
 
 Mul'ti-f id, a. [L. multifidus ; multus, many, and 
 findere, fidi, to cleave.] Having many divisions. 
 
 Mul-ti-loc'u-lar, a. [L. multus, many, and hcus, 
 dim. loculus, a place.] Having many cells. 
 
 Mul-tip'a-rous, «. [L. multus, many, and parere, 
 to bear.] Bringing forth many at a birth : — 
 having produced many offspring. 
 
 Mul-tip'ar-tite, a. [L. multus, many, and partitus, 
 divided. — See Part.] Divided into many parts. 
 
 Mul'ti-ple, ». [L. multiplex, manifold: on type of 
 triple. — See Multiply.] A number which ex- 
 actly contains another number several times; 
 as, 12 is a multiple of 3. — A common multiple, is a 
 multiple of two or more numbers; 12 is a com- 
 mon multiple of 2, 3, 4, and 6. 
 
 Mul'ti-pli-a-ble, a. That may be multiplied. 
 
 Mul-ti-pli-cand', n. [L. mulHplicandum — See Mul- 
 tiply.] ' (Arith.) The number to be multiplied. 
 
 Mul-ti-plj-ca'tion, n. [L. muttiplicatio.—See Mul- 
 tiply.] The act of multiplying ; state of being 
 multiplied.— -(ArUh.) The process of finding the 
 amount of a given number, called the multipli- 
 cand, when repeated a certain number of times, 
 expressed by the multiplier. [being- many. 
 
 Mul-ti-plic'i-ty, n. [L. multiplieitas.] State of. 
 
 Miil'ti-pli-er, n. He who or that which multi- 
 plies : — a number to multiply by. 
 
 Mul'ti-ply, v. a. [L. multiplicare ; multiplex, mani- 
 fold; multus, much, and pUcare, to fold.] [pp. 
 multiplying, multiplied.] To increase in num- 
 ber; to increase by generation; to increase by 
 arithmetical multiplication. — 2, v. n. To grow 
 in number; to increase. 
 
 Mul-tip'o-tent, a. [L. multipotens; multus, much, 
 anil potens, potent.] Having manifold power. 
 
 Mul'ti-tude, n. [L. muUUudo ; multus, much, 
 many.] A great number; a great many; a 
 throug ; a crowd ; the populace ; the vulvar. 
 
 Mul-ti-tu'di-nous, a. Numerous; manifold. 
 
 Mul'ti-valve, a. [L. multus, many, and vaha, a 
 valve (q. v.).] Having many valves. 
 
 Mult'ure (mult'yur), n. [0. Fr. ; Fr. moulure ; 
 Law L. molilura ; L. mollere, to grind: akin to 
 
 Mill and Meal.] Act of grinding ; a grist: — 
 a fee or toll for grinding. 
 
 Mum, inter}. [Purely imitative.] Silence ; hush. — 
 2, a. Silent ; not speaking. — 3, u. [Ger. Mumme, 
 the inventor's name.] A strong German ale. 
 
 Mum'ble, v. n. [Dut. mommelen; Ger. mummeln; 
 Dan. mumle ; Sw. mumla: imitative.] [jjp- mum- 
 bling, mumbled.] To speak inwardly ; to mutter. 
 — 2, a. To utter imperfectly. 
 
 Mumm, v. n. [Ger. mummen, Dut. mommen, to 
 mask ; Ger. mumme, Dut. mom, a mask : per- 
 haps akin to Mome.] [pp. mumming, mummed.] 
 To mask ; to frolic in disguise. 
 
 Mum'mer, n. A masker; a jester; a player. 
 
 Mum'mer-y, n. [Fr. momerie. — See Mumm.] A 
 masking ; farcical show ; frolic in masks : — folly ; 
 foolery; buffoonery. 
 
 Mum'nii-fy, v. a. & v. n. [Fr. momifier.] [pp. 
 mummifying, mummified.] To make or become 
 a mummy. 
 
 Mum'my, n. [Fr. momie; Sp. momia; It. mummia ; 
 Per. mumayin; Arab, rniuuia ; Arab. & Per. mum, 
 wax ; Coptic mum, bitumen.] A dead body pre- 
 served by embalming : — a sort of wax. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. mummying, mummied.] To embalm. 
 
 Mump, v. n. [A form of Mum or Mumble : imi- 
 tative.] [pp. mumping, mumped.] To nibble; 
 to bite : — to mutter ; to sulk : — to beg. 
 
 Mumps, k. pi- Sullenness :— [from the verb to 
 mump] a disease in which the glands about the 
 throat are swelled. 
 
 Munch, v. a. & v. n. [Imitative. — Cf. Fr. m 
 mandncare, to eat.] [pp. munching, munched.] 
 To chew eagerly and greedily. 
 
 Mun'dane, a. [L. mundanm; mundus, the world.) 
 Belonging to this world ; earthly. 
 
 Mun'g6ose, n. [East Indian.] An Asiatic animal 
 that destroys serpents. 
 
 Mu-nic'i-pal, a. [L. municipalis; municipium, a 
 town with a local government; rmiraa, functions, 
 and capere, to receive.] Belonging to a munici- 
 pality, corporation, or city :— relating to a state, 
 kingdom, or nation. 
 
 Mu-nic-i-pal'i-ty, w. A town or city ; a district 
 and its inhabitants; the government of a city. 
 
 Mii-nif i-cence, n. [L. muiiijirrutin, bounty; nih- 
 nificus, liberal; mttnus, a gift, and facere, to 
 make.] The act of giving liberally ; liberality ; 
 generosity; bounty. 
 
 Mu-nif i-cent, a. [L. munificens. — See Munifi- 
 cence.] Liberal; beneficent; bounteous. 
 
 Mu-mf'i-cent-ly, ad. Liberally ; generously. 
 
 Mu'ni-ment, b. [L. munimentum, a defence; mu- 
 nire, to fortify ; moana, walls.] A fortification ; 
 fortress; defence. — (Law.) A deed; a record; 
 charter. 
 
 Mu-ni"tion (mu-ntsh'un), n. [L. munitio, a block- 
 ade, defence ; muuire, to fortify.] Fortification : 
 — ammunition ; materials for war. 
 
 Mun-jeet', n. [Hind, maujit.] Indian madder. 
 
 Munt'jak, n. [A native name.] A small deer of 
 Southeastern Asia. [ing to a wall. 
 
 Mu'ral, a. [L. muralis; murus, a wall.] Peitain- 
 
 Miir'der, «. [A.-S. mordor ; Goth, maurthr; Ger. 
 mord. — Cf. L. mors, death.] The act of killing a 
 human being unlawfully, and with malice pre- 
 pense. — 2, v. a. [pp. murdering, murdered.] To 
 MZaman unlawfully, and with malice prepense. 
 
 Mur'der-er, n. One who is guilty of murder. 
 
 Mur'der-ess, n. A woman guilty of murder. 
 
 Mur'der-ous, a. Guilty of murder; bloody. 
 
 Mur'der-ous-ly, ad. In a bloody manner. 
 
 Mu'ri-ate, n. (Chem.) A chloride. 
 
 Mu-ri-at'ic, a. [L. muriaticus, briny ; muria, brine.] 
 Of the nature of brine. 
 
 Mu'rine (mu'rin), n. [L. murinus, of mice; mux, 
 muris, a mouse (q. v.).] A small quadruped; a 
 mouse. — 2, a. Of or relating to mice. 
 
 Murk, n. [See Marc] The husks of fruit:— 
 [A.-S. mure, Dan. mark, dark] darkness. — 2, a. 
 Murky; dark. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — £, $, 5, §, soft; J3, £, g, g\ hard; s as z ; x as gz ; this. 
 
 32 
 
MUKKY 
 
 374 
 
 MUTINOUS 
 
 Miir'ky, a. Dark ; cloudy : wanting light. 
 
 MUr'mur, n. [L. murmur; Fr. murmure; Skr. 
 marmara, a rushing sound ; L. murmurare, to 
 murmur ; Gr. ^opixvptiv, to rush and roar. — Cf. 
 Drav. murumuru, morumoru, to grumble : imita- 
 tive.] A low, continued noise :— a complaint ; 
 a grumble. — 2, v. n. [pp. murmuring, mur- 
 mured.] To make a low, continued noise: — to 
 grumble; to mutter; to complain. 
 
 Miir'mur-ous, a. Exciting murmur: — murmuring. 
 
 Mur'rain, n. [0. Fr. marine, Sp. inorrifla, mur- 
 rain; It. moria, contagion. — Cf. Fr. moraine, 
 wool of dead sheep ; L. mori, to die.] A plague 
 among cattle. 
 
 Miirre, n. [Local E. marrot. — Cf. Fr. marotou, a 
 wild duck.] A sea-bird ; the razor-bill. 
 
 Mus'ca-del, n. [It. moscadetta ; moscado, musk 
 (q. v'.).] A kind of sweet grape : — a sweet wine: 
 — a sweet pear. 
 
 Mus'ca-dlne [mus'ka-din, Ja. Sm.], n. [0. It. 
 moscadino. — See Muscadel.] A sweet grape ; a 
 sweet wine ; muscadel. 
 
 Mus'cat, \n. A sweet grape :— a sweet wine. 
 
 Miis'ca-tel, j Same as Muscadel. 
 
 Mus'cle (mus'sl), n. [L. musculus,— literally, a 
 little mouse; mm, a mouse. — Cf. Ger. mans, a 
 mouse, — also, a muscle; Gr. ju.0?, a mouse, a 
 muscle.] The fleshy organ of motion in ani- 
 mals : — a shell-fish ; a mussel. 
 
 Mus-col'o-gy, n. [L. muscus, a moss, and Gr. 
 A6705, a treatise.] The science of mosses. 
 
 Mus-co-va'do, n. [Sp. mascabado ; mas, more, and 
 acabado, completed, advanced.] A raw or unre- 
 fined sugar. 
 
 Mils' co-vlte, «• [From Moscow, a capital of Russia, 
 whence Muscovy, an old name of the country.] 
 Of or relating to Russia.— 2, n. A Russian. 
 
 Mus'cu-lar, a. Relating to the muscles ; composed 
 of muscles ; brawny ; strong. 
 
 Mus-cu-lar'i-ty, n. State of being muscular. 
 
 Mus'cu-loiis, a. [L. muscidosus.] Full of muscles; 
 muscular. 
 
 Muse, n. [L. musa ; Gr. juovo-a.] One of nine 
 ancient sister goddesses, fabled to preside over 
 the fine arts: — the power of poetry: — deep 
 thought; abstraction. — 2, v. a. [Fr. muser; It. 
 musare, to muse, to stare : akin to muso, the 
 muzzle; it was at first applied to dogs in the 
 chase.] [pp. musing, mused.] To think on; to 
 meditate upon. — 3, v. n. To think; to ponder; 
 to meditate. 
 
 Mu-§e'um, n. [L. ; Gr. fiovaelov, a temple of the 
 Muses.— See Muse.] L. pi. Mu-§e'a ; Eng. Mu- 
 §e'um§. A collection or repository of curiosities. 
 
 Mush, n. [Ger. mus, A.-S. mos, pap.— Cf. Fr. 
 moussa, a kind of pap or starch ; mousse, froth, 
 foam.] Food made of the flour of maize boiled 
 in water; hasty pudding : — any thing soft. 
 
 Mush' room, 11. [Fr. mousseron; from mousse, froth, 
 moss (q. v.).] A spongy plant : — an upstart. 
 
 Mu'§ic, n. [L. musica; Gr. ixovcriKiq; juouo-ikos, 
 belonging to the Muses.— See Muse.] The art 
 of combining sounds agreeable to the ear; the 
 science of harmonical sounds; instrumental or 
 vocal harmony ; melody. 
 
 Mu'§i-cal, a. Harmonious ; melodious. — 2, n. A 
 musical entertainment or party. 
 
 Mu'§i-cal-ly, ad. In a musical manner. 
 
 Mu-§i"cian (mu-zish'an), n. [Fr. musicien.] One 
 skilled in music. 
 
 Musk, n. [Fr. muse; L. muscus; Gr. /u.dcrxos; Per. 
 musk; Arab, mesh, m.Ul:] A strong perfume: — 
 an animal that produces musk ; musk-deer : — a 
 musky flowei\ — 2, v. a. [pp. musking, musked.] 
 To perfume with musk. 
 
 Musk'-deer, n. A deer which produces musk. 
 
 Mus'ket, n. [Fr. mousquet, a musket, — originally, 
 a sparrow-hawk ; from mouche, a fly, — referring 
 to his small size. Fire-arms and other military 
 weapons were often fancifully named from birds 
 ■and animals.] A soldier's hand-gun. 
 
 Mus-ket-eer', n. [Fr. mousquetaire.] A soldier 
 who uses a musket. 
 
 Mus-ket-66n', n. [Fr. mousqueton ; It. moschellone : 
 augmentative forms.] A short musket or gun. 
 
 Mus'ket- ry, n. [Fr. ruousqucterie ; It. moschetteria.] 
 Muskets collectively. 
 
 Mus'ki-ness, n. The state of being musky. 
 
 Musk'mel-on, n. A melon of musky odor. 
 
 Musk' -ox, n. A sheep-like 
 ox of Canada. 
 
 MQsk'-rat, n. The mus- 
 quash : — the desman. 
 
 Miisk'x, a. Having the 
 perfume of musk. 
 
 Mu§'lin, n. [Fr. mousse- 
 line; It. mussolino : named 
 from Mosul, in Asiatic Turkey.] A fine, thin 
 stuff made of cotton. 
 
 Mus/lin-de-laine', n. [Fr. mousselin de laine, mus- 
 lin of wool.] A fabric of wool, or cotton and 
 wool, of light texture. 
 
 Mus'quash (ruus'kwosh), n. [Algonkin.] An 
 American aquatic quadruped, valued for its fur. 
 
 Mus-qui'to (mus-ke'to), n. See Mosquito. 
 
 Muss, n. [Fr. mousser, to puff, to froth ; mousse, 
 froth. — Cf. Fr. mouche, a fly,— also, a huff, a pet.] 
 A scramble ; a confused contest. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 mussing, mussed.] To rumple ; to disarrange. 
 
 Mus'sel, n. [L. musculus, a nmssel, — literally, a 
 little mouse ; A.-S. muxle.— See Muscle.] A 
 kind of mollusk. 
 
 Mus'sul-man, n. ; pi. Mus'sul-man§. [Per. musid- 
 man, Arab, muslim, a Moslem (q. v.).] A Mo- 
 hammedan, or Mahometan. 
 
 Must, v. auxiliary & defective. [A.-S. moste ; Dut. 
 moest; Ger. muss. — See May.] To be obliged. — 
 2, v. a. & v. n. [A form of Moist. — See Musty.] 
 [pp. musting, musted.] To make or grow 
 mouldy. — 3, n. [L. mustum,; A.-S. must; Ger. 
 most; Fr. mout; L. mustus, fresh, new. — See 
 Moist.] New wine not fermented ; mouldiness ; 
 mouldy flavor or smell. 
 
 Mus-tache', n. ; pi. Mus-ta'che§, or Mus-ta'ghe§, 
 n. [See Moustache.] The hair on 'the upper 
 lip : — written also moustache. 
 
 Mus-ta'chio (mris-ta/sho), n. Mustache. 
 
 Mus'tang, n. [Sp. mesteHo, belonging to tbe mesta, 
 or body of graziers.] A Mild American horse. 
 
 Miis'tard, n. [Fr. moutarde, It. mosturda, — prop- 
 erly,' a condiment mixed with must, or new 
 wine; It. mosto, must (q. v.).] A plant and its 
 seed, used as a condiment. 
 
 Mus'ter, v. a. [It. mostra, 0. Fr. mostre, monstre, 
 a display; L. monstrare, to show.] [pp. muster- 
 ing, mustered.] To bring together; to review. 
 — 2, v. n. To assemble ; to meet together. — 3, n. 
 A review or a register of forces. 
 
 Mus'ter-roll, n. A register of forces. 
 
 Mus'ti-ness, n. State of being musty; mould. 
 
 MQs'ty, a. [Probably a form of Moist.] Mouldy ; 
 spoiled with damp or age. 
 
 Mu-ta-bil'i-ty., \ n. Changeableness; incon- 
 
 Mu'ta-ble-ness, j stancy; instability. 
 
 Mu'ta-ble, «. [L. midabiUs ; mutare, to change.] 
 Subject to change ; changeable ; variable ; fickle ; 
 unstable ; inconstant. 
 
 Mu-ta'tion, n. [L. mulatto.] Change ; alteration. 
 
 Mute, a. ' [L. mutus, dumb.] Silent ; speechless ; 
 dumb; not vocal. — 2, n. One who is speechless : 
 — a utensil to deaden sound : — a letter not vocal. 
 — The mutes are b,p, q, <, d, k, and c and g hard. 
 
 Mute'lx, ad. Silently ; not vocally. 
 
 Mu'ti-late, v. a. [L. mutilare, mutilatum; mvtilus, 
 maimed; Gr. /u-vtiAos, cut short.] [pp. muti- 
 lating, mutilated.] To deprive of an essential 
 part ; to cut off, as a limb ; to maim. 
 
 Mu-ti-la'tion, n. The act of mutilating. 
 
 Mu'ti-la-tor, n. One who mutilates. 
 
 Mu-ti-neer', n. One guilty of mutiny. 
 
 Mu'ti-nous, a. [Fr. mulin, mutinous, stubborn. — 
 See Mutiny.] Guilty of, or disposed to, mutiny. 
 
 a, e, 1, 0, u, y, 
 
 ; a, e, 1, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
MUTINOUSLY 
 
 375 
 
 NAILEE 
 
 Mu'ti-noiis-ly, ad. Seditiously ; turbulently. 
 
 Mu'ti-nous-ness, n. Seditiousness. 
 
 Mu'ti-ny,' v. n. [Sp. motin, Port, motim, a mutiny, 
 an uproar; Fr. se muttner, to mutiny; mutinerie, 
 a mutiny : allied to Fr. meute, Late L. mota, a 
 pack of bounds, and to L. morere, motnm, to 
 move, to strive.] [pp. mutinying, mutinied.] 
 To rise against authority, particularly naval 
 or military authority. — 2, n. An insurrection 
 against naval or military authority; sedition. 
 
 Mfit'ter, v. n. [L. mutire; Ger. muttem: imita- 
 tive.'] [pp. mattering, muttered.] To murmur; 
 to grumble. — 2, v. a. To utter or speak indis- 
 tinctly. — 3, n. A murmur; obscure utterance. 
 
 Mut'ton (mut'tn), n. [Fr. mouton, Late L. multo, 
 multonis, It. montone, a sheep; from L. tnuMlus, 
 castrated.] The flesh of sheep when dressed for 
 food : — a sheep. 
 
 Mut'ii-al (mut'yu-al), a. [L. mutuus, reciprocal, 
 borrowed; mutare, to change, to exchange.] 
 Each acting in return to the other ; reciprocal; 
 interchangeable. 
 
 Mut-u-al'i-ty, n. Quality of being mutual. 
 
 Mut'ii-al-iy, ad. Reciprocally; in return. 
 
 Mut'ule, »." [L-. WMfetZtts.] {Arch.) A square block, 
 or sort of modillion of the Doric order. 
 
 Muz'zle, n. [Fr. museau, 0. Fr. musette, mosel, It. 
 mnzn, the muzzle or snout; from L. morsus, a 
 bite; mordcre, morsum, to bite.] The nose or 
 mouth of an animal or of any thing : — a fasten- 
 ing for the mouth. — 2, v. a. [pp. muzzling, 
 muzzled.] To bind the mouth ; to prevent from 
 biting or from speaking. 
 
 My, or My. (un or me : — mi, when distinct), pron. 
 poss. & a. [Ger. mein. — See Mine.] Belonging 
 to me. 
 
 My-col'o-§-y, n. [Gr. /U.VK779, a fungus, and Aoyo?, 
 a treatise.] A treatise on the fungi. 
 
 My-ol'o-£;y, n. [Gr. ^0?, juvos, a muscle, and 
 Aoyo?', a treatise.] The doctrine of the muscles. 
 
 My'ope, n. [Gr. ;u.voi//; p.veiv, to close, and il>i//, 
 the eye.] A near-sighted person ; a myops. 
 
 My-6'pi-a, n. [Gr. /LtvtoTri'a.j Short-sightedness. 
 
 My-op'ic, a. Near-sighted. • 
 
 Myr'i-ad, n. [Gr. p.vpid?, a myriad, ten thou- 
 sand;' /uvpi'o?, countless.] Ten thousand:— a 
 great number. 
 
 Myr'i-a-gram, "I n. [Fr. myriagramme, ten thou- 
 
 Myr'i-a-gramme, J sand grammes; Gr. juupid?, ten 
 thousand, and Gramme.] A weight, equal to 22 
 pounds, 1 ounce, 2 drachma avoirdupois. 
 
 Myr-i-a-li'tre, n. [Fr. for "ten thousand litres;" 
 Gr. juuptci?, ten thousand, and Litkk.J A meas- 
 ure, equal to 2200 gallons, 7 pints, 13 fluid- 
 ounces, 4 riuidrachms, 48 minims imperial. 
 
 Myr-i-a-me'tre (-nia'tur or -me'tur), n. [Fr. myria- 
 metre) Gr. /xvptds, ten thousand, and Me ike 
 (q. ».).] A measure of length, equal to 10,001) 
 metres, or 6 miles, 1 furlong, 15fi yards, 6 inches. 
 
 Myr'i-a-pod, n. [Gr. /uvpids, ten thousand ; 7rovs 
 (pi. woSeq), a foot.] An articulate auimal having 
 many jointed feet. 
 
 Myr'mi-don, n. [One of an ancient people of 
 Thess'aly, fabled to have sprung from ants turned 
 into men; Gr. txvpp.r)8u>v, an ants' nest; /avpjarj^, 
 an ant.] A rough soldier; a ruffian. 
 
 My-rob'a-lan, n. [Gr. /u.vpo/SdA.ai'o? ; fx.vpov, an 
 ointment, and (SdAavos, a nut.] A dried fruit 
 used in tanning. 
 
 Myrrh (nur), n. [L. myrrha; Gr. ju.v'ppa; Arab. 
 man; from its bitterness; mien; bitter.] A strong 
 aromatic gum. 
 
 Myr'tle (mir'tl), n. [L. myrtus; Gr. fxvpros; Per. 
 murd.] A fragrant tree or shrub. 
 
 My-selr (me-self or mi-self), pron. I or me, 
 with emphasis; the reciprocal of I. 
 
 Mys-te'ri-ous, a. Full of mystery ; unexplained; 
 inexplicable; obscure; secret; hidden. 
 
 Mys-te'ri-ous-ly, ad. Obscurely ; secretly. 
 
 Mys'te-ry, n. [L. mysterium ; Gr. fj.vo-Trjptov ; fxver- 
 ttj5, an initiate ; ^veiv, to close the eyes.] Some- 
 thing secret, inexplicable, or above human in- 
 telligence; a secret; obscurity: — a kind of an- 
 cient drama:— [0. E. misters, It. mesliere, Fr. 
 metier, a trade; L. ministerial), a service] a trade. 
 
 Mys'tic, ». One of a class of Christians; one who 
 professes direct communion with God ; one im- 
 bued with mysticism. 
 
 Mys'tic, \a. [Gr. (uvcttikos. — See Mystery.] 
 
 Mys'ti-cal.j Partaking of mysticism or of mys- 
 tery ; obscure ; secret ; dark : — emblematical. 
 
 Mys'ti-cal-ly, ad. In a mystical manner. 
 
 Mys'ti-cism, n. A belief in a direct intercourse 
 between God and the human mind ; the doctrine 
 of the Mystics; quietism; enthusiasm. 
 
 Mys-ti-fi-ca'tion. n. [Fr.] Act of mystifying or 
 rendering mysterious. 
 
 Mys'ti-fy. v. a. [Fr. mystifier.] [pp. mystifying, 
 mystified.] To involve in mystery : — to bewilder. 
 
 Myth, n. [Gr. mv^os, a fable.] A fable; a tradi- 
 tional narrative. 
 
 Myth'ic. or Myth'i-cal, a. Fabulous. 
 
 Myth-p-log'i-cai [mi-tho-ldd'je-kal, S. P. Ja. K.] t 
 a. Relating to mythology ; fabulous. 
 
 My-thol'o-i-ist, n. One versed in mythology. 
 
 My-thol'o-gy, n. [Gr. ixvGoKoyia ; fxvOos, a myth, 
 ami Aoyos, a telling; Aeyeif, to tell.] A system 
 of fables ; the fabulous history of the gods of the 
 heathens. — Classical mythology 'is that of Greece 
 and Rome. 
 
 N. 
 
 Nis a liquid consonant or so-called semivowel, 
 and a nasal letter. As an abbreviation it 
 stands for north and number. 
 
 Nab, v. a. [Sw. nappa, Dan. nappe, to catch.— Cf. 
 Nip and Snap.] [pp. nabbing, nabbed.] To 
 catch suddenly ; to seize. 
 
 Na'bob, n. [Port, nabdbo; Arab, navnnab, a nabob, 
 a deputy-governor,— properly the plural of naib, 
 a lieutenant.] The title of an East-Indian 
 prince :— a man of great wealth and luxury. 
 
 Na'cre (na'kur), n. [Fr. nacre; Sp. nacar; Per. 
 na&ar.J Mother-of-pearl : — a pearly gleam or 
 lustre. " [cent. 
 
 Na'cre-ous, a. Having a pearly lustre; irides- 
 
 Na'dir. n. [Arab, nazir or nadir, opposite, corre- 
 sponding to.] The point opposite to the zenith. 
 
 Nae'vus, n. ; pi. Nae'vi. [L.] A mole on the skin ; 
 a birth-mark. 
 
 Nag, n. [Dut. negge; Scot, naig: by s^me de- 
 rived from an had; which may have taken the 
 form of a nag. — Cf. Ger. nickel, a nag.] A small 
 horse; a horse.— 2, v. n. [Sw. nagga, to pick, to 
 nibble; Dan. vage, to gnaw.] Top. nagging, 
 nagged.] To scold in a petty, pertinacious way ; 
 to tease. 
 
 Na'iad (na'yad), n. [L. vaias ; Gr. vaids, vaidSos; 
 vaetv, to flow.] L. pl.-Na'ia-des ; Eng. Na'iads. 
 A water-nymph.— (Conch.) ' A fresh-water shell- 
 fish. 
 
 Nail (nal), n. [A.-S. ntegel ; Dut. & Ger. vagel ; 
 Dan. nagle ; Skr. nakha : root of Gxaw. ] A horny 
 substance on the human fingers and toes: — a 
 claw ; a talon : — an iron spike : — a stud or boss : 
 — 2}4 inches.— 2, r. a. [pp. nailing, nailed.] 
 To fasten with nails. 
 
 Nail'er, n. One who nails : — a nail -maker. 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nb"r, s8n j bull, biir, rule, use.— g, Q, c, § , soft; p, js, p, g, hard; § as z ; 5 as gz ; this. 
 
NAINSOOK 
 
 376 
 
 NATURAL 
 
 Nain'sook, n. [Fr. nansouk: probably an East- 
 Indian place-name.] A kind of thick muslin. 
 
 Na'ive (na'ev), a. [Fr. naif, naive; L. nativus, na- 
 tive (q. v.).] Having native simplicity; ingenuous. 
 
 Naivete (na'ev-ta/), n. [Fr. ] Native simplicity ; 
 unconscious frankness ; ingenuousness. 
 
 Na'ked, a. [A.-S. nacod; Put. naakt ; Ger. nackt; 
 Skr! nugna; Irish, nochd.] Uncovered; un- 
 clothed ; nude ; bare : — open ; defenceless : — 
 plain : — mere. 
 
 Na/ked-ly, ad. Without covering ; simply. 
 
 Na/ked-ness, n. Nudity ; want of covering. 
 
 Nam'a-ble, a. Capable of being named. 
 
 Nam'by-pam'by, a. [Originally a nickname for 
 Ambrose Philips, an English writer (died 1749).] 
 Affected and finical. 
 
 Name, n. [A.-S. noma; Dut. naam; Ger. name; 
 L. nomen (gnomen); Gr. 6vop.a; Skr. naman (jna- 
 man.~\ That by which a person or thing is 
 called; appellative; title; an appellation : — per- 
 son : — character : — reputation ; repute ; fame. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. naming, named.] To give a name 
 to ; to nominate. 
 
 Name'less, a. Destitute of a name. [say. 
 
 Name'ly, ad. By name ; particularly ; that is to 
 
 Name'sake, n. [A person named for another's 
 sake.] One who has the same name. 
 
 Nan-keen', n. [From Nankin, in„China.] A kind 
 of yellowish or buff-colored cotton cloth : — writ- 
 ten also nankin. 
 
 Nap, n. [A.-S. hnseppian, to sleep, to nod.— Cf. 
 Local Ger. knappen, to nod.] A short sleep : — 
 [A.-S. cnsep, a knob, a knot; Dut. nop; Dan. 
 noppe; Low Ger. nobbe, a nap] the down on 
 cloth : — the foam or cream on the surface of ale 
 or beer. — 2, v. n. [pp. napping, napped.] To 
 sleep; to be drowsy or secure. 
 
 Nape, n. [A.-S. cnsep, a knob, ridge, or knot.] 
 The joint of the neck behind. 
 
 Na'per-y, n. [0. Fr. naperie, napperie; nappe, a 
 tow'el ; Low L. nappa, a towel ; L. mappa. — See 
 Map.] Articles of linen. 
 
 Naph'tha (nap'tha), n. [Gr. vd4>0a, Arab, naft, 
 nift, bitumen, naphtha.] A bituminous, volatile, 
 and very inflammable fluid hydrocarbon, which 
 exudes from the earth or rocks; mineral oil. 
 
 Nap'kin, n. [Eng. dim. of Fr. nappe, a towel. — 
 See Napery.] A cloth to wipe the hands, &c. 
 
 Nap'less, or. Having no nap ; threadbare. 
 
 Nappe (nap), n. [Fr. nappe, a towel, sheet, or 
 surface.— See Napery.] (Math.) A surface; the 
 surface of one of the branches of a conic section. 
 
 Nap'pi-ness, n. The quality of being nappy. 
 
 Nap'ping, p. a- Asleep ; not on one's guard. 
 
 Nap'py, M# [Said to be named from its nap or 
 foam.] Malt liquor; ale or beer :— [A -S. hnsep, 
 nappe, a bowl or dish] a kind of earthen dish. — 
 2, a. Frothy ; spumy : — full of down : — showing 
 a nap. 
 
 Nar-cis'sus, n. ; pi. Nar-cis'sus-es. [Gr. vap»acr- 
 eros : probably from it's narcotic quality.] A genus 
 of plants, including the daffodil and the jonquil. 
 
 Nar-cot'ic, n. [Gr. vap/cumKOs ; vapicoeiv, to be- 
 numb;" vapK-ri, stupor.] (Med.) A drug pro- 
 ducing lethargy, stupor, drowsiness, or sleep. — 
 2, a. Producing sleep or stupefaction ; soporific. 
 
 Nar'co-tine, n. A narcotic principle of opium. 
 
 Niir'co-tism, n. The effect of a narcotic ; narcosis. 
 
 Nar'co-tize, v. a. [pp. narcotizing, narcotized.] 
 To bring under the influence of a narcotic. — 
 2, v. n. To exert a narcotic influence ; to deaden 
 or dull sensibility; to lull. 
 
 Nard, n. [L. nardus; Gr. vapSos; Heb. nerd; 
 Arab, nardin; Per. nard; Skr. nalada; nal, to 
 smell.] An aromatic plant; spikenard: — an 
 ointment prepared from the plant. 
 
 Nar'rate, or Nar-rate', v. a. [L. narrare, narra- 
 twm, to make known, to tell; narus, gnarus, 
 knowing. — See Know.] [pp. narrating, nar- 
 rated.] To give an account of; to relate; to 
 tell ; to recite. 
 
 Nar-ra'tion, n. [L. narratio.] The relation of a 
 series of events ; a narrative ; an account ; recital. 
 
 Nar'ra-tive, a. [L. nurrativus; Fr. narralif.] Re- 
 lating ; giving particulars. — 2, n. A relation ; 
 an account ; a story. 
 
 Nar-ra'tor, n. [L.] A teller ; a relater. 
 
 Nar'row (nar'ro), a. [A.-S. nearu, nearo ; Old 
 Saxon, nam; Fris. naar : apparently not related 
 to Near.] Not wide; not broad;' contracted; 
 straitened: — near: — covetous. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 narrowing, narrowed.] To contract ; to limit. 
 
 Nar'row-ly, ad. Contractedly ; nearly. 
 
 Nar'row-ness, m. Want of extent : — poverty. 
 
 Nar'rows, n. A narrow passage between high 
 lauds or islands. 
 
 Nar'whal, n. [Sw. & Dan. narhval; Icel. nahvalr; 
 Ger. nanval; Fr. nar- 
 val : probably for Nose- 
 Whale.— See Nose and- 
 Whale.] The sea- 
 unicorn; amonodon; a Narwhal, 
 whale with a tusk or horn. 
 
 Na'sal, a. [Late L. na&alis ; L. nasus, the nose 
 (q. v.).] Belonging to the nose: — uttered or 
 sounded through the nose. — 2, n. A medicine 
 operating through the nose : — a letter or sound 
 uttered as through the nose. — The nasals are m, 
 n, ng. — The nasal sound in English is that of ng, 
 as in ring. 
 
 Nas'cent, a. [L. nasci, nascentis, to be born. — See 
 Natal.] Beginning to grow; increasing. 
 
 Nas'ti-ly, ad. Dirtily; filthily; nauseously. 
 
 Nas'ti-ness, n. Dirt; filth; grossness. 
 
 Nas-tiir'tion, n. [L. nasturtium, a cress ; nasus, the 
 nose, and torquere, to twist : from its acrid smell.] 
 A pungent or acrid plant. 
 
 Nas'ty, a. [0. E. nasky, foul; Local Sw. naskiig, 
 snaskig, pig-like, foul ; Low Ger. nask, nasty ; 
 Lapp naske, dirty : probably related to Finnish 
 naski, a pig.] Dirty; filthy; sordid; nauseous. 
 
 Na'sute, a. [L. nasutus, keen, large-nosed ; nasus, 
 a nose.] Keen of scent; quick of perception. 
 
 Na'tal, a. [L. natalis; natus (gnatus), born; nasci, 
 to be born : akin to Genus.] Relating to one's 
 birth or nativity ; native. 
 
 Na'tant, a. [L. natare, nataniis, frequentative of 
 nai'e, natum, to swim.] Lying on the water; 
 floating; swimming. 
 
 Na-ta'tion, n. The act of swimming. ^ 
 
 Na-ta-to'ri-al, a. Adapted to swimming. 
 
 Nat-a-to'ri-um, n. [L., from natare, to swim; 
 natator, a' swimmer. — See Natant.] A tank for 
 swimming ; a swimming-school. 
 
 Na'ta-to-ry, a. Natatorial ; swimming. 
 
 Natch, or Natch'-firl, n. See Nautch, &c. 
 
 Na/tion, n. [L. natio, a race ; natus, born.] A race 
 of men ; a people distinct from others ; a people 
 inhabiting the same country and born under the 
 same government. 
 
 Na"tion-al (nash'un-al), a. Relating to a nation ; 
 public ; general ; not private. 
 
 Na/'tion-al-ism, n. A national idiom or trait. 
 
 Na/'tion-al-ist, n. One who supports national 
 ideas. 
 
 Na-tion-al'i-ty (nash-un-al'e-te), n. A nation or 
 race' of people ; national character. 
 
 Na/'tion-al-Ize, v. n. [pp. nationalizing, nation- 
 alized.] ' To render national. 
 
 Na'tive, a. [L. nativus, natural, native; nobis, 
 born.] Produced by nature; natural; not arti- 
 ficial ; natal ; born in ; born with ; not foreign ; 
 indigenous ; original. — 2, n. One born in any 
 place or country. 
 
 Na-tiv'i-ty, «• [Fr. nativite ; L. nativitas.] Birth; 
 time or place of birth :— ra horoscope : — Christ- 
 mas; Advent. 
 
 Na'tron, n. [Sp. & Fr. ; Arab, natrun.— See Nitre.] 
 A native carbonate of soda. 
 
 Nat'ty, a. [For neat (q. v.).] Spruce; tidy; trim. 
 
 Nat'u-ral (nSt'yural), a. [L. naturalis. — See 
 Nature.] Produced by nature; not acquired: 
 
 a, e, l, o 
 
 u, y, long ; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscr.re— Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 
 
NATURALISM 
 
 377 
 
 NECESSITOUS 
 
 — tender : — not forced ; unaffected : — illegiti- 
 mate : — opposed to violent; as, a natural death: 
 — relating fei the productions or powers of nature 
 and the properties of natural bodies : — discover- 
 able by reason; not revealed.— 2, n. A fool. 
 
 Nat'u-ral-ism, w. Mere state of nature :— the re- 
 ligion 'of mere nature: — the doctrine of those 
 who deny the supernatural : — the worship of the 
 powers of nature: — close adherence to nature, 
 in the fine arts, or in literature; realism. 
 
 Nat'ii-ral-ist, n. One versed in natural history. 
 
 Nat-u-ral-is'tic, a. Of or pertaining to, or char- 
 acterized by ', naturalism : — closely representing 
 or interpreting nature ; realistic. 
 
 Nat-u-ral-i-za'tion, n. The act of naturalizing. 
 
 Nat'u-ral-ize, v. a. [pp. naturalizing, natural- 
 ized.] ' To invest with the privileges of a native 
 citizen; to make natural; to accommodate; to 
 adapt ; to acclimatize. 
 
 Nat'u-ral-ly, ad. In a natural manner. 
 
 Nat'ii-ral-ness, n. State of being natural. 
 
 Nat'ure'(nat'yur) [na'chur, S. J.], n. [L. nature., 
 nature, birth; uasci, na'tus, to be born. — See Na- 
 tal.] The visible creation, with the laws by 
 which it is governed ; the system of the world ; 
 the universe : — the imaginary soul of the uni- 
 verse : — native state : — natural affection ; nat- 
 ural feeling; disposition; constitution; sort; 
 birth : — adaptation to reality. 
 
 Naught (nawt), a. [A.-S. naht, nawiht; na, no, 
 and wild, whit (7. v.).] Bad ; corrupt ; worthless. 
 — 2, n. Nothing. — It is often written nought to 
 distinguish it from naught, bad. 
 
 Naugh'ti-ly. (naw'te-le), ad. Perversely. 
 
 Naugh'ti-ness (naw'te-nes), n. Misbehavior. 
 
 Naugh'ty. (naw'te), «. [From Naught.] Bad; 
 mischievous; perverse. 
 
 Nau'se-a (naw'she-a), n. [L. ; Gr. vavaia, sea- 
 sickness; vau?, a ship. — See Naval. ] Disposi- 
 tion or tendency to vomit; sickness ; loathing. 
 
 Nau'se-ate (naw'she-at), v. n. [L. nauseare, nau- 
 seatum. — See Nausea.] [pp. nauseating, nau- 
 seated.] To feel disgust. — 2, v. a. To loathe : — 
 to cause to feel nausea ; to sicken. 
 
 Nau'seous (naw'shus), a. [L. nauseosm.] Causing 
 disgust ; disgusting ; loathsome ; disgustful ; dis- 
 tasteful. 
 
 Nau'seous-ly (naw'shus-le), ad. Loathsomely. 
 
 Nau'seous-ness (naw'shus-nes), n. Disgust. 
 
 Nautch, '«. [Hindu & Skr. nach, a dance.] An 
 exhibition of dancing. 
 
 Nautch' -girl, u. In India, a dancing-girl. 
 
 Nau'ti-cal, a. [L. nauticus; Gr. kxutiko?; vavrns, 
 a sailor; vavs, a ship.] Relating to ships or 
 navigation; naval; maritime; marine. 
 
 Nau'ti-lQs. n. ; L. pi. Nau'ti-li ; Eng. Nau'ti- 
 lus-es. [L. ; Gr. vavriKos, a sailor, 
 a nautilus. — See Nautical.] A 
 genus of mollusks : — a popular name 
 for various mollusks, one of which 
 was once believed to sail on the sea ; 
 the argonaut. 
 
 Na'val, a. [L. navalis; navis, Gr. 
 
 vavs, Skr. van, a ship. — Cf. L. nare, Nautilus, 
 to swim; Gr. vdeiv, to flow.] Re- 
 lating to ships or to a navy; nautical; marine; 
 maritime. 
 
 Nave. n. [A.-S. nafa; But. naaf; Dan. nay; Ger. 
 nabe.—Cf. Skr. nubhi, a hub, a navel (</. v.).] The 
 middle part of a wheel; a hub :— [L. mavis, Fr. 
 nef, a ship, nave of a church.— See NavalJ the 
 middle part or body of a church. 
 
 Na'vel (na'vl), «. [A.-S. nafela; Dut. navel; Dan. 
 navle; Ger. nabel ; Skr. nabhi: closely related to 
 Nave (q. v.).] The middle point of the belly. 
 
 Na-vic'u-lar, a. [Late L. natriculare, boat-shaped; 
 naviada, a boat; dim. of navis, a ship.] Noting 
 a bone of the foot: — noting a disease of a bone 
 in the horse's foot. 
 
 Nav'i-ga-ble, a. [L. navigabUis.] That may be 
 navigated. 
 
 Nav'i-gate, v. n. [L. navigare, navigatum; navis, 
 a ship, and agere, to drive.] [pp. navigating, 
 navigated.] To sail ; to pass by water. — 2, v. a. 
 To pass by ships or boats. 
 
 Nav-i-ga'tion, n. [L. navigatio.] The art of navi- 
 gating ships ; naval science : — ships collectively. 
 
 Nav'j-ga-tor, n. One who navigates : — a navvy. 
 
 Nav'vy, n. [Said to be the colloquial Isle of Skye 
 word for neighbor (q. v.) ; or a shortened form of 
 -navigator.] A laborer on railways, &c. 
 
 Na'vy, n. [0. Fr. navie. — Cf. L. navia, for navis, a 
 ship.] An assemblage of ships ; a fleet. 
 
 Na'vy.-yard, n. A yard in which the ships of a 
 navy are built and repaired, and in which they 
 lie. [Same as Nabob. 
 
 Na-wab\ n. In India, a viceroy or governor. 
 
 Nay (na), ad. [Dan. & Icel. nei ; Sw. nej.— See 
 No.] No : — not only so, but more. — 2, n. A de- 
 nial ; a refusal, [r.] 
 
 Naz'a-rite, n. [Heb. nazar, to vow, to separate 
 one's self.] A Jew separated to the Lord by a 
 vow and devoted to religious duties. 
 
 Neap (nep), a. [A.-S. nep for hmp, scanty; Dan. 
 & Sw. Icnap : akin to Nip.] Low ; as, neap tide. — 
 The neap tides are the lowest tides, and take place 
 four or five days before new and full moons : — 
 opposed to spring tides. — 2, n. [A form of Neb.] 
 The tongue or pole of a cart. 
 
 Ne-a-pol'i-tan, a. [Gr. Nea7roAi?, Naples: veos, 
 new, and 7roAis, a city.] Relating to Naples. — 
 2, n. A native of Naples. 
 
 Near, a. [A.-S. near, comparative of neah, nigh 
 {<]. v.) ; Icel. neer.] Not far distant in time, 
 place, or degree ; nigh ; close : dear ; intimate. — 
 2, prep. Close to; nigh; not far from. — 3, ad. 
 Almost; not far off; within a little. — 4, r. a. 
 [pp. nearing, neared.] To approach : to be near 
 to. — 5, v. n. To draw near ; to approach. 
 
 Near'ly, ad. At no gnat distance : — almost. 
 
 Near'ness. n. State of being near: closeness. 
 
 Near'-sight'ed (ner'sit'ed), a. Seeing but a short 
 distance ; short-sighted. 
 
 Neat, ». [A.-S. neat, Icel. nott^ 0. Ger. now, Scot. 
 nowt, will, Gael, nitk, cattle; Sw. noU, an ox: 
 root of A.-S. neotan; Ger. gemessen, to enjoy, to 
 use.] A cow or ox: — cattle in general. — 2, a. 
 [Fr. net, uetle, L. mtidus, neat, smooth ; nitere, to 
 shine.] Very clean ; cleanly ; nice ; pure :— free 
 from impure words : — .bar, after deductions: — 
 in this last sense now written net. 
 
 Neat'-cat-tle, ». <)x<*ti and cows. 
 
 Neat'ly, «</. With neatness ; tidily. 
 
 Neat'ness, n. Cleanliness: simple elegance. 
 
 Neb, ».' [A.-S. nebb, the face; Dut. neb, meb, Dan. 
 nseb, Sw. n&bb, a beak: Icel. nef, the nose; Ger. 
 schnabel, a beak. — See Nibble.] 'The nose ; beak ; 
 bill of a bird ; nib. 
 
 Neb'u-la, )/.; pi. Neb'u-lae. [L. nebula, nubes, a 
 cloud ;' Gr. re(/>os, ve^eky ; Ger. vebel, a mist. — 
 Cf. Skr. nabhas, sky ; nabh, to burst.] A cloudy 
 appearance ; a littie cloud : — a spot; a film. 
 
 Neb'u-lar, a. Relating to nebula?. 
 
 Neb'u-lize, v. a. [pp. nebulizing, nebulized.] To 
 atomize or reduce to a fine spray, as a liquid. 
 
 Neb-u-los'i-ty, n. [L. nebidositas.) State of being 
 nebulous.' ' [cloudy. 
 
 Neb'u-loiis, a. [L. nebtdosus.] Having nebula;; 
 
 Ne5-es-sa'ri-an-I§m, n. (Met.) The doctrine of 
 necessity, or that things flow in necessary se- 
 quence from antecedents. 
 
 Nec'es-sa-ri-ly, ad. Inevitably ; not freely. 
 
 Nes'es-sa-ry, a. [L. necesse. necessarius. needful.] 
 That niust be ; indispensable ; needful ; essen- 
 tial; inevitable; requisite; unavoidable. — 2, n. 
 Something that is indispensable or needed: — a 
 privy; ajakes. 
 
 Ne-ces-si-ta'ri-an, n. One who holds the doctrine 
 of philosophical necessity. 
 
 Ne-ces'si-tate. r. a. [pp. necessitating, necessi- 
 tated.]' To make necessary. 
 
 Ne-ces'si-tous, a. Being in want; needy. 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. 
 
 -?, Q, 5, £, soft ; p, £, c, i, hard; s as z ; 5 as gz ; this. 
 
 32* 
 
NECESSITOUSNESS 
 
 378 
 
 NEPHKITIC 
 
 Ne-ces'si-tous-ness, n. Poverty; need. 
 
 Ne-ces'si-ty, n. [L necessitas and necessitudo.} 
 State of being necessary ; constraint : — that 
 which must be : — want ; need ; povei-ty. 
 
 Neck, w. [A.-S. hnecca ; Dut. nek; Dan. nakke ; 
 Ger. nacken : akin to Nape.] The part between 
 the head and the body. 
 
 Neck'-cloth, n. A handkerchief for the neck. 
 
 Neck'er-chlef, n. [Neck and Kerchief.] A 
 neck-cloth. 
 
 Neck'lace, n. [Neck and Lace.] A woman's 
 neck-ornament. 
 
 Neck'-tle, n. A cravat; a neck-cloth. 
 
 Nec-ro-log'i-cal, a. Kelating to necrology. 
 
 Ne-crol'o-l-ist,' n. A writer of necrology. 
 
 Ne-crol'o-gy, n. [Gr. ve/cpo?, a corpse, and Ao-yos, 
 a treatise.— Cf. L. necare, to kill.] A register or 
 an account of persons deceased ; an obituary. 
 
 Nec'ro-man-cer, n. A conjurer ; an enchanter. 
 
 Nec'ro-man-cy, n. [Gr. ve/cpos, a corpse, and 
 jj-avreia, divination ; /uavris, a soothsayer.] En- 
 chantment; conjuration; divination by means 
 of departed spirits. 
 
 Nec'ro-man-tic, a. Relating to necromancy. 
 
 Ne-crop'o-lis, n. [Gr. ve/cpos, a corpse, and ttoAis, 
 a city.]' A city of the dead; a cemetei-y. 
 
 Ne-cro'sis, n. [Gr. ve/cpa>cr<.s, death; ve«p6eiv, to 
 kill; ve/cpos, dead.] Death of a bone. 
 
 Nec'tar, n. [Gr. venrap.] The feigned drink of 
 the gods : — any sweet drink ; honey. 
 
 Nec-ta're-an, a. Resembling nectar ; delicious ; 
 hectareoiis. [delicious. 
 
 Nec-ta're-ous, a. [L. nectareus.] Like nectar; 
 
 Nec'tar-ine, a. Sweet as nectar ; delicious. — 2, n. 
 A fruit like the peach. 
 
 Nee'tar-ous, a. Sweet as nectar; nectarine. 
 
 Nec'ta-ry, n. [Neo-Latin nectarium. — See Nec- 
 tar.'] The part of a flower that secretes honey. 
 
 Nee (na), p. p. [Fr.] Born : — a term used to de- 
 note the family name of a married woman. 
 
 Need, n. [A.-S. nyd, nead; Dut. nood; Dan. nod; 
 Ger. noth. — Cf. Russ. nyjda, need, compulsion.] 
 Exigency : necessity : — want. — 2, r. a. [gp. need- 
 ing, needed.] To want; to require; to lack. — 
 3, v. n. To be in want; to be wanted. 
 
 Need'ful, a. Necessary ; requisite ; wanted. 
 
 Need'ful-ly, ad. Necessarily. 
 
 Nee'dle, n. ' [A.-S. nsedl; Dut. naald ; Dan. naal ; 
 Ger. nadel; Irish, snathad. — Cf. Ger. nahen, to 
 sew; L. nere ; Gr. vieiv, to spin.] A small in- 
 strument for sewing :— «a steel pointer in the 
 mariner's compass :— any thing like a needle. 
 
 Nee' dle-flll, n. ; pi. Nee'dle-fuls. What is put into 
 a needle at once. 
 
 Need'less, a. Unnecessary; not requisite. 
 
 Need'less-ly, ad. Unnecessarily. 
 
 Need'less-ness, n. Unnecessariness. 
 
 Nee'dle-work (-wurk), n. The business of a 
 seamstress ; work done with the needle. 
 
 Needs, ad. Necessarily : indispensably. 
 
 Need's, «• Poor; necessitous; indigent. 
 
 Ne'er (nar) [n"ir, W. Ja. K. Sm. I. St. ; nar, P. H. 
 Wb.; ner, &], ad. A contraction for never. 
 
 Ne-fa'ri-ous, a. [L. nefarius, impious; nefas, 
 wickedness; ve, not, and /as, right : root of fori, 
 to speak.] Wicked; abominable; vile. 
 
 Ne-fa/ri-ous-ly, ad. Abominably; wickedly. 
 
 Ne-ga'tion, n. [L. negafio ; negare, to deny; nee, 
 not, and aiere, to speak, to affirm.] The act of 
 denying; a denial : — the contrary to affirmation. 
 
 Neg'a-tive, a. [L. negotiants. — See Negation.] 
 Implying negation ; opposed to positive and to 
 affirmative; denying; implying denial. — 2, n. 
 A proposition that denies ; a word or particle 
 that denies; as, not. — ?>, v. a. [pp. negativing, 
 negatived.] To dismiss by negation ; to decide 
 against; to reject; to prove the contrary. 
 
 Neg'a-tive-ly, ad. With or by denial. 
 
 Neg-a-tiv'i-ty, n. Negation; negative quality. 
 
 Neg-lect', v. a. [L. neglegere, neglecttim; nee, not, 
 and legere, to gather.] [pp. neglecting, neg- 
 
 lected.] To omit by carelessness or design ; not 
 to notice or do; to slight. — 2, n. Inattention; 
 slight. 
 
 Neg-lect'ful, a. Heedless; careless. 
 
 Neg-lect'ful-ly, ad. With inattention. 
 
 Neg-li-gee' (neg-le-zha'), n. [Fr. neglige, neg- 
 lected.] A sort of loose gown :— a necklace. 
 
 Neg'li-i-ence, n. [L. neglegentia. — See Neglect.] 
 Inattention ; carelessness. 
 
 Neg'li-i-ent, a. [L. neglegens, neglegentis, part, 
 from neglegere, to neglect (q. v.).] Careless ; 
 heedless ; inattentive. 
 
 Neg'li-fent-ly, ad. Carelessly; heedlessly. 
 
 Ne-go-ti-a-bil'i-ty (ne-gd-she-a-bn'e-te), n. The 
 quality of being negotiable. 
 
 Ne-go'ti-a-ble (ne-go'she-a-bl), a. That may be 
 negotiated, transferred, or exchanged. 
 
 Ne-go'ti-ate (ne-go'she-at), v. n. [L. negoliari, 
 negotiatus ; negotium, business; nee, not, and 
 otium, leisure.] [pp. negotiating, negotiated.] 
 To have intercourse of business ; to traffic ; to 
 treat. — 2, v. a. To conclude by treaty or agree- 
 ment ; to manage. 
 
 Ne-go-ti-a'tion (ne-go-she-a'shun), n. [L. nego- 
 tiation The act of negotiating; a matter nego- 
 tiated ; a treaty. 
 
 Ne-go'ti-a-tor, n. [L.] One who negotiates. 
 
 Nl'gress, ». A female of the black race. 
 
 Ne'gro, n. ; pi. Ne'groes. [Sp. negro; Fr. negre ; 
 L. niger, black.] One of the black race of Africa. 
 
 Ne'gus, n. [The inventor's name.] A mixture of 
 wine, water, sugar, &c. : — [Abyssinian] the king 
 of Abyssinia. 
 
 Neigh (na), v. n. [A.-S. hnsegau; Dan. gnegge; 
 Low Ger. nicken: imitative.] [pp. neighing, 
 neighed.] To utter the voice of a hoise. — 2, n. 
 The voice of a horse. 
 
 Neigh'bor (na'bur), n. [A.-S. neahgebur, neahbuf ; 
 neah, n'igh, and gebur, a husbandman (see Boor) ; 
 Sw. nabo ; Ger. nachbar.] One who lives near. — 
 2, a. Near to another. — 3, v. a. [pip. neigbbor- 
 ing, neighbored.] To adjoin ; to border on. 
 
 Neigh'bor-hood (naTrar-hiid). n. Adjoining dis- 
 trict; place or people near; vicinity. 
 
 Neigh'bor-ing (na'bur-ing), a. Being near. 
 
 Neigh'bor-ly (na/bur-le), a. Becoming a neigh- 
 bor; kind; civil; friendly. 
 
 Nei'ther (ne'ther) [rie'ffrer, S. W. P. J. E. F. Ja. 
 Sm. B. C ; ne'ther or ni'ther, K. St. H. X], 
 conj. [A.-S. nawder; ««, no, and hn-peder, whith- 
 er.] Nor : — a particle used in a negative sen- 
 tence, and answered by nor. See Either. — 
 2, proa. Not either; not one nor the other. 
 
 Nem'e-sis, n. [Gr. ve/xctris; ve'/u.eiv, to distribute.] 
 Betfibutive justice. 
 
 Nen'u-phar, n. [Per. nvfar, nilnfar.] The white 
 European water-lily. 
 
 Ne-o-log'i-cal, a. Relating to neology. 
 
 Ne-ol'o-i-ist, n. An advocate of neology ; an in- 
 trodiicer of new terms or new d ctrines. 
 
 Ne-ol-o-fis'tic, a. Relating to neology. 
 
 Ne-ol'o-fy, n. [Gr. veos, new, and A670S, a dis- 
 course.] A system of new words or new doc- 
 trines :— rationalistic interpretation. 
 
 Ne'o-phyte, n. [Gr. ve6<£>vros ; veos, new, and <pv- 
 tov, a plant.] A new convert; a proselyte. 
 
 Ne-o-ter'ic, \a. [Gr. vecorepiKos ; vec6repo?, 
 
 Ne-o-ter'i-cal, j newer; ve'os, new.] Recent in 
 origin ; modern ; novel; new; late. 
 
 Ne-ot'er-ism, n. [Gr. vewrepto-p-os.] A recent 
 word' or expression. 
 
 Ne-pen'the, n. [Gr. vrrn-evfle? ; vn-, not, and 
 nevOos, grief.] A drug that relieves pain : — a 
 potion that causes complete forgetfulness. 
 
 Neph'ew (nev'vu or neffu), n. [Fr. neveu; A.-S. 
 nefa ; Ger. neffe ; L. nepos ; Skr. napat, a grand- 
 son.] A son of a brother or sister. 
 
 Neph'rite. n. [Gr. ve<£>pos, a kidney : it was used 
 as a charm in kidney-troubles.] A handsome 
 green stone ; jade. 
 
 Ne-phrit'ic, n. A medicine for the stone. 
 
 J, e, I, 6, u, y, long; a, e, 1, 0, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 
 
NEPHRITIC 
 
 379 
 
 NICOTINE 
 
 Ne-phrit'ic, "1 a. [Gr. ve<£piTiKo? ; vefypos, a 
 
 Ne-phrit'i-cal, /kidney.] Belonging to the kid- 
 neys ; relating to the stone. 
 
 Nep'o-tism [ne'po-tlzrn, S. P. K. J.], n. [L. nepos, 
 nep'otis, a grandson, a nephew {q. v.).] Fondness 
 for nephews: — aggrandizement of one's own 
 family ; bestowal of offices on one's relatives : — 
 favoritism shown to relations. 
 
 Nep'o-tist, n. One who practises nepotism. 
 
 Nep'tune, n. [L. Neptunus.] (Myth.) The god of 
 the sea. — {Astron.) A planet discovered in 1846. 
 
 Nep-tu'ni-an, a. Relating to Neptune or to the 
 ocean :— formed by aqueous solution. 
 
 Ne're-id, n. [Gr. vrjpei's, vqpei.&o'; ; Nrjpevs, a 
 sea'-god. — Cf. V7)p6<;, wet.] A sea-nymph. 
 
 Ner-va'tion, n. Arrangement of nerves. 
 
 Nerve (ne'rv), n. [L. nervus, a nerve, a sinew ; Gr. 
 veipov, a sinew.] An organ of sensation and mo- 
 tion, which passes from the brain to all parts of 
 the body ; a tendon :— strength ; force ; fox-tit ude ; 
 determination. — 2, v. a. [pp. nerving, nerved.] 
 To strengthen ; to invigorate. 
 
 Nerve'less (nerv'les), a. Without strength. 
 
 Ner'vine, n. [L. nervinus, pertaining to a nerve.] 
 A medicine for nervous affections. 
 
 Ner'vous, a. [L. nervosus; Fr. nerveux.] Relating 
 to the' nerves ; strong ; vigorous : — having weak 
 or diseased nerves. 
 
 Ner'vous-ly, ad. With force : — with agitation. 
 
 Ner'vous-nSss, n. Vigor ; strength : — irritability ; 
 weakness of nerves. 
 
 Nes'ci-ence (nesh'e-ens), n. [L. nescienlia; ne, not, 
 and'sctVe, to know. — See Science.] Ignorance. 
 
 Ness. An Anglo-Saxon termination, denoting 
 state or quality ; as, goodness. 
 
 Nest, n. [A.-S., Dut, & Ger. nest.— Cf. L. nidus, 
 Skr. nida, a nest.] The bed of a bird, for laying 
 her eggs : — abode : — a collection, as of boxes, — 
 2, v. n. [pp. nesting, nested.] To build nests. 
 
 Nest'-egg, v. An egg left in the nest. 
 
 Nes'tle (nes'sl), v. n. [Frequentative from Nfst.] 
 [pp. nestling, nestled.] To lie close; to move. — 
 
 2, v. a. To house ; to cherish. , 
 Nest'ling (nes'Iing), n. [Diminutive from Nest.] 
 
 A young bird in the nest. — 2, a. Newly hatched. 
 Nes-to'ri-an, n. A follower of Nestorius. 
 Net, n. '[A.-S., Dut., & Dan. net; Ger. netz.] A 
 
 texture woven with meshes. — 2, v. n. & v. a. 
 
 [pp. netting, netted.] To knit a net; to knot. — 
 
 3, v. a. [See Neat.] To bring as clear produce. 
 — 4, a. Clear; clear of tare and tret; clear after 
 all deductions ; as, net weight, net profits. 
 
 Neth'er, a. [A.-S. neodera; uider, downward; 
 
 nide, below; Icel. nedri, Ger. nieder, lower.] 
 
 Lower; not upper: — infernal. 
 Neth'er-mosfc, a. superl. [A.-S. nidemesta.] Lowest. 
 Net'ting, n. A reticulated piece of work. 
 Net' tie, n. [A.-S. netle, netele ; Dut. netel; Ger. 
 
 nessel.] A well-known stinging plant. — 2, v. a. 
 
 [|jp. nettling, nettled.] To sting; to irritate. 
 Net'tle-rash, ». An eruptive diseas.e. 
 Net' -work (net'wurk), n. Reticulated work. 
 Neu-ral'£-i-a, n. [L. ; Gr. vevpov, a nerve, and 
 
 aAyos, pain.] {Med.) An acute, painful affection 
 
 of the nerves. 
 Neu-ral'f ic, a. Relating to neuralgia. 
 Neu-rol'o-gy, n. [Gr. veipov, a nerve, and Aoyo?, 
 
 a treatise.] Description of the nerves. 
 Neu-rop'te-ra, n. pi. [Gr. veipov, a nerve, and 
 
 uTepov, a wing.] The nerve-winged insects. 
 Neii-rop'ter-ous, «• Noting a nerve-winged insect. 
 Neu-rot'ic, o. [Fr. neurotigue; Gr. veipov, a 
 
 nerve.]" Relating to the nerves. 
 Neu-rot o-mj, n. [Gr. veipov, a nerve, and Te/u.- 
 
 veiv (root toju.-), to cut.] Anatomy of the nerves : 
 
 — the cutting of a nerve. 
 Neu'ter, a. [L, for "neither;" ne, not, and uter, 
 
 either.] Of neither party ; neutral. — {Gram.) 
 
 Not masculine or feminine, applied to nouns : — 
 
 not active, applied to verbs. — 2, n. One indiffer- 
 ent or neutral. 
 
 Neu'tral, a. [L. neutralis. — See Neuter.] Indif- 
 ferent; not on either side. — 2, n. One who is 
 not on either side. 
 
 Neu-tral'i-ty (nu-tral'e-te), n. [L. nmtralitm.] 
 State of being neutral or neuter; indifference. 
 
 Neu-tral-j-za'tion, n. The act of neutralizing. 
 
 Neii'tral-ize, v. a. [Fr. neutralker.] [pp. neu- 
 tralizing, neutralized.] To render neutral, in- 
 ert, inactive, or indifferent. 
 
 Nev'er, ad. [A.-S. nsefre; ne, not, and sefre, ever 
 {q. v.).] Not ever; at no time. 
 
 Nev-er-tne-less', ad. However; yet. 
 
 New (nil), a. [A.-S. niice ; Dut. nieuw; Ger. neu ; 
 L. novus ; Gr. ve'os; Skr. nava: akin to Now.] 
 Not old ; fresh ; novel ; modern ; recent ; reno- 
 vated. — It is used adverbially in composition for 
 newly; as, new-born. 
 
 New'el, n. [Fr. noyau, 0. Fr. miel, a kernel; Late 
 L. nucale ; L. mu; nucis, a nut {q. v.).] {Arch.) 
 The central column or upright post of a spiral 
 or circular staircase. 
 
 New-f an'gled (nu-fang'gld), a. [0. E. newfangel; 
 A.-S. fangan, to seize.] Newly made; new-fash- 
 ioned': — used in contempt. 
 
 New'ish (nu'ish), a. Rather new. 
 
 New'iy., ad. Freshly ; lately ; recently. 
 
 New'ness, n. Freshness ; recentness. 
 
 New? (nuz), n. sing. & pi. (commonly singular). 
 [Fr. nouvelles; ncmvelle, new, novel {q. v.).] Fresh 
 accounts; tidings; intelligence. 
 
 New§'-mon-f er, n. One who deals in news. 
 
 News' pa-per, n. A public periodical print or 
 paper that conveys news; a gazette. 
 
 New'§y,, a. Full of news; communicative; chat- 
 ty. [Colloq.] 
 
 Newt (nut), n. [For an ewt, a variant of an eft 
 {q. v.); A.-S. efeta.] An eft; a salamauder. 
 
 Next, '<• [A.-S. neahxt, nyhst, Highest. — See Nigh.] 
 Nearest in place, time, or order. — 2, ad. At the 
 time or turn nearest. [a pen ; neb. 
 
 Nib, «. [A form of Neu.] Bill of a bird ; point of 
 
 Nib'ble, v. a. [Low Ger. nibbeln, hmbbeln : frequen- 
 tative of Nip.] [pp. nibbling, nibbled.] To eat 
 Blowly; to bite. — 2, c. n. To bite at :— to find 
 fault. — 3, n. The act of a fish trying the bait. 
 
 Nice, a. [Fr. nuns, 0. Fr. rnce, Billy, simple; L. 
 iiisrins, ignorant: the English word formerly 
 meant foolish, then lazv, then fastidious. — Cf. 
 Fr. niaiser, to trifle.] Exact; precise: — fine; 
 delicious; pleasing; excellent: — neat ; delicate ; 
 tender : — squeamish ; fastidious : — cautious : — 
 particular. 
 
 Nice'ly, ad. Exactly; precisely; delicately. 
 
 Ni'cene [nl-sen', P. K. Sin.; ni'sen, Ja. C], a. 
 Relating to Nice in Asia Minor, where the Ni- 
 ceno creed was formed by a council, a.d. 325. 
 
 Nice'ness, n. Minute exactness; delicacy. 
 
 Ni'ce-ty, n. Minute accuracy; exactness; pre- 
 cision": — fastidious delicacy : — a dainty. 
 
 Niche, n. [Fr. ; It. nicchia. — Cf. nicchio, a shell, a 
 nook : referred to L. mytUus, a mussel.] A hol- 
 low to put a statue in ; a recess ; an alcove. 
 
 Nick, n. [A variant of Nock or Notch.] Exact 
 point of time :— -a notch ; a score. — [A.-S. nicor; 
 Icel. nykr; Dan. niik ; Ger. ni.r.] {Northern Myth.) 
 An evil spirit. — 2, v. a. [pp. nicking, nicked.] 
 To hit ; to touch : — to cut in notches. 
 
 Nick'el. w. [Sw. & Ger. : probably related to Nick, 
 an evil spirit, as Cobalt is to Kobold.] A metal 
 of a whitish color. 
 
 Nick'nack, n. See Knickknack. 
 
 Nick'name, n. [For an eke name ; eke, to lengthen, 
 and Name ; Icel. auknafn ; Sw. oknamn ; Dan. 
 ogenavn; Fr. nom de nique, — probably from the 
 English.] A name given in derision or famil- 
 iarity.— 2, v. a. [pp. nicknaming, nicknamed.] 
 To call by a familiar or derisive name. 
 
 Ni-co'tian (-shan), o. Relating to tobacco. 
 
 Nic'o-tine, n. [Neo-Latin nicoUana, the tobacco- 
 plant ; named from Nicdt, who sent the plant to 
 France in 1560.] A poisonous principle in tobacco. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son j bull, bur, rule, use.— g, 9, 5, £, soft; p, ja, p, g, hard ; s as z ; x as gz ; this, 
 
NICTITATE 
 
 380 
 
 NOCTAMBULIST 
 
 NTc'ti-tate, r. n. [L. nictare, nidation, to wink.] ] 
 [pp. nictitating, nictitated.] To wink. 
 
 Nic-ti-ta'tion, n. A winking; nictation. 
 
 Nid'i-fi-cate, V. n. [L. nidificare, nidificaturn ; 
 nidus,' a nest, and facere, to make.] [pp. nidifi- 
 cating, nidificated.] To build nests, as birds. 
 
 Nid-i-fi-ca'ticm, n. Act of building nests. 
 
 Nid'u-lant, «• [L. niduluri, nidulantis, to build a 
 nest ; nidulus, a dim. of nidus, a nest.] Nestling ; 
 lying loose in pulp. 
 
 If Id-u-la'tion, n. Time of remaining in the nest. 
 
 Ni'dus, n. ' [L. — See Nest.] A nest; a lodge- 
 ment ; a breeding-place. 
 
 Niece, n. [Fr. niece; It. nezza, oftener nepote; 
 Prov. nepta; L. neptis, a niece. — See Nephew.] 
 A daughter of a brother or sister. 
 
 Niello (ne-el'lo), n. [It. ; L. nigellus, dim. of niger, 
 black.] Metal-work adorned with black lines. 
 
 Nig'gard, n. [Icel. hnoggr, Sw. njugg, stingy; 
 njugga, to hoard: -ard is pejorative.] A sordid 
 fellow; a churl. — 2, a. Sordid; miserly; parsi- 
 monious. 
 
 Nig'gard-li-ness, n. Sordid parsimony. 
 
 Nig'gard-ly, a. Parsimonious; avaricious. — 2, ad. 
 Sparingly'; parsimoniously. 
 
 Nig'gard-ness, n. Avarice; sordid parsimony. 
 
 Nigh (ni), a. [A.-S. neah, nek; Dut. na; Ger. 
 nahe, rtach.] Not distant; not remote; near. — 
 2, prep. Not far from ; near. — 3, ad. Not far 
 off; almost; near. 
 
 Nigh'ness (M'nes), n. Nearness; proximity. 
 
 Night (nit), n. ' [A.-S. niht, neaht ; Dut. & Ger. 
 nacht; Dan. not; L. nox ; Gr. vu£; Russ. noche; 
 Skr. naMa, nip.] The time from sunset to sun- 
 rise ; time of darkness : — darkness. 
 
 Night' cap (nit'kiip), n. A cap worn in bed. 
 
 Night'-dress, n. The dress worn at night. 
 
 Night' fall, n. The close of day ; evening. 
 
 Night'-gbwn, n. A gown worn in bed. 
 
 Night'hawk, n. A bird that flies by night. 
 
 Night' in-gale (nit'-), n. [A.-S. nihtegale; Dut. 
 tiachttgaal ; Dan. nattergal; Ger. nachtigatt; A.-S. 
 nilit, night, and gale, a singer; galan, to sing. — 
 See Yell.] A bird that sings at night. 
 
 Night' -jar, b. [From its jarring sound, emitted 
 at twilight.] A bird, the goat-sucker. 
 
 Night'ly. (nit'le), a. Done by night; nocturnal. — 
 2, lul. By night; every night. 
 
 Night'mare (nit'mar), n. [A.-S. neaht, niht, night, 
 and mara, an incubus; Icel. mora, Dan. mare, 
 Pol. mara, nightmare : the last syllable is from 
 the root of Mar, and signifies "crusher."] A 
 morbid and oppressive sensation on the chest 
 during sleep ; incubus. 
 
 Night' shade, n. [A.-S. nihtscadu, night-shadow.] 
 Darkness of the night : — a plant. 
 
 Night' -soil, n. The contents of privies, removed 
 by night, and used as manure. 
 
 Night' -watch (nit'woch), n. A period of the 
 night : — a guard or watch by night. 
 
 Ni-gres'cent, a. [L. nigrescere, nigrescent is, to grow 
 black ; n'igrere, to be black; niger, black.] Grow- 
 ing black. 
 
 Ni'hil, n. [L. nihil or minium ; ne, not, not even, 
 and hilum, a particle, a dot, a trifle.] Nothing. 
 
 Ni'hil-ism, u. Nothingness; nihility: — the prin- 
 ciples or doctrine of the nihilists. 
 
 Ni'hil-ist, n. One who denies that any thing can 
 be known or shown to exist : — a member of a 
 secret revolutionary party in Eussia, whose aim 
 is said to be the overthrow of all authority. 
 
 Ni-hil-is'tic, ) a. (Russian Politics.) Of or per- 
 
 Ni'hil-ist, j taining to nihilism or nihilists. 
 
 Nil, n. [L. — See Nihil.] Nothing. 
 
 Nill, r. n. & v. a. [A.-S. nillan ; ne. not. and icillan, 
 to will.] Not to will; to refuse; to reject. 
 
 Nim'ble, a. [0. E. nimel; A.-S. numol, nurnul; 
 Dan. nem, adroit; A.-S. niman, to 6eize; Ger. 
 nehmen, Dan. nemme, Old & Local Eng. nim, to 
 take.] Quick; active; ready; speedy. 
 
 Nim'ble-ness, n. Quickness; activity. 
 
 Nim'bly, ad. Quickly ; speedily ; actively. 
 
 Nim'bus, n. [L.] A rain-cloud. — (Painting.) A 
 circle of rays round tbe head of a saint, &c. 
 
 Nih'com-poop, n. [Ludicrously formed from L. 
 non compos, not having control.] A blockhead ; 
 a fool. [Low.] 
 
 Nine, a. [A.-S. nigon; Dut. negen; Ger. neun ; L. 
 novem; Skr. navan.] One more than eight. 
 
 Nine'fold, a. Repeated nine times. 
 
 Nine'pence, n. ; pi. Nine'pen-ce§. A small silver 
 coin; 'the sum of nine pennies. 
 
 Nine'pins, n. A play with nine pieces of wood. 
 
 Nine'teen. a. [A.-S. nigontyne; Ger. neunzehu] 
 Nine and ten. 
 
 Nineteenth, a. The ordinal of nineteen. 
 
 Nine'ti-eth, a. Tbe ordinal of ninety. 
 
 NIne'ty., «. [A.-S. nigontig; Ger. neunzig; L. nona- 
 ginta.] Nine times ten. 
 
 Nin'ny, n. [For nincompoop. — Cf. Gael, neoni, a 
 fool.]' A fool ; a simpleton ; a dunce. 
 
 Ninth, a. First after the eighth; ordinal of nine. 
 
 Ninth'ly, ad. In the ninth place. 
 
 Nip, v. a. [Dut. Icnipjen; Dan. knibe ; Cer. hieifen, 
 Icneiven.] [pp. nipping, nipped.] To cut; lo 
 pinch ; to bite : — to blast. — 2, n. A pinch j a 
 small cut : — a blast : — a sip. 
 
 Nip'pers (nip'perz), ». pi. Small pincers. 
 
 Nip'ple, n. [A dim. of Neb or Nib.] A teat ; pap. 
 
 Nir-va'na, x. [Skr. nir, out, and nana, blown.] 
 In Buddhism, the extinction of individual exist- 
 ence by annihilation: — cessation of the soul's 
 separate existence by its absorption into Buddha. 
 
 Nit, h. [A.-S. hnitu; Dut. neet ; Dan. gnid ; Russ. 
 gnida; Ger. niss.] The egg of a small insect. 
 
 Ni'trate, n. A chemical salt of nitric acid. 
 
 Ni'tre (ni'ter), n. [Fr. nitre; L. nitrum; Gr. vi- 
 rpov; Arab, natrun, nitrun; II <-b. nether. — See 
 Natron.] Saltpetre; nitrate of potash. 
 
 Ni'tric, a. Relating to, or containing, nitrogen. 
 
 Ni'tro-f en, n. [Gr. virpov, nitre, and root of 
 yiyi'eLv, to beget.] (Chem.) A gas which, to- 
 gether with oxygen, forms atmospheric air: — 
 called also azote. 
 
 Ni-tro£'e-nous, a. Containing nitrogen. 
 
 Ni'tro-giyf'e-rine, n. A powerful explosive 
 compound prepared from glycerine by the action 
 of nitric and sulphuric acids. 
 
 Ni'trous, a. Partaking of nitre, or of nitrogen. 
 
 Ni'try,' a. Nitrous ; relating to nitre. 
 
 Niv'e-ous, a. [L. niveus; nir, nivis, Gr. vlfya, 
 Welsh nyf, snow.] Snowy ; resembling snow. 
 
 Ni-zam', n. [Hind. ; Arab, nazarna, to govern.] 
 The ruler of Hyderabad in India. 
 
 No, ad. [A.-S. na, no.—Cf. L. ne, not; Skr. na ; 
 Goth. ni. The Anglo-Saxon is referred to ne, 
 not, and a, ever.— See Aye.] The word of refusal 
 or denial; nay: — not at all. — 2, a. N<>t any; 
 none. — No one, not any one. [Slang.] 
 
 Nob, n. [See Knob.] The head: — a nobleman. 
 
 Nob'by, a. Smart; elegant; showy. 
 
 No-bil'i-ty, »• L Fr - nobilitc; L. nobilitas.] State 
 of being of noble rank ; dignity; nobleness; ex- 
 cellence; rank : — people of rank. 
 
 No'ble, a. [L. nobilis, for gnobilis, illustrious, well 
 known; noscere (gnoscere), to know (q. v.).] Be- 
 longing to the nobility ; high in rank : — grand ; 
 worthy; elevated; liberal.— 2, n. One of high 
 rank :— a gold coin. 
 
 No'ble-man, a. One of the nobility; a noble. 
 
 No'ble-ness, h. Greatness; worth; dignity. 
 
 No-blesse', n. [Fr.] The nobility : noble birth. 
 
 No'bly, ad. In a noble manner ; grandly. [son. 
 
 No'bod-y, n. Not any one : — an insignificant per- 
 
 No'cent, a. [L. nocere, to hurt.] Hurtful; mis- 
 chievous; guilty. 
 
 Nock, n. A nick on an arrow. See Notch. 
 
 Noc-tam-bu-la'tion, n. [L. nox, noctis, night, 
 and ambnlare, to walk.] The act of walking in 
 sleep or in the night; somnambulism. 
 
 Noc-tam'bu-lism, n. Somnambulism. 
 
 Noc-tam'bu-list, n. One who walks in sleep. 
 
 e, i, o, u, y, long; a., e, i, 6, u, y, short 
 
 : a, e, i, 
 
 o, u, y., obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her ; 
 
NOCTITEN 
 
 381 
 
 NONSENSICAL 
 
 Noe'tlirn, n. [L. nocturnus. — See Nocturnal.] De- 
 votional service by night. 
 
 Noc-tiir'nal, a. [L. nocturnalis or nocturnus ; nox, 
 noctis, night (q. v.) ; Gr. wKrepivo?.] Relating 
 to night; nightly: — active by night. — 2, n. An 
 instrument formerly used for viewing the stars. 
 
 Noc-tiirne' (nok-turn'), n. [Fr.] (Paint.) A rep- 
 resentation of a night-scene. — (Poetry & Mus.) 
 A piece for playing at night, as a serenade. 
 
 Nod, v. n. [Local Ger. notleln, 0. Ger. knoton, to 
 shake. — Cf. Gr. veveiv, L. nature, to nod; nutns, 
 a nod.] [pp. nodding, nodded.] To bend the 
 head; to be drowsy. — 2, r. a. To bend; to in- 
 cline; to shake.— 3, n. A quick bend of the 
 head ; a bow. 
 
 No'dal, a. Pertaining to a node or nodes. 
 
 Nod' die (nOd'dl), n. [A diminutive form : akin to 
 Knot.] The head, — in contempt. 
 
 Nod'dy, n. [Cf. Noddle, Noodle.] Simpleton; 
 idiot : — a sea-fowl. 
 
 Node, n. [L. nodus: cognate with Knot.] A knob; 
 a swelling: — an oval figure. — (Astron.) The 
 point where the orbit of a planet intersects the 
 plane of the ecliptic. 
 
 No-dose', a. Knotty; full of knots. 
 
 Nod'u-lar, a. Formed into nodules. 
 
 Nod'ule'(nod'yul), n. [L. nodulus, dim. of nodus, 
 a node.] A small lump or knot. 
 
 Nod'u-lose, a. Having small knots. 
 
 Nog, n. [Root of Knag and Knock.] A little 
 mug : — liquor; ale. — (Naut.) A treenail. — (Arch.) 
 A wooden brick or pin. 
 
 Nog'gin, n. [Irish, noigin; Gael, noigean.] A 
 small mug or cup : — a gill cup. 
 
 Noils, n. pi. [Origin unknown.] Refuse wool ; 
 very inferior wool. 
 
 Noise, n. [Fr. noise; Prov. noisa, nausa: origin 
 doubtful.] Any sound; an outcry; clamor. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. noising, noised.] To spread by 
 rumor or report. 
 
 Noise'less, a. Silent; without sound. 
 
 Noisette (nwa-zef), n. [The name of a French 
 gardener, 1772-1849.] A rose of a special group 
 of varieties. 
 
 Noi'si-ness, n. Loudness of sound ; clamor. 
 
 Noi'some (nbl'sum), «. [Annoy, and the suffix 
 -some, denoting tendency.] Noxious; offensive. 
 
 Noi'some-ly. (noi'sum-le), ad. Offensively. 
 
 Nbi'some-ness, n. Offensiveness ; noxiousness. 
 
 Noi'sy, a. Making a noise; loud ; clamorous. 
 
 Nonvad, or Nom'ade [nG'mad, K. P. Wb.], n. [Gr. 
 vofxd^, vojuafio?, wandering, nomadic ; vop.6s, a 
 pasture, an allotment; vep.eiv, to allot, to past- 
 ure.] One who leads a wandering or pastoral 
 life. — 2, a. Wandering; nomadic. 
 
 No-mad'ic, a. Pastoral; rude; wandering. 
 
 Nom'ad-ism, n. State of a nomad ; roving life. 
 
 Nome, r». [Gr. voju.6?; ve>eij/, to allot.] A prov- 
 ince.— (A Igebra.) A simple quantity affixed to 
 some other quantity. 
 
 No'men-cla-tor, n. [L.] One who names things. 
 
 No'men-clat-ure (no'men-klat'yur), n. [L. nomen- 
 clatnra; uornen, a name, and culare, to call.] The 
 terms or words of a language, art, or science ; a 
 system of terms ; terminology ; vocabulary. 
 
 Nom'i-nal, a. [L. nominalis; nomen, nominin, a 
 nanie (q. v.).] Only in name ; not real ; titular. 
 
 Nom'i-nal-ism, n. Doctrine of the nominalists. 
 
 Nom'i-nal-ist, n. One of a sect of mediaeval 
 philosophers who maintained, in opposition to 
 the realists, that the universals, or general terms, 
 in logic were names only, and not realities. 
 
 Nom'i-nal-ly, ad. By name ; only in name. 
 
 Nom'i-nate, v. a. [L. nominare, nominatnm, to 
 name.] [pp. nominating, nominated.] To pro- 
 pose by name ; to appoint or designate by name ; 
 to name. [of nominating. 
 
 Nom-i-na'tion, n. [L. nnminatio.] Act, or power, 
 
 Nom'i-na-tive, <r. [L. nominatimts.] (Gram.) That 
 names : — applied to the first case of nouns. 
 
 N5m'i-na-tor, n. One who nominates. 
 
 Nom-i-nee', n. A person nominated. 
 
 Non, ad. [L. non, not.] Not. — It is never used 
 separately, but always as a prefix, giving a neg- 
 ative sense to words ; as, rcou-residence. 
 
 N5n'age, n. [Non, not, and Age.] Minority in 
 age ; immaturity. 
 
 Non-a-ge-na'ri-an, n. [L. nonagenarius ; nona- 
 ginta, ninety (7. v.).] One ninety years old. 
 
 N6n-a-ges'i-mal, a. [L. nonagesimus ; nonaginta, 
 ninety (q. v.).'] The ninetieth. 
 
 Non-at-tend'ance, n. Failure to attend. 
 
 Nonce, n. [From 0. E. then ones (once) ; then is 
 here the A.-S. dan, dam, dative of de, the.] The 
 present purpose, exigency, or occasion ; design. 
 
 Non'cha-lance' (non'sha-lans'), n. [Fr.] Indiffer- 
 ence; 'coolness; carelessness. 
 
 Non'cha-lant', a. [Fr. ; non, not, and chaloir, to 
 matter; L. calere, to glow, to be warm.] Cool; 
 unconcerned; careless. 
 
 Non-com'ba-tant, n. A person associated with 
 an army or a navy who is not required to fight : 
 — one who will not fight ; a non-resistant. 
 
 Non-com-mis' sioned (-mlsh'undj, a. Not having 
 a commission. 
 
 Non-com-mit'tal, a. [See Commit.] Careful not 
 to commit or bind one's self. — 2, 1/. Absence of 
 any pledge ; freedom from pledges. 
 
 Non-com-plT'ance, n. A failure to comply, [cur. 
 
 Non-con-cur' rence, n. Refusal or failure to con- 
 
 Non-con-dflct'or, n. A substance that does not 
 conduct or transmit electricity. 
 
 Non-con-fdrm'ist, )/. One who does not conform 
 to the established religion. 
 
 Non-con-form'i-ty, b. [See Non and Conform- 
 ity.]' Want of conformity. 
 
 Non'de-script, a. [L. non descriptus, not described.] 
 Not yet, or not easily, described. — 2, n. A thing 
 not described. 
 
 None, a. & pron. [A.-S. nan ; ne, not, and oh, one.] 
 No one ; not any. 
 
 Non-e-lect', n. One who is not elected. 
 
 Non-en'ti-tx. >'• [See Entity.] Non-existence : — 
 a person of no account; a nobody. [Colloq.] 
 
 Nones, n. pi. [L. nonse; nonns, the ninth.] (Ro- 
 man.) The fifth day of each month of the year, 
 except March, May, July, and October, in which 
 it was the seventh : so called as being the ninth 
 inclusive before the ides :— religious service for 
 the ninth hour. 
 
 Non-es-sen'tial, n. A thing not necessary. 
 
 NSne'such (nfin'such), n. A thing unequalled. 
 
 Non-ex-ist'ence, n. State of not existing. 
 
 Non-ex-ist'ent, a. Not existing. 
 
 Non-ful-fil'ment, ». Failure to fulfil, 
 
 No-nill'ipn, n. [L. nouns, ninth : on type of 
 million.] [Eug.] A unit with 54 ciphers an- 
 nexed. [Fr.] A unit with 3U ciphers annexed. 
 
 Non-jur'ing, a. Not swearing allegiance. 
 
 Non'ju-ror, or Non-ju'ror, n. [See Non and 
 Juror.] One who refused to swear allegiance 
 to the successors of James II. 
 
 Non-ob-serv'ance, n. A failure to observe. 
 
 Non-pa-reil' (non-pa-reF), n. [Fr. non, not, and 
 pareU, equal ; L. par, Late L. paricuhte, equal. — 
 See Par.] A printer's type smaller than minion. 
 — 2, «. Unequalled. 
 
 NSn'plus, n. [L. nonplus, not more.] A puzzle; 
 a great difficulty. — 2, v. a. [pp. nonplussing, 
 nonplussed.] To confound ; to puzzle. 
 
 Non-res'i-dence, n. A failure of residence. 
 
 Non-res'i-dent, n. [Non and Resident.] One 
 who does not reside in the place of his official 
 duty; an absentee. — 2, a. Not residing: absent. 
 
 Non-re-sist'ance, n. Passive obedience. 
 
 Non-re-sist/ant, a. [Non and Rksistant.] Not 
 resisting. — 2, n. One who maintains non-resist- 
 ant principles; one who holds that resistance 
 by force is in no case lawful. 
 
 Non'sense, n. [Non and Sense.] Unmeaning 
 language; folly. 
 
 Non-sen' si-cal, a. Unmeaning; foolish. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, £r, 5, g, soft ; p, p, p, g" , hard; § as z ; 5 as gz ; tnisi 
 
NONSENSICALLY 
 
 382 
 
 NOTORIOUSNESS 
 
 Non-sen'si-cal-ly, ad. Foolishly. 
 
 Non'suit (noh'sut), n. [Non and Suit,] (Law.) 
 The renunciation of a suit by the plaintiff. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. nonsuiting, nonsuited.] To stop 
 in a legal process. 
 
 Non-u'ser, n. (Law.) Neglect of use. 
 
 Noo'dle (noo'dl), n. [Cf. Noddy.] A fool; a sim- 
 pleton : — [Ger. nudel: root of Nut] a cake to put 
 in soup. 
 
 Nook (nok or nuk), n. [Scot, neuk, Celt, niuc, a 
 corner.] A corner ; a narrow place. 
 
 Noon, n. [L. nana, ninth (hour); A.-S. non; Dut. 
 noen; Dan. none.] Mid-day; noonday; twelve 
 o'clock. 
 
 Noon'day, or Noon' tide, n. Mid-day ; time of noon. 
 
 Noon'ing, n. Repose or a repast at noon. 
 
 Noose, or N86se [noz, S. J. E. Ja. K. Sm. Wb. ; 
 nos, N. W. F.], n. [Fr. noeud, 0. Fr. nou, L. 
 nodus, a knot.] A running knot. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 noosing, noosed.] To tie in a noose ; to catch. 
 
 Nor, conj. [For neither (q. v.); 0. E. nother.] A 
 negative particle : — correlative to neither or not; 
 as, neither this nor that. 
 
 Nbr'land, n. [For north land. ] North country. — 
 2, a'. Of or belonging to the north ; northern. 
 
 Norm, n. [L. norma, a carpenter's rule. — Cf. Gr. 
 yvcopt/ao?, well-known, familiar; yviofxov, an in- 
 dex, a rule or square : root of Know.] A stand- 
 ard ; a model ; a type. 
 
 Nbr'mal, a. [L. normalis. — See Norm.] Perpen- 
 dicular : — according to rule or principle ; regu- 
 lar. — Normal school, a school for training school- 
 teachers. 
 
 Nor' man, a. [For north man.— See Norse.] Re- 
 lating to Normandy or Normans. — 2, n. A na- 
 tive of Normandy. 
 
 Norn, n. [Scandinavian.] (Norse Myth.) One of 
 the Fates or goddesses of destiny. 
 
 Nor'rb'y, n. [North and Fr. roy, a king.] (Her.) 
 The third of the English kings of arms, whose 
 jurisdiction lies north of the Trent. 
 
 Norse, n. [Scand. Norsk, Norwegian,— literally, 
 northern.] The language of the Norwegians. 
 
 NSrse'man, n. A Northman ; an ancient Scandi- 
 navian. 
 
 North, n. [A.-S., Dan., Sw., & Ger. nord; Dut. 
 noord.] The point opposite the south. — 2, a. 
 Northern ; being in the north. 
 
 North-east', n. The point midway between the 
 north and the east.— 2, a. North-eastern ; de- 
 noting the north-east point. 
 
 Nbrth-east'er-ly, a. North-east. 
 
 North-east' em, a. Relating to the north-east. 
 
 Nbrtft'er-ly,'a. & ad. Toward, or from, the north. 
 
 North' era, a. Being in the north ; north.— 2, n. 
 An inhabitant of the north. 
 
 Nbrth'ern-er, n. One living in the north. 
 
 Nbrtn'em-most, re. Most northern ; farthest north. 
 
 Nbrtft'ing, n. Course or distance toward the 
 north : — opposed to southing. 
 
 Nbrth'man, u. A Scandinavian. 
 
 North-star', n. The pole-star ; the lodestar. 
 
 North/ward, a. Being toward the north. 
 
 North'ward, \ ad Toward the north. 
 
 North' wards, J 
 
 Nbrth'ward-ly, a. & ad. Toward the north. 
 
 Nbrth-wSst', n. The point between the north 
 and the west.— 2, a. North-western. [west. 
 
 North-west' er-ly, a. Toward, or from, the north- 
 
 Nbrth-west'ern, a. Being in the north-west. 
 
 Nbr-we'§-i-an, n. A native of Norway. — 2, o. 
 Belonging to Norway. 
 
 No6e, n. [A.-S. nosu; Dut. neus ; Dan. nsese; Ger. 
 vase ; Russ. nos; Lith. nosis; L. nasus ; Skr. 
 nasa.] The prominence on the face : — scent. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. nosing, nosed.] To scent; to smell. 
 
 Nose'bleed, n. Bleeding from the nose. 
 
 Nose'gay, n. [Nose, and Old & Local E. gay, a 
 gay object.] A bunch of flowers ; a bouquet. 
 
 Nos-o-log'i-cal, a. Relating to nosology. 
 
 No-sol'o-£ist, n. One versed in nosology. 
 
 No-sol'o-£y, or No-sol' o-fy, n. [Gr. voaos, a 
 disease, and Aoyo?, a treatise.] The doctrine or 
 science of diseases. 
 
 Nos-tal'£i-a, n. [Gr. voottos, homeward return, 
 and a\yo<>, pain.] (Med.) Homesickness. 
 
 Nos-tal'tjc, a. Relating to nostalgia ; homesick. 
 
 Nos'tril, 11. [A.-S. nosdyrl; nosu, the nose, and 
 dyrel, thyrel, a hole. — See Thrill and Drill.] 
 The aperture of the nose. 
 
 Nos'trum, n. [L. for "our own;" nos, we.] A 
 quack medicine. [negation or refusal. 
 
 Not, ad. [The same as Naught.] A particle of 
 
 No-ta-bil'i-ty, n. A notable thing or person. 
 
 Not'a-ble [not'a-bl, S. W. P. J. E. F. Ja. Sm.], a. 
 [A special use of the word next below.] Indi:s- 
 trious ; careful ; bustling. 
 
 Not'a-ble (not'a-bl, W. P. J. F. Ja. Sm. ; n6t'a-bl, 
 S. E.], a. [L. notabilis; notare, to mark ; no'ta, a 
 mark. — See Note.] Remarkable; memorable. — 
 2, n. A nobleman or person of distinction. 
 
 Not'a-ble-ness, n. Carefulness ; industry. 
 
 Not'a-ble-ness, n. Remarkableness. 
 
 Not'a-bly, ad. Carefully ; with bustle. 
 
 Not'a-bly, ad. Memorably ; remarkably. 
 
 No-ta'ri-al, a. Relating to a notary. 
 
 Nb'ta-ry, n. [Fr. notaire, L. notarius, a clerk, a 
 writer' of notes.— See Note.] An officer who 
 attests contracts. 
 
 No'ta-ry-pfib'lic, n. A notary or officer who pub- 
 licly attests writings or documents, so as to make 
 them authentic in foreign countries. 
 
 No-ta'tion, n. [L. notatio.] The act or manner 
 6f noting or designating by marks; a marking. 
 
 Notch, n. [Softened from 0. E. nock, a notch; 
 Local Sw. nokke; 0. Dut. nock: probably related 
 to Nick, possibly to Nook.] A nick ; a hollow 
 cut in anything. —2, v. a. [pp. notching, 
 notched.] To cut in small hollows. 
 
 Note, n. [L. noia, a note : allied to notus, known. 
 — See Know.] A mark; a notice; a remark: — 
 reputation: — an account: — a tone; voice: — a 
 written paper ; a billet : — a paper promising pay- 
 ment. — 2, v. a. [pp. noting, noted.] To observe ; 
 to remark ; to mark. 
 
 Note'-book (-bfik), n. A book containing notes. 
 
 Not'ed, p. a. Remarkable; eminent; famous. 
 
 Nbte'less, a. Of no note or reputation; not fa- 
 mous; undistinguished. 
 
 Note'wor-thx (-wiir-the), a. Remarkable ; worthy 
 of notice. 
 
 Noth'ing [noth'ing, Wb.], n. [For wo thing.] Non- 
 entity ; not any thing. 
 
 Noth'ing-ness, n. Nihility; non-existence. 
 
 Nf'tice, n. [Fr. notice; L. notitia, knowledge; 
 novi, notum, to know (q. v.).] A remark; heed; 
 information ; warning. — 2, v. a. [pp. noticing, 
 noticed.] To note ; to heed ; to observe. 
 
 N6'tice-a-ble, a. Worthy of notice. 
 
 No-ti-fi-ca'tion, n. Act of notifying; notice. 
 
 No'ti-fy, v. a. [Fr. notifier ; L. notificare, to make 
 known ; notum, known, and facere, to make.] 
 [pp. notifying, notified.] To declare ; to make 
 known: — to inform; to give notice to. 
 
 No'tion, n. [L. notio, knowledge, idea; novi, no- 
 tum', to know (q. v.).] Mental apprehension ; 
 conception; perception; thought; idea; opinion. 
 
 No'tion-al, a. Imaginary ; ideal ; crotchety. 
 
 No'tion-al-ly, ad. Jn idea ;. mentally. 
 
 Nb'tions, , n. pi. Haberdashery; small wares. 
 
 Nb'to-phbrd, n. [Gr. vooror, the back, and xop^b 
 a cord (q. v.).] The spinal column of certain 
 low types of vertebrates. 
 
 Nb-to-ri'e-ty, n. [Fr. notorittt ; Late L. notorietas. 
 — See Notorious.] Public knowledge; exposure 
 to public knowledge (usually in an ill sense). 
 
 No-to'ri-ous, a. [Fr. notoire ; L. notorium, an in- 
 dictment, accusation ; nolor, a witness ; novi, no- 
 tum, to know (q. v.).] Publicly known ; evident 
 to the world : — commonly used in an ill sense. 
 
 No-to'ri-ous-ly, ad. Publicly; evidently. 
 
 No-to'ri-ous-ness, n. Public fame ; notoriety. 
 
 a, e, I, o, 5, y, long ; a, e, i, o, Q, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
NOTWITHSTANDING 
 
 383 
 
 NUNCUPATIVE 
 
 Not-with-stand'ing, cow;. [Not and Withstand.] 
 Although; nevertheless. — 2, prep. Without hin- 
 derance from ; not preventing; in spite of. 
 
 Nought (nawt), n. Nothing. See Naught. 
 
 Nou'me-non, n. ; pi. Nou'me-na. [6r. for "thing 
 perceived;" voelv, to perceive ; vows, the mind.] 
 (Met.) An object as it is in itself. 
 
 Noun, n. [Fr. nom ; 0. Fr. non, noun; L. nomen, 
 name (a. v.).] {Gram.) The name of any thing. 
 
 Nour'ish. (nur'ish), v. a. [Fr. nourrir (,oase nonr- 
 
 r»S8-); L. nutnre, to suckle, to feed.] [pp. nour- 
 ishing, nourished.] To support by food : to feed ; 
 
 to maintain; to encourage; to train. 
 Noiir'ish-er, n. One that nourishes. 
 Nour'ish-inent (nur'ish-me'nt), u. Food; suste- 
 nance; nutriment; nutrition; supply. 
 Nov'el, a. [Fr. nouveau; 0. Fr. novel; L. novellus, 
 
 dim. of norm, new.] Of recent origin or intro- 
 duction; nciv ; not ancient ; unusual; strange. — 
 
 2, n. A fictitious narrative. 
 Nov-el-ette', n. [Fr.] A small novel. 
 Nov'el-ist, n- A writer of novels. 
 Nov'el-ty, b. [Fr. nouveaute; 0. Fr. noveliteit; L. 
 
 nov'ellUas, newness. — See Novel.] A novel thing; 
 
 newness. 
 No-vem'ber, n. [L., from novem, nine : it was the 
 
 ninth month with the llomans.] The eleventh 
 
 month of the year. 
 No-ven'ni-al, a. [L. iwvennis; novem, nine, and 
 
 annus, a year. ) Done every ninth year. 
 Nov'ice, n. [Fr. ; L. novieiua, new, a novice; 
 
 novas, new.] One unskilled; a probationer: — a 
 
 beginner. 
 No-vi"ti-ate (no-vish'e-at), n. [Fr. novitiat ; Late 
 
 L. novitiatus.] State of a novice; the time for 
 
 learning the rudiments :— a novice. 
 Noft (nbu), ad. [A.-S., Dut., Scand., Goth.. & Skr. 
 
 nu; Ger. nun; Gr. vvv; L. nunc] At this time; 
 
 at that time; very lately. — Now and then, at one 
 
 time and another. — 2, n. The present time or 
 
 moment. 
 No<v'a-days, ad. In the present time or age. 
 No'way, or No'ways, ad. Not in any manner. ' 
 No' where (no'hwar), ad. [A.-S. mkwser; No and 
 
 Where.] Not in any place. [or degree. 
 
 No'wlse, ad. [For in no wise.] Not in any manner 
 Nox'ious (nok'shys), a. [L.noxius; uoxa, harm; 
 
 nocere, to injure; near, destruction.] Hurtful; 
 
 pernicious. 
 Nox'ious-ly (nok'shus-le), ad. Hurtfully. [ness. 
 Nox'iou3-ness, n. Hurtfulness; unwholesome- 
 Noz'zle (noz'zl), n. [A dim. of Nose.] The nose; 
 
 the snout; the e;id, as of a bellows.' 
 Niib' bin, n. [From colloquial )iub, a knob (7. ».).] 
 
 A small, impei feet ear of maize. 
 Nu'bile, a. [L. nubUis; nubere, to marry; mdtes, 
 
 a cioud, a veil.— See Nuptial.] Marriageable; 
 
 fit for marriage. 
 Nu-clf'er-ous, a. [L. nux, nucis, a nut, and ferre, 
 
 to hear.] Bearing nuts. 
 Nu'cle-ate, or Nu'cle-at-ed, a. Having a nucleus. 
 Nu'cle-us, n. [L. for "a kernel;" nux, meets, a 
 
 nut.] L. pi. Nu'cle-i; Eng. Nu'cle-us-es, The 
 
 kernel of a nut : — that about which matter is 
 
 collected : — a central mass. 
 Nude, K. [L. nudus. — See Naked.] Bare; naked: 
 
 — not valid; void. 
 Nudfe (nuj), v. a. [Dan. knuge, to press; Scot. 
 
 gnidge, to squeeze': allied to Knock.] [pp. 
 
 nudging, nudged.] To push or touch gently.— 
 
 2, ». A gentle push. 
 Nu'di-ty, n. [L. nudUas.] Nakedness. 
 Nu'ga-to-ry, a. [L. nugatorius; nugator, a trifier; 
 
 uixj iri, to trifle; migx, trifles.] Trifling; futile; 
 
 ineffectual. 
 Nug'get. n. [0. E. niggot; probably for bigot.] A 
 
 lump ; a small mass. 
 Niii'sance, n. [Fr. nuisance; nuire, nuisant, to 
 
 hurt— See Noxious.] Something offensive:— 
 
 something that annoys the public. 
 Null, v. a. [L. nuUus, none; ne ullus, not any; nlhts 
 
 stands for wmdus, a dim. of unus, one.] [pp. 
 nulling, nulled.] To annul; to annihilate. — 
 2, a. Void ; of no force ; ineffectual. 
 
 Nul-li-fi-ca'tion, n. The act of rendering void; 
 the state of being rendered void. [nullify. 
 
 Nul'li-f I-er, n. One who nullifies or desires to 
 
 Nul'li-fy, v. a. [L. nullificare, to make void; nul- 
 lus, none, and/acere, to make.] [pp. nullifying, 
 nullified.] To annul; to make void. 
 
 Nul'li-ty, n. [Fr. nullite.] Want of force; nothing. 
 
 Numb (num), a. [0. E. nome, benumbed, — prop- 
 erly, seized; A.-S. nhnan, to seize.] Torpid; 
 chilled; motionless.— 2, v. u. [pp. numbing, 
 numbed.] To make numb or torpid. 
 
 Num'ber, v. a. [Fr. nombre; L. Humerus; Gr. 
 vefj-eiv, to distribute.] [pp. numbering, num- 
 bered.] To count; to tell; to reckon.— 2. v. n. 
 To amount to in number. — 3, n. Any aggregate 
 of units : — a unit ; one : — more than one : many : 
 —a figure.— jo?. Harmony; verses: poetry.— 
 (Gram.) The consideration of an object as one 
 or more. 
 
 Num'ber-less, a. More than can be counted. 
 
 Num'ber§, n. The fourth book in the Bihle. 
 
 Numb'ness (num'uesj, n. Torpor; deadness. 
 
 Nii'mer-al, a. [L. numercdis. — See Number.] Re- 
 latin'g to number; consisting of number or num- 
 bers; numerical. — The numeral letters are the 
 seven Roman capitals I, V, N, L, (', D, 31 ; the 
 numeral figures, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, 7, 8, 9, 0.— 2, ». A 
 numeral character or letter. 
 
 NG'mer-al-ly, ad. According to number. 
 
 Nii'mer-ate, v. n. [L. nun atom, to 
 
 num'her (q. v.).] [pp. numerating, numerated.] 
 To reckon ; to enumerate. 
 
 Nu-mer-a'tion, n. [L. numeratio; Fr. numera- 
 tion.] The'art of numbering; the art of writing 
 and reading numbers. 
 
 Nu'mer-a-tqr, u. [L.] A numberer. — In vulgar 
 fractions, the number placed above the line. 
 
 Nu-mer'i-cal, a. [Fr. numSrigue.] In respect to 
 number; expressed in numbers. 
 
 Nu-mer'i-cal-ly, «</. With respect to number. 
 
 Nu'mer-ous, a. [L. numerosus : numerus, a num- 
 ber (q. r.).] Consisting of many : — many; not 
 few :— consisting of poetic numbers. 
 
 Nu'mer-ous-ly, ad. In great numbers. 
 
 Nu-mis-mat'ic, ) a. [L. numisma, numismatis, 
 
 Nu-mis-mat'i-cal, J current coin; Gr. vo/jnana; 
 vofxos, usage, law; ve/xeiv, to allot. — Cf. L. nttnt- 
 mus, money.] Relating to numismatics, or to 
 coins and medals. [and medals. 
 
 Nu-mis-mat'ics, n. The science, or study, of coins 
 
 Nu-mi§-ma-tol'p-| , y, n. [Gr. i'6/u.icr/Lia, coin, and 
 A6yo?, a'tieatise.j The history or science of 
 coins ; numismatics. 
 
 Num'ma-ry, \ a. [L. nmnmularius; nummidus, 
 
 Num'mu-lar, j dim. of numtnus, a coin.] Relating 
 to coin of money ; monetary ; resembling coin. 
 
 Num'skull, n. [Numb and Skull.] A dunce; a 
 dolt ; a blockhead. 
 
 Nun, n. [Fr. uonue (colloq.); A.-S. nunna ; Late 
 L. nenna; h.nonnus, a father; Gr. va.wy\, vewa., 
 an aunt; vivvy\, It. nonna, grandmother; Skr. 
 nana, mother.] A woman who lives in a nun- 
 nery : — a kind of pigeon. [end. 
 
 Nun' -buoy, n. A buoy which tapers toward each 
 
 Nun'cheon (nun'chun), n. [0. E. none-schenche, 
 noon-drink; A.-S. scencan, to pour out. — Cf. Ger. 
 sehenken, to pour out, — later, to send out, to give : 
 — related to Shank, in its old sense of a pipe. 
 — See Shank. Its present form and meaning 
 are from Luncheon.] A luncheon. 
 
 Niin'ci-a-ture, n. [Fr. ; It. nunziatura.] The office 
 of a nuncio. 
 
 Nfln'ci-o (nun'she-o), n. [It.; L. nuntius, a mes- 
 senger. — See Announce.] A papal envoy. 
 
 Nun-cu'pa-tive [nQnTtu-pa-tiv, 8m.], a. [Late L. 
 nunevpativtis, nominal; L. nuneupare, to call by 
 name; nomen, name, and capere, to take.] Ver- 
 bally pronounced ; not written. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son; bull, bur, rule, use. — Q, 5, c, £, soft; p, £}, », §, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 
 
NUNDINAL 
 
 384 
 
 OBEY 
 
 Nun'di-nal, a. [L. nundinalis ; nnndinse, a market- 
 day, ninth day ; novern, nine, and dies, day.] Re- 
 lating to a fair or a market, or to the ninth day. 
 
 Nun'ner-y, n. A convent for nuns. [lily. 
 
 Nfi'phar, n. [See Nenuphar.] The yellow water- 
 
 Nup'tial (ntip'shal), a. [L. nuptialis; nuptise, a 
 wedding ; nubere, nuptum, to marry ; nubes, a 
 veil, a cloud.] Relating to marriage. 
 
 Nup'tials. (nup'shalz), n. pi. Marriage rites and 
 festivities; wedding; marriage. 
 
 Nurse, n. [Fr. nourrice; L. nutrix ; nutrire, to 
 nourish (q. v.).] A woman who nurses or who 
 has the care of an infant : — one who cares for 
 the sick : — a kind of shark. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 nursing, nursed.] To hring up; to cherish :— to 
 suckle. 
 
 NUrs'er-y, n, A plantation of young trees: — a 
 place where children are taken care of. 
 
 NUrs'ling, n. One nursed up; a fondling. 
 
 NUrt'ure (niirt'yur), n. [Fr. nourriture; L. nutri- 
 tura. — See Nourish.] Food: — education; train- 
 ing. — 2, v. a. [pp. nurturing, nurtured.] To 
 educate ; to train. 
 
 Nut, n. [A.-S. hnutu; L. mix, nucis ; Dut. noot; 
 Ger. miss; Dan. nod.] A fruit of certain trees 
 and shrubs : — a cylinder with teeth : — a block 
 which is screwed upon the end of a bolt. — 
 2, v. n. [pp. nutting, nutted.] To gather nuts. 
 
 Nu-ta'tion, n. [L. nutatio ; nutare, frequentative 
 of nuer'e, to nod (q. v.).] A kind of nodding; a 
 vibratory movement. 
 
 Nut' gall, n. A hard excrescence of an oak. 
 
 Nut'-hatch, n. [Nut, and Hatch, to peck or hack 
 (q. v.).] A bird of several species. 
 
 Nut'meg, n. [Nut, and 0. Fr. muge, musk (q. v.).] 
 
 A valuable species of spice. ' [the coypu. 
 
 Nu'tri-|, n. [Sp. for " otter" (q. «.).] The fur of 
 Nii'tri-ent, n. [L. nutpiem, nulrientis, nourishing. 
 
 —See Nourish.] A substance that nourishes; a 
 
 nutritive agent.— 2, o. Nourishing; nutritious. 
 Nii'tri-ment, n. [L. nutrimentum. — See Nourish.] 
 
 Nourishment; food; aliment. 
 Nu-tri"tion (nu-trish'un), n. The process or act 
 
 of nourishing : — food ; aliment. 
 Nu-tri"tious (nu-trlsh'us), a. [L. nutricius; nw 
 
 trix, a nurse (q. v.).] Affording nourishment'; 
 
 nutritive ; nourishing. 
 Nu'tri-tive, a. [Fr. nutritif. — See Nourish.] 
 
 Nourishing; nutritious. 
 Nut' shell, «. The hard shell of a nut: — some- 
 thing of small compass or little value. 
 Nut'-tree, n. A tree that bears nuts; a hazel. 
 Niit'ty, a. Resembling the flavor of nuts. 
 Nux-vom'i-ca, n. [L. mix, a nut, and vomica, 
 
 noisome.] A poisonous nut. 
 Nfiz'zle, v. a. [Low Ger. nusseln; Sw. nosa: root 
 
 of Nose.] [pp. nuzzling, nuzzled.] To nurse; 
 
 to nestle.— 2, v. n. To hold the head down :— to 
 
 root like a swine. 
 Nyl-ghstu', n. [Per. nilgaw ; nil, blue, and gaw, a 
 
 cow (q. v.).] An East-Indian antelope. 
 Nymph, n. [L. nympha; Gr. vv^r\, a bride, a 
 
 nymph : akin to ve<|>09, a cloud. — Cf. L. mipta, a 
 
 bride; nubere, to veil, to marry.] (Myth.) A 
 
 spirit of the woods, meadows, trees, hills, or 
 
 waters. 
 Nym'pha, n. ; pi. Nym'phse. [L.] The pupa, 
 
 aurelia, or chrysalis of an insect. 
 
 o. 
 
 Oan English vowel, has various sounds, as in 
 j note, not*, nor, move, done. — 2, interj. Used in 
 
 calling : — oh ! 
 Oaf (of), «. [O. E. nit/, aulf, variants of Elf.] A 
 
 changeling; a foolish child left by the fairies in- 
 stead of one more bright ; a dolt. 
 Oafish (ofish), a. Stupid; dull; doltish. 
 Oak '(ok), n. [A.-S. ac; Dan. eeg ; Dut. eik ; Ger. 
 
 eiche.] A forest tree and its wood. 
 Oak'en (o'kn), a. Made of, or being from, oak. 
 Oak'ling (ok'ling), n. A young oak. 
 Oak'u'm, n. [A.-S. acumba; a, away, and cemban, 
 
 to comb.] Loose hemp, obtained by untwisting 
 
 old ropes, for stopping leaks. 
 Oar (or), n. [A.-S. or; Dan. aare; Sw. ara.] A 
 
 pole or instrument to row with. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 
 oaring, oared.] To impel by rowing. — 3, v. n. 
 
 To row. 
 Oars/man, n. One who manages oars. 
 Oar'y, a. Having the form or use of oars. 
 O'a-sis [o-a'sis, St. I. N.], n. ; pi. 5'a-ses. [L. ; Gr. 
 
 oacrt? ; 'Coptic, onahe ; ouili, to dwell.] A fertile 
 
 spot surrounded by an arid desert. 
 Oat (ot), n. A grain. See Oats. 
 Oat'en (o'tn), a. Made of oats; bearing oats. 
 Oath (oth), n . ; pi. Oaths. [A.-S. ad; Dut. eed ; 
 
 Dan. ed; Goth, aiths ; Old Irish, oeth.] A solemn 
 
 declaration, with an appeal to God as a witness 
 _ of its truth :— a profane use of a sacred name. 
 Oat'meal, n. Flour made by grinding oats. 
 Oats (ots), n. pi. [A.-S. ata: by some referred to 
 
 the root of Eat.] A kind of grain, commonly 
 
 used as food for horses. 
 5b. [L. ob, against. — Cf. Gr. eni, upon ; Skr. api, 
 
 moreover; Lith. ope, near.] A prefix from the 
 
 Latin, meaning near, against, before, &c. 
 5b-bli-ga'to, a. [It. for "bound" or "limited." — 
 
 See Oblige.] (Mm.) Made for the instrument 
 
 named ; closely connected. 
 
 Ob-cbr'date, a. [L. ob, implying reversal, and 
 Cordate.] Heart-shaped, with the apex down- 
 ward. 
 
 5b'du-ra-cy, or ob-du'ra-cy, »• State of being 
 obdurate ; hardness of lieart. 
 
 5b'du-rate, or Ob-du'rate, a. [L. dbdnrare, obdn- 
 ratum,' to harden; ob, against, and durare, to 
 harden ; durus, hard.] Hard of heart ; obstinate ; 
 impenitent; stubborn'; harsh. 
 
 5b'du-rate-ly, ««*. In an obdurate manner. 
 
 O-be'di-'ence [o-be'de-ens, P. J. Ja. Sm. ; o-be'- 
 dyen's, 8. E. F. K. ; o-be'je-ens, W.], n. [L. obe- 
 die'ntia.—See Obey.] The act of obeying; sub- 
 mission to authority. 
 
 Q-be'di-ent, «• [D- obedire, obedientis, to obey 
 (q. i'.).] Submissive to authority; compliant 
 with command ; dutiful. 
 
 Q-be'di-ent-ly, ad. With obedience. 
 
 O-bei'sance (o-ba'sans or o-be'sans), n. [Fr. obeis- 
 saHce,'obedience.]" A bow ; an act of reverence. 
 
 5b'e-lisk, n. [Gr. 6/3eAiV/co9, dim. 
 of 6|3eA6?, a spit.] A slender stone 
 pyramid; a monolith : — the dag- 
 ger, a mark for reference, thus 
 
 5b'e-lus, n. ; pi. ob'e-li. [Gr. 6/3e- 
 
 A05, a spit.] The dash (— or --=-) 
 
 used in printing. 
 O-bese', a. [L. obesus, lean, thin, 
 
 — later, fat, gross*; ob, away from, ^ . 
 
 toward, and edere, esnm, to eat, ""'" m ™ 
 
 —literally, that which has eaten "oeiwu. 
 
 something to itself.] Excessively fat or fleshy. 
 O-bese'ness, \ n. Excessive corpulence; morbid 
 9-bes'i-ty, /fatness. 
 O-bey' (o-ba'), v. a. [Fr. obeir ; L. obedire; ob, 
 
 toward", and audire, to listen, to hear.] [pp. 
 
 obeying, obeyed.] To- yield obedience to; to 
 
 submit to ; to comply with. 
 
 a, e, I, 5, 5, y, long; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, ?, i, 9, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
OBFUSCATE 
 
 385 
 
 OBSEKVINGLY 
 
 Qb-fus'cate, v. a. [L. obfuscare, obfuscatum ; ob, 
 over, and fuscare, to darken; fuscus, dark.] [pp. 
 obfuscating, obfuscated.] To darken ; to cloud : 
 — to muddle with drink. 
 
 5b-fus-ca'tion, n. [L. obfuscatio.] The act of 
 darkening": — bewilderment. 
 
 6'bit, or Sb'it, n. [L. obitus, departure, death; 
 obire, to go to; ob, near, and ire, to go.] De- 
 cease : — a funeral solemnity or service. — Post 
 obit, after death. 
 
 Q-bit'u-a-ry, a. [Fr. obituaire.] Relating to deaths 
 or funerals. — 2, n. A register or list of the dead ; 
 necrology : — a notice of one dead. 
 
 Qb-ject', v. a. [L. objectare, to oppose; objicere, 
 objectum, to throw against ; ob, toward, and 
 jacere, to throw.] [pp. objecting, objected.] To 
 oppose ; to urge against. 
 
 Ob'ject, n. That about which one is employed; 
 design ; end ; aim ; ultimate purpose. 
 
 Sb'ject-glass, n. In an optical instrument, the 
 lens nearest the object under observation. 
 
 Qb-jec'tion, n. [L. objectio.] An adverse argument 
 or reason; fault found; opposition; hesitation. 
 
 Qb-jec'tion-a-ble, a. Liable to objection. 
 
 9b-jec'tive, 'a. [Fr. objectif, objective.] Relating 
 to the' object of tbought; opposed to subjective, 
 which relates to the tbinker, or conscious svbject. 
 — Objective certainty is when the proposition is 
 true in itself; subjective, when we are certain of 
 its truth ; or objective certainty is certainty in 
 outward things, or physical certainty ; subjective 
 certainty is certainty perceived by the mind, or 
 metaphysical certainty. — (Gram.) Noting the 
 case of a noun or pronoun which follows a tran- 
 sitive verb or participle, or a preposition. 
 
 Qb-jec'tive-ly, ad. In an objective manner. 
 
 Ob-jec'tive-ness, n. State of being objective. 
 
 8b-jec-tiv'i-ty, n. [Fr. objectivite.] State or qual- 
 ity' of being objective. 
 
 Qb-ject'or, n. [L.] One who offers objections. 
 
 Qb-jiir'gate, v. a. [L. objurgare, objwgatum, to 
 chide ; 06, against, and jurgare, to quarrel : /Vs, 
 juris, law, and agere, to urge.] [p>p. objurgating, 
 objurgated.] To chide; to reprove. 
 
 5b-jur-ga'tion, n. [L. objurgatio.] A reproof; 
 reprehension. [sive; chiding. 
 
 Qb-jur'ga-to-ry, a. [L. objurgatorins.] Reprehen- 
 
 9b-late', a. [L. oblatus; ob, toward, and latus, 
 carried.] Flattened at the poles. 
 
 Sb'late, n. [L.' offerre, oblatum, to offer (q. v.).] A 
 devotee : — a priest of a mission. 
 
 Qb-la'tion, n. [L. oblatio, an offering. — See Offer.] 
 An offering ; a sacrifice. 
 
 Sb'li-gate, V. a. [L. obligate, obligatum. — See 
 Oblige.] [pp. obligating, obligated.] To bind 
 by contract or duty ; to oblige. [A word much 
 used, yet disputed.] 
 
 Sb-li-ga'tion, n. [L. obligatio.] That which binds ; 
 the binding power of an oath, vow, or duty ; duty. 
 
 5b'li-ga-to-ry, a. [L. obligutorius.] Imposing an 
 obligation ; binding. 
 
 Q-blige' [o-blij' or o-blej', S. W. P. F.]> »■ «• [ Fr - 
 obliger, L. obligare, to constrain ; ob, to, and Kgare, 
 to bind.] [pp. obliging, obliged.] To impose 
 obligation onj to bind; to compel; to gratify. 
 
 Q-bliged' (o-blijd'), p. a. Bound in gratitude; 
 compelled; forced; indebted. 
 
 5b-li-gee', n. The person to whom another, called 
 the obligor, is bound by a contract. 
 
 9-bll£-'er, w. One who obliges. 
 
 Q-bli£'ing, p. a. Civil; friendly; engaging. 
 
 Q-blI|-'ing-ly, ad. In an obliging manner. 
 
 O-bli^'ing-ness, n. Civility ; complaisance. 
 
 Ob-li-gbr , n. {Law.) One who binds himself to 
 another. See Obligee. 
 
 Ob-lique', or ob-lique', a. [Fr. oblique; L. ob- 
 lujuus; ob, toward, and liquis, slanting.] Not 
 direct; not perpendicular; not parallel; indi- 
 rect. — (Oram.) Applied to any case in nouns 
 except the nominative.— 2, v. n. [pp. obliquing, 
 obliqued.] To move obliquely ; to slant. 
 
 Ob-lique'ly, or ob-llque'ly., ad. Not directly. 
 
 Ob-lique'ness, or ob-Hque'ness, n. The quality 
 of being oblique ;" obliquity." 
 
 Qb-llq'ui-ty. (ob-lik'we-te), «. [Fr. obliquite ; L. 
 obliquitus.] The quality of being oblique: — de- 
 viation from rectitude or from directness. 
 
 Ob-Ht'er-ate, v. a. [L. obliterare, obliteratum ; ob, 
 over, 'and litera, a letter (q. v.); linere, Utum, to 
 smear.] [pp. obliterating, obliterated.] To 
 efface ; to rub out. [extinction. 
 
 ob-Ht-er-a'tion, n. [L. obliteratio.] Efiacement; 
 
 Qb-llv'i-on, n. [L. oblivio ; oblivisci, to forget.] 
 Forgetfulness : — amnesty. 
 
 Qb-liv'i-ous, a. [L. obliviosus.] Tending to for- 
 get; forgetful. 
 
 Ob'long, a. [L. oblongus; ob, over, and lo-ngas, 
 long.] Longer than broad ; extended. — 2, n. A 
 figure or object longer than it is broad. 
 
 5b'lo-quy, n. [L. obloqnium; ob, against, and 
 loqui, to speak.] Censorious speech ; blame ; 
 slander; reproach; abuse; disgrace. 
 
 Ob-nox'ious (ob-nok'shus), a. [L. obnoxius, liable, 
 hurtful ;' ob, near, and noxa, injury. — See Nox- 
 ious.] Liable to punishment; liable; subject: — 
 unpopular; odious. 
 
 Qb-nox'ious-ness (ob-nok'shus-nes), v. State of 
 being obnoxious; liableness : — odiousness. 
 
 o'bo-e, n. [It. — See Hautboy.] A musical instru- 
 ment ; a hautboy. 
 
 5b'o-lus, n. ; pi. ob'o-li. [L. ; Gr. 6^oAos.] A 
 Greek coin equal to about two cents. 
 
 5b-o'vate, a. [L. ob, against, — implying inver- 
 sion,— and Ovate.] Inversely ovate ; ovate with 
 the distal end wider than the other. 
 
 Qb-scene' (ob-sen'), a. [L. obscenm, obscsenm, foul, 
 lewd, ill-boding; obs for ob, about, anil cssnum, 
 filth.] Offensive to chastity; indelicate; lewd; 
 immodest; offensive; disgusting. 
 
 Ob-scene'ly, ad. In an obscene manner. 
 
 9b-scene'ness, or ob-scen'i-ty (ob-sen'j-te), n. 
 Quality of being obscene ; impurity; lewdness. 
 
 5b-scu-ra'tion, n. [L. obscuratio.] The act of 
 darkening.' 
 
 Qb-scure', a. [L. obscunts; ob, over, and the root 
 sen-, Skr. slii, to cover.] Dark ; gloomy : — indis- 
 tinct : — little known; unknown.— 2, v. a. [pp. 
 obscuring, obscured.] To darken ; to make dark. 
 
 ob-scure'ly., ad. In an obscure manner. 
 
 Qb-scure'ness, ) n. State of being obscure; dark- 
 
 Qb-scu'ri-ty, yness; privacy. 
 
 Ob'se-quies. (ob'se-kwiz), n. pi. [L. obsequise; ob, 
 near, and sequi, to follow.] Funeral rites. 
 
 Ob-se'qui-ous, a. [L. obseqitios}'* ; obsequi, to com- 
 ply; ob, near, and sequi, to follow.] Compliant 
 to excess; not resisting; obedient; meanly com- 
 plying; basely submissive ; servile; fawning. 
 
 Ob-se'quj-ous-ly, ad. In an obsequious manner. 
 
 Qb-se'qui-ous-nlss, n. Servile compliance, sub- 
 mission, or obedience. 
 
 Qb-§erv'a-ble, a. [L. observabilis.] That may be 
 observed ; worthy of notice ; remarkable ; visible. 
 
 Ob-§erv'a-bly, ad. In a manner worthy of note. 
 
 Qb-§erv'ance, ». [L. observantia.] The act of ob- 
 serving; respect; reverence: — a rite; ceremony: 
 — respectful attention; observation. 
 
 Ob-§erv'ant, a. [L. observans, obsei-vantis. — See 
 Observe.] Adhering to in practice; mindful; 
 attentive ; watchful ; respectful. 
 
 5b-§er-va'tion. n. [L. observatio.] The act of ob- 
 serving; notice: — note; remark: — observance. 
 
 Qb-serv'a-to-ry, w. A place built for astronomi- 
 cal or physical observations. 
 
 Ob-serve', v. «• [Fr. observer; L. observare ; ob, 
 near, and servare, to heed, to keep.— See Serve.] 
 [pp. observing, observed.] To behold with at- 
 tention ; to regard attentively ; to watch ; to see ; 
 to note ; to attend to : — to obey : — to keep. — 2, v.n. 
 To be attentive ; to remark. 
 
 Qb-serv'er, n. One who observes ; a remarker. 
 
 Ob-§erv'ing, p. a. Watchful ; attentive. 
 
 Ob-serv'ing-ly, ad. Attentively ; carefully. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, itse.—g, Q, c, f, soft; p, 
 R Z 33 
 
 &t e, §, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; tnis. 
 
OBSESSION 
 
 OCHREOUS 
 
 Ob-ses'sion (ob-sesh'un), n. [L. obsessio ; obsedere, 
 to beset; ob, against, and sedere, sessum, to sit 
 (q. v.).] Besetment; possession as by evil spirits. 
 
 Ob-sid'i-an, n. [L. lapis obsidianus (better obsi- 
 anus) ; named from one Obsius, its discoverer.] 
 A volcanic substance or glass. 
 
 Qb-sid'i-o-nal, a. [L. obsidionalis ; obsidium, a 
 siege'; ob, against, and sedere, to sit down.] Be- 
 longing to a siege. 
 
 6b-so-les'cence, n. State of being obsolescent. 
 
 Sb-so-les'cent, a. [L. obsolescere, obsolescent : 
 considered an inceptive form of obsolete, to de- 
 cay. — See Obsolete.] Growing out of use. 
 
 5b'so-lete, a. [L. obsolere, obsoletum, or obsolescere, 
 o 1 -.oletum, to grow old, to decay : probably con- 
 ted with olescere, olere, to grow.] Gone out 
 lse. 
 
 ?>'. o-lete-ness, n. State of being out of use. 
 
 6b sta-cle, n. [Fr. ; L. obstaculwrn ; ob, against, 
 and" store, to stand.] Something that hinders ; a 
 hinderance ; an obstruction ; an impediment. 
 
 Qb-stet'ric, a. [Fr. obstetrique; L. obstetricius ; 
 obstetrix,, a midwife ; ob, near, and stare, to stand.] 
 Relating to obstetrics. 
 
 Ob-stet'ri-cal, a. Pertaining to obstetrics. 
 
 8b-ste-tri"cian, n. An accoucheur; a midwife. 
 
 Ob-stet'rics, n. pi. The art of midwifery. 
 
 6b'sti-na-cy, n. Stubbornness; contumacy. 
 
 6b'sti-nate, a. [L. obstinalus, resolute; obstinare, 
 to persist gin ; ob, against, and the root sla, to 
 stand (q. v.).] Stubborn; contumacious; per- 
 verse; inflexible; pertinacious. 
 
 5b'sti-nate-ly, ad. Stubbornly; inflexibly. 
 
 Ob-strep'er-ovis, a. [L. obstreperus; ob, against, 
 and stre'pere, to make a noise.] Loud ; clamor- 
 ous ; noisy. 
 
 Qb-strep'er-ous-ly, ad. Clamorously. 
 
 Qb-strep'er-ous-ness, n. Clamor; noise. 
 
 <jb-struct', v. a. [L. obstruere, obstructwm. ; ob, 
 against, and struere, to build.] [pp. obstructing, 
 obstructed.] To block up; to bar; to lander. 
 
 Qb- struct' er, n. One who hinders. 
 
 Ob-strfic'tion, n. [L. obstructio.] Any thing that 
 obstructs or blocks up ; an obstacle ; an impedi- 
 ment; ahindbrance; a barrier; a difficulty. 
 
 Ob-struc'tion-ist, n. One who woiild obstruct 
 progress. ' [who obstructs. 
 
 Ob-struc'tive, a. Causing obstruction. — 2, n. One 
 
 <5b'stru-ent, a. [See Obstruct.] Hindering; block- 
 ing lip.'— 2, n. That which blocks up. 
 
 Qb-tain', v. a. [Fr. obtcnir ; L. dbtinere, to hold or 
 gain; ob, near, and tenere, to hold.] [pp. ob- 
 taining, obtained.] To succeed in pursuit of; 
 to get ; to gain ; to acquire ; to procure. — 2, v. n. 
 To get into use ; to prevail. 
 
 Ob-tain'a-ble, a. That may be obtained. 
 
 Qb-trude', v. a. [L. obtrude.re, obtrusum ; ob, 
 against, and trudere, to thrust.] [pp. obtruding, 
 obtruded.] To thrust into ; to intrude. 
 
 Ob-trud'er, n. One who obtrudes. 
 
 Qb-tru'sion (ob-tru'zhun), n. [L. obtrusio. — See 
 Obtrude.] Act of obtruding. 
 
 Ob-tru'sive, a. Inclined to obtrude; intrusive. 
 
 Qb-tru'sive-ly, «d« I n an obtrusive manner. 
 
 Qb-tund\ v. a. [L. obtundere, obtusum, to dull ; ob, 
 against, and tundere, to beat; Skr. fad. to strike.] 
 [pp. obtunding, obtunded.] To blunt; to dull; 
 to deaden. 
 
 Qb-tuse', a. [See Obtund.] Not pointed; not 
 acute : — dull ; stupid. — Obtuse angle, an angle 
 containing more than ninety degrees. 
 
 Qb-tuse'ly, ad. Without a point; stupidly. 
 
 Qb-tuse'ness, n. _ Bluntness; dulness. 
 
 9b-tu'sion (ob-tu'zhun), n. [L, obtusio. — See Ob- 
 tund.]' The act of dulling :— dulness ; bluntness. 
 
 Ob'verse, n. [L. obvertere, obversum, t<« turn to- 
 ward; ob, against, and vertere, to turn.] The 
 side of a coin or medal which has the face or 
 hea,' : — opposed to reverse. 
 
 Qb-ver e\ a. (Bot.) Having the narrower end 
 turneu to the stock, as some leaves. 
 
 Qb-ver'sion (-shun), n. [L. obversio.] The act of 
 turning toward or downward. 
 
 Qb-vert', v. a. [See Obverse.] [pp. obverting, 
 obverted.] To turn toward. 
 
 5b'vi-ate, v. a. [L. obviare, obviatum, to meet ; ob, 
 against, and viare, to go; via, a way.] [pp. ob- 
 viating, obviated.] To remove ; to prevent. 
 
 5b'vi-ous, a. [L. obvius, meeting, evident. — See 
 Obviate.] Plain; evident; manifest. 
 
 Ob'vi-ous-ly, ad. Evidently ; plainly. 
 
 5b'vi-ous-ness, n. State of being obvious. 
 
 Qc-ca'sion (ok-ka'zhun), n. [L. occasio, oppor- 
 tunity ; ob, against, and cadere, casvm, to fall.] 
 An occurrence ; season ; opportunity : — neces- 
 sity. — 2, v. a. [pp. occasioning, occasioned.] 
 To cause incidentally; to bring about; to pro- 
 duce ; to influence. 
 
 Qc-ca'sion-al, a. Happening by accident; re- 
 lating to the occasion ; produced by some occur- 
 rence ; incidental ; casual ; accidental. 
 
 Qc-ca'sion-al-ly, ad. Incidentally ; at times. 
 
 5c'ci-dent, n. [L. occidere, accidentia, to set, to go 
 down; ob, toward, and cadere, to fall.] The 
 place of the sun's setting. 
 
 5c-ci-dent'al, a. Western -.—opposed to Oriental. 
 
 Oc-cip'i-tal, a. Relating to the occiput. 
 
 6c'ci-put (ok'si-ptit), n. [L. occiput, occipitis ; ob, 
 implying reversal, and caput, capitis, the head.] 
 The hinder part of the head. 
 
 Qc-clude\ v. a. [L. occludere, occlusum, to close 
 up; ob, against, and claudere, to shut, to close 
 (q. v.).] [pp. occluding, occluded.] To close 
 completely. [ting up. 
 
 Qc-clu'sion, n. [See Occlude.] The act of shut- 
 
 Oc-cult , a. [L. occidere, occidtnm, to hide. — Cf. 
 colere, milium, in its sense of to clothe, to cover.] 
 Secret; hidden; unknown. — 2, v. a. [pp. oc- 
 culting, occulted.] To hide or conceal by the 
 intervention of another body ; to eclipse, as the 
 moon does a star. 
 
 Qc-cul-ta'tion, n. [L. occidtatio; occidtare, fre- 
 quentative of occulere, to hide. — See Occult.] 
 Act of hiding.— (Astron.) The obscuration of a 
 star or a planet by the interposition of another 
 body, as the moon. [scure phenomena. 
 
 Oc-cult'ism, n. The study of mysterious or ob- 
 oe' cu-pan-cy, n. Act of occupying. 
 
 5c'cu-pant, h. [L. occupans, occupanlis, part, from 
 occvpare, to occupy (q. v.).] One that has pos- 
 
 8c-cu-pa'tion, n. [L. occupatio.] Act of occupy- 
 ing ; possession : — employment ; calling ; busi- 
 ness ; trade. 
 
 5c'cu-pi-er, n. One who occupies. 
 
 5c'cu-py, v. a. [Fr. occuper ; L. occupare ; ob, 
 against, and capere, to seize, to hold.] [pp. occu- 
 pying, occupied.] To possess ; to keep; to employ. 
 
 Oc-ciir', v. n. [L. occurrere, to meet, to happen; 
 ob, against, and currere, to run.] [pp. occurring, 
 occurred.] To come to the mind : — to appear : — 
 to happen ; to take place ; to befall. 
 
 Qc-cur'rence, n. Any thing that occurs; an inci- 
 dent ; an accidental event ; occasion. 
 
 5'cean (o'shan), n. [L. oceanus; Gr. witeav6<;.] 
 The vast bbdy of salt water on the globe ; the 
 main ; the great sea. 
 
 5-ce-a.n'ic (o-she-an'ik), a. Relating to the ocean. 
 
 O-cel'lat-ed [o-sel'la-ted, S. W. P. Ja. Sm. ; o'sel- 
 la-ted, K. Wb.], a. [L. ocellatus; ocellus, dim. 
 of ocidus, an eye.] Resembling the eye. 
 
 6'ce-lot, n. [Mexican, oceloll: root of oQa, to 
 paint.] A wild-cat of tropical America. 
 
 Oph-loc'ra-cy, M. [Gr. bx^oKparia; 6xA»?, the 
 multitude, and Kparelv, to rule.] Government 
 by the multitude ; mob rule ; government by a 
 rabble. 
 
 Oph-lo-crat'ic, a. Relating to an ochlocracy. 
 
 6'phre (o'kef), it. [Fr. ocre; L. ochra; Gr. (oxP a l 
 o>xpo?, pale yellow.] A mixture of silica and 
 alumina colored by oxide of iron. 
 
 6'phre-ous (o'kre-us), a. Consisting of ochre. 
 
 i, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, l, o, Q, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall ; h§ir, her; 
 
OCHREY 
 
 387 
 
 OFFSCOURING 
 
 o'phrey (o'kre), a. Partaking of ochre. 
 
 Sc'ta-gon, n. [Gr. 6kto6, burd, eight, and yaivla, 
 an' angle.] A plane figure of eight sides and 
 eight angles : — an octagonal space. [sides. 
 
 pc-tag'o-nal, a. Having eight angles and eight 
 
 §c-ta-hl'dral, a. Pertaining to an octahedron. 
 
 5c-ta-he'dron, n. [Gr. 6kt<x, eight, and eSpa, a 
 base.] A 'figure of eight equal sides. 
 
 Qc-tan'gu-lar, a. [L. octangulus; octo, eight, and 
 angidus, aii angle.] Having eight angles. 
 
 Sc'tant, «. [L. octa-ns; octo, eight.] The eighth 
 part of a circle : — the aspect of two planets when 
 they are an eighth of a circle, or 45 degrees, 
 distant from each other: — an instrument like a 
 quadrant or a sextant. 
 
 5c'tave, b. [L. octavus, eighth; octo, eight] The 
 eighth day after a festival.— (Mus.) An interval 
 of seven degrees. — 2, a. Denoting eight. 
 
 Qc-ta'vo, n. ; pi. Qc-ta'vo§. [L. ; ablative of oc- 
 tavus, eighth.] A book formed by folding the 
 sheets into eight leaves each. — 2, a. Having 
 eight leaves to a sheet. 
 
 Qc-til'lion (ck-til'yun), n. [From L. octo, eight: 
 on type of million.] A thousand septillions. 
 
 Qc-to'ber, ». [L., from octo, eight : it was the 
 eighth month with the Komans.] The tenth 
 month of the year. 
 
 5c-to-|-e-na'ri-an, n. [L. octogenarius ; octogeni, 
 distributive form of octoginta, eighty.] A person 
 eighty years old. [of eighty years. 
 
 Oc-to£'e-na-ry, or Sc'to-fe-na-ry, a. Of the age 
 
 Sc-to-hi'dron, n. Same as' Octahedron. 
 
 Oc'to-pfis, ri. [Gr. oktuj, eight, and irovs, a foot.] 
 The eight-armed cuttle-fish. 
 
 5c-to-r66n', n. [Fr. octavon: on type of qnarteron, 
 a quadroon; L. octo, eight.] The offspring of a 
 quadroon and a white person. 
 
 5c-to-sy.l-lab'ic, a. [Gr. 6/ctw, eight, and <tva- 
 kafiri, a syllable.] Having eight syllables. 
 
 5c-to-syfla-ble, n. A word of eight syllables. 
 
 Octroi (ok-t'rwa/), n. [Fr. for " a grant," " a privi- 
 lege," "a toll ;" octroyer, to grant; an older form 
 of autoriser, to authorize (q. v.).] A duty levied 
 on the entrance of goods into French towns. ' 
 
 5c'tu-ple, a. \ L. octuplus ; Gr. 6/cTa7rAo0s ; 6ktu>, 
 eight.— Cf. Double.} Eightfold. 
 
 5e'u-lar, a. [L. ocularis; oculns, an eye.] Relating 
 to, or known by, the eye. — 2, n. The eye-piece 
 of a telescope or other optical instrument. 
 
 Sc'u-llst, >i. [Fr. ocidiste ; L. oculus, the eye.] One 
 skilled in diseases of the eyes. 
 
 5d'a-lisk, n. [Fr. odalisgue, odalique ; Turk, oda- 
 lii) ; oda. a chamber.] A Turkish female slave. 
 
 6dd, a. [Icel. oddi, a point, a triangle, an odd 
 number; Dan. od, odde, a point; Svv. udda, not 
 even ; ndde, a point. — Cf. A.-S. ord, a point ; Ger. 
 ort, a place.] Uneven ; not mated : — singular. 
 
 5dd'i-ty, n. Singularity : — an odd person. 
 
 5dd'iy, ad. In an odd manner; strangely. 
 
 6dd§ (odz), n. sing. & pi. The excess of a thing; 
 inequality: — debate; dispute. 
 
 Ode, n. [L. odd, Gr. <JSw, for aoiSrj, a song; iei- 
 Seiv, to sing.] A poem; a song; a lyric poem. 
 
 6'dious (od'yus or o'de-us), a. [L. odiosus.— See 
 Odium.] Hateful; detestable; abominable.— in- 
 vidious ; offensive : — obnoxious. 
 
 o'dious-ly, or 6'di-ous-ly, ad. Hatefully. 
 
 o'dious-ness, or 6'di-ous-ness, n. State of being 
 odious ; hatefulness. 
 
 6'di-iim, or o'dium, n. [L. for "hatred;" odi, I 
 hate.— Cf. Gr. udelv, to thrust, to push.] En- 
 mity ; hatred. 
 
 O-dom'e-ter, n. [See Hodometer.] An instrument 
 attached to a carriage-wheel for measuring dis- 
 tances, [and aAyos, pain.] The toothache. 
 
 Sd-on-tal'S'i-a, n. [Gr. oSou?, oSovtos, a tooth, 
 
 5d-on-tal'|ic, a. Relating to the toothache. 
 
 Od-on-tol'o-£y., n. [Gr. 68ovs, b&6i>Tok, a tooth, 
 
 _ and Adyos, a treatise.] Anatomy of the teeth. 
 
 5'dor, n. [L. odor.— Cf. Gr. 6£eii>, to smell.] Scent; 
 fragrance; perfume; smell. 
 
 6-dor-ifer-ous, a. [L. odorifer ; odor, scent, and 
 
 _ferre, to carry.] Giving scent; fragrant. 
 
 5' dor-less, a. Destitute of odor. 
 
 6'dor-oQs, a. [L. odorus. — See Odor.] Having 
 odor; fragrant. [ecumenical. 
 
 (Ec-u-men'i-cg.1, a. [See Ecumenical.] General ; 
 
 (E-de'ma (e-de'ma), «. [Gr. olSrjfxa; olSelv, to 
 swell.]' (Med.) Swelling; puffiness. 
 
 O'er (or), ad. Contracted from over. 
 
 (E-s5ph'a-gus (e-sof'a-gus), n. [See Esophagus.] 
 The gullet. 
 
 5f (6v), prep. [A.-S. of; Scand. & Goth. «/.— Cf. 
 Ger. & L. ab, Gr. ano, Skr. apa, away.] Noting 
 the cause, source, or origin ; proceeding from ; 
 out of ; from. 
 
 5ff (6T or auf ), ad. [A variant of Of.] Nuting 
 separation or distance : — often opposed - 
 
 2,interj. Expressing abhorrence ; away. - 
 Not on; not far from; as, off the coasrV -*, ,(. 
 Most distant ; distant from. 
 
 Offal, «. [Off and Fall ; Dut. afcal, Dan. affald, 
 Ger. abfall, refuse.] Waste meat; refuse. 
 
 Of- fence , n. [Fr. offense; L. offensa. — See Of- 
 fend.] Any thing that offends'; cause of anger : 
 — crime: — injury : — displeasure. 
 
 Of- fend', v. a. [Fr. offendre ; L. offendere, offensum; 
 ob, against, and obs. fendere, to strike.] [pp. of- 
 fending, offended.] To displease; to transgress; 
 to vex. — 2, v. n. To be criminal; to err; to sin. 
 
 Of-fend'er, n. A criminal ; a transgressor. 
 
 Of-fen'si've, a. [Fr. offensif.—See Offend.] Dis- 
 pleasing ; rude : — aggressive ; making invasion ; 
 not defensive. 
 
 pf-fen'sive-ly, ad. In an offensive manner. 
 
 of-fen'sive-nlss, n. The quality of being offensive. 
 
 Sffer, v. a. [L. offerre ; ob, near, and fare, to 
 carry; A.-S. offrian ; Fr. offrir.] [pp. offering, 
 offered.] To present in words; to present for 
 acceptance; to propose: — to sacrifice. — 2, v. n. 
 To be present ; to present itself. — 3, n. [Fr. offre.] 
 A proposal ; a price bid ; proffer. 
 
 5f'fer-er, n. One who offers or sacrifices. 
 
 5f'fer-ing, n. [A.-S. offrung.—See Offer.] A sac- 
 rifice ; a thing offered. 
 
 5f fer-to-ry, n. [L. offertorium ; Fr. offertmre.~\ An 
 anthem, the first part of the mass : — sentences 
 read in church while alms are collected. 
 
 Off-hand, a. Unpremeditated; sudden. — 2, ad. 
 At the moment ; directly. 
 
 Office, h. [Fr. office, L. officium, a service, for 
 o)iinriton ; ope*, aid, and/acere, to do.] A public 
 charge ; agency : — peculiar use : — business : — a 
 place of business. 
 
 6ffi-cer, n. [Fr. officier; Late L. officiarius. — See 
 Office.] A man in office ; a commander. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. officering, officered.] To furnish with offi- 
 cers. 
 
 Qf-fi"cial (of-flsh'al), a. [L. offcialis.—See Of- 
 fice.] Depending' on or derived from the proper 
 office or authority ; authoritative .—done by vir- 
 tue of office : — conducive. — 2, n. An ecclesias- 
 tical judge ; a deputy : — any inferior officer. 
 
 Qf-f i"cial-ly (of-f ish'al-le), ad. By authority. 
 
 9f-fi"ci-ate'(of-fish'e-at), v. n. [Fr. officier; Late 
 L. opi'ciare, otihiutiuu.—See Office.] [pp. offici- 
 ating, officiated.] To discharge an office; to 
 perform an office for another. 
 
 5f-fi-cl'nal, or Qf-f 15'i-nal. a. [L. officina, or opi- 
 Jiciua, an office (7. v.), a shop; opifex, a worker.] 
 Used in, or relating to, shops. 
 
 Qf-fi"cious (of-fish'us), a. [Fr. officieux; L. qffi- 
 ciosus, obliging; officium, aid. — See Office.] 
 Busy ; forward ; active ; meddling ; meddlesome ; 
 obtrusive. 
 
 Qf-f i"cious-ly (of-f ish'us-le), ad. In an officious 
 manner"; busily. 
 
 Qf-fi"cious-ness (of-fish'us-nes), n. Quality of 
 being officious ; forwardness. 
 
 ?5ff in§r, n. [See Off.] A part of the sea at a dis- 
 tance from the shore, where there is 'eep water. 
 
 5ff scb'ur-ing, n. Rejected mattt *\*vse. 
 
 mien, sir; m8ve, nor, s6"n; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, Q, 5, g, soft; p, £, p, g\ hard; § as z ; ^ gz ; tSis. 
 
OFFSET 
 
 388 
 
 OMNIFARIOUS 
 
 Offset, n. [Off and Set.] A sprout ; a shoot of 
 a plant: — a sum set off against another; an 
 equivalent; a set-off': — a perpendicular line let 
 fall from a stationary line :— a staff or rod used 
 in surveying. — 2, v. a. [i. offset; pp. offsetting, 
 offset.] To cancel by an equivalent. 
 
 6ff'sh66t, n. [Off and Shoot.] An offset ; a shoot ; 
 a branch. 
 
 Off-side, n. The right-hand side. 
 
 Off' spring, n. [Off and Spring; A.-S. of spring.] 
 Progeny ; a child ; children. 
 
 5ft (oft or auft), ad. [A.-S. & Ger. oft; Dan. ofte; 
 Goth, ufta : related to Over.] Often ; frequently. 
 
 Often (of'fn or avv'fn), ad. [Lengthened form of 
 Oft.] Oft ; frequently ; not seldom ; many times. 
 
 6f ten-times (of'fn tlmz), ad. Often. 
 
 5ft'time§, ad. Frequently ; often. 
 
 Q-i-ee', n. [Cf. Sp. auge, highest point, apogee ; 
 Arab, auj, vertex ; but probably a corruption of 
 ogive.] A sort of moulding in architecture. 
 
 Q-§ive', n. [Fr. ; 0. Fr. augive, a pointed arch : 
 origin disputed.] (Arch.) A pointed arch in 
 masonry; a diagonal rib in a Gothic vault. 
 
 5'gle (o'gl), v. a. [Low Ger. b'geln, Ger. iiugeln, 
 Dut. oogen, Late L. oculare, to ogle ; Ger. auge, 
 Dut. ooge, L. ocidus, an eye (q. v.).] [pp. ogling, 
 ogled.] To view with side glances. — 2, n. A 
 side glance ; a look of fondness. 
 
 5'gre (o'gur), n. [Fr. ogre; Ger. ogre; It. orco, 
 a demon : probably for L. Orcus, the god of hell. 
 The old derivations from Ugrian, or Hungarian, 
 and from the Norse sea-jbtun CEgir, are latterly 
 regarded as untenable.] An imaginary monster 
 of the East. 
 
 5'gress, n. [Fr. ogresse.] A female ogre. — [Fr. 
 ogoesse.] {Her.) A cannon-ball. 
 
 6h (o), interj. Denoting sorrow or surprise. 
 
 Old. [Gr. elSos, resemblance.] A suffix denoting 
 resemblance to the object to the name of which 
 it is subjoined. 
 
 Oil, n. [A.-S. ele, Ger. oel, Fr. huile, 0. Fr. oile, L. 
 oleum, Gr. eAcuov, oil. — See Olive.] An unctuous 
 matter expressed or obtained either from ani- 
 mal, mineral, or vegetable substances. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. oiling, oiled.] To smear or lubricate with 
 
 Oil' -cake, n. The substance that remains after 
 the oil has been expressed, as from flaxseed. 
 
 Oil' -cloth, n. A cloth having a coat of oil-paint. 
 
 Oil'er, n. One who oils :— an oilman. 
 
 bil'i-ness, n. Unctuousness ; greasiness. 
 
 Oil'inan, n. One who trades in oils. 
 
 Oil'-stone, n. A kind of hone. 
 
 Oil'y, a. Containing oil; greasy; oleaginous. 
 
 Oint'ment, n. [L. unguentum; 0. Fr. oignement; 
 L. ungere, Fr. oindre, Obs. E. oint, to anoint 
 (g. v.).— Cf. Skr. ang, to smear.] An unctuous 
 matter; unguent. 
 
 6'kra, n. [Etymology doubtful.] A plant called 
 gumbo, the mucilaginous pods of which are used 
 in soup : — written also ocra and olro. 
 
 Old, a. [A.-S. eald; Dut. oud; Ger. alt.— Cf. L. 
 adultus, grown up ; altus, high : root of L. alere, 
 to nourish.] [comp. older or elder; superl. old- 
 est or eldest.] Not young; not new or fresh; 
 ancient. — Of old, long ago; from ancient times. 
 
 Old'en (old'n), a. [A form of Old; Icel. aldinn, 
 old.] Old. 
 
 Old-fash' ioned (-fash'und), a. Out of fashion. 
 
 6-le-a.g'i-nous, a. [L. oleaginus; oleum, oil (q. v.).] 
 Oily ; unctuous. 
 
 6-le-a.n'der, n. [Fr. oUandre ; It. oleandro ; Port. 
 loendro ; Late L. lorandrum: probably for lauro- 
 dendron; L. Iannis, a laurel, and Gr. SevSpov, a 
 tree.] An evergreen flowering shrub. 
 
 O-le-as'ter, n. [L. for "wild olive;" pejorative 
 form of olea, an olive-tree. — See Olive.] A tree 
 like the olive. 
 
 Q-lef i-ant, or o'le-f I-ant, a. [L. oleum, oil, and 
 facere', to make.] ' Noting a gas, a variety of car- 
 buretted hydrogen. 
 
 o'le-ine, n. [Fr. oUine.— -See Oil.] The thin, 
 
 oily principle of fats. 
 O-le-o-mar'ga-rine, w. [Named from Oleine (q.v.), 
 and margarine, a former name of the oily com- 
 pound now called palrnitine (g. v.). Margarine is 
 named from its pearly lustre ; L. margarita, Gr. 
 fxapyapiTTqs, a pearl.] A substitute fur butter 
 
 _ prepared from beef-tallow ; artificial butter. 
 O-le-o-res'in, w. [L. oleum, oil, and Resin.] An 
 oily and resinous substance. 
 
 Ol-fac'to-ry, a. [L. olfuctorius; olf actor, one who 
 smells; olfacere, to scent; olere, to smell, and 
 facere, to make.] Having the sense of smell. 
 
 Q-lib'a-num, n. [Late L. ; Heb. lebonah ; Arab. 
 al-luban.] A gum-resin ; frankincense. 
 
 51'i-ga.rph, n. [Gr. oAiyapx?)?.] A magistrate in 
 an oligarchy. 
 
 51-i-garch'al, \a. Relating to an oligarchy; 
 
 51-i-garph'i-cal, / aristocratic. 
 
 51'i-gar-chy, n. [Gr. bXiyapxia. ; oAryos, few, and 
 apxeiv, to rule.] A government in the hands of 
 a few persons ; aristocracy. 
 
 5'li-o (o'le-o or ol'yo), n. [Sp. olla, L. alia, aula, a 
 pot.] A mixture ; a medley. [or the olive-tree. 
 
 51-i-va'ceous (ol-e-va'shus), «. Kelating to olives 
 
 Ol'ive, n. [Fr. olive; L. oliva ; Gr. e\aia. — See 
 Oil.] A tree producing oil : — the fruit of the 
 tree : — the emblem of peace. — 2, a. Of the color 
 of, or like, the olive. [eral. 
 
 5l f i-vine, n. [Fr.] (3Iin.) An olive-colored miu- 
 
 Ol'ia po-dri'da, n. [Sp. for "putrid pot."] A 
 Spanish dish composed of various kinds of meats 
 and vegetables boiled together : — an incongru- 
 ous mixture. 
 
 O-lym'pi-ad, w. [Gr. b\vfxTnd<;, 6AvjU7riaSos. — See 
 Olympic!] The space of four years, reckoned 
 from one celebration of the Olympic games to 
 another. — From the celebration of these games 
 the Greeks computed their time. 
 
 Q-lym'pi-an, a. Relating to Olympia ; Olympic. 
 
 Q-lym'pic,'a. [Gr. oAvjuttikos.] Relating to games 
 in Greece, celebrated at Olympia. 
 
 O-ma'sum, n. [L. for "tripe,'" a Celtic word.] 
 The third stomach of ruminant animals. 
 
 Om'hre (om'bur) [om'bur, S. ; am'bur, E. ; dm'bur, 
 F. Wb.], n. [Fr. hombre, ombre; Sp. hombre, L. 
 homo, a man ; probably as a game for men rather 
 than women.] A game of cards played by three. 
 
 O-me'ga [o-meg'a, Ja. Sm. ; o'me-ga, Ii. ; om'e-ga, 
 C.\n. [Gr. for "great 0."] The last letter of 
 the Greek alphabet, ft, w. — Alpha and Omega,, 
 the first and the last. 
 
 Sme'let (om'let) [om'e-let or omlet, Sm.], n. [Fr. 
 omelette: it comes through such forms as aume- 
 lette, alemette, alemelle, and lemelle, for L. lamella, 
 for lamina, a thin plate.] A fritter or sort of 
 pancake made of eggs. 
 
 5'men, n. [L. ; 0. L. osmen, probably for ausmen, 
 something heard; andire, auscnltare, to hear.] 
 A sign, good or bad ; a prognostic. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 omening, omened.] To prognosticate ; to pre- 
 sage : — to infer, as from omens; to foresee.— 
 3, v. n. To presage, as an omen. 
 
 6'mened (o'mend), a. Containing prognostics. 
 
 O-men'tum, n. [L.] (Anat.) The caul. 
 
 5m'i-nous, «. [L. ominoms. — See Omen.] Con- 
 taining omens; portentous; inauspicious; fore- 
 boding good or evil. 
 
 5m'i-nous-ly, ad. With good or bad omens. 
 
 dm'i-nous-ne'ss, n. State of being ominous. 
 
 O-mis'si-ble, a. That may be omitted. 
 
 Q-nus'sion (o-mish'un), v. [L. 
 
 -See 
 Omit.] ' The act of "omitting; "slight; neglect of 
 duty ; a failure. 
 
 O-mit', v. a. [L. omittere, omissum ; ob, and mil- 
 tere, to send.] [pp. omitting, omitted.] To leave 
 out ; to pass by ; to neglect. 
 
 5m'ni-bus, n. [L. for "for all."] A large, cov- 
 ered, four-wheeled vehicle for passengers. 
 
 5m-ni-fa'ri-ous, a. [L. omnifarius; omnis, all: 
 on type of multifarious.] Of all varieties or kinds. 
 
 e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, i, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y., obscure.— Fire, l&r, fist, fall; heir, her; 
 
OMNIFIC 
 
 OPHTHALMOSCOPE 
 
 Qm-nif ic, a. [L. omnis, all, and facere, to do.] 
 All-creating. 
 
 Qm-mp'o-tence, \n. [L. omnipotentia. — See Om- 
 
 Qm-nip'o-ten-cy, J nipotent.] Almighty power; 
 infinite or unlimited power. 
 
 Qm-nip'o-tent, a. [L. omnipotent, omnipoterUis; 
 omnis, all, and potem, powerful. — See Potent.] 
 Almighty ; all-powerful.— 2, n. The Almighty ; 
 God. 
 
 5m-ni-pres'ence, n. The quality of being present 
 in every place; ubiquity. 
 
 5m-ni-pre§'ent, a. [L. omnis, all, and prsesens-, 
 present (q. "«.).] Present in every place. 
 
 Om-ni"science (om-nish'ens or oru-nish'e-ens), 
 n. Quality of knowing all things; boundless, 
 universal, or infinite knowledge. 
 
 Om-ni"scient, «. [L. omnis, all, and scire, to 
 know.] All-knowing. 
 
 Qm-niv'o-rous, a. [L. omnivorus; omnis, all, and 
 vorare,'to devour.] Eating food of every kind. 
 
 5n, prep. [A.-S. on; Dan. «fc Ger. an; Dut. aow: 
 akin to Gr. ava., up.] Noting nearness of place 
 or time; not off; near to; above; upon; at; 
 near. — 2, ad. Forward; onward; in succession. 
 — 3, interj. Expressing incitement ; proceed. 
 
 Once (wuns), ad. [A.-S. ones, genitive of an, one 
 (q. v.).] One time ; formerly; as soon as ; just; 
 only ; if at any time. 
 
 One (wun), a. & pron. [A.-S. an; Dut. & Dan. 
 een; Gev.ein; L. nnus.] Denoting a single thing 
 or unit; any; single; individual. — 2 r n. ; pi. 
 Ones (wiinz). A single person or thing; a 
 unit; concord. 
 
 One'-eyed (vvunTd), a. Having only one eye. 
 
 Q-nei-ro-crit'i-cal, a. [Gr. oyeipos, a dream, and 
 KpiTt/cd?, discerning. — See Critic] Interpreta- 
 tive of dreams. 
 
 Q-nei'ro-man-cy, n. [Gr. oveipos, a dream, and 
 IxauTe'lop, prophecy.] Divination by dreams. 
 
 One'ness (wun'ues), n. Unity; singleness. 
 
 5n'er-ous, a. [L. onerosus ; onus, a burden.] Bur- 
 densome ; oppressive ; heavy. 
 
 One-sid'ed (wun-sld'ed), a. Having only one' 
 side; partial : — developed on one side. 
 
 On'ion (iin'yun), n. [Fr. oignon; L. tinio ; unus, 
 one: so called because it is single, and not mul- 
 tiple like the garlic] A bulbous edible root. 
 
 On'ly. (on'le), a. [A.-S. anlic; aw, one, and lie, like.] 
 Single; one and no more. — 2, ad. Simply; sin- 
 gly ; merely ; barely. — 3, conj. Excepting that ; 
 but. 
 
 5n-o-mas'ti-con f n. [Gr. ; bvo^a^eiv, to name ; 
 bvoixa, a name.] A dictionary. 
 
 Sn-o-mat-o-poe'ia (-pe'ya), n. [Gr. ; o^a, a 
 name, and 7roieet^, to make.] (Bhet.) A figure 
 by which the sound of the word corresponds to 
 the thing signified : — the formation of words in 
 imitation of the sounds of the objects meant to 
 be suggested by the words. [pceia. 
 
 Q-nom-a-to-po-e'sis, n. [Gr.] Same as 0NOMAT0- 
 
 O-nom-a-to-po-et'ic, a. Imitative of a sound. 
 
 5n'set, n. [On and Set.] An attack; an assault; 
 a storm. 
 
 Sn'slaught (on'slawt), a. [A.-S. an, on, and sleaht, 
 a stroke.] An attack ; a storm. 
 
 5n't3, prep. [On and To.] To and upon. (After 
 verbs of motion ; hardly in good literary use.) 
 
 5n-to-log'i-cal, a. Relating to ontology. 
 
 Qn-tol'o-Hst, n. One versed in ontology. 
 
 Qn-tol'o-gy, ». [Gr. u>v, bvros, being, and Adyos, 
 a trea'tise ; elvai, to be.] The doctrine or science 
 
 _ of abstract being or existence; metaphysics. 
 
 6'nus, n. ; ph 5n'e-ra. [L.l A burden." 
 
 Sn'ward, or On'wards, ad. [On and suffix -ward; 
 on type of toward.] Forward; farther. 
 
 Sn'ward, a. Advanced; forward; increased. 
 
 6'nyx (o'niks), n.- [L. ; Gr. bw£, a finger-nail, 
 
 _ an onyx ; from its color.] A precious stone. 
 
 O'o-lite, m. [Gr. woe, an egg, and Atflos, a stone : 
 its appearance is likened to that of fish-roe.] 
 Roe-stone ; a kind of limestone. 
 
 5-o-lit'ic, a. Relating to oolite. 
 
 O-ol'o-gy, n. [Gr. uov, an egg, and Adyos, a trea- 
 tise.] The science of, or a treatise on, eggs. 
 
 66ze, n. [A.-S. wase; 0. E. wose. — Of. A.-S. was, 
 juice; Icel. vas, wetness.] Soft mud; mire; 
 slime ; soft flow ; tan-vat liquor. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
 oozing, oozed.] To flow by stealth ; to run gen- 
 tly; to drip. 
 
 68z'y. (oz'e), a. Miry; muddy; slimy. 
 
 o-pac'i-ty, n. [L. opacitas. — See Opaque.] The 
 quality of being opaque. 
 
 O-pake', a. Dark ; opaque. See Opaque. 
 
 6'pal, n. [Fr. opale, L. opahts, Gr. 07rdAAto?, an 
 opal; Skr. upala, a stone.] (Mm.) A hard, 
 brittle, and beautiful stone, of changeable colors. 
 
 O-pal-es'cence, n. [Fr.] Shining lustre, as of opal. 
 
 O-pal-es'cent, a. [Fr.J Resembling opal in lus- 
 tre ; iridescent and milky. 
 
 5'pal-ine, a. [Fr. opalin.] Relating to, or like, 
 opal. 
 
 O-paque' (o-pak'), a. [Fr. ; L. opacus.] Dark; 
 not clear ; impervious to light ; not transparent. 
 
 O-paque'ness (o-pak'nes), n. Opacity. 
 
 Ope, v. a. '& v. n. [pp. oping, oped.] To open. 
 [Used in poetry.] 
 
 5'pen (o'pn), v. a. [A.-S. openian ; Dut. openen ; 
 T)a.n. aabne ; Ger. b'ffinen.] [pp. opening, opened.] 
 To unclose ; to expand : — to unlock : — to explain ; 
 to disclose: — to begin. — 2, v. n. To unclose 
 itself:— to begin. — 3, a. [A.-S. & Dut. open; 
 Ger. offen; Dan. aaben: closely related to Up 
 and Off.] Unclosed; not shut; expanded : — 
 evident; plain; clear: — candid; /ran/;; ingenu- 
 ous; artless :— exposed; not defended: — public: 
 — liberal : — not determined. 
 
 5'pen-eyed (o'pn-id), a. Vigilant ; watchful. 
 
 5'pen-hand'ed (o'pn-), a. Munificent 
 
 o'pen-heart'ed (o'pn-), a. Frank; candid. 
 
 5'pen-ing, n. ' An aperture ; a breach : — an oppor- 
 tunity : — a commencement. 
 
 5'pen-ly. (o'pn-le), ad. In an open manner. 
 
 o'pen-ness (Vpn-nes), n. Quality of being open. 
 
 5p'e-ra, n. [It.; L. opera, service; opus, work.] 
 A musical drama, consisting of airs, recitatives, 
 choruses, &c. 
 
 5p'e-ra-bouffe (-bfif), n. [Fr. op> : ra bouffe; bovffe, 
 comic. — See Buffoon.] A comic opera. 
 
 5p'e-ra-glass, n. A small telescope, usually 
 double, used at theatres, «&c. 
 
 Qp'er-ate, v. n. [L. operari, operatm; opus, operi% 
 work.] [pp. operating, operated.] To act; to 
 produce effects. — 2, <•. a. To put or keep in oper- 
 ation : — to bring to pass. 
 
 5p-e-rat'ic, a. Relating to an opera. 
 
 Op-er-a'tion, n. [L. operatic] Agency; influ- 
 
 ence ; action. 
 5p'er-a-tive, a. 
 
 efficacious. — 2, 
 
 mill-hand. 
 5p'er-a-tor, n. 
 Op-e-ret'ta, n. 
 
 [Late L. operativus.] Active ; 
 . A mechanic; an artisan: — a 
 
 L.] One who operates. 
 It. ; dim. of opera.] A light and 
 short musical drama. [labor. 
 
 5p'e-rose, a. [L. o))erosus.] Laborious; full of 
 
 Sph'i-cleide, n. [Fr. ophicleide; Gr. 6(/us, a ser- 
 pent, and /cAet's, /cAeiSd?, a key.] A musical 
 wind-instrument. 
 
 Q-phid'i-an, «• [Gr. 0^15, a snake : this word is 
 irregularly formed.] A serpent. — 2, a. Relating 
 to, or resembling, serpents or snakes. 
 
 5ph-i-ol'a-try, n. [Gr. 5(f>is, a snake, and Aarpet'a, 
 worship'.] Serpent-worship. 
 
 Sph-i-ol'o-i'y., »• [Gr. o$i?, a snake, and Adyo?, 
 a treatise.] The science of serpents. 
 
 Qph-thal'mi-a, or Oph'thal-my. n. [Gr. b(f>9a\- 
 fj.ia; 6</>0aAni6s, the eye.]' A disease or inflam- 
 mation of the eyes. 
 
 Qph-thal'mic (op-thal'mik or of-thfil'mjk), a. [Gh 
 6$0aA/u.i»c6s.] Relating to the eye. 
 
 Qph-thal'mo-scope, «• [Gr. o(l>0aA/u.d?, the eye, 
 and o-Koneiv, to see.] An instrument for exam- 
 ining the interior of the eye. 
 
 mien, sir . 
 
 m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— C, G, c, £, soft; p, J5, a, f , hard; s as z ; x as gz ; this. 
 
 33* 
 
OPIATE 
 
 390 
 
 OEBIT 
 
 6'pi-^te, a. [See Opium.] Causing sleep; sopo- 
 rific ; narcotic. — 2, w. A medicine prepared 
 from, or containing, opium. 
 
 Q-pine', v. n. [Fr. opiner ; L. opinari.] [pp. opin- 
 ing, opined.] To think ; to suppose. 
 
 Q-pin'i-a-tive (o-pin'ye-a-tiv), a. Stiff in opinion. 
 
 O-pin'ion (o-pln'yun), n.' [L. opinio. — See Opine.] 
 That which is thought; supposition; judgment; 
 notion ; thought. 
 
 Q-pin'ion-at-ed, \ a. Obstinate in opinion : — un- 
 
 Q-pin'ion-a-tive, J duly stiff' in holding opinions. 
 
 Q-pin'ion-ist, n. One fond of his own notions. 
 
 6'pi-uni, n. [L. ; Turk, ufiun; Gr. ottlov, dim. 
 of 07t6s, juice.] The inspissated or concrete juice 
 from the capsule of the white poppy. 
 
 8p-o-del'doc, n. [A coined name, probably at first 
 given to some nostrum.] A plaster; a liniment. 
 
 O-pop'a-nax, n. [Gr. 67769, juice, and naval-, a 
 plant-name, equivalent to "all-heal." — See Pan- 
 acea.] A strong-smelling gum-resin. 
 
 9-pos'sum, n. [An American Indian word.] A 
 marsupial quadruped. 
 
 Op-po'nent, n. [L. opponere, opponentis; oppositum, 
 to oppose (q. v.) ; ob, against, and ponere, to 
 place.] An antagonist; an adversary : — correla- 
 tive of defendant or respondent.— 2, a. Opposite ; 
 opposing; adverse. 
 
 5p'por-tune, a. [L. opportunus, seasonable; ob, 
 near, and portus, a harbor.] Seasonable; conve- 
 nient; fit. 
 
 5p-por-tune'ly, ad. Seasonably; properly. 
 
 <5p-por-tu'ni-tx, h. [L. opportunitas.] A fit time 
 or occasion. [opposition. 
 
 Qp-pos/a-ble, a. That may be opposed or put in 
 
 Op-pose', v. a. [Fr. opposer ; historically it rep- 
 resents L. ob, against, and pausare, to pause 
 (q. v.); in meaning and form it completely 
 represents L. opponere, to place against. — See 
 Opponent.] [pp. opposing, opposed.] To act, 
 speak, or strive against ; to hinder; to resist; to 
 withstand :— to put in opposition. — 2, v. n. To 
 act adversely ; to object. 
 
 Op-posed' (op-pozd'), p. Resisted. — 2, p. a. Being 
 against; opposite; antagonistic. 
 
 5p-pos'er, n. One who opposes ; an opponent. 
 
 5p'po-site, a. [L. opponere, oppositum, to oppose. 
 — See Opponent.] Placed in front; facing each 
 other ; opposing : — adverse ; contrary : — noting 
 leaves, flowers, or branches growing in pairs on 
 opposing sides of the stem. 
 
 5p'po-site-ly, ad. In an opposite manner. 
 
 5p-po-si"tion (op-po-zish'un), n. [L. oppositio. — 
 See Opposite.] Hostile resistance ; contrariety; 
 diversity.— {Politics.) A party that opposes the 
 party in power. 
 
 Op-press', v. a. [Fr. oppresser; L. opprimere, op- 
 
 fressum; ob, against, and primere, to press (q. v.).] 
 pp. oppressing, oppressed.] To crush by hard- 
 ship or severity ; to bear down ; to subdue, 
 
 Qp-pres'sion (op-presh'un), v. [L. oppressio.] The 
 act of oppressing; hardship; cruelty; severity; 
 tyranny. [some ; tyrannical. 
 
 Qp-pres'sive, a. Cruel; unjustly severe ; burden- 
 
 Qp-pres'sive-ly, ad. In a severe manner. 
 
 OP-pres'sive-ngss, n. Quality of being oppressive. 
 
 Qp-press'or, n. [L.] One who oppresses ; a tyrant. 
 
 Qp-pro'bri-ous, o. [L. opiprobriosus.] Reproach- 
 ful; scurrilous. 
 
 Op-pro'bri-ous-ly, ad. Scurrilously. 
 
 Qp-pro'bri-ous-ness, n. Scurrility; abuse. 
 
 Op-pro'bri-iim, n. [L. ; ob, near, on, and pro- 
 brium, disgrace.] Disgrace; infamy. 
 
 Qp-pugn' (op-pun'), v. a. [Fr. oppugner ; L. op- 
 pugnare, to fight; ob, against, and jmgnaire, to 
 fight; pugnns, the fist.] [pp. oppugning, op- 
 pugned.] To oppose ; to attack. 
 
 Qp-pugn'er (op-pun'er), n. Assailer. 
 
 5p'ta-tive, a. [L. optativus; optare, optatnm, to 
 choose, to wish.] Expressive of desire. — (Greek 
 d to a 
 
 Gram.) Applie 
 expresses desire. 
 
 mood of the verb which 
 
 5p'tic, 71. [Gr. otttiko?; bpdetv, ov//o/xat, to see.] 
 An instrument or organ of sight. 
 
 5p'tic, \a. Relating to vision or sight, or to 
 
 5p'ti-cal, J the science of optics. 
 
 9p-ti"c'ian (op-tlsh'an), n. One skilled in optics : 
 — a maker of optical glasses and spectacles. 
 
 Sp'tics, n. The science of light and vision. 
 
 Op-ti-ma'tes, n. pi. [L. ; optimus, best : root of 
 Optative.] The chief men in a state ; the no- 
 bles ; the aristocracy. 
 
 5p'ti-me, n. [L. ; optimus, best.] One who holds, 
 next after the wranglers, the highest rank, as a 
 scholar, in the university of Cambridge, England. 
 
 5p'ti-mi§m, n. [L. optimus, best.] The doctrine 
 that every thing in nature is ordered for the best. 
 
 5p'ti-mist, n. One who believes in optimism. 
 
 5p-ti-mis'tic, a. Of or relating to, partaking of 
 the nature of, or characterized by, optimism. 
 
 5p'tion, n. [L. optio; optare, to wish.] The power 
 of choosing; choice. 
 
 Op'tipn-al, a. Depending upon choice. 
 
 5p'u-lence, n. [L. opulentia.] Great worldly pos- 
 sessions; riches; wealth; affluence; fortune. 
 
 5p'u-len-cy., n. Opulence. [wealthy ; affluent. 
 
 5p'u-lent, a. [L. opidentus; opes, wealth.] Rich; 
 
 Op'u-lent-ly., ad. Richly ; with splendor. 
 
 Or, conj. [Short for other or either.] A disjunc- 
 tive particle, marking distribution : — it corre- 
 sponds to either. 
 
 5r'a-cle, n. [L. oracidum; orare, to speak; os, 
 oris, the mouth,] A response delivered by a 
 heathen deity, or by supernatural wisdom : — the 
 deity who gave the response : — a place where 
 responses were given : — one famed for wisdom. 
 
 Q-rac'u-lar, a. [L. oracidarius.] Uttering oracles ; 
 resembling an oracle ; wise. 
 
 Q-rac'u-lar-ly, ad. Sententiously ; authoritatively. 
 
 6'ral, a. [L. os, oris, the mouth.] Delivered by 
 mouth; spoken, not written; verbal; vocal. 
 
 o'ral-ly, ad. By mouth ; without writing. 
 
 Sr'ange, ». [Fr. ; 0. Fr. orenge; Sp. naranja; 
 Port, laravja; Per. narang ; Skr. naranga. — Cf. 
 Malayalim naran-gay, an orange ; referred to 
 nar, to smell, and katj, fruit.] A kind of tree 
 and its fruit : — a deep yellow color. — 2, a. Re- 
 lating to an orange or its color. 
 
 5r'amJ-e-man, n. A supporter of William, Prince 
 of Orange (William III. of England) :— a mem- 
 ber of an Irish Protestant secret society. 
 
 5r'an-ger-y, n. A plantation of orange-trees. 
 
 6-rang'-6u-tang\ or 6'rang-ou'tang, n. [Malay 
 orang, a man, and ittan, a forest.] A large spe- 
 cies of ape, much resembling the human species. 
 
 Q-ra'tion, 11. [L. oratio ; orare, oraium, to speak 
 or pray; os, oris, the mouth.] A public speech; 
 a declamation. 
 
 5r'a-tor, n. [L. orator, a speaker, a petitioner. — 
 See Oration.] An eloquent speaker; a public 
 speaker.— (Law.) A petitioner. 
 
 5r-a-to'ri-an, n. A priest of the oratory. 
 
 Or-a-tor'i-cal, a. Relating to oratory ; rhetorical. 
 
 5r-a-tor'i-cal-lx, ad. Rhetorically. 
 
 Or-a-to'ri-o, «. ; pi. Or-a-to'ri-os. [It.] (Mus.) 
 A' sacred musical composition or d'ama, con- 
 sisting of airs, recitatives, duets, and choruses. 
 
 5r'a-to-ry., n. [L. oratorius, belonging to an ora- 
 tor.]' The art of speaking well ; eloquence: — rhet- 
 oric : — [L. oratorium] a place for prayer :— an 
 order or congregation of priests; a house of 
 oratorians or priests. 
 
 <5rb, n. [Fr. orbe ; L. orbis, a circle.] A round 
 body; sphere; globe; circle. — 2, v. n. [pp. orb- 
 ing, orbed.] To change into an orb; to become 
 round. 
 
 Qr-bic'u-lar, a. [L. orbiadarvs ; orbis, a circle ; 
 orbiadus', a little circle.] Spherical : — circular. 
 
 Or-bic'u-lar-ly, ad. Spherically :— circularly. 
 
 Or-bic'u-l4te, a. Circular; round. 
 
 5r'bit, n. [L. orbita, a track : related to orbis, a 
 circle.] (Astron.) The line which a heavenly 
 bodv describes in its revolution ; a cavity. 
 
 a, e, I, 0, u, y, long ; a, e, 1, 0, u, y, short; a, e, i, 0, u, y., obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
ORBITAL 
 
 391 
 
 OEXAMEXT 
 
 Or'bi-tal, a. Relating to an orbit. 
 
 Or' chard, n. [A.-S. orceard, ortgeard, literally a 
 wort-yard; Dan. urtgaard. — See Wort and 
 Yard.] An enclosure for the cultivation of 
 fruit-trees, as of apple-trees. 
 
 Or'chard-ist, n. One who cultivates an orchard. 
 
 Or'phes-tra, or or-ehes'tra, _n. [L. ; Gr. bpxno- 
 rpa," a dancing-floor; bp\elo-9ai., to dance.] A 
 place in a theatre for musicians ; a band of mu- 
 sicians. 
 
 Or-phes-tra'tion, n. (Mm.) Instrumentation. 
 
 Or'ehid, n. [Badly formed from orchis.] A plant 
 of a' natural order remarkable for its grotesquely 
 shaped flowers. 
 
 Or'chil, n. [From Oricellari, who introduced its 
 use.'] A species of lichen used in dyeing. 
 
 Or' phis, n. [L. ; Gr. opxis, a testicle.] A genus 
 of plants ; an orchid. 
 
 Or-dain', v. a. [L. ordinare; ordo, ordinis, order 
 (q. v.).] [pp. ordaining, ordained.] To appoint; 
 to decree ; to order ; to establish ; tc settle ; to 
 prescribe : — to invest with the pastoral office ; to 
 
 Or-dain'er, n. One who ordains. [institute. 
 
 Or'de-al, n. [A.-S. ordal, ordel; Dut. oordeel ; 
 Ger. urtheil, judgment; Mr- (A.-S. or-), out, and 
 theil, a share, a deal (q. v.).] A form of trial by 
 fire or water ; a severe trial. 
 
 Or'der, n. [Fr. ordre; 0. Fr. ordene; L. ordo, or- 
 dinis, arrangement.] A method; a rule; dis- 
 position; arrangement; a. series: — a mandate ; 
 direction ; precept : — a class ; degree ; rank : — a j 
 subdivision of a class; a group : — a society. — pi. 
 Admission to the priesthood; the ecclesiastical 
 or priestly office. — (Arch.) There are five orders \ 
 of columns, with their entablatures, — the Boric, 
 Ionic, Corinthian, Tuscan, and Composite. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. ordering, ordered.] To regulate ; 
 to manage ; to direct : — to ordain. 
 
 Or'der-less, a. Destitute of order; unruly. 
 
 br'der-li-ness, n. Regularity; method. 
 
 br'der-ly, a. Observing order; methodic d ; sys- 
 tematic; well regulated; regular; quiet. — 2, n. 
 A military attendant. 
 
 Or'di-nal, a. [L. ordinalUs; ordo, ordinis, order 
 (q. v.)'.] Noting order; as, second, third. — 2, it. 
 A ritual : — a number noting order : as, tenth is 
 the ordinal often. 
 
 Or'di-nance, n. [Fr. ordonnance ; Late L. ordinan- 
 tia, a command. — See Ordain.] A law; au es- 
 tablished rule ; a decree ; an appointment ; a rite. 
 
 Or'di-na-ri-ljr, ad- Commonly ; usually. 
 
 br'di-na-rjr, a. [L. ordinarins, usual ; Fr. ordinaire ; 
 L. ordo, custom, order (q. v.).] Usual; com- 
 mon ; of middling quality : — mean ; ugly. — 2, n. 
 An ecclesiastical judge ; a bishop. — (Naitt.) Thu 
 establishment of shipping not in service :— a 
 place for eating : — a regular meal, or price of it. 
 
 Or'di-nate, a. Regular: methodical. — 2, n. A per- 
 pendicular line drawn from a point in a curve ! 
 to the abscissa. 
 
 Or-di-na'tion, n. [L. ordinatio. — See Ordaix.] , 
 Act of ordaining; act of investing a man with 
 the pastoral office. 
 
 Ord'nance, n. [Fr. ordonnance, arrangement, < 
 equipments, — formerly also the size or calibre 
 of a gun; later, the gun itself.] Cannon; heavy 
 artillery. 
 
 Ord'ure (ord'yur), n. [Fr. ordure, filth; ord. foul; j 
 It. ordura, filth; ordo, foul; horrido, hideous. — 
 
 _ See Horrid.] Dung; filth; excrement. 
 
 Ore, n. [A.-S. or : akin to ar, brass. — Cf. Icel. eir, 
 L. ses, eeris, bronze or ore.] Metal yet in its fos- 
 sil state ; mineral. 
 
 5're-ad, h. [Gr. bpetds, opeiaSo?; opos, a moun- 
 tain.] A nymph of the mountains. 
 
 Or'gan, n. [Fr. oraane ; L. organum ; Gr. bpyavov, j 
 an implement ; epyov, a work.] An instrument : i 
 — an essential part of an animal or a vegetable 
 body : — a large musical wind-instrument. 
 
 Qr-gan'ic, «• [L. organieus ; Gr. opyariKo?. — See i 
 Organ.] Relating to or possessing organs ; re- 
 
 lated to animal or vegetable organisms : — acting 
 as an instrument. 
 
 Or-gan'i-cal-lx, ad. By means of organs. 
 
 Or'gan-ism, n. An organized structure. 
 
 Or'gan-ist, n. One who plays on the organ. 
 
 Or-gan-I'za-ble, a. That may be organized. 
 
 Or-gan-i-za'tion, n. [Fr. organisation.] Act of 
 organizing; formation; a due construction of 
 parts. 
 
 Or'gan-Ize, v. a. [Fr. organiser.] [pp. organiz- 
 ing, organized.] To form organically or with 
 organs ; to construct ; to form properly. 
 
 br'gan-ized, p. a. Formed with organs. 
 
 br'gan-loft, n. A loft where an organ stands. 
 
 br-gan-og'ra-phy, n. [Gr. bpyavov, an organ, 
 and ypd^eiv, to write, to describe (g. v.).] A de- 
 scription of the organs or structure of plants or 
 animals. 
 
 Or'gasm, n. [Gr. opyaeiv, to swell, to be eager; 
 bpyr), impulse.] Immoderate excitement. 
 
 Or'geat (br'zhat), r». [Fr. ; from orge, L. hnrdeum, 
 barley.] A sweetened and flavored emulsion of 
 almonds. 
 
 Or fie, I n.; pi. br'fies_(bVjiz). [Fr. orgie, a revel; 
 
 br'fy, J L. orgia, Gr. bpyia, bacchanal rites: ep- 
 701*', a work, or opy^, impulse, rage.] A frantic 
 revel ; the rites of Bacchus. 
 
 6'ri-el, n. [0. Fr. oriol, a porch ; Late L. oriolmn, 
 ah oriel ; L. aureolm, gilded ; aurum, gold.] A 
 sort of recess : — a bay-window. 
 
 5'ri-ent, a. [L. oriens, orientis, east, — literally, 
 rising; oriri, to rise.] Risiug, as the sun: — 
 eastern. — 2, n. The east; part where the sun 
 rises. 
 
 6-ri-ent'al, a. Eastern ; placed in the east. — 2, n. 
 An inhabitant of the East. 
 
 O-ri-ent'al-ist, n- An inhabitant of the E ist : — 
 one versed in Oriental learning. 
 
 O-ri-en-ta'tion, n. Disposal toward, or tnrniug 
 to, the east or to any point : — eastward posture. 
 
 5r'i-fice. n. [Fr. ; L. orincium, an opening; os, 
 oris, a mouth, and facere, to make.] Any open- 
 ing ; a perforation. 
 
 br'i-flamme, or oYi-flamb (or'e-flam\ «. [Fr. ; 
 Late L. aurijlamma; L. aureus, golden, and flam- 
 ma, flame ; flamnuda, a little flame. — also a ban- 
 ner.] A golden standard; the French royal 
 standard. 
 
 Q-rig'a-niim, »• [L. ; Gr. bpiyavov; opos, a moun- 
 tain,' and yai'os, brightness, joy.] A fragrant 
 mint-like plant. 
 
 5r'i-fin, n. [L. origo, orijinis ; oriri. to arise.] A 
 beginning; cause of existence ; rise; a fountain; 
 a s.mrce ; original. 
 
 O-rif'i-nal, n. Origin; source :— first copy; an 
 archetype; model. — 2, a. Preceding all others; 
 primary; pristine; primitive; first; native: — not 
 copied ; having new ideas. 
 
 O-rif-i-nal'i-ty, n. Quality of being original. 
 
 <?-rif 'i-nal-iy, ad. Primarily ; from the begin- 
 ning; at first ; as the first author. 
 
 O-rif'i-nate, r. a. [pp. originating, originated.] 
 To bring into existence.— 2, v. n. To begin or 
 take existence. 
 
 O-rif'i-na'tion, n. The act of originating. 
 
 Q-rii'i-na-tor. n. One who originates. 
 
 o'ri-ole, n. [L. aureolns, dim. of aureus, golden; 
 a'urum, gold.] A bird of various species. 
 
 5r'i-son (or'e-zun), >». [Fr. oraison, 0. Fr. orison, 
 L. o'rath, a prayer. — See Oratiox.] A prayer; a 
 supplication. 
 
 br'lop, n. [Dut. overloop ; orer, over, and loopen, 
 to "run, to leap (q. v.).] (Naut.) A temjiorary 
 deck ; a platform. 
 
 Or'mo-lu, n. [Fr. or moulu, milled gold ; or, gold, 
 and" moudre, to grind.] A variety of brass or 
 bronze, used for ornamental work. 
 
 Or'na-ment, n. [Fr. ornement; L. ornamentnm ; or- 
 nare,to adorn.] Embellishment; decoration. — 
 2, a. a. [pp. ornamenting, ornamented.] To 
 embellish ; to adorn. 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — C, <?, c, f , soft; p, J5, it, f , hard; § as z ; jiwgz; this. 
 
ORNAMENTAL 
 
 392 
 
 OSTRICH 
 
 opvi?, 6pvi0o?, 
 
 Oruithorhynchus. 
 
 Or-na-ment'al, a. Giving embellishment. 
 
 5r-na-men-ta'tion, n. Embellishment. 
 
 Or'nate, a. [L. ornare, ornatum, to adorn.] Be- 
 decked ; decorated ; tine. 
 
 Or'nate-ly, od. Finely ; with decoration. 
 
 Or-ni-tho-log'i-cal, a. Relating to ornithology. 
 
 6r-ni-thol'o-|"ist, re. One versed in ornithology. 
 
 Or-ni-thol'o-gy, n. [Gr. opia?, opviflos, a bird, 
 and Aoyo's, a treatise.] That part of zoology 
 which treats of birds. 
 
 Or-ni-tho-rhyn'phus. n. [Gr 
 bird, aiid pv'-yx o? >' a snout.] 
 A singular quadruped, 
 having a mouth like that 
 of a bird. 
 
 6r-o-graph'ic, \ a. Re- 
 
 5r-o-graph'i-cal, J lating to 
 orography'; desci'iptive of 
 mountains. 
 
 Q-rog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. 6po?, 
 a mountain, and ypa^eiv, to write.] The science 
 of, or a treatise on, the geological structure of 
 mountains. 
 
 5r-o-lo£'i-cal, a. Relating to orology. 
 
 O-rol'o-^ist, n. A describer of mountains. 
 
 Q-rol'o-gy, re. [Gr. opo?, a mountain, and Aoyos, 
 a treatise.] A treatise on mountains. 
 
 6-ro-tund', a. [L. os, oris, the mouth, utterance, 
 and rotundm, round.] Uttered with fulness, 
 clearness, and strength. 
 
 Or'phan, n. [Gr. 6p(/>6s, bp<bavo<;, destitute. — Cf. 
 L. o'rbus, bereft; Fr. orphelin.} A child who has 
 lost either father or mother, or both. — 2, a. Be- 
 reft of parents. 
 
 Or'phan-afe, re. [Fr. orphelinage.] The state of 
 an orphan : — a house for orphans. 
 
 Or'phaned (or'fand), a. Bereft of parents. 
 
 Qr-phl'an, a. Relating to Orpheus; Orphic. 
 
 Or'phic,' a. Relating to Orpheus ; mystic ; myste- 
 rious. 
 
 Or'pi-ment, n. [L. auripigmentum ; aurum, gold, 
 and pigmentum, pigment (q. v.).] A mineral; 
 yellow arsenic. 
 
 5r're-ry, re. [Named in honor of Charles, second 
 earl of Orrery, eighteenth century.] An instru- 
 ment which represents the revolutions of the 
 heavenly bodies. [root. 
 
 Cr'ris, re. [It. irens ; L. iris; Gr. Tpi?.] A fragrant 
 
 Or'tho-dox, «. [Gr. 6p#6So£o?; 6p06s, true, direct, 
 and'S6£a, opinion ; Soicelv, to seem.] Conformed 
 to the catholic or universal church; sound in 
 doctrine. 
 
 Or'tho-dox-y, re. Quality of being orthodox; 
 soundness in doctrine ; sound doctrine. 
 
 Or-tho-drom'ics, re. pi [Gr. 6p06?, straight, and 
 Spo/jLos, a course; Spa/xelu, 6eSpop.a, to run.] 
 The art of sailing on a right course, or in the 
 arc of some great circle. 
 
 6r-tho-ep'i-cal, a. Relating to orthoepy. 
 
 Or'tho-e-pist, re. One who is versed in orthoerjy 
 _ or correct pronunciation. 
 
 Or'tho-e-py, re. [Gr. bpOoeneta; bpQos, true, cor- 
 rect", and e7To?, a word.] The art of pronouncing 
 words properly. 
 
 Or-thog'ra-pher, re. One versed in orthography. 
 
 Or-tho-graph'ic, a. Relating to orthography. 
 
 6r-tho-graph'i-cal-ly, ad. According to rule. 
 
 9r-thog'ra-phy, re. [Gr. bp0oypa<f)ia ; bpOos, cor- 
 rect, and yp&4>eiv, to write.] The art or proper 
 mode of spelling words: — the representation of 
 a section of a building without perspective. 
 
 6r-tho-paed'ie, or Or-tho-ped'ic, a. [See Or- 
 thopedy.] Relating to the cure of deformities. 
 
 Qr-thop'e-dy, n. [Gr. 6p06s, straight, and ?raU, 
 n-aiSo?, a child.] The art of curing or remov- 
 ing deformities in the human body or chiefly in 
 children. 
 
 6r-thop'te-ra, n. pi. [Gr. 6p0o?, straight, and 
 irrepov, a wing.] An order of insects, includ- 
 ing grasshoppers, &c. 
 
 Or'to-lan, n. [Fr. ; It. ortolano, L. hortulanns, be- 
 
 longing to a garden ; hortus, a garden.] A small 
 bird used for food. 
 
 Orts, re. pi. [0. Dut. oorete, food uneaten ; oor- 
 (A.-S. or-, Ger. vr-), over, without, and eten, to 
 eat; Local Ger. uriiss, refuse; Low Ger. orUtro, 
 refuse straw.] Refuse of hay, &c. ; things left. 
 
 5s'cil-late, v. re. [L. oscdlare, oscillativm, to swing; 
 oscillum, a swiug : perhaps for obs, against, and 
 obsolete cillere, to move.] [pp. oscillating, oscil- 
 lated.] To move backward and forward, as a 
 pendulum ; to vibrate. 
 
 5s-cil-la'tion, re. [L. oscillalio.] The act of oscil- 
 lating; the act of moving like a pendulum; 
 vibration. [a pendulum. 
 
 5s'cil-la-to-ry, or Qs-cll'la-to-ry, a. Moving like 
 
 Os'ci-tate, v. n. [L. osci'tare, oscitatum ; os, the 
 mouth, and ciere, to move.] [pp. oscitating, 
 oscitated.] To yawn ; to gape. 
 
 5s-ci-ta'tion, n. [L. oscitatio.] The act of }'awning. 
 
 5s'cu-late, v. a. [L. oscuiari, osadatus, to kiss; os- 
 mium, a little mouth, a kiss ; os, a mouth.] [ pp. 
 osculating, osculated.] To kiss; to touch gently. 
 
 5s-cu-la'tion, re. [L. osculatio.] The act of oscu- 
 lating ; touch. 
 
 5s'cu-la-to-ry, n. A tablet in churches which 
 is kissed. — 2, a. Pertaining to oscnlation : — 
 touching. 
 
 6'§ier (6'zher), n. £Fr. ; Walloon, woisir; Local 
 Fr. oisL — Cf. Gr. oicros, a willow.] A tree of the 
 willow kind. 
 
 5'§ier-y (o'zher-e), n. A place where osiers are 
 grown. — 2, a. Abounding in osiers. 
 
 Os'mi-um, n. [Gr. 607*17, a smell ; from the odor 
 of some of its compounds.] A very hard, in- 
 fusible metal. [bird of prey. 
 
 Os'prey, ». [A variant of Ossifrage.] A large 
 
 5s'se-ous (or osh'e-us), a. [L. osseus, bony ; os, a 
 bone. — Cf. Gr. ocrreov, Skr. asthi, a bone.] Bony ; 
 resembling bone. 
 
 5s'si-cle (os'se-kl), n. [L. ossiculum, dim. of os, 
 a bone.] A small bone. 
 
 5s-si-fi-ca'tion, re. Change into bony substance. 
 
 Os'si-fraf'e, n. [L. ossifragus ; os, ossis, a bone, 
 and frangere, root frag-, to break.] A kind of 
 eagle or osprey. 
 
 5s'si-fy, v. a. [L. os, ossis, a bone, and fieri, to 
 become.] [pp. ossifying, ossified.] To convert 
 or change into bone. — 2, v. n. To become bone. 
 
 5s'su-a-ry (osh'yu-a-re or 6s'su-a-re), n. [L. ossua- 
 rinm'; ossa, bones.] A charnel-house : — a reposi- 
 tory for the bones of the dead. 
 
 Qs-ten'si-ble, a. [Fr. ; L. ostendere, ostensum, to 
 Bhow;'o6.?, to, and tendere, to stretch.] Held 
 forth to view ; apparent ; manifested ; plausible ; 
 specious; colorable. 
 
 Os-ten'si-bly, ad. In an ostensible manner. 
 
 Os-ten-ta'tion, n. [L. osterdalio ; ostentare, osten- 
 tat'um, to display, intensive of ostendere, to show. 
 — See Ostensible.] Ambitious display ; parade; 
 show; vainglory; boasting. 
 
 5s-ten-ta'tious, a. Ambitious of, or making, dis- 
 play ; fond of show; boastful; vain. 
 
 5s-ten-ta'tious-ly, ad. Vainly; boastfully. 
 
 Ss-te-o^'e-ny, re. [Gr. oo-reov, bone, and y£veo~i<;, 
 formation.] Formation of bone, or of the bones. 
 
 5s-te-ol'o-|-ist, n. One versed in osteology. 
 
 5s-te-ol'o-gy, n. [Gr. bareov, a bone, and Aoyos, 
 a discourse.] A description of the bones. 
 
 Ost'ler (Os'ler), n. [See Hostler.] A hostler. 
 
 Os'tra-cism. n. A mode of banishment by writing 
 the name of the accused person on shells : — ban- 
 ishment ; public censure. 
 
 5s'tra-cize, v. a. [Gr. bcrrpaKi^eiv ; barpaicov, a 
 potsherd, a shell. — Cf. oarpeov, an oyster (q. v.). 
 A potsherd was used as a voting tablet.] [pp. 
 ostracizing, ostracized.] To banish ; to expel. 
 
 5s'trich, n. [Fr. autrucJie; 0. Fr. ostruche ; Sp. 
 dvestruz; L. avis struthio ; avis, a bird, and stmthio, 
 an ostrich; Gr. o-rpov86<;, a sparrow, — also, an 
 ostrich.] The largest known bird, noted for its 
 beautiful feathers. 
 
 a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
OTALGIA 
 
 393 
 
 OUTWEAK 
 
 0-tai'£-i-a, w. [Gr. o5s, ioto?, the ear, and aAyos, 
 pain.] '(Med.) The earache. 
 
 Stt'er (uth'er), pron. [A. -S. oder, other, second; 
 Dut. & Ger. under, L. a?ter, Skr. anya, antara, 
 other.] Not the same; not this. 
 
 6tfi'er-wlse (uth'er-wlzj, ad. In a different man- 
 ner ; in another way. — 2, conj. Else ; but for this. 
 
 6-ti-6se' (o-she-os'), a. [L. otiosus; otium, ease.] 
 Idle; unemployed. 
 
 5-ti-os'i-ty. (o-she-os'i-te), n. [L. otiositas.] The 
 state of being otiose ; idleness ; indolence. 
 
 bt'ter, n. [A.-S. otor ; Dut. & Ger. otter; Dan. 
 odder ; Sw. utter; Lith. udra ; Russ. vuidra : akin 
 to Water. — Of. L. hUria, Fr. Zoi<«;-e, Sp. nutria, 
 Port, lontra, an otter. The Latin group of names 
 is connected with luere, to wash.] An aquatic 
 animal, valued for its fur. 
 
 5t't5, n. [See Attar,] An essential oil. 
 
 bt'to-man, n.; pi. ot'to-mans. [Fr. ottomane, a 
 sofa; ottoman, Turkish; from Othman, the 
 founder of the Turkish dynasty.] A native of 
 Turkey; a Turk: — a kind of sofa; a hassock or 
 mat.— -J, a. Relating to the Turks. 
 
 Ought (awt), n. [An old preterite from Owe.] 
 Any thing. See Aught. — 2, verb defective (used 
 in the present and imperfect tenses). To owe or 
 be owed ; to be bound by duty, or to be obliged. 
 
 Ounce, n. [L. undo, an ounce, an inch (q. v.) ; Fr. 
 once. — Cf. Gr. 6y«os, mass, weight.] A small 
 weight :— [Port, ouca; Sp. onza; It. lonza.—Cf. 
 Per. yuz, a panther] an animal ; a pard. 
 
 6uphe (of), m. [See Oaf.] A goblin ; an oaf. 
 
 Our, pron. & a. [A.-S. itre, our, — properly, a geni- 
 tive plural corresponding to us. — Cf. Goth, unsar; 
 Ger. unser.) Belonging to us. 
 
 burs, pron. poss. Belonging to us. 
 
 bur-self, pron, recip. Us ; myself (in regal style). 
 
 6ur-selves' (oiir-selvz'), pron. recip. The plural 
 of myself ; we, not others : — us, not others. 
 
 bflst, v. a. [0. Fr. oster, Fr. oter, to take out; 
 probably from L. obstare, to oppose.] [pp. oust- 
 ing, ousted.] To vacate ; to deprive ; to eject. 
 
 bust'er, n. (Laic.) A dispossession ; ejection. , 
 
 Out, ad. [A.-S. titan, lite, nt ; But. nit; Icel., Sw., 
 & Goth, ut; Dan. ud; Ger. aw; Skr. ud.— Cf. L. 
 ultra, beyond.] Nut within ; not in : — opposed to 
 in ; abroad : — to the end : — loudly : — at a loss. — 
 2, inierj. Expressing abhorrence; begone. 
 
 but'-and-but', a. Thorough. — 2, ad. Completely; 
 thoroughly. 
 
 Out'break, n. A breaking out; an eruption. 
 
 but'break-ing, n. An eruption ; an outbreak. — 
 . 2, a. Violent: — conspicuously heinous. 
 
 Oiit'-build-ing, n. An out-house. 
 
 Out'biirst, n. An explosion ; an outbreak. 
 
 but'cast, p. a. [Out and Cast.] Thrown away; 
 
 ^ cast out. — 2, h. An exile; one expelled. 
 
 but'come, n. [Out and Come.] What is derived 
 
 ^ or results from any thing; net result; issue. 
 
 Out'crop, n. [Out and Crop.] (Geol.) The ex- 
 _ posure of strata at the surface of the earth. 
 
 but' cry, n. [Out and Cry.] A cry of distress; 
 
 ^ clamor : — auction. 
 
 but-do', v. a. [Out and Do.] [*'. outdid; pp. ont- 
 
 ^ doing, outdone.] To excel ; to surpass : to exceed. 
 
 Out' -door (out'dor), a. Being out of the house. 
 
 Out'er, a. Being without : — opposed to inner. 
 
 Out'er-most, a. Remotest from the middle. 
 
 but'f it. n. [Out and Fit.] The act or means of 
 
 ^ fitting out; allowance : — equipment. 
 
 Out' flow, n. A discharge or efflux. 
 
 Out-gen'er-al, v. a. \ pp. outgeneralling, outgen- 
 _ eralled.'] To exceed in military skill. 
 
 Out-go', i'. a. [Out and Go.] {i. outwent: pp. 
 outgoing, outgone.] To surpass; to go beyond ; 
 
 __ to leave behind :— to circumvent. 
 
 Out-grow', v. a. [Out and Grow.] [t. outgrew ; pp. 
 _ outgrowing, outgrown.] To surpass in growth. 
 
 Out'growth, n. An offshoot : — a result. 
 
 but' -house, n. A building connected with a 
 house, as a barn, stable, coach-house, &c. 
 
 but'ing, n. An excursion ; an airing. 
 
 Out-land'ish, a. [A.-S. ntlendisc.—See Out and 
 _ Land.] Not native; foreign; strange. 
 
 Out'law, w. [A.-S. ntlaga, uttah; Icel. ntlagi : 
 Out and Law.] One deprived of the benefit of 
 law. — 2, v. a. [pp. outlawing, outlawed.] To 
 deprive of the benefit and protection of the law. 
 
 Out'law-rx, n. (Law.) An act by which a man 
 is deprived of the protection of the law. 
 
 but'lay, n. [Out and Lay.] A sum expended; 
 expenditure. [an egress. 
 
 Out'let, n. [Out and Let.] A passage outward; 
 
 Out'li-er, n. [Out and Lie.] (Geol.) A portion 
 of a stratum detached from the principal mass. 
 
 Out'line, v. a. [pp. outlining, outlined.] To 
 form a sketch or outline of.— 2, n. An exterior 
 line ; a sketch. 
 
 Out'look (out'luk), n. [Out and Look.] A vigi- 
 lant watch : — a prospect; the probable future. 
 
 biit'ly-ing, a. Lying on the outskirts. 
 
 Out-num'ber, v. a. [Out and Number.] [pp. 
 outnumbering, outnumbered.] To exceed in 
 number. 
 
 but' port, n. A port at a distance from a city. 
 
 Out'post, n. A station without the limits of the 
 camp, or at a distance from the army. 
 
 Out-pour', v. a. [Out and Pouu.] [pp. outpour- 
 ing, outpoured.] To effuse; to emit. 
 
 but'put, n. The outcome of a mine or mill. 
 
 Out' rage, n. [Fr. outrage; It. oltraggio; from L. 
 ultra, beyond.] Open violence ; wanton abuse. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. outraging, outraged.] To injure 
 or abuse violently. 
 
 Out-ra'geous (out-ra'jus), a. Violent; furious; 
 exorbitant; enormous; excessive. 
 
 but-ra'geous-ly, ad. Violently ; furiously. 
 
 Outre (o-tra/), a. [Fr. ; outre, L. ultra, beyond.] 
 Extravagant; out of the common limits; over- 
 strained. 
 
 Out-ride', v. a. [Out and Bins.] [i. outrode ; pp. 
 outriding, outridden or outrid.J To pass by 
 riding. — 2, v. n. To ride or travel about. 
 
 but'rid-er, w. A servant or attendant on horse- 
 back, accompanying a carriage. 
 
 but'rig-ger, «. [Out and Ric] (NauL) A spar 
 or piece of timber for extending ropes or sails : — 
 a contrivance to prevent a boat from heeling 
 over too far. 
 
 but-right' (out-rlt'), ad. [Out and Eight.] Im- 
 mediately ; at once. 
 
 Oilt-run', r. a. [Out and Run.] [i outran; pp. 
 outrunning, outrun.] To leave behind ; to exceed. 
 
 Out-sail', r. a. [Out and Sail.] [pp. outsailing, 
 outsailed.] To leave behind in sailing. 
 
 but'set, n. An opening; a beginning. 
 
 Out-shine', r. a. [Out and Shine.] [». outshone 
 or outshined ; pp. outshining, outshone or out- 
 shined.] To excel in lustre. 
 
 but' side, n. [Out and Side.] Surface; external 
 part. — 2, a. Being without ; exterior. 
 
 Out'sid-er, n. One who is not in a society. 
 
 but' skirt, n. [Out and Skirt.] A suburb; an 
 outpost. 
 
 but-spok'en (-spok'n), a. [Out and Spoken.] Apt 
 to speak one's mind ; expressing all one's mind ; 
 frank and candid. 
 
 but-stand'ing, a. Existing abroad ; unpaid. 
 
 Out-strip'. 'v. a. [Out and Strip.] [pp. outstrip- 
 ping, outstripped.] To outgo ; to leave behind. 
 
 but'-tiirn, ». Same as Output. 
 
 Out-vie' (out-vl'j, v. a. [Out and Vie.] [pp. out- 
 vying, outvied.] To exceed; to surpass. 
 
 Out' ward. a. [A.-S. uteweard; Out, and the suffix 
 -ward, implying direction.] External ; exterior; 
 not inward : — from within. 
 
 but' ward, \ad. To outward parts; to foreign 
 
 but' wards, I parts : — toward the outside. 
 
 Out'ward-ly, ad. Externally. 
 
 Out-wear', v. a. [Out and Wear.] [L outwore ; 
 pp. outwearing, outworn.] To surpass in dura- 
 bilitv. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5, G, 5, £, soft ; p, &, p, g, hard; § an z ; x as gz ; this. 
 
OUTWEIGH 
 
 394 
 
 OVEKPOISE 
 
 A figure in the 
 
 6ut-weigh' (out-wa/), v. a. [Out and Weigh.] 
 [pp. outweighing, outweighed.] To exceed in 
 weight ; to preponderate ; to excel in value. 
 
 Out- wit', v. a. [Out and Wit.] [pp. outwitting, 
 outwitted.] To overcome by stratagem. 
 
 Out' work (-wiirk), n. [Out and Work.] A work 
 raised on the outside of the ditch of a fortified 
 place, or beyond the body of the place ; an exte- 
 rior work. 
 
 6u'zel (O'zl), n. [A.-S. 
 osle; Ger. amsel.~\ A 
 water-fowl : — a black- 
 bird. 
 
 5'va, n. [L.] The plural 
 of" ovum. 
 
 O'val, «. [Fr. oval; L. 
 ovum, Gr. ww, an egg 
 (q. v.) : akin to avis, a 
 bird.] Shaped like an 
 egg ; oblong ; ovate.- 
 shape of an egg. 
 
 Q-va'ri-an, a. Relating to an ovary. 
 
 <j>-va'ri-um, n. ; pi. o-va'ri-a. [L.J Ovary. 
 
 o'va-ry, n. The seat of eggs' or of impregnation : 
 — a case enclosing ovules or future seeds. 
 
 6'vate, a. Egg-shaped. 
 
 Q-va'tion, n. [L. ovatio, — literally, a shouting; 
 ovare,' ovatum, Gr. aueiv, to shout.] An inferior 
 Roman triumph : — an extraordinary tribute of 
 respect. 
 
 6Ven (uv'vn), n. [A.-S. & Ger. of en; Dut. oven; 
 Icel. own; Goth, auhns; Gr. inros.] An arched 
 cavity to bake in. 
 
 6'ver, prep. [A.-S. ofer; Dut. & Dan. over; Ger. 
 uber; Gr. vnep, L. super, Skr. upari, above : re- 
 lated to Upper.] Above ; across ; upon ; through- 
 out. — 2, ad. Above the top ; more ; throughout. 
 — 3, a. Being above or beyond ; tipper. 
 
 5-ver-act', v. a. & v. n. [Over and Act.] [pp. 
 overacting, overacted.] To act more than enough. 
 
 o'ver-aMl§, n. pi. [Over and All.] Loose trousers. 
 
 6-ver-arch', v. a. [Over and Arch.] [pp. over- 
 arching, overarched.] To cover as with an arch. 
 
 6-ver-S,we', v. a. [Over and Awe.] [pp. overaw- 
 ing, overawed.] To keep in awe ; to terrify. 
 
 6-ver-bal'ance, v. a. [Over and Balance.] [pp. 
 overbalancing, overbalanced.] To throw the bal- 
 ance on one side ; to outweigh ; to preponderate. 
 
 6-ver-bear' (o-ver-bar'), v. a. [Over and Bear.] 
 [i." overbore ; pp. overbeaiing, overborne.] To 
 bear down ; to overpower; to overwhelm. 
 
 O-ver-bear'ingr, p. a. Haughty ; domineering. 
 
 o'ver-board", ad. [Over and Board.] Off or out 
 of the ship. 
 
 6-ver-biir'den (-biir'dn), v. a. [Over and Bur- 
 den.] [pp. overburdening, overburdened.] To 
 overload. 
 
 6-ver-cast', v. a. [Over and Cast.] [i. overcast; 
 pp. overcasting, overcast.] To cloud ; to darken : 
 — to cast or rate too high : — to sew over. 
 
 5-ver-char£e', v. a. [Over and Charge.] [pp. 
 overcharging, overcharged.] To charge too 
 
 6'ver-charge, n. Too high a charge. [high. 
 
 6'ver-coat, n. An outside coat; a great-coat. 
 
 6-ver-come' (o-ver-k um'), v. a. [A.-S. ofercuman. 
 — See Over and" Come.] [i. overcame; pp. over- 
 coming, overcome.] To conquer; to vanquish; 
 to subdue ; to surmount. — 2, v. n. To gain the 
 superiority. 
 
 6-ver-do', v. a. & v. n. [Over and Do.] [i. over- 
 did ; pp. overdoing, overdone.] To do more than 
 enough. [dose. 
 
 o'ver-dose, n. [Over and Dose.] An excessive 
 
 6-ver-draw', v. a. [Over and Draw.] [i. over- 
 drew; pp. overdrawing, overdrawn.] To draw 
 too much. 
 
 O-ver-drlve', v. a. [Over and Drive.] [i. over- 
 drove; pp. overdriving, overdriven.] To drive 
 
 _ too hard. 
 
 O-ver-due', a. [Over and Due.] Past the time 
 of" payment, or of arrival. 
 
 5-ver-es'ti-m^te, n. An unduly large estimate. 
 
 O-ver-es'ti-mate, v. a. [Over and Estimate.] 
 [pp. overestimating, overestimated.] To esti- 
 mate too highly. 
 
 5'ver-fall, n. A cataract :— a shoal or bank. 
 
 O-ver-feed', v. a. & v. n. [Over and Feed.] 
 [i* overfed; pp. overfeeding, overfed.] To feed 
 too much. 
 
 O-ver-flow' (o-ver-flo'), v. n. [Over and Flow.] 
 [pp. overflowing, overflowed.] To be more than 
 full ; to spread ; to abound. — 2, v. a. To deluge ; 
 to inundate. 
 
 6'ver-flow, n. An inundation ; exuberance. 
 
 6-ver-flow'ing,M. Exuberance; overflow. — 2, p. a. 
 Inundating ; abundant. 
 
 6-ver-grow', v. a. & v. n. [Over and Grow.] 
 [i.' overgrew ; pp. overgrowing, overgrown.] To 
 cover with growth : — to rise above : — to grow 
 beyond ; to grow too rankly. 
 
 5'ver-growth, n. Exuberant growth. 
 
 6-ver-hang', v. a. & v. n. [Over and Hang.] 
 [i.' overhung ; pp. overhanging, overhung.] To 
 jut or impend over. [part. 
 
 5'ver-hang-, n. An overhanging or projecting 
 
 O-ver-haul', v. a. [Over and Haul.] [pp. over- 
 hauling, overhauled.] To overtake ; to examine. 
 
 O-ver-head' (o-ver-hed'), ad. [Over and Head.] 
 Aloft; above. 
 
 O-ver-hear' (o-ver-her'), v. a. [Over and Hear.] 
 [u overheard ; pp. overhearing, overheard.] To 
 hear privately or by chance. 
 
 6-ver-is'sue (-ish'shu), n. [Over and Issue.] An 
 ex'cessive issue. — 2, v. a. [pp. overissuing, over- 
 issued.] To emit in excess. 
 
 6-ver-jbyed', p. a. [Over and Joy.] Delighted. 
 
 d'ver-king, n. [Over and King.] A monarch to 
 whom another king owes fealty for his realm or 
 part of it. 
 
 5-ver-lade', v. a. [Over and Lade.] [pp. over- 
 lading, overladen or overladed.] To overburden. 
 
 5'ver-land, a. [Over and Land.] Carried on or 
 performed by land. 
 
 6-ver-lap', v. a. [Over and Lap.] [pp. overlap- 
 ping, overlapped.] To lap over. — 2, n. The lap- 
 ping over another ; an extension. 
 
 6-ver-lay', v. a. [Over and Lay.] [i. overlaid; 
 pp. overlaying, overlaid.] To cover. 
 
 O-ver-leap', v. a. [Over and Leap.] [pp. over- 
 leaping, overleaped or overleapt.] To pass by a 
 jump. 
 
 6-ver-He', v. a. [Over and Lie.] [i. overlay; pp. 
 overlying, overlain.] To lie upon or over. 
 
 O-ver-load', v. a. [Over and Load.] [i. over- 
 loaded; pp. overloading, overloaded or over- 
 laden.] To burden too much. 
 
 O-ver-look' (o-ver-luk'), v. a. [Over and Look.] 
 [pp. overlooking, overlooked.] To look over; 
 to oversee ; to inspect : — to excuse ; to neglect. 
 
 5'ver-lord, n. [Over and Lord.] A legal superior ; 
 a chief lord. 
 
 O-ver-mas'ter, v. a. [Over and Master.] [pp. 
 overmastering, overmastered.] To subdue ; to 
 govern. 
 
 O-ver-match', v. a. [Over and Match.] [pp. 
 overmatching, overmatched.] To be too power- 
 ful for. 
 
 5'ver-match, n. One of superior powers. 
 
 5-ver-much', a. [Over and Much.] Too much. 
 —2, ad. In too great a degree. 
 
 O-ver-nlght' (o-ver-nif), ad. [Over and Night.] 
 Through the night. 
 
 O-ver-pass', v. a. [Over and Pass.] [pp. over- 
 passing, overpassed or overpast.] To pass over; 
 to cross : — to overlook ; to omit. 
 
 O-ver-past', p. a. Gone; past. 
 
 6-ver-pay', v. a. [Over and Pay.] [pp. overpay- 
 ing, overpaid.] To pay too much. 
 
 5'ver-plus, n. [Over and Plus.] What remains ; 
 a surplus. 
 
 O-ver-poise', v. a. [Over and Poise.] [pp. over- 
 poising, overpoised.] To outweigh. 
 
 a, e, x, 5, u, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscuve. — Fare, far, fast, fall; hlir, her; 
 
GVEKPOISE 
 
 395 
 
 OXEYE 
 
 5'ver-poise, n. A preponderant weight. 
 6-ver-pow'er, v. a. [Over and Power.] [pp. 
 overpowering, overpowered.] To subdue; to 
 overcome. 
 
 O-ver-pbw'er-ing, a. Irresistible. 
 
 O-ver-rate'.y. a. [Over and Rate.] [pp. over- 
 raiting, overrated.] To rate at too much; to 
 estimate too highly. 
 
 6-ver-reach', v. a. [Over and Beach.] [pp. over- 
 reaching, overreached.] To deceive; to cheat. 
 — 2, v. n. To strike the hind foot against the 
 fore foot. 
 
 6-ver-ride', v. a. [Over and Ride.] [i. overrode ; 
 pp. overriding, overridden or overrode.] To ride 
 over; to trample down. — (Law.) To supersede. 
 
 6-ver-rule', v. a. [Over and Rule.] [pp. over- 
 ruling, overruled.] To control; to supersede; 
 to set aside : — to make void ; to annul ; to reject. 
 
 6-ver-rul'ing, p. a. Governing with superior 
 po'wer; controlling; directing. 
 
 6-ver-rfln', v. a. [Over and Run.] [i. overran; 
 pp. overrunning, overrun.] To outrun: — to 
 ravage : — to overspread : — to alter the position of. 
 
 O-yer-see', v. a. [Over and See.] [i. oversaw; 
 pp. overseeing, overseen.] To superintend; to 
 supervise. 
 
 6-ver-se'er, n. One who oversees. 
 
 6-ver-seV, v. a. [Over and Set.] [i. overset; pp. 
 oversetting, overset.] To turn bottom upward; 
 to overturn; to upset; to subvert. — 2, v. n. To 
 fall down ; to turn over. 
 
 5-ver-shad'ow (o-ver-shad'do), v. a. [Over and 
 Shadow.] [pp. overshadowing, overshadowed.] 
 To throw a shade over ; to shelter ; to protect. 
 
 O'ver-shoe, n. [Over and Shoe.] A shoe worn 
 over another. 
 
 6-ver-shoot\ v. a. & v. n. [Over and Shoot.] 
 [i.' overshot; pp. overshooting, overshot.] To 
 shoot beyond. 
 
 O'ver-shot-wheel', n. A wheel which is turned 
 by water flowing over the top of it. 
 
 5'ver-slght (o'ver-sit), n. [Over and Sight.] 
 Superintendence: — a mistake; error; inatten- 
 tion ; inadvertence. 
 
 5'ver-slaugh (-slaw), n. An obstruction ; a hin- 
 drance. 
 
 6-ver-slaugh' (-slaw'), v. a. [Dut. overslaan, to 
 skip over.] [pp. overslaughing, overslaughed.] 
 To hinder; to obstruct: — to pass over in favor 
 of some one else. 
 
 O-ver-sle'ep', v. a. & v. n. [Over and Sleep.] 
 [*'.' overslept ; pp. oversleeping, overslept.] To 
 sleep too long. 
 
 6-ver-spread', v. a. [Over and Spread.] [j. over- 
 spread; pp. overspreading, overspread.] To 
 cover over. 
 
 6-ver-state', v. a. [Over and State.] [pp. over- 
 stating, overstated.] To state too highly. 
 
 O-ver-stock', v. a. [Over and Stock.] [pp. over- 
 stocking, overstocked.] To fill too full; to 
 crowd. 
 
 O-ver-strain', v. a. [Over and Strain.] [pp. 
 overstraining, overstrained.] To strain too far. 
 
 6' vert, a. [Fr. otwert, 0. Fr. overt, participle of 
 ouvrir, to open : in meaning it represents L. ape- 
 rire, to open ; in form, L. operire, to cover.] 
 Open; apparent; manifest. — Overt act. (Law.) 
 An open act that is capable of being manifestly 
 proved. 
 
 6-ver-take', v. a. [Over and Take.] [i. over- 
 took; pp. overtaking, overtaken.] To catch by 
 
 _ pursuit ; to take by surprise. 
 
 O-ver-tSsk', v. a. [Over and Task.] [pp. over- 
 
 _ tasking, overtasked.] To task too much. 
 
 6-ver-throw' (-thro'), v. a. [Over and Throw.] 
 [i. overthrew; pp. overthrowing, overthrown.] 
 To ruin ; to defeat ; to subvert ; to destroy ; to 
 
 _ demolish ; to overturn ; to overset ; to upset. 
 
 6'ver-throw, n. Ruin ; defeat. 
 
 6'ver-time, b. [Over and Time.] Time beyond 
 regular hours. 
 
 o'vert-ly, ad. In an overt manner; openly. 
 
 6'ver-t5ne, n. [Over and Tone.] Upper har- 
 monic tone. 
 
 O-ver-took' (o-ver-tuk'), i. from overtake. 
 
 O-ver-top', v. a. [Over and Top.] [pp. over- 
 _ topping, overtopped.] To rise above ; to surpass. 
 
 6'ver-ture, n. [Fr. ouverture, an opening, a pro- 
 posal.— See Overt.] A proposal: — a musical 
 prelude. 
 
 O-ver-tiirn', v. a. [Over and Turn.] [pp. over- 
 _ turning, overturned.] To subvert ; to overthrow. 
 
 o'ver-tiirn, n. A subversion ; an overthrow. 
 
 O-ver-ween'ing, a. [A.-S. oferwenan, to presume. 
 
 _ —See Ween. J Conceited ; arrogant. 
 
 O-ver- whelm', v. a. [Over and Whelm.] [pp. 
 overwhelming, overwhelmed.] To crush; to 
 submerge. 
 
 6-ver-whelm'ing, p. a. Overflowing; overpower- 
 ing ; crushing ; subduing. 
 
 O-ver-whelm'ing-ly., ad. So as to overwhelm. 
 
 O-ver-work' (-wiirk'), v. a. [Over and Work.] 
 [i. overworked or overwrought ; pp. overwork- 
 ing, overworked or overwrought.] To work too 
 much ; to tire or injure by labor. 
 
 O-ver-wrought' (o-ver-rawt'), i. & p. from over- 
 vwrk. Labored too much : — worked all over. 
 
 o'vi-dflct, h. [L. ovum, an egg, and ductus, a duct 
 (q. c.).] A duct to convey the ova. 
 
 6'vi-form, a. [L. ovum, an egg, and forma, form.] 
 Having the shape of an egg. [to sheep. 
 
 6'vine, a. [L. ovinus; oris, a sheep.] Belonging 
 
 9-vip'a-roQs, a. [L. oviparus; ovum, an egg, and 
 parer'e, to produce.] Producing young by eggs. 
 
 6-vi-pos'it, v. n. [L. ovum, an egg, and ponere, 
 posilum, to place.] [pp. ovipositing, oviposited.] 
 To deposit eggs. 
 
 5-vi-po-si"tion, n. The act of laying eggs. 
 
 6-vi-po? i-tor, n. An organ by means of which 
 some insects deposit their eggs. 
 
 6'vbid, a. [L. ovum, an egg, and Gr. eZSo?, form.] 
 Formed like an egg ; egg-shaped. 
 
 o'vo-15, n. [It.] (Arch.) A convex moulding. 
 
 O-vu-la'tion, n. The formation of eggs or ova. 
 
 5'vule, n. [Neo-Latin ovutum, dim. of L. ovum, 
 an egg.] (Bot.) A rudimentary seed. 
 
 5'vum, ii.\ pi. 6'va. [L.] An egg :— a body 
 analogous to a true' egg. 
 
 Owe (o), i\ «. [A.-S. agan, Goth, aigan, Icel. eigan, 
 Gr. exeiv, to possess ; 0. E. owe, to own ; later 
 it acquired the meaning of to possess another's 
 property, to be in debt.] [pp. owing, owed.] To 
 be bound to pay, or to pay to ; to be indebted to : 
 — to have from. — 2, v. n. To be bound or obliged. 
 
 Ow'ing, p. a. Due as a debt : — ascribable. 
 
 Owlj n. [A.-S. ide; Dut. nil; Dan. ugle ; Ger. eule; 
 L. uhda ; Skr. uhtka: all imitative of the bird's 
 cry. — Cf. Howl.] A bird that flies by night. 
 
 Oftl'et, n. A small owl ; an owl. 
 
 6^1'isn, a. Resembling an owl. 
 
 Own (on), a. [A.-S. agen, Icel. eigin, Dan. egen, 
 one's own; Goth, aigin, property. — See Owe; 
 from the root of Owe, in its old sense of to 
 have.] Belonging to; as, my own. — 2, v. a. [A.-S. 
 agnian; Icel. eigna, to claim. — See the adjective 
 Own.] [pp. owning, owned.] To possess by 
 right; [A.-S. imnan, Icel. unna, 0. Ger. gmnnan, 
 Ger. gonnen, to grant] to acknowledge ; to confess. 
 
 Own'er (on'er), n. The rightful proprietor. 
 
 Own'er-ship, n. Bightful possession. 
 
 5x, n. ; pi. Sx'en (ok'sn). [A.-S. oxa, pi. oxan ; 
 Dan. oxe ; Ger. ochse, pi. oclisen; Goth, auhsa; 
 Skr. vkshan, referred to the root of tiksh, to 
 sprinkle; properly, in Sanskrit, a name of a 
 storm : storms seem to have been likened to 
 bulls.] A castrated bull. 
 
 5x'a-late, n. A salt containing oxalic acid. 
 
 Ox-al'ic, «• Noting a very poisonous acid from 
 oxalis or sorrel. ' 
 
 5x'a-lis, »». [L. ; Gr. 6£aAi's ; 6£u?, sharp, sour.] 
 A plant, wood-sorrel. 
 
 Qx'eye (oks'I), n. A kind of daisy. 
 
 mien, sir ; m8ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5, Q, c, £, soft; p, J5, p, §, hard; § as z ; $ as gz ; this. 
 
OX-GALL 
 
 396 
 
 P^EAjST 
 
 Cx'-gall, n. The bile of an ox. 
 
 5x-i-da'tion, n. Act of oxidizing. 
 
 Sx'ide, u. [From Oxygen.] A compound of oxy- 
 gen with some other element. — Bust is an oxide 
 of iron. 
 
 5x-id-iz'a-ble, a. Capable of being oxidized. 
 
 5x'id-Izei v. a. & v. n. [pp. oxidizing, oxidized.] 
 To turn into an oxide. 
 
 Cx'lip, n. [A.-S. oxanslyppe,— properly, oxen-dung. 
 — Of. Cowslip.] A kind of primrose. 
 
 Qx-o'ni-an, n. A member or graduate of the uni- 
 versity' of Oxford. 
 
 5x'y-£en, n. [Gr. 6|v's, sharp, acid, and root yev-, 
 to'produce.] (Chem.) A gas which generates 
 acids and oxides and forms the respirable or 
 vital part of common air. 
 
 Ox'y-fen-ate, \ v. a. [pp. oxygenating, oxygen- 
 
 Ox'y.-ien-ize, J ated ; oxygenizing, oxygenized.] 
 To impregnate with oxygen. 
 
 Ox-y-£-en-a'tion, n. Act of oxygenating. 
 
 Ox-y-hy'dro-i-en, a. Applied to a blowpipe which 
 is used to'produce intense heat; also to a micro- 
 scope which resembles a magic lantern. 
 
 5x'y-mel, n. [Gr. b£vi*€\i; 6£us, acid, and p.e\i, 
 honey.] A mixture of vinegar and honey. 
 
 5x'y-tone, w. [Gr. 6£utoj/os ; 6£us, sharp, and ro- 
 i/os, atone (g. v.).] A word with an acute sound. 
 
 5'yer [o'yer, W. P. J. E. F. Ja. 8m. N. ; oy'er, S. 
 Wb.], n. [Fr. ouir, 0. Fr. oyer, L. audi're, to 
 hear.] A legal hearing.— A court of oyer and 
 terminer is the highest criminal court. 
 
 6-yes' [o-yes', S. 8m. R. ; o-yis', W. P. F. ; 6'ya, 
 Ja.], n. [Fr. oyez, hear ye.— See Oyer.] (Laic.) 
 Hear ye :— a term used by a sheriff or crier as 
 an introduction to a proclamation. 
 
 Oys'ter, m. [0. Fr. owtre; Fr. huftre; L. ostrea; 
 Gr. ocrrpeov : probably related to bo-reov, bone.] 
 A bivalve testaceous mollusk; a well-known 
 edible shell-fish. 
 
 Oys'ter-plant, n. An esculent vegetable ; salsify. 
 
 6'zone, n. [Gr. o£u>i>, smelling; b^eiv, to smell. — 
 See Odor.] A form of oxygen. 
 
 O-zon-o-met'ric, a. Of or relating to ozonometry. 
 
 6-zo-nom'e-try, n. [See Ozone and Metre.] The 
 process 6f determining the amount of ozone 
 present in the atmosphere. 
 
 Pis a labial consonant and a mute, formed by a 
 slight compression of the lips, as in pelt. 
 
 Pab'u-lum, n. [L. ; root jxt-, seen in pascere, pari, 
 to feed.] Food: aliment; support. 
 
 Pa'ca, n. [South American.] A tropical American 
 rodent animal. 
 
 Pa-ca'tion, n. [L. pacatio ; pacare, to pacify ; pax, 
 pacts, peace.] The act of appeasing ; pacification. 
 
 Pace, n. [Fr. jms, L. passus, a step ; pandere, pas- 
 sum, to stretch : akin to pater e, to be open.] A 
 step: — gait; manner of walking: — a motion of 
 a horse : — a measure of 2]A feet ; one-fifth of a 
 rod, or three feet and three-tenths. — 2, v. n. 
 [pp. pacing, paced.] To move on slowly ; to go ; 
 to move with a particular gait, as a horse. — 
 3, o. To measure by steps; to walk. 
 
 Paced (past), a. Having a particular gait. 
 
 Pa'cer, n. One wlio paces : — a horse that paces. 
 
 Pa-yha', n. A Turkish governor ; a bashaw. See 
 'Pasha. 
 
 Pa-pha'lic, n. The jurisdiction of a pacha. 
 
 Paph'y-d'e'rm, iu [Gr. naxvs, thick, and Sep^a, 
 5ep/xaT05, skin.] A thick-skinned quadruped. 
 
 Paph-y-der'ma-ta, n. pi. An old name for ani- 
 mals' that have thick skins, as the elephant, 
 horse, hog, &c. ; pachyderms. 
 
 Paph-y-der'ma-tous, a. Thick-skinned. 
 
 Pa-cif'ic, a. [L. pacificus ; Fr. pacifigue. — See 
 Pacify.] Promoting peace ; peaceable ; mild ; 
 gentle ; tranquil. 
 
 Pac-i-fi-ca'tion, n. The act of pacifying. 
 
 Pac-i-fi-ca'tor (or pa-sif'e-ka-tur), n. A peace- 
 maker. 
 
 Pa-cif i-ca-to-ry, a. Tending to make peace. 
 
 Pac'i-f l-e'r, n. One who pacifies. 
 
 Pac'i-fy, r. a. [Fr. pacifier; L. pacificare; pax, 
 pacts, peace, and fucere, to make.] [pp. pacifying, 
 pacified.] To appease ; to quiet; to compose. 
 
 Pack, n. [Dan. pakke; Icel. pakM; Ger. pack; 
 Dut. pak; Late L. paccus; Gael, pac: allied to 
 L. pangere, pactum, Skr. paQ , to bind. ] A bundle ; 
 a burden :— a number of cards :— a number of 
 hounds : — a crew ; a gang. — 2, v. a. [pp. pack- 
 ing, packed.] To bind up; to sort: — to send 
 off :— to carry (Local, U. S.).— 3, v. n. To tie up 
 goods : — to go off. [A b>ile ; goods packed. 
 
 Pack'a^e, n. [Fr. paguage, a packing.— See Pack.] 
 
 Pack'-cloth, n. A coarse baling material : — cloth 
 in which goods are tied up. 
 
 Pack'er, n. One who packs or binds. 
 
 Pack'et, n. [Fr. paguet.'] A small pack ; a parcel : 
 —a mail of letters: — [Fr. paguebot, from the 
 Eng. packet-boat] a post-ship, or vessel which con- 
 veys letters and passengers, as well as freight. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. packeting, packeted.] To bind up 
 or form in packets. 
 
 Pack'-horse, n. A horse of burden. 
 
 Pack'ing, n. Stuffing; material used in filling 
 empty space. 
 
 Pack' -sad-die, n. A saddle to carry burdens. 
 
 Pack'thread, n. Twine for tying parcels. 
 
 Pack'wax, n. [Ger. haarwachs: etymology not 
 clear.] A ligament in the neck of animals. 
 
 Pact, n. [L. pactum, an agreement ; pacisci, pac- 
 tum, to agree. — Cf. paugere, pactum, to bind ; 
 0. L. pacere, to agree. — See Peace.] A bargain ; 
 a covenant. [a pact. 
 
 Pac'tion, n. [L. pactio.] A bargain; a contract; 
 
 Pad, n. [Cf. Dan. pude, a cushion ; Fin. padje, a 
 pillow; Ger. patte, a flap: perhaps kindred to 
 Bat, Batting.] A sort of cushion or saddle : — 
 [cf. Dut. & Low Ger. pad, a path (g. v.); Fr. 
 patte, a foot; L. pes, pedis, a foot; Skr. pata, a 
 paw] an easy-paced horse : — a robber; a footpad : 
 — a blotter. — 2, v. n. [jap. padding, padded.] To 
 travel gently : — to rob on foot. — 3, v. a. To 
 furnish with a pad; to stuff: — to impregnate 
 with a mordant. 
 
 Pad'ding, n. Stuffing : — impregnation of cloth 
 with a mordant : — matter to fill up space. 
 
 Pad'dle, v. n. [Frequentative of Pat.] [pp. pad- 
 dling, paddled.] To row ; to play in the water. 
 — 2, v. a. To feel ; to play with ; to row. — 3, n. 
 [See the verb. — Cf. also Obs. Eng. spaddle, a 
 spade (g. v.) ; Celt, spadal, a paddle.] An oar used 
 by a single rower ; an oar-blade : — a stick with 
 a wide, flat end : — a flipper or swimming-organ. 
 
 Pad'dock, w. [Dim. of Scand. padda, padde, Dut. 
 pad, padde, Ger. padde, a toad or frog.] A toad : 
 — [a corrupt form of Park] a small enclosure. 
 
 Pad'dy, n. [Malayalim padi, Canarese bhatta, rice ; 
 Skr. bhakta, food, boiled rice.] Rice in the husk. 
 
 Pad'lock, n. [Pad and Lock.] A pendent or 
 hanging lock. 
 
 Pad-ua-soy' (pad-u-soi'), n. [Padua, a town of 
 Italy, and Fr. soie, silk.] A kind of silk. 
 
 Pse'an, n. [L. •psean, Gr. 7raiav, a hymn,— properly, 
 a title of Apollo. — Cf. Skr. pan, to praise.] A 
 song of triumph or praise : — an ancient poetic 
 foot of four syllables; pean. 
 
 e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, i, 6, u, y, sliort- a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
PEDAGOGY 
 
 397 
 
 PALFKEY 
 
 Psed'a-go-gy, n. See Pedagogy. 
 
 Pae'o-ny, »• See Peony. 
 
 Pa'gan.'n. [L. paganus, a villager, a rustic ; pagus, 
 a district.] A worshipper of idols or false gods ; a 
 heathen ; a gentile; an idolater. — 2, a. Heathen- 
 ish ; gentile ; idolatrous. 
 
 Fa'gan-ism, n. Religion of pagans; heathenism. 
 
 Pa'gan-Ize, v. a. [pp, paganizing, paganized.] 
 To render heathenish. 
 
 Page, n. [Fr. page, L. pagina, a page, a slab; 
 pangere, root pag-, to fasten.] One side of the 
 leaf of a book ; contents of a page ; a writing : — 
 [Fr. page; Sp. page; Port, pagem; It. paggio; 
 probably from Late L. pagius, pagensis, a rustic, 
 a serf] a boy ; a youth or servant attached to a 
 high personage. — 2, v. a. [pp. P a S m ?> P a g e d.] 
 To mark, as the pages of a book. 
 
 Paf'eant, or Pa'geant [paj'ent, 8. W. J. F. K. 8m. 
 C.;'pa'jeut, P. E. H. Wb.\ n. [0. E. pageant, 
 pagiant, pagijn, a staging, a scaffold; Late L. 
 pagina, a platform; L. pagina, a page (q. v.), a 
 slab.] A pompous show; 'a spectacle; pomp. — 
 2, a. Showy ; pompous. 
 
 Pa.£'eant-ry, n. Ostentatious display ; show. 
 
 Pa|-i-na'tion, n. Numbering of pages; paging. 
 
 Paging, n. ' The marking of pages. 
 
 Fa-g'o'da, n. [Port.; Per. bvt-kadah ; bnt, an idol, 
 and Jca'dah, habitation.] An East-Indian temple 
 containing an idol : — a Buddhist 
 shrine: — an idol: — an Indian 
 coin. [gust ; bah. 
 
 Pah, inletj. An exclamation of dis- 
 
 Paid, i.&pp. from pay. 
 
 Pa.il (pal), n. [Irish padhdl, a pail ; 
 Welsh padell, It. pattella, L. pa- 
 tella, a pan ; patera, Gr. iraravr], a 
 flat dish ; L. patere, to lie open, to 
 spread.] A vessel for water, &c. 
 
 Pail'ful, n. ; pi. Pail'ful§. As 
 
 much as a pail will hold. Pagoda. 
 
 Paillasse (pal-yas'), n. [Fr. ; paiUe, straw; It. 
 pagliaccio, a paillasse; paglia, straw; L. palea, 
 Skr. pidala, straw.] An' underbed ; a straw 
 mattress. 
 
 Pain, n. [Fr. peine, L. poena, Gr. ttocvt;, penalty 
 (q. v.).] An uneasy sensation of body or mind; 
 distress; suffering; agony; anguish: — penalty. 
 — pi. The throes of childbirth : pangs. — •_', r. ,,. 
 [pp. paining, pained.] To afflict with pain; to 
 torment. 
 
 Pain'ful, a. Full of pain ; afflictive; distressing. 
 
 Pain'ful-ly, ad. In a painful manner ; grievously. 
 
 Pain'ful-ness, n. Affliction ; sorrow ; grief. 
 
 Pai'nim (pii'iiim), n. [0. Fr. paien, a pagan (q. v.) ; 
 paienisme, paganism.] A pagan ; an infidel. 
 
 Pain'less, a- Free from pain ; void of trouble. 
 
 Pains, a. Labor; care; trouble. — Pains, though 
 in the plural form, is, in these senses, commonly 
 used as singular; as, much pains is taken. 
 
 Pains'tak-ing, a. Laborious ; industrious ; care- 
 ful. — 2, n. Great care or industry. 
 
 Paint (pant), v. a. [Fr. peindre, part! peint ; L. 
 pingere; Skr. pinj, to dye. — See Pigment.] [pp. 
 painting, painted.] To lay color upon ; to color ; 
 to depict; to represent; to describe. — 2, r. n. 
 To lay colors on the face, &c. — 3, n. A coloring 
 substance of pigment used by painters; color 
 laid on the face. 
 
 Paint'er, n. One who practises painting:— [Irish 
 painteir, a snare; paint, a string; Fr. pantiere or 
 nantine, a net, a thong; It. pantera, L. panther, 
 Gr. navOripa, a hunting-net ; probably from ~av, 
 all, every, and Oyp, beast] a rope to fasten a 
 boat : — a panther. 
 
 Paint'ing, n. The art or work of a painter; the 
 art of representing objects by delineation and 
 colors : — a, picture : — color laid on. 
 
 Pair (par), n. [Fr. pair, equal, alike ; L. par, alike. 
 — See Par.] Two things united by nature or 
 suited to each other; two of a sort; a couple; 
 a brace : — a husband aud wife. — 2, v. n. [pp- 
 
 pairing, paired.] To be joined in pairs; to 
 couple. — To pair off, to leave or separate in 
 pairs. — 3, v. a. To join in couples ; to unite. 
 
 Pa-jam'as, or Pal-jam'as, n. pi. [Hind.] A kind 
 of drawers or trousers'. 
 
 Pal, n. [Gypsy for "friend" or "brother."] An 
 accomplice ; a partner in crime. 
 
 Pal' ace, n. [Fr. palais, Ger. pfala, L. palatium, a 
 palace, — originally, a public building on the 
 Palatine hill at Rome; Pales, a goddess, pro- 
 tectress of flocks. — Cf. Skr. pala, a guard; pa, 
 to protect.] A royal or splendid house. 
 
 Pal'a-din, n. [Ft. paladin, It. puladino, a knight. — 
 See Palatine.] A champion : — a knight-errant. 
 
 Pa'lae-o, ) [Gr. 7raAat6s, old.] An element in 
 
 Pa'le-o', >some words of Greek origin, signifying 
 
 Pa-lai'o. ) ancient. 
 
 Fa-lse-o-zo'ic, ) a. [Gr. 7raA.aio5, old, and £<*>ov, 
 
 Pa-le-o-zo'i'c, fan animal.] (Geol.) Aterm'ap- 
 plied' to the stratified rocks comprised in the 
 Silurian, Devonian, and Carboniferous systems : 
 — written also palaiozoic. 
 
 Pal-an-quin' (pal-an-ken'), n. [Fr. ; Port.' palan- 
 guim; i'ali, palauln, pallangka; Siamese, balangho; 
 Javanese, pulanki, palankan ; Hindi, paUei. — Cf. 
 Per. & Hindu palimg, a bedstead ; Skr. paryanka, 
 a bed ; pari, about, and anka, the flank.] A cov- 
 ered carriage, for carrying persons, in the East. 
 
 Pal'a-ta-ble, a. Pleasing to the taste. 
 
 Pal'a-tal, n. A consonant pronounced chiefly by 
 the palate. The palatals are d, g, j, k, I, n, and q. 
 — 2, a. Relating to the palate. 
 
 Pal'ate, n. [L. palatum.] Roof of the mouth; 
 organ of taste. 
 
 Pa-la' tial (pa-la'shal), a. Relating to a palace. 
 
 Pa-lat'in-ate, n. A province under a palatine. 
 
 Pal'a-tine, w. [Fr. palatin, L. palatinus, belonging 
 to a palace [q. >■.).] One invested with regal 
 lights:— an inhabitant of a palatiuate. — 2, a. 
 Possessing royal privileges. 
 
 Pa-la'ver, ». [Port, palavra, Sp. palabra, Prov. 
 paraula, Fr. parole, a word ; Ht. parabola, a parable 
 (q. v.), — later, a talk, a discourse.] Superfluous 
 or idle talk: — a conference. — 2, v. n. & v. >>. 
 [pp. palavering, palavered.] To flatter; to talk 
 foolishly ; to confer. 
 
 Pale, a. [Fr. pale; L. pallidus ; pallere, to be 
 pale. — Cf. Skr. palita, gray.] Not ruddy ; wan ; 
 whitish; pallid. — 2, n. [Fr. pal, pale, Ger. pfahl, 
 L. palus, a stake.] A pointed stake or piece of 
 wood : — a jurisdiction ; a district : — an enclosure. 
 — 3, v. a. [pp. paling, paled.] To enclose or 
 fence with pales. [Like chaff; chaffy. 
 
 Pa-le-a'ceous (-shus), a. [L. palea, chaff, straw.] 
 
 Pale'ness, n. State of being pale; wanness. 
 
 Pa-le-og'ra-pher, n. One versed in paleography. 
 
 Pa-le-o-graph'ic, o. Relating to paleography. 
 
 Pa-le-og'ra-phy, n. [Gr. 7raAatds, old, and ypa- 
 4>eu; to write!] An ancient mode of writing; 
 ancient writings collectively. 
 
 Pa-le-onrtol'o-|-ist, n. One versed in paleontology. 
 
 Pa-le-on-tol'o-gy, n. [Gr. 7raAai, long since, d>v, 
 bv-ioi, being, and kayos, a treatise.] The sci- 
 ence that treats of fossil remains, animal and 
 vegetable. 
 
 Paletot (pal'e-to), w. [Fr. ; 0. Fr. palletoc ; 0. Dut. 
 paltroc, pahlrock; Dut. palts, Ger. pfalz, a palace, 
 and 0. Dut. roc, Ger. rock, a coat.] A long over- 
 coat for women or men. 
 
 Pal'ette (pal'et), n. [Fr. ; It. pala, dim. paletta, a 
 spade ; L. pala, a shovel.] A 
 painter's board or tablet; pallet. 
 
 Pal'frey, or Pal'frey, n. [0. Fr. 
 palefrei, Fr. palefroi, Late L. 
 paravreelus, a post-horse ; Ger. 
 pferd, Dut. paard, a horse. The 
 Late L. is from Gr. 7rapa, beside 
 (extra), and veredus, a post-horse, 
 perhaps from L. vehere, to carry, 
 or draw, and rheda, a carriage.] 
 A saddle-horse for ladies' use. Palette. 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, biir, rule, use. — g. <?, 5, §, soft ; p, £, 9, §, hard ; ja*z; 5 as gz ; tnis. 
 
 34 
 
PALI 
 
 398 
 
 PANDEAN 
 
 Pa'li, n. [Probably meaning " the tradition," or 
 "the series," with reference to the succession 
 of teachers who preserved it.] The sacx-ed lan- 
 guage of the Buddhists. 
 
 Fal'imp-sest, n. [Gr. naki^no-Tov \ 7nxA.1v, again, 
 and xj/aeiv, i/z^o-ros, to scrape.] Parchment from 
 which one writing has been erased to make room 
 for another. 
 
 Pal'in-drome, n. [Gr. 7raAiVSpoju.o?, running back ; 
 ira\iv, again, back, and Spap.elv, deSpofjia, to 
 run.] A word, line, or sentence which is the 
 same read backward or forward; as, madam, 
 Hannah. 
 
 Pal'ing, n. A fence made of pales : — a pale. 
 
 Pal-in-£en'e-sis, \n. [Gr. iraktv, again, and 
 
 Pal-in-|-en'e-sy, J -ye'vecri?, genesis (q. v.).] A 
 new birth ;' a regeneration :— the destruction and 
 reproduction of worlds and living beings : — the 
 transition of an insect from one state to another, 
 as from the larva to the chrysalis. 
 
 Pal'in-ode, n. [Fr. palinodie; Gr. ira\iva>8La; 
 Trd\iv, again, back, and <JSrj, an ode (q. v.)'] A 
 song repeated ; a recantation. 
 
 Pal-i-sade', «. [Fr. palissade ; palis, a paling. — 
 See Pale.] A defence formed by pales or stakes 
 driven into the ground. — 2, v. a. [pp. palisading, 
 palisaded.] To enclose with palisades. 
 
 Fal-i-sa'do, n. Palisade. See Palisade. 
 
 Pal'ish, a. Somewhat pale. 
 
 Pall, n. [A.-S. paell; L. palla, a mantle; pallium, 
 a garment.] A cloak :— a covering for the dead. 
 — 2, v. n. [Fr. palir, to grow pale (q. v.).] [pp. 
 palling, palled.] To grow vapid ; to become in- 
 sipid. — 3, v. a. To make insipid: — to impair : — 
 to cover, as with a pall. 
 
 Pal-la'di-um, n. L. pi. Pal-la'di-a; Eng. Pal- 
 la' di-ums. [L. ; Gr. naXkdSLov, a statue of Pal- 
 las; dim. of UaWds, IlaAAaSo?, Pallas-Athene.] 
 A statue of Pallas : — a safeguard ; protection. — 
 {Chem.) A whitish metal, hard, but ductile and 
 malleable. [funeral. 
 
 Pall'-bear-er. n. One who attends the coffin at a 
 
 Pal'let, u. [Fr. paillet; paille, straw; L. palea, 
 chaff, straw.] A small bed :— [see Palette] a 
 painter's board or tablet ; palette : — a part of the 
 escapement of a watch or a clock. 
 
 Pal'li-ate, v. a. [L. pallium, a cloak ; palliatus, 
 cloaked. — See Pall.] [pp. palliating, palliated.] 
 To extenuate ; to soften. 
 
 Pal-li-a'tion, n. An extenuation ; mitigation. 
 
 Pal'li-a-tive, 
 
 Tending to palliate; extenu- 
 
 ating; mitigating; easing. — 2, n. That which 
 
 palliates. [not bright. 
 
 Pal'lid, «. [L. pallidus, pale (q. v.).] Pale; wan; 
 Pal'lid-ness, n. Paleness ; pallor. 
 Pal'li-um, n. [L.] An archbishop's mantle. 
 Pall-mall' (pel-meT), n. [It. pallamaglio ; palla, 
 
 a ball, and maglio, L. malleus, a hammer, a maul 
 
 (q. v.).] A play with a ball and mallet. 
 Pal'lor, n. [L. ; pallere, to be pale (q. v.).] Pale- 
 ness; wan appearance. 
 Palm (pam), w, [Fr. palme ; L. palma, 'the hand, 
 
 a palm : because the leaves of some 
 
 kinds spread out like the fingers of 
 
 a hand.] A tree of many species : 
 
 —victory ; triumph :— [Fr. paume ; 
 
 It. palma; Gr. na\dfx.n ; A.-S. folm] 
 
 the inner part of the hand : — 
 
 hand-breadth ; a measure of three 
 
 inches:— a sail-maker's thimble.— 
 
 2, v. a. [pp. palming, palmed.] 
 
 To conceal :— to impose. 
 Pal-ma'ceous (-shus), a. (Bot.) Of 
 
 or belonging to palm-trees. 
 Pal'mar, a. Relating to the palm 
 
 of the hand. 
 Pal'ma-ry, a. [L. palmarius, belonging to palms ; 
 
 palmarium, a masterpiece: palm crowns were 
 
 rewards of excellence.] Preeminent; superior. 
 Pal'mate, a. [L. pahnahis ; palmare, to mark with 
 
 the palm (q. v.).] Shaped like a palm; palmated. 
 
 Palm-tree. 
 
 Pal'mat-ed, a. Having the feet webbed. 
 
 Palm'er (pa'm'er), n. [Returned pilgrims once 
 bore a palm-branch from the Holy Land.] A 
 pilgrim ; a crusader. 
 
 Palm'er- worm (pam'er-wurm), n. [i.e., traveller- 
 worm.] A destructive caterpillar. [tree. 
 
 Pal-met to, n. [Sp. palmito.] A species of palm- 
 
 Pal'mi-ped, n. [L. palma, a palm, and pes, pedis, 
 afoot.] A web-footed bird.— 2, a. Web-footed; 
 fin-footed. [telling by the palm. 
 
 Pal'mis-try, n. [L. palma, the palm.] Fortune- 
 
 Pal'mit-ine, n. [Named from palm-oil.] A fatty 
 principle from oils. 
 
 Palm-oil', n. Oil from an African palm-tree. 
 
 Palm'-Sun-day, n. Sunday next before Easter. 
 
 Palm'y (pa'me), a. Bearing palms ; flourishing. 
 
 Palp, n. [Neo-L. palpus, a feeler ; L. palpare, to 
 feel.] The feeler of an insect ; antenna. 
 
 Pal-pa-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being palpable. 
 
 Pal'pa-ble, a. [L. palpabilis; palpare, to feel, — 
 originally, to quiver.] That may be felt; plain. 
 
 Pal'pa-bly, ad. Obviously; clearly. 
 
 Pal-pa' tion, n. [L. palpatio.] The act of feeling; 
 manipulation. [to the eyelids. 
 
 Pal'pe-bral, a. [L. palpebra, an eyelid.] Relating 
 
 Pal'pi-tate, v. a. [L. palpitare, palpitatum, to 
 throb; frequentative of palpare, in the sense of 
 to -quiver.] [pp. palpitating, palpitated.] To 
 beat, as the heart ; to flutter. 
 
 Pal-pi-ta'tion, n. The act of palpitating; a throb- 
 bing, or quick beating, of the heart. 
 
 Pals'grave, n. [Ger. pfalzgraf; pfalz, a palati- 
 nate (q. v.), and graf, a count.] A count palatine. 
 
 Pal'sy, w. [Fr. paralysie, paralysis (q. v.).] A pri- 
 vation of motion ; a paralysis. — 2, v. a. [pp. pal- 
 sying, palsied.] To strike with palsy; to para- 
 lyze. 
 
 Pal'ter, v. n. [Sw. paltor, Low Ger. palter, Scot. 
 paltrie, rags, trash. — See Paltry.] [pp. palter- 
 ing, paltered.] To shift ; to dodge ; to shuffle. 
 
 Pal'tri-ness, n. The quality of being paltry. 
 
 Pal' try, a. [Scot, paltrie, trash ; Sw. paltor, Dan. 
 pialte'r, Low. Ger. palta, a rag; paltrig, ragged.] 
 Sorry ; worthless ; despicable. 
 
 Pa-lu'dal, a. [L. palus, paludis, a lake, a marsh.] 
 Relating to marshes and fens. 
 
 Pa.m'pa§, n. pi. [Spanish-American; Peruvian 
 pamp'a, bamba, a plain.] Plains of the Argentine 
 Republic. 
 
 Pam'per, v. a. [Local Ger. pampen, pampeln, 
 pamp'fen, to stuff; pampe, pap \q. v.).] [pp. pam- 
 pering, pampered. J To glut ; to feed luxuriously. 
 
 Pam'phlet, n. [Etymology doubtful.] A small 
 stitched book. 
 
 Pam-phlet-eer', n. A writer of pamphlets. 
 
 Pan, n. [A.-S. panne, Sw. panna, Dan. pande, 
 Dut. & Welsh pan, Ger. pfanne, L. patina, a 
 basin.] A vessel broad and shallow ; a hollow : — 
 hard earth lying under the loam or soil. — 2, v. n. 
 [pp. panning, panned.] To become visible, as 
 gold in a miner's pan : — to appear as a result ; 
 to turn out; to develop: — with out. [Colloq.] 
 
 Pan, Pant'o. [Gr. nds, nav, all.] Prefixes in 
 words chiefly of Greek origin, signifying all or 
 everything. 
 
 Pan-a-ce'a, «. [L. ; Gr. navaKeia, all-healing; 
 Tra?, ndv, all, and a«o?, a cure.] A medicine 
 pretended to cure all diseases ; a catholicon :— a 
 remedy for all ills. 
 
 Pa-na'da, n. [Fr. panade; L. panis, bread.] 
 Bread boiled in water. 
 
 Pan'a-ry, a. [L. panis, bread.] Relating to bread. 
 —2, n. ' A pantry. 
 
 Pan'cake, n. A thin cake fried in a pan. 
 
 Pan'cre-as, n. [L. ; Gr. ndyKpeas; ndv, all, and 
 *cpe'a?j flesh.] The sweetbread. 
 
 Pan-cre-at'ic, a. Relating to the pancreas. 
 
 Pan-dse'an, a. Pertaining to Pan ; pandean. 
 
 Pan'dar,'w. Same as Panpeb. 
 
 Pan-dg'an, a. Relating to Pan.—" Pandean pipes," 
 an instrument made of reeds tuned to each other. 
 
 a, e, I, 6, ii, y, long; a, e, 1, o, u, y. 
 
 a, e, \, 0, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 
 
PAXDECT 
 
 399 
 
 PAPYKACEOUS 
 
 Pan'dect, n. [Gr. nav8eKTr)<;, all-receiving; ndv, 
 all, and Sexop-ai., I receive.] A treatise; a di- 
 gest of law. 
 
 Pan-de-mo'ni-um, «. [Gr. nav, all, and oaifxaiv, 
 a demon.] " The great hall or council-chamber 
 of the fallen angels or demons : — a noisy and dis- 
 orderly assembly. 
 
 Pan'der, ». [Gr. ITavSapo?, a personal name.] A 
 pimp ; a procurer. — 2, v. n. [pp. pandering, 
 pandered.] To be subservient to lust or passion. 
 
 Pan-dore', ». [See Bandore.] A mvisical instru- 
 ment of the lute kind. 
 
 Pan-dour', or Pan'dour. n. [From Pcmdur, a 
 Hungarian town.] A Hungarian foot-soldier. 
 
 Pane, n. [Fr. pan, a patch, a panel ; L. pannus, a 
 cloth, a piece.] A square or plate of glass. 
 
 Pan-e-£-yr'ic, n. [Gr. navyyvpucos, solemn, fes- 
 tive, panegyrical; 7ra?, ndv, all, and ayvpig, a 
 variant of ayopd, an assembly.] A laudatory 
 oration or speecli ; a eulogy ; an encomium. 
 
 Pan-e-f yr'ic, 1 a. Containing praise ; eulo- 
 
 Pa.n-e-i'yr'i-cal. J gistic ; encomiastic. 
 
 Pa.n-e-|yr'ist, n. A eulogist ; an encomiast. 
 
 Pan'e-f yr-ize, v. a. [pp. panegyrizing, panegyr- 
 ized.] To commend highly. 
 
 Pan'el, n. [Fr. panneau, 0. Fr. panel, a panel ; 
 Late L. panettus, dim. of pannus, a cloth. — See 
 Pane.] A square or piece inserted in a door or a 
 wainscot :— a roll of the names of jurors. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. panelling, panelled.] To form into panels; 
 
 Pan'el-ling. n. Panel-work. [to empanel. 
 
 Pang, n. [Probably corrupted from 0. E. prange, 
 a pang, a pain; a variant of Prokg.] Extreme 
 pain; anguish; throe. 
 
 Pan'ic, n. [Gr. naviKos, pertaining to the god 
 Pan, who was supposed to cause sudden terrors.] 
 A sudden fright : — [L. panicum ; probably from 
 panis, bread] a kind of grass. — 2, a. Violent; 
 sudden (applied to feart. 
 
 Pan'i-cle, n. [L. pankula, a tuft; panic*, the 
 thread on a bobbin.] (Bot.) A sort of inflores- 
 cence, in which the flowers are scattered, as in 
 oats and some grasses ; a compound raceme. . 
 
 Pan'i-er, \ n. [See Pannier.] A hoop petticoat, 
 
 Pan'ni-er, J or framework, worn by ladies. 
 
 Pan'nel, n. A rustic saddle. See Panel. 
 
 Pan'ni'er (pan'yer or pan'ne-er), n. [Fr. panier ; 
 L. panarium, a bread-basket; panis, bread.] One 
 of two baskets carried on a horse or ass. 
 
 Pan'ni-kln, ». A little pan. 
 
 Pan'o-ply, n. [Gr. navon\ia, full armor; nds, 
 nav, all, and oTrAa, arms. — See Hoplite.] Com- 
 plete armor for the body. 
 
 Pan-o-ra'ma, n. [Gr. ttoli', all, and 6pa/xa, a view ; 
 opaeiv, to see.] A large circular painting repre- 
 senting objects which are seen from a single 
 point : — a large spectacular painting. 
 
 Pan-o-ram'ie, a. Relating to a panorama. 
 
 Pan'sy, n. [Fr, pensee, a thought, also a violet ; 
 penser, to think ; L. pensare, to ponder ; pemlere, 
 to weigh.] A garden violet ; heart's-ease. 
 
 Pant, v. >>. [Fr. pantekr, to gasp: pantois, breath- 
 less. — Cf. L. pandere, to stretch, to open ; also 
 Old and Local Eng. paid; to pant.] \jyp. pant- 
 ing, panted.] To beat, as the heart :— to long :— 
 to breathe hard. — 2, n. Palpitation ; a motion of 
 the heart ; a quick breath. 
 
 Pan'ta-graph, n. [Gr. n-a?, neuter pi. navrd, all, 
 and ypd^etv, to write.] An instrument for copy- 
 ing designs : — written also pantograph. 
 
 Pan-ta-lets', n. pi. A woman's drawers. 
 
 Pan-ta-166n', n. [Fr. pantalon, a clown, also an 
 old nickname of a Venetian ; then (from the 
 tight leggings of the clown, or of the Venetians), 
 a pair of trousers : at first a personal name. The 
 name Pantaleom was once very common in Ven- 
 ice.] A clown ; a buffoon. 
 
 Pan-ta-168ns/, n> pL Long, close trousers. 
 
 Pan'the-i§m, it. [Gr. nav, all, and 0eo?, a god.] 
 The doctrine which identifies the universe or 
 nature with God. 
 
 Pan'the-ist, n. A believer of pantheism. 
 Pan-the-is'tjc, a. Relating to pantheism. 
 Pan-the'on, n. [Gr. ndvOeiov; nag, nav, all, and 
 
 9e6<;, a god.] A temple dedicated to all the gods. 
 
 —Pan-the'on, as an English word ; as a classical 
 
 one, Pan'the-on or Pan-the'on. 
 
 [A.-S. pandher ; 
 -Cf. Skr. 
 
 L. panthera; Gr. 
 
 Pan'ther, 
 ndvdrjp. 
 
 pundarika, a ti- 
 ger.] A spotted 
 wild feline beast; 
 a pard : — a puma. 
 
 Pan'tlle, n. [Pan 
 and Tile. — But 
 cf. Fr. panne, a 
 
 tile.] A gutter- Panther, 
 
 tile. 
 
 Pan'to-graph, n. A pantagraph. 
 
 Pan'to-mime, n. [Fr. pantomime ; L. pantomimes; 
 Gr. jravTOjut/ao? ; ttcLs, navros, all, and fxlaos, an 
 actor. — See Mimic] A representation in gesture 
 and dumb show: — a mimic; a buffoon."— 2, «. 
 Representing by gesture. 
 
 Pan-to-mim'ic, \a. Representing by gesture 
 
 Pan-to-mim'i-cal, j" or dumb show. 
 
 Pan' try, b. [Fr. panetrie; Late L. panetaria, a 
 bread-room; paneta, a baker; panis, bread.] An 
 apartment for provisions. 
 
 Pants.H.p?. Pantaloons; trousers. [Colloq.] 
 
 Pap, n. [Fris. pap, pape ; 0. Sw. papp ; Lith. 
 papas; L. papilla.] A nipple: — [Dut. & Dan. 
 pap ; Ger. pappe ; Sp. papa ; It. pappa ; L. papa, 
 pappa] food for infants ; pulp. 
 
 Pa-pa', n. [Fr. papa; Gr. ndnna<; ; L. papa: 
 found in many other languages.] A child's 
 name for father. [popedom; papal authority. 
 
 Pa'pa-cy, n. [Late L. papatia ; Fr. papavte.] The 
 
 Pa'pal, «. [Late L. papalis; papa, a pop- 
 Belonging to or proceeding from the pope. 
 
 Pa-pav-e-ra'ceous (-shus), a. [L. papaver, the 
 poppy.] Relating to the poppy. 
 
 Pa-paw', n. [Said to be from a Malabar name.] 
 A shrub or tree and its fruit. 
 
 Pa'per, n. [Fr. papier; Ger. papier; L. papyrus 
 (q. v.).] A substance to write on, &c.; a Dews- 
 paper; an essay. — 2, a. Made of paper; slight 
 or thin. — 3, o. a. [pp. papering, papered.] To 
 cover with paper. 
 
 Pa'per-hang'ing§, n. pi. Colored paper, for dra- 
 pery, to cover the walls of rooms. 
 
 Pa'per-mill, n. A mill for making paper. 
 
 Pa'per-nau'ti-lus. ». The argonaut. 
 
 Papeterie (pap-e-tre), • [Fr.] A box or case for 
 stationery. 
 
 Papier-mache (pap'ya-ma'sha), n. [Fr. papier- 
 mache, — literally, chewed paper : m&cher, to mas- 
 ticate (g. r.).] A substance made of paper re- 
 duced to pulp. 
 
 Pa-pil-io-na'ceous (pa-pil-yo-na'shus), a. [L. 
 P'tpilio, papUionis, a butterfly.— See Pavilion.] 
 Relating to the butterfly : — resembling the but- 
 terfly. 
 
 Pa-pil'la, «.; pi. Pa-pil'lae. [L.] (Anat.) A 
 nipple : — the termination of a nerve. 
 
 Pap'il-la-ry [pa-pi l'la-re, 8. P. E. K.]. a. [L. 
 papilla, a nipple, a pimple ; papula, a pustule. — 
 See Pap.] Having papilla? ; covered with papillae. 
 
 Pa-pil'lous, or Pap'il-lous, a. Papillary. 
 
 Pa'pist, it. [Late L. papa, a pope.] A Roman 
 Catholic. 
 
 Pa-pis'tic, or Pa-pis'ti-cal, a. Popish. 
 
 Pa'pis-try, *• Popery; Romish doctrine. 
 
 Pap-p66se\ n. [Algonkin.] An Indian child. 
 
 Pap'pous, a. Relating to pappus; downy. 
 
 Pap'pus, n. [L.] (Bot.) A downy substance. 
 
 Pap'py, a. Soft; succulent; easily divided. 
 
 Pap'ule, n. [L. papula, a pustule. — See Pap.] A 
 pimple. 
 
 Pap-u-lose', ) a. Covered with pimples or pus- 
 
 Pap'u-lous, j rules. 
 
 Pap-y-ra'ceous (-shus), a. Papery; like paper. 
 
 mien, sir ; m8ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — Q, Q, 5, £, soft; f}, £, p, §, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; tfiis. 
 
PAPYRUS 
 
 400 
 
 PAPvASITE 
 
 Pa-py'rus, n. ; pi. Pa-py'rl. [L. ; Gr. ndnvpos ; 
 'Old Egyptian, p-apu.] A plant or bulrush, for- 
 merly used for paper; paper made of the bul- 
 rush ; a manuscript written on bulrush-paper. 
 
 Par, n. [L. par, equal. — See Pair.] The state of 
 equality; equal value; full, normal, or nominal 
 value. 
 
 Para-. [Gr. napd. — Cf. Skr. para, away, from.] 
 A prefix, originally a Greek preposition, signi- 
 fying beside, from, with, near, beyond, through, or 
 contrary. 
 
 Par'a-ble, n. [Gr. napafioX-q, a comparison ; napd, 
 beside, and /3dAAeiv, to throw.] (Ehet.) A short 
 tale or fable designed to illustrate and enforce 
 moral or religious truth ; a similitude. 
 
 Pa-rab'o-la, n. [Gr. napafioXri ; napd, beside, and 
 "/SdAAeiV, to throw ; because it is made by a plane 
 parallel to the surface of a cone.] One of the 
 conic sections, formed by the intersection of the 
 cone by a plane parallel to one of its sides. 
 
 Par-a-bol'ic, \ a. Relating to a parable : — re- 
 
 Par-a-bol'i-cal, j lating to a parabola. 
 
 Pa-rab'o-loid, n. A curve resembling a parabola. 
 
 Par-a-chute\ n. [Fr. ; parer, to guard, to parry 
 (q. v.), a, against, and chute, a 
 fall.] An instrument to pre- 
 vent the too rapid descent from 
 a balloon. 
 
 Par'a-clete, n. [Gr. napdicXr)- 
 tos", a helper, — literally, one 
 called upon (for aid) ; irapd, 
 beside, and KaAeiv, to call.] 
 The Holy Spirit; the Com- Parachute# 
 forter. 
 
 Pa-rade', n. [Fr. ; parer, to adorn ; se parer, to 
 'show one's self; L. parare, to prepare (q. v.).] 
 Shoio ; ostentation: — military order: — a place 
 where troops assemble. — 2, v. n. [pp. parading, 
 paraded.] To assemble, as troops. — 3, v. a. To 
 assemble ; to exhibit. 
 
 Par'a-digm (-dim), n. [L. paradigma, Gr. napd- 
 Seiy/xa, a model; napd, beside, and Seiicvvu.i, I 
 point out.] An example; a model. 
 
 Par-a-di-sa'ic, \ game as p AHADISIACAL . 
 
 Par-a-di-sa l-cal, J 
 
 Par'a-dise, n. [L. paradisus, Gr. 7rapd8eio-o?, a 
 park ; Heb. pardes, a garden ; Arab. & Per. fir- 
 daus, pi. farudis, Zend pairidaeza, an enclosure; 
 pairi, around, and diz, to form.] A place of 
 bliss; heaven. 
 
 Par-a-di-si'a-cal, a. Suiting or like paradise. 
 
 Par'a-dox, n. [Fr. paradoxe ; h.paradoxum; Gr. 
 na'pdliogos, strange; napd, beside, against, and 
 Sot-a, belief; Soxeiv, to seem.] An opinion or 
 assertion apparently false or absurd, but nc ' 
 really so ; an invention which accomplishes what 
 seems impossible. 
 
 Par-a-dox'i-cal, a. Partaking of paradox. 
 
 Par-a-dox'i-cal-ly, ad. By way of paradox. 
 
 Par'af-f in, «. [L. parnm, little, and affinis, akin; 
 from its slight chemical affinities.] A waxy 
 hydrocarbon. 
 
 Par-a-go'£e, n. [Gr. for "a drawing out ;" napd, 
 beside, and dyecv, to lead.] (lihet.) A figure 
 whereby a letter or syllable is added at the e id 
 of a word. 
 
 Par-a-g5£-'ic, "I a. Relating to, or added by, a 
 
 Par-a-go^'i-cal, j paragoge. 
 
 Par'a-gon, n. [Fr. & Sp. ; Sp. para con, in com- 
 parison with ; para (L. pro ad), toward, and con 
 (L. cum), with.] A perfect model ; a pattern. 
 
 Par'a-graph, n. [Gr. napdypafyos ; napd, beside, 
 and ypd<j)et.v, to write.] A distinct part or subdi- 
 vision of a discourse ; a brief written or printed 
 passage : — the mark thus [f ]. 
 
 Par-a-graph'ic, ) a. Relating to, or contain- 
 
 Par-a-graph'i-cal, ) ing, paragraphs. 
 
 Par-a-graph'i-cal-ly, ad. By paragraphs. 
 
 Par'a-graph-ist, n. A writer of paragraphs. 
 
 Pa-ra-guay'-tea (pa-ra-gwl'-te'), n. The leaves 
 of a South-American tree, used like tea; mate. 
 
 Par-al-lac'tic, a. Pertaining to a parallax. 
 
 Par'al-lax, n. [Gr. napaXXai-ts, alternation ; na- 
 paAAdcro-eii/, to interchange; napd, beside, and 
 dAAdo-o-eiv, to change.] (Astron.) Change of 
 place or of aspect :— the distance between the 
 true and the apparent place of the sun, or of 
 a star. 
 
 Par'al-lel, a. [Gr. napdXXnXos ; napd, beside, and 
 aXXr/Xuv, of each other; dAAo?, other.] Extended 
 in the same direction and preserving always the 
 same distance ; having the same direction ; 
 equal ; like. — 2, n. A line equidistant through- 
 out from another line; a parallel line :— a line 
 marking the latitude :— that which is parallel ; 
 resemblance ; likeness.— pi. The mark thus [||], 
 referring to a note.— 3, v. a. [pp. paralleling, 
 paralleled.] To make parallel ; to compare. 
 
 Par'al-lel-ism, n. The state of being parallel : — 
 correspondence ; resemblance. 
 
 Par-al-lel'o-gram, n. [Gr. napak\r)\6ypai*nov ; 
 n-apdAATjA'os, parallel, and ypdfxfj.a, a drawing; 
 ypd^etv, to write.] (Geom.) A quadrilateral fig- 
 ure whose opposite sides are parallel and equal. 
 
 Par-al-lel-o-pi'ped, \ n. [Gr. 7rapdAAr)Aos, par- 
 
 Par-al-lel-o-pip'e-don, J allel, and enineSov, a 
 plane; eni, upon, and neSov, the ground.] 
 (Geom.) A solid having six quadrilateral faces, 
 of which the opposite ones are parallel and 
 equal. 
 
 Pa-ral'o-f-ism [Gr. 7ra.paAoyio-p.ds], or Pa-ral'o- 
 f-y, n. [Gr. napaXoyla ; napd, beside, and Xeyeiv, 
 to speak.] A false argument. 
 
 Pa-ral'y-sis,*w. [L. ; Gr. 7rapdAvo-is ; 7rapd. beside, 
 and Xvetv, to loose, to relax.] Loss of motion 
 and feeling in the body or in a part of it ; a palsy. 
 
 Par-a-lyt'ic, n. One struck by paralysis. 
 
 Par-a-lyt'ic, a. [Gr. 7rapaAim/cos.] Affected with 
 paralysis; palsied. 
 
 Par'a-lyze, v. a. [Fr. paralyser. — See Paralysis.] 
 [pp. paralyzing, paralyzed.] To affect as with 
 paralysis. 
 
 Par'a-mbunt, a. [Anglo-Fr. paramont, 0. Fr. par 
 amont, at the top; par, by, and amont, upward. 
 — See Amount.] Above all others; superior. — 
 2, n. One highest in rank. 
 
 Par'a-mour (par'a-mor), n. [Fr. par amour, by 
 lov'e. — See Amotjf.] A lover or wooer, in a bad 
 sense : — a mistress. 
 
 Par'a-nymph, n. [Gr. 7rapdvvp.(|>os ; napd, beside, 
 and vvn4>r], a bride.] A brideman ; a supporter. 
 
 Par'a-pet, n. [Fr. ; It. parapelto ; parare, to de- 
 fend, to parry (q. v.), and petto, L. pectus, the 
 breast.] (Fort.) A breastwork or wall. 
 
 Par'aph, n. [Fr. parafe ; a shortened form of 
 paragraphe, a paragraph.] A figure formed by 
 the flourish of the pen at the end of a signature. 
 
 Par-a-pher-na'li-a, «• pi. [Gr. napdtyepva, a 
 bride's property apart from her dowry; 7rapd, 
 besides, and 4>epvrj, a dowry ; </>epeiv, to bring.] 
 The apparel and ornaments of a wife : — equipage. 
 
 Par'a-phrase, n. [Gr. napd<j>pao-L<; ; napd, beside, 
 and (£>pd£eiv, to speak. — See Phrase.] A free or 
 amplified translation ; an explanation in many 
 words. — 2, v. a. [pp. paraphrasing, paraphrased.] 
 To translate or interpret loosely; to explain in 
 many words. [paraphrases. 
 
 Par'a-phrast, n. [Gr. napa<f>pdo-rr)<;.] One who 
 
 Par-a-phras'tic, 1 a. Relating to paraphrase; 
 
 Par-a-phras'ti-cal, j diffuse ; free. 
 
 Par-a-phras'ti-cal-ly, ad. By paraphrase. 
 
 Par-a-ple'i'i-a, \ «. [Gr. napanXeyia ; napd, be- 
 
 Par'a-plef-y,' | side, and nXyyrj, a stroke. J (Med.) 
 Paralysis of the lower half of the body. 
 
 Par'a-sang, n. [Gr. napao-dyyr\%; Per. farsanq.] 
 A Persian measure of length. 
 
 Par-a-se-le'ne, n. [Gr. 7rapd, beside, and aeXiqvr), 
 the moon.]' (Astron.) A meteor in a watery 
 cloud; a mock moon. 
 
 Par'a-site, n. [Gr. 77-apdo-iTos ; napd, beside, and 
 o-itos, grain, food.] One who flatters the rich ; 
 a servile flatterer ; a sycophant : — an animal or 
 
 a, e, 1, o, u, y, long; a, e, 1, 0, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fire, far, fast, fall; heir, her j 
 
PARASITIC 
 
 401 
 
 PARQUETRY 
 
 plant that grows on, or lives upon, another ani- 
 mal or plant. 
 
 Par-a-sit'ic, \ a. Flattering :— growing on an- 
 
 Par-a-sit'j-cal, J other tree, as plants. 
 
 Par-a-sit'i-cal-lx, ad. As a parasite. 
 
 Par'a-sit-ism, ». The behavior of a parasite. 
 
 Par'a-sol, or Par'a-sol [par'a-sol, W. Ja. 0. ; par'- 
 a-sol, S. J. E. F.'; par-a-sol', Sm.], n. [Fr., Sp., 
 & Port. ; Port. & Sp. parar, to stop, to parry 
 (<7- v.), and sol, the sun.] A small umbrella to 
 shelter from the sun. 
 
 Par'boll, v. a. [0. Fr. parbouUlir, L. perbullire, to 
 boil thoroughly; per, intensive, and hidlire, to 
 boil (7. ».).] [pp. parboiling, parboiled.] To 
 half boil; to boil in part. 
 
 Par'cel, m. [Fr. parcelle ; Port, parcela ; Late L. 
 & It. particella ; L. particula, dim. of pars, partis, 
 a part (q. v.).] A small bundle or quantity. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. parcelling, parcelled.] To divide 
 into portions. 
 
 Par'ce-na-ry, v. Joint inheritance. 
 
 Par'ce-ner, n. [See Partner.] A joint owner. 
 
 Parch, v. a. [0. E. perchen, Local Fr. percher, to 
 pierce (g. v.): once used of the sun and wind.] 
 [pp. parching, parched.] To burn slightly ; to 
 scorch ; to dry up ; to roast in ashes, as corn. 
 
 Parch'ment, n. [Fr. parchemin; L. pergamena; 
 Gr. nepyafxrivri : named from the city of Perga- 
 mum, in Mysia,] Skins dressed for writing 011. 
 
 Pard, n. [L.pardus; Gr. ndpSos ; Per. pars, parsh ; 
 Skr. pridaku, a leopard.] The leopard or panther. 
 
 Par'don (par'dn), v. a. [Fr. pardon (n.), pardonner 
 (v.); Late L. perdonare; per, completely, and 
 donare, to give; donum, a gift.] [pp. pardoning, 
 pardoned.] To forgive ; to remit. — 2, u. F01-- 
 giveness; remission. 
 
 Par'don-a-ble (par'du-a-bl), a. That may be par- 
 doned ; 'venial ; excusable. 
 
 Par'don-a-ble-ness, n. Venialness. 
 
 Par'don-a-bly (par'dn-a-ble), ad. Venially. 
 
 Par'don-er (par'dn-er)j n. One who pardons :— 
 one who sells indulgences. 
 
 Pare, v. a. [Fr. purer, to trim ; L. parare, to pre-' 
 pare (q. i\).j [pp. paring, pared.] To cut off 
 the surface ; to peel. 
 
 Par-e-gor'ic, n. [Gr. napr)yopiit6<;, encouraging, 
 soothing; napd, beside, and dyopeveiv, to speak 
 (in public) ; dyopd, an assembly.] (Med.) An as- 
 suaging medicinal preparation; anodyne. — 2, «. 
 Mollifying ; assuaging. 
 
 Pa-ren'chy.-ma, n. [Gr. napeyvvfia ; napd, beside, 
 and x«if, or'xev'eii/, to pour.] Cellular tissue of 
 a plant : — the soft substance of a viscus. 
 
 Par-en-phym'a-tous, «. Pithy; spongy; porous: 
 — relating to parenchyma. 
 
 Pa-ren'e-sis, n. [Gr. napaiv eo-i? ; napd, beside,' 
 and a'weeiv, to tell, to recommend.] Exhorta- 
 tion ; persuasion. 
 
 Par-e-net'ic, a. [Gr. napaiveriKo-;.] Hortatory. 
 
 Par'ent, n. [Fr. parent, a relative; h. parens, pa- 
 rentis, a parent; purere, to produce.] A father 
 or mother. 
 
 Par'ent-age, or Par'ent-a£e, n. Extraction ; 
 birth; descent. 
 
 Pa-rent' al, <*. Eelating to parents; tender. 
 
 Pa-ren'the-sis, n. ; pi. Pa-ren'the-se§. [Gr. wa' a 
 pev9eai(;, an insertion, a putting in beside ; napd, 
 beside, ev, in, and ^eo-cs, a placing. — See THESIS.] 
 A clause included in a sentence : — the mark, 
 thus ( ), including the words inserted. 
 
 Par-en- thet'ic, 1 a. Pertaining to or using pa- 
 
 Par-en-thet'i-cal, j renthesis. 
 
 Par-en-thet'i-cal-ly, ad. By parenthesis. 
 
 Par'er, n. A tool to cut the surface. 
 
 Par'e-sis, n. [Gr. for '* a relaxation;" napd, 
 apart, away, and ievai, to let go.] A kind of 
 paralysis. 
 
 Par'|-et, n. [Late L. spargitare, L. spargere, to 
 sprinkle, to dash.] Plaster; gypsum :— paint. — j 
 2, v. a. [pp. pargeting, pargeted.] To plaster, 
 as a flue. 
 
 Par-he'li-on, or Par-hel'ion, n. ; pi. Par-he'li-a. 
 [L. ; Gr. napr\ki.ov ; napd, beside, and rjAios, the 
 sun.] A mock sun ; a meteor. 
 
 Pa'ri-ah, n. [Tamil, from pareiar, a drum : pa- 
 riahs are of the drummer caste.] One ot the 
 wretched class of very low caste people in the 
 south of India : — an outcast. 
 
 Pa'ri-an, a. Relating to the isle of Paros. 
 
 Pa-ri'e-tal, a. [L. parietalis; paries, parietis, a 
 wall.' — Cf. Gr. wept, around, and el/xi, L. ire, to 
 go.] Constituting the sides or wall : — resident 
 within the walls. 
 
 Par'ing, n. That which is pared off; the rind. 
 
 Par'ish, n. [Fr. paroisse ; L. parcecia; Gr. na- 
 pot/a'a; ndpoiKos, neighboring; napd, near, and 
 oIaco?, a house.] An ecclesiastical district. — 2, a. 
 Belonging to a parish ; parochial. 
 
 Pa-risb/ion-er, n. One belonging to a parish. 
 
 Par'i-tor, «. ' [For apparitor (</. 0.).] A headle; a 
 summoner. 
 
 Par'i-ty, n. [Fr. parite ; L. paritas. — See Par.] 
 Equality; likeness; equivalence. 
 
 Park, n. [A.-S. pearroc; Celt, pairc, park; Dut. 
 perk; Sw. & Dan. park; Ger. pfereh; Fr. pare; 
 Sp.parque; It. parco.] An enclosure for beasts 
 of chase.— 2, v. a. [pp. parking, parked.] To 
 enclose as in a park. 
 
 Park'er, n. A keeper of a park. 
 
 Par'la'nce, n. [0. Fr. ; fromparler, to talk.] Con- 
 versation ; discourse. 
 
 Par'ley, v. 11. [Fr. purler, to talk; Late L. para- 
 bohi, a parable (</. v.), — later, a talk.] [pp. par- 
 leying, parleyed.] To treat verbally ; to talk. — 
 2, )(. Oral treaty; talk; conference. 
 
 Par'lia-ment (par'le-nient), n. [Fr. parlement, a 
 court, a parliament, — properly, a speaking. — 
 See Parley.] The British legislative assembly 
 of lords and commons. 
 
 Par-lia-men-ta'ri-an, n. One who sided with the 
 Parliament against Charles I.: — one skilled in 
 parliamentary affairs. 
 
 Par-lia-men'ta-ry., a. Relating to Parliament : — 
 according to the rules of public assemblies. 
 
 Par'lor, n. [Fr. parioir, properly, a conversation- 
 room ; parler, to talk.] A furnished room ; a 
 sitting-room. 
 
 Par-me-san', o. Relating to Parma : — applied par- 
 ticularly to cheese made at Parma. 
 
 Pa-ro'phi-al, a. [Late L. parochialis ; paa-ochia or 
 parcecia, a parish (</. v.).] Belonging to a parish. 
 
 Par'o-dy, n. [Gr. napioSia; napd, beside, and 
 <J6t7, an ode (q. v.).) A caricature of another's 
 words or performance ; a travesty. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 parodying, parodied.] To copy by way of parody. 
 
 Par'o-ket, n. Same as Paroqi f.t. 
 
 Par'ol, a. Oral; by word of mouth. 
 
 Pa-role', n. [Fr. parole, a word ; Sp. palabra, Late 
 L. parabola, a talk, a parable (q. v.).] Word of 
 honor :— a watchword. 
 
 Par-o-no-ma'si-a (par-o-no-ma'zhe-a), n. [Gr. 
 napovop.ao-La ; napd, beside, and bvop.a, a name.] 
 (Iihet.) A play upon words; a pun. 
 
 Pa-ron'y-mous, a. [Gr. napwwp.o<; ; napd, beside, 
 and bvoixa, a name.] Alike in sound but differ- 
 ent in meaning : — of the same origin ; conjugate. 
 
 Par'o-quet (par'o-ket), n. [Sp. perichito, dim. of 
 pei-'ieo, a parrot' (q. v.).] A small parrot. 
 
 Pa-rot'id, a. Relating to the parotis.— 2, n. The 
 parotis. 
 
 Pa-ro'tis, n. [Gr. Trapcortg, napioriSos ; napd, near, 
 and ovs, wtos, the ear.] The salivary gland 
 under the ear. 
 
 Par'ox-ysm, n. [Gr. napo£vo-p.6$ ; napd, beside, 
 and bf-vvetv, to sharpen; c^us, sharp.] An ex- 
 acerbation of a disease; a fit. 
 Par-ox-ys/mal, a. Of or pertaining to a paroxysm ; 
 
 convulsive. 
 
 Par-quet' (par-ka'), n. [Fr. parquet, an enclosed 
 
 place, an inlaid floor; dim. of pare, an enclosure.] 
 
 Part of a theatre. [Inlaid wood-work. 
 
 Par'quet-rx, n. [Fr. parqueterie. — See Parquet.] 
 
 miei 
 
 sir; move, nor, son; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q, Q, 5, £, soft; p, p, c, §, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 
 aa 34* 
 
PAKE 
 
 402 
 
 PASHA 
 
 Parr, n. [Said to be of Celtic origin.] A young 
 salmon. 
 
 Par-ri-ci'dal, a. Relating to parricide. 
 
 Par'ri-clde, n. [L. parricida (person), parricidium 
 (the crime) ; pater, a father, and csedere, to slay.] 
 The murder or the murderer of a parent. 
 
 Par' rot, n. [Fr. perroquet; Sp. perichito, a dim. 
 of perico, a parrot,— properly, a 
 dim. of Pedro, Peter. — Cf. It. par- 
 rocchetto ; Port, periquito.] A well- 
 known party-colored bird. 
 
 Par'ry, v. a. [Fr. purer, to adorn, 
 to prepare (q. v.), — also, to guard 
 against, to ward off'; 0. Fr. pare, 
 Fr. parade, It. parata, a parry ; L. 
 parare, to prepare, to deck.] [pp. 
 parrying, parried.] To turn aside ; 
 to ward oft'. — 2, v. n. To ward off 
 thrusts ; to fence. — 3, n. A move- 
 ment by which a cut, thrust, or Parrot. 
 lunge is warded off. 
 
 Parse, v. a. [L. pars, a part (of speech).] [pp. 
 parsing, parsed.] To resolve by the rules of 
 grammar, or to explain the grammatical forms 
 and relations of words. 
 
 Par'see, n. [Per. parsi, a Persian; Pars, Fars, 
 Persia.] A fire-worshipper. 
 
 Par-si-mo'ni-ous, a. Very sparing in expendi- 
 ture; covetous; penurious; avaricious. 
 
 Par-si-mo'ni-ous-ly, ad. With parsimony. 
 
 Par-si-mo'ni-ous-ness, n. Parsimony. 
 
 Par'si-mo-ny, n. [L. parcimonia ; parcere, to spare ; 
 parous, "sparing. — See Spare.] Covetousness ; 
 penuriousness. 
 
 Pars'ley (pars'le), n. [Fr. persil ; Ger. pelersilie ; 
 Sp.perejil; L. petraselinurn, later petrosillum ; Gr. 
 nerpoo-e\t.i>ov ; 7reVpos, a rock, and o-e\ivov, pars- 
 ley.— See Celery.] A garden plant or herb. 
 
 Pars'nep, n. Same as Paksnip. 
 
 Pars'nip, n. [L. pastinaca ; Fr. panais; 0. Fr. 
 paste nade, pastenaque, pastenaille. — Cf. L. pasti- 
 nare, to dig; pastinum, a dibble, or fork.] A 
 garden vegetable or root. 
 
 Par'son (par'sn)j n. [L. persona, a mask, a per- 
 son, — later, a man, a priest, a dignity. — See 
 Person.] A priest; a, clergyman. 
 
 Par'son-a|e, n. A parson's" house, &c. 
 
 Part, n. ' [L. pars, partis; Fr. part.] Something 
 less than the whole; a portion; a division; 
 share ; piece : — a member : — concern : — side.— pi. 
 Faculties : — regions. — 2, v. a. [L. part ire, parti- 
 tuni.] [pp. parting, parted.] To divide; to 
 share ; to separate. — 3, v. n. To be separated ; 
 to quit each other. 
 
 Par-take', v. n. & v. a. [Part and Take.] [i. par- 
 took ; pp. partaking, partaken.] To take part 
 of; to participate. 
 
 Par-tak'en (par-ta/kn), p. from partake. 
 
 Par-tak'er, j*. One who partakes; a sharer. 
 
 Par- terre' (par-tar'), n. [Fr. ; from par terre, L. 
 per terram, along the ground.] A system of beds 
 for flowers. 
 
 Par'tial (par'shal), a. [Fr. partial; Late L. par- 
 tialis; L. pars, partis, a part.] Inclined or biassed 
 to one party ; not impartial : — not total. 
 
 Par-ti-al'i-ty (pa'r-she-al'e-te), n. State or quality 
 of being partial; an undue bias. 
 
 Par'tial-ly, ad. With partiality :— in part. 
 
 Part'i-'ble, 'a. That may be parted ; divisible. 
 
 Par-tic'i-pant, a. Sharing ; having a share. — 
 2, n. A partaker ; a sharer. 
 
 Par-tic'i-pate, v. n. & v. a. [L. participare, par- 
 iieipatum; particeps, sharing in; para, a part, 
 and capere, to take.] [pp. participating, par- 
 ticipated.] To have a share in common with 
 others ; to partake. 
 
 Par-tic-i-pa'tion, n. The act of sharing ; division. 
 
 Par-tic'i-pa-tor, n. One who participates. 
 
 Par-ti-cip'i-al, a. [Fr. ; L. parlicipialis.] Of the 
 nature of a participle. 
 
 Par-ti-cip'i-al-ly, ad. In manner of a participle. 
 
 Par'ti-cip-le (-sip-pi), n. [Fr. participe, L. parti- 
 cipium, a sharing, a participle. — See Partici- 
 pate.] One of the parts of speech. 
 
 Par'ti-cle, n. [Fr. particule ; L. purticnla, dim. of 
 pars, a part (q. v.).] A minute part; an atom; a 
 mote; a jot: — an indeclinable word. 
 
 Par'ti-col'ored (-kul'urd), a. Of various hues; 
 variegated. 
 
 Par-tic'u-lar, a. [L. particidaris ; Fr. particulier. — 
 See Particle.] Not belonging to the whole, but 
 to one person ; not general : — nice ; exact ; mi- 
 nute : — peculiar : — singular ; odd. — 2, n. A sin- 
 gle instance or point. 
 
 Par-tic-u-lar'i-ty, n. [Fr. particularite.] Quality 
 of being particular; exactness; something par- 
 ticular. 
 
 Par-tic'u-lar-ize, v. a. [Fr. partimlariser.] [pp. 
 particularizing, particularized.] To mention 
 distinctly. — 2, v. n. To give minute details. 
 
 Par-tic'u-lar-ly, ad. In a particular manner. 
 
 Part' nig, n. A division ; separation. 
 
 Par'ti-§an, n. [Fr. partisan; It. parligiano ; par- 
 teggiare, to share ; L. partire, par- 
 titas, to part (17. v.).] An adherent 
 to a party ; a party-man : — the 
 commander of a force which car- 
 ries on desultory warfare : — [Fr. 
 pertnisane; It. partegiana; S\v. 
 bardisan : probably allied with Old 
 Ger. barle, a battle-axe, and modi- 
 fied by Late L. partisare, to divide] 
 a kind of battle-axe. 
 
 Par-ti"tion (par-tish'un), n. [L. 
 
 partitio, division ; partire, partituni, Partisan. 
 to part ((/. «.).] The act of divid- 
 ing; separation; a division; a part. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. partitioning, partitioned.] To divide into 
 parts. [ — 2, n. A distributive word. 
 
 Par'ti-tive, a. Expressing division or separation. 
 
 Part'ly, ad. In some measure ; in part. 
 
 Part'ner, n. [0. Fr. parsonnier ; Law Eng. par- 
 cener) Late L. partitionarius. — See Partition.] 
 An associate in business ; a partaker ; a sharer ; 
 a colleague.— (Naut.) A piece of plank nailed 
 round the scuttle. 
 
 Part'ner-ship, n. A joint interest :— a union of 
 two or more in business : — association. 
 
 Par-took' (par-tuk'), i. from partake. 
 
 Par'trid£e, n. [Fr. perdrix ; L. perdue; Gr. nipSi^ : 
 from' its note.] A well-known bird of game. 
 
 Par-tii'ri-ent, a. [L. parlurire, partvrieidis, to be 
 about to bring forth ; parere, parturus, to pro- 
 duce.] Bringing forth. 
 
 Par-tu-ri"tion (par-tu-rish'un), n. [L. parturitio. 
 — See Parturient.] The act of bringing forth 
 young or offspring; childbirth. 
 
 PaVty, n. [Fr. parti, a party, a part, a match, a 
 side; Sp. partkla, a party; L. partire, partilum, 
 to part (q. v.).] A number of persons united 
 under some leader or leaders in politics, religion, 
 or other matter of interest, in support of their 
 opinions; a faction; cause; side: — a select as- 
 sembly :— a detachment :— one of two litigants. 
 
 Par'ty-col'ored, a. Having different colors. 
 
 Par'ty-wali, n. A wall separating two houses. 
 
 Par've-nu', n. [Fr. ; literally, one arrived*.] One 
 who'has recently come into notice; an upstart. 
 
 Par'vis, «• [Fr. parvis; Late L. varadisus, or para- 
 visus, paradise, — also, a church porch, an altar. 
 — Cf. Local It. paraviso, for paradiso, paradise 
 (q. v.).] A church porch. 
 
 Pas(pa), H. [Fr.— See Pace.] A step :— precedence. 
 
 Pas'phal (pas'kal), a. [L. pascha, Gr. Trdax a > 
 Heb. ' pemkh, passover, Easter.] Eelating to 
 Easter or to the passover. 
 
 Pash, v. a. & v. n. [Imitative, like Plash.— Cf. 
 Norse baska, Dan. baske. to dash, to strike.] 
 [pp. pashing, pashed.] To dash ; to splash. 
 
 Pa-sha', n. [Per. basha, badishah; pad, protecting, 
 and ahali, king or ruler.] A Turkish governor : 
 — an Oriental prince or lord. 
 
 a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, 1, 0, u, y, short; a, e, i, 0, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fist, fall; heir, her; 
 
PASQUIL 
 
 403 
 
 PATER-NOSTER 
 
 Pas'quil, n. [Fr. pasquille ; It. pasquillo.] A pas- 
 quinade. 
 
 Pas'quin, n. & v. Pasquinade (q. v.). 
 
 Pas-quin-ade', n. [Fr. ; It. pasquinata ; from one 
 Pasquino, a cobbler at Rome, sixteenth century, 
 noted for his sarcasms.] A lampoon ; personal 
 satire. — 2, v. a. [pp- pasquinading, pasquin- 
 aded.] To lampoon ; to vilify ; to satirize. 
 
 Pass, v. n. [Fr. passer, Late L. passare, to pass: 
 pussus, a pace (q. ».)•] [pp- passing, passed.] To 
 go ; to proceed : — to vanish : — to occur : — to be 
 current :— to be enacted. — 2, v. a. To go beyond ; 
 to surpass : — to spend ; to transfer : — to omit : — to 
 enact : — to utter ; to deliver : — to palm off : — to 
 thrust. — 3, n. A narrow entrance or passage : — 
 license to go; a permit : — push : — state. 
 
 Pass'a-ble, a. That may be passed; tolerable. 
 
 Pass'a-bly, ad. Tolerably ; moderately. 
 
 Pas' safe, n. [Fr. passage; Late L. passaticum, 
 the right of passing.] the act of passing ; jour- 
 ney : — roadway : — occurrence : — part of a book : 
 — transit. [debts, &c. 
 
 Pass'-book (-buk), n. A book for entering credits, 
 
 Passe (pas-sa), fern. Passee (pas-sa'), a. [Fr.] 
 Failed ; out of use. 
 
 Passed (past), i. & p. from pass. 
 
 Pas'sen-ger, n. [Fr. passager : the n is excres- 
 cent.] A traveller; a wayfarer. 
 
 Passe-partout (pas-par-tO'), n. [Fr. ; literally, 
 pass everywhere.] A master-key: — a card- 
 board frame. 
 
 Pass'er-by, n. One who is passing by. 
 
 Pas'se-rlne, a. [L. passerinus ; passer, a sparrow.] 
 Pertaining to or resembling sparrows. 
 
 Pas-si-bil'f-ty. n. [L. passibilitas.] Quality of 
 being passible. 
 
 Pas'si-ble, a. [L. passibilis; pati, passus, to suffer.] 
 That may feel or suffer. 
 
 Pas'sim, ad. [L.] Every where ; here and there. 
 
 Pass'ing, -p. a. Surpassing. — 2, ad. Very. 
 
 Pass'ing-bell. n. The death-bell for a person. 
 
 Pas'sion (pash'un), n. [L. passio, suffering, feel- 
 ing; pati, passus, to suffer. — Cf. Gr. naOelv, to 
 suffer.] Anger: — zeal; ardor; emotion: — love: 
 — the last suffering of Christ. 
 
 Pas'sion-al (pash'un-al), a. Addressed to, or ex- 
 citing or ministering to, the passions. 
 
 Pas'sion-ate (pash'un-at), a. Moved by passion; 
 irascible; hasty; choleric; angry. 
 
 Pas'sion-ate-ly, ad. With passion. 
 
 Pas'sion-ate-ness, n. Vehemence of mind. 
 
 Pas'sion-flbw-er. n. [The various parts of this 
 flower are fancied to resemble the instruments 
 of Christ's passion.] A plant and flower of vari- 
 ous kinds. 
 
 Pas'sion-less, a. Cool; calm: — painless. 
 
 Pas'sion-play, n. A dramatic representation of 
 Christ's passion. 
 
 Pas'sion-week (pish'un-wek), n. The week im- 
 mediately preceding Easter. 
 
 Pas'sive, a. [L. passivus ; Yr.passif; It. pati, pas- 
 sus, to suffer.] Not active; unresisting; suffer- 
 ing. — A passive verb expresses a passion, or the 
 receiving of an action; as, to be fed. 
 
 Pas'sive-ly, ad. In a passive manner. 
 
 Pas'sive-ness, n. State of being passive. 
 
 Pass'o-ver, n. [Pass and Over.] A festival of 
 the Jews, in commemoration of the time when 
 God smote the first-born of the Egyptians, but 
 passed over the Hebrews. 
 
 Pass'port, n. [Fr. passe-port; passer, to pass, and 
 parte, a gate.] A warrant of protection to a trav- 
 eller; permission of passage. 
 
 Pass'word, ». [Pass and Word.] A watchword. 
 
 Past, a. from pass. Not present; gone by. — 2, n. 
 The time gone by; past time. — % prep. After; 
 beyond :— by. — 4, ad. By. 
 
 Paste, n. [Fr. pate, It. & Late L. pasta, paste ; 
 Gr. iraa-rri, a mess, — literally, bestrewn or salted ; 
 ndo-a-eiv, to strew, to salt.] A tenacious mix- 
 ture ; cement: — a material of which spurious 
 
 gems are made.— 2, v. a. [pp. pasting, pasted.] 
 To fasten with paste. 
 
 Paste'board, n. A thick, stiff paper. 
 
 Pas'tel, n. [Fr. pastel, a crayon; It. pastello ; L. 
 pastillus, a little roll ; pastas, food, pasture (q. v.); 
 pascere, pastum, to feed.] A plant ; woad : — a 
 colored crayon. 
 
 Pas' tern, n. [0. Fr. pasturon ; Fr. pdturon; 0. Fr. 
 pasture, a pasturing-rope, a tether : horses were 
 tethered by a rope attached to the pastern. — See 
 Pasture.] The lowest part of a horse's leg. 
 
 Pas'til, n. [L. pastillus, a little roll. — See Pastel.] 
 A roll of paste for crayons, or for fumigation : — 
 a lozenge. [ment; diversion. 
 
 Pas' time, n. [Pass and Time.] Sport; amuse- 
 
 Pas'tor, n. [L. for "a shepherd," — literally, a 
 feeder; pascere, pastum, to feed.] A shepherd: 
 — a clergyman. 
 
 Pas'to-ral, a. [L. pastoralis.] Kelating to a pas- 
 tor 'or 'to a shepherd : — rural. — 2, ». A rural 
 poem ; a bucolic. 
 
 Pas' tor-ate, n. The office of a pastor. 
 
 Pas' tor-ship, n. The office or rank of a pastor. 
 
 Pas'trx, n. [See Paste.] Food made with paste ; 
 pies, &c. 
 
 Pas'try-cook (pas'tre-kuk), n. One who makes 
 and sells pastry, or things baked in paste. 
 
 Past'ur-a-ble, a. Fit for pasture. 
 
 Past'ur-age, n. [Fr. pdturage ; 0. Fr. pasturage.] 
 Feed for cattle ; pasture. 
 
 Past' lire (past'yur), n. [0. Fr. pasture; Fr. pas- 
 ture; L. pastura ; pascere, pastum, to feed ; pastus, 
 feed.] Land, or grass, on which cattle feed. — 
 2, v. a. & *;. h. [pp. pasturing, pastured.] To 
 feed on grass. 
 
 Pas' ty. or Pas'ty, n. [0. Fr. paste"; Fr. pdtc.^- 
 See Patty and Paste.] Venison, &c, in pulp, 
 enclosed in paste, and baked without a dish. 
 
 Pas'ty, a. Resembling paste ; doughy. 
 
 Pat, "• [Ger. pass, Hut. pas, fit: Ger. passen, to 
 fit.] Fit; convenient. — 2, ad. Fitly; exactly. 
 — 3, v. a. [Local Ger. patr.cn; Ger. paischen; 
 Local Sw. pjiitta: imitative.— Cf. Fr. patte, Sp. 
 puta, a paw.] [pp. patting, patted.] To strike 
 lightly. — 4, n. A light blow : — [Irish padt, a 
 lump; paileog, a lump of butter] a little lump, 
 as of butter. 
 
 Patch, n. [Port, pednco, Sp. pedazo, a piece; L. 
 pittacium, a patch; Gr. nirrdKiov, a plaster, dim. 
 of TrcTTa, pitch.] A piece; a small spot; a par- 
 cel. — 2, v. a. [pp. patching, patched.] To put 
 patches on ; to mend. 
 
 Patch-ou'li, n. [Ea*t Indian.] A plant of India 
 and its strong perfume. 
 
 Patch' work (-wiirlO, n. Work composed of pieces; 
 something formed of different parts. 
 
 Pate, n. [Origin obscure ; perhaps related to paten 
 in the sense of & pan.] The head : — now used in 
 ridicule. 
 
 Pa-tel'la, n. [L. ; a dim. of patcna, a pan (q. v.).] 
 L. pi. Pa-tel'lse; Eng. Pa-tel'las. (Anat.) The 
 knee-pan. — (Conch.) A univalve shell-fish. 
 
 Pat'en, n. [L. patina, patena, Gr. naroivq, a flat 
 dish. — Cf. L. patere, to spread, to be open.] See 
 Patin and Patten. 
 
 Pat'ent, or Pa'tent, a. [L. patere, patentis, to 
 lie' open.] Apparent; spreading; manifest: — 
 open to the perusal of all : — protected by letters- 
 patent. — 2, n. A writ or privilege, granted by 
 public authority, conveying an exclusive right 
 to use or dispose of some new invention ; letters- 
 patent. — 3, v. a. [pp. patenting, patented.] To 
 secure by letters-patent. 
 
 Pat'ent-a-ble, a. Capable of being patented. 
 
 Pat-en-tle', n. One who has a patent. 
 
 Pa-ter'nal, a. [L. palernus; Late L. paternalis ; 
 L. pater, a father (q. v.).] Fatherly; kind: — 
 hereditary. 
 
 Pa-ter'ni-ty, n. [Fr. patertiite ; L. pafemilas.] 
 the relation of a father. [Lord's prayer. 
 
 Pa'ter-nos'ter, n. [L. for "our Father."] The 
 
 mien, sir ; m8ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q, 9, c, g, soft; f}, 0, p, g, 
 
 § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 
 
PATH 
 
 404 
 
 PAXWAX 
 
 Path, n. ; pi. Paths. [A.-S. pad, psed ; Dut. pad; 
 Ger. pfud; Gr. irdrog; Skr. patha.— Cf. Gr. 7ra- 
 Teiv, to tread.] A way ; a road ; a track ; any 
 passage ; a narrow way. 
 
 Pa-thet'ic, ) a. [L. putheticus; Gr. Tra.Br)TiK.6<;. 
 
 Pa-thet'i-cal, J — See Pathos.] Relating to pa- 
 thos ; affecting the feelings ; moving. 
 
 Pa-thet'i-cal-ly, ad. In a pathetic manner. 
 
 Path'less, a. Having no path ; untrodden. 
 
 Pa-thog--no-mon'ic, a. [Gr. tto.6o<;. disease, and 
 yi.yvio<TKeiv, to know (q. v.). — See Gnomon.] In- 
 dicating disease. 
 
 Path-o-16§'i-cal, a. Relating to pathology. 
 
 Pa-thol'o-£-ist, n. One who treats of pathology. 
 
 Pa-thol'o-gv, n. [Gr. ttolQos, suffering, and Aoyos, 
 a treatise.] That part of medicine which relates 
 to diseases, their causes, &c. 
 
 Pa'thos, n. [Gr. naBo?, suffering; nadelv, to suf- 
 fer.] Passion; tenderness of feeling. 
 
 Path' way, n. A road ; a narrow foot-way. 
 
 Pa'tience (pa'shens), n. [L. patientia.] The act 
 or power of suffering without complaint; calm 
 endurance ; resignation ; perseverance. 
 
 Pa'tient (pa/shent), a. [L. patiens, patientis, pres. 
 part, of pati, to suffer. — See Passion.] Possessed 
 of patience ; suffering quietly ; calm under pain. 
 — 2, n. He who or that vvhich receives impres- 
 sions : — one under the care of a physician ; a 
 sick person. 
 
 Pa'tient-ly (pa'shent-le), ad. With patience. 
 
 Pat' in, n. [L. patina; Gr. naTavq. — See Pan.] A 
 cover for a chalice : — a stand or saucer ; a plate. 
 
 Patois (pat-wa/), n. [Ft.; Prov. pati, a country; 
 L. patria, one's country. — Cf. Sp. patue, patois. — 
 See Patriot.] A dialect of the peasantry ; a 
 rustic or provincial dialect. 
 
 Pa'tri-arph, n. [L. patriarcha; Gr. naTpidpxr} 1 ; ; 
 ircLTpid, a lineage, a race, and dpxeiv, to rule, or 
 apxv, a beginning.] The father or head of a 
 family : — the ecclesiastical head or chief of an 
 Oriental church, superior to an archbishop. 
 
 Pa-tri-ar'phal, a. Belonging to patriarchs ; hav- 
 ing the character of a patriarch. 
 
 Pa-tri-ar'phate, \ n. The office or jurisdiction of 
 
 Pa'tri'-ar-phy, J a patriarch. 
 
 Pa-tri"cian (pa-trish'an), n. [L. palricius ; palres, 
 senators', fathers; pater, father (ql v.).] One of 
 the nobility in ancient Rome; a nobleman. — 
 
 2, a. Noble; not plebeian. 
 Pat-ri-mo'ni-al, a. Relating to patrimony. 
 Pat'ri-mo-ny, n. [L. patrimonium ; pater, patris, a 
 
 father \g. "«.).] An estate or right inherited 
 from one's ancestor; a patrimonial estate. 
 Pa'tri-ot [pafre-ot, Wb.], n. [Fr. patriote, a pa- 
 triot ; Gr. 7raTp"(.aJTi7?, a fellow-countryman ; L. 
 patria, Gr. irdrpa, or 7raTpi's, fatherland ; L. pater, 
 Gr. irarrip, a father (q. v.).] A lover of his coun- 
 try, [of patriotism. 
 Pa-tri-ot'ic, or Pat-ri-ot'ic, a. Relating to or full 
 Pa'tri-ot-ism, n. Love of one's country. 
 Pa-tris'tic, \ a. [Fr. patrhtiqne.~] Relating to the 
 Pa-tris'ti-cal, j fathers of the Christian church. 
 Pa-trol', n. ' [Fr. patrouille; Sp. patrulla. — Cf. Fr. 
 patroniller, to paddle, to splash ; patouiller, to 
 fumble : akin to Paddle.] The act of going the 
 rounds in a camp or the streets; a guard; a 
 night-watch ; a round. — 2, v. a. [pp. patrolling, 
 patrolled.] To pass through; to go round. — 
 
 3, v. n. To go the rounds in a camp. 
 Pa'tron, n. [Fr. & Sp. patron, L. patronus, a pro- 
 tector ; pater, a father.] One who patronizes or 
 protects; correlative of client: — a supporter; a 
 guardian ; a protector; an advocate. 
 
 Pat'ron-a|-e, w. [Fr. — See Patron.] The act of 
 patronizing : support ; protection ; guardianship. 
 
 Pat'ron-al, a. Protecting; supporting; guarding, 
 
 Pa'tron-ess, n. A female patron. 
 
 Pat'ron-Ize, v. a. [See Patron.] [pp. patronizing, 
 patronized.] To protect ; to support ; to defend ; 
 to countenance ; to promote. 
 
 Pat'ron-Iz-er, n. One who patronizes. 
 
 Pat-ro-nym'ic, n. [Gr. naTpoiPVfj.i.K6^ ; irarrip, a 
 father, and ovvfxa, a name.] A name formed 
 from the name of a father or ancestor. 
 
 Pat-ro-nym'ic, ) a. Derived from an ancestor, 
 
 Pat-ro-nym'i-cal, j as a name. 
 
 Pat' ten, n. [Fr. patin; It. pattino ; Fr. patte, a 
 paw or foot.] The foot or base, as of a pillar :— 
 an undershoe of wood with an iron ring. 
 
 Pat'ter, v. n. [Local Sw. patra: frequentative of 
 Pat.] [pp. pattering, pattered.] To make a 
 noise like hail, &c— 2, n. A clattering noise :— 
 [perhaps for patois] thieves' slang. 
 
 Pat' tern, n. [A variant of Patron ; Fr. patron, a 
 patron,— also a pattern.] A model for imitation ; 
 a specimen: — example; sample. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
 patterning, patterned.] To imitate ; to copy. 
 
 Pat'ty, n. [Fr. pate, 0. Fr. paste, a pasty (q. v.).] 
 A little pie ; as, a veal patty. 
 
 Pat' ty -pan, n. A pan to bake a little pie in. 
 
 Pat'u-lous, a. [L. patuhis ; patere, to lie open.] 
 Expanded ; wide open. 
 
 PSu ci-ty, n. [Fr. paucilc ; L. paucUas ; paucus, 
 few (q. v.). — Cf. Pauper.] Smalluess of number 
 or quantity. 
 
 Paul'ine, a. Pertaining to St. Paul. 
 
 Paunch, or P&unch, n. [0. Fr. panche; L. pantex] 
 Abdomen ; stomach. 
 
 Pau'per, n. [L. pauper, poor: related to pauciis, 
 few (q. v.).~\ A poor person,— distinctively, one 
 supported by alms or by public provision. ' 
 
 Pau'per-ism, n. The state of being a pauper. 
 
 Pau'per-ize, v. a. [pp. pauperizing, pauperized.] 
 To reduce to pauperism. 
 
 Pause, n. [Late L. pausa; Gr. navo-is; naveiv, to 
 cause to cease.] A stop ; suspense ; doubt ; break. 
 — 2, v. n. [L. pausare, to halt.] [pp. pausing, 
 paused.] To wait; to stop; to deliberate. 
 
 Pave, v. n. [Fr. paver; L. pavire, to ram down; 
 Gr. iraieiv, to strike.] [pp. paving, paved.] To 
 lay with stone, brick, &c. 
 
 Pave'ment, n. [Fr. ; L. pavimentum.J A floor of 
 stone, brick, &c. 
 
 Pav'er, n. One who paves ; pavier. 
 
 Pav'id, a. [L. pavidus ; pavere, to quake with 
 fear.] Timid. 
 
 Pav'ier, or Pav'ior (pav'yer), n. [Fr. paveur.] 
 One who paves. 
 
 Pa-vil'ion (pa-vil'yun), n. [Fr. pavilion ; Sp. pa- 
 bellon; L. papilio, a butterfly, a tent; akin to 
 palpitare, to flutter.] A building with a dome : 
 — a summer-house ; a tent. 
 
 Paw, n. , r Ger. pfote, Dut. pool, Catalan pota, 
 Prov. pauta, 0. Fr. pote, poe, Welsh paiven, Bret. 
 pao, a paw.] The foot of a beast of prey : — the 
 hand. — 2, v. n. [pp. pawing, pawed.] To draw 
 the foot along the ground.— 3, v. a. To handle 
 or strike as with paws. 
 
 Pawk'y, a. [A.-S. psecan, to deceive.] Arch; 
 cunning; artful. 
 
 Pawl, n. [L. palus, a pale, a stake.] A piece of 
 iron used to keep a ratchet or capstan from re- 
 coiling; a detent. 
 
 Pawn, n. [Fr. pan, a pane, a piece, a cloth, — for- 
 merly also a pledge ; Ger. pfand, Dut. 
 pand, a pledge ; L. pannns, a cloth ; 
 Sp. paflos, clothes.] Something given 
 as security for the payment of money 
 or the fulfilment of an engagement ; 
 a pledge :— [Fr. pion; Sp. peon, a foot- 
 soldier; Port, piao, a pawn, a com- 
 mon person ; ~Fr.pi.eton, a foot-soldier ; 
 root of pied, L. pes, pedis, a foot] a 
 man at chess. — 2, v. a. [pp. pawn- ^ awn > 
 ing, pawned.] To pledge; to give in pledge. 
 Pawn'bro-ker, n. One who lends money on 
 
 pledges or pawns. 
 Paw-paw', n. [A variant of Papaw.] A beauti- 
 ful American shrub. 
 Pax, n. [L. for "peace."] A little image of 
 
 Christ. 
 Pax'wax, n. See Packwax. 
 
 a, e, I, 5, u, y, long; a, e, i, 5, u, y, short; a, e, j, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
PAT 
 
 405 
 
 PEDATE 
 
 Pay (pa), v. a. [Fr. payer ; L. pacare, to appease, 
 to satisfy ; pax, pads, peace.] [ i. paid ; pp. pay- 
 ing, paid.] To discharge, as a debt; to give an 
 equivalent for; to reward: — [Sp. pegar, to ce- 
 ment; pega, pitch; L. picare, to pitch (gr. v.).] 
 [pp. paying, payed] to smear, as with pitch. — 
 2, v. n. To be remunerative. — 3, n. Wages; 
 hire ; money for service. 
 
 Pay'a-ble, a. That may be, or is to be, paid. 
 
 Pay' -day (pa'da), n. The day for payment. 
 
 Pay-ee', n. One to whom money is to be paid. 
 
 Pay'er, or Pay-br', n. One who pays. 
 
 Pay'mas-ter, n. One who makes payment. 
 
 Pay 'ment, "«. Act of paying ; money paid. 
 
 Pay'nim, «. [See Painim.] Pagan ; infidel. 
 
 Pea (pe), n. ; pi. Peas, or Pease. [A.-S. pisa; L. 
 pvmm ; Gr. 7rtcro?.] A plant and its fruit. — The 
 plural peas is used when number is denoted, and 
 pease, or peas, for quantity. 
 
 Peace (pes), u. [L. pax, pacts; Fr. pair.] A res- 
 pite or freedom from war ; a state of tranquil- 
 lity; calm; quiet; rest. — 2,mterj. Commanding 
 silence. [quiet; mild; gentle; serene. 
 
 Peace'a-ble, a. Free from war ; peaceful; pacific; 
 
 Peace'a-ble-ness, n. Quietness. 
 
 Peace'a-bly, ad. In a peaceable manner. 
 
 Peace'ful, a. Quiet; pacific; peaceable. 
 
 Peace'ful-ly, ad. Peaceably; quietly. 
 
 Peace'ful-ness, n. Freedom from disturbance. 
 
 Peace'-mak-er, n. A promoter of peace. 
 
 Peace' -of- fer-ing, n. An atoning sacrifice, or of- 
 fering to procure peace. 
 
 Peach (pech), n. [Fr. peche ; It. pesca, persica ; L. 
 persicum, — literally, Persian fruit.] A tree and 
 its fruit. — 2, v. n. [See Impeach.] [pp. peach- 
 ing, peached.] To inform against; to divulge; 
 to betray one's accomplice. 
 
 Pea' chick, n. The chick of a peacock. 
 
 Pea'cock, n. [A.-S. pence, a peafowl, and Eng. 
 Cock; L. pavo, paconis; Fr. paon; Ger. pfau; 
 Gr. Tads, or tcuos, Arab. & Per. towns, Heb. 
 tuhi, 0. Tamil toJcei, the "tail-bird."] A large, 
 beautiful fowl. 
 
 Pea' fowl, n. Peacock or peahen. 
 
 Pea'hen, n. The female of the peacock. 
 
 Pea'-jack-et, n. [Dut. pij, coarse cloth ; Low 
 Ger. pije, a jacket.] A jiicket of rough cloth. 
 
 Peak (p6k), n. [Irish, peac; Fr. pic; Sp & Port. 
 pico ; It. picco: akin to Pick and Beak.] The 
 top of a hill or mountain : — a point : — the fore- 
 part of a head-dress : — the upper corner of an 
 extended sail. 
 
 Peak'ed, a. Having a peak ; picked. 
 
 Peal, ii. [Fr. appel, a call, an appeal (q. v.) : by 
 popular error it took the form of a peal7\ A loud 
 sound, as of bells or thunder: — a chime of bells. 
 — 2, v. n. [pp. pealing, pealed.] To sound 
 loud. — 3, v. a. To assail. 
 
 Pe'an, n. A song. See P.ean. 
 
 Pea' -nut, n. A plant and its pod and edible seed. 
 
 Pear (par), n. [A.-S. pera ; L. pirum; Fr. poire: 
 apparently of Celtic origin.] A tree and its fruit. 
 
 Pearl (perl), n. [A.-S. pssrl; Fr. perle ; Ger. perh; 
 Late L. penda ; probably from pirubi, a little 
 pear (q. ?.'.).] A precious substancce, whitish, 
 hard, and smooth, found especially in the pearl- 
 oyster; a jewel : — a film or speck on the eye. 
 
 Pearl' ash, n. Purified potash. [for pearls. 
 
 Pearl' -div-er, or Pearl'-f ish-er, n. One who dives 
 
 Pearl' -by s-ter, n. A marine' bivalve that pro- 
 duces the most precious pearls. 
 
 Pearl'y, a. Abounding with, or like, pearls. 
 
 Pear'main (par'man), n. [Fr. parmain, probably 
 from the town of Parmain ; some have derived it 
 from L. per, very, and amcenus, pleasant.] A 
 kind of apple. 
 
 Pear'-tree, n. A tree that bears pears. 
 
 Peas/ant (pez'ant), w. [Fr. paysan; 0. Fr.jpaisowrf; 
 Fr, pays, the country ; It. paisano, Sp. paesano, a 
 fellow-countryman : root of L. pagvs, a village.] 
 One of the lower class of people, as distinguished 
 
 from the nobility; a plebeian; a rural laborer; 
 a rustic. 
 
 Peas/ant-ry, w. A body of peasants. 
 
 Peas/cod^ or Peas'cod, n. A pea-shell. 
 
 Pea§e (pez), n. pi. Peas collectively br in quantity, 
 used for food. See Pea. 
 
 Peat (pet), n. [Probably related to Ger. pfiitze, a 
 bog; L. puieus, a pit (q. v.).] A species of turf 
 used for fuel. 
 
 Peat'y, a. Like, or abounding in, peat. 
 
 Peb'ble, \n. [A.-S. papol; 0. E. pibbil— 
 
 Peb'ble-stone, J Cf. L. papilla, a nipple.] A small, 
 roundish stone : — a species of quartz. 
 
 Peb'bly, a. Full of pebbles; stony. 
 
 Pe-can' (or pe-kawn'), n. [Fr. pacane; Sp. pa- 
 cana: of North American origin.] An American 
 tree and its nut. 
 
 Pec-ca-bil'i-ty, n. State of being peccable. 
 
 Pec'ca-ble, a. That may sin ; liable to sin. 
 
 Pec-ca-dil'16, n. ; pi. Pec-ca-dil'16e§. [Sp. peca- 
 dillo, dim. of pecado, L. peccatum, a sin ; peecare, 
 peccatum, to sin.] A petty fault ; offence. 
 
 Pec'cant, a. [L. peecare, peccantis, to sin.] Guilty ; 
 criminal; corrupt; morbid. 
 
 Pec'ca-ry, n. [Fr. ptcari ; South American, pa- 
 chira.] A pig-like mammal of America. 
 
 Peck, n. [Fr. picotin ; Gael, pevc; Irish, peac: 
 perhaps related to Pack.] The fourth part of a 
 bushel. — 2, v. a. [A form of Pick.] [pp. peck- 
 ing, pecked.] To strike with the beak, as a bird. 
 
 Pec'ti-nate, ) a. [L. pectinatus, comb-shaped; 
 
 Pec'ti-na-ted, J pectinare, to comb; pecten, a comb; 
 pectere, Gr. irinfiv, neicTelv, to comb, to dress.] 
 Formed like the teeth of a comb. 
 
 Pec'to-ral, a. [L. pectoralis; pectus, pectoris, the 
 breast.] Belonging to the breast.— 2, n. A med- 
 icine for the breast. 
 
 Pec'u-late, v. n. [L. pecidari, peculatua, to appro- 
 priate to one's self; pecuUum, property. — !?ee 
 Peculiar.] [pp. peculating, peculated.] To 
 embezzle, as public money by an officer; to de- 
 fraud the public. 
 
 Pec-u-la'tion, ». The act of peculating; the em- 
 bezzlement of public money by an officer. 
 
 Pec'ii-la-tor, n. One who peculates. 
 
 Pe-cul'iar'(pe-kfiryar or pe-ku'ln-ru-i, a. [L. pecu- 
 liaris, one's own; pecidiiaii, property. — Cf. pecus, 
 pecudis, a beast, a sheep; pans, peeoris, a herd, a 
 flock; pecuma, money, property: 8kr. pacu, cat- 
 tle.] Belonging to only one ; not common to 
 many; particular; singular: appropriate; single. 
 — 2, n. One's exclusive property. 
 
 Pe-cul-i-ar'i-ty (pe-kul-ye-ar'e-te), n. Something 
 found in only one; particularity. 
 
 Pe-ciil'iar-ly, or?. Particularly; singularly. 
 
 Pe-cun'i'a-ry (pe-kun'ya-re or pe-ku'ne-a-rg), a. 
 \h. peewniarius; pecuma, property, money. — See 
 Peculiar.] Relating to, or consisting of, money. 
 
 Ped-a-goi-'ic, \n. The art or science of peda- 
 
 Ped-a-gol'ics, J gogy or tf>aching. 
 
 Ped-a-go|-'ic, \a. Suited or belonging to a 
 
 Ped-a-go| r i-cal, j school-master. 
 
 Ped'a-gogue (ped'a-gog), n. [Fr. pedagogue; L. 
 peedagoqus ; Gr. n at.8 a-y ioy 6s, a tutor, a teacher, — 
 properly, a servant who led boys to school ; Trait, 
 7rcu66?, a boy, and aywyd?, leading; ayeiv, to 
 lead.] A school-master. 
 
 Ped'a-goi'-y, n. The art of teaching. 
 
 Pe'dal, or P'ed'al, a. Belonging to a foot, 
 
 Ped'al, n. [L. pedalis, belonging to the foot ; pes, 
 pedis, a foot.] A lever acted upon by the feet. 
 
 Ped'ant, n. [Fr. pedant; It. pedanle; probably 
 Late L. psedare, for Gr. n-aiSeveii', to instruct; 
 7rat9, a boy.] A person full of pedantry. 
 
 Pe-dan'tic, \ a. Full of pedantry ; ostentatious 
 
 Pe-dan'ti-cal, J of learning. 
 
 Pe-dan'ti-cal-ly. ad. In a pedantic manner. 
 
 Ped'an-try, n. Vain ostentation of learning. 
 
 Ped'ate, a. [L. pedare, pedatum, to furnish with 
 feet; pes, pedis, a foot.] (Bot.) Divided at tho 
 end; palmate. 
 
 mten, sir ; move, nor, sSn ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, 9, c, £, soft ; &,&, p, £, hard ; s as z ; 5 as gz ; this. 
 
PEDDLE 
 
 406 
 
 PENCHANT 
 
 Ped'dle, v. n. & v. a. [From Pedler.] [pp. ped- 
 dling, peddled.] To carry about and sell by re- 
 tail ; to sell as a pedler. 
 
 Ped'dler, n. One who peddles :— commonly writ- 
 ten p'edltr. See Pedler. 
 
 Ped'es-tal, n. [Sp. pedestal; It. piedestcdlo, a 
 threshold; piede, a base or foot, 
 and stallo, a stall. — Cf. Ger. fussge- 
 stell, a pedestal.] The basis of a 
 pillar or a statue. 
 
 Pe-des'tri-an, a. [L. pedester, pedes- 
 tris, one who walks ; pes, pedis, a 
 foot. — Cf. pedes, peditis, a walker.] 
 Going on foot. — 2, n. One who 
 journeys on foot. Pedestal. 
 
 Pe-des'tri-an-ism, n. The practice of walking on 
 foot. 
 
 Pe-des'tri-an-ize, v. n. [pp. pedestrianizing, pe- 
 destrianized.] To travel on foot. 
 
 Ped-i-at'rics, n. [Gr. ircus, 7raiSd?, a boy, a child, 
 and ia.TpLK.rj (rexvr)), surgery; iarpos, a physi- 
 cian ; iaofiaL, I heal.] The medical or hygienic 
 treatment of children. 
 
 Ped'i-cle, n. [L. pediculus, a dim. of pes, pedis, a 
 foot; Fr. pedkelle, pedicule.] (Bot.) The foot- 
 stalk of a flower. 
 
 Ped'i-gree, v. [0. E. pedegreiv. — Cf. Fr. faire le 
 pied de grue, to "make a crane's foot," — i.e., to 
 stand on one leg, to be in doubt; pied-de-grue is 
 also a name of various plants. It was probably 
 applied to a pedigree from the lines of a chart 
 of family descent diverging like the toes of a 
 crane's foot.] An account of a line of ancestors ; 
 ancestry; genealogy; lineage; descent. 
 
 Ped'i-ment, n. [L. pedamentum, a prop ; pes, pe- 
 dis, & foot; pedare, to prop.] (Arch.) The tri- 
 angular part over the entablature at the end of 
 a building, or over windows, doors, gates, &c. 
 
 Ped'ler, n. [0. E. peddar, pedlar, a hawker; from 
 pad or ped and its diminutive peddle, a pannier, 
 a basket : probably identical with pad, a cushion, 
 or with pod.] One who peddles; a travelling 
 trader : — written also peddler and pedlar. 
 
 Pe-do-bap'tism, n. [Gr. 7rai?, 7raiS6s, a boy, a 
 chiid, and f5anTiap.6s, baptism.] The baptism 
 of infants. [infant baptism. 
 
 Pe-do-bap'tist, n. One who holds to or practises 
 
 Pe-dom'e-ter, n. [L. pes, pedis, a foot, and Gr. 
 /oteVpov,' a measure.] An instrument for measur- 
 ing the distance passed, in travelling. 
 
 Pe-dun'ele, n. [Fr. pedoncule: a diminutive form, 
 from L. pes, pedis, a foot.] (Bot.) A flower-stalk. 
 
 Pe-dun'cu-lar, a. Relating to a peduncle. 
 
 P§ek, n. [A form of Peep.] A peep.— 2, v. n. 
 [pp. peeking, peeked.] To peep. [Colloq.] 
 
 Peel, v. a. [Fr. peler ; Sp. pelar ; It. pelare; L. 
 pellis, a skin.] [pp. peeling, peeled.] To strip 
 off; to flay : — [Fr. piller, to pillage (q. v.)] to 
 plunder. — 2, v. n. To be separated ; to come off. 
 — 3, n. A rind or skin: — [Fr. pelle, L. pala, a 
 spade] a baker's shovel. 
 
 Peep, v. v. [0. Fr. piper, to peer; 0. E. peelc, to 
 peep; peep of day, dawn; said to be connected 
 with the piping of matins at daybreak.] [pp. 
 peeping, peeped.] To appear; to look slyly : — 
 [imitative; Fr. pepier, piper; Sp. pipiar ; Ger. 
 piepen ; L. pipire, pipare ; Gr. 7ri77i£eiv, to peep] 
 to chirrup ; to cry as young birds ; to pip. — 2, n. 
 The first appearance : — a sly look. 
 
 Peep' -hole, n. A hole to peep through. 
 
 Peer, n. [Fr. pair; Sp. par; It. pari; L. par, 
 equal.] An equal ; an associate : — a nobleman ; 
 a member of the British House of Lords. — 2, v. n. 
 [Low Ger. piren, pliren; apparently influenced 
 by Appear.] [pp. peering, peered.] To come 
 just in sight ; to peep. 
 
 Peer' age, w. The state, dignity, or rank of a peer : 
 — the body of peers. 
 
 Peer'ess, n. The lady of a peer. 
 
 Peer'less, a. Having no peer ; unequalled. 
 
 Peer'less-ness, n. Universal superiority. 
 
 Pee'vish, a. [Local Dan. piseve, to whimper; 
 Gael, piob, to pipe (q. v.), to whine.] Petulant; 
 fretful ; querulous. 
 
 Pee'vish-ly, ad. In a peevish manner. 
 
 Pee'vish-ness, n. Fretfulness; petulance. 
 
 Peg, n. [Akin to Pick. — Cf. Dan. gig, a spike; 
 Welsh pig, a pike. — See Peak.] A small wooden 
 pin for fastening. — 2, v. a. [pp. pegging, 
 pegged.] To fasten with a peg. 
 
 Pe-j5'ra-tive, o. [L. pejorare, pejoratum, to make 
 worse'; pejor, worse.] Expressive of contempt ; 
 implying inferiority. 
 
 Pel' age, n. [Fr. ; peler, to peel (q. v.).] The fur 
 of an animal. 
 
 Pe-la'gi-an, n. A follower of Pelagius. 
 
 Pe-la'|i-an-ism, n. The doctrine of Pelagius. 
 
 Pe-lag'ic, a. [L. pelagicus ; Gr. ne\ay lko<; ; L. pe- 
 lagus,Gr. nekayos, the sea.] Belonging to the 
 sea; oceanic. 
 
 Pelf, n. [0. Fr. pelfre, booty. — See Pilfer.] 
 Money ; riches (in a bad sense). 
 
 Pel'i-can, n. [L. pelecanus ; Gr. ire\eK.dv ; neke/cd- 
 eiv, to cut, to pick. — Cf. irekeicvs, a hatchet; 
 Skr. parafu, an axe.] A large swimming bird. 
 — (Chem.) A blind alembic, or glass vessel. 
 
 Pe-lisse' (pe-les'), n. [Fr. ; L. pelliceus, made of 
 skins ; pellis, a skin.] A silk robe. 
 
 Pel'let, u. [Fr. pelote, Sp. pelota, It. pillotta, a 
 little ball ; L. pila, a ball.] A little ball : — a 
 minute pill : — an ornament. 
 
 Pel'li-cle, n. [L. pellicula, diminutive of pellis, a 
 skin.] A thin skin : — a saline crust. 
 
 Pel'li-to-ry, «. [0. Fr. paritoire; L. parietaria ; 
 paries', parietis, a wall. — Cf. Wall-flower. It 
 also represents Sp. pelitre ; 0. Fr. pirette ; L. pyr- 
 ethrum; Gr. nvptOpov; from nvp, fire, referring 
 to its acridity.] A pungent medicinal plant of 
 two principal kinds. 
 
 Pell-mell', ad. [Fr. pele-mtle; said to represent 
 Fr. pelle, a shovel, and meler, to mix (q. v.) ; but 
 cf. Pall-mall.] Confusedly ; tumultuously. 
 
 Pel-lu'cid, a. [L. pellucidus ; per, through, and 
 lucidus, shining. — See Lucid.] Clear; trans- 
 parent ; translucent. 
 
 Pel-lu-cld'i-ty, \n. State of being pellucid; 
 
 Pel-lu'cid-nes's, J transparency. 
 
 Pelt, v. a. [Probably from the noun Pelt ; or 
 from L. pnltare, iterative for pellere, to drive.] 
 [pp. pelting, pelted.] To strike with something; 
 to beat. — 2, n. [Ger. pelz, Dut. pels, 0. Fr. pelice, 
 a skin ; L. pelliceus, an adjective from pAlis, a 
 skin.] A skin ; a raw hide :— a blow. [shaped. 
 
 Pel'tate, a. [L. pelta, Gr. tteAttj, a shield.] Shield- 
 
 Pel'try., n. [Fr. peilelerie.—See Pelt.] Furs or 
 skins collectively. 
 
 Pel' vie, a. Belonging to the pelvis. 
 
 Pel' vis, n. [L. for a "basin ;" Gr. nekis, a bowl.] 
 The lower part of the abdomen. 
 
 Pem'mi-can, n. [Algonkin.] Meat or food cooked 
 and prepared for use in long journeys or voyages. 
 
 Pen, n. [L. penna, a feather, a wing, a pen.] An 
 instrument for writing :— a small enclosure ; . a 
 coop, as for sheep, pigs, &c. — 2, v. a. [A.-S. & Low 
 Ger. pennon, to fasten : related to Pin.] [;'. pent 
 or penned ; pp. penning, pent or penned.] To 
 coop ; to incage. — 'S, v. a. [pp. penning, penned.] 
 To form with a pen ; to write. 
 
 Pe'nal, a. [L. pcenalis; poena, Gr. ttoivij, a pen- 
 alty.] That punishes; relating to punishment; 
 inflicting punishment; punitive. 
 
 Pen'al-ty, n. [Fr. penalitt.] A judicial infliction 
 or punishment ; censure ; forfeiture ; fine. 
 
 Pen'ance, n. [0. Fr. peneance, penance; L. poeni- 
 tent'ia.—See Penitence.] An infliction suffered 
 for sin : — repentance. 
 
 Pe-na'tes, n. pi. [L. ; root of penus, within.] 
 Household gods. 
 
 Pence, n. The plural of penny. 
 
 Penchant (piin-shang'), n. [Fr. ; pencher, to bend 
 down; Late L. pendicare, L. p> e "dere, to hang.] 
 Inclination; propensity; bent; bias. 
 
 a, e, i, o, ii, y, long ; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y., obsaire. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
PENCIL 
 
 407 
 
 PEPPEKCOKN 
 
 Pen'cil, n. [L. penecillas, a brush; penicuhis, di- 
 minutive of penis, a tail.] An instrument for 
 writing or marking; a small brush used by 
 painters : — a collection of rays of light converg- 
 ing to a point. — 2, v. a. [pp. pencilling, pen- 
 cilled.] To paint; to draw; to write. 
 
 Pen'dant, w. [Fr. ; a participle from pendre, to 
 hang. — See Pendent.] An ear-ring; a jewel; 
 an architectural ornament : — a streamer or flag. 
 
 Pen'den-cy, n. Suspense; delay of decision. 
 
 Pen'dent, a. [It. pendere, pendentis, to hang. — Cf. 
 pend'ere, to weigh.] Hanging : — projecting. 
 
 Pend'ing, a. Dependi ng ; yet undecided. — 2, prep. 
 For the time of; during. 
 
 Pen'du-lous, a. [L. pendidus; pendere, to hang.] 
 Hanging; suspended. 
 
 Pen'du-lum, n. [L., neuter of pendidus, hanging, 
 pendent.] A suspended, vibrating body, as the 
 pendulum of a clock. 
 
 Pen-e-tra-bil'i-ty, n. State of being penetrable. 
 
 Pen'e-tra-ble," a. [L. penetrabilis. — See Pene- 
 trate.] That may be penetrated. 
 
 Pen-e-tra/li-a, n. pi. [L. ; root of penes, within.] 
 The interior or sacred parts of an ancient temple. 
 
 Pen'e-trate, v. a. [L. peuelrare, penetration ; penes, 
 , with ; penitus, within.] [pp. penetrating, pene- 
 trated.] To enter beyond the surface; to pierce ; 
 to enter: — to affect : — to reach the meaning of; 
 to understand; to discern. — 2, v. n. To make 
 way ; to pass. 
 
 Pen'e-trat-ing, p. a. Piercing ; discerning. 
 
 Pen-e-tra'tion, n. [L. penetratio.] The act of 
 penetrating; sagacity; discernment ; acuteness. 
 
 Pen'e-tra-tive, a. Piercing; acute; sagacious. 
 
 Pen'guin, n. [Fr. pingouin, an auk; variously 
 derived from L. pingvis, fat, from 
 Welsh pen gwyn, white head, or from 
 Eng. pin wing.] A large antarctic 
 sea-bird : — a fruit. 
 
 Pen'-hold-er, w. A stem to which a 
 pen is attached. 
 
 Pen-in' su-la [pen-in'shu-la, S. W. J. 
 F. ; pen-ih'su-la, P. Ja. K. Sm.], n. 
 [L. ; pene, almost, and insula, an 
 island.] A piece of land almost sur- 
 rounded by water. 
 
 Pen-in'su-lar, a. Relating to a pen- Pen e u,n - 
 insula. [peninsular. 
 
 Pen-in' su-lat-ed, a. Almost surrounded by water ; 
 
 Pen'i-tence, \ n. [L. pcenitentia.] State or qual- 
 
 Pen'i-ten-cy, J ity of bei 
 contrition, 
 
 Pen'j-tent, a. [L. poenitens, poenitentis, repenting; 
 pcenilere, to repent; poenire or pnnire, to punish 
 (q. v.) ; poena, pain, punishment.] Repentant; 
 contrite. — 2, n. One who is contrite for sin. 
 
 Pen-i-ten'tial (-sha.1), a. Expressing penitence. 
 — 2, n. A book directing penance. 
 
 Pen-i-ten'tia-ry (-sba-re), n. [Fr. penitencier.] A 
 confessor :— one who does penance: — [Fr. peni- 
 tencerie] a prison in which criminals are subjected 
 to discipline. — 2, a. Relating to penance. 
 
 Pen'i-tent-ly., ad. With repentance. 
 
 Pen'knife (-nif), n. A knife for making pens. 
 
 Pen'man, n. One who writes; a ivriter. 
 
 Pen'man-ship, n. The act or art of writing. 
 
 Pen'nant, n. [A variant of Pknnon.] A small flag ; 
 a pendant.— (Naut.) A tackle for hoisting things. 
 
 Pen'nate, a. [L. pevnatus, winged, feathered; 
 penn'a, a wing.] Like a wing; winged : — having 
 leaves or leaflets. 
 
 Pen'ni-less, a. Moneyless; poor; destitute. 
 
 Pen'non, n. [Fr. pennon, It. pcnnone, a streamer, 
 a great plume; augmentative forms from L. 
 peima, a feather.] A small flag or color ; a banner. 
 
 Pen'ny, n. ; pi. Pence, or Pen'nies. [A.-S. penig, 
 peniug, pending ; Dut. & Dan. penning ; Ger. pfen- 
 nig: root of Dut. pand, Ger. pfand, a pledge, a 
 token.] A copper coin ; one-twe'lfth of a shilling. 
 
 Pen-ny.-roy'al, n. [0. E. pnliall royal; 0. Fr. 
 puliol real: corrupted from L. puleium regium,, 
 
 being penitent; repentance; 
 
 (q. v.).] A well- 
 A weight con- 
 
 royal fleabane; pulex, 
 known aromatic herb. 
 
 Pen'ny-weight (pen'ne-wat), n. 
 taining twenty-four grains troy. 
 
 Pen'ny.-wise, a. Saving small sums ; niggardly. 
 
 Pen'ny.-worth [pen'ne-wiirth or pen'nurth, W. J. 
 jF.], n. As much as is bought for a penny : — a 
 bargain. 
 
 Pen'sile, a. [L. pensilis ; pendere, to hang.] Hang- 
 ing; suspeuded; pendulous. 
 
 Pen'sion (pen'shun), n. [Fr. ; L. pensio, a pay- 
 ment; pendere, pensum, to weigh, to pay.] A 
 payment of money :— a rent: — an annuaf allow- 
 ance paid by the government for past services : 
 — a boarding-school. — 2, v. a. [pp. pensioning, 
 pensioned.] To support by an allowance. 
 
 Pen'sion-a-ry, a. Maintained by a pension. — 2, n. 
 A pensioner. 
 
 Pen'sion-er, n. One who receives a pension : — a 
 student 'who pays for his commons out of his 
 own income. [Eng.] 
 
 Pen'sive, a. [Fr. pensif, pensive; L. pensare, to 
 ponder, to weigh ; intensive of pendere, to 
 weigh.] Sorrowfully thoughtful ; serious. 
 
 Pen'sive-ness, n. Melancholy; sorrowfulness. 
 
 Pen'stock, n. [Pen, an enclosure, and Stock..] 
 A sort of 6luice ; a spout for water. 
 
 Pent, i. & p. from pen. Shut up. 
 
 Pen'ta-gon, n. [Gr. nevTayuivov ; rrevre, five, and 
 yoivla, an angle.] A figure with five angles. 
 
 Pen-tag'o-nal, a. Pentangular. 
 
 Pen'-tail, n. An animal of Borneo, with a tail 
 shaped like a quill pen. 
 
 Pen-tam'e-ter, n. [Gr. nevre, 
 five, and /uerpov, a measure.] 
 A verse of five feet. — 2, u. 
 Having five metrical feet. 
 
 Pen'ta-style, n. [Gr. nevre, five, 
 and ffTiiAos, a pillar.] {Arch.) A 
 building or portico with five 
 rows of columns in front. 
 
 Pen'ta-teuph (-tuk),^ n. [Gr. 
 7reVTe, five, and rev^o?, a tool, a book.] The 
 five books of Moses. 
 
 Pen'te-cost [pen'te-kost, g. W. J. F. C], n. [Gr. 
 nevrnKOo-Tv, fiftieth (day) ; TrevreKovra, fifty ; 
 Trevre, five, and Si/covTa, tenth; Sexa, ten.] A 
 feast among the Jews : — Whit-Sunday ; Whit- 
 suntide. 
 
 Pen'te-cos-tal, a. Belonging to Pentecost. 
 
 Pent'house, n. [0. E. pentis, Fr. appentis, an out- 
 house; L. tn,pcndi.r, dim. appendicium, an annex. 
 — See Appendix.] A sloping shed or roof. 
 
 Pe'nult, or Pe-niilt', n. Penultima; penultimate. 
 
 Pe-nul'ti-ma, \n. [L. ; psene, almost, and rd- 
 
 Pe-nul'ti-mate. J lima, the last.] The last sylla- 
 ble but one of a woi'd ; penult. 
 
 Pe-nul'ti-mate, «. Last but one. 
 
 Pe-num'bra, n. [L. p;rnc, almost, and tnvbra. a 
 shadow.] 'An imperfect, partial, or faint shadow 
 in an eclipse. 
 
 Pe-nu'ri-ous, a. Excessively saving; niggardly; 
 'parsimonious ; miserly ; avaricious. 
 
 Pe-nu'ri-ous-ly, ad. Parsimoniously. 
 
 Pe-nii'ri-ous-ness, n. Niggardliness. [cligence. 
 
 Pen'u-ry, n. [L. penvria.] Extreme poverty ; in- 
 
 Pe'on. «.' [Sp.— See Pawn.] A bondman ; a serf 
 for debt. 
 
 Pe'on-a§e, n. Servitude for debt. 
 
 Pe'o-ny, ». [L. pseonia, medicinal ; Gr. naiciv, the 
 god of healing.] A flower: — written also piony. 
 
 Peo'ple (pe'pl), n. [Fr. peuple ; L. populus.] The 
 body of persons in a community; population; 
 nation. — 2, v. a. [pp. peopling, peopled.] To 
 stock with inhabitants. 
 
 Pep'per, n. [A.-S. pipor ; L. piper; Gr. irinepi ; 
 Skr. ' piippala ; Per. pidpul.] An aromatic, pun- 
 gent spice. — 2, v. a. [pp. peppering, peppered.] 
 To sprinkle with pepper. 
 
 Pep' per-cbrn. n. The berry or seed of the pepper 
 plant : — any thing of little value. 
 
 Pen-tail. 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — g, Q, 9, £, soft; p, )3, p, §, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 
 
PEPPEKIDGE 
 
 408 
 
 PEEICAPvDIUM 
 
 Pep'per-id§-e, n. [A corruption of Barberry.] 
 The black gum-tree : — the barberry -bush. 
 
 Pepper-mint, n. [Pepper and Mint.] An aro- 
 matic plant. 
 
 Pep'per-x, a. Like pepper; fiery; irritable. 
 
 Pep'sln, n. [Fr. pepsine; Gr. Tre-rrTetv, fut. irixj/u), 
 to digest.] A substance in gastric juice. 
 
 Pep'tic, a. [Gr. 7ren-riAc6? ; ireiTTeiv, to digest, to 
 cook.] Promoting digestion ; dietetic. 
 
 Per, prep. [L. ; Gr. napa, beside ; Skr. para, from 
 (q. v.).] By ; through ; for ; as, a loaf per man ; 
 i.e., a loaf for each man. — Also used as a prefix 
 to amplify the meaning ; as, peroxide. 
 
 Per-ad- vent' lire (per-ad-venfyur), ad. [Per and 
 Adventure ; Fr. par aventure.] Perhaps ; maybe ; 
 by chance. 
 
 Per-am'bu-late, r. a. [L. perambulare, perambu- 
 latum, to walk through ; per, through, and ambu- 
 lare, to walk.] [pp. perambulating, perambu- 
 lated.] To walk through. 
 
 Per-ain-bu-la'tion. it. A travelling survey. 
 
 Per-am'bu-la-tor, it. due who perambulates or 
 walks about:' — a machine lor measuring dis- 
 tances : — a baby's cuach. [cotton. 
 
 Per-cale', n. [Fr. ; Per. parkala.] A fine fabric of 
 
 Per-ceive', v. a. [0. Fr. percever ; L. pereipere, 
 perception ; per, through, completely, and eupere, 
 to take, to receive.] [pp. perceiving, perceived.] 
 To discover by the senses ; to see ; to discern ; to 
 distinguish. 
 
 Per-cent'age, n. [Fr. ; L. per centum, by the hun- 
 dred ] A rate by the hundred. 
 
 Per-cep-ti-bil'i-ty, n. State or quality of being 
 perceptible. [perceived. 
 
 Per-cep'ti-ble, a. [L. perceptibilis.} That may be 
 
 Per-cep'ti-bly., ad. In a perceptible manner. 
 
 Per-cep'tion. n. [L. perceptio. — See Perceive.] 
 The act "of perceiving; power of perceiving; 
 conception; idea; notion. 
 
 Per-cgp'tive. a. Relating to perception. 
 
 Perch, n. [Fr. percJte, a rod ; L. pertica, a pole : 
 the idea of a roosting-pole for birds is an exten- 
 sion of this word.] A measure of 5% yards or 
 1Q]/, feet ; a pole ; a rod : — a square rod : — a pole 
 or stick on which birds roost; a roost:— [Fr. 
 perche ; L. perca ; Gr. iripK-q, from nepicos, spotted, 
 blackish] a small fish of various species. — 2, r. «. 
 & v. n. [pp. perching, perched.] To roost or 
 place on a perch. [by chance. 
 
 Per-chance', ad. [Per and Chance.] Perhaps ; 
 
 Per-cip'i-ence, n. The act of perceiving. 
 
 Per-cip'i-en-cy, n. Percipience ; perception. 
 
 Per-cip'j-ent, n. [L. percipient, perceiving.— See 
 Perceive.] One who is able to perceive. 
 
 Per'co-late, '•• a. [L. percolare, percolation ; per, 
 through, and colare, to filter: colvm, a filter.] 
 [.pp. percolating, percolated.] To strain through ; 
 to filter. — 2, v. n. To pass by filtration. 
 
 Per-co-la'tion, n. [L. percolatio.] The act of 
 percolating. 
 
 Per'co-la-tor, n. A filtering machine. 
 
 Per-cus'sion (per-kush'un), n. [L. percussio; per- 
 cutere, percussum, to strike violently : per, thor- 
 oughly, and quatere, to shake.] The act of 
 striking; stroke; the effect of sound in the ear. 
 — Percussion-cap, a small detonating copper cap 
 used with a percussion lock. — Percussion lock, a 
 lock for fire-arms in which fulminating powder 
 is used for exploding. 
 
 Per-di"tion (per-dish'iin'), n. [L. perditio ; perdere, 
 perdttns,' to lose, to destroy ; per, thoroughly, and 
 dare, dedi, to give.] State of being utterly lost ; 
 destruction :— eternal death. 
 
 Per-e-gri-na'tion, n. [L. peregrinaiio ; peregrinari, 
 peregrination, to wander; peregrinus, abroad. — 
 See Peregrine.] Travel ; foreign abode. 
 
 Per'e-grine, a. [L. peregrines, foreign, abroad; 
 pereger, a traveller; per, through, and ager, a 
 country.] Foreign ; not native. [of falcon. 
 
 Per'e-grine-fal'con (-faw'kn), n. A large species 
 
 Per'emp-tp-ri-ly, ad. Absolutely ; positively. 
 
 Per'emp-to-ry, o. [L. peremptorius, destructive, 
 decisive; perempAor, a destroyer; pertmere, per- 
 emption, to destroy; per, throughout, and emere, 
 to take, to buy.] Dogmatical ; absolute; decisive ; 
 positive. 
 
 Fer-en'ni-al, «. [L. perennis, enduring; per, 
 through, "and annus, a year.] Lasting through 
 the year: — perpetual: — living more than two 
 years. — 2, n. A plant that lives more than two 
 years : — opposed to annual and biennial. 
 
 Per' feet, a. Possessing perfection ; having no de- 
 fect ; faultless; complete; entire; consummate; 
 finished. — Perfect number, a number equal to the 
 sum of all its divisors.— (Gram.) Perfect tense, 
 that form of the English verb denoted by the 
 auxiliary have ; as, I have done. 
 
 Per'fect, v. a. [L. perficere, perfection, to finish ; 
 per, through, and faeere, to make.] [pp. per- 
 fecting, perfected.]* To make perfect; to finish; 
 to complete ; to consummate. 
 
 Per'fect-er, n. One who makes perfect. 
 
 Per-fec-ti-hil'i-ty, n. The capacity ;pf being 
 "made perfect"; state of perfection. 
 
 Per-fec'ti-ble, a. That may be perfected. 
 
 Per-fec'tion, n. [L. perfectio.] State of being per- 
 fect; supreme excellence: — an attribute of God. 
 
 Fer-fec'tive, «. Conducing to perfection. 
 
 Per'fect-iy, ad. In a perfect manner. 
 
 Per'fect-nlss, n. Completeness; perfection. 
 
 Per-f id'i-ous, or Per-f id'ious, a. [L. perfidiosvs ; 
 "Fr. perfide.— See Perfidy.]' Treacherous ; false 
 to trust ; faithless. 
 
 Per-f id'i-ous-ly, ad. By breach of faith. 
 
 Per-f id'i-ous-ness, ». Perfidy. 
 
 Per'fi-dy, n. [L. perfidia; per, away, and fides, 
 faith.] Treachery; breach of faith. 
 
 Per-fo'li-ate, a. [L. per, through, and folium, a 
 leaf.] (Bot.) Noting a leaf which surrounds its 
 stem. 
 
 Per'fo-rate, v. a. [L. perforare, perforatum; per, 
 through, andforare, to bore.] [pp. perforating, 
 perforated.] To pierce through ; to bore. 
 
 Per-fo-ra'tion, n. The act of piercing; a hole. 
 
 Per'fo-ra-tor, it. An instrument for boring. 
 
 Per-force', ad. [L. per, through, and Force.] By 
 force ; by compulsion. 
 
 Per-fbrm', v. a. [0. Fr. parfournir; par, through- 
 out, and fournir, to furnish (q. v.).] [pp. per- 
 forming, performed.] To execute ; to do ; to 
 transact ; to effect ; to accomplish ; to discharge. 
 — 2. v. n. To act a part ; to succeed. 
 
 Per-fbrm'a-ble, «. That may be performed. 
 
 Per-fbrm'ance, v. The act of performing ; an 
 act; a deed; execution; & work ; an action. 
 
 Per-form'er, n. One who performs. 
 
 Per' fume, 'o?- Per-fume' [per'fum, S. W. J. F. Ja. 
 B. C. ; per-fuin', E. K. Sm.], u. [Fr. parfum.] 
 Sweet odor; sweet smell ; fragrance : — a fragrant 
 substance. — 2, v. a. [Fr. parfvmer ; L. per, 
 through, and fumare, to fume; fionus, smoke, 
 fume (q. ».).] [pp. perfuming, perfumed.] T« 
 fill with sweet scent. 
 
 Per-fum'er, n. One who makes or sells perfumery. 
 
 Per-fum'er-y., n. [Fr. parfumerie.] Perfumes in 
 general.' 
 
 Per-func'to-ry, or Per'func-to-ry, a. [L. perfvne- 
 torius ; perfungi, perfunctus, to accomplish; per, 
 through, and fungi, to perform.] Slight ; care- 
 less ; indifferent. [be ; possibly. 
 
 Per-haps', ad. [Per and Hap, chance.] It may 
 
 Pl'ri, n. ; pi. Pe'ri§. [Per. pari: par, a wing.] 
 (Per. Myth.) An 'imaginary being, similar to 
 el ves or fairies. [around; Skr. pari, about. 
 
 Pe'ri-. A prefix, from the Greek preposition 7rept, 
 
 Per'i-anth, n. [Gr. nepi, around, and avOog, a 
 flower.] (Bot.) The calyx and corolla of a 
 flower taken together; the floral envelopes. 
 
 Per-i-car'di-al, a. Relating to the pericaidium. 
 
 Per-i-car'di-um, n. [L. ; Gr. jrept, around, and 
 Ka'pSia, the heart.] (Anat.) A membrane en- 
 closing the heart. 
 
 a, e, i, 5, 5, y, long; a, e, i, 5, ii, y, short; a, e, j, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
PEKICAEP 
 
 409 
 
 PEKPLEX 
 
 Per'i-carp, n. [Gr. -nepiKapiriov ; nepl, around, 
 anil /capTTos, fruit.] (Bob.) The shell or cover 
 of a fruit. 
 Per-i-cra'ni-um, n. [L. ; Gr. trepiK.p6.viov ; 7repi, 
 around, and Kpavlov, the skull.] (Anat.) A 
 membrane covering the skull. 
 Per'i-gee, n. [Gr. irepi, about, and yy\, the earth.] 
 (Astron.) That point in the moon's orbit which 
 is nearest to the earth : — opposed to apogee. 
 Per-i-he'li-on, n. ; pi. Per-i-he'li-a. [Gr. irepi, 
 about, and rjAto?, the sun.] (Astron.) That part 
 of a planet's orbit which is nearest to the sun. 
 Per'il, v. a. [Fr. peril; L. periculnm, danger.] 
 [pp. perilling, perilled.] To expose to danger; 
 to eudanger. — 2, n. Exposure to loss, injury, or 
 destruction; danger; jeopardy; hazaid; risk. 
 Per'il-ous, a. [Fr. ptrilleux ; L. periculosus.] Full 
 
 of peril ; dangerous. 
 Per'il-ous-lx, ad. With peril ; dangerously. 
 Pe-rim'e-ter, n. [Gr. nepl, around, and ixerpov, 
 a measure.] The circumference, or the length 
 of the bounding line, of a plane figure. 
 Pe'ri-od, n. [L. periodus ; Gr. •n-epiofios; irepi, 
 around, and 666s, a way.] An interval of time, 
 at the end of which the same phenomena again 
 take place ; a circuit ; an epoch ; a series of 
 years; a certain time: — the end or conclusion; 
 a full stop : — a complete sentence : — a point or 
 dot, thus, [.]. 
 Pe-ri-5d'ic, ] a. [Gr. nepioSiKos.] Happening at 
 Pe-ri-od'i-cal, J stated times; relating to periods. 
 Pe-ri-od'i-cal, n. A periodical publication. 
 Pe-ri-od'i-cal-ly, ad. At stated periods. 
 Pe-ri-o-dic'i-ty, n. State of being periodical. 
 Per-i-os'te-um, n. [Gr. -repi, around, and bo-Teov, 
 bone.] (Anat.) A fibrous membrane which 
 covers the boues. 
 Per-i-pa-tet'ic, n. [Gr. 7repi7raT7jT<.K6? ; irepi, 
 about, irarelv, to walk; Aristotle gave instruc- 
 tion while walking.] A follower of Aristotle. 
 Per-i-pa-tet'ic, ) a. Belonging to the Peiipa- 
 Per-i-pa-tet'i-cal, J tetics : — walking about. 
 Pe-riph'e-ral, a. .Relating to the periphery. 
 Pe-riph'e-ry, n. [Gr. n-epttpepeia; irepi, around, 
 and <f>epeiv, to carry.] Circumference of a circle, 
 ellipse, parabola, or other curvilinear figure. 
 Pe-riph'ra-sis, n.; pi. Pe-riph'ra-se§. [Gr. ; nepi, 
 around, and </>pacri?, 'speech.' — See Phrase.] 
 (Rhet.) The use of several words to express the 
 sense of one; a circumlocution. 
 Per-i-phras'tic, )«. Using periphrasis, or 
 Per-i-phras'ti-cal, J many words. 
 Per'i-scope, n. [Gr. irepi, around, and aicoireiv, 
 
 to see.] A view all round. 
 Fer-i-scop'ic, a. Viewing on all sides. 
 Per'ish, v. n. [L. perire; per intensive, and ire, 
 to go ; Fr. perir (stem in part, periss-).] [pp. 
 perishing, perished.] To be destroyed ; to decay ; 
 to die ; to come to naught. 
 Per'ish-a-ble, o. Liable to perish or decay. 
 Per-i-stal'tic, a. [Gr. irepi, around, and o-reWeiv, 
 
 to send.] (Med.) Worm-like ; spiral. 
 Per'i-style, n. [Gr. irepi, around, and cttvAo?, a 
 
 pillar.] An enclosing range of pillars. 
 
 Per-i-to-ne'um, ». [Gr. rrepirovaiov ; irepi, around, 
 
 and Teivetv, to stretch.] (Anat.) A membrane 
 
 that envelops the abdominal viscera. 
 
 Per-i-to-ni'tis, ». [The termination -ids implies 
 
 inflammation.] Inflammation of the peritoneum. 
 
 Per'i-wig, n. [Dut. peruyh, a peruke (q. v.).]_ A 
 
 covering for the head; a wig. — 2, v. a. [PP- 
 
 periwigging, periwigged.] To dress in false hair. 
 
 PeVi-wm-kle, n. [A.-S. pinemncla.— Cf. L. pina, 
 
 a mussel, and Winkle 
 
 A shell-fish :— [L. vinca, 
 
 pervinca, or vincapervinca ; 
 
 vincire, to bind] a plant. 
 
 Per'jure. v. a. [I 'r. perju- 
 
 rer ; Li. perjnrave; per 
 (used like for- in for- 
 swear), and jurare, to* swear 
 
 Periwinkle. 
 -See Jury.] [pp. 
 
 perjuring, perjured.] To taint with perjury by 
 wilfully making a false oath ; to forswear. 
 
 Per'jured (per'jurd), «. Guilty of perjury. 
 
 Per'jur-er, n. One who swears falsely. 
 
 Per'ju-rj;, »• [L. perjurium.] The crime of swear- 
 ing falsely. 
 
 Perk, v. n. & v. a. [Welsh perc, percus, smart; 
 percu, to trim. — See Pert.] [pp. perkiug, 
 perked.] To hold up the head ; to dress.— 2, a. 
 Pert ; brisk ; airy ; proud. 
 
 Per'ma-nence, \n. Quality of being permanent ; 
 
 Per'ma-nen-cx, J duration ; continuance. 
 
 Per'ma-nent, a. [L. permanere, penuanentis, to 
 endure ; per, through, and manere, to remain.] 
 Durable; not decaying; lasting. 
 
 Per'ma-nent-lx, ad. Durably ; lastingly. 
 
 Per-man'gan-ate, n. A salt of permanganic acid. 
 
 Per-man-gan'ic, «. [L. per, implying a high de- 
 gree, and Manganese.] Noting an acid of man- 
 ganese. 
 
 Per-me-a-bil'i-tjr, «• State of being permeable. 
 
 Per'me-a-ble, a. That may be passed through. 
 
 Per'me-ate, v. a. [L. permeate, pemteatum; per, 
 through, and meare, to go.] [pp. permeating, 
 permeated.] To pass through ; to pervade. 
 
 Per-me-a'tion, n. The act of passing through : — 
 state'of being pervaded. 
 
 Perm'i-an, a. Belonging to Perm, in Bussia : — 
 applied to certain geological strata above the 
 carboniferous. 
 
 Per-nns'si-ble, a. That may be permitted. 
 
 Per-nus'sion (per-mish'uu), a. [L. permissio. — 
 See Permit.] The act of permitting; license; 
 allowance ; leave ; a permit. 
 
 Per-mis'sive, o. Granting liberty; allowing. 
 
 Per-mit', v. a. [L. permittere, permissum ; per, 
 through, and mittere, to send.] [pp. permitting, 
 permitted.] To give leave ; to consent ; to allow ; ' 
 to suffer. [an order; license. 
 
 Per'mit, or Per-mit\ n. A written permission ; 
 
 Per-mu-ta'tion, n. [L. permutare, to exchange; 
 per, throughout, and miitare, to change; permu- 
 tatio, an exchange.] Exchange; change. 
 
 Pern, //. [Xeo-Latin, pernis.] A species of kite. 
 
 Per-ni"cious (per-nlsh'us). a. [L. perniciosus; 
 permcies, destruction ; per, through, and nes, 
 necis, violent death.] Very mischievous; hurt- 
 ful; ruinous; destructive; noxious. 
 
 Per-ni"cious-lx, ad. Buinously. 
 
 Per-ni"cious-ness, n. Destructiveness. 
 
 Per-o-ra'tion, )/. [L. peroratio; per, through, and 
 onire, to speak.] The conclusion of an oration. 
 
 Per-ox'ide. v. [Per intensive, and Oxide.] An 
 oxide which contains the largest possible quan- 
 tity of oxygen. 
 
 Per-pen-dic'u-lar, a. [L. perpendiadnris ; perpen- 
 df uiuui, a plummet; per, through, and pendere, 
 to hang.] Crossing another line at right angles; 
 cutting the plane of the horizon at right angles ; 
 upright. — 2, n. A line falling on the plane of 
 the horizon at right angles. [pendicular. 
 
 Per-pen-dic-u-lar'i-ty, n. The state of being per- 
 
 Per-pen-dic'u-lar-iy. ad. At right angles. 
 
 Per'pe-trate, v. a. [L. perpetrare, perpebratum ; 
 per, through, and patrare, to accomplish.] [pp. 
 perpetrating, perpetrated.] To commit. 
 
 Per-pe-tra'tion, ». Commission, as of a crime. 
 
 Per'pe-tra-tor, n. [L.] One who perpetrates. 
 
 Per-peYu-al (per-pet'yu-al), a. [L. perpetualis or 
 perpetuus : perpes, perpelis, lasting.] Never ceas- 
 ing ; continual ; uninterrupted ; Listing. 
 
 Per-pet'u-al-ly, ad. Constantly ; continually. 
 
 Per-pet'u-ate (per-pet'yu-at), v. a. [pp. perpet- 
 uating, perpetuated.] To make perpetual ; to 
 preserve from extinction. 
 
 Per-pet-u-a'tion, n. Act of perpetuating. 
 
 Per-pe-tu'i-tj:, 11. [L. perpetuitas ; Fr. perpetuite.] 
 Duration to all futurity :— durability. 
 
 Per-plex', v. a. [L. perplexus, tangled; per, 
 through, and plectere, to weave, to braid.] [pp. 
 perplexing, perplexed.] To make anxious; to 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, 9, 5, g, soft; p, &, p, §, hard; § 1 
 
 s 35 
 
 ? as gz ; this. 
 
PEKPLEXLNG 
 
 410 
 
 PERVEESION 
 
 embarrass; to bewilder; to entangle ; to puzzle; 
 to disturb; to distract; to vex ; to distress. 
 
 Per-plex'ing, p. a. Embarrassing; difficult. 
 
 Per-plex'i-ty, n. Anxiety; embarrassment. 
 
 Per'qui-site, n. [L. perquisition, any thing gained; 
 perquirere, to seek for ; per, through, and quse- 
 rere, to seek.] A fee, or somettiing in addition 
 to or instead of regular wages or a salary. 
 
 Per'ry, n. [Fr. poire; poire, a pear {q. v.).] A 
 fermented drink made of pears. 
 
 Per'se-cute, v. a. [L. persequi, persecutus; per, 
 throughout, and sequi, to follow.] [pp. perse- 
 cuting, persecuted.] To harass with penalties, 
 as for opinions ; to pursue with malice. 
 
 Per-se-cu'tion, n. The act of persecuting. 
 
 Per'se-cut-or, n. One who persecutes. 
 
 Per-se-ver'ance, n. [L. perseverantia.] The act of 
 persevering ; steadiness ; persistence ; constancy. 
 
 Per-se-vere', v. n. [L. perseverare, to persist in; 
 perseverus, very strict; per, very, and severus, 
 strict.] [pp. persevering, persevered.] To per- 
 
 • sist ; to go on. 
 
 Per-se-ver'ing, p. a. Persisting; resolute. 
 
 Per-se-ver'ing-ly, ad. With perseverance. 
 
 Persiflage (pai-se-flazh'), n. [Fr.] Idle talk; 
 mockery; jeer; banter. 
 
 Per-sim'mon, n. [Algonkin.] A tree and its fruit. 
 
 Per-sist', v. n. [L. persistere; per, through, and 
 sistere, to set, — causal of stare, to stand (q. v.).] 
 [pp. persisting, persisted.] To continue obsti- 
 nate or resolute; to be or continue firm; to 
 persevere. 
 
 Per-sist'ence, \n. State of persisting; constancy ; 
 
 Per-sist'en-cy, J perseverance. 
 
 Per-sist'ent, a. [L. persistens. — See Persist.] Not 
 falling off; remaining. 
 
 Per-sist'ent-ly, ad. In a persistent manner. 
 
 Per'son (per'sn), n. [Fr. personne, a person; L. 
 persona, a person, — properly, a mask; hence, a 
 character in a drama ; masks were worn by an- 
 cient actors so shaped as to strengthen the voice ; 
 per, through, and sonare, to sound (q. v.).] An 
 individual; a human being; one:— shape; ex- 
 terior appearance; body. — (Gram.) The char- 
 acter which a noun or pronoun bears, as de- 
 noting the speaker, the person spoken to, or the 
 person or thing spoken of. 
 
 Per'son-a-ble, a. Handsome; graceful. 
 
 Per'son-ai'e, n. [Fr. personnage.] A person of 
 distinction. 
 
 Pe'r'son-al, a. [L. personalis.'] Relating to a per- 
 son ; relating to human beings, not to things : — 
 appendant to a person ; not real, as property : — 
 peculiar. [viduality : — reflection on a person. 
 
 Per-son-al'i-ty, n. St^te of being a person ; indi- 
 
 Per'son-al-ly, ad. In person ; in presence. 
 
 Per'son-al-ty, n. Personal property. 
 
 Per'son-ate, t'. a. [L. personare, personatum."] [pp. 
 personating, personated.] To represent ; to feign. 
 
 Per-son-a'tion, n. [L. personatio.] The act of 
 personating. 
 
 Per'son-a-tor, n. One who personates. 
 
 Per-son-i-fi-ca'tion, n. [Fr. person nification.] The 
 act of personifying; prosopopoeia; the represen- 
 tation of inanimate objects as endued with life. 
 
 Per-son'i-fy, v. a. [Fr. personnifier.] [pp. per- 
 sonifying, personified.] To represent with the 
 actions or attributes of a person ; to change from 
 a thing to a person. 
 
 Personnel (par'so-nel'), n. [Fr.] The persons 
 belonging to the army or navy. 
 
 Per-spec'tive, n. [L. perspectiva, the art of inspec- 
 tion ; perspicere, perspectum, to see clearly ; per, 
 through, and specere, to see.] A spying-glass : — 
 vista; view: — the science by which things are 
 properly ranged in picture ; representation. — 
 2, a. Relating to vision ; optical. 
 
 Per-spi-ca'eious (per-spe-ka'shus), a. [L. perspi- 
 cax; perspicere, to see through.] Sharp of sight; 
 quick-sighted; discerning; acute. 
 
 Per-spi-ca'cious-ness, n. Perspicacity. 
 
 Per-spi-cac'i-ty, n. [L. perspieacitas.] Quickness 
 of sight ; acuteness of sight or discernment. 
 
 Per-spi-cu'i-ty, n. [L. perspicuitas.] Quality of 
 being perspicuous; freedom from obscurity; 
 clearness. 
 
 Per-spic'u-ous, a. [L. perspicuus, clear; per, 
 through, and specere, to see.] Easily under- 
 stood; clear. 
 
 Per-spic'u-ous-ly., ad. Clearly ; plainly. 
 
 Per-spic'u-ous-ness, n. Perspicuity. 
 
 Per-spi-ra'tion, n. The act of perspiring ; excre- 
 tion by the pores of the skin sweat. 
 
 Per-spir'a-to-ry, a. Emitting sweat. 
 
 Per-spire', v. n. & v. a. [L. perspirare, perspiratum, 
 to breathe all over; per, throughout, and spirare, 
 to breathe.] [pp. perspiring, perspired.] To 
 excrete or emit by the pores of the skin ; to 
 sweat :— to exude. 
 | Per-suad'a-ble (per-swad'a-bl), a. Persuasible. 
 
 Per-suade ? (per-swad'), v. a. [L. persuadere, per- 
 suasum; per, thoroughly, and suadere, to advise.] 
 [pp. persuading, persuaded.] To advise with 
 eflect ; to prevail upon ; to influence. 
 
 Per-sua-si-bil'i-ty, n. State of being persuasible. 
 
 Per-sua'si-ble, a. [L. persuasibilis.] That may be 
 persuaded. 
 
 Per-sua'sion (per-swa'zhun), n. [L. persuasio.] 
 The act or art of persuading : — opinion; creed. 
 
 Per-sua'sive, a. [Fr. persuasif.] Having power 
 to persuade. 
 
 Per-sua'sive-ly, ad. In a persuasive manner. 
 
 Per-sua'sive-ness, n. Quality of being persuasive. 
 
 Pert, a. [Welsh pert, smart. In its bad sense it 
 seems to stand for Malapebt.] Smart : saucy ; 
 forward ; flippant. 
 
 Per- tain', v. n. [L. pertinere, to belong per, 
 "through, and tenere, to hold.] [pp. pertaining, 
 pertained.] To belong ; to relate. 
 
 Per-tj-na'cious (per-te-na'shus), a. [L. pertinax ; 
 per, very, and tenax, tenacious (q. v.).] Perversely 
 resolute; stubborn; obstinate; inflexible. 
 | Pe'r-ti-na'cious-ly, ad. Obstinately. 
 j Per-ti-nac'i-ty, w. [Fr. pertinucite.] Obstinacy; 
 persistency. 
 
 Per'ti-nence, )«. State of being pertinent ; ap- 
 
 Per'ti-nen-cy, j positeness ; propriety. 
 
 Per'ti-nent, fl. [L. pertinere, pertinentis, to pertain 
 (q. i-.).] Related to the matter in hand; appro- 
 priate ; fit ; proper ; apposite. 
 
 Per'ti-nent-ly, ad. To the purpose. 
 
 Pert'iy, ad. In a pert manner ; saucily. 
 
 Pert'ness, n. Sauciness ; smartness. 
 
 Per-turb', v. a. [L. pertnrbare; per, greatly, and 
 turbare, to disturb ; turba, a throng.] [ pp. per- 
 turbing, perturbed.] To disquiet ; to disturb. 
 
 Per-tiirb'ance, n. Disquiet; perturbation. 
 
 Per-tur-ba'tion, n. [L. perturbatio.] Disquiet; 
 disorder. 
 
 Per-tu'§ion (per-tii'zhun), n. [L. pertundere, per- 
 tnsum, to bore ; per, through, and tundere, to 
 beat.] Perforation. 
 
 Per'uke, n. [Fr. perruque, It. parrvcca, Sp. peluca, 
 Sardinian pilucca, Dut. peruyh, a periwig (q. v.) ; 
 0. It. pellucare, to pluck; *L. pilus, hair. — Cf. 
 Plush.] A cap of false hair; a periwig. 
 
 Pe-ru'sal, n. The act of perusing; examination. 
 
 Pe-rusV, v. a. [Probably from L. per, through, 
 and Eng. Use.] [pp. perusing, perused.] To 
 read ; to examine. 
 
 Per-vade', v. a. [L. pervadere, pervasum; per, 
 through, and vadere, to go.] [pp. pervading, 
 pervaded.] To p;iss through; to permeate. 
 
 Per-va'sion (per-va'zhun), n. [L. pervasio. — See 
 Pervade.] A passing through. 
 
 Per-va'sive, a. Having power to pervade. 
 
 Per-verse', a. [Fr. pervers ; L. perversus. — See 
 Pervert.] Obstinate; stubborn; wayward. 
 
 Per-verse'ly, ad. Stubbornly ; vexatiously. 
 
 Per-verse'ness, n. Obstinacy ; petulance. 
 
 Per-ver'sion, n. [L. perversio.] The act of per- 
 verting ; wrong use. 
 
 a, e, I, 6, S, y, long; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; ^, e, i, o, \}, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
PERYEESITY 
 
 411 
 
 PHALLUS 
 
 Per-ver'si-ty, n. [Fr. perversite ; L. perversitas.] 
 Pervei seness ; petulance. 
 
 Per-ver'sive, a. Tending to pervert. 
 
 Per-vert', v. a. [L. pervertere, perversion; per, 
 "thoroughly, and vertere, to turn.] [pp. per- 
 verting, perverted.] To turn from the right. 
 
 Per'vert, n. One who is perverted. 
 
 Per-vert'er, n. One who perverts. 
 
 Per-vert'i-ble, a. That may be perverted. 
 
 Per'vi-ous, a. [L. pervius; per, through, ^and 
 via, a way.] Admitting passage ; permeable". 
 
 Pes'sa-ry, n. [L. pessarium or pesswm, ; Gr. irea- 
 <rovl] An instrument to support the womb. 
 
 Pes'si-mism, n. The most unfavorable view of 
 things : — the doctrine that this is the worst pos- 
 sible world : — opposed to optimism. 
 
 Pes'si-mist, n. [L. pessimus, worst; pejor, worse.] 
 A universal complainer. 
 
 Pes-si-mls'tie, a. Kelating to, or characterized 
 by, pessimism. 
 
 Pest, w. [L. pestis, a plague.] A plague; pesti- 
 lence : — a person or thing mischievous or de- 
 structive ; a scourge. 
 
 Pes'ter, v. a. [Fr. empetrer, 0. Fr. empestrer, to 
 embarrass; L. in, on, and Late L. pastorium, a 
 clog, a fetter; L. pascere, pastum, to feed.] [pp. 
 pestering, pestered.] To disturb ; to perplex ; to 
 harass. 
 
 Pes-tif'er-ous, a. [L. pestiferus ; pestis, a pest, 
 and ferre, to bring.] Destructive; pestilential. 
 
 Pes'ti-lence, n. [L. pestilentia.] A contagious or 
 infectious disease ; the plague ; a pest. 
 
 Pes'ti-lent, a. [L. pestilens or pestileutus ; alsojjes- 
 tilis ; pestis, a plague.] Producing plagues ; ma- 
 lignant. 
 
 Pes-ti-len'tial (-shal), a. Partaking of the nature 
 of pestilence ; pestilent; destructive. 
 
 Pes' tie (pes'sl or pes'tl), n. [0. Fr. pestel; L. 
 pistillum; piusere, pistum, to pound.] A tool to 
 beat substances with in a mortar :— a staff. 
 
 Pet, n. [Irish peat, Gael, peata, a tame animal: 
 the idea of peevishness comes from that of a ca- 
 pricious and spoiled fondling.] Slight and ca r 
 piicious anger; a fit of peevishness : — any thing 
 fondled; a tame lamb ; a fondling. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 petting, petted.] To treat as a pet; to fondle. 
 
 Pet'al, or Pe'tal, u. [Gr. nera\ov, a leaf; neTav- 
 vvjj.L, I spread. — See Patulous.] A flower-leaf. 
 
 Pet-a-llf er-oiis, «. (Bot.) Bearing petals. 
 
 Pe-tard', n. [Fr.] A piece of ordnance. 
 
 Pe-te'phi-al, a. [Late L. petechia, It. petecchia, L. 
 petigo, a spot, an eruption.] {Med.) Spotted. 
 
 Pe'ter-pence, n. Money paid to the pope. 
 
 Pet'i-o-lar, \u. (Bot.) Kelating to, or growing 
 
 Pet'i-o-late, j out of, petioles. 
 
 Pet'i-ole, ». [L. petiolus. — Cf. pes, pedis, a foot.] 
 (Bot.) The stalk of a leaf. 
 
 Petit (pet'e or per/it) [pe-tef or pet'e, Sm. ; pet'it or 
 pe-tet', Ja. ; pet'e, R. Wb. St.], a. [Fr.— See 
 Petty.] Small; little; petty.— This word, in the 
 sense of petty, as opposed to important, grand, or 
 high, is generally pronounced petty (even with 
 the spelling petit) ; as, petit or petty larceny, petit 
 or petti/ jury, petit or petty treason. [dainty. 
 
 Petite (pe-tet'), a., fem. [Fr.] Small; delicate; 
 
 Pe-ti"tion (pe-tlsh'un), n. [L. petitio ; petere, pe- 
 tititm, to seek.] A request; entreaty; supplica- 
 tion; prayer. — 2, v. a. [pp. petitioning, peti- 
 tioned.] To solicit; to supplicate. — 3, v. n. To 
 express one's desire in a petition. 
 
 Pe-ti"tion-a-ry, )a. [L. petitorius.] (Law.) Peti- 
 
 Pet'i-to-ry, J tioning ; supplicatory. 
 
 Pe-ti"tion-er, n. One who offers a petition. 
 
 Pet'rel, or Pe'trel, n. [Fr. petrel, from St. Peter's 
 attempt to walk on the waves : the petrel is said 
 to walk on the sea.] A kind of sea-bird. 
 
 Pe-tres'cent, a. [L. petra, Gr. TreTpos, a stone. 
 The suffix -esceut implies beginning or becom- 
 ing.] Turning to stone; petrifying. 
 
 Pet-ri-fac'tion, n. [See Petrification.] Act of 
 turning to stone : — a petrified substance. 
 
 Pet-ri-fac'tive, a. Having power to petrify. - 
 
 Pe-trif ic, a. Having power to petrify. 
 
 Pet-ri-fi-ca'tion, n. [Fr. petrification.] Petrifac- 
 tion. 
 
 Pet'ri-fy, v. a. [Fr. petrifier ; L. petra, a stone', 
 and fucere, to make ; fieri, to become.] [pp. pet- 
 rifying, petrified.] 'To change to stone; to 
 harden. — 2, v. n. To become stone. 
 
 Pe-tro'le-um, n. [L. petra, a rock, and olemn, oil.] 
 Mineral oil ; rock oil. 
 
 Pet-ro-lo£-'ic, ) a. Of or relating to petrology 
 
 Pet-ro-loi'i-cal, J or the investigation of rocks. 
 
 Pe-trol'o-i'y, u. [Gr. 7re'Tpo?, a rock, and Ao-yo?, a 
 treatise.] That department of geological and 
 mineralogical science which treats of rocks. 
 
 Pet'ro-nel, n. [Fr. petrinul; Sp. petrina, Late L. 
 peclorina, a belt ; L. pectus, pectoris, the breast.] 
 An old form of horse-pistol. 
 
 Pe'trous, a. [L. petrosus ; petra, a stone.] Resem- 
 bling stone: stony. [lower vestment. 
 
 Pet'ti-coat, n. [Petty and Coat.] A woman's 
 
 Pet'ti-fog, v. v. [See Pettifogger.] [pp. petti- 
 fogging, pettifogged.] To play the pettifogger. 
 
 Pet'ti-fog-ger, n. [Petty, and 0. E. fogger, a ser- 
 vile flatterer; 0. Dut. focker, a monopolist.] A 
 petty lawyer. 
 
 Pet'ti-ness* n. Smallness: littleness. 
 
 Pet'tish, a. Fretful; peevish; petulant. 
 
 Pet'tjsh-ly, ad. In a pettish manner. 
 
 Pet'tish-ness, n. Fretfuluess ; peevishness. 
 
 Pet' to, n. [It. ; L. pectus.] The breast :—figura- 
 tively, privacy; as, in petto, in privacy. 
 
 Pet'ty, a. [Fr. petit, small.— Cf. Roumanian pUi, 
 It. pitetto, little ; etymology doubtful.] Small ; 
 little; trifling; trivial. 
 
 Pet'u-lance, \n. [L. petulantia.] Peevishness; 
 
 Pet'u-lan-cy, J fretfulness; ill temper; pertness. 
 
 Pet'u-lant, a. [L. pelulaw, pert, i)eevish, freak- 
 ish ; akin to peteie, to seek.] Fretful ; saucy ; 
 peevish ; pert. 
 
 Pe-tu'ni-a, n. [V,v;\7.\\\&xi petun, tobacco.] A beau- 
 tiful flowering plant. 
 
 Pew (pu), n. [0. Fr. pui, puye, a gallery ; Sp. 
 poyo, a bench ; L. podium, a balcony, a pinnacle; 
 Gr. tto&lov, a little foot; ttou?, a foot. — Cf. Fr. 
 pny, a mountain-peak.] A seat enclosed in a 
 church. 
 
 Pe'wet, ) [pe'wit, & W. Ja. Sm. C. ; piVit, P. K. 
 
 Pe'wit, j Wb.]) n. [From its note; Dut. pienoit, 
 MewU; Ger. kibitz; Fr. pivite.] A water-fowl; 
 lapwing. 
 
 Pew'ter, ». [It. peVro; Sp. peltre ; 0. Fr. peutre: 
 these are all from the English, which is cor- 
 rupted from Spelter.] An alloy of tin, lead, &c. 
 
 Pew'ter-er, n. One who works in pewter. 
 
 Pha'e-toii, n. [Gr. <I>ae'0u>, the charioteer of the 
 sun'; fyaiOoiv, shining; fyatnv, to shine.] (Myth.) 
 The son of Phoebus, a 
 fabled driver of the char- 
 iot of the sun : — an open 
 four-wheeled carriage : — 
 a tropical sea-bird. 
 
 Pha-lan'£er, >'• [Named 
 because the phalanges of 
 the second and third toes 
 of the hind feet are en- ^uaeion. 
 
 closed in one skin.] An Australasian animal of 
 several species. 
 
 Phal'an-ster-y, «. [Fr. phalanstere ; from Pha- 
 lanx, on type of monastery, or Gr. </>aA<ry£, a 
 phalanx, and o-repeos, solid.] A social com- 
 munity, joint-stock company, or establishment 
 formed on the principles of Fourier. 
 
 Pha'lanx, or Phal'anx, n. ; L. pi. Pha-lan'§-es ; 
 Eng. Pha'lanx-es, or Phal'anx-es. [L. ; Gr. 
 <j>dAay£; etymology unknown.] A close, com- 
 pact body of men or soldiers. — pi. The small 
 bones *>f the fingers and toes. 
 
 Phal'lic, a. Emblematic of reproduction. 
 
 Phal'lus, n. [Gr. 4>aAA6<r.— Cf. Ger. pfahl; Eng. 
 Pole".] An emblem of the generative' power. 
 
 ^^^^ 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; biUl, bur, rule, use,— p, 9, 9, £, soft; p, 0, p, g" , hard; 3 as z ; ? as gz j this. 
 
PHANEROGAMOUS 
 
 412 
 
 PHONETICS 
 
 Phan-e-rog'a-moiis, a. [Gr. fyavepos, evident, 
 and yap-tlv, to marry.] Having flowers or blos- 
 soms. 
 
 Phan'tasm, n. [Gr. <j>dvraap.a; <j>avT<i£eiv, to 
 show ; <f>aiveiv, to briug to light.] A spectre ; a 
 vision ; a phantom. 
 
 Phan-tas-ma-go'ri-a, n. [Gr. <f>dvTacrp.a, an ap- 
 pearance, and ayopd, an assembly.] An optical 
 illusion :— an instrument by which phantoms are 
 represented ; a magic lantern. [goria. 
 
 Phan-tas-ma-gor'ic, a. Eelating to phantasma- 
 
 Phan'ta-sy, 'n. See Fantasy. 
 
 Phan'tom, ». [0. Fr. phantosme. — See Phantasm.] 
 A spectre ; an apparition ; a vision. 
 
 Phar-i-sa'ic, "I «. Eelating to the Pharisees; 
 
 Phar-i-sa'i-cal, j externally religious. 
 
 Phar-i-sa'i-cal-ness. ». Pharisaical show. 
 
 Phar'i-sa-ism, n. The conduct of a Pharisee. 
 
 Phar'i-see, n. [Gr. </>ap(.<xaio?; Aramaic perishin, 
 separate. — Cf. Arab, farizi, sectaries.] One of a 
 Jewish sect : — a self-righteous person. 
 
 Phar-ma-ceu'tic, a. [Gr. <papp.aicevTiK.6<; ; <f>app.a- 
 nevs, a druggist.] Eelating to pharmacy. 
 
 Phar-ma-ceu'tics, n. pi. The art of preparing 
 medicines ; pharmacy. 
 
 Phar-ma-ceu'tist, ) n. One versed in pharmacy ; 
 
 Phar-ma-col'o-'£ist, J an apothecary. 
 
 Phar'ma-cist,' n. A druggist. 
 
 Phar-ma-col'o-fy, n. [Gr. (fnxpfLaKov, a drug, and 
 A6yo?,'a treatise.] Pharmacy. 
 
 Phar-ma-co-pos'ia (far-ma-ko-pe'a). n. [Gr. <f>dp- 
 fxaKov, a drug, and Troieiv, to make.] A dispen- 
 satory ; a directory for medicines. 
 
 Phar'ma-cy, n. [Gr. <papp.a.K<iia ; 4>dpp.a.Kov, a 
 drug.] The art of preparing medicines; the 
 trade of an apothecary : — a drug-store. 
 
 Pha'ros, n. [Gr. ; properly, the name of an island 
 near Alexandria. ] A light-house ; a watch- 
 tower. 
 
 Pha-ryn'£e-al, a. Belonging to the pharynx. 
 
 Phar-yn-got'o-my, ». [Gr. <pdpvy£, and Tip.veiv, 
 root Top.-, to cut.] The operation of making an 
 incision into the pharynx. 
 
 Phar'ynx, n. [Gr.] (Anat.) A part of the gullet. 
 
 Phase, n. [Gr. </)do-i?, appearance; root $a-, to 
 shine; L. phasis.] Appearance; one of a series 
 of changes : — an aspect. 
 
 Pha'sis, n. ; pi. Fha'ses. [L.] An appearance 
 of a'body at any time ; phase. 
 
 Pheas'ant (fez'ant), n. [Gr. <f>ao-iavo<; ; named 
 from the river Phmis, near the Caucasus.] A gal- 
 linaceous bird. 
 
 Phe'nic, a. Xoting an acid allied to phenol. 
 
 Phe'nix, n. A bird. See Phcbnix. 
 
 Phe'nol, n. [From Camphene and L. oleum, oil.] 
 The compound known as carbolic acid. The 
 name is extended to other analogous compounds. 
 
 Phe-nSm'e-nal, a. Of or relating to phenomena 
 or phenomenalism: — opposed to noumenal: — 
 quite extraordinary and exceptional; so rare as 
 to excite wonder. 
 
 Phe-nom'e-non, n. ; pi. Phe-nom'e-na. [Gr. <pai- 
 v'6p.evov,' a passive participle from ' cpaLveLv, to 
 show.] Appearance ; any thing presented to the 
 eye or the senses : — any thing remarkable. 
 
 Phl'al. n. [L. phiala; Gr. 4>idAij.] A small bottle ; 
 a vial. 
 
 Phi-lan'der, v. n. [The name of a sentimentally 
 virtuous' youth in the " Orlando Furioso" of 
 Ariosto ; the Greek name QiXavSpos is from <£><.- 
 \elv, to love, or <piAos, friendly, and dvyp, aeSpos, 
 a man.] [pp. philandering, philandered.] To 
 make love ; to flirt. 
 
 Phil-an-throp'ic, \o. Possessed of philan- 
 
 Phil-an-throp'i-cal, J thropy ; benevolent. 
 
 Phi-lan'thro-pist, n. A lover of mankind. 
 
 Phi-Ian' thro-py, n. [Gr. (f>t.\av0 putrid. ; (/uAeii>, to 
 love, and dv9p<x>— 09, a man.] Love of mankind 
 generally; general benevolence ; humanity. 
 
 Phi-lat'e-list, n. A collector of postage-stamps. 
 
 Phi-lat'e-ly, n. [Gr. 0iAo?, a friend, and dreAeia, 
 
 exemption from payment : a stamp exempts 
 from the direct payment of money.] A name 
 given to the mania for collecting and arranging 
 postage-stamps. 
 
 Phil-har-mon'ic, a. [Gr. <f>iAei«>, to love, and 
 dpp.ovia, harmony (q. v.).] Loving harmony. 
 
 Phil'i-beg, ». A kilt. See Fillibeg. 
 
 Phi-tfp'pic, n. [Properly, one of the orations of 
 Demosthenes against Philip of Macedon. The 
 name Philip properly means a lover of horses ; 
 <£'Ao?, fond of, and £7771-05, a horse.] A discourse 
 full of invective. 
 
 Phi-lis'tine, u. [Originally one of an ancient race 
 hostile to the Israelites: their name seems to 
 mean "wanderers" or "aliens."] A person 
 whose ideas are limited to the details of every- 
 day life ; one deficient in taste or sentiment. 
 
 Phi-Hs' tin-ism, n. The character of a Philistine ; 
 inaccessibility to ideas: dull, prosaic mediocrity. 
 
 Phil-c-lo£'ic, \a. Eelating to philology; 
 
 Phil-o-lof 'i-cal, J critical. 
 
 Phi-lol'o-fist, n. One versed in philology. 
 
 Phi-lol'o-fy, n. [Gr. 0t'Ao?, fond of, and Adyo?, 
 discourse, speech.] The knowledge of languages, 
 and the branches of learning connected with 
 languages, comprising etymology, grammar, 
 rhetoric, poetry, and criticism : — belles-lettres. 
 
 Phil'o-math, ,n. [Gr. <£iAop.a0ijs ; $t'Ao?, fond of, 
 and p-dQri, learning.] A lover of learning. 
 
 Phil'o-mel, n. [Gr. 4>i\op.rj\a ; perhaps for <£i'Ao?, 
 fond of, and p.eAos, a song.] The nightingale. 
 
 Phil-o-me'la, n. The same as Philomel. 
 
 Phil-o-pe'na, ». [Ger. vielliebchen, — literally, much 
 loved.] A' forfeit to be paid by the loser in a 
 play or sport with double kernels of almonds. 
 
 Phi-los'o-pher, n. [Gr. <£iA6o-o<£os. — See Philoso- 
 phy.] ' One' versed in philosophy. 
 
 PMl-o-soph'ic {or fil-o-sofik), \ a. Eelating to 
 
 Phil-o-soph'i-cal, J philosophy ; ra- 
 
 tional ; wise. 
 
 Phil-o-soph'i-cal-ly, ad. Rationally. 
 
 Phi-los'o-phism, n. False philosophy. 
 
 Phi-los'o-phist, n. A pretender to philosophy. 
 
 Phi-los'o-phize, v. v. [pp. philosophizing, phi- 
 losophized.] To act or to reason like a philoso- 
 pher ; to moralize. 
 
 Phi-los'o-phy, «. [Gr. (pt\oo-o<j>ia, love of wisdom; 
 (/u'Aos, 'fond' of, and cr.o(£<.'a, wisdom, knowledge, 
 skill.] Literallj-, the love of wisdom: — knowl- 
 edge, natural or moral, comprising three general 
 divisions: natural philosophy, or physics : intellec- 
 tual or mental philosophy, or metaphysics; and 
 moral philosophy, or ethics :— an explanation of 
 the reason of things. 
 
 Phil'ter, «. [Ft. philtre, L. philtrum, Gr. ^t'Arpov, 
 a love-potion; <pikelv, to love; -Tpov denotes au 
 agent.] A love-charm ; a charm. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 philtering, philtered.] To charm to love. 
 
 Phiz, n. [For physiognomy.] The face ; the visage. 
 
 Phle-bot'o-mist, n. One who lets blood. 
 
 Phle-bot'p-my, n. [Gr. </>Ae/3orop.i'a ; <£Ae>//, tp\e- 
 jSos, a vein; ^Ac'eiv, to flow; and rop.6<;, a cut- 
 ting; Tenxveiv, to cut.] The act of blood-letting. 
 
 Phlegm (flem), n. [Gr. (p\eyp.a, inflammation, 
 phlegm, — properly, a burning; <p\eyeiv, to burn. 
 — Cf. L. flamma, a flame.] A watery humor: — 
 viscid matter from the throat : — coolness. 
 
 Phleg-mat'ic, or Phleg'ma-tic, a. [Gr. </>Aey- 
 p-artKos.] ' Abounding in 'phlegm .-—unfeeling; 
 dull; cold; frigid. 
 
 Phleg-mat'i-cal-ly, ad. In a phlegmatic manner. 
 
 PhleVmon,'»i. ' [L.*; Gr. 4>\eyp.ovri, heat, a tumor. 
 — See Phlegm.] An inflamed tumor. 
 
 Phleg'mo-nous, a. Inflammatory ; burning. 
 
 Phleme, n. An instrument. See Fleam. 
 
 Phlox, n. [Gr. <£A6£, a flame; <p\4yeiv, to burn.] 
 A genus of flowering plants. [bird. 
 
 Phoe'nix (fe'niks), n. [L. ; Gr. tpo'ivi^.] A fabled 
 
 Pho-neVic, a. [Gr. (fxuvijTiKos ; </>wvrj, a sound.] 
 Eelating to phonetics or to 60und. 
 
 Pho-net'ics, n. pi. The doctrine of sounds. 
 
 a, e, 1, 0, u, y, long; a, e, 1, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
MONETIZE 
 
 413 
 
 PIANO 
 
 Phon'e-tlze, v. a. [pp. phonetizing, phonetized.] 
 To represent phonetically. 
 
 Phon'ics, h. [Gr. </>u>i>vj, a sound.] The doctrine 
 of sounds ; acoustics. 
 
 Pho'no-graph, re. [Gr. <£wvtj, a sound, and ypa- 
 <f>etv', to write.] A phonographic type : — an in- 
 strument by which articulate speech may be 
 recorded and reproduced at any future time. 
 
 Pho-no-graph'ic, \a. Eelating to phonogra- 
 
 Pho-no-graph'i-cal, Jphy :— of or pertaining to 
 the phonograph. 
 
 Pho-nog'ra-phy, «. The art of expressing sounds 
 by characters or symbols. 
 
 Ph5-no-log'i-cal, a. Relating to phonology. 
 
 Pho-nol'o-gy, v. [Gr. $<ov7j, sound, and Aoyo?, a 
 discourse.]" The science of sounds ; phonics. 
 
 Phos'phate, n. (Ghem.) A salt formed of phos- 
 phoric acid and a base. 
 
 Phos'phide, n. The same as Phosphuret. 
 
 Phos'phite, n. A salt of phosphorous acid. 
 
 Phos'phor-bronze (or -bronz), «. A valuable 
 alloy of bronze and phosphorus. 
 
 Phos-pho-resce' (fos-fo-res'), v. n. [From Phos- 
 phorus; the teimination in -esce (L. -sc-, Gr. 
 -<tk-) is inceptive, and o:ten denotes feebleness 
 or faintness in some quality.] [pp. phosphores- 
 cing, phosphoresced.] To emit phosphoric light; 
 to shine without heat. 
 
 Phos-pho-res'eence, n. [Fr.] An emission of 
 phosphoric light ; a faint light without heat. 
 
 Phos-pho-res'cent, a. [Fr.] Shining; luminous. 
 
 Phos-phor'ic, ' la. Relating to, or containing, 
 
 Phos-phor' i-cal, J phosphorus. 
 
 Phos'pho-rous, «. Pertaining to phosphorus : — 
 noting'compounds of phosphorus containing less 
 oxygen than phosphoric compounds have. 
 
 Phos'pho-rus, n. [L. ; Gr. <£u)o-</>6po?, light-bring- 
 ing; t/)to5, light, and $epeiv, to bring.] The 
 morning star: — a very combustible elementary 
 substance. 
 
 Phos'phu-ret, re. (Ghem.) A compound of phos- 
 phorus and some other substance; a phosphide. 
 
 Phos'phu-ret- ted, a. Containing phosphorus. 
 
 Pho-to-gen'ic, a [Gr. </>J>s, <£ojt6?, light, and 
 stem yew-, to produce.] Produced by light. 
 
 Pho'to-graph, re. A fac-simile or picture produced 
 by photography. — 2, v. a. [pp. photographing, 
 photographed.] To take a photographic like- 
 ness of. [pictures. 
 
 Pho-tog'ra-pher, n. One who takes photographic 
 
 Ph6-to-graph'ic, «. Eelating to photography. 
 
 Pho-tog'ra-phy, «• [Gr. 90)9, c^iotos, light, and 
 ypd<pet.v, to write, to trace.] The art or process 
 of taking photographs. 
 
 Pho-to-grav'ure, n. [Fr.— See Photograph and 
 Engrave; Fr. gravure, an engraving.] A vari- 
 ety of engraving produced by a photographic 
 process. 
 
 Pho-to-lith'o-graph, n. [Gr. </>u>?, $ujt6?, light, 
 and Lithograph.] A kind of lithographic pic- 
 ture taken by a phototypic process. 
 
 Pho-tom'e-ter, n. [Gr. <£u>?, <|>u)tc?, light, and 
 nirpov, a measure.] An instrument tu measure 
 the intensity of light. 
 
 Pho-tom'e-try, re. The art of measuring light. 
 
 Pho'to-sphere, n. [Gr. <£d)?, <£o>t6s, light, and 
 <r<fraipa, a sphere (q. v.).] The glowing luminous 
 envelope of the sun, which radiates heat and 
 light. [sisting of, the photosphere. 
 
 Pho-to-spher'ic, a. Of or pertaining to, or con- 
 
 Pho'to-type, ><. [Gr. $u>s, 4>o)t6<;, light, and tutto?, 
 a stamp, a type (q. v.).] A type or plate pro- 
 duced by phototypy : — a picture printed from 
 such a plate. 
 
 Pho-to-typ'ic, a. Of or pertaining to the art or 
 process of 'phototypy. 
 
 Pho-tot'y-py, re. The art of producing a metal 
 type or plate resembling an engraved plate fiom 
 a photographic picture, and printing from it. 
 
 Phrase, n. [Gr. fypdais, a phrase, a speaking; 
 4>pd£eLv, to speak.] An expression; a mode of 
 
 speech : — a musical expression. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 
 phrasing, phrased.] To style ; to call ; to term. 
 Phra-se-o-log'ic, ) a. Eelating to phraseology 
 Phra-§e-o-log'i-cal, j" or language. 
 Phra-se-ol'o-gy, n. [Gr. <f>pdaLs, a phrase, and 
 
 Aoyos, a speaking; \eyeiv, to speak.] Manner 
 
 of expression ; style ; diction : — a phrase-book. 
 Phras/ing, n. Melodic form in music. 
 
 StSII-cal, } «• Eelatin = t0 P^—logy. 
 
 Phre-nol'o-i'ist, re. One versed in phrenology. 
 
 Phre-nol'o-gy, re. [Gr. 4>p-qv, the mind, and 
 A0709, a treatise.] The science which professes 
 to determine the qualities of the mind by the 
 form of the brain or of the skull ; craniology. 
 
 Phren'sy, n. Madness ; frenzy. See Frenzy. 
 
 PhtMs/ic (tiz'ik), re. Phthisis : — asthma. 
 
 Phthis'i-cal (tiz'e-ka.1), a. [Gr. <|>0icrt/c6s.] Con- 
 sumptive :— asthmatic. 
 
 Phthi'sis (thi'sis or ti'sis), re. [Gr. <f>0t'eiv, to de- 
 cay.] ' [Med.) A consumption. 
 
 Phy-col'o-gy, re. [Gr. 4>vkos, sea-weed, and Aoyo?, 
 a treatise.]' The science of sea-weeds. 
 
 Phy-lac'ter-y, re. [Gr. <$>v\o.K-ripLov, a charm; 
 <f)v\aKTv'p, for <t>v\ai;, a guard.] A slip or band- 
 age on which was inserted some passage of 
 Scripture. 
 
 Phyl-lox-e'ra, s. [Gr. $u'AAo»> (L. folium), a leal, 
 and i-ypos, dry.] (Ent.) A genus of destructive 
 plant-lice, mostly American. 
 
 Phys'ic, re. [Gr. <£v<tik:6s, natural ; Averts, nature ; 
 (/>veiv, to grow, to produce.] The science of 
 medicine ; the art of healing : — a cathartic. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. physicking, physicked.] To treat 
 with physic: — to purge. 
 
 Phys'i-cal, «• [See Physic] Eelating to physics, 
 to nature, or to natural philosophy ; natural, 
 not moral. 
 
 Phys'i-cal-ly, ad. In a physical manner. 
 
 Phy-si"cian (fe-zish'an), re. [Fr. phyncien, a 
 physicist.] One who professes or practises 
 physic, or the art of healing. 
 
 Phys/i-cist, n. One versed in physics. 
 
 Phys/ics, n. Natural philosophy. ' 
 
 Phy§-i-og-nom'ic, ) a. Eelating to physiog- 
 
 Phy§-i-og'-nom'i-cal, J nomy. [nomy. 
 
 Phy§-i-og'no-mist.' n. One versed in physiog- 
 
 Phys-i-og'no-my. [fiz-e-6n'o-me, N. Skeat; fiz-e- 
 og'no-me or f Iz-e-on'o-nie, Ja. St.], v. [Gr. 
 4>v<rioyvofJiia or (f>v<rt.oyv<op.ovia ; (J)vcrc?, ^ucreio?, 
 nature, and yvwfxoiv, an interpreter.] The art 
 of discovering the temper and character of the 
 mind by the face : — the face ; the countenance. 
 
 Phy§-i-o-log'ic, \a. Eelating to physiology; 
 
 Phy§-i-o-log'i-cal, J physical. 
 
 Phy§-i-ol'o-gist, n. One versed in physiology. 
 
 Phy§-i-ol'o-gy. n. [Gr. ^ucri?, nature, and Aoyo?, 
 
 . a treatise.] The doctrine of vital phenomena; 
 the science which treats of the properties of 
 organized bodies, both animal and vegetable ; 
 physics. 
 
 Phy-§ique' (fe-zeV), n. [Fr.] Structure of the 
 body ; constitution. 
 
 Phy-tog'ra-phy, ». [Gr. 4>vt6v, a plant, and ypa- 
 0eii/, to write.] A description of plants. 
 
 Phy-tol'o-gy, »• [Gr. <}>vt6v, a plant, and Ao-yos, 
 a treatise.] Doctrine of plants ; botany. 
 
 Phy-toph'a-gous, a. [Gr. <pvr6v, a plant, and 
 <f)dyeiv, to eat.] Feeding on plants. 
 
 Phy-tot'o-my, n. [Gr. 4>vt6v, a plant, and rep.- 
 vetv, root rop.-, to cut.] Vegetable anatomy. 
 
 Pi-ac'u-lar, a. [L. piaculxiris ; piaadnm, an expi- 
 ation ; piare, to expiate ; pius, holy.] Expiatory ; 
 criminal. 
 
 Pi'a ma'ter, re. [L. for "tender mother."] (Avat.) 
 A membrane covering the brain and spinal 
 marrow. 
 
 Pi-a-nis' si-mo, ad. [It.] (Mus.) Very softly. 
 
 Pi-a'mst, «. A performer on the piano-forte. 
 
 Piano (pe-a'no or pe-an'o), a. [It.] (Jl/us.) Smooth; 
 soft.— 2, h. A piano-forte. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. 
 
 _ 5- <?. 5, g, soft; p, J5, jj, g, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; 
 
 35* 
 
 this. 
 
PIANO-FOETE 
 
 414 
 
 PILE 
 
 Pi-a'no-for'te, or Pi-an'6-fdr'te, n. [It. piano, 
 smooth ; L. planus, even, plane (q. v.), and It. 
 forte, Jj.fortis, strong, loud.] A musical stringed 
 instrument played by keys. 
 
 Fi-as'ter, n. [Fr. ; It. piastra, a dollar, metal 
 plate \q. v.). — See Plaster.] A.silver coin of dif- 
 ferent values in different countries : — the Italian 
 and Spanish piasters are Italian and Spanish 
 dollars. 
 
 Pi-az'za [pe-at'za, Skeat], n. [It.— See Place.] A 
 square open space ; a portico or covered walk 
 supported by pillars. 
 
 Pi'broph, n. [Gael. ; piob, a pipe.] A kind of air 
 or music among the Scotch Highlanders, played 
 on the bagpipe. 
 
 Pi'ca, n. [L. pica, a magpie ; picus, a woodpecker; 
 Skr. pika, a cuckoo, — all imitative of birds' notes ; 
 as applied to type, it is Late L. pica, a service- 
 book, — said to be named from L. pica, a mag- 
 pie, from the variegated appearance of its pages.] 
 A sort of printing-type : — a bird, the magpie. 
 
 Pic-a-r66n', n. [Sp. picaron, a rogue; picaro, ras- 
 cally : root of Pick.] A robber; a cheat; a thief. 
 
 Pic-a-yiine', n. [Fr. picaillon, a mite, money 
 (slang), — properly a Savoyard word ; It. piccio- 
 lino, a farthing.] A Spanish half real, of the 
 value of one-sixteenth of a dollar, or 6 l 4 cents. 
 
 Pic'co-lo, n. [It. for "small."] A small shrill 
 flute : — a small upright piano-forte. 
 
 Pick, v. a. [A.-S. pycan; Icel. pikka ; Dut. pikken ; 
 Ger. picken; It. piccare; Fr. piquer ; Irish, pio- 
 caim; Gael, pioc; Welsh, pigo : akin to Pike, 
 Peg, Beak, Peak.] [pp. picking, picked.] To 
 cull; to choose; to select; to take up: — to clean: 
 — to strike ; to peck : — to open. — 2, v. n. To eat 
 slowly and by morsels ; to nibble : — to steal in 
 small quantities. — 3, n. [Fr. pic; Bret, pik.] A 
 sharp-pointed iron tool : — selection. 
 
 Pick'a-nin-ny, n. [Sp. pequefio nifto, little child; 
 It. pivinino, very little.] A negro baby or child. 
 
 Pick'a-pack, ad. [reduplicated form of Pack.] 
 In the manner of a pack. 
 
 Pick'axe, n. An axe with a sharp point. 
 
 Pick'er, n. One who picks :— a machine that picks. 
 
 Pick'er-el, «. [Dim. of Pike.] A kind of fish ; a 
 small pike 
 
 Pick'et, n. [Fr. piquet, a stake or peg.] A sharp 
 
 the picketing of horses on outpost 
 
 duty] a guard.— 2, v. a. [pp. picketing, pick- 
 
 stake : — [from the pick 
 
 eted.] To fasten to or enclose with pickets. 
 
 Pick'ing, n. Act of culling; a gleaning. 
 
 Pic'kie (pik'kl), n. [Dut. pekel; Ger. pokel] A 
 salt liquor : — a vegetable or any thing pickled ; 
 state ; condition. — 2, v. a. [pp. pickling, pickled.] 
 To preserve in pickle ; to season. 
 
 Pick'-pock-et, \a. A thief who steals from the 
 
 Pick'piirse, J pocket or purse. 
 
 Pic'nic, n. [Fr. pique-niqne; Sw. picknick; Ger. 
 pickenick, — all from the English : origin un- 
 known.] An om-door rural pleasure party. — 
 2, v. n. [pp. picnicking, picnicked.] To take 
 part in a pleasure excursion. 
 
 Pic-to'ri-al, a. [L. pictorius ; pictor, a painter.] 
 Relating to a painter or to painting; having 
 pictures ; illustrated. 
 
 Pic-to'ri-al-ly, ad. By the use of pictures. 
 
 Pict'ure (pikt'yur), n. [L. pictura, painting, a 
 painting; pingere, pictum, to paint.] A repre- 
 sentation or iikeness in colors ; a painting ; a 
 likeness. — 2, v. a. [pp. picturing, pictured.] To 
 represent ; to paint. 
 
 Pict-u-resque' (pikt-yu-resk'), a. [It. pittoresco ; 
 Fr. pittoresque.] Like a picture; graphic; wild 
 and beautiful. [pounds. 
 
 Pic'ul, n. [Malay.] A Chinese weight of 133^ 
 
 Pid'dle, v. n. [Cf. Norw. pilla, Local Sw. pittla, 
 frequentative of peta, to pick.] [pp. piddling, 
 piddled.] To trifle; to feed squeamishly. 
 
 Pie (pi), n. [Celt, pighe.] An article of food; 
 pastry : — [Fr. pie ; L. pica. — Cf. L. picus, a wood- 
 pecker; Skr. pika, a cuckoo: all probably from 
 
 the birds' notes] a magpie :— printers' type con- 
 fusedly mixed. 
 
 Pie' bald, a. [Pie, a magpie, and 0. E. bald, 
 streaked : referring to the magpie's varied col- 
 ors.] Of various colors; pied. 
 
 Piece (pes), n. [Fr. piece; Sp. pieza; It. pezza; 
 Late L. petium.] A patch ; a fragment; Apart: 
 — a picture : — a composition : — a gun : — a coin. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. piecing, pieced.] To patch ; to 
 join ; to splice.— 3, v. n. To join ; to coalesce. 
 
 Piece'meal, ad. [Piece and A.-S. msel, a share.] 
 In pieces ; in fragments. — 2, a. Single ; sepa : 
 rate; divided. 
 
 Pied (pld), a. [From the pie, or magpie, which 
 has a mixed coloration.] Variegated ; party- 
 colored; mixed. 
 
 Pier (per), n. [Fr. pierre, L. petra, a stone; Gr. 
 werpa, a rock.] A column to support the arch 
 of a bridge : — a mole projecting into water. 
 
 Pierce, or Pierce, v. a.. [Fr. percer ; 0. Fr. per- 
 tuisier ; L. pertundere, pertusum, to perforate ; per, 
 through, and tundere, to beat.] [pp. piercing, 
 pierced.] To penetrate; to enter :— to affect.— 
 2, v. n. To make way by force ; to enter. 
 
 Pierc'ing, a. Penetrating ; keen ; affecting. 
 
 Pier'-'glass, n. A large looking-glass placed be- 
 tween windows. 
 
 Pier'-ta-ble, n. A table between windows. 
 
 Pi'e-tism, n. Strict devotion or piety: — obtrusive 
 or sentimental piety ; an affectation of piety. 
 
 Pi'e-tist, n. [Ger.] One who professes great piety. 
 
 Pi-e-tis'tic, a. Affectedly, sentimentally, or hyp- 
 ocritically pious. 
 
 Pi'e-ty, n. [Fr. piete ; Jj.pietas.— See Pious.] Duty 
 or devotion to God :— duty or devotion to parents. 
 
 Pig, n. [A.-S. pecg ; Dut. & Low Ger. bigge.] The 
 young of swine : — [a large ingot is in like man- 
 ner sometimes called a sow] a mass of unforged 
 metal, as of lead or iron. — 2, v. n. [pp. pigging, 
 pigged.] To farrow; to bring forth pigs. 
 
 Fig'eon (pid'jun), n. [Fr. pigeon, Sp. pichon, It. 
 piccione, pippione, a pigeon ; L. pipio, pipionis, a 
 young bird; pipire, to peep (q. v.).] A well- 
 known bird. 
 
 Fig'eon-hole (pid'jun-hpl), n. A cavity or com- 
 partment for pigeons: — a compartment for pa- 
 pers. — 2, v. a. [pp. pigeon-holing, pigeon-holed.] 
 To put into a pigeon-hole :— to dispose of by 
 neglect. 
 
 Pig'eon-ry (pid'jun-re), n. A cage for pigeons. 
 
 Fig'gin, n. [Irish, pigin; Welsh, picyn.] A small 
 wooden vessel. 
 
 Pig'-Ir'on (-i'urn), n. Iron in large lumps. 
 
 Pig'ment, n. [L. pigmentum; pingere, to paint 
 {q. v.).] Paint; colors for painting. 
 
 Pig' my, n. A dwarf. See Pygmy. 
 
 Pig'nut, n. An earth-nut or ground-nut. 
 
 Pig' pen, or Pig' sty, n. [See Sty. J A pen for pigs. 
 
 Pig' tail, n. A queue ; a tie of hair : — twisted to- 
 bacco : — a species of baboon. 
 
 Pike, n. [Irish, pice ; Gael, pic ; Bret, pik ; Welsh, 
 pig; It. picca; Fr. pic: 
 possibly allied to L. spica, 
 a spike (q. v.)] a foot- 
 soldier's lance : — some- 
 thing pointed ; a point ; a 
 fork : — a fish of prey. 
 
 PIke'man, n. A soldier 
 armed with a pike. 
 
 Pike 'staff, n. The pole of a pike ; a staff with a 
 spike in the end. 
 
 Pi-las' ter, n. [Fr. pilastre ; It. pilastro ; from L. 
 'pila, a 'pillar :"the termination -aster is a mark of 
 inferiority.] (Arch.) A small square pillar or 
 column projecting from a wall. 
 
 Pilch'ard, «. [Irish, pilseir.—Gf. Welsh pile, whisk- 
 ing about.] A kind of herring. 
 
 Pile. n. [L. pilum; A.-S. pil] A piece of wood 
 driven into the ground: — [L. pila, a pillar; Fr. 
 pile] a heap; an accumulation: — a building; a 
 mass of buildings : — a kind of puncheon : — [L. 
 
 e, i, o, u, y, long ; a, e, i, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, x» obscure- — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
PILES 
 
 415 
 
 PIONEEE 
 
 j3j7i(s, a hair] hairy surface; a nap. — Galvanic 
 pile, a galvanic battery. — 2, v. a. [pp. piling, 
 piled.] To heap; to amass; to lay upon. 
 
 Piles, >i- pL [l>. pila, a ball.] {Med.) A disease; 
 hemorrhoids. 
 
 Pil'fer, r. a. [0. Fr. pelfrer; pelfre, pelf (q. v.).] 
 [pp. pilfering, pilfered.] To steal by petty 
 theft; to filch. — 2, v. u. To practise petty theft. 
 
 Pll'fer-er, n. One who steals petty things. 
 
 Pil'grim, n. [Fr. pelerin, Prov. pellegrins, It. pel- 
 legrino, peregrino, L. peregrinus, a stranger. — See 
 Peregrine. | One who travels on a religious ac- 
 count or to hallowed places : — a traveller. 
 
 PiTgrim-age, u. A journey for religious purposes 
 to a place esteemed holy : — travel. [of piles. 
 
 Pll'ing, n. (Engineering?) A system or collection 
 
 Palli n. [Fr. pihde; L. pUula, dim. of pila, a ball.] 
 A small ball or mass of medicine. — 2, v. a. [L. 
 pilare; Fr. piOer.] [pp. pilling, pilled.] To 
 strip; to plunder; to pillage. 
 
 PiTlaJ-e, n. [Fr. ; piller, L. pilare, to ravage.] 
 Plunder; spoil; rapine. — 2, v. a. [pp. pillaging, 
 pillaged.] To plunder; to ravage. 
 
 Pil'lar, n. [Sp. pilar; Late L. pilare; L. pila, a 
 pier.] A long body that helps to sustain a super- 
 structure ; a column; a support. 
 
 Pil'lared (pil'lard), a. Supported by columns. 
 
 Pil-lau', n. [Turk.; probably from Per. pvlad, 
 rice.] A Turkish dish, made of boiled rice and 
 mutton fat or juice. 
 
 Pll'lion (pil'yim), n. [Irish, pillium, pillin ; Welsh, 
 pilyn; Irish peall, a cushion, a skin. — Cf. L. pel- 
 lis, a skin.] A woman's saddle. 
 
 Pil'lo-ry., n. [Fr. pillori; Port, pelourinho ; Prov. 
 espitlori; probably for a Late L. speculorium, a 
 gazing-place.— See Spectacle.] An instrument 
 of punishment. — 2, v. a. [pp. pillorying, pillo- 
 ried.] To punish with the pillory. 
 
 PiTlow (pll'lo), «. [A.-S. pyle; 0.*E. pilwc ; Put. 
 peuluw; Ger. pfihhl; L. pvlvinus.] That which 
 supports the head in sleeping, as a cushion of 
 feathers or hair.— 2, ». «. [pp. pillowing, pil- 
 lowed.] To place on a pillow. 
 
 Pil'low-beer, ». A pillow-case: — written also 
 pillow-bear and pillow-bier. 
 
 Pil'low-case, n. A case or cover of a pillow. 
 
 Pi-lose', a. [L. pilotus; pilus, hair.] Hairy: full 
 
 Pi-los'i-ty, ». Hairiness. [of hairs. 
 
 Pi'lot, )/. [Fr. pilule, Dut. pUoot, a pilot; peil-lood, 
 0. Dut. peU-hot, a sounding-lead: pe&en, to 
 sound, to measure, and lood, lead; pegel, a 
 gauge.] One who steers a ship; a guide. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. piloting, piloted.] To direct in a 
 course; to steer. 
 
 Pi'lot-age, n. The office or pay of a pilot. 
 
 PiTulei n. [Fr. ; L. ptiula.] A small pill. 
 
 Pi-men'ta, ]_ u. [Port, pimenta; Sp. pimienta, pi- 
 
 Pi-men'to, j miento; Fr. piment, — all properly 
 names of capsicum (red pepper); from L. pig- 
 mentum, paint (q. v.), coloring.] Jamaica pep- 
 per; allspice. 
 
 Pimp, n. [0. Fr. pimper, to spruce up, to trick 
 out, — formerly, to ensnare, to cheat; Fr. pirn- 
 pant, spruce, finely dressed,— overdressing being 
 often associated with low character.] A pro- 
 curer; a pander. —2, v. n. [j>p. pimping, 
 pimped.] Topauder; to procure. 
 
 Pim'per-nel, n. [Fr. pimprenelle ; It. pimpinella; 
 Sp. pimpinela : variously traced to L. bipinella, 
 from bipennis, two-winged, to L. pampinm, a 
 tendril, and to Celt, pumpedula, five-leafed.] A 
 plant of several kinds. 
 
 Pim'ple, n. [A.-S. pipel, L. papula, a pimple ; Skr. 
 piplu, a mole.] A small, red pustule; a blotch. 
 
 Pin, n. [Irish, pinne, pion ; Sw. pinne ; Welsh & 
 Dut. pin ; from L. pinna, for penna, a feather, a 
 pen, — later, a probe, an arrow, a point.] A 
 6hort, pointed wire with a head, used for fasten- 
 ing clothes: — a peg; a bolt: — humor. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. pinning, pinned.] To make fast; to join; 
 to fasten. 
 
 Pin' a- fore, n. [Pin and Afore.] A child's apron ; 
 an apron. 
 
 Pin'cers, n. pi. [Fr. pince, pincette. — See Pinch.] 
 An instrument for griping, drawing nails, &c. 
 
 Pinch, v. a. [Fr. pincer, locally pinchier ; Dut. pin- 
 sen, pitsen; It. pizzicare. — Cf. Pick.] [pp. pinch- 
 ing, pinched.] To squeeze ; to gripe ; to straiten. 
 — 2, v. n. To bear hard ; to gripe ; to be frugal. 
 — 3, n. A gripe ; difficulty ; "distress. 
 
 Pmch'beck, n. [The inventor's name : originally 
 an English place-name; pink, penlc, a minnow, 
 and beck, a brook.] An alloy of copper, and zinc. 
 
 Pinch'ers, n. pi. A griping instrument : — more 
 commonly written pincers. 
 
 Pin'dar, ». [Benguela name mpindiJ] The ground- 
 nut or pea-nut. [manner of Pindar. 
 
 Pin-dar'ic, n. An irregular ode. — 2, a. After the 
 
 Pine, n. "[A.-S. pn<; L. pinus. — Cf. pix, picis, pitch; 
 Gr. irirv;, a pine ; irirra, -rriaaa, pitch (q. v.).] 
 An evergreen tree : — a pineapple.— 2, v. n. [A.-S. 
 pine; Dut. piju; Ger. pein, pain (qr. v.); A.-S. 
 pman, to pain.] [pp. pining, pined.] To lan- 
 guish; to wear away: — to waste with longing; 
 to languish with desire. 
 
 Pin'e-al, a. [L. pinea, a pine-cone; from its 
 shape.] Applied to a gland in the brain. 
 
 Plne'ap-ple, u. [Named from the cone-shaped 
 fruit.] The ananas, a tropical fruit. 
 
 Pin'e-ry, n. A place for raising pineapples : — a 
 pine forest. [not fully grown. 
 
 Pin'feath-er, n. A feather beginning to shoot, or 
 
 Fin'fold, n. [0. E. pwd-foU; A.-S. pyndan, to 
 empound, and Fold, an enclosure.] A place for 
 confining beasts. 
 
 Pin'ion (pin'yun), n. [Sp. pifion, a wing, a cog; 
 Fr. pignon, a gable-end, a cog-wheel ; L. penna, 
 a wing, the float of a wheel.' 
 The joint of the wing remotest 
 from the body; a wing: — a 
 fetter or bond: — tooth of a 
 wheel; a small toothed wheel 
 which acta on a larger one. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. pinioning, pin- 
 ioned.] To bind; to shackle. 
 
 Pink (pingk), n. [Perhaps from 
 
 the pinked or cut appearance of its petals in some 
 species.] A plant and its flower:— any thing 
 supremely excellent : — [named from the flower] 
 a color of reddish hue : — an eye: — a little fish, the 
 minnow: — [from Pinch, alluding to its shape; 
 but cf. Sw. esjiimj. a long boat ; said to be derived 
 from the root of Aspkn (q. v.)] a vessel with a 
 narrow stern.— 2, v. a. [A.-S. pyngan, to pierce; 
 L. pungere, to prick. — Cf. Sp. pinchar, to prick; 
 It. pinzo, a sting.] [jpp. pinking, pinked.] To 
 pierce or cut: to work in eyelet-holes. 
 
 Pin'-mon-ey, ». A wife's pocket-money. 
 
 Pin'nace. u. [Fr. pinasse ; It. pinassa; from pino, 
 a pine-tree. — Cf. It. pino, a ship.] A small light 
 vessel :— a boat belonging to a ship of war. 
 
 Pin'na-cle, n. [Fr. pinocle; L. pinnaculum, dim. 
 of pinna, a wing, a point.— See Pin.] A turret : 
 — the highest point. 
 
 Pin'nate, ) a. [L. pinnatus; pinna, a feather, a 
 
 Pin'nat-ed, J fin.] Formed like a wing or a 
 feather'; having leaflets. 
 
 Pin-nat'i-fid, a. [L. pinnatus, pinnate, and fin- 
 dere, fidi, to cleave.] Divided like a feather. 
 
 Pin-nat'i-ped, a. [L. pinnatus; piunate, finned, 
 and pes, pedis, afoot.] Fin-footed. 
 
 Pint. «• [Fr. pinte, Ger. pinte, a pint ; Sp. pinta, a 
 mark, a spot; from the line which marks off 
 the pint inside a larger vessel ; pintar, to paint 
 (q. v.).] Half a quart.— (Med.) Twelve ounces. 
 
 Pin'tle, n. [Dim. of Pin.] A little pin: — a long 
 iron bolt. 
 
 Pi'nx, a. Abounding with, or resembling, pines. 
 
 Pi-o-neer', n. [Fr. pionnier ; Sp. peon, a foot-sol- 
 dier, a laborer, a pawn (q. ».).] A soldier who 
 clears roads, <&c. ; a settler in a frontier country. 
 — 2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. pioneering, pioneered.] 
 
 mien, sir ; m8ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 9, gr, 5, g, soft; $3, ja, p, §, hard ; § as z ; 5 as gz ; this. 
 
PIOUS 
 
 416 
 
 PLACAKD 
 
 To prepare, or act as a pioneer ; to remove ob- 
 structions, [ligious. 
 
 Pi'ous, a. [L. jjims.] Dutiful to God ; devout; re- 
 
 Pi'otis-ly, ad. In a pious manner; religiously. 
 
 Pip, n. [Fr. pepie ; Sp. pepita; L. pituita, phlegm.] 
 A disease of fowls : — [0. E. pick. — Of. Fr. pique, 
 a spade at cards] a spot on playing-cards : — [Fr. 
 pepin; Sp. pepita] an apple-seed. — 2, v. n. [Cf. 
 Peep.] [pp. pipping, pipped.] To chirp as a 
 bird ; to peep. 
 
 Pipe, n. [A.-S. pipe; Celt, piob, pib; Fr. pipe; 
 Dut. pijp: imitative, and akin to Peep.] An in- 
 strument of music : — a long hollow body ; a tube ; 
 a tube for smoking : — the key of the voice : — a 
 cask for liquids, varying, in different countries, 
 from 68 to 156 gallons. — 2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. 
 piping, piped.] To play on the pipe ; to whistle. 
 
 Pipe'-clay, n. Plastic clay used lor pipes. 
 
 Pip'er, n. One who plays on the pipes. 
 
 Piping, a. That pipes : — feeble :— boiling.— 2, n. 
 A system of pipes. 
 
 Pip'kin, u. [Dim. of Pipe.] A small earthen boiler. 
 
 Pip'pin, n. [From Pip, a seed, — properly, a seed- 
 ling'.] A variety of apple. 
 
 Piq'uan-cy (pik'an-se), n. Sharpness; tartness. 
 
 Piq'uant (pik'ant), a. [Fr. ; present participle of 
 piqu'er, to pierce, to pick (q. v.).] Sharp ; pun- 
 gent; smart. 
 
 Pique (pek), n. [Fr. pique, a pike (q. v.), a quar- 
 rel, a grudge.] Ill-will ; slight anger ; grudge : — 
 the elevated part or peak of a saddle in front of 
 the rider. — 2, v. a. [pp. piquing, piqued.] To 
 kindle to emulation; to offend; to irritate : — to 
 value ; to pride. 
 
 Pi-quet' (pe-kef), »i. [Fr.] A game at cards. 
 
 Pi'ra-cy, n. [Fr. piraterie.] The crime of rob- 
 bery on the sea; robbery : — literary theft. 
 
 Pi-ra'gua, n. [Sp.] A rude canoe ; a pirogue. 
 
 Pi'rate, w. [Fr. ; L. pirata; Gr.7re1pa.T779; 7reipa- 
 eiv, to attempt.] One who practises piracy: — 
 a sea-robber : — a robber; a literary robber. — 
 2,v.a. [pp. pirating, pirated.] To rob; to take 
 by robbery : — to reprint unfairly. — 3, v. n. To 
 practise piracy or robbery. 
 
 Pi-rat'i-cal, a. [L. piraticus; Gr. 7reipa.Tu<6?.] 
 Predatory ; robbing. 
 
 Pi-rat'i-cal-ly, ad. In a piratical manner. 
 
 Pi-rogue' (pe-rog'), n. [Fr. ; Sp. piragua ; of West 
 Indian origin.] A canoe formed out of a tree. 
 
 Pir-8u-ette', n. [Fr., diminutive of Norman pi- 
 roue, a little wheel; Walloon berweter, to whirl.] 
 A twirl, as in dancing. — 2, v. n. [pp. pirouet- 
 ting, pirouetted.] To turn upon the toes, as in 
 dancing. 
 
 Pis-ca-to'ri-al, a. Eelating to fishes or to fishing. 
 
 Pis'ca-to-ry, a. [L. piscatorius ; pixels, a fish 
 (q. v.).] Eelating to fishes or to fishing. 
 
 Pis'ces, n. pi. [L.] Fishes.— (Astron.) The Fishes, 
 the twelfth sign in the zodiac. 
 
 Pis'ci-cul-ture, n. [L. jiiscis, a fish, and cultnra. 
 care, breeding, culture (q. v.).] The artificial 
 raising of fish. 
 
 Pis-civ'o-rous, a. [L. piscis, a fish, and vorare, to 
 devour.] Feeding on fishes. 
 
 Pish, inteij. A contemptuous exclamation. 
 
 Pis/ mire, or Pis'mire, n. [0. Dut. pisimere ; 
 Dut. mier, Dan. mjjre, an ant : named from the 
 irritant fluid discharged by ants when disturbed.] 
 An ant ; an emmet. 
 
 Pis-ta'chio, n. [Sp. pistacho ; It. pistacchio ; L. 
 pittaccium; Gr. 7n.crTaKi.0v (the nut), tri.a-ra.iiy] 
 (the tree) ; Per. pista.] A pleasant edible nut. 
 
 Pis-ta-reen', n. [Fr. pisterine, from the English; 
 Sp. pieza, a piece of money, a coin, and tarin, a 
 real.] A former Spanish silver coin, valued at 
 about 17 cents. 
 
 Pis'til, n. [L. pisiillum, a pestle (q. v.).] (Bot.) 
 The pointal or female organ of a flower, which 
 receives the pollen. 
 
 Pis'tol, n. [Fr. pistolet,— formerly pistole; It. pis- 
 tola; named from Pistoia (L. Pistoria), a city of 
 
 Italy.] A small hand-gun.— 2, v. a. [pp. pis- 
 tolling, pistolled.] To shoot with a pistol. 
 
 Pis-tole'.w. [Fr. ; probably akin to Pistol.] A 
 gold coin of Spain, &c. 
 
 Pis' ton, ii. [Fr. piston; It. pislone. — Cf. It. pestone, 
 a pestle, and L. pinsere, pistam, to pound.] A 
 solid disk moving in a hollow cylinder. 
 
 Pit, n. [A.-S. pyt; L. puteus.] A deep hole : — an 
 abyss: — the grave: — a hollow part: — the low 
 part of a theatre : — a pock-mark : — [Dut. pit, a 
 kernel, pith (q. v.)] a fruit-stone. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 pitting, pitted.] To indent ; to press into hol- 
 lows.— 3, v. n. To be formed or marked with 
 pits. [a flutter. 
 
 Pit'a-pat, n. [Imitative.] A flutter.— 2, ad. In 
 
 Pitch, w. [A.-S. pic; L. pix, picis ; Gr. i7tacra; Lith. 
 pikkis. — Cf. Pine.] A resin from the pine ; bitu- 
 men : — [0. E. picche, to dart, to throw : akin to 
 Pike and Pick, and in some of its senses to Peg] 
 size ; degree ; rate ; height : — inclination. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. pitching, pitched.] To fix; to plant; to 
 cast: — to smear.— 3, v. n. To light; to fall 
 headlong. 
 
 Pitch' er, n. [Fr.pichet; Sp. pichel ; It. pecchero. — 
 See Beaker.] An earthen vessel ; a water-pot. 
 
 Pitch' fork, n. A fork for pitching hay, &c. 
 
 Pitch'-pipe, n. An instrument to give the key. 
 
 Pit'e-oiis, o. [0. Fr. pitem ; Fr. pitenx ; Late L. 
 pietosus, merciful. — See Pity.] Sorrowful; piti- 
 able ; doleful : — compassionate ; tender. 
 
 Pit'e-ous-ly., ad. In a piteous manner. 
 
 Pit' fall, n. A pit dug and covered over. 
 
 Pith, n. [A.-S. pida; Dut. pit; Low Ger. peddik.] 
 A soft substance in plants : — marrow in animal 
 bodies: — strength: — force; importance; mo- 
 ment : — quintessence ; chief part. 
 
 Pith'i-ly, ad. With strength ; with force. 
 
 Pith'y, a. Abounding with substance; forcible. 
 
 Pit'i-a-ble, a. That may be pitied. 
 
 Pit'i-ful, a. Tender ; compassionate :— pitiable : 
 — base ; mean ; paltry. 
 
 Pit'i-ful-ly., ad. With pity :— contemptibly. 
 
 Pit'i-ful-ness, n. Despicableness. 
 
 Pit'i-less, a. Wanting pity; merciless. 
 
 Pit'i-less-ly, ad. Without pity or mercy. 
 
 Pit'man, w. One who works in a pit : — a connect- 
 ing rod. [A kind of long canoe. 
 
 Pit'pan, n. [Central American or West Indian.] 
 
 Pit' saw, n. A large saw used by two men. 
 
 Pit'tance, n. [Fr. pitance, Sp. pitanza, pitancia, It. 
 pietaiiza, a dole ; either from the root of Piety 
 or from Late L. pietantia, an allowance ; picta, a 
 small coin of Poitou (L. Pictavium) ; 0. Fr. pite, a 
 mite. Cf. Sp. pitar, to dole out, to pay off.] A 
 small allowance ; a trifle. 
 
 Pi-tu'i-tous, a. [L. pituita, phlegm.— Cf. Gr. tttv- 
 eiv, to spit.] Containing, or resembling, mucus. 
 
 Pit'y, n. [0. Fr. pite; Fr. pitie ; L. pietas, kind- 
 ness, piety (q. v.).] The feeling excited by the 
 distress of another; compassion; commiseration. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. pitying, pitied.] To compassion- 
 ate ; to sympathize with. — 3, v. n. To be com- 
 passionate. 
 
 Piv'ot, n. [Fr. pivot. — Cf. It. piulo, a peg : origin 
 doubtful.] A pin on which any thing turns. — 
 (3Iil.) The officer or soldier upon whom the 
 wheelings, in evolutions, are made. 
 
 Piv'ot-al, a. Of or pertaining to a pivot; acting 
 as a pivot : — hence, constituting the essential 
 point on which any thing turns or hinges. 
 
 Pix'y, or Pix'ie, n. [Perhaps akin to Sw. pigg, 
 quick.] A kind of fairy. 
 
 Pla-ca-bil'i-ty, n. [L. placabilitas.] Quality of 
 being placable. 
 
 Pla'ca-ble, a. [L. placabilis.— See Placate.] That 
 may be appeased. 
 
 Pla-card' (or plak'ard), n. [Fr. ; plaquer, to setup; 
 Dut. plakken, to paste. — See Plaque.] A written 
 paper or notification posted up; an edict; adver- 
 tisement. — 2, v. a. [pp. placarding, placarded.] 
 To notify publicly ; to post. 
 
 a, e, i, o, 5, y, long; a, e, i, o, ii, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fist, fall; heir, her; 
 
PLACATE 
 
 417 
 
 PLASTEK 
 
 Pla'cate, v. a. [L. placare, placatum, to appease. 
 —See Please.] [pp. placating, placated.] To 
 pacify ; to appease. 
 
 Place, n. [Fr. ; L. platea, Sp. plaza. It. piazza, a 
 space, a court-yard ; Gr. 7rAaTeia, a wide street ; 
 jrAai-iJs, wide, flat ; 7rAaf, a flat surface.] Space ; 
 locality ; a seat ; situation ; station ; site : — a room : 
 — way : — mansion : — being : — rank ; priority : — 
 office. — 2, v. a. [pp- placing, placed.] To put 
 in place ; to arrange ; to dispose ; to fix ; to settle. 
 
 Pla-ce'bo, n. [L. for "I will please."] A medi- 
 cine given to please the recipient. 
 
 Place'man, n. One who fills a public station. 
 
 Pla-cen'ta, n. [L. for "a cake;" Gr. ttKolkovs, 
 TtkaicovvTos, a cake. — See Plate.] The organ 
 through which the foetus is nourished. 
 
 Pla-cen'tal, a. Having a placenta; relating to 
 the placenta. 
 
 Placer (pla-ther' or pla'ser), n. [Sp. placer or pla- 
 cet, a sand-bank.] A place where gold-dust is 
 found in the earth. 
 
 Plac'id, a. [L. placidus, calm; placere, to soothe, 
 to please (q. v.).] Gentle; quiet; soft; kind; 
 mild. [tranquillity ; serenity. 
 
 Pla-cid'i-tx, n. [L. placiditas.] Mildness ; quiet; 
 
 Plac'id-iy., ad. Mildly ; with quietness. 
 
 Pla'gi-a-rism, n. The act of purloining the 
 writings or published works of another. 
 
 Pla'f-i-a-rlst, n. A thief in literature ; plagiary. 
 
 Pla'fi-a-rize, v. a. & v. n. [pp. plagiarizing, pla- 
 giarized.] To act the plagiary. 
 
 Pla'£i-a-ry, or Pla'^ia-ry,, n. [Fr. plagiaire : L. 
 plag'iarius, a kidnapper; plagium, the act of kid- 
 napping ; plagiare, to kidnap ; plaga, a net ; pli- 
 care, to weave.] One guilty of plagiarism : — 
 literary theft. — 2, a. Practising literary theft. 
 
 Plague (plag), n. [L. plaga, a stroke; Gr. 77Ar;yrj, 
 a blow, a plague. — Of. L. planqere, to strike.] A 
 very malignant disease ; pestilence ; pest : — 
 trouble ; pain. — 2, v. a. [pp. plaguing, plagued.] 
 To infest ; to tease ; to vex. 
 
 Plaice (plas), n. [L. platessa: akin to Flat, and 
 to Gr. 7rAa.Tv?, broad.] A species of flat fish 
 
 Plaid (plad or plad), 
 
 [Gael. & Irish plaide, a 
 
 blanket; pe<dl, L. peUis, a skin.] A variegated 
 Scotch cloth. — 2, a. Composed of plaid ; check- 
 ered after the manner of plaids. 
 
 Plain, n. [Fr. plain, L. planus, for placnus, smooth. 
 — See Plaque.] Level ground; an open or Hat 
 expanse. — In science, the word is generally writ- 
 ten plane; but for a level, open field or expanse, 
 plain. — 2, a. Smooth; flat; level; plane: — open; 
 frank ; candid : — clear ; apparent ; evident : — 
 simple; artless: — homely. — Main chart, a chart 
 on which the degrees of latitude and longitude 
 are made of equal length. — Plain or plane sail- 
 ing, the method of sailing by a plain ehirt. See 
 Plane. — 3, ad. Not obscurely ; distinctly; sim- 
 ply. [Management void of art. 
 
 Plain'-deal-ing, a. Honest ; open ; frank. — 2, n. 
 
 Plain'lj. ad. In a plain manner ; clearly. 
 
 Plain'ness, n. Quality of being plain. 
 
 Plain' -spok-en (-spo-kn), «. Speaking frankly. 
 
 Plaint, n. [Fr. plainte ; L. jj^hc^hs, a lament ; 
 plangere, plandum, to bewail, — properly, to strike 
 (the breast). 1 Complaint. — (Law.) Accusation. 
 
 Plain'tiff, n. [Fr. plaintif, complaining.] One who 
 commences a lawsuit. [menting ; querulous. 
 
 Plain'tive, a. [Fr. plaintif. — See Plaint.] La- 
 
 Plain'tive-ly, ad. In a plaintive manner. 
 
 Pliiin'tive-ness, n. State of being plaintive. 
 
 Plait, n. [0. Fr. plait, Fr. pli, a fold ; L. plicare, 
 plicatitm, to fold ; plectcre, Gr. TrKeiceiv, to braid, 
 to twist.] A flat gather or fold; a double; a 
 tress.— 2, v. a. [pp. plaiting, plaited.] To fold; 
 to double ; to braid. 
 
 Plan, n. [Fr. plan, flat, — also a plan, a plane 
 (q. v.).] A draft or sketch of something to be 
 done; a scheme; a model; plot; system. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. planning, planned.] To scheme ; to form 
 in design; to devise; to contrive; to arrange. 
 
 Plano-coucuve. 
 
 Plane, a. [Fr. plan, L. planus, smooth. — See 
 Plain.] (Geom.) Level; even; flat; plain. — 
 2, n. A level surface :— [Fr. plane ; L. plana] a 
 joiner's instrument: — [Fr. plene. — See Platane] 
 the sycamore-tree. See Plain. — 3, v. a. [\>'r~. 
 planer; Ger. planiren.] [pp. planing, planed.] 
 To level ; to smooth with a plane. 
 
 Plan'er, n. One who smooths with a plane : — 
 [from Planer, a German botanist] a tree much 
 like the elm. 
 
 Plan'et, n. [Fr. planete ; li.planeta; Gr. 7rAav^nj?, 
 a wanderer; irAav6.opLai, I wander.] A celestial 
 body that revolves about another and larger 
 body. — A primary planet is one which revolves 
 round the sun. — A secondary planet, is one which 
 revolves round a primary planet. 
 
 Flan-et-a'ri-um, v. [Neo-Latin.] A machine 
 which exhibits the motions of the planets. 
 
 Plan'et-a-ry, a. Pertaining to the planets. 
 
 Plan'et-oid,'». An asteroid. 
 
 Plane'-tree, n. [See Plataxe.] A large tree, the 
 sycamore or buttonwood. 
 
 Plan-i-met'ri-cal, a. Relating to planimetry. 
 
 Pla-nim'e-try, n. [L. planum, a plane surface, 
 and Gr. fj-erpov, a measure.] The measuring of 
 plane surfaces. 
 
 Plan'ish, v. a. [Fr.jdaner; Ger. planiren.] [pp. 
 planishing, planished.] To polish ; to smooth. 
 
 Plan'i-sphere, n. [L. planum, a plane, and Gr. 
 o-(f>aZpa, a sphere.] A sphere, or the circles of a 
 sphere, projected on a plane. 
 
 Plank, n. [L. planca, Fr. planche, a board.— Cf. 
 Gr. 7rAo|, a flat surface.] Sawed timber thicker 
 than a board. — 2, r. a. [pp. planking, planked.] 
 To cover or lay with planks. 
 
 Plan'ner, it. One who forms 
 any plan. 
 
 Pla'no-con'cave, a. Flat on 
 one 'side and concave on the 
 other. 
 
 Pla'no- con'vex, a. Flat on one side ant 
 on the other. 
 
 Plant, n. [L. planta, a plant, 
 —also the sole of the foot; Plano . conve x. 
 plangere, planctum, to set, to 
 strike.] A vegetable; any vegetable production : 
 — fixtures and machinery for any business. — 
 2, v. a. [L. plantare, to set out, to plant.] [pp. 
 planting, planted.] To set; to cultivate; to set- 
 tle. — 3, i: n. To perform the act of planting. 
 
 Plan'tain, n. [Fr. plantain ; L. plantago, planla- 
 ginis.]' An herb of several species: — [Fr. j>Ja»- 
 rrnwr, Sp. platano, a platane (g. v.) or plantain] 
 a large tropical plant and its fruit. 
 
 Plan-ta'tion, n. [L. pbaUatio.] Act of planting : 
 —a place planted ; a cultivated estate ; a large 
 farm : — a settlement ; a colony. 
 
 Plant'er. n. One who plants; a cultivator; the 
 owner of a plantation. 
 
 Plan'ti-grade, n. [L. planta, the sole of the foot, 
 and gradi, to go.] (Zool.) An animal that walks 
 on the whole foot, as the bear.— 2, a. 'Walking 
 on the whole foot. 
 
 Plant'let, n. A little plant. 
 
 Plaque '(plak), n. [Fr. ; Dut. plal; a slice.— Cf. 
 Ger. blech, a plate (q. v.) ; Gr. -\d£, TrAawo?, a 
 flat surface.] A flat piece of metal covered with 
 enamel painting : — a plate of china or wood on 
 which a picture is painted. 
 
 Plash, n. [0. Dut. plaseh. — Cf. Ger. platschen, to 
 splash (g. v.) : imitative.] A pond or puddle : — 
 a branch.— 2, v. a. [pp. plashing, plashed.] To 
 dash with water: — [0. Fr. plesser, plessier; L. 
 plexere, plerum, to weave] to bend. 
 
 Plash'y, a. Watery ; filled with puddles. 
 
 Plasm, w. [Gr. n-Aao-jna. — See Plastic] A mould ; 
 a matrice ; a matrix. 
 
 Plas'ter, n. [Fr ; pldtre ; 0. Fr. piastre; L. em- 
 plasti-um; Gr. e/airAao-rpov, for ejxirAacrTOv: ev, 
 in, and jrAao-o-eie, to mould. — See Plastic] A 
 composition of lime, sand, <tc, for covering 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — Q, $, c, g, soft; jD, p, p, §, hard; s as z ; 5 as gz ; tnis. 
 bb 
 
PLASTEKEE 
 
 418 
 
 PLENTEOUS 
 
 from 
 
 walls ; a substance of gypsum, &c, for casts : — a 
 6alve or application for a wound. — Plaster of 
 Paris, gypsum. — 2, v. a. [pp. plastering, plas- 
 tered.] To overlay, as with plaster. 
 
 Plas'ter-er, n. One who plasters. 
 
 Plas'ter-ing, n. Work done in plaster. 
 
 Plas'tic, a. [Gr. 7rAao-Ti>c6s ; irAdcrcreiv or ttXolt- 
 reiv,' to mould. — Cf. 7rAaTus, broad.] Giving 
 form : — capable of being moulded. 
 
 Plas-tic'i-ty, n. Quality of being plastic. 
 
 Plas'tron, n. [Fr. plastron, a breastplate : akin to 
 Plaster.] A piece of leather 
 stuffed: — the lower shell of 
 a turtle. 
 
 Plat, v. a. [See Plait.] [pp. 
 platting, platted.] To weave ; 
 to make by texture. — 2, n. 
 Work done by platting : — 
 [see Plot] a small piece of 
 ground; a plain. 
 
 Plat'ane, n. [L. platanus; Gr. 
 irAaVv's, broad.] The plane-tree. 
 
 Plate, n. [Fr. plate; Dut. & Dan. plat; Ger. platt ; 
 Late L. plata, a thin piece of metal ; whence Sp. 
 plita, silver, by limitation : — closely related to 
 Fr. plat, fiat; Gr. 7tAo.tvs, broad.] A fiat, ex- 
 tended piece of metal : — a platen : — a vessel, 
 nearly flat, from which provisions are eaten : — 
 silver and gold wrought into articles of house- 
 hold furniture. — 2, v. a. [pp. plating, plated.] 
 To cover with plate or silver. 
 
 Plateau (pla-to'), n. [Fr. plateau, a table, a tray, 
 a terrace ; 0. Fr. platel, a little plate (17. v.).) 
 Fr. pi. Plateaux ; Eng. Plateaus (pla-toz'). A 
 table ; an elevated plain ; a table-land : — a large 
 tray or elevated dish . 
 
 Plate' ful, n. As much as a plate holds. 
 
 Plate'-glass, n. A fine kind of glass, cast in 
 plates, used for looking-glasses, &c. 
 
 Plat'en, n. [Fr. platine, dim. of plate, a plate 
 (q. v.).] The flat plate of a printing-press. 
 
 Plat' form, n. [Sp. plataforma; Fr. plate-forme; 
 plat, flat, and/o-/-me, a form (q. v.).] A horizon- 
 tal plane ; a foundation : — a scheme : — a system 
 of doctrines. [platinum. 
 
 Plat'i-na, n. [Sp. ; from plata, silver.] A metal ; 
 
 Plat'i-num, n. [See Platina.] The heaviest of 
 metals. 
 
 Plat'i-tude, n. [Fr. ; plat, flat] Insipidity; 
 coarseness; a stupid, trite, or dull remark or 
 expression. 
 
 Pla-ton'ic, a. Eelating to Plato, or to the philos- 
 ophy of Plato : — pure ; not carnal. 
 
 Pla/to-nism, n. The philosophy of Plato. 
 
 Pla'to-nist, n. A follower of Plato. 
 
 Pla-t66n', n. [Fr. peloton, a cluster, dim. of pe- 
 lote, a knob, a pellet (q. v.).] A square body of 
 musketeers. 
 
 Plat'ter, n. [Ger. platte, a plate; Fr. plateau, a 
 tray." — See Plate.] One who plats : — a large 
 table-dish for holding provisions. 
 
 Plau'dit, n. [L. plaudere, to applaud; plaudite, ap- 
 plaud ye (imperative).] Applause; acclamation. 
 
 Plau-si-bil'i-ty. n. State of being plausible. 
 
 Plau'si-ble. a. [L. plausibilis, praiseworthy; plau- 
 dere,plaumm, to applaud.] Having the appear- 
 ance of truth; apparently right; colorable; 
 specious : — fair-spoken. 
 
 Plau'si-ble-ness, n. Plausibility. 
 
 Plau'si-bly, ad. In a plausible manner. 
 
 Play (pla),'y. n. [A.-S. plega, a play,— frequently 
 a fight; plegian, to strike. — Cf. L. plaga, Gr. 
 n-ATjyrj, a blow ; nkrirreLv, to strike.] [pp. play- 
 ing, played.] To sport; to game; to act.— 2, v. a. 
 To use; to perform; to exhibit; to act. — 3, n. 
 Amusement ; game : — a drama. 
 
 Play' -day, ». A day for recreation. 
 
 Play'er, u. One who plays; an actor. 
 
 Play'fel-low, n. A companion in play. 
 
 Play'ffil, a. Sportive ; full of play or levity. 
 
 Play'f&l-ness, n. Sportiveness ; levity. 
 
 Play'house, n. A theatre. 
 
 Play'mate, n. A companion in amusement. 
 
 Play'thing, n. A thing to play with ; a toy. 
 
 Play'wright (pla'nt), n. A maker of plays. 
 
 Plea, n. [O. Fr. pie, plai, plait, plaid, a plea; 
 plaider, to plead ; L. placiium, a judgment, plea, 
 decision ; placere, to please, — also, to decide, to 
 order.] A form of pleading ; that which is al- 
 leged in support of a cause ; defence ; excuse. 
 
 Plead (pled), v. a. [Fr. plaider, to plead ; plaid, a 
 plea (q. v.).] [pp. pleading, pleaded.] To dis- 
 cuss; to allege in pleading. — 2, v. n. To make 
 pleas ; to argue ; to supplicate earnestly. — It is 
 a regular verb ; yet plead or pled is often incor- 
 rectly used, instead of pleaded, for the imperfect 
 tense and the past participle. [argues. 
 
 Plead'er, n. [Fr. plaideur.) One who pleads or 
 
 Plead'mg, n. The act or form of pleading.— pi. 
 (Laiv.) The allegations of litigants. 
 
 Pleas/ant (plez'ant), a. [Fr. plaisant — See Please.] 
 Delightful ; grateful ; agreeable : — cheerful ; gay. 
 
 Pleas/ ant- ly, ad. In a pleasant manner. 
 
 Pleas'ant-nSss, n. Delightfulness ; gayety. 
 
 Pleas/ant-ry, n. [Fr. plaminterie.] Gayety; mer- 
 riment; lively talk; a sprightly saying; light 
 humor ; sport ; sportive disposition. 
 
 Plea§e, v. a. [Fr. plaire, 0. Fr. plaisir, L. placere, 
 
 flacitum, to please. — Cf. placare, to appease.] 
 pp. pleasing, pleased.] To delight; to gratify; 
 to humor. — 2, v. n. To choose ; to like ; to com- 
 
 Pleas'ing, a. Giving pleasure ; agreeable. [ply. 
 
 Pleas/ur-a-ble (plezh'ur-a-bl), a. Delightful. 
 
 Pleas/ ur-a-bly, ad. With delight. 
 
 Pleas'ure (plezh'ur), n. [Fr. plaisir, pleasure; 
 0. Fr. plaisir, to please (q. v.).] Delight: enjoy- 
 ment ; comfort : — sensual gratification :— choice ; 
 will. — 2, v. a. [pp. pleasuring, pleasured.] To 
 please ; to gratify. [Plait. 
 
 Pleat, v. a. & v. n. [pp. pleating, pleated.J See 
 
 Ple-be'ian (ple-be'yan), n. [Fr. plibtien ; L. ple- 
 beius; plebs, plebis, the common people.] One 
 of the common or lower people ; not a patrician ; 
 a rustic. — 2, a. Vulgar; common. 
 
 Plebiscite (pla-be-set), n. [Fr.— See Plebisci- 
 tum.] The vote of a whole people. 
 
 Pleb-is-cI'tGm, n. [L. for plebis scitum, a decree 
 of the people; sciscere, scitum, to inquire, to or- 
 dain.] (Bom. Ant.) A decree or law passed by 
 the whole people under the presidency of one of 
 their tribunes. 
 
 Pledge, n. [Fr. pleige, security, bail ; plevir, pleu- 
 vir, to warrant; probably from L. prscbitio, a pro- 
 vision; prsebere, to furnish; prse, before, and 
 habere, to have.] Something given as security ; 
 a deposit; a pawn ; a gage ; a surety ; a bail. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. pledging, pledged.] To put in 
 pawn ; to give as security or warrant; to secure : 
 — to drink the health of. 
 
 Pledf-ee', n. One to whom a pledge is made. 
 
 Pledl'er, n. One who offers a pledge. 
 
 Pledg'et, n. A small mass of lint. 
 
 Ple'ia-de§ (ple'ya-dez), n. pi. [Gr. n\r)id8es ; 7rAe- 
 eiv,' to sail : their rising marked the season of 
 safe sailing.] The Seven Stars. Same as Pleiads. 
 
 Ple'iad§, n. pi. The Seven Stars. 
 
 Plei'p-cene, n. & a. See Pliocene. 
 
 Pleis'to-cene, a. [Gr. irAetcrro?, most, and Kaivog, 
 recent.] Later than the pliocene. 
 
 Plen'a-ry, or Ple'na-ry, a. [Lafe L. plenarius, L. 
 plen'ns, full. — Cf. Gr. irkemv, more; 7rAea>?, full.] 
 Full; complete; entire. 
 
 Ple-nlp'o-tence, n. Fulness of power. 
 
 Ple-nip'o-t§nt, «. [L. plenus, full, and potens, 
 powerful.] Invested with full power. 
 
 Plen-i-po-ten'ti-a-ry (-she-a-re), n. [Fr. plenipo- 
 tentiaire; L. plenus, full, and potentia, power.] 
 An ambassador, or a minister, invested with full 
 power. [ness ; abundance. 
 
 Plen'i-tude, n. [L. plenitudo; plenus, full.] Ful- 
 
 Plen'te-ous, a. [See Plenty.] Copious ; abun- 
 dant'; plentiful: — productive; fruitful. 
 
 a, e, i, 6, ii, y, long; a, e, 1, 0, ii, y, short; a, e, i, 0, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 
 
PLENTEOUSLY 
 
 419 
 
 PLUNGE 
 
 Plen'te-ous-Iy, ad. Copiously ; abundantly. 
 
 Plen'te-ous-ness, n. Abundance; plenty. 
 
 Plen'ti-ful, a. Copious ; abundant. 
 
 Plen'ti-ful-lx, ad. Copiously ; abundantly. 
 
 Plen'ti-ful-ness, n. Abundance ; fertility. 
 
 Plen'tj, tt. [0. Fr. plente ; L. plenitas; plenus, 
 full.] Abundance; exuberance. — 2, a. Abun- 
 dant; plentiful. 
 
 Ple'o-nasm, n. [Gr. n\eovao-p.6<; ; ir\eovd£eLV, to 
 abound; 7rAeW, more.] A redundancy of words. 
 
 Ple-o-nas'tic, \ a. Kelating to pleonasm ; re- 
 
 Ple-o-nas'tj-cal, J dundant. 
 
 Pleth'o-ra, ) ». [L. pleiho'ra, Gr. n^Qupr), ful- 
 
 Pleth'o-ry. j ness; 7rArj0o?, a throng; TrKrjpr)<;, 
 full.] {Med.) A redundant fulness of the blood- 
 vessels ; repletion. 
 
 Ple-thor'ic, or Pleth'o-rTc, a. [Fr. pltthorique.] 
 Affected by plethora." 
 
 PleG'ra, n. [Gr. Tr\evpi, a rib, a side.] A mem- 
 brane within the thorax. 
 
 Pleu'ral, a. Relating to the pleura. 
 
 Pleii'ri-sy., n. [L. pleurisis ; Gr. 7rAevpiTi; ; tr\evpd, 
 the 'side, and the termination -iris, implying 
 disease.] An inflammation of the pleura. 
 
 PleG-rit'ic, a. [Gr. nAevpiriKos.] Relating to, or 
 diseased with, the pleurisy. 
 
 Pleii-ro-pneu-mo'ni-a (-nu-mo'ne-a), ». [See 
 Pleurisy and Pneumonia.] Inflammation of 
 the pleura and of the lung at the same time. 
 
 Plex-im'e-ter, n. [Gr. n-A^is, a stroke, and fie- 
 Tpov, a' measure.] (Med.) An instrument for 
 use in percussion. [net-work. 
 
 Plex'us, n. [L. ; plectere, plexum, to braid.] A 
 
 Pli-a-bil'i-ty, n. Flexibility ; pliableness. 
 
 Pli'a-ble.'a. ' [Fr. pliuble ; L. plicabiU><.—See Ply.] 
 Easily bent ; flexible ; pliant. 
 
 Pli'a-ble-ness, ». Quality of being pliable. 
 
 Pli'an-cy, n. Flexibility ; pliability. 
 
 Pli'ant, a. [Fr. ; a participle from plier, to bend. 
 —See Ply.] Easily bent ; flexible; pliuble. 
 
 Pli'cate, or Pli'cat-ed, a. [L. plicare, plication, to 
 fold'.— See Ply.] Platted ; folded. 
 
 Pli'ers, n. pi. [See Ply.] A kind of small pincers. 
 
 Plight (plit), n. [A.-S. pliht, Fris. plicht, danger; 
 Ger. pflicht, Dut. & Dan. pligt, duty, obligation ; 
 Fr. pli, fold,— also, a difficulty: all probably 
 from L. plicare, plication or plicUum, to fold.] 
 Condition ; state :— pledge. — 2, v. a. [pp. plight- 
 ing, plighted.] To pledge; to give as surety. 
 
 Plinth, n. [Gr. ir\lvQo<;, a brick, a cube : cognate 
 with Flint.] The lowermost part of a pillar. 
 
 Pli'o-cene, a. & n. [Gr. 7rAc<.W, more, and ko.iv6<;, 
 recent.] (Geol.) A term applied to the most 
 modern division of the tertiary deposit subse- 
 quent to the miocene. 
 
 Plod, v. n. [Cf. Scot, plont, to splash ; 0. <fe Local 
 E. plod, plud, Irish & Gael, plod, a pool.] [pp. 
 plodding, plodded.] To trudge slowly :— to toil ; 
 to drudge : — to study closely. 
 
 Plod'der, n. One who plods ; a hard laborer. 
 
 Plot, »■ [Fr. complot, a plot; comploter, to plot; 
 probably from L. complicate, complicitnm, to com- 
 plicate, to involve.] A small extent of ground : 
 — a form; a scheme ; a plan: — a conspiracy: an 
 intrigue :— [A.-S. plot, and ph?c, Goth, plats, a 
 patch of ground.— Cf. Ger. platz, a place (q. ».)] 
 a plan of a piece of land : — a piece of land. 
 — 2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. plotting, plotted.] To 
 devise mischief; to contrive :— to lay off in lots; 
 to draw a plan of. 
 
 Plot'ter, n. One who plots; a conspirator. 
 
 Plough (ploii), n. [Icel. plogr ; Dan. vlov : Ger. 
 pfliig.) An instrument of 
 husbandry for turning up 
 the soil.— 2, v. n. []>p. 
 ploughing, ploughed.] To 
 turn up the soil.— 3, r. a. 
 To turn up with a plough. 
 
 Plough'a-ble, a. That may 
 be ploughed. Plough. 
 
 Plough'bSy (pliiu'boi), n. A boy that ploughs. 
 
 Plough'er (plou'er), n. One who ploughs. 
 
 Plough'man (plou'man). n. A pluugher. 
 
 Plough' share (plou'shar), ». The iron of a plough 
 which cuts the ground. 
 
 Plov'er (pltiv'er), «. [Fr. pluvier ; from L. pluvia, 
 rain". — Cf. Ger. regenpfeifer, rain-piper, a plover.] 
 An aquatic game bird. 
 
 Plb-vv, n. See Plough. 
 
 Pluck, v. a. [A.-S. pluccian, Dut. plutien, Dan. 
 ptluhke, Ger. pflucken, to pull.] [pp. plucking, 
 plucked.] To snatch; to pull; to draw.— 2, n. 
 A pull :— [so called because pulled or drawn 
 from the animal] the heart, liver, lights, &c, of 
 au animal: — spirit; courage. 
 
 Pluck'i-ly, ad. Spiritedly ; bravely. 
 
 Pluck's, «• Spirited ; courageous." [Familiar.] 
 
 Plug, n. [Dut. plug, Sw. plugg, Dan. pUJk, Ger. 
 pflock, Welsh & Irish ploe, a plug, a peg.] A 
 stopple.— 2, v. a. [pp. plugging, plugged"] To 
 stop with a plug. 
 
 Plum, n. [A.-S. plume; Dan. plomme; Sw. plom- 
 mon; Ger. pflaume ; Ij.prunum. — See Prcne.] A 
 fruit of many varieties ; a prune ; a raisin : — the 
 sum of £100,000; a legacy ; a fortune. 
 
 Plu'ma|-e, n. [Fr.— See Plume.] The feathers 
 of a bird or fowl. 
 
 Plumb (plum), n. [L. plumbum, Fr. plomb, lead.] 
 A plummet; a leaden weight. — 2, a. Perpen- 
 dicular to the horizon. — 3, ad. Perpendicularly ; 
 directly. — 4, v. a. [pp. plumbing, plumbed.] To 
 sound; to regulate. 
 
 Plum-bag 'i-nous, «. Relating to plumbago. 
 
 Plum-ba'go, n. [L. plumbago, plumbagmk; plum- 
 bum, lead, and the suffix -ago, implying resem- 
 blance.] Graphite or black-lead. 
 
 Plum'be-ous, a. [L. plumbeus.] Consisting of, or 
 like, lead ; leaden ; heavy. 
 
 Plumb'er (plum'er), n. '[Fr. phmbier; plomb, 
 lead.]' One who plumbs; a worker in lead. 
 
 Plumbing (pliim'ing), n. Work done in lead, as 
 water-pipes, &c. 
 
 Plumb' -line (plum'lin), n. A line perpendicular 
 to the plane of the horizon. 
 
 Plum'-cake. v. Cake made with plums. 
 
 Plume, ii. [Fr. plume, L. phtma, a feather; Ger. 
 pflaum, down.] A feather worn as an ornament : 
 — a token of honor : — pride. — 2, v. a. [pp. plum- 
 ing, plumed.] To feather; to adorn with feath- 
 ers : — to value ; to boast : — to strip of feathers. 
 
 Plume'let, n. A little plume or tuft. 
 
 Plum'met. n. [0. Fr. plombet, dim. of jjfonib, lead.] 
 A weight or lead attached to a string or plumb- 
 line: — a pencil of lead. [plumoue. 
 
 Plu-mose', a. [L. plumosus.] Feathery; downy; 
 
 Plu'mous, a. Feathery; resembling feathers. 
 
 Plump, a. [Sw. plump, coarse ; Ger. plump, 
 clumsy.] Full with substance ; fleshy ; fat. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. plumping, plumped.] To make 
 plump; to swell; to fatten. — 3, v. n. To grow 
 plump: — [It. piombare, to fall like lead; Dut. 
 plompen, to plunge; Dan. plumpe, Ger. jilompen, 
 to fall suddenly : from L. plumbum, lead] to fall 
 heavily. — 4, ad. With a sudden, heavy fall. 
 
 Pliimp'er, u. One who plumps; something to 
 dilate the cheeks : — a downright lie. 
 
 Plum'-pud-ding, n. Pudding made with plums. 
 
 Plu'mule, n. [h.plunwla, dim. of pluma, a feather.] 
 A little feather; any thing feathery like a plume. 
 
 Plu'my, a. Feathered ; covered with feathers. 
 
 Plun'der, V. a. [Dut. plunderen, Ger. pliindern, to 
 pillage; Ger. plunder, Low Ger. plunden, baggage, 
 trash. — Cf. Local E. plunder, baggage, household 
 stuff.] [pp. plundering, plundered.] To rob in 
 warfare, or as a thief; to pillage; to ravage; 
 to strip. — 2, n. Spoils taken in war; pillage; 
 booty ; rapine. 
 
 Plun'der-er, n. One who plunders; a robber. 
 
 Plunf-e, v. a. [Fr. plonger, Picard plonguer, to 
 plunge; Late L. plumbicare, It. piombare, to fall 
 like lead; L. plumbum, lead.] [pp. plunging, 
 plunged.] To put suddenly into water ; to over- 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— g, Q, c, £, soft; p, ja, p, g, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; tfiis. 
 
PLUNGER 
 
 420 
 
 POLAEIC 
 
 whelm; to immerse: — to thrust. — 2, v. n. To 
 sink suddenly ; tu dive. — 3, n. Act of plunging ; 
 a sudden fall. 
 
 Plunder, «. One who plunges; a diver : — a mov- 
 able bucket or piston, as in a pump. 
 
 Plu'per-fect, a. [L. plus, more, quwm, than, per- 
 fectum, perfect (q. v.).] (Gram.) The pluperfect 
 tense expresses an action or event as past at or 
 before the time of some other action or event; 
 as, I had seen him before I saw you. 
 
 Plu'ral, a. [L. pluralis ; plus, more.] Implying 
 more than one. 
 
 Plu'ral-i§m, n. State of being plural :— the hold- 
 ing of more than one benefice. 
 
 Plu'ral-ist, n. A clergyman who holds more than 
 one benefice, with cure of souls. 
 
 Plu-ral'i-ty, n. [L. pluralitus ; Fr. pluralite.] A 
 number more than one : — more cures of souls 
 than one : — the greater number : — the greatest 
 of several numbers, but less than half of the 
 whole sum of the numbers. 
 
 Plus, ad. [L. for "more ;" Gr. uAeos, full ; nKeiuv, 
 more.] More. — 2, n. The affirmative or positive 
 sign, noting addition, thus [+]. 
 
 Plush, n. [Fr. peluche; Sp. pelusa ; It. peluzzo ; 
 Dut.phm; Ger. plusch, ; Late L. pilucius, hairy ; 
 L. pilus, hair.] A shaggy cloth ; a kind of velvet. 
 
 Plu-toc'ra-cy, n. [Gr. Tr\ovTOKparia ; -ttAovto?, 
 riches, and'/cparelv, to rule.] Paramount influ- 
 ence of wealth ; the rule or supremacy of the 
 rich : — rich persons, collectively. [his wealth. 
 
 Plu'to-crat, n. One who has power in virtue of 
 
 Plu-to-crat'ic, a. Of or pertaining to plutocracy, 
 or government by the rich. 
 
 Plu-to'ni-an, \ a. Kelating to Pluto, the ancient 
 
 Plu-ton'ic, J Greek god of the infernal world : 
 — relating to fire or volcanoes. 
 
 Plu'vi-al, a. [L. pluvialis.— See Pluvious.] Re- 
 lating to rain ; rainy ; wet. 
 
 Plu'vi-ous, a. [L. pluvius or pluviosus; pluvia, 
 rain; pluit, it rains.— See Flow.] Relating to 
 rain ; rainy ; wet. 
 
 Ply, n. [Fr. plier, L. plicare, to fold.] Bent; 
 turn; bias; form; fold. — 2, v. a. [pp. plying, 
 plied.] To work on closely ; to employ ; to bend. 
 — 3, v. n. To work ; to busy one's self. 
 
 Pneu-mat'ic (nu-mat'ik), a. [Gr. TrvevfxaTLKos ; 
 nvevixa, wind ; nveetv, to breathe ; 0. Ger. fnehan, 
 to breathe hard.] Relating to the air, to the 
 wind, or to pneumatics. 
 
 Pneu-mat'ics (nu-mat'jks), v. The science which 
 treats of the mechanical properties of the air and 
 other elastic fluids. 
 
 Pneu-ma-tol'o-gy (nu-ma-tol'o-je), n. [Gr. -rrvev^a, 
 7rvev|uaTo?, wind, spirit, and Aoyo?, a treatise.] 
 The doctrine of spiritual existence or substances. 
 
 Pneu-m9-gas'tric (nu-mo-gas'trik), a. [Gr. irvtv- 
 H<ov, a lung, and yao-rrjp, the stomach.] Re- 
 lating to the lungs and stomach. 
 
 Pneu-mo'ni-a (nu-nio'ne-a), n. [Gr. irvevynavia. ; 
 7rvev/u.wv, a'lung.] (Med.) Inflammation of the 
 lungs. [lungs. 
 
 Pneu-mon'ic (nu-mon'ik), a. Relating to the 
 
 Pneu-mon'ics (nu-mon'iks), n. pi. Medicines for 
 diseases of the lungs. 
 
 Poach (poch), v. a. [Fr. pocherJ] [pp. poaching, 
 poached.] To boil slightly: — [Fr. poche, a 
 pocket, a net for game] to steal. — 2, v. n. To 
 steal or carry off game : — [related to Poke and 
 to Push. — Cf. Fr. pocher, to bruise ; Ger. pochen, 
 to beat] to yield beneath the feet, as ground. 
 
 Pbach'er (poch'er), n. One who steals game. 
 
 Poach'y, a. Wet ; soft ; damp ; marshy. 
 
 Pock, n. [Dut. pok ; Ger. poche : related to Poke, 
 a bag.— Cf. Irish pucoid, a pimple.] A pustule 
 of the small-pox, &c. 
 
 Pock'et, n. [Fr. pochette, Norman pouquette, dim. 
 of Fr. poche, 0. Fr. poque, a pouch (q. v.).] A 
 small bag in a garment. — (Min.) A rich spot 
 in a vein or deposit. — 2, v. a. [pp. pocketing, 
 pocketed.] To put in the pocket. 
 
 Pock'et-book (-buk), n. A book for the pocket. 
 
 Pock' -mark, n. A scar or mark made by the 
 emall-pox. 
 
 Pod, n. [Probably a form of Pad.] A case of 
 seed ; a long seed-vessel. 
 
 Pod'a-gra, n. [L.] The gout. 
 
 Po'em, n. [Fr. poeme, L. poema, Gr. noirifia, a 
 poem,— literally, a work ; voielv, to make.J The 
 work of a poet ; a piece of poetry. 
 
 I*6'e-§X) n. [Fr. poesie, L. poesis, Gr. 71-01170-1?. — 
 See Poet.] The art of writing poems ; poetry. 
 
 Po'et, n. [Fr. poete, L. poeta, Gr. 7rot>jTTj?, a 
 maker, a poet; rroteii/, to make.] An author of 
 poems or poetry. 
 
 Po'et-as-ter, n. [Poet, with the L. pejorative 
 suffix -aster.] A vile or petty poet. 
 
 Po'et-ess, n. A female poet. 
 
 Po-et'ic, ) «. [Gr. n-oirjTt/co?.] Relating to, or 
 
 Po-et'i-cal, J partaking of, poetry. 
 
 Po-et'i-cal-ly, ad. In the manner of poetry. 
 
 Po'et-lau're-ate, n. A court poet. 
 
 P5'et-ry, n. [0. Fr. poeterie.] Composition uniting 
 imagination and metre ; metrical composition ; 
 verse ; poems : — the ait of writing poems. 
 
 PSig'nan-cy (pbi'nan-se), n. State of being poig- 
 nant ; severity ; sharpness. 
 
 PSig'nant (pbi'nant), a. [Fr. ; poindre, L. pungere, 
 to prick.] Sharp; severe; piercing; painful; 
 keen; pungent. 
 
 Poig'nant-ly (pbi'nant-le), ad. Sharply. 
 
 Point, n. [Fr. point, 0. Fr. poind, L. pnnctum, a 
 point; pungere, punctum, to prick.] A sharp 
 end :— a sting of an epigram :— an invisible part 
 of space or time : — punctilio ; state : — a mark ; a 
 stop : — an aim : — a degree : — a cape. — Boiling 
 point or freezing point, the degree at which water 
 boils or freezes. — 2, v. a. [pp. pointing, pointed.] 
 To sharpen :— to direct ; to distinguish :— to fill 
 with mortar.— 3, v. n. To note with the finger; 
 to indicate : — to come to a point. 
 
 Point-blank', ad. (Gunnery.) Straightforward; 
 to the mark ; directly. — 2, a. Direct ; horizontal. 
 
 Pbint'ed, p. a. Having a point ; directed person- 
 ally ;' sharp ; poignant : — 
 aimed. [manner. 
 
 Point' ed-ly, «(?. In a pointed 
 
 Pbint'er, n. Any thing that 
 points : — a variety of sport- 
 ing-dog. 
 
 Pbint'ing, n. A sharpening : 
 — punctuation. 
 
 Pbint-lace', w. Lace wrought with a needle 
 
 Pbint'less, a. Having no point; not acute. 
 
 Points'inan, n. A switch-tender ; a shunter. 
 
 Poise, n. [0. Fr. poiser, to weigh ; Fr. poids, 
 weight; L. pensare, frequentative of pendere, 
 pension, to weigh.] Weight; balance; equipoise. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. poising, poised.] To balance by 
 weight ; to weigh. 
 
 Pbi'gon (pol'zn), n. [Fr. poison; L. potio, a drink, 
 a poisonous draught.— See Potion.] A substance 
 that destroys life or health ; venom. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. poisoning, poisoned.] To infect ; to corrupt. 
 
 Pbi'§on-er (pbi'zn-er), n. One who poisons. 
 
 Pbi'§on-ous (pbi'zn-us), a. Venomous. 
 
 Poke, n. [Iiish, poc ; Gael, poca; A.-S. polcha; 
 Icel. poM; 0. Dut. poke; Fr. poche. — See Pouch.] 
 A bag ; a sack : — [Ger. pochen, to beat ; Irish poc, 
 Gael, puc, to push] a blow ; a thrust : — a plant, 
 garget : — a sort of yoke.— 2, v. a, & v. n. [pp. 
 poking, poked.] To feel in the dark ; to search : 
 — to thrust. 
 
 Pok'er, n. An iron bar to stir the fire with :— a 
 game with cards. 
 
 Po-la'cre (po-la'ker), n. [Fr. polaque, polacre; 
 It. polacca, polacra ; Sp. polacra ; Port, polaca : 
 named from its poles, or masts without yards or 
 cross-trees.] A Levantine vessel : — written also 
 polac'ca and polaque (po-lak'). [pole. 
 
 Po'lar, a. [See Pole.] Relating to, or near, the 
 
 Po-lar'ic, a. Same as Polar. 
 
 a, e, 1, 0, u, 
 
 a, e, i, 0, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, x, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
POLAEISCOPE 
 
 421 
 
 POLYPHONIC 
 
 Po-lar'i-scope, n. [From Polarize : on type of 
 microscope/] An instrument for ascertaining 
 whether light has been polarized. 
 
 Po-lar'i-ty, n. [Fr. polarite.] A tendency to the 
 pole ; the property of a body as having poles. 
 
 Po-lar-i-za'tion, n. The act of polarizing or the 
 state of being polarized. 
 
 Po'lar-ize, v. a. [Fr. polariser.] [pp. polarizing, 
 polarized.] To give polarity to ; to develop 
 polarity in. — 2, v. n. To acquire polarity. 
 
 Pole, ». [Fr. pol ; li.polus; Gr. noAos, a hinge; 
 neXeiv, to move.] One of the extremities of the 
 earth's axis, or of the axis of any sphere : — one 
 of the two points of a magnet: — [A.-S. pal; 
 Welsh pawl, Ger. pfahl, L. palus, a stake] a 
 long staff : — a piece of timber erected : — a long, 
 slender piece of wood : — a measure of 5% yards 
 or 16^ feet ; a perch ; a rod : — i 
 native of Poland.— 2, o. 
 poling, poled.] To furnish wit 
 or carry on, or propel by, pol 
 
 Pole' -axe, n. [Either from Pole, a 
 staff, or Poll, a head.] An axe 
 fixed to a pole ; a battle-axe. 
 
 Pole'cat, n. [Fr. pottle, Sp. polla, It. 
 polio, a chicken, and Cat. — See 
 Poultry.] The foumart; a fetid Pole-axe. 
 animal : — (incorrectly) a skunk. 
 
 Po-lem'ic, n. [Gr, 7roAe/uiKos ; 7r6Aejuos, war.] A 
 disputant; a controversialist. — 2, a. Controver- 
 sial; disputatious; coutentious. 
 
 Po-lem'ics, n. Controversy :— controversial litera- 
 ture :— ecclesiastical disputation. 
 
 Pole' star, n. A star near the pole ; a guide. 
 
 Po-lice', it. [Fr. for "policy," condition of a 
 state; L. politin, Gr. troKcreia, citizeuship, pol- 
 ity ; TroAt'rrjs, a citizen ; 7roA.i?, a city.] The gov- 
 ernment of a city or town : — the body of civil 
 officers. — 2, r. a. [pp. policing, policed.] To 
 clean up ; to put in order, as a camp. 
 
 Po-lice'man, n. An officer of the police. 
 
 P51'i-cy, h. [See Police and Polity.] Art of 
 government; management of public affairs; 
 management of common affairs: — rule; art; 
 prudence :— [Fr. police ; Sp. poliza ; Late L. poly- 
 tichum; Gr. noAvnTvxov, a roll, a register; jto- 
 Aiis, many, and ittv£, tttvxo?, a fold] a warrant 
 for money or some kind of claim: — a ticket: 
 — a writing or contract of insurance. 
 
 Pol'ish, v. a. [Fr.polir, part, polimvmt ; L. polite, 
 to polish.] [pp. polishing, polished.] To smooth; 
 to brighten; to refine. — 2, e. n. To become 
 smooth or glossy.— 3, n. Artificial gloss :— re- 
 finement : — a varnish. 
 
 Pol'ished (pol'isht), p. a. Having a polish ; glossy : 
 — of refined manners; genteel. 
 
 Po-lite', a. [L. polire, to polish ; politus, polished.] 
 Of refined manners; genteel; courteous; civil; 
 well-bred; urbane. 
 
 Po-lite'ly, ad. In a polite manner; genteelly. 
 
 Po-lite'ness, n. Quality of being polite; gentil- 
 ity; good breeding; civility; complaisance. 
 
 Pol'i-tic, a. [See Police, Policy. } Relating to 
 policy ; wise ; prudent ; sagacious ; artful : — 
 political. 
 
 Po-lit'i-cal, a. [L. pol Mats; Gr. ttoAitiko? ; ttoAi?, 
 a city.] ' Relating to state polity or politics ; na- 
 tional ; public; civil. 
 
 Po-llt'i-cal-ly, ad. With relation to politics. 
 
 Pol-i-ti"cian (pol-e-ti6h'an), n. One versed in, or 
 devoted to, politics ; a statesman. 
 
 Pol'i-tics, it. pi. The science of government; po- 
 Jitical economy; political or public affairs. 
 
 Pol'i-ty., «. [Gr. 7roAiTeia; jtoAis, a city.] A form 
 of government; policy. 
 
 Pol'ka, n. [Czech pulka, half; from the peculiar 
 half-step.] A kind of dance, and the music for it. 
 
 Poll, n. [0. Dut. pol; Low Ger. polle ; Dan. puld.] 
 The head :— a person :— a list of persons ; a list 
 of voters:— an election. — 2, b. a. [pp. poll- 
 ing, polled.] To lop the top of trees :— to clip; 
 
 to shear :— to take a list of voters, &c. : — to de- 
 posit in the ballot-box, as votes. 
 Pol'lard, n. [From the verb Poll.] A tree lopped : 
 
 — [akin to Pollex] a sort of bran. 
 Polled (pold), a. [From Poll, to clip, to lop.] 
 
 Wanting horns. 
 Pol'len, n. [L. pollen or pollis, flour. — Cf. Gr. 
 
 7raAry, sifted meal; ndKKeLv, to shake.] (Bot.) 
 
 The farina or fecundating dust of a flower. 
 Pol'li-wig, or Pol'li-wog, n. [Poll, the head, 
 
 and Wiggle, to wriggle.] A tadpole of the frog 
 
 or toad. 
 Pol'lock, ». [Dut. & Ger. pollack; Irish, pullag.] 
 
 A fish of the cod kind. 
 Poll' -tax, n. A tax assessed by the head. 
 Pol-lute', v. a. [L. polluere, pollutant: akin to 
 
 luere, to wash or to drench ; also to latum, mud.] 
 
 [pp. polluting, polluted.] To defile ; to taint; 
 
 to corrupt. — 2, a. Polluted; tainted. 
 Pol-lii'tion, n. [L. pollutio.] Act of polluting; 
 
 that which defiles; defilement. 
 PS'lo, ft. [Thibetan pidu, a ball.] A game at ball, 
 
 played by persons on horseback. 
 Po-lo-naise' (po-lo-naz'\ n. [Fr. for "Polish."] 
 
 A woman's robe. — [Mus.) A Polish air or dance. 
 Polt, n. [L. pultare, to beat.] A blow; a stroke. 
 Pol-tr68n', n. [Fr. poUron, It. polirone, a rascal, a 
 
 sluggard ; 0. It. poltro, poUtro, a couch. — See 
 
 Bolster. The derivation from L. pollice truncus, 
 
 deprived of a thumb, is unhistorical.] A vile 
 
 coward; a scoundrel. 
 Pol-troon'er-y,, it. Cowardice; baseness. 
 Pol'y. [Gr! 7ro'Au, 7roAu?, many.] A prefix in words 
 
 of Greek origin, signifying many, plurality, 8ns. 
 Pol-y-an'drous, a. Characterized by polyandry : 
 
 — having many stamens. 
 Fol-y-an'dry, it. [Gr. 7roAv?, many, and avrjp, 
 
 avSpos, a man.] A plurality of husbands. 
 Pol-y-an'thus, n. [Gr. no\vavdos, no\vai>9ri<; ; 
 
 7toAu?, many, and aytfos, a flower.] A plant and 
 
 its flower : — written also polyanthos. 
 Pol'y-phrest, it. [Gr. noAvxpyo-ros ; no\v<;, many, 
 
 and xpy\<TTo<;, useful.] A medicine good for many 
 
 diseases. 
 Pol'y-phrome, »• [Gr. 7roAvs, many, and xpd>|u.a, 
 
 color.] A statue colored to imitate nature : — a 
 
 mode of printing in several colors. 
 Pol'y-phrome, ) a. Of or pertaining to, or char- 
 Pol-y-phrom'ic, J acterized by, polychromy ; vari- 
 ously tinted or colored. 
 P51'y-phro-my, or Po-lyph'ro-my, n. The art or 
 
 process of working in several colors : — the art 
 
 of polychrome printing. 
 Po-lyg'a-mist, n- An advocate for polygamy. 
 Po-lyg'a-mous, o. Relating to polygamy :— hav- 
 ing many wives. 
 Po-lyg'a-my, ». [Gr. iroAuya/ut'a ; nokvq, many, 
 
 "and va/iosj marriage.] A plurality of wives or 
 
 husbands. 
 Pol'y-glot, ». [Gr. noXvs. many, and ykwrra, a 
 
 tongue.] A book containing a work (as the 
 
 Bible) in several languages. — 'J., a. Having many 
 
 languages : — familiar with many languages. 
 Pol'y-gon, n. [Gr. noXvyoJvov ; 7roAv;, many, and 
 
 yto'via, an angle.] A figure of many angles. 
 Po-lyg'o-nal, a. Having many angles. 
 Pol-y-hl'dral, a. Having many sides. 
 Pol-y-he'dron, n. [Gr. 7roAvs, many, and eSpa, a 
 
 base, a seat.] A figure of many sides. 
 Pol-y-no'mi-al. a. [Gr. ttoAvs, many : on type of 
 
 binomial] ' Having many terms. 
 Pol'yp, n. A polype. 
 Pol'ype [p61'e-pe, K. Sm. C. ; pol'ip, H. N. St. I. 
 
 Wb.], n. [See Polypus.] The name of many 
 
 animals of marine or aquatic habitat; a marine 
 
 animal with many feet or tentacles ; a polypus. 
 Pol-y-pet'a-lous, a. [Gr. TroAv?, many, und -rrera- 
 
 koi>, a leaf.] Having many petals. 
 Pol-y.-phon'ic, a. [Gr. 7roAv?, many, and <t>u)vrj, a 
 
 sound.] Having many sounds ; having several 
 
 musical parts. 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — Q, 9, 5, §, soft; p, ja, p, g, hard; §o^z; 5 as gz ; 
 
 36 
 
 this. 
 
POLYPIDOM 
 
 422 
 
 POPLIN 
 
 Po-lyp'i-dom, n. [L. polypus, a polyp, and domus, 
 
 a house.] A colony of polyps : — the fabric or 
 
 framework of a system of polyps. 
 Pol'y-pod, n. [Gr. ito\vtt6Slov ; 7roAv?, many, and 
 
 ttoSlov, dim. of n-ori?, a foot.] A kind of fern. 
 Pol'y-pous, a. Of the nature of a polypus. 
 Pol'y-pus, n. [L.] L. pi. Pol'y-pi; Eng. Pol'y- 
 
 pus-es. [Gr. ttoKvttovs ; ttoAv?, many, and 7rov?, 
 
 a foot.] A hydroid animal ; a polype.— (Med.) A 
 
 fleshy tumor, as in the nostrils. 
 Pol-y-sper'mous, a. [Gr. no\vg, many, and anep- 
 
 /xa, a seed.] (Bot.) Having many seeds. 
 Pol-y-syl-lab'ic, \ a. [Gr. 7roAutrvAAa/3os.] Hav- 
 Pol-y-syl-lab'i-cal, j ing many syllables, or more 
 
 than three. 
 Pol'y-syl-la-ble, n. [See Poly- and Syllable.] A 
 
 word of many syllables. 
 Pol-y-teph'nic, a. [Gr. 7roAus, many, and rexvr), 
 
 an art.] Comprising many arts. — Polytechnic 
 
 school, a school in which many branches of 
 
 science and the arts are taught. 
 Pol'y-the-i§m, n. [Gr. 7roAv?, many, and 0eos, a 
 
 god.] The doctrine of a plurality of gods. 
 Pol'y-the-ist, n. A believer in polytheism. 
 
 IS^Sris'Scal, } a - RelatiQ S t0 Pol3'^eism. 
 
 Pol-y-zo'on, n. ; pi. Pol-y-zo'a. [Gr. 7roAv?. many, 
 and £a>ov, an animal.] A compound mollusc<>i<3. 
 
 Pom'ace, n. [Fr. pommage; pomme, an apple.] 
 The' substance of apples ground. 
 
 Po-made', n. [Fr. pommade ; It. pomada; from L. 
 pomum, an apple, a fruit : salves were often made 
 of fruits.] A fragrant ointment. 
 
 Po-ma'tum, n. [A Latinized form of Pomade.] 
 Ointment for the hair. — 2, v. a. [pp. poma- 
 tuming, pomatumed.] To apply pomatum to. 
 
 Pome'gran-ate (pum'-), n. [L. pomum, a fruit, an 
 apple, and granatum, a pomegranate; granatus, 
 seedy ; granum, a seed.] A tree and its fruit. 
 
 Pom'mel, n. [Fr. pommeau, 0. Fr. pommel, a dim. 
 of pomme, L. pomum, an apple.] A knob on a 
 sword-hilt or a saddle. — 2, v. a. [Properly, to 
 beat with the pommel or sword-hilt.] [pp. pom- 
 melling, pommelled.] To beat; to bruise; to 
 punch. 
 
 Pom'mel-ling, n. A beating. [Colloq.] 
 
 Pom-o-iof'i-cal, a. Relating to pomology. 
 
 Po-mol'o-gist,'n. One versed in pomology. 
 
 Po-mol'o-iy, v. TL. poyrnim, an apple, and Gr. 
 Ao-yo?, a treatise.] A treatise on fruits. 
 
 Pomp, n. [L. pompa, a display ; Gr. tvo^ttti, an 
 escort, a sending; irep.TTf.iv, to send.] A grand 
 procession : — show ; parade. 
 
 P6m'pi-on (pum'pe-un), n. [See Pumpkin.] A 
 pumpkin. 
 
 Pom'pon, n. [Fr.] A tuft worn on the hat. 
 
 Pom-pos'i-ty, w. Turgidity; boastfulness. 
 
 Pom'pous, a. [L. pompoms.— See Pomp.] Osten- 
 tatious; pretentious; showy; inflated; turgid; 
 stately ; magnificent. 
 
 Pom'pous-ly, ad. In a pompous manner. 
 
 Pom'pous-ngss, n. State of being pompous. 
 
 Pon'cho, n. [Sp. for "careless," "easy."] A sort 
 of Indian cloak. * 
 
 Pond, n. [A variant of Pounb.] A collection or 
 body of water smaller than a lake; a pool; a 
 mill-pond. 
 
 Pon'der, v. a. [L. ponderare, to weigh ; jp&ndus, 
 ponderis, weight. — Cf. peudere, to weigh.] [pp. 
 pondering, pondered.] To weigh mentally; to 
 consider.— 2, v. n. To think ; to muse ; to reflect. 
 
 Pon'der-a-ble, a. [L. ponderabilis.] Capable of 
 being weighed. 
 
 Pon'der-ance, n. Weight ; heaviness. 
 
 P6n-der-os'i-ty, n. Weight; heaviness. 
 
 Pon'der-ous, a. [L. ponderosas ; pondus, ponderis, 
 weight.] Heavy; weighty. 
 
 Pon'der-oiis-ly, ad. With great weight. 
 
 Pon'der-ous-ness, n. Heaviness; weight. 
 
 Pond-lil'y., n. The wat^r-lily. [of maize. 
 
 Pone, n. [Algonkin.] Maize-bread ; a cake or loaf 
 
 Pon-fee', n. [Fr. eponge'e, colloquially pongee, 
 sponged.] A kind of silk stuff. 
 
 Pon'iard (pon'yard), n. [Fr. poignard, from poing, 
 the 'fist ; Sp. puflal, from pufio, L. pugnus, the 
 fist. — Cf. L. yugio, a dagger.] A dagger ; a dirk. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. poniarding, poniarded.] To stab 
 with a poniard. 
 
 Pon'tiff, n. [Fr. pontif, L. pontifex, a high-priest; 
 originally, a bridge-maker ; pons, pontis, a bridge, 
 and /acere, to make.] A high priest; the pope. 
 
 Pon-tif'ic, \a. [L. pontifical^.] Relating to a 
 
 Pon-tif i-cal, J high-priest, pontiff, or pope. 
 
 Pon-tif i-cal, n. A book of ecclesiastical rites. — 
 pi. The full dress of a bishop. 
 
 Pon-tif i-cal-ly, ad. In a pontifical manner. 
 
 Pon-tif'i-cate, n. [L. pontificatus.] The office of 
 a pontiff. ' 
 
 Pon-ton', n. See Pontoon. 
 
 Pon-to-nier', n. [Fr. pontonnier.] A soldier who 
 attends pontoons. 
 
 Pon-toon', n. [Fr. ponton, augmentative form of 
 pont, L. pons, a bridge.] A flat-bottomed boat 
 used in supporting a military 
 floating bridge: — a floating 0. 
 bridge. eI 
 
 Po'ny, n. [Gael, ponaidh ; Irish, Pontoons. 
 
 poni.] A. small horse; a nag. 
 
 Pood, h. [Russ. pud.— Cf. L. pondus, weight.] A 
 Russian weight of about 36 pounds. 
 
 Poo'dle, n. [Ger. pudel; Low Ger. pudeln, to 
 waddle ; puddig, thick.] A sort of lapdog. 
 
 P861, n. [A.-S. pol; G&e].poll; Late L. padulis, 
 L. palus, palvdis, a marsh. — Cf. Port, paul, Ger. 
 pfuhl, a pool.] A small collection of water; a 
 pond : — [Fr. poule, a hen, a stake at cards] a 
 venture, whether gambling or commercial, in 
 which several persons participate ; the joint cap- 
 ital or stake contributed by such persons. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. pooling, pooled.] To bring into 
 one sum, with the view of allocating profits or 
 losses among a number of persons. — 3, v. n. To 
 contribute along with others toward a joint sum 
 for a venture. [hindmost part of a ship. 
 
 Poop, n. [Fr. poupe; L. puppis.] (Naut.) The 
 
 P66r, a. [Fr. pauvre; L. pauper (q. v.). — Cf. Gr. 
 iravpos, few.] Not rich ; indigent; necessitous: 
 — trifling; paltry; mean: — lean: — pitiable. — 
 2, w. pi. Indigent people collectively. 
 
 Poor'-hbuse, n. A house for paupers. 
 
 PSor'-law, n. A law relating to the poor. 
 
 PSSr'ly, ad. Without wealth or spirit. — 2, a. 
 Somewhat ill ; feeble. 
 
 Poor'-rate, n. A tax for the relief of the poor. 
 
 P66r-spir'it-ed, a. Mean ; cowardly. 
 
 P88r-spir'it-ed-ness, u. Meanness. 
 
 Pop, n. [Purely imitative.] A small, smart, quick 
 sound: — a kind of drink. — 2, v. n. [pp. pop- 
 ping, popped.] To move or enter quickly or 
 slyly ; to burst suddenly or with a smart noise. 
 —3, v. a. To offer or put out or in suddenly. 
 — 4, ad. Suddenly ; unexpectedly. 
 
 Pop'-corn, n. Maize for parching. 
 
 Pope, n. [L. papa; Fr. pape ; Gr. 7ra7ra?, a 
 father.— See Papa.] The bishop of Rome ; the 
 head of the Roman Catholic church ; pontiff. 
 
 Pope'dom, n. The office, jurisdiction, or dignity 
 of the pope ; papacy. 
 
 Pop'er-y, v. Religion of the church of Rome. 
 
 Pop' -gun, n. A gun with which children play. 
 
 Pop'in-jay, n. [Fr. papegai, Sp. papagayo, It. 
 papagallo, a parrot. — Cf. Arab. bubagha,& parrot.] 
 A parrot : — the green woodpecker : — a fop ; a 
 coxcomb. 
 
 Pop'ish, a. Relating to the pope or to papacy. 
 
 Pop'lar, n. [Local Eng. popple, Fr. peuplier, L. 
 populus, a poplar.] A tree of several varieties. 
 
 Pop lin, n. [Fr. papeline, popeline ; Sp. popelens, 
 pop'ulina ; It. popelina : said to be so named be- 
 cause used in the papal vestments; but probably 
 so called from Poperinghe, in Belgium.] A stuff 
 made of silk and worsted. 
 
 a, e, 1, 0, u, y, long ; a, e, I, 6, Q, y, short; a, $, i, 0, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
POPLITEAL 
 
 423 
 
 POSITION 
 
 Pop-lit'e-al, \ a. [L. poples, poplitis, the hock, or 
 
 Pop-lit'ic, J knee.] Relating to the hind part 
 of the'knee-joint or ham. 
 
 Pop'px. n. [A.-S. popig ; L. papaver.] A soporifer- 
 ous plant and its flower. 
 
 Pop'u-lace, n. [Fr. ; It. popolazzo ; popolo, the 
 people (q. v.), with the appreciative suflix -azzo, 
 L. -aster.] The vulgar; the multitude. 
 
 Pop'u-lar, «. [L. popidaris ; populus, the people.] 
 Relating to the people ; beloved by the people ; 
 pleasing to the people: — easily understood; 
 plain; familiar; common. 
 
 Pop-u-lar'i-ty, n. State or quality of being pop- 
 ular; general esteem ; public favor. 
 
 Pop'u-lar-ize, v. a. [pp. popularizing, popular- 
 ized.] To render popular. 
 
 Pop'u-lar-ly, ad. In a popular manner. 
 
 Pop'u-late, v. a. [Late L. populare, populatum; 
 L. populus, people.] [pp. populating, populated.] 
 To fill with people; to people. — 2, v. n. To 
 breed ; to propagate. 
 
 Pop-u-la'tion, n. [L. populatio.] The inhabitants 
 of a town, district, or country ; the people. 
 
 Pop'u-lofis, a. [L. populosus.] Full of inhabitants 
 or people. 
 
 Pop'u-lous-ly, ad. With much people. 
 
 Pop'u-lous-ness, n. State of being populous. 
 
 Pbr'bea-gle, u. A kind of shark. 
 
 Pbr'ce-lain, or Por'ce-lain [por'se-lan, S. W. P. J. 
 F. G. ; por'se-lan, E. Ja. Wb. I. ; pors'lin, H. K. ; 
 pbrs'lan, Sin. St.; por'se-lan, K.J, u. [Fr. porce- 
 laiue ; It. porcellana, — originally, the name of a 
 sea-shell (Fr. porcellaue) ; from It. & L. porcella, 
 a pig ; L. porcus, a swine : the shell is fancied 
 to resemble a pig's back.] China-ware; fine 
 earthen- ware. — 2, a. Consisting of porcelain. 
 
 Por'ce-la-nous, j Resembling porcelain. 
 
 Por'cel-la-nous, J ° * 
 
 Porch, n. [Fr. porche ; L. portions. — See Portico.] 
 An entrance with a roof; a portico. 
 
 PSr'cine [pbr'sin, TF6.1, a. [L. pordnus; porous, 
 a swine. — See Pork.] Relating to swine ; like 
 a hog. , 
 
 PSr'cu-pIne, n. [0. Fr. porc-espine; Sp. puercb 
 esjiin : L. porcus, a pig, and spina, a spine {q. ».).] 
 An animal with spines or quills. 
 
 Pore, p. [L. poms; Gr. wopos, a way, a pore.] A 
 spiracle of the skin ; a small hole.— 2, r. n. 
 [Dut. porren, Gael, purr, to thrust, to push.] 
 [pp. poring, pored.] To look or examine care- 
 fully. 
 
 Po'r'gx, n. [Narragaiisef- Indian scup, pi. scup- 
 paug.~\ A marine fish. 
 
 Por'i-ness, n. Fulness of pores. 
 
 Po'ri§m, n. [Gr. wopto-fxa ; nopi^eiv, to bring.] 
 (Geoin.) A proposition : —corollary. 
 
 Pork, n. [Fr. pore, L. porcus, A.-S. fearh, a pig.] 
 The flesh of swine : — a hog. 
 
 Pork'er, n. A hog ; a pig. 
 
 Po-ros'i-ty, n. The quality of having pores. 
 
 Po'rous, a. Having small spiracles or pores. 
 
 Po'rous-ness, ». The quality of being porous. 
 
 Por-phy.-rit'ic, a. Relating to porphyry. 
 
 Pbr'phy.-ry, n. [Gr. iropcpvpiT^<; ; 7rop</>vpeos, pur- 
 ple (q. v.).] A variegated, hard stone. 
 
 Pbr'poise (pbr'pus), k. [0. Fr. porpeis; pore (L. 
 porcus), a pig, and 
 2)eis (L. piscis), a 
 fish.] A cetaceous 
 mammal ; the sea- 
 hog; a dolphin. 
 Por'rid|-e, n. [A cor- 
 ruption of pottage.] 
 
 A kind of broth; Porpoise, 
 
 pottage. 
 Por'rin-£er, n. [From Porridge : the n is intru- 
 sive.] A vessel out of which children eat milk, 
 porridge, &c. ; a child's dish. 
 Port, n. [A.-S. port; L. portus, a harbor.] A sta- 
 tion for ships to ride in at anchor; a harbor; a 
 town with a harbor; a haven: — [Fr. porte, L. 
 
 porta, a gate] a gate ; opening; aperture ; a port- 
 hole : — [Fr. port; L. portare, to carry] carriage; 
 air ; mien :— [from Oporto, a town of Portugal ; 
 o, the, and porto, harbor, port] a kind of red 
 wine from Oporto :— [in this sense a factitious 
 word] the larboard side. — 2, v. a. [pp. porting, 
 ported.] To turn to the larboard or left side. 
 
 Port-a-bil'i-tx, \n. The quality of being port- 
 
 Port'a-ble-ness, J able. 
 
 Port'a-ble, a. [L. portabilis.] That may be carried. 
 
 Port'age, u. [Fr.] The act of carrying ; carnage ; 
 price of carriage : — a carrying-place. 
 
 Por'tal, n. [L. portale.] The arch of a gate ; a 
 gate ; a door. — 2, a. Pertaining to the liver. 
 
 Port-cul'lis, n. [Fr. porte, a gate, and coulisse, a 
 groove.] ' A movable frame placed over a gate- 
 way, to be let down at pleasure. 
 
 Porte, n. [Fr. porte, a gate ; Arab, babi ali, the 
 high gate (or "sublime poite"); bab, a gate, 
 and alig, high.] The Turkish or Ottoman court. 
 
 Por-tend', v. a. [L. portendere ; 0. L. port, forth, 
 toward, and tendere, to stretch.] [pp. portend- 
 ing, portended.] To foretoken ; to foreshow. 
 
 Por-tent' [pbr'tent, j\ r . St. I.], u. [L. portentum, a 
 token. — See Portend.] An omen of ill ; a prod- 
 igy, [ill ; ominous. 
 
 Por-ten'tous, a. [L. portentosus.] Foretokening 
 
 Por-ten'touts-ly, ad. In a portentous manner. 
 
 Por'ter, n. [Fr. portier; L. porlarius; porta, a 
 gate'.] A door-keeper: — [Fr. portevr, a carrier; 
 L. portare, to carry] a carrier of burdens : — a 
 strong malt liquor. 
 
 Por'ter-age, n. Hire of a porter ; carriage. 
 
 Pbrt-io'fi-b, or Port-fdTio (-yo), „. ; pi. Port-fo'- 
 li-o§. [Fr. pork'fenille; It. portafoyli. — See Port, 
 to carry, and Folio. ] A case for louse paper, &c. 
 
 Port' -hole, n. A hole to point cannon through. 
 
 Por'ti-co, n. ; pi. P6r'ti-c5§. [It.; L. portions; 
 porta, a gate.] A 6erie's of columns ; a covered 
 walk ; a. porch. 
 
 Por'tion (por'shun), u. [L. portio. — Cf. Part, and 
 Gr. Tropeiv, to share.] A part assigned ; an allot- 
 ment; a division; a dividend: — a part of an 
 inheritance given to a child : — a wife's fortune. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. portioning, portioned.] To di- 
 vide ; to parcel ; to endow. 
 
 Por'tion-less, a. Having no portion. 
 
 Port'li-ness, n. Dignity of mien : bulk. 
 
 Port'ly, a. [From Port, carriage, demeanor] 
 Grand of mien ; corpulent. 
 
 Port-man' teau (port-man'to). n. ; pi. Port-man'- 
 teaus. [Fr. ; porter, to carry, and manteau, a 
 mantle (7. v.).) A bag for clothes. 
 
 Por'trait, n. [Fr.— See Portray.] A picture or 
 painting of a person drawn from the life. 
 
 Por'trai-tiire, b. [Fr.] A picture; a portrait: — 
 the art, process, or manner of painting. 
 
 Por-tray', v. a. [Fr. portraire; L. protrahere, to 
 draw out,— later, to depict; pro, forth, and tra- 
 here, to draw, to drag.] [pp. portraying, por- 
 trayed.] To paint; to describe by picture; to 
 draw ; to represent ; to depict. 
 
 Por-tray'al, n. The act of portraying. 
 
 Port'reeve, n. [Port and Reeve.] The bailiff 
 of a port town. 
 
 Po§e, v. a. [Fr. poser, to set ; Late L. pausare, to 
 halt; in meaning it represents L. ponere, posi- 
 fum, to place. — See Puzzle.] [pp. posing, posed.] 
 To puzzle ; to embarrass , to stop : — to cause to 
 assume, or place in, an attitude with a view to 
 effect. — 2, v. «. To assume a pose; to strike an 
 attitude. — 3, m. The attitude which an object 
 is caused to assume ; an attitude consciously as- 
 sumed. 
 
 Pos'er, n. One who poses ; an examiner : — a puz- 
 zling question. 
 
 Pos'it, v. a. [L. ponere, positum, to place.] [pp. 
 positing, posited.] To assume as real. 
 
 Po-si"tipn (po-zish'un), n. (L. positio.— See Po«it.] 
 Situation ; station ; attitude ; posture : — a prin- 
 ciple laid down. 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, sSn ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, Q, 5, g, soft; p, J3, p, g, hard ; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 
 
POSITIVE 
 
 424 
 
 POTATION 
 
 Pos'i-tive, a. [L. positions; ponere, position, to 
 fix'.] Real; absolute; direct; express; explicit: 
 — certain: confident : — affirmative; nut nega- 
 tive: — settled Li y arbitrary appointment; op- 
 posed to natural: — noting the philosophical 
 system of Comte. — (Gram.) Positive degree, the 
 simple form of an adjective.— 2, h. A tiling 
 affirmable ; reality : — a photographic picture in 
 which the lights and shades correspond with 
 those of nature or of the original. 
 
 Fos'i-tive-ly, ad. In a positive manner. 
 
 Fos'i-tive-ness, n. State of being positive. 
 
 Po§' j-tiv-ism, n. Positiveness : — the positive phi- 
 losophy, as taught by Auguste Comte. 
 
 Pos'se, n. [L.] An armed power ; a number. 
 
 Pos'se com-i-ta'tus, u. [L. for "power of the 
 county ;" posse, to he able.] The power of the 
 county ; an armed hody. 
 
 Po§-sess' (poz-zes'), v. a. [L. possidere, possessum, 
 to have; 0. L. port, toward, and L. sedere, to 
 sit, to remain.] [pp. possessing, possessed.] To 
 have as un owner; to hold; to occupy; to en- 
 joy ; to obtain. 
 
 Pos-ses'sion (poz-zesh'un), n. [L. possessio.] State 
 of possessing ; occupancy : — estate ; property. 
 
 Pos-ses'sive, a. [L. possessions.] Denoting pos- 
 session. — (Gram.) Noting the case of nouns im- 
 plying possession. 
 
 Pos-ses'sor, n. One who possesses ; an owner. 
 
 Pos-ses'so-ry, or Fos'ses-so-ry, a. Having pos- 
 session. ' 
 
 Pos'set, n. [Irish, pusoid. — Cf. L. posca, a sour 
 drink; Gr. ttoctis, a draught.] Milk curdled 
 with wine or any acid. 
 
 Pos-si-bil'i-ty, n. State of being possible. 
 
 Pos'si-ble, a. [Fr. possible; L. possibilis ; piosse, to 
 be able.] That may be, or that may be done. 
 
 Pos'si-bly, ad. By any power existing. 
 
 Pos'sum, n. See Opossum. 
 
 Post, n. [It., Sp., & Late L. posta, a station; L. 
 posita, poslu, placed. — See Posit.] A courier; a 
 public letter-carrier: — a station; an office; a 
 place; employment: — [A.-S. post; L. postis: 
 akin to L. ponere, positum or postum, to fix] a 
 piece of timber or stone set erect : — a French 
 measure, equal to 5.52 English miles. — 2, v. n. 
 [pp. posting, posted.] To travel with speed or 
 post-horses. — 3, v. a. To fix on a post ; to place ; 
 to station: — to send with post-horses. — 4, a. 
 Used in travelling hastily ; speedy. 
 
 Post-, a prefix, is the Latin preposition post, after. 
 
 Post'a£e, n. Money paid for conveying letters. 
 
 Fost'al, a. Pertaining to the post, post-office, or 
 mails. — 2, n. A postal-card. 
 
 Post'al-card, ) n. A stamped card for communi- 
 
 Post'-card, j cations, issued by the post-office. 
 
 Post' -boy, n. A boy that 
 rides post ; a courier. 
 
 Post-di-lQ'vi-an, a. [Post, 
 after," and ' Diluvian.) 
 Posterior to the flood. — 
 2, n. One who lived after 
 the flood or deluge. 
 
 Post'er, n. One who travels 
 hastily; a courier :— a bill 
 posted up. 
 
 Pos-te'ri-or, a. [L. ; comp. of posterus, after, late. 
 — Cf. Post, after.] Subsequent; later; after. 
 
 Pos-te-ri-or'i-ty, n. State of being posterior. 
 
 Pos-ter'i-ty, n. [L. posteritas; Fr. postcrife. — See 
 Posterior.] Succeeding generations; descend- 
 ants : — opposed to ancestors. 
 
 Pos'tern, n. [Fr. poterne, 0. Fr. posteme or pos- 
 terle, L. posterula, a back gate ; from posterus, be- 
 hind.] A small gate ; a door. 
 
 Post'f ix, n. [Post and Fix.] A letter or syllable 
 added. — 2, v. a. [pp. postfixing, postfixed.] To 
 add or annex at the end. 
 
 P5st-haste', n. [Post (n.) and Haste.] Haste 
 like that of a courier. — 2, ad. With the haste 
 of a courier. 
 
 Post-boy. 
 
 Post' -horse, n. A horse used by couriers. 
 
 Post'hu-mous [post'hu-mus, P. C. ; post'yu-mus, 
 PL. St.], a. [L. postumns, latest. — Cf. Posterior. 
 The h was inserted from the erroneous idea that 
 the word came from post, after, and humus, the 
 earth,— i.e., the grave : this false etymology has 
 determined the present meaning of the word.] 
 Done, had, or published after one's death. 
 
 Post'hu-mous-iy, ad. After one's death. 
 
 Pos'til, n. [Fr. apostille ; etymology disputed.] A 
 marginal note. 
 
 Pos-til'ion [pos-til'yun, S. J. F. Ja. Srn. ; pos-til'- 
 yun, W, E. K.], n. [Fr. postilion ; It. posliglione, 
 dim. of posta, a post (q. v.).] One who guides 
 the first pair of a set of horses in a coach. 
 
 Post' nig, n. The act of travelling by post. 
 
 Post'man, n. A post; a courier; a letter-carrier. 
 
 Post'mark, n. [Post (m.) and Mark.] Themaik 
 of a post-office. — 2, v. a. [pp. postmarking, post- 
 marked.] To put the stamp or mark of a post- 
 office on a letter, &c. 
 
 Post'mas-ter, n. [Post (h.) and Master.] An 
 officer who has the charge of a post-office. 
 
 P6st-me-rid'i-an, a. [L. postmeridianus; post, 
 after, 'and m'eridies, mid-day. — See Meridian.] 
 Being in the afternoon. 
 
 PSst-mor'tem, n. [L. for "after death."] An 
 examination of a dead body ; autopsy. 
 
 Post-na'tal, a. [Post (prefix) and Natal.] Oc- 
 curring after birth. 
 
 Post-o'bit, n. [Post (prefix) and Obit.] A bond 
 payable after the death of the person therein 
 named. [and delivered. 
 
 Post'-of-fice, i*. Office where letters are received 
 
 Post'-paid, a. Having the postage paid. 
 
 Post-pone', v. a. [L. poslponere; post, after, and 
 ponere, to place.] [pp. postponing, postponed.] 
 To put off; to delaj r ; to defer. 
 
 Post-pone'ment, n. The act of postponing. 
 
 Post-pran'di-al, a. [L. post, after, and prandium, 
 a meal.] Happening after dinner. 
 
 Post'-rid-er, n. A person who carries the mail 
 on horseback. 
 
 Post' script, n. [L. post, after, and scribere, scrip- 
 dun, to write.] A paragraph added to a letter. 
 
 P6st'-tov>n, u. A town having a post-office. 
 
 Post'u-lant, n. [L. postulaus, asking.— See Postu- 
 late.] One who makes a demand ; a candidate. 
 
 Post'u-late, v. a. [L. postulate, postulatum, to ask ; 
 frequentative of poscere, to demand.] [pp. pos- 
 tulating, postulated.] To beg; to invite. — 2, n. 
 Position assumed without proof; a supposition. 
 
 Post-u-la'tion, n. A supposition without proof; 
 postulate :— supplication ; a suit. 
 
 Post'u-la-to-ry, a. Assumed without proof. 
 
 Post'u-ral, a. Of or relating to posture. 
 
 Post'ure (post'yur), n. [Fr. posture; L. posifitra, 
 position (q. v.).] State; situation; position; 
 attitude; gesture. — 2, v. a. & v. »?. [pp. postur- 
 ing, postured.] To place in, or assume, a par- 
 ticular posture. 
 
 Po'sy. ii. [For poesy : formerly it was a verse or 
 motto on a ring ; flowers used as gifts were held 
 to express the sentiments of the giver.] A 
 motto on a ring :— a nosegay : — a flower. 
 
 Pot, n. [Fr. pot; Irish, pota ; Bret, pod: probably 
 akin to L. potare, to drink.] A vessel to hold 
 meat or liquids. — 2, v. a. [pp. potting, potted.] 
 To preserve or enclose in pots. 
 
 Po'ta-ble, a. [Fr. potable ; L. polabilis; potare, to 
 drink.] Such as may be drunk. 
 
 Po'ta-ble-ness. n. State of being potable. 
 
 Pot'SLsh, n. [Properly, nxh from the pot.] A fixed 
 alkali obtained from ashes. 
 
 Po-tas'sa, n. (Chem.) Purified potash. 
 
 Po-tas'sic, a. Relating to or containing potassa 
 or potassium. 
 
 Po-tas'si-um, n. The metallic base of potash. 
 
 Po-ta'tion. n. [L. potalio ; potare, potatnw, to 
 drink;' Gr. 7totos, a drinking.] A drinking- 
 bout ; a draught. 
 
 a, e, i, o, u, y, long; a., e, i, o, u, y, short; $, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
POTATO 
 
 425 
 
 PKAGMATISM 
 
 Po-ta'to, n. ; pi. Po-ta'toes. [Sp. & native Hay- 
 tian batata, the sweet potato.] A plant and its 
 esculent root. 
 
 Po'ten-cy, ». [L. potentia, power.— See Potent.] 
 Power; efficacy; strength. 
 
 Po'tent, a. [L. potens, poteutis, pres. part, of posse, 
 poiui, to be able.] Powerful; strong; mighty. 
 
 Po'ten-tate, n. [Late L. potentatus.— See Potent.] 
 A monarch ; a sovereign. 
 
 Po-ten'tial (po-ten'snal), a. [L. potentialis, possi- 
 ble. — See Potent.] Existing in possibility, not 
 in fact. — (Gram.) Noting a mood that implies 
 possibility, liberty, will, or obligation. 
 
 Po-ten-ti-al'i-ty (-she-al'e-te), n. Possibility. 
 
 Po-ten'tial-ly, ad. In possibility. 
 
 Po'tent-ly, ad. Powerfully ; forcibly. 
 
 Poth'een,' or Po'theen (pot'yen or po'tyen), n. 
 [Irish poteain, a little pot.] Irish illicit whis- 
 key : — whiskey : — written also poteen. 
 
 Poth'er [poth'er, Ja. K. Sin. G ; puth'er, S. W. P. 
 J.],'n. [Dut. poteren, to search through; peu- 
 teren, to fumble.] Bustle; tumult; bother. 
 
 Pot'herb (pot'erb), n. An herb fit for the pot. 
 
 Pot'hook (pdt'huk), u. A hook to fasten puts :— a 
 hook-shaped chai acter made with the pen. 
 
 Pbt'hbiise, n. An ale-house; a drinking-house. 
 
 Pot'-hunt-er, n. One who hunts game for a living. 
 
 PS'tion, n. ' [L. polio, a drink ; potare, to drink.] 
 A draught ; a medical draught. 
 
 Pot/lid, n. The cover of a pot. 
 
 Pot'luck, n. Food that may be ready for dinner. 
 
 Pot-pourri (po-po-re), n. [Fr. for "putrid pot."— 
 See Olla Podeida.] A medley ; a miscellaneous 
 collection. [broken pot. 
 
 Pot' sherd, n. [Pot and Shard.] A fragment of a 
 
 Pot'tafe, n. [Fr. potage. — See Pot.] Any thing 
 boiled for food. 
 
 Pot'ter, n. [Fr. potter. — See Pot.] A maker of 
 earthen vessels. — 2, v. n. [See Pother.] [pp. 
 pottering, pottered.] To trifle ; to pndder. 
 
 Pot'te-ry, n. [Fr. poterie.] "Work of a potter; 
 earthen-ware. 
 
 Pot' tie (pot'tl), n. [0. Fr. potel, dim. of pot, a pot.] 
 A measure of four pints : — a tankard. 
 
 Pouch, n. [Fr. poche ; 0. Fr. pouche.— See Poke.] 
 A purse; a pocket. — 2, v. a. [pp. pouching, 
 pouched.] To pocket. 
 
 Poul'ter-er (pol'ter-er), n. [See Poultry.] One 
 who sell's fowls. 
 
 Poul'tice, n. [L. pids, pultis, pap; Gr. ttoAto?, 
 porridge.] A soft application; a cataplasm. — 
 
 2, v. a. [pp. poulticing, poulticed.] To apply 
 a poultice to. 
 
 Poul'try (pol'tre), n. [Fr. poule, a hen; ponlel, a 
 chick ; poulette, a pullet (q. v.).] Domestic fowls. 
 
 Pounce, n. [Fr. poincon, a punch (q. v.), an awl ; 
 L. pungere, punclum, to pierce.] The talon of a 
 bird : — [Fr. ponce, L. pnmex, pumice (q. ».)] a 
 powder. — 2, v. a. [pp. pouncing, pounced.] To 
 pierce : — to sprinkle. — 3, v. n. [From the pounce?; 
 of a bird of prey.] To fall upon suddenly. 
 
 Pound, n. [A.-S. pund ; Ger. pfund ; L. pondo: 
 akin to pondus, a weight; pendere, to weigh.] 
 A weight of 16 ounces avoirdupois; also of VI 
 ounces troy: — in money, 20 shillings :— [A.-S. 
 ptmd; Irish, pont; 0. Ger. piunta. — Cf. Icel. 
 pynta, to shut in] an enclosure, for cattle; a pin- 
 fold.— 2, r. a. [pp. pounding, pounded.] [A.-S. 
 punian. — See Punish.] To beat; to grind: — to 
 shut up. 
 
 Pbund'age, n. A sum deducted from a pound : — 
 duty or payment rated by the pound. 
 
 Pbund'er, n. He who or that which pounds; a 
 pestle : — a gun of a certain bore. 
 
 Pour, v. a. [Cf. Welsh bwrw, to throw, to cast, to 
 rain ; Gael, purr, to drive, to urge.] [pp. pour- 
 ing, poured.] To send forth in a stream; to 
 emit. — 2, v. n. To stream; to flow; to rush. — 
 
 3, n. A sudden flow, as of water. 
 
 Pout, v. n. [Welsh pwdw, to pout ; pwtio, to push ; 
 Fr. bouder, to pout.] [pp. pouting, pouted.] To 
 
 look sullen ; to shoot out the lips.— 2, b. A fit 
 of sullenness : — [A.-S. put: said to be named 
 from its power of pouting, or inflating the skin 
 of the head] a kind of fish. 
 
 Pov'er-ty, n. [Fr. pauvrete ; L. paupertas. — See 
 Pauper.] State of being poor; penury; want; 
 indigence: — barrenness; defect. 
 
 PSiv'der, n. [Fr. poudre ; 0. Fr.pouldre; L. pul- 
 vis, pulveris.] Dust; gunpowder: hair-powder. — 
 2, v. n. [pp. powdering, powdered.] To crum- 
 ble ; to fall to dust. — 6, v. a. To reduce to dust : 
 — to sprinkle. 
 
 PSw'der-flask, w. A flask for gunpowder. 
 
 Poiv'der-mill, n. A mill to make gunpowder in. 
 
 Pb^'der-y, a. Covered with powder; dusty. 
 
 Pbw'er, n. [0. E. pouere ; Fr. pouvoir ; 0. Fr. poer, 
 pooir, povoir ; Sp. poder ; It. potere ; L. posse, 
 potui, to be able; potis, strong.] Ability to do 
 something; ability to endure; capacity; com- 
 mand; authority; dominion; potency; force; 
 strength : — the moving force of an engine : — 
 military force ; an army : — a sovereign ; a ruler : 
 —a state.— (Arith.) The product of a number 
 multiplied into itself. 
 
 Pb-ft'er-fuT, a. Having power; strong; potent; 
 mighty; forcible; efficacious. 
 
 Pbw'er- ful-ly, ad. Mightily; forcibly. 
 
 Pbly'er-less, a. Destitute of power; weak. 
 
 Po-w^er-loom, n. A loom worked by steam. 
 
 Pb-^'er-press, n. A printing-press worked by 
 steam, by water, or by other power. 
 
 Pb'fr'wbw, n. [Frobably imitative.] An Indian 
 incantation, with dancing, &c. :— an Iudian con- 
 jurer or priest. — 2, v. a. [pp. powwow ing, pow- 
 wowed.] To conjure. 
 
 P5x, n. [For pocks, the pi. of Pock.] An eruptive 
 disease; pustules. 
 
 Poz-zu-o-la'na, n. [From the Italian town of 
 PozzuoU, L. Puteoli; the latter name is a dim. 
 of puteus, a pit (q. v.).] Volcanic ashes used as 
 cement or mortar for buildings. 
 
 Prac-ti-ca-bil'i-ty, \n. State or quality of being 
 
 Prac'ti-ca-ble-ness, j practicable. 
 
 Prac'ti-ca-ble, a. [Fr. praticable, from praliquer, 
 0. Fr. p'ractiqiier, to practise.] That may lie done 
 or effected; performable ; feasible; possible. 
 
 Frao'ti-ca-bly, ad. In a practicable manner. 
 
 Prac'ti-cal, a. [Fr. pratique; L. pructicus ; Gr. 
 7rpa*cTtKOS ; npa.o~cr€iv or irpaTreiu, fut. 7rpd£a>, to 
 do; 7rpaKT05, done.] Relating to practice or uss; 
 designed for practice; not speculative. 
 
 Prac'ti-cal-ly, ad. By practice; in fact. 
 
 Prac'tice, n. [Gr. npaKTiKii} (ejrio-Trj/on)), practice, 
 practical knowledge; npao-o-eiv, to do.] The 
 habit of doing any thing: such use as begets a 
 habit ; custom ; use ; performance ; method : — a 
 rule of arithmetic. 
 
 Prac'tise, v. a. [Fr. pradqner, formerly pracUqaer. 
 — See Practice.] [pp. practising, practised.] 
 To do habitually; to perform constantly ; to ex- 
 ercise ; to transact.— 2, v. n. To act ; to exercise 
 a profession. 
 
 Prac'tis-er, n. One who practises. 
 
 Prac-ti"tipn-er, n. [Fr. praticien, — formerly prac- 
 t'icien.] One' engaged in any art. 
 
 Praem-u-ni're (prem-yu-ni're). ». [Law L. ; a cor- 
 ruption of L. prxmouere, to warn.] A writ; an 
 offence. 
 
 Prae-no'men, n. [L. prse, before, and nomen, a 
 name.] The first name of a person, among the 
 Romans, prefixed to the family name, and dis- 
 tinguishing the individual. 
 Prag-mat'ic, la. [Gr. npaynaTiKos ; npayp.a, 
 Prag-mat'i-cal, J irpdyixaTo<;. a deed, an act ; vpda- 
 o-eiv, to do.] Impertinent; officious; meddling; 
 dictatorial. 
 Prag-mat'i-cal-ly, ad. In a pragmatical manner. 
 Prag'ma-tism, n. The quality of being pragmati- 
 cal ; c'onceitedness : — a method of treating his- 
 tory in which causes and results are carefully 
 discriminated. 
 
 mien, sir ; mSve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. 
 
 -Q, 9, 5, £, soft; fi, £}, c, g, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 
 36* 
 
PRAIRIE 
 
 426 
 
 PRECIPITANT 
 
 Prai'rie (pra're), n. [Fr. for "meadow;" Late L. 
 prataria; L. pratum, a field.] A large natural 
 meadow, or tract of country bare of trees. 
 
 Prai'rie-chick'en, \n. An American grouse: 
 
 Prai'rie-hen, ' J — called also heath-hen and 
 pinnated grouse. 
 
 Prai'rie-dog, n. A species of marmot. 
 
 Praise (praz), n. [Late L. preliare, to prize, to 
 esteem ; 0. Fr. preiser, to praise ; preis, merit, 
 value; L. preiium, reward, price (q. ».).] Re- 
 nown; commendation; honor. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 praising, praised.] To commend; to applaud; to 
 extol ; to eulogize ; to celebrate. 
 
 Prais'er, n. One who praises ; an applaurier. 
 
 Praise'wor-tny (praz'wiir-the), a. "Worthy of 
 praise; laudable; commendable. 
 
 Pra'krit, n. [Skr. prakrta, common. — Cf. San- 
 skrit.] A language or dialect (of which there 
 are several) derived from the Sanskrit. 
 
 Prance, v. a. [A variant of Prank.] [pp. pranc- 
 ing, pranced.] To spring or bound, as a horse. 
 
 Pran'di-al, a. [L. prandium, a meal.] Relating 
 to, or associated with, a feast or repast. 
 
 Prank, v. a. [0. Dut. pronck, Dan., Sw., & Ger. 
 prunk, display ; 0. Dut. proncken, Ger. prangen, 
 to display ; Welsh prancio, to frolic. — Cf. Prink.] 
 [pp. pranking, pranked.] To dress showily; to 
 prink. — 2, n. A frolic ; a wild flight; a trick. 
 
 Prase, n. (Min.) [Gr. wpdaov, a leek.] Green 
 quartz ; a precious stone. 
 
 Prate, v. n. [Dan. prate, to talk; Sw. & Dan. prat, 
 Low Ger. & Dut. praat, talk.] [pp. prating, 
 prated.] To talk carelessly; to chatter. — 2, a. 
 Tattle ; idle talk ; babble. 
 
 Prat'er, n. One who prates; an idle talker. 
 
 Prat'ic, n. [Fr. pratique; It. pratica, custom, 
 practice.] (Xaut.) A license for a ship to trade 
 in port after having performed quarantine: — 
 written also pratique. 
 
 Prat' tie (prat'tl), v. n. [Dim. of Prate.] [pp. 
 prattling, prattled.] To talk childishly ; to chat. 
 — 2, n. Childish talk ; prate; chat. 
 
 Prat' tier, n. One who prattles ; a chatterer. 
 
 Prav'i-ty, n. [L. pracitas ; promts, deformed, 
 crooked, perverse.] Corruption; depravity. 
 
 Prawn, n. [L. & Sp. perna, a 
 shell-fish.] A small crusta- 
 ceous animal. 
 
 Prax'is, n. [L. ; Gr irpa^ig. — 
 See Practice.] Use; prac- 
 tice; a form. Prawn - 
 
 Pray, v. n. [Fr. prier ; L. precari ; prex, precis, a 
 prayer.] [pp. praying, prayed.] To make peti- 
 tion* ; to entreat. — 2, v. a. To supplicate ; to 
 implore : to entreat. 
 
 Pray'er (pra'er or prar), n. [Fr. priere, It. pre- 
 garia, a prayer; L. precarium, a thing obtained 
 by prayer.] A petition to God; an entreaty; a 
 petition ; a request. 
 
 Pray'er-book (,-bdk), «. A book of devotion. 
 
 Pray'er- ful, a. Using prayer ; devout. 
 
 Pray'er-ful-ly, ad. In a devout manner. 
 
 Pray'er-less, a. Neglecting prayer. 
 
 Pre-. ' [L. prse.] A prefix to words derived from 
 the Latin, marking priority of time or rank. 
 
 Preach, v. n. [Fr. precher ; L. prsedicare ; prse, be- 
 fore,, openly, and dicare, to proclaim ; dicere, to 
 say.] [pp. preaching, preached.] To discourse 
 on the gospel. — 2, v. a. To proclaim, as a public 
 religious teacher ; to inculcate ; to teach. 
 
 Preach'er, n. One who preaches. 
 
 Preach'er-ship, n. The office of a preacher. 
 
 Preach'ing, n. A public religious discourse. 
 
 Preach'ment, n. A sermon : — in contempt. 
 
 Pre-Ad'am-Ite, n. A person who lived before 
 Adam. ' 
 
 Pre-ad-mon'ish, v. a. [Pre- and Admonish.] [pp. 
 preadmonishing, preadmonished.] To forewarn. 
 
 Pre-ad-mo-ni"tion, n. Previous warning. 
 
 Pre'am-ble (pre'am-bl) [pre-am'bl, N. St.], n. [Fr. 
 preambide, a prologue; L. prseambulus, walking 
 
 before ; prse, before, and ambulare, to walk.— See 
 Amble.] An introduction ; a preface. 
 
 Pre-am'bu-la-to-ry, a. Going before. 
 
 Pre-ar-range', v. a. [Pre- and Arrange.] [pp. 
 prearranging, prearranged.] To arrange before- 
 hand. 
 
 Preb'end, n. [Fr. prtbende; L. prsebenda, a sti- 
 pend; prsebere, to afford, to offer; prsebendus, 
 that must be afforded ; prse, before, and habere, 
 to hold.] A stipend in a cathedral church. 
 
 Pre-bend'al, a. Belonging to a prebend. 
 
 Preb'en-da-ry, n. A clergyman or stipendiary of 
 a cathedral who has a prebend. 
 
 Pre-ca'ri-ous, a. [L. precarius, obtained by prayer 
 or begging, — hence, doubtful, uncertain; 'pre- 
 cari, to pray (q. v.).] Uncertain because depend- 
 ing on another's will ; doubtful ; dubious. 
 
 Pre-ca'ri-ofis-ly, ad. Uncertainly. 
 
 Pre-ca'ri-ous-ness, n. Doubt ; dependence. 
 
 Prec'a-tive, \a. [L. precativus, precatoriits. — See 
 
 Prec'a-to-ry, J Pray.] Making supplication ; sup- 
 pliant ;' beseeching. 
 
 Pre-cau'tion, n. [L. prsecautio. — See Caution.] 
 A preservative caution or care. [servative. 
 
 Pre-cau'tion-a-ry, a. Implying precaution; pre- 
 
 Pre-cede', v. a. [Fr. preceder ; L. prsecedere ; prse, 
 before, and cedere, to go.] [pp. preceding, pre- 
 ceded.] To go before in order of time; to go 
 before in place or rank. 
 
 Pre-ce'dence, "In. [L. praecedentia.] The act of 
 
 Pre-ce'den-cy, /going before; superior relative 
 rank ; prioritij ; foremost place or rank ; supe- 
 riority. 
 
 Pre-ce'dent, a. That precedes ; preceding; going 
 before ;' anterior ; former. 
 
 Prec'e-dent, n- [Fr. precedent. — See Precede.] 
 A thing done before that may serve as a rule ; 
 an example. 
 
 Pre-ce'dent-ly, ad. Beforehand; formerly. 
 
 Pre-ced'ing, p. a. Going before; antecedent. 
 
 Pre-cen'tor. n. [L. prsecentor ; prse, before, and 
 cantor, a singer; cantare, to chant (g. v.); canere, 
 to sing.] A leader of a choir. 
 
 Pre'cept [pre'sept, S. W. P. E. F. Ja. K. Sni. C. ; 
 pre'sept or pres'ept, J.], n. [L. prseceptum, a 
 rule ;' prsecipere, to take before, to command ; 
 prse, before, and capere, to take.] A rule au- 
 thoritatively given ; a mandate ; a principle ; a 
 doctrine; a direction: a maxim. 
 
 Pre-cep'tive, a. Containing precepts. 
 
 Pre-cep'tor, n. [L. prseceptor. — See Precept.] A 
 head-master, or principal of an academy, &c. ; a 
 teacher ; a tutor. 
 
 Prec'ep-to-ry [pres'ep-tur-e, W. ; pre'sep-tiir-e, I. 
 Ja. Sin. /pre-sep'tur-e. K. V.'b. St. X.], a. Precep- 
 tive.— 2, n." An "establishment, as of Knights 
 Templar. 
 
 Pre-cep' tress, n. A female preceptor. 
 
 Pre-ces'sion (pre-sesh'un), n. [Late L. prsecessio. 
 —See Precede.] A going before ; a movement 
 forward ; an advance. 
 
 Pre-ces'sion-al (pre-sesh'un-al), a. Of or relating 
 to precession, as of the equinoxes. 
 
 Pre'clnct (pre'smgkt), n. [L. prsecingere, prse- 
 cwctum, to enclose ; prse, before, and cingere, to 
 gird.] An outward limit; a boundary; a bor- 
 der : — a district. 
 
 Pre"cious (presh'us), a. [L. pretiosus; pretium, 
 price (q. v.).] Of great price; of great value; 
 valuable; costly. 
 
 Pre"cious-ness (presh'us-nes), n. Worth. 
 
 Prec'i-pice, n. [Fr. precipice; L. prsecipitium ; 
 prseceps, prsecipitis, headlong; prse, before, and 
 capxd, capitis, the head.] A headlong steep or 
 declivity. 
 
 Pre-cip'i-tance, "In. [L. prsecipitanlia.] Rash or 
 
 Pre-clp'i-tan-cy, J precipitate haste ; precipitation. 
 
 Pre-cip'i-tant, «• [L. prsecipitans. — See Precipi- 
 tate.]' Falling headlong ; rash. — 2, n. (Chem.) 
 A substance used to precipitate another sub- 
 stance. 
 
 a, e, I, o, 5, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
PEECIPITATE 
 
 427 
 
 PREEMPTION 
 
 Pre-cip'i-tate, v. a. [L. prsecipitare, prsecipitatum, 
 to throw headlong. — See Precipice.] [pp. pre- 
 cipitating, precipitated.] To throw down ; to 
 hasten. — (Ckern.) To throw, or cause to subside, 
 to the bottom, as a solid substance in a liquid. — 
 2, v. n. To fall to the bottom. 
 
 Pre-cip'i-tate, a. Steep; hasty; rash. — 2, n. 
 (Chem.) A substance thrown down in a liquid. 
 
 Pre-cip'i-tate-lx, ad. Hastily; rashly. 
 
 Pre-cip-i-ta'tion, n. [L. prsecipitatio.] The act 
 of precipitating ; rashness ; hurry ; blind haste : 
 — sediment. 
 
 Pre-cip'i-tous, a. [Fr. precipiteux.] Headlong ; 
 precipitate : — steep; abounding in precipices. 
 
 Pre-cip'i-tous-ly, ad. In a precipitous manner. 
 
 Pricis (pra-se), n. [Fr.] An abstract; a sum- 
 mary ; a memorandum. 
 
 Pre-cise', a. [Fr. precis, exact; L. prsecisus, cut 
 off, brief; prsecidere, to cut short; prse, before, 
 and csedere, to cut.] Exact ; strict ; nice ; formal. 
 
 Pre-cise'ly;, ad. Exactly; with precision. 
 
 Pre-cise'ness, n. Exactness ; rigid nicety. 
 
 Pre-ci"§ian (pre-sizh'an), n. One very exact. 
 
 Pre-ci"sion (pre-sizh'unj, n. [L. prsecisio, a cut- 
 ting otf, abruptness.] State of being precise ; 
 strictness ; exact limitation. 
 
 Pre-clude', v. a. [L. prsecludere, preclusion, to shut 
 off; prse, before, and claudere, to shut.] [pp. pre- 
 cluding, precluded.] To shut out by anticipa- 
 tion ; to hinder ; to prevent ; to obviate. 
 
 Pre-clQ'sion (pre-klu'zhun), n. [L. prseclusio. — 
 See Preclude.] The state of being precluded: 
 — the act of precluding ; previous hinderance. 
 
 Pre-clu'sive, a. Hindering by anticipation. 
 
 Fre-co'cious (pre-ko'shus), a. [Fr. precoce ; L. 
 prsecox, prsecocis, premature, rare-ripe ; prse, be- 
 fore, and coqutre, coctum, to ripen, to cook (q. v.).] 
 ltipe before the natural time ; early ripe. 
 
 Pre-co'cious-ness, n. Precocity. 
 
 Pre-coc'i-ty, n. [Fr. precocite.] State of being 
 precocious; ripeness before the natural time. 
 
 Pre-cog-ni"tion, w. [L. prsecognitio. — See Cogni- 
 tion'.] Previous knowledge. , 
 
 Pre-con-ceit', n. [Pre- and Conceit.] Opinion 
 previously formed. 
 
 Pre-con-ceive', v. a. [Pre- and Conceive.] [pp. 
 preconceiving, preconceived.] To conceive be- 
 forehand. 
 
 Pre-con-cep'tion, «. Opinion previously formed. 
 
 Pre-con-cert', v. a. [Pre- and Concert.] [pp. 
 preconcerting, preconcerted.] To concert be- 
 forehand. 
 
 Pre-con'cert, ». Previous agreement. 
 
 Prec'on-ize, v. a. [Fr. preconiser; L. prseco, prse- 
 conis, a herald, a crier.] [pp. preconizing, 
 preconized.] To proclaim; to appoint, as to a 
 bishopric. 
 
 Pre-con' tract, n. [Pre- and Contract.] A pre- 
 vious contract. 
 
 Fre-ciir'sive, a. Preceding; precursory. 
 
 Pre-ciir'sor, n. [L. precursor ; prse, before, and 
 cursor, a runner; currere, cursum, to run.] A 
 forerunner; a harbinger. 
 
 Pre-ciir'so-ry, a. [L. prsecursorius.] Introduc- 
 tory ; previous. 
 
 Pre-da'ceous (pre-da'shus), a. [L. prseda, prey, 
 booty.] Living by prey. 
 
 Pred'a-to-ry. a. [L. prsedatorius ; prsedator, a plun- 
 derer; prsedari, prsedatus, to prey ; prseda, booty.] 
 Practising rapine. 
 
 Pre-de-cease', v. a. [Pre- and Decease.] [pp. 
 predeceasing, predeceased.] To die before.— 2, n. 
 Previous decease. 
 
 Pred-e-ces'sor [pred-e-ses'sur, S. W. J. E. F. K. 
 Sm. ; pre-de-ses'sur, P. Ja.' (?.], n. [L. prsedeces- 
 sor; prse, before, and decessor, one who retires; 
 decedere, decessum, to depart ; de, from, and ce- 
 dere, to go.] One who precedes; one going 
 before. 
 
 Pre-des-ti-na'ri-an, n. A believer in predestina- 
 tion. — 2, a. Relating to predestination. 
 
 Pre-des'ti-nate, v. a. [L. prsedestinare, prsedesti- 
 nalum; prse, before, and destinare, to destine 
 (q. v.).] [pp. predestinating, predestinated.] 
 To predetermine ; to foreordain ; to predestine. 
 
 Pre-des'ti-nate, a. Predestinated. 
 
 Pre-des-ti-na'tion, n. [L. prsedestinatio.] Act of 
 predestinating; the doctrine that all events are 
 predestinated by God ; preordination. 
 
 Pre-des'ti-na-tor, n. One who predestinates. 
 
 Pre-des'tine, v. a. [See Predestinate.] [pp. 
 predestining, predestined.] To decree before- 
 hand : — to foreordain. 
 
 Pre-de-te'r'mi-nate, a. [Pre- and Determinate.] 
 Determined beforehand ; predetermined. 
 
 Pre-de-ter-mi-na'tion, n. Previous decree. 
 
 Pre-de-ter'mine, v. 'a. [Pre- and Determine.] 
 [^.'predetermining, predetermined.] To deter- 
 mine beforehand ; to predestinate ; to foreordain. 
 
 Pred-i-ca-bil'i-ty, n. State of being predicable. 
 
 Pred'i-ca-ble, a. [L. prsedicabilis.] That may be 
 affirmed. — 2, «. {Logic.) That which may be 
 predicated or affirmed of any thing. — The five 
 predicables in logic are genus, species, difference, 
 property, and accident. 
 
 Pre-dic'a-ment, n. [L. prsedicamentum, a quality, 
 a' class". — See Predicate.] A class; condition; 
 situation : — a trying situation. — (Logic.) A cate- 
 gory ; a series or order. 
 
 Pred'i-cant, a. [L. prsedicare, prsedicantis, to af- 
 firm. — See Predicate and Preach.] Of or 
 relating to, or consisting of, a predication ; af- 
 firming : — preaching. 
 
 Pred'i-cate, v. a. & v. n. [L. prsedicare, prstdica- 
 tum'] [pp. predicating, predicated.] To affirm; 
 to declare. 
 
 Pred'i-cate, n. [L. prsedicare, prsedicatum, to pro- 
 claim ;' prse, before, and dicere, to say; dicare, to 
 affirm.] That which is affirmed or denied. 
 
 Pred-i-ca'tion, n. [L. prsedictio.] An affirmation. 
 
 Pred'i-ca-to-ry, a. [L. prsedicatorius.] Affirma- 
 tive"; positive. 
 
 Pre-dict', v. a. [L. prsedicere, prmdictnm ; prse, be- 
 fore, and dicere, to say.] [pp. predicting, pre- 
 dicted.] To foretell; to prophesy. [prophecy. 
 
 Pre-dic'tion, n. [L. prsedicatio.] Act of predicting; 
 
 Pre-dic'tive, a. [L. prsedictints.] Prophetic ; fore- 
 
 Pre-dict'or, n. One who predicts. [telling. 
 
 Pre-di-lec'tion, n. [L. prse, before, and diligere, 
 dUectuin, to choose, to love ; di-, apart, and legere, 
 to choose.] A previous liking. 
 
 Pre-dis-pose', v. a. [Pre- and Dispose.] [pp. 
 predisposing, predisposed.] To adapt previously. 
 
 Pre-dis-po-§i"tion (-po-zish'un), ». [Pre- and 
 Disposition.] Previous disposition, inclination, 
 or adaptation. 
 
 Pre-dom'i-nance, \ n. Prevalence ; ascendency ; 
 
 Pre-dom'i-nan-cy, J superior influence. 
 
 Pre-dom'i-nant, a. [Pre- and Dominant.] Preva- 
 lent; prevailing. 
 
 Pre-dom'i-nant-ly, ad. Prevailingly. 
 
 Pre-dom'i-nate, v. n. [Pre- and Dominate.] [pp. 
 predominating, predominated.] To prevail; to 
 abound more than others. 
 
 Pre-dom-i-na'tion, n. Superior influence. 
 
 Pre-em'i-nence, n. [L. prseemmentia. — See Pre- 
 eminent.] State of being preeminent; higher 
 rank ; superiority ; priority. 
 
 Pre-em'i-nent, a. [L. prseeminens, pres. part, of 
 prseeminere, to excel ; prse, before, and eminere, 
 to jut out. — See Eminent.] Excellent above 
 others. 
 
 Pre-em'i-nent-ly, ad. With preeminence. 
 
 Pre-empt', v. a. ' [See Preemption. The use of 
 this verb is nearly peculiar to the United States.] 
 [pp- preempting, preempted.] To exercise the 
 right of preemption with respect to; to buy be- 
 fore others. 
 
 Pre-emp'tion (pre-emp'shun), «. [L. prse, before, 
 and emptio, a purchase; entere, emptum, to buy.] 
 Act of buying first :— right of buying before 
 others. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — $, 9, c, £, soft; p, &, p, g, hard ; § as z ; 5 as gz ; tnis. 
 
PKEEN 
 
 428 
 
 PKEPAEE 
 
 Preen, n. [A.-S. preon, Dan. preen, a bodkin; 
 Dut. priem, a spike ; Ger. pfriem, an awl.] A 
 forked instrument of clothiers. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 preening, preened.] To clean as with a preen. 
 
 Pre-en-gagV, v. a. [Pre- and Enrage.] [pp. 
 pre'engaging, preengaged.] To engage before- 
 hand. 
 
 Pre-en-gagVment, n. A previous engagement. 
 
 Pre-es-tab'lish,' v. a. [Pre- and Establish.] [pp. 
 pre'establis'hing, preestablished.] To establish 
 beforehand. 
 
 Pre-es-tab'lish-ment, n. Settlement beforehand ; 
 a previous establishment. 
 
 Pre-ex-ist', v. n. [Pre- and Exist.] [pp. pre- 
 existing, preexisted.] To exist beforehand. 
 
 Pre-ex-ist'ence, n. Previous existence. 
 
 Pre-ex-ist'ent, a. Existing beforehand. 
 
 Preface, n. [Fr. preface; It. prefuzio, prefazione ; 
 L. prsefatio or prsefatum ; prsefuri, to say before ; 
 prse, before, and furi, fatum, to speak.] Intro- 
 duction; proem; prelude. — 2, v. a. [pp. pref- 
 acing, prefaced.] To introduce by something. 
 
 Pref'a-to-ry, a. Introductory ; introducing. 
 
 Pre' feet,' n. ' [Fr. prefet; L. prsefectus,— literally, 
 one' set before ; prse, before, and facere, factum, 
 to make.] A Roman military or civil officer : — 
 a commander ; a mayor. 
 
 Pref'ec-ture [pre'fek-tiir, E. J. 8m. G Wb.], n. 
 [L. 'prsefectura.] The office of a prefect. 
 
 Pre-fer', v. a. [L. prseferre; prse, before, and ferre, 
 to carry.] [pp. preferring, preferred.] To re- 
 gard more than something else ; to choose : — to 
 advance ; to present ; to raise. 
 
 Pref'er-a-ble, a. [Fr. preferable.] That is to be 
 preferred ; deserving preference ; eligible. 
 
 Pref'er-a-bly, ad. In preference. 
 
 Pref'er-ence,' n. [Fr. preference.] The act of pre- 
 ferring ; choice ; first choice. 
 
 Pre-fer'ment, n. Advancement; promotion. 
 
 Pre-f ig-u-'ra'tion, n. The act of prefiguring. 
 
 Pre-f lg'u-ra-tive, a. Foreshowing by figures. 
 
 Pre-f Ig'ure' (pre-f Ig'yur), v. a. [Late L. prsefigu- 
 rare.— See Figure.] [pp. prefiguring, prefig- 
 ured.] To exhibit by antecedent representa- 
 tion ; to foreshow. 
 
 Pre-f ix', v. a. [L. prsefigere, prsefixum ; prse, before, 
 and figere, to fix (q. v.).] [pp. prefixing, pre- 
 fixed.] To appoint; to put before. 
 
 Pre'f ix, n. A particle placed before a word. 
 
 Preg'nan-cy, n. The state of being pregnant :— 
 fruitf'ulness : — inventive power. 
 
 Preg'nant, a. [L. pnegnans, prsegnantis, — strictly, 
 the present participle from obsolete prsegnare ; 
 prse, before, and obsolete gnare, to bear; whence 
 natus (gnatus), born.] Being with young; fruit- 
 ful :— full of significance. 
 
 Preg'nant-ly, ad. Fruitfully ; fully. 
 
 Pre-hen'sile, a. [Fr. prehensile; L. prehendere, 
 prehensum, to seize ; pre- (prse), before, and ob- 
 solete hendere, to get.] Adapted to seize. 
 
 Pre-hen'sion, n. [L. prehensio.] The act of taking 
 hold. [ceding history. 
 
 Pre-his-tor'ic, a. [Pre- and Historic] Pie- 
 
 Pre-jiidgV, v. a. [Pre- and Judge.] [pp. pre- 
 judging, prejudged.] To determine beforehand. 
 
 Pre-judf'ment, n. Previous judgment. 
 
 Pre-ju'di-cate, v. a. & v. n. [L. prsejudicare, prse- 
 judicatum ; prse, before, and judicare, to judge.] 
 '[pp. prejudicating, prejudicated.] To prejudge. 
 
 Pre-ju-di-ca'tion, n. The act of prejudging. 
 
 Prej'u-dice (pred'ju-dls), n. [Fr. prejudice; L. 
 prsejudicium ; prse, before, and judicium, a judg- 
 ment.— See Judicial and Judge.] Previous and 
 unfavorable bias or judgment; prepossession : — 
 damage; injury. — 2, v. a. [pp. prejudicing, 
 prejudiced.] To fill with prejudice. 
 
 Prej'u-diced (pred'ju-dist), p. a. Influenced by 
 prejudice; biassed; uncandid; unfair. 
 
 Prej-u-di"cial (pred-ju-disb/al), a. Mischievous; 
 
 hurtful ; injurious ; detrimental. 
 Prel'a-cy, n. The dignity of a prelate. 
 
 Prel'ate, n. [L. prsdatus ; prseferre, prselatum, to 
 set above or before. — See Prefer.] A bishop; a 
 high ecclesiastic. 
 Prel'ate-ship, n. The dignity or office of a prelate. 
 Pre-lat'ic, ) a. Relating to prelates or prelacy ; 
 Pre-lat'i-cal, j episcopal. 
 
 Prel'a-tist, n. An advocate for prelacy. [ure. 
 Pre-lec'tion, «. [L. prselectio.] A reading; a lect- 
 Pre-lec'tor, n. [L. prse, before, and lector, a 
 reader; legere, ledum, to read.] A reader; a 
 lecturer. [A previous taste. 
 
 Pre-11-ba'tion, n. [L. prselibatio. — See Libation.] 
 Pre-Hm'i-na-ry,, a. [Fr. preliminaire ; L. prse, be- 
 fore, and limen, liminis, a threshold.] Previous; 
 introductory. — 2, n. A preparatory step, act, or 
 measure ; that which precedes. 
 
 Prel'ude, n. [Late-L. prseludium ; L. prseludere, 
 to play before; prse, before, and ludere, to play.] 
 An introductory flight or flourish of music be- 
 fore a full concert : — something introductory. 
 
 Pre-lude', or Prel'ude, v. n. & v. a. [L. prseludere, 
 to play before; ludus, a play.] [pp. preluding, 
 preluded.] To be previous ; to introduce, as by 
 a prelude. 
 
 Pre-ma-ture', a. [L. prsematurus; prse, before, 
 and 'maturus, mature (q. v.).] Ripe too soon; 
 existing, said, or done, too soon ; too early ; un- 
 seasonable. 
 
 Pre-ma-ture'ly, ad. Too early ; too soon. 
 
 Pre-ma-ture'ness, "I n. State of being premature ; 
 
 Pre-ma-tu'ri-tjr, J precocity. 
 
 Pre-med'i-tate, v. a. [L. prsemeditari, prsemedita- 
 tus, to meditate.] [pp. premeditating, premedi- 
 tated.] To contrive beforehand. — 2, v. n. To 
 think beforehand. 
 
 Pre-med'i-tat-ed. p. a. Preconcerted ; designed. 
 
 Pre-med'i-tate-ly, ad. With premeditation. 
 
 Pre-med-i-ta'tion, n. [L. prsemeditatio.] The act 
 of premeditating. 
 
 Pre'mi-er, or Prem'ier [prem'yer, S. J. E.], n. 
 [Fr. premier, first; L. primarius, chief, primary 
 {q. v.).] The prime minister of England. — 2, a. 
 First in rank. 
 
 Pre'mi-er-ship, n. The office of premier. 
 
 Pre-ml§e', v. a. [L. prseruittere, prsemissum ; prse, 
 before, and mittere, to send.] [pp. premising, 
 premised.] To explain previously. — 2, v. n. To 
 make previous propositions. 
 
 Prem'ise, n. ; pi. Prem'is-es. [L. prsemissum, sent 
 before, stated already.'] (Logic.) A thing pre- 
 mised. — pi. The first two propositions of a 
 syllogism. — (Law.) Houses, tenements, and 
 lands : — statements before made. 
 
 Prem'iss, n. The same as Premise. 
 
 Pre'mi-um, n. [L. prsemium, a profit; prse, before, 
 and 'emere, to gain, to buy.] A bounty ; recom- 
 pense ; a reward. 
 
 Pre-mo-ni"tion (-nish'un), w. [L. prsemonitio. — 
 See Monition.] Previous warning. 
 
 Pre-mon'i-to-ry, a. [L. prsemonitorius.] Previ- 
 ously warning. 
 
 Pren'tice, n. Apprentice. See Apprentice. 
 
 Pre-oc'cu-pan-cy, n. Previous possession. 
 
 Pre-oc-cu-pa'tion, n. [L. prseoccupatio.] Prior oc- 
 cupation. 
 
 Pre-oc'cu-py, v. a. [L. prseocenpare. — See Oc- 
 cupy.] [pp. preoccupying, preoccupied.] To 
 occupy previously : — to engage beforehand. 
 
 Pre-or-dain', v. a. [L. prseordinare. — See Ordain.] 
 [pp. preordaining, preordained.] To ordain be- 
 forehand. 
 
 Pre-or-di-na'tion, n. The act of preordaining. 
 
 Prep-a-rli'tion, n. [L. prseparatio.] The act of 
 preparing;' state of being prepared; readiness; 
 qualification. [That which prepares. 
 
 Pre-par'a-tive, a. Tending to prepare.— 2, w. 
 
 Pre-par'a-to-ry, a. Introductory; previous. 
 
 Pre-pare\ v. a. [L. prseparare ; prse, before, and 
 p'arare, to get ready.] [pp. preparing, prepared.] 
 To make ready ; to fit ; to qualify ; to form ; to 
 provide. — 2, v. n. To take previous measures. 
 
 a, e, i, 5, u, y, long; a, e, I, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her j 
 
PREPARED 
 
 429 
 
 PRESS 
 
 Pre-pared' (pre-pard'), p. a. Having preparation ; 
 qualified ; equipped ; ready. 
 
 Pre-pay', v. a. [Pre- and Pay.] [pp. prepaying, 
 prepaid.] To pay beforehand. 
 
 Pre-pay'ment, n. Payment beforehand. 
 
 Pre-pense', a. [Pre-, and Fr. pewter, to think ; 
 L. pemare, to ponder; frequentative of pendere, 
 pensum, to weigh.] Preconceived ; premeditated. 
 
 Pre-pol'lence, \n. [L. prsepollentia.] Prevalence; 
 
 Pre-pol'len-cy, J superiority of force or influence. 
 
 Pre-pol'lent, a. [L. prsepollw, prsepollentis, to have 
 the superiority ; prse, before, and pollere, to be 
 powerful : akin to potis, able.] Having a pre- 
 vailing or superior influence. 
 
 Pre-pon'der-ance, n. Superiority of weight. 
 
 Pre-pon'der-ant, a. [L. prseponderans.] Outweigh- 
 ing ; preponderating. • 
 
 Pre-pon'der-ate, v. a. & v. n. [L. prseponderare, 
 p'rseponderalum, to outweigh; prse, before, and 
 ponderare, to weigh ; pondus, ponderis, weight. — 
 Cf. pendere, to weigh.] [pp. preponderating, 
 preponderated.] To exceed in weight or influ- 
 ence ; to outweigh ; to prevail. 
 
 Prep-o-sT'tion (prep-o-zlsh'un), n. [L. prseposilio ; 
 prse, before, and positio, a putting, a position 
 (q. v.).] (Gram.) A particle connecting words 
 with each other, and governing a case of nouns 
 or pronouns. 
 
 Prep-o-§i"tion-al, a. Relating to prepositions. 
 
 Pre-pos'i-tive, a. [L. i)rsepositims.~\ Placed be- 
 fore ; prefixed. — 2, n. A prefix to a word. 
 
 Pre-pos-sess', v. a. [Pre- and Possess.] [pp. 
 prepossessing, prepossessed.] To possess before- 
 hand ; to preoccupy ; to bias or influence before- 
 hand: — to impress favorably : — to prejudice. 
 
 Pre-pos-§essed' (-zest'), p. a. Preoccupied. 
 
 Pre-pos-sess'ing, p. a. Preoccupying ; tending 
 to invite or gain favor. 
 
 Pre-po§-§es'sion (pre-poz-zesh'un), n. The act 
 of prepossessing ; preoccupation : — preconceived 
 opinion; prejudice in one's favor, or the re- 
 verse ; bias. 
 
 Pre-pos'ter-ofis, a. [L. prseposterus, inverted, hind 
 side before; prse, before, and posterns, after.] 
 Distorted; perverted; inverted ; absurd; wrong. 
 
 Pre-pos'ter-oiis-ly, «d. Absurdly; foolishly. 
 
 Pre-pos'ter-ous-ness, n. Absurdity; folly. 
 
 Pre-po'ten-cy, n. [L. prsepotentia. — See Potency.] 
 Superior power. 
 
 Pre-po'tent, a. [L. prsepotens. — See Potent.] Hav- 
 ing superior power; prepollent. 
 
 Pre'puce, n. [Fr. ; L. prstputium.] The foreskin. 
 
 Pre-req'ui-§ite (pre-rek'we-zit), n. [Pre- and 
 Requisite.] Something previously required or 
 necessary. — 2, «. Previously required. 
 
 Pre-rog'a-tive, n. [L. prserogativa, a preference ; 
 prserogidivus, one who is asked his opinion first ; 
 prse, before, and rogare, rogatum, to ask.] A 
 peculiar privilege; the right or preeminence of a 
 king. — 2, a. Having special privileges. 
 
 Pres'afe, n. [L. prsesagium.] Something that 
 foreshows; a prognostic; an ome»; a token ; an 
 indication. 
 
 Pre-sagV, v. a. [L. prsesagire, to perceive before ; 
 prse, before, and sagire, to perceive quickly. — Of. 
 sagus, predicting.] [pp. presaging, presaged.] 
 To forebode ; to foreshow. [foreboding. 
 
 Pre-sa£'ing, p. or a. Foreseeing; foretelling; 
 
 Pres-by-o'pi-a, n. [Gr. 7rpeV/3u?, old, aud w\j/, 
 iotto?, the eye.] Old sight; far-sightedness. 
 
 Pres-by-op'ic, a. Long-sighted; far-sighted. 
 
 Pres'by-ter [pres'-, I. St. N.], n. [Gr. 7rpeo-|3vTepo?, 
 older, an elder; 7rpe<r/3us, old.] An elder :— a 
 priest : — a member of a presbytery. 
 
 Pres-by-te'ri-an [pres-, I. St. N.], n. One who holds 
 to church 'government by presbyteries or by 
 clerical and lay presbyters.— 2, «. Relating to 
 Presbyterianism ; governed by presbyters. 
 
 Pres-by-te'ri-an-ism, n. Ecclesiastical govern- 
 ment conducted by presbyters. 
 
 Pres/by-ter-y [prez'be-ter e, S. W. J. F. Ja. H. K. 
 
 Sm. ; pres'be-ter-e, P. E. B. I. St. Wb. N.], n. 
 [Gr. npea-^vTepiov, a body of elders.] A body of 
 clerical and lay presbyters : — an ecclesiastical 
 body of pastors and ruling elders. 
 
 Pre'sci-ence (pre'she-ens) [pre'shens, S. K. ; presh'- 
 ens, P.'], n. [L. prsescientia, foreknowledge. — See 
 Science.] Foreknowledge; foresight. 
 
 Pre'sci-ent (pre'she-ent), a. [L. yrsesciens, pres. 
 pai't. of prsescire, to know before.] Foreknowing. 
 
 Pre-scribe', v. a. [L. prsescribere, prsescriptum ; 
 prse, before, and scribere, to write. J [pp. pre- 
 scribing, prescribed.] To set down; to order; 
 to appoint ; to dictate : — to direct medically. — 
 2, v. 71. To give directions or rules. 
 
 Pre-scrib'er, n. One who prescribes. 
 
 Prl' script, a. [L. prsescriptus. — See Prescribe.] 
 Directed ; prescribed. — 2, ». A direction : a de- 
 cree ; a precept. 
 
 Pre-scrip'tion, n. [L. prsescriptio. — See Pre- 
 scribe.] A custom long continued till it has the 
 force of law : — a recipe. [by custom. 
 
 Pre-scrip'tive, a. [L. prsescriptivus.] Established 
 
 Prls/ence, n. [L. prsesentia.] State of being pres- 
 ent : — port; air; demeanor: — readiness at need. 
 
 Pres'ent, a. [L. prsesens, prsesentia; prse, before, 
 and'(sum) esse, to be ; pres. part, ens, obsolete sens, 
 being.] Not absent; near; at hand ; now exist- 
 ing. — 2, n. The present time : — something given ; 
 a gift; a donation; benefaction. — [Law.) pU 
 Writings. 
 
 Pre-sent', v. a. [L. prsesentare, to give,— literally, 
 to cause to be present.] [pp. presenting, pre- 
 sented.] To exhibit : — to offer : — to give ; to 
 favor with gifts : — to introduce. 
 
 Pre-sent'a-ble, a. That may be presented : — fit 
 to be seen or presented. 
 
 Pres-en-ta'tion, n. Act of presenting; exhibi- 
 tion'; display : — the giving of a benefice. 
 
 Pres-en-tee', n. One presented to a benefice. 
 
 Pre-§ent'er, ». One who presents. 
 
 Pr§-sen'ti-ment, n. [L. prsesentire, to feel before. 
 — See Sentiment.] A foreboding or previous 
 impression. 
 
 Pres'ent-ly, ad. Immediately ; soon. 
 
 Pre-sent'm'ent, n. [See Present.] The act of 
 presenting: presentation. — (Law.) Notice or ac- 
 cusation, relating to some offence, <fcc, by a 
 grand jury. 
 
 Pre-§erv'a-ble, a. That may be preserved. 
 
 Pres-er-va'tion, n. [Fr. preservation.'] The act 
 of preserving. 
 
 Pre-serv'a-tive, n. [Fr. preservatif.] That which 
 preserve's. — 2, a. Tending to preserve. 
 
 Pre-serv'a-to-ry^ n. A preservative : — a conserva- 
 tory. — 2, a. Tending to preserve. 
 
 Preserve', v. a. [Fr. preserver; L. prse, before- 
 hand, and servare, to keep.] [pp. preserving, 
 preserved.] To defend from any evil ; to save; 
 to keep : — to season, as fruit. — 2, v. Fruit pre- 
 served in sugar : — a shelter or park for game. 
 
 Pre-serv'er, n. One who preserves. 
 
 Pre-§Ide', v. n. [L. prsesidere ; prse, before, and 
 sedere, to sit (q. v.).] [pp. presiding, presided.] 
 To act as president ; to direct. 
 
 Pres/i-den-cy, n. The office of president : — the 
 term of the office : — superintendence : — a prov- 
 ince under a president. 
 
 Pres/i-dent [pres'-, St. J.], n. [L. prsesidens, pres. 
 part, of prsesidere, to preside.] One who presides ; 
 a chief officer of a college, society, corporation, 
 or state : — the chief magistrate of a republic. 
 
 Pre§-i-den'tial (-shal), a. Relating to a president. 
 
 Press, v. a. [Fr. presser; L. pressure, frequenta- 
 tive of premere, pressnm, to press.] [pp. pressing, 
 pressed.] To squeeze; to compress: — to con- 
 strain ; to distress ; to urge : — [0. E. prest, ready 
 money, advance pay; It. prestare. to lend, to 
 advance, as pay; L. prsestare, to furnish, to pro- 
 vide, to become surety for; prse, before, and 
 stare, to stand. In its present form and mean- 
 ing press is, however, a mere extension of the 
 
 ', son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, 9, 5, £, soft ; p, fSt, g, §, hard ; § as z ; $ as gz ; tnis. 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nor 
 
 __ 
 
PKESS-GANG 
 
 430 
 
 PKEVIOUS 
 
 ordinary word press; but historically it repre- 
 sents the obsolete prest] to force into some ser- 
 vice ; to impress. — 2, v. n. To urge; to en- 
 croach; to crowd. — 3, n. An instrument for 
 pressing : — the instrument or the art of print- 
 ing : — books and papers printed ; the literature 
 of a country : — a crowd ; a throng : — violent 
 tendency : — a case for clothes. 
 
 Press' -gang, n. A detachment from a ship's 
 crew, that forces men into naval service. 
 
 Press'ing, p. a. That presses ; urgent. 
 
 Press'ing-ly, ad. With force ; closely. 
 
 Press' man, n. A printer who works at the press. 
 
 Press' lire (presh'ur), n. [L. pressura. — See Press.] 
 The act of pressing ; force; gravitation; weight: 
 — impression ; stamp : — urgency : — oppression ; 
 grievance. 
 
 Pres-ti-dig-i-ta'tion, n. [It. presto, Fr. preste, 
 pret, nimble, quick, and Digit (q. v.), a finger; 
 extended, by means of an erroneous idea of its 
 meaning, from prestiyiation. — See Presto.] The 
 art of legerdemain. 
 
 Pres-ti-di£--i-ta'tor, n. [Fr. prestidiyitateur.] One 
 skilled in prestidigitation; a juggler. 
 
 Pres'ti£e, or Pres-tigV, n. [Fr. prestige, fascina- 
 tion,' a spell ; L. prsestigvum, deception, jugglery ; 
 prsestinguere, to darken, to deceive ; prse, before, 
 and stinguere, to extinguish (q. v.).] Illusion : — 
 charm ; fascination ; stimulus ; that which gives 
 influence, advantage, or ascendency. 
 
 Pres-ti£-i-a'tion, n. [L. prsestigiare, prsestigiatwn, 
 to deceive by jugglers' tricks ; prsestighe, jugglers' 
 tricks. — See Prestige.] Jugglery; prestidigita- 
 tion. 
 
 Pres-ti§'i-a-tor, n. [L. prsestigiator.] A juggler. 
 
 Prls'to, ad. fit. ; Fr. preste, quick ; pret, ready ; 
 L. prsestus, at hand; prsesto {ad.), at hand : akin 
 to prse, before. — Of. prsestare, to stand before.] 
 Quick; gayly. 
 
 Pre-§um'a-ble, a. That may be presumed. 
 
 Pre-sum'a-bly, ad. As may fairly be assumed. 
 
 Pre-§ume', v. n. [L. prsesumere, prsesumptum, to 
 take for granted ; prse, before, and sumere, to as- 
 sume (q. v.), to take; sub, under, and emere, to 
 take.] [pp. presuming, presumed.] To take 
 beforehand; to suppose; to think; to take for 
 granted : — to be forward, confident, or arrogant ; 
 to venture. — 2, v. a. To take for granted; to 
 suppose. 
 
 Pre-sum'ing, p. a. Arrogant ; presumptive. 
 
 Pre-sump'tion (pre-zum'sr- v i), „. [L. prsesmvptio. 
 —See Presume.] Th©':' of presuming; sup- 
 position ; confidence ; arrW nee. 
 
 Pre-§ump'tive, a. [See Presume.] Probable; 
 supposed.— Presumptive heir is the present heir 
 at law, distinguished from the heir apparent. 
 
 Pre-§iimp'tive-ly, ad. By previous si pposition. 
 
 Pre-§umpt'u-ous (pre-zumt'yu-us), a. [L. prse- 
 s'umptuosus.] Arrogant; presuming; confident ; 
 adventurous. 
 
 Pre-siimpt'u-ous-ly, ad. Arrogantly. 
 
 Pre-§umpt'u-ous-ness, n. Yain confidence. 
 
 Prl-sup-pos/al, n. Previous supposition. 
 
 Pre-sup-pose'\ v. a. [Pre- and Suppose.] [pp. 
 presupposing, presupposed.] To suppose before- 
 hand. 
 
 Pre-sup-po-si"tion, n. [Pre- and Supposition.] 
 Previous' supposition : — the act of presupposing; 
 something presupposed. 
 
 Pre-tence', n. [Late L. prsetensus. — See Pretend.] 
 The act of pretending or alleging what is not 
 real ; false or deceptive show or reason ; a pre- 
 text; an assumption. — False pretences (Law), false 
 representations made with a design to obtain 
 money or goods. 
 
 Pre-tend', v. a. [L. prsetendere, prsetensum, to pre- 
 tend, to spread out before ; prse, before, and ten- 
 dere, to stretch. — See Tend.] [pp. pretending, 
 pretended.] To hold out an appearance of ; to 
 simulate; to claim falsely ; to feign. — 2, v. n. To 
 hold out an appearance. 
 
 Pre-tend'er, n. One who pretends. 
 Pre-tend' ing, p. a. Making pretensions. [tence. 
 Pre-ten'sion, n. [Fr. pretention.] A claim : — a pre- 
 Pre-ten'tious (-shus), a. Making pretensions; vain. 
 Prl'ter. [L. prseler, beyond.] A particle which, 
 prefixed to words of Latin origin, signifies be- 
 side, by, or beyond. 
 Pret'er-ite, or Pre'ter-ite, a. [L. prseterire, prse- 
 teritum, to go by ; p'rseter, beyond, and ire, to go.] 
 (Gram.) Past; noting the past tense of a verb: 
 — written also preterit. — 2, n. The past tense. 
 
 Pre-ter-mis'sion, it. [L. prsetermissio.] The act 
 of pretermitting. 
 
 Pre-ter-mit', v. a. [L. prsetermittere, prsetermissum ; 
 prseler, beyond, and mittere, to send, to let go.] 
 [pp. pretermitting, pretermitted.] To pass by ; 
 to omit. 
 
 Pre-ter-nat'u-ral, a. [L, prseler, beyond, and 
 Natural.] Beyond what is natural; abnormal; 
 unnatural ; supernatural. 
 
 Pre-ter-nat'u-ral-ly., ad. Supernatural ly. 
 
 Pre'ter-plu'per-fect, a. [L. prseler, beyond, plus, 
 more, and perf'ectum, perfect (q. v.).] (Gram.) 
 Past before some other past time ; pluperfect. 
 
 Pre-text', or Pre'text, n. [L. prsetextum ; prse, be- 
 fore, and tegere, textum, to weave.] A false alle- 
 gation, pretension, or show ; a pretence ; excuse ; 
 ostensible reason. 
 
 Pre'tor, n. [L. prsetor,— literally, a leader; prse, 
 before, and ire, iturn, to go.] A high offher in 
 ancient Rome; a commander; a judge. 
 
 Pre-to'ri-an, a. Relating to a pretor; judicial. 
 
 Prl'tor-ship, n. The office of pretor. 
 
 Pret' ti-ly. (prit'tj-le), ad. Neatly; pleasingly. 
 
 Pret'ti-ness (prit'ti-nes), n. State of being pretty ; 
 neatness. 
 
 Pret'ty. (prit'te), a. [A.-S. prsetig, deceitful, trick- 
 ish; prsett, deceit; Welsh praith, an act; Icel. 
 prettr, a trick ; Late L. practica, a performance. 
 — See Practice.] Moderately beautiful; hand- 
 some ; neat ; trim ; fair ; fine ; pleasing. — 2, ad. 
 In some degree. 
 
 Pret'zel, n. [Ger. brezel, a bracelet (q. v.).] A 
 salted wheaten cake, twisted into a form some- 
 what resembling that of a bracelet :— written 
 also bretzel. 
 
 Pre-vail', v. n. [L. prsevalere, to have great power ; 
 prse, before, and valere, to be strong.] [pp. pre- 
 vailing, prevailed.] To be prevalent ; to succeed. 
 
 Pre-vail'ing, a. Predominant ; prevalent. 
 
 Prev'a-lence, n. [Late L. prsevalentia.] Superi- 
 ority : influence: — wide extension. 
 
 Prev'a-lent, a. [L. prsevalens, pres. part, of prseva- 
 lere,' to prevail (q. v.).] Predominant ; prevailing. 
 
 Prev'a-lent-ly, ad. Powerfully; forcibly. 
 
 Pre-var'i-cate, v. n. [L. prsevaricari, prsevaricatus, 
 to shuffle, to evade, — properly, to walk with the 
 legs astride; various, straddling; varus, knock- 
 kneed.] [pp. pievaricating, prevaricated.] To 
 evade the truth; to quibble; to equivocate; to 
 shuffle ; to cavil. 
 
 Pre-var-i-ca'tion, n. [L. prsevaricatio.] The act 
 of prevaricating ; a quibble; a shuffle; a cavil. 
 
 Pre-var'i-ca-tor, n. [L. prsevaricator.] One who 
 prevaricates. ' 
 
 Pre-ve'ni-ent, a. [L. prseveniens, going before; a 
 present participle. — See Prevent.] Preceding; 
 preventive. 
 
 Pre- vent', v. a. [L. prsevenire, prseventum, to go 
 before ; prse, before, and venire, to go.] [pp. pre- 
 venting, prevented.] To precede: — to hinder; 
 to obviate; to obstruct; to preclude. 
 
 Pre-vent'a-ble, a. That may be prevented. 
 
 Pre-vent'er, n. One who hinders. 
 
 Pre-ven'tion, n. [L. prseventio, anticipation.] 
 tiinderarice ; obstruction. 
 
 Pre-vent'ive, a. Preservative ; hindering.— 2, n. 
 A preservative ; an antidote. 
 
 Pre'vi-ous, a. [L. prsevius, going before; prse, 
 before, and via, a way (q. v.).] Being before; 
 antecedent; prior. 
 
 a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, I, o, u, y, sJiort; a, §, i, o, u, y.i obscure.— Fire, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
PEEVIOUSLY 
 
 431 
 
 PEISMATIC 
 
 Pre'vi-ous-ly, ad. Beforehand ; antecedently. 
 
 Pre-vi"sion (pre-vlzh'un), w. [Fr. prevision. — See 
 Pre- and Vision.] Act of foreseeing; foresight. 
 
 Prey (pra), n. [Fr. proie ; 0. Fr. preie ; L. prseda, 
 booty.] Rapine; plunder; ravage. — 2, v. n. 
 [pp. preying, preyed.] To plunder; to rob; to 
 devour ; to waste. 
 
 Price, n. [Fr. prix ; 0. Fr. preus; L. pretiumJ] 
 Value ; estimation ; reward ; cost. 
 
 Price'-cur'rent, n. A list of articles of merchan- 
 dise with their prices stated. [value. 
 
 Price'less, a. Invaluable; without price : — of no 
 
 Prick, v. a. [Dan. prik, a dot; Sw. prick, a point; 
 pricka, to point; Welsh pric, a stick; Irish 
 pricadh, a goad; prioca, a sting.] [pp. pricking, 
 pricked.] To pierce ; to spur ; to goad ; to incite ; 
 to erect ; to mark : — to make acid. — 2, v. n. [Cf. 
 Prig and Prink.] To dress for show ; to prink. 
 — 3, n. A point; a spur; a puncture; a goad. 
 
 Prick'er, n. Any thing that pricks; a prick. 
 
 Prick' et, n. [From the pricks, or points, of the 
 antlers.] A buck in his second year. 
 
 Prick'ing, n. Sensation of beiusr pricked. 
 
 Pric'kie. n. [A diminutive of Prick ; Dut. prikkel] 
 A small, sharp point ; a pricker. 
 
 Prick'li-ness, n. Fulness of sharp points. 
 
 Prick'ly, a. Full of sharp points. 
 
 Prick'ly.-ash, n. An aromatic prickly shrub. 
 
 Prick'ly-pear, n. A plant, a sort of cactus. 
 
 Pride, n. [A.-S. pryte, from prut, proud (q. v.).] 
 Inordinate self-esteem; haughtiness; insolent 
 exultation; loftiness; vanity ; conceit; that of 
 which one is proud. — 2, v. a. [pp. priding, 
 prided.] To make proud ; to rate high. 
 
 Priest (prest), ». [A.-S. preost; L. presbyter (q. v.).] 
 One who officiates in sacred offices; a clergyman ; 
 an ecclesiastic. 
 
 Priest'craft. n. Religious fraud or artifice ; craft 
 or fraud of priests. 
 
 Priest'ess, n. A female priest. 
 
 Priest'hood (prest'hiid), n. [A.-S. predst-had.] 
 The office and character of a priest; the order 
 of priests. 
 
 Priest'li-ness, n. The manner of a priest. 
 
 Priest'ly, a. Like a priest; sacerdotal. 
 
 Prig, ». [Akin to Prick, Prink; 0. Dut. pryJeen, 
 to make a show.] A pert, conceited little fellow. 
 
 Prig'£ish, a. Conceited; vain; pert. 
 
 Prim, n. [0. E. prime, to prune.] A plant or 
 shrub, privet.— 2, a. [0. Fr. prim, prime, prin, 
 smooth, sharp, delicate : probably a form of 
 Prime, first. — See Primp.— Cf. also 0. E. prime, 
 to trim, to prune.] Formal; precise; affectedly 
 nice. — 3, v. a. [pp. primming, primmed.] To 
 deck up precisely ; to prink. 
 
 Pri'ma-cy, n. [Fr. primatie.] The office or dignity 
 of a primate. 
 
 Pri'ma don'na. n. [It. for "first lady."] The 
 principal female singer in an opera. 
 
 Pri'mal, a. Primary; original. 
 
 Pri'ma-ri-ly, ad. Originally ; at first. 
 
 Pri'ma-ry, a. [L. primarius. — See Prime.] First; 
 original ; principal. 
 
 Pri'mate, n. [L. primas, primatis ; primus, first.] 
 The chief prelate in a church ; an archbishop. 
 
 Prime, w. [L. primus, first: akin to Prior and to 
 prse, before.] The dawn : — the first part ; height ; 
 best part : — the spring of life ; spring. — 2, a. 
 Early ; primal :— principal ; first :— first-rate.— 
 3, v. a. [Probably from Fr. prime, the first posi- 
 tion in fencing.] [pp. priming, primed.] To 
 put powder in the pan of a gun : — to lay the 
 ground for painting. — 4, v. «. To serve for the 
 charge of a gun. 
 
 Prime'ly, ad. Originally; primarily; well. 
 
 Prim'er [prl'mer, I.], n. [Fr. primaire, L. prima- 
 rius, primary.] A small book for children : — a 
 printing-type ; long primer ; great primer. 
 
 Prim'er, n. A device for firing explosives. 
 
 Pri-me'val, a. [L. primsevus; primus, first, and 
 serum, age.] Original; first; primitive. 
 
 Prim'ing, n. Powder for the pan of a gun : — the 
 first'coat in painting. 
 
 Prim'i-tive, o. [h. primitivus. — See Prime.] Origi- 
 nal ;' first ; primary. — 2, n. A primitive or 
 original word. 
 
 Prim'i-tive-ly, ad. Originally ; at first. 
 
 Prim'ness, n. Affected niceness or formality. 
 
 Pri-mo-£en'i-ture, n. [Fr. primogeniture ; L. pri- 
 mogenitus, first-born ; primus, first, and gignere, 
 genitum, to beget.] Seniority by birth. 
 
 Pri-mor'di-al, a. [L. primordial U; jirimordium, 
 origin ; primus, first, and ordiri, to begin.] Origi- 
 nal ; first in order : — relating to. associated w : ith, 
 or characterized by the beginnings of life. — 2, n. 
 Origin ; first principle. 
 
 Primp, v. n. & v. a. [A form of Prink.] [pp. 
 primping, primped.] To prink. 
 
 Prim'ro§e, n. [L. prima, first, and rosa, rose. — 
 Cf. Late L. primula, a primrose; Fr. primerole, a 
 primrose. The Fr. primerone is a hollyhock. — 
 Cf. It. primavera, early spring.— also, a prim- 
 rose.] A perennial plant and its flower. 
 
 Prince, n. [Fr. prince; L. prmeeps, principis, a 
 chief, a great person ; primus, first, and the root 
 of capere, to take.] A sovereign ; a ruler; a sov- 
 ereign of a principality ; a chief':— a king's son. 
 
 Prince'dom, n. The rank or state of a prince. 
 
 Prince'li'-ness. n. State of being princely. 
 
 Prince'ly, a. Becoming a prince : grand. 
 
 Prin'ce's'-feath'er, r». A plant and its flower. 
 
 Prin'cess, n. [Fr. princesse ; It. prinripessa.] A 
 sovereign or royal lady : — the daughter of a 
 sovereign : — the wife of a prince. 
 
 Prm'ci-pal, a. [L. principalis, chief; princeps, a 
 prince (>'/. c.).] Chief; capital; essential •.—pri- 
 mary; first; supreme: — important. — 2, n. A 
 head ; a chief: — the first officer in a seminary : 
 — a leader; one primarily engaged: — a sum 
 placed out at interest. 
 
 Prin-ci-pal'i-ty. n- The state, rank, office, or 
 domain of a prince : — a sovereignty. 
 
 Prin'ci-pal-ly, ad. Chiefly; above all. 
 
 Prin-cip'i'-a, n. pi. [L.] First principles. 
 
 Prin'ci-pie, n. [Fr. principe ; L. principwm, a be- 
 ginning; primus, first, and capere, to take. The 
 / in this word is intrusive.] An element; con- 
 stituent part: — cause :— fundamental truth; a 
 doctrine: — ground of action; motive; tenet: — 
 character. — 2, v. a. [pp- principling, princi- 
 pled.] "" -biblish in principles. 
 
 Prink, v. a TAkin to Prank, Primp, 
 
 Prick, Prim 9, and possibly to Trim, 
 
 Trick, Trinkl. nd Trio.] [pp. prinking, 
 prinked.] To dress for show. 
 
 Print, v. a. [A shortened form of Imprint.] [pp. 
 printing, printed.] To mark; to stamp: to im- 
 press. — 2« v. n. To practise the art of typogra- 
 phy. — 3, n. A mark made by impression :— an 
 engraving : — a stamp : — an impression made by 
 types : — any thing printed ; a newspaper. 
 
 Print'er, n. One who prints books, &c. 
 
 Print'ing, n. The business of a printer. 
 
 Print'ing-press, n. A press for printing. 
 
 Print' -sell-er, ». One who sells engravings. 
 j Pri'or, a. [L. prior, sooner, earlier, — al-o, a father. 
 — See Prime.] Former; antecedent; anterior: — 
 [ preceding. — 2, n. The head of a priory of monks. 
 I Pri'or-ess, n. The superior of a priory of nuns. 
 | Pri-or'i-tx. «• [& v - priorile ; Late L. priorUas.] 
 | State of being prior or first. 
 j Pri'or-ship, n. The state or office of a prior. 
 
 Pri'or-y, n. A convent in rank, 
 inferior to an abbey. 
 
 Prism, n. [Gr. n-pta/oio, — liter- 1 
 ally, something sawn ; n-pc- 
 &iv, for npUiv, to saw.] A Prism, 
 
 geometrical solid figure whose 
 two ends are triangles, equal, parallel, and 
 straight, and whose sides are parallelograms. 
 
 Pri§-ma.t'ic, a. Relating to or like a prism. — 
 Prismatic colors, the seven primary colors, into 
 
 mien, sir; m6ve, nor, son; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5, Q, c, §, soft; p, £, p, J, hard; § as z j $ as gz ; this. 
 
PKISMOID 
 
 432 
 
 PROCONSTTLSHIP 
 
 which a ray of light is decomposer! when re- 
 fracted from a prism, — viz., red, orange, yellow, 
 green, blue, purple, and violet. 
 
 Pris/moid, n. A body somewhat like a prism. 
 
 Pris'on (priz'zn), n. [Fr. prison, Sp. prision, a 
 prison, — also, imprisonment; It. prigiotie, a 
 prison ; L. prensio, for prehensio, seizure, con- 
 finement; prehendere, to seize.] Place of confine- 
 ment; a jail.— 2, v. a. [pp. prisoning, prisoned.] 
 To imprison ; to confine. 
 
 Pris'on-er (priz'zn-er), n. [Fr. prisonnier.] One 
 confined in prison : — one taken by an enemy ; a 
 captive. 
 
 Pris'on-house (priz'zn-), n. A jail; a hold. 
 
 Pris'tine, a. [L. pristinus, old : akin to prisons, 
 ancient, and to prior, sooner.] First ; ancient ; 
 primary ; primitive. 
 
 Pritn'ee. A corruption of I pray thee. 
 
 PrI'va-cy [pri'va-se or priv'a-se, W. J. F. ; priv'- 
 a-sej S. 'E.], n. "Retirement; seclusion; solitude. 
 
 Pri'vate, a- [L. privates, apart ; privare, to de- 
 priA ; e, to separate ; privus, single, — also, apart.] 
 Not open ; secret ; not public ; particular ; pe- 
 culiar; belonging to an individual. — 2, n. A 
 common soldier. 
 
 PrI-va-teer', n. A private armed vessel: — the 
 captain of a private armed ship. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
 privateering, privateered.] To fit ont and man- 
 age privateers, in order to take prizes at sea. 
 
 PrI-va-teers/man, n. One who serves on a priva- 
 
 Prl'vate-ly, ad.' In a private manner. [teer. 
 
 PrI-va'tion, n. [L. privatio ; privare, to deprive.] 
 The loss of any thing; absence; want; hard- 
 ship ; distress. 
 
 Priv'a-tive, a. [L. privai&ms.—See Privation.] 
 Causing privation; takiugaway : — negative; not 
 positive. Privative is in things what negative is 
 in propositions. — 2, n. A negative property. 
 
 Priv'a-tive-ly, ad. By privation ; negatively. 
 
 Priv'et, n. [Called also prim, print, and privy. 
 Etymology doubtful.— See Prim.] A plant or 
 flowering shrub. 
 
 Priv'i-le£-e, n. [L. privilegium, a private ordi- 
 nance; privus, single, individual, and lex, legis, a 
 law.] A peculiar advantage; a right; an ex- 
 emption; an immunity; prerogative. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. privileging, privileged.] To grant a privi- 
 lege to; to excuse; to exempt,. as from taxes. 
 
 Priv'i-le£ed, p. a. Enjoying special privileges ; 
 specially favored. 
 
 Prlv'i-ly, ad. Secretly ; privately. 
 
 Priv'i-ty, n. [Fr. privavtc, familiarity.] Secret 
 concurrence ; cognizance ; consciousness. 
 
 Priv'y, a. [Fr. prive, L. privates, private (q. v.).] 
 Secret; private; privately knowing. — 2, n. A 
 place of retirement ; a necessary. 
 
 Prize, n. [Fr. prise, a capture ; prendre (part. 
 pris), to take ; L. prehendere, prehension, to seize. 
 — See the verb.] A reward gained by contest; a 
 valuable acquisition ; something taken from an 
 enemy; capture: — a reward : — [cf. Manx prise, a 
 fulcrum; probably Fr. prise, a grasp.— See as 
 above] a lever. See Pry. — 2, v. a. [Fr. priser, 
 to prize, to value; prix, a prize, a price; L. pre- 
 Hum, a reward : much confused with the noun 
 Prize.] [pp. prizing, prized.] To rate; to esti- 
 mate ; to appreciate ; to esteem ; to value highly : 
 — to raise with a lever. See Pry. 
 
 Prlze'-court, n. A court to adjust naval prizes. 
 
 Prize' -fight (-fit), w. A fight for a reward. 
 
 Prlze'man, n. The winner of a prize. [ship. 
 
 Prize' -nion-ey, n. Money paid to captors of a 
 
 Pro. [L.] For; in defence of. In many words, 
 both of Latin and of Greek origin, pro as a pre- 
 fix means before. — Pro and con (for L. pro et con- 
 tra), for and against. 
 
 Pro'a. n. [Malay, prau, prahu; the ordinary form 
 of "this word is from the Portuguese, who mis- 
 took the name for their own word proa, a prow 
 (q. v.).] A long, narrow vessel, or sort of canoe, 
 in the Eastern seas ; a Malay boat. 
 
 Prob'a-bil-ism, n. [Neo-Latin, probabUismus.] 
 The theory that it is right to follow, in doubtful 
 cases, a probable opinion. 
 
 Prob-a-bil'i-ty, n. [L. probabilitas.] State of be- 
 ing probable ; likelihood; chance; appearance 
 of truth : — that which is probable. 
 
 Prob'a-ble, a. [L. probabilis, that maybe proved 
 or approved ; probare, to prove (q. v.), to approve.] 
 That may be ; having probability ; likely ; hav- 
 ing some evidence. 
 
 Prob'a-bly, ad. Likely; in likelihood. 
 
 Pro'bang, n. [From Probe.] A surgeon's swab. 
 
 Pro'bate, n. [L. probare, probatum, to prove (q. v.).] 
 The'legal proof of a will and testament : — a copy 
 of a will with a certificate of its having been 
 proved.— 2, a. Relating to the proof of wills. 
 
 Pro-ba'tion, n. [L. probatio. — See Prove.] A state 
 or time of trial ; proof; trial. 
 
 Pro-ba'tion-a-ry, a. Relating to probation ; serv- 
 ing for trial. 
 
 Pro-ba'tion-er, n. One who is under probation. 
 
 Pro'ba-tive, «• [L. probativus.] Probationary ; 
 serving for trial. 
 
 Pro-ba'tor, n. [L. — See Prove.] An examiner. 
 —(Law.) One who undertakes to prove a charge. 
 
 Pro'ba-to-ry [prob'a-tur-e, W. Ja.], a. Serving 
 for trial. 
 
 Probe, n. [L. proba, a proof (q. v.).] A surgeon's 
 instrument for probing. — 2, v. a. [pp. probing, 
 probed.] To search ; to try with a probe : — to 
 examine thoroughly. 
 
 Prob'i-ty, w. [L. probitas ; probus, honest. — See 
 Prove.'] Honesty ; uprightness ; veracity ; rec- 
 titude; integrity; virtue. 
 
 Prob'lem, n. [L. problema, Gr. 7rp6/3A?)/aa, some- 
 thing thrown out; npo, forward, and (SArjjaa, 
 something cast ; /SdAAeiv, to throw.] A qwstion 
 proposed for solution. [putable ; doubtful. 
 
 Prob-lem-at'i-eal, a. [Gr. 7rpo0A.7}fAaTtK6?.] Dis- 
 
 Prob-lem-at'i-cal-ly, ad. Uncertainly. 
 
 Pro-bos'cis, n. ; pi. Pro-bos'ci-des. [Gr. npo^ocr- 
 kis; irpo, before, aud ^6<tk€iv, to feed.] The 
 trunk of an elephant : — the feeding organ of an 
 insect. 
 
 Pro-ced'ure (pro-sed'yur), n . [Fr. procedure.— See 
 Proceed.] Conduct ; process. 
 
 Pro-ceed', v. n. [Fr. procider ; L. procedere, pro- 
 cessum ; pro-, before, and cedere, to go.] [pp. 
 proceeding, proceeded.] To go on ; to go for- 
 ward ; to advance : — to issue ; to arise ; to act: — 
 to prosecute : — to take a degree. 
 
 Pro-ceed' ing, n. A transaction ; a procedure. 
 
 Pro'ceeds, or Pro-ceed§' [pros'edz, Sm.], n. pi. 
 Produce; income; receipts; rent; issue. 
 
 Proc'ess [pro'ses, I. H.~\, n. [Fr. proces ; L. pro- 
 cessus. — See Proceed.] A progress ; procedure : 
 — a course of law : — the prominent part of a bone 
 or of any organ. 
 
 Pro-ces'sion (pro-sesh'un), n. The act of proceed- 
 ing; a train marching with solemnity. 
 
 Pro-ces'sion-al (pro-sesh'un-al), n. A book re- 
 lating to processions :— a hymn sung in a pro- 
 cession. 
 
 Pro-ces'sion-al, \a. Relating to, or forming, a 
 
 Pro-ces'sion-a-ry, J procession. 
 
 Pro-claim', v. a. [L. proclamare, proclamatum ; 
 pro-, before, and clamare, to cry aloud.] [pp. 
 proclaiming, proclaimed.] To declare publicly ; 
 to announce ; to promulgate ; to publish ; to out- 
 law. 
 
 Proc-la-ma'tipn, «. [L. proclamatio. — See Pro- 
 claim.] A public official notice or declaration ; 
 a decree ; an edict. 
 
 Pro-cliv'i-ty, n. [L. proclivitas, an inclination ; 
 pro-, forward, and clivus, a slope ; clinare, to lean, 
 to slope.] Tendency ; inclination. 
 
 Pro-con'syl, n. [L. ; pro, in place of, for, and 
 consul, a'consul.] A Roman governor. 
 
 Pro-con'sii-lar, a. Relating to a proconsul. 
 
 Pro-con' su-late. "I ; The office of a proconsul. 
 
 Pro-con'sul-ship, J 
 
 a, e, I, o, 5, y, long; a, g, I, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
PROCRASTINATE 
 
 433 
 
 PROFUNDITY 
 
 Pro-cras'ti-nate, v. a. [L. procrastinare, procras- 
 tuiatiaii, to delay ; pro-, forward, and crastinus, 
 belonging to the morrow; eras, to-morrow.] 
 [pp. procrastinating, procrastinated.] To deter 
 from time to time ; to delay ; to put off. — 2, v. n. 
 To be dilatory. 
 
 Pro-cras-ti-na'tion, n. [L. procrastinatio.] The 
 act of procrastinating; delay; dilatoriness. 
 
 Pro-cras'ti-na-tor, n. A dilatory person. 
 
 Pro'cre-ate, v. a. [L. procreare; pro-, forth, and 
 crear'e, to create (g. v.).] [pp. procreating, pro- 
 created.] To generate ; to produce. 
 
 Pro-cre-a tion, n. [L. procrealio.] Generation; 
 production. 
 
 Pro'cre-a-tive, a. Generative ; productive. 
 
 Pro'cre-a-tor, n. [L.] A generator ; a begetter. 
 
 Pro-crfls'te-an, a. Relating to Procrustes: — 
 stretched or contracted, as the case requires. 
 
 Proc'tor, n. [For procurator.] An attorney in 
 a spiritual court : — an agent : — an officer in a 
 university. 
 
 Pro-cum'bent, a. [L. procumbere, procumbentis, to 
 lean forward; pro-, forward, and eubare (-enm- 
 bere in some compounds), to lie down.] Lying 
 down ; trailing. 
 
 Pro-cur' a-ble, a. Obtainable; acquirable. 
 
 Proc-u-ra'tion, n. [L. procuratio. — See Proccre.] 
 The act of procuring; procurement; manage- 
 ment of affairs. 
 
 Proc'u-ra-tor, n. [L.] A Roman provincial mag- 
 istrate ; a manager ; an agent ; a proctor. 
 
 Pro-cure', v. a. [Fr. procurer, to get; L. procxi- 
 rare, to take care of, to manage, to collect : pro, 
 for, and curare, to care; cura, care.] [pp. pro- 
 curing, procured.] To get by effort, by favor, or 
 by purchase ; to obtain ; to acquire. — 2, v. n. To 
 bawd ; to pimp. 
 
 Pro-cure'ment, n. The act of procuring. 
 
 Pro-cur'er, n. [Fr. procureur, a purveyor, a 
 proxy.] One who procures; a pimp. 
 
 Pro-cvir'ess, n. She that procures; a bawd. 
 
 Prod, n. ' [Dan. broad; Irish, broil. — See Brad.] 
 A goad; an awl: — a thrust, or prick. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. 'prodding, prodded.] To goad; to prick. 
 
 Prod'i-gal, a. [Fr. prodigue ; 0. Fr. prodigal; 
 Late L." (probably) prodigalia, L. prodigus, waste- 
 ful; prodigere, to squander; pro- (before a vowel 
 sometimes prod-), forth, and agere, to drive.] 
 Spending wastefully ; profuse ; wasteful ; ex- 
 pensive; extravagant. — 2, n. A waster; a spend- 
 thrift. 
 
 PrSd-i-gal'i-tjr, n. [L. pridigalitas.] Extrava- 
 gance; excess. 
 
 Prod'i-gal-ly, ad. Profusely; wastefully. 
 
 Pro-dii-'ious (pro-dij'us), a. [L. prodigiosvs ; Fr. 
 p'todigieux. — See Prodigy.] Partaking of prod- 
 igy; wonderful; amazing; monstrous. 
 
 Pro-di£'ious-ly, ad. Amazingly. 
 
 Pro-dig'ious-ness, n. Enormousness. 
 
 Prod'i-£y, "• [k- prodigium; referred to pro- 
 (prod-), forth, and -agium, a saying; aio (obsolete 
 agio), I say.] Something wonderful ; a wonder ; 
 a monster. See Miracle. 
 
 Pro-duce', v. a. [L. producere, produclum ; pro-, 
 forth, and ducere, to lead, to draw, to bring.] 
 [pp. producing, produced.] To bring forth; to 
 yield ; to bear : — to exhibit : — to effect : — to ex- 
 tend. 
 
 Prod'uce (prdd'dus), »?. That which is produced, 
 or which any thing yields; production; product. 
 
 Pro-due' er, n. One who produces. 
 
 Pro-du-ci-bil'i-tE, n. State of being producible. 
 
 Pro-du'ci-ble, a. [L. producibilis.] That may be 
 produced. 
 
 Prod'uct, n. [See Produce.] Something produced; 
 an effect; result. — (Arith.) The result produced 
 by multiplying one number by another. 
 
 Pro-duc'tile, a. That may be drawn ont. 
 
 Pro-duc'tion, n. [L. productio.] The act of pro- 
 ducing ; product. [fertile. 
 
 Pro-dtic'tive, a. [L. productions.] That produces ; 
 
 Pro-due' tive-ness, n. State of being productive. 
 
 Prod-uc-tiv'i-ty,, n. Power of producing: — fer- 
 tility. 
 
 Pro'em, n. [L. prooemium ; Gr. irpooifjuov ; irpo, 
 before, and oi/xos, a way ; elp.i, I go.] A pref- 
 ace; an introduction. 
 
 Prof-a-na'tion, n. [L. profanatio.] The act of 
 profaning. ' 
 
 Pro-fane', a. [L. profanus, unholy; pro-, forth 
 from, and fanum, a temple.] Irreverent to 
 things sacred ; irreligious ; impious : — polluted ; 
 impure : — secular; not sacred; as, profane his- 
 tory. — 2, v. a. [pp. profaning, profaned.] To 
 violate ; to desecrate. 
 
 Pro-fane'ly, ad. With irreverence. 
 
 Pro-fan'i-ts, n. [L. profanitas, impiety.] Quality 
 of being profane ; proianeness ; blasphemy. 
 
 Pro-fess', v. a. [L. profiteri, professus, to avow, 
 to undertake, to profess; pro-, forth, openly, and 
 fateri, fassus, to utter, to avow; fori, fatum, to 
 speak.] [pp. professing, professed.] To declare 
 openly ; to avow. 
 
 Pro-fess'ed-ly, ad. With open declaration : — 
 avowedly. 
 
 Pro-fes'sion (pro-fesh'un), n. [L. professio.] Act 
 of professing; declaration: — a calling; a voca- 
 tion; an employment requiring a learned educa- 
 tion : — the members, collectively, of a calling. 
 
 Pro-fes'sion-al (pro-fesh'un-al), a. Relating to a 
 profession ; done by a professor. — 2, n. A regu- 
 lar practiser of an art or profession. 
 
 Pro-fSs'sion-al-lj;, ad. By profession : — in a pro- 
 fessional way. 
 
 Pro-fess'or, u. [L. for a "teacher," — literally, 
 one who undertakes to be, or professes himself.] 
 One who professes or teaches some science or art. 
 
 Pro-fes-so'ri-al, a. Relating to a professor. 
 
 Pro-fSss'or-ship, ». Office of a professor. 
 
 Proffer, v. a. [Fr. proftrer, to utter; L. proferre, 
 to bring forward; pro-, forward, and ferre, to 
 bring.] [pp. proffering, proffered.] To propose; 
 to offer. — 2, n. An offer made ; a proposal. 
 
 ,Pro-fi"cience (pro-f ish'ens), ) n. Advance- 
 
 Pro-fi"cien-cy. (pro-f Ish'en-se), J ment; improve- 
 ment gained ; progress. 
 
 Pro-fI"cient (pro-f ish'ent), n. [L. proficere (part. 
 proficieu'tv<), to make progress; pro-, forward, 
 and facere, to make.] One who has made ad- 
 vancement; an adept. —2, a. Skilled; adept. 
 
 Pro'file, Pro-file', or Pro'file [pro-fel', S. H. St. 
 P. J. F. K. ; pro'fel, E. Ja. Sm. ; pro'fil or pro- 
 fel', W.; pro'fil, I. A* <?.], u. [Fr. profit; It. 
 profilo ; It. & L. pro-, before, and It. fib>. a line, 
 a thread; L. filum, a thread.] A head or por- 
 trait represented sideways ; side-face; outline. 
 
 Profit, >i. [Fr. profit, profit ; profiler, to profit ; 
 L. proficere,jprofectum, to advance; pro-, forward, 
 ana facere, factum, to make.] Pecuniary advan- 
 tage ; accession of good ; utility ; gain : benefit ; 
 advancement. — 2, ». a. [pp. profiting, profited.] 
 To benefit; to advance. — 3, r. n. To gain advan- 
 tage ; to improve. 
 
 Prof it-a-ble. a. Affording profit; gainful; lucra- 
 tive ; useful ; advantageous. 
 
 Prof it-a-ble-ness, ». Gainfulness. 
 
 Prof it-a-blx, ad. Gainfully; usefully. 
 
 Profit-less, a. Void of profit ; useless. 
 
 Prof ii-ga-cy. n. Profligate conduct; gross vice ; 
 depravity ; wickedness. 
 
 Prof li-gate, a. [L. profiigare, profiigatum, to over- 
 throw ; pro-, forward, and fiigere, to hurl.] Aban- 
 doned to vice; wicked. — 2, n. An abandoned, 
 shameless person ; a wretch ; a reprobate. 
 
 Pro-found', a. [Fr. profond, L. profundus, deep; 
 pro-, in the sense of downward, &nd fundus, the 
 bottom.] Having great depth ; deep"; intellect- 
 ually deep: thorough: — low; humble. — 2, n. 
 The deep ; the sea ; the abyss. 
 
 Pro-fbund'lx, ad. Deeply; thoroughly. 
 
 Pro-fun' di-tx, «. [L. profunditas.— See Profound.] 
 State of being profound. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — Q. G, 5, £, soft ; p, )3, p, § , hard ; § a$ z ; 5 as gz ; tnis. 
 T cc 37 
 
PEOFUSE 
 
 434 
 
 PROMISOR 
 
 Pro-fuse', a. [L. profusus; profundere, profusum, 
 to pour out; pro-, forth, and fumdere, to pour.] 
 Liberal to excess ; lavish ; prodigal ; overabound- 
 ing; extravagant. 
 
 Pro-ffise'ly, ad. Lavishly; prodigally. 
 
 Pro-fuse'ness, n. Lavistiness ; prolusion. 
 
 Pro-fu'sion (pro-fu'zhun), n. [L. profusio. — See 
 Profuse.] Prodigality; extravagance; profuse- 
 ness; abundance; excess. 
 
 Prog-, n. [0. E. prog, to go begging.— Cf. Sw. 
 pracka, Dan. prakke, Ger. prachern, to beg; also 
 L. procure, to beg. Prog seems originally to 
 have meant food procured by beggary. — Cf. also 
 Prowl.] Victuals; provision of any kind. [Low 
 and colloq.] 
 
 Pro-i'en'i-tor, n. [L. ; pro-, forth, and genitor, a 
 parent; gignere, genitum, to beget.] A forefather; 
 an ancestor. 
 
 Pro^'e-ny, n. [Fr. progenie ; L. progenies. — See 
 Progenitor.] Offspring; descendants; race. 
 
 Prog-'na-thism, n. The state of being progna- 
 thous ; projection of the lower jaw. 
 
 Prog-na'thous, a. [Gr. irpo, before, forward, and 
 yvdOos, the jaw.] Having projecting jaws. 
 
 Prog-no'sis, n. [Gr.— See Prognostic] {Med.) 
 The art of foretelling the event of a disease ; a 
 judgment regarding the future course and event 
 of any illness. 
 
 Progr-nos'tic, a. [Gr. irpoyvoxrTiKO';, foretelling; 
 irpoyvix>o~Tii<6v, a token ; npo, before, and yvwvaL, 
 to know (q. v.).] Foretokening; indicating. — 
 2, n. A sign ; a token ; an omen. 
 
 Prog-nos'ti-cate, v. a. [pp. prognosticating, prog- 
 nosticated.] To show beforehand by signs; to 
 foretell ; to foreshow. 
 
 Prog-nos-ti-ca/tion, n. Act of foretelling. 
 
 Prog-nos'ti-ca-tor, n. One who foretells. 
 
 Pro'gram, n. An edict; a bill; a programme. 
 
 Pro'gramme, n. [Fr. ; Gr. Tvp6yp<x^p.a, a written 
 notice; npo, before, and ypa.fx.fj.a, a writing; 
 ypd<j>eiv, to write.] A bill or plan exhibiting 
 an outline of an entertainment or public per- 
 formance ; a program. 
 
 Prog'ress [pru'gres, Ja. K.], n. [Fr. progres ; L. 
 progr'essn*.] Motion forward; course; advance- 
 ment ; progression ; proficiency. 
 
 Pro-gress', v. n. [L. progredi, progressiw, to ad- 
 vance; pro-, forward, and gradi, to go.] [pp. 
 progressing, progressed.] To proceed; to go 
 forward ; to advance ; to make progress. 
 
 Pro-gres'sion (pro-gresh'un), n. [L. progressio.] 
 Kegular or gradual advance; progress; course. 
 
 Pro-gres'sive, a. Making progress ; advancing. 
 
 Pro-gres'sjve-ly, ad. By regular course. 
 
 Pro-gres'sive-ness, n. State of advancing. 
 
 Pro-hib'it, v. a. [L. prohibere, prohibitum ; pro-, 
 before/and habere, to have, to hold.] [pp. pro- 
 hibiting, prohibited.] To forbid; to interdict; 
 to hinder; to prevent; to preclude. 
 
 Pro-hi-bi"tion (pro-he-bish'un), n. [L. prohibitio.] 
 Act of prohibiting ; interdiction : an interdict. 
 
 Pro-hi-bi"tion-ist, n. One who favors the prohi- 
 bition of tlie sale of alcoholic drinks. 
 
 Pro-hib'i-tive, a. Same as Prohibitory. 
 
 Pro-hib'i-to-ry, a. [la. prohibitorius.] Implying 
 prohibition; forbidding; prohibiting. 
 
 Pro-ject', v. a. [L. projicere, projectum, to throw 
 out: pro-, forth, and jacere, to hurl.] [pp. pro- 
 jecting, projected.] To scheme ; to form ; to 
 contrive; to plan. — 2, v. n. To jut out; to shoot 
 forward. 
 
 Proj'ect [pro'jekt, I.], n. [Fr. projet ; L. projec- 
 tum', that which projects.] A scheme; a design. 
 
 Pro-jec'tile, n. A body projected. — 2, a. Impel- 
 ling forward : — impelled forward. 
 
 Pro-jec'tion. n. [L. projects.] Act of projecting; 
 a prominence : — that which is projected ; a plan ; 
 a delineation ; method of delineation. 
 
 Pro-ject' or, n. One who projects. 
 
 Projet (pro-zha/), n. [Fr.] A project; apian; a 
 draft for a proposed treaty or convention. 
 
 Pro-lapse', n. [L. prolapsus, a falling; prolabi, to 
 fall: pro-, forward, and labi, to slip, to glide.] 
 A falling downward.— 2, v. n. [pp. prolapsing, 
 prolapsed.] To fall downward. 
 
 Pro'late [pro'lat, 8. E. Wb. ; pro-lat', Sm.], a. 
 [L. prolatus, lengthened ; pro-, forward, and latus, 
 borne.] Drawn out at the poles; not oblate. 
 
 Pro'leg, n. [L. pro, for, and Leg,] A sort of 
 spurious leg in insects. 
 
 Prol-e-gom'e-na, n. pi. [Gr. npo, before, and 
 \ey6fxeva, things said; A.eyeii', to say.] Prelim- 
 inary observations or remarks ; a preface. 
 
 Pro-lep'sis, n. [Gr. np6\r)\{/i<; ; npo, before, and 
 Xaix^dveiv, to take.] (Rhet.) A figure by which 
 objections are anticipated and answered ; an an- 
 ticipation. — (Chron.) Act of dating an event too 
 early ; a prochronism. 
 
 Pro-lep'tic, \ a. [Gr. 7rpoA->j7rTiKd9.] Eelating to 
 
 Pro-lep'ti-cal, j prolepsis; previous; antecedent. 
 
 Prol-e-ta'ri-an, n. [Fr. proletaire ; L. proletarius, 
 a citizen' of the poorest class, — literally, one 
 whose only service is the producing of children ; 
 proles, offspring.] One of the poorest class of 
 citizens. — 2, a. Low; base; vile. 
 
 Prol-e-ta'ri-at, n. [Fr. proletariat.] The poorest 
 class of citizens. 
 
 Pro-lif er-ous, a. [L. proles, offspring, and ferre, 
 to bear.] Producing something abnormal. 
 
 Pro-lif'ic, a. [Fr. prolifique ; Late L. prolificus; 
 ii. piroles, offspring, and facere, to make.] Pro- 
 ducing offspring; fruitful; productive ; fertile. 
 
 Pro-lif-i-ca'tion, n. [Late L. prolificatio.] Gener- 
 ation ;' production. 
 
 Pro-lix'[pro-liks' or pro'liks, Wb. ; prol'iks, N.], a. 
 [L. prolixus, extended, copious; probably from 
 pro-, forth, and liqui, to flow.] Long; tedious; 
 diffuse; wordy ; not concise.— Prolix is opposed 
 to concise ; diffuse, to precise. 
 
 Pro-Hx'i-ty, \ n. State or quality of being pro- 
 
 Pro-lix'ness, J lix ; tediousness. 
 
 Pro-lix'ly, ad. At great length ; tediously. 
 
 Prol'o-cu-tor, or Pro-loc'u-tor, n. [L. ; pro-, be- 
 fore, locxdor, a speaker; loqiii, locutus, to speak.] 
 A speaker; the speaker of a convocation.' 
 
 Prol'ogue [pro'log, PL. St. I. Ja. K. C. N. Wb.], n. 
 [Fr. ; Gr. n-poAoyo? ; trpo, before, and Aoyos, a 
 discourse.] An introductory piece or poem; a 
 preface ; an introduction. 
 
 Pro-iong', v. a. [Fr. prolonger ; L. prolongare; 
 pro-, forward, and longus, long.] [^.prolonging, 
 prolonged.] To extend the duration of; to con- 
 tinue ; to protract ; to lengthen out. 
 
 Pro-lon-ga'tion [prol-on-ga'shun, W. J. F.], n. 
 Act' of prolonging or lengthening : — delay : — an 
 extension. 
 
 Prom-e-nade' (or -nad'), n. [Fr. ; promener, to 
 walk'; L. prominare, to drive on ; pro-, forward, 
 and minare, to drive; minse, threats.] Walk for 
 pleasure or exercise; place of walking. — 2. v. n. 
 [j)p. promenading, promenaded.] To walk; to 
 take a walk. 
 
 Prom'i-nence, \n. [L. prominentia.] State of be- 
 
 Prom'i-nen-cy, J ing prominent ; a protuberance. 
 
 Prom'i-ne'nt, a. [L. prominere, prominentia, to jut 
 out {pro-, forth, and minari, to threaten, to jut 
 out; minse, threats.] Standing out; conspicuous. 
 
 Prom'i-nent-ly, ad. With prominence. 
 
 Pro-mis' cu-ous, a. [L. pj-omiscuus ; pro-, forth, 
 and misc'ere, to mix.] Mingled; confused. 
 
 Pro-mis' cu-ous-ly, ad. Confusedly. 
 
 Prom'ise, n. [L. promissum, a promise ; promiltere, 
 promissvm, to promise,— literally, to put forth; 
 pro-, forth, and mittere, to send.] A declaration 
 which binds the person who makes it ; good or 
 benefit promised; an engagement; word: — ex- 
 pectation ; hope. — 2, v. n. [pp. promising, prom- 
 ised.] To make a promise ; to bid fair. — 3, v. a. 
 To assure by a promise. 
 
 Prom-is-ee', n. One to whom a promise is made. 
 
 Prom'is-er, ) n. [L. promissor.] One who prom- 
 
 Prom'is-or, ) ises. 
 
 a, e, I, o, u, y, long ; a, e, i, o, u, f, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Pare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 
 
PROMISING 
 
 435 
 
 PROPITIOUSLY 
 
 Prom'is-ing, p. a. Giving good promise. 
 
 Prom'is-so-ry, a. Containing a promise. 
 
 Prom'on-to-ry, «• [L. promontorium or promimtu- 
 rinm'; perhaps from pro-, forth, and mons, a 
 mountain; or pro-, forward, and minari, to jut.] 
 High land jutting into the sea: headland. 
 
 Pro-mote', v. a. [L. promovere, promotum; pro-, 
 forward, and movere, to move (q. v.).] [pp. pro- 
 moting, promoted.] To forward; to advance; 
 to exalt; to prefer : — to raise in rank or office. 
 
 Pro-mot' er, n. One who promotes. 
 
 Pro-mo'tion, n. [L. promotio.] Advancement; 
 preferment. 
 
 Pro-mo' tive, a. Tending to promote; helpful. 
 
 Prompt (promt), a. [Fr. ; L. promere, promplurn, 
 to bring forward; pro-, forward, and emere, to 
 take.] Quick; ready; acute; not dilatory. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. prompting, prompted.] To assist; 
 to incite ; to suggest. 
 
 Prompt'er (promt'er), n. One who prompts; one 
 who assists an actor or speaker when at a loss to 
 recall the words of his part. [quickness. 
 
 Prompt'i-tude, n. [L. prompfUvdo.] Readiness ; 
 
 Prompt'ly. (promt'le), ad. Readily , quickly. 
 
 Promptness (promt'nes), n. Readiness. 
 
 Pro-mul'gate, v. a. [L. promulgare, promulgating, 
 to publish.] [pp. promulgating, promulgated.] 
 To publish ; to make known ; to teach publicly ; 
 to proclaim. [tion ; exhibition. 
 
 Prom-ul-ga'tion, n. [L. promnlgalio.] Publira- 
 
 Prom'ul-ga-tor (or prom-ul-ga/tyr), n. One who 
 promulgates or makes publicly known. 
 
 Pro-mulge\ v. a. [See Promulgate.] [pp. pro- 
 mulging, promulged.] To promulgate. 
 
 Pro-mul£'er, n. A publisher; a promulgator. 
 
 Pro-na'tion, n. [L. pronare, pronation, to bend 
 forward!] The position of the hand with the 
 palm down : — the motion which leads to that 
 position. 
 
 Prone, a. [L. promts. — Cf. Gr. irpavr)<;, headlong ; 
 Skr. pra.mna, inclined.] Lying with the face 
 downward ; not supine : — bending downward : — 
 inclined : — with the palm downward. 
 
 Prone'ness, n. State of being prone : — inclination. 
 
 Prong, n. [Cf. Low Ger. prange, a stake ; Local 
 E. sprong, a prong : perhaps re- 
 lated to Spuing.] The tine of a 
 fork, &c. ; a fork. [lope. 
 
 Prong'-hbrn, n. An American ante- 
 
 Pro-nom'i-nal, a. [L. pronommalis.] 
 Relating to a pronoun. 
 
 Pro'noun, n. [Pro, for, an<^. Noux; 
 L. pronomen^\ (Gram.) A word 
 used instead of a noun, to avoid 
 the too frequent repetition of the 
 same word. 
 
 Pro-nbfince', v. a. [Fr. prononcer ; It. pronuntiare ; 
 pro-, forth, and nuntiare, to tell.] [pp. pro- 
 nouncing, pronounced.] To speak; to articu- 
 late; to declare : — to utter rhetorically. 
 
 Pro-nbunce'a-ble, a. [L. pronuntiabilis.] That may 
 be pronounced. [decided; unequivocal. 
 
 Pro-nbunced' (pro-nounsf), a. Strongly marked ; 
 
 Pro-nbunce'ment, n. An announcement; a for- 
 mal utterance. [nunciation. 
 
 Pro-nbunc'ing, a. Indicating or teaching pro- 
 
 Pro-nun-ci-a-men'to, n. [Sp. pronunciainiento.) A 
 proclamation ; a declaration. 
 
 Pro-nun-ci-a'tion (pro-nun-she-a'shun) [pro-niin- 
 she-a'shun, }V. J. F. Ja.; pro-niin-se-a/sliun, I. 
 H. St. P." K. Shi. C], n. [L. pronnntiatio.] ' The 
 act of pronouncing; utterance; delivery. 
 
 Pro-nun'ci-a-tive, a. Uttering confidently. 
 
 Pr66f, n. [Fr. preuve; ~L.proba; probare, to prove 
 (q. v.).] That by which something is proved; 
 evidence ; test ; trial : — impenetrability : — a trial- 
 sheet of print to be corrected. — "2, a. Of such 
 quality or character as to stand the proof; able 
 to resist ; impenetrable. 
 
 PrSof -sheet, n. The first impression of a printed 
 sheet, for correction ; a proof. 
 
 Prop, v. a. [Gael, prop, Irish propa, a prop; 
 0. Put. proppen, to prop. — Cf. Ger. pfropf, a cut- 
 ting, a scion, a stopper; pfropfen, to plug up.] 
 [pp. propping, propped.] To support; to sus- 
 tain ; to keep up. — 2, n. That which sustains or 
 ou which any thing rests ; a support ; a stay. 
 
 Prop'a-ga-ble, a. That may be propagated. 
 
 Prop-a-gan'da. n. [L.] An association at Rome 
 having the charge of missions, called Congregatio 
 de Propaganda Fide, "Society for Propagating 
 the Faith." 
 
 Prop-a-gan'di§m, n. Proselytism. 
 
 Prop-a-gan'dist, n. A missionary ; a proselyter. 
 
 Prop'a-gate, v. a. [L. propagare, propagalmn, to 
 layer, as a plant, — hence, to propagate; propago, 
 a slip, a cutting : probably akiu to Prop.] [pp. 
 propagating, propagated.] To extend; to in- 
 crease ; to generate ; to disseminate ; to diffuse. 
 — 2, v. n. To have offspring. 
 
 Prop-a-ga'tion, n. [L. propugalio.] Generation; 
 extension ; dissemination. 
 
 Prop'a-ga-tive, a. That propagates or is propa- 
 gated : — tending to propagate. 
 
 Prop'a-ga-tor, n. One who propagates. 
 
 Pro-pel', v. a. [L. propellere, prop ahum ; pro-, for- 
 ward, and pellere, to drive.] [pp. propelling, 
 propelled.] To drive or urge forward. 
 
 Pro-pel'ler, n. He who or that which propels : — 
 an instrument, called the screw, for the propul- 
 sion of vessels : — a steam vessel provided with 
 such an instrument. [pexsity. 
 
 Pro-pen' sion, n. [L. propensin.~\ Same as Pro- 
 
 Pro-pen'si-ty, n. [L. propendere, propensum, to 
 hang forward, to incline to; pro-, forward, and 
 peudere, to hang.] Tendency; inclination. 
 
 Prop'er, a. [Fr. propre; L. proprius, one's own.] 
 Peculiar; one's own :— natural ; fit; suitable; 
 appropriate; just; right : — peculiar to the indi- 
 vidual; as, a proper name. 
 
 Prop'er-ly, ad. In a proper manner ; fitly. 
 
 Prop'er-ty, n. [Fr. proprietf; propre, one's own; 
 L. proprietae, ownership. — See Proper.] A pe- 
 culiar quality : — ownership: — a possession ; what 
 one possesses ; goods. 
 
 Proph'e-cy. u. [L. prophetia : Gr. npofiereia. — See 
 Prophet.] The act of prophesying or foretelling 
 future events; a prediction. 
 
 Proph'e-sl-er, n. One who prophesies. 
 
 Proph'e-sy, f. a. [From Prophecy.] [pp. proph- 
 esying, prophesied.] To predict; to foretell.— 
 2, v. n. To utter prophecies. 
 
 Proph'et, n. [Gr. 7rpo(f>jjT7j? ; npo, before, publicly, 
 and root of <j>r)ixi, I speak.] One who prophesies. 
 
 Proph'et-ess, n. A female prophet. 
 
 Pro-phet'ic, \a. [Gr. npo(f>r)rtKo<;.] Relating 
 
 Pro-phet'i-cal, J to a prophet or to prophecy; 
 foretelling. 
 
 Pro-phet'i-cal-ly, ad. By prophecy. 
 
 Proph-y-lac'tic. v. [Gr. npo4>v\aKTiKo<; ; npo, be- 
 fore, and <f>v\do-o-eiv, to guard.] A preventive 
 medicine. — 2, a. Preventing disease ; preventive. 
 
 Pro-pin' qui-ty, it. [L. propinquitas ; propinqtms, 
 near; prope, near.] Nearness; kindred. 
 
 Pro-pi"ti-a-ble (pro-pTsh/e- a -td)> a. Placable. 
 
 Pro-pi"ti-ate (pro-pi sh'e-ht), v. a. [L. propitiare, 
 propitia'tum, to render propitious (q. v.).] [pp. 
 propitiating, propitiated.] To make propitious; 
 to conciliate ; to appease. 
 
 Pro-pi-ti-a'tion (pro-pish-e-a'shun), n. [L. pro- 
 pitiating The act of propitiating. 
 
 Pro-pi"ti-a-tor (pro-pish'e-a-tur), n. [L.] One 
 who propitiates ; an appeaser. 
 
 Pro-pi"ti-a-to-ry (pro-pish'e-a-to-re), a. [L. pro- 
 piiiatorms.] Tending to make propitious; con- 
 ciliatory. — 2, n. [L. propitiatorinm.] The mercy- 
 seat; the covering of the ark in the Jewish 
 temple. 
 
 Pro-pi"tious (pro-pish'us), a. [L. propitiux.] Dis- 
 posed to be merciful ; favorable; kind; benign; 
 auspicious. 
 
 Pro-pi"tious-ly, ad. Favorably. 
 
 mten, sir ; m8ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, tise. — g, 0, 5, £, soft; p, J5, p, §, hard; § as z ; $ as gz ; tfiis. 
 
PEOPITIOUSNESS 
 
 436 
 
 PEOSTEATE 
 
 Pro-pi"tious-ness (pro-pish'us-nes), n. Quality 
 of being propitious ; kindness. 
 
 Pro'po-lis [piop'o-lis, A'.], n. [Gr. ; npo, before, 
 ttoAi's, a city.] A resinous matter used by bees. 
 
 Pro-por'tion, n. [L. proporlio, relation; pro-, be- 
 fore, regarding, and portio, a part.] The com- 
 parative relation of one thing to another ; ratio ; 
 equal degree : — symmetry : — size : — part : — a rule 
 of arithmetic, called also the Rule of Three. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. proportioning, proportioned.] To 
 adjust by comparative relation; to form sym- 
 metrically, [proportional; proportionate. 
 
 Pro-por'tion-a-ble, a. That may be proportioned ; 
 
 Pro-por'tion-a-bly, ad. By proportion. 
 
 Pro-por'tion-al, a. [L. proportionalis.] Having 
 due proportion. — 2, n. A quantity in proportion. 
 
 Pro-por-tion-al'i-ty, n. State of being propor- 
 tional. 
 
 Pro-por'tion-al-ly, ad. In proportion. 
 
 Pro-por'tion-ate, a. [L. proportionatus.~\ Having 
 due proportion ; proportional. 
 
 Pro-por'tion-ate-ly, ad. Proportionally. 
 
 Pro-por'tion-ate-ness, n. Proportionality. 
 
 Pro-po'§al, n.' An offer; a proposition. 
 
 Pro-pose', v. a. [Fr. proposer. Historically, it 
 represents L. pro-, before, and pausare, to pause ; 
 in meaning, it corresponds with L. propoiiere, 
 propositum, to place before.] [pp. proposing, 
 proposed.] To offer ; to proffer ; to bid. 
 
 Pro-pos'er, n. One who proposes or offers. 
 
 Prop-o-si"tion (prop-o-zish'un), n. [L. proposilio. 
 a statement ; proponere, to place before. J A thing 
 proposed ; a proposal ; an offer : — a thought ; a 
 statement. 
 
 Prop-o-§i"tion-al, a. Relating to a proposition. 
 
 Pro-pound', v. a. [0. E. propone, L. proponere, to 
 place before.] [pp. propounding, propounded.] 
 To offer ; to propose. 
 
 Pro-pound' er, n. One -who propounds. 
 
 Pro-pri'e-ta-ry, v. [L. proprietarivs, an owner. — 
 See Property.] A possessor in his own right; 
 a proprietor. — 2, a. Belonging to an owner. 
 
 Pro-pri'e-tor, n. [Fr. proprietaire ; L. proprieta- 
 r'ius.] A possessor in his own right; an owner. 
 
 Pro-pri'e-tor-ship, n. State of a proprietor. 
 
 Pro-pri'e-tress, n. A female proprietor. 
 
 Pro-pri'e-ty, n - t 1 '- proprietas, propriety, prop- 
 erty (q. v.).] State or quality of being proper; 
 suitableness; fitness :— exclusive right. 
 
 Pro-pul'sion, n. [See Propel.] The act of driving 
 
 Pro-pul'sive, a. Impelling. [forward. 
 
 Pro-ro-ga'tion, n. [L. p,rorogatio.—See Prorogue.] 
 The' act of proroguing. 
 
 Pro-rogue' (pro-rog'), v. a. [Fr. proroger ; L. pro- 
 rogare, to ask in public, to ask an extension, to 
 defer; pro-, before, and rogare, to ask.] >[pp. 
 proroguing, prorogued.] To protract; to put 
 off :— to adjourn, as a parliament. 
 
 Pro-sii'ic, a, [L promicns.— See Prose.] Belong- 
 ing to' prose : — dull ; stupid. 
 
 Pro-sa/i-cal-ly, ad. In a prosaic manner. 
 
 Pro-sa'isni, n.' Form of prose writing. [prose. 
 
 Pro-sa'ist [pro'za-jst, C. Wb.], n. A writer of 
 
 Pro-sce'ni-um (pro-se'ne-tim), n. [L. ; Gr. wpo- 
 a-Krjviov'; npo, before, and a-K-nvr], a scene (q. v.).] 
 The front part of the stage in a theatre. 
 
 Pro-scribe', v. a. [L. proseribere, proscription).; 
 pro-, out, in public, and scribere, to w T rite.] [pp. 
 proscribing, proscribed.] To censure capitally ; 
 to punish with civil death ; to doom ; to condemn ; 
 to denounce ; to interdict ; to outlaw : — to forbid. 
 
 Pro' script, n. [L. proscriptus.] An interdict. 
 
 Pro-scrfp'tion, n. [L. proscription The act of 
 proscribing ; docm ; wholesale condemnation ; 
 prohibition. 
 
 Pro-scrip'tive, a. Tending to proscribe. 
 
 Prose, n. [L. prosa, for prorsa (oratio), direct or 
 straight (speech) ; prorstts, forward; pro-, forth, 
 and versus, turned ; vertere, versum, to turn. — See 
 Verse.] Language, discourse, or composition 
 without metre or poetic measure. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
 
 prosing, prosed.] To make a tedious relation.— 
 3, a. Consisting of prose : — prosaic. 
 
 Pro-sec' tor, n. [L. ; pro-, before, and secare, to 
 cut; sector, a cutter.] One who prepares the 
 subjects for a professor of anatomy ; a dissector. 
 
 Pros' e-cute, v. a. [L. prosequi, prosecutns, to pur- 
 sue'^, v.); pro-, forward, and sequi, to follow.] 
 [pp. prosecuting, prosecuted.] To pursue; to 
 continue:— to sue by law, as an offender; to 
 arraign. — 2, v. n. To carry on a prosecution. 
 
 Pros-e-cu'tion, n. [L. prosecutio.] The act of 
 prosecuting; a pursuit:— a criminal suit :— the 
 party which prosecutes in a suit. 
 
 Pros'e-cu-tor, n. [L.] One who prosecutes. 
 
 Pros'e-lyte, n. [Gr. irpoo-^\vro<; ; npo?, to, and 
 epxop.ai, perf. i\rjkv6a, I come.] A convert to a 
 new opinion. — 2, v. a. [pp. proselyting, prose- 
 lyted.] To make proselytes. 
 
 Pros'e-ly-tism, n. The act of proselyting. 
 
 Pros'e-ly-tlze, v. a. [pp. proselytizing, prosely- 
 tized.] To proselyte ; to convert. 
 
 Pro'si-ness, v. Dulness; tediousness. 
 
 Pro-slav'e-ry, «. Defending slavery. 
 
 Pro-so'di-an, n. One skilled in metre or prosody ; 
 a' prosodi'st. 
 
 Pro-sod'i-cal, a. Of or relating to prosody. 
 
 Pros'o-dist,'»i. One versed in prosody. 
 
 Pros'o-dy, n. [Gr. Trpoo-wSCa, song, accent ; irpos, 
 to, in accompaniment, and o>6rj, an ode.] That 
 part of grammar which treats of accent, quan- 
 tity, versification, and the laws of harmony, in 
 metrical composition. 
 
 Pros-o-po-poe'ia (pros-o-po-pe'ya), n. [L. & Gr. ; 
 7rp6o"a)7rov, person, face (npo<;, toward, and a>i//, 
 a face), and noielv, to make.] (Rhet.) A figure 
 by which things are represented as persons ; 
 personification. 
 
 Pros'pect, n. [L. prospectus, a lookout; prospicere, 
 prosp'ectum, to look forward ; pro-, before, and 
 specere, to look.] A view of something distant; 
 object of view : — ground of expectation : — view 
 into futurity (opposed to retrospect). — 2, v. a. & 
 v. n. [pp. prospecting, prospected.] To search; 
 to examine, as for gold. 
 
 Pro-spec' tion, n. Act of looking forwarii. 
 
 Pro-spec' tive, a. [L. prospectims.] Looking for- 
 ward ; future : — being in prospect. 
 
 Pro-spec'tus, n. ; pi. Pro-spec'tus-e§. [L.] The 
 plan of a proposed literary work. 
 
 Pros'per, v. a. ■ [L. prosperare, to thrive. — See 
 Prosperous.] [pp. prospering, prospered.] To 
 make prosperous ; to favor. — 2, v. n. To be pros- 
 perous ; to thrive. 
 
 Pros-per'i-ty, n. [L. prosperitas. — See Prosper- 
 ous.] Success ; good fortune. 
 
 Pros'per-ous, a. [L. prosper or prosperus; pro-, 
 according to, and spes, hope ; sperare, to hope.] 
 Successful ; fortunate; lucky; propitious; favor- 
 able ; auspicious. 
 
 Pros'per-ous-ly, ad. Successfully. 
 
 Pros' tate, a. [Gr. npoo-Tar-ns, standing before; 
 7rpo?, before, and '1<ttt)ixi, I stand.] Noting a 
 gland near the bladder. — 2, n. The prostate 
 gland. 
 
 Pros'the-sis, n. [Gr. 7rp6cr0e<ns ; 7rp6?, to, and 
 riB-qp-L, I put.] (Gram.) A figure by which one 
 or more letters are prefixed to a word. 
 
 Pros-thet'ic, a. [Gr. irpoo-OeTiKos.— See Prosthe- 
 sis.] Prefixed (as a letter). 
 
 Pros'ti-tute, v. a. [L. prostituere, prostilutum, to 
 expose, to set forth ; pro-, forth, and statuere, to 
 set.— See Statute.] [pp. prostituting, prosti- 
 tuted.] To sell for vile purposes.— 2, a. Vicious 
 for hire ; sold to vice. — 3, n. [L. prostituta.] A 
 public strumpet ; a harlot. 
 
 Pros-ti-tu'tion, n. Act of prostituting; state of 
 being prostituted ; the life of a prostitute. 
 
 Pros'ti-tu-tor, n. One who prostitutes. 
 
 Pros' trate, a. [L. prostratus, thrown down ; pro-, 
 forward, and sternere, stratum, to throw.] Lying 
 fiat or at length ; thrown down ; prone ; humble. 
 
 a, e, I, 5, u, y, long; a, e, 5, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y., obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
PROSTRATE 
 
 437 
 
 PROVINCIAL 
 
 Pros'trate, v. a. [pp. prostrating, prostrated.] 
 To lay flat ; to throw down. 
 
 Pros-tra/tion, n. [L. proslratio.] The act of pros- 
 tinting; overthrow; demolition; depression. 
 
 Pro' style, w. [Gr. irpocnvkos; 7rpo, before, and 
 o-ruAos, a column.] (Arch.) A portico in which 
 the columns stand before a building. 
 
 Pro'sy, a. Of the nature of prose ; dull. 
 
 Pro-tig' o-mst, «. [Gr. 7rpcI>T09, first, and aytovtor- 
 T179, an actor. — See Agony.] One who takes tlie 
 first place in some great event or action, espe- 
 cially where a contest for supremacy is implied. 
 
 Prot'a-sis, n. [Gr. ; irpo, before, and reiveiv, to 
 stretch.] The first part of a conditional sen- 
 tence, or a period : — opposed to apodosis. 
 
 Pro'te-an, or Pro-te'an, a. [See Proteus.] Re- 
 lating to Proteus ; assuming different shapes. 
 
 Pro-tect', v. a. [L. protegere, protectum ; pro-, be- 
 fore, and tegere, to cover.] [pp. protecting, 
 protected.] To shield from evil; to defend; to 
 support; to cherish ; to guard. [a passport. 
 
 Pro-tec' tion, «. [L. protect io.] Defence; a shelter; 
 
 Pro-tec'tion-ist, n. An advocate for protection. 
 
 Pro-tec' tive, a. Defensive; sheltering. 
 
 Pro-tec' tor, n. [L.] A defender ; a regent. 
 
 Prp-tsc'tor-ate, n. The office or government of a 
 protector:— a country protected by another: — 
 protection of one country by another. 
 
 Pro-tec' tor-ship, n. The office of a protector. 
 
 Pro-tec'tress, a. A woman who protects. 
 
 Protege (pro-ta-zha/), n. [Fr. ; proteger, to pro- 
 tect (q. i'.).] A person protected and patronized ; 
 a dependant. 
 
 Protegee (pro-ta-zha/), n. [Fr.] A female who is 
 protected or patronized. 
 
 Pro'te-id, n. [Protein and the Latinized Greek 
 patronymic or family-ending idie.] (Client.] An 
 albuminoid. 
 
 Pro'te-in, I «. [Gr. 7rpu>Tos, first: it is regarded 
 
 Pro'te-ine, [as the most primary or the chief of 
 the nitrogenous organic bodies.] A nitrogenous 
 substance analogous to fibrin. 
 
 Pro-test', v. n. [L. protestare; pro-, openly, and 
 testuri, to witness; testis, an oath, a witness.] 
 [pp. protesting, protested.] To affirm with so- 
 lemnity; to declare positively; to remonstrate. — 
 2, v. a. To call as a witness: — to assent; to 
 affirm : — to disown, as a bill. 
 
 Pro'test, or Prot'est, n. A solemn declaration : — 
 an official notice of non-payment. 
 
 Prot'es-tant, n. [L. protestans, prolestautis, pro- 
 testing. — See Protest.] One of the Reformed 
 religion : — one who protests against the church 
 of Koine. — 2, a. Belonging to Protestants. 
 
 Prot'es-tant-ism, v. Religion of Protestants. 
 
 Prot-es-ta'tion, w. [L. protestatio.] Act of protest- 
 ing ; a solemn declaration ; a protest. 
 
 Pro-test'er, n. One who protests. 
 
 Pro'teus, »'. [Gr.J (Myth.) A marine heathen deity ; 
 one who assumes any shape : — a cave-newt. 
 
 Proth'e-sis, n. [Gr. ; npo, before, and ■n.Orjp.i, to 
 place'.] A credence-table : — a side-table. 
 
 Pro-thon'o-ta-ry, w. [L. protonotarins ; Gr. 7rpo>- 
 tos, first, and L. notarius, a notary.] The head 
 registrar or notary : — a clerk of a court. 
 
 Pro'to-col, «. [Late Gr. itpotokoWov, a fly-leaf 
 glued on, — later, a document with such a leaf; 
 7rpcoTo?, first, and noWaeiv, to glue ; /coAAa, 
 glue.] The original copy of a writing : — a rough 
 draft, or preliminary agreement. 
 
 Pro-to-mar' tyr, u. [Gr. ; Trpwro?, first, and fiap- 
 rvp, a martyr (q. r.).] The first martyr. 
 
 Pro'to-phyte, n. [Gr. Trpwro?, first, and fyvrov, a 
 plant.] A plant of very simple organization. 
 
 Pro'to-plasm, n. [Gr. 7rpd>T09, first, and n\do-p.a, 
 mould, form. — See Plastic] An albuminoid 
 substance possessing the power of motion, and 
 growing through assimilation of matter from 
 the surrounding media. 
 Pro-to-plas'mic, a. Pertaining to, or consisting 
 of, protoplasm : — written also protoplasmatic. 
 
 Pro'to-plast, w. [Gr. TrpooTOTrAaa-To?, first formed ; 
 irptoTos, first, and ^Aao-o-etv, to mould.] A first 
 germ; a prototype :— a low organism essentially 
 a mere mass of protoplasm. [protoplasm. 
 
 Pro-to-plas'tic, a. Relating to, or consisting of, 
 
 Pro'to-typs, «. [Gr. ttpwtotvttov ; TrptoTos, first, 
 and TV7TO?, a type (q. v.).] The original pattern 
 or model of any thing; archetype; an exemplar. 
 
 Pro-t5x'ide, n. [Gr. irpwro?, first, and Oxide.] 
 An oxide containing one equivalent of oxygen. 
 
 Pro-to-zo'ic, a. Exhibiting first forms of life. 
 
 Fro-to-zo'on, n. ; pi. Pro-to-zo'a. [Gr. npioTos, 
 first, and £yov, an animal.] " One of a sub- 
 kingdom of auimals comprising those of lowest 
 organization. 
 
 Pro-tract', v. a. [L. protrahere, protraclum, to draw 
 out; pro-, forth, and trahere, to draw.] [pp. pro- 
 tracting, protracted.] To draw out; to prolong; 
 to lengthen : — to delay ; to put off. 
 
 Pro-tract'er, n. One who protracts ; protractor. 
 
 Pro-trac'tion, n. [L. protractio.] Act of protracting. 
 
 Pro-tract'or, n. One who protracts : — an instru- 
 ment for' laying off angles. 
 
 Pro-trude', v. a. & v. n. [L. protrudere, protrusum ; 
 pro-, forth, and trttdere, to thrust.] [pp. protrud- 
 ing, protruded.] To thrust forward; to push. 
 
 Pro-tru'sion, n. The act of protruding; a thrust. 
 
 Pro-tru'sive, a. Thrusting forward. 
 
 Pro-tu'ber-ance, «. A prominence ; a swelling. 
 
 Pro-tii'ber-ant, a. [L. protuberant. — See Protu- 
 b'erate'.] 'Swelliug; prominent. 
 
 Pro-tu'ber-ate, v. n. [Jj. protuberare, protuberatnm ; 
 pro-, forward, and tuber, a swelling.] [pp. protu- 
 berating, protuberated.] To bulge out; to swell. 
 
 Proud, a. [A.-S. prut, Icel. prudr, proud ; Dan. 
 prud, stately.] Possessing pride; elated; arro- 
 gant; haughty; grand; lofty; ostentatious. 
 
 Proud' ly, ad. In a proud manner ; arrogantly. 
 
 Prov'a-ble, a. That may be proved. 
 
 Prove, '•. «. [Ft. prouvtr, h. probare, to test : pro- 
 bus, good.] [t. proved; ]>p. proving, proved, 
 sometimes proven.] To evince; to demonstrate ; 
 to verify : — to test; to try; to endure: to expe- 
 rience. — 2, v. n. To make trial; to succeed ; to 
 turn out to be. 
 
 Pro-ven'cal (or prS-vSn-aal), a. [L. provincia, a 
 province'; a name given especially to a province 
 in Gaul, afterward called Provence.] Pertain- 
 ing to Provence or its language.— 2, u. The lan- 
 guage employed in Provence, and much used iu 
 the Middle Ages tor poetical purposes. 
 
 Prov'en-der, n. [Fr. provende, provisions, — for- 
 merly, also a prebend (q. v.); L. pruebenda, an 
 allowance, a payment.] Food for beasts; hay, 
 forage, corn, &C. 
 
 Prov'erb, n. [L. proverbiuan ; p>ro-, out, common, 
 and verbum, a word.] A short sentence often 
 repeated; a maxim ; a by-word; an adage. 
 
 Pro-ver'bi-al, a. [L. proverbial is.) Mentioned in, 
 relating' to, or like, a proverb; widely current; 
 universally spoken of. 
 
 Pro-ver'bi-al-ism, n. A proverbial phrase. 
 
 Pro-ver'bi-al-ly, ad. Iu a proverbial manner. 
 
 Pro-vide', v. a. [L. providere, provisum : pro-, he- 
 forehand, and videre, to see.] [pp. providing, 
 provided.] To procure beforehand; to make 
 ready ; to prepare ; to furnish ; to supply. 
 
 Pro-vid'ed, conj. On condition that. 
 
 Prov'i-dgnce, 1/. [L. providentia.— See Provide.] 
 The' divine superintendence aud care; the Di- 
 vine Being : — an event directly caused by divine 
 power: — timely care; foresight; prudence. 
 
 Prov'i-dent, o. [L. providens.— See Provide.] 
 Forecasting; prudent. 
 
 Prov-i-den'tial (-shal), a. Effected by providence. 
 Prov-i-den'tial-ly, 'ad. By providence. 
 Prov'i-dent-ly, ad. In a provident manner. 
 Pro-vid'er, n. ' Oue who provides or procures. 
 Prov'ince, n. [L. provincia.] A subject country ; 
 
 a district ; a region : — office. 
 Pro-vin'cial (pro-vin'sha.1), «. [L. provincialis.] 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — (?. 9> 9i §, soft; p, p, p, §, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 
 
 27* 
 
PROVINCIALISM 
 
 438 
 
 PSYCHOMANCY 
 
 Relating to a province : — imbued with local 
 views and prejudices; narrow-minded ; illiberal. 
 — 2, u. One belonging to a province : — an eccle- 
 siastical cbief governor : — one imbued with local 
 spirit and prejudices; a person of narrow views. 
 
 Pro-vin'cial-ism (-shal-Izm), n. A provincial word 
 or idiom : — narrowness of spirit or sympathies. 
 
 Pro-vm-ci-al'i-ty. (pro-vin-she-aFe-te), n. A pro- 
 vincial peculiarity. 
 
 Pro-vi"§ion (pro-vlzh'un), n. [L. provisio. — See 
 Provide'.] The act of providing ; preparation ; 
 store ; stock : — victuals ; food : — a stipulation. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. provisioning, provisioned.] To 
 supply with provisions. 
 
 Pro-vi"sion-al, a. Temporarily established. 
 
 Pro-vi"sion-al-ly, ad. Temporarily. 
 
 Pro-vi"§ion-a-ry, a. Temporary; provisional. 
 
 Pro-vi'so, n. ; pi. Pro-vI's5§. [Law L. proviso 
 quod, it being provided that. — See Provide.] A 
 conditional provision or stipulation ; a caution. 
 
 Pro-vi'§o-ri-ly, ad. In a provisory manner ; pro- 
 visionally ; conditionally ; temporarily. 
 
 Pro-vi'§o-ry, a. Conditional ; having a proviso. 
 
 Prov-o-ca/tion, n. [L. provocatio.] The act of 
 provoking ; irritation ; a cause of anger : — stim- 
 ulus ; incitement. 
 
 Pro-vo' ca-tlve [pro-vok'a-tiv, Sin. G], o. [L. pro- 
 vocativus.] Stimulating; inciting; provoking. — 
 2, n. A stimulant; any thing which provokes 
 or excites appetite. 
 
 Pro-voke', r. a. [L. provocare, to challenge ; pro-, 
 forth, and vocare, to call.] [pp. provoking, pro- 
 voked.] To rouse ; to incite ; to awake : — to en- 
 rage ; to incense ; to offeud ; to irritate. 
 
 Pro-vok'er, n. One who provokes; an iuciter. 
 
 Pro-vok'ing, p. a. That provokes; irriiating. 
 
 Prov'ost, n. [Fr. privot, 0. Fr. prevost, L. prse- 
 positus, a prefect ; prse, before, and pnnere, to 
 place.] The chief of any body, as a college. 
 
 Prov'ost (or pro-vo'), n. A provost-marshal. 
 
 Prov'ost-mar'shal (or pro-vo'-), n. A military 
 or naval officer who preserves discipline. 
 
 Prov'ost-ship, n. The office of a provost. 
 
 Prb-fr'(or pro), n. [Fr. proue; Sp. & Port, proa; 
 L. prora ; Gr. rrpaJpa ; Trpo, irpoii, before.] The 
 head or fore part of a ship. 
 
 Process, n. [Fr. prouesse ; preux, 0. Fr. pron, 
 brave. Prouesse sometimes represents L. probi- 
 tas, goodness, by a confusion of terms, but his- 
 torically it comes from L. prodesse, to be of ad- 
 vantage ; pro, for, and esse, to be.] Bravery, 
 particularly military bravery ; valor; courage. 
 
 Prowl, r. u. [0. E. proll, perhaps for progle, fre- 
 quentative of prog, to beg, to go begging for 
 food.] [pp. prowling, prowled.] To rove about; 
 to wander for prey ; to prey. — 2, n. A ramble 
 for plunder. 
 
 Provvl'er, n. One that roves about for prey. 
 
 Prox'i-mal, a. Nearest; next to the body or to 
 the centre. 
 
 Prox'i-mate, a. [L. proximare, proximalnm, to 
 approach; proximus, nearest.] Next; nearest; 
 immediate. 
 
 Prox'i-mate-ly, ad. Immediately ; next. 
 
 Prox-im'i-ty, ». [Fr. proximili ; L. proximitas ; 
 proxinnis, nearest ; prope, near.] Nearness ; ad- 
 jacency. 
 
 Prox'i-mo, a. & n. [L.] Next, or next month. 
 
 Prox'y, n. [Late L. procuratia, management, pro- 
 curatorship; Fr. procvratie. See Procurator.] 
 Agency of another : — a substitute. 
 
 Prude, «. [Fr. prude, prudish ; 0. Fr. prod, pron, 
 good ; L. prodesse, to be of advantage ; pro, for, 
 and esse, to be.] An over-modest female : — a 
 woman who pretends to great modesty. 
 
 Pru'dence, n. [L. prudentia, for providentia, fore- 
 sight.] Quality of being prudent; ivisdom ap- 
 plied to practice ; caution ; foresight. 
 
 Pru'dent, a. [L. prudew, for jrrovidens, provident. 
 —See Provide.] Practically wise; discreet; 
 cautious; provident; careful; frugal. 
 
 Pru-den'tial, a. Proceeding from prudence:— 
 having superintendence or care. 
 
 Pru-den'tial-ly, ad. According to prudence. 
 
 Pru'dent-ly, ad. In a prudent manner. 
 
 Prud'er-y, n. The quality or conduct of a prude ; 
 affected reserve in conduct. 
 
 Prud'ish, a. Affectedly precise, shy, or grave. 
 
 Prune, v. a. [Fr. procigxer, to layer, — locally, 
 preugner; from provin, L. propago, a cutting, a 
 layer : in English the word wa> very early con- 
 fused with Preen.] [pp. pruning, pruned'.] To 
 lop or cut off; to trim.— 2, v. it. [See Preen.] 
 To dress for show ; to prink. — 3, n. [Fr. prune, 
 pruneau; L. prunum ; Gr. irpovvov or -npovp.vov.\ 
 A plum ; a dried plum. 
 
 Pru-nel'lo, ». [Fr. prunelle, a sloe; a dim. of 
 prune.] A kind of woollen or mixed stuff: — a 
 small sour prune. 
 
 Prun'er, n. One who primes or crops trees. 
 
 Prun'ing, n. The act of trimming; a cropping. 
 
 Pru'ri-ence, n. An itching desire. 
 
 Pru'ri-ent, a. [L. prurire, prurientis, to itch.] 
 Itching ; uneasy with desire. 
 
 Pru-rl'go, n. [L.] {Med.) An itching of the 
 skin with an eruption of pimples. 
 
 Prus'sian (prush'an or pru'shan), a. Eelating to 
 Prussia. — 2, ». *A native of Prussia. 
 
 Prus'sic, or Prus'sic, a. [So called because it was 
 obtained from Prussian blue.] Noting a deadly 
 acid ; hydrocyanic. 
 
 Pry, n. [Probably in both senses identical with 
 Prize, to raise by a lever; in the sense of to in- 
 spect it may be related to Peer.] A large 
 lever : — called also a prize :— a lifting by a lever. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. prying, pried.] To raise with a 
 lever; to prize. — 3, v. n. To inspect officiously 
 or curiously ; to search ; to gaze. 
 
 Pry'ing-ly, ad. With impertinent curiosity. 
 
 Psalm (sam), n. [Gr. >|/aA/x6s, a touching, — hence, 
 a harp-note, a song; xjjdWeiv, to touch, to 
 twitch, to harp.] A holy song; a sacred hymn. 
 
 Psal'mist (sal'mist or sam'ist), n. [Gr. i/zaA/auTTij?.] 
 A writer of psalms. 
 
 Psal'mo-dlst (sal'mo-dlst), «. A singer of psalms. 
 
 Psal'mo-dy (sal'mo-de) [sam'o-de, Wb. J/.]^ n. 
 [Gr. \jja\ixw8ia; \{ja\fx6<;, a harp-tune, and oJfirj, 
 a song. — See Ode.] The act, practice, or art of 
 singing psalms; psalms collectively. 
 
 Psal'ter (sawl'ter) [sal'ter, Sin.], v. [L. psalterium, 
 a psa'ltery, a psalm-book.] The book of Psalms. 
 
 Psal'ter-y. (sawl'ter-e), ». [Gr. vJ/aATJjpioy ; 
 Trip, a harper ; i/<aAAeiv, to harp.] 
 A kind of harp. 
 
 Pseu'do (su'do). [Gr. i^evSo?, a false- 
 hood ; v//ev8rjs, false : akin to v|/v- 
 0os, a whisper, a lie.] A term 
 which, being put before words, 
 signifies false, or counterfeit. 
 
 Pseu-do-mor'phous (sii-), a. [Pseudo 
 and Gr. txopfyri, a form.] Having 
 a false or assumed form ; not in the 
 true or normal form. 
 
 Pseu'do-nyme (sii'-), n. [Gr. i^euSwvv^to?, called 
 by a false name; 6vop.a, bvvp.a, a name.] A 
 false or assumed name. 
 
 Pseu-do-nym'i-ty. (sii-), n. The act or practice of 
 writing under an assumed or false name. 
 
 Pshaw (shaw), interi. Expressing contempt. 
 
 Pso'ra (so'ra), n. [Gr.] (Med.) The itch. 
 
 Psy'chic, * ) a. [Gr. i//vx<.*os ; \fjvxv.^oi\], breath ; 
 
 Psy'ehi-cal, j (//v^eiv, to blow.] Eelating to the 
 soul or mind ; psychological. 
 
 Psy-pho-lo£'ic, '• ) a. Relating to psychology or 
 
 Psy-pho-lo|'|-cal, ) the soul. 
 
 Psy-phol'o-£ist (si-), v. One versed in psychology. 
 
 Psy-ehol'o-g-y. (si-kol'o-je), n. [Gr. \jjv X v, the soul, 
 and Ao-yos, a discourse.] Doctrine of the soul or 
 mind; mental philosophy ; metaphysics. 
 
 Psy'pho-man-cy (si'-), ». [Gr. ^v X v, the soul, 
 and /xavreia, divination.] Divination by con- 
 sulting spirits or the souls of the dead. 
 
 a. e, l, o, u. 
 
 y, long; a, e, l, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
PTAKMIGAN 
 
 439 
 
 PULP 
 
 Ptar'mi-gan (tar'-), n. [Gael, tarmichan.] The 
 European white grouse. 
 
 Pter-o-dac'tyl (ter-), n. [Gr. Trrepov, a wing, and 
 Sa.KTv\og, a finger.] An extinct winged reptile. 
 
 Pter-o-sau'ri-a (ter-), n. pi. [Gr. nrepou, a wing, 
 and' o-avpos,' a lizard.] Winged reptiles: — a 
 family of extinct saurians. 
 
 Ptis-an' (tiz-zan' or tiz'an), n. [Fr. tisane; Gr. 
 ■ini.a-6.vr), "hulled barley, barley-water ; 7rri'cr<reiv, 
 to peel.] A medicinal drink made of barley, &c. 
 
 Ptol-e-ma'ic (tol-e-ma/ik), a. Belonging to Ptol- 
 emy, the astronomer, or to his system. 
 
 Pty'a-li§m (ti'a-lizm), n. [Gr. 7rTi>aAi.cr/x6? ; irTva- 
 At'^etv, to spit freely ; nrvakov, spittle ; Trrveiv, 
 to spit.] Salivation ; excessive spitting. 
 
 Pu'ber-ty, n. [L. pubertas; pubes, hair.] The ripe 
 age" of the sexes. 
 
 Pu-bes'cence, n. [Fr.] The state of arriving at 
 puberty : — the down of a plant. 
 
 Pu-bes'cent, a. [L. jiubescere, pubescentis, to begin 
 to be hairy ; pubes, hair.] Arriving at puberty ; 
 hairy. 
 
 Pub'lic, a. [L. publicue; 0. L. poblicus ; popidns, 
 the people.] Belonging to a state or nation, or 
 to the community ; not private ; common ; open ; 
 notorious ; general : — open to general use. — 2, n. 
 The body of a nation ; the people. 
 
 Pub'li-can, w. [L. publicamis, belonging to the 
 people," — also, a tax-gatherer.] A Roman officer 
 who collected tribute ; a tax-gatherer: — a tavern- 
 keeper. 
 
 Pub-li-ca'tion, n. [L. publicatio ; pnblicare, Xo 
 publish (rj.'v.).] The act of publishing : — a work 
 printed and published :— a proclamation. 
 
 Pub'li-cist, w. A writer on the laws of nations or 
 on public affairs. [public. 
 
 Pub-Hc'i-ty., n. [Fr. pnblicite.] State of being 
 
 Pub'lic-iy, ad. In a public manner; openly. 
 
 Pub'lic-spir'it-ed, a. Disposed to advance the 
 interests of the public. 
 
 Pfib'lish, v. a. [Fr. publier ; L. pnblicare, to make 
 public (q. v.).] [pp. publishing, published.] To 
 make publicly known ; to declare; to make pub-, 
 lie; to divulge: to disclose; to proclaim; to ad- 
 vertise ; to announce; to put forth. 
 
 Pub'lish-er, n. One who publishes. 
 
 Pub'lish-ment, n. The act of publishing: — a 
 public notice of intended marriage. 
 
 Puce, a. [Fr. puce, a flea, — also, flea-colored ; L. 
 pidex, Gr. \jjv\Xa, a flea.] Of a dark brown or 
 flea color. 
 
 Puck, n. [Irish puca, Welsh picca, Cornish bucca, 
 Fris. puk, a goblin : akin to Bogle and Spook.] 
 A sort of hobgoblin, fairy, or sprite. 
 
 Puek'er. v. a. & v. n. [Related to Poke, a pocket.] 
 [pp. "puckering, puckered.] To gather into folds; 
 to wrinkle. — 2, n. A small fold; a wrinkle. 
 
 Puck'ish, a. Resembling Puck; mischievous; 
 tricksy. 
 
 Pud'ding, n. [Cf. Low Ger. pudde-wurst, a black- 
 pudding; Ger. pudding, a pudding; puddig, 
 thick; Irish putog, a pudding; Fr. boudin, a 
 black-pudding; L. botuhts, a sausage.] A kind 
 of food variously compounded of flour, milk, 
 eggs, fruit, <fcc. 
 
 Piid'ding-stone, n. Conglomerate stone. 
 
 Pfid'die. n. [A dim. of Pool ; Welsh, pwdel, podel; 
 Low Ger. pudel.] A small, muddy pool; a plash. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. puddling, puddled.] To make 
 muddy or foul ; to mix with dirt, clay, or sand : 
 — to fill or stop up : — [Ger. pultel: related to Put 
 in tht, sense of to thrust] to convert into wrought 
 iron. — 3, v. n. To make x dirty stir. 
 
 Pud'dling, n. The process of converting pig iron 
 into wrought iron : — the clay with which canal- 
 bottoms are lined. 
 
 Piid'dljr, «. Muddy ; dirty ; miry. 
 
 Pud'fy.,' a. Fat and short. 
 
 Pu-dic i-tjr, n. [L. pudicitia ; pudere, to be 
 ashamed; pudor, modesty, shame.] Modesty; 
 chastity. 
 
 Pu-g'blo (or pweb'lo), . n. [Sp. for "town" or 
 "people."] In Spain and Spanish America, a 
 town or village. 
 
 PG'e-rile, a. [L. puerilis; puer, a boy.] Childish; 
 boyish; juvenile. [boyishness. 
 
 Pu-e-ril'i-tx. n. [Fr. puerilile.] Childishness; 
 
 Pu-er'pe-ral, a. [L. puerpera, child-bearing ; puer, 
 a boy,'an"d parare, to bear.] Relating to, or hap- 
 pening after, childbirth; as, the puerperal fever. 
 
 Puff, «. [Imitative : found in many languages.] 
 A small blast of wind: — any thing light and 
 porous :— a ball filled with dust : — [Fr. pouf] ex- 
 aggerated praise. — 2, v. n. [pp. puffing, puffed.] 
 To swell with wind ; to blow : — to breathe thick 
 and hard ; to pant. — 3, v. a. To inflate ; to swell ; 
 to blow up with pride : — to praise extravagantly. 
 
 Puff-ball, n. A dried fungus which emits a cloud 
 of spores. [travagant praise. 
 
 Pu£fe-rx, n. [Fr. poufferie ; pouffer, to puff.] Ex- 
 Puffin, n. [Probably named from its puffy ami 
 swollen form.] A water-fowl ; a fish : — a fungus. 
 
 Puf'fi-ness, "• State or quality of being puffy. 
 
 Puf'fj, a. Windy; flatulent; tumid; turgid. 
 
 Pug, n. [Perhaps, from Puck.] A fondled dog or 
 monkey. 
 
 Pug'-dog, n. A small pet dog; a lapdog. 
 
 Pug'g-er-y, n. The same as Pvguf.e. 
 
 Pugh (poll), iuterj. Noting contempt ; poh. 
 
 Pu gil, ». [L. pugillus, a fist-full. — Cf. pugnus, Gr. 
 irvyvr], a fist.] A small handful ; a large pinch. 
 
 Pu'fil-i§m, n. The art or practice of boxing or 
 fighting with the fist ; boxing. 
 
 Pu'gil-ist, ». [Fr. pugiliste; L. pugil, a boxer.] 
 A fighter with the fist; a boxer. 
 
 Pu-gil-ist'ic, a. Relating to pugilism. 
 
 Pug' -mill, n. A mill for mixing clay. 
 
 Pug-na'cious (-nfi'shus), a. [L. jiugnax, pugnacis, 
 quarrelsome ; pugnare, to fight ; pugnus, the fist.] 
 Inclined to fight; fighting; contentious; quar- 
 relsome, [pugnacious. 
 
 Pug-nac'i-tj;. n. [L. puguacitas.] Quality of being 
 
 Pug'ree, i(. [Hind, pagri.] A kind of turban : — .t 
 white cloth worn on men's hats in warm coun- 
 tries : — written sometimes puggerg. 
 
 Puis'ne (pu'ne), «. [Fr. — See Puny.] Younger; 
 inferior; small; petty; puny. 
 
 Pu'is-sance, n. [Fr.] Power: strength ; force. 
 
 Pu'is-sant, a. [It. puissant; It. possente; L. posse, 
 to' be able.] Powerful; strong; forcible. 
 
 Puke, //. [Ger. spucken, to spit.— See Spew.] A 
 vomit: — a medicine causing vomit. — 2, v. u. & v. a. 
 [pp. puking, puked.] To spew ; to vomit. 
 
 Piil'chri-tude, n. [L. pulchritudo; pulcher, beau- 
 tiful.]" Beauty; comeliness. 
 
 Pule, v. n. [Bt. piauler; It. pigdlare. — Cf. L. pi- 
 pUare, to chirp.] [pp. puling, puled.] To cry; 
 to whine; to whimper. 
 
 Pull, v. a. [A.-S. puUian; Low Ger. pnlen.—Cf. L. 
 pellere, to drive.] [pp. pulling, pulled.] To 
 draw forcibly ; to pluck.— 2, u. The act of pull- 
 ing; a contest; a pluck. 
 
 Pull' back, n. That which keeps back. 
 
 Pul'let, n. [Fr. poulet, a chicken ; poule, Late L. 
 pulla, a hen; Ii. pidlus, a young animal.] A 
 young hen. 
 
 Pul'ley, ». [Fr. poulie; perhaps related to Pull, 
 or to Fr. poulain, Late L. pulla- — 
 jims, a colt, — also a pulley-rope, 
 a slide; L. pidlus, a young ani- 
 mal.— Cf. Sp. polea, It. puleggia, 
 a pulley.] A small wheel turn- 
 ing on a pivot. 
 
 Pul'mo-na-rx, ) a. [L. pulmona- 
 
 Pul-mon'ic, )rius; pulmo, pul- 
 monis, a lung. — Cf. Gr. Trvevpnav, 
 nXevixiov, a lung; nveeiv, to Il ™ g '°' 
 
 breathe.] Belonging to the lungs ; affecting the 
 lungs. 
 
 Pulp, n. [Fr. pnlpe ; L. pulpa.] Any soft mass ; 
 the soft part of fruit. — 2, v. a. [pp. pulping, 
 pulped.] To make into pulp : — to deprive of pulp. 
 
 mien, sir; move, nor, s6n; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5, 9, s, £, soft; p, J3, c, §, hard; § as z; 5 as gz; this. 
 
PULPIT 
 
 440 
 
 PURCHASABLE 
 
 Piil'pit, n. [L. pulpitum, a stage or platform.] An 
 elevated structure to speak in. 
 
 Pulp'x, a. Consisting of or resembling pulp ; 
 pappy ; soft. 
 
 Pulque (ptil'ka), n. [Sp. ; of Mexican origin.] 
 A Mexican beverage. 
 
 Pul'sate, v. n. [L. pulsare, pulsatum, to throb; 
 pellere, pulsum, to drive.] [pp. pulsating, pul- 
 sated.] To beat, as an artery ; to throb. 
 
 Pul'sa-tile, a. That may be struck; beating. 
 
 Pul-sa'tion, n. [L. pulsutio.] The act of beating ; 
 a throbbing. 
 
 Pul'sa-to-ry, «. Beating like the pulse. 
 
 Pulse, n. [L. pulsus, a beating ; pellere, pulsum, to 
 drive.] The motion of an artery as the blood 
 is driven through it : — [L. puis, pottage. — See 
 Poultice] leguminous plants. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
 pulsing, pulsed.] To throb or beat. 
 
 Pul'ver-i-za-ble, or Pul'ver-a-ble, a. That may 
 be pulverized. 
 
 Pul-ver-i-za'tion, n. The act of pulverizing. 
 
 Pul'ver-Ize, v. a. [Fr. pulveriser ; L. pulverizare or 
 pulverare; pulvis, pulveris, dust.] [pp. pulver- 
 izing, pulverized.] To reduce to powder. 
 
 Pul'ver-x-zer, n. One who pulverizes. 
 
 Pul-ver'u-lence, n. Dustiness ; powder. 
 
 Pul-ver'u-lent, a. [L. pulverulentus ; pulvis, pul- 
 veris, dust.] Dusty; powdery. 
 
 Pu'ma, n. [Peruvian.] A rapacious animal of the 
 cat family. 
 
 Pu'mice, or Pum'ice, n. [L. pumex, pumicis. — Cf. 
 spuma, foam.] A kind of volcanic scoria ; a light 
 and porous or spongy mineral substance. 
 
 Pu-mi"ceous (pii-mish'us), a. [L. pumiceus.] Like 
 pumice. 
 
 Pum'mel, n. & v. See Pommel. 
 
 Pump, ii. [Pr. pompe; Dut. pomp; Dan. pompe , • 
 Ger. pumpe and plumpe: akin, through the Ger., 
 to Plunge.] An engine for drawing water : — 
 [from Pomp, in the sense of ornament] a shoe. 
 — 2, v. n. [pp. pumping, pumped.] To throw 
 out water by a pump. — 3, v. a. To raise or throw 
 out with a pump : — to draw out or elicit by art- 
 ful questions. 
 
 Pump'kin, n. [E. pompion; 0. Fr. pompon; L. 
 pepo, peponis ; Gr. nenoiv, a melon.] A plant 
 and its fruit; a pompion. 
 
 Pun, k. [Local E. pun, to strike ; A.-S. punian, to 
 punish.] An expression in which a word has 
 different meanings and suggests a ludicrous 
 idea ; a play upon words ; a witticism ; a quib- 
 ble. — 2, v. n. [pp. punning, punned.] To make 
 puns ; to quibble. 
 
 Punch, v. a. [L. pungere, punclum, to prick. — See 
 Puncheon.] [pp. punching, punched.] To bore 
 or perforate; [a form of Punish] to push: — to 
 strike hard. — 2, n. A pointed instrument ; a 
 borer : — a blow or push : — [Hindi panch, five ; 
 from its five ingredients] a liquor made of spirit, 
 water, sugar, spice, and lemons : — [from Punchi- 
 nello] a buffoon ; a harlequin : — [probably from 
 Puncheon, a cask] a stout horse. 
 
 Funch'-bowl, w. A bowl to hold punch. 
 
 Punch'eon (punch'un), n. [Fr. poincon, Sp. pun- 
 zon, a bodkin ; L. punctio, a pricking. — See Punch 
 and Point.] A tool : — [Fr. poinfon ; Sp. ponzon ; 
 perhaps because its capacity was marked on it 
 with a punch] a large cask ; a plank made by 
 splitting a log. 
 
 Pun-chi-nel'lo, n. [It. pulcinella, a clown ; pul- 
 cino, a chicken ; L. pullus, a young animal. — See 
 Pullet.] A buffoon ; a punch. 
 
 Punc'tat-ed, a. [L. punclum, a point.] Drawn 
 into a point : — dotted. 
 
 Punc-til'io (pungk-til'yo), n. [It. punliglio, Sp. 
 ■punlillo, a point of honor, a nice point of eti- 
 quette ; punto, L. punctum, a point.] A small 
 nicety of behavior ; a nice point ot ceremony. 
 
 Punc-til'ious (pungk-til'yus), a. Exact in ob- 
 servance of rules or in conduct; very punctual ; 
 very precise ; nice ; exact. 
 
 Punc-tll'ious-ly. (pungk-tll'yus-le), ad. In 
 punctilious manner; exactly." 
 
 Punc-til'ious-ness, n. Exactness; nicety. 
 
 PQnct'u-al (pungkt'yu-al), a. [Fr. pnnctael I; Late 
 L. punctualis; punclum, a point.] Done, or ar- 
 riving, at the precise time ; exact ; nice ; prompt ; 
 punctilious. 
 
 Punct-u-al'i-ty, n. Quality of being punctual. 
 
 Punct'u-al-ly, ad. In a punctual manner. 
 
 Punct'u-ate (pungkt'yu-at), v. a. [Late L. punc- 
 tuare, punctuutum, to point off, to limit; L. punc- 
 tual, a point.] [pp. punctuating, punctuated.] 
 To distinguish by pointing. 
 
 Punct-u-a'tion, n. Act or method of pointing. 
 
 Punct'ure (pungkt'yur), n. [L. punclura; pun- 
 gere, to prick.] A small prick; a small, sharp 
 point : — a little hole. — 2, v. a. [pp. puncturing, 
 punctured.] To pierce. 
 
 Pun'dit, n. [Skr. pandiia, learned; pand, to heap 
 up.] (India.) A learned Brahman. 
 
 Pung, n. [Origin unknown. — See Pungy.] A rude 
 sort of sleigh. 
 
 Pun'£en-cy, n. Quality of being pungent ; sharp- 
 ness; acridness; keenness; poignancy. 
 
 Pun'|-ent, a. [L. pungere, pungentis, to prick.] 
 Pricking; sharp; acrid; puignant. 
 
 Piin'£ent-ly., ad. In a pungent manner. 
 
 Pung'y, n. [Origin unknown. — Cf. West Indian 
 bongo, a canoe.] A boat or shallop with sails. 
 
 Pu'nic, a. [L. punicus or voznicus ; Pcenus, a Car- 
 thaginian, a Phoenician.] Relating to the Car- 
 thaginians : — treacherous ; as, Punic faith. 
 
 Pu'ni-ness, n. State of being puny. 
 
 Pun'ish, v. a. [Fr. punir, part, puuissant ; L. pu- 
 nire, punitum, to punish ; poena, a penalty.] [pp. 
 punishing, punished.] To afflict with pain for a 
 crime or fault ; to chastise ; to correct ; to avenge. 
 
 Pun'ish-a-ble, a. That may be punished. 
 
 Pun'ish-ment, n. Pain inflicted for a crime; 
 penalty ; correction ; chastisement. 
 
 Pii'ni-tive, a. Inflicting punishment ; penal. 
 
 Punk (pungk), n. [For spunk, tinder, rotten wood.] 
 A common prostitute ; a strumpet : — a fungus : — 
 rotten wood ; touchwood. 
 
 Pun'kah, n. [Hindi pauhhd, a fan, a wing.] A 
 large fan. 
 
 Pun'ster, n. One given to punning; a wit. 
 
 Punt, n. [A.-S. mint, L. ponto, a kind of boat or 
 pontoon (q. v.).] A flat-bottomed boat. 
 
 Pu'ny, a. [Fr. puine, 0. Fr. puisne, younger, — 
 hence, inferior ; from L. post natus, born later.] 
 Petty; inferior; of an under rate. — 2, n. A 
 young, inexperienced person. 
 
 Pup. n. [See Puppy.] A whelp; a young dog; 
 a puppy.— 2, v. n. [pp. pupping, pupped.] To 
 bring forth whelps or puppies. 
 
 Pii'pa, n. ; pi. Pu'pae. [L. pupa, a girl, a doll ; 
 piqms, a boy : akin topue?-, a boy.] Chrysalis. 
 
 Pu'pil, n. [L. pupillus, a ward, an orphan; dim. 
 of pupus, a boy.] One under the care of a 
 tutor; a scholar; a student : — [L,pi])H!aandpn- 
 pilla, the pupil; diminutives of pupa, a girl; from 
 the reflection of the face seen in it] the apple of 
 the eye ; the opening in the iris. 
 
 Pu'pil-a£e, n. State ot a pupil ; wardship. 
 
 Pu'pil-ia-ry, a. Pertaining to a pupil. 
 
 Pup' pet.' n. ' [Fr. poupee, 0. Fr. poupette, a doll ; 
 L. pupa, a girl, a doll.] A small image moved 
 by wire. 
 
 Piip'py, n. [Fr. poupee, a puppet (q. v.).] A young 
 dog ;'a whelp; a pup: — [Fr. poupin, a fop: akin 
 to the above] a fop; a conceited young fellow. 
 
 Pup'py-ism, n. Extreme affectation ; conceit. 
 
 Piir, or Purr, n. [Imitative.] A gentle noise made 
 by a cat.— 2, ». n. [ pp. purring, purred.] To 
 murmur as a oat. — 3, v. a. To signify by purring. 
 
 Pur'blind, a. [In its old sense of entirely blind it 
 came from Pure, entirely, and Blind; later it 
 seems to have been affected in meaning by the 
 verb to Pore.] Near-sighted ; short-sighted. 
 
 Pur'chas-a-ble, a. That may be purchased. 
 
 a, e, I, o, u, y, long ; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
 o 
 
PUECHASE 
 
 441 
 
 PUSTULE 
 
 Fur' chase, v. a. [Fr. ponrchasser, to seek eagerly ; 
 
 four, for, and chasser, to follow, to chase (</. v.).] 
 pp. purchasing, purchased.] To buy for a price ; 
 to get. — 2, ». [Fr. pourchasse, a pursuit.] Act of 
 buying; any thing bought; a bargain : — a me- 
 chanical advantage. 
 
 Piir'chas-er, n. One who purchases. 
 
 Pure, a. [Fr. pur, fern, pure; L. purus.] Clear; 
 unmingled ; unmixed; genuine; real; true; 
 honest; guiltless; innocent; chaste. 
 
 Puree (pu-ra), a. [Fr.] A pulpy maceration of 
 roasted meats and of vegetables or fruits. 
 
 Piire'ly, ad. In a pure manner ; clearly. 
 
 Pur'ne'(piir'fl), n. [0. Fr. pourfiler, to decorate; 
 pour (L. pro), before, and fil (L*. filum), a thread.] 
 A border of embroidery. — 2, v. a. [pp. purtling, 
 purfled.] To decorate richly. 
 
 Piir'fling, n. An ornamental border. 
 
 Pur-ga'tion, n. [L. purgaHo.— See Purge.] Act 
 of cleansing or purging. 
 
 Pur'ga-tive, a. [L. purgativm.'] Cathartic; purg- 
 ing.— 2, n. A cathartic medicine. 
 
 Piir-ga-to'ri-al, a. Relating to purgatory. 
 
 Piir'ga-to-ry, n. [L. purgatorius, purging; Fr. 
 purg'atolre.] A place in which, according to 
 one opinion, souls are, by punishment, purged 
 from impurities. — 2, a. Cleansing ; expiatory. 
 
 Purge, v. a. [L. pwgare, purgatwm; purus, pure, 
 and agere, to make, to drive.] [pp. purging, 
 purged.] To cleanse; to clear; to purify. — 
 2, v. n. To become cleansed or purified. — 3, n. 
 A cathartic medicine : — a cleansing. 
 
 Purging, w. Purgation; diarrhoea. 
 
 Pu-ri-'fi-ca'tion, ». [L. purine alio.] Act of puri- 
 fying; state of being purified ; a cleansing. 
 
 Pu-rif'i-ca-to-ry, a. Cleansing; purifying. 
 
 Pu'ri-fi-er, >i. One who purifies; a cleanser. 
 
 Pu'ri-fy, t\ a. [Fr. purifier; L. purificare; purus, 
 pure, and facere, to make.] [pp. purifying, 
 purified.] To make pure; to cleanse. 
 
 Pu'ri-fy-ing, n. The act of making clean. 
 
 Pii'rim, n. [Heb. pur, pi. purim, lots; but proba- 
 bly in this use a corruption of Per. furdigan, the 
 name of a festival.] The Jewish feast of lots. 
 
 Pu'ri§m, h. [Fr. pwrUrme.] Xiceness in the use 
 of words. [of words. 
 
 Pu'rist, n. [Fr. purisle.] One over-nice in the use 
 
 Pii-ris'tic, \ a. Of or belonging to, or charac- 
 
 Pu-ris'ti-cal, / teristic of, a purist. 
 
 Pu'ri-tan, n. [L. pur'das, purity.] An advocate 
 for purity of religion : — one of a class of English 
 Dissenters.— 2, a. Belonging to the Puritans. 
 
 Pu-ri-tan'ic, \a. Relating to the Puritans; 
 
 Pu-ri-tan'i-cal, J rigid ; strict, 
 
 Pii-ri-tan'i-cal-ly, 'id. Strictly ; precisely. 
 
 Pu'ri-tan-ism, u. The notions of the Puritans. 
 
 Pu'ri-ty, n. [L.puritaa; Fr. purete. — See Pure.] 
 State of being pure; genuineness; cleanness; 
 innocence; chastity. 
 
 Purl, n. [Sw. porta, to bubble : imitative.] A 
 gentle flow: — [Fr. perle, beady, sparkling] a 
 malt liquor : — [shortened from Purfle] an em- 
 broidered or puckered border. — 2, v. >/. [pp. 
 purling, purled.] To murmur; to flow gently. 
 
 PUr'lieu, r. \\ corruption of 0. Fr. pouralUe, 
 puralte, demarcation of land; L. perambulatio, a 
 going about. — See Perambulate.] Border; en- 
 closure ; district ; environs. 
 
 Piir'lin, n. [Fr. pour, for, and ligne, a line.] An 
 inside brace to a rafter. 
 
 Purl'ing, n. The gentle noise of a stream. 
 
 Pur-loin', r. a. [0. Fr. purloignier, to prolong 
 (i/. v.), to delay, to set to one side.] [pp. pur- 
 loining, purloined.] To steal; to take by theft. 
 
 Piir'ple, a. [Fr. pourpre, L. purpura, Gr. irop4>v- 
 peos, purple; nop<f>vpa, a shell-fish yielding pur- 
 ple dye ; nop^vpeiv, to grow dark.] Red tinct- 
 ured with blue. — 2, n. Purple color ; a purple 
 dress. — 3, v. a. [pp. purpling, purpled.] To color 
 with purple. 
 
 Piir'plish, a. Somewhat purple ; like purple, 
 
 Piir'port, n. [0. Fr. purport, pourport.] Design; 
 meaning ; tendency.— 2, v. a. [0. Fr, pourparler, 
 to inform ; pour, for, and porter, to carry.] [pp. 
 purporting, purported.] To intend ; to signify ; 
 to import. 
 
 Purpose, n. [0. Fr. pourpos, Fr. propos, drift, 
 intention ; L. proposition, a design. — See Pro- 
 pose.] Intention; design; object; aim. — 2, v. n. 
 [pp. purposing, purposed.] To have intention 
 or design. — 3, v. a. To intend; to design; to 
 resolve. [effect. 
 
 Pur'pose-less, a. Having no purpose ; having no 
 
 Piir'pose-ly, ad. By design ; by intention. 
 
 Purr, n. The noise of a cat. See Pur. 
 
 Purse, n. [Fr. bourse, Late L. bursa, a purse, a 
 treasury; Gr. /Sv'po-?}, a skin.] A small bag for 
 money : — a sum. — 2, v. a. [pp. pursing, pursed.] 
 To put into a purse : — to contract. 
 
 Furse'-prbud, a. Purled up with riches. 
 
 Purs'er, n. The paymaster of a ship. 
 
 Piir'si'-ness, ». Quality of being pursy, 
 
 Purs'iane, n. [It. porceUana ; L. porcUaca, portu- 
 laca.} A common succulent weed. 
 
 Pur-su'ance, n. A prosecution ; a process. 
 
 Pur-su'ant, a. [Pres. part, of 0. Fr. pursuir; Fr. 
 poursu'icant, following.] In consequence ; conse- 
 quent. 
 
 Pur-sue' (pur-sii'), v. a. [0. Fr. pursuir, poursuir; 
 Fr. poursuivre; L. prosequi, to follow. — See Pros- 
 ecute.] [pp. pursuing, pursued.] To chase; to 
 follow.— 2, v. n. To go on ; to proceed. 
 
 Pur-su'er, u. One who pursues or follows. 
 
 Pur-suit', </. [Fr. pourmite.] The act of pursu- 
 ing ; a following ; a chase ; prosecution ; employ- 
 ment ; occupation. 
 
 Pur'sui-vant (pur'swe-vant), n. [Fr. pou 
 
 a messenger, a suitor. — See PURSUANT.] A mes- 
 senger; a junior herald. 
 
 Pur'sy, a. [Fr. poiuaf, 0. Fr. poureif, wheezy, 
 panting; Fr. potumer, to push Q. v.), to pant, to 
 wheeze.] Fat and short-breatlu -d. 
 
 PG'ru-lence, In. [L. Pus, or the 
 
 Pu'ru-len-cy, j generation of pus, or matter. 
 
 Pu'ru-lent. a. [L. pundento -, corrup- 
 
 tion. — See Pvs.] Consisting of pus. 
 
 Pur-vey' (pur-v.V), v. a. [Fr. pourvoir, L. provi- 
 dere, to provide (q. v.).] [pp. purveying, pur- 
 veyed.] To provide; to procure. — 2, v. n. To 
 buy provisions. 
 
 Pur-vey'ance (pur-va'ans\ n. Tlie act of purvey- 
 ing or providing: procurement : — provisions. 
 
 Pur-vey'or (pur-va'ur), n. [Fr. pourvoyeur.] One 
 who purveys. 
 
 Piir'view (pur'vul. n. [Fr. pourvu, provided; 
 pourcoir, to provide, to afford, to furnish. — See 
 Purvey.] Sphere: limit; scope. 
 
 Pus, n. [L. pus, puris; Gr. irvov; Skr.puya: akin 
 to Putrid.] Purulent matter of a sore. 
 
 Push, d. a. [Fr. pousser, to push; L. pulsare, to 
 beat; pellere, puisum, to drive.] [pp. pushing, 
 pushed.] To thrust ; to press on ; to urge. — 
 2, v. ». To make a thrust ; to burst out. — 3, n. 
 A thrust ; an impulse : — assault. 
 
 Push'ing, a. Enterprising ; vigorous. 
 
 Pu-sil-la-mm'i-ty, n. [L. pusiilanimitas.] Cow- 
 ardice; timidity. 
 
 Pu-sil-lan'i-mous, a. [L. pusillammis; pusiUus, 
 weak, very small, and animus, mind, spirit.] 
 Cowardly ; timid. 
 
 Pu-sil-lan'i-mous-ly, ad. Cowardly. 
 
 Puss, n. [Celtic pus, Low Ger. puns, Dut. poes, 
 Lith. puz, Afghan (local) pushn, Tamil pusei, a 
 cat.] A fondling term for a cat or a hare. 
 
 Pus'sy, n. A fondling name for a cat ; puss. 
 
 Pust'u-late, v. a. [L. pustvlare, pushdatum. — See 
 Pustule.] [pp. pustulating, pustulated.] To 
 form into pustules. 
 
 PQst'ule (pust'yul or pus'tiil), v. [L. pustula, or 
 pumila : akin to Pus, or perhaps to Gr. ^vcraAi'?, 
 a blister ; (pvcrdeiv, to blow.] A small swelling; 
 a pimple ; an efflorescence. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5, (?, 5, £, soft; p, £, e, |, hard; s as z ; ? as gz ; this. 
 
PUSTULOUS 
 
 442 
 
 QUADRATE 
 
 Pust'u-lous, a. Full of pustules. 
 
 Put [put or put, W.], v. a. [A.-S. potian, Gael. 
 put, to thrust.] [i. put; _pp. putting, put.] To 
 lay ; to place ; to reposit ; to apply : — to propose ; 
 to state ; to offer : — to reduce. — 2, v. n. To ger- 
 minate : — to steer a vessel. 
 
 Pu'ta-tive, a. [L. putalivus; putare, to think.] 
 Supposed ; reputed ; uot real. 
 
 Put' -off, ii. An excuse; evasion; delay. 
 
 Pu-tre-f ac'tion, n. [L. putrej 'actio. —See Putreet.] 
 The'act of putrefying or growing rotten ; rotten- 
 ness ; putridity. [acterized by putrefaction. 
 
 Pu-tre-f ac'tive, a. Causing putrefaction : — char- 
 
 Pu'tre-fy, v. a. & v. n. [L. putrefacere, to cause to 
 rot ;' putrefieri, to rot; puter or putr is, rotten, and 
 facere, to make.] [pp. putrefying, putrefied.] 
 To make rotten : — to rot. 
 
 Pu-tres'cence, n. State of rotting; rottenness. 
 
 Pu-tres'cent, a. [L. putrescere, putrescents, incep- 
 tive of pntrere, to be rotten.] Growing rotten ; 
 becoming putrid. 
 
 Pu-tres'ci-ble, a. That may putrefy. 
 
 Pu'trid, a. [L. putridus ; also ptitris and puter, rot- 
 ten.'— Cf. putere, Skr. puye, to stink.] Eotten ; 
 corrupt ; putrescent. 
 
 Pu-trid'i-ty, \n. State of being putrid; rotten- 
 
 Pu'trid-ness, J ness. 
 
 Put'ter, v. n. [See Pother.] [pp. puttering, put- 
 tered.] To pother; to bother; to potter; to trifle 
 or bustle about to no purpose. 
 
 Put'tock, n. [Said to be from Local E. poult, a 
 pullet (q. v.), and Hawk.] A hawk or kite. 
 
 Put'ty, n. [Fr. potie, putty, potter's clay, a pot- 
 ful :" probably in its former use it signified stuff 
 for mending pots.] A kind of cement used by 
 glaziers. 
 
 Puz'zle (pfiz'zl), v. a. [0. E. opposable, a ques- 
 tion ; from Appose or Oppose.] [pp. puzzling, 
 puzzled.] To perplex; to confound. — 2, v. n. 
 To be bewildered or awkward. — 3, n. Embar- 
 rassment ; a riddle ; a toy ; something that per- 
 plexes. 
 
 Py-ae'mi-a, n. [Gr. trvov, pus, and alp.a, blood.] 
 A diseased condition in which pus-globules are 
 found in the blood. 
 
 Py-aem'ic, ) a. Of or relating to, or characterized 
 
 Py-em'ic, J by, pyaemia. 
 
 Py'garg, /'• [Gr. 7rvyapyos ; irvyr/, the rump, and 
 apyos, white.] A kind of antelope. 
 
 Pyg-me'an, a. Like a pygmy ; dwarfish. 
 
 Pyg'my, n. [Gr. irvyp.alo<;, — literally a man of the 
 size of a fist; irvyp.ri, the fist.] A dwarf; any 
 thing very little. — 2, «. Dwarfish; small. 
 
 Py-lo'rus, ii. [L. ; Gr. irvXutpos, a gate-keeper; 
 7ruArj, a gate, and ovpos, a keeper; opojuai, I 
 guard.] The lower orifice of the stomach. 
 
 Pyr'a-mid, n. [Gr. irvpap-is, irvpap-LSos. — Cf. 
 Egyptian pir-em-us, the height of a building ; 
 pi-ram, the high ; ram or aram, to be high.] A 
 6olid figure standing on a regular base, and 
 ending in a point at the top. 
 
 Py-ram'i-dal, a. Formed like a pyramid. 
 
 Pyr-a-mid'ic, "la. [Gr. 7rvpap.i8iKos.] Kelating 
 
 Pyr-a-mid'i-cal, J to, or formed like, a pyramid. 
 
 Pyre, m. [Gr. nvpd; vvp, fire.] A funeral pile; 
 a pile to be burnt. 
 
 Py-ret'ic, n. [Gr. nvperos, fever; irvp, fire.] Med- 
 icine for fever. 
 
 Pyr'ite, n. ; pi. Pyr'ites. [Gr. n-vpiTTj?, fire-stone, 
 flint; nvp, fire.] (Min.) The fire-stone; a sul- 
 phuret of iron or other metal. 
 
 Py-ri'te§, n. [L.] (Mm.) A mineral composed of 
 sulphur combined with iron, copper, nickel, or 
 tin ; the fire-stone ; pyrite. 
 
 Py-rit'ic, a. Eelating to pyrite or pyrites. 
 
 Pyr'i-tous, a. Eelating to pyrite ; pyritic. 
 
 Pyr-o-lig'ne-ous, ) «. [Gr. nvp, nvpos, fire, and 
 
 Pyr-p-lig'nic, J L. lignum, wood.] Noting an 
 acid obtained by distilling wood. 
 
 Py.-rom'e-ter, v. [Gr. irvp, nvpos, fire, and p.e- 
 rpov, a measure.] An instrument to measure 
 great heat. 
 
 Pyr'ope, n. [Gr. 7rvpco7ros, fiery-eyed; irvp, fire, 
 and w\ft, the eye.] A fine red garnet. 
 
 Pyr'o-scope, n. [Gr. irvp, fire, and a-Koirelv, to 
 see'.] An instrument for measuring the intensity 
 of radiating heat. 
 
 Pyr-o-teph'nic, \ a. [Gr. -xvp, fire, and rexvt- 
 
 Pyr-o-teph'ni-cal, J /cd?, technical. — See Pyko- 
 techny.] Eelating to pyrotechnics or fireworks. 
 
 Pyr-o-teph'nics, n. pi. Art of fireworks. 
 
 Pyr-o-teph'nist, n. One skilled in pyrotechnics. 
 
 Pyr'o-teph-ny [pi'ro-tek-ne, S. E. Ju. A'.], n. [Gr. 
 irvp, fire, and rexv'ri, an art.] The art of making 
 or managing fireworks ; pyrotechnics. 
 
 Pyr'ox-ene, v. [Gr. irvp, fire, and |evos, a 
 stranger : it seems to be distinct from the lava 
 in which it often occurs.] (Min.) Augite; a 
 mineral of many species. 
 
 Pyr'rho-ni§m (pir'o-nizm), n. The doctrine of 
 the philosopher Pyrrho ; scepticism. 
 
 Py-thag-o-re'an, w. A follower of Pythagoras. — 
 2, a. Eelating to Pythagoras. 
 
 Py-thag'o-rism, n. The doctrine of Pythagoras. 
 
 Py'thon, n. [Gr. TIv6iov, a great serpent fabled 
 to have been slain by Apollo ; etymology doubt- 
 ful.] A very large old-world serpent. 
 
 Pyx, n. [L. pyxis, Gr. nv^iq, a box ; ttv|os, box- 
 wood.] The box in which Eoman Catholics 
 keep the host: — a box in which sample coins 
 are kept. — 2, v. n. [pp. pyxing, pyxed.] To 
 test, as coins, by weight and assay. 
 
 Q. 
 
 Qas an English consonant, is always followed 
 j by u ; and nu is commonly pronounced like kw. 
 
 Quack, v. n. [Imitative; Ger. quake n ; Dut. kiva- 
 ken ; Dan. qritlke.] [pp. quacking, quacked.] 
 To cry like a duck : — to boast. — 2, n. The cry of 
 a duck : — [for quacksalver] a vain pretender to 
 the science of medicine; an empiric. — 3, a. Pre- 
 tending to cure diseases ; partaking of quackery : 
 as, a quack medicine. 
 
 Quack'er-y., n. False pretensions to a knowledge 
 of physic ; practice of a quack. 
 
 Guack'ish, a. Like a quack: trickish. 
 
 Q,ua.ck'sal-ver, n. [Dut. kwakzalver, one who 
 quacks, or 'vaunts, salves; a salve-pedler.] A 
 quack doctor. 
 
 Quad (kwod), n. [See Quadrate.] A quadrat : — a 
 quadrangle : — a prison. 
 
 I Quad-ra-ges'i-ma (kwod-ra-jes'e-ma), n. [L. for 
 "fortieth;" quadraginta, forty.] The season of 
 Lent, being forty clays : — first Sunday in Lent. 
 
 Quad-ra-ges'i-mal (kwod-ra-jes'e-mai), a. Ee- 
 lating to Lent; lenten. 
 
 Quad'ran-gle (kwod'rang-gl), n. [L. guadrangu- 
 lum; quatuor, four, and auaulus, an angle (q. v.).] 
 A square :— a square court-yard. 
 
 Quad-ran'gu-lar, a. Having four right angles. 
 
 Quad'rant (kwod'rant), n. [L. quadrant, a fourth 
 part ; 'quatuor, four.] A quarter :— a quarter of a 
 circle ; an arc of ninety degrees : — an instrument 
 with which altitudes are taken. 
 
 Quad'rat (kwod'rat), n. [See Quadrate.] A 
 square piece of metal used to fill up a space in 
 printing. 
 
 Quad'rate (kwod'rat), a. [L. quadrare, quadratum, 
 
 a, e, I, 5, 5, y, long; a, e, i, o, ii, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
QUADKATE 
 
 443 
 
 QTTAKEEL 
 
 to square ; quadrus, square ; quatuor, four.] 
 Square ; having four equal sides : — equal : — reg- 
 ulated ; suited. — 2, n. A square; a quadrat. 
 
 Quad'rate (kwod'rat), v. n. [pp. quadrating, 
 quadrated.] To suit; to correspond; to be fitted 
 
 Qua-drat'ic, a. Including a square. [to. 
 
 Quad'ra-tiire (kwod'ra-tur), n. [L. quadraluru.] 
 The act of squaring; a square. — Quadrature of a 
 circle, a celebrated mathematical problem. 
 
 Quad-ren'ni-al, a. [L- quadrentiis; quatuor, four, 
 and annus, a year.] Happening every four years. 
 
 Quad-ri-lat'er-al (kwod-re-lat'er-al), a. [L. qua- 
 tuor, four, and latus, laleris, a side.] Having four 
 sides ; four-sided. 
 
 Qua-drille' (ka-diil') [kwa-dril', N. H. K.], n. 
 [Fr. ; Sp. cua'drilla, a meeting of four persons ; 
 cuadra, a square; L. quadra*, fourfold. — Cf. also 
 It. quadriglia, 0. It. sguadriglia, a troop, a squad- 
 ron (q. v.) of horse.] A game at cards : — a kind 
 of dance. 
 
 Quad-rill'ion (kwod-ril'yun), n. [Fr. ; L. quad- 
 rus, fourfold, and Million : on type of billion.] 
 [Bug.] The number expressed by .a unit and 
 twenty-four ciphers annexed. — [Fr. & U. S.] The 
 number expressed by a unit and fifteen ciphers. 
 
 Qua-drip'ar-tlte, a. [L. quadripartire, quadripar- 
 titum, to' divide into four parts ; quatuor, four, 
 and parlirc, to part.] Having four parts. 
 
 Quad'ri-reme (kwod're-rem), n. [L. quadrus, four- 
 fold, and remus, an oar.] A galley with four 
 banks of oars. 
 
 Quad-roon' (kw6d-ron')> n. [Fr. quarteron; Sp. 
 cuarteron; L. quantum, a quarter, a fourth part.] 
 The offspring of a mulatto and a white person. 
 
 Quad-ru'ma-na, n. pi. [Neo-Latin ; L. quadri- 
 manus, four-handed; manus, a hand.] (Zuol.) 
 Four-handed animals or mammals, as apes, &c. 
 
 Quad-ru'ma-nous, «. Having four hands. 
 
 Quad'ru-ped (kwod'ru-ped), n. [L. quadrupes, 
 quadrupedis; quatuor, four, and pes, a foot.] A 
 four-footed animal ; a mammal having four feet. 
 — 2, a. Having four feet. [four feet. 
 
 Quad-ru-pe'dal, or Quad-ru'pe-dal, a. Having 
 
 Quad'rd-ple (kwGd'ru-pl), «. [L. quadruplus, four- 
 fold: on type of double.] Fourfold. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. quadrupling, quadrupled.] To make four 
 times as much or as many. 
 
 Quad-ru'pli-cate, a. Four times repeated. 
 
 Quad-ru'pli-cate, >'. a. [L. quadruplicare, quadru- 
 pliccdum, to multiply by four; quadrus, fourfold, 
 and plicnre, to fold.] [pp. quadruplicating, 
 quadruplicated.] To double twice. 
 
 Quad-ru-pli-ca'tion (kwdd-), n. [L. quadruplicaiio.] 
 The act of quadruplicating; a fourfold quantity. 
 
 Quaere (kwe're), v. [L. for "ask thou;" quserere, 
 to ask.— See Query.] Inquire; search.— Often 
 placed before something in doubt. 
 
 Quaff, v. a. & v. n. [Cf. Scot, quaich, Gael, cuach, 
 a cup; Scot, waught, waucht, to drink copiously.] 
 [pp. quaffing, quaffed.] To drink; to swallow. 
 
 Quag, n. [See Quake.] A quagmire. . 
 
 Quag'ga, n. [Hottentot name; imitative of the 
 animal's cry.] An African wild ass, allied to 
 the zebra. 
 
 Quag'gy, «. Boggy; soft; not solid. 
 
 Quag'mire, n. [Quake and Mike.] A soft, yield- 
 ing marsh or bog. [hock.] A kind of clam. 
 
 QuS-haug' [kwa'hawg, Wb.],n. [Algonkin, _po2«a- 
 
 Quail (kwal), n. [Fr. caille ; 
 
 It. quaglia; 0. Dut. ^j^,. 
 quackel, quakkel ; Ger. 
 u-uchtel; Late L. quaqvUa: 
 probably from its note.] 
 A bird of game. — 2, v. n. 
 [A.-S. cwelan, to die ; Dut. 
 quelen, to pine : akin to 
 Qualm.— Cf. Ger. qual, dis- 
 tress.] [pp. quailing, 
 quailed.] To lose spirit ; 
 to languish.— 3, v. a. To 
 crush; to quell ; to depress. Quail 
 
 Quaint, a. [0. Fr. coint, neat, fine ; L. comptus, 
 neat ; comere, to arrange : the 0. E. meaning of 
 strange, curious, famous, excellent, shows the 
 influence of L. coguitus, well known, It. conto, 
 noted.] Having petty elegance or point; pretty; 
 fine-spun; odd; affected; fantastic. 
 
 Quaint'ly, ad. With petty elegance; oddly. 
 
 Quaint' ness, n. Petty elegance ; oddness. 
 
 Quake, v. n. [A.-S. awacian: akin to Quick.] [pp. 
 quaking, quaked.] To shake with cold or fear ; 
 to tremble; to shudder; to quiver. — 2, n. A 
 shudder ; tremulous agitation. 
 
 Quak'er, u. [So named in derision, because the 
 founder of the society admonished the people to 
 quake at the word of the Lord.] One who quakes : 
 — one of the society of Friends ; a Friend. 
 
 Quak'er-ism, n. The principles of Quakers. 
 
 Quak'ing, u. Trepidation ; a trembling. 
 
 Qual'i'-fi-a-ble (kwoTe-f I-a-bl), a. That may be 
 qualified or modified. 
 
 Qual-i-fi-ca'tion (kwol-e-fe-ka'shun), n. [Late L. 
 qualificaiio.] The act of qualifying; fitness; ac- 
 complishment. 
 
 Qual'i-f led (kwol'e-f id), p. a. Having qualifica- 
 tion'; fit : — modified ; limited ; partial. 
 
 Qual'i-fi-er (kwol'e-fi-er), u. He who or that 
 which modifies or qualifies. 
 
 Qual'i-fy (kwol'e-fi), v. a. [Fr. qualifier; Late 
 L. qualificare, to endue with a quality (o. v.). ; 
 qualis, of what kind, and facere, to make.] [pp. 
 qualifying, qualified.] To make capable ; to fit ; 
 to abate ; to modify. 
 
 Qual'i-ta-tive (kwol'-), a. Pertaining to quality ; 
 estimable' by quality; determining the quality. 
 
 Qual'i-ta-tive-ly (kwol'-), <«/. In a qualitative 
 manner; in regard to quality. 
 
 Qual'i-ty (kwol'e-te), n. [L. qnaUtas, kind, like- 
 ness ; qualis, of what sort.] Inherent or essential 
 nature; nature relatively considered; property; 
 disposition ; temper ; character : — distinction ; 
 fashion; rank: — persons of rank. 
 
 Qualm (kwam or kwam), n. [Dan. gvalme, nausea, 
 a qualm; qualm, suffocating air; Dut. kwatm, 
 Ger. qualm, vapor; A.-S. cwealm, pestilence.] A 
 sudden fit of sickness or seizure of sickly lan- 
 guor; nausea. 
 
 Qualm'ish (kwam'jsh), a. Afflicted with nausea; 
 queasy : squeamish. 
 
 Quan-da'ry (kwon-da're or kwon'da-re), n. [0. E. 
 wandreth, Icel. vandrsedi, 0. Sw. wandrade, diffi- 
 culty ; Icel. vandr, difficult; vinna, to toil.] A 
 doubt; a difficulty. 
 
 Quan'ti-ta-tive (kwon'-), a. That may be esti- 
 mated by quantity ; determining the quantity. 
 
 Quan'ti-ty. (kwon'te-te), ». [Fr. quaniitS; L. guan- 
 tUas; quantus, how much.] That property of 
 any thing that may be increased or diminished ; 
 mass ; bulk ; weight ; a portion ; amount ; meas- 
 ure; deal. — (Gram.) Tlie measure of a syllable, 
 as long or short. — [Mus.) The relative duration 
 of a note or a syllable. 
 
 Quan-tiv'a-lence, n. [L. quantus, how much, and 
 valentia, power.] (Chem?) Power of combining. 
 
 Quan-tiv'a-lent (kwon-), a. [L. quantus, how 
 much, and ralere, valentis, to be able.] Pertain- 
 ing to quantivalence. 
 
 Quan'tum (kwon'tum), n. [L. for "how much."] 
 Quantity. 
 
 Quar-an-tine' (kwor-an-ten'), n. [Fr. quarantaine, 
 about forty, forty days; Late L. quarcmtenum, 
 forty days : Fr. quarante, L. quadraginta, forty ; 
 It. quaranta, forty; quarantina, forty, Lent, — also 
 a quarantine.] Space of forty days: — a prohi- 
 bition from intercourse and commerce, imposed 
 on a ship suspected of infection. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 quarantining, quarantined.] To put under quar- 
 antine; to restrain from intercourse. 
 
 Quar'rel (kwor'rel), n. [Fr. querelle, a quarrel; 
 L. querela, a complaint; queri, to complain.] A 
 breach of concord ; a brawl ; a scuffle ; a dispute ; 
 a contest : — [Fr. cai-reau, 0. Fr. quarreau, a quar- 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, biir, rule, use. — 5, Q, 5, §, soft; fj, £, p, §, hard; § as z; ? as gz ; this. 
 
QUAEEELSOME 
 
 444 
 
 QUIB 
 
 rel, a square, a tile, a square-headed dart; Late 
 L. quadrellus, a square-headed dart ; L. quadrus, 
 square] a heavy dart or arrow. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
 quarrelling, quarrelled.] To debate ; to scuffle. 
 
 Quar'rel-some (kwor'rel-sum), a. Inclined to 
 quarrel; contentious; petulant; testy. 
 
 Quar'ry (kwor're), n. [Fr. carriere; 0. Fr. quar- 
 riere ; Late L. quadraria; L. quadrare, to square ; 
 quadratures, a stone-cutter.] A place where 
 6tone or chalk is dug ; a mine of stone : — [0. Fr. 
 curie, cuirce, properly flesh or game in the skin ; 
 Fr. cuir, L. curium, the skin] game ; a heap of 
 slaughtered game. — 2, v. a. [pp. quarrying, 
 quarried.] To dig from a quarry. 
 
 Quart, n. [Fr. quarte ; L. quarta, a fourth (part).] 
 The fourth part of a gallon. 
 
 Quar'tan, a. [L. febris quartana, fever of the 
 fourth (day) ; quartanus, of the fourth.] Coming 
 every fourth day. 
 
 Q,uar-ta'tion, n. [Fr.] The act of quartering : — a 
 method of refining gold. 
 
 Quarte (kiirt), n. [Fr. for "the fourth" (posi- 
 tion).] A certain thrust or parry in fencing. 
 
 Quar'te*, n. [Fr. quartier, L. quartarius, a fourth 
 part ;' quartus, fourth ; quatuor, four.] A fourth 
 part : — a region ; a station : — mercy granted : — a 
 measure of eight bushels : — a part of a ship's 
 side near the stern.— pi. Station for soldiers :— 
 place or position. — 2, v. n. [pp. quartering, 
 quartered.] To abide, as in quarters. — 3, v. a. 
 To divide into four equal parts : — to station sol- 
 diers ; to lodge : — to punish by quartering. 
 
 .Quar'ter-day. n. A day which begins or ends a 
 quarter, and on which rent is paid. 
 
 Quar'ter-deck, n. [From Quarter, the part of a 
 ship's side near the stern.] The part of the up- 
 per deck of a ship between the main and miz- 
 zen masts. 
 
 Quar'ter-ing, n. An appointment of 
 quarters :— division into fqur parts. 
 
 Quar'ter-ly, a. Occurring four times 
 a year. — 2, ad. Once in a quarter 
 of a year. — 3, n. A periodical publi- 
 cation issued every three months. 
 
 Quar'ter-mas-ter. n. An officer who 
 
 Quartering 
 
 regulates the quarters and provisions of soldiers. 
 
 Quar'tern, n. [Fr. quarteron ; Late L. quartern, a 
 quarter of a pound ; L. quartus, fourth.] The 
 fourth part of a pint. — 2, a. Noting a four- 
 pound loaf. 
 
 Quar'ter-ses'sions, n. pi. A court of law held in 
 every quarter of the year. 
 
 Quar'ter-staff, w. A staff of defence. 
 
 Quar-tet', n. [Fr. quartette; It. quartetto, quarto, 
 fourth.] A piece of music for four performers : 
 — a stanza of four lines. 
 
 Quar-tette', n. The same as Quartet. 
 
 Quar'tile, n. [L. quartus, fourth : on type of sex- 
 tile.] An aspect of two planets when they are 
 ninety degrees from each other. 
 
 Quar'to, v. ; pi. Quar'tos, or Quar'toes. [L. quar- 
 tus, fourth ; in quarto, in the fourth part.] A book 
 in which every leaf is a quarter of a sheet. — 2, a. 
 Having four leaves in a sheet. 
 
 Quartz, n. [Ger. ; related to tvarz, a wart ; from 
 its crystalline excrescences.] A silicious stone; 
 rock-crystal. 
 
 Quart'zose, or Quart'zy, a. Relating to quartz. 
 
 Quash (kwosb), v. a. [Fr. casser, 0. Fr. quasser, 
 L. quassare, to crush ; frequentative of quatere, 
 quassum, to shake.] [pp. quashing, quashed.] 
 To crush ; to squeeze : — to annul ; to make void. 
 
 Qua' si. [L.] As if ; just as if; almost. 
 
 Quas-sa'tion,i?. [L. quassatio.] The act of shaking. 
 
 Quas'si-a (kwosh'e-a), n. [Neo-Latin ; from Quassy, 
 or Qua'shy, a negro who pointed out its virtues'.] 
 A medicinal wood. 
 
 Qua-ter'na-ry, a. [L. quaternarius, of four each ; 
 guaterni, four together; quatuor, four.] Consist- 
 ing of four. — (Oeol.) Noting the strata above 
 the tertiary. 
 
 Qua-ter'ni-on, «. [L. quaternio, a group of four.] 
 Four : — four soldiers : — the quotient of two di- 
 rected lines in space. 
 
 Quat'rain (kwot'ran), n. [Fr. quairain; L. quatuor, 
 four.] A stanza of four lines. 
 
 Qua'ver, v. n. [Low Ger. quubbeln, Local Dan. 
 kwep'pa, to shake. — Cf. Quiver and Waver.] 
 [pp. quavering, quavered.] To shake the voice; 
 to vibrate. — 2, n. A shake of the voice : — a mu- 
 sical note, equal to half a crotchet. 
 
 Quay (ke), n. [Fr. quai; Sp. cayo. — Cf. 0. Irish 
 cai, a house; L. quies, quiet, — also a resting- 
 place.] A mole, wharf, or artificial bank by the 
 side of the sea or a river, for loading, &c. ; a key. 
 
 Quay'a|-e (ke'aj), «. Money paid for the use of a 
 quay ; wharfage ; keyage. 
 
 Quean (kwen), n. [A.-S. cwen, a woman.— See 
 Queen.] A worthless woman. 
 
 Quea'si-ness, n. Sickness of the stomach. 
 
 Quea'§y (kwe'ze), a. [Cf. Norse levels, sickness.] 
 Sick with nausea ; squeamish ; fastidious. 
 
 Queen, n. [A.-S. cwen, Dan. qvinde, a woman; 
 Icel. Jcvan, Goth. kwens,& wife. — Cf. Russ. jena, a 
 wife; Gr. yvvq, a woman.] The wife of a king; 
 a female sovereign. [hive. 
 
 Queen'-bee, n. The parent bee and ruler of the 
 
 Queen-con'sbrt, n. The wife of a king. 
 
 Queen-dov>'a-ger, n. The widow of a king. 
 
 Queen'li-ness, n. Character or bearing worthy 
 of a queen; queenly nature or quality. 
 
 Queen'ly, a. Becoming or like a queen. 
 
 Queen' -post, n. {Arch.) An upright post sup- 
 porting the rafters of a trussed roof. 
 
 Queen-reg'nant, n. A queen in her own right. 
 
 Que en's/ -ware, n. A kind of pottery. 
 
 Queer, «. [Low Ger. queer, across ; quere, ob- 
 liquity ; Ger. quer, transverse. — Cf. L. varus, 
 crooked.] Odd; droll; strange; singular. 
 
 Queer'ly, ad. In a queer manner; oddly. 
 
 Queer'ness, n. Oddness ; singularity. 
 
 Quell, v'. a. [A.-S. cwellan, to kill ; Dut. hvellen, 
 to vex; Dan. qvsele, to strangle, to vex.] [pp. 
 quelling, quelled.] To crush ; to subdue ; to 
 still ; to allay.— 2, v. n. To abate. 
 
 Quench, v. a. [A.-S. cwencan, to quench ; cwinan, 
 cunncan, 0. Fris. kwbika, to be quenched.] {pp. 
 quenching, quenched.] To extinguish ; to still; 
 to allay. — 2, v. n. To cool ; to grow cool. 
 
 Quench/less, a. Unquenchable. 
 
 Quer-cit'ron, n. [L. quercus, oak, and Fr. citron, 
 yellow, lemon-colored. — See Citron.] The bark 
 of an American oak, used for dyeing yellow. 
 
 Quern, n. [A.-S. cweorn; Dut. kweern ; Icel. Jcvem ; 
 Dan. qvsem: akin to Corn.] A hand-mill for 
 grinding. 
 
 Quer'u-lous, a. [L. querulus; queri, to complain.] 
 Habitunlly complaining. 
 
 Quer'u-lous-ly, ad. In a querulous manner. 
 
 Quer'u-lous-ngss, n. Habit of complaining. 
 
 Que'ry, n. [L. quserere (imperative quaere), to beg, 
 to ask.] A question ; an inquiry. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
 querying, queried.] To ask questions; to ques- 
 tion. — 3, v. a. To examine by questions. 
 
 Quest, n. [Fr. quete; 0. Fr. quesie; L. qusesitum, 
 sought; quserere, to seek.— Cf. L. quscsere, to beg.] 
 A search ; the act of seeking. 
 
 Ques'tion (kwest'yun), n. [L. qusestio, qu&slionis; 
 quserere, qusesitum,' to ask.] That which is asked 
 and which requires an answer; an intet roga- 
 tory ; an inquiry ; a query :— a dispute ; a doubt : 
 — a point, topic, or subject of debate. — 2, v. a. & 
 v. n. [pp. questioning, questioned.] To exam- 
 ine one by questions ; to doubt; to inquire. 
 
 Ques'tion-a-ble (kwest'yun-a-bl), a. That may 
 be questioned ; disputable; doubtful. 
 
 Ques'tion-er, n. An inquirer; a querist. 
 
 Ques'tor, n". [L. quseslor,— literally, an inquirer or 
 inquisitor ; quserere, to ask.] A collector of rev- 
 enue and treasurer in ancient Rome. [cue. 
 
 Queue (ku), n. [Fr.— See Cue.] A tie of hair; a 
 
 Quib, n. A sarcasm ; a taunt; a quip. 
 
 
 e, I, o, ii, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
QUIBBLE 
 
 445 
 
 QUIZ 
 
 Quib'ble, n. [A diminutive of QriP.] A cavil ; a 
 low conceit; a pun. — 2, v. n. [pp. quibbliug, 
 quibbled.] To cavil ; to equivocate ; to pun. 
 
 Quib'bler, ». One who quibbles; a punster. 
 
 Quib'bli'ng, n. A play upon words ; cavil. 
 
 Quick, «. [A.-S. ciric; Dut. lcwik; Dan. qvik ; Sw. 
 qvick; Teutonic base focika (older kwiwa), lively. 
 — Cf. L. vicus, alive.] Living: — swift; nimble; 
 speedy. — 2, ad. Nimbly ; speedily ; readily. — 
 3, n. The living flesh; the sensible part: — a 
 hedge-row. 
 
 Quick'en (kwik'kn), v. a. [pp. quickening, quick- 
 ened.] To make alive :— to hasten; to acceler- 
 ate; to excite. — 2, v. n. To become alive. 
 
 Quick -lime, n. [Quick, alive, aud Lime.] Fresh- 
 burnt or unslaked lime. 
 
 Quick'ljr, ad. Soon ; speedily ; hastily. 
 
 Quick'ness, n. Activity ; celerity ; speed. 
 
 Qulck'sand, v. [Quick, 'alive, and Sand.] Moving 
 sand ; unsolid ground. 
 
 Quick'set, a. [Quick, alive, and Set.] Formed 
 of living plants. — 2, v. a. [i. quickset; pp. quick- 
 setting, quickset.] To plant with living plants. 
 — 3, n. A living plant set to grow. 
 
 Quick'-sight-ed, a. Having sharp sight. 
 
 Quick'sil-ver,'?i. [Quick and Silver.] Mercury; 
 a fluid metal. 
 
 Quick'step. n. A lively tune : — a quick dance. 
 Quid, n. 
 a cud. 
 
 .step. n. 
 n. [At 
 
 ariant of Cud.] Something chewed 
 
 Quid'di-ty;, n. [Late L. quidditae, essential nature ; 
 quid, what.] Essence; a trifling nicety ; a cavil. 
 
 Quid'nunc, n. [L. quidnunc, what now?] One 
 curious to know everything. 
 
 Qui-esce' (kwi-es'), v. n. [L. quiescere, to be quiet 
 ('/• "•)•] [PP- quiescing, quiesced.] To have no 
 sound, as a letter. 
 
 Qui-es'cence, n. Eest ; repose; quiet. 
 
 Qui-es'cent, a. [L. quiescens, pres. part, of quies- 
 cere, to be quiet.] Eesting; being at rest; 
 quiet ; silent ; having no sound, as a letter. 
 
 Qui'et, a. [L. quietus, at rest.] Still; peaceable; 
 smooth; not ruffled ; calm; composed; tranquil. 
 — 2, n. [L. qtiies, quiet is, rest.] Eest; repose; 
 peace; stillness. — 3, v. a. [pp. quieting, quiet- 
 ed.] [L. quiescere, quietum, to be quiet.] To 
 calm ; to pacify ; to still. 
 
 Qui'et-er, n. The person or thing that quiets. — 
 2, a. 'More quiet. 
 
 Qui'et-ism, n. The religious system of the Quiet- 
 ists, who make religion consist chiefly in devout 
 contemplation : — tranquillity. 
 
 Qui'et-ist, n. One who adheres to Quietism. 
 
 Qui'et-lj;, ad. Calmly; peaceably; at rest. 
 
 Qui'et-ness, n. State of being quiet ; tranquillity. 
 
 Qui'e-tude, n. [L. quietudo.] Kest ; repose; tran- 
 quillity. 
 
 Qui-e'tus, n. [L.] Final discharge : — quiet. 
 
 Quiil, n. [Fr. quille. — Cf. Ger. legel, a pin, a bob- 
 bin.] A large feather of a goose, Ac. ; a pen : — 
 the spine of a porcupine : — a weaver's spool. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. quilling, quilled.] To plait ; to 
 form in plaits. 
 
 Quil'let, h. [Late L. quilibet, quodlibet, whatever.] 
 A nice point; a subtilty ; a quibble. 
 
 Quilt, n. [0. Fr. cuilte; L. culcita, a cushion.] A 
 quilted cover of a bed, &c— 2, v. a. [pp. quilt- 
 ing, quilted.] To stitch one cloth upon another 
 
 Quilt'ing, n. A party for making quilts. 
 
 Qui'na-ry, a. [L. quinarius, in fives; quini, five 
 together; quinque, five.] Consisting of five. 
 
 Quince, n. [Fr. coign ; 0. Fr. coin, of which the 
 English form was at first the plural ; It, cotagna; 
 L. ci/donia ; Gr. KvStovia: said to be from a town 
 of that name in Crete.] A species of tree and 
 its fruit. 
 
 Quin-cun'cial, a. Formed like a quincunx. 
 
 Quin'cunx, n. [L. ; an arrangement of fiv/6 spots, 
 as on a die ; quinque, five, and uncia, an ounce, — 
 also a mark.] A plantation of trees farmed of 
 four in a square, with one in the middle. 
 
 Quin'i-a, j [kwin'In, N. K. St. ; ke-nen', H. ; 
 
 Qui-nine', J kwi'nm, Wb.], n. [Peruvian kina or 
 quina, the cinchona tree and its bark.] (Med.) A 
 vegetable alkaloid obtained from Peruvian bark, 
 much used in medicine. 
 
 Quin-qua-§es'i-ma, n. [L. for " fiftieth :" it is 
 about fifty days before Easter.] Shrove Sunday ; 
 the seventh Sunday before Easter. 
 
 Quin-quen'ni-al, a. [L. quinquennalis ; quinque, 
 five, and annus, a year.] Happening every five 
 years : — lasting five years. 
 
 Quin'§x, n. [Fr. esquinancie; 0. E. squinande; 
 Gr. nvvayxv, a sore throat, — literally, a dog- 
 choking; Kvuiv, a dog, and a-y^en', to choke.] 
 An inflammatory sore throat. 
 
 Quin'tain, n. [Fr. quintaine, It. & Late L. quin- 
 tana, a quintain. — Cf. L. quintana, the fifth street 
 (and market-place) of a camp ; qumiamts, fifth in 
 rank; qukitus, fifth; quinque, five.] A post with 
 a turning top or figure, formerly used for tilting 
 or a pastime. [pounds avoirdupois. 
 
 Quin'tal, n. [Fr. & Sp.— See Cental.] A hundred 
 
 Quin-tes'sence. or Quin'tes-sence, n. [L. quinta 
 essentia, the fifth essence or element.] A fifth 
 being: — an extract from any thing, containing 
 all its virtues in a small quantity ; essence. 
 
 Quin-tes-sen'tial. a. Consisting of quintessence : 
 — having the nature of a quintessence. 
 
 Quin-tet', \n. [Fr. quintette ; : It. quintetto.] (31ns.) 
 
 Quin-tet'to, / A piece of music having five parts. 
 
 Quin'tj.le. n. [L. quint&s, the filth.] An aspect 
 of planets wben distant from each other the 
 fifth of a circle. 
 
 Quin-til'lion, n. [L. quintns, the fifth, and Mil- 
 lion : on type of billion.] A thousand quad- 
 rillions. 
 
 Quln'tu-ple, a. [L. quintuples ; qviutus. fifth, and 
 plicare, to fold.— See Double, Duplex.] Fivefold. 
 
 Quip, n. [Welsh chwip, ft quick turn ; Gael, cuip, 
 to whip (q. v.).] A taunt; a sarcasm; a gibe; 
 a jest.— 2, v. a. [pp. quipping, quipped.] To 
 taunt; to scoff ; to jeer. 
 
 Quire, «- [See Choir.] A chorus; a choir: — 
 [Fr. cahier; 0. Fr. qnaier; perhaps from Late L. 
 quaternum, four (leaves) together; L. quatentif 
 four together] a bundle of paper containing 
 twenty-four sheets. 
 
 Quir'is-ter, n. A chorister. — See Chorister. 
 
 Quirk, !(.' [Cf. Ger. zicerch, athwart.— See Queer.] 
 A taunt ; a conceit ; a quibble. 
 
 Qui'rk'ish, a. Consisting of quirks. 
 
 Qui'rk'y, a. Tricky; unfair: pettifogging. 
 
 Quit, v. a. [Fr. quitte, free, clear; quitter, to quit; 
 Sp. quito, quit; L. quietus] a rest, — also satisfied.] 
 [i. quitted or quit ; pp. quitting, quitted vr quit.] 
 To leave: to fbfsake; to discbarge ; to repay; 
 to perform; to abandon. — 2, a. Free; clear; dis- 
 cha'ged from. 
 
 Quit' claim, n. A release of claim by deed. — 
 _, o. a. [pp. quitclaiming, quitclaimed.] To 
 release by quitclaim. 
 
 Quite, ad. [An adverbial form of Quit.] Com- 
 pletely ; perfectly ; totally : — to a great extent. 
 
 Quit' -rent, n. A small rent reserved. 
 
 Quits, a. Even ; on even terms. [quittance. 
 
 Quit'tance, n. [Fr.— See Quit.] A discharge : ac- 
 
 Quiv'er. n. [0. Fr. coivre; Ger. kocher; A.-S. 
 cocur.] A case or sheath for arrows. — 2, o. n. 
 [A.-S. cwifer; 0. Dut. kuiveren.] [pp. quivering, 
 quivered.] To quake ; to shiver; to shudder. 
 
 Qui-vive (ke'vev'), n. [Fr. for "who lives ?"'] 
 "Who goes there? (the cry of a French sentinel.) 
 — To be on the qui-vive is to be on the alert. 
 
 Quix-ot'ic, a. Like Don Quixote: absurd. 
 
 Quix'ot-ism, «. Romantic, absurd notions. 
 
 Quiz (kwlz), n. [Probably a colloquial shortening 
 of Question : said to have been invented by one 
 Daly, a theatre-manager of Dublin, who, on a 
 wager that a new word of no meaning could be 
 made to set the whole town astir with curiosity 
 in twenty-four hours, chalked the word quiz 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nbr, son; bull, bur, rule, use,— 5. Q, g, §, soft; p, js, p, §, hard; § as z ; ? as gz; 
 
 38 
 
 this. 
 
QUIZZICAL 
 
 446 
 
 RADIATOR 
 
 everywhere, and Avon bis bet.] An imposition ; 
 a hoax : — a puzzle : — an odd person : — a person 
 who plays tricks :— an informal examination. — 
 2, 11. a. [pp. quizzing, quizzed.] To play a trick 
 upon; to hoax: — to question. 
 
 Quiz'zi-cal, a. Comical ; bantering. 
 
 Quod, n. '[For quadrangle. — See Quad.] A prison. 
 [Colloq. or slang.] 
 
 Quolf, n. A cap for the head. See Coif. 
 
 Quoin, n. [See Coin.] A corner-stone or brick ; a 
 corner : — a wedge used to fasten type in pages. 
 
 Quoit, n. [Welsh, coetan; Dut. koot; 0. Dut. hole, a 
 huckle-bone ; perhaps from Scot, coit, 0. Fr. coiter, 
 to jostle ; L. coactare, to drive.] An iron or flat 
 stone to pitch at a mark. [formerly ; former. 
 
 Quon'dam, a. [L. for "formerly."] Having been 
 
 Quo'rum, n. [L. for "of whom;" qui, who.] A 
 bench of justices : — such a number of an assem- 
 bly, committee, or other body of men as is suffi- 
 cient to do business. 
 
 Quo'ta, n. [It. quota, a share ; L. quota, how great ; 
 quot, how many.] A share ; a proportion. 
 
 Quot'a-ble, a. That may be quoted. 
 
 Quo-ta'tion, n. Citation; passage cited: — the 
 price of'merchandiso in a price-current. 
 
 Quote, v. a. [Fr. coter, 0. Fr. quoter, to quote; 
 Late L. quotare, to mark off; L. quot, how many.] 
 [■pp. quoting, quoted.] To cite, as an author; to 
 adduce in the words of another ; to note. 
 
 Quoth (kwuth or kwoth), verb defective. [A.-S. 
 cwedan, Icel. kveda, 0. Sax. quedan, to say. — See 
 Bequeath.] Used only in the imperfect tense 
 and first and third persons; as, "quoth I," said 
 I ; " quoth he," said he. 
 
 Quo-tid'i-an, «.• [L. quotidianus, daily, on any 
 day ; quolus, how many (soever), and dies, a day.] 
 Happening every day; daily.— 2, n. A fever 
 which returns daily. 
 
 Quo'tient, n. [L. quoliens, how many times?] 
 (Arith.) The result of the operation of division. 
 
 Quo war'ran-to (kwo-wor'an-to), n. [Law L. for 
 " by what warrant."] A writ calling upon a per- 
 son to show by what title or authority he holds 
 his claim to any office, frauchise, or liberty. 
 
 R. 
 
 Ra consonant, liquid, and semi-vowel, has a 
 j rough sound, as in red, rose. 
 
 Rab'bet, v. a. [Fr. raboter, to plane; robot, a 
 plane; L. re-, back, again, and 0. Fr. boter, Fr. 
 bouter, to pare, — formerly, to thrust.] [pp. rab- 
 beting, rabbeted.] To pare down, as the edge 
 of a board, so as to receive the edge of another. 
 — 2, n. A groove in the ->dge of a board. 
 
 Rab'bi, or Rab'bi, v Rab'bie§. [Heb. for 
 
 "my master;" it, or a master, and i, 
 
 my.] A J^ expounder of the 
 
 Jewish lav 
 
 Rab'bin, «. [ he same as Rabbi. 
 
 Rab-bin'ic, the rabbies or 
 
 Rab-Mn'i-cal, > 
 
 Rab'bin-!st,V ^d to the doc- 
 
 trines of the rak i. 
 
 Rab'bit, n. [0. >on, robelte ; 
 
 Local Fr. rabotte.- 'lort-tailed ; 
 
 Sp. rabito, a short A small 
 
 quadruped. 
 
 Rab'ble, n. [0. Dut. ' 
 
 chatter. — Cf. L. rabi 
 Rave.] A tumultuous 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. rabbi in 5. 
 or mob. 
 
 Rab'id, a. [L. rabidus, raj. 
 (q.'v.).] Fierce; furious; l 
 
 Rab'id-ness, n. Fierceness ; 1 
 
 Ra'bi-es, w. [L. ; rabcre, to r, 
 act' rashly.] Madness, as tha 
 dog-bite; rabidness; hydrophob I 
 
 Ra'ca, n. [Chaldee reka, worthless, j A 
 a wretch. 
 
 Rac-coon', n. [Algonkin, arathkone.j 
 valued for its fur. 
 
 Race, n. [Fr. race; It. razza; 0. Ger. re 
 A family; a generation; a breed : — [. 
 Icel. ras. — Cf. Skr. risk, to flow] contest 
 ning; course; passage: — [Sp. raiz, 0. i 
 L. radix, a root] a root. —2, v. n. [pp. t 
 raced.] To run swiftly, as in a race. — 3, v. n 
 cause to run a race or to run swiftly, as a h 
 
 Race'-horse, n. A horse bred for racing. 
 
 Ra-ceme', n. [L. racemus, a cluster of grapes.— v I 
 Gr. pat-, a grape.] (Bat.) A form of infloresreni 
 in which the flowers are arranged as on a stalk. 
 
 Rac-e-mose', a. [L. racemosus.] Bearing racemes : 
 — disposed in racemes. 
 
 Ra'cer, n. One that races ; a runner. 
 
 Ra-phit'ic, a. Relating to rachitis ; rickety. 
 
 Ra-phl'tis, n. [Neo-Latin, in imitation of Eng. 
 rickets;' Gr. paxis, the spine.] {Med.) The 
 rickets. 
 Ra'ci-al (ra'she-al), a. Of or relating to race. 
 Ra'ci-ness, n. ' The quality of being racy. 
 Rack, n. [But. reck, Ger. rack, a rail, a pole ; reck, 
 a rack, a frame. — See the verb.] An engine of 
 torture; extreme pain: — a frame for hay; a 
 grate; a frame of timber: — [see Arrack] a 
 liquor: — [a variant of Rock] a motion of a 
 horse: — [Icel. rek, drift; skyrek, drifting clouds; 
 reka, to drive] thin vapor; a flying cloud. — 
 2, v. n. [pp. racking, racked.] To stream or 
 fly, as vapor or clouds : — to move with an amble, 
 as a horse. — 3, v. a. [Ger. recken, to stretch : 
 akin to Reach.] To torment ; to harass :— to 
 strain ; to stretch : — [0. Fr. raquer, to cleanse ; 
 raque, mud] to draw off from the lees. 
 E" k'er, n. One who racks ; a wrester. 
 
 •'et, n. [Gael, racaid, Irish racmi, a din ; Gael, 
 to cackle.] A clattering noise; a clamor; a 
 ised talk : — [Fr. raquelle; Sp. raqueta; Arab, 
 the palm of the hand] an instrument to 
 a ball: — a snow-shoe. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 g, racketed.] To strike; to cuff; to 
 m. n. To go about noisily ; to frolic. 
 Torture : — defecation ; rack. 
 ?. Rent raised to the utmost. 
 gin disputed : akin to Race, lineage, 
 , charm, impulse; Local Ger. rass, 
 Flavorous; pungent; spirited. 
 If. Ger. radeln, to turn ; rad, a 
 ddling, raddled.] To twist to- 
 L Bim. of Rod.] A long stick 
 jritig: — [oftener Reddle, probably 
 trior] a red pigment. 
 »,1, a. [Fr. ; L. radius, a ray.] Relating to 
 <us or ray. 
 ice, ) n. [Fr.— See Radiate.] Effulgence 
 •cy., J of rays of light; lustre; brilliancy. 
 a. [L. radians. — See Radiate.] Shin- 
 itting rays; sparkling: — emanating; 
 rays. 
 ad. With sparkling lustre. 
 ). [L. radiare, radiatmn; radius, a 
 diating, radiated.] To emit rays; 
 arkle. — 2, v. a. To enlighten ; to 
 Having rays ; consisting of rays. 
 r L. radialio.] An emission of 
 
 R 
 
 a, e, 1, o, u, y, 
 
 u, y, short; a, $, 1, o, u, 
 
 who or that which radiates, 
 far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
KADICAL 
 
 447 
 
 KAMOSE 
 
 Rad'i-cal, n. [L. radicalis, having roots ; radix, 
 radicis, a root.] A primitive word; a root: — a 
 political reformer : — the base of a chemical com- 
 pound. — 2, a. That regards the root; thorough : 
 — native; original; primitive; not derivative : 
 — relating to the base, as of an acid. 
 
 Rad'i-cal-ism, n. The principles of radicals. 
 
 Rad-i-cal'i-ty., n. Essential quality. 
 
 Rad'i-cal-i^, ad. Primitively; thoroughly. 
 
 Rad'i-cie, n. [L. radicula, dim. of radii:, radicis, 
 a root.] The germ of a root, in plants. 
 
 Rad'ish, n. [Fr. radis; Prov. radiiz; L. radix, a 
 root.] A root, commonly eaten raw. 
 
 Ra'di-us, n. ; L. pi. Ra'di-i; Eng. Ra'di-us-es. 
 [L. for "a rod," "a staff," "a spoke," " a ray."] 
 The semi-diameter of a circle :— the spoke of a 
 wheel : — a raj' : — a bone of the forearm. 
 
 Ra'dix, n. ; pi. Ra-dfces. [L.] The root. 
 
 Raff, n. [Fr. raffe, parings, cuttings ; rafiot, trash ; 
 It. raffilare, to clip.] A confused heap: — the 
 mob: — a low fellow. 
 
 Raffle, n. [Fr. rdfle,; a sweepstakes; rafter, to 
 sweep away ; Ger. raffehi, to sweep ; It. riffa or 
 raffa, a raffle.] A species of lottery,- in which 
 persons stake a small part of the value of a thing 
 for the chance of gaining it. — 2, v. n. [pp- raf- 
 fling, raffled.] To try the chance of a raffle : — 
 to cast dice for a prize. 
 
 Raft, n. [Fr. rafiau, rafiot, a float made of boughs, 
 a canoe; rdfle, raffe, a stalk, a cutting: more 
 probably from 0. E. rafle, Dan. raft, a beam, a 
 rafter ; or from both together.] A frame or float 
 made of timber. — 2, v. a. [pp. rafting, rafted ] 
 To transport on a i aft. 
 
 Rafter, n. [A.-S. rsefter; Dan. raft; Icel. raplr 
 (pron. raftr) ; 0. Ger. ravo, a spar.] An inclined 
 timber in a roof. 
 
 Rag, n. [Sw. mg J, rough hair; Icel. riJgg, shaggi- 
 ness.] A piece; a tatter. — (Min.) A stone of 
 coarse texture.— pi. Worn-out clothes. 
 
 Rag-a-muf fin, n. [The name of a demon in 
 mediaeval plays; Rag, and root of Ger. muffen, 
 to smell ill.] A paltry mean fellow. 
 
 Rage, n. (Fr. rage, L. rabies, madness. — See Ra- 
 bies.] Violent auger; vehement fury; ire. — 
 2, v. n. [pp. raging, raged.] To be furious. 
 
 Rag'ged, a. [A.-S. raggie, hairy ; Sw. raggig, Norse 
 raggad, shaggy.] Kent into tatters ; dressed in 
 rags; torn; tattered :— uneven ; rugged. 
 
 Rag'ing, a. Violent; furious; impetuous. — 2, n. 
 Violence ; impetuosity. 
 
 Rag'man, n. One who deals in rags. 
 
 Ra-gout' (ra-g;7), n. [Fr. ragoUt, a stew, a relish ; 
 ragouhr, to arouse the appetite of, to tempt : L. 
 re-, again, «./, to, and gustue, Fr. g&Qt, flavor.] 
 A highly -seasoned dish or food : — a stew. 
 
 Rag'stone, ». A dark-gray, silicious stone. 
 
 Raid, 11. [From Hide.— Cf. Icel. reid, a ride, a 
 raid; Sw. redd, Dan. red, a road.] A hostile in- 
 cursion; a foray. — 2, v. a. [pp. raiding, raided.] 
 To make a raid upon. 
 
 Rail, n. [Low Ger. & Sw. regel; 0. Dut. rijchel ; 
 0. Ger. rUiau, to fasten.] A bar of wood or iron : 
 —railway :— [Fr. ruble; Ger. mile: root of Fr. 
 rdler, to rattle (q. v.)] a game bird : — [A.-S. hrsegel, 
 0. Fr. hreil, 0. Ger. hregil, a garment. — Cf. L. 
 radius, a tunic] a night-gown ; a thin tunic. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. railing, railed.] To enclose with 
 rails.— 3, v. n. [Fr. railler, to deride; Sp. rallar, 
 to scrape, to vex.— Cf. L. rallum, for radtdum, a 
 scraper ; radere, to scrape.] To reproach ; to 
 utter reproaches. 
 
 Rail'er, n. One who rails or defames. 
 
 Rail'ing, n. Reproachful language : — a fence. 
 
 Rail'ier-y. (rfil'ler-e) [ral'ler-e, R. N. St. C. Wb.], 
 n. [Fr. raillevie. — See Rail and Rally.] Slight 
 satire or ridicule ; pleasantry ; joke ; banter. 
 
 Rail' road, "I «. A road on which rails are laid for 
 
 Rail'way, J the wheels of cars to roll on. 
 
 Rai'ment. n. [0. Fr. arrtement, equipage. — See 
 Array.] Vesture; vestment; dress. 
 
 Rain, 
 Dan 
 
 . ii. [A.-S. regn, ren, Dut. «- UC i. /cj/™, 
 & Sw. regn, rain.] [pp. raining, rained.] 
 
 Ger. regen, 
 •aim] [pp 
 To fall in drops. — 2, v. a. To pour down. 
 
 Water falling from the clouds. 
 
 Rain'bow, n. [A.-S. renboga ; Ger. regenbogen.~\ 
 An arc of a circle, of various colors, formed, 
 when rain is falling, by the refractiou and re- 
 flection of the sun's rays ; iris. [rain. 
 
 Rain' fall, n. A fall of rain ; water that falls as 
 
 Rain'-gauge (-gaj), n. An instrument for meas- 
 uring rain. 
 
 Rain'i-ness, n. The state of being showery. 
 
 Rain'-wa-ter, n. Water from the clouds. 
 
 Rain'y, a. ' [A.-S. renig.] Abounding in rain; 
 showery ; wet. 
 
 Raise, v. a. [Icel. reisa, Dan. reise, Sw. resa, Goth. 
 raisjan, to raise, to cause to rise (g. v.).] [pp. 
 raising, raised.] To set upright ; to lift ; to erect ; 
 to exalt; to elevate; to heighten; to advance; to 
 promote ; to increase ; to build : — to levy. 
 
 Rais'er, n. One who raises. 
 
 Rai'sin (ra'zn), n. [Fr. raisin; Sw. russin; Ger. 
 rosine ; L. racemus, a bunch of grapes. — See Ra- 
 ceme.] A dried grape. 
 
 Rais'ing. n. The act of erecting a building. 
 
 Raisonne (ra-zo-na/), a. [Fr.] Rational ; arranged 
 systematically: as, a catalogue raisonne. 
 
 Rajah (rii'ja or ra'ja), n. [Hind. ; Skr. rajan, a 
 king; raj 'to shine.— Cf. L. rex, regis, a king.] 
 A Hindoo chief or prince. 
 
 Rake, n. [A.-S. raca; Icel. reka; Sw. raka; Ger. 
 rechen.] A tool with teeth : 
 — [Local Sw. rakkel, Icel. 
 reikall, a vagabond; reika, 
 to wander ; 0. E. rakkel, rar 
 ki/U, rascally : rakkel was in 
 English corrupted to rake- 
 hell, and this shortened to * aKe - 
 rake] a dissolute man :— [a variant of Rfacft] in- 
 clination or slope.— 2, >•. >:. [pj,. raking, raked.] 
 To gather with a rake; to scour: — to fire into 
 the head or stern of a ship; to enfilade — 3, v. n. 
 To act as a rake; to use a rake : — to search : — 
 to incline; to 6lope. 
 
 Rak'ing, n. The act of nsing a rake : — a cannon- 
 ading. — (Arch.) A Bulratauce placed on a surface 
 at an irregular angle.— 2, p. a. That rakes :— 
 slanting; inclined. [inclined. 
 
 Rak'ish, a. Loose; lewd; dissolute: — with masts 
 
 Ral'ly, v. a. [Fr. rattier, to tally; L. re-, again, 
 ad, to, and ligare, to bind. — See Ally.] [)>p. 
 rallying, rallied.] To put in order : to reunite; 
 to recover :— [Fr. railler, to rail at.— See Rail] to 
 treat jocosely ; to ridicule; to joke.— 2, v. n. To 
 come back to order : — to recover strength ; to re- 
 cruit : — to banter. — 3, u. A bringing, or coming, 
 to order : — a banter. 
 
 Ram, n. [A.-S. ram, rom ; Dut. ram ; Ger. ramm. 
 — Cf. Skr. ram, to sport.] A male sheep: — Aries, 
 the vernal sign : — a war-ship armed with a steel 
 beak designed to pierce and sink the vessels of 
 an enemy. — 2, v. a. [pp. ramming, rammed.] 
 To drive with violence; to force in.— (Xaut.) To 
 attack with a steam ram; to pierce and sink. 
 
 Ram'ble (ram'bl), v. n. [Frequentative of 0. & 
 Local E. rame, to roam (a, ».).] [pp. rambling, 
 rambled.] To rove loosely :— to wander.— 2, u. 
 A roving; an irregular excursion: — a place for 
 rambling. 
 
 Ram'bler, n. One who rambles; a rover. 
 
 Ram'bli'ng, p. a. Roving :— irregular. 
 
 Ra'mie, n. [Malay.] A plant from which the fine 
 fibre 'known as China-grass is obtained. 
 
 Ram-i-fi-ca'tion, «. A branching ; a branch. 
 
 Ram'i-fy, v. a. [Fr. ramifier ; L. ramus, a branch, 
 and fieri, to become.] [pp. ramifying, ramified.] 
 To separate into branches. — 2, v. n. To be parted 
 into branches. 
 
 Ram'mer, n. One that rams; a ramrod. 
 
 Ra.-mose\ a. [L. ramosus; ramus, a branch.] Full 
 bf branches; ramous. 
 
 mien, sir ; mfive, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — Q, <}, c, g, soft ; p, p, p, §, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 
 
EAMOUS 
 
 448 
 
 EAKITY 
 
 Ra'mous, a. Branchy; consisting of branches. 
 
 Eamp, ». n. [Fr. ramper, to creep, to climb; 
 rampe, an acclivity; It. rampare, to claw ; rdmpa, 
 a paw. — Cf. Ger. raffen, local rampfen, to snatch.] 
 [pp. ramping, ramped.] To sport; to play; to 
 leap; to climb; to rear. — 2,n. A leap; a spring; 
 a bound ; a romp :— a slope. [excited conduct. 
 
 Ram-pagV, n. [Slang; from Ramp.] Violent or 
 
 Ram'pan-cy, n. State of being rampant ; exuber- 
 ance.' [frisky ; leaping. 
 
 Ram'pant, a. [Fr.— See Ramp.] Exuberant:— 
 
 Ram' part, n. [Fr. rempart; 0. Fr. rempar ; rem- 
 parer, to defend; L. re-, again, in, for, and pa- 
 rare, to make ready.] A bank or wall round a 
 fortified place ; a bastion. 
 
 Ram'rod, n. The rammer of a gun. [old. 
 
 Ram'-shack-le (-shak'kl), a. Dilapidated; loose; 
 
 Ran, i. from run. 
 
 Ranch, n. [Sp. rancho, a mess, mess-room, a set 
 of men ; hence, in Spanish America, a farming 
 or grazing establishment.] A large farm or 
 grazing establishment. 
 
 Ran'cho, n. [Sp.] A set of persons who eat to- 
 gether ; a mess : — a farm or ranch : — a hamlet 
 or collection of huts. 
 
 Ran'cid, a. [L. rancidus ; rancere, to stink.] Hav- 
 ing a rank smell ; rank ; fetid. 
 
 Ran'cid-ness, \ n. State or quality of being ran- 
 
 Ran-cid'i-ty, J cid ; rank scent. 
 
 Ran'cor (rang'kur), n. [L. rancor, rancidity, — 
 hence, a grudge, a spite.] Inveterate malignity; 
 bitter enmity ; malice ; virulence ; hate. 
 
 Ran'cor-ous (rang'kur-us), a. Malignant; mali- 
 cious; spiteful in the utmost degree. 
 
 Ran'dom, n. [Fr. (nearly obs.) randon, a torrent, — 
 hence, a furious course, impetuosity ; 0. Fr. ran- 
 donner, to run furiously : akin to Ger. rand, brim, 
 margin. — Cf. Fr. randonnee, a circuit.] Want of 
 rule; chance; hazard: — the range of a gun; 
 gunshot. — 2, a. Done by chance ; heedless. 
 
 Rang, i. from ring. Rung. See Ring. 
 
 Range, v. a. [Fr. ranger, to range; rang, 0. Fr. 
 renc, a range, a rank (q. v.).] [pp. ranging, 
 ranged.] To place in order; to arrange; to 
 class: — to rove, sail, or pass over. — 2, v. n. To 
 rove : — to be placed in order. — 3, n. A rank; a 
 row : — excursion : — room : — a cooking grate or 
 cooking apparatus : — a whole scope or compass : 
 —a pasture ; pasture-land. 
 
 Ranfer, n. One who ranges ; a rover. 
 
 Rank '(rangk), a. [A.-S. ranc, strong, proud; 
 Dan. rank, straight; Dut. rank, slender : akin to 
 Ger. recken, to stretch. The sense has been af- 
 fected by Rancid.] High-growing; strong; 
 luxuriant : — strong-scented ; rancid : — gross ; 
 coarse. — 2, n. [0. Fr. renc, Fr. rang, a range or 
 rank : cognate with Ring.] A row ; a line ; a 
 file: — degree of dignity; grade; class; order; 
 degree. — 3, v. a. [pp. ranking, ranked.] To 
 place abreast ; to arrange ; to class : — to outrank. 
 — 4, v. n. To be ranged ; to be placed. 
 
 Rank'ing, p. a. Of superior, or highest, rank. 
 
 Ran'kie (rang'kl), v. n. [Anglo-Fr. rancle, a sore; 
 Fr. ranee, putrid. — See Rancid; but perhaps re- 
 lated to Ger. ranken, to creep.] [pp. rankling, 
 rankled.] To grow more rank; to fester; to be 
 inflamed in body or in mind. 
 
 Rank'ling, n. Inflammation ; irritation. 
 
 Rank'ly, ad. In a rank manner ; rancidly. 
 
 Rank'ness, n. Exuberance : — strong scent. 
 
 Ran'ny, n. [L. araneus mus, a shrew, — literalty, a 
 spider-mouse.] The shrew-mouse. 
 
 Ran' sack, v. a. [Icel. rannsaka; Sw. ransaka ; 
 Dan. ransage; Icel. rann, a house, and ssekja, to 
 seek, to search.] [pp. ransacking, ransacked.] 
 To plunder ; to search narrowly. 
 
 Ran'som, n. [Fr. rancon; from L. redemplio, re- 
 demption (g. v.).] A price paid for redemption : 
 — release ; redemption ; rescue ; deliverance. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. ransoming, ransomed.] To redeem 
 from captivity, &c. 
 
 Rant, v. n. [0. Dut. ranten, to be enraged ; Low 
 Ger. randen, to call out; Ger. ronzen, to toss, to 
 rove.] [pp. ranting, ranted.] To rave in vio- 
 lent language : — to make a loud noise. — 2, n. 
 Extravagant declamation ; bluster. 
 
 Rant'er, n. One who rants ; a noisy talker. 
 
 Ran'ti-pole, a. [Rant, and Poll, the head.] 
 Wild; roving; rakish. — 2, v. n. [pp. rantipol- 
 ing, rantipoled.] To run about wildly. 
 
 Rap, n. [Dut. rap, Sw. rapp, a blow : imitative.] 
 A quick, smart blow :— [cf. Gael. & Irish rap, a 
 bad half-penny ; Local Gef. (Swiss) rapp or 
 rappe, a small coin] counterfeit coin. — 2, v. n. 
 [i. rapped; pp. rapping, rapped or rapt.] To 
 strike with a quick, smart blow. — 3, v. a. To 
 strike; to knock :— [Icel. hrapa, Sw. rappa, to 
 hurry, V seize ; Ger. raffen, to snatch : much 
 affected by L. rupere, raptum, to seize] to affect 
 with rapture ; to transport ; to seize. 
 
 Ra-pa'eious (ra-pa'shus), a. [L. rapax, rapacis ; 
 rapere, to seize.] Disposed to seize by force; 
 ravenous: — avaricious; grasping; greedy. 
 
 Ra-pa'cious-ly (ra-pa'shus-le), ad. By rapine. 
 
 Ra-pa'cious-ness, n. Rapacity. 
 
 Ra-pac'i-ty, n. [L. rapacitas.] Quality of being 
 rapacious ; addictedness to plunder or to the 
 seizing of prey. 
 
 Rape, n. [L. rapere, raptum, to seize; raptus, a 
 seizure.] A seizure : — a violent defloration of 
 chastity : — [L. rapa, rapum, Gr. pdrrvs, Russ. 
 riepa, a turnip] a plant of the cabbage tribe. 
 
 Rap4d, a. [L. rapidus, swift: root of rapere, to 
 snatch away.] Quick; swift; moving fast; fleet. 
 — 2, n. ; pi. Rap'ids. Swift currents in a river. 
 
 Ra-pid'i-ty, n. [L. rapiditas.] Quickness of pro- 
 gression or motion ; velocity ; swiftness-. 
 
 Rap'id-ly, ad. Swiftly ; with quick motion. 
 
 Ra'pi-er, n. [Fr. rapiere ; Ger. rappier, raufer. — 
 Cf. Ger. ravfen, to draw, to fight; raffen, to 
 draw.] A sword used in thrusting. 
 
 Rap'ine, n. [Fr. ; L. rapina; rupere, to seize.] 
 The act of plundering; pillage. 
 
 Rap-pa-ree', n. [Irish rapa ire, a thief, a noisy 
 fellow ; rapal, noise.] A wild Irish plunderer. 
 
 Rap-pee', n. [Fr. rape, powdered; rdper, to rasp 
 (g. v.).] A coarse sort of snuff. 
 
 Rap-port', n. [Ft. ; L. re-, back, ad, to, and por- 
 tare, to carry.] Agreement; harmony. 
 
 Rap-scal'lion (rap-skal'yun), n. [See Rascal- 
 lion.] Aworthless rascal. [Colloq.] 
 
 Rapt, p. a. [L. rapere, raptum, to seize.] Trans- 
 ported ; being in a trance. 
 
 Rap-to'ri-al, Rap-to'ri-ous, a. [L. raptor, a 
 snatcher; rapere, to seize. J Rapacious. 
 
 Rapt'ure (rapt'yur), n. [L. rapere, raptum, to 
 seize. — See Rapt.] Ecstasy; transport. 
 
 Rapt ured, p. a. Entranced : — ravished : — joyous. 
 
 Rapt'ur-ous, a. Ecstatic; transporting; joyful. 
 
 Rare, a. [Fr. rare; L. rarusJ] Scarce; uncom- 
 mon: — very good; excellent: — thin; subtile: — 
 [A.-S. lirer; Icel. hrar. — See Raw] underdone; 
 raw. 
 
 Rar'ee-show, n. [For rarity show.] A show car- 
 ried in a box. 
 
 Rar-e-fac'tion, n. [L. rarefactio.] The act of 
 rarefying or making less dense : — opposed to 
 condensation. 
 
 Rar'e-fi-a-ble, a. Admitting rarefaction. 
 
 Rar'e-fy, v. a. [L. rarefacere, raref actum; rarns, 
 thin, rare,, and facere, to make.] [pp. rarefying, 
 rarefied.] To make thin or less dense; to ex- 
 pand : — opposed to condense. — 2, v. «. To become 
 rare or thin. 
 
 Rare'ly, ad. Seldom ; not often : — finely. 
 
 Rare'ness, n. State of being rare; thinness. 
 
 Rare'rlpe, n. [Rathe, soon, and Ripe.] An early 
 fruit; an early peach. — 2, a. Early ripe: — pre- 
 cocious. 
 
 Rar'i-ty [ra're-te, & J. Ja. K. St. I. 8m.], n. [Fr. 
 rar'ete, L. rariias, rareness.] Thinness ; subtilty : 
 — opposed to density. 
 
 a, e, i, o, u, 
 
 y, long; a, e, i, o, ii, y, short; a, e, 
 
 9. " 
 
 y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
EAEITY 
 
 449 
 
 KAVm 
 
 Rar'i-ty. [ra're-te, S. W. J. E. F. Ja. K. Sm. St. I.], 
 n. A thing rare or valued for its scarcity ; un- 
 common n ess. 
 
 Ras'cal, n. [Fr. racaille, Walloon & 0. Fr. ras- 
 caille, trash, scrapings. — Cf. Sp. rascar, L. radere, 
 rasum, to scrape.] A scoundrel ; a sorry wretch. 
 — 2, a. Mean; low; vile; villanous. 
 
 Ras-cari-t£, n. Petty villany ; knavery. 
 
 Ras-cal'iion (ras-kal'yun), n. [The termination 
 in -to/1 is a mark of contempt.] A vile wretch. 
 
 Ras'cal-ly, a. Mean ; sorry ; base ; worthless. 
 
 Rase, or Rase, v. a. [L. radere, rasum, to scrape.] 
 [pp. rasing, rased.] To skim; to erase; to raze. 
 
 Rash, a. [Ger. rasch ; Dan. rask.] Acting with- 
 out reflection or caution ; hasty ; violent ; pre- 
 cipitate ; careless. — 2, n. [Fr. rache dandruff; 
 Ger. ralsche, a scraping; ratschen, to s>rape, to 
 scratch; It. raschia, a rash; L. radere, rasum, to 
 scrape.] A cutaneous eruption ; redness of the 
 skin; an efflorescence ; exanthem. 
 
 Rash'er, n. [Because cooked hastily or rashly; or 
 L. rasio, or rasura, a thin slice, a shaving ; radere, 
 rasum, to scrape, to shave.] A thin slice of pork 
 or bacon. 
 
 Rash'ly, ad. Hastily; without reflection. 
 
 Rash'ness, n. Inconsiderate haste ; temerity. 
 
 Ra-so'ri-al, a. [L. rasor, a scraper ; radere, rasum, 
 to scrape.] Scratching or scraping the ground. 
 
 Rasp, n. [0. Fr. rasper, Fr. rdper, to scrape ; rape, 
 Ger. raspel, a rasp ; It. & Sp. raspa, a rasp ; It. 
 raspare, Sp. raspar, to rasp.] A large, rough file. 
 —2, v. a. [pp. rasping, rasped.] To rub with a 
 very rough file. 
 
 Rasp'ber-ry. (raz'ber-e or rasTjer-e), n. [Rasp and 
 Bkrry; from the appearance of the fruit or the 
 character of its shoots.] A shrub and iU fruit. 
 
 Ra'sure (ra'zhur), n. [L. rasura, a scraping; ra- 
 dere, rasum, to scrape. J Act of erasing ; razure. 
 
 Rat, n. [A.-S. rset; Dut. rat; Fr. rut; Ger. ratte: 
 found in many languages.] An animal of, the 
 mouse kind: — a workman who works under 
 regular wrges. — 2, v. n. [pp. ratting, ratted.] 
 To leave friends, or a falling party, basely ; to 
 leave a falling party : — to work under price, as 
 printers. 
 
 Rat'a-ble, a. That may be rated or valued. 
 
 Rat'a-bly, ad. By rate or proportion. 
 
 Rat-a-fi'a (rat-a-fe'a or rat-a-fe'), n. [Fr., Sp., 
 & It. : probably related to Tafia (q. v.).] A cor- 
 dial, or flavored liquor. [ratchet. 
 
 Ratch, n. [A variant of Back.] A sort of wheel ; 
 
 Ratch'et, n. [A diminutive of Batch.] A small 
 tooth or catch in a piece of mechanism. 
 
 Ratch' et-wheel, n. A wheel having teeth. 
 
 Rate, n. [L. reor, ratum, to determine, to think.] 
 Quantity or amount fixed; degree; proportion; 
 rank; price: — a sum assessed by public author- 
 ity ; tax. — 2. r. a. [pp. rating, rated.] To value 
 at a price ; to estimate ; to set a price on : — [cf. 
 Sw. rcitta, to correct, to set right (q. v.) ; or rata, 
 to find fault with, to despise. — Cf. L. reor, rotas, 
 to think, — also, to denounce, to reject] to chide ; 
 to scold. — 3, t>. u. To be classed or estimated. 
 
 Ra-tel', or Ra'tel, n. [Fr. ; from rat, a rat.] A 
 badger-like animal of Africa and Asia. 
 
 Rath, or Rathe (or rath), o. & ad. [A.-S. hrade, 
 quickly; hreed, quick; Icel. hradr, 0. Ger. hrad, 
 quick.] Early ; soon. 
 
 Rath'er [rath'er, Ja. K. Sm. C. H. St], ad. [Com- 
 parative of rath; A.-S. hrador.] More willingly ; 
 preferably ; sooner ; more ; somewhat. 
 
 Rat-i-fi-ca'tion, n. The act of ratifying. 
 
 Rat'i-fy, v. a. [Fr. ratifier ; Late L. ratificare; L. 
 ratus, fixed (see Rate), and facere. to make.] 
 [pp. ratifying, ratified.] To confirm ; to settle ; 
 to establish. 
 
 Rat'ing, n. Valuation : — a chiding. 
 
 Ra'ti-o (ra'she-o), n. ; pi. Ra'ti-os. [L. for "a 
 determination," "a reason" (q. v.); reor, ratus, 
 I think, I determine.] The relation which one 
 thing has to another ; proportion. 
 
 Ra-ti-oc'i-nate (rash-e-os'e-nat), v. n. [L. ratioci- 
 nari, ratiocinatus, to reckon ; ratiocinium, a reck- 
 oning. — Cf. Ratio.] [pp. ratiocinating, ratioci- 
 nated.] To reason; to argue. 
 
 Ra-ti-oc-i-na'tion, n. The act of reasoning. 
 
 Ra'tion, n. [L. ratio, a proportion, an allowance. 
 — See Rate.] A certain allowance of provisions. 
 
 Ra."tion-al (iash'un-al), a. [L. rational is. — See 
 Ratio and Reason.'] Endowed with reason ; 
 agreeable to reason; wise ;sane; reasonable. — 
 {Geog.) Real : — opposed to sensible, as applied to 
 the horizon. 
 
 Ra-ti-o-na'le (rash-e-o-na'le), n. [L.— See Ratio.] 
 A detail with reasons. 
 
 Ra"tion-al-ism, n. [Fr. rationalisme.] The prin- 
 ciple's of the rationalists ; adherence to reason as 
 distinct from revelation : — opposed to supematu- 
 ralism. 
 
 Ra"tion-al-ist (rash'un-al-ist\ n. One who ad- 
 heres to' reason, or to rationalism. 
 
 Ra-tion-al-is'tic, a. Relating to rationalism. 
 
 Ra-ti-o-nal'i-tj: (rash-e-o-nal'e-te), n. The qual- 
 ity'of being rational ;' reasonableness ; saniry. 
 
 Ra."tion-al-ly (rash'un-al-le), ad. With reason. 
 
 Rat'lines! ». pi [Origin'doubtful.] (Xaut.) Small 
 line's in a ship, used as the rounds of a ladder. 
 
 Ra-t66n', n. [Sp. retoflo, a shoot; retohar, to 
 shoot anew.] A sprout from the sugar-cane. — 
 2, v. n. [pp. ratooning, ratooned.] To sprout 
 from the root. 
 
 Rats'bane, «. A poison for rats ; arsenic. 
 
 Rat-tan', n. [Malay, rolan.] A slender trailing 
 palm and its stem. 
 
 Rat'tle. V. n. [A.-S. hrsetele, Dut. ratel, Ger. rassel, 
 a rattle ; Dut. ratelen, Ger. rasseln, to rattle : im- 
 itative.] [pp. rattling, rattled.] To make a 
 sharp noise. — 2, v. a. To cause to sound or 
 rattle. — 3, ». A quick noise; empty talk :— any- 
 thing that makes a rattling noise.— pi. The 
 croup. [rattles. 
 
 Rat'tle-snake, n. A poisonous serpent having 
 
 Rat'tling, n. A noise produced by wheels, &c. 
 
 Rau'ci-ty, n. [L. raucitas.] Hoarseness ; a rough 
 noise. 
 
 Rau'cous, a. [L. raucus, hoarse.] Hoarse ; harsh- 
 sounding. 
 
 Rav'age, v. a. [Fr. rarage, devastation; ravager, 
 to spoil; ravir, to ravish (q. v.).] [pp. ravaging, 
 ravaged.] To lay waste; to sack; to pillage. — 
 
 2, n. Waste ; devastation ; desolation. 
 Rav'a^-er, n. [Fr. ravageur.] One who ravages; 
 
 a plunderer. 
 
 Rave, o. n. [0. Fr. rcLver, Sp. rabiar, L. rabere, to 
 rave; rabies, rage.] [pp. raving, raved.] To be 
 furious or mad ; to dote. 
 
 Rav'el (rav'vl), v. a. [0. Dut. ravelen, Dut. ra- 
 felen, Low Ger. reffeln, to ravel.— Cf. Ger. rafel, 
 "a hackle, a rake.] [pp. ravelling, ravelled.] 
 To entangle :— to untwist.— 2, v. n. To be un- 
 woven ; to unravel. 
 
 Rave'lin (rav'ljn), >i. [Fr. ; Sp. rebellin; It. ri- 
 vellino ; perhaps L. re-, back, and vallum, a ram- 
 part.] Part of a fortification. 
 
 Rav'el-Hng, «. A thread disentangled. 
 
 Ra'ven (ra'vn), n. [A.-S. hrsefn ; Icel. hrafn ; 0. 
 Ger. hraban ; Dan. ravn ; Dut. raaf; Ger. rabe.~\ 
 A large, black bird like the crow. — 2, a. Very 
 black ; as black as a raven. 
 
 Rav'en (rav'vn), n. [0. Fr. ravine, violence. — See 
 Rapine.] Prey; plunder; rapine. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 ravening, ravened.] To plunder; to devour. — 
 
 3, v. n. To prey with rapacity. 
 Rav'en-er (rav'vn-er), n. One who plunders. 
 Rav'en-ing (rav'vn-ing), n. Violence. — 2, p. a. 
 
 Rapacious; devouring; ravenous. 
 
 Rav'en-ous (rav'vn-us), a. [Fr. ravineux, full of 
 ravines, — formerly, violent, destructive.] Furi- 
 ously voracious ; eager to devour ; rapacious. 
 
 Rav'en-ous-ly. (rav'vn-us-le), ad. With voracity. 
 
 Rav'en-ous-ness (rav'vn-us-nes), n. Voracity. 
 
 Rav'in (rav'vn), n. Rapine. See Raven. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5. 9, c, §, soft; p, p, p, |, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; tnia, 
 
 dd 38* 
 
KAVINE 
 
 450 
 
 EEAEKANGE 
 
 Ra-vine'.w. [Fr. for a "torrent," — hence, a gorge 
 or hollow ; formerly it meant a flood, also 
 violence, rapine.] A hollow ; a hollow pass. 
 
 Rav'ing, n. Madness; fury; frenzy: — insane 
 declamation or talk. — 2, pi a. Furious ; mad ; 
 distracted. 
 
 Rav'ish, v. a. [Fr. ravir (part, ravissant) ; L. ra- 
 pere, to snatch.] [pp. ravishing, ravished.] To 
 deflower by violence; to take by violence: — to 
 delight ; to transport. 
 
 Rav'ish-er, ra. One who ravishes. 
 
 Rav'ish-ment, n. The act of ravishing ; violation ; 
 rape : — rapture ; ecstasy. 
 
 Raw, a. [A.-S. hreaw ; Dut. raauw ; Dan. raa ; 
 Ger. roh. j Not subdued by the fire ; crude : 
 — sore : — immature ; unripe : — new : — bleak ; 
 chill :— not prepared for use, as raw materials. 
 
 Raw'boned (-bond), a. Having little flesh. 
 
 Raw'hlde, ra. Untauned leather; a whip of un- 
 tanned leather. 
 
 Raw'ly, ad. In a raw manner ; unskilfully. 
 
 Raw'ness, n. The state of being raw. 
 
 Ray (ra), n. [Fr. rai; Sp. rayo ; It. raggio ; L. ra- 
 dius.] A straight line, as of light; a beam; 
 gleam: — [Fr. raie; L. raia) a fish like the shark. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. raying, rayed.] To streak; to 
 shoot forth. 
 
 Ray'less (ra'les), a. Dark ; without a ray. 
 
 Raze, v. a. [A variant of Ease.] [pp. razing, 
 razed.] To overthrow ; to efface : to erase. 
 
 Ra-zee', ra. [Fr. raser (part, rasee), to shave, to 
 cut down. — See Rase.] A ship of war cut down 
 to an inferior class, or made smaller. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. razeeing, razeed.] To cut down or reduce. 
 
 Ra'zor, ra. [Fr. rasoir ; raser, to shave. — See Rase.] 
 A tool or knife used for shaving. 
 
 Ra'zor-bill, ra. A species of auk. 
 
 Ra'zor-strop, ra. A strop or strap for sharpening 
 a razor :— written also razor-strap. 
 
 Ra'ziire (ra/zhur), ra. The act of erasing ; rasure. 
 
 Raz'zi-a (rat'se-a), ra. [Fr. ; Arab, rkaziat, a war- 
 like expedition : introduced from Algeria.] A 
 pillaging expedition made into an enemy's coun- 
 try ; a foray. 
 
 Re- A prefix from the Latin, denoting iteration, 
 repetition, or backward action : as, to react. 
 
 Re (ra), n. [See Do.] (Mus.) The second note of 
 the natural scale. 
 
 Reach, v. a. [A.-S. mean ; Ger. reichen.] [pp. 
 reaching, reached.] To touch with the hand 
 extended ; to arrive at ; to extend to. — 2, v. n. 
 To be extended; to penetrate. — 3, n. Power; 
 limit : — extent ; grasp : — a stretch : — artifice. 
 
 Re-act', v. a. [Re- and Act.] [pp. reacting, re- 
 acted.] To act or do again; to reenact. — 2, v. n. 
 To return an act or impulse. 
 
 Re-ac'tion, w. [Be- and Action.] A counter- 
 action ; resistance. 
 
 Re-ac'tion-a-ry, a. Implying reaction. 
 
 Re-ac'tion-a-ry, 1 ra. One in favor of undoing the 
 
 Re-ac'tion-ist, J work of reform or progress. 
 
 Read (red), v. a,. [A.-S. rpedan, to advise, to dis- 
 cern, to read; rsed, advice. — Cf. Ger. rathen, to 
 advise ; 0. Sw. reda, to explain.] [i. read (red) ; 
 pp. reading, read.] To peruse, as a book; to 
 recite: — to learn by observation. — 2, v. n. To 
 peruse ; to study : — to stand written. 
 
 Read (red), p. a. Versed in books; learned. 
 
 Read'a-ble, a. That may be read : — legible. 
 
 Read'er. n. One who reads or is studious : — a book 
 of exercises for reading. 
 
 Read'er-ship, ra. The office of reading prayers. 
 
 Read'i-ly, ad. With speed; quickly; cheerfully. 
 
 Read'i-ness (red'i-nes), n. Promptitude. 
 
 Readying, n. Perusal of books; a lecture; public 
 recital : — a variation of copies. 
 
 Re-ad-just', v. a. [Re- and Adjust.] [pp. read- 
 justing, readjusted.] To settle anew. 
 
 Re-ad-mis'sion, ra. The act of admitting again. 
 
 Re-ad-mit', v. a. [Re- and Admit.] [pp. read- 
 mitting, readmitted.] To admit or let in again. 
 
 Re-ad-mit'tance, ra. The act of readmitting ; an 
 allowance to enter again. 
 
 Read'y (red'e), a. [A.-S. rsede ; 0. Sw. reda; Dan. 
 rede; Ger. bereit; root of 0. Sw. reda, to pre- 
 pare, and of Ride: influenced by or confused 
 with the root of Read : whence 0. Sw. redig, plain, 
 and Russ. rade, willing, ready.] Prepared; 
 prompt; willing :— dressed ; equipped. 
 
 Re-af-firm', v. a. [Re- and Affirm.] [pp. re- 
 affirming, reaffirmed.] To affirm again. 
 
 Re-a'£ent, ra. [Fr. reagir, to react. — See Act and 
 Agent.] (Chem.) A substance used to produce 
 a chemical reaction ; a test. 
 
 Re'al, o. [Fr. reel; 0. Fr. real; Late L. realis ; L. 
 res, a thing, a fact.] Actually existing ; not im- 
 aginary ; true ; certain ; genuine : — relating to 
 things, not persons; as, real property or estate. 
 — 2, ra. [Sp. real, L. regalis, royal, regal (q. v.).] 
 A Spanish coin worth 12^> cents. 
 
 Re-al'gar [re'al-gar, Ja. C.J, ra. [Fr. realgar, Sp. 
 rejalgar, Arab, rahj al-ghar, mineral powder ; rahj, 
 powder, al, the, and ghar, mine or cave.] (Cheui) 
 A red sulphuret of arsenic. 
 
 Re'al-ism, ra. The principles of the realists. — 
 {Fine Arts.) Exact reproduction or representa- 
 tion without idealization. 
 
 Re'al-ist, n. One of the set of scholastic philoso- 
 phers who maintained that the uni versa Is in 
 logic, or genus and species, were tilings, and not 
 mere names: — opposed to nominalist, as later to 
 idealist : — an author or an artist who reproduces 
 or represents nature or real life with exactness. 
 
 Re-al-is'tic, a. Characterized by realism ; faith- 
 fully representing nature or real life. 
 
 Re-al'i-ty, ra. [Fr. realite.] State of being real ; 
 that which is real ; verity ; fact ; real existence. 
 
 Re'al-iz-a-ble, a. That may be realized. 
 
 Re-al-i-za'tipn, w. The act of realizing. 
 
 Re'al-ize, v. a. [Fr. realiser.] [pp. realizing, re- 
 alized.] To bring into being or act; to make 
 real or certain; to achieve; to effect; to com- 
 plete :— to feel vividly :— to convert into land. 
 
 Re'al-ly, ad. With reality ; in truth : truly. 
 
 Realm (relm), ra. [Fr. royamne, 0. Fr. realme or 
 roialme, Late L. (probably) regalimen, a kingdom ; 
 L. regalis, regal (a. v.).] A kingdom ; an empire. 
 
 Re'al-ty, n. (Law.) Peal or landed property. 
 
 Ream, ra. [Fr. rame, 0. Fr. raime, Sp. resma, Arab. 
 rizmat, a bundle.] Twenty quires of paper. — 
 2, v. a. [Ger. r'dumen, to clear; raum, room 
 (q. v.).~\ [pp. reaming, reamed.] To enlarge ; 
 to bevel out, as a hole. 
 
 Ream'er, w. An instrument for enlarging a hole. 
 
 Re-an'i-mate, v. a. [Re- and Animate.] [pp. re- 
 animating, reanimated.] To restore to lile or to 
 courage. 
 
 Re-an-nex', v. a. [Re- and Annex.] [pp. rean- 
 nexing, reannexed.] To annex again. 
 
 Reap, v. a. [A.-S. ripan, Dut. rapen, to reap. — Cf. 
 Ger. raufen, Goth, ravpjan, to pluck.] [pp. 
 reaping, reaped.] To cut, as grain; to obtain. — 
 2, v. ra. To cut grain ; to harvest. [reaping. 
 
 Reap'er, ra. One who cuts grain ; a machine for 
 
 Re-ap-pear', v. w. [Re- and Appear.] [pp. re- 
 appearing, reappeared.] To appear again. 
 
 Re-ap-pear'ance, ra. The act of reappearing. 
 
 Re-ap-pbint' r , v. a. [Re- and Appoint.] [pp. re- 
 appointing, reappointed.] To appoint again. 
 
 Re-ap-pbint'ment, w. Second appointment. 
 
 Rear, ra. [0. E. rere, Fr. arriere, backward ; L. ad 
 retro; ad, to, and retro, backward.] The hinder 
 troop, class, or part. — 2, a. Back; situated at 
 the rear. — 3, v. a. [A.-S. rseran, causal form of 
 risan, to rise.] [pp. rearing, reared.] To raise 
 up ; to educate ; to breed. 
 Rear'-ad'mi-ral, ra. An officer in the navy, next 
 
 in rank to a vice-admiral. 
 Rear'-guard, ra. The part of an army which 
 
 marches after the main body. 
 Re-ar-ran£e', v. a. [pp. rearranging, rearranged.] 
 To arrange anew. 
 
 a, e, I, o, u, y, long ; a, e, I, 5, u, y, 
 
 a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, faist, fall; he"ir, her; 
 
KEASCEND 
 
 451 
 
 EECEPTIVITY 
 
 Re-as-cend', v. n. & v. a. [Re- and Ascend.] [pp. 
 reascendiug, reascended.J To mount again. 
 
 Rea'son (re'zn), n. [Fr. raison, reason, right; L. 
 ratio, reason, arrangement, moderation ; reor, 
 ratus, to think.] The rational faculty which 
 distinguishes man from the lower animals ; the 
 power of the perception of truth ; the thinking 
 principle : — understanding ; sense : — absolute 
 right, truth, or justice: — efficient cause : — final 
 cause ; design : — end ; motive ; argument. — 2, v. n. 
 [pp. reasoning, reasoned.] To argue rationally. 
 — 3, v. a. To examine rationally. 
 
 Rea'son-a-ble, a. [Fr. raisonnable; L. ration abil is.] 
 Endued' with reason ; agreeable to reason ; ra- 
 tional ; sensible ; just ; fair. 
 
 Rea'son-a-ble-ness (re'zn-a-bl-nSs), n. Quality 
 of being reasonable ; rationality. 
 
 Rea'§on-a-bly, ad. With reason. 
 
 Rea'son-er (re'zn-er), n. [Fr. raisonneur.] One 
 who reasons. 
 
 Rea'§on-ing (re'zn-ing), n. Argumentation. 
 
 Re-as-sem'ble, v. a. [Re- and Assemble.] [pp. 
 reassembling, reassembled.] To assemble anew. 
 
 Re-as-sert', v. a. [lie- and Assert.] [pp. reas- 
 serting, reasserted.] To assert anew. 
 
 Re-as-s'er'tion, n. A repeated assertion. 
 
 Re-as-sign' '(re-as-sln'), v. a. [Re- and Assign.] 
 [pp. reassigning, reassigned.] To assign again. 
 . Re-as-sume', v. a. [Re- and Assume.] [pp. reas- 
 signing, reassumed.] To resume; to take again. 
 
 Re-as-sur'ance (-shur'-), n. New assurance. 
 
 Re-as-sure' (re-a-shur'), v. a. [Re- and Assure.] 
 [pp. reassuring, reassured.] To assure anew. 
 
 Reave (rev), v. a. & v. n. [A.-S. reafian, Icel. raufa, 
 Ger. rauben, to rob (q. v.).— Cf. A.-S. reaf, clothes, 
 spoil; Icel. ranf, spoil; Ger. raub, plunder : akin 
 to Rob, Rope, and Rip.] [pp. reaving, reaved 
 or reft.] To rob; to carry off by violence: — 
 to deprive. [Nearly obs.] 
 
 Re-bap-tlze', v. a. [Re- and Baptize.] [pp. re- 
 baptizing, rebaptized.] To baptize again. 
 
 Re-bate', v. a. [Fr. rabaUre, to beat back, to 
 abate; re, back, and battre, L. batuere, to beat 
 (q. v.).] [pp. rebating, rebated.] To blunt: — 
 to rabbet : — to abate. — 2, n. An abatement : — a 
 groove sunk on the edge of a board ; a rabbet. 
 
 Re'bec, n. [Fr. rebec; It. ribecva, ribebba; Sp. 
 rabel; Per. rubab; Arab, rabab.] A kind 
 of violin. 
 
 Reb'el, n. [L. rebellis, insurgent; rebellio, 
 a rebel ; rebellare, to rebel ; re-, again, and 
 bellare, to wage war; beUwm, war: used 
 primarily of nations once conquered.] 
 One who resists lawful authority by vio- 
 lence; a revolter; an insurgent. 
 
 Re-bel', v. u. [pp. rebelling, rebelled.] To 
 rise against lawful authority. Rebec. 
 
 Re-bel'lion (re-bel'yun), n. [L. rebellium ; Fr. re- 
 bellion.]' Warlike resistance against lawful au- 
 thority; an insurrection. 
 
 Re-bel'lious (re-bel'yus), a. Resisting, or con- 
 trary to, lawful authority ; disobedient : — refrac- 
 tory ; stubborn. 
 
 Re-bei'lious-ly,, ad. In a rebellious manner. 
 
 Re-bel'lious-ness (re-bel'yus-nes), n. The quality 
 or state of being rebellious. 
 
 Re-bound', v. n. [Fr. rebondir. — See Bound.] [pp. 
 rebounding, rebounded.] To spring back; to 
 recoil. — 2, v. a. To reverberate ; to beat back. — 
 3, n. Act of flying back ; esilition. 
 
 Re-buff, n. [It. rabuffo, a rebuff; rabuffare, to re- 
 buff; »•«-, or ri- (L. re-), back, and buffo, a puff 
 (q. v.).] A repercussion; a sudden check. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. rebuffing, rebuffed.] To beat back; 
 to repel ; to reject. 
 
 Re-build' (re-bi'ld'), v. a. [Re- and Build.] [i. re- 
 built; pp. rebuilding, rebuilt.] To build anew. 
 
 Re-buke', v. a. [Fr. reboucher, O. Fr. rebouqner, to 
 blunt, t'> dull, — locally, to reject; re-, again, 
 back, and boncher, to choke, to strangle ; bouche, 
 the mouth.] [pp. rebuking, rebuked.] To 
 
 chide ; to reprehend.— 2, n. A reprehension ; a 
 reprimand. 
 
 Re'bus, n. ; pi. Re'bus-es. [L. rebus, by things; 
 res, a thing.] An enigmatical representation of 
 a name, or of words, by pictures or emblems ; a 
 sort of riddle or enigma. 
 
 Re-but', v. n. [Fr. rebuter, 0. Fr. rebouter, to re- 
 pel ; re- and bouter, to thrust, to butt (7. v.).] 
 [pp. rebutting, rebutted.] (Law.) To return an 
 answer. — 2, v. a. To beat back ; to repel. 
 
 Re-but'tal, n. The process of rebutting. 
 
 Re-but'ter, n. (Late.) The plaintiff's answer to 
 the defendant's surrejoinder ; a bar. 
 
 Re-cal'ci-trant, a. [L. recalcitram (pres. part.).] 
 Kicking back ; backsliding. 
 
 Re-cal'ci-trate, v. n. [L. recalcitrare, recalcitratum, 
 to kick back; calcitrare, to kick; calx, the heel.] 
 [pp. recalcitrating, recalcitrated.] To kick back ; 
 to show or express repugnance. 
 
 Re-call', v. a. [Re- and Call.] [pp. recalling, 
 recalled.] To call back; to recall.— 2, ». The 
 act of calling back ; revocation. 
 
 Re-cant', v. a. [L. recantare, to recall ; re-, back, 
 and cantare, to sing; frequentative of canere, 
 cantum, to sing.] [pp. recanting, recanted.] To 
 contradict a former declaration ; to retract ; to 
 recall; to abjure. — 2, v. n. To revoke what has 
 been said. [a retraction. 
 
 Re-can-ta'tion, n. [See Recant.] A recanting; 
 
 Re-ca-pit'ii-late, v. a. & v. n. [L. recapitulare, reca- 
 pitulatum, to go over the heads again ; re-, back, 
 again, and capituhim, dim. of caput, a head.] 
 [pp. recapitulating, recapitulated.] To repeat 
 the substance of what has been said : — to men- 
 tion in brief. 
 
 Re-ca-pit-u-la'tion, n. Act of recapitulating. 
 
 Re-ca-pit'ii-la-to-rj:, «• Repeating again. 
 
 Re-capt'iire (re-kapt'yur), v. a. [Re- and Cap- 
 ture.] [pp. recapturing, recaptured.] To re. 
 take. — 2, n. A retaking. 
 
 Re-cast', v. a. [Re- and Cast.] [i. recast; pp. 
 recasting, recast.] To cast again ; to throw 
 again. 
 
 Re-cede', v. n. [L. recedere, reeessum, to go back; 
 cedere, to go.] [pp. receding, receded.] To re- 
 treat ; to withdraw. 
 
 Re-cede', t\ a. [Re- and Cede.] [pp. receding, 
 receded.] To cede back again. 
 
 Re-ceipt' (re-set'), n. [L. rceeptus ; Fr. recette. — 
 See Receive.] A reception: — a place of re- 
 ceiving: — a recipe: — a formula: — a written ac- 
 knowledgment of money, &c, received.— 2. >•. o. 
 [pp. receipting, receipted.] To give a receipt 
 for. — 3, v. n. To give a receipt or written ac- 
 knowledgment of having received. 
 
 Re-ceiv'a-ble, a. Capable of being received. 
 
 Re-ceive* (re-sev'), v. a. [Fr. recevoir ; L. recipere, 
 recepturn; re-, again, and capere, to take.] [pp. 
 receiving, received.] To take; to allow ; to ad- 
 mit. — 2, v. n. To open one's house for the recep- 
 tion of company. 
 
 Re-ceiv'er, n. He who or that which receives :— 
 a chemical vessel or retort. 
 
 Re-cen'sion, n. [L. recensio ; recensere, to review; 
 're-, again, and cemere, to judge.] An enumera- 
 tion ; a review; a critical revision. 
 
 Re'cent, a. [L. recens, recentis.] Late; new; not 
 antique; fresh. 
 
 Re'cent-ly, ad. Lately ; newly ; freshly. 
 
 Re'cent-ness, n. Newness ; freshness. 
 
 Re-cep'ta-cle, n. [Fr. receptacle; L. receptaculum ; 
 receplare, frequentative of recipere, to receive 
 (q. v.).] A vessel or place into which any thing 
 is received ; a reservoir : — that part of a plant 
 on which the fruits or carpels are borne. 
 
 Re-cep'tion, n. [L. receptio. — See Recf.ive.] The 
 act of receiving; state or manner of being re- 
 ceived ; receipt ; acceptance. 
 
 Re-cep'tive, a. Able to receive ; admitting. 
 
 Rec-ep-tiv'i-ty : , n. [Fr. receptivite.] The capa- 
 bility of receiving. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, s«n ; bail, bur, rule, use.— g, 9, 9, £, soft; p, J5, e, 5, hard; ;a«z; 5 as gz ; tfiis. 
 
EECESS 
 
 452 
 
 RECONNOITRE 
 
 Re-cess', n. [L. recessus. — See Recede.] Retire- 
 ment ; privacy ; retreat :— a plate of secrecy ; a 
 cavity in the face of a wall ; a niche :— inter- 
 mission ; suspension. 
 
 Re-ces'sion (re-sesh'un), «. [L. recessio.] The 
 act of retreating; withdrawal :— retrocession. 
 
 Re-chaVter, v. a. [Re- and Charter.] [pp. re- 
 charterihg, rechartered.] To charter again. 
 
 Recherche (re-shar'sha), a. [Fr.] Far-fetched; 
 well finished ; choice ; elegant. 
 
 Re-choose', v. a. [i. rechose; pp. rechoosing, re- 
 chosen.] To choose again ; to reelect. 
 
 Rec'i-pe (res'e-pe), n. [L. for "take thon."— See 
 Receive.] A medical prescription : — a formula 
 or receipt. 
 
 Re-cip'i-en-cy, n. The act of receiving. 
 
 Re-cip'i-ent, a. Having power to receive.— 2, n. 
 One who receives. 
 
 Re-cip'ro-cal, a. [Fr. reciproque; L. reciprocus ; 
 from reqve proque, back and forth. — See Re and 
 Pro.] Done by each to the other ; acting by 
 turns; commutual ; mutual; alternate; inter- 
 changeable. — 2, n. [Arith.) Quotient resulting 
 from the division of unity by any number. 
 
 Re-cip'ro-cal-ly, ad. Interchangeably. 
 
 Re-cip'ro-cate, v. n. [L. reciprocare, reciprocatum. 
 —See Reciprocal.] [pp. reciprocating, recipro- 
 cated.] To act interchangeably ; to alternate.— 
 2, v. a. To give and take mutually. 
 
 Re-crp-ro-ca'tion, n. [L. reciprocatio.] The act 
 of reciprocating. [act or right. 
 
 Rec-i-proc'i-ty, n. [Fr. reciprocite.] A reciprocal 
 
 Re-ci"sion (re-sizh'un), n. [L. recisio ; recidere, 
 reciswn, to cut off; csedere, to cut.] The act of 
 cutting off. 
 
 Re-ci'tal, n. The act of reciting ; recitation ; a 
 rehearsal ; a narration ; a narrative ; an uccount. 
 
 Rec-i-ta'tion, n. [L. recitatio.— See Recite.] The 
 act of reciting; recital. 
 
 Reg-i-ta-tive' (-tev'), )w. [It. recitativo.] A kind 
 
 Rec-i-ta-ti'vo (-te'vo), j of singing or tuneful pro- 
 nunciation. 
 
 Re-cite', v. a. [L. recitare, to cite again.— See Cite.] 
 [pp. reciting, recited. ] To rehearse ; to repeat ; to 
 tell over ; to relate ; to narrate ; to recapitulate. 
 
 Reck, v. n. [A.-S. recan, reccan, rocian, 0. Ger. 
 rohhjan, to care; 0. Ger. ruoh, ruah, care, heed.] 
 [pp. recking, recked.] To take heed ; to care. 
 
 Reck'less, a. [A.-S. recceleas ; Dut. roekeloos. — See 
 Reck'.] Careless; heedless; rash. 
 
 Reck'less-ness, n. Carelessness. 
 
 Reck'li'ng, n. [From Reck, to care.— Cf. Dar- 
 ling, Nursling.] The smallest in a brood of 
 animals; a brood: — a helpless infant. 
 
 Reck'on (rek'kn), v. a. [A.-S. gerecenian; Dut. 
 rekenen; Icel. reikna ; Dan. regne ; Ger. rechnen; 
 Goth, rahnjan: root of Rake, to collect.] [pp. 
 reckoning/reckoned.] To number ; to esteem. — 
 2, v. n. To compute ; to calculate. 
 
 Reck'on-er (rek'kn-er), n. One who reckons. 
 
 Reck'on-ing (rek'kn-ing), n. Computation; cal- 
 culation ; estimation ; account. 
 
 Re-claim', v. a. [L. reclamare, to call out against; 
 re-, back, and clamare, to call ; Fr. reclamer, to 
 ask back, with the meaning to tame: it was at 
 first a falconer's term.] [pp. reclaiming, re- 
 claimed.] To reform; to recover; to tame. — 
 2, v. n. To exclaim against any thing; to make 
 a remonstrance. 
 
 Re-claim' a-ble, a. That may be reclaimed. 
 
 Re-claim'ant, n. One who reclaims. 
 
 Rec-la-ma'tion, n. [L. reclamatio, a remonstrance. 
 — See Reclaim.] The act of reclaiming or state 
 of being reclaimed : — a remonstrance. 
 
 Rec-li-na'tion, n. The act of reclining. 
 
 Re-cline', v. a. & v. n. [L. reclinare, to lean back. 
 — See Lean.] [pp. reclining, reclined.] To 
 lean back ; to repose. 
 
 Re-cluse', n. [L. reclndere, reclusum, to unclose, to 
 shut up; claudere, to shut.] One shut un ; a re- 
 tired person.— 2, a. Shut up ; retired ; solitary. 
 
 Re-clu'sion, n. State of a recluse; seclusion. 
 
 Rec-og-ni"tion (rek-og-nish'unj, n. [L. recogni- 
 ho.— See Recognize.] The "act of recognizing; 
 acknowledgment; review. 
 
 Rec-og-niz'a-ble, or Re-cog'ni-za-ble, a. That 
 may be recognized or acknowledged. 
 
 Re-cog'ni-zance [re-kou'e-zans, 8. P. R. Wb.], n. 
 [0. Fr. recognoissance ; Fr. reconnaissance. — See 
 Recognize.] Recognition; an acknowledgment : 
 — a badge ; a bond of record :— written also recog- 
 nisance. 
 
 Re-cog-ni-za'tion, n. The act of recognizing. 
 
 Rec'og-nize [rek'on-Iz, P. Wb.], v. a. [L. recog- 
 noscere; re-, again, and cognoscere, to know; co- f 
 together, and gnoscere, to know (q. v.); 0. Fr. 
 recognoislre ; Fr. reconnaitre.] [pp- recognizing, 
 recognized.] To recover the knowledge of; to 
 know again ; to acknowledge : — written also 
 recognise. [is bound by recognizance. 
 
 Re-cog-ni-zee', n. (Law.) A person to whom one 
 
 Re-cog-ni-zbr', «. (Lata.) One who enters into 
 or gives a recognizance. 
 
 Re-coil', v. n. [Fr. reculer ; re-, and cvl, L. cuius, 
 the hinder part.] [pp. recoiling, recoiled.] To 
 fall back ; to rebound.— 2, n. A falling back ; a 
 rebound. 
 
 Re-cbil'ing, n. The act of rebounding ; recoil. 
 
 Ri-coin', v. a. [Re- and Coin.] [pp. recoining, 
 recoined.] To coin over again. 
 
 Re-cbin'ai-e, n. The act of coining anew. 
 
 Rec-ol-lect', v. a. [L. recolligere, recollectum, to 
 gather up again.— See Collect.] [pp. recollect- 
 ing, recollected.] To recover to memory ; to 
 recall to mind ; to remember. 
 
 Rec-ol-lec'tion, n. Act of calling to mind things 
 once known ; remembrance ; memory : — self-con- 
 trol ; religious devotion. 
 
 Re-com-bine', v. a. [Re- and Combine.] [pp. re- 
 combining, recombined.] To combine again. 
 
 Re-com-mence', v. a. [Re- and Commence.] [pp. 
 recommencing, recommenced.] To begin anew. 
 
 Rec-om-mend', v. a. [Fr. recommander. — See 
 Commend.] [pp. recommending, recommended.] 
 To commend to another. 
 
 Rec-om-men-da'tion, n. Act of recommending; 
 commendation ; a credential. 
 
 Rec-om-men'da-to-ry, a. Conveying praise. 
 
 Re-com-mit', v. a. [Re- and Commit.] [pp. re- 
 committing, recommitted.] To commit anew. 
 
 Re-com-mit'ment, ». A new commitment. 
 
 Re-com-mit' tal, n. A new committal. 
 
 Rec'om-pense, v. a. [Fr. recompenser. — See Com- 
 pensate.] [pp. recompensing, recompensed.] 
 To pay back an equivalent; to compensate; to 
 repay ; to requite. — 2, «. A return for some- 
 thing done or suffered; a reward ; a compensa- 
 tion; remuneration; requital; retribidion. 
 
 Re-com-pose', v. a. [pp. recomposing, recom- 
 posed.] To compose anew* 
 
 Rec-on-cil'a-ble, a. That may be reconciled. 
 
 Rec'on-cile, v. a. [L. reconciliare. — See Concili- 
 ate.] [pp. reconciling, reconciled.] To restore 
 to favor; to conciliate; to make consistent; to 
 
 Rec'on-cile-ment, n. Reconciliation. [adjust. 
 
 Rec'on-cil-er, n. One who reconciles. 
 
 Rec-on-cil-i-a'tion, n. [L. reconciliatio.] The act 
 of reconciling ; 'state of being reconciled ; adjust- 
 ment; a renewal of friendship; atonement. 
 
 Rec-on-cil'i-a-to-rx, a. Tending to reconcile. 
 
 Rec'on-dite (rek'on-dit or re-kon'dit), a. [L. re- 
 conditus, hidden ; recondere, reconditum, to put 
 away; re-, back, again, con-, together, and dare, 
 to give.] Hidden; secret; abstruse. 
 
 Re-con-duct', v. a. [pp. reconducting, recon- 
 ducted.] To conduct again. 
 
 Re-con'nois-sance', or Re-con'nais-sance', n. 
 [Fr.] The act of reconnoitring; examination. 
 
 Rec-on-nbi'tre (rek-on-nbi'ter), v. a. [Fr. recon- 
 naftre.—See Recognize.] [pp. reconnoitring, 
 reconnoitred.] To examine; to view:— to sur- 
 vey, particularly for military purposes. 
 
 a, e, i, o, u, y, long ; a, e, i, 5, fi, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, x, obscure. — Fare, far, f&st, fS.ll ; heir, her; 
 
RECONQUER 
 
 453 
 
 REDEEM 
 
 Re-con' quer (re-kong'ker), 
 
 [Re- and Con- 
 
 quer.] [pp. recouquering, recouquered.] To 
 conquer again. 
 
 Re-con-sid'er, v. a. [Re- and Consider.] [pp. re- 
 considering, reconsidered.] To consider again. 
 
 Re-con-sid-er-a'tion, n. Act of reconsidering. 
 
 Re- con- struct', v. a. [Re- and Construct.] [pp. 
 reconstructing, reconstructed.] To construct 
 again. 
 
 Re-con-strflc'tion, n. The act of reconstructing. 
 
 Re-cord', v. a. [L. recordari, to call to mind; re-, 
 again, and cor, cordis, the heart.] [pp. record- 
 ing, recorded.] To set down or enter in a i"eg- 
 ister; to register; to enroll; to chronicle: — to 
 cause to be remembered. 
 
 Rec'ord, n. A register ; a memorial. 
 
 Re-cord'er, n. One who records: — a judge: — 
 [0. E. 'record, to sing: perhaps related to Ac- 
 cord] a kinrl of flute or flageolet. 
 
 Re-cord'er-shlp, n. The office of a recorder. 
 
 Re-count', v. a. [Fr. raconter ; re-, again, a, to, 
 and conter, to relate.] [pp. recounting, re- 
 counted.] To relate in detail; to tell. 
 
 Re-coup', v. reflex, or v. a. [Fr. recouper, to cut ; 
 recoupe, a cutting: in English law a recoup is a 
 part reserved against damage. The word also, 
 in part, represents Yv. recuper, L. recuperate, to 
 recuperate [q. v.).] [pp. recouping, recouped.] 
 To indemnify one's self for an outlay or loss ; to 
 reimburse ; to repay ; to make good. — 2, n. Re- 
 coupment; discount. 
 
 Re-cSup'ment, n. The act of recouping ; discount. 
 
 Re-course', w. [Fr. recours, li. recursus, a retreat; 
 recurrere, recursion, to run back; curr'ere, to run.] 
 Application ; access. 
 
 Re-coVer, v. a. [Fr. recouvrir ; L. recuperate. — 
 See Recuperate.] [pp. recovering, recovered.] 
 To restore from sickness ; to recruit : — to get or 
 obtain back again ; to reclaim ; to repair ; to re- 
 gain; to retrieve. — 2. v. <>. To regain health. 
 
 Re-cov'er-a-ble, a. [Fr. recouvrable.] That* may 
 be recovered. 
 
 Re-cov'er-x, n. Act of recovering ; restoration. 
 
 Rec're-ant, a. [0. Fr. ; a participle from recroire, 
 Late L. recredere, to believe again (hence the 
 meaning of apostate), — also, to confess one's 
 faith again, — by extension, to confess one's self 
 beaten, to play the coward. — See Creed.] Cow- 
 ardly ; mean : — apostate. 
 
 Rec're-ate, c. a. [L. recreate, recreation, to create 
 anew, to revive, to refresh.] [pp. recreating, 
 recreated.] To refresh ; to amuse ; to divert; to 
 delight; to revive; to gratify. — 2, v. n. To take 
 recreation. 
 
 Re-cre-ate', v. a. [Re- and Create.] [pp. recre- 
 ating, recreated.] To create anew. 
 
 Rec-re-a'tion, n. [L. recreatio.] Act of recreating; 
 amusement; sport: entertainment; diversion. 
 
 Re-cre-a'tion, n. The act of creating anew. 
 
 Rec're-a-tive, a. Tending to recreate ; refresh- 
 ing; amusing; diverting". 
 
 Re-crim'i-nate. v. n. [L. re-, back again, and 
 criminari, to accuse. — See Cuiminate.] [pp. re- 
 criminating, recriminated.] To return one ac- 
 cusation for another; to reproach mutually. — 
 2, v. a. To accuse in return. 
 
 Re-crim-i-na'tion, n. Act of recriminating: — a 
 counter-accusation. 
 
 Re-crim'i-na-tlve, a. Recriminatory. 
 
 Re-crim'i-na-to-ry, a. Recriminating. 
 
 Re-cruit'(re-krut'), v. a. [Fr. recruiter, to recruit; 
 by extension from recroltre, part, recru, recrute, 
 to grow again; L. crescere, to grow.] [pp. re- 
 cruiting, recruited.] To repair ; to supply ; to 
 regain. — 2, v. n. To raise new soldiers: — to re- 
 ceive new strength ; to recover.— 3, n. A fresh 
 supply : — a new soldier. 
 
 Rec'tan-gle, n. [Fr. ; L. rectangulus, right-angled; 
 rectus, right (q. v .) t straight, and angulus, an 
 angle (q. v.).] A right-angled parallelogram. 
 
 Rec-tan'gu-lar, a. Having right angles. 
 
 Rec-tan'gu-lar-ly, ad. With right angles. 
 
 Rec'ti-f I-a-ble, a. That may be set right. 
 
 Rec-ti-fi-ca'tion, n. The act of rectifying. 
 
 Rec'ti-f i-er, n. One who rectifies. 
 
 Rec'ti-fy, v. a. [Fr. rectifier; Late L. rectificare; 
 L. rectus, straight, right (q. v.), and facere, to 
 make.] [pp. rectifying, rectified.] To make 
 right; to amend: — to refine, as by distillation. 
 
 Rec-ti-lm'e-al, a. [L. rectus, straight, and linea, 
 a line (q. v.).] Straight ; rectilinear. 
 
 Rec-ti-lin'e-ar, a. Right-lined ; straight. 
 
 Rec'ti-tude, n. [L. rectitudo, straightness ; rectus, 
 straight, right (q. v.).] State of being right ; up- 
 rightness; equity; justice; honesty; integrity. 
 
 Rec'tor, n. [L. for "ruler;" regere, rectum, to 
 rule.] A ruler; a governor: — a minister or 
 priest of a parish : — head-master of a school. 
 
 Ree'tor-ate, ». The office of rector. 
 
 Rec-to'ri-al, a. Belonging to a rector. 
 
 Rec'tor-ship, n. Rank or office of a rector. 
 
 Rec'to-ry, n. The benefice of a rector: — the 
 church of a rector : — a rector's house. 
 
 Ree'tum, n. [L. for "straight;" a descriptive 
 name.] (Anat.) The last portion of the large 
 intestine, terminating in the anus. 
 
 Re-cum'bence, \ n. The act or posture of lying 
 
 Re-cum'ben-cy, j down or reclining. 
 
 Re-cum'bent, a. [L. recumbere, reevmbentis, to 
 recline; re-, back, and cubare. to lie.] Lying; 
 leaning; reposing. 
 
 Re-cii'per-ate, d. n. [L. recuperare, recuperaturn, 
 to recover; commonly written reciperare, as if 
 from capere, to take : origin doubtful.] [pp. re- 
 cuperating, recuperated.] To regain health. — 
 2, v. a. To restore ; to recover ; to regain. 
 |- Re-cu'per-a-tive, a. [L. recuperativus.] Same as 
 Recuperatory. [to restore ; restorative. 
 
 j Re-cu'per-a-to-ry, a. [L. recuperatoruu.] Tending 
 1 Re-cur , v. n. [L. recurrere, reenrrentis, to run 
 back; currere, to run.] [pp. recurring, recurred.] 
 | To come back ; to return : — to have recourse. 
 j Re-cur'rence, \n. [Fr. rtcun-ence.) The act of 
 i Re-cur'r§n-cx, J recurring; a coming again; a 
 return. [ring. 
 
 Re-cur' rent, a. [See Recur.] Returning; recur- 
 
 Re-ciir'vate, v. a. [L. recarvare, recurvatum. — See 
 Curve.] [pp. recurvating, recurvated.] To bend 
 back; to recurve. — 2, a. Carved backward. 
 
 Re-cur-va'tion, \ «. The act of recurvating ; flex- 
 
 Re-ciir'vi-ty, ) ure backward. 
 
 Re-ciirve', v. a. & r. n. [See Recurvate.] [pp. re- 
 curving, recurved.] To bend back; to recurvate. 
 
 Re-cu'§an-cy., n. Non-conformity. 
 
 Re-cu'§ant, or Rec'u-§ant, ». [L. recusare, part. 
 i-ecHsantis, to reject, to oppose a cause or opinion ; 
 re-, against, and causa or caiissa, a cause (q. ».).] 
 A non-conformist — 2, a. Refusing to conform. 
 
 Red, a. [A.-S. read; Dut. rood; Dan. rod; Ger. 
 roth: cognate words are found in most Aryan 
 tongues.] Of the color of blood; scarlet. — 2, ». 
 One of the primitive colors : — a republican of 
 the most extreme type. 
 
 Re-dact'. v. a. [L. redigere, redaction, to reduce ; 
 re-, back again, and agere, to drive. — See Act.] 
 [pp. redacting, redacted.] To edit. 
 
 Re-dac'tion, n. [Fr. redaction.— i>e<i Redact.] The 
 editorial staff, as of a journal : — the act of edit- 
 ing : — matter edited. 
 
 Re-dan', n. [Fr. redan or redent, a toothed work ; 
 re- and L. dens, dentis, a tooth.] (Fort.) A kind 
 of rampart. 
 
 Red'breast, ». A small bird; a robin. 
 
 Red'den (red'dn), v. a. & v. n. [See Red.] [pp. 
 reddening, reddened.] To make or grow red. 
 
 Red' dish, a. Somewhat red; inclining to red. 
 
 Red-di"tion (red-dish'un), n. [L. redditio ; reddere, 
 redditus, to render (a. v.).] A restitution. 
 
 Red'dle (red'dl), n. [Ger. rotliel.—See Red.] Red 
 chalk ; a species of ochre. 
 
 Re-deem', v. a. [Fr. redimer; L. redimere, re- 
 demptum; re-, back, and emere, emption, to buy, 
 
 mien, sir; move, nbr, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — Q, Q, c, §•, soft; p, fSt, p, §, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 
 
REDEEMABLE 
 
 454 
 
 REFINE 
 
 to gain.] [pp. redeeming, redeemed.] To re- 
 lieve or free from forfeiture, captivity, or pun- 
 ishment by paying a price ; to ransom ; to rescue ; 
 to deliver; to recover: — to make good, as a 
 promise : — to make good use of, as time. 
 
 Re-deem' a-ble, a. Capable of redemption. 
 
 Re-deem'er, n. A ransomer; the Saviour. 
 
 Re-de-mand', v. a. [lie- and Demand.] [pp. re- 
 demanding, redemanded.] To demand back or 
 again. 
 
 Re-demp'tion (re-dem'shun), n. [L. redemptio.— 
 See Redeem.] Tbe act of redeeming ; ransom ; 
 recovery from ruin. 
 
 Re-demp'tive, a. Relating to redemption. 
 
 Re-demp'to-ry (re-dem'to-re), a. Redeeming. 
 
 Red'in-gote, n. [Fr. for Eng. "riding-coat."] An 
 overcoat for ladies. 
 
 Re-din'te-grate, v. a. [L. redintegrate, redinte- 
 gratum, to restore ; re-, again, and integer, \vl\ole. 
 See Integer.] [pp. redintegrating, redinte- 
 grated.] To restore ; to renew. [tion. 
 
 Re-din-te-gra'tion, n. [L. redintegratio.] Restora- 
 
 Red'-let'ter, a. [See Rubric] Printed in, or 
 marked by, red letters : — joyous; auspicious. 
 
 Red'ness, n. The quality of being red. 
 
 Red'o-lence, \n. Sweet scent; fragrance; sweet 
 
 Red'o-len-cy, j odor. 
 
 Red'o-lent, a. [L. redolere, redolentis, to give out 
 odor; re-, again, and olere, to smell.] Diffusing 
 fragrance or odor. 
 
 Re-doub'le (re-dtib'bl), v. a. [Ee- and Double; 
 Fr. redoubler.] [pp. redoubling, redoubled.] To 
 double again. — 2, v. n. To become twice as much. 
 
 Re-dbubt' (re-dout'), n. [Fr. redoute ; It. ridotto, 
 a resort; ridurre, to reduce (q. v.), to fly for 
 safety.] (Fort.) An outwork. 
 
 Re-doubt' a-ble (re-dotit'a-bl), a. [Fr. ; redoider, 
 to dread, to doubt (q. v.).] Formidable. 
 
 Re-dound', v. n. [Fr. redonder ; L. redundare, re- 
 dundantis, to overflow; re-, back, over, and urn- 
 dare, to surge ; undo, a wave.] [pp. redounding, 
 redounded.] To conduce; to result. 
 
 Red'o-wa, u. [Fr. & Czech.] A slow dance. 
 
 Re-dress, v. a. [Fr. redresser ; dresser, to set 
 right.] [pp. redressing, redressed.] To set 
 right; to relieve ; to- ease. — 2, n. Amendment; 
 relief; remedy. 
 
 Re-dres'sive, a. Succoring; affording relief. 
 
 Rid' start,' n. [Red and Local E. start, A.-S. steort, 
 a tail.] A red singing bird. 
 
 Red'-tape, n. Prolix official formality; excessive 
 adherence to official form. 
 
 Red' -top, n. A valuable sort of grass. 
 
 Re-duce', v. a. [L. reducere, reductum, to bring 
 back; re-, again, and ducere, to bring.] [pp. 
 reducing, reduced.] To bring back : — to sub- 
 due : — to diminish ; to lower: — to change from a 
 higher to a lower denomination. 
 
 Re-du'ci-ble, a. Possible to be reduced. 
 
 Re-duc'tion, n. [L. reductio. — See Reduce.] Act 
 of reducing; conquest. — {Arch.) The changing 
 of quantities from one denomination to another. 
 
 Re-dun'dance, ) n. [L. redundantia. — See Re- 
 
 Re-dun'dan-cy, j doxtnd.] Superabundance ; ex- 
 uberance; excess. 
 
 Re-dun'dant, c [See Redound.] Superabundant; 
 using too many words. 
 
 Re-dun'dant-ly, ad. Superabundantly. 
 
 Re-du'pli-cate, v. a. [L. re-, again, and duplicare, 
 to double (ij. v.).] [pp. reduplicating, redupli- 
 cated.] To double again. [of doubling. 
 
 Re-du-pli-ca'tion, w. [L. reduplicatio.] The act 
 
 Re-ech'o, v. n. & v. a. [Re- and Echo.] [pp. re- 
 echoing, reechoed.] To return an echo; to echo 
 back. — 2, n. The return of an echo. 
 
 Reed, n. [A.-S. hrend; Ger. & Dut. riet: found 
 also in Celtic tongues.] A hollow, knotted 
 stalk : — a pipe : — a weaver's sley : — a vibrating 
 tongue of wood or metal in a musical instrument. 
 
 Reed' -bird, n. See Rice-bird. 
 
 Re-ed-i-fi-ca'tion, n. The act of rebuilding. 
 
 Re-ed'i-fy, v. a. [Re- and Edify.] [pp. reedify- 
 ing, reedified.] To edify again ; to rebuild. 
 
 Reed'y, a. Abounding with reeds: — having a 
 quality of tone like that produced bv a reed. 
 
 Reef, n. [Dut. reef; 0. Dut. rif, rift; Sw. ref; 
 Dan. reb : akin to Rkeve, and perhaps to Rive.J 
 A certain portion of a sail:— [Dut. & Icel. rif; 
 Dan. rev; Ger. riff: akin to Rip and Rive] a 
 chain of rocks lying near the surface of the 
 water.— 2, v. a. [pp. reefing, reefed.] (Naut.) 
 To reduce, as a sail. 
 
 Reefer, n. (Naut.) A sailor whose duty it is to 
 reef' the sails : — a midshipman. 
 
 Reek, n. [A.-S. rec, Icel. reykr, Sw. rb'k, Dut. rook, 
 Ger. ranch, smoke.] Smoke ; steam ; vapor : — a 
 rick. — 2, v. n. [A.-S. reocan, rtcan; Ger. riecheu.] 
 [pp. reeking, reeked.] To smoke ; to steam. 
 
 Reek'x, a. Smoky; tanned; black; dark. 
 
 Reel, n. [A.-S. hreol: probably related to Roll.] 
 A frame for yarn : — [Gael, righil] a kind of dance: 
 — a staggering movement. — 2, v. a. [pp. reel- 
 ing, reeled.] To gather yarn off the spindle.— 
 3, v. n. [Probably a form of Roll.] To stagger ; 
 to totter. 
 
 Re-e-lect',«. a. [Re- and Elect.] [^'.reelecting, 
 ree'lected.] To elect again. 
 
 Re-e-lec'tion, n. A repeated election. 
 
 Re-em-bark', v. a. & v. v. [Re- and Embark.] [pp. 
 re'embarking, reembarked.] To embark again. 
 
 Reem'ing, n. [See Ream.] The act of opening 
 seams between the planks of vessels for recalk- 
 ing them. 
 
 Re-en-act', v. a. [Re- and Enact.] [pp. reelect- 
 ing, reenacted.] To enact anew 
 
 Re-en-force', v. a. [Re- and Enforce.] [pp. re- 
 enforcing, reenforced.] To enforce anew; to 
 strengthen with fresh forces. 
 
 Re-en-force'ment, n. Fresh assistance. 
 
 Re-en-gagV, v'. a. & v. n. [Re- and Engage.] [pp. 
 reengaging, reengaged.] To engage anew. 
 
 Re-en-list', v. a. & v. n. [Re- and Enlist.] [pp. 
 refenlisting, reenlisted.] To enlist anew. 
 
 Re-en-list'ment, n. A repeated enlistment. 
 
 Re-in'ter, v. 'a. & v. n. [Re- and Enter.] [jip. 
 reentering, reentered.] To enter again. 
 
 Re-es-tab'lish, v. a. [.Be- and Establish.] [pp. re- 
 establishing, reestablished.] To establish anew. 
 
 Re-es-tab'lish-ment. v. The act of reestablish- 
 ing; a new establishment. 
 
 Reeve, v. a. [Dut. reven; Sw. refva; Dan. rebe: 
 root of Reef.] [i. rove; pp. reeving, rove.] To 
 pass (as a rope) through a hole. — 2, n. [A.-S. 
 gerefa, an officer : akin to rof, excellent, famous.] 
 An under-ma^istrate. [nation ; revisal. 
 
 Re-ex-am-i-na'tion, n. A second or new exami- 
 
 Re-ex-am'ine, v. a. [Re- and Examine.] [^.re- 
 examining, reexamined.] To examine anew. 
 
 Re-ex-port', v. a. [Re- and Export.] [pp. reex- 
 po'rting, reexported.] To export again. 
 
 Re-fec'tion, n. [L. refectio, refreshment; reficere, 
 refectuni, to restore; re-, again, and facere, to 
 make.] A repast; a spare meal. 
 
 Re-fec'to-ry, w. [Late L. refeclorium.'j An apart- 
 ment for refreshments or meals ; an eating-room. 
 
 Re-fer', v. a, [L. referre; re-, back, and ferre, to 
 carry.] [pp. referring, referred.] To direct to 
 another; to submit. — 2, v. n. To have relation 
 or respect ; to relate ; to belong ; to allude. 
 
 Ref'er-a-ble, a. That may be referred ; referrible. 
 
 Ref-er-le', n. [Fr. refere, referred; referer, to re- 
 fer'^, v.).] One to whom any matter in dispute 
 is referred ; an arbitrator. 
 
 E,ef'er-ence, n. [Fr. reference.'] Act of referring; 
 relation : — a trial by referees; an arbitration : — 
 one to whom a thing is referred. 
 
 Re-fer'ri-ble, a. That may be referred : — written 
 also referable. 
 
 Re-f Ine', v. a. [Fr. raffiner ; re-, again, and affiner, 
 to purify; L. ad, to, and Late L. finitns, fine 
 (q. «.).] [pp. refining, refined.] To purify; to 
 clear from dross. — 2, v. n. To become refined. 
 
 a, e, I, o, u, y, long ; a, e, I, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 
 
KEFINED 
 
 455 
 
 KEGAEDLESSLY 
 
 Re-fined' (re-find'), p. a. Purified; having re- 
 finement; polished; polite; elegant. 
 
 Re-f ine'ment, n. [Fr. raffiuement.] Act of refin- 
 ing; state of being refined; improvement in ele- j 
 gance or purity ; cultivation; polish; elegance. 
 
 Re-f in'er, n. One who refines ; a purifier. 
 
 Re-f In'er-y, n. A place for refining. 
 
 El-f if ," v. ' a. [pp. refitting, refitted.] To fit 
 anew; to repair. 
 
 Re-flect', v. a. [L. reflectere, reflexum, to bend 
 back ; flectere, to bend.] [pp. reflecting, re- 
 flected.] To throw back ; to cast back. — 2, v. n. 
 To throw back light ; to turn back the thoughts 
 on things past; to ponder; to think ; to consider : 
 — to cast reproach. 
 
 Re-flect'ing, p. a. Making reflection ; consider- 
 ate ; thoughtful ; reflective. 
 
 Re-flec'tion, n. [L. reflexio.— See Reflect.] The 
 act of reflecting; a rebound: — attentive consid- 
 eration : — censure. 
 
 Re-flect'ive, a. Reflecting; musing. 
 
 Re-flect'pr, re. He who or that which reflects : — a 
 reflecting telescope. 
 
 Re'flex, a. [L. reflexus.— See Reflect.] Directed 
 back; bent back; returning backward. — 2, ,t. 
 (Painting.) The illumination of one body by 
 light reflected from another :— a reflection. 
 
 Re-flexed', p. a. Bent back^ 
 
 Re-flex-i-bil'i-ty, "• Quality of being reflexible. 
 
 Re-flex'i-ble,'a.' [Fr. reflexible.] That maybe 
 thrown back. 
 
 Re-flex'ion, n. See Reflection. 
 
 Re-flex'ive, a. Reflective: — turning backward. 
 
 Ref'lu-ent, a. [L. refluere, refluentis, to flow back ; 
 fluere, to flow.j Running back; flowing back. 
 
 Re'flux, n. [Fr. — See Flux.] The backward 
 course of water.— 2, a. Flowing back or back- 
 ward ; refluent. 
 
 Re-form', v. a. & v. n. [Re- and Form.] [pp. re- 
 forming, re-formed.] To form anew. 
 
 Re-form', v. a. [L. reformat ■•<.-, reformaium i re-, 
 again, and formare, to form (q. ».).] [pp. re- 
 forming, reformed.] To change from worse to 
 better; to amend; to correct ; to improve ; to re- 
 claim. — 2, v. n. To grow better; to improve. — 
 3, n. A reformation ; amendment. 
 
 Ref-or-ma'tion, n. [L. reformatio.] The act of 
 reforming :— the change in religion begun by Lu- 
 
 Re-for-ma'tion, n. A new formation. [ther. 
 
 Re-fbrm'a-tive, a. Tending to reform. 
 
 Re-form'a-to-ry, a. Tending to reform; causing 
 reformation ; correcting; reformative. — 2, n. An 
 institution for reforming criminals. 
 
 Re-fbrm'er, n. One who reforms. 
 
 Re-fract', v. a. [L. refringere, refraction ; re-, back, 
 and frangere, to break.] [pp- refracting, re- 
 fracted.] To break the course, as of rays; to de- 
 flect : — to cause to seem distorted. 
 
 Re-frac'tion, n. [See Refract.] 
 Deflection of a ray of light. 
 
 Re-frac'tive, a. Tending to re- 
 fract; refracting. 
 
 Re-frac'tor, n. A refracting tele- 
 scope. 
 
 Re-frac'to-ry, a. [L. refractarim ; 
 Fr. ref'ractaire. — See Refract.] 
 Obstinate; contumacious. 
 
 Refra-ga-ble, a. [L. refragari, to oppose ; the 
 opposite of suffragari, to support. — See Suf- 
 frage.] Refutable. 
 
 Re-frain', v. a. [Fr. refrener, L. refrenare, to bri- 
 dle; re-, back, and/renw/w., a bit.] [pp. refrain- 
 ing, refrained.] To hold back ; to keep from.— 
 2, v. n. To forbear; to abstain. — 3, n. [Fr. re- 
 frain; Sp. refran. a proverb; Prov. refrenher, to 
 repeat, — originally, to break back; L. refringere, 
 refracbam, to break in pieces. — See Refract.] 
 The burden of a song. 
 
 Re-fran-£i-bil'i-ty, »• State of being refrangible. 
 
 Re-fran'|i-ble, a. [Fr. refrangible. — See Re- 
 fract.] That may be refracted. 
 
 Refraction. 
 
 Re-fresh', v. a. [0. Fr. refreschir.—See Fres«.] 
 [pp. refreshing, refreshed.] To relieve or re- 
 vive after pain, fatigue, or want ; to recreate ; to 
 invigorate : — to refrigerate ; to cool. 
 
 Re-fresh'ment, re. [O. Fr. refreschmement.~] The 
 act of refreshing ; that which refreshes : — relief 
 after pain : — food. 
 
 Re-frig'er-ant, a. [L. refrigerans, cooling. — See 
 Refrigerate.] Cooling; mitigating heat. — 2, w. 
 A cooling medicine. 
 
 Re-frig'er-ate, v. a. [L. refrigerare, refrigeration; 
 re-, again, and frigerare, to cool ; frigus, frigoris, 
 the cold.] [pp. refrigerating, refrigerated.] To 
 make cool; to cool. [of cooling. 
 
 Re-fri|'-er-a'tion, n. [L. refrigeratio.] The act 
 
 Re-frlg'er-a-tive, \a. Tending to cool; refriger- 
 
 Re-frii'er-i-to-ry., J ating. 
 
 Re-frig^er-a-tor, n. A cooling vessel. 
 
 Rgft, re. A chink. Same as Rift. — 2, p. a. from 
 reave. Deprived ; bereft. 
 
 Refuse (ref'fuj), re. [L. refugivm, an escape; re- 
 fugere, to flee back; fugere, to flee.] Shelter 
 from danger; protection; an asylum: — an expe- 
 dient. 
 
 Ref-u-fee', re. [Fr. re'fugie ; se rifngier, to take 
 refuge (q. v.).] One who flies for protection. 
 
 Re-fuf fence, 1 «• [L. refidgentia.] Radiation of 
 
 Re-ful'|en-cy,j light; splendor; brightness. 
 
 Re-ffll'g-ent, a. [L. refvlgere, refidgenUs, to gleam; 
 re-, back, and ftdgere, to shine.] Bright; shin- 
 ing; glittering. 
 
 Re-fund', v. a. [L. refundere, to pour back; fim- 
 dere, to pour.] [pp. refunding, refunded.] To 
 pour back : — to repay what has been received ; 
 to pay back ; to restore. 
 
 Re-fiir'bish, v. a. [Re-, and Furbish.] [pp. refur- 
 bishing, refurbished.] To furbish anew. 
 
 Re-fvi'sal, «. The act of refusing; a denial; re- 
 jection : — right of choice ; option ; offer. 
 
 Re-fu§e\ k «• [L. refundere, refusum, to pour 
 back.— See Refund. ' The original meaning is 
 preserved in the military sense; the ordinary 
 meaning comes from the French refuser, to re- 
 ject, to deny, perhaps by a popular confusion 
 with refuter, to refute, or recuaer, to deny.] [pj>. 
 refusing, refused.] To deny; to decline; to re- 
 ject. — {Mil.) To throw to die rear. — 2, v. n. Not 
 to accept ; not to comply. 
 
 Refuse, n. [Fr. refits, a refusal, — also offal, leav- 
 ings.— See Refuse.] Worthless remains; dregs. 
 — 2. <(. Left when the rest is taken ; worthless; 
 nearly worthless. [refuted. 
 
 Re-fu'ta-ble, «. [L. refntabilis.] That may be 
 
 Rgf-u-ta'tion, ». [L. r'efutatio.] The act of re- 
 futing. 
 
 Re-fu'ta-to-ry, a. Implying refutation. 
 
 Re-fute\ v. a. [L. refulare, to repel; probably 
 cognate with refundere, to pour back.] [pp. re- 
 futing, refuted.] To prove erroneous ; to confute. 
 
 Re-gain', v. a. [Fr. regagner. — See Gain.] [pp. 
 regaining, regained.] To gain anew: to recover. 
 
 Re' gal, a. [L. regalia, royal; rex, regis, a king; 
 regere, to rule.— Cf. Skr. raj, to govern ; rajan, a 
 king.] Relating to a king; royal; kingly. 
 
 Re-gale', v. a. [Fr. regaler, to entertain ; 0. Fr. 
 galer, to rejoice. — Cf. Gala.] [pp. regaling, re- 
 galed.] To refresh ; to entertain. — 2, v. n. To 
 fare sumptuously. — 3, n. An entertainment. 
 
 Re-ga'li-a, n. pi. [L.] Ensigns of royalty. 
 
 Re-gal'i-ty, n. Royalty ; sovereignty. 
 
 Rg'gal-iy, ad. In a regal manner. 
 
 Re-gard', v. a. [Fr. regarder, to observe ; garder, 
 to guard (q. v.).] [pp. regarding, regarded.] To 
 value ; to esteem : — to observe : — to have rela- 
 tion to; to respect. — 2, w. Attention; respect; 
 reverence :— relation. 
 
 Re-gard'ful, a. Attentive; taking notice of. 
 
 Re-gard'ful-ly, ad. Attentively. 
 
 Re-gard'ing, prep. Having regard to. 
 
 Re-grard'iess, a. Heedless; inattentive. 
 
 Re-gard'less-ly, ad. Without heed. 
 
 mien, sir ; mSve, nor, son ; bull, biir, rule, use. — ?, <?, c, g, soft; p, £, p, g, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; tfiis. 
 
EEGATTA 
 
 456 
 
 REJECT 
 
 Re-gat' ta, n. [It. ; Sp. regateo, a higgling, a dis- 
 pute, a regatta; regatear, to biggie, to evade, to 
 rival in sailing.] A boat-race. 
 
 Re-£e-la'tion, n. [L. regelure, to thaw ; re-, back, 
 and gelare, to freeze ; gelu, ice.] The union of 
 masses of ice. 
 
 Re'^en-cy, n. [Fr. regence.] Government by a 
 regent. 
 
 Re-fen' er-a-cy, n. State of being regenerate. 
 
 Re-gen' er-ate, v. a. [L. regenerure, regeneralum. 
 —See "Generate.] [pp. regenerating, regener- 
 ated.] To cause to be born anew ; to produce 
 anew ; to renew. 
 
 Re-fen'er-ate, a. Reproduced; born anew. 
 
 Re-fen-er-a'tion, n. [L. regeneratio.] State of 
 being regenerated ; new birth ; birth by grace. 
 
 Re-gen'er-a-tive, a. Renewing; regenerating. 
 
 Re'gent, a. [L. regens, ruling; regere, to rule.] 
 Governing; exercising authority. — 2, n. One 
 who exercises the power of a sovereign during 
 the absence or minority of the sovereign ; a gov- 
 ernor; a ruler; a superintendent. 
 
 Refi-clde, n. [L. rex, regis, a king, and csedere, 
 to slay : on type of homicide.] A murderer or 
 murder of a king. 
 
 Regime (ra-zhem'j, n. [Fr.] Government ; rule. 
 
 Ref'i-men, n. [L. for " guidance ;" regere, to 
 rule.] Regulation of diet: hygiene: — govern- 
 ment. — (Gram.) The government of nouns by 
 verbs and other words. 
 
 Re^'i-ment, n. [L. regimentum, rule, a command; 
 Fr. regiment.'] {Mil.) A body of troops, divided 
 into companies, and commanded by a colonel. 
 
 Re§-i-men'tal, a. Belonging to a regiment. 
 
 Reg-i-menM;als, n. pi. A military uniform. 
 
 Region (re'jun), »?. [L. regio, a direction, a dis- 
 trict; regere, to diiect.] A country; a tract. 
 
 Reg'is-ter, n. [Fr. registre ; Late L. registrum ; 
 corrupted from regesta, a record ; L. regerere, re- 
 geslum, to carry back, to transcribe ; re-, back, 
 and gerere, to carry.] An official account of pro- 
 ceedings regularly kept; a record; a list; a cat- 
 alogue : — a keeper of a register ; a registrar : — 
 a stop :— a plate or shutter to regulate. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. registering, registered.] To set down or 
 enter in a book ; to record in a register ; to enroll. 
 
 Re£'is-trar, n. [Late L. regislrarius.] A keeper 
 of records ; a register. 
 
 Ref-is-tra'tion, n. The act of recording. 
 
 Ref'is-try, «■ [See Rfgistee.] The act of re- 
 cording : — the place where a register is kept :— a 
 register. 
 
 Re'gi-us, «. [L.] Royal. — Begins professor, a pro- 
 fessor appointed by the king, or one whose chair 
 was founded by a king. 
 
 Reg'let, n. [Fr. reglet, dim. of regie, a rule (q. v.).] 
 A ledge of wood used to separate lines in print- 
 ing. — (Arch.) A narrow moulding. 
 
 Reg'nant, a. [L. regnans, ruling ; regnare, to 
 reign (q. v.).] Reigning; ruling; prevalent. 
 
 Re'gress, n. [L. regressus ; regredi, to return; 
 gradi, to go.] A passage back ; a return. 
 
 Re-gres'sion (re-gresh'un), n. [L. regressio.] Ret- 
 rogression. 
 
 Re-gres'sive, a. Passing or going back. 
 
 Re-gret' , n. [Fr. regret, regret; regretler, to re- 
 gret : probably related to Scottish greet, A.-S. 
 greatan, to weep.] Grief for something past; 
 sorrow. — 2, v. a. [pp. regretting, regretted.] 
 To grieve at ; to mourn for. 
 
 Re-gret' f(il, a. Full of regret ; sorrowful. 
 
 Rg-gret'ful-ly., ad. With regret. 
 
 Reg'u-lar, a. [L. regnlaris; regula, a rule; regere, 
 to rule.] Agreeable to rule; orderly; exact; 
 properly instituted; methodical; formal:— equi- 
 lateral or equiangular, as figures. — 2, n. A 
 monk who has taken the three vows : — a soldier 
 in a permanent army. 
 
 Reg-u-lar'i-ty, n. [Fr. regularite.] State of being 
 regular; conformity to rule; regular course. 
 
 ReVii-lar-ly, ad. In a regular manner. 
 
 Reg u-late, v. a. [L. regulare, regulatum ; regula, 
 a rule (q. v.).] [pp. regulating/regulated.} To 
 adjust by rule; to direct; to guide; to conduct; 
 to manage. 
 
 Reg-u-la'tion, n. [Fr. regulation.] The act of 
 regulating :— a rule.— 2, a. According to estab- 
 lished rule or pattern. 
 
 Reg'u-la-tive, a. Tending to regularity. 
 
 Reg'u-la-tor, n. He who or that which regulates ; 
 a contrivance to regulate. 
 
 Reg'u-lus, n. [L. for a "little king;" dim. of 
 rex, regis, a king : applied by alchemists to anti- 
 mony as the king of metals.] Pure metal :— a 
 matte, or mass of metal not jet entirely pure. 
 
 Re-gur'£i-tate, v. a: [Fr. rigurgiter; L. re-, again, 
 and gurgitare, to engulf; gurges, gurgitis, an 
 abyss.] [pp. regurgitating, regurgitated.] To 
 throw or pour back.— 2, v. n. To be poured 
 back ; to flow back. 
 
 Re-giir-gi-ta'tion, n. Backward flow : — swallow- 
 ing again : — vomiting. 
 
 Re-ha-bil'i-tate, v. a. [Fr. rehabililer ; re-, again, 
 and habiliter, to qualify; habile, able (q. v.).] 
 [pp. rehabilitating, rehabilitated.] To restore 
 to former esteem or condition ; to reinstate. 
 
 Re-ha-bil-i-ta'tion, n. Eestoration. 
 
 Re-hear', v. a. [Re- and Hear.] [i. reheard; pp. 
 rehearing, reheard.] To hear again. 
 
 Re-hear'ing, n. A second hearing. 
 
 Re-hears'al (re-hers'al), n. The act of rehearsing ; 
 a repetition ; recital. 
 
 Re-hearse' (ie-hers'), v. a. [0. Fr. rehercer, to 
 harrow again, to go over again ; herce, L. Jurpex, 
 a harrow.] [pp. rehearsing, rehearsed.] To 
 repeat ; to recite previously to public exhibition ; 
 to relate ; to narrate. 
 
 Reign (rJin), v. n. [Fr. regner, L. regnare, to rule ; 
 regnum, a kingdom ; regere, to rule.] [pp. reign- 
 ing, reigned.] To rule as a king; to prevail. — 
 2, n. Royal authority; sovereignty: — the time 
 of a king's government. 
 
 Re-im-biirse', v. a. [Fr. rembourser ; L. re-, again, 
 in, into, and bursa, a purse (q. v.).] [pp. reim- 
 bursing, reimbursed.] To repaj'; to repair, as 
 loss : — to refund. 
 
 Re-im-biirse'ment, n. Repayment. 
 
 Rein (ran), n. [Fr. rene ; 0. Fr. resne; It. redina; 
 L. retinere, to hold back ; retinaculum, a rein ; re-, 
 back, and tenere, to hold.] The strap of a bridle : 
 — restraint. — 2, v. a. [pp. reining, reined.] To 
 govern by a bridle ; to curb ; to check ; to con- 
 trol ; to restrain. 
 
 Rein'deer (ran'der), n. [Icel. hreinn; A.-S. hran; 
 0. Sw. ren ; Dan. rensdyr ; Dut. rendier ; Ger. 
 rennlhier ; Lapp, reino, pasturage, and Deer.] A 
 deer of far northern regions. 
 
 Reins (ranz), n. pi. [L. renes, the kidneys.— Cf. 
 Gr. <j)priv, the midriff.] The kidneys ; the lower 
 part of the back : — the inward parts. 
 
 Re-in-sta.ll' 
 
 [.Re- and Install.] [pp. rein- 
 
 stalling, reinstalled.] To install anew. 
 
 Re-in-state', v. a. [Ee- and Instate.] [pp. rein- 
 stating, reinstated.] To put again in possession. 
 
 Re-in-sur'ance (-shur'-), n. A second insurance. 
 
 Re-jn-sure* (-shur'), v. a. [Re- and Insure.] [pp. 
 reinsuring, reinsured.] To insure again. 
 
 Re-in-vest', v. a. [Re- and Invest.] [pp. rein- 
 vesting, reinvested.] To invest anew. 
 
 Re-in-vest'ment, n. A repeated investment. 
 
 Re-in-vTg'or-ate, v. a. [Re- and Invigorate.] 
 [pp. rein'vigorating, reinvigorated.] To invig- 
 orate anew. 
 
 Re-is'siie (re-ish'yu), v. a. & v. n. [Re- and Issue.] 
 [pp. reissuing, reissued.] To issue again. — 2, u. 
 A second or renewed issue. 
 
 Re-it'er-ate, v. a. [Re- and Iterate.] [pp. reit- 
 erating, reiterated.] To do again and again. 
 
 Re-it-er-a'tion, n. The act of reiterating. 
 
 Re-ject', v. a. [L. rejicere, rejectum, to refuse; re-, 
 back, and jacere, factum, to' throw.] [pp. reject- 
 ing, rejected.] To decline; to refuse; to discard. 
 
 y, long; a, e, i, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
EEJECTED 
 
 457 
 
 KEMAND 
 
 te 
 
 Re-ject'ed, p. a. Refused; east off. 
 
 Re-jee'ti'on, n. [L. rejectio.] The act of rejecting; 
 a refusal: — that which is refused. 
 
 Re-joice', v. n. [Fr. rejouir, part, rejouissant ; re-, 
 again, and jouir, to rejoice, to joy (q. v.).] [pp. 
 rejoicing, rejoiced.] To be glad; to joy; to ex- 
 ult. — 2, v. a. To exhilarate ; to gladden. 
 
 Re-jbic'er, n. One who rejoices. 
 
 Re-jbic'ing, n. An expression or cause of joy; 
 exultation; joy. 
 
 Re-join', v. a. [Re- and Join; Fr. rejoindre.] [pp. 
 rejoining, rejoined.] To join again ; to meet 
 again. — 2, v. n. To answer to a reply ; to answer. 
 
 Re-jbln'der, ». [Fr. rejoindre, to rejoin.] An an- 
 swer to' a reply : — a defendant's answer to a 
 plaintiffs replication. 
 
 Re-judgV, v. a. [Re- and Judge.] [pp. rejudg- 
 ing, rejudged.] To judge anew. 
 
 Re-ju've-nate, v. a. [L. re-, again, and juvenari, 
 to be young ; juvenis, young.] [ pp. rejuveuating, 
 rejuvenated.] To make young again. 
 
 Re-ju-ve-na'tion, n. The act of restoring to 
 youth; the state of being rejuvenated; renewal 
 of youth; rejuvenescence. 
 
 Re-ju-ve-nes'cence, n. [Re- and Juvenescence.] 
 Renewal of youth. 
 
 Re-kin'dle, v. a. [Re- and Kindle.] [pp. rekin- 
 dling, rekindled.] To kindle again. 
 
 R^-lapse', v. n. [L. relabi, relapsm ; labi, to fall.] 
 pp. relapsing, relapsed.] To backslide. — 2, n. 
 he act of relapsing ; return ; a falling back into 
 vice or sickness. 
 
 Re-late', v. a. [Fr. relaler ; L. referre, retatum, to 
 carry back, to tell. — See Refer.] [pp. relating, 
 related.] To tell; to recite; to recount. — 2, v. n. 
 To have relation ; to belong. 
 
 Re-lat'ed, p. a. Allied by blood ; connected. 
 
 Re-lat'er, n. One who relates; a narrator. 
 
 Re-la' tion, n. [L. relalio.] The act of relating; 
 recital'; account: — respect; reference :— relation- 
 ship; kindred; a person related ; a relative. « 
 
 Re-la' tion-al, o. Having relation. 
 
 Re-la' tion-ship, n. State of being related. 
 
 Rel'a-tive, a. [L. relalieus.] Having relation : — 
 not absolute; dependent on a relation. — 2, n. A 
 person related ; a relation : — a pronoun relating 
 to an antecedent. 
 
 Rel'a-tive-ly., ad. In relation to something. 
 
 Rel-a-tiv'i-ty, n. [Fr. relati trite.] The quality or 
 state of being relative and not absolute. 
 
 Re-lax', v. a. [L. relaxare: re-, again, and laxare, 
 to loosen. — See Lax.] [pp. relaxing, relaxed.] 
 To slacken; to remit; to ease; to mitigate; to 
 divert; to unbend. — 2, v. ». To be remiss: — to 
 be mild; to become more mild : — to abate. 
 
 Re-lax'a-ble, a. That may be relaxed. 
 
 Rel-ax-a'tion [re-kiks-a'shun, S. P. E. Ja. 0. 
 Wb.], n. Act of relaxing; remission; diversion. 
 
 Re-lax' a-tive, a. Having power to relax. 
 
 Re-lay',' n. [Fr. relais, a relay; It. relasso, a relay, 
 —also, relaxed; L. relaxare, to relax {q. v.), — 
 also, to reanimate, to enliven.] Horses kept to 
 relieve others : — a subsidiary electric circuit : — 
 a supply kept for relief. 
 
 Re-leas'a-ble, a. Capable of being released. 
 
 Re-lease\ v. a. [Fr. relaisser, to rest, — formerly, 
 to set free ; L. relaxare, to let loose ; laxus, loose.] 
 [pp. releasing, released.] To set free; to quit; 
 to let go ; to deliver ; to discharge ; to liberate. — 
 2, n. Liberation ; discharge. 
 
 Re-leas'er, n. One who releases or sets free. 
 
 Rel'e-gate, v. a. [L. relegate, relegatum, to send 
 away ; re-, back, and legare, to send. — Cf. Leg- 
 ate.] [pp. relegating, relegated.] To banish; 
 to consign. 
 
 Rel-e-ga'tion, v. [L. relegatio.] Banishment. 
 
 Re-lent', v. n. [Fr. ralenlir; L. re-, again, ad, to, 
 and lentus, pliant, gentle.] [pp. relenting, re- 
 lented.] To yield; to soften in temper; to grow 
 tender or compassionate. 
 
 Re-lent'less, a. Unrelenting; implacable. 
 
 Re-les-see', n. (Laiv.) One to whom a release is 
 executed : — opposed to relessor. 
 
 Re-les-sSr', n. (Law.) One who executes a re- 
 lease to a relessee. 
 
 Rel'e-vance, n. Same as Relevancy. 
 
 Rel'e-van-cx, n. Pertinence; applicability. 
 
 Rel'e-vant, a. [L. relevans, assisting, helping; 
 relecare, to relieve [q. v.).] Pertinent; apposite. 
 
 Re-li-a-bil'i-ty, n. Trustworthiness. 
 
 Re-li'a-ble, a. [From Rely.] Trustworthy; 
 trusty; deserving of confidence ; dependable. 
 
 Re-li'ance, n. Trust; dependence; confidence. 
 
 Re-11'ant, a. [From R el v.] Confident ; trusting. 
 
 Rel'ic, n. [L. religuiss, remains. — See Relin- 
 quish.] That which remains :— a keepsake. — 
 pi. The body or remains of a deceased person. 
 
 Rel'ict, n. [L. relinquere, relictum, to leave. — See 
 Relinquish.] A widow. 
 
 Re-lief , n. [See Relieve.] Alleviation ; succor; 
 redress : — [Fr. relief, It. rilievo, elevation] the 
 prominence of a figure; relievo. 
 
 Re-lieVa-ble, a. Capable of relief. 
 
 Re-lieve' (re-lev'), v. a. [Fr. relever, L. relevare, to 
 Hft, to raise ; re-, ajrain, and levare, to lift (g. v.).] 
 [pp. relieving, relieved.] To free from pain, 
 labor, or trouble ; to ease ; to alleviate ; to suc- 
 cor; to allay ;_ to mitigate. 
 
 Re-lie'vo (re-le'vo), n. [It. rilievo. — See Relief.] 
 The prominence of a figure, &c. ; relief. 
 
 Re-lig'ion (re-lid'jun), n. [L. religio, reUigio, re- 
 ligion, scrupulousness, sanctity: perhaps from 
 religare, to restrain ; re-, back, and ligare, to 
 bind.] Duty to God; practical piety; a system 
 of faith and worship. 
 
 Re-li^'ion-ist, «. A devotee to some religion. 
 
 Re-lig'ious (re-lidj'us), a. [L. religiosm.] Prac- 
 tising the duties of religion; pious; holy; de- 
 vout; strict; conducive to devout feelings. — 
 
 2, n. A person bound by religions vows. 
 Re-lif 'ioiis-ly, ad. Conscientiously : strictly. 
 Re-lin'qu'ish "(re-ling'kwish), p. «. [0. ¥r. relin- 
 
 quir, part, relinquissant ; L. relinquere, to leave; 
 linquere, to forsake.] [pp. relinquishing, relin- 
 quished.] To withdraw claim to; to yield; to 
 resign ; to forsake ; to abandon ; to leave ; to 
 quit; to give up. 
 
 Re-lin'quish-ment, n. The act of relinquishing. 
 
 Rel'i-qua-ry, n. [Late L. reliquiarium ; L. reliquise, 
 relics.]' A casket to keep relics in. 
 
 Rel'ish, «. [Fr. reUcher, to lick again: Ucher, to 
 lick (q. v.).) The effect of any thing on the pal- 
 ate ; taste; liking; delight; flavor; a savory 
 morsel; a side-dish. — 2, v. a. [pp. relishing, 
 relished.] To have a liking for; to enjoy. — 
 
 3, v. n. To have a pleasing taste. 
 Rel'ish-a-ble, «• That may be relished. 
 Re-luc'tance, n. Unwillingness : aversion. 
 Re-luc'tant, a. [L. reluctant, part, of reluctari, to 
 
 struggle against; re-, against, and Inctari, to 
 wrestle; lucta, a wrestle.] Striving against ; un- 
 willing; disinclined; averse; backward; loath. 
 
 Re-luc'tant-ly, ad. With unwillingness. 
 
 Re-ly', v. n. [Fr. relier, to tie ; se relier, to join : 
 affected by Rally, and by Fr. relever, to relieve, 
 to raise ; according to some, from re-, back, and 
 Lie.] [pp. relying, relied.] To put trust in ; to 
 depend. 
 
 Re-main', v. n. [L. remanere ; re-, back, and ma- 
 nere, to remain.] [pp. remaining, remained.] 
 To continue ; to endure ; to abide ; to stay ; to 
 be left behind. 
 
 Re-main'der, n. [0. Fr. remaindre, to remain.] 
 What is left ; a remnant : — the difference be- 
 tween two quantities. 
 
 Re-mains',", pi Things left; remainder: — rel- 
 ics; a dead body : — posthumous writings. 
 
 Re-make', v. a. [^c- and Make.] [i. remade ; pp. 
 remaking, remade.] To make or form anew. 
 
 Re-mand', v. a. [L. remandare, to send word back; 
 re-, back, and mandare, to commit.] [pp. re- 
 manding, remanded.] To send back ; to call back. 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q, Q, c, g, soft; p, p, p, §, hard; § as z ; jasgz; tnis. 
 
 u 39 
 
EEMAEK 
 
 458 
 
 EENDEKING 
 
 Rc-mark\ n. [Fr. remarque, notice; remarquer, to 
 notice; re-, again, and marqutr, to mark.] Ob- 
 servation; note; notice taken. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 remarking, remarked.] To take notice of; to 
 observe. 
 
 Re-mark'a-ble, a. [Fr. remarqaable.] Observable ; 
 worthy of note ; uncommon ; extraordinary ; 
 noticeable ; notable. 
 
 Re-mark'a-bly., ad. Observably : — surprisingly. 
 
 Re-mar'ry, v. a. [Re- and Marry.] [jjp. remar- 
 rying, remarried.] To marry a second time. 
 
 Re-me'di-a-ble, a. [L. reutediabilis.] Capable of 
 remedy ;' curable. [curative. 
 
 Re-me'di-al, a. [L. remediulis.] Affording remedy ; 
 
 Rem'e-di-iess, or Re-med'i-less, a. Not admit- 
 ting' remedy ; incurable. 
 
 Rem'e-dy, n. [L. remedium ; re-, again, and mederi, 
 to heal.] That which causes recovery ; a medi- 
 cine; a cure; reparation; relief. — 2, v. a. [L. 
 remediari.] [pp. remedying, remedied.] To ewe; 
 to heal ; to repair. 
 
 Re-mem' ber, v. a. [0. Fr. remembrer, L. rememo- 
 rari, to recall to mind; re-, again, and memoruri, 
 to mention, or memar, mindful.] [pp. remem- 
 bering, remembered.] To bear or keep in mind; 
 to call to mind ; to recollect ; to remind. 
 
 Re-mem'brance, n. .Retention in memory ; recol- 
 lection ; memory : — a memorial. [minds. 
 
 Re-mem'bran-cer, n. He who or that which re- 
 
 Re-mind', v. a. '[Re-, again, and Mind.] [pp. re- 
 minding, reminded.] To put in or bring to mind. 
 
 Re-mlnd'er, n. One who or that which reminds. 
 
 Rem-i-nis'cence, \n. [L. reminiscentia.] Mern- 
 
 Rem-i-nis'cen-cy, J ory ; recollection; a thing 
 recollected'. 
 
 Rem-i-nls'cent, n. [L. reminiscens; reminisci, in- 
 ceptive verb from memini, I remember.] One 
 who calls to mind. — 2, a. Having the faculty 
 of reminiscence ; having l'ecollection. 
 
 Re-mlse\ v. a. [Fr. remiser, to put by; remise, a 
 giving up. — See Eemit.] {Law.) [pp. remising, 
 remised.] To grant back. 
 
 Re-nuss\ a. [L. remissus, slack. — See Kfmit.] 
 Not performing duty; inattentive; slack; care- 
 less; negligent; neglectful. 
 
 Re-nus'si-ble, a. That may be remitted. 
 
 Re-mis'sion (re-mish'un), ». [L. remissio. — See 
 Remit.] The act of remitting; release; abate- 
 ment ; temporary cessation ; pardon. 
 
 Re-miss'ly, ad. Carelessly ; negligently. 
 
 Re-miss'ness, n. Carelessness ; negligence. 
 
 Re-mit', v. a. [L. remittere, remissmn ; re-, back, 
 and mittere, to send.] [pp. remitting, remitted.] 
 To free from punishment or fine ; to abate ; to re- 
 lax ; to forgive ; to pardon ; to give up : — to send 
 to a distant place. — 2, v. n. To slacken ; to abate. 
 
 Re-nut' tal, n. The act of remitting ; remission. 
 
 Re-mit' tance, n. A sum remitted ; remission. 
 
 Re-nut' tent, a. [L. remittens; remittere, to remit.] 
 Having' remissions; temporarily ceasing. 
 
 Re-nut' ter, n. One who remits. 
 
 Re-mit'tor, n. (Lair.) One who remits. 
 
 Rem'nant, n. [L. remanent, remanents, remain- 
 ing ; 'remanere, to remain.] That which is left, 
 as of cloth; the residue ; the rest; remainder. 
 
 Re-mod'el, v. a. [Re- and Model.] [pp. remodel- 
 ling, remodelled.] To model anew. 
 
 Re-mon-e-ti-za'tion, n. The act of remonetizing, 
 or the state of being remonetized; the act of 
 making to be again a legal tender. 
 
 Re-mon'e-tize, v. a. [Re- and Monetize.] [pp. 
 remonetizing, remonetized.] To restore to use 
 as money. 
 
 Re-mon'strance, h. [Late L. remonstranlia.] The 
 act of remonstrating ; a strong representation 
 against something. 
 
 Re-mon'strant, n. [L. remonstrant. — See Rrmon- 
 strate.] 'One who remonstrates. — 2, a. Re- 
 monstrating. 
 
 Re-mon'strate, v. n. [Late L. remonslrare, remon- 
 stralum, to expose, to show arguments against; 
 
 re-, against, and monstrare, to exhibit.] [pp. re- 
 monstrating, remonstrated.] To exhibit reasons 
 against; to oppose earnestly ; to expostulate. 
 
 Rem-on-stra'tion, n. The act of remonstrating. 
 
 Re-mon'stra-tive, «. Pertaining to or character- 
 ized by renionstration ; remonstrating. 
 
 Re-mon'stra-tor, n. One who remonstrates. 
 
 Rem'o-ra, n. [L. for "hindeiauce;" re-, back, and 
 mora, delay : it was fabled that this fish could 
 hold a ship still.] The sucking fish. 
 
 Re-morse', n. [Late L. remorsus, a biting back, 
 remorse ; L. remordere, to bite back ; mordere, to 
 bite.] Pain caused by a sense of guilt ; reproach 
 of conscience ; compunction. 
 
 Re-mbrse'less, a. Unpitying ; cruel. 
 
 Re-mdrse'less-ly, ad. Without remorse. 
 
 Re-mote', o. [L. removere, reniotum, to remove 
 (q. v.).] Distant; not near; foreign. 
 
 Re-mote'ly, ad. Not nearly ; at a distance. 
 
 Re-mote'ness, n. State of being remote. 
 
 Re-mbunt', v. n. [Fr. remonter. — See Mount.] 
 [pp. remounting, remounted.] To mount again. 
 — 2, n. A fresh horse, or a fresh supply of burses. 
 
 Re-m6v-a-bil'i-ty, n. State of being removable. 
 
 Re-mov'a-ble, a. That may be removed. 
 
 Re-mov'al, n. The act of moving; a displacing. 
 
 Re-move', v. a. [0. Fr. remouvoir. — See Move. 
 Not related to Fr. remuer, 0. E. remuen, to re- 
 move.] [pp. removing, removed.] To cause to 
 change place. — 2, v. n. To change place; to 
 move. — 3, n. A removal; a stage of removal; 
 distance. 
 
 Re-mu-ner-a-bil'i-tj:. «• Capability of reward. 
 
 Re-mu'ner-a-ble, a. That may be remunerated. 
 
 Re-mii'ner-ate, v. a. [L. renmnerari, remuneratus, 
 to reward; munerari, to give; munvs, mwieris, a 
 gift.] [pp. remunerating, remunerated.] To 
 reward for services ; to requite ; to compensate ; 
 to recompense. 
 
 Re-mu-ner-a'tion, n. [L. remuiieratio.] The act 
 of remunerating; compensation; reward; rec- 
 ompense. 
 
 Re-mu'ner-a-tive, \ a. Affording remuneration ; 
 
 Re-mu'ner-a-to-rx, j profitable. 
 
 Re-nais'sance {or re-na-siihs), n. [Fr. — See Re- 
 nascent'.] A revival; the revival of ait and 
 literature in the 15th and ICth centuries; the 
 style of architecture of that period. 
 
 Re'nal, «. [L. renal is ; renes, reins (q. v.).] Be- 
 longing to the reins or kidneys. 
 
 Ren'ard, n. [t'r. renard; 0. Ger. reginJiart, strong 
 in counsel ; regin, advice, wisdom, and hart, 
 strong, hard (q. v.).] The name of a fox in 
 fable ; reynard. 
 
 Re-nas'cence, n. State of being renascent; repro- 
 duction' : — renaissance. 
 
 Re-nas'cent, a. [L. renasci, part, renascentis, to be 
 born again.— See Nascent.] Rising again into 
 being ; rejuvenated ; reappearing. 
 
 Rencontre (ren-kon'ter), ». [Fr. for "a meeting:" 
 renconlrer, to meet; re- and Encounter.] A 
 meeting ; a chance meeting :— a contest ; a hos- 
 tile meeting. 
 
 Ren-cbun'ter, n. [See Rencontre.] A personal 
 contest ; a' sudden combat or conflict ; a meeting ; 
 an encounter. — 2, v. a. [pp. rencountering, ren- 
 countered.] To attack hand to hand. — 3, v. n. 
 To clash ; to fight. 
 
 Rend, v. a. [A.-S. hrendan, 0. Fris. renda, randa, 
 to tear.] [i. rent; p>p. rending, rent.] To tear 
 with violence ; to lacerate ; to break. — 2, v. n. 
 To separate ; to be disunited ; to split. 
 
 Ren'der, v. a. [Fr. rendre, to yield, to give up; 
 Late' L. rendere, L. reddere, to give back; re-, 
 back, and dare, to give.] [pp. rendering, ren- 
 dered.] To pay back ; to restore ; to yield ; to 
 return ; to make : — to translate :— to melt down : 
 — to give adequate expression to ; to represent 
 fully and vividly. — 2, n. An account or return ; 
 a payment of rent. 
 
 Ren'der-ing, n. Translation : — delineation. 
 
 a, e, i, o, u, y, long; a, e, l, o, fi, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, x. obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
KEKDEZVOUS 
 
 459 
 
 KEPINE 
 
 Rendezvous (ren'de-vo or ren'de-voz), n. [Fr. 
 rendez-vous, render yourselves; hence, a place 
 of meeting.] A meeting appointed: — a place 
 appointed for assembly. — 2, v. n. [pp. rendez- 
 vousing, rendezvoused.] To meet at a place 
 appointed. 
 
 Ren-di"tion (ren-dish'un), n. [Sp. rendition; Late 
 L. rendere, to' render {q. v.).] The act of surren- 
 dering : — a representation ; delineation. 
 
 Ren'e-gade, \n. [Sp. renegado, an apostate ; rene- 
 
 Ren-e-ga'do, J gar, to apostatize; L. re-, back, 
 aga'in, and negare, to deny.] An apostate : — one 
 who deserts ; a deserter ; a revolter. 
 
 Re-new' (re-nu/), v. a. [Be- and New.] [pp. re- 
 newing, renewed.] To make new ; to renovate : 
 — to repeat; to begin again. 
 
 Re-new'a-ble, a. That may be renewed. 
 
 Re-new'al, n. The act of renewing; renovation. 
 
 Re-new'ed-ly., ad. Anew; again. 
 
 Ren'i-fdrm, «■ [L. ren, a kidney, and forma, 
 foriu.] {Hot.) Having the form 
 of a kidney. S~ \\J 
 
 Re-ni'tence, ) n. The resist- /N " 
 
 Re-ni'ten-cy., Jance of a body 
 to pressure ; opposition. \T7^/1\\~ 
 
 Re-ni'tent, a. [L. renilens, re- 
 sisting; rentii, to resist; re-, Reniform leaf . 
 back, and uih, to struggle.] 
 Acting against or repelling by elastic power. 
 
 Ren'net, n. [Ger. rinnen, to curdle; A.-S. rynning, 
 0. I>ut. reuning, to curd, or that which runs the 
 milk together. — See Run.] The inner mem- 
 brane of a calf's stomach, used in turning milk 
 to curd; runnet. 
 
 Re-nbunce', v. a. [Fr. renoncer; L. renuntiare, to 
 disclaim; re- negative, and nuntiare, to an- 
 nounce; nuntivs, a messenger.] [pp. renounc- 
 ing, renounced.] To disown; to disclaim; to 
 give up; to forsake. 
 
 Re-nbunce'ment, n. Renunciation. 
 
 Ren'o-vate, v. a. [L. renovare, renovatum, to» re- 
 new ; re-, again, and noous, new.] [pp. renovat- 
 ing, renovated.] To make new; to renew; to 
 restore ; to repair ; to reproduce. [vates. 
 
 Ren'o-vat-er, or Ren'o-vat-or, n. One who reno- 
 
 Ren-o-va/tion, n. [L. renooatio.] The act of re- 
 newing; renewal. 
 
 Re-nbwn', n. [Fr. renom; 0. Fr. renon; L. re- 
 iterative, and nomen, a name.] Fame; celebrity ; 
 distinction. 
 
 Re-nb'w'ned', p. a. [Fr. renomme ; renommer, to 
 name again and again, to make famous.] Fa- 
 mous; eminent; celebrated. 
 
 Rent, i. & p. from rend.— 2, n. [Fr. rente ; Late 
 L. rendita, L. reddita (pecunia), money rendered. 
 — See Render.] An annual payment : — a lacer- 
 ation ; a tear. — 3, v. a. [pj>. renting, rented.] 
 To lease ; to let : — to take by lease. — 4, v. ». To 
 be leased. 
 
 Rent'a-ble, a. That may be rented. [rent. 
 
 Rent'al, n. An account of rent ; rate or amount of 
 
 Rent'er, n. One wlio rents. — 2, v. a. [Fr. ren- 
 trair'e, to darn ; L. re, back, in, into, and trakere, 
 to draw.] [pp. rentering, reutered.] To sew 
 together, as two pieces of cloth; to repair; to 
 fine-draw. 
 
 Rent'-roll, n. A list of rents or revenues. 
 
 R|-nun-ci-a'tion (re-nun-she-a'shun) [re-nun-se- 
 a'shun, A'. C." St. I. H. A*.], ». [L. renuntiatio.— 
 See Renounce.] The act of renouncing; aban- 
 donment ; rejection. 
 
 Re-o'pen (re-o'pn), v. a. & v. n. [Re- and Open.] 
 [pp. reopening, reopened.] To open again. 
 
 Re-br-gan-i-za'tion, n. A new organization. 
 
 Re-br'gan-ize,. v. a. [Re- aud Organize.] [pp. 
 reorganizing, reorganized.] To organize anew. 
 
 Rep, n. [Fr. reps; Ger. rips or reps: root of Rib; 
 or from Reps, a town of Transylvania.] A kind 
 of ribbed cloth. 
 
 Re-pack', v. a. [Re- and Pack.] [pp. repacking, 
 repacked.] To pack again. 
 
 Re-paid', i. & p. from repay. 
 
 Re-pair', v. a. [Fr. rcparer ; L. reparare; re-, 
 again, and parare, to make ready.] [pp- repair- 
 ing, repaired.] To restore after injury or dilapi- 
 dation : to mend; to amend; to retrieve. — 2, n. 
 Reparation ; restoration ; redress. — 3, v. n. [Fr. 
 repaire, a retreat ; 0. Fr. repairer, to frequent ; L. 
 repatriare, to return home; re-, again, andpofrio, 
 one's country.] To go ; to betake one's self. 
 
 Re-pair'a-ble, a. Reparable. 
 
 Re-pair'er, n. One who repairs; a restorer. 
 
 Rep'a-ra-ble, a. That may be repaired. 
 
 Rep-a-ra'tion, n. [L. reparatio. — See Repair.] 
 The act 6f repairing ; "compensation ; recom- 
 pense; amends; restitution. 
 
 Re-par' a-tive, n. Whatever makes amends. — 
 2, a. Amending defect or injury. 
 
 Rep-ar-tee', n. [Fr. repartie, a reply, — originally, 
 a participle from repartir, to reply, to depart; 
 re-, again, and partir, to part (q. v.).] A witty 
 reply or retort. 
 
 Re-pass', ». a. & v. n. [Re- and Pass.] [pp. re- 
 passing, repassed.] To pass again. 
 
 Re-past', n. [Fr. repas; L. re-, again, and pastus, 
 food; pascere, to feed.] A meal; food; a feast; 
 refection. 
 
 Re-pay', v. a. [Fr. repayer— See Pay.] [*. repaid; 
 pp. repaying, repaid.] To pay back ; to recom- 
 pense ; to refund ; to restore ; to return .: — to pay 
 again or a second time. 
 
 Re-pay'ment, n. The act of repaying; sum repaid. 
 
 Re-peal', v. a. [Fr. rappeler, to recall. — See Re- 
 and Appeal.] [pp. repealing, repealed.] To 
 reverse by authority; to recall; to abrogate; to 
 revoke; to abolish — 2, u. A revocation ; an ab- 
 rogation. 
 
 Re-peal'a-ble, a. That may be repealed. 
 
 Re-peal'er, n. One who desires to repeal. 
 
 Re-peat',' b. a. [Fr. repcter, to repeat, to rede- 
 inand; L. repetere, to attack again, to ask again ; 
 re-, again, and petere, to seek.] [pp. repealing, 
 repeated.] To do again; to iterate; to recapitu- 
 late : — to recite; to rehearse. — 2, n. A repeti- 
 tion : — a mark of repetition. 
 
 Re-peat'ed, p. a. Said or done again ; iterated. 
 
 Re-peat'ed-ly, ad. More than once. 
 
 Re-peat'er, ».' He who or that wliich repeats : — a 
 watch that strikes the hour. 
 
 Re-pel', w. a. [L. repellere, repidsnm ; re-, back, 
 and pellere, to drive.] [pp. repelling, repelled.] 
 To drive back or away ; to repulse : to rebuff. 
 
 Re-pel'len-cy, it. Quality of repelling. 
 
 Re-pel'lent, n. A repelling medicine: — a water- 
 proof cloth. — 2. a. Having power to repel. 
 
 Re-pent', v. n. [Fr. repentir ; L. re-, again, and 
 poenitere, to repent. — See Penitent.] [pp. re- 
 penting, repented.] To exercise repentance; to 
 be penitent; to be sorry on account of sin. 
 
 Re-pent'ance, n. [Fr. repentance.] Sorrow for sin ; 
 penitence. 
 
 Re-pent' ant, a. Sorrowful for sin ; penitent. 
 
 Rl-peo'pie (re-pe'pl), v. «. [Re- and People.] 
 [pp. repeopling, repeopled.] To people anew. 
 
 Re-per-cus'sion (-kush'un), «. [L. repercussio. — 
 SeePERCUSSioN.] The act of driving back; re- 
 bound; reverberation :— repetition. 
 
 Re-per-ciis'sive, a. Driving back; repellent. 
 
 Rep'er-to-ry.'[re-per'to-re, E.], n. [L. reperlorium, 
 an inventory; reperire, repertum, to find; re-, 
 again, and parere, to produce.] A repository ; a 
 treasury ; a book of records. 
 
 Rep-e-tend', n. [L. repetendum, to be repeated. — 
 See' Repeat.] That part of a circulating deci- 
 mal which is continually repeated. 
 
 Rep-e-ti"tion (rep-e-tish'un), n. [L. repetitio. — 
 See' Repeat.] The act of repeating; a recital; 
 tautology ; iteration. [titions ; repeating. 
 
 Rep-e-ti"tious (rep-e-tlsh'us), a. Containing repe- 
 
 Re-pine', v. n. [Re- and Pine.] [pp. repining, re- 
 pined.] To murmur; to complain; to fret; to 
 be discontented. 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — p, Qt, c, g, soft; p, js, p, § , hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 
 
EEPLACE 
 
 460 
 
 REPUBLIC 
 
 Re-place', v. a. [lie- and Place; Fr. rempfaeer.] 
 [pp. replacing, replaced.] To put again in a 
 place ; to supply as a substitute ; to substitute ; 
 to reinstate : — to place anew. 
 
 Re-place' ment, n. The act of replacing. 
 
 Rg-plant', v. a. [pp. replanting, replanted.] To 
 plant anew. 
 
 Re-plan-ta'tion, n. The act of planting again. 
 
 Re-plen'ish, v. a. [0. Fr. replenir (part, replems- 
 mnt), to fill again ; L. plenus, full.] [pp. replen- 
 ishing, replenished.] To stock ; to fill ; to supply. 
 
 Re-plen'ish-ment, n. The act of replenishing : — 
 that which replenishes ; a supply. 
 
 Re-plete', a. [Fr. replet; L. replere, repleturn, to 
 fill again ; plere, to fill.] Quite full ; completely 
 filled. [of being too full ; surfeit. 
 
 Re-ple'tion, n. [L. repletio. — See Replete.] State 
 
 Re-plev'i-a-ble, a. That may be replevied. 
 
 Re-plev'in", n. [Be-, and 0. Fr. plevine, a war- 
 rant.] (Law.) An action or a writ for the re- 
 covery of goods illegally taken. 
 
 Re-plev'in, Xv. a. [pp. replevining, replevined; 
 
 Re-plev'y, J replevying, replevied.] To take back, 
 upon security, any thiug seized. 
 
 Rep'li-ca, n. [It. for "a copy;" L. replicare, to 
 repeat.— See Reply.] A copy by the original 
 artist. 
 
 Rep'li-eant, n. [L. replicans, replying.— See Re- 
 ply.] One who makes a reply. 
 
 Rep-li-ca'tion, n. [L. replicatio. — See Reply.] 
 (Law.) A plaintiff's answer to the defendant's 
 plea ; a reply. 
 
 Re-ply', v. n. [Fr. rtpliquer, to reply; replier, to 
 fold back, — formerly, to answer ; L. replicare, to 
 roll back, to unroll, to answer; re-, and plicare, 
 to fold.] [pp. replying, replied.] To make a 
 return to an answer ; to respond ; to answer ; to 
 rejoin. — 2, n. A return to an answer ; an answer. 
 
 Re-port', v. a. [L. reportare, to carry back. — See 
 Poet; Fr. reporter, rapporter.—See Rapport.] 
 [pp. reporting, reported.] To give an account 
 of; to tell.— 2, n. A rumor; repute; popular 
 fame : — a loud noise : — an account of operations 
 or proceedings : — an account of a law case. 
 
 Re-p5rt'er, n. One who reports; a relater. 
 
 Re-p5§e', v. a. [Historically it represents Late L. 
 repausare, to pause (q. v.) ; in meaning it stands, 
 in part, for L. reponere, reposition, to replace ; 
 re-, again, and ponere, to put.] [pp. reposing, 
 reposed.] To lay to rest; to lay up. — 2, v. n. To 
 sleep; to be at rest.— 3, n. Sleep; rest; quiet; 
 tranquillity. 
 
 Re-pos/it, v. a. [L. reponere, reposition; re-, back, 
 and ponere, to place.] [pp. repositing, repos- 
 ited.J To lay up ; to deposit. [replacing. 
 
 Re-po-si"tion (re-po-zish'un), n. [L. repositio.) A 
 
 Re-po§ i-to-ry, ». [L. repositorium. — See Reposit.] 
 A place for laying up things; a storehouse; a 
 depository ; a repertory. 
 
 Re-pos-§ess\ v. a. [Re- and Possess.] [pp. repos- 
 sessing, repossessed.] To possess again. 
 
 Re-pos-§es'sion (-poz-zesh'un), n. The act of pos- 
 sessing again. 
 
 Repousse (re-pos-sa), p. & a. [Fr. ; repousser, to 
 push back; pousser, to push.] Noting orna- 
 mental metal work formed by striking up the 
 metal from behind with a punch or hammer till 
 the figures are produced in relief. 
 
 Rep-re-hend', v. a. [L. reprehendere, reprehensum, 
 to hold back, to check, to reprove; prehendere, 
 to seize.] [pp. reprehending, reprehended.] To 
 reprove ; to chide ; to blame ; to censure ; to re- 
 proach ; to reprimand. [ble ; culpable. 
 
 Rep-re-hen' si-ble, a. [L. reprehensibilis.] Blama- 
 
 Rep-re-hen'si-bly, ad. Blamably ; culpably. 
 
 Rep-re-hen'sion, n. [L. reprehensio.] Reproof; 
 open censure. 
 
 Rep-re-hen' sive, \a. Containing reproof; im- 
 
 Rep-re-hen'so-ry, j plying censure. 
 
 Rep-re-sent', v. a. [L. reprsesentare, to present 
 again, to show. — See Present.] [pp. represent- 
 
 ing, represented.] To exhibit; to describe; to 
 personate : — to act as a substitute for. 
 
 Rep-re-§en-ta'tion, ». [L. repntsentatio.] The act 
 of representing; a description ; exhibition; a 
 likeness; model: — a body of representatives. 
 
 Rep-re-§ent'a-tive, a. Making representation ; 
 bearing likeness ; symbolical. — 2, n. One who 
 represents ; a delegate ; a deputy ; an agent. 
 
 Re-press', v. a. [L. reprimere, repressum, to press 
 back. — See Press.] [pp. repressing, repressed.] 
 To crush; to quell; to quiet; to subdue; to re- 
 strain; to suppress. [ing. 
 
 Re-pres'sion (re-presh'un), n. The act of repress- 
 
 Re-pres'sive, a. Having a tendency to repress. 
 
 Re-prieve', v. a. [0. E. repreven, to reprove (q. v.), 
 in the obsolete sense of to disallow, to set aside.] 
 [pp. reprieving, reprieved.] To respite for a 
 time. — 2, n. A suspension of execution, for a 
 time, after sentence of death. 
 
 Rep-ri-mand', v. a. [Fr. reprimande; L. repri- 
 menclum, deserving to be repressed. — See Re- 
 press.] [pp. reprimanding, reprimanded.] To 
 chide; to check; to reprehend; to reprove ; to 
 censure; to admonish. — 2, n. A reproof; a rep- 
 rehension. 
 
 Re-print', v. a. [Re- and Print.] [pp. reprint- 
 ing, reprinted.] To print a new edition of. 
 
 Re'print, n. A reimpression ; new impression. 
 
 Re-pri'§al, n. [0. Fr. represaille; Fr. reprise, are- 
 capture ; repr endure (part, repris), to retake. — See 
 Prize. — Cf. It. ripremglia, reprisals.] A seizure, 
 or something seized, by way of retaliation of 
 wrong or injury. 
 
 Re-proach' (re-proch'), v. a. [Fr. reprocher ; from 
 a Late L. repropriare, to impute, to cast against ; 
 L. re-, again, ad, to, and prope, near; pmmrim, 
 nearer.] [pp. reproaching, reproached.] To 
 censure severely; to blame; to condemn; to 
 vilify ; to revile.— 2, n. [Fr. reproche.] Censure; 
 shame. 
 
 Re-proach'a-ble, a. Worthy of reproach. 
 
 Re-pr5ach'ful, a. Containing, or uttering, re- 
 proach. 
 
 Re-proach'ful-ly, ad. With reproach. 
 
 Rep'ro-bate, a. [L. reprobatus, condemned. — See 
 Reprove.] Lost to virtue ; abandoned. — 2, n. A 
 man lost to virtue. 
 
 Rep'ro-bate, v. a. [L. reprobare, reprobation, to 
 reprove.] [pp. reprobating, reprobated.] To 
 disallow ; to reject : — to abandon to ruin. 
 
 Rep-ro-ba'tion, n. Act of reprobating; state of 
 being reprobated ; condemnation. 
 
 Re-pro-duce', v. a. [Fr. reproduce.— See Produce.] 
 [pp.' reproducing, reproduced.] To produce 
 anew ; to generate. 
 
 Re-pro-duc'tion, n. Act of producing anew ; gen- 
 eration ; perpetuation of the species. 
 
 Re-pro-duc'tive, ) a. Reproducing or pertaining 
 
 Re-pro-duc'to-ry, J to reproduction. 
 
 Re-pr66f , n.' [See Reprove.] The act of re- 
 proving; blame to the face; a rebuke; censure. 
 
 Re-prov'a-ble, a. Deserving reproof. 
 
 Re-prove', v. a. [Fr. reprouver; L. reprobare, to 
 reject on a second trial, to condemn ; re-, again, 
 and probare, to prove.] [pp. reproving, re- 
 proved.] To charge to the face with a fault ; 
 to censure , to blame ; to reprehend. 
 
 Re-pr6v'er, n. One who reproves. 
 
 Rip' tile, n. [L. reptilis, crawling; repere, reptum, 
 to creep; reptile, a reptile.] A vertebrate ani- 
 mal that moves on its belly or by means of short 
 legs, as a serpent, lizard, tortoise, <fec— 2, a. 
 Creeping; grovelling. 
 
 Rep-til'i-a, v. pi. [L.] (Zool.) A class of verte- 
 brate animals, consisting of reptiles. 
 
 Rep-til'i-an, a. Relating to reptiles ; reptile. 
 
 Re-pub'iic, «• [Fr. rtptiblique ; L. res publico, the 
 public affairs, the commonwealth.] A state or 
 form of government in which the supreme power 
 is vested in the people ; a commonwealth ; a de- 
 mocracy. 
 
 a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, l, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her: 
 
REPUBLICAN 
 
 461 
 
 RESIGN 
 
 Re-pub'li-can, a. [Fr. republicain.] Relating to 
 a republic: — of or pertaining to the political 
 party in the United States known as Republi- 
 cans. — 2, n. An advocate for republican gov- 
 ernment ; a citizen of a republic : — a member of 
 a political party in the United States favorable 
 to a strong federal government and to protec- 
 tion for borne industry. 
 
 Re-pub'li-can-ism, n. Republican principles. 
 
 Rl-pub-li-ca'tion, n. A second publication. 
 
 Re-pub'lish, v. a. [Re- and Publish.] [pp. repub- 
 lishing," republished.] To publish anew. 
 
 Re-pii'di-ate, v. a. [L. repudiare, repudiatwm, to 
 put away ; repudium, a casting off with shame, a 
 divorce; re-, back, away, and pudere, to feel 
 shame.] [pp. repudiating, repudiated.] To di- 
 vorce ; to reject: — to disown or refuse to pay, 
 as a debt. 
 
 Re-pu-di-a'tion, n. [L. repudiatio.] Act of repu- 
 diating ; a divorce; a rejection : — refusal to pay 
 a debt. 
 
 Re-pu'di-a-tor, n. [L.] One who repudiates. 
 
 Re-pfig'nance, \n. [L. repuynantia.] Reluctance; 
 
 Re-piig'nan-cy, /aversion; inconsistency; dislike. 
 
 Re-pfig'nant, a. [L. repuynans, participle from 
 repuynare, to fight against, to disagree with ; re-, 
 against, and jp uynare, to fight.] Contrary ; oppo- 
 site ; averse. 
 
 Re-piilse', n. [L. repidsa, a refusal.] A rejection ; 
 a driving off. — 2, v. a. [L. repellere, repulsion, to 
 repel (q. v.) ; repulsare, to repel again and again.] 
 [pp. repulsing, repulsed.] To beat off; to repel. 
 
 Re-pfil'sion, ». [L. repulsio.] Act or power of 
 driving off. [sive. 
 
 Re-pur' sive, a. [See Repel.] Repelling; offen- 
 
 Rt-piir' chase, v. a. [Re- and Purchase.] [pp. re- 
 purchasing, repurchased.] To purchase again. 
 
 Rep'u-ta-ble, a. Of good repute; honorable. 
 
 Rep'u-ta-bly, ad. In a reputable manner. 
 
 Rep-u-ta'tion, n. [L. reputatio, an estimation.] 
 Public estimation of a person's character; repute ; 
 credit; honor. 
 
 Re-pute', v. a. [L. reputare, to esteem, to think; 
 re-, again, and putare, to think.] [pp. reputing, 
 reputed.] To hold ; to account; to think. — t, n. 
 Character ; reputation ; credit. 
 
 Re-put'ed, p. a. Having repute ; esteemed. 
 
 Re-put'ed-ly, ad. In common estimation. 
 
 Re-quest', n. [Fr. reqnete (formerly requeste), a 
 demand ; L. requisition, something needed. — See 
 Require.] An expression of desire ; a petition ; 
 an entreaty; & prayer; a demand. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 requesting, requested.] To ask ; to solicit. 
 
 Re'qui-em, or Req'ui-em, n. [L. requies, requiem, 
 rest; re-, again, and pities, quiet (q. v.).] A hymn 
 in which rest is implored for the dead. 
 
 Re-quire', v. a. [L. requirere, requisition ; re-, 
 again, and quierere, to seek.] [pp. requiring, 
 required.] To demand; to claim; to need. 
 
 Re-quire'ment, n. A demand ; thing required. 
 
 Req'ui-§ite "(rek'we-zit), a. [L. requisition, some- 
 thing needed or sought. — See Require.] Neces- 
 sary ; needful. — 2, w. A thing necessary. 
 
 Req-ui-si"tion (rek-we-zlsh'un), n. [L. requisilio.] 
 The act of requiring ; requirement ; demaud ; ex- 
 action. 
 
 Re-qui'tal, n. The act of requiting; a return, 
 good or bad ; reward ; recompense ; retribution. 
 
 Re-quite', v. a. [Re-, back, and Quit.] [pp. re- 
 quiting, requited.] To repay good or ill; to 
 recompense ; to retaliate ; to reward. 
 
 Rere'dos, «. [Rear, behind, and Fr. dos, the 
 back : the reredos stands back of the altar.] An 
 altar-piece ; a screeu. 
 
 Re-scind' (re-sind'), v. a. [L. rescindere, rescission, 
 to cut off; re-, back, and scindere, to cut.] [pp. 
 rescinding, rescinded.] To cut off; to abrogate. 
 
 Re-scis'sion (re-sizh'un), n. [L. rescissio. — See 
 Rescind!] An abrogation. 
 
 Re-scis'§o-ry, a. [L. rescissarius. — See Rescind.] 
 Abrogating". 
 
 Re'script, n. [L. rescriplum ; rescribere, to write 
 back.] An answer of an emperor. 
 
 Re-scrip'tion, n. [L. rescriplio.] The act of writing 
 back : — a rescript. 
 
 Res'cu-a-ble, «. That may be rescued. 
 
 Res' cue, v. a. [Fr. rescousse or recousse, a rescue; 
 0. Fr. rescourre, Late L. rescutere, to rescue ; L. 
 re-, back, ex, out, and quatere, quassum {-cussrnn), 
 to drive.] [pp. rescuing, rescued.] To remove 
 from restraint or exposure to evil ; to set free ; 
 to deliver; to ransom. — 2, n. A deliverance ; a 
 liberation. 
 
 Res'cu-er, n. One who rescues; a deliverer. 
 
 Re-search', v. [Re- and Search; Fr. recherche.] 
 An inquiry ; a search. 
 
 Re-seat' (re-sef), v. a. [Re- and Seat.] [pp. re- 
 seating, reseated.] To seat again. 
 
 Re-seize', v. a. [Re- and Seize.] [pp. reseizing, 
 reseized.] To seize again. 
 
 Re-seiz'iire (re-sS'zhurj, n. Repeated seizure. 
 
 Re-sem'blance, n. [Fr. ressemblance.'] A likeness; 
 a similitude. 
 
 Re-sem'ble, v. a. [Fr. ressembler; L. re-, back, 
 again, and simulare, to imitate. — See Simulatk.] 
 [pp. resembling, resembled.] To be like or sim- 
 ilar to. 
 
 Re-sent', v. a. [Fr. ressentir; L. re-, back, and 
 sentire, to feel. — See Sense.] [pp. resenting, re- 
 sented.] To take ill or as an affront. 
 
 Re-sent' fill, «. Easily provoked; irascible. 
 
 Re-sent'ment, "• [Fr. ressentmient.] Deep sense 
 of injury; indignation; wrath; anger; dis- 
 pleasure. 
 
 Res-er-va'tion, n. [Fr. reservation. — See Resf.rve.] 
 The act of reserving : — something kept back : — 
 reserve ; custody. 
 
 Re-serve', v. a. [Fr. reserver ; L. reservare, reser- 
 viititm; re-, back, and servare, to keep. — See 
 Serve.] [pp. reserving, reserved.] To keep or 
 hold for future use; to retain; to detain ; to lay 
 up. — 2, n. A store kept untouched : — something 
 reserved; reservation; exception: — prohibition: 
 — silence ; modesty ; caution. — In reserve, in keep- 
 ing for the future. 
 
 Re-served' (re-zervd'), a. Modest ; not frank. 
 
 Re-serv'ed-ly., ad. With reserve; coldly. 
 
 Rls-er-vSir' (rez-er-vwor'), J( . [Fr. reservoir; 
 Late L. reservatorium. — See Reserve.] A place 
 where any thing is kept in store ; a cistern. 
 
 Re-set', *•. «. [Be- and Set.] [i. reset; pp. reset- 
 ting, reset.] To set over again. 
 
 Re-set'tle, v. a. [Re- and Settle.] [pp. reset- 
 tling, resettled.] To settle again. 
 
 Re-set'tle-ment, n. The act of settling again. 
 
 Re-side', v. n. [L. residere ; re-, back, and sedere, 
 to sit (q. ».).] [pp. residing, resided.] To live 
 in a place; to dwell; to inhabit; to abide; to 
 sojourn ; to stay. 
 
 Res'i-dence, n. [Fr. residence.] A place of abode; 
 a dwelling; habitation; domicile; abode; seat. 
 
 Res'i-dent, a. [Fr. resident; L. residens (part.). — 
 See Reside.] Having abode; fixed. — 2, ?*. One 
 who resides; an agent: — a foreign minister. 
 
 Res-i-den'ti-a-ry. (-den'she-), a. Residing.— 2, n. 
 An' ecclesiastic who keeps a certain residence. 
 
 Re-sid'er, n. One who resides ; a resident. 
 
 Re-sid'u-al, a. [Fr. risiduel; L. residuus.] Re- 
 lating to the residue. 
 
 Re-sid'u-a-ry, a. [L. residuarius.] Entitled to the 
 residue. — Residuary legatee, one who has the resi- 
 due of an estate after all other legacies and de- 
 mands are paid. 
 
 Res/i-due (rez'e-du), n. [Fr. residu; L. residua? or 
 residuum; residuus, remaining; residere, to re- 
 main, to reside (q. v.).] That which is left after 
 a part is taken ; remnant: remainder. 
 
 Re-sid'u-um, n. [L.] Residue ; remainder. 
 
 Re-sign' (re-zln'), v. a. [Fr. resiyner, L. resiynare, 
 to annul,— literally, to unseal; re-, back, and 
 signum, a seal.] [pp. resigning, resigned.] To 
 give up; to submit. 
 
 mien, sir ; m8ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — <?, 9, c, g, soft; p, p, p, §, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; tfiis. 
 
 39* 
 
RESIGNATION 
 
 462 
 
 RESTORER 
 
 Iteg-ig-na'tion, n. [Fr. resignation ; se risigner, to 
 be resigned'.] The act of resigning; quiet sub- 
 mission ; acquiescence ; patience. 
 
 Re-signed' (re-zind'j, p. «. Having resignation. 
 
 Re-sil'i-ence, 1 n. The act of springing or start- 
 
 Re-sil'i-en-cy, J ing back ; a rebound. 
 
 Re-siri-ent fre-sil'yent, 8. F. K.~\, a. [L. resilere, 
 to rebound; re-, back, and salere, to leap.] Start- 
 ing or springing back ; rebounding ; recoiling. 
 
 Re§-i-li"tion (rez-e-llsh'un), n. Resilience. 
 
 Res/in, n. [Fr.rtsiue; L. resina; Gr. pnriva.] An 
 inspissated exudation from certain trees, espe- 
 cially the pine; rosin. [like resin. 
 
 Res/in-ous, a. [L. resinosus.] Containing resin ; 
 
 Re-slst', i: a. [L. resistere, to withstand; re-, back, 
 and sistere, to make a stand ; causal representa- 
 tive of stare, to stand.] [pp. resisting, resisted.] 
 To oppose; to act against. — 2, r. ». To make 
 resistance. — 3, n. A substance which resists the 
 action of a dye or pigment. 
 
 Re-sist'ance, m. [Fr. resistance; Late L. resistentia.] 
 The act of resisting ; opposition. 
 
 Re-sist'ant, a. [Fr. resistant] Making resistance ; 
 opposing. 
 
 Re-sist-i-bil'i-ty, n. State of being resistible. 
 
 Re-§ist'i-ble,'a. ' [Fr. resistible.] That may be re- 
 sisted." 
 
 Re-sist'less, a. That cannot be resisted; irre- 
 sistible": — that cannot resist; helpless. 
 
 Res'o-lu-ble, a. [L. resolubilis.] That may be 
 dissolved. 
 
 Res/o-lute, a. [L. resolutus.—See Resolve : in 
 Latin its meaning is often the reverse of that of 
 the English word.] Determined; steady; firm. 
 
 Res/o-liite-ly, ad. Firmly; constantly. 
 
 Re§-o-lii'tion, n. [L. resolutio, weakness, laxness. 
 — See Resolve.] The act of resolving; analysis: 
 — fixed determination; firmness: — courage: — a 
 declaration of a public body. 
 
 Re-solv'a-ble, a. That may be resolved. 
 
 Re-solve' (re-zolv'), v. a. [L. resolvere, revolution, 
 to unloose, to weaken, — later, to solve, to settle, 
 to decide ; re-, again, and solvere,'io solve (7. v.).] 
 [pp. resolving, resolved.] To explain ; to solve ; 
 to clear. — 2, r. n. To determine; to decree. — 
 3, v. Resolution ; determination. 
 
 Re-solv'ent, »• [L. resolvens, part, of resolvere, to 
 soften, "to disperse.— See Resolve.] That which 
 causes solution : — a substance to disperse a tumor. 
 
 Res'o-nance. 11. [L. resoiuaitiu.] Sound reflected 
 or prolonged. 
 
 Res'o-nant, a. [L. resonare, resonantis, to resound; 
 re-', back, and sonare, to sound.] Besounding ; 
 returning sound. 
 
 Re-§ort\ v. n. [Fr. ressortir, to issue, to go forth, 
 to have the right of appeal ; L. re-, again, and 
 sorlire, to obtain (as by lot) ; sore, sortis, a lot.] 
 [pp. resorting, resorted.] To have recourse; to 
 repair.— 2, n. An assembly; a meeting; con- 
 course; a confluence : — a resource: — a place 
 much frequented. — Last resort, or dernier ressort, 
 last resource. 
 
 Re-sound', r. a. [Be- and Sound; L. resonare; Fr, 
 
 resonner.] [pp. resounding, resounded.] To 
 echo :— to celebrate.— 2, v. n. To be echoed or 
 returned. 
 
 Re-source', n. [Fr. ressource; re-, anew, and 
 source, a spring, a supply.] A resort; an expe- 
 dient. 
 
 Re-sour'ces, n. pi. Supplies ; sources of supply. 
 
 Re-spect'.'r. a. [L. respicere,respectum, to regard ; 
 re-, again, and specere, to see.] [pp. respecting, 
 respected.] To regard; to honor; to esteem; to 
 prize : — to have relation to ; to relate to. — 2, n. 
 [L. respeclns.~\ Attention; honor; homage; re- 
 gard; estimation: — relation; reference. 
 
 Re-spect-a-bil'i-ty. n. [Fr. respeetabilit<'.] State 
 or quality of being respectable ; reputableness. 
 
 Re-spect'a-ble. a. [Fr. respectable.] Worthy of 
 respect; reputable. 
 
 Re-spect'a-bly.. ad. In a respectable manner. 
 
 Re-spect'ed, p. a. Eegarded with respect. 
 
 Re-spect'ful, a. Full of respect. 
 
 Re-spect'ful-lj;, ad. In a respectful manner. 
 
 Re-spect'ing, prep. Concerning; in regard to. 
 
 Re-spec'tive, a. [Fr. respectif.] Belonging to 
 each ; relative. 
 
 Re-spec'tive-ly, ad. As relating to each. 
 
 Rl-spell'.f. a. [Re- and Spell.] [i. respelt or re- 
 spelled ; pp. respelliug, respelt or respelled.] To 
 spell again. [respired. 
 
 Re-splr'a-ble, a. [Fr.] That can respire or be 
 
 Res-pi-ra'tion, h. [L. respiratio.] The act of re- 
 spiring ; a breathing : — relief from toil ; an in- 
 terval. 
 
 Res'pi-ra-tor, n. An instrument for covering the 
 mouth, as" a safeguard to weak lungs. 
 
 Re-splr'a-to-ry, a. Pertaining to respiration. 
 
 Re-spire', r. n. [L. respirare, to breathe; re-, 
 again, and spirare, to blow.] [pp. respiring, re- 
 spired.] To breathe ; to rest from toil.— 2, v. a. 
 To breathe out ; to send out. 
 
 Res'pite, n. [L. respectus, regard, consideration ; 
 0. Fr. respit, a respite.] Eeprieve; delay; ] ause. 
 —2, v. a. [pp. respiting, respited.] To relieve ; 
 to suspend; to delay. 
 
 Re-splen'dence, \n. [L. respondentia.] Lustre; 
 
 Re-splen'den-cy, J brightness; splendor. 
 
 Re-splen'dent, a. [L. resplendere, res± hndenlis, to 
 glitter; splendere, to shine. — See Splendid.] 
 Bright; shining; splendid. 
 
 Re-spond', v. n. [L. respondere, responsum, to an- 
 swer; re-, back, and spondere, to promise.] [pp. 
 responding, responded.] To answer; to corre- 
 spond. — 2, <f. A short anthem :— a half-column. 
 
 Re-spon'dent. n. [L. respoudem. — See Respond.] 
 One who' responds. — {Laic.) An answerer in a 
 suit : — a defendant. 
 
 Re-sponse', n. [L. responsum, responsus, an an- 
 swer. — See Eespoxd.] Alternate answer ; reply. 
 
 Re-spon-si-bil'i-ty, \ n. [Fr. responsabUite.] The 
 
 Re-spon'si-ble-'ness. J state of being responsible. 
 
 Re-spon'si-ble, a. [Fr. responsable.] Answerable; 
 accountable : — involving responsibility. 
 
 Re-spon'sive, a. [L. responsivus.] Making re- 
 sponse. 
 
 Rest. n. [A.-S. rest, Dut. rust, Dan. & Ger. rast, 
 rest; A.-S. restan, to rest.] Absence of motion; 
 sleep ; repose ; quiet ; ease : — stop ; cessation ; an 
 interval: — a support: — [Fr. reste ; rester, to re- 
 main ; L. reslare, to stay ; re-, behind, and stare, 
 to stand (q. ».)] the remainder; residue.— 2, v. n. 
 [pp. resting, rested.] To sleep; to be at ease or 
 quiet; to die: — to lean; to recline; to remain. 
 — 3, v. a. To lay at rest ; to place. 
 
 Restaurant (res'to-rang'), n. [Fr.— See Eestore.] 
 An eating-house. 
 
 Restaurateur (res-to'ra-tur), n. [Fr.] The keeper 
 of an eating-house ; a restorator. 
 
 Rest'ful, a. Quiet; at rest. 
 
 Res-ti-tu'tion, n. [L. restitutio ; restituere, restitu- 
 tion^ to restore ; re-, back, and statuere, to place.] 
 The act of restoring ; the act of giving an equiv- 
 alent for what has been taken ; indemnification; 
 restoration ; thing restored. 
 
 Res'tive, a. [0. Fr. restif; Fr. ritif; rester, to 
 starid still.] Unwilling to stir or "go forward; 
 obstinate; stubborn :— [by an extension of the 
 older meaning] impatient: uneasy. 
 
 Res'tive-ness, »• Quality of being restive. 
 
 Rest'less, a. Being without rest ; unquiet. 
 
 Rest'less-ly, ad. Without rest; unquietly. 
 
 Rest'less-ness, n. Want of rest; agitation. 
 
 Res-to'-ra'tion, n. [L. restauratio.—See Eestore.] 
 The'act of restoring ; recovery; renewal: repair; 
 replacement. [medicine that restores. 
 
 Re-sto'ra-tive, a. Tending to restore.— 2, n. A 
 
 Rgs-to-ra'tor, n. A keeper of an eating-house. 
 
 Re-store', v. a. [L. restaurare. to establish again.] 
 [jjp. restoring, restored.] To give back; tore- 
 pay ; to re/urn : — to recover from disease ; to cure. 
 
 Re-stor'er, n. One who restores. 
 
 a, e, 1, 0, u, y, long; a, e, 1, 0, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
RESTRAIN 
 
 463 
 
 RETEIEVEK 
 
 Re-strain', v. a. [Fr. resireindre; L. restringere, to 
 hold l>ack ; re-, back, and stringere, to draw tight. 
 —See Strict.] [pp. restraining, restrained.] 
 To withhold; to repress; to limit; to confine; 
 to restrict : — to coerce. 
 
 Re-straint', n. [0. Fr. restraincte.— See Restrain.] 
 A holding back; restriction. 
 
 Re-strict', v. a. [L. restringere. restriction, to re- 
 strain (q. v.).] [pp. restricting, restricted.] To 
 limit ; to confine ; to restrain. 
 
 Re-stric'tion, n. [L. restrictio.] Confinement; 
 limitation. 
 
 Re-stric'tive, a. Tending to restrain. 
 
 Re-stric'tive-ly, ad. With restraint. 
 
 Re-sult', v. n. [Fr. residler, to result, to arise 
 (from) ; L. resutiare, to rebound ; resilere, resuUurn, 
 to leap back; salere, to leap.] [pp. resulting, 
 resulted.] To arise or proceed from; to issue. — 
 2, n. Consequence ; effect ; issue ; decision. 
 
 Re-sult'ant, n. [Fr. resultant, resulting.] The 
 force which results from two or more combined 
 forces :— an effect or result due to more than one 
 cause. 
 
 Re-siime', v. a. [L. resumere, resumptum; sumere, 
 to take up; sub, under, up, and emere, to take.] 
 [ pp. resuming, resumed.] To take back ; to be- 
 gin again. 
 
 Resume (rez'u-ma/), n. [Fr.] A summary. 
 
 Re-sGmp'tion (re-zum'-), u. [L. resumptio.] Tlie 
 act of resuming. [Taking back. 
 
 Re-sump'tive (re-zum'tiv), a. [L. resumptivus.] 
 
 Res-ur-rec'tion, n. [L. resurrect io ; resurgere, re- 
 surrectiim, to rise again; re-, again, and surgere, 
 to rise.] The act of rising again, especially after 
 death ; revival from the dead. 
 
 Res-ur-rec'tion-ist, n. A robber of graves. 
 
 Re-sus'ci-tate, v. a. [L. remscitare, resuscitation, 
 to raise again; re-, again, and sub, under (up).] 
 [j>p. resuscitating, resuscitated.] To restore to 
 life. — 2, v. n. To awaken ; to revive. , 
 
 Re-siis-ci-ta'tion, n. [L. resuscitatio.] The act of 
 resuscitating." 
 
 Re-sus'ei-ta-tive, a. Reviving; revivifying. 
 
 Re'tail [re-tal', ■&. J. F. K.], n. [Fr. relmlle, a 
 piece, a clipping; retailler, to clip; re-, back, and 
 tailler, to cut.J Sale by small quantities. 
 
 Re-tail', v. a. [pp. retailing, retailed.) To sell 
 in small quantities, or at second hand : — to deal 
 out in small portions. 
 
 Re-tail'er, or Re'tail-er, n. One who retails. 
 
 Re-tain', v. a. [Fr. retenir ; L. retinere; re-, back, 
 and tenere, to hold.] [pp. retaining, retained.] 
 Not to part with ; to preserve; to keep; to hold ; 
 to continue :— to employ. 
 
 Re-tain'er, n. One who retains : — one who is re- 
 tained ;' a dependant. — (Late.) A retaining fee, 
 or a fee to retain a counsel. 
 
 Re-take', v. a. [lie- and Take.] [t. retook ; pp. 
 retaking, retaken.] To take again! 
 
 Re-tal'i-ate, v. «. & v. n. [L. retaliare, retaliation, 
 to requite; talio, retaliation in kind; talis, such 
 as.] [pp. retaliating, retaliated.] To return 
 like for like ; to repay ; to revenge ; to requite. 
 
 Re-tal-i-a'tion, n. The act of retaliating; the 
 return of like for like; revenge; requital. 
 
 Re-taL'i-a-tive, a. Retaliatory. 
 
 Re-tal'i-a-to-ry, a. Returning like for like. 
 
 Re-tard', t;. a. [L. retardare, to delay; tardus, 
 slow.] [pp. retarding, retarded.] To hinder: 
 to obstruct; to delay. [tarding. 
 
 Ret-ar-da'tion, n. [L. retardatio.] The act of re- 
 Retch, or Rgtch, v. u. [A.-S. hrsecan, to retch; 
 hreec, spittle, cough ; hraca, the throat ; Icel. 
 hnvb'a, to retch.] [pp. retching, retched.] To 
 try to vomit ; to strain. 
 
 Re-tell', v. a. [lie- and Tell.] [i. retold; pp. 
 retelling, retold.] To tell again. 
 
 Re-ten' tion, w. [L. retentio ; retinere, retention, to 
 retain.]' The act of retaining; memory. 
 
 Re-ten'tive, a. Having power to retain. 
 
 Re-ten'tive-ness, n. Power or capacity to retain. 
 
 Retort. 
 
 Ret'i-cence, n. [L. reticentia.] Concealment by 
 silence. 
 
 Ret'i-cent, a. [L. reticere, reticentis, to be silent ; 
 re-', again, and tacere, to be still. — See Tacit.] 
 Taciturn ; uncommunicative. 
 
 Re-tic'u-lar, a. Having the form of a net. 
 
 Re-tic'u-late, a. [L. reliculatus, made like a net.] 
 Resembling net-work. 
 
 Re-tic-u-la'tion, n. A conformation resembling 
 net-work ; net-work. 
 
 Ret'i-ciile, «. [Fr. reticule; L. reticulum, dim. of 
 rete, a net.] A small work-bag or case, to be 
 carried in the hand : — a net-work. 
 
 Ret'i-na, n. [Neo-Latin ; L. rete, a net.] (Anat.) 
 A thin, net-like membrane on the interior sur- 
 face of the eje. 
 
 Ret'i-nue [ret'e-nu or re-tin'nu, W. J. F. Ja.], n. 
 [Fr. retenue, reserve, retention, — formerly, a body 
 of retainers; retenir (part, retenu), to retain.] A 
 train of attendants ; a suite. 
 
 Re-tire', V. u. [Fr. retirer ; re-, back, and tirer, to 
 draw.] [jjp. retiring, retired.] To go from a pub- 
 lic place into privacy ; to retreat ; to withdraw. 
 
 Re-tired' (re-tird'), p. a. Private; solitary; se- 
 cluded"; withdrawn from active life. 
 
 Re-tire'ment, n. Act of retiring; private abode 
 or way of life ; seclusion ; privacy. 
 
 Re-tir'ing, a. Leaving, or withdrawing from: — 
 hot forward; modest; bashful; shy. 
 
 Re-told', i. & p. from retell. 
 
 Re-tbrt', o. a. & v. n. [Fr. retorle; retordre (part. 
 retort), to twist ; L. relorquere, 
 retortum, to twist back ; tor- 
 quere, to twist.] [pp. retort- 
 ing, retorted.] To throw 
 back; to return; to reply. — 
 2, ». A censure returned ; a 
 repartee: — a vessel with a 
 long, bent neck. [of being twisted back. 
 
 Re-tor'tion, n. The act of retorting :— condition 
 
 R§-touch' (re-tuch'), v. a. [We- and Touch.] [pp. 
 retouching retouched.] To touch again; to im- 
 prove by new touches. 
 
 Re-trace', or Re-trace', v. a. [Be- and Trace.] 
 [pp. retracing, retraced.] To trace again; to 
 trace back ; to do agai n . 
 
 Re-tract', v. a. [L. retractare, frequentative of 
 relrahere, retractum, to withdraw.] [pp- retract- 
 ing, retracted.] To withdraw a charge or asser- 
 tion ; to recall; to recant; to take back. — 2, r. it. 
 To make a retraction. 
 
 Re-trac'ti-ble, «. That may be retracted. 
 
 Re-trac'tile, a. That may be drawn back, 
 
 Re-trac'tion, n. [L. retractio.] Act <>f retracting. 
 
 Re-trac'tive, n. That which withdraws. — 2, a. 
 Retracting; withdrawing. 
 
 Re-treat', ». [Fr. retraire (part, retrait), to draw 
 back, to retract (q. v.) ; retraite. a retreat.] Act 
 of retreating ; a retirement : — place of seclusion ; 
 shelter; asylum. — 2, v. n. [j>p. retreating, re- 
 treated.] to go back ; to move away ; to retire; 
 to withdraw ; to recede. 
 
 Re-trench', v. a. [Fr. retranclier.See Trench.] 
 [pp. retrenching, retrenched.] To cut off; to 
 pare away : — to diminish ; to lessen ; to reduce. 
 — 2, v. n. To live with less expense. 
 
 Re-trench'ment, ». [Fr. retravchement] Act of 
 retrenching; reduction; curtailment; diminu- 
 tion ; the act of pruning. 
 
 Ret-ri-bu'tion, n. [L. retribntio; re-, back, and 
 tribnere, to pay.] Return accommodated to the 
 action; reward; recompense; requital. 
 
 Re-trib'u-tive, \a. Making retribution ; repay. 
 
 Re-trib'u-to-ry, J ing. 
 
 Re-triev'a-ble, a. That may be retrieved. 
 
 Re-triev'al, n. The act of retrieving ; recovery. 
 
 Re-trieve', v. a. [Fr. retronver, 0. Fr. retreuver, to 
 find again.] [pp. retrieving, retrieved.] To re> 
 cover; to repair. 
 
 Re-triev'er, n. A dog trained to recover game 
 that a huntsman has shot. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, Q, s» £". soft; JD, £, p, £, hard ; §asz; $ as gz ; this. 
 
EETRO- 
 
 464 
 
 REVIEW 
 
 Retro-. A prefix, is the L. adverb retro, backward. 
 
 Re-tro-act\ v. n. [L. relroagere, retroaction. — See 
 Act."] [pp. retroacting, retroacted.] To act 
 backward. 
 
 Re-tro-ac'tive (or ret-), a. Affecting what is past. 
 
 Re'tro-cede, or Ret'ro-cede, v. n. & v. a. [L. re- 
 trocedere, retrocession ; retro, backward, aud cedere, 
 cession, to go.] [pp. retroceding, retroceded.] 
 To go back ; to retire ; to recede : — to cede back. 
 
 Re-tro-ces'sion (re-tro-sesh'un), n. [L. retrocessio, 
 or r'etrocesm's. — See Retrocede.] The act of re- 
 troceding ; a going back ; a giving back. 
 
 Ret'ro-flex, a. Bent back ; distorted. 
 
 Ret-ro-flex'ion, n. [L. retro, backward, andjlexio, 
 flexion (q. ».)..] A backward curvature. 
 
 Ret-ro-gra-da'tion, n. Act of going backward. 
 
 Ret'ro-grade [re'tro-grad, Ja. Sm.], a. [L. retro- 
 gradi, retrogression, to go back ; relrogradus, going 
 back. — See Grade.] Going backward ; receding. 
 —2, v. n. [pp. retrograding, retrograded.] To 
 go backward ; to recede. 
 
 Ret-ro-gres'sion, n. [L. retrogressus. — See Retro- 
 grade.] A going backward. 
 
 Ret-ro-gres'sive, a. Moving backward. 
 
 Ret'ro-spect [re'tro-spekt, S. E. Ja. K. Sm.], n. 
 [L. retro, backward, and specere, spection, to 
 look.] A look thrown back upon, or a view of, 
 things past. 
 
 Ret-ro-spec'tion, n. Act of looking back. 
 
 Ret-ro-spec'tive, a. Looking backward. 
 
 Ret-ro-spec'tive-ly, ad. By retrospection. 
 
 Ret-ro-ver'sion. n. [See Retrovert.] A falling 
 or turning backward. 
 
 Ret' ro- vert, v. a. [L. retro, backward, and vertere, 
 version, to turn.] [pp. retro verting, retroverted.] 
 To turn back. 
 
 Re-tiirn', v. n. [Fr. retour, a return ; retowner, to 
 return; re-, back, and tourner, to turn (q. v.).] 
 [pp. returning, returned.] To come or go back ; 
 to retort. — 2, v. a. To repay ; to give or send 
 back; to elect. — 3, r>. A coming back: — repay- 
 ment: — profit: — restitution : — relapse : — account. 
 
 Re-tiirn'a-ble, a. That may be returned. 
 
 Re-tuse', a. [L. retnsvs, blunt; retundere, relusiim, 
 to beat back, to dull ; tundere, to beat.] (Bot.) 
 Blunt; abruptly blunt. 
 
 Re-un'ion (re-yiin'yun), n. [Be- and Union ; Fr. 
 reunion.] Act of reuniting ; a second or renewed 
 union : — cohesion. 
 
 Re-u-nite', r. «. [Tie- and Unite; Fr. reunir.] 
 [pp. reuniting, reunited.] To join again; to 
 reconcile. — 2, v. n. To cohere or unite again. 
 
 Re-veal', v. a. [L. revelare, revelation, to reveal, 
 to unveil; re-, back, and rehire, to veil (q. v.).) 
 [pp. revealing, revealed.] To disclose, as a 
 secret ; to lay open ; to make known ; to show ; 
 to discover. 
 
 Re-veal' er, n. One who reveals. 
 
 Reveille (re-val' or re-val'ya,— vulgarly, rev-al- 
 lee'), n. [Fr. reveil, an awakening; rtveiller, to 
 arouse; L. re-, again, ex, out, and vigilare, to 
 wake ; vigil, watchful.] A military morning call 
 by the beat of drum. 
 
 Rev'el, v. n. [Referred to 0. Fr. reveler, to rebel 
 (g. v.) ; revele, proud; reveleux, riotous. — But cf. 
 Fr. reveUlon, a late supper, a Christmas or other 
 revel; from r&o&Rer, to arouse.] [pp. revelling, 
 revelled.] To feast with noisy merriment. — 
 2, n. A feast with loose and noisy jollity. 
 
 Rev-e-la'tion, n. [L. reveiatio. — See Reveal.] 
 Act of revealing; that which is revealed; dis- 
 covery:— the communication of sacred truths by 
 a teacher or a person inspired from heaven : — 
 the Apocalypse. 
 
 Rev'el-ler, n. One who revels. 
 
 ReVel-ling, n. Loose jollity ; revelry. 
 
 Rev'el-ry, n. Jollity; festive mirth ; carousal. 
 
 Re-venfe', v. a. [Fr. revancher ; 0. Fr. revenger; 
 re-, back, and venger, L. vindicare, to take ven- 
 geance. — See Vindicate.] [pp. revenging, re- 
 venged.] To retaliate; to injure or punish in 
 
 return.— 2, n. [Fr. revanche.] Return of an 
 injury or affront ; retaliation ; vindicti veil ess. 
 
 Re-vengVful, a. Full of revenge; vindictive. 
 
 Re-venge'ful-ly, ad. "Vindictively. 
 
 Re-veng-e'ful-ness, v. "Vindictiveness. 
 
 Re-veng-'er, n. One who revenges. 
 
 Rev'e-nue [rev'e-nu or re-ven'u, 8. W. J. Ja. K.], 
 n. [Fr. revenir, part, revenu, to return ; L. re-, 
 back, and venire, to come.] The public income 
 of a state, derived from customs, duties, taxes, 
 &c. ; income ; annual profits. 
 
 Re-ver'ber-ant, a. [L. reverberans. — See Rever- 
 berate.] Beating back ; resounding. 
 
 Re-ver'ber-ate, v. a. [L. reverberare, reverberation, 
 to beat back ; verberare, to beat ; rerber, a rod.] 
 pp. reverberating, reverberated.] To beat back; 
 to return. — 2, v. n. To bound, beat, or drive 
 back ; to rebound : — to resound ; to echo. 
 
 Re-ver-ber-a'tion, n. [L. reverberatio.] A reecho ; 
 reflection of heat or sound. 
 
 Re-ver'ber-a-tive, a. That reverberates or re- 
 flects ; reflective. [beating back. 
 
 Re-ver'ber-a-to-rx, a. Returning; reverberating; 
 
 Re-vere', v. a. [Fr. r^vtrer ; L. revei-eri; re-, back, 
 and vereri, to fear.] [pp. revering, revered.] To 
 regard with great respect ; to adore ; to rever- 
 ence ; to venerate. 
 
 Rev'er-ence, n. [L. reverentia.] Act of revering ; 
 veneration ; awe ; great respect : — show of re- 
 spect. — 2, v. a. [pp. reverencing, reverenced.] 
 To regard with great respect ; to adore ; to wor- 
 ship ; to revere. 
 
 Rev'er-end, a. [L. reverendiis, deserving of rever- 
 ence.— See Revere.] Venerable ; deserving rev- 
 erence : — the title of respect given to the clergy. 
 — A clergyman is styled reverend; a dean, very 
 reverend; a bishop, right reverend; an archbishop, 
 most reverend. 
 
 Rev'er-ent, a. [L. reverens, revering.— See Re- 
 vere.] Expressing or feeling reverence. 
 
 Rev-er-en'tial, a. Expressing reverence. 
 
 Rev'er-ent-lj:, ad. With awe or reverence. 
 
 Rev-e-rie' [rev'er-e, S. W. J. F. H. I. N. St. C. 
 Wb.], n. [Fr. reverie, a dream, a musing; rever, 
 to muse, to dream. — See Rave.] Act of musing ; 
 dreamy meditation ; a wild fancy ; revery. 
 
 Re-ver'sal, n. A change; repeal; overthrow. 
 
 Re-verse', v. a. [L. reversare, frequentative of re- 
 verlere, reversion, to turn back ; vertere, to turn.] 
 [pp. reversing, reversed.] To overthrow by a 
 contrary decision ; to overturn ; to subvert; to re- 
 peal. — 2, n. Change : — a defeat: — a misfortune : 
 —the back-surface of a coin. —3, «. Opposite; con- 
 
 Re-verse'ly, ad. On the other hand. [trary. 
 
 Re-vers'i-ble, a. Capable of being reversed. 
 
 Re-ver'sion (re-ver'shun), n. [L. revernia. — See 
 Reverse.] Act of reverting; that which re- 
 verts. — (Law.) A returning, as of a possession 
 to the former owner: — the right cf the posses- 
 sion of an estate after the death of the present 
 possessor : — a reversionary payment : — return to 
 an ancestral type ; atavism. 
 
 Re-ver'sion-a-ry,, a. To be enjoyed in succession ; 
 implying reversion. 
 
 Re-vert', v. a. & v. n. [L. revertere.— See Reverse.] 
 [pp. reverting, reverted.] To change ; to return ; 
 to reverberate ; to fall back. 
 
 Rev'e-ry., n. [Fr. reverie.] Act of musing ; irreg- 
 ular thought; a wild or idle fancy ; dreary 
 
 Re- vet', v. a. [Fr. reveler; 0. Fr. revestir, to dress, 
 to face.— See Vest.] [pp. revetting, revetted.] 
 To face with masonry, &c. 
 
 Re-vet'ment, Re-vete'ment (or re-vet'ment), n. 
 [Fr. revelement.) A wall to face a bank. 
 
 Re-view' (re-vu'), v. a. [Re- and View.] [pp. 
 reviewing, reviewed.] To see again; to con- 
 sider asain : — to survey ; to examine. — 2, n. A 
 revision ; revisal : — an analysis of a book ; a 
 critique ; a reviewal : — a periodical publication 
 giving examinations of books :— an inspection 
 of soldiers. 
 
 a, e, I, 5, u, y, long; a, e, I, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y,, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
EEV1EWAL 
 
 465 
 
 KHUBAKB 
 
 Re-view' al, n. A review of a book; a critique. 
 
 Re-view'er (re-vu'er), n. One who reviews. 
 
 Re-vile', v. a. [Be-, again, and Fr. avilir, to de- 
 base; L. re-, again, ad, to, and vilis, vile (q. v.).] 
 [pp. reviling, reviled.] To reproach; to vilify; 
 to abuse. 
 
 Re-vll'ing, n. Contumelious language ; abuse. 
 
 Re-vis'al, n. A revision ; reexamination. 
 
 Re-vi§e', v. a. [L. revisere, to resurvey ; re-, again, 
 and visere, frequentative of videre, visum, to see.] 
 [pp. revising, revised.] To correct; to reex- 
 amine. — 2, n. A second proof-sheet; a revision. 
 
 Re-vis'er, n. One who revises. 
 
 Re-vr'sion (re-vizh'un), n. [L. revisio.] The act 
 of revising"; revised; review; reexamination; 
 that which is revised. 
 
 Re-vi"§ion-al, la. Relating to, or containing, 
 
 Re-vi"sion-a-ry, / revision. 
 
 Rt-vis'iti v.' a. [Re-, again, and Visit.] [pp. 
 revisiting, revisited.] To visit again. 
 
 Re-vi§-i-ta'tion, n. Act of revisiting. 
 
 Re-vis'o-ry, a. Having power to revise. 
 
 Re-vi'val, n. [See Revive.] A renewal of life 
 or activity : — a religious awakening. 
 
 Re-vi'val-ist, n. One who promotes revivals. 
 
 Re-vive , v. n. [L. revivere ; re-, again, and vivere, 
 to live.] [pp. reviving, revived.] To return to 
 life or activity. — 2, v. a. To bring to life ; to 
 resuscitate ; to renew ; to rouse ; to reanimate ; 
 to refresh. 
 
 Re-viv-i-fi-ca'tion, n. The act of reviving. 
 
 Re-viv'i-fy, v. a. [L. re-, back, and vivificare, to 
 make alive; vivus, alive, and fucere, to make.] 
 [pp. revivifying, revivified.] To recall to life; 
 to revive. 
 
 Rev-o-ca-bil'i-ty, n. Quality of being revocable. 
 
 Rcv'o-ca-ble," a.' [L. revocalilis.] That may be 
 revoked or recalled ; repealable. 
 
 Rev-o-ca'tion, n. [L. reoocatio.] The act of re- 
 calling ; a' repeal. 
 
 Re-voke', v. a. [L. revocare; re-, back, and vocure, 
 to call.] [pp. revoking, revoked.] To repeal; 
 to reverse ; to recall; to rescind ; to abrogate ; ,to 
 annul; to abolish. — 2, v. n. Not to follow suit 
 at cards. 
 
 Re-volt', or Re-volt', v. n. [Fr. revoller.] [pp. 
 revolting, revolted.] To fall off; to renounce 
 allegiance; to rebel; to desert; to forsake. — 
 2, n. [Fr. revolte ; It. rivolta.— See Revoi/VK.] 
 Renunciation of allegiance ; a desertion ; a 
 change of sides ; insurrection. 
 
 Re-volt' er, n. One who revolts ; a deserter. 
 
 Re-volt' ing, p. a. Causing disgust or abhorrence. 
 
 Rev'o-lute, a. [L. revolutus. — See Revolve.] 
 Rolled back. 
 
 Rev-o-lu'tion, n. [L. revolutio, an overturning. — 
 See Revolve.] Rotation; circular motion: — 
 a great or entire change in the constitution or 
 government of a state or country. 
 
 Rev-o-lu'tion-a-ry, a. Relating to a revolution. 
 
 Rev-o-lii'tion-ist, n. A favorer of revolution. 
 
 Rev-o-lu'tion-ize, v. a. [pp. revolutionizing, 
 revolutionized.] To cause a revolution in ; to 
 overturn ; to remodel. 
 
 Re-volve', v. n. [L. revolvere, revolution; re-, again, 
 or back, and volvere, to turn.] [pp. revolving, 
 revolved.] To perform a revolution; to turn 
 round : — to fall back ; to return. — 2, v. a. To 
 roll mund ; to consider. 
 
 Re-volv'er, n. A pistol with several loading re- 
 volving chambers. 
 
 Re-vul'sion, n. [L. revulsio ; revellere, reruhum, to 
 pull back • re-, away, and vellere, to pluck.] A 
 turning or drawing back. 
 
 Re-vul'sive, a. Having the power of revulsion. 
 
 Re-ward\ v. a. [0. Fr. rewarder, Fr. regarder, to 
 notice, — hence, formerly, to requite. — See Re- 
 gard and Ward.] [pp. rewarding, rewarded.] 
 To give in return ; to repay. — 2, n. That which 
 is awarded for good or evil done ; a recompense ; 
 compensation ; remuneration ; retribution; desert. 
 
 Re-ward'a-ble, a. That may be rewarded. 
 
 Re- ward' er, n. One who rewards. 
 
 Rey'nard (ren'ard or ra'nard), n. [See Kenard.] 
 A fox. 
 
 Rhap-sod'i-cal (rap-sod'e-kal), a. [Gr. pai/zoiStKo?.] 
 Partaking of rhapsody ; wild; rambling.' 
 
 Rhap'so-dist (rap'so-dist), n. One who writes, 
 recites, or sings rhapsodies. 
 
 Rhap'so-dy. (rap'so-de), n. [Gr. pa^jipSia, — prop- 
 erly, the recital of epic poems ; pai|/oj66s, a rhap- 
 sodist; pdnreiv, to stitch, to string together, and 
 ioSrj, an ode (q. v.).] A wild, incoherent speech 
 or song : — irregular composition. 
 
 Rhe'a (re'a), ». [The name of a Greek goddess: 
 given arbitrarily to this bird.] 
 The American ostrich. 
 
 Rhen'ish (ren'ish), a. [L. Rhe~ 
 nus, the Rhine.] Relating to 
 the Rhine.— 2, n. A kind of 
 German wine. 
 
 Rhet'o-ric (ret'o-rik), n. [Gr. 
 prjTopiKTj (rexf-q), the art of 
 oratory ; p^rcup, an orator ; 
 elpeiv, perfect eipTjxa, to say.] 
 The art of prose composition ; 
 philological criticism : — the art Rhea, 
 
 of oratory or of addressing 
 public assemblies; the art of persuasion; ora- 
 tory ; eloquence. 
 
 Rhe-tor'i-cal (re-tor'e-kal), a. Relating to rheto- 
 ric ; oratorical ; figurative ; persuasive. 
 
 Rhe-tor'i-cal-iy, ad. Like an orator. 
 
 Rhlt-o-ri"cian (ret-o-rish'au), ». One who teaches 
 the science of rhetoric : — an orator. 
 
 Rheum (rum), n. [Gr. pevp.a, a flow, a humor; 
 peeii/, to flow.] A thin, watery humor. 
 
 Rheu-mat'ic (ru-mat'jk), a. [Gr. peu/uaTiicd?.] 
 Relating to rheumatism ; afflicted with rheuma- 
 tism. 
 
 Rheu'ma-ti§m (ru'-), n. [Gr. peup.aTi<r/xo?, — prop- 
 erly, a liability to rheum (q. v.).] A painful 
 distemper affecting the muscles, joints, or limbs. 
 
 Rheu'my (ru'me), a. Relating to rheum : — watery. 
 
 Rhi-noc e-ros, n. [Gr. pii/o/cepoj? ; pi's, ptvos, the 
 nose, and xepa?, a horn.] A large thick skinned 
 quadruped. 
 
 RhI-no-plas'tic, a. Relating to rhinoplasty. 
 
 Rhi'no-plas-ty, n. [Gr. pis, the nose, and 7rA<£s- 
 <reiv, to shape.] The operation of forming a 
 new nose. 
 
 Rhl-zo'ma, n. [Gr. ; pi£6eii>, to support by roots; 
 pi^a, a root.] (Bot.) A creeping root-stalk. 
 
 Rhi'zo-pod, ». ; pi. Rhi-zop'o-da, or Rhi'zo-pods. 
 [Gr. pi'£a, a root, and rrous, 7ro56s, a foot.] An 
 animal organism of the lowest class. 
 
 Rho'di-um, n. [Gr. poSov, a rose: some of its 
 salts are rose-colored.] A very hard metal. 
 
 Rho-do-den'dron, or Rhod-o-den'dron, ». [Gr. ; 
 poSov, a rose, and SevSpov, a tree.] ' A flowering 
 shrub of great beauty. 
 
 Rhomb, or Rhomb [rom, I. fit], v. [See Rhom- 
 bus.] A quadrilateral figure; a rhombus. 
 
 Rhbm'bic (rum'bik or rom'bik), a. Shaped like a 
 rhomb. 
 
 Rhom'boid (rum'bold or rom'bcild), n. [Gr. pop.- 
 /3oi5t?s, rhomb-like.] An oblique-angled paral- 
 lelogram. 
 
 Rhom-bbid'al, «. Like a rhomb or rhomboid. 
 
 Rhom'bus, m. [L. ; Gr. pojujSos, that which whirls, — 
 hence,'a spindle; pep-jSeii/, to revolve.] A plane 
 figure bounded by four equal straight lines, the 
 opposite lines being parallel, and the angles ob- 
 lique ; a rhomb. 
 
 Rhu'barb (ru'barb), n. [Fr. rhubarbe; Late L. 
 rheum, or rheum barbarum; Gr. pd, or prjoc, — also 
 prjoi- ftdpfiapov, barbarian rhubarb, so called in 
 distinction from the rhubarb of Pontus. The 
 words rheum and pijov are probably derived from 
 Rha, a name of the river Volga, whence it was 
 brought.] A medicinal root : — a garden vegeta- 
 ble ; pie-rhubarb, or pie-plant. 
 
 mien, sir ; mSve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5, <?, 5, £, soft; $3, p, p, g, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 
 ee 
 
RHUMB 
 
 466 
 
 RIGHT-ANGLED 
 
 Rhumb [rum, Wb. Cu. N. I. St.l, or Rhumb' -line, 
 n. [Fr. rumb; Sp. rumbo, a ship's couiso; L. 
 rhombus, a rhombus (q. v.); Gr. po/u./3o?, a ihom- 
 bus, — also, a whirling motion, a swoop.] The 
 course of a ship sailing steadily to one point of 
 the compass. 
 
 Rhyme (rim), n. [Dut. rijm; Icel. rima ; Ger. 
 reim: cognate with Gr. apt0p.6<;, number, but 
 not with Rhythm, which has badly affected its 
 spelling.] A correspondence in the sound of 
 the last syllable of one line to that of the last 
 syllable of another : — poetry ; verse : — a poem. — 
 2, v. n. [pp. rhyming, rhymed.] To agree in 
 sound ; to chime. — 3, v. a. To put into rhyme. 
 
 Rhym'er, ) n. A maker of rhymes; a versi- 
 
 Rhyme*ster, >fier; a mean or unskilful poet; a 
 
 Rhym'ist,' j poetaster. 
 
 Rhythm (rithm or rithrn), n. [Gr. pv9p.6<;, meas- 
 ure : root of pe'eiv, to flow.] Harmonious or 
 well-proportioned arrangement of words ; the 
 consonance of measure and time in poetry or 
 prose; metre; verse; numbers. 
 
 Rhyth'mic (rlth'mik), a. Of or pertaining to 
 rhythm. 
 
 Rhyth'mi-cal (rith'me-kal), a. Harmonical. 
 
 Rib, n. '[A.'-S. ribb;' Dut. rib; Icel. rif; Ger. 
 rippe.] A bone : — a piece of timber : — a'strip. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. ribbing, ribbed.] To furnish with 
 
 Rib'al'd, a. [Fr. ribaut ; Late L. ribaldus ; 0. Fr. 
 riber, to wanton; 0. Ger. ribe, a bawd.] Base; 
 mean ; vile ; brutal ; obscene. — 2, n. A loose, 
 rough, mean wretch. 
 
 Rib'ald-ry, n. Scurrilous or brutal language. 
 
 Rib' and, n. See Kibbon. 
 
 Rib'bon, n. [Fr. ruban; Irish, ribin, ribe; Gael. 
 rihean; rib, ribe, a hair, a fillet; Welsh rhibin, 
 rhib, a streak.] A silk fillet; a slip of silk used 
 as a badge or ornament : — written also riband. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. ribboning, ribboned.] To adorn 
 with ribbons. 
 
 Rice, n. [Fr. riz ; It. riso ; L. oryza ; Gr. bpv^a. — 
 Cf. Skr. vriji, Afghan (Pushtu) wrijzey, Arab. 
 aruzz, Sp. arroz, rice; Tamil arisi, boiled rice.] 
 A cereal plant and its seed or grain, much culti- 
 vated in warm climates. 
 
 Rich, a. [A. -S. rice, rich, powerful; Dut. rijk; 
 Dan. rig ; Goth, reiks ; Ger. reich ; Fr. riche : akin 
 to L. regere, to rule.] Wealthy; opulent; pre- 
 cious ; sumptuous ; fertile ; productive ; fruitful ; 
 abundant. 
 
 Rich'e§, n. pi. [Fr. richesse; riche, rich (q. v.).] 
 Wealth; opulence; affluence. 
 
 Rich'ly, ad. With riches ; abundantly. [ness. 
 
 Rich'ness, n. Opulence ; fertility :— sumptuous- 
 Rick, n. [A.-S. hreac, hrycca ; Icel. hraukr.] A pile 
 of corn or hay. 
 
 Rick'ets, n. pi. [0. E. wrick, wrikken, to twist : 
 akin to Wriggle : the medical term rhachitis, 
 rickets, was derived from the Gr. pax i? ) t ne 
 spine, in imitation of the English word rickets.] 
 A disease incident to childhood. 
 
 Rick'et-y, o. Diseased with rickets :— shaky ; 
 dilapidated. 
 
 Ricochet (rik-o-sha'), a. [Fr. ricochet, a ricochet ; 
 ricocher, to" ricochet; etymology doubtful.] 
 (Gvnnery.) Ricochet firing is a mode of firing 
 with small charges from pieces of ordnance ele- 
 vated at small angles, so that shot bounds or 
 Skips along. — 2, v. n. [pp. ricocheting, rico- 
 cheted.] To skip, like a shot, along the sur- 
 face of the ground or water. — 3, n. A skip or 
 bound. 
 
 Rid, v. a. [A.-S. hreddan, to snatch away, to rid; 
 hridian, to sift ; 0. Fris. hredda ; Dut. redden ; 
 Dan. redde; Ger. retien ; Local E. red: perhaps 
 related to A.-S. hrsed, Ger. hrat, quick.] [i. rid; 
 pp. ridding, rid.] To set free; to clear; to dis- 
 encumber ; to drive away. 
 
 Rid'dance, n. Deliverance ; disencumbrance. 
 
 Rid'den (rid'dn), p. from 'ride. 
 
 Rid'dle (rid'dl), n. [0. E. redels, njdeh ; A.-S. rse- 
 delse (pi. rmdelsas, rvedelsan), from rsedan, to read, 
 to interpret.— Cf. Ger. riithsel, a riddle.] An 
 enigma :— [A.-S. hridian, to sift ; hridder, a de- 
 vice for sifting. — See Rid] a coarse sieve. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. riddling, riddled.] To solve : — to 
 clear by a sieve. 
 
 Ride, n. n. [A.-S. ridan; Dut. rijden; Dan. ride; 
 Ger. reiten.] [i. rode ; pp. riding, rode (rid) or 
 ridden.] To be carried on horseback ; to be con- 
 veyed in a carriage; to be borne. — 2, v. a. To 
 sit on ; to manage at will. — 3, w. An excursion 
 on horseback or in a vehicle : — a place for riding. 
 
 Rid'er, n. One who rides :— an inserted leaf :— a 
 clause added to a bill. 
 
 Rid£e, n. [A.-S. hrycg, Dut. rug, Dan. ryg, Scot. 
 rig, Ger. riicken, back, ridge. — Cf. Gr. pa-x^i a 
 spine.] The top of the back, or of a slope. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. ridging, ridged.] To form into 
 ridges ; to wrinkle. 
 
 Rid&'y, a. Rising in, or consisting of, ridges. 
 
 Rid i-cule, n. [L. ridiculum, a jest ; ridere, to 
 laugh.] Wit of that species which provokes 
 laughter, and is designed to bring the subject 
 of it into contempt ; derision ; satire. — 2, to. a. 
 [pp. ridiculing, ridiculed.] To expose to laugh- 
 ter ; to laugh at ; to mock ; to deride. 
 
 Ri-dic'u-loiis, a. [L. ridicitlus or ridiculosus. — See 
 Ridicule.] Worthy of being laughed at; ab- 
 surd; preposterous; ludicrous. 
 
 Ri-dic'u-lous-ly, ad. In a ridiculous manner. 
 
 Ri-dic'u-lous-ness, n. State of being ridiculous. 
 
 Rid'ing, n. ' [0. E. triding or thridiug, a third part; 
 Norwegian tridjung, Icel. thridjungr, a third ; 
 thridi, the third.] The act of one who rides; a 
 ride : — one of the divisions of a county. 
 
 Rife, a. [Icel. ri/r, 0. Dut. rijf, Low "Ger. rive, 
 Sw. & A.-S. rif, abundant ; Icel. reifa, to bestow.] 
 Prevalent; prevailing; abounding. 
 
 Riffraff, n. [Obs. Fr. rif et raf; Fr. rifler, to pare, 
 and rafter, to sweep off.— Cf. It. a rufi'a raft'a, 
 helter-skelter.] Refuse ; sweepings : — rabble. 
 
 Ri'fle (ri'fl), v. a. [Fr. rifler, to pare, — formerly, 
 to strip, to rob; Icel. hrifa, rifa, to grasp; hrifsa, 
 to plunder; hrifs, plunder.] [pp. rifling, rifled.] 
 To rob ; to pillage ; to plunder : — [Dan. rifle, Sw. 
 refjla, Ger. riefen, to groove : akin to Rive] to 
 groove, as a fire-arm. — 2, n. [Dan. rifle, Ger., 
 riefe, a groove; Dan. riffd, a rifled gun.] A sort 
 of gun, having its barrel grooved within: — a 
 sharpening instrument. 
 
 Ri'fle-man, n. One armed with a rifle. 
 
 Ri'fler, il. A robber; a plunderer. 
 
 Rift, n. [Dan. & Norwegian rift, Sw. refva, a rift ; 
 Icel. ript, a breach: akin to Rive.] A cleft; a 
 breach ; an opening. — 2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. rift- 
 ing, rifted.] To cleave ; to split ; to open. 
 
 Rig, n. [See Ridge.] A ridge : — dress : — [see 
 Wriggle] a trick ; a jeer : — manner of rigging. 
 —2, v. a. [Norse & Local Sw. rigg, rigging, har- 
 ness; rigga, to rig, to harness; A.-S. wrihan, to 
 clothe.] [pp. rigging, rigged.] To dress ; to fit 
 with tackling. 
 
 Rig-a-d86n\ n. [Fr. rigodon; from Eigaud, its 
 inventor.] A kind of gay, brisk dance. 
 
 Rig' ger, n. One who rigs or dresses. 
 
 Rig'ging, n. The sails or tackling of a ship. 
 
 Right (rit), a. [A.-S. riht; Dut. regt; Dan. ret; 
 Sw. rat; Ger. recht; closely related to 1^ rectus, 
 straight, right ; regere, rectum, to rule.] Con- 
 formable to truth and equity ; fit ; proper ; right- 
 ful; true; not wrong; just :— straight; direct: — 
 not left: — equitable; lawful. — Right angle, an 
 angle of 90 degrees.— Right line, a straight line. 
 — 2, ad. Properly ; justly ; truly ; very.— 3, n. 
 Conformity to the law of God ; equity ; justice : 
 — just claim; privilege. — 4, v. a. [pp. righting, 
 righted.] To relieve from wrong; to rectify. — 
 (Naul.) To make upright.— 5, v. it. {Naut.) To 
 rise with masts erect, as a ship. 
 
 Right'-an-gled O'lt'-), a. Rectangular. 
 
 a, e, i, o, u, y, long; a, e, i, o, ii, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y., obscure,— Fare, far, f&st, fall; heir, her; 
 
KIGHTEOUS 
 
 467 
 
 EIVEK 
 
 RIght'eous (ri'chus) [rit'yus, E. F. K. Sm. C. ; n'- 
 che-us, IF. P. J.; ri'te-us, Ja.], a. [A.-S. riht- 
 wis. — See Right and Wise.] Conformed to the 
 divine law ; just; virtuous; equitable; upright. 
 
 Right'eous-ly. (ri'chys-le), ad. Justly. 
 
 RIght'eous-ness (ri'chus-ues), n. [A.-S. rihtivis- 
 nes.] Justice. 
 
 Rlght'ful (rlt'ful), a. Having right or a just 
 claim; equitable; just; lawful. 
 
 Right' ful-ly, ad. According to right. 
 
 Right' ful-ness (rit'ful-nes), n. Rectitude. 
 
 Rlght'-hand, a. Situated on the right side. 
 
 Right' -hand-ed, a. Using the right hand. 
 
 Right' ly (rifle), ad. Properly ; uprightly. 
 
 Rigid, a. [L. rigidus.—Cf. rigere, to be ."tiff: per- 
 haps related to Frigid.] Stiff; severe; strict; 
 sharp; cruel. [rigor. 
 
 Ri-£id'i-ty, w. [L. rigiditas.] Stiffness ; severity ; 
 
 Rifr'id-ly., ad. Stiffly; severely; inflexibly. 
 
 Rig'id-ness, n. Stiffness;, severity ; rigidity. 
 
 RIg'ma-role, n. [Perhaps for 0. E. ragman-roll, a 
 long list of names,— or of names and estates: 
 ragman meant a coward, — also the devil j Icel. 
 ragmemii, a coward; Svv. raggen, the devil.] A 
 repetition of idle words ; frivolous or foolish talk 
 or stories. 
 
 RIg'or, n. [L. rigor; rigere, to be stiff.] Exact- 
 ness without any allowance ; stiffness ; sternness ; 
 severity ; austerity. 
 
 Rig'or-ofls, a. Partaking of rigor; rigid; severe; 
 stern ; harsh ; exact ; strict. 
 
 Rig'or-ous-ly, ad. Severely ; sternly. 
 
 Rig'or-ous-ness, ft. Severity; sternness. 
 
 Rile, v. a. [Also spelt Roil. — Cf. Fr. rouiller, to 
 make rusty (as iron, or as water) ; rouille, rust : 
 said to represent robigilla, a dim. of L. fobigo, or 
 rubigo, rust.] [pp. riling, riled.] To make tur- 
 bid; to ruil : — to irritate. 
 
 Rill, or Ril'let, ft. [Welsh rhill, for rhigol, a 
 trench, a row'; Low Ger. rille, a rill. — See Drill.] 
 A small brook ; a streamlet. 
 
 Rll'y, o. Roily ; turbid. 
 
 Rim, n. [A.-S. rima ; Welsh, rhim: perhaps re- 
 lated to Brim.] A border; a margin; an edge. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. rimming, rimmed.] To border. 
 
 Rime, n. [A.-S. & Icel. hrim; Dut. rijm ; Sw. rim; 
 Dan. rum. — Cf. Gr. icpvp.6<;, frost.] Hoarfrost : 
 — [L. rima, a chink] a hole; a chink : — [a better 
 spelling of Rhyme] a rhyme. 
 
 RIm'ple, v. a. & v. n. [A.-S. hritnpan, to wrinkle; 
 hri/mpelle, a wrinkle; Ger. rwmpfen, to wrinkle. 
 — See Rv/mplf..] [pp. rimpling", rimpled.j To 
 pucker; to wrinkle. — 2, n. A wrinkle; a fold : — 
 [probably a nasalized form of Ripple] a ripple. 
 
 Rind, n. [A.-S. <fe Ger. rinde.] Bark; husk; coat: 
 — skin, as of pork. 
 
 RIn'der-pest, ft. [Ger. ' rind, cattle, and pest, a 
 pest'(//. p.). J A fatal disease attacking cattle. 
 
 Ring, w. [A.-S. hring, Icel. hringr, Dut., Sw., 
 Dan., & Ger. ring, a ring: perhaps related to 
 Wring.] A circle; a circle of metal ; an annu- 
 let :— a chime ; the sound of bells, &c. : — a com- 
 bination of politicians or capitalists for illegiti- 
 mate purposes ; a clique. — 2, v. a. [A.-S. hringan; 
 Icel. l/rinja; Dan. ringe; Dut. ringen: imitative.] 
 [i. rung or rang; pp. ringing, rung.] To strike 
 bells, &c. ; to cause to sound. — 3, v. it. To sound, 
 as a bell; to resound; to tinkle. — 4, v. a. [i. 
 ringed; /^.ringing, ringed.] To encircle; to 
 fit with rings. 
 
 Ring'-dove (nng'duv), n. A kind of pigeon with 
 a ring of white about its neck. 
 
 RIng'lead-er, n. The head of a riotous body. 
 
 Ring'let, n. A small ring ; a curl. 
 
 Ring' worm (-wiirm), n. A circular tetter, of 
 parasitic (vegetable) origin. [park. 
 
 Rink, n. [A variant of Ring.] A skating-pond or 
 
 Rinse, v. a. [Fr. rincer, Icel. hreinsa, Dut. rense, 
 Sw. rema, to rinse ; Icel. hreinn, Dan. reen, Ger. 
 rein, pure.] [pp. rinsing, rinsed.] To wash; to 
 cleanse by washing. 
 
 Ri'ot, it. [Fr. (obsolescent) riotte, riote, It. riotta, a 
 riot ; Prov. riota,^ a dispute.— Cf. Gael, raoit, in- 
 decent mirth ; Fr. rioter, to giggle, to laugh im- 
 pertinently.] A noisy tumult; an uproar; a 
 disturbance by a mob; an affray.— (Lute.) A 
 tumultuous disturbance by three or more per- 
 sons assembled together. — 2, v. n. [pp. rioting, 
 rioted.] To revel; to raise an uproar. — To run 
 riot, to act or to grow without restraint. 
 
 Rl'ot-ous, a. Wanton; seditious; turbulent; 
 
 Rl'ot-ous-ly, ad. In a riotous manner. 
 
 Rip, v. a. [Norwegian ripa, Svv. repa, to scratch : 
 a variant of Rive.] [pp. ripping, ripped.] To 
 tear ; to lacerate : — to disclose. — 2, n. A lacera- 
 tion :— a wicker fish-basket. 
 
 Ri-pa'ri-an, a. [L. riparius, belonging to a river- 
 bank;' ripa, a bank or shore.] Relating to the 
 bank of a river. 
 
 Ripe, a. [A.-S. ripe; Dut. rijp ; Ger. reip : akin 
 to Reap.] Mature; finished; complete; ready. 
 
 Rl'pen (ri'pn), v. n. [A.-S. ripian; Ger. reifenJ] 
 [pp. ripening, ripened.] To grow ripe or' ma- 
 ture. — 2, v. a. To mature ; to make ripe. 
 
 RIpe'ness, n. State of being ripe ; maturity. 
 
 Rip'ple, v. n. & v. a. [A form of Rimple.] [pp. 
 rippling, rippled.] To fret on the surface, as 
 water. — 2, n. Agitation of water; a rimple: — 
 [Dut. repel; Ger. riffel; Low Ger. repe, repel, 
 reppel, a flax-comb ; Dut. repelen; Ger. rifeht, to 
 ripple flax] a large flax-comb. [stones. 
 
 Rip' rap, 'M. [Cf. Riff-raff.] A structure of loose 
 
 Rise (rlz), v. n. [A.-S. risan ; Dut. rijzen ; Icel. 
 risa; Goth, reisan.] [i. rose; pp. rising, risen.] 
 To get up; to arise ; to ascend : — to grow. 
 
 Rise (or rlz), n. Act of rising ; ascent ; increase : 
 — beginning; origin: — an elevated place. 
 
 RIg'er, n. One who rises. [sition to laugh. 
 
 Rls-|-bll'i-ty, n. Quality of being risible ; <ii>po- 
 
 Ris/i-ble, a. [L. risibilis; ridere, risum, to laugh.] 
 Laughing; laughable; ridiculous; exciting 
 laughter. 
 
 Rl§'ing, it. Act of getting up : — insurrection. 
 
 Risk, n. [Port, risco, a rock, a danger: Sp. ruck), 
 a rock; It. risohid, riseo, risico, a risk; risioare, to 
 risk; Fr. risque, a risk; riequer, to risk. The 
 Spanish risco, a rock, appears related to L. re-, 
 back, and secare, to cut.] Hazard; danger; a 
 chance of harm. — 2, v. a. [pp. risking, risked.] 
 To put to chance ; to hazard. 
 
 RIsk'y, a. Hazardous. 
 
 Rite, n. [Fr. rit, rite; L. ritits, a religious custom, 
 a ceremony ; Skr. riti, a way, a usage ; ri, to go.] 
 A solemn act or ceremony of religion. 
 
 Rlt'u-al (nt'yu-al), a. [L. ritualis. — See Rite.] 
 Relating to rites or ceremonies; ceremonial; 
 ceremonious. — 2, n. A round, or a sj'stem, of 
 religious ceremonies. 
 
 Rit'u-al-i§m, n. Adherence to the ritual. 
 
 Rit'u-al-ist, n. One who advocates a ritual. 
 
 Rl'vali ft. [L. rivalis, belonging to a brook ; rivus, 
 a stream, a brook; rivales, those who use the 
 same brook, neighbors, — hence competitors.] 
 One who is in pursuit of the same object with an- 
 other ; a competitor. — 2, a. Standing in compe- 
 tition ; emulous. — 3, v. a. [pp. rivalling, ri- 
 valled.] To strive to excel: to emulate. 
 
 RI'val-ry, ft. The state or the contests of rivals ; 
 competition ; emulation. 
 
 Rive, v. a. [Icel. rifa, Dan. rite, Sw. rifva, to 
 tear; Dut. rijven, Ger. reiben, to grate, to rub.] 
 [t. rived; pp. riving, riven.] To split: to part 
 asunder ; to cleave. — 2, v. n. To be split or rent 
 asunder. 
 
 RIv'el, r. a. & v. n. [A frequentative of Rive.] [pp. 
 rivelling, rivelled.] To shrivel; to wrinkle. 
 
 RIv'en (riv'vn), p. from rive. 
 
 RIv'er, w. [Fr. riviere ; It. riviera, a shore, a river ; 
 Port, ribeiro, a brook ; ribeira, a meadow near a 
 stream; Late L. riparia, a shore, a 6tream; L. 
 riparius, riparian; ripa, a bank : remotely con- 
 nected with L. rivus, a stream.] A current of 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son j bull, biir, rule, use.— C, Q, e, £, soft; p, p, p, g\ hard ; §asz; ? as gz ; this. 
 
KIVEKINE 
 
 468 
 
 HOMAGE 
 
 water larger than a brook, flowing into the sea, 
 a lake, or another river. 
 
 Riv'er-Ine, a. [Fr. riverain. — See Riparian.] Re- 
 lating to a river ; riparian. 
 
 Riv'et, n. [Fr. rivet, a rivet ; river, to rivet; Icel. 
 rifa, to tack together ; Scot, riv, to tack, to 
 clinch.] A fastening pin clinched at both ends. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. riveting, riveted.] To fasten 
 with rivets. 
 
 Riv'u-let, n. [L. rivulus, dim. of rivus, a stream.] 
 A small river ; a brook. 
 
 Rix-dol'lar, n. [Dnt. rijks-daalder, Ger. reichs- 
 thaler, an imperial dollar ; reich, an empire, and 
 thaler, a dollar.] A silver coin of Germany and 
 other countries, varying in value from about 60 
 to 108 cents. 
 
 Roach (roch), n. [A.-S. reohhe, reohche, Ger. roche, 
 a roach, a ray (q. v.). — Cf. Fr. rochier, a dog-fish.] 
 A fish : — [see Cockroach] a cockroach. 
 
 Road (rod), n. [A.-S. rad, a journey, a road ; ri- 
 dan, rad, to ride.] A broad open way to be trav- 
 elled over; [Fr. rade ; Sw. redd; Ger. rhede ; It. 
 & Sp. rada: probably related to Ride] a large 
 way or passage ; a path :— a roadstead. 
 
 Road' stead, n. A place for ships to anchor in. 
 
 Road'ster, n. A horse that keeps the road. 
 
 Roam, v. n. [Local & 0. E. rame.—Cf. 0. Fris. 
 ramia, 0. Ger. ramen, 0. Sax. romon, to strive 
 after: some refer it to It. romeo, a pilgrim, — 
 properly a pilgrim to Rome ; Sp. romero, travel- 
 ling; romeria, a pilgrimage.] [pp. roaming, 
 roamed.] To wander ; to ramble ; to rove. — 
 2, v. a. To range ; to wander over. 
 
 Roan (ron), a. [Fr. rouan; Sp. rodado, ruano ; 
 0. It. roano, rovano; Port, rufo, i-uao. — Cf. Fr. 
 roux, L. russus, reddish. — See also Rubican.] 
 Bay, sorrel, or black, with spots. 
 
 Roan' -tree, n. [See Rowan.] The rowan-tree. 
 
 Roar, v. 11. [A.-S. rarian; 0. Ger. reren.] [pp- 
 roaring, roared.] To cry ; to make a loud noise. 
 — 2, n. The cry of a wild beast ; a loud noise. 
 
 Roar'ing, n. The cry of a lion, &c. ; loud noise. 
 
 Roast (rost), v. a. [Ger. ri'sten ; Fr. rotir ; Irish, 
 roistin; Bret, rosta. — Cf. Ger. rost, a gridiron.] 
 [pp. roasting, roasted.] To cook by the fire, as 
 meat; to heat; to parch; to burn :— to jeer; to 
 banter.— 2, p. a. Roasted. — 3, n. That which is 
 roasted : — a banter. 
 
 Rob, v. a. [0. Fr. rober, robber, to 6trip, to dis- 
 robe ; Ger. rauben, to rob ; raub, booty, robbery, 
 spoil, — originally also clothes. — See Robe.] [pp. 
 robbing, robbed.] To take by illegal force; to 
 plunder.— 2, n. [Fr. & Sp. rob ; Per. robb, boiled 
 must of wine.] A kind of syrup or conserve 
 from the juice of fruits. 
 
 Rob'ber, n. One who robs ; a plunderer. 
 
 R6Vber-y, n. The act of robbing ; theft by force. 
 
 Robe, n. [Fr. robe; Ger. raub, booty, spoil,— for- 
 merly also clothes; A.-S. reaf, spoil, garments; 
 Icel. rauf, spoil; root of Reave.] A gown of 
 state ; a dress of dignity. — 2, v. a. [pp. robing, 
 robed.] To dress pompously ; to invest. 
 
 Rob' in, n. [A pet name for Robert; in full, robin- 
 redbreast— Cf. Jackdaw, Magpie.] A singing- 
 bird, called robin-redbreast; also the migrating 
 thrush. 
 
 Rob'o-rant, n. A strengthening medicine. 
 
 Ro-bQst', a. [L. robustns, oaken, strong; robus 
 (later robur), oak, — also strength.] Strong; 
 sinewy; vigorous; firm. 
 
 Ro-bus'ti-ous, a. [L. robusteus, oaken, robust. — 
 See Robust.] Sturdy; vigorous. 
 
 Ro-bust'ness, n. State of being robust ; vigor. 
 
 Roc, n. [Per. rukh, — also a name of the rhinoce- 
 ros.] A huge fabulous bird. 
 
 Roch'et, or Roch'et, n. [Fr. ; Ger. roch, a coat.] 
 A linen habit worn by a bishop; a surplice. 
 
 Rock, n. [Fr. roc, roche, or rocher; Sp. roca; It. 
 rocca ; A.-S. rocc ; Irish & Gael, roc; Bret, roch.] 
 A vast mass of stone fixed in the earth : — figura- 
 tive! y, strength; a defence: — [Sw. rock; Dan. 
 
 rok; Ger. rocken; It. rocca] a distaff. — 2, v. a. 
 & v. n. [Dan. rokke, to rock, ryklce, to pull ; Sw. 
 rockera, to rock, rycka, to pull; Icel. rugga, to 
 rock : akin to Scot, rug, to pull ; Ger. rucken, 
 to pull, to push.] [pp. rocking, rocked.] To 
 shake ; to move backward and forward ; to move 
 the cradle ; to reel. 
 
 Rock'-crys-tal, ». A silicious stone; quartz. 
 
 Rock'er, n. One who rocks :— a curved piece of 
 wood on which a chair rocks : — a rocking-chair. 
 
 Rock'et, ii. [It. rocchetto, a bobbin, — formerly also 
 a rocket ; dim. of rocca, a distaff.] An artificial 
 firework :— [Fr. roquette, It. ruca or ruchelta, Sp. 
 ruqueta or oruga, rocket ; L. eruca or uruca, cole- 
 wort] a plant of various kinds. 
 
 Rock'ing-chair, n. A chair which rocks. 
 
 Rock' -salt, n. Common mineral salt. 
 
 Rock'y, a. Full of rocks; hard; stony. 
 
 Ro-co'co, 11. [Fr. ; origin unknown.] (Fine Arts.) 
 A florid debased style of ornamentation, charac- 
 terized by profusion of details without propriety 
 of connection.— 2, a. Noting bad taste in design 
 or ornament, whether in the fine arts, in liter- 
 ature, or in costume ; grotesque ; fantastic. 
 
 Rod, n. [A.-S. rod; Dut. roede; Ger. rufhe; L. 
 rudis. — See Rood.] A twig; an instrument of 
 correction : — a measure of length ; a perch or 
 pole ; 16% feet. 
 
 Rode, i. & p. from ride. 
 
 Ro'dent, w. [L. rodere (part, rodentis), to gnaw.] 
 (Zo'ol.) An animal that gnaws. — 2, a. Gnawing, 
 as an animal. 
 
 Rod-o-mon-ta.de', n. [Fr. ; It. rodomontada, from 
 Rodomonte, a boastful king in the epics of Ariosto 
 and of Boiardo; rotare, to turn, and moide, a 
 mountain.] Empty bluster; rant.— 2, v. n. [pp. 
 rodomontading, rodomontaded.] To brag ; to 
 boast. 
 
 Roe (ro), n. [A.-S. rah; Dan. raa; Dut. ree; Ger. 
 reh.] The female of the hart :— the roebuck : — 
 [0. E. roan, roicnd, rovme; Icel. hrogn; Dan. 
 rogn; Sw. rom; Ger. rogen ; Fr. rogue. The final 
 n w-as probably dropped from the mistaken idea 
 that it was the sign of the plural] the seed or 
 spawn of fishes. 
 
 Roe'buck, n. A small species of deer. 
 
 Ro-ga'tion, n. [L. rogatio ; rogare, rogatum, to be- 
 seech.]' Litany : supplication. 
 
 Rogue (rog), n. [Fr. rogue, surly, rude, arrogant; 
 Bret, rog, proud, haughty ; Irish 7~ucas, pride.] 
 A knave ; a villain : — a sly fellow ; a mischievous 
 person : — a wag. 
 
 Rogu'er-y. (rog'er-e), n. Villany :— waggery. 
 
 Rogu'ish (rog'ish), a. Knavish :— waggish. 
 
 Rogu'ish-ly (rog'ish-le), ad. Like a rogue. 
 
 Rogu'ish-ness (rog'ish-nes), n. Roguery. 
 
 Roll, v. a. [See Rile.] [pp. roiling, roiled.] To 
 render turbid ; to stir up ; to disturb ; to vex ; to 
 
 RSil'y, a. Turbid ; roiled. [rile. 
 
 Rois'ter, v. n. [0. E. roister, a bully; Fr. rustre, 
 a clown ; L. rusticus, a boor. — See Rustic] [pp. 
 roistering, roistered.] To bully ; to bluster. 
 
 R6is'ter-er. n. A blustering fellow. 
 
 Role, n. [Fr. role.] An actor's part or character. 
 
 Roll, v. a. [Fr. roider, Late L. rotulare, to turn ; 
 rotula, a little wheel.] [pp. rolling, rolled.] To 
 move or turn in a circle ; to revolve :— to involve ; 
 to inwrap. — 2, v. n. To run on wheels ; to move ; 
 to revolve. — 3, n. [Fr. role, L. rotula, a little 
 wheel, — later, a roll ; rota, a wheel.] The act 
 of rolling; a mass made round; a roller; a cyl- 
 inder: — a register; a catalogue; ulist; a chron- 
 icle :— a cake of bread. 
 
 Roll'er, n. One that rolls ; a round stone : — a 
 thing turning on its axis : — a fillet. 
 
 Rol'lic, or Rol'lick, v. n. [Cf. Gael, roilig, a frolic- 
 some person ; Sw. rolig, merry ; Scot, rollochin, 
 lively.] [i. rollicked ; pp. rollicking, rollicked.] 
 To swagger; to be jovial. 
 
 Roll'ing-pin, v. A cylinder to roll paste with. 
 
 Rom'af e, n. Tumult. See Rummage. 
 
 a, e, I, 5, ii, y, long; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
ROMAN 
 
 469 
 
 ROTLFERA 
 
 Ro'man, a. Relating to Rome ; papal. 
 
 Ro-mance', n. [Fr. roman, 0. Fr. romant, romans, 
 a romance; Late L. romauice, in Roman fashion; 
 L. Bomanus, Roman; Roma, Rome.] A tale of 
 wild adventure; a military fable; a fiction; a 
 novel : — a language formerly spoken in the south 
 of Fiance. — 2, v. n. [pp. romancing, romanced,] 
 To lie ; to forge stories.— 2, a. Noting the group 
 of languages descended from Latin. 
 
 Ro-manc'er, re. A writer of romances. 
 
 Ro'man-ism, re. Tenets of the church of Rome. 
 
 Ro'man-Ist, re. A Roman Catholic. 
 
 Ro'man-Ize, v. a. [pp. Romanizing, Romanized.] 
 To change to the Roman language, or to the 
 Roman Catholic religion. 
 
 Ro-man'tic, a. [Fr. romantique, like a romance.] 
 Relating to, or partaking of, romance; fantas- 
 tic; wild; extravagant; fanciful; improbable. 
 
 Ro-man'ti-cal-ly,, ad. Wildly ; extravagantly. 
 
 Ro-man'ti-ci§m, re. Romantic notions. 
 
 Ro-man'ti-cist, re. A writer or admirer of roman- 
 tic literature : — distinguished from classicist. 
 
 Rom'a-ny, a. [Gypsy; of disputed origin.] Of 
 or pertaining to the gypsies. 
 
 Rom'ish, a. Relating to the church of Rome. 
 
 Romp, n. [A form of Ramp.] A rude, awkward 
 girl : — rude play; a frolic. — 2, v. re. [pp. romp- 
 ing, romped.] To play rudely and boisterously. 
 
 Rondeau (ron-do'), n. [Fr. — See Roundel.] A 
 little poem of thirteen verses or lines: — a light 
 air which ends with the first strain repeated. 
 
 Rood, re. [A form of Rod : rod, in Anglo-Saxon, 
 meant not only a rod, but also a cross, a gal- 
 lows.] The fourth part of an acre :— a cross. 
 
 Roof, re. [A.-S. hrof, a roof; Icel. hrof, a shed for 
 a ship; Dut. roef, a cabin. — Cf. Russ. lerove, a 
 roof; Gr. KoxntTtiv, to hide.] The cover of a 
 house: — the palate. — 2. v. a. [pp. roofing, 
 roofed.] To cover with a roof; to enclose. 
 
 Roof less. a. Wanting a roof ; uncovered. 
 
 R86k (ruk or rok), n. [A.-S. kroc; Icel. hrokr ; 
 Dan. raage ; Sw. rol-a ; Irish, rocas : root of 
 Croak.] A bird allied to the crow and raven : — 
 [0. Fr. roc; Per. rokh ; the latter sometimes 
 means a knight-errant] the castle, a piece used 
 in a game of chess : — a cheat. 
 
 RSok'er-y, n. A nursery of rooks :— an old de- 
 cayed house; a resort for criminals. 
 
 R66m, it. [A.-S., Dan., Sw., & Icel. rum; Goth. 
 rums; Ger. raum.] Space; extent: — stead: — an 
 apartment in a house; hall; chamber; parlor. 
 
 Room'j;, a. Spacious ; large ; capacious. 
 
 R68st, re. [A.-S. hrost; 0. Dut. roest ; roesten, to 
 roost.] That on which a bird sits to sleep. — 
 2, v. n. [pp. roosting, roosted.] To sleep as a 
 bird ; to lodge. 
 
 R6ost'er, re. One that roosts; a cock. 
 
 R68t, n. [Icel. & Sw. rot; Dan. rod. — Cf. L. radix, 
 a root.] That part of the plant which rests in 
 the ground: — bottom: — original; first cause. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. rooting, rooted.] To take root; to 
 sink deep ; to dig. — 3, v. a. To fix deep ; to radi- 
 cate : — to extirpate: — [Icel. rota; A.-S. & Dan. 
 rode, tvrotan, Welsh gureiddin, to dig for roots] 
 to turn up with the snout. 
 
 Root'ed, a. Fixed by roots; deep; radical. 
 
 R66t'let, it. A small root; a fibre of a root. 
 
 Rope, n. [A.-S. rop, Dut. reep, Dan. reb, Ger. reif, 
 a ring, hoop, or rope.] A large cord ; a string; 
 a halter; a cable.— 2, v. a. [pp. roping, roped.] 
 To catch, fasten, or tie with a rope. 
 
 Rope' -walk (rop'wak), n. A place where" ropes 
 are made. 
 
 Ro'pi-ness, n. Viscosity; glutinousness. 
 
 Ro'pjr, a. Viscous; tenacious; glutinous. 
 
 Ro'ric, a. [L. ros, roris, dew.] Relating to dew. 
 
 RbVqual, w. [Norse royr-hval, said to mean "red- 
 dish whale," or "whale with folds."] A species 
 of whale. 
 
 Ro-sa'ceous (ro-za'shus), a. [L. rosaceus.] Con- 
 sisting of roses. 
 
 Ro'sa-ry, n. [L. rosarium, a rose-chaplet, a rose- 
 garden, — later, a chaplet, a rosary; rosarius, 
 rosy.] A string or bunch of beads, on which 
 some persons number their prayers. 
 
 Ros'cid, a. [L. roscidus ; ros, dew.] Dewy ; abound- 
 ing with dew. 
 
 Ro§e, re. [L. rosa; Gr. p66ov. — Cf. Arab, ward, 
 Armenian vard, a rose.] A plant and its flower : 
 — a knot of ribbons. — Under the rose, in secret; 
 privately. — 2, i. from rise. [colored. 
 
 Ro'se-ate (ro'zhe-at or ro'ze-at), a. Rosy; rose- 
 
 R5se'ma-ry;, n. [L. ros mariaum, sea-dew, rose- 
 mary; ros, dew, and marinus, marine (q. v.).] 
 A sweet-smelling plant. 
 
 Ro-§e'o-la, n. [Late L., a dim. of L. rosa, a rose ; 
 from' the color of the eruption.] An eruptive 
 disease; a rash. 
 
 Ro-§ette', re. [Fr. ; dim. of rose, a rose.] A rose- 
 shaped Gothic window : — a bunch of ribbons in 
 imitation of a rose :— a red color. 
 
 Rose'-wa-ter, re. Water distilled from roses.— 
 2, a. Of or pertaining to, 
 or having the character of, 
 rose-water : — sentimental. 
 
 Rose'-win-d5w, n. A circu- 
 lar window. 
 
 Rose'wood (-wud), n. [From 
 its color.] A fine kind of 
 wood. 
 
 R5s-i-cru'cian (roz-e-kru'- ;:.?::: 
 shain), re. " [Fabled to be Rose-window, 
 
 from L. ros, dew, and crux, 
 crucis, a cross.] A visionary philosopher; an 
 alchemist. 
 
 Ros/ in, h. [See Resin\] Inspissated turpentine; 
 resin. — 2, v. a. [pp. rosining, rosined.] To rub 
 with rosin. 
 
 R6'§i-ness, n. State or quality of being rosy. 
 
 Ros'in-x. «. Resembling rosin : like rosin. 
 
 Ross, n. [Dan. ros.] Outer, rough bark of trees. 
 
 Ros'ter, re. [Dut. rooster, a roaster, a gridiron, — 
 hence, a frame, a list.— See Roast.] A list, aa 
 of officers. [of a ship. 
 
 Ros'tral, a. [L. roslralis.] Resembling the beak 
 
 Ros'trate, \ a. [L. rostratus.] Furnished with, 
 
 Ros'trat-ed, J or resembling, a beak. 
 
 Ros'trum! ». ; pi. Ros'tra. [L. for "a beak," "a 
 muzzle," "a prow;" transferred to the rostra, 
 at Rome, a platform for public speaking, adorned 
 with beaks of captured ships: akin to rodere, to 
 gnaw.] The scaffold in the Roman forum whence 
 orators harangued: — the beak of a ship : — the 
 beak of a bird :— a platform for public speaking. 
 
 Ro'sy, «. Resembling a rose; blooming; red. 
 
 Rot, c. tt. [A.-S. rotiau ; Dut. rotten; Icel. rotna ; 
 Ger. rotten; Dan. raaden. — Of. L. mere, to fall, 
 to decay.] [pp. rotting, rotted.] To putrefy. — 
 2, v. a. To make putrid. — 3, n. A distemper in 
 sheep : — putrefaction. 
 
 Ro'ta-ry, a. [L. rota, a wheel. — Cf. Ger. rad, Skr. 
 ratha, a wheel.] Turning on its axis, as a wheel ; 
 running round; whirling; rotatory. 
 
 Ro'tate, v. a. & v. n. [L. rotare, rotatum, to turn ; 
 rota, a wheel.] [pp. rotating, rotated.] To move 
 or turn round. — 2, a. (Bot.) Wheel-shaped ; 
 circular. 
 
 Ro-ta'tion, re. [L. rotatio.— See Rotate.] A turn- 
 ing round ; a succession. 
 
 Ro'ta-to-rjr, a. Turning on its axis, as a wheel; 
 whirling; turning round ; rotary. 
 
 Rote, n. [0. Fr. role; Fr. route, a way.— See 
 Route.] A repetition of words or of music : — 
 [A.-S. hrutan, Icel. rauta, to roar; 0. E. roid, to 
 6nore, to grunt. — Cf. L. rugire, rugitum, to roar] 
 the roar of the surf: — [Fr. rote; 0. Ger. rotte ; 
 Welsh, a-irth. — See Crowd] a hurdy-gurdy. — By 
 rote, by mere repetition. 
 
 Rot'i-fer [ro'ti-fer, JV. St. Wb. Sm. Co. Cu. I.], re. 
 [L. rota, a wheel, and ferre, to bear.] A wheel- 
 animalcule of many species. [the rotifers. 
 
 Ro-tif'e-ra, n. pi. [L.] A class of animalcules; 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, Qt, c, §■, soft; f>, J3-, p, g, hard ; § as z ; x as gz ; tnis. 
 
 40 
 
KOTTEN 
 
 470 
 
 KUBKICATE 
 
 Rot' ten (rot'tn), a. [Icel. rotinn ; Sw. rutten ; Dan. 
 raaden. — See Hot.] Putrid ; corrupt. 
 
 Rot'ten-ness (rot'tn-nes), n. Putridness. 
 
 Ro-timd', a. [L. rotundus, round; rota, a wheel.] 
 Round; circular; spherical. 
 
 Ro-tun'da, n. [L. rotundus, round.] A round 
 Wilding; a round room. [ricity. 
 
 Ro-tun'di-ty, n. [L. rotuuditas.] Roundness ; sphe- 
 
 Ro-tun'do, n. A rotunda. 
 
 Rbu'ble (ro'bl), n. See Ruble. 
 
 Roue (ro-a,), n. [Ft., past part, from rouer, to 
 break on the wheel; 0. Fr. rouer, L. rotare, to 
 turn ; rota, a wheel.] A dissipated person. 
 
 Rouge (rozh), n. [Fr. for " red" and "redness;" 
 L. rubens, ruber, red (q. v.).] Red paint for the 
 face ; a cosmetic. — 2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. rougeing, 
 rouged.] To paint with rouge. 
 
 Rough (ruf), a. [A.-S. ruh,.ruw; Dut. ruig ; Dan. 
 & 0. Dut. ru; Ger. rank. — Cf. It. ruvido, rough.] 
 Not smooth ; uneven ; rugged : — uncivil ; coarse ; 
 harsh; rude.— 2, v. a. [pp. roughing, roughed.] 
 To make rough ; to roughen. 
 
 Rough/cast (rufkast), v. a. [pp. roughcasting, 
 roughcasted.] To form rudely. — 2, n. A rude 
 model : — a coarse mortar. 
 
 Rough'en (ruf fn), v. a. [pp. roughening, rough- 
 ened.] To make rough. — 2, v. n. To grow rough. 
 
 Rough-hew' (ruf-hu') [ruf hu, P. K. Sm. It. ; ruf- 
 hu', W. Ja.}, v. a. [i. roughhewed ; pp. rough- 
 hewing, roughhewn.] To hew coarsely. 
 
 Rough-hewn' (ruf-hun'), p e a. Unpolished. 
 
 Rough'ly (ruf le), ad. With roughness. 
 
 Rough'ness (rufnes), n. Euggedness. 
 
 Rough'-shod (rufsnod), a. Having the feet fitted 
 with roughened shoes. 
 
 Rouleau (ro-lo'), n. [Fr., dim of 0. Fr. roule, a 
 roll (g. v.).] A little roll. 
 
 Rou-lette', n. [Fr., dim. of 0. Fr. roule, a roll 
 (q. v.).] A game at hazard. 
 
 Rounce, n. [Cf. Sp. ronzar, to haul ; Ger. ranzen, 
 to toss, to stretch.] The handle of a printing- 
 press : — [cf. Sp. roncar, to brag] a game played 
 with cards or dominos. 
 
 Round, a. [Fr. roud ; 0. Fr. roond; L. rotundus. — 
 See Rotund.] Circular; spherical; full ; plump. 
 — 2, n. A circle ; a sphere : — a rundle ; a step of 
 a ladder : — course ; circuit ; revolution. — 3, ad. 
 Every way ; on all sides ; around. — 4, prep. On 
 every side of; around. — 5, v. a. & v. n- [}>P- 
 rounding, rounded.] To make or go round:— 
 to give a full and complete finish to ; to make 
 complete ; to perfect. 
 
 Round' a-bbut, a. [Round and About.] Circui- 
 tous ; indirect. — 2, n. An outer garment. 
 
 Rbun'del, ». [Fr. rondeau; 0. Fr. rondel, dim. of 
 rond, round.] A circle : — a roundelay. 
 
 Rbun'de-lay, n. [Fr. rondelet.— See 'Roundel.] 
 A poem ; a rondeau. 
 
 Rbund'head, n. A term applied to a Puritan. 
 
 Rbund'ing, a. Roundish : — of curved outline. 
 
 Rbund'ish, a. Approaching to roundness. 
 
 Rbund'ly, ad. In a round form ; plainly. 
 
 Rbiind'ness, n. Rotundity; sphericity. 
 
 Rouse, v. a. [Sw. rusa, Dan. 7-use, A.-S. hreosan, 
 to rush (q. v.).] [pp. rousing, roused.] To wake 
 from rest ; to excite. — 2, v. n. To awake ; to be 
 excited ; to start. — 3, n. [Sw. run, Dan. ruus, 
 Dut. roes, drunkenness : perhaps allied to Dan. 
 ros, fame, noise.] A drinking-bout ; a carouse. 
 
 Rout, n. [Ger. rotte, a troop; 0. Fr. route; as 
 below.] A multitude ; a rabble ; a crowd : — a 
 company : — a large evening party : — [Sp. rota, 
 It. rotta, 0. Fr. route, a defeat ; L. ruptns, broken ; 
 rumpere, to break] the confusion or disorder of 
 an army defeated. — 2, v. a. [pp. routing, routed.] 
 To put into confusion by defeat, 
 
 Route, or Route, n. [Fr. route, a road, a way; 
 L. via rupta, — literally, a way broken; i.e., 
 broken through forests or other obstructions.] 
 A way or course which is travelled; a journey : 
 — road ; path ; passage ; course. 
 
 R6u-tlne' (r6-ten'), n. [Fr., dim. of route, a way.] 
 A round or course of business ; regular practice 
 or course. 
 
 Rove, v. a. [Dut. rooven, to rob, to reave (q. v.).] 
 [pp. roving, roved.] To wander over :— to plough 
 into ridges by turning one furrow upon another. 
 — 2, v. n. To ramble ; to range ; to wander. — 
 3, i. & p. from reeve. 
 
 Rbv'er, n. [Dut. rooter, a pirate ; rooven, to rob, 
 to reave (q. v.).] One who roves; a pirate. 
 
 Row (ro), n. [A.-S. raw, rawe, rsewe: probably 
 allied to Ger. reihe, a row.] A range of men or 
 things; a rank. — 2, v. n. & v. a. [A.-S. rowan; 
 Dut. roeijen; Dan. roe; Ger. rojen.] [pp. row- 
 ing, rowed.] To impel a vesselby oars. 
 
 Rb#, n. [Perhaps for a rouse or rout.] A riotous 
 noise ; a drunken debauch. 
 
 Row'an-tree, n. [Sw. rami; Dan. ran; Icel. rey- 
 nir;Ii. ornus, an ash.] A tree, the mountain-ash. 
 
 Rb-ft'dy, n. [Probably allied to Row, Rout, or 
 Rude.] A riotous, turbulent fellow. — 2, a. Char- 
 acteristic of a rowdy ; blackguard. 
 
 Rbw'dy-i§m, m. The practices of a rowdy ; black- 
 guardism. 
 
 Rb-ft'el, n, [Fr. rouelle, dim. of roue, a wheel.] 
 Point of a spur ; a ring : — a seton. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 rowelling, rowelled.] To pierce through the skin, 
 and keep the wound open by a rowel or seton. 
 
 Rbvv'en, n. [Perhaps for ronghings: it is locally 
 known as roughage.] A second crop of grass or 
 hay; aftermath. 
 
 Row'er (ro'er), n. One who manages an oar. 
 
 Rby'ail, a. [Fr. ; roi, a king. — See Regal.] Kingly; 
 regal ; noble ; illustrious. — 2, n. A kind of paper : 
 — the highest sail of a ship. 
 
 Rby'al-ism, n. Attachment to royalty. 
 
 Rby'al-ist, n. An adherent to royalty. 
 
 Rby'al-ly, ad. Regally ; as becomes a king. 
 
 Roy'al-ty, n. [0. Fr. royaulte, earlier reialtC; Late 
 L. regal'itas. — See Regal. Originally, a royalty 
 was the king's share in any profit.] The office 
 of a king :— a percentage for the use of a ma- 
 chine, &c. 
 
 Rub, v. a. [Gael, rub, Welsh rhwb, a rub; rlncbio, 
 to rub; whence Dan. rubbe, to rub; Ger. reiben, 
 to rub, is a probably related word. — Cf. Gr. rpi- 
 /Seiy, to rub.] [pp. rubbing, rubbed ] To move 
 against by friction; to scour; to wipe; to pol- 
 ish ; to touch hard. — 2, v. n. To fret ; to make a 
 friction. — 3, n. Friction : — difficulty : — a sarcasm. 
 
 Rub'ber, n. He who or that which rubs: — a 
 coarse file : — gum-elastic : — a deciding game. 
 
 Rub'bish, n. [It. robaccia, trash; robiccia, gew- 
 gaws ; pejoratives of roba, wares, stuff, clothes. 
 — See Robe. It was probably introduced into 
 English from Italian literature.] Ruins of build- 
 ings; fragments. 
 
 Rub'ble, n. [Conjectured to be a diminutive from 
 L. rupes, a stone : root of rumpere, ruptum, to 
 break.] Small stones; builders' rublish. 
 
 Ru-be-fa'cient (-shent), «. [L. ruber, red. and 
 face're, to make.] (Med.) A medicine or appli- 
 cation that causes redness. 
 
 Ru-bes'cent, a. [L. rubescere, rubescentis, inceptive 
 from rubere, to be red.] Tending to a red color. 
 
 Ru'bi-can, a. [Fr. & Sp. ; L. ruber, red, and c<nnis, 
 white.] Bay, sorrel, or black, with some white 
 or light gray, in the color of a horse. 
 
 Ru'bi-cund, a. [L. rubicundus, ruddy ; ruber, red.] 
 Inclining to redness. 
 
 Ru'ble, n. [Russ.] A Russian silver coin, worth 
 about seventy-five cents : — written also rouble. 
 
 Ru'bric, n. [L. rnbrica, — so called because written 
 in red; ruber or rubi-us, red.] Any writing or 
 printing in red ink :— -the rules and directions 
 relating to the order of the liturgy : — directions 
 printed in books of law, in prayer-books, &c. 
 
 Ru'bri-cal, a. Red ; placed in the rubrics. 
 
 Ru'bri-cate, v. a. [L. rubricare, rubricatnm. — See 
 Rubric] [pp. rubricating, rubricated.] To 
 mark with red. 
 
 a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, i, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, x> obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
KUBY 
 
 471 
 
 EUNIC 
 
 Ru'by, n. [Fr. rubis; Sp. rubi, rubin ; Lat. ruber, 
 red.] A precious stone of a red color ; a gem. — 
 2, a. Like a ruby ; of a red color. 
 
 Ruche (roosh), n. [Fr. ruche, a bee-hive,— also, a 
 ruche ; from its honey -combed appearance ; Late 
 L. nisca, bark. — Cf. Scot, ruskie, a bee-hive; rusk, 
 ross, bark.] A quilled ornament or ruffle. 
 
 Ruck, n. [Icel. hrukka, a wrinkle, a crook (q. v.). 
 — Cf. L. ruga, a wrinkle.] A crease; a wrinkle; 
 a fold : — [A.-S. hreac, hrycca, 0. Sw. ruga, ruka, 
 a heap. — See Rick] the undistinguished crowd: 
 — the unsuccessful horses in a race. 
 
 Rud'der, n. [A.-S. roder; Dut. roer, roder, Sw. & 
 Dan. ror, roder, oar, rudder; from the root of 
 Row.] An instrument for steering a ship. 
 
 Rfid'di-ness. n. Quality of being ruddy. 
 
 Rud'die, n. [See Reddle.] A species of red earth. 
 
 Rud'dy, a. [A.-S. rudu, Icel. rodi, redness. — See 
 Red.] Approaching to redness ; florid. 
 
 Rude, «. [L. rudis, rough. — Cf. Crude.] Untaught; 
 uncultivated ; unpolished ; rough ; coarse ; harsh ; 
 crude: — ignorant; raw: — insolent; uncivil: — 
 rugged ; uneven. 
 
 Rude'ly, ad. In a rude manner; coarsely. 
 
 Rude'ness, n. Quality of being rude : incivility. 
 
 Ru'di-ment, n. [L. rudimentum, a thing in the 
 rough, a first attempt; rudis, rude.] A first 
 principle or element. 
 
 Ru-di-men'tal, \ a. Relating to first principles ; 
 
 Ru-di-men'ta-ry, J elemeutary. 
 
 Rue (ru), v. a. [A.-S. hreowan; 0. Sax. hrewan; 
 Ger. reuen. — See Ruth.] [pp. riling, rued.] To 
 grieve for; to be sorry for. — 2, n. [Fr. rue; 
 A.-S. ruda; L. ruta; Gr. purr).] A plant, called 
 the herb of grace. 
 
 Rue'ful, «. Mournful; woful ; sorrowful. 
 
 Rue'ful-ly, ad. Mournfully ; sorrowfully. 
 
 Ruff, n. [See Ruffle.] A puckered linen orna- 
 ment : — [said to be named from the ruff on the 
 male bird's neck] a bird. — 2, 
 v. a. [pp. ruffing, ruffed.] To 
 ruffle ; to disorder : — to trump. 
 
 Ruffian (rufyan), n. [Sp. rufian. 
 It. r'uffiuno, a pimp. — See Ruf- 
 fle.]' A brutal fellow; a ras- 
 cal. — 2, o. Brutal ; barbarous. 
 
 Ruffian-ism, n. The quality or 
 conduct of a ruffian ; disor- 
 derly conduct ; brutality. 
 
 Ruff ian-ly, a. Like a ruffian. Ruff. 
 
 Ruffle, v. a. [0. Dut. rwjffelen, 
 
 to ruffle; ruiiffel, a wrinkle : akin to Reave and 
 Rough.] [pp. ruffling, ruffled.] To disorder; 
 to vex :— to plait. — 2, v. n. To grow rough ; to 
 flutter; to jar: — [cf. 0. Dut. rotfelen, Low Ger. 
 ruffeln, to pander. — See Ruffian] to swagger; 
 to act with bravado. — 3, n. Fine cloth ruffled; 
 a linen ornament: — contention; ajar; disturb- 
 ance : — a soft drum-beat. [colored. 
 
 Ru'fous, a. [L. rufits, red.] Red ; reddish ; orange- 
 Rug, n. [Sw. rugg, shaggy hair ; rugga, to raise a 
 nap : akin to Rough.] A coarse, nappy, woollen 
 cloth ; a mat. 
 
 Rug' fed, a. [Sw. ruggig, rough, hairy. — See 
 Rough.] Rough; uneven; harsh; rude. 
 
 Riig'£ed-ly, ad. In a rugged manner. 
 
 Rug'fed-ness, ». Roughness; rudeness. 
 
 Ru-gose', or Ru'gous, a. [L. rugosus; ru{fa, a 
 crease.] Full of wrinkles. 
 
 Ru-gos'i-ty, n. [L. rugositas.] The state of being 
 wrinkled : — a wrinkle ; a fold. 
 
 Ru'in, »». [L. ruina; mere, to fall.] A fall; de- 
 struction; overthrow; mischief: — remains of 
 buildings, cities, &c. — 2, v. a. [pp. ruining, 
 ruined.] To subvert; to demolish; to destroy. 
 — 3, v. n. To fall in ruins ; to be reduced. 
 
 Ru'in-ous, a. [L. ruinosus, tottering, falling. — 
 See Ruin.] Fallen to ruin ; pernicious. 
 
 Ru'in-ous-ly, ad. In a ruinous manner. 
 
 Rule, n. [0. E. riwle; 0. Fr. riule, riegle; Fr. 
 regie; A.-S. regol: L. regula ; regere, to rule.] 
 
 Government ; sway :— an established mode ; a 
 standard ; a canon ; a principle : — an instrument 
 for measuring or drawing lines. — Mule of three, 
 rule of proportion. — 2, v. a. [pp. ruling, ruled.] 
 To govern; to control; to manage. — 3, v.n. To 
 have power or command : — to establish or settle 
 a rule or order of proceeding. 
 
 Rul'er, n. One who rules ; a governor : — an in- 
 strument used in drawing lines ; a rule. 
 
 Rul'ing, p. a. Governing; prevailing. 
 
 Rum, n. [It. rum ; Fr. rhum ; Port, ram ; Sp. ron. 
 — Cf. Malay brum, a kind of arrack.] A spirit 
 distilled from molasses. — 2, a. [Gypsy ram, a 
 gyps)'-] Jolly; good: — queer; strange. [Low.] 
 
 Rum'ble, v. u. [Dut. rommelen; Dan. rumle ; Ger. 
 rummebi; Sw. rartda; It. rombare : imitative.] 
 [pp. rumbling, rumbled.] To make a hoarse, 
 low noise.— 2, n. [Ger. rummel.] A rumbling 
 sound : — [cf. Ger. rumpel-kotsche, a hackney- 
 coach] a seat behind a coach. 
 
 Rum'bling, p. a. Making a hoarse noise. — 2, n. 
 A hoarse, low, continued noise. 
 
 Ru'men, n. [L. for "gullet."] (Anat.) The first 
 cavity of the stomach of a ruminant quadruped. 
 
 Ru'mi-nant, «. [L. rummans, ruminating.] Chew- 
 ing the cud.— 2, n. An animal that chews the cud. 
 
 Ru'mi-nate, v. n. [L. rurrtinari, ruminatus, to chew 
 over again; rumen, the gullet.] [pp. ruminat- 
 ing, ruminated.] To chew the cud : — to muse. 
 — 2, v. a. To chew over again : — to muse on ; to 
 meditate on ; to reflect upon. 
 
 Ru-mi-na'tion, n. [L. rummalio.] Act, or power, 
 of ruminating. 
 
 Rum'ma£-e, v. a. & v. n. [From Room, space : rum- 
 mage was at first the stowage of gnods on ship- 
 board.] [pp. rummaging, rummaged.] To 
 search ; to examine. — 2, n. A search ; a bustle ; 
 a tumult. 
 
 Ru'mor, n. [L. rumor; Fr. rumeur.] A flying or 
 popular report; fame. — 2, v. a. [pp. rumoring, 
 rumored.] To report abroad ; to circulate. 
 
 Rump, n. [Icel. rvmpr; Sw. rumpa; Dan. rumpe; 
 Dut. rompe.~\ End of the backbone ; the buttock : 
 — a remnant. 
 
 Rum'ple (rum'pl), n. [Ger. rumpeln, to confuse; 
 rumpfen, Dut. rompden, to wrinkle; Ger. run- 
 zehi, to wrinkle; runzel, a wrinkle [q. r.).] A 
 wrinkle; a rude plait. — 2, v. a. [pp. rumpling, 
 rumpled.] To wrinkle ; to make uneven. 
 
 Rum'pus, >*• [It. rombazzo, a clatter; rombare, to 
 roar.]' A great noise ; disturbance. [Low.] 
 
 Run, v. n. [A.-S. rinnan, ran, geruunen ; Dut. & Ger. 
 rannen.] [1. ran; pp. running, run.] To move 
 on the ground with rapidity ; to more swiftly ; 
 to go on ; to flee ; to escape ; to pass ; to proceed : 
 — to discharge; to flow; to melt.— 2, r. a. To 
 pierce ; to stab ; to push : — to melt ; to fuse ; to 
 cast; to found: — to incur; to venture: — to 
 smuggle. — 3, n. Act of running: course; mo- 
 tion ; flow ; circulation : — process : way : — final 
 result : — a small stream of water ; a runlet. 
 
 Run'a-gate, B. [For renegade.] A fugitive; a 
 renegade. 
 
 Run'a-way, n. [Run and Away.] One who de- 
 serts; a fugitive. — 2, a. Given to run away; 
 running away ; effected by running away. 
 
 Rune, n. [A.-S. run, a 
 whisper, a secret, a mys- 
 tery, — later, a writing ; 
 Icel. ruti, a rune, a se- 
 cret : root of Ger. raunen, 
 0. E. rowne, to whisper.^ 
 A Runic character or let- 
 ter : — a mysterious or ob- 
 scure expression : — a rhyme or verse. 
 
 Rung, i. & p. from ring. — 2, n. [A.-S. hrung ; 0. 
 Dut. ronge; Icel. rang; Ger. range.] A spar; a 
 floor-timber in a ship : — a round in a ladder. 
 
 Ru'nic, a. Relating to the old language of the 
 Scandinavians, &c, of northern Europe. — 2, n. 
 The language of the old Scandinavians, &c. 
 
 Runes. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, Q, c, §•, soft ; p, p, p, §, hard ; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 
 
RUNLET 
 
 472 
 
 SACKBUT 
 
 RBn'let, n. [0. Fr. rondelle, a barrel ; ronde, 
 round.] A small barrel ; a cask : — [dim. of Run, 
 a stream] a small stream of water; a rivulet; a 
 run. [a brook ; a runlet. 
 
 Riin'nel, n. [Dim. of Run, a stream.] A rivulet ; 
 
 Run'ner, n. He who or that which runs ; a racer. 
 
 Riin'net, n. [See Rennet.] The prepared inner 
 membrane of a calf's stomach, used to change 
 milk to curds and cheese : — written also rennet. 
 
 Runn'ion (run'yun), n. [Fr. rogue, the itch.] A 
 paltry wretch. [smali, stunted animal. 
 
 Runt, n. [Cf. Fr. rogner, to stunt, to curtail.] A 
 
 Ru-pee', v. [Hind, rupiyah; Skr. rupya, hand- 
 some, — also, gold or silver; rupa, beauty.] A 
 coin in British India. The value of the silver 
 rupee is from about forty-four to fifty cents. 
 
 Rupt'ure (rupt'yur), n. [L. ruptura; rumpere, rup- 
 ium, to break.] A breach :— a hernia. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. rupturing, ruptured.] To break ; to burst. 
 
 Rii'ral, a. [L. rurulis ; rus, ruris, the country.] 
 Relating to the country ; rustic. 
 
 Ru'ral-ist, n. One who leads a rural life. 
 
 Ru'ral-ize, v. a. [pp. ruralizing, ruralized.] To 
 render rustic. — 2, v. n. To rusticate. 
 
 Ruse (ruz), n. [Fr. ; ruser, to trick, to evade; L. 
 recvsare, to refuse. — See Recusant.] Cunning; 
 artifice ; fraud ; deceit ; stratagem ; a manoeuvre. 
 
 Rush, n. [Dut. & Ger. rusch; A.-S. risce. — Cf. L. 
 ruscus, the broom-plant.] A plant :— any thing 
 worthless.— 2, v. n. [0. Sw. rusa, ruska; Ger. 
 rauschen, to rush ; rausch, a rush : akin to Rus- 
 tle.] [pp. rushing, rushed.] To move with 
 violence or rapidity. — 3, n. A violent motion or 
 course ; a struggle. 
 
 Rush'-light, n. A rush-candle; a small taper. 
 
 Rush'y, a. Abounding with rushes. 
 
 Rusk, 11. [Sp. rosea, a screw, — also, a rusk, from 
 its twisted shape.] A light cake ; hard bread. 
 
 Russ, n. A Russian. — 2, a. Russian. 
 
 Rus' set, a. [0. Fr. rousset; Fr. roux, rousse, red; 
 L. ritssus or russeus, red.] Reddish brown ; gray : 
 — rustic— 2, n. A country dress. 
 
 Rus'set-y, «• Of a russet color. 
 
 Rus'sian (riish'an or ru'shan), a. Relating to 
 Russia. — 2, n. An inhabitant of Russia. 
 
 Rust, n. [A.-S. & Dan. mat; Dut. roest; Ger. & 
 Sw. rout: probably allied to Red.] A reddish 
 substance on iron or other metal ; a peroxide of 
 iron. — 2, v. n. [pp. rusting, rusted.] To gather 
 rust; to degenerate.— 3, v. a. To make rusty. 
 
 Rus' tic, n. [L. rusticus, rural ; rus, ruris, the coun- 
 try.] An inhabitant of the country. — 2, a. Re- 
 lating to the country ; rural; plain; unadorned. 
 
 Riis'ti-cate, v. n. [L. rusticari, rusticatus, to live 
 in the country.] [pp. rusticating, rusticated.] 
 To reside in the country. — 2, v. a. To banish 
 into the country. 
 
 Rus-ti-ca'tion, n. [L. ruslicatio.] Act of rusti- 
 cating; a kind of exile into the country :— rustic 
 work. [appearance. 
 
 Rus-tfc'i-tx, n. [L. rusticitas.] Rudeness; rural 
 
 Rust'i-ly, ad. In a rusty state. 
 
 Rust'i-ness, n. The state of being rusty. 
 
 RQs'tie (rus'sl), v. n. [Frequentative, from the 
 root of Rush.] [pp. rustling, rustled.] To make 
 a low rattle. — 2, v. A noise, as of leaves in 
 motion or things shaken ; a rustling. 
 
 Rust'y, a. Covered with rust; impaired. 
 
 Rut, ii. [Fr. rut; 0. Fr. ruit; ruir, to roar; L. 
 rugitus, roaring, rugere, to roar.] Copulation of 
 deer : — [Fr. route, a track. — See Route] track of 
 a wheel : — [see Rote], the roar of the surf. — 
 2, v. n. [pp. rutting, rutted.] To cry or lust, 
 as a deer. 
 
 Ru'ta-ba'ga, n. [Fr. rutabaga; origin doubtful.] 
 The Swedish turnip. 
 
 Ruth, it. [Related to Rue, as truth to true] Mercy ; 
 pity ; misery ; sorrow. 
 
 Ruth'less, a. Cruel : pitiless ; barbarous. 
 
 Ruth'less-ly, ad. Without pity ; cruelly. 
 
 Ruth'less-nlss, n. Want of pity ; cruelty. 
 
 Rye (ri), n. [A.-S. ryge ; Dut. rogge ; Dan. rug; 
 Ger. roggen; Russ. roje.) An esculent grain or 
 bread-corn. 
 
 Ry'ot, n. [Hind. ; Arab, raiyat, a flock; rai, pas- 
 turing.] A peasant ; a cultivator. [India.] 
 
 s. 
 
 Shas, in English, two sounds: first, its genuine, 
 hissing sound, as in son; secondly, the sound 
 ofz, (\s\nwise, has; besides that heard in pleasure, 
 and that of the digraph sh. 
 
 Sa-ba'oth, or Sab'a-oth [sa-M-oth', H.], n. [Heb. 
 tsevaoth, armies.] Hosts: armies. 
 
 Sab-ba-ta'ri-an, n. One who observes the seventh 
 day of the' week instead of the first. 
 
 Sab'bath, n. [Heb. shabbath, rest, desistance,— or 
 perhaps "the divider," because it separates the 
 weeks.] The day of rest and worship; Sunday. 
 — The Jewish Sabbath is the seventh day of the 
 week ; the Christian Sabbath, the first. 
 
 Sab-bat'ic, \ a. Belonging to the Sabbath ; re- 
 
 Sab-bat'i-cal, J sembling the Sabbath. 
 
 Sab'er-tash', or Sa'bre-tache, n. [Fr. sabretache; 
 Gef. sabeltasche; sdbel, a sabre, and tasche, a 
 pocket.] A leathern pocket on a sword-belt. 
 
 Sa'ble (sa'bl), n. [Late L. sabelus; Fr. zabeline ; 
 Ger. zobel; Dan. sabel ; Russ. soboh] A small 
 quadruped : — a dark fur. — 2, a. Of the color of 
 sable ; dark ; black. 
 
 Sabot (sa-bo'), n. [Fr. sabot.— Cf. Sp. zapata, a 
 boot ; It. ciabatta, an old shoe ; L. sabatenum, a 
 slipper.] A wooden shoe. 
 
 Sa'bre (sa'ber), n. [Fr. sabre; Ger. sabel; Sp. sa- 
 ble; Magyar, szablya; Roumanian, sabie ; origin 
 disputed.] A kind of sword ; a cimeter. — 2, v. a. 
 [ pp. sabring, sabred.] To strike with a sabre. 
 
 Sac, n. A little pouch ; a sack. 
 
 Sac-gha-rif'er-ous, a. [Late L. saccharum, sugar, 
 and f'erre, to produce.] Producing sugar. 
 
 Sac'pha-rine, or Sac'pha-rine, «. [Fr. saccharin; 
 Late L. saccharum, Gr! adicxapov, sugar (</. v.).] 
 Having the qualities of sugar; sweet. 
 
 Sac'pha-roid, ) a. Fiesembling sugar, or a loaf 
 
 Sac-pha-rcod'al, J of sugar. 
 
 Sac-er-'do'tal/a. [L. sacerdotalis, from sacerdos, a 
 priest; sa'cer, sacred (q. v.).] Belonging to the 
 priesthood. 
 
 Sac-er-do'tal-i§m, v. Priestly office, spirit, or in- 
 fluence. 
 
 Sach'el, n. A small bag. See Satchel. 
 
 Sa'chem, n. [Algonkin.] The chief of an Amer- 
 ican' Indian tribe. 
 
 Sachet (sa-sha), n. [Fr. ; dim. of sac, a sack.] A 
 bag or cushion filled with a perfume. 
 
 Sack, n. [A.-S. sack; li.saccus; Gr. <t6.kko<; ; Heb. 
 saq; Fr. sac. — Cf. Coptic sok, sackcloth. This 
 word is found in many languages.] A bag; a 
 pouch : — a loose robe : — [Fr. sac, a bag, — also, 
 pillage; from the idea of carrying off bags or 
 sacks of plunder] the pillage of a town :— [Fr. 
 sec, Sp. seco, L. siccus, dry] a kind of wine.— 
 2, v. a. [pp. sacking, sacked.] To put in sacks : 
 — to pillage. 
 
 Sack'but, n. [Fr. saquelmte ; Port, saquebuxo ; Sp. 
 sacabuche; sacor, to pull out, and bucha, a box; 
 buzo, a plunger ; Port, buxa, a stopper.] A kind 
 of trumpet ; a trombone. 
 
 a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
SACKCLOTH 
 
 473 
 
 SALAM 
 
 Sack' cloth, ». Cloth of which sacks are made :— 
 coarse cloth worn in penance. 
 
 Sack'ing, n. The act of one who sacks or plun- 
 ders': — cloth of which sacks are made; sack- 
 cloth. 
 
 Sac'ra-ment, n. [L. sacramentum, something sa- 
 cred, as a pledge or deposit, an oath or obliga- 
 tion ; sacrare, to make sacred.] A religious rite. 
 
 Sac-ra-ment'al, a. Relating to a sacrament. 
 
 Sac-ra-ment'al-ly., od. As a sacrament. 
 
 Sac-ra-ment'a-ry, n. [Lute L. sacramentarium.] 
 A ritual of sacraments. 
 
 Sa'cred, a. [Past part, from 0. E. sacren, to make 
 holy ; L. sacrare, to make holy ; sacer, holy. — See 
 Saint.] Holy ; consecrated ; inviolable. 
 
 Sa'cred-ly, ad. Inviolably; religiously. 
 
 Sa'cred-niss, n. The state of being sacred. 
 
 Sac'ri'-fice (sak're-fiz) [sak're-fls, St. 7.1, v. a. 
 [L. sacrificare ; sacer, sacrum, holy, and facere, to 
 make.] [pp. sacrificing, sacrificed.] To offer to 
 Heaven; to immolate: — to destroy; to kill. — 
 2, v. n. To offer sacrifice. — 3 (sak're-fiz) [sak'- 
 re-fls, 8m. Wr. St. H. I.], n. [L. sacrificium.] 
 An ottering made to God: — destruction; any 
 thing given up, destroyed, or lost. 
 
 Sac-ri-fi"cial (sak-re-f ish'al), a. Relating to sac- 
 rifices ; performing sacrifice. 
 
 Sac'ri-lege, n. [L. sacrileginm, a profanation, rob- 
 bery of a temple ; sacra, sacred things, and legere, 
 to steal.] A violation of things sacred. 
 
 Sac-ri-le'gious (sak-re-le'jus), «. Relating to sac- 
 rilege; violating things sacred. 
 
 Sac-ri-le'gious-ly, ad. With sacrilege. 
 
 Sac-rj-le'iious-ness, n. Sacrilege. 
 
 Sa'crist, or Sac'ris-tan, n. [Fr. sacrislain, Late L. 
 sacrista, a sexton. — See Sacristy.] A sexton. 
 
 Sac'ris-ty, n. [Fr. sacrist ie ; Late L. sacrislia; 
 sacer, sacred.] The vestry-room of a church. 
 
 Sa'crum, n. [L. for "sacred:" the ancients re- 
 garded this bone as sacred.] A bone in the back 
 of the pelvis. 
 
 Sad, a. [A.-S. sxd, sated ; Ger. salt, satiated, 
 weary; L. sat, satis, sufficient.] Sorrowful ; af- 
 flicted; mournful; heavy; gloomy: — grave; dis- 
 mal; grievous; bad: — [L. satin; sated, — also, 
 dark, deeply colored] dark in color. 
 
 Sad'den (aad'dn), v. a. [A.-S. sadian, to feel weary ; 
 gesadian, to fill. — See Sad.] [jtp. saddening, sad- 
 dened.] To make sad or sorrowful ; to afflict. 
 
 Sad'die, n. [A.-S. sadol; Dan. sadel; Ger. saltel; 
 L. sella; Russ. sk-dlo: root of Sit.] A scat to 
 put on a horse's back. — 2, v. a. [pp. saddling, 
 saddled.] To cover with a saddle ; to load. 
 
 Sad'dle-bags, n. pi. Leathern bags carried on 
 horseback, one on each side. 
 
 Sad'dle-bow (sad'dl-bO), n. The bow of a saddle. 
 
 Sad'dler, n. One who makes saddles. 
 
 Sad'dle-ry. (sad'dle-re), ». Manufacture of sad- 
 dles : — saddlers' wares or trade. 
 
 Sad'dle-tree, n. The wooden frame of a saddle. 
 
 Sad'du-cee, n. [Gr. aaSSovKalo<;, from Zidok (Heb. 
 tsadoq, "a just one"), founder of the sect.] One 
 of an ancient Jewish sect: — a materialist; a 
 rationalist. 
 
 Sad-du-cee'ism, n. The tenets of the Sadducees. 
 
 Sad'-ir-on (sad'i-urn), n. [Probably related to 
 Seethe, part, sod ; Ger. sieden, to seethe, to hiss.] 
 An iron for smoothing cloth ; a flat-iron. 
 
 Sad'ly, ad. Sorrowfully ; mournfully. 
 
 Sad'ness, n. Sorrowfulness; mournfulness. 
 
 Safe, a. [Fr. sauf; L. salens: root of sains, sahitis, 
 health.— See Save.] Free from danger, hurt, 
 or injury; well protected; secure: — trusty; 
 trustworthy. — 2, ». A place of safety ; a buttery : 
 — a fire-proof chest. 
 
 Safe'-con'duct, m. Convoy ; a safeguard ; a guard : 
 — a warrant to pass; a passport. 
 
 Safe'guard (saf'gard), n. A defence : — a pass. 
 
 Safe'-keep'ing, n. Act of keeping safe. 
 
 Safe'ly, ad. In a sale manner; without hurt. 
 
 Safe'ness, n. Exemption from danger. 
 
 Safe'ty, n. [Fr. sauvete.'] Freedom from danger ; 
 security. 
 
 Safe'ty-lamp, n. A lamp used for protection 
 against the effect of fire-damp in coal-mines. 
 
 Safe'ty-valve, n. A valve in a steam-engine, 
 opening outward from the boiler. 
 
 Safflb^-er, «. [Saffron and Flower; Ger. saf- 
 flor.] A plant and its yellow flower. 
 
 Saffron (safrun or saffurn) [saf'furn, W. P. J. 
 F. ; safrun, S. Ja. K.' Sm.\, n. * [Fr. safran; 
 Arab, zafuran.] A plant and its yellow medicinal 
 stigmas. — 2, a. Yellow; like saffron. 
 
 Sag, v. n. [Saw sacka ; Ger. sacken : akin to Sink.] 
 [pp. sagging, sagged.] To sink or hang down; 
 to settle. 
 
 Sa'ga, n. [Icel. for "a tale:" akin to Say.] An 
 old heroic Scandinavian tale. 
 
 Sa-ga'cious (sa-ga'shus), a. [L. sagax, sagacis ; 
 sagire, to perceive; sagus, prophetic] Having 
 sagacity; discerning: acute; wise; judicious. 
 
 Sa-ga'cious-ly, ad. With sagacity ; wisely. 
 
 Sa-gac'i-ty, n. Quality of being sagacious ; quick 
 discernment; acuteness; penetration. 
 
 Sag'a-more, n. [Algonkin.] The chief of an Amer- 
 ican Indian tribe. 
 
 Sage, a. [Fr. sage ; It. saggio ; Sp. sabio, wise ; L. 
 sapiens, sapient (q. v.).] Wise; grave; prudent; 
 sagacious. — 2, n' A man of gravity ami wisdom; 
 a wise man : — [Fr. sauge ; 0. Fr. saulge; L. sal- 
 via; from its healing virtues; salens, safe (q. v.)] 
 a garden herb or plant. 
 
 Safe'ly, ad. Wisely ; prudently ; sagaciously. 
 
 Sag'it-tal, a. Belonging to an arrow ; arrow-like. 
 
 Sag-it-ta'ri-us, n. [L. ; sagitla, an arrow.] 
 (Astron.) The Centaur, or Archer, the ninth 
 sign of the zodiac. 
 
 Sa|-'it-tate, a. Formed like an arrow. 
 
 Sa'go, n. [Malay, saguJ] A nutritious starch ob- 
 tained from East-Indian palm-trees. 
 
 Said (sed), i. & p. from say. Mentioned. 
 
 Sail, n. [A.-S., Ger., cV; Sw. eegel; Dnt. zeU; Han. 
 seil.] An expanded sheet by means of which a 
 vessel is propelled by the wind :— act of sailing : 
 — a ship, or ships collectively. — 2, r. a. [pp. 
 sailing, sailed.] To pass by sails ; to fly through. 
 — 3, i'. n. To move with sails; to go by sea. 
 
 Sail'er, it. A ship or vessel that sails. 
 
 Sail'ing, n. Act of one who sails; a moving by 
 the use of sails; navigation. 
 
 Sail'-loft, n. A place where sails are made. 
 
 Sail'or, n. A common seaman ; a mariner. 
 
 Sail'-yard, n. A pole on which a sail is extended. 
 
 Sain'fbin, or Sain'fbin, n. [Fr. ; saw (L. sanus), 
 sound, and foin (L. foennm), hay.] A plant cul- 
 tivated for fodder. 
 
 Saint, ». [Fr. ; L. eanctus, holy; sancire, sanctum, 
 to make holy : root of Sacred. — See Sanctity.] 
 A person eminent for piety. — 2, v. a. [pp. saint- 
 ing, sainted.] To number among the saints; to 
 canonize. 
 
 Saint'ed, a. Holy; pious; virtuous; sacred. 
 
 Saint'ly, a. Like a saint; becoming a saint; 
 pious ; religious ; holy. 
 
 Saint' ship, n. The character of a saint. 
 
 Saith (seth), v. Doth say ; says. 
 
 Sake, n. [A.-S. sakit, dispute, strife; Dut. zaak, 
 matter, affair; Dan. sag, Ger. sache, affair.] 
 Final cause; end; account; regard. 
 
 Sal, n. [L.] Salt : — formerly used in chemistry. 
 
 Sa-laam , n. [Arab, salem, Heb. shelam, peace (be 
 with you).] An Oriental salutation. 
 
 Sal'a-ble, «. That may be sold ; marketable. 
 
 Sal'a-bly, ad. In a salable manner. 
 
 Sa-la'cious (sa-la'shus), «. [L. salax, salacis ; sa~ 
 lire, to leap.] Lustful ; leAvd. 
 
 Sa-lac'i-ty, it. [L. salacitas.] Lust; lechery; 
 leAvdriess. 
 
 Sal'ad, n. [Fr. salade ; Sp. ensalada; from L. sal, 
 salt, — originally, salted herbs ; It. salato, pickled.] 
 Food composed of raAv herbs: — lettuce. 
 
 Sa-lam', n. See Salaam. 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, biir, rule, use.—?. Q. 5, £, soft; p, &, a, £, hard; § as z ; 
 
 40* 
 
 ? as gz ; tfiist 
 
SALAMANDER 
 
 474 
 
 SAMPHIRE 
 
 Sal'a-man-der, n. [L. & Gr. salamandra ; Per. 
 samandar.] ' An aDimal fabled to live in fire : — 
 a large poker : — a kind of newt or eft. 
 
 Sal-a-man'drine, a. Like a salamander. 
 
 Sal-a-man'drJ5id, a. Salamander-like. 
 
 Sal'a-ried, p. a. Having a salary. 
 
 Sal'a-rjr, n. [L. salarium, a stipend,— properly, a 
 soldier's salt-allowance ; salarius, belonging to 
 salt ; sal, sulis ; Gr. eiAs, salt.] A periodical pay- 
 ment for services. 
 
 Sale, n. [Icel. sal; Sw. salu; Dan. salg: related to 
 Sell, much as tale is to tell] The act of selling ; 
 vent; market. 
 
 Sa-lep\.H. [Turk, salleb ; Arab, sahleb.] The nu- 
 tritious root of a kind of orchis. 
 
 Sal-e-ra'tiis, n. [L. sal aeratus, aerated salt.] A 
 refined alkali; potash bicarbonate; soda bicar- 
 bonate ; baking soda. 
 
 Sales/man, n. One employed in selling. 
 
 Sale work (-wiirk), n. Work made for sale. 
 
 Sal'ic, a. [Fr. suligue; derived from the Salian 
 Franks.] Eelating to the French law which 
 excluded females from the throne. 
 
 Sal-i-cyl'ic, a. [L. salix, salicis, a willow, and Gr. 
 iiArj, a principle.] Noting an acid used as a dis- 
 infectant, as an antiseptic, as a preservative for 
 meats, wines, &c, and as a medicine. 
 
 Sa'li-ent [sal'yent, S. E. F.], a. (L. saliens, spring- 
 ing ; satire, to leap.] Leaping; bounding; dart- 
 ing : — projecting ; as, a salient point or angle. 
 
 Sa-lif'er-ous, a. [L. sal, salt, and ferre, to bear.] 
 'Containing salt. 
 
 Sal'i-f I-a-ble, a. That may be salified. 
 
 Sal-'i-fi-ca'tion, n. The act of salifying. 
 
 Sal'i-fy, v. a. & v. n. [L. sal, salis, salt, and fieri, 
 to become.] [pp. salifying, salified.] To change 
 or form into salt. 
 
 Sa-line' [sa-lln' or sa'lin, W. H. St.], a. [Late L. 
 'salinus; Fr. salin; L. sal, salt.] Consisting or 
 partaking of salt ; salt ; briny. — 2, n. [L. salinee, 
 salt-works.] A repository of salt ; a salt-spring. 
 
 Sa-lin'i-ty, n. Saltness; saline quality. 
 
 Sa-K'va, n. [L. ; Gr. criakov. — Cf. Slime and 
 'Slaver.] Any thing spit up; spittle. 
 
 Sal'i-va-ry, a. Eelating to saliva or spittle. 
 
 Sal'i-vate, V a. [L. salivare, salivatum.] [pp. sal- 
 ivating, salivated.] To cause an excessive dis- 
 charge of saliva from. [of saliva. 
 
 Sal-i-va'tion, n. [L. salivatfa.] Excessive discharge 
 
 Sal'low (sa'lTo), n. [A.-S. sealh; Sw. salg; Dan. 
 selje; Irish, saileach ; L. salix; Welsh, helyg ; 
 Gr. eAi/crj.] A tree of the willow genus.— 2, a, 
 [A.-S. salu; Dut. zaluw ; 0. Ger. solo.] Sickly; 
 yellow; pale. 
 
 Sal'low-ness, n. Yellow, sickly paleness. 
 
 Sal'ly. n. [Fr. saillie.] A quick egress; a sortie: 
 —a 'frolic— 2, v. n. [Fr. saillir, L. satire, to leap.] 
 [pp. sallying, sallied.] To rush out ; to issue out. 
 
 Sal'ly-port, n. A gate at which sallies are made ; 
 a postern gate :— a place of escape. 
 
 Sal-ma-gun' di, n. [Fr. salmigondis, a medley; Sp. 
 salpicon. — Cf. It. salame, salted food, and condito, 
 seasoned; L. salgama, pickles.] A mixture of 
 chopped meat, with oil, vinegar, onions, &c. ; a 
 medley. 
 
 Sal'mi, n. [Fr. salmis.— Cf. Salmagundi.] A kind 
 of ragout or made dish. 
 
 Salm'on (sam'un), n. [Fr. saumon; L. salmo.] A 
 fish valued for food. 
 
 Salm'on-trout' (sfim'un-trout'), n. A species of 
 salm'on that spawns in rivers; sea-trout. 
 
 Sa-loSn', n. [Fr. salon, augmentative form of 
 'salle, Ger. saal, a hall, a room.] A spacious hall ; 
 a state-room. [oyster-plant. 
 
 Sal'si-fy, n. [Fr. salsifis ; It. sassefrica.] A plant; 
 
 Salt,'w. [A.-S. sealt; Dut. zout; Dan. & Sw. salt; 
 Ger. salz ; Fr. sel ; L. sal ; Russ. sole ; Gr. aA? ; 
 Skr. sara.] The chloride of sodium; a substance 
 used for seasoning : — a substance formed by com- 
 bining an acid with abase : — savor; taste : — wit. 
 — pi. Cathartic medicine. — 2, a. Having the 
 
 taste of salt; saline. — 3, v. a. [pp. salting, 
 salted.] To season with salt. 
 
 Sal-ta'tion, n. [L. saltatio ; saltare, to dance, fre- 
 quentative of salire, saltuin, to leap.] A jump- 
 ing : — palpitation. 
 
 Sal-ta-to'ri-al, a. Consisting in, characterized 
 by, or adapted for leaping ; saltatory. 
 
 Sal'ta-to-ry, a. [L. saltatorius.] Adapted to leap- 
 ing : — dancing. 
 
 Salt'-cel-lar, n. [A redundant formation, from 
 Salt and Fr. saliere, It. saliera, a salt-holder.] 
 A small vessel for holding salt. 
 
 Salt' era, n. A place for making salt. 
 
 Sal'ti-grade, a. [L. saltus, a leap, and gredi, to 
 go.] Formed for leaping; leaping. 
 
 Salt'ish, a. Somewhat salt. 
 
 Salt' -lick, n. [So called because animals lick the 
 ground for the salt it contains.] A saline or salt 
 spring. [with salt water. 
 
 Salt' -marsh, n. A marsh liable to be overflowed 
 
 Salt' -mine, n. A place where salt is found. 
 
 Salt'ness, n. State of being salt ; taste of salt. 
 
 Salt-pl'tre (salt-pe'ter), n. [Fr. salpetre ; L. sal, 
 salt, and petra, a rock.] Nitre ; nitrate of pot- 
 ash ; a mineral salt. 
 
 Salt'-pit, n. A salt-mine. [skin ; eczema. 
 
 Salt' -rheum, n. [See Rhieum.] A disease of the 
 
 Salt'wort (salt'wurt), n. [See Wort.] A plant 
 found in salt-marshes. 
 
 Sa-lu'bri-ous, a. [L. salubris ; salus, health.] Pro- 
 moting health ; wholesome ; salutary ; health- 
 ful ; healthy. 
 
 Sa-lu'bri-ofls-lji:! ad. Healthfully. 
 
 Sa-lu'bri-ty, n. [L. salubritas.] Wholesomeness ; 
 healthfulness. 
 
 Sal'u-ta-ry, a. [Fr. salutaire ; L. sahttaris; salus, 
 salutis, health.] Healthful; safe; useful. 
 
 Sal-u-ta'tion, n. [L. salutatio.] The act of sa- 
 hiting; a' greeting. 
 
 Sa-lu'ta-to-ry, a. Containing salutations. 
 
 Sa-lute', v. a. [L. salutare, salutatum, to wish 
 "health to; salus, sahdis, health.] [ pp. saluting, 
 saluted.] To greet ; to hail ; to kiss. — 2, n. A 
 salutation; a greeting; a kiss. 
 
 Sal-va-bil'i-ty, n. State of be,ing salvable. 
 
 Sal'va-ble, a. That may be saved. 
 
 Sal'vaf'e, n. [Fr. salvage, later sauvetage ; saurer, 
 to save (q. v.).] A recompense for saving goods. 
 
 Sal-va'tion, n. [L. saloatio.— See Save.] The act 
 of saving; state of being saved; deliverance 
 from sin and eternal death : — deliverance from 
 any evil. 
 
 Salve (sav or salv), n. [A.-S. seal/; Dut. zalf ; 
 Ger. salbe ; It. salva: probably related to L. sul- 
 vare, to save.] An ointment; a remedy.— 2, v. a. 
 [A.-S. sealfian; Goth, salbon.] [pp. salving, 
 salved.] To cure ; to remedy. 
 
 Sal've, inter. [L.] God save you ! hail ! 
 
 Sal'ver, n. [Sp. salva, from salvor, .to save, to free 
 from risk, — hence to taste, as wine, before pre- 
 senting. — See Credence.] A plate to present 
 any thing on. [plants ; sage.. 
 
 Sal'vi-a, n. [L. — See Sage.] (Bot.) A genus of 
 
 Sal'vo, n. ; pi. Sal'voes, or Sal'vo§. [L. salvo jure, 
 " the rule being intact."] An exception ; a res- 
 ervation : — [It. salva, a salute (q. v.)] a volley or 
 general fire :— a salute. 
 
 Same, a. [A.-S. s«r«e, just like, as; Dan. samme, 
 the same. — Cf. Skr. sama, the same, even, with.] 
 Identical ; not different or other. 
 
 Same'ness, n. State of being the same ; identity. 
 
 Sa'mi-e'l, n. [Arab, or Turk.— See Simoom.] Si- 
 moom. 
 
 Sa'mite, n. [Ger. sammet; Fr. samis; Late Gr. 
 e^afxirov ; ef, six, and /xi'to?, a thread.] A rich 
 fabric of silk. 
 
 Samp, n. [Algonkin.] Food made of maize broken. 
 
 Sam'phire, v. [Fr. passe-pierre or perce-pierre, 
 stone-piercer : formerly it was called also sam- 
 pier, and herbe de Saint-Pierre, St. Peter's herb.] 
 A plant preserved in pickle. 
 
 a, e, I, o, ii, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
SAMPLE 
 
 475 
 
 SAP\YOOD 
 
 Sam'ple, n. [A form of Example.] A part to be 
 shown ; a specimen. 
 
 Sam'pler, n. [Fr. exemplaire; L. exemplar.] A 
 piece of girl's needlework. 
 
 San'a-tive, o. [L. saualivus.—See Sanatory and 
 Sane.] Tending to cure ; healing. 
 
 San-a-to'ri-um, ». [Neo-Latin. — See Sanatory.] 
 An'estabiishment for the preservation or restora- 
 tion of health ; a hospital for convalescents : — 
 less correctly sanitarium. 
 
 San'a-to-ry, a. [Late L. sanatorius ; mutator, a 
 healer; sanare, sanatum, to heal.] Eelating to 
 health ; sanative. 
 
 Sanc-ti-fi-ca'tion, n. The act of sanctifying; 
 state'of being"sanctified ; consecration. 
 
 Sanc'ti-f I-er, n. One who sanctifies. 
 
 Sanc'ti-fy, v. a. [Fr. sanctifier; L. mnctificare ; 
 sanctus, holy, and facere, to make. — See Sanc- 
 tion.] [pp. sanctifying, sanctified.] To free 
 from the power of sin ; to make holy ; to con- 
 secrate ; to purify. 
 
 Sanc-ti-mo'ni-ofis, a. Making a show of sanctity. 
 
 Sanc-ti-mo'ni-ous-ly, ad. With sanctimony. 
 
 Sanc'ti-mo-ny, n. [L. sancHmonia ; sanctus, holy ; 
 the termination -monia implies an effect or re- 
 sult.] Appearance of sanctity ; hypocritical de- 
 voutness. 
 
 Sanc'tion, n. [L. sanctio, a decree, a making holy ; 
 eancire, sanctum, to make holy.] That which 
 sanctions; confirmation; ratification; support; 
 authority. — 2, v. a. [pp. sanctioning, sanc- 
 tioned.] To give a sanction to; to confirm; to 
 ratify ; to authorize ; to allow. 
 
 Sanc'ti-tude, n. Holiness; sanctity. 
 
 Sanc'ti-ty, n. [L. sanctUas; sanctus, holy.] Holi- 
 ness; purity; godliness. 
 
 Sanct'u-a-ry (sangkt'yu-a-re), n. [L. sanctuarium ; 
 sanctus, holy.] A holy place ; a temple ; a sacred 
 asylum ; a refuge. 
 
 Sand, u. [A.-S., Dan., Sw., & Ger. sand; Dut. 
 zand.] Fine particles or grains of stone. — pi. 
 Barren, sandy lands: — quicksands. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. sanding, sanded.] To sprinkle with sand. 
 
 San dal, n. >[Fr. sandale ; Gr. o-<iv6a\ou, aavSd- 
 Aioy'; Per. sandal.] A sort of 
 slipper or loose shoe. 
 
 San'dal-wood (-wud), n. [Fr. 
 sandal; Per. chaudal; Skr. chan- 
 dana.] An aromatic wood: — 
 also the wood called red saun- 
 ders or sanders wood. 
 
 Sand'-blast, «. A machine or 
 process for cutting and engrav- 
 ing a hard substance by means 
 of a stream of sand propelled 
 against it. 
 
 Sand'i-ness, «. The state of being sandy. 
 
 Sand'-pa-per, n. Paper having one side covered 
 with a dressing of sand. 
 
 Sand'-pip-er, u. A small wading bird. 
 
 Sand'stone, n. A species of freestone. 
 
 Sand'wich (sand'widj), n. [Named from John, 
 fourth earl of Sandwich, 1718-1792.] Two slices 
 of bread with a slice of meat between them.— 
 2, v. a. [pp. sandwiching, sandwiched.] To 
 form into a sandwich, — hence, to form into 
 layers like a sandwich. 
 
 Sand'y. «. Abounding with sand; unsolid. 
 
 Sane, a. [L. sauus, sound : akin to sanare, to heal.] 
 Sound in mind; not insane; healthy. 
 
 Sang, i. from sing. See Sing. 
 
 San-ga-ree', n. [Fr. sang-gris, gray blood.] A bev- 
 erage made of wine, water, and sugar. 
 
 Sang-froid' (sang'frwii'), «. [Fr. for " cold blood."] 
 Coolness ; indifference ; freedom from ardor. 
 
 San-gulf er-ous (sang-gwif'er-us), o. [L. sanguis, 
 Jblood, and/w-e, to carry.] Conveying blood. 
 
 San-gui-fi-ca'tion, n. Production of blood. 
 
 San'gui-na-ry, a. [L. sanguinarius; sanguis, 
 blood.] Attended with bloodshed; bloody: — 
 bloodthirsty ; cruel ; murderous. 
 
 San'guine (sang'gwjn), a. [Fr. sanguin, sanguine, 
 bloody; L. sanguineus, bloody; sanguis, blood. It 
 was believed that excess of blood caused a hope- 
 ful disposition.] Ked ; abounding with blood : — 
 warm; ardent; confident; hopeful. 
 
 San'guine-ness, n. Ardor; confidence. 
 
 San-guin'e-ous, a. [L. sanguineus ; sanguis, blood.] 
 Full of blood ; plethoric. 
 
 San'he-drlm, n. [Heb. sanhedrin, Gr. crvveSpiov, a 
 council; crvv, together, aud eSpa, a seat.] The 
 chief council of the Jews. 
 
 Sa'ni-e§, n. [L. : akin to sanguis, blood.] A thin 
 purulent discharge from wounds and sores. 
 
 Sa'ni-ous, a. [L. saniosus ; sunies, bloody pus.] 
 Eelating to sanies ; serous. 
 
 San-i-ta'ri-an, n. One versed in, or devoted to, 
 sanitary' studies ; one who promotes measures 
 for the preservation of the public health. — 2, a. 
 Of or pertaining to the laws of health ; having 
 regard to the public health. 
 
 San-i-ta'ri-um, n. See Sanatokivm. 
 
 San'i-ta-ry. a. Eelating to health : sanative. 
 
 San-i-ta'tion, n. The act of bringing into a sound 
 sanitary condition : — the preservation of health. 
 
 San'i-ty. n. [L. sanilas; sauus, sound.] Sound- 
 ness of mind. 
 
 Sank, i. from sink. [Obs.] 
 
 Sans.i"^- [Fr.] Without ; destitute of. [skrit. 
 
 San'scrit, ». An ancient language of India ; ^au- 
 
 San'skrit, n. [Skr. mnshrita, symmetrical, fin- 
 ished, polished ; sam, together, aud krita, made.] 
 An ancient language of India. 
 
 San'to-nlne, n. [L. herba sautonica, wormseed ; 
 from the Sanloni, an ancient people who gave 
 name to the town of Saint??, in France.] A vege- 
 table principle contained in worm-seed. 
 
 Sap, 7i. [A.-S. ssep ; 0. Dut. sap ; Ger. saft.—CL 
 L. £ It. eapa, must; Skr. eapa, resin.] The vital 
 juice of plants ; a trench. — 2, v. a. [Fr. sape, a 
 trench ; saper, to sap ; Sp. zapa, It. zappn, a 
 spade.] [pp. sapping, sapped.] To undermine; 
 to subvert by digging. — 3, v. n. To proceed in- 
 visibly or by mine. 
 
 Sap'id. <(. [L. sujiidus, savory,— also wise ; sapere, 
 to savor, to be wise.] Tasteful ; palatable ; savory. 
 
 Sa-pid'i-ty, \n. Quality of being sapid or pal- 
 
 Sap'id-ness, J atable; tasteful ness. 
 
 Sa pi-ence, n. [L. sapienlia, wisdom, discernment, 
 — originally, ability to taste; sapere. to be wise. 
 —See Sapid.] Wiadara ; sageness ; knowledge. 
 
 Sa'pi-en-cy, n. Same as Sapience. 
 
 Sa'pi-ent, a. [L. sapiens; sapere, to be wise. — See 
 Sapid.] Wise ; sagacious. [Often ironical.] 
 
 Sap'less, a. Wanting sap; dry; old; husky. 
 
 Sap'ling, n. A young tree ; a young plant. 
 
 Sap-o-na'ceous (sap-o-na^hus), a. [L. sape, sa- 
 ponis, Gr. adntuv, soap (</. v.).] Partaking of 
 soap ; soapy ; resembling soap. 
 
 Sa-pon'i-fy, v. a. [pp. saponifying, saponified.] 
 To convert into soap. 
 
 Sa'pbr, n. [L.] Taste; savor. [gineers. 
 
 Sap'per, n. [See Sap.] A miner or soldier of en- 
 
 Sap'phic (saf'fik), a. Denoting a kind of verse, 
 said to have been invented by Sappho. 
 
 Sap'phire (saf'fir) [saff Ir, I. P. A"], n. [Fr. sa- 
 phir ; L. sapphirus; Gr. <rair(^eipo? ; Per. saffir ; 
 Heb. sappir.] A precious stone or gem. 
 
 Sap'phir-Ine (saff ir-in), a. Made of sapphire ; 
 resembling sapphire. 
 
 Sap'pi-ness, n. Succtilence ; juiciness. 
 
 Sap'py, a. Abounding in sap; succulent. 
 
 Sap'ro-phyte, n. [Gr. craKpo?, rotten, and 4>vt6v, 
 a plant.] A plant that feeds on decayed organic 
 matter. [matter. 
 
 Sap-ro-phyt'ic, a. Feeding on decayed organic 
 
 Sap'sa-go, n. [Ger. schab-ieger-kiise; schaben, to 
 scrape ; zieger-k'dse, a kind of cheese ; zieger, 
 whey.] A kind of Swiss cheese which is usually 
 scraped or powdered before being eaten. 
 
 Sap'wood (-wud), n. The soft exterior wood of a 
 tree. 
 
 mien, sir ; mSve, nor, son ; bull, biir, rule, use. — g, 9, 9, £, soft ; p, p, p, g, hard ; s as z ; ? as gz ; this. 
 
SAKABAND 
 
 476 
 
 SAUCE 
 
 Sar'a-band, n. [Fr. sarabande ; Sp. zarabanda; 
 named, it is said, from its inventor. — But cf. 
 Per. sarband, a fillet for the head, — also a dance.] 
 A Spanish dance. 
 
 Sar'a-cen, n. [L. saracenus, an Arabian. — Cf. Arab. 
 shoraka, allies.] An Arabian ; a Mussulman. 
 
 Sar-a-cen'ic, 1 a. Eelating to the Saracens or 
 
 Sar-a-cen'i-cal, j to their architecture. 
 
 Sar'casm, n. [Gr. crap/cacrp.6?, a sneer; o-apicd^eiv, 
 to bite flesh, — also to sneer: crdp£, crap/cds, the 
 flesh.] A keen, reproachful, scornful expres- 
 sion ; a taunt; a gibe. See Satire. 
 
 Sar-cas'tic, a. [Gr. aapicao-Tuc6<;. — See Sarcasm.] 
 Eelating to, or partaking of, sarcasm ; severe. 
 
 Sar-cas'tj-cal-ly, ad. In a sarcastic manner. 
 
 Sarce'net, re. [Fr. sarceuit; Late L. saracenicum, 
 Saracen stuff.] A fine, thin-woven silk. 
 
 Sar'code, n. [Gr. crap/cuBr), flesh-like; crdp£, flesh.] 
 (Physiol.) Animal protoplasm. 
 
 Sar-co-log'i-cal, a. Relating to sarcology. 
 
 Sar-col'o-gy, re. [Gr. adpij, aa.pK.6s, flesh, and 
 'A6yo5,'a treatise.] That part of anatomy which 
 treats of the fleshy parts of the body. 
 
 Sar-co'ma, u. [Gr. crapKoj/xa ; crapKoeiv, to make 
 fleshy ; crdp£, flesh.] A fleshy excrescence. 
 
 Sar-coph'a-gous, a. Feeding on flesh. 
 
 Sar-coph'a-gus, n. ; L. pi. Sar-coph'a-gl ; Eng. 
 Sar-coph'a-gus-es. [L. ; Gr. o-ap/co</>dyos, fiesh- 
 co'nsuming; adplj, crap/cos, flesh, and 4>dyetv, to 
 eat : tbe ancients thought that in coffins made 
 of a certain kind of stone dead bodies were con- 
 sumed within forty days.] A species of stone :— 
 a coffin made of stone. 
 
 Sard, or Sar'di-us, n. [L. sarda; Gr. crdpSiov; 
 from the city of Sardis, or more probably allied 
 to Per. sered, yellowish red.] A precious stone. 
 
 Sar'dine, or Sar'dine, re. [Gr. o-apoTvos. — See 
 Sard.] A precious stone ; sardius. 
 
 Sar'dine, or Sar-dine', n. [L. sarda or sardina; 
 Gr. adpSa or o-apSiVr? : probably named from the 
 island of Sardinia.] A small fish. 
 
 Sar-do'ni-an, ) a. [L. sardonius, Late L. sardoni- 
 
 Sar-don'ic, jois, Gr. trapSoiao?, Sardinian: it 
 Vas said that the aapSoviov, a Sardinian plant, 
 would cause the face of the eater to grin spas- 
 modically; hence L. risus sardonius, a forced 
 smile. — But cf. Gr. a-aipeiv, to grin.] Forced or 
 feigned, as applied to laughter or smiles. 
 
 Sar'do-nyx, n. [L. ; Gr. <Tapo6w£; Sard, or Sar- 
 dius, and Onyx.] A precious stone. 
 
 Sar-men-tose', \ a. [L. sarmentosus, twiggy; sar- 
 
 Sar-men'tous, J mentum, brushwood; sarpere, to 
 prune.] (Bot.) Filiform and almost naked. 
 
 Sar-sa-pa-ril'la, n. [Sp. zarzaparilla. — Cf. zarza, 
 Basque' sartzia, a bramble, and parra, a vine.] A 
 medicinal plant and root. 
 
 Sash, n. [Per. shast, shest, a girdle.] A silk belt : 
 — [Fr. chdsse or chassis, a sash ; L. capsa, a case 
 (</. v.)] a window-frame. 
 
 Sas'sa-fras, re. [Fr. & It. sassa/7-as ; Sp. sasafras, 
 sassafras; forms equivalent to Saxifrage (q. v.).] 
 A tree which has a spicy, aromatic bark, and 
 mucilaginous twigs and foliage. 
 
 Sat, i. & p. from sit 
 
 Sa'tan, re. [Heb. satan, an enemy; satan, to perse- 
 cute.] The devil; the archfiend. 
 
 Sa-tan ic, \ a. Resembling Satan ; devilish ; 
 
 Sa-tan'i-cal, J infernal ; diabolical ; malignant. 
 
 Sa-tan'i-cal-ly, ad. Diabolically. 
 
 Satch'ei, n. [6. Fr. sachel; L. saccelhis, dim. of 
 saccus, a sack.] A little bag ; a hand-bag. 
 
 Sate, v. a. [For satiate ; L. sat or satis, enough.] 
 [pp. sating, sated.] To satiate; to glut; to pall. 
 
 Sate (sat or sat), v. Sat ; did sit. 
 
 Sa-teen', n. [A variant of Satin.] A fabric for 
 dress-goods, with a satinv gloss. 
 
 Sat' el-lite (sat'el-It), n. [Fr. ; L. satelles, saleJlitis, 
 an attendant.] (Aslron.) A small or secondary 
 planet, such as the moon, revolving round a 
 larger one :— an attendant ; a follower. 
 
 Sa'ti-a-ble (sf/she-a-bl), a. That may be satiated. 
 
 Sa'ti-ate (sa'she-at), v. a. [L. satiare, satiatum, 
 to sate; satis, enough; salur, filled.] [pp. sati- 
 ating, satiated.] To fill beyond desire ; to sat- 
 isfy ; to sate ; to cloy ; to glut. 
 
 Sa'ti-ate (sa'she-at),_o. Full to satiety. 
 
 Sa-ti-a'tion (sa-she-a'shun), ». Fulness. 
 
 Sa-ti'e-tx, n. [L. satietas. — See Satiate.] Fulness 
 beyo'nd desire or pleasure ; excess ; surfeit. 
 
 Sat'in, n. [Fr. satin; Port, setim ; It. setino; seta, 
 silk; L. seta, a bristle, a hair.] A soft, close, 
 and shining silk. 
 
 Sat-i-net', n. [Fr. salinette.— See Satin.] A thin 
 satin :— a twilled stuff made of wool and cotton. 
 
 Sat'in-spar, n. [From its satiny appearance.] 
 (Mi)t.) Fibrous limestone. 
 
 Sat'in-wood (-wiid), n. [From its satiny appear- 
 ance.] A fine ornamental wood. 
 
 Sat'in-y, a. Resembling satin. 
 
 Sat'ire, Sat'ire, or Sa'tire, n. [L. satira, salura, a 
 satire, a medley; satur, full, fat; sat, enough.] 
 A poem censuring vice, folly, &e. ; a lampoon. 
 
 Sa-tir'ic, \a. [L. satiricus. — See Satire.] Be- 
 
 Sa-tir'i-cal, J longing to or containing satire ; se- 
 vere; sarcastic. 
 
 Sa-tir'i-cal-ly, ad. In a satirical manner. 
 
 Sat'ir-ist," 11. One who writes satires. 
 
 Sat'ir-ize, v. a. [Fr. satiriser.] [pp. satirizing, 
 satirized.] To censure, as in a satire. 
 
 Sat-is-fac'tion, ?i. [L. satisfactio.] The act of sat- 
 isfying ; gratification ; content : — recompense ; 
 compensation; remuneration; amends; atone- 
 ment. 
 
 Sat-is-fac'to-ri-lj:, ad. So as to satisfy. 
 
 Sat-is-fac'to-ri-ness, b. The power of satisfying ; 
 satisfaction. " [gratifying. 
 
 Sat-is-fac'to-ry, a. Giving satisfaction ; pleasing; 
 
 Sat'is-fy, v. a. [Fr. satisfaire ; L. satisfacere ; satis, 
 enough, and /ulcere, to 'make.] [pp. satisfying, 
 satisfied.] To content ; to please ; to satiate ; to 
 recompense ; to appease ; to convince : — to liqui- 
 date. — 2, v. n. To give content or satisfaction. 
 
 Sa'trap [sa'trap, Jo. ; sa/trap, St. I. ; sat'rap, H. 
 Wb.\, n. [Gr. a-aTpdnr\<;, 0. Per. Ichshathrapa, 
 land-ruler. — Cf, Skr. kshetra, a field, a region, 
 and pati, master.] A Persian governor. 
 
 Sat'ra-py, n. [Gr. a-arpaneia.] The government 
 of a satrap. 
 
 Sat'u-ra-ble, a. That may be saturated. 
 
 Sat'u-rate, v. a. [L. saturare, saturatum, to fill ; 
 satur, full.] [pp. saturating, saturated.] To im- 
 pregnate fully, or till no more can be imbibed ; to 
 fill full ; to soak. 
 
 Sat-u-ra'tion, n. [L. saturatio.] The act of satu- 
 rating ; state of being saturated. 
 
 Sat'ur-day, re. [A.-S. Sseler-daeg, the day of Sseter, 
 or 'Saturn ; Dut. zaturdag.] The last day of the 
 week. 
 
 Sat'urn, re. [L. Saturnus: root of serere, saturn, to 
 sow.] An ancient heathen deity. — (Astron.) A 
 planet : — an old name of lead. 
 
 Sat-ur-na'li-a, re. pi. [L.] An ancient festival 
 of Saturnj celebrated at Rome. 
 
 Sat-ur-na'li-an, a. Sportive ; loose : dissolute ; 
 like the ancient feasts of Saturn. 
 
 Sa-tur'ni-an, o. [L. satumins.] Relating to Sat- 
 urn : — golden. 
 
 Sat'ur-nlne, a. [Late L. eaturninus, pertaining to 
 the planet Saturn ; L. saturnius, pertaining to 
 the god Saturn (Saturnus) : the planet Saturn 
 was supposed to ex^rt a baleful and depressing 
 influence ; hence Saturn was used as a name for 
 lead.] Gloomy; grave; sad: — leaden. 
 
 Sa'tyr, or Sat'yr, n. [Gr. eraTupo?.] A sylvan 
 demi-god, partly formed like a man and partly 
 like a goat. 
 
 Sa-tyr'ic, a. [Gr. o-aTvpiKo<;.] Relating to satyrs. 
 
 Siuce, n. [Fr. sauce, L. salsa, salted things, salt 
 food; satire, salsum, to salt; sal, salt.] Some- 
 thing to give relish to food: — [cf. L. sa/s!<«, 
 salted, — also witty, sharp; sal, salt, — also wit, 
 sarcasm, pungency] impudence. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 
 e, I, 0, u, y, long; a, e, 1, 0, u, y, short; a, e, 
 
 u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 
 
SAUCEBOX 
 
 477 
 
 SCALE 
 
 saucing, sauced.] To make savory ; to season: 
 
 — to address with impudence. 
 Sauce'box, n. An impertinent fellow. 
 Sauce'pan, n. A small pan for sauce. 
 Sau'cer, n. [Fr. saucicre, a sauce-dish; Late L. 
 
 saharium, a salt-dish.] A small platter for a 
 
 tea-cup, &c. 
 Sau'ci-ly, ad. Impudently ; impertinently. 
 Sau'ci-ness, ». Impudence; impertinence. 
 S&u'cy, a. [L. sahus, sharp, pointed, — literally, 
 
 salted.] Insolent; impudent; impertinent. 
 Sauer-kraut (soCu/krout), n. [Ger.] See Soxje- 
 
 k ROUT. 
 
 Saun'ter, or Saun'ter, v. n. [Probably from Fr. 
 s'aveuturer, to adventure one's self, just as Fr. 
 aventure became, in Old English, anter or avmter. 
 The derivation from Sainte Terre, or Holy Land, 
 as if saunter meant to go on a pilgrimage, is now- 
 discredited.] [pp. sauntering, sauntered.] To 
 wander about idly; to loiter; to linger. — 2, n. 
 A ramble. 
 
 Saun'ter-er (or saun'-), n. A rambler ; an idler. 
 
 Sau'ri-an, n. [Gr. aaiipog, a lizard.] A kind of 
 reptile ; a lizard. [in structure ; lizard-like. 
 
 Sau'rbid, a. Noting fishes which approach lizards 
 
 Sau'sa£e, n. [Fr. saucisse, It. salsiccia, Late L. 
 sahicium OT salcitium, a sausage; L. sahus, Baited. 
 Some have in part identified the Late Latin 
 forms with the very rare word iskmm, or isitium, 
 a filling, an insertion: this word is said also to 
 signify a sausage.] A seasoned minced meat en- 
 closed in a skin. 
 
 Sav'age, n. [Fr. sauvage, 0. Fr. salvage, L. silva- 
 tiais, wild; silua, a forest.] A man wholly un- 
 civilized. — 2, a. Uncivilized ; barbarous ; brutal ; 
 wild ; ferocious ; fierce; cruel; inhuman. 
 
 Sav'afe-ly.. ad. Barbarously; cruelly. 
 
 Sav'age-ness, n. Barbarousness ; cruelty. 
 
 SaVage-ry, n. Cruelty ; barbarity. 
 
 Sa-van'na, n. [Sp. sabana, a sheet, a plain ; L. 
 sibiiiiurii, Gr. o-d$avov, a linen cloth.] An open 
 plain ; a prairie. 
 
 Sa-vant' (sa-vting'), w. ; pi. Sa-vants' (sa-viingy/) 
 (formerly written Sa-vans')- [Fr.] A learned 
 man ; a scholar. 
 
 Save, v. a. [Fr. sauver, L. salvare, to save; salens, 
 safe (q. v.).] [pp. saving, saved.] To preserve 
 from eternal death : — to preserve from evil; to 
 protect ; to spare. — 2, v. n. To be sparing ; to 
 prevent expense.— 3, prep. [Fr. sauf] Except ; 
 not including; saving. 
 
 Sav'er, u. One who saves. 
 
 Sav'in, n. [L. sabina, a kind of juniper, — liter- 
 ally, the sabine-tree; from the people of that 
 name. — But cf. L. sapinus, a fir-tree; Skr. sapa, 
 resin.] An evergreen tree ; the red cedar. 
 
 Sav'ing, a. Frugal ; parsimonious ; not lavish. — 
 2, prep. Excepting; not including. — 3, n. Any 
 thing saved : — exception. 
 
 Sav'ing-ness, n. Parsimony; frugality. 
 
 Sav'ings-bank, n. A bank in which small sums 
 are placed for security and accumulation. 
 
 Sav'iour, or Sav'ior (sav'yur), n. [Fr. sauveur. — 
 See Save.] One' who saves ; the Redeemer of 
 mankind. 
 
 Sa'vor, n. [Fr. sarourer, L. sapere, to relish; sa- 
 por, 0. Fr. savour, flavor.] Ascent; odor; taste; 
 relish. — 2, v. n. [-pp. savoring, savored.] To 
 have a smell or taste. — 3, v. a. To like ; to taste 
 or smell. 
 
 Sa'vor-i-ly, ad. With gust ; with appetite. 
 
 Sa'vor-i-ness, n. A pleasing taste or smell. 
 
 Sa'vor-iess, a. Wanting savor. 
 
 Sa'vor-y, a. [Fr. savoureux ; L. saporosus.~] Pleas- 
 ing to the smell or taste. — 2, m. An aromatic or 
 spicy plant. 
 
 Sa-vb"y\ n. [From the country of that name.] A 
 6ort of curled winter cabbage. 
 
 Sa-vby'ard, n. A native of Savoy. 
 
 Saw, i. from see.— 2, n. [A.-S. saga; Dut. zaag ; 
 Dan. sav ; Ger. sage. — Cf. L. secure, to cut.] An 
 
 instrument with teeth, for cutting boards, &c. : 
 — [A.-S. sagu, Scand. saga, Ger. suge, a saying. — 
 See Say] a saying; a proverb. — 3, v. a. [i. 
 sawed; pp. sawing, sawed or sawn.] To cut 
 timber, &c., with a saw. — 4, v. n. To use a saw; 
 to operate as a saw. 
 
 Saw' dust, n. Dust produced by sawing. 
 
 Saw'f ish, n. A fish with a dentated horn. 
 
 Saw'-null, n. A mill where logs are sawn. 
 
 Saw'ney, n. A witless clown :— a nickname for a 
 Scotchman: — a corruption of Alexunde-: 
 
 Saw' -pit, n. A pit where wood is sawed. 
 
 Saw'yer, n. One who saws : — a large tree having 
 the roots fastened in the bottom of a river, the 
 top moving up and down. [U. S.] 
 
 Sax'-hbrn, n. [From Sax, its inventor.] A brass 
 wind-instrument. 
 
 Sax'i-frafe, n. [L. saxifraga; saxum, a stone, and 
 fra'ngere, fregi, to break : it grows in clefts of 
 rocks, whence, from the doctrine of signatures, 
 it was regarded as a cure for stone in the blad- 
 der.] A plant of many species. 
 
 Sax' on, n. [L. Saxo, Ger. Sachse, a Saxon ; said to 
 be from 0. Ger. salis, a dagger.] One of the 
 people that inhabited the north of Germany : — 
 the Saxon language. — 2, a. Belonging to the 
 Saxons. 
 
 Sax'o-phone, n. [From Sax, its inventor, and Gr. 
 fyta'vi), a sound.] A bras3 wind-instrument. 
 
 Say (8a), v. a. & p. n. [A.-S. secgan; Icel. segia; 
 Dan. sige ; Sw. siiga ; Ger. sagen.] [i. said; pp. 
 eaying, said.] To speak; to utter; to tell; to 
 declare. — 2, n. What one has to say ; a speech : 
 — a maxim. 
 
 Say'ing, n. An expression ; a proverb ; a saw. 
 
 Says (sez), v. The third person singular of say. 
 
 Scab, n. [A.-S. scseb, sceb ; Dan. skab ; Ger. svhube : 
 akin to Shave, and to L. scabies, roughness, the 
 itch ; scabere, to scratch ; scuber, rough.] An in- 
 crustation over a sore. 
 
 Scab' bard, n. [0. E. scaubert, scauberlc ; 0. Fr. es- 
 cobers: akin to Cover.] The sheath of a sword. 
 
 Scab'bi-ness, n. The quality of being scabby. 
 
 Scab'by, a. Full of scabs; scabbed :— paltry. 
 
 Sca'bi-ous. a. [L. scainomu.] Itchy; leprous.— 
 2, n. [Neo-Latiu, scabiosa.] A plant of various 
 species. 
 
 Sca'brous, a. Rough; rugged; harsh. 
 
 Sca'brous-ness. ». Roughness; harshness. 
 
 Scaffold, n. [Fr. ichafaud; 0. Fr. esc<ul«fdt.— 
 See Catafalque.] A temporary gallery or stage. 
 —2, v. a. [pp. scaffolding, scaffolded.] To fur- 
 nish with a scaffold or frames of timber. 
 
 Scaffold-age, w. A gallery; a floor. 
 
 Scaf fold-ing, )*. A temporary frame or stage ; a 
 scaffold : — materials for scaffolds. 
 
 Sca.gl-i-5'la (skal-ye-o'la), n. [It, ; a dim. of 
 scaglla, a scale.] A kind of ornamental plaster. 
 
 Sca'la-ble, a. That may be scaled. 
 
 Sca-lade', n. [See Escalade.] A storm or an as- 
 sault of a place, made by means of ladders raised 
 against the walls; escalade. 
 
 Scald, v. a. [Fr. echamler ; L. excaldare ; ex, out, 
 and caldus (for calidm), hot.] [pp. scalding, 
 scalded.] To burn with hot liquor. — 2, n. [A 
 form of Skall.] Scurf on the head ; scab ; scall : 
 — a hurt or burn caused by hot liquid. 
 
 Scald, or Scald, n. [Icel. shdd : akin to Scold.] 
 An ancient Scandinavian poet. 
 
 Scald'-head, n. A disease of the scalp. 
 
 ScaTdic, or Scal'dic, a. Relating to, or resem- 
 bling, the poets called scalds. 
 
 Scale, n. [A.-S. scale, Icel. skal, Dan. shdl, Ger. 
 schale, a bowl, a dish, a plate : allied to Skull 
 and Shell.] A balance : the sign Libra : — [A.-S. 
 sceale; Dan. skal; Ger. schale; Fr. ecale ; It. 
 scaglia. — See Shell] a small plate on the skin of 
 a fish ; a lamina : — [L. scida, a ladder, a step ; 
 It. scalare, to climb] a ladder; means of ascent : 
 — a line of distances ; a mathematical or grad- 
 uated instrument : — the gamut. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 
 mien, sir; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, biir, rule, use.— 5, <?, gi &, soft; p, £, g, g, hard; § as z ; x as gz; this. 
 
SCALENE 
 
 478 
 
 SCATTER 
 
 scaling, scaled.] To climb: — to strip of scales; 
 to reduce. — 3, v. n. [Sw. skala, to peel.] To peel 
 off in thin particles. 
 
 Sca-lene', a. [Gr. o~Kaht)v6s, uneven.] Having 
 three unequal sides. 
 
 Sca'li-ness, n. The state of being scaly. 
 
 Scall^ n. [Icel. skalli, a bare head; Sw. skallig, 
 bald; skala, to peel; skal, a shell or scale.] A 
 scab ; morbid baldness. 
 
 Scall'ion (skal'yun), n. [From the town of Ascalon, 
 in Palestine.] A kind of onion. 
 
 Scal'lop (skoTlup) [skal'lup, E. Ja.], n. [0. Fr. 
 escalope, Dut. schelp, Ger. schelfe, a shell (q. v.).] 
 A shell-fish : — a dent. — 2, to. a. [pp. scalloping, 
 scalloped.] To indent ; to notch. 
 
 Scalp, n. [0. It. scalpo, the scalp ; 0. Sw. skalp, a 
 sheath: akin to Scallop.] The integument or 
 skin of the top of the head, on which the hair 
 grows. — 2, v. a. [pp. scalping, scalped.] To de- 
 prive of the scalp. 
 
 Scal'pel, n. [L. scalpellum, dim. of scalprum, a 
 knife; scalpere, to cut.] A dissector's or sur- 
 geon's knife. 
 
 Sca'ly, «• Covered with scales : — paltry. 
 
 Scam'mc^ny, n. [Gr. cwafjiovia; L. scammonia.] 
 A plant; a gum-resin. 
 
 Scamp, n. [It. scampare, to run away ; L. ex, out, 
 and campus, a field.] A worthless fellow ; a 
 knave. — 2, v. a. [Akin to Scant.] [pp. scamp- 
 ing, scamped.] To execute, as work, in a super- 
 ficial, insufficient way ; to perform perfunctorily 
 and dishonestly. 
 
 Scam'per, v. n. [It. scampare, to run away. — See 
 Scamp.] [pp. scampering, scampered.] To run 
 with speed ; to scud. 
 
 Scan, v. a. [L. scandere, scansum, to climb, to 
 scan.] [pp. scanning, scanned.] To examine 
 nicely ; to scrutinize : — to measure or divide into 
 feet, as verse. 
 
 Scan'dal, n. [Gr. o-/cavSaAov, a snare, offence, 
 stumbling-block, scandal.] An offence ; a re- 
 proach ; a censure ; an opprobrium ; disgrace. 
 
 Scan'dal-ize, v. a. [Gr. o~Kav8a\i£eiv, to cause to 
 stumble.] [jjp. scandalizing, scandalized.] To 
 offend ; to reproach ; to defame ; to calumniate ; 
 to vilify. [shameful. 
 
 Scan'dal-ous, a. [Fr. scandaleux.] Opprobrious; 
 
 Scan'dal-ous-ly, ad. Shamefully. 
 
 Scan'dal-ous-ness, n. State of being scandalous. 
 
 Scan'dent, a. [L. scandere, part, scandens, to 
 climb'.] (Bot.) Climbing by tendrils. 
 
 Scan'ning, n. Measurement of verse. 
 
 Scan'sion, n. [L. scansio. — See Scan.] The act 
 of scanning a verse. 
 
 Scan-s5'ri-al, a. [L. scansorius.] Pertaining to a 
 climbing bird. 
 
 Scant, v. n. [Icel. skammr, skamt, brief, limited ; 
 skamta, to dole out; Norw. skant, a dole; skanta, 
 to deal closely. — Cf. Skimp.] [pip. scanting, 
 scanted.] (Naut.) To fail; as, the wind scants. 
 —2, v. a. To straiten.— 3, a. Not plentiful; 
 scarce ; not liberal. 
 
 Scant'i-ly, ad. Not plentifully ; sparingly. 
 
 Scant' i-ngss, n. State of being scanty. 
 
 Scant'iing, n. [0. Fr. eschantillon ; from eschanteler, 
 to cut into small pieces ; chantel, a cantle (q. v.).] 
 Timber cut to a small size. 
 
 Scant'ly, ad. Narrowly; sparingly. 
 
 Scant'ness, n. Narrowness ; smallness. 
 
 Scant'y,' a. [See Scant.] Hardly enough ; not 
 ample; narrow; small; poor; defective; scant. 
 
 Scape, v. a. & v. n. [For escape.] [pp. scaping, 
 scaped.] To escape. See Escape.— 2, n. An 
 escape ; evasion : — a freak : — [L. scapus, Gr. 
 o-Kanos, a shaft (a. v.)] a stalk ; a flower-stalk. 
 
 Scape'-goat, n. [Escape and Goat.] A goat set 
 at liberty by the Jews on the day of solemn ex- 
 piation, as bearing the sins of the people : — one 
 who bears the blame for others' faults. 
 
 Scape' grace, n. [Escape and Grace.] A vile fel- 
 low ; a knave. 
 
 Sca'phoid, a. [Gr. a/ca^rj, a boat. ] Boat-shaped: 
 — noting certain bones. 
 
 Scap'u-la, n. [L. for "shoulder-blade."] The 
 shoulder-blade. 
 
 Scap'u-lar, \a. [Late L. scapularis.] Relating 
 
 Scap'u-la-ry, J to the shoulders or to the scapula. 
 — 2, n. [Fr. scapvlaire; Late L. scapidare. — See 
 Scapula.] Part of the habit of a friar :— a re- 
 ligious emblem or symbol. 
 
 Scar, n. [L. eschara; Gr. eaxapa.] A mark of a 
 burn, sore, or wound; a cicatrix: — [Icel. sker ; 
 Sw. skar; Dut. skieer ; Scot, scaur] a cliff; a bare 
 rock. — 2, v. a. [pp. scarring, scarred.] To mark, 
 as with a wound. 
 
 Scar'ab, or Scar'a-bee, n. [L. scarabseus; Gr. 
 cr/cap^eto? and /capajBo?.— See Crab.] A beetle; 
 an Egyptian figure of a beetle. 
 
 Scar'a-mSuch, n. [Fr. scarumouche ; from Scara- 
 muccia, an Italian buffoon (died 1694). This 
 name signifies "skirmish" (q. v.).] A buffoon 
 in motley dress : — a braggart and poltroon. 
 
 Scarce, a. [It. scarso, scarce ; Fr. echars, scanty, 
 slight ; Late L. scarpsus or excarpsus, L. excerptus, 
 selected ; excerpere, to select ; ex, out, and car- 
 pere, to pluck.] Not plentiful; not copious; 
 rare ; not common ; unfrequent. 
 
 Scarce, or Scarce'ly, ad. Hardly ; barely. 
 
 Scarce'ness, \ n. State of being scarce ; want of 
 
 Scar'ci-ty, I plenty ; dearth. 
 
 Scare, v. a. [Scot, skair, Icel. skjarr, shy ; skirrask, 
 to shun ; Dut. & Ger. scheren, to withdraw. — See 
 Sheer.] [pp. scai'ing, scared.] To frighten ; 
 to affright; to terrify. —2, v. n. To become 
 frightened. — 3, n. A sudden fright; a panic. 
 
 Scarf, n. [A.-S. scearfe, a fragment; scearp, a 
 robe ; Dut. scherf, a shred ; Ger. scherbe, a piece ; 
 Fr. echarpe, a scarf.] A garment worn over the 
 shoulders : — a cut for a joint in timber. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. scarfing, scarfed.] To dress in a loose vest- 
 ure : — [A.-S. scearfian, to shred; L. scalpere, to 
 cut ; Ger. scharben, to cut up ; Sw. skarf, a joint ; 
 skarfva, to join together] to cut for making a 
 joint : — to join by means of a long cut, as timber. 
 
 Scarfing, n. A junction of pieces of timber. 
 
 Scarf'skin, n. [See Scurf.] The outer skin of 
 the body. [of the skin. 
 
 Scar-i-fi-ca'tion, n. [L. scarificatio.] An incision 
 
 Scar'i-fi-ca-tor, n. He who or that which scari- 
 fies; a scarifier : — a cupping instrument. 
 
 Scar'i-f I-er, n. He who or that which scarifies. 
 
 Scar'i-fy, v. a. [Fr. scarifier; L. scarificare, scari- 
 fare ; Gr. o-Kapic/xxo/uai, I scratch ; tr/capi^o?, a 
 drawing-style.] [pp. scarifying, scarified.] To 
 scratch or cut finely:— to let blood by cutting 
 the skin with a scarificator ; to cup. 
 
 Scar-la-ti'na, n. [It. scarlaltina; from the red 
 eruption.] ' (Med.) The scarlet fever. 
 
 Scar'let, n. [Fr. tcarlate, It. scarlatto, scarlet; 
 Per. 'saqalat, siqalat, scarlet cloth ; saqlan, cloth.] 
 A color of red and yellow blended. — 2, a. Of the 
 color of scarlet. 
 
 Scar'let-fe'ver, n. A disease characterized by an 
 efflorescence or red flush; scarlatina. 
 
 Scarp, n. [Fr. escaipe; It. Scarpa; from its sharp 
 pitch.— See Sharp.] (Fort.) The slope on that 
 side of a ditch which is next to a fortified place. 
 —2, v. a. [ pp. scarping, scarped.] To form or 
 cut down a slope. 
 
 Scarped (skarpt), a. Steep ; sloping. 
 
 Scath,' or Scathe, v. a. [A.-S. sceadan, to injure; 
 Ger. & Dut. schaden, Dan. skada, to harm. — Cf. 
 Skr. skhad, to cut.] [pp. scathing, scathed.] To 
 injure ; to damage. — 2, n. [A.-S. sceada, harm. 
 — Cf. Skr. kshati, hurting.] Injury ; damage. 
 
 Scath'ing {or skiith'ing), o. Severe; harsh; vio- 
 
 Scath'less, a. Without harm or damage. [lent. 
 
 Scat'ter, v. a. [A frequentative, related to Sheo, 
 and perhaps to Gr. o-K^odvvv^i, I scatter.] [pp. 
 scattering, scattered.] To throw loosely about; 
 to sprinkle ; to disperse ; to spread thinly.— 2, v. n. 
 To be dissipated or dispersed. 
 
 a, e, I, 5, 5, y, long ; a, e, 1, o, Q, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 
 
SCATTEKING 
 
 479 
 
 SCIOPTICS 
 
 Scat'ter-ing, n. A sprinkling; dispersion. — 2, a. 
 Disunited; dispersed; divided among various 
 persons or things. 
 
 Scav'en-ger, «. [Law Fr. (old) scavage, 0. E. 
 shetrage, showing, inspection ; 0. Fr. scavager, 
 an inspector (of customs, — later, of streets). The 
 w is intrusive.] A cleaner of the streets. 
 
 Scene (sen), n. [L. sceena, a stage, show, or ap- 
 pearance ; Gr. aKrivri, a tent, stage, or scene ; 
 Fr. scene.) The stage or the hangings of a thea- 
 tre : — part of a play ; appearance :— exhibition 
 of passion in a public body ; disorder. 
 
 Sce'ne-rjr (s3'-), n. [L. scscnarius, belonging to a 
 scene. J The appearance of a place or of objects ; 
 landscape ; a representation. 
 
 Scen'ic, a. [Gr. o-kt^iko?. — See Scene.] Kelating 
 to scenes or scenery ; dramatic ; theatrical. 
 
 Sce-nog'ra-phy. (se-), n. [Gr. o-K-qvr\, a scene, and 
 ypa.<$>eiv, to portray.] The art of perspective. 
 
 Scent (sent), n. [Fi\ sentir, to feel, to smell ; L. 
 sentire, to perceive. — See Sense.] Smell; odor: — 
 power to smell. — 2, v. a. [pp. scenting, scented.] 
 To perceive by the nose; to smell : — to fill with 
 odor; to perfume. 
 
 Scent' less, a. Inodorous ; having no smell. 
 
 Spep'tic, n. [L. scepticus, Gr. artceirTiKos, inquiring; 
 o-Ke'7TTojtxai, I consider.] An adherent to the 
 sceptical philosophy; a doubter; an infidel. — The 
 old orthography of this word was sceptic, and it 
 is so spelled in many of the dictionaries; but Dr. 
 Johnson introduced the orthography of skeptic, 
 and in this he has been followed by a large 
 number of lexicographers. Sceptic is the pre- 
 vailing orthography, and it is supported by the 
 best usage. 
 
 Spep'ti-cal, o. Doubting; not believing. 
 
 Spep'ti-cal-ly, ad. In a sceptical manner. 
 
 Spep'ti-cJsm, n. [Fr. scepticisme.] The philosophi- 
 cal .system of Pyrrho; universal doubt :— disbe- 
 lief of the truths of revelation ; infidelity. 
 
 Scep'tre (sep'ter), u. [Fr. ; L. sceptirum, Gr. o-K^n-- 
 rpoi>, a staff, a sceptre; o-KriirTeiv, to prop, to 
 lean on.] The ensign of royalty. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 Bceptring, Bceptred.] To invest with royalty. 
 
 Sphed'ule (sked'yul, shed'yul, or sed'yul), n. [L. 
 schedula, dim. of scheda or scida, a leaf of paper; 
 Gr. (rxe^Tj, a leaf or tablet ; L. scinderc, scidi, Gr. 
 erx^eti/, to split; crxiS*?, a splint.] A small sheet 
 or scroll ; a list ; an inventory ; a record ; a draft. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. scheduling, scheduled.] To place 
 in a list or scroll. 
 
 Spheme, n. [L. schema, Gr. o-xvf^^ form, figure ; 
 base of ex et,/ > future erxwio, to have.] A com- 
 bination of things adjusted by design ; a plan; 
 a system; a project; a contrivance; a design; 
 a diagram. — 2, o. a. & v. n. [pp. scheming, 
 schemed.] To plan; to contrive. 
 
 Sphem'er, or Sphem'ist, n. A projector. 
 
 Sphir'rus (skir'nis), ». See Scirrhus. 
 
 Schism (sizm), n. [L. schisma; Gr. (r\i<rixa ; <r\i<T- 
 Hiaros, a split; ax^eiv, to cleave.]- A division, 
 as in the church ; a separation from the church. 
 
 Schls'ma-tic (siz'ma-tik or sjz-mat'ik), n. [Gr. 
 crxtcrMo-Ti/co?. — See Schism.] One guilty of 
 schism ; one who separates from the church. — 
 2, a. Schismatical. 
 
 Schis-mat'i-cal (siz-mat'e-kal), a. Implying or 
 partaking of schism ; practising schism. 
 
 Schist (shist), «. [Gr. o-x ia " r °s> easily cleft; <rxi- 
 ^et j/, to cleave.] (Min.) A slaty rock. 
 
 Schis'tose (shis'tos), «. [Gr. crx t0 " T °s- — See Schist.] 
 Relating to schist. 
 
 Schis'tous (shis'tus), a. Same as Schistose. 
 
 Spbol'ar (skol'lar), «. [L. scholaris, belonging to a 
 school (q. v.) ; A.-S. scolere.] A pupil ; a learner; 
 a student ; a disciple : — a man of learning. 
 
 Sphol'ar-ly, a. Besoming a scholar. 
 
 Sehol'ar-ship, n. Learning; literature. 
 
 Spho-las'tic, n. [L. scholasticus ; Gr. o-xoAacrriKO?. 
 — See School.) An adherent to the scholastic 
 philosophy or theology ; a schoolman. — 2, o. 
 
 Eelating to the theology of the Middle Ages; 
 belonging to the schools; pedantic. 
 
 Spho-las'ti-cal-ly, ad. In a scholastic manner. 
 
 Spho-las'ti-clsm, n. Scholastic philosophy. 
 
 Spho'lj-ast, w. [Gr. o-xoAiao-njs. — See Scholium.] 
 A writer of explanatory notes. 
 
 Spho'li-um (sko'le-um), n. ; pi. Sgho'li-a. [L. ; 
 Gr. crxoAioy, a comment; dim. of erxoAJj, a dis- 
 cussion. — See School.] An annotation ; an ex- 
 planatory note. 
 
 Sphool, n. [A.-S. scolu; L. schola; Gr. o-xoAij, 
 leisure, discussion, — also, a school.] A place of 
 education ; a seminary : — a shoal or drove of 
 fishes. — 2, v. a. [pp. schooling, schooled.] To 
 instruct; to train; to teach. 
 
 Sphool'-bby, n. A boy that attends school. 
 
 Sphoof -fel-low (skCl'fel-lo), n. One attending the 
 same school ; a fellow-student. 
 
 School' -house, n. A house of instruction. 
 
 Sphool'ing, n. Instruction ; a reprimand. 
 
 Sphool'inan, n. A scholastic divine. 
 
 Sphool'-nias-ter, n. One who teaches a school. 
 
 Sph661'-mate, '«. A school-feliow. [school. 
 
 Sphool' -mis-tress, n- A female teacher oX a 
 
 Sehoon'er, n. [A.-S. scu- 
 nian, to shun, to flee; 
 Norw. skunna, to hasten ; 
 Scot, scon, to skip along 
 the water, as a flat 
 stone ; Dut. schooner, Ger. 
 schoner, a schooner.] A 
 small, sharp-built vessel 
 with two or more masts. Schoouer. 
 
 Schorl (shod), n. [Ger. 
 schorl; Sw. skorl] A variety of tourmaline. 
 
 Schot'tish, \n. [Ger. sc/tottiscfc, Scot- 
 
 Schot'tische (shot'tish), J tish.] A dance resem- 
 bling a polka; also the music. 
 
 Sci-at'ic (si-), ) a. [Fr. sciutiqite, Late L. sciaticus, 
 
 Sci-at'i-cal, J L. ischiadicus, Gr. i-axiaSiKos, sub- 
 ject to pain in the loins; itrxtas, pain in the 
 loins; icrx^oi', the hip-joint.] Relating to sci- 
 atica, or to the hip; ischiatic ; ischiadic. 
 
 Sci-at'i-ca (si-), n. Rheumatism or neuralgia in 
 the hip or the sciatic nerve. 
 
 Sci'ence (si-), n. [L. scientia ; sciere, part, sckntis, 
 to know.] Knowledge ; knowledge methodically 
 digested and arranged ; learning. 
 
 Sci-en-tif ic (si-), a. [Fr. scieidifiqne ; Late L. sci- 
 entificus, "made by science ; scientia, knowledge, 
 and facere, to make.] Relating to science ; versed 
 in science. 
 
 Sci-en-tif i-cal-lx, ad. In a scientific manner. 
 
 Sci'en-tist (si'en-tist), v. A scientific person ; one 
 versed in a science or in several sciences. 
 
 Scil'i-cet (sil'-), ad. [L. for scire licet, you may 
 know.] Truly; to wit; namely. 
 
 Scim'i-tar, n. See Cimeter and Scymitar. 
 
 Scin-til'ia (sin-), n. [L. for " a spiark."] A gleam ; 
 a Hash. ' 
 
 Scin'til-lant, a. Sparkling; emitting sparks. 
 
 Scin'til-late (sin'-), v. >t. [L. scintiUare, scintil- 
 lutnm ; scintilla, a spark.] [pp. scintillating, scin- 
 tillated.] To emit sparks ; to sparkle. 
 
 Scin-til-la'tion (sin-), ». [L. sciutillalio, a spark- 
 ling.'] The'act of sparkling. 
 
 Scl'o-lism (si'-), n. Superficial knowledge. 
 
 Sci'o-Hst (si'-), m. [L. sciolus, a smatterer ; dim. of 
 scius, knowing.] One of superficial knowledge. 
 
 Scl-o-lis'tie (si-), a. Of or pertaining to a scio- 
 list; superficial. 
 
 Sci'on (si'on), n. [Fr. scion, perhaps from scier, to 
 saw ; L. secare, to cut.] A shoot or twig ; a graft : 
 — a descendant. 
 
 Sci-op'tic (si-), a. [Gr. o-kkx, a shadow, and birri- 
 kos, optic (q. v.).\ Pertaining to the camera 
 obscura. 
 
 Scl-op'ti-con (si-), n. A form of camera obscura. 
 
 Sci-op'tics. n. pi. The art of exhibiting images 
 of external objects received through a double- 
 convex glass into a dark room. 
 
 mien, sir ; mSve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— p, gt, c, §, soft; p, p, p, g, hard; § at z ; ? as gz ; tnia. 
 
SCIKKHOSITY 
 
 480 
 
 SCRAMBLE 
 
 Scir-rhos'i-ty. (skir-ros'e-te), n. State of being 
 scirrhous ; an induration of a gland. 
 
 Spir'rhous (sklr'rus), a. Hard ; resembling or 
 partaking of the nature of scirrhus. 
 
 Scir'rhus (skir'rus), ji. [Gr. o-/a'ppos or <r«tpos, a 
 hard swelling; cr/cipos, bard.] A form of can- 
 cerous tumor. 
 
 Scis'sile (sis'sil), a. [L. scissilis ; scindere, scissum, 
 to split.] Capable of being cut or split. 
 
 Scis'sors (siz'zurz), n. pi. [Fr. ciseaux; 0. Fr. 
 cisuires; L. csedere, to cut; shaped in English 
 after L. scissor, a cutter; sciyidere, to cut.] A cut- 
 ting instrument with two blades ; small shears. 
 
 Scle-rot'ic, n. [Fr. scltrotique, the sclerotica; Gr. 
 ovcAijpo?, hard ; (r/cArjpoTr)?, hardness.] A medi- 
 cine which hardens : — the sclerotica. — 2, a. Re- 
 lating to the sclerotica. 
 
 Scle-rot'i-ca, n. [Neo-Latin.] (Anat.) One of the 
 membranes of the eye : — called also sclerotic. 
 
 Scoff, v. a. & v. n. [0. Fris. schof, Icel. skaup or 
 shop, a scoff; 0. Dut. schobben, Icel. slcopa, to 
 scoff: perhaps akin to Shove.] [pp. scoffing, 
 scoffed.] To mock; to deride ; to ridicule. — 2, n. 
 An expression of scorn or contempt ; derision ; 
 mockery; ridicule; a jeer. 
 
 Scoffer, n. One who scoffs ; a scorner. 
 
 Scold, v. n. & v. a. [Dut. scheldan, past tense 
 schold; Ger. schelten, past tense schalt: akin to 
 Ger. schallen, Sw. sJcalla, to resound.] [pp. scold- 
 ing, scolded.] To rail with ill humor; to quar- 
 rel ; to brawl; to chide; to rate. — 2, n. A 
 clamorous, rude, vulgar woman. 
 
 Scold' ing, n. Clamorous, rude language. 
 
 Scol'lop, n. A shell-fish. See Scallop. 
 
 Scol-o-pen'dra, n. [L. scolopendru ; Gr. <r/coAo7rev- 
 6pa; a-Ko\o\p, a prickle.] A venomous centipede. 
 
 Sconce, n. [Late L. absconsa, a dark-lantern ; 0. Fr. 
 esconse ; L. ubs, away, and condere, 
 to hide.] A branched candlestick : 
 — [Dut. scltans, Sw. skans, Ger. 
 schanze, a fort; 0. Fr. esconser, to 
 hide, to ensconce one's self; L. 
 abscondere, ubsconsnw, to abscond 
 (q. v.), to hide] a fort : — a fixed seat 
 or shelf: — the head ; sense :^a fine. 
 
 Scoop, n. [Sw. slcopa, 0. Dut. schvppe, 
 a scoop; Dan. skufi'e, Ger. schuppe, Sconce 
 a shovel. — Cf. Gr. o-kv$>o<;, a cup, 
 o-KonrreLv, to dig.] A kind of large ladle; a 
 sweep. — 2, v. a. [pp. scooping, scooped.] To 
 lade out : — to cut hollow. [of a river. 
 
 Sc66p'-net, n. A net formed to sweep the bottom 
 
 Scope, n. [It. scopo, scope, intent; Gr. <tko7t6s, a 
 spy, atceTTTOixat, to see.] Tendency; design; final 
 end ; intention ; drift : — amplitude ; room ; space ; 
 extent. 
 
 Scor-bu'tic, la. [Late L. scorbidus, scurvy (q. v.) ; 
 
 Scor-bu'ti-cal, j Ger. scharbock, Low Ger. schar- 
 buuh, scurvy, — originally a rupture ; Ger. sche- 
 ren, Dut. scheuren, to split or rend, and Dut. bail; 
 Low Ger. brink, Ger. bauch, the belly.] Relating 
 to, or diseased with, the scurvy. 
 
 Scbrch, v. a. [Fr. ecorcher, Sp. escorchar, Late L. 
 excorticare, to take oft' the skin ; L. ex, off, and 
 cortex, corticis, the skin, or scortum, tbe skin.] 
 [?)/». scorching, scorched.] To burn superfi- 
 cially ; to burn.— 2, v. n. To be burnt super- 
 ficially or slightly. 
 
 Score, n. [A.-S. scor, twenty, from sceran, to cut, 
 to shear (9. v.); Icel. skor, Dan. skaar, a notch.] 
 A notch ; a long incision : — a line drawn : — an 
 account kept by marks :— a mark : — account : — 
 reason ; sake : — twenty : — a musical transcript 
 or composition. — 2, v. a. [pp. scoring, scored.] 
 To cut ; to engrave : — to mark by a line : — to set 
 down, as a debt : — to castigate. 
 
 Sco'ri-a, n. ; pi. Sco'ri-ae. [L. ; Gr. aittopla., dross; 
 o-K.u>p, A.-S. sceam, dung.] Dross; recrement; 
 slag; volcanic cinders. 
 
 Sco-ri-a'ceous (-shus). a. Relating to dross. 
 
 Sco-ri-fi-ca'tion, n. Reduction into dross. 
 
 contemptuous. 
 
 Scorpion. 
 
 Sco'ri-fy, v. a. [Fr. scorifier ; L. scoria, dross, and 
 fieri, to become.] [pp. scorifying, scorified.] To 
 reduce to scoria or dross. 
 
 Scorn, v. a. [It. scherno, 0. Fr. escarn, scorn ; 
 0. Ger. skern, mockery ; skernon, to mock : — prob- 
 ably related to A.-S. sceam, Icel. skarn, dung.] 
 [pp. scorning, scorned.] To despise ; to disdain ; 
 to contemn. — 2, n. Contempt ; disdain ; derision. 
 
 Scorn' er, n. A contemner ; a despiser ; a scoffer. 
 
 Scorn' ful, a. Full of scorn ; 
 
 Scbrn'ful-lx, ad. Con- 
 temptuously. 
 
 Scor'pi-on, n. [L. scorpio ; 
 Gr. o-Kopn-tos, sharp, — 
 also a scorpion.] A ven- 
 omous articulate ani- 
 mal. 
 
 Scbr'ta-to-ry, a. [L. scortator, a fornicator; scor- 
 tum,SL harlot.] Relating to lewdness. 
 
 Scot, n. [L. Scotus.] A native of Scotland :— [A.-S. 
 scot, payment; Dut. schot; Icel. skot; Ger. schoss); 
 0. Fr. escot: akin to Shoot and Shot] a pay- 
 ment ; a tax. — Scot and lot, parish payments. 
 
 Scotch, a. Relating to Scotland ; Scottish. — 2, n. 
 A drag or brake applied to a wheel in descend- 
 ing a declivity: — [see Scutch] a slight cut; 
 a shallow incision. — 3, v. a. [pp. scotching, 
 scotched.] To stop a wheel by a stone, &c. : — to 
 cut with small incisions. 
 
 Scotch/man, n. A man born in Scotland. 
 
 Scot'-free\ a. Without payment; untaxed : — un- 
 
 Scots'man, n. . A Scotchman. [hurt ; safe. 
 
 Scot'ti-ci§m, n. A Scottish phrase or idiom. 
 
 Sc5t't|sh, a. Relating to Scotland ; Scotch. 
 
 Scbun'drel, n. [A.-S. scunian, to shun ; Scot, scun- 
 ner, to loathe : it seems to have meant at first a 
 coward, one who shuns danger, — also one who ex- 
 cites disgust and loathing.] A rascal ; a villain ; 
 a worthless fellow. — 2, a. Base; disgraceful. 
 
 Scbur, v. a. [Sw. skura; Dan. skure ; 0. Fr. es- 
 curer : referred to L. excurare, to take care of, or 
 L. excoriare, to peel. —See Excoriate.] [pp. 
 scouring, scoured.] To rub with something 
 rough or hard ; to clean ; to purge ; to cleanse : 
 — to range over.— 2, v. n. To be purged: — to 
 rove. — 3, n. The wearing effect of a current or 
 tide.— -pi. A diarrhoea. 
 
 Scourge (skiirj), n. [Fr. ecourgce, esconrgee; It. 
 scoreggia, scuriada, a scourge ; L. excoriala, flayed 
 off.— hence a thong of leather.— See Excukiate.] 
 A whip; a lash; a thong : — a punishment; af- 
 fliction: — a scourger. — 2, v. a. [pp. scourging, 
 scourged.] To whip; to punish ; to chastise. 
 
 Scout, n. [Fr. ecoule, 0. Fr. escoute, a spy, a lis- 
 tener; Fr. ecouter, L. auscultare, to listen. — See 
 Auscultation.] One who is sent privily to ob- 
 serve the motions or state of an enemy ; a 6py. 
 — 2, v. a. [Icel. skuta, a taunt; skota, to push: 
 akin to Shoot.] [pp. scouting, scouted.] To re- 
 ject with contempt; to hoot away; to ridicule: 
 — to travel over. — 3, v. n. To act as a scout : — to 
 sneer. 
 
 Scow, n. [Dut. schouw : probably related to Shove.] 
 A flat-bottomed boat. 
 
 Scowl, v. n. [Dut. skule, to scowl ; Low Ger. 
 schulen. to hide the eyes : akin to Skulk.] [pp. 
 scowling, scowled.] To look angry, sour, or 
 sullen.— 2, n. A look of sullen uess or discon- 
 tent; a frown. 
 
 Scrag, n. [Gael, sgreag, to shrivel ; Local Sw. 
 skraka, a dry tree, a lean man ; Norw. skrekka, to 
 shrink.] Any thing thin or lean :— the neck. 
 
 Scrag'fed, a. Rough; uneven; scraggy. 
 
 Scrag'fed-ness, 1 n. State of being scraggy ; lean- 
 
 Scrag'fi'-ness, Jness; roughness. 
 
 Scrag'li-ly, ad. Roughly ; meagrely. 
 
 Scrag'ly, a. [Local Sw. skrugeg, crooked ; Norw. 
 skrokken, wrinkled; Gael, sgreagach, drj r . — See 
 Scrag.] Lean; thin; rough; rugged. 
 
 Scram'ble, v. a, [A nasalized form of Scrabble, 
 which is a frequentative of Scrape.] [pp. scram- 
 
 a, e, 1, 0, S, y, long; a, e, 1, o, fl, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
SCRAP 
 
 481 
 
 SCUD 
 
 foling, scrambled.] To mix in a confused manner 
 while being cooked, as eggs. — 2, v. n. To catch 
 at any thing eagerly; to struggle; to try to 
 climb; to climb or clamber. — 3, n. Eager con- 
 test ; struggle ; a climb. 
 Scrap, u. [Icel. skrup, Dan. skrab, scrapings; 
 slcrabe, to scrape (q. v.).] A particle ; apiece; a 
 fragment. [or small pieces. 
 
 Scrap'-book (-bfik), n. A book composed of scraps 
 
 Scrape, v. a. [Icel. skrapa, Dan. skrabe, Dut. 
 schrapen, to scrape; A.-S. scearpkm, to scratch; 
 scearp, sharp.] [pp. scraping, scraped.] To pare 
 lightly ; to rub : — to collect. — 2, v. n. To make 
 a harsh noise. — 3, n. The act, or the noise, of 
 scraping: — difficulty; perplexity; distress. 
 
 Scrap'er, n. One who scrapes : — an instrument 
 for scraping : — a miser : — a vile fiddler. 
 
 Scrap' -iron (-I'urn), n. Iron in small pieces. 
 
 Scrap'py, a. Composed of scraps. 
 
 Scratch, v. a. [0. E. scratteu and craccken, to 
 scratch; Dan. skrude, to creak; Sw. kratsa, to 
 scrape ; krutta, Dut. krassen, Ger. kratzen, to 
 scratch ; root kar and skar, to cut.] [pp. scratch- 
 ing, scratched.] To tear; to wound; to tear or 
 rub with the nails, Ac. — 2, n. A slight wound ; 
 a laceration : — a wig.— pi. A disease in horses' 
 feet. 
 
 Scrawl, v. a. & v. n. [Probably for scribble: af- 
 fected by Local Eng. scrawl, to crawl.] [pp. 
 scrawling, scrawled.] To draw or write clum- 
 sily. — 2, n. Unskilful and inelegant writing. 
 
 Scraw'ny, a. [Icel. skran, Scot, scran, refuse.] 
 Lean ; meagre. 
 
 Screak, v. n. [Imitative. — See Screech, Creak, 
 Squeak, and Shriek.] [pp. screaking, screaked.] 
 To make a shrill noise. — 2, n. A screech ; a 
 shriek. 
 
 Scream, v. n. [Icel. skrsema, Sw. skr'dma, Dan. 
 skrmma, to scare ; Sw. skriin, a scream : root of 
 Ger. schreien, to cry : imitative.] [pp. screaming, 
 screamed.] To cry out, as in terror or agony. — 
 2, n. A shrill, quick, loud cry ; a shriek. 
 
 Screech, v. n. [Icel. skrsekja, Sw. skrika, Dan. 
 skrige, Gael, sjreach, Welsh ysgrechio, to screech : 
 imitative.] [pp. screeching, screeched.] To 
 cry out; to scream. — 2, n. A cry of horror and 
 anguish. 
 
 Screech'-b<vl, n. An owl that hoots by night. 
 
 Screed, n. [A.-S. screade, a strip, a piece. — Cf. 
 Shred.] A wooden rule for running mould- 
 ings :— a harangue ; a piece of poor prose or 
 verse. 
 
 Screen, n. [Fr. ecran, a 
 screen ; Ger. schranne, a 
 railing ; Czech schrana, 
 a screen.] Something to 
 intercept light or heat: 
 — a thing that affords 
 shelter: — a sieve. — 2, id 
 v. a. [pp. screening, 
 screened.] To protect 
 from heat, light, or cold 
 shield : — to sift. 
 
 Screw (skru), n. [Fr. ecron; 0. Fr. escrou; Ger. I 
 schranbe; Dut. schroef; Sw. skruf; Dan. skrue : 
 all from L. scrobs, a hole.] A cylinder grooved i 
 spirally: — one of the mechanical powers for 
 pressing : — a screw-propeller : — a vicious horse : 
 — a covetous person. — 2, v. a. [pp. screwing, 
 screwed.] To turn or fasten with a screw : — to j 
 force ; to squeeze ; to press ; to oppress : — to ex- 
 amine severely. [screws. 
 
 Screw'-driv-er (skru'-), n. A tool for turning 
 
 Screwing (s'kru'jng), a. Oppressive; hard; ex- 
 acting. 
 
 Screw-pine', n. A tropical tree of various species. 
 
 Screw'-pro-pel'ler, n. An instrument for propel- 
 ling vessels at sea, consisting of two or more 
 twisted blades set on an axis running parallel 
 with the keel and revolving beneath the water; 
 the vessel thus propelled. 
 
 If 
 
 
 911 
 
 
 i 
 
 -.**:.'< 
 
 | Vf 
 
 V I j 
 
 
 J 
 
 
 
 uTl 
 
 
 to shelter; to hide; to 
 
 Scrlb'ble, n. [A frequentative : root of Scribe.] 
 Worthless, careless writing. — 2, v. a. & v. u. [pp. 
 scribbling, scribbled.] To write carelessly. 
 
 Scrlb'bler, n. A worthless author or writer. 
 
 Scribe, n. [L. scriba, a writer ; scribere, scriptum, 
 Ger. schreiben, to write.] A Jewish teacher of the 
 law : — & writer; a clerk : — a public notary. — 
 1,v.-a. [pp. scribing, scribed.] To mark or ad- 
 just with compasses. 
 
 Scrim'mage, n. [See Skirmish.] A skirmish, 
 fight, or struggle. [Low or colloq.] 
 
 Scrimp, v. a. [A.-S. scrimman, to shrink (q. v.). — 
 Cf. Crimp.] [pp. scrimping, scrimped.] To- 
 make scant; to spare. — 2, n. A niggard; a 
 miser. — 3, a. Scanty. 
 
 Scrip, n. [Icel. skreppa ; Sw. skrappa ; Low Ger. 
 schrap, a scrip : akin to Scrap, a piece or shred.] 
 A small bag : — [the same as Scripi] a schedule ; 
 a small writing : — a certificate of stock. 
 
 Script, n. [L. scriptuni, written ; scribere, to write.] 
 An imitation of wiiting iu print. 
 
 Script'ii-ral (skript'yur-al), o. Contained in, or 
 in accordance with, the' Bible; biblical. 
 
 Scrlpt'ure (skript'yur), v. [L. scrij'tura, a writing; 
 scribere, to write.] Writing: — the sacred writ- 
 ings; the Holy Scriptures; the Bible. 
 
 Scrive'ner (skriv'ner) [skriv'in-er, Ja. Sm.), n. 
 [Fr. ecrivain, Sp. escribano, It. scricano, Late L. 
 scribanus, a notary; L. scriba, a scribe (q. v.).] 
 One who draws contracts, <ic. : — a sort of 
 money-broker. 
 
 Scrof'u-la, n. [L. ; dim. of scrofa, a swine ; per- 
 haps from the swollen appearance of scrofulous 
 glands.] (Med.) A chronic disease, vulgarly 
 called the kiiufs eril ; struma. 
 
 Scrof'u-lous, a. Diseased with the scrofula. 
 
 Scroll, n. [Fr. ticrou, a list ; O. Fr. escroue, escroele, 
 a strip ; Icel. skra, a writing; 0. Dut. schroode, a 
 strip, a shrei : the idea of a roll or twist seems to 
 have come through confusion of the French with 
 ^crou, a screw.] A writing formed into a roll. 
 
 Scro'tum, n. [L.] The pouch in which are the 
 teste's. 
 
 Scrub, v. a. [Dut. schrobben ; Dan. skrubbe ; Sw. 
 skrubba: root of SHRUB: brushes were made of 
 twigs.] [}ip. scrubbing, scrubbed.] To rub hard 
 with something coarse. — 2, v. v. To work and 
 fare hard. — 3, n. A worn-out broom : — one who 
 works hard and tares ill; a drudge : — [A.-S. 
 scrobb, a shrub (q. v.)] low-growing hard-wood; 
 dense underwood. — 4, a. Mean; inferior: — 
 dwarfish; stunted. 
 
 Scrub'by, a. Like a 6crub; mean ; vile : — covered 
 with scrub or dense underwood. 
 
 Scrub'-oak (skrul/ok), n. A name common to 
 several species of oak of low growth. 
 
 Scru'ple, n. [L. scrxpulus, a sharp stone, — hence a 
 small weight, — also an annoyance, difficulty, a 
 stone in one's shoe; scrupus, a stone.] A doubt; 
 perplexity; difficulty: — a weight of twenty 
 grains. — 2, v. n. & v. a. [pp. scrupling, scru- 
 pled.] To doubt ; to hesitate. 
 
 Scru-pi-los'i-ty, n. [L. scmpulosilas.] Quality 
 of being scrupulous ; doubt ; conscientiousness. 
 
 Scru'pu-loiis, a. [L. scrupulosvs.] Nicely doubt- 
 ful ; careful; conscientious; precise; cautious. 
 
 Scru'pu-lous-ly, ad. Carefully ; anxiously. 
 
 Scru'pu-lous-ness, n. Scrupulosity. 
 
 Scru'ti-nize, e. a. [pp. scrutinizing, scrutinized.] 
 To search closely ; to examine critically. 
 
 Scru'ti-ny, v. [L. scruHnium, a search ; scrulari, to 
 search, — literally, to search even to the rags; 
 semta, trash, rags.] A strict search ; an exami- 
 nation; careful inquiry. 
 
 Scru-toire' (skru-twiir'), n. [See Escritoire.] A 
 case of drawers for writing: an escritoire. 
 
 Scud, v. v. [A variant of Colloq. Eng. scoot, to 
 run away, and a form of Shoot. — Cf. Sw. sfoitta, 
 to leap.] [pp. scudding, scudded.] To flee; to 
 run away with speed.— 2, n. A cloud swiftly 
 driven ; misl. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, biir, rule, use. 
 
 -9,9, 
 41 
 
 f , soft; p, £}, p, g, hard; s as z ; x as gz ; this. 
 
SCUFFLE 
 
 482 
 
 SEAKCHING 
 
 Scuffle. n. [A frequentative form of Shove.] A 
 confused contest between persons struggling 
 against each other ; a quarrel. — 2, v. n. [pp. scut- 
 tling, scuffled.] To strive or struggle roughly. 
 
 Scuf fler, n. One who scuffles : — a garden-tool. 
 
 Sculk, 'c. n. [pp. sculking, sculked.] • To lurk se- 
 cretly. See skulk. 
 
 Scull, n. [Icel. skal, a hollow ; Sw. skal, a bowl : 
 sculls were originally hollowed, spoon-shaped 
 oars.] A boat ; an oar : — the skull. See Skull. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. sculling, sculled.] To impel a 
 boat by an oar. 
 
 Scull' er, n. One who sculls : — a cockboat. 
 
 Sciil'ler-y, n. [A.-S. swillian, Dan. skglle, Icel. 
 skohi, to wash; Norwegian skcul, dish-water.] 
 A place for kitchen-utensils. 
 
 Scull'ion (skul'yun), n. [0. Fr. escouillon, escou- 
 villon, a dishcloth; Sp. escobillon, a cannon- 
 sponge; escobilla, a brush; escoba, a broom; L. 
 scopa, twigs, a broom.] A kitchen-servant. 
 
 Scul'pin, n. [L. scolopendra, a centipede, — also a 
 certain sea-fish. — See Scolopendra.] An ill- 
 looking fish. 
 
 Sculp' tor, n. [L. — See Sculpture.] A carver of 
 stone or wood. 
 
 Sculpt'u-ral, a. Eelating to sculpture. 
 
 Sculpt'ure t,sktilpt'yur), u. [L. sculptura ; sculpere 
 (also sculpere), to carve.] Art of carving in 
 wood, stone, &c. ; engraving; carved work. — 
 
 2, v. a. [jjp. sculpturing, sculptured.] To carve ; 
 to cut out. 
 
 Scum, n. [Dan. & Sw. sham: Ger. schaum; Fr. 
 ecume. — See Skim.] What rises to the top of 
 any liquor. — 2, v. a. [pp. scumming, scummed.] 
 To clear off the scum ; to skim. 
 
 Scup'per-nong, n. [An aboriginal name.] A va- 
 riety'of the American muscadine <r Southern 
 fox-grape :— a wine from the same grape. 
 
 Scup'per§, v. pi. [Sp. & 0. Fr. tseupir. Roumanian 
 scuipire, L. exspnere, to spit out. — See Spew.] 
 Small holes in a ship's sides. 
 
 Scurf, v. [A.-S. scurf and sceorfa, scurf; sceorfan, 
 to scrape; Dan. skurv, Dut. schurft, Ger. schorf, 
 scurf; schurfen, to scratch.] A kind of dry scab ; 
 dandruff. 
 
 Scurf i-ness, n. The state of being scurfy. 
 
 Scurfy, a. Having scurf, scabs, or scales. 
 
 Scur'rile, a. Low ; opprobrious ; scurrilous. 
 
 Scur-ril'i-ty, n. [L. scurrilitas.] Vulgar or abusive 
 language. 
 
 Scur'ril-ous, a. [L. scuirilis; scurra, a buffoon, — 
 also a fop.] Grossly opprobrious; coarse; foul; 
 abusive ; opprobrious ; reproachful. 
 
 Scur'ril-ous-ly, ad. With gross reproach. 
 
 Scur'ril-ous-nlss. n. Scurrility; vulgarity. 
 
 Sciir'vi-ly, ad. Vilely; basely; coarsely. 
 
 Sciir'vi-ne'ss, n. State of being scurvy. 
 
 Sciir'vy, a. [From Scurf; Sw. skorcig ; skorf, 
 scurf.'] Scabbed ; scurfy : — mean ; vile ; bad ; 
 worthless.— 2, n. [Late L. scorbidus.— See Scor- 
 butic] A disease incident to seamen, &c. 
 
 Scu'tate. a. [L. scutatus ; scidum, a shield.] {Zoo'l.) 
 Protected by scales.— {Bot.) Formed like a round 
 buckler. 
 
 Scutch, r. a. [Xorw. skoka, a flax-swingle; Sw. 
 s&a&fa, to swingle.] [pp. scutching, scutched.] 
 To break and dress, as flax. 
 
 Sciitch'eon (skutsh'un), n. [See Escutcheon.] A 
 shield ; the ensigns armorial of a family. 
 
 Scu'ti-fbrm. a. [L. scutum, a shield, and forma, 
 form.] Shaped like a shield. 
 
 Scut'tle, n. [A.-S. sadel, a dish ; L. scidella or scu- 
 tida, a salver; scuta or scidra, a tray.] A basket; 
 a grate :— a quick pace ; a short run :— a pail or 
 vessel for coals :— [Fr. ecoutille, Sp. escotilla, a 
 hatchway; escatar, to cut outl an opening or 
 hole in a ship's side or deck, or in the roof of 
 a house. — 2, v. a. [pp. scuttling, scuttled.] To 
 sink a ship by cutting holes in the bottom. — 
 
 3, v. n. [A frequentative of Scud.] To run 
 with haste. 
 
 hir; sham, ,, 
 
 r, a lion.] v NY 
 
 sword:— ^-- :: ^__ ; ^p=^\ 
 tetar, cimi- ^ ~"tj 
 
 Scym'i-tar (sim'-), n. [Fr. cimeterre ; It. scimi- 
 tarra; Per. shimshir; sham, 
 a claw, and sher, 
 A short Turkish 
 written also scimetar, 
 ter, and trimeter. 
 
 Scythe (sith), n. [A.-S. side, 
 sigde, a scythe ; Icel. sigdr, a sickle; Ger. sense, 
 0. Ger. seyisna, segensa, a scythe; root of Saw.] 
 An instrument for mowing grass. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 scything, scythed] To cut with a scythe ; to mow. 
 
 Se-. A Latin prefix, implying separation : akin 
 to sed, but : the prefix is written also sed- ; prob- 
 ably related to L. ablative se, by one's self. 
 
 Sea (se), n. [A.-S. sse, a sea or lake ; Dut. zee, 
 Goth, saiics, Ger. see, a lake, the sea.] A larjre 
 body of salt water ; the ocean ; a body of water : 
 — surge ; a wave. 
 
 Sea'-a-nem'o-ne, n. A species of polyp. 
 
 Sea'-beat (se'bet), \a. Beaten by the waves 
 
 Sea'-beat-en (se'be-tn), J of the sea. 
 
 Sea'board, n. [Sea, and Fr. bord, the shore.] The 
 sea-coast ; the region near the sea. 
 
 Sea' -coal, n. Pit-coal ; coal brought by sea. 
 
 Sea'-cb-ft, n. The manatee : — the walrus. 
 
 Sea'far-er, n. A mariner; a sailor. 
 
 Sea'far-ing, a. Employed as a seaman : — pertain- 
 ing to seamanship. 
 
 Sea'-g'irt (se'g'irt), a. Encircled by the sea. 
 
 Sea'-go-ing, a. Going to sea; seafaring. 
 
 Sea'-green, a. Having the color of sea-water. 
 
 Sea' -horse (se'hbrs), n. The morse; the walrus. 
 
 Seal, n. [0. Fr. seel, Fr. sceau, Ger. siegel, Sp. 
 sigilo, sello, L. sigillum, a seal, dim. of signitm, a 
 sign.] An engraved 6tamp for making an im- 
 pression, as on wax: — wax impressed: — con- 
 firmation.— (Zool.) [A.-S. seolh; Dan. ssel; Sw. 
 ejal.~] A marine quadruped. — 2, v. a. [pp. seal- 
 ing, sealed.] To fasten with a seal ; to mark : — 
 to confirm ; to ratify : — to close ; to shut. 
 
 Seal'er, n. One who seals : — an officer who exam- 
 ines and tests weights and measures : — a ship 
 engaged in taking seals. [skins, or furs. 
 
 Seal'ing, n. The capture of seals for their oil, 
 
 Seal'ing-wax, ». Wax used to seal letters. 
 
 Sea'-H-on, n. A kind of seal. 
 
 Seam, n. [A.-S. seam; Dut. zoom; Dan. som; Ger. 
 saum : root of Sew.] The suture of two edges 
 of cloth sewed together: — a juncture of two 
 planks : — a crevice or fissure : — a scar : — a thin 
 bed; a layer : — [A.-S. seam, Ger. sauiv, L. sagma, 
 a horse-load ; Gr. cray/ota, a pack-saddle] a meas- 
 ure; eight bushels of corn. — 2, v. a. [pp. seam- 
 ing, seamed.] To join together; to mark ; to scar. 
 
 Sea'man (se'man), n. A sailor ; a mariner. 
 
 Sea'm^n-ship, "h. The skill of a good seaman. 
 
 Sea'-niew, n. [So called from its cry.] A fowl 
 that frequents the sea. 
 
 Seam'less, a. Having no seam. 
 
 Sea'-mon-ster, n. A strange animal of the sea. 
 
 Seam' stress "[sem'stres, P. E. Wb. I.], n. [A.-S. 
 seamestr'e, ssemestres. — See Seam.] A woman who 
 sews : — written also sempstress and eemstress. 
 
 Seam'y, a. Having a seam; showing seams. 
 
 Seance (sa-ons), n. [Fr.] A sitting; a session, 
 as of a company or a public body. 
 
 Sea'port, n. A harbor or port for ships ; a haven. 
 
 Sear, a. [A.-S. searian, to dry up; 0. Dut. sore, 
 zoor, Low Ger. soar, dry.] Dry; withered ; not 
 green. — 2, v. a. [pp. searing, seared.] To burn; 
 to cauterize : — to harden to dryness; to wither. 
 
 Search (serch), v. a. [0. Fr. cercher, Fr. chercher, 
 It. cercare, to search ; L. circare, to go around, 
 to explore; circus, a circle (q. v. 1 ).] [pp. search- 
 ing, searched.] To examine ; to try ; to explore ; 
 to inquire; to seek for; to hunt: — to probe. — 
 
 2, v. n. To make a search; to seek; to try. — 
 
 3, ». Inquiry; quest; pursuit. 
 Search'er, n. An examiner; an inquirer. 
 
 j Search' i'ng, a. Examining closely; exploring; 
 I probing; penetrating. 
 
 a, e, i, o, u, y, long; a, e, l, o, Q, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
SEAECH-WAKKANT 
 
 483 
 
 SECUEITY 
 
 Search'-war-rant (-wor-rant), n. (Law.) A war- 
 rant or writ, granted by a magistrate, for search- 
 ing a house, &c, for stolen goods. 
 
 Sea'-room, it. Open sea; spacious main. 
 
 Sea'-ser-vice (sS'ser-vis), it. Naval service. 
 
 Sea' -shell, n. A shell founi on the shore. 
 
 Sea'-shore, n. The coast of the sea. 
 
 Sea'-slck, a. Affected by sea-sickness. 
 
 Sea'-sick-ness, n. A sickness to which most per- 
 sons are subject upon first going to sea. 
 
 Sea' -side (se'sM), n. The region near the sea. 
 
 Sea'son (se'zn), n- [Fr. saison; L. satio, a sow- 
 ing, — later, sowing-time; serere, satiim, to sow.] 
 One of the four parts of the year, namely, 
 spring, summer, autumn, winter: — a lime; a fit 
 time; an opportunity. — 2, v. a, [pp. seasoning, 
 seasoned.] To give a relish to; to imbue: — to 
 fit for use ; to mature ; to inure. — 3, v. n. To 
 become mature or fit. 
 
 Sea'son-a-ble (s5'zn-a-bl), a. Done or happening 
 at the proper time ; 'opportune ; timely. 
 
 Sea'§on-a-bly, ad. Opportunely. 
 
 Sea'son-ing (se'zn-iug), n. Process of inuring; 
 that which seasons ; a condiment. 
 
 Sea'-spi-der, n. One of a family of marine spider- 
 like crabs : — called also spider-crab. 
 
 Seat, w. [A.-S. set; Icel. sseli; Dan. ssede. — See 
 Sit.] That on which one sits ; a chair; a stool : 
 — a residence; mansion; situation; site. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. seating, seated.] To place on seats: to fix. 
 
 Sea'-ur-chin, n. The echinus, a spiny sea-animal. 
 
 Sea'ward, a. Directed toward the sea. — 2, ad. 
 Toward the sea. 
 
 Sea'-wa-ter, n. The salt water of the sea. 
 
 Sea'-weed, a. A marine plant; alga. 
 
 Sea'-wor-tfiy (s5'wur-the), o. Fit to go to sea; 
 able to hear a voyage at sea. 
 
 Se-ba'ceous (se-bu'shus), a. [L. sebum, fat. — See 
 "Suet.] Relating to fat ; fatty. 
 
 Se'cant, n. [L. secans, cutting; secare, to cut.] A 
 line cutting another:— a line drawn from the 
 centre of a circle, through the extremity of an 
 arc, and limited by the tangent passing through 
 the other extremity. — 2, a. Cutting; dividing, 
 as a line. 
 
 Se-cede', 0. n. [L. secedere, secessvm, to depart; 
 'se-, apart, and cedere, to go.] [pp. seceding, 
 seceded.] To withdraw from fellowship; to re- 
 tire ; to depart ; to recede. 
 
 Se-ced'er, v. One who secedes; a dissenter. 
 
 Se-ces'sion (se-sesh'un), n. [L. secessio.— See Se- 
 ckdk.] The act of seceding; withdrawal :— per- 
 sons seceding. 
 
 Se-ces'sion-ist (se-sesh'un-Tst), n. One who se- 
 cedes : — one who believes in the right of seces- 
 sion. — 2, a. Of or relating to secession. 
 
 Se-clude', v. a. [L. sccludere, seclusum, to shut off; 
 se-, apart, and clandere, elansnm, to shut.] [pp. 
 secluding, secluded.] To shut up apart; to 
 separate. 
 
 Se-clud'ed, p. a. Retired ; remote. . 
 
 Se-clu'si'on, ». [Si e :Secixde.] Act of secluding ; 
 state of being secluded; separation; privacy; 
 retirement. 
 
 Sec'ond, a. [Fr. second, L. seaindns, second : root 
 <>f seijui, to follow.] Next in order to the first; 
 inferior.— 2, n. One who attends another in a 
 duel: — a supporter: — the sixtieth part of a 
 minute. — 3, v. a. [pp. seconding, seconded.] 
 To support ; to assist. ; to forward ; to encourage : 
 — to follow next. 
 Sec'ond-a-ri-ly, ad. In the second order. 
 Sec'ond-a-ry, a. [L. secundarius ; Fr. secondaire.] 
 
 Not primary ; second ; subordinate. 
 Sec'ond-er, w. One who seconds. 
 Seo'ond-hand, n. Possession after the possession 
 of the same, thing by another. — 2, a. Not 
 original ; not new. 
 Sec'ond-ly. ad. In the second place. 
 Sec'ond-rate, ». The second order in worth. — 
 2, a. Second in value or worth. 
 
 See'ond§, w. pi. A coarse kind of flour ; any thing 
 of second quality. 
 
 Sec'ond-slght. n. The supposed faculty or power 
 of seeing or knowing things future. 
 
 Se'cre-cy, »• Privacy; solitude; seclusion. 
 
 Se'crefc^a. [L. secretus, separate, apart, secret; 
 secernere, secretum, to separate ; se-, apart, and 
 cernere, to separate.] Kept hidden; concealed; 
 private ; not known ; not revealed ; clandestine. 
 — 2, n. A thing unknown or hidden. 
 
 Sec're-ta-ri-at, or Sec-re-ta'ri-at, it. The depart- 
 ment or office of a secretary! 
 
 Sec're-ta-ry, n. [L. secretarium, a secret place; 
 Lat'e L. secretarius, a confidential officer ; Fr. 
 secretaire, a clerk, a desk.] An officer who man- 
 ages the business of a society or company ; a 
 high officer of state: — a writer; a scribe: — a 
 desk. [pents. 
 
 Sec're-ta-ry-bi'rd, n. A bird which devours ser- 
 
 Sec're-ta-ry-ship, ?*. The office of a secretary-. 
 
 Se-crete*', v. a. [L. secernere, secretum, to separate. 
 ' — See Secret.] [pp. secreting, secreted.] To 
 hide; to conceal: — to separate, as from the blood. 
 
 Se-cre'tion, «. [L. secretio, separation.] The act of 
 secreting ; separation : — that which is secreted. 
 
 Se-cre'tive, a. Disposed to secrete ; characterized 
 by secretiveness. 
 
 Se-cre'tive-ness, n. A disposition to conceal or 
 "keep secret. 
 
 Se'cret-ly, ad. Privately; privily. 
 
 Se'cret-nSss, n. State of being secret. 
 
 Se-crl'to-ry, or Se'cre-to-ry, a. [Fr. secretaire.] 
 Performing secretion ; secreting. 
 
 Sect. n. [L. secta, a beaten way,— also, a party, a 
 following; from sequi, frequentative seetari, to 
 follow: more generally derived from s 
 tarn, to cut.] A body of men united in tenets or 
 following some teacher; a denomination. 
 
 Sec-ta'ri-an, n. One of. a sect or party.— 2, a. 
 Relating to a sect or sectary. 
 
 Sec-ta'ri-an-ism, n. Devotion to a sect. 
 
 Sec'ta-ry, n. [Fr. sect/ire. — See Sect.] A follower 
 of a sect; a sectarian. 
 
 Sec'tile, a. [L. eeclilia; secare, section, to cut.] 
 That may be cut or divided. 
 
 Sec'tion, n. [L. . sectum, to cut.] The 
 
 act of cutting: — a separate part; division of a 
 book : — the mark thus [§]. 
 
 Sec'tion-al, a. Relating to a section ; partial. 
 
 Sec'tion-al-ism, «. Sectional feeling; a prefer- 
 ence for one section of a country over others. 
 
 SeVtor, «. [L. for "a cutter." "a sector:'' secare, 
 sectum, to cut.] (Geom.) A portion of the area 
 of a circle, bounded by two radii and the inter- 
 cepted arc : — a mathematical instrument. 
 
 Sec'u-lar, a. [L. ssecularis, recurring after a long 
 time,— later, worldly ; sseeuhum, an age, a gen- 
 eration, — later, worldliness.] Not spiritual; 
 worldly; civil: — not bound by monastic rules. 
 — 2, n. A church officer :— a layman. [ideas. 
 
 Sec'u-lar-ism, n. Rejection or neglect of religious 
 
 Sec'u-lar-ist, it. One devoted to secularism : — 
 one who rejects every form of religion ; one who 
 opposes the teaching of religion in schools. 
 
 Sec-u-lar'i-ty, it. State of being secular. 
 
 Sec-u-lar-j-za'tion, n. The act of secularizing. 
 
 Sec'u-lar-ize, v. a. [Fr. seculariser.] [pp. secu- 
 larizing, secularized.] To make secular; to con- 
 vert from spiritual to common use. 
 
 Sec'u-lar-ly, ad. In a worldly manner. 
 
 Sec'nn-dine, n. [L. secundinse. — See Seconp.] 
 After-birth; placenta. 
 
 Se-cur'a-ble, a. That may be secured. 
 
 Se-cure', a. [L. secunis ; se-, without, and cura, 
 care.] Free from fear or danger; safe. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. securing, secured.] To make secure ; to free 
 from danger ; to protect : to insure ; to guarantee. 
 
 Se-cure'ly, ad. Without danger or fear; safely. 
 
 Se-cu'ri-ty, n. [D. securilas ,■ Fr. seenrite. — See Se- 
 cure.] He who or that which secures ; deposit; 
 pledge ; protection ; safety ; confidence. 
 
 nien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— 9, 9, 9, §, soft ; p, £, c, §, hard ; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 
 
SEDAN 
 
 484 
 
 SELECTOR 
 
 Se-dan', n. [Named from the town of that name 
 in Fiance.] A portable cov- 
 ered vehicle or chair for car- 
 rying a single person. 
 
 Se-date', a. [L. sedare, to set- 
 tle ; sedatus, st ttled ; sedere, to 
 sit(q. v.).] Calm; quiet; still; 
 unruffled; composed; undis- 
 turbed ; tranquil ; serene. 
 
 Se-date'ly, ad. In a 6edate Sedan. 
 
 'manner; calmly. 
 
 Se-date'ness, n. Calmness; serenity. 
 
 Sed'a-tive, a. [Fr. sedatif; L. sedare, to settle.] 
 Assuaging; composing.'— 2, n. Any thing that 
 assuages ; a soothing medicine. 
 
 Sed'en-ta-ry, a. [L. sedentarius, sitting; sedere 
 (part, sedentis), to sit (q. v.).] Occupied in sit- 
 ting; sitting much; inactive; motionless. 
 
 Sed|;e, n. [A.-S. secg ; Low Ger. segge. — Cf. A.-S. 
 saga; Ger. sage, a saw; from its cutting edges.] 
 A growth of narrow flags ; a narrow flag ; coarse 
 grass in marshes. 
 
 Sedg 'y, a. Overgrown with sedge or flags. 
 
 Sed'i-ment, n. [L. sedimentum ; sedere, to sit (q. v.), 
 —also, to settle.] That which settles at the bot- 
 tom of a liquid; lees; dregs. 
 
 Sed-i-ment'a-ry, a. [Fr. sedimentaire.] Consist- 
 ing of sediment. 
 
 Se-di"tion (se-dish'un), «. [L. seditio, a sedition, 
 'a dissension : probably from se-, apart, and ire, 
 Hum, to go.] A factious commotion; a tumult; 
 an insurrection. 
 
 Se-di"tious (se-dish'us), a. [L. seditiosus.] Re- 
 lating to, or partaking of, sedition ; factions. 
 
 Sed'litz-pow'der§, n. pi. [Named from the springs 
 of Sedlitz, in Bohemia.] An effervescing aperient 
 preparation. 
 
 Se-diice', v. a. [L. seducere, seduction; se-, apart, 
 and dvcere, to lead.] [pp. seducing, seduced.] 
 To entice to evil; to draw aside from right; to 
 tempt; to corrupt. 
 
 Se-duc'er, n. One who seduces; a corrupter. 
 
 Se-duc'i-ble, a. [L. sedntibilis.] That may be se- 
 duced', [act of seducing; enticement. 
 [L. seductio.— See Seduce.] The 
 Tending to 6educe. 
 [L. seductrijcJ] A female who se- 
 [igent assiduity ; industry. 
 [L. sediditas.—See Sedulous.] Dil- 
 [L. sedvlus, diligent; sedere, to sit. 
 — Cf. Assiduous.] Assiduous; industrious. 
 
 Sed'u-lous-ly, ad. Assiduously. 
 
 Sed'u-lous-ness, n. Assiduity ; sedulity. 
 
 See, ft. [0. Fr. sed or se ; Fr. siege; L. sedes, a 
 seat; sedere, to sit (q. v.).] The seat or diocese 
 of a bishop. — 2, v. a. [A.-S. seon; Dut. zien; 
 Ger. sehen; Goth, saihwan.] [i. saw; pp. seeing, 
 seen.] To perceive by the eye; to observe; to 
 behold. — 3, v. n. To have power of sight ; to dis- 
 cern. 
 
 Seed, n. [A.-S. & Dan. ssed ; Dut. zaad; Ger. saat; 
 L. severe, satum, to sow (q. v.).] The substance 
 produced by plants and animals, from which 
 new plants and animals are generated -—origi- 
 nal : — offspring. — 2, v. a. [pp. seeding, seeded.] 
 To supply with seed ; to sow. — 3, v. n. To bring 
 forth seed :— to shed seed. 
 
 Seed'i-ness, v. State of being seedy ; shabbiness ; 
 the state of feeling, or appearing, wretched. 
 
 Seed'ling, n. A plant sprung from the seed. 
 
 Seeds'man, n. One who sells seeds. 
 
 Seed-time, «. Season of sowing or planting. 
 
 Seed'y, a. Abounding with, or having, seed : — 
 poverty -struck ; shabby; wretched; weakly. 
 
 See'ing, n. Sight ; vision. — 2, ad. Since that. 
 
 Seek, v. a. [A.-S. secan; Dut. zoeJcen ; Dan. sage ; 
 Ger. suchen; root of Goth, sakan, to strive.] [i. 
 sought; pp. seeking, sought.] To look for; to 
 search for; to solicit.— 2, v. n. To make search ; 
 to endeavor. 
 
 Seek'er, n. One who seeks ; an inquirer. 
 
 Se-dfic'tion, n. 
 Se-dfic'tive, a. 
 Se-duc'tress, ft. 
 
 duces. 
 Se-du'li-ty, n. 
 Sed'u-lous, a. 
 
 Seem, v. n. [A.-S. seman, to satisfy, to make to 
 agree ; Icel. mnta, to honor, to conform to ; ssemr, 
 fit; soma, to befit: cognate with Same.] [pp. 
 seeming, seemed.] To have semblance; to appear. 
 
 Seem'ing, n. Appe? ranee; semblance.— 2, p. a. 
 That seems; apparent. 
 
 Seem'ing-ly, ad. In appearance ; in show. 
 
 Seem'li-ness, n. Decency ; comeliness. 
 
 Seem'ly, a. [Icel. ssendigr, becoming.— See Seem.] 
 Decent; becoming; proper; fit. 
 
 Seen, p. from see. Perceived. [prophet. 
 
 Se'jer, or Seer, n. [From See.] One who sees ; a 
 
 Seer'sGck-er, n. [Probably East Indian.] A kind 
 of linen or cotton goods. 
 
 See'saw, n. [Reduplicated form of Saw.] A recip- 
 rocating motion.— 2, v. n. [pp. seesawing, see- 
 sawed.] To move or play with a reciprocating 
 motion, up and down, to and fro. 
 
 Seethe, v. a. [A.-S. seodan; Dut. zieden; Dan. 
 syde; Ger. sieden.] \i. seethed or sod; pp. seeth- 
 ing, seethed, sod, or sodden.] To boil; to de- 
 coct. — 2, v. n. To be in a state of ebullition. 
 
 Seg'ment, n. [L. segmeutum; secure, to cut.] A 
 part cut off: — a part of a circle comprised be- 
 tween an arc and its chord. 
 
 Seg-men-ta'tion, n. Division into segments. 
 
 Seg're-gate, v. a. [L. segregare, segregatum, to set 
 apart; se-, apart, and g'rex, gregis, a flock.] [pp. 
 segregating, segregated.] To set apart; to sepa- 
 rate. — 2, v. «. To separate, or become separated, 
 from others or from a mass, and unite or con- 
 crete under new conditions. 
 
 Seg-re-ga'tion, n. [L. segregatio.] Separation from 
 others. 
 
 Seign'ior (sen'yur), n. [Fr. seigneur, a lord; L. 
 senior, older, an elder. — See Senior and Sir.] A 
 lord; a title. — Grand Seignior, the emperor or 
 sultan of Turkey. 
 
 Seign'ior-afe (sen'yur-aj), n. The state of a seign- 
 ior; seigniory; authority :— royalty. 
 
 Seign-io'ri-al (sen-yor'e-al), a. Manorial; per- 
 taining to a seigniorj r . 
 
 Seign'ior-^ (sen'yur-e), n. [Fr. seigneurie. — See 
 Seignior.] A lordship ; a manor :— the consti- 
 tuted authorities; the municipal council. 
 
 Seine (sen), «. [Fr. seine ; L. sagena; Gr. aayrjvr).] 
 A large fishing-net. 
 
 Seis/jn, or Seiz'in, «. [Fr. saisine. — See Seizf.] 
 The act of taking possession. — (Law.) The pos- 
 session of an estate. 
 
 Seis'mal (sls'mal), ) a. Of or pertaining to, or 
 
 Sels'mic (sls'mjk), J produced by, an earthquake. 
 
 Seis-mol'c-£xi n. [Gr. o-eicr/uds. a shaking, and 
 Aoyo?, a treatise ; o-et'eir, to shake.] The science 
 of earthquakes. 
 
 Seize (sez), v. a. [Fr. saisir, to seize ; Late L. sa- 
 tire, to seize property ; 0. Ger. sezzau, Ger. sefeew, 
 to set, to put, to put in possession of. — See Set.] 
 [pp. seizing, seized.] To take by force ; to lay 
 hold of; to arrest; to apprehend; "to grasp. 
 
 Seized (sezd), p. a. (Law.) Having possession ' f. 
 
 Seiz'ure (se'zhur), n. The act of seizing; forcible 
 arrest; capture; gripe; grasp; hold. 
 
 Se'lah. [Heb. : perhaps related to salah, to rest.] 
 (Psalms.) A word used to denote a rest or pause 
 in singing. 
 
 Sel'dom, ad. [A.-S. seldum, seldom, seldom ; Dut. 
 zelden, Icel. sjaldan, Dan. sielden, Ger. selten, A.-S. 
 seld, rarely ; Dan. sielten, rare.] Rarely ; not 
 often ; unfrequently. 
 
 Se-lect', v. a. [L. seligere, selectum, to choose out; 
 'se-, apart, and legere, to choose.] [pp. selecting, 
 selected.] To take in preference to others re- 
 jected; to choose; to cull ; to pick.— 2, a. Nicely 
 chosen ; choice ; culled. 
 
 Se-lec'tion, n. [L. selectio.] The act of selecting; 
 'choice ;' that which is taken or chosen. 
 
 Se-lec'tive, a. Pertaining to selection. 
 
 Se-lect' -man, n. ; pi. Se-lect'-men. A town officer. 
 '[New England.] 
 
 Se-lect' or, n. One who selects. 
 
 a, e, I, o, 5, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y., obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 
 
SELENITE 
 
 485 
 
 SENSELESSLY 
 
 SSl'e-nite, n. [Gr. o-eArji'tTTj?, moon-stone ; <re\rjvri, 
 the moon.] (Min.) A sulphate of lime. 
 
 Se-le'ni-um, n. [Gr. <re\r)vri, the moon : various 
 chemical elements are named from the heavenly 
 bodies.] A substance much like sulphur. 
 
 Sel-e-nog'ra-phy, >t. [Gr. creA/yi^, the moon, and 
 ypa^eiv, to write.] A description of the moon. 
 
 Self, a. or pron. ; pi. Selves (selvz). [A.-S. self; 
 Dut. zelf; Dan. selv ; Ger.se/6e.] Very; par- 
 ticular; tin's above others; one's own ; relating 
 to an individual. — When prefixed to a noun it 
 has the force of an adjective ; as, se//-interest. 
 United with my, thy, him, her, &c, it forms re- 
 ciprocal pronouns; as, myself. — 2, n. Selfish- 
 ness : — the thinking subject. 
 
 Self-act' ing, a. Automatic; acting of itself. 
 
 Self-com-pla'cent, a. Pleased with one's self. 
 
 Self-con-ceit', n. Too high an opinion of one's 
 self ;' vanity. [tica.1 ; vain. 
 
 Self-con-ceit'ed, a. Having self-conceit ; egotis- 
 
 Self-con-trol', n. Control of one's self. 
 
 Self-de-ni'al, n. The act of denying one's self. 
 
 Self-de-ny'ing, a. Denying one's self; forbear- 
 ing t'o follow one's inclinations or desires. 
 
 Self-es-teem', ». Good opinion of one's self. 
 
 Self-eVi-dent, a. Evident without proof. 
 
 Self-in'ter-est, it. One's own interest. 
 
 Selfish, a. ' [See Self.] Devoted to one's own 
 interest, and void of due regard for others. 
 
 Self ish-lx, '«?• In a selfish manner. 
 
 Self ish-ness, n. Quality of being selfish. 
 
 SeTf-'miir'der, n. Suicide. 
 
 Self-po§-sessed' (-poz-zesf), a. Composed; un- 
 disturbed; calm. 
 
 Self-pos-ses'sion (-poz-zesh'un), n. Self-com- 
 mand; self-control; composure. 
 
 Self-re-spect', n. Respect for one's self. 
 
 Self-right'eous (-rlt'yus), a. Righteous in one's 
 own estimation. 
 
 Self -same, a. Exactly the same ; identical. 
 
 Self-suf-fi"cient (,-f ish'ent), «. Relying too much 
 on one's self; haughty ; proud. 
 
 Self-will', it. One's own will ; obstinacy. < 
 
 Self-willed' (-'wild'), a. Obstinate; headstrong. 
 
 Sell, v. a. [A.-S. sellan, syUcm, Icel. selj i, Dan. 
 sselge, to hand over. — See Sale.] [i. sold; pp. 
 selling, sold.] To dispose of or part with for a 
 price ; to vend.— 2, v. n. To have traflic ; to be 
 
 Sell'er, n. One who sells ; a vender. [sold. 
 
 Sel'v'age, «. [Sklf and Edge.— (f. 0. Dut. sel- 
 fegije, a selvage.] The edge of cloth; a border 
 (written also selvedge) : — a kind of rope. 
 
 Selves (selvz), /;. The plural of self. 
 
 Sem'a-phore, n. [Gr. arnxa, a sign, and <£epeii/ 
 (stem 4>op-), to carry.] A kind of telegraph. 
 
 Sem-a-phor'ic, a. Relating to a semaphore. 
 
 Sem'blance, n. [0. Fr. semblance: Fr. semblant; 
 sembler, L. simuUire, to resemble. — See Simulate.] 
 Likeness ; resemblance. 
 
 Se-mei-ol'o-gy, n. [Gr. o-yj/meiW, a sisrn, and \6yos, 
 a treatise.] (Med.) That branch of pathology 
 or medicine which treats of the signs or symp- 
 toms of diseases. [sperm. 
 
 Se'men. n. [L. temen, seed; severe, to sow.] Seed; 
 
 Se-mes'ter, n. [Ger. ; L. semestris, lasting six 
 months : sex, six, and mensis, a month.] A term 
 of six months; a session, as of a university. 
 
 Sem'i (sem'e). [L. semi, half; Gr. r)ixi, A.-S. sam-, 
 half; Skr. sami, a half : closely related to Same.] 
 A word used as a prefix, signifying half; as, 
 semicircle. 
 
 Sem-i-an'nu-al, «. Happening every half-year. 
 
 Sem-i-an'nu-al-ly, ad. Every half-year. 
 
 Sem'i-breve, n. [It.— See Breve.] (Mus.) Half 
 a breve. 
 
 Sem'i-ci'r-cle, n. Half of a circle. 
 
 Sem-i-cir'cu-lar, a. Half round or circular. 
 
 Sem-i-co'lon, n. [See Colon.] A point or stop, 
 
 thus [ ; ]. 
 Sem-i-di-am'e-ter, n. Half of a diameter. 
 Sem-i-flu'id, a. "Imperfectly fluid. 
 
 j Sem-i-15'nar, a. [See Lunak.] Resembling a 
 
 half-moon. 
 j Sem'i-nal, a. PL. seminalk; semen, seminis, seed; 
 serere, to sow (q. ».).] Belonging to seed; radical. 
 j Sem'i-na-ry, n. [L. seminarium, a seed-garden ; 
 semen, seminis, seed; serere, to sow.] A place of 
 education ; a school. — 2, a. Seminal ; belonging 
 to seed. 
 
 Sem'i-qua-ver, n. Half a quaver. - 
 
 Sem'i-tone, n. (Mus.) Half a tone. 
 
 Sem'i-v8w~-el, n. (Gram.) A consonant ft 
 which makes an imperfect sound without „ . 
 the help of a vowel ; as, c and g soft, /. quaver. 
 h, j, I, m, n, r, s, v, w, x, y, z. 
 
 Sem-pi-ter'nal, a. [L. sempiternus, everlasting; 
 semper, always : on type of eternal : semper is re- 
 ferred to the root of Same, and per, through.] 
 Eternal in futurity. 
 
 Sem-pi-ter'ni-ty, n. Future endless duration. 
 
 Semp' stress, \ n. [See Seamstress.] A woman 
 
 Sem stress, J whose business it is to sew. 
 
 Sen'a-ry, a. [L. senarius, consisting of six (q. v.) ; 
 sen'i, six each ; sex, six.] Belonging to, or con- 
 taining, six. 
 
 Sen'ate, n. [L. senatus, a council of elders; senex, 
 senis, old. — Cf. Skr. sana, Irish seau, Goth, sins, 
 Welsh hen, old.] A body of senators, the upper 
 house of a legislature ; a deliberative assembly. 
 
 Sen'a-tor, n. [L.— See Senate.] A member of a 
 senate; a public counsellor ; a legislator. 
 
 Sen-a-to'ri-al, a. Belonging to a senator. 
 ! Sen'a-tor-ship, n. The office of a senator. 
 j Send, v. a. [A.-S. sendan; Dut. zenden; Dan. 
 sende; Ger. senden.] [i. sent; pp. sending, sent.] 
 To despatch; to transmit; to cast: to throw. — 
 2, v. ti. To despatch a message or a messenger. 
 I — 3, n. Sweeping motion, as of waves. 
 
 Se-nes'cence, n. State or act of growing old. 
 
 Se-nes'cent, a. [L. senescentie, pres. part, of senes- 
 cete, fa grow old; senere, to he old; seues, old.] 
 Growing old. 
 
 Sen'es-chal [sen'es-kal, SL TT*. J. F.], n. [Fr. s6ne- 
 chal; Sp. senesc.d ; It. sinisrulco ; Goth, sins, old, 
 si.ust.i, oldest, chief, and skalks, a servant. — See 
 Marshal.] A steward 
 
 Se'nlle [se'nil, P.], a. [L. senilis, old, like an old 
 man ; senex, old. — See Senate.] Relating to, or 
 caused by, old age. 
 
 Se-nil'i-ty., it. Old age; weakness of age. 
 
 Sen'ior (sen'yur) [se'ne-ur, P. J. J«. v.). n. [L. 
 for '"older;" senex, seuis, old.] One older than 
 another ; an aged person ; elder : — one of a senior 
 (hiss. — 2, a. Elder; older in office. 
 
 Sen-ior'i-ty (sen-yor'e-te), n. Priority of birth. 
 
 Sen'na, n. [Fr. gene; Sp. sen, sej/a ; Arab, sana.] 
 A species of the cassia; also its leaves, which 
 are used as a cathartic medicine. [trumpets. 
 
 Sen'net, n. [L. signum, a sign.] A flourish of 
 
 Sen'night (sen'nit't, n. [Seven and Night.] A 
 week; seven nights and days; seven-night. 
 See Seven-night. [cord. 
 
 Sen'nit, n. [Seven and Knit.] A flat braided 
 
 Senor4**i&r*«*. n. [Sp.— See Seignior.] Sir; a 
 Spanish title of address. 
 
 Senora (san-yo'ra), ». [Sp.] Madame ; a Spanish 
 title of address for a lady. 
 
 Sen-sa'tion, it. [Fr. ; L. sensatas, endued with 
 'sense (q. ».).] Perception by the senses: — feel- 
 ing excited ; excitement ; impression. 
 
 Sen-"sa'tion-al, a. Calculated to arouse sensation ; 
 exciting; startling. 
 
 Sen-sa'tion-al-i§m, n. The opinion that all ideas 
 'are derived" from sense-impressions. 
 
 Sense, n. [L. sensus, feeling, perception ; senUre, 
 setisnni, to feel.] The faculty by which external 
 objects are perceived : — the five senses are sight, 
 touch, hearing-, smell, and taste: — perception:— 
 sensation; feeling: — understanding; intellect; 
 reason; judgment: — meaning; signification. 
 
 Sense'less, a. Wanting sense; foolish. 
 
 Sense'less-ly, ad. In a senseless manner. 
 
 s<r -fiQU 
 
 J 
 
 mien, s'ir j m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. 
 
 -<?. <?. 5, £, soft; p, £, p, g, hard; § 
 
 41* 
 
 z ; x as gz ; this* 
 
SENSELESSNESS 
 
 486 
 
 SEQUESTEKED 
 
 Sense'less-ness, n. Folly ; stupidity. 
 
 Sen-si-bil'j-ty, n. [L. sensibililas.] State of being 
 sensible ;' susceptibility ; delicate feeling; ten- 
 derness. 
 I Sen'si-ble, a. [L. sensibilis, perceptible. — See 
 
 Sense.] Perceiving by tbe mind or by the 
 senses : — perceptible by the mind or the senses : 
 — convinced; persuaded — judicious; wise. 
 
 Sen'si-ble-ness, n. State of being sensible. 
 
 Sen'si-bly, ad. In a sensible manner ; plainly. 
 
 Sen'sj-tiv'e, a. [Fr. sensitif.] Having sense or quick 
 feeling; easily affected or excited ; sentient. 
 
 Sen'si-tive-ly, ad. In a sensitive manner. 
 
 Sen'si-tive-ness, n. Quality of being sensitive. 
 
 Sen'si-tize, v. a. [pp. sensitizing, sensitized.] To 
 render sensitive. 
 
 Sen-so'ri-um, n. [L.] The seat of sensation. 
 
 Sen'so-ry, n. Same as Sensorium. — 2, a. Relating 
 to sense or sensation. 
 
 Sen'su-al (sen'slm-al), a. [L. sensualis. — See 
 Sense!] Relating, affecting, or pleasing to the 
 senses; voluptuous; carnal. 
 
 Sen'su-al-ist (seu'shu-al-ist), n. A person devoted 
 to sensual pleasures/ 
 
 Sen-su-al-is'tic (sen-shu-al-is'tjk), a. Of or per- 
 taining to sensuality;' "sensual. — (Met.) Of or 
 pertaining to the doctrine of sensualism. 
 
 Sen-su-al'i-ty (sen-shu-al'e-te), n. [L. sensualilas.] 
 Devotedness to sensual pleasures ; epicurism ; 
 voluptuousness. 
 
 Sen'su-al-ly, ad. In a sensual manner. 
 
 Sen'su-ous (sen'shu-us), a. Relating to sense; 
 full of sense, feeling, or sensible images: — ap- 
 pealing tu the senses. 
 k Sent, i. &p. from send. - \ 
 
 Sen'tence, n. [L. sententia, an opinion ; sentire, to 
 feel'.] A decision; a doom;' a judgment: — a 
 maxim : — a period in writing. — 2, v. a. ' [pp. 
 sentencing, sentenced.] To judge; to condemn. 
 
 Sen-ten'tial (-shal), a. Having sentences. 
 
 Sen-ten'tious (sen-ten'shus), a. [L. seutentiosns.] 
 'Pithy ; terse ; pointed ; short ; enei'getic ; con- 
 
 • taining maxims. 
 
 Sen-ten'tious-ly, ad. With striking brevity. 
 
 Sen-ten' tious-ness, n. Brevity with strength. 
 
 Sen'tj-ent (sen'she-ent), a. [L. sentiens, pres. part, 
 of sentire, to feel.] Having sensation ; perceiv- 
 ing by the senses; sensitive. — 2, w. One that 
 perceives. 
 
 Sen'ti-ment, n. [Fr. ; from sentir, L. sentire, to 
 feel.] Thought prompted by feeling; notion; 
 tenet; opinion: — feeling; sensibility. 
 
 Sen-ti-men'tal, a. [Fr.] Having sentiment, sensi- 
 bility, or feeling; easily moved :— affectedly or 
 artificially tender; affecting to have fine feelings. 
 
 Sen-ti-men'tal-i§m, n. Sentimentality. 
 
 Sen-ti-men-tal'i-ty, n. [Fr. sentimentalite.] Affec- 
 tation of feeling. 
 
 Sen'ti-nel, n. [Fr. sentinelle ; Sp. centinela; It. 
 sentinella: origin doubtful.] A soldier on guard. 
 
 Sen'try, n. [Origin doubtful. — Cf. Fr. sentier, 
 0. Fr.' sentiret, L. semita, a path.] A watch ; a 
 guard ; a sentinel. 
 
 Sen' try-box, n. A shelter for a sentinel. 
 
 Se'pal, n. [Fr. sepale: an imitation of the word 
 Petal.] (Boi.) A division or leaf of a calyx. 
 
 Sep-a-ra-bil'i-ty, \n. State of being separable ; 
 
 Sep'a-ra-ble-ness, J divisibility. [separated. 
 
 Sep'a-ra-ble, a. [L. separabilis.] That may be 
 
 Sep'a-rate, v. a. [L. separare, separatum; se-, 
 apart, and parare, to arrange; separ, different.] 
 [pp. separating, separated.] To sever ; to divide ; 
 to disunite; to disjoin; to part.— 2, v. n. To 
 part; to be disunited. 
 
 Sep'a-rate, a. Divided; disjoined; distinct. 
 
 Sep'a-rate-ly, ad. Apart; distinctly; singly. 
 
 Sep'a-rate-ness, n. State of being separate. 
 
 Sep-a-ra'tion, w. [L. separation] The act of sepa- 
 rating. 
 
 Sep'a-ra-tism, n: Principles of separatists. 
 
 Sep'a-ra-tist, n. One who separates ; a seceder. 
 
 [L. — See Separate.] One who 
 Separating.— 2, ». A vessel. 
 
 family. 
 
 Sep'a-ra-tor, n. 
 separates'. 
 
 Sep'a-ra-to-ry, a. Si 
 
 Se'pi'-a," n.' [L. ; Gr. 
 sipiyan.] The cuttle-fish : — color- 
 ing matter obtained from the cut- 
 tle-fish. 
 
 Se'poy, n. [Per. & Urdu 
 (pronounced se-pol') ; Per. 
 an army.— Cf. Fr. & Turk, 
 a cavalryman.] An East- 
 native foot-soldier. 
 
 Sept, n. [A corruption of Sect, or 
 from L. seepturn, a partition.] A clan ; 
 [Ireland.] 
 
 Sep-tae'mi-a, n. [Gr. ct^tttj}, decay, and alixa, 
 blood.] ' A morbid condition of the blood pro- 
 duced by the introduction of putrid matter; 
 putrid infection :— septicaemia. 
 
 Sep-tan'gir-lar, a. [L. septem, seven, and anguhis, 
 an angle.] Having seven angles. 
 
 Sep-tem'ber, n. [L. ; septem, seven : it was at one 
 time the "seventh month.] The ninth month of 
 the year. 
 
 Sep'ten-a-ry, a. [L. septenarius, composed of seven ; 
 septeni,' seven together; septem, seven {q. v.).] 
 Consisting of seven. — 2, n. The number seven. 
 
 Sep-ten'ni-al, a. [L. septennis or septuennis, of 
 'seven years; septennium, a 1 period of seven years; 
 septem, seven, and annus, a year.] Lasting seven 
 years ; happening after seven years. 
 
 Sep' tic, )«. [Gr. 0-7J7TTIKO?, putrefying; o-^7reii', 
 
 Sep'ti-cal, J to make putrid.] Tending to produce 
 putrefaction; causing putrefaction; caused by 
 putrefaction. 
 
 Sep-ti-cse'mi-a, n. See Sept^mia. 
 
 Sep'tin, \n. [Gr. anTrrr) or criji//i5, decay. — See 
 
 Sep'sin, J Septic] A soluble poison developed in 
 decomposing animal matter, which when intro- 
 duced into the system produces septsemia. 
 
 Sep-tu-a-ge-na'ri-an, \n. [L. septuagenarius, of 
 
 Sep-tu-ag'e-na-ry,' /seventy; septuageui, sev- 
 enty each.] 'One who is seventy years old. 
 
 Sep-tu-a-ges'i-ma, n. [L. for " seventieth" (day) : 
 it is about seventy days before Easter.] The 
 third Sunday before Lent. 
 
 Sep-tu-a-ges'i-mal, a. Consisting of seventy. 
 
 Sep'tu-a-glnt, n. ' [L. septuaginta, seventy.] The 
 Greek version of the Old Testament, so named 
 from its being the reputed work of seventy or 
 seventy-two translators. 
 
 Sep' turn, n. ; pi. Sep'ta. [L. sseptum, a fence; 
 ssepire, to hedge.] (Anat. & Bot.) A partition ; 
 separation : — a membrane. 
 
 Sep'tu-ple, a. [L. septuplunt, sevenfold.— Cf. Dou- 
 ble, and Gr. eirrairAovs, sevenfold.] Sevenfold.. 
 
 Se-pul'ehral, a. [L. sepulcralis. — See Sepulchre.] 
 Relating to burial ; grave. 
 
 Sep'ul-phre (sep'ul-ker), n. [Fr. ; L. sepulcrum, a 
 tomb; sepelire, sepu'ltum, to bury.] A grave; a 
 monument; a tomb.— 2 (se-pul'ker) [sep'ul-ker, 
 P. I. St. N.], v. a. [pp. sepulchring, sepulchred.] 
 To bury ; to entomb. 
 
 Sep'ul-ture, n. [L. sepultura, burial ; sepelire, to 
 bury.] Interment; burial. 
 
 Se-qua'cious (se-kwa'shus), a. [L. sequax, sequacisj 
 seqni, to follow.] Following. [follow. 
 
 Se-quac'i-tx, n. [L. sequacitas.] Disposition to 
 
 Se'quel, n. [L. sequela; sequi, to follow.] That 
 which follows ; result. 
 
 Se-que'la, n. ; pi. Se-que'lae. [L.] That which 
 follows; a consequence ; an inference. 
 
 Se'quence, n. [L. sequentia, a following; seqni, 
 part, sequens, to follow.] Order of succession; 
 succession ; series. 
 
 Se-ques'ter, v. a. [Fr. sequestrer. — See Seques- 
 trate.]' [pp. sequestering, sequestered.] To 
 seize and retain the profits of: — to take; to put 
 aside ; to remove. — 2, v. n. To withdraw ; to 
 retire. 
 
 Se-ques'tered, p. a. Secluded ; retired. 
 
 y, long ; a, g, I, o, fi, y, short; 
 
 u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her ; 
 
SEQUESTKATE 
 
 487 
 
 SET 
 
 Se-ques'trate, v. a. [L. sequeslrare, seguestratum, 
 "to remove, to surrender; sequester, a depositary, 
 a trustee ; seqtii, to follow.] [pp. sequestrating, 
 sequestrated.] To sequester : to separate. 
 
 Seq-ues-tra'tion, n. [L. seqnestratio.] The act of 
 sequestering'; state of being sequestered: — seiz- 
 ure of property by the state. 
 
 Seq'ues-tra-tor '[se'k-wes-tri'tur, TF. St. J. F.], n. 
 [L.] One who sequesters. 
 
 Se quin, n. [Fr. sequiu; It. zecchino, from zecca, 
 a mint; Arab, sikkat, a coiner's die.] An Italian 
 gold coin; also a Turkish gold coin: — written 
 also eechid, chequin.^hecqueeu, zecchin, and zechin. 
 
 Se-qubi'a (se-kwoi'a), n. [Named from Sequoyah, 
 the inventor of the Cherokee alphabet.] A genus 
 of gigantic trees of the cypress family, compris- 
 ing the red-wood and big-tree of California. 
 
 Se-ragl'io (se-ral'yo), n. [It. serraglia or serragKo, 
 an enclosure ; Late L. seracula, dim. of sera, a 
 bolt: by confusion with Per. & Turk, serai, a 
 palace.] The palace of the Turkish sultan:— a 
 harem. 
 
 Ser'aph, n. [Heb. for "high," or for "burning;" 
 saraph, to burn.] Heb. pi. Ser'a-phim ; Eng. 
 Ser'aphs. One of an order of angels. 
 
 Se-raph'ic, ) a. Relating to a seraph ; angelic : 
 
 Se-raph'i-cal, J — pure ; exalted : — naming with 
 zeal and devotion. 
 
 SeVa-phim, n. [Heb.]; pi. of seraph. An order 
 of angels of the highest rank. 
 
 Sere, a. [See Sear.] Dry ; withered. 
 
 Ser-e-nade', n. [Fr. serenade, It. serenata, a sere- 
 nade, — also, a clear night. — See Serene.] A 
 night entertainment of music in the open air; 
 a nocturne. — 2, v. a. [pp. serenading, sere- 
 naded.] To entertain with nocturnal music. — 
 3, c. n. To perform a serenade. 
 
 Se-rene', o. [L. serenus: akin to Or. o-sAtji'tj, the 
 'moon ; o-e'Aas, bright.] Calm ; placid ; quiet ; un- 
 ruffled ; clear; tranquil; undisturbed: — used as 
 a title of honor; as, serene highness. 
 
 Se-rene'ly, ad. Calmly; quietly; coolly. 
 
 Se-rene'ness, ». State of being serene 
 
 Se-ren'i-ty, n. [L- sereuilts.] Calmness; peabe ; 
 quietness. 
 
 Serf, n. [Fr. ; L. serous, a slave.] A slave :— a 
 laborer attached to an estate. 
 
 Serfdom, n. The state or condition of serfs. 
 
 Serf'e, n. [Fr. serge; L. serious, silken.] A kind 
 of twilled cloth.' 
 
 Seri-ean-cy. (suVjen-se) "In. The office of 
 
 Ser'&eant-ship (sar'jeiit-ship), J sergeant. 
 
 Ser'geant (sar'jent or ser'jent), n. [Fr. aergent; 
 Late L. serviens, a servant ; L. sen-ire, - 
 to serve (q. v.).] A petty officer in the army or 
 police: — a lawyer of high rank: — written also 
 serjeant. — 8ergeant-<tt-arms, in a legislative body, 
 an officer who executes the commands of the 
 body, in apprehending offenders, preserving 
 order, Are. 
 
 Se'ri-al, a. Relating to a series; appearing in a 
 series. — 2. n. A work or publication issued in a 
 series, or periodically. 
 
 Se'ri-al-ljr. ad. In a series; in serial order. 
 
 Se-ri-a'tim, ad. [L.] In regular order. 
 
 Ser'i-cult-ure. n. [L. sericum, silk (q. v.), and 
 cidlura, culture.] The rearing of silk-worms; 
 the production of silk. 
 
 Se'ri-es. ». [L. series; severe, to bind. — Cf. Gr. 
 o-eipa, a rope; Skr. sarit, a thread.] Order; suc- 
 cession ; course. 
 
 Se-ri-o-com'ic, a. [Serious and Comic] Both 
 serious and comic. 
 
 Se'ri-oGs, «. [L. serins; Late L. seriosus: akin to 
 Severe and to Ger. schwer, heavy.] Grate; 
 solemn ; sedate : — being in earnest ; not volatile : 
 — weighty, important. 
 
 Se'ri-ous-ly, ad. Gravely ; solemnly. *> 
 
 Se'ri-ous-ness, n. Gravity ; solemnity. 
 
 Se'r'mon, n. [L. sermo, sernwnis, a discourse, talk.] 
 The discourse of a preacher. 
 
 Ser'mon-ize, v. n. [Cf. L. sermocinari, to talk, to 
 discuss.] [pp. sermonizing, sermonized.] To 
 write a sermon. 
 
 Ser'mon-iz-er, n. A writer of sermons; a] readier. 
 
 Se-r66n\ )/. [Fr. setron ; Sp. seron, augmented form 
 of sera, a basket. — Cf. L. seria, a jar.] A buffalo's 
 hide used for packing : — a bale or package. 
 
 Se-ros'i-ty., ». [Fr. sirosite.] The state of being 
 serous ; a serous fluid. 
 
 Se'rous, a. Relating to serum ; thin ; watery. 
 
 S^r'pent, n. [L. serpens, serpentis, — properly, a. par- - 
 ticiple of seipere, Gr. epjreii/, to creep. — Of. Skr. 
 sarpa, a snake.] A reptile without feet ; a snake : 
 — a malicious person : — a musical instrument. 
 
 Ser'pen-tlne, a. [L. serpen tiuus.] Resembling a 
 serpent. — 2, n. A maguesiau stone.— 3, p. n. 
 [pp. serpeutining, serpentined.] To wind like 
 a serpent ; to have a zigzag course. 
 
 Ser'r^te, \ a. [L. serralus, notched; sei-rare, to 
 
 Ser'rat-ed, /saw ; serra, a saw (q. >■.).] Jagged like 
 a saw ;"cut with teeth ; indented. 
 
 Ser-ra'tion, n. Formation in the shape of a saw : 
 ' — a notch or tooth like that of a saw. 
 
 Ser'ra-ture, n. [L. serrutura.] An indenture like 
 the teeth of a saw. 
 
 Ser'ried (ser'rid), a. [Fr. serrer, to compact; L. 
 sei-ere, to join.] Close; crowded; compact. 
 
 Se'rum, n. [L. serum, Gr. opo?, whey.] A flfuid 
 which separates from the blood during its coagu- 
 lation. ' '[An African wild-cat. 
 
 Ser'val,'n. [ISame probably of African origin.] 
 
 Ser'vant, v. [Fr. ; pres. part, of servir, to serve 
 {q. ».)•] One who serves ; — correlative of master : 
 — a menial ; a domestic ; a slave. 
 
 Serve, v. a. [L. sen-ire, to serve. — Cf. semis, a 
 servant; servare, to preserve.] [pp. serving, 
 served.] To attend at command ; to work for; 
 to obey : — to assist; t^ promote. — 2, v. n. To be 
 a servant; to be subject : — to be of use; to offi- 
 ciate; to answer. 
 
 Ser'vice, »i. [L. sen-ilium ; Fr. service.] Labor of 
 body or mind; benefit; use; duty; homage; fa- 
 vor: — course: — [L. sorbus. — See Sorb] a name 
 of various trees and shrubs and their fruits. 
 
 Ser'vice-a-ble, a. That renders service or benefit ; 
 beneficial; useful; helpful :— active. 
 
 Ser'vice-a-blx. ad. So as to be serviceable. 
 
 Ser'vile [ser'vil, Ja. I. St], a. [L. sen- His ; servus, 
 a slave.] Slavish; dependent; mean. — 2, n. A 
 letter useful, but not sounded. 
 
 Ser'vile-ly, ad. In a servile manner. 
 
 Ser-vil'i-ty, n. State, of being servile ; slavery. 
 
 Ser'vi-tor, n. [Fr. servitew ■; L. servitor.] Servant. 
 — [Oxford, Eng.] A student partly supported by 
 funds. 
 
 Ser'vi-tor-ship, n. The station of a servitor. 
 
 Se'r'vi-tude, n. [L. seri-itudo ; Fr. servitude.] State 
 of a slave; bondage. 
 
 Ses'a-me [ses'am, }\'b. ; Be'sam, R.], n. [Gr.] A 
 plant and its oil-producing seed, originally a na- 
 tive of India; the oil-plant ; sesamum. 
 
 Ses'a-mum, n. [L. ; Gr. o-TJcra/u.oi' ; cn-jcra/u.^.] The 
 oil-plant and its seed. 
 
 Sesqui-. A Latin prefix signifying "more by a 
 half," or "one and a half." 
 
 Ses-qui-ox'ide. n. An oxide in which three equiv- 
 alents of oxygen combine with two equivalents 
 of another element. 
 
 Ses'sile, a. [L. sessilis, sitting. — See Session.] 
 Having no stalk. 
 
 Ses'sion (sesh'un), h. [L. sessio ; sedere, sessum, to 
 sit.]' Act of sitting; act or time of sitting of a 
 court, council, legislature, &c. 
 
 Ses'terce, n. [L. sestertius.] A Roman coin of the 
 value of about four cents :— a sum (sestertium) of 
 oue thousand ordinary sesterces. 
 
 Set. v. a. [A.-S. settan. causal oTsittan, to sit: Dut. 
 zetten ; Dun.- sztte ; Ger. setzen. — Sea Sit. J 'fi. set ; 
 pp. setting, set.] To place; to put; to fix:— to 
 plant : — to frame: — to regulate; to appoint: to 
 adjust:— to settle.— 2, v. n. To go down, as the 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q, <?, c, §, soft; p, ja, p, §, hard; §osz;xMgz; tnis. 
 
SETACEOUS 
 
 488 
 
 SHAKING 
 
 
 sun ; to be fixed : — to flow. — 3, n. A complete 
 guit or assortment:— a shoot or layer: — a fixed 
 direction ; a permanent twist : — a flow. 
 
 Se-ta'ceous (se-tu/shus), a. [L. sieta, a bristle.] 
 Bristly ; bairy. 
 
 Set'-off, n. A counterbalance ; an offset. 
 
 Se'ton (se'tn), n. [Fr. seton, an augmentative 
 word from L. sseta, a bristle.] A rowel ; an issue. 
 
 Se-tose', \a. [L. ssetosus.] Having bristles; bristly ; 
 
 Se'tous, J hairy; setaceous. 
 
 Set-t§e', n. [From Set or Settle.] A large, long 
 'seat, with a back : — [Fr. si tie or 
 scetie] a kind of sailing-vessel. 
 
 Set'ter, n. [From Sit.] A kind 
 of dog. 
 
 Set' ting, n. The apparent fall 
 of the sun, &c, below the ho- 
 rizon : — enclosure of a gem. 
 
 Set' tie, n. [A.-S. sell, setel; Goth. 
 sills; Ger. sessel. — See Sit.] A 
 Beat; a bench with a back.— Settee. 
 
 2, v. a. [A.-S. sedan, to fix, to set. — See the 
 noun.] [pp. settling, settled.] To place per- 
 manently; to fix; to establish; to determine ; to 
 ratify .—to colonize : — [A.-S. sahllian, to recon- 
 cile; sahl, reconciliation ; from sacun, to dispute] 
 to adjust; to reconcile; to satisfy; to pacify. — 
 
 3, v. n. To subside ; to sink ; to rest :— to estab- 
 lish one's self. 
 
 Set'tle-ment, w. Act of settling ; adjustment : 
 — establishment ; a jointure : — subsidence : — a 
 place settled. 
 
 Set'tler, n. One who settles in a place. 
 
 Set'tli'ng, n. Settlement:— subsidence. 
 
 Set'-to, w. A debate ; a contest; an onset. 
 
 SeVen (sev'vn), a. & n. [A.-S. seofon; Dut. zeven- 
 Ger. sieben ; L. septem; Gr. k-nro.; Skr. suptan.] 
 Four and three. 
 
 Sev'en-fold (sev'vn-fdld), a. & ad. [A.-S. seofon- 
 fealcl.] Repeated seven times; increased seven 
 times. 
 
 Sevennight (sen'nit), n. A week ; seven days and 
 nights : — contracted to sennight. 
 
 Sev'en-teen (sev'vn-ten), a. & v. [Seven and Ten ; 
 A.-S. seofon-tyne.] Seven and ten. 
 
 Sev'en-teenth, a. The ordinal of seventeen. 
 
 Sev'enth (sev'vnth), a. The ordinal of seven. 
 
 Sev'enth-ly, ad. In the seventh place. 
 
 Sev'en-ti-eth, a. The ordinal of seventy. 
 
 Sev'en-ty (sev'vn-te), a. & n. Seven times ten. 
 
 SeVer, v. a. [Fr. sevrer, It. sever are, L. separare, 
 to separate (q.v.).] [pp. severing, severed.] To 
 force asunder; to divide by force ; to disjoin ; to 
 separate ; to detach.— 2, v. n. To suffer disjunc- 
 tion. 
 
 Sev'er-al, a. [0. Fr. several, Late L. separale, a 
 thing 'separate (q. v.).] Divers; many; differ- 
 ent; distinct. 
 
 Sev'er-al-ly, ad. Distinctly ; separately. 
 
 Sev'er-al-ty, n. A state of separation. 
 
 Sev'er-ance, n. Separation ; partition. 
 
 Se-ve"re ? , a. [Fr. aevire ; L. severus.] Sharp; hard; 
 'harsh; rigorous; strict; rigid; austere; painful; 
 afflictive. 
 
 Se-vere'ly, ad. Painfully ; rigorously. 
 
 Se-ver'i-ty, n. [L. severitas; Fr. severite.] State 
 'of being' severe ; rigor ; harshness ; sternness ; 
 acrimony ; austerity. 
 
 Sew (so), v. n. & v. a. [A.-S. siwian ; L. snere, su- 
 tum; Skr. sin.] [i. sewed; pp. sewing, sewed 
 or sewn.] To join any thing by use of the needle; 
 to stitch. [by sewers. 
 
 Sew' age (so'aj), n. The filthy water carried off 
 
 Sewer (so'er 'or shor) [su/er, St. N. E. I. H. ; sor, 
 C.), n. [6. Fr. seuwiere : probably from a Late L. 
 exaguaria; ex, out, and aqua, water.] A drain or 
 passage for water : — [O. E. sett), pottage ; A.-S. 
 seaw, juice. — Cf. Skr. sava, juice] formerly a ser- 
 vant who waited at table :— a head waiter. 
 
 Sew'er-a|-e (so'er-aj), n. The construction of, or 
 drainage by means of, sewers. 
 
 Sex, n. [L. sexus or secus : root of secare, to divide.] 
 The characteristic property by which an animal 
 or vegetable is male or female : — womankind. 
 
 Sex-a-lre-na'ri-an, n. [L. sexagenarius ; sexageui, 
 sixty together; sexaginta, sixty.] A person sixty 
 years old. 
 
 Sex-a-fes'i-ma, n. [L. for "sixtieth."] Second 
 Sunday before Lent. 
 
 Sex'tant, n. [L. sextans, a sixth part; sex, six; 
 sexlus, sixth.] The sixth part of a circle: — an 
 instrument for measuring angles. 
 
 Sex'tile, n. [L. sextilis, sixth; sex, six (q. ?;.).] 
 {Asirol.) The aspect of two planets sixty degrees 
 apart. 
 
 Sex-tlll'ion (seks-til'yun), n. [L. sextilis, sixth : on 
 type of billion.] A thousand quintillions. 
 
 Sex'ton, n. [For sacristan.] A man 'who takes 
 care of a church. 
 
 Sex'tu-ple, «. [L. sex, six : on type of quadruple.] 
 Sixfold ; six times told. 
 
 Sex'u-al (sek'shu-al), a. Pertaining to the sex. 
 
 Shab'bi-ly, ad. Meanly; despicably; basely. 
 
 Shab'bi-ness, n. Meanness ; paltriness. 
 
 Shab'b^, a. [For scabby.] Mean ; paltry ; ragged ; 
 slovenly. 
 
 Shack, n. [Root of Shake.] Grain, acorns, beech- 
 nuts, &c, that fall upon the earth: — a shiftless 
 fellow :— a hut. 
 
 Shac'kle, v. a. [A.-S. scacul, sceaad, a bond ; Icel. 
 skokull, a carriage-pole; Sw. shikel, a carriage- 
 shaft; Dan. shagle, a trace: root of A.-S. sceacan, 
 to shake (q. v.) : Local Sw. skak, a link.] [pp. 
 shackling, shackled.] To chain ; to fetter. 
 
 Shac'kles (shak'klz), n. pi. Fetters ; gyves. 
 
 Shad, n. [A.-S. sceadd, Ger. schade, a shad ; Irish 
 sgadan, a herring. — Cf. Gr. o-Kia8evs, a fish, — 
 perhaps a grayling.] An anadromous fish, val- 
 ued as food. 
 
 Shad'dock, n. [From Captain SJiaddock, who in- 
 troduced it into the West Indies.] A tree and 
 its orange-like fruit. 
 
 Shade, n. [A.-S. scued; Ger. schatten; Irish, sgath; 
 Gr. o-Kia. — See Shadow.] An interception of 
 light ; shadow : — obscurity ; a screen : — color : — 
 a ghost. — 2, v. a. [pp. shading, shaded.] To 
 cover from light or heat ; to darken. 
 
 Sha'di-ness, n. The state of being shady. 
 
 Shad'ing, n. Gradation of light or color. 
 
 Shad'ow (shad'o), v. [A.-S. sceudu; Dut. schadnw ; 
 Goth, skadus; 0. Ger. scalo: a collateral form of 
 Shade ; root ska, to cover.] A faint representa- 
 tion; a shade; a shelter: — a ghost; a spirit. — 
 2, v. a. [A.-S. sceadwian.] [pp. shadowing, 
 shadowed.] To cloud ; to darken ; to shade ; to 
 represent imperfectly ; to typify : — to watch se- 
 
 Shad'ow-Xi «• Full of shade ; dark. [cretly. 
 
 Sha'dy, a. Having shade ; shaded ; cool. 
 
 Shaft, n. [A.-S. sceaft, Ger. schaft, Icel., Dan., & 
 Sw. skaft, — properly, a shaved' stick : root of 
 Shave.] An arrow : — a long, deep pit :— an axle : 
 — a spire or steeple :— the trunk of a column : — 
 a handle :— a pole or thill of a carriage. 
 
 Shaft'ing, n. A system of shafts, as in a workshop. 
 
 Shag, n. [A.-S." sceacga, hair; Dan. sJgseg, Sw. 
 skiigg, a beard.] Rough, woolly hair :— a kind 
 of cloth : — the green cormorant. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 shagging, shagged.] To make shaggy; 
 
 Shag'fed, \a. Rough with long hair; rugged; 
 
 Shag'fx, J hairy; rough. 
 
 Shag'fi-ness, n. State of being shaggy. 
 
 Sha-grgen', n. [Fr. chagrin; Turk. & Per. sagliri.] 
 A leather prepared from skins of horses, camels, 
 sharks, seals, &c. 
 
 Shah, n. [Per.— Cf. Skr. kshatra, dominion.] The 
 title of the Persian monarch. 
 
 Shake, v. a. [A.-S. sceacan; Icel. & Sw. skaka.] 
 [i. shook; pp. shaking, shaken.] To agitate; to 
 make to totter.— 2, v. n. To be agitated ; to tot- 
 ter ; to tremble.— 3, n. A concussion ; a vibra' 
 tory motion. 
 
 Shak'ing, n. A vibratory motion ; concussion. 
 
 a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y., obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
SHAKO 
 
 489 
 
 SHEATH 
 
 Sha'ko, or Shak'o, n. [Fr. ; Magyar, csako (pron. 
 nearly chako).] A military head-dress. 
 
 Sha'ky, a. Tr. mulous :— in a tottering condition ; 
 insecure; uns aiud; likely to fall: — doubtful in 
 regard to tlie issue; not confident; timorous. 
 
 Shale, a. [Ger. schale, a shell (q. v.).— See Scale. J 
 A husk ; a pod : — a kind of cla.v slate. 
 
 Shall, v. auxiliary & defective. [A.-S. sceal ; Dut. 
 zul; Goth., Icel., & Pan. skal; Ger. soil: base 
 shal, to be liable, to owe] [i. should.] It is used 
 to form the future tense. 
 
 Shal-loon', n. [Named from C7iaZo>is-sur-Marne, 
 in France.] A slight woollen stuff. 
 
 Shal'lop, n. [Fr. chaloupe; Sp. chalupa; Ger. 
 shalluppe; It. sciub'ppa.— See Sloop.] A large 
 boat. 
 
 Shal-lot', n. [Fr. cehalote ; 0. Fr. escalogne; L. 
 asadonia: named from the Philistine town of 
 Ascalon.] A sort of onion ; an eschalot. 
 
 Shal'low (shal'lo), a. [A variant of Shoal.] Not 
 deep; superficial; slight: — foolish; futile; silly. 
 — 2, n. A sand-bank ; a fiat ; a shoal.— 3, r. a. 
 & i'. n. [pp. shallowing, shallowed.] To make 
 or grow shallow. 
 
 Shal'low-ness, n. Want of depth or thought. 
 
 Sha.lt, v. A second person singular of shall. 
 
 Sham, v. a. [Local Eng. sham, to shame, — hence, 
 to trick.] [pp. shamming, shammed.] To trick ; 
 to cheat ; to delude. — 2, v. u. To make pretences. 
 — 3, u. A false pretence; trick; fraud.— 4, a. 
 False; counterfeit; fictitious. 
 
 Sham'ble, v. ». [0. Dut. schampelen, to stumble, 
 to slip aside; a frequentative of scMmpen, to 
 scamper (q. v.).] [pp. shambling, shamble 1.] 
 To walk or move awkwardly. 
 
 Sham'bles. u. pi. [A.-S. scam el, a stool ; L. sca- 
 mellum, dim. of scamnum, a bench.] A flesh- 
 market: — an abattoir. 
 
 Sham'bling, »• The act of moving awkwardly. — 
 2, «. Moving awkwardly ; clumsy. 
 
 Shame, n. [A.-S. sceamu, scamu, D&n.skam; Ger. 
 scham, shame; A.-S. sceamian, to shame.] Dis- 
 grace ; ignominy ; reproach : — a sense of disgrace : 
 — modesty. — 2, v. a. [pp. shaming, shamed.] To 
 make ashamed; to disgrace. 
 
 Shame'faced (sham'fast), a. [A corruption of 
 Shamkfast; A.-S. scamfsest; scamu, shame, and 
 fsest, fast, fixed.] Modest; bashful. 
 
 Shame'faced-ness (sham'fust-nes), n. Modesty; 
 bashfulness. 
 
 Shame'ful. a. Disgraceful; scandalous; base. 
 
 Shame'ful-ly., ad. Disgracefully. 
 
 Shame'less, "• [A.-S. scam-leas.] Wanting mod- 
 esty ; impudent. 
 
 Shame' less-ly, ad. Impudently. 
 
 Shame'less-ness, n. Impudence; immodesty. 
 
 Sham'my., n. A kind of soft leather: — written 
 also shamois. See Chamois. 
 
 Sham-poo', v. a. [Urdu champna, to join, to press, 
 to thrust, to shampoo.] [pp. shampooing, sham- 
 pooed.] To rub and press the head, or the limbs 
 and muscles, alter warm bathing, • Ac. — 2, n. 
 The process of shampooing. 
 
 Sham'rock. )/. [Irish seamrog, dim. of seamar, tre- 
 foil.] A three-leaved Irish plant. — It is the em- 
 blem of Ireland. 
 
 Shank (shfingk), n. [A.-S. sceanca ; Dut. schonh ; 
 Dan. & Sw. skunk; Ger. schenkd: root of A.-S. 
 sceacan, to shake (q. v.), to run, to escape.] The 
 part of the leg from the knee to the ankle :— the 
 large bone of the leg : — the long part of a thine. 
 
 Shan'ty, n. [Irish sean, old, or sion, weather, and 
 Ugh, house ; or Canadian Fr. chnntier, a hut ; Fr. 
 chantier, a work-yard, — also a plank or board.] 
 A temporary building or cabin ; a mean shelter : 
 [Fr. chanter, to sing] — a sailor's song. 
 
 Shape, v. a. [A.-S. sceapan, scapan ; Icel. shapn ; 
 Dan. skabe; Ger. schaffen: akin to Shave.] [i. 
 shaped; pp. shaping, shaped or shapen.] To 
 give a figure to ; to fashion ; to form ; to mould ; , 
 to adjust; to make. — 2, v. n. To square; to suit. I 
 
 — 3, n. External appearance, as of the body; 
 form ; figure ; make; idea: — a model: — manner. 
 
 Shape'less, a. Wanting shape or regular form. 
 
 Shape'li-ness, n. State or quality of being well 
 formed ; symmetry ; beauty. 
 
 Shape'ly., a. Symmetrical ; well formed. 
 
 Shard, n. [A.-S. sceard, a piece ; sceran, to shear 
 (q. v.).] A fragment of an earthen vessel ; a 
 potsherd; a shell : — the outer wing of a beetle. 
 
 Share, v- a. [A.-S. scearu, scam, a part; sceran, to 
 shear (q. v.).] [p>p. sharing, shared.] To par- 
 take with others ; to part. — 2, v. n. To have part 
 or a dividend. — 3, n. A part belonging to one 
 individual; part; allotment: — [A.-S. scear, from 
 sceran, to shear (q. v.)] a ploughshare. 
 
 Sharker, n. One who shares ; a partaker. 
 
 Shark, n. [Cf. L. carcharus, a dog-fish ; Gr. xap- 
 ^apias, a shark; Kdp\apo<;, sharp-pointed.] A 
 voracious sea-fish : — a sharper. — 2, c. a. [pp. 
 sharking, sharked.] To pick up hastily or slyly. 
 — 3, v. n. To cheat : — to shift ; to shirk. 
 
 Sharp, a. [A.-S. scearp ; Dut. scherp; Dan. sharp; 
 Ger. scharf: akin to Shear, and L. scalpers, to 
 cut.] Having a keen edge; acute; keen; cutting; 
 not blunt; not obtuse :— shrill ; piercing.— 2, n. 
 (Jtftu.) A note raised a half-tone : — a trickster. 
 — 3, v. a. [pp. sharping, sharped.] To make 
 keen; to render quick. 
 
 Sharp'en (shar'pn), v. a. & v. n. [pp. sharpening, 
 sharpened.] To make or grow sharp. 
 
 Sharp'er, n. A tricking fellow ; a cheat. 
 
 Sharp'iy, ad. Severely; keenly; painfully. 
 
 Sharp'ness, n. Keenness; severity; acuteness. 
 
 Sharp'-set, a. Hungry; ravenous; eager. 
 
 Sharp'-shoot-er, n. A good marksman. 
 
 Shas ter, or Shas'tra, n. [Skr. shastra; shas, to 
 teach'.] A sacred book of the Hindoos, contain- 
 ing the doctrines of their religion. 
 
 Shat'ter, v. a. [A variant of Scattkr.] [pp. shat- 
 tering, shattered.] To break into pieces.— 2, ». u. 
 To be broken into fragments. — 3, n. A frag- 
 ment; a piece of any thing that is shattered. 
 
 Shave, c. a. [A.-S. sceafan, scafan; I>nt. schaven; 
 Dan. shave; Ger. schaben: akin to Siiapf, and L. 
 scabere, to scratch; Gr. o-Ka^reiv, to dig.] [i. 
 shaved: pp. shaving, shaved or shaven. J To 
 cut with a razor: — to pare off; to smooth: — to 
 strip; to oppress by extortion. — 2, n. A tool 
 used for shaving wood: — the operation of shav- 
 ing : — a narrow escape. 
 
 Shave'ling, ». A man shaved : — a friar. 
 
 Shav'er, n. One who shaves : a sharper : — a boy. 
 
 Shav'ing, ». A thin slice pared off. 
 
 Shaw, n. [A.-S. scaga: root of Shade.] A thicket; 
 a grove. 
 
 Shawl, )/. [Fr. chdle ; Per. shah] A part of mod- 
 ern female dress. 
 
 Shawm, or Shalm (shawm), n. [Ger. schalmei, 
 0. Fr. chaulme, Fr. chatumeau, a pipe or reed ; L. 
 calamus, a reed. — See Calamus.] A hautboy. 
 
 She, pron. pers. fern. [A.-S. seo, the, that (fern.) ; 
 Dut. zij, Ger. me, Gr. r;. Skr. sa, she; sya, that 
 (feni.). 1 ] The woman ; the female. 
 
 Sheaf (shef), n. ; pi. Sheaves. [A.-S. sceaf, sceab ; 
 Dut. schoof, Ger. schaub, a sheaf; A.-S. ecu/an 
 (part, sceaf), to shove (g. v.).] A bundle of grain 
 in stalks bound together : — any bundle. — 2, v. u. 
 [pp. sheafing, sheafed.] To make sheaves. 
 
 Shear, v. a. [A.-S. sceran, sciran ; Dut. schcren ; 
 Dan. sksere; Ger. scheren : root shear and <sha, to 
 cut : akin to Share, Shore, and to a vast num- 
 ber of Teutonic words.] [i. sheared (formerly 
 sometimes shore) ; pp. shearing, shorn or sheared.] 
 To cut off with shears. — 2, v. n. To turn aside. 
 See Sheee. [time of shearing. 
 
 Shear' ing, n. A clipping or cutting; the act or 
 
 Shears, »• pi- An instrument with two blades 
 which move on a pivot. 
 
 Sheath, n. ; pi. Sheaths. [A.-S. scsed, seead; Dut. 
 scheede; Dan. skede ; Ger. scheide : root skid, to 
 separate.] A case; a scabbard. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— g, Q } 9, £, soft; p, 0, e, g, hard; § us z ; x as gz ; this. 
 
SHEATHE 
 
 490 
 
 SHIMMEE 
 
 Sheathe, v. a. [See Sheath.] [pp. sheathing, 
 sheathed.] To put into a sheath or scabbard ; to 
 enclose in a case : — to cover with boards, &c. 
 
 Sheath'ing, n. Act of enclosing ; a covering : — 
 material used in covering. 
 
 Sheave, n. [Ger. scheibe, a slice ; Dut. schiif, Dan. 
 skive, a disk, a slice ; Aryan root ska, to cut.] 
 (Naut.) A wheel on which a rope works in a 
 block : — called also a shiver. 
 
 Sheph'i-nah, or She-phi'nah, n. [Heb. shekinah, 
 dwelling; shakan, to dwell.] The Jewish name 
 for the divine presence, which rested in the 
 shape of a cloud over the mercy-seat. 
 
 Shed, v. a. [A.-S. sceadan, scadan, to part; Ger. 
 scheiden; Goth, skaidan.] [i. shed; pp. shedding, 
 shed.] To pour out; to spill; to scatter; to let 
 fall.— 2, n. [A form of Shade.— Cf. Sw. skydd, 
 protection : root sku, to cover.] A slight build- 
 ing or covering. 
 
 Sheen, n. [Properly an adjective; A.-S. scene, 
 scyue, Ger. schb'n, beautiful: its meaning as a 
 noun was acquired from its supposed relation to 
 Shine.] Brightness; splendor. — 2, a. Glittering. 
 
 Sheep, n. sing. & pi. [A.-S. sceap, seep, Dut. scliuap, 
 Ger. schaf, a sheep. — Cf. Polish skop, Czech sko- 
 pec, a wether : root scap, to castrate, to cut; per- 
 haps also with a reference to shearing.] An 
 animal bearing wool. 
 
 Sheep'cot, n. Sheepfold. 
 
 Sheep'fdld, n. A place where sheep are enclosed. 
 
 Sheep'hook (shep'huk), n. A hook by which shep- 
 herds lay hold of sheep ; a shepherd's crook. 
 
 Sheep'ish, a. Bashful; meanly diffident. 
 
 Sheep'ish-ness, n. The state of being sheepish. 
 
 Sheep's'-head, n. A kind of fish :— a dunce. 
 
 Sheep'skin, v. The skin of a sheep. 
 
 Sheep'walk (-wawk), n. A sheep-pasture. 
 
 Sheer, n. [See the verb.] The longitudinal curve 
 of a ship's deck or sides. — 2, a. [Icel. skserr, Dan. 
 skier, A.-S. scir, Ger. schier, bright; Icel. skim, 
 to cleanse: akin to Shine.] Pure; clear; mere; 
 unmingled. — 3, ad. Clean; quick; at once. — 
 4, v. n. [A variant of Shear ; Dut. & Ger. 
 scheren, to shear, to cut,— also to warp, to with- 
 draw.] [pp. sheering, sheered.] To deviate; 
 to steal away. 
 
 Sheet, n. [A.-*S. scete, scifte, Icel. slant, Dut. school, 
 a sheet; A.-S. sceuta, Sw. skot, the foot, or sheet, 
 of a sail ; properly a shoot or corner of a cloth or 
 garment; next, a whole cloth: akin to Shoot.] 
 A piece of linen or cotton cloth for a bed :— any 
 thing expanded : — a piece of paper. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. sheeting, sheeted.] To cover, as with a 
 sheet. 
 
 Sheet'-an'ehor, n. [0. E. shoot-anchor.] The 
 largest anchor in a ship : — chief support. 
 
 Sheet'ing, n. Cloth for making sheets. 
 
 Sheik,' n. [Arab, sheikh, an elder, a chief.] One 
 who has the care of a Mohammedan mosque: — 
 a chief of a tr be of Arabs. 
 
 Shek'el (shek'kl) [she'kl, S. J. F. Ja.\ n. [Heb. 
 sheqel; shagal, to weigh.] An ancient Jewish 
 silver coin, value about 2s. 7(7. sterling:— a 
 weight equal to about half an ounce avoirdupois. 
 
 Shek'i-nah, n. See Shechinah. 
 
 Shel'drake, n. [A.-S. sheld, party-colored, and 
 Drake : sheld originally meant a shield, and 
 seems to have a reference to the ornamentation 
 of a shield.] A kind of wild duck. 
 
 Shelf, u. ; pi. Shelves^ [A.-S. scylfe, a plank, a 
 shelf; Low Ger. schelfe, a shelf; Ger. schelfe, a 
 scale, a shell.— See Shelve.] A board fixed 
 against a supporter : — a bank or a rock in the 
 sea.— 2, v. a. [pp. shelfing, shelfed.] To lay on 
 the shelf; to shelve. 
 
 Shell, n. [A.-S. scell, scyll; Dut. schel; Icel. skel. 
 — Cf. Goth, skalja, a tile :— root skal, to peel.] 
 The hard covering of any thing, as of a nut or 
 an animal ; a crust : — a bomb ; an explosive mis- 
 sile (pi. shell or shells) :— a light row-boat for 
 racing. — 2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. shelling, shelled.] 
 
 To strip off or cast the shell.— 3, v. a. To bom- 
 bard ; to attack with shells. 
 
 Shel'lac, n. [Shell and Lac] Melted lac in 
 plates, used in making sealing-wax, stain, &c. 
 
 Shell'-bark, n. A kind of hickory and its nut. 
 
 Shell'-flsh, n. A mollusk ; a crustacean; an 
 aquatic animal having a shell. 
 
 Shel'iy., a. Abounding with or having shells. 
 
 SheTter, n. [0. E. sheldtrun, sheltrume ; A.-S. scild- 
 truma, shield-troop, a body-guard, or men with 
 shields. — See Shield and Trim.] A protection ; 
 asylum; harbor. — 2, v. a. [pp. sheltering, shel- 
 tered.] To cover ; to defend ; to protect.— 3, v. n. 
 To take or give shelter. 
 
 Shel'ter-less, a. Destitute of shelter. 
 
 Shelve, v. a. [See Shelf.] [pp. shelving, shelved.] 
 To place on a shelf; to shelf.— 2, v. n. [Cf. Shal- 
 low; Icel. skelgjask, to go askew; skjalgr, slop- 
 ing, awry, oblique; Local Sw. skjalg, crooked; 
 0. Ger. schelch, awry.] To overhang, as a shelf: 
 — to slope downward. 
 
 Shelv'ing, a. Sloping ; having declivity. — 2, n. A 
 shelf or shelves. 
 
 Shelv'v, a. Shallow; full of banks; shelfy. 
 
 She-mit'ic, a. Relating to Shem; Semitic. 
 
 Shl'ol, n. [Heb.] Hades; the world of the dead: 
 — the grave. 
 
 Shep'herd (shep'erd), n. [A.-S. sceaphyrde; sceap, 
 a she'ep, and heorde, a herd, a guardian.] One 
 who tends sheep. 
 
 Shep'herd-ess (-erd-), n. A female shepherd. 
 
 Sher'bet, or Sher-bet', n. [Arab, sharbat, a drink; 
 shariba, he drank.] An Oriental drink, composed 
 of water, lemon-juice, sugar, rose-water, &c. 
 
 Sher'iff, n. [A.-S. seir-gerefu; scir, a shire, and 
 ge-refa, a reeve, an officer.] The chief executive 
 officer of a county ; a peace-officer. 
 
 Sher' iff-al-ty, n. The office of a sheriff. 
 
 Sher'ry, n. [From Xeres, a town in Spain; L. Cse- 
 sai'is, of Cassar.] A kind of Spanish wine. 
 
 Shew (sho), v. a. [See Show.] [/. shewed ; pp. 
 shewing, shewn.] To exhibit ; to prove. 
 
 Shew'er (sho'er), n. One who shews. 
 
 Shewn (shon), p. from shev:. 
 
 Shib'bo-leth, n. [Heb. for "an ear of corn," or 
 for "a river:" root shabal, to grow, to flow. — 
 Cf. Judges xii. 6.1 Criterion or test of a party. 
 
 Shield (sheld), n. [A.-S. scild; Dut. & Ger. schttd; 
 Dan. skiold: probably related to Shell and 
 Scale.] A buckler; protection. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 shielding, shielded.] To defend; to protect; to 
 secure. 
 
 Shift, v. n. [A.-S. sciftan, scyftan, Dut. schiflev, Sw. 
 skifta, Dan. skifte, to divide or part ; Icel. skipH, 
 an exchange, a shift.] [pp. shifting, shifted.] 
 To change ; to find means. — 2, v. a. To change ; 
 to alter; to transfer. — 3, n. An expedient; 
 mean refuge ; last resource : — fraud ; artifice ; 
 evasion: — a woman's under linen or garment; a 
 chemise. [practices. 
 
 Shift' i-ness, n. Fertility in shifts, or dishonest 
 
 Shift'iess, a. Inefficient ; thriftless. 
 
 Shlft'y, a. Tricky; fertile in artifice. 
 
 Shil-la'lah, n. [Said to be named from Shillelagh, 
 a place in the county of Wicklow, once noted for 
 its oaks.] An oak sapling; a cudgel or club : — 
 written also shillelah. [Ireland.] 
 
 Shil'ling, n. [A.-S. scilling ; Dut. schelling ; Ger. 
 schilling; Dan. skill htg : perhaps akin to Ger. 
 schellen, to ring ; schelle, a bell ; Icel. skella, to rat- 
 tle, to tinkle ; perhaps from base skil, to divide : 
 root of Scale.] A silver coin ; twelve pence. 
 
 Shil'ly-shal-ly, n. [Said to be a reduplication of 
 "shall I?"] Indecision; irresolution. — 2, v. n. 
 [pp. shilly-shallying, shilly-shallied.] To act 
 irresolutely. 
 
 Shim'mer, n. [A.-S. scimrian, a frequentative of 
 sciman', to shine; scima, light; Dut. scheweren, 
 Ger. schimmern, Sw. skimra, to glimmer.] A 
 quivering light; a glimmer. — 2, v. n. [pp. shim- 
 mering, shimmered.] To gleam; to glisten. 
 
 a, e, x, o, u, y, long; a, e, l, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y,, obsmre.— Fare, far, fast, fill; h§ir, her; 
 
SH1X 
 
 491 
 
 SHOT 
 
 Shin, n. [A.-S. scitia ; Dut. scheeii ; Ger. schiene.] 
 The fore part of the leg, above the ankle. 
 
 Shine, v. n. [A.-S. scituin; Dut. schijiten; Dan. 
 skinne; Gei - . scheinen; base sfct, to shine.] [j. 
 shone or shined ; shining, shone or shined.] To 
 glisten; to be bright, glossy, gay, splendid, or 
 conspicuous. — 2, n. Fair weather; brightness; 
 lustre. 
 
 Shin'er, n. One that shines : — a small fish. 
 
 Shin'gle (shing'gl), n. [Norw. singl, singling; from 
 singla, to rattle, to jingle; frequentative of Icel. 
 syngja, to sing : referring to the rattling of stones 
 by the surf.] Loose stones and gravel : — [Ger. 
 schindel, L. scindulu, or scandula, a shingle ; sein- 
 dere, Gr. o-kI&iv, to split] a thin board to cover ! 
 houses.— pZ. [L. cingulum, a girdle; cingere, to j 
 gird.] A" disease which tends to surround the I 
 body. — 2, v. a. - [pp. shingling, shingled.] To 
 cover with shingles. 
 
 Shin'ing, a. Bright ; splendid ; conspicuous. 
 
 Shi'ny, a. Bright; splendid; luminous. 
 
 Ship. A termination from the Saxon, noting | 
 office, quality, or condition ; as, lordship. — -. n. 
 [A.-S. scip ; Dut. schiff; Dan. skib ; Ger. sch'af: 
 akin to Scoop. — See Skiff.] A large sea-vessel \ 
 with three masts : — a term for all large vessels. 
 — 3, v. a. [pp. shipping, shipped.] To put into I 
 a ship ; to transport. 
 
 Ship'board, n. A plank of a ship : — the deck. 
 
 Shlp'-chand-ler, n. One who deals in the furni- 
 ture and provisions of a ship. 
 
 Ship'mate, n. One serving in the same ship. 
 
 Ship'ment, n. Act of shipping; transportation: 
 — the quantity of goods 8 hipped. 
 
 Ship'ping, n. Vessels of navigation; a fleet. 
 
 Ship'-shape, a. & ad. In good order; neat or 
 neatly. 
 
 Ship' wreck (-rek), n. The loss of a ship at sea :— 
 ruin; disaster.— 2, v. a. [pp. shipwrecking, ship- 
 wrecked.] To sink or destroy by dashing on 
 rocks or shallows. 
 
 Ship'wright (ship'rlt), n. A builder of ships. 
 
 Shire, or Shire, n. [A.-S. scir: akin to Shahe.] 
 A territorial division ; a county. — Sfiire town, the 
 chief town of a county. 
 
 Shirk, ii. [Said to be a form of Shark. — See Ger. 
 schur, a cheat, a shearing or fleecing; schurke, a 
 rascal.] A sharper; a shark. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
 shirking, shirked.] To evade one's duty: — to 
 practise mean tricks: — to shark. — 3, v. a. To 
 procure by mean tricks; to shark :— to evade. 
 
 Shirk'ing, n. The practice of mean tricks. 
 
 Shirr. ». a. [Cf. Ger. echurren, to scrape.] [pp. 
 shirring, shirred.] To insert cord in. — 2, ». A 
 cord inserted; fabric in wh ch cord is inserted. 
 
 Shirt, n. [Icel. skyrta, Sw. skjorta, Dan. skiorte, a 
 shirt, a skirt ; Ger. schurz, an apron: root of 
 Shokt.] The under garment of a man. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. shirting, shirted.] To cover; to clothe, as 
 in a shirt. 
 
 Shirt'ing, n. Goods of which shirts are made. 
 
 Shive.n. [A form of Sheave,] A splinter or lamina. 
 
 Shiv'er, v. a. & v. u. [A diminutive of Shite or 
 Sheave; Icel. skifa, Dan. skive, Ger. scheibe, a 
 slice.] [pp. shivering, shivered.] To break 
 into many parts. — 2, v. ». [A variant of Quiver ; 
 0. Dut. schoeveren, huiveren, to hover, to quiver.] 
 To quake; to tremble; to shudder. — 3, n. A 
 little piece : — a shaking-fit. 
 
 Shiv'er-ing, n. Act of trembling; division. 
 
 Shiv'er-x, a. Loose of coherence; incompact. 
 
 Shoal", n. [Dut. & Eng. school, a school, a drove i 
 of fishes: Irish sgol, a school, — also, a shoal of 
 fishes. — See School.] A crowd ; a multitude, j 
 as of fish : — [a variant of Shallow ; Icel. skjalgr, 
 oblique, sloping, as a shore ; Ger. schvl, oblique; 
 Gr. (tkoAios, -crooked] a shallow : a sand-bank. — 
 2, v. n. [pp. shoaling, shoaled.] To crowd; to 
 throng: — to be or grow shallow. — 3, a. Shal- 
 low ; obstructed by banks. 
 
 Shoal' y., a. Full of shoals or shallows; shoal. 
 
 Shock, n. [Fr. choc, Dut. schok, a shock ; Fr. cho- 
 quer, Dut. schokken, to shock, to jolt: — root of 
 Shake.] A violent shake; concussion; a blow; 
 an assault : — offence ; impression of disgust or 
 astonishment :— [0. Dut. schocke, Sw. slock, a 
 heap : akin to Shake] a pile of sheaves of corn ; 
 a stook : — [probably akin to Shag] a shaggy dog. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. shocking, shocked.] To shake : 
 — to offend; to disgust. — 3, v. u. To come to- 
 gether with a crash. 
 
 Shock'ing, a. That shocks : dreadful ; frightful. 
 
 Shock'ing-ly., ad. So as to disgust or shock. 
 
 Shod'dy, n. [A.-S. sceadan, to scatter, to shed 
 (q. ».).] Waste wool, or wool of old fabrics torn 
 into fibres and respun into eluth ; the cloth so 
 made. — 2, a. Of or pertaining to, or made of, 
 shoddy: — not genuine; counterfeit; sham. 
 
 Sh6e (sho), n. [A.-S. sceo ; Sw. & Dan. sko ; Ger. 
 schuh. — Cf. Skr. sku, to cover.] A cover for the 
 foot. — 2, v. a. [i. shod ; pp. shoeing, shod.] To 
 furnish with shoes ; to cover the foot. 
 
 Shoe' black, u. One who cleans shoes. 
 
 Shoe'mak-er, n. One who makes shoes. 
 
 Sho'er, u. One who fits the foot with a shoe. 
 
 Shone, or Shone, i- & p. from shine. 
 
 Shoo, interj. Begone; away. 
 
 Shook (shuk) [shok, W. Ja. K.], i. & p. from shake. 
 
 Shook (shuk), n. [A variant of Shock, in the 
 sense of a pile.] A bundle of staves or short 
 boards. 
 
 Shoot, v. a. [A.-S. scotian, sceotun, participle scolen; 
 Dut. schieteu, part, school; Ger. schiesseu, part. 
 geschossen.] [i. shot ; pp. shooting, shot.] To dis- 
 charge, as a gun; to let off; to stiike with any 
 thing shot: — to push; to emit. — 2, v. u. To 
 perform the act of shooting : — to germinate : — to 
 jet out : — to pass. — 3, n. A discharge : — a young 
 branch : — a sloping trough or spout. 
 
 Shoot'ing-star, n. A glowing meteor. 
 
 Shop, n. [A.-S. sceoppa, a stall ; Low Ger. schup, 
 A.-S. set/pen, Ger. schuppen, a shed. — Cf. Gr. 
 o-Kends, a cover.] A place or room for retailing 
 goods :— a place for work or for manufacturing; 
 a workshop.— 2, o. >i. [pp. shopping, shopped.] 
 To frequent shops. 
 
 Shop'keep-er, «. One who sells in a shop. 
 
 Shop'lift-er, n. One who steals out of a shop. 
 
 Shop'lift-ing, it. The crime of a shoplifter. 
 
 Shop'man, n. A petty trader or shopkeeper. 
 
 Shop'ping, n. The act of frequenting shops. 
 
 Shore, n. [A.-S. scoren, cut off; sceran, to shear 
 (q. c.).] The border or coast of the sea or other 
 water : — [Dut. schoor, Norw. shorn, a prop ; Local 
 Sw. share, a piece of wood : root of Siirar, to 
 cut] a support : a buttress. — 2, v. a. [pp. shoring, 
 shored.] To prop; to support. — 3, i. from shear. 
 
 Shored (shord), a. Having a bank or shore. 
 
 Shorn, p. from shear. 
 
 Short, <(• [A.-S. 8ceort, 0. Ger. scurz, short; Icel. 
 skorta, to be short, to lack ; L. curtns, curt, short : 
 root skar, to cut.] Not long; brief; laconic; 
 concise : — defective ; scanty : — brittle ; friable. 
 
 Shbrt'com-ing. ». Defective performance. 
 
 Short'en (shbr'tn), r. a. [A.-S. sceortian.] [pp. 
 shortening, shortened.] To make short. 
 
 Short' en-ing, n. The act of making short : — any 
 thing that shortens paste, as butter or lard. 
 
 Short' -hand, n. Short writing; stenography. 
 
 Shbrt'-hbrns, »• pt A breed of cattle originating 
 in the north-east of England. 
 
 Shbrt'-lived (-livd), a. Isot living long. 
 
 Shbrt'ly, ad. [A.-S. sceortlice.] Quickly ; soon ; 
 concisely. 
 
 Short'ness, n. The quality of being short. 
 
 Shorts, n. ph Coarse flour or meal ; bran. 
 
 Shot, i- & p. from shooi. — 2, n. [A.-S. sceotan, to 
 shoot (q. v.); 0. Fris. & Icel. skol; Sw. skott; 
 Dut. schot; Ger. schoss, a shot.] The act of 
 shooting : — one who shoots : — [see Scot] a reck- 
 oning:— (pi. Shot and Shots) a smail, granular 
 bullet ; a bullet :— balls. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, biir, rule, use.— -p, 9, c, £, soft; p, ja, p, § , hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 
 
SHOTE 
 
 492 
 
 SHUN 
 
 Shote, m. [From Shoot, to grow up.] A young 
 hog ; a pig : — written .also shout. 
 
 Shot'-gun, n. A gun for sporting purposes, &c. 
 
 Should (shud), v. auxiliary and defective. [A.-S. 
 sceolde, scolde, pi. sceoldon. — See Shall.] Usually 
 denoting obligation, duty, or possibility, and 
 regarded as the preterite of shall. 
 
 Shoul'der, n. [A.-S. sculder ; Dut. schouder ; Dan. 
 skulder; Ger. schuller.] The joint which connects 
 the arms to the body : — a prominence. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. shouldering, shouldered.] To push; to put 
 on the shoulder. 
 
 Shoul'der-belt, n. A belt crossing the shoulder. 
 
 Shoul'der-blade, n. The scapula. 
 
 Shoul'der-strap (shol'der-), n. {Mil. & Nav.) A 
 strap worn on the shoulder of a commissioned 
 officer, bearing a device indicating his rank. 
 
 Shout, n. [Etymology doubtful.— Cf. Icel. skuta, 
 skuti, a taunt.] A loud cry of triumph or exul- 
 tation. — 2, v. n. [pp. shouting, shouted.] To 
 cry in triumph or exultation. 
 
 Shove (shuv), v. a. [A.-S. scofian, scvfan; Dut. 
 schuiven; Dan. skuffe; Ger. schieben, part, gescho- 
 ben.] [pp. shoving, shoved.] To push; to rush 
 against. — 2, «. The act of shoving ; a push. 
 
 Shov'el (shuv'vl), n. [A.-S. scofl; Ger. schanfel : 
 root of Shove.] A tool for digging, &c. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. shovelling, shovelled.] To throw with a 
 shovel. 
 
 Shov'el-hat, n. A broad-brimmed hat worn by 
 clergymen. 
 
 Shov'el-ler, n. One who shovels : — a duck. 
 
 Show (sho), v. a. [A.-S. sceaivian, to see ; Dut. 
 schouwen, Dan. skue, Ger. schauen, to view.] 
 [i. showed ; pp. showing, shown.] To present 
 to the view ; to exhibit ; to prove ; to direct :— 
 written also shew.— 2, v. n. To appear ; to look, 
 — 3, n. Exhibition ; a spectacle ; display. 
 
 Show'bread (sho'bred), u. Twelve loaves of un- 
 leavened bread, representing the twelve tribes 
 of Israel : — written also shewbread. 
 
 Show'er (shou'er), v. [A.-S. scur ; Dut. schoer ; 
 Ger. 'schaner.] A short fall of rain or hail : — any 
 very liberal distribution.— 2, v. n. [pp. shower- 
 ing, showered.] To rain in showers. — 3, v. a. 
 To pour down. 
 
 Show'er-y, a. Raining in showers; rainy. 
 
 Show'i'-ly (sho'e-le), a d. In a showy way. 
 
 Show' j-ness, n. State of being showy. 
 
 Show'y (sho'e), a. Splendid; magnificent; gay; 
 finical ; gaudy ; foppish ; ostentatious. 
 
 Shrank, i. from shrink. Shrunk. 
 
 Shrap'nel, n. ; pi. Shrap'nel. [Named from the 
 inventor.] A shell filled with balls, which, when 
 fired, explodes, projecting the balls; spherical 
 case-shot. 
 
 Shred, v. a. [A.-S. screade, a strip; screadian, to 
 shred; Ger. schrot, a piece; schroten, to cut.] 
 [i. shred; pp. shredding, shred.] To cut into 
 small pieces. — 2, n. A small piece cut off; a 
 fragment. 
 
 Shrew (shru), «. [A.-S. screawa, a shrew-mouse; 
 Ger. scher, schermaus: related to Shear and to 
 Shred. In many countries the shrew is con- 
 sidered a venomous animal : hence the extension 
 of the term to a scold.] A brawling woman; a 
 termagant :— a small animal, the shrew-mouse. 
 
 Shrewd (shrud), a. [From 0. E. shrew, to curse, 
 to beshrew : shrewd meant accursed, then mali- 
 cious, then cunning.] Sly; cunning; sensible. 
 
 Shrewd'ly. (shrud'le), ad. Cunningly; slyly. 
 
 Shrewd'ness (shriid'nes), n. Sly cunning. 
 
 Shrew'isti (shru'ish), a. Froward ; clamorous. 
 
 Shrew'ish-ly (shru'ish-le), ad. Frowardly. 
 
 Shrew'ish-ness (shru'ish-nes), n. Petulance. 
 
 Shrew'-mouse (shru'mbtis), n. A small animal. 
 
 Shriek (shrek), v. n. [Sw. skrik. Dan. skrig, Irish 
 sgreach, a cry. — See Screech.] [pp. shrieking, 
 shrieked.] To cry out in anguish.— 2, n. A cry 
 of anguish or horror; a scream. 
 
 Shriev'al-ty (shrev'al-te), n. Office of a sheriff. 
 
 Shrift, n. [A.-S. serif t ; Dan. skrifte ; Sw. skrift.— 
 See Shrive.] Absolution by a priest. 
 
 Shrike, n. [From its shriek.] The butcher-bird. 
 
 Shrill, a. [Local Ger. schrell, schriU, shrill ; schril- 
 len, to sound shrill ; Norw. skreela, slrijhi, to cry 
 aloud; skreel, Scot, skirl, a loud cry.] Piercing, 
 or tremulous, as sound. — 2, v. n. [pp. shrilling, 
 shrilled.] To utter a shrill sound. — 3, v. a. To 
 utter hi a shrill voice. 
 
 Shrill'ness, n. The quality of being shrill. 
 
 Shril'ly, ad. With a shrill noise. 
 
 Shrimp, n. [Allied to Scrimp and Shrink : named 
 from its wrinkled appearance.] A small crusta- 
 cean : — a dwarf. 
 
 Shrine, n. [A.-S. serin; Ger. schrein; Fr. ecrin; L. 
 scrinium, a desk.] A case to hold things sacred. 
 
 Shrink, v. n. [A.-S. scrincan, 0. Dut. schrinken, to 
 shrink; Sw. skrynkla, to wrinkle.] [i. shrunk; 
 pp. shrinking, shrunk.] To contract itself; to 
 shrivel ; to fall back or withdraw, as from dan- 
 ger. — 2, n. A corrugation ; a contraction. 
 
 Shrink' a£e, n. The act of shrinking; contrac- 
 tion. 
 
 Shrive, v. a. & v. n. [A.-S. scrifan, to shrive, to 
 impose a penance on : probably from L. seribere, 
 to write, to bring a legal action against.] [i. 
 shrove or shrived ; pp. shriving, shriven.] To 
 hear and absolve at confession. 
 
 Shriv'el (shriv'vl), v. a. & v. n. [0. Northum- 
 brian screpa, to pine; Norw. skripa, to waste; 
 skryp, Dan. skrobelig, weak : akin to Eivei. and to 
 Shrink.] [pp. shrivelling, shrivelled.] To con- 
 tract or be contracted into wrinkles ; to shrink. 
 
 Shroud, n. [A.-S. scrud, Dan. ekrud, attire ; Icel. 
 skrud, equipment, a ship's shrouds : closely akin 
 to Shred.] Dress of the dead ; a winding-sheet. 
 —2, v. a. [pp. shrouding, , ,.,..., 
 shrouded.] To shelter; to 
 cover ; to dress. 
 
 Shrouds, n. pi. (Naut.) Large 
 ropes of a ship. 
 
 Shrove'tide, n. [See Shrive.] 
 The time immediately pre- 
 ceding Lent. 
 
 Shrub, n. [A.-S. scrob, a shrub. 
 — See Scrub.] A dwarfish 
 tree or plant ; a bush : — 
 [Arab, slurb, a drink.— See Sherbet] a beverage 
 composed of spirit with acid and sugar. 
 
 Shrub'ber-y, n. A plantation of shrubs. 
 
 Shrub'b^, a. Full of, or like, shrubs ; bushy. 
 
 Shrug, v'. a. & v. n. [Cf. Local Sw. skrukka, to 
 shrink up ; skmgeg, wrinkled ; Norw. skrukken, 
 wrinkled; skrekka, to wrinkle; Gael, scjreag, to 
 shrivel.] [pp. shrugging, shrugged.] To draw 
 up the shoulders, &c. — 2, n. A contraction of 
 the shoulders. 
 
 Shrunk, i. & p. from shrink. 
 
 Shrunk'en (shrunk'kn), p. from shrink. 
 
 Shuck, n. [Cf. Ger. schote, a husk.] Husk or shell : 
 — a shock. — 2, v. a. [pp. shucking, shucked.] 
 To peel the husk or shell from ; to husk. 
 
 Shud'der, v. n. [A frequentative verb ; 0. Saxon 
 skuddlan, 0. Dut. sclnulden, to shake ; Ger. schut- 
 tern, schutlehi, schuttvn, to shake : akin to Shed 
 and Shoot.] [pp. shuddering, shuddered.] To 
 quake with fear; to quiver.— 2, n. A tremor; 
 state of trembling. 
 
 Shud'der-ing, n. The act of trembling; tremor. 
 
 Shuffle, v. a. [A frequentative of Shove.] [pp. 
 shuffling, shuffled.] To throw into disorder; to 
 confuse ; to change the position of. — 2, v. n. To 
 throw cards into a new order: — to play mean 
 tricks: — to shove the feet. — 3, n. The act of 
 shuffling ; a trick. 
 
 Shuffler, n. One whe shuffles or plays tricks. 
 
 Shuffling, n. Disorder; trick; a shuffle. 
 
 Shun, v. a. [A.-S. scunian, to reject, to flee ; Norw. 
 skurma, to hurry.] [pp. shunning, shunned.] 
 To keep clear of; not to associate with; to ab- 
 stain from ; to avoid; to decline. 
 
 Shrouds. 
 
 a, e, i, o, u, y, long; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
SHUNT 
 
 493 
 
 SIGNIFICANCY 
 
 Shunt, n. [0. E. shunten, to start aside, to flee; 
 Icel. slautda, to hurry : a variant of Sudn.] A 
 turning on" to a short siding; a railway switch : 
 — a telegraph switch. — 2, v. a. [pp. shunting, 
 shunted.] To move off or change ; to switch off. 
 
 Shut, v. a. [A.-S. scyltan, to fasten ; from scutian, 
 Bceotan, to shoot, as a holt; Dut. schutteu, to shut, 
 to lock. — See Shoot.] [i. shut; pp. shutting, 
 shut.] To make close or tight ; to close; to con- 
 fine; to imprison; to bar; to exclude; to con- 
 tract. — 2, v. n. To he closed ; to close itself. — 
 3, n. A close ; a small door or cover. 
 
 Shut'ter, n. One that shuts ; a cover. 
 
 Shut' tie (shut/tl), n. [A.-S. scyttels, a bar, a holt ; 
 Dan. skylle, skyttel, a shuttle; from the root of 
 Shoot.] An instrument which guides the thread 
 in weaving. 
 
 Shut' tie-cock, n. [Shuttle, from its motion, and 
 Cock, from its feathers.] A cork stuck with 
 feathers, and beaten backward and forward. 
 
 Shy, a. [A.-S. sceoh, Ger. scheu, timid; Dan. sky, 
 Sw. slcygg, skittish.] Eeserved ; coy; cautious; 
 suspicious. — 2, v. a. [pp. shying, shied.] To 
 fling; to throw. — 3, v. n. [Sw. shy, to shun.] 
 To start aside. 
 
 Shy'ly, ad. With shyness; not familiarly. 
 
 Shy'ness, n. State of being shy ; coyness. 
 
 Si-al'a-gogue (-gog), n. [Gr. aiakov, spittle, and 
 d-ytoyo?, leading; ayeiv, to lead.] (Med.) A 
 medicine that causes the flow of saliva. 
 
 Sib'i-lance, or Sib'i-lan-cy, >/. Hissing sound. 
 
 Sib'i-lant, a. [L. sibilans. — See Sibilate.] Sound- 
 ing like the letter s. — 2, n. A hissing letter, as s. 
 
 Sib'j-late, v. a. [L. sibilare, sibilatum, to hiss; sibi- 
 lus, a hiss, hissing.] [pp. sibilating, sibilated.] 
 To pronounce with a hissing sound ; to mark 
 with a cedilla in order to indicate a hissing 
 sound. [ing sound. 
 
 Sib-i-la'tion, «. [L. sibilntio.] A hissing; a hiss- 
 
 Sib'y.l, n. [L. Sibylla; Gr. aiflvWa.] A prophetess 
 among the pagans. 
 
 Sib'yl-line, a. [L. sibylliuus.] Of or belonging to 
 a sibyl. < 
 
 Sic, ad. [L. for "so."] So ; thus : — often introduced 
 in brackets after a word or quotation, to signify 
 that, though it may seem strange, it is given 
 precisely as the author used it. 
 
 Sic [for such], or Sic' can [for such an or such one], a. 
 Such. [Lowland Scotch.] 
 
 Sick, a. [A.-S. seoc, Dut. ziek, Dan. syg, Ger. siech, 
 Goth, sinks, sick; smkan, to be ill.] Afflicted 
 with disease; ill in health; sickly :— affected 
 with nausea. 
 
 Sick'en (slk'kn), v. n. [pp. sickening, sickened.] 
 To become sick. — 2, v. a. To make sick. 
 
 Sick'ish, a. Somewhat sick ; nauseating. 
 
 Sick'ish-ness, n. State of being sickish.; 
 
 Sic'kie (sik'kl), n. [A.-S. sicol ; Ger. sichel; Cam- 
 panian Latin secula; L. secare, to cut.] A hook 
 with which grain is reaped. 
 
 Sick'li-ness, n. The state of being sickly. 
 
 Slck'ly, a. Not healthy ; not sound ; visited with 
 sickness ; diseased ; faint ; weak. [nausea. 
 
 Sick'ness, ». [A.-S. seocnes.] Disease; illness :— 
 
 Side, n! [A.-S. & Dan. side; Dut. zijde ; Icel. sida; 
 Ger. seite.] The part of an animal fortified by 
 ribs : — a part; margin; edge: — party. — 2, a. 
 Lateral; oblique; indirect; long. — 3, v. n. [pp. 
 siding, sided.] To take sides; to join a party. 
 
 Side'board, n. A side-table with drawers. 
 
 Side'ling, <t. Inclined; sloping; oblique. 
 
 Side' long, a. [Cf. Headlong.] Lateral ; oblique ; 
 not direct. — 2, ad. Laterally ; on the side ; side- 
 wise. 
 
 Si-de're-al, a. [L. sideralis, or sidereus ; sidus, si- 
 deris,'n constellation, a star.] Relating to the 
 stars; starry. . 
 
 Sid'er-ite, w. [Gr. atS^ptVi)?, of iron ; o-i'S^pos, 
 iron.] (Min.) A carbonate of iron : — an in- 
 digo-blue variety of quartz. 
 
 Side'-sad-dle, n. A woman's saddle. 
 
 Side'walk (-wak), n. A walk for foot-passengers 
 by the side of a street. 
 
 Side'ways, or Side'wise, ad. On one side. 
 
 Sid'ing, n. A side-track of a railway : — material 
 for sides, as of buildings. 
 
 Si'dle (sl'dl), v. n. [From Side.] [pp. sidling, 
 sidled.] To go sidewise or with one side fore- 
 most. 
 
 Siege (sej). n. [Fr. siege, a seat, a siege ; It. seggio, 
 for sedio, a seat ; assedio, assegio, a siege ; Late L. 
 assediuru, a siege; ad, at, and sedere, to sit down; 
 L. obsidium ; ob, against, and sedere, to sit down ; 
 sedes, a seat (q. ».).] The act of besetting a 
 fortified place with an army ; act of besieging. 
 
 Si'e-nite, u. [Named from Syene, in Egypt.] A 
 rock resembling granite. 
 
 Si-en'na, u. [From Siena, a city of Italy.] An 
 earth used as a pigment. 
 
 Si-er'ra, n. [Sp. for "a mountain-range," — also 
 for ''a saw:" named from tiie saw-tooth-like 
 succession of peaks ; or, as some say, from Arab. 
 fahra, a waste, a desert.] A mountain-range. 
 
 Si-es'ta, n. [Sp. for "afternoon :" said to be for 
 sexta, sixth (hour).] Rest; an afternoon nap. 
 
 Sieve (siv), n. [A.-S. sife ; Dut. see/, sift; Ger. 
 sieb : perhaps akin to Local Eng. seave, Icel. sef, 
 Sw. siif, Dan. sir, a rush.] A vessel with a bot- 
 tom of net-work, by which flour is separated 
 from bran, or fine powder from coarse ; a scarce ; 
 a bolter : — a basket of a certain measure. 
 
 Sift, v. a. [A.-S. siftau; Dut. ziften.— See Sieve.] 
 [■pp. sifting, sifted.] To separate by a sieve : — 
 to examine. 
 
 Sigh (si), v. n. [A.-S. sican, Sw. sucl-a, Dan. sukke, 
 to sigh.] [pp. sighing, sighed.] To emit the 
 breath audibly. — 2, n. A violent emission of 
 the breath. 
 
 Sight (sit), n. [A.-S. siht, gesiht; seon, gesegn, to 
 see (q. v.); Dut. yezigt ; Dan. sigte ; Ger. sieht] 
 The sense of seeing ; act of seeing ; vision ; view ; 
 Bpectacle; a show. — 2, v. n. [pp. sighting, 
 sighted.] To get a view of; to look at. 
 
 Sight'less (sit'hs), «. Wanting sight ; blind. 
 
 Sight'li'-ness (sit'li-nes), n. Comeliness. 
 
 Sight'ly. (sit'le), a. Pleasing to the eye. 
 
 Sig'mbid, ) <(. [Gr. o-i-y/aoetSjj?, shaped like the 
 
 Sig-mbid'al, j letter aigma.] Curved like the Greek 
 letter surma or the English letter s or c. 
 
 Sign (sin), n. [L. signum, Fr. signe, a sign.] A 
 token of one's occupation; an indication ; a sig- 
 nal; a mark; a device: — a wonder; a miracle: 
 — a monument; a memorial: — a symbol: — a 
 constellation in the zodiac. — 2. r. a. [Fr. signer, 
 L. signare, to sign.] [/.p. signing, signed.] To 
 mark ; to show ; to ratify. — 3, v. n. To make 
 signs or signals. 
 
 Sig'nal, n. "[Late L. signale, a signal ; signalis, be- 
 longing to a sign; Fr. signal, a signal ; signaler, 
 to signal.] A sign that gives notice ; a mark. — 
 
 2, a. Eminent ; memorable ; remarkable. — 
 
 3, v. a. [pp. signalling, signalled.] To make 
 known by signals : — to communicate with by 
 signals. 
 
 Sig'nal-ize, v. a. [pp. signalizing, signalized.] 
 To make signal ; to celebrate ; to give signals to. 
 
 Sig'nal-ly, ad. Remarkably; memorably. 
 
 Sig'na-to-ry, n. One who affixes one's signature ; 
 a signer.— 2, a. Of or relating to signature ; af- 
 fixing, or having affixed, one's signature; sign- 
 ing : — used in signing or in sealing. 
 
 Sig'na-ture, n. [L. signatura. — See Sign.] A per- 
 son's name signed: — mark; stamp. — (Printing.) 
 A letter or figure to distinguish sheets or half- 
 sheets ; a printed sheet or half-sheet. 
 
 Sign'er (sin'er), n. One who signs. 
 
 Sig'net, «• [Fr. ; dim. of signe, a sign.] A seal, 
 particularly a king's seal. 
 
 Sig-nif i-cance, )n. [L. significantia.] Power 
 
 Sig-nif j-can-cy, J of signifying ; meaning ; force ; 
 expressiveness; energy; importance; moment; 
 consequence. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.- 
 
 42 
 
 5, £, soft; p, JS, p, g, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 
 
SIGNIFICANT 
 
 494 
 
 SIMULTANEOUS 
 
 Sigr-nif i-cant, a. [L. significans, a pres. part. — 
 See Signify.] Expressive; important. 
 
 Sig-nif'i-c^nt-ly, ad. With significance. 
 
 Sig-ni-fj-ca'tion, n. [L. significalio.] The act of 
 signifying; meaning; import; significance. 
 
 Sjg-nif'i-ca-tive, a. [L. significativus.] Strongly 
 expressive. 
 
 Sig'ni-fy, v. a. [Fr. signifier ; L. significare; sig- 
 titim, a sign, and facere, to make.] [pp. signify- 
 ing, signified.] To make known; to declare; 
 to mean ; to import. — 2, v. «. To express mean- 
 ing with force ; to mean : — to he of use. 
 
 Sign'ior (sen'yur), n. A title. See Seignior. 
 
 Sign'-man'u-al (sin'man'yu-al), n. The signature 
 of a king, written with his "own hand. 
 
 Signor (sen'yor), n. [It. ; L. senior, older, an 
 elder.] The title by which gentlemen are ad- 
 dressed in Italy : — equivalent to our Mr. or Sir. 
 
 Signora (sen-yo'ra), n. [It.] The feminine of 
 Signor: — equivalent to our Mrs., Madame. 
 
 Slgn'-post (sin'post), n. A post on which a sign 
 hangs or is fixed. 
 
 Si'ience, n. [L. silentia; silere, to be silent.] State 
 of being silent ; taciturnity; quiet; secrecy; still- 
 ness ; obscurity. — 2, iuteij. Be silent; l>e still. 
 — 3, v. a. [pp. silencing, silenced.] To forbid 
 to speak ; to still. 
 
 Si'lent, a. [L. silens, pres. part, of silere, to be 
 still.] Not speaking; mute; dumb; taciturn. 
 
 Si'lent-ly, ad. Without speech or noise. 
 
 Si'lex, n.' [L. silex, silicis, flint.] (Min.) Flint; 
 silica. 
 
 Silhouette (sil'o-et'), n. [From Etienne de Silhou- 
 ette, French minister of finance in 1759, who was 
 considered unduly parsimonious : named from 
 tlie cheapness of this kind of likeness.] A por- 
 trait or profile, represented in black. 
 
 Sil'i-ca, ii. [From L. silex, flint.] (Min.) An 
 earth found in rock crystal, quartz, sand, flint, &c. 
 
 Si-lic'i-fy, v. n. [L. silex, silicis, flint, and fieri, to 
 become.] [pp. silicifying, sil> *ied.] To enter 
 into combination with silica- >ecome impreg- 
 nated with silica. — 2, v. a. x'o petrify by means 
 of silica. 
 
 Si-H"cious (se-lTsh'us), a. [L. silicevs.] Relating 
 to, or containing, 'silex or silica; flinty: — writ- 
 ten also siliceous. 
 
 Sil'i-cle, n. [L. silicula, dim. of siliqua, a pod.] A 
 two-leaved pod ; siliqua. 
 
 Sil'i-con, n. The chemical base of silica. 
 
 Sil'i-qua, n. [L. for "a pod;" Fr. siligue.) A 
 pod; a seed-vessel. 
 
 Sil-i-quose', or Sil'i-quous, a. Having pods. 
 
 Silk, n. [A.-S. seolc; Icel. silki; Dan. silke ; from 
 L. sericum, silk, through Slavic derivatives; the 
 L. is from .Seres, the name of a far Oriental peo- 
 ple. — Cf. Gr. o-ijp, Chinese si, Corean soi, the silk- 
 worm.] A fine, soft thread or filament spun by 
 silk-worms: stuff made of the thread. 
 
 Silk'en (silk'kn), a. Made of silk ; soft. 
 
 STlk'i-ness, n. State of being silky ; softness. 
 
 Silk'-worm (-wiirm), «. A larva that spins silk. 
 
 Silk's, «. Made of silk; soft; tender; silken. 
 
 Sill, w. [A.-S. si/l; Dan. syld; Icel. sytt or svill ; 
 Ger. schicelle: it is a rise or swell above the 
 ground.] A bottom-piece of timber ; ground-sill. 
 
 Sil'la-bub, n. [Said to be for slap-up. — Cf. Low 
 Ger. slabb'ul, Swiss schlabutz, 0. E. sillabouk, mer- 
 rybouk, a sillabub.] A liquor made of milk and 
 wine or milk and cider and sugar. 
 
 Sil'li-ness, a. State of being silly ; folly. 
 
 Sil'ly, a. [A.-S. sselig, timely, happy; sxl, time, 
 opportunity, happiness ; Dut. zalig, blessed ; Ger. 
 selig, pood, happy. — Cf. 0. L. sollus. complete; 
 L. salvus, safe.] Senseless ; weak ; foolish ; simple. 
 
 Si'lo, n. [Fr. ; L. sirus, Gr. o-ipos, a pit.] (Agric.) 
 The pit or ditch in which ensilage is stored. 
 
 Silt, n. [Sw. sila, Local Eng. site, to filter : akin 
 to A.-S. sihan, Ger. seihen, to filter.] Sand, clay, 
 and earth deposited by running water. — 2, v. n. 
 [pp. silting, silted.] To become choked. 
 
 Si-lu'ri-an, a. [L. Siluria, South Wales : named 
 from' the ancient British tribe called Silures.] 
 Noting rocks below the old red sandstone. 
 
 Sil'vari, a. Woody. See Sylvan. 
 
 Sil'ver, n. [A.-S. seolfor ; Dut. zilver ; Ger. silber ; 
 Russ. serebro ; Lith. sidabras. — Cf. L. sidtis, a star; 
 Lith. swidus, bright.] A white precious metal ; 
 money. — 2, a. Made of or like silver; white. — 
 3, v. a. [pp. silvering, silvered.] To cover 
 with silver. — 4, v. n. To assume a silvery ap- 
 pearance. 
 
 Sil'ver-ing, n. Art of covering with silver. 
 
 Sil'ver-smith, n. One who works in silver. 
 
 Sil'ver-y, a. Besprinkled with or like silver. 
 
 Sim'i-an, a. [L. simia, an ape: perhaps akin to 
 simills, like ; perhaps to siums, Gr. cri/u.6?. flat- 
 nosed.] Of or relating to, or resembling, an ape. 
 
 Sim'j-lar, a. [Fr. sirnilaire, L. similis, like; siund, 
 at once. — See Same.] Having resemblance ; like. 
 
 Sim-i-lar'i-ty, n. Likeness; resemblance. 
 
 Sim'i-lar-iy, ad. With resemblance. 
 
 Sim'i-le", n. [L. simile, a like thing. — See Simi- 
 lar.] (filet.) A resemblance in things dissim- 
 ilar ; a comparison ; similitude. 
 
 Si-mil'j-tude, n. [L. similitudo, likeness. — See 
 Similar.] Resemblance ; comparison. 
 
 Sim'mer, v. a. & v. n. [Cf. Dan. swnme, Ger. sum- 
 men, Local Sw. summa, to hum.] f pp. simmer- 
 ing, simmered.] To boil gently with a hissing 
 sound. — 2, n. A gentle boiling. 
 
 Sim'nel, n. [Late L. siminellns, a kind of cake; 
 simel'la, L. simila, fine flour; Ger. sentinel, wheat 
 bread.] A kind of rich cake. 
 
 Si-mo'ni-ac, n. [Late L. simoniac.us. — See Simony.] 
 One who practises simony. 
 
 Sim-o-ni'a-cal, a. Relating to simony. 
 
 Sim'o-ny, n. [Late L. simonia; from Simon Magus, 
 who desired to purchase spiritual gifts.] The 
 crime of buying or selling church preferment. 
 
 Si-m66m', n. [Arab, sammn; samm, poisoned; or 
 Coptic psmom.] A hot, dry wind in Africa and 
 Arabia : — called also simoon and samiel. 
 
 Sim'per, v. n. [Norw. semper, fine ; Local Dan. 
 semper, simper, prudish ; Local Ger. zimpern, to 
 be coy; nasalized from the root of Sw. & Low 
 Ger. sipp, prim, finical : from the root of the 
 verb sip, to drink finically.] [pp. simpering, 
 
 3 simpered.] To smile foolishly; to smile. — 2, n. 
 
 %A foolish or affected smile. 
 
 Sam'per-ing-ly, ad. AVith a foolish smile. 
 
 Sfm'ple (sini'pl), a. [Fr. ; L. simplus, or simplex, 
 plain, — literally, one-fold: root of singuli, one by 
 one, and plicare, to fold.— See Doublk.] Plain ; 
 artless ; natural : — single ; unmingled ; not com- 
 plex : — silly ; foolish.— 2, n. A single ingredient ; 
 a drug; an herb: — used collectively for persons 
 of ignoble birth; plebeians. In this sense used 
 also in the plural. [herb-doctor. 
 
 Sim'pler, n. A collector of herbs or simples; an 
 
 Sim'ple-ton. w. [Probably from 0. Fr. simpleton, 
 an augmented form of simple!, a simple-minded 
 person.] A silly person ; a trifler. 
 
 Sim-pHs'i-ty., n. [L. siwplUMas; Fr. simplicity.} 
 'Folly :— state of being simple; plainness; art- 
 lessness. 
 
 Sim-pli-fi-ca'tion, v. The act of simplifying. 
 
 Sim'pli-fy, v. a.' [Fr. simplifier: L. simplex, sim- 
 ple, and facere, to make.] [pp. simplifying, 
 simplified.] To render simple or plain. 
 
 Sim'ply, ad. In a simple manner; plainly. 
 
 Sim-u-la'crum, n. [L. for "a likeness," "an un- 
 real appearance ;" simulare, to feign.] An image 
 or representation merely, as distinguished from 
 the reality ; a semblance. 
 
 Sim'u-late, v. a. [L. simulare, simulation, to feign ; 
 similis, like; simnl, with.] [pp. simulating, sim- 
 ulated.] To feign ; to counterfeit. [pretence. 
 
 Sim-u-la'tion, v. [L. simululio.) A feigning; false 
 
 Si-mul-ta'n'e-ous, a. [Fr. simuUane; L. (Active) 
 simvltanens ; Late L. simultim, at the same time; 
 L. simul, together.] Being at the same time. 
 
 5, y, long; a, e, 1, o, u, y, short; a, §, i, 0, u, y,, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
SIMULTANEOUSLY 
 
 495 
 
 SIROCCO 
 
 Sl-mul-ta'ne-oiis-ly, ad. At the same time. 
 
 Sin, 11- [A.-S. s/jii ; Dan. synd; Dut. sonde; Ger. 
 sunde. — Cf. L. sous, sontis, sinful : probably from 
 the root of Skr. sant, asant, being; L. esse, to he ; 
 the guilty person being spoken of as the one 
 who was it, or who it was.] A violation of the 
 laws of God; iniquity; wickedness; evil. — 
 2, v. n. [pp. sinning, sinned.] To violate the 
 laws of God ; to offend. 
 
 Sin'a-pism, n. [L. sinapis, Gr. aLvam, mustard ; 
 <ri^a7rio-jud5, a mustard plaster.] A mustard 
 poultice. 
 
 Since, conj. [0. E. sithens, sitlieyi ; A.-S. siddan; 
 sid, after, and dan, then. — Of. Ger. sett, after; 
 seitdem, since.] Because that; seeing that. — 
 
 2, ad. Ago ; before this ; from that time. — 
 
 3, prep. After; from some time past. 
 Sin-cere', a. [L. sincerus, pure, true; origin not 
 
 certain: the old derivation from sine, without, 
 and cera, wax, is now generall}' rejected.] Hon- 
 est; not feigned; hearty ; cordial ; earnest; real: 
 nncorrupt; genuine; candid. 
 
 Sin-cere'ly, ad. Honestly; cordially. 
 
 Sin-cer'i-ty, i/. [L. sinceritas.] State of being 
 sincere; honesty; purity; frankness; candor. 
 
 Sinch, n. [Sp. eincha, or cinch-o; L. ductus, a gir- 
 dle.] A saddle-girth for a horse. — 2, v. a. [}p. 
 sinching, sinched.] To saddle, as a horse. 
 
 Sin'ci-put, n. [L. ; semi, half, and caput, a head.] 
 (Anat.) The lore part of the head. 
 
 Sine, n. [L. slims, a fold, a gulf, the bosom: ap- 
 plied incorrectly or fancifully to a straight line.] 
 (Geoni.) A straight line drawn from one end of 
 the arc of a circle perpendicularly to the radius, 
 passing through the other end. 
 
 Si'ne, prep. [L. | Without. 
 
 Si'ne-ciire, ii. [L. sine, without, and cura, care.] 
 An' office which has revenue without any duties 
 or employment. 
 
 Sin'ew (sin'yu), n. [A.-S. sinu, Dut. zenuw, Ger. 
 sehne, 0. Ger. senmva, Icel. sin, a sinew; Skr. 
 suara, a tendon. — Cf. Lettish simi, Skr. si, to 
 hind.] A tendon; muscle. — 2, v. a. [pp. sink- 
 ing, sinewed.] To knit as by sinews. 
 
 Sin'ew-less (sin'yu-), a. Having no sinews ; weak. 
 
 Sin'ew-y (sin'vu-e), a. Strong; nervous. 
 
 Sin'ful, a. [A.-SJ synfull.] Partaking of sin; ad- 
 dicted to sin; unholy; iniquitous; impious; 
 w icked ; evil. 
 
 STn'fuT-ly, ad. In a sinful manner. 
 
 Sin'ful-ness, n. Iniquity; wickedness; sin. 
 
 Sing, v. n. [A.-S. siugaii, Dut. zingen; Dan. sijnae ; 
 Ger. singen.] [i. sung or sang; pp. sinking, 
 sung.] To form the voice to melody ; to carol. 
 — 2, v. a. To relate or celebrate in poetry or 
 song; to utter harmoniously ; to chant ; to hymn. 
 
 Sinfe (sinj), v. a. [A.-S. sengan, to singe, — liter- 
 ally, to cause to sing (like burning hair) ; Dut. 
 zengen; Ger. sengen/} [pp- singeing, singed.] 
 To scorch; t'> burn slightly. — 2, n. A 6light 
 burn on the surface*. 
 
 Singe'ing, n. The act of one who singes. 
 
 Slng'er, n. One who is skilled in singing. 
 
 Singling, n. Utterance of melodious sounds. 
 
 Sin'gie (slng'gl), a. [Late L. singultus, single; L. 
 singulis one by one.— See Singular.] One; not 
 double; only; alone; solitary; sole; particular; 
 individual; pure; uncompounded; simple: — 
 unarmed.— 2, v. ». [pp. singling, singled.] To 
 move at a gait between a pace and a trot (said 
 of a horse). — :», ». a. To select; to choose from. 
 
 Siii'gle-hand'ed, a. & ad. Alone; unaided. 
 
 Sin'gle-ness, n. State of being single. 
 
 Sin'gle-stick, n. [Because used with one hand.] 
 A cudgel; a game with cudgels. 
 
 Sin'gle-tree, ». A whipple-tree. 
 
 Sin'gly, ad. Individually; only; by himself. 
 
 Sing' song, ". A drawling, half-singing tone. 
 
 Sin'gu-lar (sTng'gyu-lar), a. [L. singtdaris, single ; 
 singuli, one by one.] Single ; not plural ; unique : 
 — particular; rare; unusual; odd. 
 
 Sm-gu-lar'i-ty, n. [Fr. singidarite ; L. singidari- 
 tas.\ State of being singular ; strangeness; odd- 
 ity; peculiarity; a curiosity. 
 
 Sin'gu-lar-ly., ad. In a singular manner. 
 
 Sin'is-ter, or Si-nis'ter, a. [L. sinister, left-hand, 
 inauspicious; but in more ancient times the Ro- 
 mans considered the left hand highly auspi- 
 cious.] Being on the left hand ; left^ not right ; 
 unlucky : — malicious ; wicked. 
 
 Sink (singk), v. n. [A.-S. sinewn; Dut. zinl-en ; 
 Dan. synke, ssenke ; Ger. sinlcen, senken.] [i. sunk 
 or sank ; pp. sinking, sunk.] To fall gradually ; 
 to go or tend to the bottom ; not to swim ; to 
 decline. — 2, v. a. To immerse; to delve; to de- 
 press. — 3, n. A drain ; a place of filth. 
 
 Sink'ing-fund, n. A portion of revenue set apart 
 for the reduction of a public debt. 
 
 Sin'less, «. [A.-S. synleas.] Exempt from sin; 
 innocent. 
 
 Sin'less-ness, n. Exemption from sin. 
 
 Sin'ner, n. One who sins; an offender. 
 
 Sin'o-ple, n. [Fr. siiwple (Her.), green; Late L. 
 sinopis, reddish green ; Gr. <rwioTri<;, a colored 
 earth from Sinope, on the Euxine.] (Min.) A 
 species of quartz. — (Her.) A green color. 
 
 Sin'ter, n. [Ger. for "cinder" (g. ».).] A mineral, 
 carbonate of lime. 
 
 Sin'u-ate, v. a. [L. sinuare, sinuatum, to wind; 
 sinus, a curve.] [pp. sinuating, sinuated.] To 
 bend in and out. — (Bot.) Having a wavy margin. 
 
 Sin-ii-a'tion, n. [L. sinualio.] A ben. ling in and 
 out. 
 
 Sin-u-ose', a. Turning in and out; sinuous. 
 
 Sin-u-os'i-ty, n. [Fr. sinuosiU. — See Sinuous.] 
 Quality' of being sinuous; a turn or curve; a se- 
 ries of curves. 
 
 Sm'u-ous, a. [L. sinuosus.— See Sinus.] Bending 
 in and out; sinuose. 
 
 Si'nus, b. [L. sinus, a curve, a gulf, a bend, a 
 bosom.] A bay of the sea : — a fold. 
 
 Sip, r. a. & v. • [0. Dut. sippev, to 6ip: closely 
 related to z n, to sup (7. v.).} [pp. sipping, 
 sipped.] To drink by small draughts. — 2, n. A 
 very small draught. 
 
 Si'phon, n. [Gr. <ri<i>wv, L. sipho, a pipe.] A bent . 
 pipe or tube used for 
 drawing liquor from a 
 cask. &35^\ &~ 
 
 Sir, n. [A form of Sihe.] 
 A word of respect in ad- 
 dressing a man in con- 
 versation : — the title of a Siphons, 
 baronet or knight. 
 
 Sire, n. [Fr. aire, sieur, It. ser, 0. Fr. senre, sir, 
 master, lord; L. senior, an elder, older. — See Se- 
 nior.] A father :— a word of respect to a king. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp- siring, sired.] To generate or 
 beget. 
 
 Si'ren, n. [L. siren; Gr. o-eipiji- : probably at first 
 a bird-name ; Aryan root strar, to sound.] A 
 goddess or sea-monster, fabled to have enticed 
 men by singing, and to have devoured them : — 
 an enticing woman : — an instrument for deter- 
 mining the number of vibrations produced in 
 musical sounds of different pitch : — an instru- 
 ment emitting an exceedingly shrill sound, 
 used for signalling during fogs, <fcc. :— an amphi- 
 bian with both lungs and gills. 
 
 Si-re'ni-a, n. pi. [So called because the manatee 
 'was formerly thought to have suggested the fable 
 of the mermaids, which seem to be identical with 
 the sirens.] An order of mammals comprising 
 the dugongs and manatees or sea-cows. 
 
 Si-re'ni-an, w. One of the Sirenia; a dugong or 
 manatee. 
 
 Sir'i-us, n. [L. ; Gr. o-ei'ptos.] (Astron.) The great 
 dog-star; the brightest star visible. 
 
 Si'r'loin, n. The loin of beef. See Suri.oin. 
 
 Si-roc'c5, n. [It.; Sp. siroco ; Arab, sharq, the 
 east; shuruq, rising.] A warm, relaxing south 
 wind in the south of Europe, &c. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, ftse.— 9, 9, 5, £, soft; p, p, p, g, hard; s «s z ; ? as gz ; this. 
 
SIKKAH 
 
 496 
 
 SKIPPEK 
 
 Sir'rah (sSr'ra or sir'ra), n. or interj. [A form of 
 Sir ; Icel. sira, sirrah ; Prov. sira, sir (q. v.).] A 
 term of contemptuous address. 
 
 Sir'up (sir'up or sur'ryp), n. [Fr. sirop, 0. Fr. 
 
 ysserop, Sp. xarope, axarope, Arab, sharab, a syrup, 
 a drink. — S 
 with sugar. 
 
 a drink. — See Sherbet.] Vegetable juice boiled 
 
 Sis'kin, n. [Dan. sisgen; S\v. sislca: imitative of 
 
 its note.] A small song-bird. 
 Sis'ter, «. [Icel. systir ; Dan. sb'ster ; Dut. zuster ; 
 
 Russ. sestra; A.-S. siceoslor ; Goth, sivistar ; Ger. 
 
 schwester ; Skr. siasrj'.] A female born of the 
 
 same parents. 
 Sis'ter-hood (-hud), ??. State or duty of a sister : 
 
 — a' society of women. 
 Sis'ter-in-lSw, n. A sister of a husband or wife ; 
 
 a brother's wife. 
 Sis'ter-ly, a. Like or becoming a sister. 
 Sit, v. n.' [A.-S. sittan; Dut. zitten; Dan. sickle; 
 
 Ger. sitzen; Skr. s«d, L. seclere, to sit.] [i. sat; 
 
 pp. sitting, sat or sitten : — sitten is obsolete.] To 
 
 repose on a seat ; to rest ; to stay : — to hold a 
 
 session : — to incubate. 
 Site, n. [L. situs, a site, — properly, a manner of 
 
 lying; sinere, situm, to permit, — originally, to 
 
 place, to put, to lay.] Situation; position; 
 
 ground-plot. 
 Sit'fast, a. [Sit and Fast.] Maintaining the 
 
 same site; stable. — 2, n. A hard, persistent 
 
 tumor. 
 Sitne, n. [See Scythe.] An instrument for mow- 
 ing; a scythe. 
 Sit' ting, n. Act of resting ; session : — a seat, as in 
 
 a church : — incubation. 
 Sit'u-ate, Sit'u-at-ed, a. [Late L. sitnare, silua- 
 
 tum, to place ; L. sinere, situm, to permit, — also 
 
 to place.] Having a situation; seated. 
 Sit-u-a'tion, n. [Fr. ; Late L. situatio.] Location 
 
 in respect to something else; place; station; 
 
 post; a position ; a site: — condition; state. 
 Sitz'-bath, n. [Ger. sitz, a seat.] A bath taken in 
 
 a sitting posture :— the tub or vessel in which 
 
 such a bath is taken. 
 Six, a. &r>. [A.-S. six; Dut. zes ; Dan., Icel., & 
 
 L. sex; Ger. seeks; Gr. e£; Per. & Skr. shaslt.] 
 
 Twice three ; one more than five. 
 Six'fold, a. [Sixth and Fold.] Six times told. 
 Six'pence, n. An English coin; half a shilling. 
 Six'pen-ny, a. Worth sixpence. 
 Six' teen (s'rks'ten), a. & n. [A.-S. six-line: Six and 
 
 Ten.] Six and ten. 
 Six'teenth. a. The ordinal of sixteen. 
 Sixth, a. [A.-S. sixta ; Ger. sechst; L. sexlus.] Next 
 
 after the fifth.— 2, n. A sixth part. 
 Sixth'ly. ad. In the sixth place. 
 Six'ti-eth, a. The tenth six times repeated. 
 Six'ty, a. & n. [A.-S. sixtig ; Ger. seclizig.] Six 
 
 times ten. 
 Siz'a-ble, a. Of considerable or of proper bulk. 
 Si'zar, n. [From Size, an allowance (of bread). — 
 
 See Size.] A poor student 
 SI'zar-ship. n. Rank or station of a sizar. 
 Size, n. [0. E. size, an allowance; for assize.] 
 
 Bulk ; bigness : — [It. sisa, for assisa, an assize 
 
 (7. v.), — formerly also a plue or size, that which 
 
 adjusts or makes to sit or suit, as glue prepares 
 
 a surface for paint; L. ad, to, and sedere, to sit] 
 
 a viscous substance. — 2, v. a. [pp. sizing, sized.] 
 
 To adjust : — to cover with size. 
 Siz'ing, n. Food for students :— a covering with 
 
 size : — a viscous, glutinous substance. 
 Siz'zle, v. n. [Imitative. — Cf. Local E. si's.?, Dut. 
 
 sissen, Gr. o-t£eiv, to hiss.] [pp. sizzling, sizzled.] 
 
 To hiss from the action of fire. 
 Skate, n. [Dut. schaatsen, Dan. skoite, a skate ; Sw. 
 
 skid, a snow-shoe or skate ; A.-S. scide, a billet, a 
 
 skid (q. v.).] An iron to slide with on ice : — 
 
 [Icel. skata; L. sguatns, squatina; Celt, sgat] a flat 
 
 fish like the ray. — 2, v. n. [pp. skating, skated.] 
 
 To slide with skates. 
 Skat'er, n. One who skates. 
 
 Skein (skan), n. [0. Fr. escaigne ; Irish sgainne, a 
 skein, — also a break or flow; Gael, sgeinnidh, 
 flax, a thread.] A knot of thread, silk, or yarn. 
 
 Skel'e-ton, n. [Gr. vicekeTov, a mummy, any thing 
 dried ;'o-/ce'AAet«/, to dry.] (Anat.) All the bones 
 of a human or animal body, dried, cleaned, and 
 disposed in their natural situation : — an outline. 
 
 Skep'tic, n. A doubter. See Sckptic. 
 
 Skep'ti-cal, a. Doubting. See Sceptical. 
 
 Skep'ti-cism, n. Doubt. See Scepticism. 
 
 Sketch, v. a. [Dut. schets, Ger. skizze, It. schizzo, a 
 sketch ; L. schedium, an extemporaneous poem ; 
 schedius, Gr. cr^eStos, sudden ; <tx^86p, near, close ; 
 root crxe-, to hold.] [pp. sketching, sketched.] 
 To trace the outlines of; to plan. — 2, n. An 
 outliue ; a rough draft ; a delineation ; design ; 
 a first or imperfect plan. - 
 
 Sketch's:, a. Like a sketch ; hasty or slight. 
 
 Skew, a. [Icel. skei/r, Dan. skier, Sw. skef, Dut. 
 scheef, Ger. schief, oblique ; root of Ger. scheu, 
 shy; Gr. ovcaios, L. scsevus, left, left-hand.] Ob- 
 lique; twisted. — 2, n. A twist: — an oblique 
 arch. — 3, v. a. & v. n. [pp. skewing, skewed.] 
 To twist ; to move obliquely. 
 
 Skew'er, n. [Local E. skiver, It. skifa, Sw. skifva, 
 a splinter, a shiver (q. v.).] A small wooden or 
 iron pin. — 2, v. a. [pp. skewering, skewered.] 
 To fasten with skewers. 
 
 Skid, n. [Icel. skid, A.-S. scide, a billet of wood; 
 Ger. seheit, a log, a stick ; Local E. sliide, a split 
 or thin piece of wood.] A timber that preserves 
 a ship's side : — a short piece of timber ; a slider. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. skidding, skidded.] To check, 
 as a wheel, with a skid, in descending a hill. 
 
 Skiff, n. [Ger. schiff, a ship. — Cf. L. scapha, a boat. 
 — See Ship.] A small, light boat. 
 
 Skil'ful, a. Able to perform; experienced in;' 
 skilled; well versed ; dexterous; clever. 
 
 Skil'ful-ly., ad. Dexterously; with skill. 
 
 Skil'ful-ngss, n. Dexterity; art; ability. 
 
 Skill, n. [Icel. skil, discernment; Dan. skiel, a 
 limit, a boundary ; Sw. skill, reason ; Icl. skilja, 
 to divide, to distinguish ; root skat, to cleave.] 
 Knowledge; experience; dexterity. 
 
 Skilled (skild), a. Knowing; skilful. 
 
 Skil'let, n. [0. Fr. escuellette, dim. of escuelle, Fr. 
 ecuelle, a dish ; L. scntella, a salver; sevta, scutra, 
 a dish.— See Scuttle.] A small kettle or boiler. 
 
 Skim, v. a. [From Scum.— Cf. Ger. schawmen, to 
 skim ; sckaum, scum.] [pp. skimming, skimmed.] 
 To clear off, as the cream or scum : — to pass near 
 the surface of. — 2, v. n. To pass lightly ; to glide 
 along. [vessel. 
 
 Skim'mer, n. One who or that which skims : — a 
 
 Skim'-milk, n. Milk deprived of the cream. 
 
 Sklm'ming, n. The act of one that skims : — that 
 which is skimmed off. 
 
 Skin, n. [A.-S. scinn; Icel. sleimi ; Dan. skind. — 
 Cf. Ger. schinden, to flay.] The natural covering 
 of the flesh. — 2, v. a. [pp. skinning, skinned.] 
 To flay : — to cover with skin. — 3, v. n. To be- 
 come covered with skin. 
 
 Skin'-deep, a. Slight; superficial. 
 
 Skin'flint, n. A niggard ; a miser. 
 
 Skink, n. [L. scincus ; Gr. a-xiy/co?.] A lizard of 
 various species. 
 
 Skin'ner, n. One who skins ; a dealer in skins. 
 
 Skin'ni-ness, n. Quality of being skinny. 
 
 Skin'ny, a. Consisting of skin ; wanting flesh. 
 
 Skip, v.'n. [Cf. Irish sgiob, to snatch, a snatch ; 
 Gael, sgiab, to start quickly ; Welsh ysgipio, to 
 snatch away; ysgip, a quick snatch; Skr. kship, 
 kshap, to throw.] [pp. skipping, skipped.] To 
 pass by leaps ; to leap ; to jump.— 2, r. a. To 
 pass by :— to miss ; to omit. — 3, n. A light leap 
 or bound ; a spri::g :— a break ; an omission. 
 
 Skip'-jack, n. An upstart :— a child's toy or play : 
 —a fish, the stickleback :— a click-beetle. 
 
 Skip'per, n. One who or that which skips : — 
 [Dut." schipper, from schip, a ship (q. v.) ; Dan. 
 skipper ; Sw. skeppare] a shipmaster. 
 
 a, e, i, 0, u, y, long; a, e, i, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
SKIRMISH 
 
 497 
 
 SLAYER 
 
 Ski'r'mish, n. [0. Fr. escarmouche, 0. Fr. escrimer 
 (stem in part, escrimiss-), It. scaramuccia, scher- 
 mugio, a skirmish ; schermire, to fence ; sehirmisco, 
 I fence ; seherma, fencing, defence ; from the root 
 of Ger. schinn, a shield.] A slight fight in war; 
 a contest. — 2, v. n. [pp. skirmishing, skir- 
 mished.] To fight loosely or in parties. 
 
 Skir'mish-er, n. One who skirmishes. 
 
 Skir'ret, «.' [Said to be for sugar-root] A vege- 
 table' and its edible root. 
 
 Skirt, n. [Icel. skyrta, Sw. skjorta, Dan. skiorte, a 
 shirt (q. v.).] A garment hanging loose from 
 the waist : — a loose edge ; a margin ; a border. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. skirting, skirted.] To run along 
 the edge of. 
 
 Skit, n. [Sw. skytt, an archer ; Icel. skidi, skida, a 
 taunt : akin to Shoot.] A gibe ; a jeer. 
 
 Sklt'tish, a. [Sw. skulta, to leap : akin to Shoot.] 
 Shy ; easily frightened ; fickle. 
 
 Skit'tish-ly, ad. Shyly; wantonly; fickly. 
 
 Sklt'tish-ness, n. Shyness; fickleness. 
 
 Skit' ties, (skit'tlz), n. pi. [Dan. skyttel, Norw. sku- 
 tel, a shuttle (q. v.): root of Shoot.] The game 
 of ninepins. 
 
 Ski'ver, or Skiv'er, n. [Etymologically identical 
 with Shiver aiid Skewer.] A split sheepskin 
 tanned : — split leather : — a shoemaker's knife. 
 
 Skulk, v. n. [Dan. skulke, Sw. skolka, to skulk.— 
 Cf. Icel. skolla, Dut. schuilen, to skulk; Dan. 
 gjfcwd, Icel. sJgol, a place of shelter.] [pp. skulk- 
 ing, skulked.] To hide; to iurk in fear. 
 
 Skfilk'er, n. One who skulks. 
 
 Skull, n. [Icel. skal, Dan. skoal, a bowl : root of 
 Shell and Scale.] The bony case that encloses 
 the brain; the cranium or brain-pan : — an oar. 
 
 Skull'-cap, n. A cap fitting closely to the skull. 
 
 Skunk, n. [Abenaki, segankn ; Cree, secawk. — Cf. 
 the Checauqua, or Skunk, river, in Iowa. The 
 name Chicago, or "wild onion" ('"strong-smell- 
 ing"), is from the same Algonkin roots.] A 
 fetid animal of North and South America. 
 
 Sky (ski) [skyi, S. J. F. W. K. Sm.], n. [Icel. & 
 Dan. sky, a cloud; A.-S. scua, a shade; Skr. skit,' 
 to cover.] The apparent arch or vault of heaven ; 
 the firmament ; atmosphere. 
 
 Sky'lark, n. A lark that mounts and sings. 
 
 Sky'lark-ing, n. Merriment; rough play. 
 
 Sky'llght (ski'llt), n. A window in a roof. 
 
 Sky'-rock-et, n. A kind of rising firework. 
 
 Slab, n. [Cf! Prov. esclapo, a slab; esclapa, to split; 
 Welsh llab, a strip.] A plane of stone :— an out- 
 side plank. 
 
 Slab'ber [slobber, S. P. K. ; slab'ber or slob'ber, 
 W. Sm.], v. a. & v. n. [Ger. schlubbem, 0. Dut. 
 slabben, to slaver (q. v.).— Cf. Irish slab, Gael. 
 slaib, mire.] To sup up hastily : — to smear with 
 a liquid ; to drivel ; to slaver ; to slobber. 
 
 Slab'by, «. [Irish slab, Gael, slaib, mire; slaibeach, 
 miry.— Cf. Ger. labbe, soft.] Thick; viscous; 
 wet; muildy. 
 
 Slack, a. [A.-S. sleac, slow ; Icel. slak-r, Local Ger. 
 schlack, Dan. slak, slack.] Not tense ; loos« : — 
 remiss; not diligent.— 2, v. a. [pp. slacking, 
 slacked.] To loosen ; to relax ; to slacken : — [cf. 
 Slake] to deprive of cohesion, as lime ; to slake. 
 — 3, v. n. To become slack ; to be remiss ; to 
 flag; to abate; to slacken.— 4, n. [See Slag.] 
 Coal broken in small pieces :— the loose part of 
 a rope or sail. 
 
 Slack'en (slak'kn), v. a. [Icel. & Sw. slakua; Ger. 
 schlackern; A.-S. sleacian. — See Slack.] [pp. 
 slackening, slackened.] To relax; lo slack. — 
 2, v. n. To be remiss; to flag; to slack. 
 
 Slack'ly,, ad. Loosely ; negligently ; remissly. 
 
 Slack'ness, n. State of being slack. 
 
 Slag, n. [Sw. slagg, dross ; Icel. shigna, to flow 
 over; Ger. schlacke, Low Ger. slalie, slag: per- 
 haps from the root of Ger. schlagen, to beat.] 
 The dross or recrement of metal. 
 
 Slain (slan), p. from slay. 
 
 Slake, v. a. [A.-S. sleccan, Icel. slokva, Sw. sl'dcka, 
 
 to quench.— See Slacken.] [pp. slaking, slaked.] 
 To quench ; to extinguish :— to deprive of co- 
 hesion, as lime ; to slack. — 2, v. n. To become 
 slaked. 
 
 Slam, v. a. & v. n. [Norw. slamra, slemma ; Icel. 
 slamra, imitative, and akin to Slap.] [pp. slam- 
 ming, slammed.] To shut hard; to crush; to 
 beat. — 2, n. A bang : — a defeat at cards. 
 
 Slan'der, v. a. [0. Fr. esclandre, a slander, a scan- 
 dal (q. v.).] [pp. slandering, slandered.] To 
 censure falsely ; to defame; to asperse ; to calum- 
 niate ; to traduce. — 2, n. The utterance of false 
 and malicious reports against another ; defama- 
 tion ; reproach ; calumny ; detraction ; aspersion. 
 
 Slan'der-er, n. One who slanders. 
 
 Slan'der-ofls, a. Abusive ; calumnious. 
 
 Slan'der-ous-ly, ad. With false reproach. 
 
 Slang, n. [Norw. sleng, a trick, a siii.ging; slei)g- 
 jeord, a slang word, an insulting word : root of 
 Sling.] Low, vulgar language ; cant. 
 
 Slang'x, a. Characterized by or consisting of slang. 
 
 Slant, or Slant'ing, a. [Local Sw. slant, slippery; 
 sleuta, to cause to slide; Sw. sliida. to slip; slant, 
 did slip; Low Ger. slindern, to slide.] Oblique; 
 sloping. — 2, v. a. [pp. slanting, slanted.] To 
 turn aslant or aside ; to slope. — 3, v. u. To slope. 
 
 Slap, n. [Low Ger. slapp, Ger. svMappe, a slap ; 
 schlappen, to slap: imitative.] A blow with the 
 hand open. — 2, ad. With a sudden and violent 
 blow. — 3, v. a. [pp. slapping, slapped.] To 
 strike with the open hand. 
 
 Slap-dash', ad. All at once; with hurry. 
 
 Slash, v. a. [0. Fr. esclecher, esclicer, to cut : a 
 variant of Slice.] [pp. slashing, slashed.] To 
 cut; to cut with long cuts. — 2, v. n. To cut or 
 strike at random.— 3, n. A cut ; a wound ; a cut 
 in cloth. 
 
 Slat, »i. [0. E. sclat, 0. Fr. eselai, a slat, lath, or 
 6late (q.v.).] A narrow, thin piece of wood in 
 the bottom of a cart or a bedstead. 
 
 Slate, n. [0. Fr. esclat, a piece, a slate; Fr. n-hii, 
 a splinter (see Eclat): root of Ger. schleissen, to 
 slit.] A kind of stone :— a thin plate of stone. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. slating, slated.] To cover with 
 slate or slates. 
 
 Slat'er, n. One who covers with slates. 
 
 Slat'ing, «. Act of covering with slates :— a cover- 
 ing of slates. 
 
 Slat' tern, n. [Local Eng. slatter, to be untidy ; 
 slat, to throw ; Icel. detta, to slap; Norw. gfetfj a 
 blow : akin to Slay.] An untidy woman ; a slut. 
 
 Slat'tern-ly, a. Not clean; slovenly. —2, ad. 
 Awkwardly ; negligently. 
 
 Sla'ty, a. Resembling slate; laminated. 
 
 Slaugh'ter (slaw'ter), v. [A.-S. sleaht; Dut. & 
 Dan. slagt; Ger. schlacht '.; Icel. sbilr, slaughter; 
 shdnt, to slaughter. — See Slav.] Great destruc- 
 tion of life; carnage; massacre; butchery. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. slaughtering, slaughtered.] To 
 put to death by a weapon ; to butcher ; to slay. 
 
 Slav, n. [Kuss. slovo, Pol. sloico, a word: thus the 
 meaning of Slav is one who speaks: the Poles 
 call the Germans Xiemiec, from niemyi, dumb.] 
 One of an Aryan race inhabiting tbe greater 
 portion of the east of Europe (the Russians, 
 Poles, Czechs, and Croats are examples) : — the 
 tongue of the Slavs. 
 
 Slave, n. [Fr. esclave, Ger. sklarc, a slave, — origi- 
 nally, a Slav: the Germans and French at one 
 period held great numbers of Slavs in bondage.] 
 One who is the property of another ; a bondman ; 
 a servant; a drudge. — 2, v. ». [pp. slaving, 
 slaved.] To drudge ; to toil : — to carry on the 
 slave-trade ; to procure slaves. 
 
 Slave'-hold'er, n. One who owns slaves. 
 
 Slav'er, w. One who slaves : — a slave-ship. 
 
 Slav'er, n. [Icel. slafr: perhaps akin to L. saliva, 
 spittle.] Spittle running from the mouth. — 
 2, v. n. & v. a. [Icel. slafra; Low Ger. slabbern ; 
 Ger. schlabbern.] [pp. slavering, slavered.] To 
 emit spittle ; to slabber. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nbr, 
 99 
 
 bull, biir, rule, use. — C, Q, c, £, soft; p, f},p, g, hard; § as z ; x as gz; 
 
 42* 
 
 this. 
 
SLAVEKY 
 
 498 
 
 SLOP 
 
 Slav'er-y, '«• State of subjection to the will of 
 another; condition of a slave; servitude. 
 
 Slave'-trade, 11. The traffic in slaves 
 
 Slav'ic, a. Of or pertaining to the Slavs or their 
 tongues: — written also Sclav, Sclavic. 
 
 Slav'ish, a. Servile; mean; base; dependent. 
 
 Slav'ish-ly, ad. In a slavish manner. 
 
 Slaw, n. [Dut. slaa, salad (q. v.) ; kool slaa, cab- 
 bage salad.] Sliced cabbage used as a salad. 
 
 Slay (sla), v. a. [A.-S. slean, for slahan; Dut. 
 slaan; Icel. slu; Dan. sluae; Ger. schlagen: root 
 sluh, to smite.] [i. slew ; pp. slaying, slain.] To 
 kill ; to destroy ; to butcher. 
 
 Slay'er (sla'er), n. A killer; a destroyer. 
 
 Sleave, n. [Dan. sloife, a loose knot ; Sw. shjf, a 
 knot; Ger. schhife, a loop; schleifen, to slip 
 (q. v.).—Ct Ger.' schlaff, loose.] The knotted 
 part of silk or thread. — 2, v. a. [pp. sleaving, 
 sleaved.] To separate into threads. 
 
 Slea'zy, a. [Of. Ger. schleissig, easily split, thread- 
 bare.] Weak; thin; flimsy. 
 
 Sled, n. [Icel. sledi; Dan. slsede; Sw., Norw., & 
 Dut. slede; Ger. schlitten; Irish, slaod. — See 
 Slide.] A carriage drawn on runners on snow. 
 — 2, v.. a. [pp. sledding, sledded.] To carry or 
 transport on a sled. 
 
 Sledge, n. [A.-S. slecge ; Dut. slegge, slegel; Icel. 
 sleggja; Ger. schliigel; schlag, a blow: root sluh, 
 to smite.] A large hammer: — [a corruption of 
 Sled] a sled ; a sleigh. 
 
 Sleek, a. [Icel. slikr, E. Fris. slichl, 0. Dut. sleyck, 
 smooth. — Cf. Dut. stijk, Ger. schlick, grease, slime. 
 — See Slight.] Smooth; glossy; not rough.— 
 2, v. a. [pp. sleeking, sleeked.] To render soft, 
 smooth, or glossy. 
 
 Sleek'ly, ad. Smoothly; glossily; softly. 
 
 Sleek'ness, n. Smoothness ; glossiness. 
 
 Sleep, v. n. [A.-S. slsepan ; Dut. & Goth, slepan; 
 Ger. schlafen.] [i. slept; pp. sleeping, slept.] To 
 take rest; to slumber; to repose. — 2, n. [A.-S. 
 sleep; Dut. slaap; Goth, sleps ; Ger. schluf: akin 
 to Ger. schlaff, lax.] Repose; slumber; a nap. 
 
 Sleep'er, w. One who sleeps : — [cf. Norw. sleip, a 
 wood'ii rail, a road-timber : root of Slip] a rail- 
 way tie or sill : — a floor-timber. 
 
 Sleep'i-ly, ad. Drowsily; lazily; stupidly. 
 
 Sleep'i-ness, n. Disposition to sleep. 
 
 Sleep' jng, p. a. Being not awake: — inactive. 
 
 Sleep'iess, a. Wanting sleep; awake. 
 
 Sleep'less-ness, n. Want of sleep. 
 
 Sleep'-walk-er (-wawk-er), n. A somnambulist. 
 
 Sleep'y, «. Disposed to sleep; drowsy; dull. 
 
 Sleet, n. [Norw. sletla, sleet; sletla, to fling. — Cf. 
 Icel. slydda, Dan. slud, sleet.] Rain mixed with 
 hail or snow. — 2, v. n. [pp. sleeting, sleeted.] 
 To snow with a mixture of rain. 
 
 Sleet'y., a. Bringing, or consisting of, sleet. 
 
 Sleeve', n. [A.-S. slefe, slyf, a sleeve; slefan, to 
 clothe; slipan, slupan, Dan. slibe, 0. E. slive, to 
 slip (q. i'.).] The dress that covers the arm. 
 
 Sleeve' less, a. Having no sleeves. 
 
 Sleigh (sla), n. [Fris. sle or slede, Norw. slee or 
 slede, a sled (7. v.).] A vehicle for travelling, 
 drawn on runners, upon the snow ; a sledge. 
 
 Sleigh'ing (sla'ing), n. The act of travelling or 
 transporting with sleighs : — the condition of the 
 roads when sleighs can be used. 
 
 Sleight (slit), n. [Icel. slsegd, cunning; Sw. slb'gd, 
 dexterity; slog, expert, sly {q. v.).] Art; arti- 
 fice ; dexterity. 
 
 Slen'der, a. [6. Dut. slinder; 0. Fr. esclendre. — 
 Cf. 0. Dut. slinder, a water-snake, and Ger. 
 schlender, a train of a dress : probably akin to 
 Slide.] Thin; small; slight; weak. 
 
 Slen'der-ly, ad. Without bulk; slightly. 
 
 Slen'der-ness, n. Quality of being slender. 
 
 Slept, i. & p. from sleep. 
 
 Sleuth (sluth), u. Same as Slot. 
 
 Sleuth'-hound, n. A dog that pursues by follow- 
 ing the slot or sleuth :— a bloodhound. 
 
 Slew (slu), i. from sla?/. 
 
 Sley (sla), n. [A.-S. slse, a sley ; Icel. sla, a beam.] 
 A weaver's reed.— 2, v. n. [pp. sleying, si eyed. J 
 To part or twist. 
 
 Slice, v. a. [0. Fr. esclice, a piece; esclier, to slit; 
 Ger. schleise, a splint; schleissen, to slit (q. v.).] 
 [pp. slicing, sliced.] To cut into thin pieces; to 
 divide. — 2, n. A thin, broad piece cut off: — a 
 shovel. 
 
 Slick, a. See Sleek. 
 
 Slide, v. n. & v. a. [A.-S. slidan, Celt, slaod, to 
 slide; Lith. slklus, slippery; Skr. m, to flow.] 
 [i. s\id; pp. sliding, slidden or slid.] To pass 
 along smoothly ; to glide.— 2, n. A smooth pas- 
 sage; even course. 
 
 Slight (slit), a. [0. Dut. schliclit, 0. Fris. slivcht, 
 slight; Sw. slat, smooth, trifling; Goth, slaights, 
 Ger. schliclit, simple, smooth. There are many 
 w r ords of this type meaning either slight or 
 smooth. — Cf. Sleek.] Small; weak; feeble; 
 slim; superficial; negligent; careless; cursory. — 
 2, n. Neglect; contempt; scorn. — 3, v. a. [pp. 
 slighting, slighted.] To treat as unworthy of 
 notice ; to neglect ; to disregard. 
 
 Sllght'ly (sllt'le), ad. In a slight manner. 
 
 Slight'ness (slit'nes), n. Weakness; neglect. 
 
 Slim. a. ' [Dan. & Sw. slem, Ger. scMinim, bad.] 
 Weak; slight; slender; thin of shape. 
 
 Slime, n. [A.-S. slim; Dut. slijm; Dun. slum; Ger. 
 schleim.] A viscous or glutinous substance. 
 
 SlI'mi-ness, n. Viscosity ; glutinous matter. 
 
 Slim'ness, n. State or quality of being slim. 
 
 Sll'my, a. Overspread with slime ; glutinous. 
 
 Sling, n. [A.-S. slingan, Dan. shjnge, to throw; 
 Ger. schlingen, to twist; base slang, to twist.] A 
 missive weapon for stones ; a throw : — a bandage 
 to sustain a limb : — a drink. — 2, v. a. [i. slung; 
 pp. slinging, slung.] To throw by a sling; to 
 
 Sling'er, n. One who slings. [cast. 
 
 Slink, 'v. n. [A.-S. slincan, Low Ger. sliken, Ger. 
 schleichen, to sneak.] [i. slunk; pp. slinking, 
 slunk.] To sneak ; to steal away. — 2, v. a. & v. u. 
 [Cf. Sling, to cast.] To miscarry ; to cast. 
 
 Slip, v. n. [A.-S. slipan, sleopan, Dut. slippen, 
 sluipen, Icel. sleppa, to slip; Dan. slippe, to es- 
 cape; Ger. schleifen, to glide away; schlupfen, to 
 slip : root sarp, to creep.] [pp. slipping, slipped.] 
 To slide; to glide; to go : — to err. — l, v. a. To 
 convey secretly; to let loose. — 3, n. False step; 
 error: — escape: — a twig; a cutting:— an open- 
 ing between wharves: — a loose garment; a pil- 
 low-case : — [A.-S. slype, a viscid substance; 
 slupan, to dissolve] a thin paste of clay and water. 
 
 Slip'knot (-not), n. A knot easily untied. 
 
 Slip'per, n. One who slips : — a thin shoe. 
 
 Slip'per-i-ly, ad. In a slippery manner. 
 
 Slip'per-i-ness, 11. State of being slippery. 
 
 Slip'per-y, a. Smooth like ice ; causing to slip ; 
 hard to hold : — uncertain ; changeable. 
 
 Slip'shod, a. Having the shoes not pulled up at 
 the heels; wearing slippers. 
 
 Slit, v. a. [A.-S. slitan; Icel. slita ; Dan. slide; 
 Dut. slijten; Ger. schleissen; 0. Ger. slizan.} [i. 
 slit or slitted; pp. slitting, slit or flitted.] To 
 cut lengthwise, to cut. — 2, n. A long cut, or 
 narrow opening. 
 
 SH'ver, or Sliv'er, n. [A.-S. slifan, to cleave.] A 
 thin piece cut' or split off. — 2, v. a. [?;p. sliver- 
 ing, slivered.] To split; to tear off; to slit. 
 
 Slob'ber, v. a. & v. v. [See Slabber and Slaver.] 
 [pp. slobbering, slobbered.] To slaver ; to slab- 
 ber. 
 
 Sloe (slo), n. [A.-S. sla; Dut. slee; 0. Dut. sleen; 
 Ger. schlehe ^Russ sliva: akin to 0. Dut. sleeviv, 
 tart or sharp.] Fruit of the blackthorn ; a plum. 
 
 Slo'gan, n. [Gael, sluagh-ghairm ; sluagh, an army, 
 and'grairm, a call.] A battle-cry, as of a cfan. 
 
 S166p, n. [Dut. sloep : probably a form of Shal- 
 lop.] A small vessel with one mast : — a vessel 
 of war smaller than a frigate. 
 
 Slop, v. a. & v. n. [A.-S. sloppe, thin dung; slupan, 
 to dissolve ; Icel. slop, offal ; Gael. slail>, mire : 
 
 a, e, 1, 0, u 
 
 y, long; a, e, 1, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
SLOPE 
 
 499 
 
 SMEAK 
 
 allied to Slip.] [pp. slopping, slopped.] To 
 dash with water; to spill. — 2, n. Liquid spilt: 
 — mean liquor: — dirty water.— p7. [A.-S. slop, a 
 frock; Dut. slobbe, loose trousers; Icel. sloppr, a 
 loose garment; Dan. slseb, Ger. scldeppe, a train; 
 scJduj}', loose.] Ready-made clothes. 
 
 Slope, a. [Akin to Slip.] Oblique; not perpen- 
 dicular. — 2, n. An oblique direction ; a decliv- 
 ity. — 3, v. a. [pp. sloping, sloped.] To form to 
 obliquity or declivity. — 4, v. n. To take an ob- 
 lique direction. 
 
 Slop'py, a. Miry and wet; plashy; sloshy. 
 
 Slosh, n. [See Slush.] Snow in a melting state ; 
 slush. — 2, v. n. [pp. sloshing, sloshed.] To 
 flounder, as in slush or mud. 
 
 Slo-sh'y, a, Plashy; sloppy; slushy. 
 
 Slot, n. [Probably a form of Slit.] A long hole 
 or slit in a plate of metal : — [Icel. slod, Norw. 
 sloda, a track or trail ; slxda, to trail : akin to 
 Slide] the track of a wild animal. 
 
 Sloth, n. [A.-S. slxwd, sloth; slaw, slow (q. v.).] 
 Slowness; tardiness; laziness: — a South-Ameri- 
 can edentate animal living in trees. 
 
 Sloth'ful, a. Idle ; sluggish ; indolent. 
 
 Sioth'ful-ly, ad. Idly ; lazily ; with sloth. 
 
 Sloth' ful-ness, n. Laziness; torpor. 
 
 Slouch, n. [Icel. slokr, a slouching fellow; slalcr, 
 slack (q. v.) ; Sw. sloka, to droop.] A clown : — a 
 clownish gait. — 2, v. n. [pp. slouching, slouched.] 
 To have a downcast, clownish look, gait, or man- 
 ner. — 3, v. a. To depress; to press down. 
 
 Slough (slof), n. [Jutish slug, Norw. slo, Ger. 
 schlauch, a skin.] The skin which a serpent 
 casts off:— the part that separates from a foul 
 sore. — 2, v. n. & v. a. [pp. sloughing, sloughed.] 
 To part from the sound flesh. 
 
 Slough (slou) [slQf, Jo. A'.], n. [A.-S. sloh, Trish 
 sloe, a pit; Gael, slugaid, a slough; shdg, Ger. 
 schluckeu, to swallow.] A deep, miry place. 
 
 Sl'dugh'y (slod'e), a. Miry ; boggy ; muddy : — 
 (slul'fe) tending to slough, like a foul sore. 
 
 Slov'en, n. [0. Dut. sloef, slof, a sloven ; slof, 
 neglect : akin to Slip.] One carelessly or dirtily 
 dressed ; a lazy fellow. 
 
 S15v'en-li-ness, n. Negligence of dress, &c. 
 
 Slov'en-ly, a. Indecently negligent of dress. — 
 2. ad. In a coarse, inelegant manner. 
 
 Slow (slo), a. [A.-S. slaw, Dut. slee, Dan. slb'v, 
 Sw. slo, dull, blunt,] Not swift; late; dull; 
 tardy :— used in composition; as, skw-paced. 
 
 Slow'ly. (slo'Ie), ad. Not swiftly : not rashly. 
 
 Slow'ness, n. Want of velocity; delay. 
 
 S15w'-worm (slo'wurm), n. [A.-S. sla-wyrm ; 
 shthait, to strike; Norw. slo; shut, to strike: it 
 was supposed to be venomous.] The blind-worm. 
 
 Slab, n. [t'f. Ger. schUppen, to draw : akin to 
 Slip.] A roll of wool slightly twisted. — 2, c. a. 
 [pp. Blubbing, slabbed.] To form into stubs. 
 
 Sludge, n. [See Slush.] Mire ; soft mud ; slosh ; 
 slush. 
 
 Slue (slu), v. a. & v. n. [Derivation uncertain.] 
 [pp. sluing, slued.] To turn about its axis; to 
 turn ; to slide laterally. 
 
 Slag-, n. [Dan. slug, drooping; Norw. sloka, to 
 slouch; Low Ger. slukk, downcast; slakk, loose, 
 slack (q. ».).] A drone :— a hinderance: — a snail 
 without a shell :— a snail-like larva : — a piece of 
 metal shot from a gun. 
 
 Slug'gard, n. [Slug, with the pejorative suffix 
 -ardZ] An idler; a lazy fellow. — 2, a. Lazy; 
 sluggish. 
 
 Slug'fish, a. Inert; lazy; slothful; idle; slow; 
 moving slowly ; inactive ; indolent. 
 
 Slug'jjrish-ly, ud. Dully; lazily; idly. 
 
 S13g'£ish-ness, n. Dulness ; sloth , laziness. 
 
 Sluice (slT.s), n. [Ger. schleuse, 0. Fr. escluse, Fr. 
 echtse, Sp. esclusa, L. exclusa, a floodgate ; exclu- 
 dere, to shut i-ut, to exclude (q. v.).] A water- 
 gate; a floodgate; a vent for water; a stream 
 of water. — 2, v. a. [pp. sluicing, sluiced.] To 
 emit by floodgates. 
 
 j Slum, n. [Akin to Slump, to sink; Ger. schlamm, 
 mire.] A filthy back street or alley. 
 
 Sliim'ber, v. n. [Dut. sluimeren ; Dan. slumme, 
 shunre ; Sw. slumra ; Ger. schlummern.] [pp. 
 slumbering, slumbered.] To sleep lightly; to 
 doze. — 2, n. [A.-S. slurna; Ger. schlummer.] 
 Light sleep ; repose ; a doze. 
 
 Slump, v. n. [Cf. Scot, slump, a marsh ; Ger. 
 schlamm, mire.] [pp. slumping, slumped.] To 
 
 -sink, go down, or tread through snow, mire, &c. 
 
 Slung, i. & p. from sling. 
 
 SlGng'-shot, n. An offensive weapon consisting 
 of a metal ball attached to a strap or cord. 
 
 Slunk, i. & p. from slink. 
 
 Slur, v. a. [Local E. slur, mud, dirt ; Icel. slora, 
 slodra, to track ; Norw. store, to sully ; 0. Dut. 
 sleuren, slooren, to draggle. — See Slot.] [pp. 
 slurring, slurred.] To sully; to soil; to re- 
 proach : — to disparage. — 2, n. Slight reproach ; 
 a trick ; a mark : — a glide in music. 
 
 Slush, n. [Local Ger. schlotz, mud; Sw. slasia, 
 to dabble; slash, dirty water.] Snow in a melt- 
 ing state ; slosh : — a pool : — grease. 
 
 Slut, n. [Icel. slotlr, Norw. slolt, Dut. slodder, a 
 lazy man ; Dan. slatte, a slut ; slat, loose ; slaiten, 
 dangling.] A dirty woman ; a slattern : — a bitch. 
 
 Slut'tish, a. Dirty; not nice ; not cleanly. 
 
 Sly, a. [Icel. slsegr, Dan. slug, sin, Ger. schlau, 
 sly; Sw. slog, dexterous, cunning; base slag, to 
 strike.] Meanly artful ; insidious; cunning. 
 
 Sly'ly., ad. With secret artifice; insidiously. 
 
 Sly'ness, n. Artful secrecy ; art ; cunning. 
 
 Smack, v. n. [A.-S. smscc, taste: Dut. shaken, 
 Dan. smage, to taste; Ger. geschmach, taste; 
 schmecken, to taste. — Cf. Ger. schmatzen, to smack 
 the lips; schmala, a smack, a kiss.] [pp. smack- 
 ing, smacked.] To have a taste. — 2, v. a. To 
 move, as the lips: to kiss. — 3, n. Taste: savor: 
 — a loud kiss : — [Sw. smacka, Dan. sniazkke, to 
 strike; smsek, a blow; Dut. smokken, to throw; 
 Ger. schmatzen, to fell] a blow by the hand : — 
 [0. Dut. smak ; Dan. smakke : perhaps related to 
 A.-S. snacc, Icel. snekka, a snake-like ship, a 
 long ship. — See Snake] a small sailing-vessel. 
 
 Small, a. [A.-S. sntsel, small, thin ; Dut. & Dan. 
 smul, Ger. schmal, narrow: Goth, srn ds, small. — 
 Cf. Dan. smaa, Icel. smar. small.] Little; not 
 great; slender; minute. — 2, n. The small or 
 narrow part of any thing. 
 
 Small'-arms, n. pi. Muskets, rifles. &c. 
 
 Small'-beer, n. Beer of little strength. 
 
 Small'-pox. n. An eruptive malignant disease. 
 
 Smalt, n. [Dut, smalt ; It. smaito ; Ger. schmelz. — 
 See Smelt.] A beautiful blue substance, made 
 by fusing glass with oxide of cobalt, &c. 
 
 Smart, n. [Dut. smart; Dan. smerte; Ger. schmerz.'] 
 A quick, pungent, lively pain; pain. — 2, v. n. 
 [A.-S. smeortan ; Dut, smarten; Dan. smerte; Ger. 
 schmerzen, to smart : akin to L. mordere, to bite.] 
 [pp. smarting, smarted.] To feel quick, pun- 
 gent, lively pain. — 3, a. Pungent; sharp; 
 quick; brisk; lively; active; vigorous: — witty; 
 acute : — showy. 
 
 Smart'ly, od. Sharply ; briskly ; vigorously. 
 
 Smart'ness, n. Quickness ; vigor. 
 
 Smash, v. a. [Imitative.— Cf. Mash, Crash, and 
 Sm\ck.] [pp. smashing, smashed.] To break 
 in pieces ; to dash. — 2, ». State of being crushed ; 
 a crush ; the act of dashing in pieces. 
 
 Smat'ter, v. n. [0. E. smatter, to prate; Sw. 
 smattra, snattra, to cackle. — Cf. Ger. schuacken, 
 to prate; schnack, chat.] [pp. smattering, smat- 
 tered.] To talk superficially.— 2, n. Superficial 
 knowledge. 
 
 Smat'ter-Ing, n. Superficial knowledge. 
 
 Smear, v. a. [A.-S. smerimi, smyrian, Dut. smeren, 
 Ger. schmieren, to grease, to smear; A.-S. smeru, 
 Dut. smeer, Dan. smo'r, Ger. schmeer, fat. — Cf. 
 Gr. o-pativ, <Tp.r\\eiv, to smear.] [pp. smearing, 
 smeared.] To besmear; to soil ; to daub. — 2, n. 
 An ointment ; any fat liquor. 
 
 mien, sir; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — £, Q, c, § , soft; p, fSt, p, §, hard; § as z ; ? as gz; this. 
 
SMEAEY 
 
 500 
 
 SNEAK 
 
 Smear's, a. Dauby ; adhesive. 
 
 Smell, v. a. [Dut. smeuleu, Low Ger. smelen, to 
 smoulder. — Of. Dan. smul, dust; S\v. smolJc, dust; 
 emula, a crumb.] [i. smelt ; pp. smelling, smelt.] 
 To perceive by the nose. — 2, v. u. To perceive 
 or emit smell. — 3, n. Power of smelling:— 
 scent; odof. 
 
 Smell'ing, n. The power of perceiving smells. 
 
 Smelt,' i. & p. from smell— 2, n. [A.-S. & Dan. 
 smelt; Norw. smelta: perhaps related to Small, 
 or to A.-S. smeoll, smooth. — Cf. Smolt.] A small 
 sea-fish. — 3, v. a. [Dan. smelte, Sw. smalta, Ger. 
 schmelzen, to melt.] [pp. smelting, smelted.] To 
 extract metal from ore. 
 
 Smelt'er, w. One who melts ore. 
 
 Smew, k. [Possibly for sea-mew.] A kind of sea- 
 bird ; a salt-water cluck. 
 
 Smi'lax, n. [L. & Gr.] A plant of many species. 
 
 Smile, v. n. [Dan. smile, Sw. smila, 0. Ger. smielen, 
 smiren, Skr. smi, to smile. — Cf. L. mirari, to 
 wonder.] [pp. smiling, smiled.] To express 
 pleasure by the countenance; to look gay ; to lie 
 propitious. — 2, n. A look of pleasure or kindness. 
 
 Smil'ing-ly, ad. With a look of pleasure. 
 
 Smirch, v. a. [Softened from smerk, a variant 
 of Smear.] [pp. smirching, smirched.] To 
 cloud; to soil; to smutch. 
 
 Smirk, v. a. [A.-S. smercian: akin to Smile.] 
 [pp. smirking, smirked.] To smile affectedly or 
 wantonly. — 2, n. An affected smile. 
 
 Smite, v. a. [A.-S. smitan; Dut. smijten; Sw. 
 smida; Ger. schmeissen : the original root of these 
 words meant to rub, to stroke, to smear (a. v.).] 
 [i. smote; pp. smiting, smitten or emit.] To 
 strike; to kill; to afflict; to blast. — 2, v. n. To 
 strike ; to collide. 
 
 Smit'er, n. One who smites. 
 
 Smith, n. [A.-S. smid, Dan. smed, Ger. schmied, a 
 smith ; Schmieden, to forge : akin to Smooth, but 
 not directly related to Smite.] One who works 
 in metals. 
 
 Smith's, n. [A.-S. smidde ; Tcel. smidja; Ger. 
 schmie'de.] The shop of a smith ; a stithy. 
 
 Smit'ten (smit'tn), p. from smite. Struck. 
 
 Smock, n. [A.-S. smoc ; from smeogan, to creep 
 into ; Icel. smokier, from smjnga, to creep through, 
 to put on, as a garment. — Cf. Ger. schmuck, attire, 
 dress.] A woman's under-garment; a shiJt. 
 
 Smoke, n. [A.-S. synoca, smoke ; smeocan, to smoke ; 
 Dut. smook, Ger. schmauch, smoke ; Dan. srnoge, 
 to smoke.— Cf. Irish much, Welsh mwg, Gael. 
 smuid, smoke; Gr. cr^vx^v, to burn slowly.] A 
 sooty exhalation or vapor arising from burning 
 wood, &c— 2, v. n. [pp. smoking, smoked.] To 
 emit smoke; to inhale and exhale the vapor of 
 burning tobacco.— 3, v. a. To scent, drive, or 
 dry by smoke. 
 
 Smok'er, n. One who smokes. 
 
 Smo'ki-ly, ad. So as to be full of smoke. 
 
 Smo'ki-nlss, n. State of being smoky. 
 
 Smo'ky, a. Emitting smoke; fumid : — obscure. 
 
 Sm86tn, a. [A.-S. smede, smoede, smooth ; smedian, 
 to smooth : akin to Smith.] Even ; glossy ; soft : 
 — mild.— 2, v. a. [pp. smoothing, smoothed.] 
 To level ; to make easy ; to soften. 
 
 SmSSth'en (smo'tnn), v. a. [pp. smoothening, 
 smoothened.] To make smooth. 
 
 Smootft'ly, ad. Not roughly ; evenly ; mildly. 
 
 SmSotn'ness, n. Evenness of surface. 
 
 Smote, i. from smite. 
 
 Smotft'er, v. a. [A.-S. smorian, Scot, smoor, Dut. 
 smooren, to smother ; 0. Dut. smoor, fume ; Gael. 
 smuid, smoke.] [pp. smothering, smothered.] 
 To suffocate by smoke or by excluding air; to 
 stifle; to suppress. — 2, v. n. To be suffocated : — 
 to smoke. — 3, n. Suppression : — smoke ; dust. 
 
 Smoul'der, v. n. [Dan. smuldre, to moulder, to 
 crumble; smul, dust ; Low Ger. smolen, Dut. smeu- 
 len, to smoulder: closely related to Smother.] 
 [pp. smouldering, smouldered.] To burn and 
 smoke without tlame or vent. 
 
 Smudge, n. [A variant of Smoke.— Cf. Gael, smuid, 
 smoke.] A dense smoke :— [a variant of Smutch] 
 a stain or blot. 
 
 Smug, a. [Dan. & Low Ger. smuk, Ger. schmuck, 
 neat, trim ; schmucken, to adorn : akin to Smock.] 
 Nice ; spruce ; trim. 
 
 Smfig'gle (smug'gl), v. a. [Dan. smuglc, Dut. 
 smokkelen, frequentative of Norse smjuga, to 
 creep. — Cf. A.-S. smeogon, to creep.] [pp. smug- 
 gling, smuggled.] To import or export secretly, 
 or without paying the duties. 
 
 Smflg'gler, n. One who smuggles. 
 
 Smug'gljng, n. A secret importation of goods. 
 
 Smut, n. [Sw. smids, Dan. smuds, Ger. schmutz, 
 filth.] A spot with soot or coal: — a fungus or 
 mildew in grain; a blight: — obscenity. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. smutting, smutted.] To mark with soot, 
 coal, or dirt; to soil; to taint with mildew. — 
 3, v. n. To gather smut. 
 
 Smutch, v. a. [An older form of Smut.] [ pp. 
 smutching, smutched.] To blacken with smoke 
 or soot. — 2, n. A stain, or foul spot. 
 
 Smut'ti-ly, ad. Blackly ; smokily :— obscenely. 
 
 Smut'ti-ness, n. State of being smutty. 
 
 Smut'ty., a. [Dut. smoddig ; Sw. smutsig ; Ger. 
 schmuhig.~\ Having smut ; dirty :— obscene. 
 
 Snack, n. [A form of Snatch.] A share ; a part 
 taken :— a luncheon. 
 
 Snaffle (snaf fl), n. [Dut. snavel, a muzzle ; Ger. 
 schnabel, a bill, a mouth-piece : root of Snap.] 
 A bridle which crosses the nose. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 snaffling, snaffled.] To bridle ; to hold in a bridle. 
 
 Snag, n. [Local E. snag, to cut; Gael, snagair, 
 snaigh, to cut.] A protuberance; a tooth; a 
 branch : — a tree having its- roots fastened at the 
 bottom of a river, or a branch of such a tree. 
 
 Snail, n. [A.-S. snsegl, a snail, dim. of snaca, a 
 snake; Ger. schnecke, Sw. sn'dcka, Dan. snegl, 
 Icel. snigill, a snail.] A slimy animal with a 
 spiral shell. 
 
 Snake, n. [A.-S. snaca; Icel. snakr ; Dan. snog; 
 Sw. snok: akin to Sneak. — Cf. Skr. naga, a 
 serpent.] A serpent. — 2, v. a. [pp. snaking, 
 snaked.] (Naut.) To wind a small rope spirally 
 round a larger one : — to drag or haul. 
 
 Snake'rSot, n. [From their repute as cures in 
 snake-bite.] A medicinal plant of many kinds. 
 
 Sna'ky, a. Serpentine ; belonging to a snake. 
 
 Snap, v. a. [Dut. snappen; Dan. snappe; Ger. 
 schnappen.] [i. snapped or snapt; pp. snapping, 
 snapped or snapt.] To break short : — to strike : 
 — to catch at ; to bite. — 2, v. n. To break short ; 
 to crack : — to try to bite ; to snarl. — 3, n. A 
 quick breaking or bite ; catch : — a sharp noise. 
 
 Snap'-drag-on, n. A kind of play : — a plant. 
 
 Snap'pish, a'. Eager to bite ; peevish ; tart. 
 
 Snap'pish-ly, ad. Peevishly; tartly. 
 
 Snap'pish-ness, n. Peevishness ; tartness. 
 
 Snare, n. [A.-S. snear, Dut. snaar, a string ; Dan. 
 snare, Sw. snara. 0. Ger. snarahha, a noose ; Icel. 
 snara, to twist.] A gin ; a net; a noose ; a trap : 
 — the string of a drum. — 2, v. a. [pp. snaring, 
 snared.] To entrap ; to ensnare. [head. 
 
 Snare'-drum, n. A drum with strings across one 
 
 Snarl, v. n. [Imitative : 0. E. snar, to show the 
 teeth ; 0. Dut. snarren, Ger. schvarren, to snarl ; 
 Icel. snorgla, to rattle in the thront; sniirgl, a 
 rattling sound. — See Snore.] [pp. snariing, 
 snarled.] To growl ; to speak roughly.— 2, v. a. 
 To entangle : — to embarrass ; to twist. — 3, n. [A 
 form of Snare.] Entanglement : — a quarrel. 
 
 Snarl' er, n. One who snarls; a surly fellow. 
 
 Snarl' ing, p. a. Growling; snappish; cross. 
 
 Snatch, v. a. & v. n. [Dut. & Low Ger. snakken, to 
 gasp, to move the jaws : a form parallel to Snap.] 
 [pp. snatching, snatched.] To seize hastily ; to 
 bite. — 2, n. A hasty catch ; a broken part ; a fit. 
 
 Snath, n. [A.-S. snsed, a snath; snithan, to cut.] 
 The handle of a scythe. 
 
 Sneak, v. n. [A.-S. snican, to creep ; Dan. snige, 
 to sneak; Irish snaigh, to creep.] [pp. sneak- 
 
 a, e, i, o, ii, y, long; a, e, i, 5, u, y, short; $, §, i, 9, u, y, obscure. — Pare, far, f£st, fall; hSir, her; 
 
SNEAKING 
 
 501 
 
 SOCIABILITY 
 
 Snipe. 
 
 ing, sneaked.] To creep or withdraw slyly or 
 meanly ; to skulk ; to truckle. — 2, u. A sneak- 
 ing fellow ; a niggard. 
 
 Sneak'jng, p. a. Servile ; mean ; niggardly. 
 
 Sneer, v. w. [0. E. snar, Dan. snserre, to show the 
 teeth. — See Snarl.] [pp. sneering, sneered.] 
 To show contempt hy looks or actions; to scoff; 
 to jeer; to gibe. — 2, n. A look or expression of 
 contempt; scorn; jeer. 
 
 Sneer' ing-lx, ad. With a look of scorn. 
 
 Sneeze, p. n. [Dan. snuse, to sniff; fuyse, to snort; 
 nyse, to sneeze ; A.-S. fueosau, Icel. fuasa, Dut. 
 fniezen, niezen, Ger. niesen, to sneeze.] [pp. 
 sneezing, sneezed.] To emit breath or air audi- 
 bly and spasmodically through the nose. — 2, n. 
 Emission of breath by the nose. 
 
 Sneez'ing, n. The act of sneezing; sternutation. 
 
 Snick'er, v. n. [Imitative.] [pp. snickering, 
 snickered.] To laugh slyly ; to giggle. — 2, u. A 
 half-suppressed laugh; a giggle. 
 
 Sniff, v. n. [Dan. snive, Icel. snippet, to sniff; Sw. 
 myfUi, to sob. — See Snuff.] [pp. sniffing, 
 sniffed.] To draw breatb up the nose; to snuff. 
 — 2, u. An act of sniffing. 
 
 Snig'ger, v. n. [See Snicker.] [pp. sniggering, 
 sniggered.] To giggle ; to snicker. 
 
 Snip, v. a. [Dut. suippen ; Ger. schnippen. — Cf. 
 Snap and Nip.] [pp. snipping, snipped.] To 
 cut with scissors ; to clip. — 2, n. A chip ; a shred ; 
 a share ; a snack. 
 
 Snipe, n. [A.-S. suite; Icel. snipa; Dan. sneppe ; 
 Dut. suep ; Ger. schuepfe: akiiilto 
 0. Dut. suebbe, Ger. schnabel, a 
 bill.] A small feu-fowl with a 
 long bill. 
 
 Snlv'el ^ulv'vl). n. [A frequenta- 
 tive of Sniff. — See Snuffle.] 
 Mucus of the nose. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
 snivelling, snivelled.] To run at 
 thr nose:— to cry childishly ; to complain. 
 
 Sniv'el-ler (sniv'vl-er), ,>. A weak lamenter. 
 
 Sniv'el-Hng (sniv'vl-Ing), a. Whining. 
 
 Snob. ii. [Icel. snapr, a dolt, an idiot; Local Sw. 
 suopp, a boy : related to Snub.] One who during 
 a strike Continues to work :— a vulgar upstart. 
 
 Snob'ber-x, n. The characteristics of a preten- 
 tious and vulgar person. 
 
 Snob'bish, o. Vulgar and pretentious. 
 
 Snood, n. [A.-S. suod, a fillet; Icel. mvdr, a twist; 
 suua, Dan. suoe, to twist.] A fillet; a ribbon : — 
 a snare. 
 
 Snooze, v. n. [Litb. musi, to doze; Dan. suuse, 
 to sniff. — Cf. Local Ger. pfnauseu, to breathe 
 through the nose.— Cf. Sneeze.] [pp. snoozing, 
 snoozed.] To slumber. — 2, ». A slumber. 
 
 Snore, v. u. [A.-S. suont, a snoring; 0. Dut. snor- 
 ren, to grumble; Ger. schuarreu, to rattle, to 
 snail (q. v.). — Cf. Ger. schnarchen, to snore; Dut. 
 & Low Ger. snorken, to snort (o. v.).] [pp. snor- 
 ing, snored.] To breathe hard and audibly 
 through the nose, as in sleep. — 2,. «. A noise 
 through the nose in sleep. 
 
 Snort, v. n. [Dan morke, Ger. scknarchen, to snore, to 
 snort.] [pp. snorting, snorted.] To blow hard 
 through the nose. — 2, n. An act or sound of 
 snorting. 
 
 Snout, a. [Sw. sunt; Dan. snude ; Dut. smut; Ger. 
 sdmauze.] The nose of a beast ; the nozzle. 
 
 Snow (sno), n. [A.-S. suair, Dut. sneeuw, Dan. 
 snee, Ger. schnee, snow. — Cf. Gr. vtyei, L. niugit, 
 it snows; L. nlr, nivis, Gr. vi<i>a., snow; Zend 
 Cnizh, to snow.] Vapor frozen in flakes : — [Dut. 
 suaauic. — Cf. Low Ger. snau. a beak] a kind of 
 brig or ship.— 2, v. u. [pp. snowing, snowed.] 
 To fall in snow or flakes. 
 
 Snow' ball, ». A ball of snow : — a shrub. 
 
 Snow'-bound, a.. Blockaded with snow. 
 
 Snow'-drift, w. A drift or heap of snow. 
 
 Snow'-drop, n. A plant and its very early flower. 
 
 Snow'-sh6e. k. A shoe, or ligbt machine, or 
 racket, used for travelling on deep snow. 
 
 Snow's, a. Full of snow; white like suow. 
 
 Snub, n. [Dan. snibbe, Sw. sttubba, to snub, to 
 check : akin to Snip.] A snag; a knot in wood : 
 — a check. — 2, v. a. [pp. snubbing, snubbed.] 
 To check ; to reprimand ; to nip ; to cut short. 
 
 Snub'-nosed (-nozd), a. [Cf. Sw. snnbba, to cut 
 off. — See Snub.] Having a short nose. 
 
 Snuff, n. [Dan. suubbe, to nip, to snub; Local Sw. 
 suoppa, to snip (gr. ».).] The burnt wick of a can- 
 dle : — [Ger. sdiuupf; Sw. snus] powdered tobacco 
 drawn up by the nose.— 2, v. a. [Dut. snuiceu, to 
 blow the nose; snnf, a smell; Sw. simfca, Ger. 
 schnupfen, to snuff. — See Sniff and Snuffle.] 
 [pp. snuffing, snuffed.] To inhale ; to smell ; to 
 scent : — to crop the snuff, as of a candle. — 3, c. n. 
 To snort ; to draw breath by the nose : — to sniff 
 in contempt. 
 
 Snuffbox, n. A box in which snuff is carried. 
 
 Snuffers, n. pi. A utensil to snuff caudles. 
 
 Snuffle (suuf'flh r. u. [Dan. sutidu ; Ger. sd/nvf- 
 felu.] [pp. snuffling, snuffled.] To speak through 
 the nose. 
 
 Snuffy, a. Soiled with snuff : — sulky. 
 
 Snug, v. n. [Icel. sniiggr, 0. Sw. snygg, Dan. snog, 
 trim, neat; Norse snikka, to cut.] [pp. snug- 
 ging, snugged.] To lie close; to snuggle. — 2, u. 
 Close; concealed; convenient ; comfortable. 
 
 Snug'gle (snug'gl), v. u. [A frequentative of 
 Snug.] [pp. snuggling, snuggled.] To lie close, 
 snug, or warm. 
 
 Snug'lx, ad. In a snug manner ; closely. 
 
 Snug'ness, n. Retiredness; closeness. 
 
 So, ud. ' [A.-S. A: (ioth. two, Dut. zoo, Dan. sua, 
 Ger. so, as, so: akin to Skr. sva, one's self; L. 
 suns, one's own.] In like manner ; thus; there- 
 fore ; the same ; in the same manner or degree. 
 
 Soak, v. a. [A.-S. mean, to soak, to suck (g. v.).] 
 [pp. soaking, soaked.] To steep.— 2, p. n. To 
 be steeped. 
 
 Soak'er, n. One who soaks :— a tippler. 
 
 Soap (sop), n. [A.-S. tape; Dut. seep; Dan. ssebe; 
 Ger. seife ; Ft. sawn; L. sapo, saponis.] A sul>- 
 stance compounded of oil and alkali, used in 
 washing and shaving. 
 
 Soap'stone. n. [From its soapy feel.] A magne- 
 sian stone ; steatite. 
 
 Soap' suds, n. [See Suds.] Water impregnated 
 with soap. 
 
 Soap's, "• Resembling soap ; soft. 
 
 Soar (sor), v. u. [Fr. essorer ; It. sorare ; L. ex, 
 out, and anra, the air.] [pp. soaring, soared.] 
 To fly aloft; to tower; to mount. — 2, n. A 
 towering flight; ascent. 
 
 Soar'ing, n. The act of mounting aloft. 
 
 Sob, V. u. [A.-S. siofan, to sigh, to sough ; Ger. 
 seufzen, to sigh.] [pp. sobbing, sobbed.] To sigh 
 with sorrow convulsively. — 2, u. A convulsive 
 sigh ; audible grief. 
 
 So'ber, a. [Fr. eobre; L. sobrius; so- (forge-) neg- 
 ative, and ebrius, drunken.] Temperate ; regu- 
 lar; moderate; abstemious: — cool; calm; sedate; 
 serious. — 2. v. a. [pp. sobering, sobered.] To 
 make sober; to ealm. — 3, v. n. To recover from 
 intoxication: — to become more moderate in 
 views, character, or conduct. 
 
 So'ber-lj:. ud. Temperately ; calmly. 
 
 So'ber-ness, n. Temperance ; calmness. 
 I So-bri'e-tjr, n. [Fr. sobriSti; h. sobrietas.] Quality 
 | 'of being sober ; temperance ; soberness ; absti- 
 nence : — sedateuess. 
 
 Sobriquet (sob're-ka'), n. [Fr. sobriquet, — formerly 
 I soubriquet ; probably from sous, under, and brupiei, 
 a tinder-box, — formerly also the throat; hence a 
 chuck under the chin, an act of contempt or un- 
 due familiarity, an affront.] A nickname. 
 
 Soc'a|-e, n. [0. E. sac, the power of settling dis- 
 putes, judicial authority; A.-S. sacau, to con- 
 tend ; soch, an inquiry.] (Laic.) An ancient 
 tenure of lands by service : — written also soccage. 
 
 So-ci-a-bil'i-tx (so-she-a-bil'e-te), n. State of 
 being sociable ; sociableness. 
 
 mien, sir ; mSve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — g, $, c, §, soft; p, £, p, £, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 
 
SOCIABLE 
 
 502 
 
 SOLEMNLY 
 
 So'ci-a-ble (so'she-a-bl), a. [L. sociabilis ; sociare, 
 to accompany; sociiis, a follower, a companion; 
 seqni, to follow.] Inclined to company; affable; 
 conversable ; social. — 2, ?j. A gathering of people 
 for social purposes [Amer.] : — a kind of phaeton. 
 
 So'ci-a-ble-ness (so'she-a-bl-nes), n. State of be- 
 ing sociable; inclination to company. 
 
 So'ci-a-bly. (so'she-a-ble), ad. Conversably. 
 
 So'cial (so'shal), a. [L. socialis; socius, a com- 
 panion.] Relating to society, to mankiud, or to 
 the public interest: — companionable; sociable. 
 
 So'cial-ism, u. A phase of communism involving 
 the' abolition of private property and of all effort 
 for individual welfare or advantage. 
 
 So'cial-Ist, n. An advocate for socialism, or a 
 community of property. — 2, a. Of or relating 
 to socialism. 
 
 So-cial-ist'ic, a. Relating to socialism. 
 
 So'cial-ly (so'shal-le), ad. In a social way. 
 
 So-ci'e-ty, n. [Fr. societe, L. societas, association.] 
 Union of a number of persons in one general 
 interest; a community; a company; partner- 
 ship ; an association for the promotion of some 
 object, scientific, literary, religious, political, or 
 benevolent. 
 
 So-cin'i-an, n. A follower of Socinus, who denied 
 "the divinity and preexisteuce of Christ. — 2, a. 
 Of or belong, ug to Socinianism. 
 
 So-cin'i-an-ism, n. The doctrines of Socinus. 
 
 S6-ci-oi'o-£-ist, n. One versed in the science of 
 sociology. 
 
 So-ci-ol'o-§-y. (so-she-ol'o-je), n. [L. socius, an as- 
 sociate, and Gr. Ao-yo?, a discourse.] The science 
 of, or a treatise on, society ; political science. 
 
 Sock, n. [A.-S. socc, L. soccus, a low shoe.] A 
 short stocking : — the shoe worn by the ancient 
 comic actors : — comedy. 
 
 Sock'et, n. [A dim. of Sock.] A hollow; the re- 
 ceptacle of the eye. 
 
 Soc'le (sok'kl), b. [it. zoccolo, dim. of zocco, a shoe; 
 L. socculus. — See Sock.] A square member or 
 piece of masonry, of greater breadth than height, 
 used instead of a pedestal. 
 
 So-crat'ic, ) a. Relating to Socrates, or to his 
 
 So-crat'i-cal, J manner of teaching. 
 
 Sod, v. [But. zode, Ger. sode, turf; from its soaked 
 or sodden state. — See Seethe.] A turf; a clod. 
 — 2, a. Blade of turf. — 3, v. a. [pp. sodding, 
 sodded.] To cover with sods or turf. — 4, i. from 
 seethe. Seethed. 
 
 So'da, n. [It. soda, soda; sodo (fem. soda), for so- 
 lido, solid (q. v.); Fr. sonde, glass-wort, a plant 
 which yields soda: the name was probably 
 given to the plant from its stiffness.] An alkali, 
 oxide of sodium. 
 
 So-dal'i-ty. v. [L. sodalilas ; sodalis, a companion.] 
 'A fellowship; a fraternity. 
 
 So'da-wa'ter, u. Water impregnated with car- 
 bonic acid gas. 
 
 Sod'den (sod'dn), p. from seethe. Seethed. 
 
 Sod'dy, a. Turfy ; full of sods. [Solder. 
 
 Sod'er, n. & v. a. [pp. sodering, sodered.] See 
 
 So'di'-um, b. (Chem.) The metallic base of soda. 
 
 Sod'om-ite, v. One guilty of sodomy. 
 
 Sod'o-my, n. [From the ancient city of Sodom.] 
 An unnatural crime. 
 
 So-ev'er, ad. A word usually joined with a pro- 
 noun or an adverb, as whosoever, howsoever. 
 
 So' fa, n. [Arab, suffah or snfat, a couch.] A long, 
 soft, easy seat, with a back. 
 
 Sof fit, n. [Fr. soffit e ; It. soffila ; L. suffigere, svf- 
 fixum, to fasten beneath. — See Fix.] (Arch.) The 
 under part ot a cornice. 
 
 Soft (soft or sawft), a. [A.-S. sofle, sefte; 0. Sax. 
 saflo; Ger. sanfl, sacht; Dut. sagte, zaeht.] Not 
 hard; yielding; tender; easy; mild; gentle: — 
 weak; simple.— 2, inter}. Hold; stop; not so fast. 
 
 Soft'en (sof fn), v. a. [pp. softening, softened.] 
 To make soft.— 2, v. n. To grow soft. 
 
 Soft'ly, ad. With softness ; gently. 
 
 Soft'ness, n. Quality of being soft. 
 
 Sog'gyj, a. [Icel. soggr, damp; saggi, dampness. — 
 Cf. Sag.] Moist ; damp ; soaked. 
 
 So-ho', iiUerj. A form of calling; halloo. 
 
 Soil, v. a. [Fr. souille, mud; souiller, to defile: 
 probably related to L. suillus, swine-like (sus, a 
 swine), but not to Soil, earth, nor to Sli.lv.] 
 [pp. soiling, soiled.] To foul ; to dirty ; to pol- 
 lute ; to sully :— [Fr. soul, one's fill; L. satullus, 
 filled ; salur, full ; satis, enough] to feed with 
 green fodder, as cattle. — 2, n. [L. solum; Fr. 
 sol] Dirt ; ground ; earth : — compost. 
 
 Soil'ing, n. Act of one who soils : — act of feeding 
 cattle with green fodder. 
 
 Soiree (swa-ra/), n. [Fr. soir, evening; soiree, 
 vening, an evening party ; It. serula, evening ; 
 
 L. strus, late.] An evening party, 
 so'journ, v. n. [T 
 
 Sojourn, w. n. [Fr. sojourner; 0. Fr. sojourner; It. 
 soggiornare ; L. sub, under, and diurvare, to stay ; 
 diurnus, daily.] [pp. sojourning, sojourned.] To 
 dwell awhile in a place ; to have a temporary 
 abode; to abide. — 2, n. A temporary residence. 
 
 So'journ-er, n. A temporary dweller. 
 
 So'journ-mg, n. The act of one who sojourns; a 
 temporary residence ; sojourn. 
 
 Sol, n. [L.] The sun. — [Fr.] A French copper 
 coin ; a sou. See Sou. 
 
 Sol, b. [From the same mnemonic verses from 
 which the other names on the gamut were 
 taken. — See Do.] A note in music. 
 
 Sol'ace, v. a. [L. solatium; solari, to console.] [pp. 
 solacing, solaced.] To comfort; to console; to 
 cheer. — 2, «. Comfort in grief; consolation; al- 
 leviation; relief; recreation; pleasure. 
 
 So'lar, a. [L. Solaris; sol, Skr. sura, the sun; srar, 
 the sun, heaven.] Relating to, or proceeding 
 from, the sun ; measured by the sun. 
 
 Sold, i. & p. from sell. 
 
 Sol'dan, n. Emperor of Turkey. See Sultan. 
 
 Sol'der (sol'der or saw'der), v. a. [Fr. sovdvre, sol- 
 der'; souder, to solder; L. solidare, to make solid 
 (q. v.).] [pp. soldering, soldered.] To unite 
 or fasten with metallic cement; to cement; to 
 soder. — 2, b. A metallic cement ; soder. 
 
 Sol'dier (sol'jer), n. [b'r.soldat; Late L. soldare, 
 soldatus, to pay ; 0. Fr. soldier, Late L. soldarius, 
 a soldier; soldum, pay; L. solidus, solid, — also a 
 coin (whence the Fr. son). Some have assigned 
 it to the root of Sell, as if a soldier were one 
 who has sold his services ; others to-th'e Latin- 
 ized Aquitanian soldarius, a retainer, — a word 
 used by Caesar.] A man in iuiHfafy service; a 
 fighting man ; a warrior. 
 
 Sol'dier-ly (sol'jer-le), a. Martial ; warlike. 
 
 Sol'dier-y (sol'jer-e), b. A body of soldiers. 
 
 Sole, n. [A.-S. sole; L. solea.] The bottom of the 
 foot or shoe :— [L. solea : so called from its re- 
 semblance in shape to the sole of the foot] a flat 
 sea-fish.— 2, v. a. [pp. soling, soled.] To furnish 
 with soles. — 3, a. [Fr. seul, L. solus, alone.] Sin- 
 gle; alone; only; solitary. 
 
 Sol'e-cism, n. [Gr. aokoucio-pos, incorrect speech, 
 — literally, speech like that of the people of tali, 
 in Cilicia, who were proverbial for their incorrect 
 use of the Greek language.] Impropriety in lan- 
 guage ; an offence against the rules of grammar 
 or syntax. 
 
 Sole'ly, ad. Singly; only; separately. 
 
 Sol'emn (sol'em), a. [L. sollennis or solemnis, an- 
 nual, habitual, customary, festive, — also solemn ; 
 sollus, entire, and annus, a year. — Cf. L. solus, 
 only; Gr. 6Ao?, entire; Skr. sarva, all.] Anni- 
 versary: — religiously grave; awful; formal; rit- 
 ual ; serious. 
 
 So-lem'ni-ty, n. [L. sollennitas or solenmilas.] _ An 
 annual or religious ceremony ; a rite : — serious- 
 ness ; gravity. 
 
 Sol-em-ni-za'tion, n. The act of solemnizing. 
 
 Sol'em-nize, v. a. [}yp- solemnizing, solemnized.] 
 To" celebrate in due form ; to perform religiously : 
 — 'to make solemn. 
 
 Sol'emn-ly (sol'em-le), ad. In a solemn manner. 
 
 e, i, o, u, 
 
 y, long; a, e, l, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
SOLFA 
 
 503 
 
 SOOTHSAYER 
 
 Sol-fa', v. n. & v. a. [pp. solfaing, solfaed.] To 
 pronounce the musical notes. — 2, n. A system 
 of writing, teaching, or reading music. 
 
 Sol-feg'£-io (sol-fed'jo), n. [It.; from sol/a, the 
 gamut; sol and fa, notes ot the gamut.] (Mm.) 
 An exercise of the voice, through all the various 
 intervals, upon the syllables do, re, mi, fa, sol, 
 la, si. 
 
 So-lic'it, v. a. [L. soUicitare, to solicit, to arouse ; 
 sollns, entire, and cicre, citum, to excite.J [pp. 
 soliciting, solicited.] To importune; to entreat; 
 to ask ; to request ; to implore ; to beg ; to be- 
 seech, [invitation. 
 
 So-lic-i-ta'tion, n. [L. sollicUalio.] Importunity ; 
 
 So-lic'it-or, »*. [Fr. sollicileur ; L. sollicilator.] One 
 who solicits : — a lawyer who practises in a court 
 of chancery. 
 
 So-lic'i-tous, a. [L. sollicilus.] Anxious; careful; 
 concerned. 
 
 So-lic'i-tous-ly, ad. Anxiously; carefully. 
 
 So-lic'i-tous-ness, n. Anxiety; solicitude. 
 
 So lic'i-tress, n. A woman who solicits. 
 
 So-Kc'i-tude, n. [L. sollicitudo.] Anxiety ; con- 
 cern '; care. 
 
 Sol'id, a. [L. solidus, solid. — Cf. sollus, entire; so- 
 las, alone, single.] Not fluid; compact; dense; 
 firm. — 2, n. A firm, compact body or substance. 
 
 Sol-i-dar'i-ty, n. [Fr. solidarite, community of in- 
 terest ; solidaire, conjoint, affecting all. — See 
 Solid.] State of being bound together; joint 
 interest ; fellowship. 
 
 So-li'l-i-fi-ca'tion, n. Act of making solid. 
 
 So-lid'i-fy, v. a.' [Fr. solid ifier ; L. solidus, solid, 
 'and fieri, to become.] [pp. solidifying, solidi- 
 fied.] To make solid. — 2, v. n. To become solid 
 or firm. [ness ; compactness. 
 
 So-lul'i-tx, w. [L. solid iln s ; Fr. solidite.] Firm- 
 
 Sol'id-iy, ad. Firmly; densely; compactly. 
 
 J3o-lil'o-quize, v. v. [pp. soliloquizing, solilo- 
 quized.] To utter a soliloquy. 
 
 So-lil'o-quy, n. [L. soliloquium, a monologue; so- 
 lus, alone, and loqui, to speak.] A discourse to 
 one's self. , 
 
 Sol-i-taire' (sol-e-tar'), n. [Fr.— See Solitary.] 
 A hermit: — an ornament for the neck : — a game 
 with cards : — a recently extinct bird. 
 
 Sol'i-ta-ri-ly, ad. In solitude. 
 
 Sol'i-ta-ri-ness, n. Solitude; retirement. 
 
 Sol'i-ta-ry, a. [Fr. solitaire; L. solilarius ; solus, 
 alone.] 'Living alone :— single.— 2, n. One who 
 lives alone. 
 
 Sol'i-tiide, n. [L. sol Undo ; solus, alone.] State of 
 being alone; a lonely life or place; loneliness; 
 seclusion ; a desert. 
 
 So'15, n. ; pi. So'loes. [It.; L. solus, alone.] An 
 air played or sung by one person. 
 
 So'lo-ist, u. (Mil*.) One who performs alone as 
 a singer or as a player on an instrument. 
 
 Sol'stice, n. [Fr. ; L. solstiliwm; sol. the sun, and 
 sislere (stare), stulum, to halt, to stand.] The 
 time when the sun is farthest from the equator, 
 either north or south, and the ch»ys are longest 
 or shortest. 
 
 Sol-sti"tial (sol-stTsh'al), a. [L. sohtitialis.] Be- 
 'longing to or happening at the solstice. 
 
 Sol-u-bil'i-ty, n. State of being soluble. 
 
 Sol'u-ble.'rt. [L. solnbilis.—See Solve.] That may 
 be dissolved; solvable; capable of dissolution. 
 
 So-lu'tion, n. The act of solving or of dissolving; 
 explanation : — a liquid containing a dissolved 
 substance. 
 
 Solv'a-ble, a. That may be solved or paid. 
 
 Solve, v. a. [L. solrere, solution, to solve or dis- 
 solve ; so-, apart, and luere, to set free.] [pp. 
 solving, solved.] To clear; to explain; to re- 
 solve, [pay all debts. 
 
 Solv'en-cy, n. State of being solvent ; ability to 
 
 Solv'ent, a. [L. solvents, dissolving. — See Solve.] 
 Having power to dissolve; dissolving: — able to 
 pay all debt*.— 2, n. A substance that dissolves. 
 
 Solv'er, n. Whoever or whatever solves. 
 
 I Som'bre (som'ber) [som'ber, C. St. Wh. H. I.], a. 
 
 [Fr. , Sp. sombrio, dark; sornbra, a shade; L. ex 
 
 I intensive, and umbra, a shadow.] Gloomy ; dark. 
 
 I Sombrero (som-bra'ro), ». [Sp. ; sornbra, a shade.] 
 
 A wide-brimmed hat. 
 j Some (sum), a. [A.-S. sum.; Icel. sumr; Dan. 
 somme.] More or less; certain; any. 
 
 Some- [Ger. -sum; Dut. -zaam ; A.-S. -son:, -sum: 
 closely akin to Same.] A suffix expressive of 
 cause, quality, or habit. 
 
 S6me'bod-y. (sum'bod-e), n. One; a person inde- 
 terminate : — a person of consideration. 
 
 Some'hS-fr, ad. One way or other. 
 
 Som'er-sault, n. [Fr. soubresault, soubresaui; It. 
 sopra sallo ; L. supra, over, and sultus, a leap.] A 
 somerset. 
 
 Som'er-set, n. A leap with heels over head. 
 
 Some'thing, n. A thing indeterminate ; a part. — 
 2, ad. ' In some degree. 
 
 Some'time, ad. Once ; at one time. 
 
 Seme' times, ad. Not never; now and then. 
 
 Some'what (sum'hsvot), n. Something; part. — 
 2, ad. Iu some degree. 
 
 Some'where (sum'hwar), ad. In some place. 
 
 Som-nam-bu-la'tion, n. Somnambulism. 
 
 Som-nam'bu-lism, n. The act of walking in 
 "sleep; sleep-walking; somnambulation. 
 
 Som-nam'bu-list, n. [L. somnus, sleep, and ambu- 
 lare, to walk.] One who walks in sleep. 
 
 Som-mf er-ous, a. [L. somnifer; somnus, sleep, 
 'and fer're, to bring.] Causing sleep ; somnific. 
 
 Som-nif'ic, a. [L. somnificus; somnus, sleep, and 
 facere, to make.] Causing sleep ; somniferous. 
 
 Som'no-lence, \n. [L. somnuleiUia.] Inclination 
 
 Som'no-len-cy.l to sleep; drowsiness; sleepiness. 
 
 Som'no-lent, a. [L. somnultntus ; somnus. sleep.] 
 Inclined to sleep; sleepy. 
 
 Son (sun), n. [A.-S. sunn, Dut. zoon, Dan. sob, Ger. 
 sohn, Russ. suin, Or. vios; Skr. eunu, a son; su, 
 to beget.] A male child: — native :— descendant. 
 
 So'nant, a. [L. sonare, sonantis, to sound (q. v.).] 
 Relating to or giving sound. 
 
 So-na'ta, ». [It. ; L. sonnre, sonalum, to sound 
 (q. ».).*] (3f((s.) A composition for a piano, or- 
 gan, or other instrument. 
 
 Song [sting, H.], n. [A.-S. sang, song: Dut. sang; 
 Dan. & Ger. sanrj. — See Sing.] That which is 
 sung ; a hymn ; a ballad ; a poem ; a lay ; a strain. 
 
 Song'ster, n. [A.-S. sangeBfor,— properly a femi- 
 nine noun.] A person or a bird that sings. 
 
 Song'stress, n. A female singer. 
 
 Son'-in-law, n. The husband of a daughter. 
 
 Son'net, n. [Fr. ; It. sonetlo ; sono, a sound (q. v.).] 
 A short poem; specially a poem consisting of 
 fourteen lines, rhymed according to an intricate 
 arrangement. [nets:— a small po^t. 
 
 Son-net-eer', ■». [It. sonettiere.] A writer of soa- 
 
 So-no'rous, a. [L. sonorus ; sonor, sonoris, a sound 
 '(q. ?<.).]' Loud; shrill; high-sounding. 
 
 So-no'rous-ly, ad. With high sound. 
 
 So-no'rous-nSss, )>. Quality of being sonorous. 
 
 SSn'shipj if. The relation of a son ; filiation. 
 
 Soon, ad. [A.-S. sona ; 0. Fris. & O. Ger. san ; 
 Goth, suns.] Before long; shortly; quickly; 
 early. 
 
 Soot (sot or sfit), n. [A.-S. & Sw. sot ; Dan. sor] ; 
 Lith. sodis; Gael, suilh ; Welsh, sicta.] Con- 
 densed smoke. 
 
 S66th, n. [A.-S. sod, for sand, true; Dan. sand ; 
 Skr. satya, true ; root of as, to he. - Cf. Ger. sind, 
 L. sunt, they are.] Truth; reality: — prognosti- 
 cation: — fairness of speech. — 2, a. True: — 
 pleasant. 
 
 Soothe, v. a. [A.-S. gesodian, to prove to be true, 
 to confirm; qesod, a flatterer: closely related to 
 sod, true.] [pp. soothing, soothed.] To flatter; 
 to calm; to mollify; to allay; to soften; to 
 pacify ; to mitigate. 
 
 Sooth'er, v. One who sooth<s. 
 
 Sooth'say-er, w. [Sooth, truth, and Sayf.r.] A 
 foreteller"; a predictor. 
 
 mien, si*r ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, Q, c, §, soft; fS, f&, p, g, hard; § us z ; x as gz ; this. 
 
SOOTHSAYING 
 
 504 
 
 SOUSE 
 
 SoSth'say-ing, n. Prediction ; a foretelling. 
 
 Soot'i-ness, n. The quality of being sooty. 
 
 Soot'y. (sot'e or siit'e), a. Consisting of, or cov- 
 ered with, soot ; fuliginous; black. 
 
 Sop, n. [Icel. soppa; O. Ger. soppe : closely re- 
 lated to Sup.] Any thing steeped in gravy or 
 liquid : — a gift to pacify. — 2, v. a. [pp. supping, 
 sopped.] To steep in gravy or any liquid. 
 
 Soph'ism, n. [Gr. a6(j>io-p.a, a captious argument, 
 a fallacy.— See Sophist.] A specious but falla- 
 cious argument ; a fallacy or deception in reason- 
 ing ; paralogism. 
 
 Soph'ist, n. [Gr. <ro^t<rTJj?, a skilled man ; o-o$i- 
 £eii/, to instruct; cro$6?, wise.] A captious or 
 fallacious reasoner. 
 
 So-phis'tic, ) a. [Gr. cto^io-tiko?.] Partaking 
 
 So-phis'ti-cal, J of sophistry ; illogical ; fallacious. 
 
 So-phis'tj-cal-ly, ad. With sophistry. 
 
 So-phis'ti-cate, v. a. [Late L. sophMicare, sophis- 
 ticatum, to corrupt, — the Sophists being regarded 
 as corrupters of the character and judgment.] 
 [pp. sophisticating, sophisticated.] To adulter- 
 ate ; to corrupt. [adulteration. 
 
 So-phis-ti-ca'tion, n. Act of sophisticating : — 
 
 Soph'is-try, n. [Fr. sojilmterie.] Fallacious reason- 
 ing ; a subtle fallacy ; false logic. 
 
 Soph'o-more, n. [Gr. <ro(/>6?, wise, and /mu>p6?, a 
 fool.] A student in an American college in his 
 second year. 
 
 Soph-o-mor'ic, \a. Eelating to sophomores; 
 
 Soph-o-mor'i-cal, J bombastic ; inflated. 
 
 Sop-o-rif'er-ous, a. [L. soporifer ; sopor, sleep, and 
 ferre, to bring.— Cf. Skr. svap, to sleep.] Causing 
 sleep; soporific. 
 
 Sop-o-rif'ic, a. [L. sopor, soporis, sleep, anil facere, 
 to make.] Causing sleep; narcotic. — 2, n. A 
 soporific medicine. 
 
 So-pra'no, n. [It. soprano, highest, — also treble ; 
 Late L. superanus, a sovereign (q. v.).] (Mus.) 
 The highest female or vocal part of music ; treble. 
 
 SbVcer-er, n. [Fr. sorcier, a wizard ; Late L. sor- 
 tiarivs,'& caster of lots; sorliare, L. sortiri, to cast 
 lots; sors, sorlis, a lot.] A conjurer; a magician. 
 
 Sbr'cer-ess, n. A female magician. 
 
 Sbr'cer-y, n. [0. Fr. sorcerie ; Fr. sorcellerie. — See 
 Sorcerer.] The art of sorcerers; conjuration; 
 magic; enchantment; witchcraft. 
 
 Sor'did, a. [L. sordidvs, vile, mean, dirty; sordes, 
 filth, blackness.] Tile; base; covetous; nig- 
 gardly : — foul; dirty. 
 
 Sbr'did-ly, ad. Meanly ; poorly ; covetously. 
 
 Sbr'did-ness, n. Baseness; niggardliness. 
 
 Sore, n. [A.-S. sar, Put. zeer. It. soro, sore ; Ger. 
 versekren, to wound.] A place tender and pain- 
 ful; an ulcer. — 2, a. Tender to the touch; 
 painful : — easily vexed ; sensitive : — afflictive ; 
 grievous. — 3, ad. [Cf. Ger. sehr, very.] In- 
 tensely ; in a great degree. 
 
 Sore'ly, ad. With great pain or distress. 
 
 Sore'ness, n. State of being sore. 
 
 S'oVghum, v. [E. Indian, sorghi.] A cane or grass 
 which yields sugar. 
 
 So-ri'tes, n. [L. ; Gr. awpetTT}?, heaped; o-iopos, a 
 'heap.] (Logic.) An abridged form of stating a 
 series of syllogisms. 
 
 Sor'rel, n. [Fr. eurette, dim. of sur, sour (q. v.).] 
 A plant having an acid taste. — 2, a. [Fr. savre ; 
 It. wmro, soro : root of Sear.] Reddish; inclined 
 to redness. 
 
 Sor'ri-ly, ad. In a sorry manner; meanly. 
 
 Sor'ri-ness, n. Meanness; wretchedness. 
 
 Sor row (sor'ro), 
 
 [A.-S. & Dan. sorg, Put. 
 
 7, Ger. sorge, care, grief; Goth, saurga, sor- 
 row ; sorgen, to grieve ; Ger. sorgen, to care for : 
 originally it was unconnected with Sorry, which 
 is now closely associated with it.] [pp. sorrow- 
 ing, sorrowed.] To grieve ; to be sad. — 2, n. 
 Grief; sadness; affliction; regret. 
 
 Sor'row-ful, a. Full (if sorrow ; sad ; mournful ; 
 grieving; melancholy: sorry: dismal. 
 
 Sor'row-ful-ly, ad. In a sorrowful manner. 
 
 Sor'row-ful-ness, n. Grief; sadness. 
 
 Sor'ry, a. [A.-S. sarig, sad ; Put. zeerig, sore 
 (g. v.).] Grieved; sorrowful :— mean ; vile. 
 
 Sort, n. [Fr. sorte, fashion, kind; It. sorta, kind, 
 fashion, fate; L. sors, sortis, a lot, condition, 
 state.] A class or order of persons or things ; a 
 kind; species; manner; rank.—/,?. [Printing.) 
 The letters, points, marks, quadrats, &c, which 
 are contained in separate boxes.— 2, v. a. [pp. 
 sorting, sorted.] To distribute into classes: to 
 arrange ; to separate ; to conjoin ; to assort.— 
 3, v. n. To consort: to join ; to suit. 
 
 Sbrt'a-ble, a. That may be sorted. 
 
 Sbr-tie" (sor-te'j, n. [Fr. sortie, Sp. svrtida, It. sor- 
 tita, a sally; Fr. sortir, Sp. surlir, It. sorlire, to 
 sally; L. surgere, snrrectum, to rouse up.] A sud- 
 den attack made by the inhabitants of a besieged 
 place ttpon the besiegers; a sally. 
 
 Sot, ». [A -S. sot, foolish ; Fr. sot, a fool ; Sp. zote, 
 a blockhead; Late L. sotns and sothts: origin 
 doubtful.] An habitual drunkard; a toper; a 
 tippler.— 2, v. a. [pp. sotting, sotted.] To stu- 
 pefy ; to besot.— 3, v. n . To tipple. 
 
 Sot'tish, a. Stupid, besotted; drunken. 
 
 Sou (so), n. ; pi. Sous. [0. Fr. sol; Fr. son ; L. soli- 
 dus, solid, — also the name of a coin.] A French 
 copper coin, the twentieth part of a franc. 
 
 Sough (sfif) [suf, Ja. K. K. Wb. ; sof, P. 8m. ; suf 
 or sow, St.), n. [Icel. sngr, A.-S. sweg, a sough ; 
 swogan, to rustle: imitative.] A subterranean 
 drain ; a murmuring sound. — 2, v. n. [ pp. sough- 
 ing, soughed.] To emit a murmuring sound. 
 
 Sought (sawt), i. & p. from seek. 
 
 Soul (sol), n. [A.-S. sawol, sawnl, sa>rl : Icel. sala ; 
 Pan. sisel; Put. zeel; Ger. seele ; Goth, saiivafa.] 
 The immortal part of man ; mind ; spirit : — life ; 
 essence ; energy : — a human being. 
 
 Soul'less (sol'les), a. Without soul; mean. 
 
 Sound,' a. [A.-S. & Pan. svnd; Ger. gesund : Put. 
 gezond.] Healthy ; hearty ; whole ; sane :— right ; 
 not erroneous; orthodox :— strong; valid; stout: 
 — deep; fast; thorough; entire; unbroken. — 2, u. 
 [Fr. son, L. sonns, Skr. swava, a sound ; scan, to 
 sound.] Any thing audible ; noise ; tone : — [A.-S. 
 sund, a swimming, a sound; Pan. & Ger. mud, 
 a sound, a strait : akin to Swtm. — Cf. Sp. sonda, a 
 sound] a shallow sea : — the air-bladder of a fish : 
 — a probe.— 3, r. n. [pp. sounding, sounded.] 
 To make or emit a noise :— [Fr. sonrler, to sound ; 
 sonde, a plummet : probably from the noun Sound, 
 a strait] to use the lead and line. — i, v. a. To 
 try the depth of ; to examine :— to cause to make 
 a noise ; to play on : — to celebrate by sound. 
 
 Sbund'ing, a. Having sound ; sonorous. — 2, ». 
 The act of sounding; sound emitted : — a place 
 fathomable at sea. 
 
 Sbund'ly, ad. Heartily: stoutly; rightly. 
 
 Sound'ness, ». State of being sound. 
 
 Scup (sop), n. [Fr. sovpe, 0. Put. sop, zop, soup ; 
 soppe, a sop; Sw. soppa, a sop (q. ».). — See also 
 Sip and Sup.] A decoction of flesh for food; a 
 kind of broth. 
 
 Sour, a. [A.-S. svr ; Put. zunr; Pan. smir ; Ger. 
 saver.] Acid ; crabbed ; tart : — shai p ; harsh ; ac- 
 rimonious; peevish; morose; severe. — 2, n. A 
 sour or acid substance. — 3, v. a. [pp. souring, 
 soured.] To make acid or uneasy. — 4, v. n. To 
 become acid or peevish. 
 
 Source (sors), n. [Fr. source, a spring; sourdre, L. 
 surgere, to rise. — See Surge.] That from which 
 any thing proceeds; a spring; a fountain; a 
 head ; an origin ; first canse. 
 
 Sbur'-crbut, or Sb'ur'-krbut, n. [Ger. saver-kraut, 
 sour cabbagf.] A German dish made of cabbage. 
 
 Sbur'ly, ad. With acidity; with acrimony. 
 
 Sbur'ness, n. Acidity: — asperity. 
 
 Souse (soils), n. [A variant of Sauce.] Food made 
 of pigs' feet and ears pickled ; salt pickle :— a 
 plunge or dip.— 2, v. a. [pp. sousing, soused.] 
 To parboil and steep in pickle : — to strike ; to 
 throw or plunge into water. — 3, v. n. [Imita- 
 
 a, e, I, o, u, y, long ; a, e, l, 5, Q, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
SOUTH 
 
 505 
 
 SPARSENESS 
 
 tive.— Cf. Ger. saueen, to rush, to rustle ; sanse, a 
 wind ; suus, a buzz, bluster, a storm.] To fall, as 
 a bird on its prey. — 4, ad. With a sudden plunge. 
 
 South, w. [A.-S. sud, Dut. zmd, Dan. syd, Ger. 
 slid, Icel. sudr, 0. Icel. sunnr, 0. Ger. siuid, the 
 south : closely akin to Sun.] One of the cardinal 
 ppints; opposed to the north; the point toward 
 the sun at noon.— 2, a. Southern ; meridional. 
 — 3, ad. Toward, or from, the south. 
 
 Sbfith-east', n. The point of the compass between 
 the east and south. — 2, a. Between the south 
 and east. [the south-east. 
 
 Sb'uth-east'er-ly, or Sbuth-east'ern, a. Toward 
 
 Soutft'er-ly. '[s uth'er-le or sbuth'er-le, W. J. 8m.], 
 a. Lying toward the south ; relating to the 
 south ; southern. 
 
 SoSth'ern [s iuth'ern or suth'ern, W. F. Ja. Sm.], a. 
 [A.-S! sudan, suderne, Dut. zuider, Dan. sondeu, 
 southern ; 0. Ger. mndroiii, southern, — literally, 
 south-running.] Belonging to the south; me- 
 ridional ; southerly. 
 
 South'ern-er, n. An inhabitant of the south. 
 
 Soiith'ern-mbst, a. Farthest south. 
 
 Sofith'ern-wood (-wild), n. A fragrant plant. 
 
 Sbuth'ing, n. Motion toward the south ; the pass- 
 ing of a heavenly body over the meridian : — dis- 
 tance to the south. 
 
 South' most, a. Farthest toward the south. 
 
 South'ron, n. An inhabitant of the south. 
 
 South' ward (south'ward or suth'ard), n. The 
 southern parts, countries, or regions. — 2, ad. 
 Toward the south. 
 
 South-west', «. The point of the compass between 
 the south and west. — 2, a. Between the south 
 and west. 
 
 Sbuth-west'er, n. A gale from the south-west : — 
 a sailor's hat for rough weather. 
 
 Sbuth-west'er-ly, a. Being in or coming from a 
 south-west direction. 
 
 Sbuth-west'ern, a. Toward the south-west. 
 
 Souvenir (sGv'ner), n. [Fr. for a "remembrance," 
 a "memorial;" souvenir, to remember; L. sub- 
 venire, to occur, to come to mind; sub. undtjr, 
 and venire, to come.] A remembrancer. 
 
 Sov'er-eign (&iiv'er-jn or sov'er-in), a. [Fr. sourc- 
 rain, sovereign; Late L. snperanus, principal, 
 chief; L. super, above.] Supreme in power; 
 chief; predominant; powerful; efficacious; ef- 
 fectual. — 2, n. One invested with absolute 
 authority; a supreme ruler; a monarch: — an 
 English gold coin of the value of 20s. 
 
 Sov'er-eign-ty. (suv'er-in-te), n. Supreme power; 
 high authority ; royalty. 
 
 Sow, n. [A.-S. sm, sugu; Dut. zog ; Dan. so; Ger. 
 sau; L. sits; Gr. cru? or vs. — Cf. Hoc] A female 
 pig ; the female of a boar. 
 
 Sow (so), v. a. [A.-S. soman; Dut. zaaijen; Ger. 
 s'den; L. serere, seal, satum.] [i. sowed; pp. sow- 
 ing, sown or sowed.] To scatter, as seed; to 
 spread. — 2, v. n. To scatter seed ; to plant. 
 
 Sow'er (so'er), n. One who sows: 
 
 Sown (son), p. from sow. 
 
 Soy, n. [Japanese.] A kind of sauce from Japan : 
 — a kind of bean from which soy is made. 
 
 Spa [spaw, H. St. Sm.], n. [From Spa. in Belgium.] 
 A mineral spring, as at the town of Spa. 
 
 Space, n. [Fr. espace ; L. spatium. — Cf. Gr. crna- 
 eiv, to draw; Skr. sphay, to swell.] Room; ex- 
 tension : — a short time. — 2, v. a. [pp. spacing, 
 spaced.] To arrange with suitable spaces. 
 
 Spa'cious (spa/shus), a. [Fr. spacieux; L. spatiosus.] 
 Wide ; extensive ; roomy. 
 
 Spa'cious-ness (spa/shus-nes), «. Roominess. 
 
 Spade, n. [A.-S. spsedu, spada, Dan. & Dut. spade, 
 Ger. spate, a spade ; Gr. a-rrddrj, a blade. — Cf. It. 
 spada; a sword.] A sort of shovel : — a suit of 
 cards.— 2, v. a. [pp. spading, spaded.] To dig 
 up with a spade. [A fleshy spike. 
 
 Spa'dix, n. FL. ; Gr. a-rrdSi^ , a palm-branch.] (Bot.) 
 
 Spahi (spa-e), m. [Fr.— See Sepoy.] A Turkish or 
 Algerian cavalryman. 
 
 Spake, v. Did speak; spoke. [Antiq. & Poet.] 
 
 Span, n. [A.-S. spannan, to bind ; Dut. spanuen, 
 to stretch, to yoke up, to harness up; A.-S. 
 spann, Dut. span, Ger. spanne, a hand-breadth, a 
 span ; spann, a team. — Cf. Gr. o-rrdei.v, to stretch.] 
 The space from the end of the thumb to the end 
 of the little finger, extended ; nine inches : — any 
 short duration : — a pair or a team of hoises: — 
 extent, as of a bridge. — Span roof, a common 
 roof of a house, consisting of two regularly-in- 
 clined sides. — 2, v. a. [pp. spanning, spanned.] 
 To measure, as by the hand extended. 
 
 Span'drel, n. [Probably from Span.] (Arch.) The 
 triangular space included between the curve of 
 an arch and the square head or drip-stone over it. 
 
 Spah'gle, n. [Dim. of 0. E. spang, Ger. & A.-S. 
 spange, a clasp or brooch. — Cf. Gael, spang, that 
 which shines; Lith. spingeti, to glitter.] A small 
 plate of shining metal. — 2, v. a. [pp. spangling, 
 spangled.] To besprinkle with spangles. 
 
 Span'iard (span'yard), n. A native of Spain. 
 
 Span'iel (span'yel), n. [Fr. espagnoh Sp. espaflol, 
 Spanish; Sp. Espafta, L. Hispauia, Spain; O. Fr. 
 espagneul, a Spanish dog, a spaniel.] A sporting- 
 dog, [lating to Spain. 
 
 Span'ish, n. The language of Spain. — 2, a. Re- 
 
 Span'ish-fly, n. A fly used to raise blisters. 
 
 Spank, v. a. [Imitative, or related to Span.] [pp. 
 spanking, spanked.] To strike with the open 
 hand.— 2, c. //. To trot smartly. — 3, n. A blow 
 with the open hand. 
 
 Spank'er, n. A sail rigged with a gaff and boom. 
 
 Spank'ing, a. Large; line; strong. [Low.] 
 
 Span'-new, a. [Ger. spanneu ; span, a chip, and 
 neu, new; like a chip fresh from the block.] 
 Quite new ; brand-new. 
 
 Span'-worm (-wiirm), n. An insect larva, or cat- 
 erpillar, which moves by loops or spans. 
 
 Spar, n. [A.-S. spser, spier-stan: perhaps related 
 to Spur. — Cf. Ger. aparkaik, piaster.] A crystal- 
 lized mineral: — a boxing-match :— [Dut. spar; 
 Irish sparr ; Dan. sparre ; Ger. sparren : probably 
 related to Spear] a rafter : — a round piece of 
 timber. — 2, v. n. [Fr. s'eparer, 0. Fr. esparer, to 
 kick, to strike. — Cf. It. wparare, to kick, to let 
 fly ; Russ. spor, a dispute ; Teutonic root spar, to 
 shake.] [pp. sparring, sparred.] To fight; to 
 quarrel ; to dispute. [shoes. 
 
 Spar'a-ble, n. [For sparrou-bill.] A small nail for 
 
 Spare, v. a. [A.-S. spartan : Ger. & Dut. sparen : 
 Dan. spare; L. parcere.] (pp. sparing, spared.] 
 To preserve; to save: — to use frugally: — to 
 afford; to grant :— to forbear to inflict ur to pun- 
 ish. — 2, v. n. To be frugal, tender, or merciful. 
 — 3. a. [A.-S. spser, sperlic ; Ger. sparlich; Dan. 
 sparsom; L. parens.] Scanty; frugal: — lean; 
 thin : — superfluous; not in use; not wanted. 
 
 Spare'lx, ad. In a spare manner ; sparingly. 
 
 Spare'ness, n. State of being spare. 
 
 Spare'rib, n. [Spare, thin, and Rib.] Ribs of 
 pork with little flesh. 
 
 Spar'ing, a. Frugal; saving; forbearing. 
 
 Spar'ing-ly, ad. Not abundantly ; frugally. 
 
 Spark, n. [A.-S. spearca, Low Ger. sparks, a spark ; 
 Icel. spraka, Dan. sprage, to crackle.] A particle 
 of fire :— [cf. Local E. sprack, Local Sw. spr'dh, 
 Norw. sprsek, cheerful, lively] a gallant. — 2, r. n. 
 [pp. sparking, sparked.] To play the gallant. 
 
 Spar'kle (spar'kl), n. [A dim. and frequentative 
 of Spark.] A spark; a luminous particle. — 
 2, v. v. [pp. sparkling, sparkled.] To emit 
 sparks; to shine ; to glitter. 
 
 Spar' row, n. [A.-S. spearwa ; Dan. spnrv ; 0. Ger. 
 sparo ; Goth, spariua ; Ger. sperling : root spar, to 
 shake, to quiver.] A small bird of many species. 
 
 Spar' row-hawk, n. A small kind of hawk. 
 
 Spar'ry, a. Consisting of, or resembling, spar. 
 
 Sparse, a. [L. spargere, sparsum, to scatter.] 
 Thinly scattered ; not dense. 
 
 Sparse'ly, ad. In a sparse manner; thinly. 
 
 Sparse'ness, n. State of being sparse. 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — Q, Q, c, £, soft; p, ja, p, g, 
 
 w 43 
 
 ! ; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 
 
SPAKTAN 
 
 506 
 
 SPEECH 
 
 Spar'tan, a. Relating to Sparta: — hardy; brave. 
 -=-2, It. A native of Sparta. 
 
 Spasm, n. [Gr. o-rrao-jxo';; airdeLV, to draw.] A 
 violent convulsion : — cramp. 
 
 Spas-mod'ic, a. Having spasms; convulsive; vio- 
 lent and short-lived. 
 
 Spa§-mod'i-cal-ly, ad. In a spasmodic manner. 
 
 Spat, i. from' spill Did spit. [Nearly obs.] — 2, n. 
 [Akin to Spit.] The young, or eggs, of an oys- 
 ter: — [see Spit and Spitfire] a slight quarrel. 
 
 Spate, n. [Irish, speid.] A flood; a freshet. 
 
 Spa-tha'ceous (spa-tha'shus), o. [Neo-Latin, spa- 
 t'haceus. — See Spathe.] (Hot.) Relating to, or 
 enclosed in, a spathe. 
 
 Spathe, n. [L. spatha, a spade. — See Spatula.] 
 (Bot.) A bract; a kind of sheath. 
 
 Spath'jc, a. [Ger. spath, spar; spaten, a spade 
 (q. v.).] (Min.) Foliated; lamellar. 
 
 Spath'ose, \a. Relating to, or formed like, a 
 
 Spath'ous, J spathe; spatliaceous : — sparry. 
 
 Spat'ter, v. a. [Frequentative: allied to Spot.] 
 [pp.' spattering, spattered.] To sprinkle; to 
 throw ; to asperse. 
 
 Spat'ter-dash-e§, n. pi. Coverings for the legs. 
 
 Spat'u-la, n. [L., dim. of spathu, a spade (q. v.).] 
 An apothecary's knife. 
 
 Spat' u -late, a. Shaped like a spatula. 
 
 Spav'in, n. [0. Fr. esparvain, Fr. epannn, Sp. 
 espa'ruvin, a spavin, or a sparrow-hawk : from 
 the hopping and sparrow-like gait of a spavined 
 horse. — See Sparrow.] A disease or bony ex- 
 crescence on the inside of a horse's hock. 
 
 Spav'ined (spav'ind), a. Diseased with spavin. 
 
 Spawn, n. [0. Fr. espandre, It. spandere, to spill ; 
 L. expander e, to spread, to expand (q. v.). — Cf. 
 Fr. epancher, to spill; epanouir, to blossom, to 
 expand.] The eggs of fish or frogs; offspring. — 
 2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. spawning, spawned.] To 
 deposit spawn ; to produce, as fishes ; to generate. 
 
 Spay, v. a. [L. spudo, Gr. crTraStov, a eunuch.] 
 [pp. staying, spayed.] To castrate (said of 
 female animals). 
 
 Speak, v. n. [A.-S. sprecan and specan ; Dut. 
 spreken ; Ger. sprechen.] [i. spoke {formerly 
 spake) ; pp. speaking, spoken (obs. spoke).] To 
 express thoughts by words; to utter words; to 
 talk; to discourse.— 2, v. a. To utter; to pro- 
 nounce; to delirer. 
 
 Speak' er, v. One who speaks :— the presiding 
 officer in a deliberative assembly. 
 
 Speak'er-ship, ». The office of speaker. 
 
 Spear, n. [A.-S. spere ; Dut. & Ger. speer ; Dan. 
 spser ; L. sparus: akin to Spar.] A long, pointed 
 weapon; a lance. — 2, v. a. [pp. spearing, 
 speared.] To kill or pierce with a spear. 
 
 Spear'man, n. One who carries a spear. 
 
 Spear'mi'nt, n. A species of mint. 
 
 Spe"cial (spesh'al), a. [L. specialis, belonging to a 
 species (/y. r.).] Particular; peculiar ; extraor- 
 dinary; uncommon; especial. 
 
 Spe"cial-ist (spesh'al-ist), n. One devoted to a 
 special pursuit. 
 
 Spe-ci-al'i-ty. (spesh-e-al'e-te), n. [L. specialitas; 
 Fr. ' speciali'te.] The' quality of being special; 
 special characteristic :— specialty ; special object 
 or pursuit. 
 
 Spe-cial-i-za'tion (spesh-al-e-za'shun), n. [Fr. 
 specialisation.]' Application to a special use. 
 
 Spe"cial-ize (spesh'al-iz), v. a. [Fr. spetiidiser.] 
 [pp. specializing, specialized.] To devote to 
 special uses : — to form in a special way. 
 
 Spe"cial-ly (spesh'al-e), ad. Particularly, chiefly. 
 
 Spe"cial-ty (spesh'al-te), n. Particularity; spe- 
 cial pursuit. — {Law.) " A writing or deed under 
 the hand and seal of the parties. 
 
 Spe'cie (spe'she), n. [Originally, money paid in 
 specie [L.], i.e., in visible coin ; L. species, appear- 
 ance. — See Species.] Coin; gold, silver, or other 
 metal used as currency. 
 
 Spe'cies (spe'shez), n. [L. species, appearance, 
 kind; specere, to see. — See Spy.] A number of 
 
 things comprehended under a genus ; a group ; 
 a sort ; a kind ; a subdivision. 
 
 Spe-cific, a. [Fr. speeifique ; Late L. specificus. — 
 See Specify.]"" That makes a thing of the spe- 
 cies of which it is; distinguishing oue from an- 
 other; peculiar:— appropriated to the cure of 
 some disease. — 2, n. An efficacious medicine. 
 
 Spe-cif i-cal-ly, ad. In a specific manner. 
 
 Spec-i-fi-ca'tion, n. [Ft. specification. A Act of speci- 
 fying;' distinct notation ; particular mention. 
 
 Spec'i-fy, v. a. [Fr. specifier ; L. species, kind, and 
 fieri, to become.] [pp. specifying, specified.] To 
 mention particularly ; to note distinctly ; to par- 
 ticularize. 
 
 Spec'i-men, n. [L. for "example," "proof;" 
 specere, to see.] A small portion of any thing 
 employed to show the quality of the whole ; a 
 part like the rest ; a sample ; model. 
 
 Spe'cious (spe'shus), a. [L. speciosus, good-look- 
 ing; species, appearance.] Plausible; colorable: 
 — not solidly but apparently good or right. 
 
 Spe'cious-ly. (spe'shus-le), ad. Plausibly. 
 
 Spe'cious-ness, n. State of being specious. 
 
 Speck, n. [A.-S. specca, a spot ; Low Ger. spalcen, 
 to spot; spalcig, specked.] A small discoloration ; 
 a spot; a stain. — 2, v. a. [pp. specking, specked.] 
 To spot ; to stain in spots. 
 
 Speck'le (spek'kl), n. [A dim. of Speck.] A 
 speck; a little spot.— 2, v. a. [pp. speckling, 
 speckled.] To mark with small spots. 
 
 Spec'ta-cle (-ta-kl), n. [Fr. ; L. spectaculum, a 
 show ; spectare, to view ; specere, speetvm, to see. 
 — See Spy.] A show; an exhibition; a sight. 
 — pi. Glasses to assist the sight. 
 
 Spec'ta-cled (spek'ta-kld), a. Wearing spectacles. 
 
 Spec-tac'u-lar, a. Of the nature of a show. 
 
 Spec-ta'tor, n. [L. for "beholder;" spectare, to 
 behold ;' specere, spectum, to see.] A looker-on; 
 a beholder. 
 
 Spec-ta'tress, n. A female looker-on. 
 
 SpeVtral, a. Relating to spectres or the spectrum. 
 
 Spec'tre (spek'ter), n. [Fr. specie.— See Spec- 
 trum.] An apparition ; a ghost. 
 
 Spec'tro-scope, n. [L. spectrum, a spectrum, and 
 Gr. root anon-, to see.] An instrument for ex- 
 amining the spectra formed by passing the light- 
 rays given forth from luminous bodies through a 
 prism or a series of prisms. [to spectroscopy. 
 
 Spec-tro-scop'ic, a. Relating to the spectroscope or 
 
 Spec'tro-sco-pist, or Spec-tros'co-pist, n. One 
 versed in the use of the' spectroscope. 
 
 Spec-tros'co-py, n. The art of using the spectro- 
 scope ; examination by the spectroscope. 
 
 Spec'trum, n. ; pi. Spec'tra. [L. for "a vision," 
 "a sight;" specere, to see.] A representation; 
 an image ; a visible form : — a figure of colored 
 light formed by the dispersion of a beam of light 
 by means of a prism. 
 
 SpeVu-lar, a. [L. sp<?c?<Znris.— See Speculum.] 
 Relating to a mirror or glass. 
 
 Spec'u-late, v. n. [L. speculari, specidatum, to be- 
 hold; specula, a watch-tower; specere, to see,] 
 [pp. speculating, speculated.] To meditate; to 
 theorize : — to buy in order to sell again ; to 
 traffic ; to make business ventures. 
 
 Spec-u-la'tion, n. [L. speculatio, a view.] The 
 act of speculating ; view ; examination ; contem- 
 plation ; scheme; theory: — a mercantile transac- 
 tion or venture. [five ; theoretical. 
 
 Spee'ii-la-tive, a. [L. specidatiuns.] Contempla- 
 
 Spec'u-la-tive-ly, ad. Ideally ; theoretically. 
 
 Spec'u-la-tor, n. [L. speculator.] One who specu- 
 lates. 
 
 Spec'u-la-to-ry, a. Exercising speculation. 
 
 Spec'u-lum", «.'; pi. Spec'u-la. [L. for "a mir- 
 ror;" specere, to see.] A mirror; a looking- 
 glass : — a surgical instrument. 
 
 Sped, i. & p. from speed. 
 
 Speech, n. [A.-S. spsec— See Speak.] Articulate 
 utterance; language; talk: — an address; an ora- 
 tion ; a discourse. 
 
 0) u, y, 
 
 r; a., e, I, o, ii, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
SPEECHLESS 
 
 507 
 
 SPINDLE 
 
 Speech/less, a. Deprived of speech ; unable to 
 speak ; 'cfomb ; mute; silent; taciturn. 
 
 Speed, v. u. [A.-S. sped; Dut. spoed; A.-S. spowan, 
 to succeed. — Cf. Skr. sphiti, increase, success; 
 sphay, to increase.] [i. sped; pp. speeding, sped.] 
 To make haste ; to move fast ; to succeed. — 2, v, a. 
 To hasten ; to despatch ; to assist : — to test the 
 speed of. — 3, n. Quickness; celerity; haste. 
 
 Speed'er, ft. One who speeds : — a machine. 
 
 Speed'i-ly, ad. With haste or speed; quickly. 
 
 Speed'weLl, n. A plant, veronica. 
 
 Speed'x," a. [A.-S. spedig.~\ Quick; swift; not 
 slow ;' near at hand ; near in future time. 
 
 Spell, n. [A.-S. snel; Icel. spjal ; A.-S. spellian, to 
 tell, to relate.] A charm ; incantation ; en- 
 chantment : — [A.-S. spelian, to act as proxy ; Ger. 
 spielen, to play] a turn of work :— a short time : 
 — [see Spile] a slip of paper or thin wood. 
 — 2, v. a. & v. ft. [A.-S. spellian, to relate ; Dut. 
 spellen, to spell ; and partly, it may be, from 
 O. E. spell, a splint, a pointer. — See Spile.] [i. 
 spelled or spelt; pp. spelling;, spelled or spelt.] 
 To name or write the letters forming a word : — to 
 discover by marks : — to relieve by taking a turn 
 at work. 
 
 Spell'bSund, a. Bound by a spell. 
 
 Spell'er, »/. One who spells : — a spelling-book. 
 
 Spell'ing, ft. Act of one who spells; orthography. 
 
 Spell'ing-book (-buk), n. A book teaching or- 
 thography ; an elementary school-book. 
 
 Spelt, n. [A.-S. & Dut. spelt; Ger. spelz.] A kind 
 of grain or wheat. — 2, i. & p. from spell. 
 
 Spel'ter, n. [Low Ger. spiaUer; Dut. apiauter. — 
 Cf. Icel. spilda, a flake; Goth, spilda, a tablet; 
 Ger. spallen, to split.] Impure or commercial 
 zinc. 
 
 Spence, n. [0. Fr. despense, a store-room. — See 
 Dispense.] A pantry : — a living-room. 
 
 Spen'cer, n. [Named from John Charles, third 
 earl Spencer, 1782-1845. The family name was 
 once despenser, signifying a dispenser, a steward.] 
 A short outer garment : — a kind of sail. 
 
 Spend, v. «. [A.-S. spendan; Ital. spendere; from 
 L. dispendium, expense ; dis-, apart, ami 
 to weigh, to dispense.] [i. spent; pp. spending, 
 spent.] To consume ; to exhaust; to waste; to 
 expend. — 2, v. n. To make expense ; to be lost, 
 expended, or used up. 
 
 Spend' thrift, «. A prodigal ; a lavisher. 
 
 Sperm, n. [Gr. a-rreppa, seed; <rTreipeii>, to sow.] 
 Animal seed; spawn : — spermaceti. 
 
 Sper-ma-ce'ti, ». [Late L. spenua eeii, whale's 
 sperm; cetus, Gr. kt)tos, a whale.] A substance 
 obtained from the oil found in the head of the 
 sperm-whale, — used for candles, &c. 
 
 Sper-mat'ic, a. [Gr. o-rreppaTin6<;.— See Sperm.] 
 Relating to, or consisting of, sperm; seminal. 
 
 Sp'e'r-ma-to-zo'on, n. ; pi. Sper-ma-to-zo'a. [Gr. 
 arreppa, <riripp.a.To<;, seed, and £yov, an animal.] 
 A viluatile spermatic cell. 
 
 Sperm'-oil, n. Oil from the sperm-whale. 
 
 Sperm'-whale, n. Spermaceti whale;- cachalot. 
 
 Spew (spu), v. a. [A.-S. spiwan; Dut. spuuwen; 
 Dan. spye; Ger. speien; L. spnere. — See Spit.] 
 [pp. spewing, spewed.] To vomit; to cast forth" 
 — 2, v. n. To vomit; to ease the stomach. 
 
 Sphac'e-late (sfas'e-lat), v. a. & r. n. [Gr. crcjxxKe- 
 Ao?, gansrreue.] [pp. sphacelating, sphacelated.] 
 To mortify. 
 
 Sphac-e-la'tion, n. Mortification ; gangrene. 
 
 Sphag-'nous, a. [Gr. o-cpdyvos, a kind of moss.] 
 Mossy ; boggy. 
 
 Sphe'noid, \a. [Gr. <x^>r)v, a wedge; <r<$>r\- 
 
 Sphe-nbid'al, J ^oetSrjs, wedge-shaped.] Wedge- 
 shaped :— applied to a bone in the head. 
 
 Spher'al, a. [L. sphxralis.—See Sphere.] Of or 
 pertaining to the spheres or heavenly bodies; 
 inhabiting the spheres: — rounded into a sphere : 
 — complete; perfect. 
 
 Sphere (sfer), n. [L. sphzera, Gr. a^alpa, a ball: 
 akin to o-Treipeiv, to throw, to scatter.] A solid 
 
 body bounded by a surface of which every point 
 is equally distant from the centre within ; a 
 globe; orb: — circuit; province: — compass of 
 knowledge or action. — 2, v. a. [pp. sphering, 
 sphered.] To form or place in a sphere. 
 
 Spher'ic, \a. [Gr. o-^cupiKo?.] Relating to, or 
 
 Spher'i-cal, J formed like, a sphere ; globular. 
 
 Spher'i-cal-lj;, ad. In the form of a sphere. 
 
 Sphe-ric'i-tx, n. Quality of being spherical. 
 
 Spher ics, >?. The doctrine and properties of the 
 sphere ; spherical trigonometry. 
 
 Sphe'rcfd, n. [Gr. o-t/mipoeiS^s, sphere-like.] A 
 body resembling a sphere. [spheroid. 
 
 Sphe-rbid'al, a. Having the form of, or like, a 
 
 Spher'ule, n. [L. sph^erula, a little sphere (q. v.).] 
 A little globe or sphere. 
 
 SpMnc'ter, n. [Gr. a^iyKr-qp ; a(plyyeiv, to bind.] 
 A constrictory muscle. 
 
 Sphinx, n. [L. ; Gr. a-<piy^; from crcpiyyeiv, to 
 bind, to pinch, to choke. j A monster having 
 the face of a woman and the body of a lion : — a 
 fabulous monster which slew these who could 
 not guess the riddles it proposed. 
 
 Spi'cate, a. [L. spicare, spicatum, to furnish with 
 a spike (a. v.).] (Bot.) Spiked ; having a spike. 
 
 Spice, ft. [L. species, a kind, — later, a drug.] An 
 aromatic substance used in cookery: — a small 
 quantity : — a seasoning. — 2, v. a. [pp. spicing, 
 spiced.] To season with spice ; to flavor. 
 
 Spi'cer-x, n. [Fr. epkerie. — See Spice.] Spices : — 
 a repository of spices. 
 
 Spi'ci-ly, ad. In a pungent manner; piquantly. 
 
 Spic'ii-la, n. ; pi. Spic'u-lae. [L. ; dim. of spied, a 
 spike.]' A small spike : a spikelet; a spicule. 
 
 Spic'ule, ft. A small spike; a spicula. 
 
 Spi'cx, a. Aromatic: — pungent; keen; piquant. 
 
 Spi'der, ft. [For spinner; Dut. spin, Dan. spinder, 
 Ger'. spinne, a spider.] An insect or animal that 
 spins a web for flies :— a sort of iron stewpan. 
 
 Spie'gel-ei-sen (-i-zn), n. [Ger. for ''mirror- 
 iron.'"] A form of iron used in making Besse- 
 mer steel. [a hole ; a faucet. 
 
 Spig'ot, n. [Dim. of Spike.] A pin or peg to stop 
 
 Spike, n. [L. spica, a spike, an ear of corn ; Dut. 
 spijker, Icel. spil;, Dan. spiger, Ger. spieker, a 
 nail.] An ear of corn : — a large nail: — a long 
 cluster of flowers. —2, v. a. [pp. spiking, 
 spiked.] To fasten or set with spikes, &c. 
 
 Spike'let, n. A little spike. 
 
 Spike'nard. n. [Spike and Naj&d.] An aromatic 
 plantand its oil or balsam. 
 
 Spi'ky, a. Having spikes ; having a point. 
 
 Spile, n. [A.-S. & Dut. spell, a pin ; spil, an axis; 
 root of Ger. spalten, to cleave.] A peg; a wooden 
 pin ; a spigot. 
 
 Spill, o. a. [A.-S. spillan, spildan, to destroy; spihl, 
 destruction; root of Ger. spalten, to split.] [i. 
 spilt or spilled ; pp. spilling, spilt or spilled.] To 
 shed; to pour out. — 2, v. n. To waste; to be 
 shed.— 3, n. [See Spile.] A plug or spile; a 
 spigot : — a twist of paper. 
 
 Spilth, n. [A.-S. spild, destruction, spilling.] 
 That which is spilt. 
 
 Spin, v. a. A* v. n. [A.-S. spinnan ; Dut. spinnen ; 
 Ger. spinnen ; from the root of Gr. airaeiv, to 
 draw out.] [i. spun or span; pp. spinning, 
 spun.] To draw out into threads; to form 
 threads: — to protract; to draw out: — to move 
 or whirl swiftly. — 2, n. A rapid course. 
 
 Spin'ach (or spin'aj), ?*. [Fr. epinard; 0. Fr. es- 
 pinace; Sp. espinaca ; Arab, isfanaj, asfanalh.] A 
 garden-plant, cultivated for the table' : — written 
 also spinage. 
 
 Spin'a-ker, or Spin'na-ker, «. [A variant of 
 Spanker; affected by Spin, to race.] | Yachting.) 
 A jib-headed racing-sail. [backbone. 
 
 Spi'nal, a. [L. spinalis.] Kelating to the spine or 
 
 Spin'dle (spin'dl), n. [A.-S. spinl; Ger. spin del : 
 root of Spin.] A pin used in spinning; a stalk. 
 — 2, v. w. [pp. spindling, spindled.] To shoot 
 into a small stalk. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — g, Qr, c, £, soft; p, ja, p, §, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 
 
SPINE 
 
 508 
 
 SPOIL 
 
 Spine, n. [L. spina, a thorn, — also the backbone ; 
 from its .processes.] The backbone : — a large 
 thorn ; a prickle ; a projecting point. 
 
 Spi'nel [spi-nel', I. N.~\, n. [i'r. spinelle ; It. spi- 
 nella.] A species of ruby ; a gem. 
 
 Spin'et, or Spi-net', n. [0. Fr. espinetle ; Ital. 
 spinetta: from' its inventor, G. Spinetti, who lived 
 in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.] A mu- 
 sical stringed instrument; a small harpsichord. 
 
 Spi-nif'er-ous, a. [L. spina, a thorn, and /erre, to 
 
 , bear.]" Bearing thorns. 
 
 Spin'ner, n. One who spins : — a 6pider. 
 
 iSpin'ner-et, n. A spider's organ for spinning. 
 
 Spin'ning-wheel, n. A wheel for spinning. 
 
 Spin'ny, Spin'ney, n. [Fr. epinaie, L. spinetum, 
 a thicket of thorns; spina, a thorn.] A copse ; 
 a grove of trees. 
 
 Spi'nose, a. [L. spinosus.] Spinous; spiny ; thorny. 
 
 Spi-nos'i-ty, n. [L. spinositas.] State of being 
 spiny or thorny. 
 
 Spi'nous, a. Thorny; spinose. 
 
 Spin'ster, n. [Dut. spinster, a female spinner. — 
 See Spin.] A woman that spins : — a maiden : — 
 an unmarried woman. 
 
 Spi'ny, a. Thorny ; briery ; perplexed. 
 
 Spir'a-cle, or Spi'ra-cle, n. [L. spiraculum ; spirare, 
 to breathe.] A breathing-hole ; a vent ; a pore. 
 
 Spi-rse'a, n. [L. ; Gr. crneipaia ; crneipa, a coil, a 
 wreath.] A genus of shrubs and herbs. 
 
 Spi'ral, a. [L. spiralis.— See Spire.] Winding or 
 circular, like a screw. 
 
 Spi'ral-ly, ad. In a spiral form. 
 
 Spire, n. [L. spira, Gr. amelpa, a coil.] A curve 
 line ; a wreath : — [A.-S. spir, a stalk ; Dan. spire, 
 a sprout; Ger. spiere, a spar. — Cf. Spear] a 
 steeple :— a sprout.— 2. v. n. [pp. spiring, spired.] 
 To shoot up pyramidally. 
 
 Spir'jt, n. [L. spiritus, a breathing, a spirit; spi- 
 rare, to breathe.] An intelligent being imper- 
 ceptible to the corporeal senses; an immaterial 
 substance; the soul; a ghost: — temper; disposi- 
 tion: — excitement; ardor; vigor; life; strong 
 liquor. — 2, v. a. [pp. spiriting, spirited.] To 
 animate ; to excite ; to inspirit :— to kidnap ; to 
 convey secretly and swiftly. 
 
 Spir'it-ed, a. Lively; vivacious; full of fire. 
 
 Spir'it-ed-ly, ad. In a lively manner. 
 
 Spir'it-i§m,'n. [Fr. spiritisme.] A belief in spirit 
 independent of the body; a belief in the possi- 
 bility of intercourse with spirits. 
 
 Spir'it-ist, n. [Fr. spiritiste.] One who believes 
 in the possibility of intercourse with spirits. 
 
 Spir'it-less, a. Wanting spirit ; dejected; low. 
 
 Spir'it-lev'el, n. A levelling instrument formed 
 of a glass tube filled with spirit of wine. 
 
 Spir-i-to'§5. [It.] (Mm.) With spirit. 
 
 Spir'its, n. pi. Alcoholic distilled liquor:— vi- 
 vacity ; liveliness of manner. 
 
 Spir'it-u-al (spir'jt-yu-al), a. [L. spiritualis. — See 
 Spirit.]' Relating to the spirit or soul ; partak- 
 ing of spirit ; immaterial ; incorporeal : — relating 
 to religion; holy; pure; heavenly :— ecclesias- 
 tical ; not temporal. 
 
 Spir'it-u-al-i§m, w. [Fr. spiritualisme.] Spiritual 
 nature :— the doctrine that all that is real is 
 spiritual : — opposed to materialism : — the doctrine 
 that intercourse is held with departed spirits. 
 
 Spir'it-u-al-ist, ». [Fr. spiritual iste.] One who is 
 spiritual :— an adherent to spiritualism. 
 
 Spir-it-u-al'i-ty, n. [L. spiritualitas.] State of 
 being spiritual ; immateriality :— pure devotion. 
 
 Spir-it-u-al-i-za'tion, v. Act of spiritualizing. 
 
 Spir'it-u-al-ize, v. 'a. [Fr. spiritualiser.] [pp. spir- 
 itualizing, spiritualized.] To render spiritual; 
 to refine; to purify : — to raise by distillation. 
 Spir'it-u-al-ly, ad. In a spiritual manner. 
 Spir'it-u-ous (splr'it-yu-us), a. [Fr. spiritueux.] 
 
 Having the quality of spirit; active ; ardent. 
 Spi-rom'e-ter, n. [L. spirare, to breathe, and Gr. 
 l*eTpov,'a, measure.] An instrument for measur- 
 ing the quantity of air concerned in respiration. 
 
 Spirt, v. a. & v. n. [A.-S. sprytlav, to shoot; spreo- 
 tan, to sprout.] [pp. spirting, spirted.] To 
 stream or throw out, as a fluid ; to throw out ; to 
 spurt. — 2, n. An ejection ; a short effort ; a spurt. 
 Spit, v. n. & v. a. [A.-S. spittan; Dan. spytte ; Ger. 
 spiitzen; L. spuere, sputum.} [i. spit or spat ; pp. 
 spitting, spit, spitted or spitten :—spat, spitted, 
 and spitten are nearly obsolete.] To throw out 
 spittle; to eject.— 2, n. Saliva; spittle :— [A.-S. 
 spitu, Dut. spiit, Dan. spid, Ger. spitze, a point; 
 Icel. spyta, a spit] a rod or prong used for roast- 
 ing meat: — a long sand-bank. — 3, v. a. [i. & p. 
 spitted.] To put on a spit. 
 Spite, v. [A contraction of Despite.] A sudden 
 fit of ill-will ; malice; rancor; hate; malignity: 
 —defiance; despite. — In spite of, notwithstand- 
 ing; in defiance of. — 2, v. a. [pp. spiting, 
 spited.] To vex ; to thwart; to offend. 
 Spite' ful, a. Full of spite; malicious. 
 Spite'ffil-ly, ad. Maliciously; malignantly. 
 Spite'ful-ness, n. Malice; malignity. 
 Spit' tie, n. [A dim. of Spit ; A.-S. spatl] Moisture 
 
 of the mouth ; saliva. 
 Spit-t68n', n. A vessel or box to spit in. 
 Spitz, \ n. [Ger. spitz, sharp, a sharp-nosed 
 
 Spitz'-dog, j dog.] A small variety of dog with 
 
 silky hair, erect ears, and a sharp nose. 
 Splash, v. a. [A variant of Plash : imitative.] 
 [pp. splashing, splashed.] To spatter with Mater 
 or mud. — 2, n. Water and mud thrown ; a stain. 
 Splash'y, a. Full of dirty water; wet. 
 Splay, v. a. [For display. Display formerly meant 
 to carve at table, — hence, to disjoint.] [pp. 
 splaying, splayed.] To dislocate or break:— to 
 slope. — 2, n. A sloping suriace. — 3, a. Dis- 
 played ; turned outward. 
 Spleen, n. [L. splen or lien ; Gr. o-aXr\v; Skr. 
 plihan.] A spongy viscus; the milt: — the fan- 
 cied seat of melancholy and ill-humor : — ill-will ; 
 spite; ill-humor: — melancholy. 
 Spleen' ful, a. Peevish; fretful; spleeny. 
 Spleen'y, a. Peevish ; fretful ; splenetic. 
 Splen'did, a. [L. splendidvs ; splendere, to shine.] 
 Having splendor or great show ; brilliant ; showy ; 
 magnificent; heroic; siublime. 
 Splen'did-ly, ad. Magnificently ; showily. 
 Splen'dor, n. [L. — See Splendid.] A great show 
 or display; great brightness; brilliancy; lustre; 
 magnificence; grandeur; pomp. 
 Splen'e-tic [sple-net'ik, K. C. Ash, St. I. N.], a. 
 [L. splenelicus.) Full of spleen ; fretful ; peevish ; 
 irritable. [spleen. 
 
 Splen'ic, a. [Gr. o-ttAijvikos.] Relating to the 
 Splice, n. [Dut. splitsen, Dan. splidse, Ger. splissen, 
 to splice : root of Split : — ropes are split before 
 splicing.] The joining of two ropes without a 
 knot; a part added or spliced on. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 splicing, spliced.] To join the ends of a rope. 
 Splint, \n. [Ger., Dan., & Sw. splint, a splint; 
 Splin'ter, J Dut. splinter: root of Split.] A thin 
 piece of wood; a piece of wood split off: — a tu- 
 mor. — 2, v. a. [Dut. splinteren, Dan. splinb-e, 
 Sw. splinia, to split, to shiver.] [pp. splinting, 
 splinted ; splintering, splintered.] To secure 
 by splints; to splinter. 
 Splin'ter-y, a. Having splinters; scaly. 
 Split, v. a. [Dan. spliite ; Dut. splijten ; Ger. spleis- 
 sen.] [i. split {rarely splitted) ; pp. splitting, split, 
 rarely splitted.] To part asunder; to cleave; to 
 divide. — 2, v. n. To burst in sunder; to crack. — 
 3, n. [Dan. & Sw. split ; Ger. spleisse ; Dut. spleet.] 
 The act of splitting; crack; division. 
 Splut'ter, v. [Imitative.— Cf. Sputter.] Bustle ; 
 tumuit. [Vulg.]— 2, v. n. [pp. spluttering, splut- 
 tered.] To speak confusedly : — to spatter. 
 Spod'u-mene, n. [Gr. <nro&ovp.evo<;, burnt to ashes ; 
 anoSovv, to consume ; ctttoSo?, ashes, embers.] 
 A foliated mineral. 
 Spoil, v. a. [Fr. spolier, L. spoliare, to despoil; 
 spolium, spoil, booty.] [pp. spoiling, spoiled or 
 spoilt.] To plunder ; to rob ; to corrupt. — 2, v. n. 
 
 a, e, i, o, 5, y, long ; a., e, i, 5, Q, y, sJiort; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
SPOILEE 
 
 509 
 
 SPKINGY 
 
 To practise robbery : — to decay. — 3, n. Plunder ; 
 pillage; booty; robbery. 
 
 Spoil'er, «. Oue who spoils; a plunderer. 
 
 Spoke, n. [A.-S. spaca; Dut. speek; Ger. speiche : 
 akin to Spike.] A bar of a wheel: — a round of 
 a ladder. — 2, i. from speak. 
 
 Spo'ken (spo'kn), p. from speak. 
 
 Spokes'man, n. One who speaks for another. 
 
 Spo'li-ate, v. a. [L. spoliare, spoliutum, to spoil.] 
 [pp. spoliating, spoliated.] To rob; to plunder. 
 
 Spo-li-a'tion, n. [L. spoliutio.] The act of robbing 
 or plundering ; robbery; plunder. 
 
 Spon-da'ic, I <i. [L. spondaicus ; Gr. cnrovb'eia- 
 
 Spon-da'i-cal, J kos.] Belonging to, or contain- 
 ing, a spondee. 
 
 Spon'dee, n. [Gr. o-novSeios ; anovSai, a solemn 
 treaty ; o-rrov8r), a solemn libation ; o-TrevSetr, to 
 pour : so called from its slow and solemn effect 
 in verse. — Cf. L. spondere, to pledge.] A foot of 
 two long syllables. 
 
 Sponge (spunj), n. [L. spongia; Gr. o-n-oyyta, 
 cnroyyos or afyoyyos. — Cf. FUNGUS.] A soft, 
 porous marine substance : — a substance for wip- 
 ing and cleaning, or for imbibing moisture : — 
 solt dough. — 2, v. a. [pp. sponging, sponged.] 
 To wipe, as with a sponge ; to blot :— to squeeze ; 
 to harass; to oppress. — 3, v. n. To imbibe: — to 
 live by mean arts. 
 
 Spon'fi-ness, n. Quality of being spongy. 
 
 Spon'gi-ole, ». [L. spongioid, a dim. of spongia, a 
 sponge.] A minute absorbing organ at the end 
 of a rootlet; a minute sponge-like organ. 
 
 Spon'gy, a. Soft and full of holes; wet. 
 
 Spon'sion, n. [L. sponsio, a pledge; spondere, sport- 
 sum, to pledge ; Gr. o-nevSecv, to pour a libation.] 
 , The act of becoming a surety. 
 
 Spon'sor, n. [L.— See Sponsion.] One who is 
 surety for an infant in baptism; a godfather or 
 a godmother. 
 
 Sp5n'sor-ship, n. State or office of a sponsor. 
 
 Spon-ta-ne'i-ty.,w. [Fr.spontanCitt.] Voluntariness. 
 
 Spon-ta'ne-otis, a. [L. spontaneous; spontt, of one's 
 own accord ; related to spondere, to pledge.'] 
 Acting of itself; voluntary. 
 
 Spon-ta'ne-ous-ly, ad. Voluntarily. 
 
 Spon-toSn , n. [Fr. sponton, It. spontone, spnntone, 
 a half-pike ; spnutare, to break off the point; L. 
 ex, off, and punctum, a point (q. v.).] A weapon 
 like a halberd. [phantom. 
 
 Spook, n. [Dut. spook; Ger. spuk.~\ A ghost; a 
 
 Sp661, n. [Dut. spoel; Dan. spole ; Ger. spide.] A 
 cylinder to wind thread on. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 spooling, spooled.] To wind, as on a spool. 
 
 Spoom, i'. n. [See Spume.] [pp. spooming, spoomed.] 
 (Naut.) To be driven by the wind. 
 
 SpSon, n. [A.-S. spon, Dut. & Dun. spaan, Ger. 
 span, a chip.] A utensil used in eating soft food. 
 — 2, v. n. [iip. spooning, spooned.] To lade with 
 a spoon : — to act the lover; to be sentimental. 
 
 Sp66n'-bill, n. A bird of the heron tribe. 
 
 Spoon'drift, n. [Spume and Drift.]' The light 
 spray blown off the waves by the wind. 
 
 SpoSn'ey, a. Soft, as if fed on spoon-meat ; weak- 
 minded : — weakly or foolishly in love. 
 
 Spoon' fiil, n. ; pi. Sp66n'ful§. As much as a spoon 
 can hold. 
 
 Sp66n'meat, n. Food taken with a spoon. 
 
 Sp66r, n. [Dut. — See Spue.] The track of a wild 
 animal. 
 
 Spo-rad'ic, a. [Gr. cnropaSiicos ; o-rreipeiv, to sow.] 
 Scattered; sporadical; attacking few at a t.me : 
 — applied to diseases. 
 
 Spore, n. [Gr. o-nopos, seed, a sowing; aneipeiv, 
 to sow.] (Bot.) The reproductive substance of 
 a flovverless plant. 
 
 Sport, n. [For disport (q. v.).] Diversion ; frolic ; 
 mirth : — diversion of the field, as fowling, hunt- 
 ing, &c. : -something of abnormal form. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. sporting, sported.] To divert; to make 
 merry. — ?,, r. n. To play ; to frolic : — to game : 
 — to assume an unusual form. 
 
 Sport' ful, a. Full of sport ; merry ; sportive. 
 
 Sport' ful-ly, ad. With sport; merrily. 
 
 Sport'ive, a. Gay; merry; playlul ; jocose. 
 
 Sport'ive-ly, ad. In a sportive manner. 
 
 Sports'man, «. ; pi. Sports'men. One who pur- 
 sues field-sports, as hunting, '&c. 
 
 Sports'man-ship, n. Practice of sportsmen. 
 
 Spor'ule, n. [Fr. ; dim. of Spore.] A minute spore. 
 
 Spot, n. [Dut. spat; Dan. spsette : probably related 
 to Spit.] A blot; taint; a stain; a speck; dis- 
 grace : — a small place. —2, v. a. [ pp. spotting, 
 spotted.] To mark with spots ; to disgrace. 
 
 Spot'less, a. Free from spots; innocent. 
 
 Spot'less-ness, n. State of being spotless. 
 
 Spot'ty, a. Full of spots; spotted. 
 
 Spou'sal, a. Nuptial; matrimonial; conjugal. — 
 2, n. ' Marriage. See Espousals. 
 
 Spouse, n. [Fr. epoux, epouse; 0. Fr. espous ; L. 
 sponsus, betrothed; spondere, sponsum, to pledge.] 
 A husband or a wife ; a person married. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. spousing, spoused.] To esptusj. 
 
 Spout, n. [Svv. sputa, for spruta, Dut. spuiten, to 
 spout ; spuit, a spout : related to Spirt and 
 Sprout.] A pipe or projecting mouth of a ves- 
 sel; a water-spout; a lalling stream. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. spouting, spouted.] To pour with violence; 
 to mouth. — 3, v. n. To issue as from a spout. 
 
 Sprain, v. a. [Fr. ipreindre, 0. Fr. espremdre, to 
 press; L. exprimere, to express (q. v.), to squeeze 
 out : put by confusion for Strain.] [pp.. sprain- 
 ing, sprained.] To overstrain the ligaments. — 
 2, n. A strain of ligaments without dislocation ; 
 a violent straining; a wrench. 
 
 Sprang, i. from spring. Sprung. 
 
 Sprat, n. [Dut. & Old Low Ger. sprot.— Cf. sprod, 
 a young salmon : perhaps related to Sprout.] A 
 small sea-fish, allied to the herring. 
 
 Sprawl, v. n. [A frequentative of Spread; Sw. 
 sprattla, — locally, spralla.] [pp. sprawling, 
 sprawled.] To spread and stretch the body or 
 limbs about widely ; to struggle. 
 
 Spray, n. [Cf. Dut. spreidan, to spread ; Low Ger. 
 spree, a spreading; Dut. sprei, a bed-spread.] 
 Water in fine particles : — [Dan. sprng, a sprig 
 {q. v.)] a twig.— 2, v. a. [pp. spraying,' sprayed.] 
 To besprinkle with spray. 
 
 SprSad (spred), v. a. [A.-S. sprmdan; Dut. sprei- 
 den; Ger. spreiten; Dan. sprede.] [i. spread: gp. 
 spreading, spread.] To extend in all directions; 
 to expand; to divulge; to disseminate; to dif- 
 fuse.— 2, v. n. To extend itself.— 3, u. Extent; 
 expansion : — a cloth or cover. 
 
 Spree, n. [Irish spre, a flush, animation ; spraic, 
 vigor; Fr. esprit, spirit (</. v.).] A noisy frolic; 
 a drinking-bout. 
 
 Sprig, if. [A.-S. spree; Icel. sprek ; Dan. sprag ; 
 Low Ger. sprikk; Lith. sproga: root of Sprout 
 and Spring.] A small branch ; a twig :— a brad. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. sprigging, sprigged.] To mark 
 or adorn with sprigs. 
 
 Spright (sprit), n. [For spirit] A spirit ; a sprite. 
 
 Spright'li-ness_ (sprit'-), n. Vigor; gayety. 
 
 Spright'ly (sprlt'le), a. [See Spirit.] Gay; lively. 
 
 Spring, r.n. [A.-S. springan; Dut. & Get. springen ; 
 Dan. spiringe.] [i. sprung or sprang ; pp. springing, 
 sprung.] To begin to grow ; to issue ; to arise : 
 — to bound ; to leap ; to start. — 2, v. a. To start ; 
 to rouse ; to discharge. — 3, n. The vernal season, 
 containing the months of March, April, and 
 May : — an elastic body or contrivance :— elastic 
 force ; a bound ; a leap :— a fountain ; a source. 
 
 Sprinfe, n. [From Spring.] A gin ; a noose to 
 catch by a jerk. — 2, v. a. [pp. springeing, 
 springed.] To ensnare ; to catch in a trap. 
 
 Sprmg'-halt, n. A lameness or halting, causing a 
 horse to twitch up his legs. 
 
 Spring'i-ness, n. Elasticity : — wetness. 
 
 Spring'-tlde, n. The highest tide for the month, 
 at new aud full moon : — opposed to neap-tide. 
 
 Spring'y, a. Full of springs and fountains : — that 
 springs; elastic. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nbr, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q, (?, 9, §•, soft; p, p, p, §, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 
 
 43* 
 
SPKINKLE 
 
 510 
 
 SQUAWK 
 
 Sprin'kle (sprlng'kl), v. a. [A.-S. sprengen, Ger. 
 sprenkeln, Dut. sprenkelen, to sprinkle, — origi- 
 nally, to cause to spring (q. v.) ; Ger. sprenkel, a 
 sprinkle.] [pp. sprinkling, sprinkled.] To scat- 
 ter; to besprinkle; to disperse; to bedew; to 
 wash. — 2, v. n. To scatter drops ; to rain. — 3, n. 
 A small quantity scattered. 
 
 Sprink'ler, u. One who sprinkles. 
 
 Sprink'ling, n. A scattering in small drops. 
 
 Sprint, n. [Cf. Tcel. spretta, base sprant, to spurt, 
 to spring.] A short foot-race. 
 
 Sprit, n. [A.-S. spreol, Dut. & Ger. spriet, Dan. 
 sprb'd, a pole, a shoot : root of Sprout.] A 
 sprout : — a small diagonal boom. 
 
 Sprite, n. [Fr. esprit, a spirit (q. v.).] A spirit; a 
 spright; a goblin; an elf. 
 
 Sprit' sail, n. (NauL) A sail attached to a yard 
 under the bowsprit : — a sail mounted with a sprit. 
 
 Sprout, v. n. [0. Fris. spruta, Dut. spruiten, Low 
 Ger. spruten, Ger. spriessen, to sprout ; Dut. spruit, 
 Icel. sproti, Ger. spross, a sprout.] [pp. sprout- 
 ing, sprouted.] To germinate ; to shoot. — 2, n. 
 The shoot of a vegetable. 
 
 Spruce, «. [0. E. Spruce, Prussia, or Prussian; 
 spruce-leather was a fine Prussian leather. The 
 costume of the early Prussian gentry was pro- 
 verbially rich and costly.] Nice ; trim ; neat 
 without elegance. — 2, v. n. [pp- sprucing, 
 spruced.] To dress with affected neatness. — 
 3, v. a. To trim ; to dress ; to prink. — 4, n. 
 [Ger. sprosseu-fichte, spruce, — literally, sprout-fir: 
 spruce timber was eurly imported from Prussia 
 (0. E. Spruce, or Sprucia), whence came a confu- 
 sion of names. — Cf. Ger. sprossen-bier, spruce- 
 beer, — literally, sprout-beer.] An evergreen 
 tree ; a species of fir. 
 
 Spruce'ly, ad. In a spruce or nice manner. 
 
 Spruce'ness, n. Neatness; trimness. 
 
 Sprung, i. & p. from spring. 
 
 Spry, a. [Local Sw. sprygg, spr'dg, lively ; Norw. 
 sprselc, cheerful.] Nimble; active; lively. 
 
 Spud, n. [A form of Spade or Spit.] A short 
 knife ; a tool to cut up w 
 
 Spume, v. n. [L. spuma, 
 
 foam : 
 
 spuere, 
 
 to spit.] 
 
 [pp. spuming, spumed.] To foam; to froth. — 
 2, n. Foam ; froth ; scum. 
 
 Spu'mous, or Spu'my., a. Frothy ; foamy. 
 
 Spun, i. & p. from spin. 
 
 Spunk, n. [Irish sponc, sponge, tinder ; L. sjyon- 
 gia, sponge (7. v.).] Touchwood ; rotten, inflam- 
 mable wood; tinder :- spirit; mettle. [Vulgar.] 
 
 Spunk'x, a. Spirited ; fiery ; brisk. 
 
 Spur, n. [A.-S. spura, or spora; Dut. spoor, Dan. 
 spore, a spur. — Of. A.-S. spor, Ger. spur, a track : 
 related to Spar.] A sharp goad worn on the 
 heel by horsemen : — an incitement : — a snag ; a 
 branch :— a branch of a mountain-range. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. spurring, spurred.] To prick with a spur; 
 to incite ; to urge forward : — to fix a spur to. 
 
 Spurge, n. [0. Fr. spurge, or espurge ; L. ex, out, 
 and pnrgare, to purge \q. v.).] A plant violently 
 purgative, of many species. 
 
 Spu'ri-oiis, a. [L. spurius, illegitimate, false.] 
 Counterfeit; false; illegitimate. 
 
 Spu'ri-ous-ness, 11. State of being spurious. 
 
 Spurn, v. a. [A.-S. speoruan, Icel. sperna, to kick : 
 probably related to Spur; in its present mean- 
 ing it is related to L. spemere, to despise, which 
 seems to be a kindred word.] [pp. spurning, 
 spurned.] To kick:— to reject with disdain; to 
 scorn ; to despise ; to disdain. — 2, v. n. To mani- 
 fest disdain :— to kick.— 3, n. A kick :— con- 
 temptuous treatment. 
 
 Spurred (spiird), a. Wearing spurs. 
 
 SpGr'ri-er, n. One who makes spurs. 
 
 Spurt, n. [See Spirt.] A sudden ejection ; a jet : 
 — [Icel. sprettr, a leap, or spurt ; spretta, to sfrirt. 
 — Cf. Sprint, and Local E. sprunt, a struggle] 
 short effort : — written also spirt. — 2, v. u. & v. a. 
 [pp. spurting, spurted.] To fly or throw out. 
 
 Sput'ter, v. n. [A frequentative of Spout. — Cf. 
 
 Ger. spiltzen, to spit (q. v.).] [pp. sputtering, 
 sputtered.] To emit moisture or drops of water; 
 to spit much : — to speak hastily. — 2, v. a. To 
 throw out with noise. — 3, n. Moisture thrown 
 out in drops : — uproar ; clatter. 
 
 Spy, n. [0. Fr. espier, to espy (q. v.) ; Ger. spahen, 
 to spy; L. specere, to see; Skr. spap, to spy.] A 
 secret emissary sent to watch the actions of an 
 enemy. — 2, v. a. [pp. spying, spied.]. To dis- 
 cover at a distance; to search. — 3, v. n. To 
 search narrowly ; to act as a spy. 
 
 Spy' -glass, n. A small or short telescope. 
 
 Squab (skwob), a. [Local Sw. sqvabb, loose flesh; 
 sqvabbig, flabby ; Norse kveppa, Ger. schwabbelen, 
 to shake.] Unfeathered ; thick and stout. — 2, u. 
 A kind of sofa; a cushion : — a short, fat person : 
 — a young pigeon. 
 
 Squab'ble (skwob'bl), v. n. [Local Sw. slcvabbel, a 
 dispute ; skoappa, to chide. — Cf. Scuffle.] [pp. 
 squabbling, squabbled.] To quarrel; to fight; 
 to struggle in contest; to scuffle. — 2, n. A 
 brawl; a quarrel. 
 
 Squad (skwod), n. [Fr. escadre, It. squadra, a 
 squadron, a square (q. v.).] A small party or 
 company of men. 
 
 Squad'ron (s>kwod'run), n. [Fr. escadron; It. 
 squadrone: augmentative of squadra, a square 
 (q. v.).] A body of armed men; a part of an 
 army : — a part of a fleet. 
 
 Squal'id (skwol'id), a. [L. squalidus; squalere, to 
 be foul, rough, or stiff.] Foul ; nasty ; filthy. 
 
 Squa-tfd'i-ty, n. Quality of being squalid. 
 
 Squal'id-ness (skwol'id-nes), n. Squalidity. 
 
 Squall, v. n. [Icel. skvala, to bawl ; shoal, an out- 
 cry. — Cf. Squeal; also Ger. schallen, a loud call.] 
 [pp. squalling, squalled.] To scream, as a child ; 
 to cry. — 2, n. A loud scream : — [Sw. sqval, sqval- 
 regv ; sqvala, to gush] a gust of wind. * 
 
 Squ'all'y, a. Windy: gusty; stormy. 
 
 Squa'ISr [skwol'ler, St. L N.], n. [L— See Squalid.] 
 Filth ; foulness. [Covered with scales ; scaly. 
 
 Squa'mous, a. [L. squamosum ; squama, a scale.] 
 
 Squan'der (skwon'der), v. a. [Nasalized from root 
 of Dan', squatte, to splash, to dissipate ; Sw. sqv'dt- 
 tra, to lavish ; sqvatta, to squirt.] [pp. squander- 
 ing, squandered.] To spend profusely. 
 
 Square, «. [Fr. carre, 0. Fr. esquarre, square ; es- 
 quarre, It. squadra, a square ; L. ex intensive, 
 and quadratus, squared. — See Quadrate.] Hav- 
 ing four equal sides and four right angles; four- 
 cornered: — parallel; equal; exact; well set; 
 exactly suitable: — honest; fair; equitable. — 
 Square root, the number which multiplied by 
 itself produces the square; as, 4 is the square 
 root of 10. — 2, n. A figure with four right an- 
 gles and four equal sides : — a square space :— an 
 open space in a town : — [Fr. equerre, a square, a 
 rule] a measuring-rule : — the product of a num- 
 ber multiplied into itself. — 3, v. a. [pp- squaring, 
 squared.] To form with right angles; to fit. — 
 4, v. n. To suit with ; to fit with. [rough. 
 
 Squar-rose', a. [L. squarrosus.] (Bol.) .Jagged ; 
 
 Squash (skwosh), v. a. [Fr. ecacher, to crush ; 
 Late L. excoactare, to constrain, to press; ex in- 
 tensive, and coactare, to force, to squeeze; co-, 
 together, and agere, to drive.] [/^.squashing, 
 squashed.] To crush into pulp. — 2, n. Any 
 thing softj — [Algonkin, askutasquash ; ask, raw; 
 pi. asquash] a garden-vegetable and its fruit. 
 
 Squat (skwot), v. n. [Fr. catir, cvatir, 0. Fr. es- 
 quatir, to press; L. ex intensive, and coactare, to 
 press together. — S?e Squash ; also It. quatto, 
 squatting, cowering.] [pp. squatting, squatted.] 
 To sit close to the ground : — to settle on public 
 lands without a title.— 2, a. Cowering :— short 
 and thick. 
 
 Squat' ter (skwot'ter), n. One who squats. 
 
 Squaw, n. TAlgonkin.] An Indian woman or wife. 
 
 Squawk, v. n. [See Squeak: imitative.] [pp. 
 squawking, squawked.] To cry with a harsh 
 voice, like a peacock.— 2, n. A loud, harsh cry. 
 
 a, e, 1, 0, u, y, long; a, e, 1, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y., obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 
 
SQUEAK 
 
 511 
 
 STALK 
 
 Squeak, v. n. [Sw. sqviika, Norw. skvaka, to cackle, 
 to croak: imitative.] [pp. squeaking, squeaked.] 
 To make a shrill noise ; to cry. — 2, n. A cry of 
 pain ; a shrill, quick noise. 
 
 Squeal, v. [Sw. sqoala; Norw. skvella: imitative.] 
 A shrill, sharp cry. — 2, v. n. [pp. squealing, 
 squealed.] To cry with a shrill, sharp voice ; to 
 cry with pain, or as a pig. 
 
 Squeam'ish, a. [Norw. sveim, a sickness; Icel. 
 sivirni, a swimming; A.-S. swima, Dan. srime, a 
 faint. — See Swim.] Easily disgusted ; fastidious. 
 
 Squeam'ish-ness, n. fastidiousness. 
 
 Squeeze, v. a. [A.-S. cwisan, cwesan, cwysan, Sw. 
 qciisa, Ger. quetschen, to crush.] [pp. squeezing, 
 squeezed.] To press; to oppress; to crush. — 
 2, v. n. To urge one's way ; to crowd. — 3, n. 
 The act of squeezing; a compression ; a hug. 
 
 Squelch, v. a. [Probably a corruption of Quell 
 or Quexch.] [pp. squelching, squelched.] To 
 crush; to put down. [Colloq.] 
 
 Squib, n. [Icel. svipa, to flash; Ger. schwippe, a 
 lash, a switch: akin to Sweep.] A little fire- 
 work, or a paper cylinder filled with explosive 
 materials :— a skit ; a lampoon. 
 
 Squid, n. [Cf. Icel. skvetta, to squirt.] A cuttle- 
 fish : — an artificial bait for fish. 
 
 Squill, n. [Fr. sqnille; L. scilla, squilla ; Gr. ctkiA- 
 Aa.] The sea-onion ; a bulbous medicinal root; 
 scilla :— a shell-fish :— an insect. 
 
 Squint, «. [Dut. schuinte, a slope : related to 
 Skew.] Having an oblique look; awry. — 2, n. 
 An oblique look. — 3, v. n. [pp- squinting, 
 squinted.] To look obliquely or awry. 
 
 Squire, w. [A contraction of Esquire.] A country 
 gentleman. — 2, v. a. [pp. squiring, squired.] To 
 
 . attend; to wait on; to esquire. 
 
 Squirm, v. n. [Dut. swermen, to wander. — Cf. 
 Swarm, in the sense of to climb.] [pp. squirm- 
 ing, squirmed.] To wind about, as an eel. 
 
 Squir'rel (skwlrrel, skwer'rel, or skwiir'rel), n. 
 [Fr. ecureutt; 0. Fr. escitrel; L. sciwus; Late L. 
 scurelhis; Gr. o-niovpos, a squirrel; puia, a 
 shadow, and ovpd, a tail.] A small, active, ro- 
 dent animal, that lives in the woods. 
 
 Squirt, ''. ". & r. it. [Sw. squutta, Icel. skvetta, to 
 squirt: the r is intrusive.] [pp. squirting, 
 squirted.] To throw out or gush out in a quick 
 stream. — 2, n. A pipe to eject liquor ; a stream. 
 
 Stab, ». a. [Irish stobaim, Gael, sfob.tostab; stob, 
 a stub, a stake, a weapon.] [pp. stabbing, 
 stabbed.] To pierce; to wound mortally.— 
 2, v. n. To give a wound ; to offer a stab. — 3, n. 
 A wound with a sharp weapon. 
 
 Sta-bil'i-ty., //. [L. stabilUas. — See Stable.] Sta- 
 bleness; steadiness; firmness; fixedness; perma- 
 nence; constancy. 
 
 Sla'ble, a. [L. stabilis, firm, stable; stare, to stand 
 (q. v.).] Fixed; steady; constant; firm. — 2, «.. 
 [Fr. ttable, L. stabulum, a stall; stare, to stand.] 
 A house for horses and cattle. — 3, v. n. [pp. 
 stabling, stabled.] To dwell in a stable, as 
 beasts. — 4, v. a. To put into a stable. 
 
 Sta/bling, n. A house or room for beasts. 
 
 Stab'lish, v. a. [For establish.] [pp. stablishing, 
 stablished.] To confirm ; to establish. 
 
 Sta/bljr, ad. In a stable manner ; firmly. 
 
 Stac-ca'to. [It. for "detached;" staccare, to de- 
 tach, to unhook; stacca, a hook.] (Mits.) De- 
 noting a pointed, distinct, and striking manner. 
 
 Stack, n. [Icel. stabler; Sw. slack; Dan. stale. — See 
 Stare and Stick.] A large pile of hay or grain : 
 [cf. Icel. stakka, a stump, a stake; stack, a high 
 rock] a column of chimneys or funnels; a chim- 
 ney.— 2, v. a. [Sw. stacka; Dan. stakke.] [pp. 
 stacking, stacked.] To pile up regularly in stacks. 
 
 Stad'dle (stad'dl), n. [A.-S. slsethel, a support, a 
 prop; Dan. stade, a standing.] A young tree. 
 
 Sta'di-um, n. ; pi. Sta'di-a. [L. ; Gr. o-rdbiov, 
 — originally, a fixed measure ; root sta-, to stand 
 (q. c.).] A race-ground :— one-eighth of a Roman 
 mile ; 607 feet. 
 
 Staff, re. ; pi. Staves, or Staves. [A.-S. stsef; Icel. 
 stufr; Dut. slaf; Ger. stab : akin to L. stipes, a 
 stock, a post; root sta-, to stand.] A stick used 
 in walking ; a prop :— ensign of office :— a stanza 
 or series of verses : — lines and spaces in written 
 music— See Staves.— 2, n. ; pi. Staffs. A set 
 of officers attached to a commander of an army. 
 
 Stag, n. [Icel. steggr, a male; stiga, to mount.] A 
 male red deer; male ot the hind : — a bull cas- 
 trated when grown up. 
 
 Stage, n. [Fr. etage ; It. staggio, a prop ; L. stare, 
 statum, to stand (q. v.).~\ A raised floor or plat- 
 form on which any show is exhibited, or on 
 which speakers stand, or for other uses : — the 
 theatre :— a place in which rest is taken on a 
 journey: — a step in progress; a stop: — the dis- 
 tance between two resting-places : — a stage-coach. 
 
 Sta£-e'-coach (staj'koch), n. A public coach. 
 
 Stag'er, n. A player :— an old practitioner. 
 
 Stag'ger, ». n. [0. Dut. staggeren ; Icel. stakra, 
 frequentative of staka or stja'ka, to push, — origi- 
 nally, to push with a stake (</. v.); Scot, stacker, 
 to totter.] [pp. staggering, staggered.] To 
 reel ; to faint : — to hesitate. — 2, v. a. To make 
 to reel :— to alarm. 
 
 Stag'gers, n. pi. A kind of horse apoplexy. 
 
 Staf 'ing, «. A stage ; a scaffolding. 
 
 Stag'nant, «. [L. stagnams, stagnating.— See Stag- 
 nate.'] Motionless; still; not flowing. 
 
 Stag'nate, v. n. [L. staguare, stagnatum, to be stag- 
 nant; stagnant, a pool ; root sta-, to stand (q. ».).] 
 [pp. stagnating, stagnated.] To have no course 
 or stream. [motion ; stop. 
 
 Stag-na'tion, n. [L. stagnatio.] A cessation of 
 
 Staid, a. [From Stay (q. *;.), to make steady.] So- 
 ber; grave; regular; steady. 
 
 Staid'ness, w. Sobriety; gravity; regularity. 
 
 Stain, v'. a. [For distant.) [pp. staining, stained.] 
 To blot; to maculate; to color; to discolor: — to 
 tarnish; to disgrace. — 2, n. Discoloration; a 
 blot; aspot; a blemish: — a taint of guilt; shame; 
 disgrace. 
 
 Stain' less, a. Free from blots or spots. 
 
 Stair, n. [A.-S. stseger; from stigan, to climb, to 
 mount.] A step. — pi. A series of steps. 
 
 Stair'case, n. A whole set of stairs, with the 
 frame or walls supporting the steps. 
 
 Stair' way, n. A set of stairs ; a passage by stairs. 
 
 Stake, n. [A.-S. staca ; Dan. stage; Sw. & Ger. 
 stake; Ger. stechen, to pierce, to stick (q. v.).] A 
 post; a wager; a pledge.— 2, v. a. [j,p. staking, 
 staked.] To mark with posts or stakes : — to put 
 to hazard; to hazard; to wager. 
 
 Sta-lac'tite, n. [Gr. trraAaKTo?, dripping; crraXa- 
 £eiv (for a-TaAaeiv), to drip.] (Min.) A concretion 
 of carbonate of lime, pendent like an icicle. 
 
 Stal-ac-tit'ic, \a. Relating to, or formed like, 
 
 Stal-ac-tit'i-cal, J stalactites. 
 
 Sta-lag'mite, n. [Gr. ardKayp-a, a drop, some- 
 thing dropped ; o-Ta\d£,eiv, to dr* p.] (Mia.) A 
 deposit, of carbonate of lime, as on a floor. 
 
 Stal-ag-mit'ic, a. Relating to stalagmites. 
 
 Stale, a. [0. Dut. stel, old, stale: probably it 
 meant at first tasting of tl.e stall (q. r.) or sta- 
 ble ; Fr. etale, slack ; ttal, a shop or stall.] Stag- 
 nant ; old ; not fresh ; vapid ; tasteless from age ; 
 worn out; faded; long kept. — 2, n. [A.-S. stsel ; 
 Dut. steel; Ger. stiel.—Cf. Gr. trraAt?, a stake; 
 o-rekeov, a handle; ctttjAtj, a column; o-reAAeii/, 
 to set; L. stilus, a stem.] A long handle : — [Ger. 
 stallen, Sw. stfdl, to pass urine; stallning, urine: 
 probably kindred to stall, to halt, to stop a horse. 
 — Cf. It. stallare, to dung ; stalla, a stall, a stable] 
 urine of beasts. — 3, v. ». [pp. staling, staled.] 
 To void urine, as a beast. 
 
 Stale'mate. w. [Ger. stellen, to fix, and matt, a 
 mate at chess.] The position of the king in che6S 
 when he cannot be moved except into check. 
 
 Stalk (stawk), v. n. [A.-S. stselcan. Dan stalke, to 
 stalk, to go warily or with lifted feet; A.-S. 
 stealc, high. In the sense of to hunt it seems re- 
 
 mien, si*r ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q, Q, c, g, soft; p, p, p, §, hard; §asz;xasgz; this. 
 
STALKING-HOKSE 
 
 512 
 
 STAEE 
 
 lated to Steal. ] [pp. stalking, stalked.] To 
 •walk wrth stately steps. — 2, v. a. To hunt by 
 stealthy approach. — 3, n. [Dan. stilk, Sw. sijelk, 
 diminutives : l'out of Stalk, a handle. — Cf. Gr. 
 CTTeAe^os, a stem.] The stem of a plant, of a 
 quill. &c. : — a stately step or gait. . 
 
 Stalk' ing-hb'rse (stawk'ing-hbrs), n. A horse 
 used by fowlers : — a mask ; a pretence. 
 
 Stalk'x (stawk'e), a. Hard as or like a stalk. 
 
 Stall, n. [A.-S." steal, stsel, Dut. slal, Sw. & Ger. 
 stall, Late L. stallion, Fr. ital, 0. Fr. estal, a stall. 
 — Cf. Gr. orreAAeiv, to set; root sta-, to stand: 
 akin to L. stubvlum, a stable (q. v.), and to Ger. 
 stelle, a place.] A crib for horses. &c. : — a bench ; 
 a seat: — a place where something is sold. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. stalling, stalled.] To place or keep 
 in a stall.— 3, v. a. & v. n. [Cf. Ger. stellen, to 
 fix, to set; stelle, a place.] To stick fast, as in 
 the mire. 
 
 Stall' -fed, a. Fed in a stall with dry feed. 
 
 Stall'ion (stal'yun), n. [It. Stallone; Fr. etalon; 
 etal, It. stallo, a stall («. v.), because kept in the 
 stall and not lor work.] A horse not castrated. 
 
 Stal'wart, o. [A.-S. stselwyrde, stealwurde, perhaps 
 for steal, a stall, a place, and worthy, — i. e., worth 
 a place : perhaps for steal and worthy, — i. e., worth 
 stealing, or clever at stealing.] Stout; robust; 
 lusty ; brave ; bold ; large and strong. 
 
 Sta'men, n. ; pi. Sta'mens. [L. for "that which 
 stands;" hence, an upright warp in a loom, — 
 also a thread, a fibre; stare, to stand.] (Bot.) 
 The fertilizing organ of a flower, consisting of 
 filament, anther, and pollen. — pi. Stam'i-na. 
 Foundation ; texture.— pi. First principle's of 
 any thing :— the solids of the human body. 
 
 Stam'i-na, n. pi. (used also as sing.) [See Stamen.] 
 Main strength ; native vigor; endurance. 
 
 Stam'i-nate, a. [L. staminatvs. — See Stamen.] 
 Relating to, or furnished with, stamens. 
 
 Sta-min'e-ous, a. [L. stamineus.] Consisting of 
 stamens. 
 
 Stam'mer, v. n. [Dut. stameren, stamelen, Ger. 
 stammern, stammehi, to stammer; A.-S. starrier, 
 stammering ; frequentative of the root sta-, to 
 stand.] [p>p. stammering, stammered.] To fal- 
 ter or hesitate in speaking; to stutter. — 2, v. a. 
 To utter with hesitation. — 3, n. A stutter; a 
 broken utterance. 
 
 Stam'mer-er, n. One who stammers. 
 
 Stam'mer-ing, p. a. Hesitating in speech. — 2, n. 
 Impediment in speech. 
 
 Stamp, v. a. [A.-S. stempen, Dut. stampen, Dan. 
 stampe, Ger. stanipfen, Fr. estamper, (.tamper, Gr. 
 <TTifxfieiv, to stamp; Skr. stamblt, to make hard 
 or firm.] [pp. stamping, stamped.] To strike 
 with the foot : — to mark; to impress with s<>me 
 mark or figure. — 2. v. n. To strike the foot 
 downward.— 3, n. [Ger. stampfe ; Fr. estumpe, 
 etampe; Sp. estampa.] An instrument for making 
 an impression : — a mark ; an impression ; a pi int ; 
 a cut; a picture : — a cast ; form : — authority. 
 
 Stamp'-act, n. An act imposing a duty by stamps. 
 
 Stam-pede', n. [Sp. estampido, a crash, a break; 
 estavipar, to stamp, to make tracks.] A sudden 
 fright and scampering, as of wild horses. 
 
 Stanch, v. a. [Fr. etancher, Sp. estancar, Late L. 
 stancare, to stanch ; stanca, a dam, from L. stag- 
 num, a pond. — See Stank.] [pp. stanching, 
 stanched.] To hinder from running; to stop. — 
 2, v. n. To cease to flow; to stop. — 3, a. [Fr. 
 etanche, Sp. stanco, estanco, stanch, water-tight. 
 — See the verb.] Sound; firm; trusiy ; hearty. 
 
 Stan'chion (stan'shun), v. [Fr. etanQon, 0. Fr. 
 estanQon, a prop ; Fr. elancer, to prop ; from L. 
 stare, to stand, or from the root of Stanch.] A 
 prop; a support: — an upright piece of timber; 
 an upright bar to which an ox is fastened in the 
 stall. . 
 
 Stanch'ness, n. The quality of being stanch. 
 
 Stand, v. n. [A.-S. &. Goth, standan, Icel. standa, 
 Dut. staan (imp. stond), Dan. staae (imp. stod), 
 
 Ger. stehen (imp. stand), L. stare, Russ. stoiate, 
 Skr. stha, to stand; Gr. earnv, I stood: root sta-, 
 to stand, found in all Aryan tongues.] [i. stuud ; 
 pp. standing, stood.J To be upon the feet; to 
 remain erect :— to halt; to persist; to abide; to 
 stay ; to stop.— 2, v. a. To endure ; to abide ; to 
 sutler: — to set up. — 3, n. A station; a halt; 
 perplexity; a small table; a frame to place 
 things on. 
 
 Stand' ard, n. [0. Fr. astandard, estendart; 0. Dut. 
 standaert; Ger. slandarte ; It. stendurdo ; Sp. es- 
 tandarte; from L. extendere, to extend, to spread : 
 much influenced by Stand. The word may be 
 said to have a double origin.] An ensign of war ; 
 a banner; — that which has been tried by the 
 proper test; an established rule or model; a cri- 
 terion; a test; a rate : — a standing tree or stem. 
 — 2, a. Affording a test to others. 
 
 Stand' ing, p. a. Settled; lasting; stagnant; per- 
 manent. — 2, n. Continuance; station; rank. 
 
 Stand'ish, n. [Stand and Dish.] A stand or case 
 for pen and ink. 
 
 Stand' -point, n. [Ger. standpunJct : Stand and 
 Point.] A point of view. 
 
 Stand'-still, n. A complete halt. 
 
 Stang, n. [A.-S. steng ; Dan. stang ; Ger. slange.] 
 A long bar ; a pole ; a shaft of a cart. 
 
 Stan'hope, n. [The inventor's name.] A kind of 
 chaise. 
 
 Stank, n. [Walloon stank or estank, a ditch ; Prov. 
 estanc, Fr. etang, Sp. estanqne, L. stagnant, a pond. 
 — See Stagnant and Tank.] A dam to stop wa- 
 ter : — a pool or pond. — 2, i. from stink. Stunk. 
 
 Stan'na-ry, n. [Late L. stannaria, a tin-mine ; L. 
 stannvm or stagnum, tin, which may be a special 
 use of stagnum, a pool, — hence a vessel of fused 
 metal : the cognate names of tin in the Celtic 
 languages are referred to the Latin.] A tin- 
 mine ; tin-works. — 2, a. Relating to tin-mines. 
 
 Stan'nic, a. Relating to tin. 
 
 Stan-nif er-ous, a. [L. etannum, tin, and ferre, to 
 bear.] "Producing tin. 
 
 Stan'za, n. [It. for "a room," "a stanza;" Late 
 L. siantia, an abode, a lodging, — properly, a 
 halting; L. stare, to stand; stans, standing: so 
 called from the pause at the end.] A set or 
 series of lines adjusted to each other in a poem 
 or hymn ; a strophe. 
 
 Sta'ple (sta'pl), n. [Fr. etape, 0. Fr. estape, es- 
 taple, mart ; Ger. stapel, a storehouse, — originally 
 a prop, and then a heap, a store ; A.-S. stapul, a 
 support; Dut. stapel, a support, a pile; Dan. sta- 
 bel, a hinge, a pile.] A mart ; an emporium : — 
 an original material of a manufacture : — a fibre : 
 — a chief article of produce :— a loop of iron. — 
 2, a. Settled ; established ; principal. 
 
 Star, n. [A.-S. steorra; Dut. sler ; Dan. stjarne ; 
 Ger. stern ; L. stella or aster ; Gr. acrriqp ; Skr. 
 tara, stara, or sh-i ; root of Skr. stri, L. sternere, to 
 strew (q. v.).] An apparently small, luminous 
 heavenly body : — mark of honor : — a distin- 
 guished performer on the stage :— an asterisk.^ — 
 2, v. a. [pp. starring, starred.] To bedeck with 
 stars. — 3, v. n. To act like, or to shine as, a star. 
 
 Star'board, n. [A.-S. steorbord, steer-side ; Dut. 
 stnurbord ; Dan. slyrbord.] The right-hand side 
 of a ship. 
 
 Starch, n. [A.-S. stearc, stare, stiff, stark (q. v.) ; 
 Ger. starke, strength, — also starch.] A substance 
 to stiffen linen with. — 2, v. a. [pp. starching, 
 starched.] To stiffen with starch. 
 
 Star'-cham'ber, n. [Said to be from the stars 
 painted upon the ceiling, or from Heb. shetar or 
 shtar, a contract, an obligation.] An English 
 criminal court, abolished in the time of Charles 
 I. ; also the room where the court was held. 
 
 Starch'y,, a. Partaking of, or like, starch ; stiff. 
 
 Stare, v. n. [A.-S. starian, Icel. stara, slira, Dan. 
 stirre, Ger. stieren, to stare. — Cf. Ger. starr, stiff, 
 fixed; root sta-, to stand.] [pp. staring, stared.] 
 To look with fixed eyes; to gaze : — to glitter. — 
 
 e, i, o, u, y, long; a, e, i, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, jji obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
STARFISH 
 
 513 
 
 STEALTH 
 
 2, v. a. To affect or influence by stares. — 3, n. 
 A fixed look :— [see Staelixg] a bird, the star- 
 ling, [shape. 
 
 Star'fish, n. A marine animal of a star-like 
 
 Star'-gaz-er, n. An astronomer; an astrologer. 
 
 Star'ing, p. a. Gazing : — bristling : — bold : — very 
 bright or glaring. 
 
 Stark, a. [A.-S. stearc, Dan. stserk, Ger. start; stiff, 
 strong: root of Stretch. The expression shirk 
 naked represents 0. E. start-naked, tail-naked; 
 0. E. start, stert, A.-S. steort, Dut. stert, Ban. stiert, 
 Ger. sterz, a tail.] Mere; simple; plain; gross; 
 sheer : — rigid ; stiff. — 2, ad. Wholly ; entirely. 
 
 Star'less, a. Having no light of stars. 
 
 Star'light (star'llt), n. The light of the stars. — 
 2, a. Lighted by the stars. 
 
 Star'ling, n. [A.-S. steer, steam; Dan. steer; Ger. 
 staar; L. sturuus ; Gr. \j/ap.] A song-bird : — [cf. 
 Ger. starrer to stiffen ; starr, stiff] a defence to 
 
 Star'llt, a. Lighted by stars. [piers. 
 
 Starred (stard), a. Decorated with stars. 
 
 Star'ry, a. Consisting of, or like, stars ; stellar. 
 
 Star'-span-gled (-spang-gld), a. Spotted with stars. 
 
 Start, v. n. [0. Dut. steerten, to flee, to turn tail ; 
 steert, a tail ; Ger. stiirzen, to throw, to hurl ; 
 sturz, a plunge, a fall ; probably akin to sterz, a 
 tail.] [pp. starting, started.] To rise or move 
 suddenly; to set out; to begin a journey : — to 
 wince ; to shrink. — 2, v. a. To alarm ; to startle ; 
 to rouse; to put in motion: — to call forth; to 
 produce. — 3, n. A motion of terror; a quick 
 spring : — the outset. 
 
 Star' tie, v. n. [A frequentative of Start.] [pp. 
 startling, startled.] To shrink with sudden fear. 
 •—2, v. a. To fright; to shock; to deter. — 3, n. 
 Sudden alarm ; a shock ; terror. 
 
 Star'tling, p. a. That startles ; astonishing. 
 
 Star-va'tion, n. The act of starving ; the state of 
 being starved ; famishment. 
 
 Starve, v. n. [A.-S. steorfan, to die; sterfan, to 
 kill; Dut. sterven, Ger. sterben, to die.] [pp. 
 starving, starved.] To perish with hunger; to 
 suffer hunger : — to perish with cold. — 2, v. a. To 
 kill or oppress with hunger. 
 
 Starve'ling, n. A lean, meagre animal.— 2, a. 
 Hungry; lean; pining. 
 
 State, n. [L. status, condition, standing, a state, 
 dignity; stare, statum, to stand (q. ».).] Condi- 
 tion; situation: — rank; degree: — crisis: — pomp; 
 dignity; grandeur : — estate :— civil power, not 
 ecclesiastical; a body politic ; a commonwealth ; 
 a kingdom or republic. — pi. Nobility ; a legis- 
 lative body.— 2, v. a. [From the noun, in the 
 sense of dignity, blazonry.] [pp. stating, stated.] 
 To specify ; to tell formally ; to represent. 
 
 Stat'ed, p. a. Regular; fixed; established. 
 
 Stlt'ed-ly, ad. Regularly ; not occasionally. 
 
 State'li-ness, n. Grandeur; pomp; majesty. 
 
 State'ly, a. Grand; lofty; majestic; august. 
 
 State'ment, n. The act of stating ; a recital. 
 
 Sta'ter, n. [Gr. o-rarvp, — originally, a weight; 
 root sta-, to stand (q. v.).] An ancient Greek coin. 
 
 State'-r66m, n. A magnificent apartment :— a 
 room in a packet or steam-vessel. 
 
 States'man, n. One versed in government or po- 
 litical science ; a politician. 
 
 Stat'ic, ) a. [Gr. o-toltik.6<;, at rest, standing; 
 
 Stat'i-cal, J iottj/ui, I stand.] Relating to statics : 
 — acting in equilibrium : — not dynamic. 
 
 Stat'ics, n. Science of forces in equilibrium. 
 
 Sta'tion, n. [L. statio, a standing; stare, statum, 
 to stand (</. v.).] A fixed place : — a place of 
 stopping, as on a railroad :— situation ; condition 
 of life; post; office; state; rank. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 stationing, stationed.] To place in a certain post 
 or rank; to set; to fix; to establish. 
 
 Sta'tion-a-ry, a. [L. stationarius.] Fixed; not pro- 
 gressive ; standing ; motionless ; permanent. 
 Sta'tion-er, n. [Originally, one who had a station 
 or stand for selling wares.] A dealer in paper, &c. 
 Sta'tion-er-y, n. The wares of a stationer. 
 
 Sta'tist, n. A statesman : — a statistician. 
 
 Sta-tis'tic, ) a. Relating to statistics, or to the 
 
 Sta-tls'ti-cal, J resources of a country. 
 
 Sta-tis'ti-cal-ly, ad. In a statistical manner. 
 
 Stat-is-ti"cian (stat-is-tish'an), n. [Fr. statisti- 
 cien.] One who is versed in statistics. 
 
 Sta-tis'tics, n. [Fr. statHique ; Ger. statistik. — See 
 State.] A collection of facts relating to a coun- 
 try or its inhabitants ; the science which treats 
 of the population, strength, and resources of 
 nations. 
 
 Stat'u-a-ry, n. [L. statuarius. — See Statue ] The 
 art of carving or casting statues ; sculpture : — a 
 statue, or collection of statues; statues collec- 
 tively): — a sculptor; a carver. 
 
 Stat'ue (stat'yu), n. [L. stalua ; stare, statum, to 
 stand (q. v.).] An image of marble, bronze, or 
 other substance. 
 
 Stat-u-esque' (stat-yu-esk'), a. [From Statue : 
 on type of picturesque.] Like a statue. 
 
 Stat-u-ette', n. [Fr. ; It. slatuetta; dim. of statua, a 
 statue.] A small statue. 
 
 Stat'ure (stat'yur), n. [L. statura ; stare, statum, 
 to stand (q. v.).] Height of any animal. 
 
 Sta'tus. n. [L. for "condition," "state" (q. v.).] 
 Standing; situation; rank. 
 
 Stat'iite (stat'yut), «. [L. statutum, a law; statuere, 
 to establish; status, position, state (//. v.); stare, 
 statum, to stand.] A law enacted by a legislative 
 body; a positive law; an edict. 
 
 Stat'ii-to-ry, a. Enacted by statute. 
 
 Staunch' (stanch), v. a., v. n., & a. See Stanch. 
 
 Stave, v. a. [See Staff.] [/. &■ pp. stove or staved.] 
 To break in pieces; to push. — 2. n. A thin piece 
 of timber in a barrel or other cask :— a metrical 
 portion ; a staff. 
 
 Staves, or Staves, «. ; pi. of stutf. 
 
 Stay, v. n. [Fr. itai, 0. Fr. es'haje, 0. Dut. staet/e 
 or s/ade, a prop; A.-S. etede, stead, place; stxd, 
 a shore, a bank; Icel. stod, a haven, refuge, 
 roadstead: root sta-, to stand. — See Stead.) 
 [i. staid or stayed; pp. staving, staid or stayed. j 
 To continue in a place; to remain; to wait; to 
 stop; to sojourn; to abide. — 2, v. a. [pp. stay- 
 ing, stayed.] To stop; to restrain :— to support. 
 — 3, n. Continuance; a stop: — a support: — 
 [A.-S. stseg ; Dut., Dan., & Ger. stag; root stiff, 
 to climb. — See Stair] a rope to support a mast. 
 
 Stay'lace, n, A lace to fasten stays with. 
 
 Stays, it. pi. A bodice, or a waistcoat for women : 
 — large ropes to support a ship's mast. 
 
 Stay'-sail, ». A sail supported by a stay. 
 
 Stead, )i. [A.-S. stede, Dan. sted, a place; Ger. 
 stadt, a town ; statt, a place ; L. staiio, a station 
 (q. v.).] Room ; place (preceded by in ; as, in 
 stead, in his stead) : — the frame of a bed. 
 
 Stead'fast (sted'fast), a. [A.-S. stedefsast; stede, a 
 place (stead), and feest, firm, fast; Dan. stadfasl.] 
 Established or fast in place; steady ; firm; fixed; 
 constant : — determined. 
 
 Stead'fast-ly, ad. Firmly; steadily. 
 
 Stead'fast-ness. n. Firmness; constancy. 
 
 Stead'i-ly (sted'e-le), ad. With steadiness. 
 
 Stead'i-ness, n. Stability ; constancy. 
 
 Stead'y (sted'e), a. [A.-S. stseddig; from steed, 
 stede, a place; Din. stadig, steady; Ger. stiitig, 
 continual.] Firm; regular; constant; uniform; 
 not fickle. — 2, v. a. [pp. steadying, steadied.] 
 To make or keep steady. 
 
 Steak (stak), v. [Icel. steik, a steak; steilja, to 
 roast on a spit or stick (q. v.); Sw. stek, Dan. 
 steg, a roast. — Cf. Ger. anstechen, to put on a 
 spit.] A slice of beef, &c. ; a collop. 
 
 Steal, v. a. [A.-S. stelun; Dut. stelen ; Dan. stisele ; 
 Ger. stehlen.] [i. stole; pp. stealing, stolen.] To 
 take what is another's unlawfully; to take by 
 theft ; to withdraw privily. — 2, v. n. To prac- 
 tise theft; to withdraw privily. 
 Stealth (steltb), if. [From Steal; Icel. stuldr, 
 Dan. styld, Sw. staid, theft.] Theft; a secret 
 act; privacy; secrecy. — By stealth, secretly. 
 
 £•, soft ; p, p, p, §, hard; § r.s z ', ? as gz ; 
 
 mien, sir ; mSve, nor, son ; bull, biir, rule, use.— 5, 
 hh 
 
 9,9 
 
 this. 
 
STEALTHILY 
 
 514 
 
 STERLET 
 
 Stealth' i-ly, ad. In a stealthy manner. 
 
 Stealth'y, a. Performed by stealth ; sly. 
 
 Steam, n. [A.-S. steam, Dut. stoom, steam; A.-S. 
 sleman, to steam.] An elastic fluid, into which 
 water is converted by heat; vapor. — 2, v. n. 
 [pp. steaming, steamed.] To send up vapors; 
 to fume : — to travel or move forward by steam. 
 — 3, v. a. To heat with, or expose to, steam ; 
 to apply steam to; to concoct with steam. 
 
 Steam' -boat, n. A vessel propelled by steam. 
 
 Steam'-en-|ine, n. An engine acted on by the 
 expansive force of steam. 
 
 Steam'er, n. One who steams : — a vessel or ship 
 propelled by steam ; a steam-ship. 
 
 Steam'-ship, n. A ship propelled by steam. 
 
 Steam' -tug, n. A steam tow-boat. 
 
 Ste'a-rine, n. [Gr. crreap, fat, tallow.] A hard 
 fatty substance. 
 
 Ste'a-tite, n. [L. steatitis, a kind of stone; Gr. 
 (rreartTTj?, fatty, or doughy ; areap, fat, or 
 dough.] Soapstone ; a species of talc. 
 
 Steed, n. [A.-S. steda, a stallion ; Icel. stedda, Ger. 
 slute, a mare : root of Stud.— Cf. Irish stead, Gael. 
 steud, a horse.] A horse for state or for war. 
 
 Steel, n. [A.-S. styte; Dut. staal; Icel. stal; Ger. 
 stahl.] Iron combined with carbon; any thing 
 made of steel, as weapons : — armor. — 2, «. Made 
 of steel. — 3, v. a. [A.-S. stijlau; Icel. stmla; Ger. 
 slahlen.] [pp. steeling, steeled.] To edge with 
 steel ; to harden. 
 
 Steel'yard [stil'yard, J. F. H. St.; 
 stel'yard or Stel'yard, $m.], n. 
 [Steel and Yard: probably 
 named from the Steelyard, a 
 market-place in London where 
 steel and other goods wei'e 
 sold.] A kind of balance for weighing. 
 
 Steep, a. [A.-S. steap, 0. Fris. stop, steep; Norw. 
 stitp, a cliff; stuppa, to fall, to stoop (q. v.).] 
 Kising or descending with great inclination ; 
 precipitous. — 2, n. A precipice ; a steep ascent 
 or descent : — a liquid used in steeping. — 3, v. a. 
 [Icel. steypa, to pour ; Dan. sib'be, Sw. sfb'pa, to 
 cast (as metals), to steep : a causal extension of 
 meaning from Stoop (q. v.).] [pp. steeping, 
 steeped.] To soak ; to macerate ; to dip. 
 
 Stee'ple, a. [A:-S. sti/pel, slepel; from steap, high, 
 steep (q. v.).] A turret or tower of various 
 forms, usually attached to a church ; a spire. 
 
 Steep'ly, ad. With precipitous declivity. 
 
 Steep'ness, n. State of being steep. 
 
 Steer, n. [A.-S. steor ; Ger. stier ; Goth, stiur. — Cf. 
 L. tawrus, Gr. Tavpo?. a bull ; Zend ptuora, a 
 beast of burden ; Skr. sthurin, a pack-horse ; 
 from root of A.-S. & Dan. sior, large; Skr. sthula 
 or stfwra, great, coarse.] A young bullock or 
 ox. — 2, v. a. [A.-S. sleoran, Dut. sturen, Dan. 
 stijre, Ger. steneru, to steer; Dut. stmir, Dan. styr, 
 Ger. steuer, a rudder. — Cf. Gr. o-ravpos, a stake.] 
 [pp. steering, steered.] To direct; to guide in a 
 passage. — 3, v. n. To direct a course. 
 
 Steer'age, n. Act of steering a ship; direction : 
 — an' apartment in the fore part of a ship for the 
 crew and for poorer passengers. — Steerage pas- 
 senger, ono who occupies the steerage. 
 
 Steers/man, n. One who steers a ship; a pilot. 
 
 Ste'la [L.'], or Ste'le [Gr. ; root o-ra.-, to stand], n. 
 A small column in a building. 
 
 Stel'lar, a. [L. stellaris; stella, a star (q. v.).] Re- 
 lating to the stars ; starry ; astral. 
 
 Stel'late, a. Radiated or pointed, as a star; starred. 
 
 Stel'li-fdrm, a. [L. stella, a star, and forma, shape.] 
 Star-shaped. 
 
 Stel'lu-lar, a. [L. slelhda, dim. of stella, a star.] 
 Star-like; stellar; starry. 
 
 Stem, n. [A.-S. stsefn, stemn, stefna; closely related 
 to eta&f, a staff (q. v.) ; Ger. & Dan. stamme, Dut. 
 stam, a stem, a post.] The stalk of a plant or 
 tree; a stalk; a twig: — a family; race :— [a spe- 
 cial use of the above ; it means simply a post] 
 the prow of a ship.— 2, v. a. [Icel. stemma, Dan. 
 
 slemnie, Ger. slemmen, to dam, — properly, to stop 
 with logs or stems.] [pp. stemming, stemmed.] 
 To oppose, as a current; to stop; to check: — to 
 make headway against. 
 
 Stem'-wind-er, n. A watch wound up by turning 
 the stem, and not by a key. 
 
 Stench, n. [Related to Stink, as drench to drink: 
 A.-S. stenc, a smell ; stanc, past tense of slincan, 
 to smell.— See Stink.] A fetid or bad smell ; a 
 stink. 
 
 Sten'cil, n. [Fr. etinceler, 0. Fr. estinceler, to 
 sparkle; in heraldry, to set with stars. — See 
 Tinsel.] A thin piece of leather or metal, per- 
 forated, used in painting and marking. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. stencilling, stencilled.] To paint or form 
 with a stencil. 
 
 Ste-nog'ra-pher, n. One versed in stenography. 
 
 Sten-o-graph'ic, a. Relating to stenography. 
 
 Ste-nog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. o-revos, close, narrow, and 
 Ypdcjbeii/,' to write.] Short-hand writing. 
 
 Stent, n. [See Stint and Stunt.] A task ; an al- 
 lotted piece of work. — 2, v. a. [pp. stenting, 
 stented.] To assign a task to; to stint, 
 
 Sten-to'ri-an, a. [Related to Gr. a-reveiv, to groan, 
 to make a noise.] Relating to Stentoi- (Homer's 
 loud-voiced herald) : — loud ; vociferous. 
 
 Step, v. n. [A.-S. stapan, to go.— Cf. Stamp.] [pp. 
 stepping, stepped.] To move with the feet; to 
 go ; to walk ; to proceed. — 2, n. [A.-S. sUepe, a 
 pace.] A pace; a footstep: — a stair: — a round 
 of a ladder : — a degree : — an action ; a proceed- 
 ing. — Step, used as a prefix in composition [A.-S. 
 steop- ; Dut. & Ger. stief- ; Dan. sted- ; root of 
 0. Ger. stiufan, to deprive], denotes relationship 
 by marriage ; as, step-father, stejp-mother, step- 
 son, step-daughter. 
 
 Steppe, n. [Russ. slepe.] A vast uncultivated plain 
 or prairie. 
 
 Step'ping-stone, n. A stone to step on in cross- 
 ing mud or water: — any aid or means to ad- 
 vancement. 
 
 Ster-co-ra'ceous (-shus), a. [L. slercus, stercoris, 
 dung.] Relating to dung. 
 
 Stere, n. [Fr. stere ; Gr. arepeos, hard, stiff, solid. 
 — Cf. Ger. starr, stiff.] The metric unit of solid 
 measure, 35.3171 cubic feet; a cubic metre; a 
 kilolitre. 
 
 Ster-e-o-graph'ic, a. Relating to stereography. 
 
 Ster-e-og'ra-phy, n. [Gr. o-Tepeo?, solid, and 
 ypa.'4>et.v, to write.] The art of drawing the 
 forms of solid bodies upon a plane. 
 
 Ster-e-om'e-try, n. Art of measuring solid bodies. 
 
 Ster-e-op'ti-con, n. [Gr. o-repeos, solid, and 07rrt.- 
 kos,' belonging to sight. — See Optic] An optical 
 instrument which throws the reflection of pho- 
 tographic views on a screen, so that they stand 
 out in relief. 
 
 Ster'e-o-scope, n. [Gr. crrepeo?, solid, and <tko- 
 Trelv, to see.] An optical instrument which 
 causes the images of two pictures of the same 
 object to combine so as to appear a solid body. 
 
 Ster-e-o-scop'ic, a. Relating to the stereoscope. 
 
 Ster'e-o-type [ste're-o-tlp, N. W. G. H.], n. [Gr. 
 crepeo?, solid, and Tun-os, a type.] A plate of 
 fixed metallic type for printing : — the art of 
 forming metallic plates for printing. —2, v. a. 
 [pp. stereotyping, stereotyped.] To make ster- 
 eotype plates: to print by the use of stereotype 
 plates.— 3, a. Pertaining to stereotype. 
 
 Ster'e-o-typ-er, n. One who stereotypes. 
 
 Ster-e-ot'y-py, n. [See Stf.rkotype.] The art or 
 occupation of producing stereotype plates, or of 
 stereotype printing. 
 
 Ster'ile, a. [L. sterilis, barren.— Cf. Gr. aTepeos, 
 hard, solid, dry, barren.] Barren; unfruitful; 
 not fertile. [renness; unfruitfulness. 
 
 Ste-ril'i-ty., »■ [ Fr - sterilile ; L. sterilitas.] Bar- 
 
 Ster'il-izc'fl. a.' [Fr. steriliser.] [pp. sterilizing, 
 sterilized.] To make barren. 
 
 Ster'let, n. [Fr. sterlet; Russ. sterliadj.— See Stur- 
 geon.] A kind of sturgeon. 
 
 e, i, o, u, y, long ; a, e, l, o, Q, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
STEELING 
 
 515 
 
 STIPENDIARY 
 
 Ster'ling, a. [Properly, the money of the Easter- 
 ling's, or Eastern (German or Baltic) merchants: 
 60 culled in England in early times.] Genuine ; 
 standard; pure; real; substantial: — applied to 
 English money. 
 Stern, a. [A.-S. styrne, severe; styrnan, to be se- 
 vere ; Icel. stura, gloom ; storr, large. — Cf. Ger. 
 slan; stiff.] Severe of look; harsh; rigid. — t, n. 
 [Icel. stjorn, steerage.— See Steer.] The hind 
 part of a ship, Ac. 
 
 Ster'nal, a. delating to the steruum. 
 
 Ste'rn'ix, ad. In a stern manner ; severely. 
 
 Stern'ness, ■». Severity of look ; harshness; rigor; 
 inflexibility; severity; austerity. [stern. 
 
 Stern-sheets', w. pi. A part of a boat near the 
 
 Ster'num, n. [Neo-Latin ; Gr. o-ripvov, the breast.] 
 {Anal.) The breast-bone. 
 
 Ster-nu-ta'tion, n. [L. sternutatio ; sternutare, fre- 
 quentative "of sternuere, to sneeze.] The act of 
 sneezing. [Causing sneezing. 
 
 Ster-nu'ta-to-ry, n. Medicine for sneezing. — 2, a. 
 
 Ster'to-rous,' a. ' [L. sterlere, to snore.] Respiring 
 deeply; snoring. [tion to compositors.] 
 
 Stet, v. imperative. [L.] Let it stand. [A direc- 
 
 Steth'o-scope, n. [Gr. o-ttj0o?, the chest, and <jko- 
 7reiv,'to exarnine,"to see.] (Med.) An instrument 
 used in auscultation, for exploring the chest. 
 
 Ste've-dore, n. [Sp. estivador, a packer; estivar, to 
 stow; L. stipare, to pack; Gr. o-reifieiv, to stamp 
 (q. v.).] A man employed in loading and un- 
 loading vessels. 
 
 Stew (stu), v. a. [0. E. sluwyn, to bathe; stw, a 
 bath, a hot-house; It. stufa, Sp. eslufa, Fr. Hume, 
 a stove, a sweating-room. — See Stove.] [pp. 
 'stewing, stewed.] To boil or seethe slowly. — 
 2, v. n. To be seethed slowly. — 3, n. Meat 
 stewed : — a hot-house ; a brothel :— confusion. 
 
 Stew'ard, n. [A.-S. gtiweard, a steward ; from stigo, 
 a sty, and weard, a guardian.] A manager of 
 another's affairs. [on shipboard. 
 
 Stew'ard-ess, ». A woman who attends to ladies 
 
 Stew'ard-ship, n. Tlie office of a steward. 
 
 Stew'ish, a. Suiting the brothel or stews. 
 
 Stew'pan, n. A pan used for stewing. 
 
 Stick, n. [A.-S. st icon ; Ger. stecken ; Icel. stika: 
 akin to Stake.] A small piece of wood ; a club ; 
 a cane; a staff: — [A.-S. stecan, Ger. stechen, Dut. 
 steken, Dan. stikhe, Sw. stikka, to stab, to prick] a 
 stab; a thrust. — 2, v. a. [i. stuck; pp. sticking, 
 stuck.] [A.-S. stician, Put. steken, Ger. steclieti, 
 to adhere.] To fasten on ; to attach ; to affix ; to 
 set : — to stab ; to pierce with a pointed weapon. 
 — 3, v. n. To adhere ; to cleave : — to stop ; to re- 
 main ; to be constant : — to hesitate. 
 
 Stick'i-ness, n. Adhesive quality; viscosity. 
 
 Stlck'-lac, n. Lac in its natural state. 
 
 Stic'kle (stik'kl), v. ». [A frequentative of Stick, 
 to adhere. — But see Stickler.] [pp. stickling, 
 stickled.] To contest; to altercate :— an arbi- 
 trator; an umpire. 
 
 Stic'kle-back, ». [A.-S. sf.icel, a sting.— Cf. Stick, 
 to prick.] A fish with a spiny back. 
 
 Stic'kler, n. [A.-S. stihlan, etihtian, to govern, to 
 dispose; Put. stichteu, Ger. stiften, to institute, to 
 establish : root of Stop.] A contender for trifles : 
 — a second in a contest ; an umpire. 
 
 Stick'y, o. Viscous ; adhesive ; glutinous. 
 
 Stiff, a. [A.-S. stif; Put. stijf; Pan. stiv ; Ger. 
 steif.] Rigid; inflexible; stubborn; formal. 
 
 Stiffen (stif'fn), v. a. [Sw. stifna ; Pan. stivne.— 
 See Stiff.] [pp. stiffening, stiffened.] To make 
 stiff. — 2, v. n. To grow or become stiff. 
 
 Stiffly, ad. Rigidly; inflexibly; stubbornly. 
 
 Stiff-necked (stif'nekt), a. Having a stiff neck ; 
 stubborn; obstinate; headstrong. 
 
 Stiffness, n. State of being stiff. 
 
 Sti'fle "(Stf'fl), v. a. [Icel. stijla, to dam, to choke ; 
 Niirw. stivla, to check; a frequentative of stica, 
 to stiffen (q. v.) ; confused also with Stive.] [pp. 
 stifling, stifled.] To suffocate; to smother; to 
 choke; to suppress. 
 
 Stig'ma, w. ; pi. Stlg'mas, or Stlg'ma-ta. [Gr. 
 o-Tiyixa, a prick, a brand ; crrt'^etv, to prick : root 
 of Stick.] A brand ; a mark of infamy; a blot; 
 disgrace :— a wound or scar.— (Bot.) The top of 
 the pistil. 
 
 Stig-ma-ti-za'tion, n. A marking, as with 
 wounds. 
 
 Stig'ma-tize, v. a. [Gr. <TTiyiJ.aTi£eiv, to mark or 
 brand.— See Stigma.] [pp. stigmatizing, stig- 
 matized.] To mark, as with infamy ; to fix a 
 stigma upon ; to brand ; to reproach. 
 
 Stile, n. [A.-S. stigel; stigan, to mount.] A set 
 of steps to pass over a fence :— [Fr. stile ; L. stilus, 
 for slights, a writing point or tool ; root of Stig- 
 ma] pin of a sundial : — a sharp point or style. 
 
 Sti-let'to, n. [It. ; dim. of stilo, L. stilus, a point, 
 a stile (q. v.).] A small, round dagger: — an 
 instrument to make eyelet-holes. 
 
 Still, v. a. [A.-S. eme, Ger. still, Put. stil, Dan. 
 slille, still, quiet ; root of A.-S. steal, a place. — See 
 Stall.] [pp. stilling, stilled.] To make silent; 
 to quiet. — 2, a. Silent; quiet; calm: — motion- 
 less. — 3, ad. Till now; nevertheless; always. — 
 4, n. [L. slillure, to distil (q. v.); stilla, a drop.] 
 A vessel for distillation ; au alembic. 
 
 Still'-bbrn, a. Born lifeless; dead-born. 
 
 Stlll'-life, n. {Painting.) A representation of 
 such things as are without animal life. 
 
 Still'ness, n. Quiet; silence; taciturnity. 
 
 Stil'ly, ad. Silently; not loudly; calmly. — 2, a. 
 Still'; calm ; quiet. [Poet.] 
 
 Stilt'ed, a. Elevated and artificial; pompous. 
 
 Stilt, "w. [Sw. stylhi, Pan. stylte, Dut. stelt, Ger. 
 stelze, a stilt.— Cf. Dan. stylte, to stalk ; stolt, 
 proud. — See Stalk.] A walking support used 
 by boys :— a plough-handle. 
 
 Stlm'u-lant, a. [L. stimulana. — See Stimulate.] / 
 Stimulating; exciting.— 2, n. A stimulating 
 medicine; any thing that stimulates; excite- 
 ment; stimulus. 
 
 Stim'u-late, v. a. [L. sthmdare, stimnlatum, to 
 goad; stinnrfitx, a goad; root of Stigma (q. v.).] 
 [pp. stimulating, stimulated.] To goad ; to prick 
 forward; to excite ; to spur on ; to quicken. 
 
 Stim-u-la'tion, n. [L. stimviatio.] The act of 
 stimulating; excitement :— action of stimulants. 
 
 Stlm'u-la-tive, a. Stimulating. — 2, n. That which 
 stimulates. 
 
 Stim'u-lus, n. ; pi. Stlm'i-ll. [L. for "a goad." 
 — See Stimulate.] A spur; that which stimu- 
 lates ; a stimulant. 
 
 Sting, v. a. [A.-S. stingav, Dan. stinge, to sting; 
 forms parallel to Stick (q. ».).] [i. stung; pp. 
 stinging, stung.] To pierce or wound with a 
 point or sting. — I, n. A sharp point : — any thing 
 that gives pain :— remorse of conscience. 
 
 Stin'i-i-ness, n. Niggardliness; covetousness. 
 
 Sting-ray', ». A large fish with a sharp spine in 
 its tail ; a ray of several spei ies. 
 
 Stm'|-y. "• [Cf. Local & Colloquial clinch, skimp, 
 to be close ; A.-S. scencan, to deal out, to pour 
 out; from sceanc, a shank, a hollow bone, — 
 hence, a pipe. From the same source conies 
 Ger. schenken, to send, to give, to pour out.] 
 Covetous; niggardly; avaricious. 
 
 Stink, v. n. [A.-S. stincan; Dut. & Ger. stinken.] 
 [i. stunk or stank; pp. stinking, stunk.] To 
 emit an offensive smell. — 2, ». An offensive 
 smell; stench. 
 
 Stint, v. a. [A.-S. styntan, Icel. slytta, for stynta, to 
 shorten, to limit. — See Stunt.] [pp. stintinar, 
 stinted.] To bound; to limit; to confine: — to 
 assign. — 2, n. A limit; a quantity assigned. 
 
 Stipe, n. [L„ stipes, a stem.] The stalk of a fern- 
 leaf; a stem. 
 
 Sti'pend, «. [L. slipenditim ; stips, a small coin, a 
 payment, and pendere, to weigh out, to pay.] 
 Wages ; a settled pay ; salary. 
 
 Sti-pen'di-a-ry, a. [L. stipendiariiis.] Relating 
 to a stipend ; receiving a stipend or pay. — 2, n. 
 One who receives a stipend. 
 
 mien, sir; move, nor, 
 
 bull, bur, rule, use.— g, Q, 5, £, soft; p, p, p, §, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; tfiis. 
 
STIPPLE 
 
 516 
 
 STOPPLE 
 
 Stip'ple (stlp'pl), v. a. [Dut. slippel, a dot; stip- 
 pelen, to speckle; stippen, to prick: a dim. of 
 Stab.] [pp. stippling, stippled.] To engrave 
 by means of dots. — 2, n. A mode of engraving 
 by dots. [of dots. 
 
 Stip'pling, n. The act of engraving by the use 
 
 Stip'u-late, v. n. [D. stipulari, stipnlatus, to bar- 
 gain, to arrange ; 0. L. stipulus, firm. The deri- 
 vation from stipula, a straw (as a pledge), is dis- 
 credited.] [pp. stipulating, stipulated.] To 
 contract ; to engage. 
 
 Stip'u-lg.te, a. (Bot.) Having stipules. 
 
 Stip-u-la'tion, n. [L. stipulutio.] The act of stip- 
 ulating ; a contract ; a bargain ; terms ; condi- 
 tion ; article. 
 
 Stip'u-la-tor, n. [L.] One who contracts. 
 
 Stip'ule, n. (Bot.) [L. stipula, a diminutive of 
 stips or stipes, a stalk. — Cf. Stubble.] A scale at 
 the base of a petiole or a leaf-stalk. 
 
 Stir, v. a. [A.-S. styrian, to move ; Ger. storen, to 
 disturb; Icel. styrr, a stir.— Cf. if. sternere, to 
 scatter.] [pp. stirring, stirred.] To put in 
 motion; to instigate; to move; to agitate; to 
 incite; to rouse; to raise. — 2, v. n. To move; 
 to be in motion. — 3, n. Tumult ; commotion ; 
 disturbance. 
 
 Stir'rup (stir'rup or stur'rup) [ster'rup, F. Ja. Sw,. 
 St. J.J, n. [A.-S. stirap ; stigan, to mount, and 
 rap, a rope; Ger. slegreif, a stirrup.] An iron 
 for a horseman's foot to rest in. 
 
 Stitch, v. a. [A.-S. stice, a pricking ; stician, to 
 stick ; Ger. stick, a stitch ; stichen, to stitch : a 
 softened form of Stick.] [ pp. stitching, stitcbed.] 
 To sew ; to join ; to unite. — 2, v. n. To work 
 with a needle.— 3, n. A pass of a needle :— a 
 sharp pain. 
 
 Stith'y, n. [Icel. stedi, Sw. st'dd, an anvil ; from 
 its firmness : akin to Steady.] An anvil; a 
 smithy : — a disease in oxen. 
 
 Stive, v. a. [L. stipare, to pack : akin to Stove and 
 Stew.] [pp. stiving, stived.] To stuff up ; to 
 stow : — to heat. [copper coin, worth two cents. 
 
 Sti'ver, n. [Dut. stuiver ; Ger. stiiber.] A Dutch 
 
 Stoat, n. [Perhaps 0. E. slot, a male animal. — Cf. 
 Sw. stut, a bull.] An animal, the ermine. 
 
 Stock, n. [A.-S. stocc; Dut. & Dan. stole: Ger. 
 stock; Fr. estoc: akin to Stick and Stake.] The 
 trunk, stem, or body of a plant or tree :— a post : 
 — a dunce ; a dolt : — a close neck -cloth ; a cra- 
 vat : — lineage ; race : — cattle in general :— a 
 store ; a capital ; capital in shares ; a fund of 
 money: — the frame of a gun: — a handle. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. stocking, stocked.] To store; to 
 fill sufficiently. 
 
 Stock-ade', n. [From Stock, a stake or post; 
 formed in imitation of Sp. estocada, It. stoccata, a 
 defence, a thrust in fencing; slocco, a short 
 sword : cognate with Stock.] An enclosure of 
 pointed stakes. — 2, v. a. [pp, stockading, stock- 
 aded.] To fortify with pointed stakes. 
 
 Stock'f ish, n. Codfish dried hard, without salt. 
 
 Stock'hold-er, n. An owner of stock. 
 
 Stocking, n. [From Stock, a trunk, a post.] A 
 covering for the leg and foot. 
 
 Stocks, n. pi. A structure for confining the legs 
 of offenders:— a frame :— public or other funds. 
 
 Stock'-still, a. Motionless; quite still. 
 
 Stock'y, a. Stout ; short and thick. 
 
 Sto'ic, n. [Gr. cttuukos, a stoic; o-roa, or o-raxx, a 
 colonnade ; since Zeno taught under a colonnade 
 at Athens.] A philosopher of the sect of Zeno : 
 — one who is stoical or unfeeling. 
 
 Sto'ic, \ a. Relating to the Stoics :— cold ; want- 
 
 Sto'i-cal, J ing feeling or sensibility. 
 
 Sto'i-cal-ly, ad. In a stoical manner. 
 
 Sto'i-ci§m, n. The system, doctrines, or manners 
 of'the Stoics: — insensibility; apathy. 
 
 Stok'er, n. [Dut. stoker, a kindler; sloken, to kin- 
 dle :' akin to Stick; from the use of a poker in 
 stirring fires.] One who attends to a fire in a 
 brew-house or steam-engine. 
 
 Stole, n. [A.-S. stole, L. stola, Gr. cttoAt;, a robe; 
 o-TeWeiv, to set, to array, to equip.] A long 
 vest ; a robe ; a vestment of a priest or of a 
 matron.— 2, i. from steal. [thetic. 
 
 Stol'jd, a. [L. stolidus.] Very dull ; stupid ; apa- 
 
 Sto-lid i-ty, n. [L, stolidilas.] Stupidity ; apathy ; 
 heaviness. 
 
 Sto'lon, n. [Fr. ; L. stolo, stolonis, a shoot.] (Bot.) 
 A rooted creeping shoot or runner. 
 
 Stol-o-nif'er-ous, a. [L. stolo, a shoot, and ferre, 
 to bear.] Putting forth stolons. 
 
 Sto'ma, n. ; pi. Stom'a-ta. [Gr. o-T6>a, a mouth. 
 — Cf. Zend gtaman, a mouth.] A breathing-pore ; 
 a leaf-pore. 
 
 Stom'aph, n. [L. stomachus, Gr. o-toV<xkos, a mouth, 
 gullet, stomach ; dim. of ar6p.a, a mouth.] The 
 organ in which food is digested :— appetite :— 
 temper: — pride.— 2, v. a, [pp. stomaching, 
 stomached.] To receive or hold in the stomach : 
 — to resent : — to put up with. 
 
 St6m'a-cher, n. An ornament for the breast. 
 
 Sto-mach'ic, n. A medicine for the stomach. — 
 2, a. [Gr. o-rojuaxiKo?, relating to the htomach.] 
 Relating to, or good for, the stomai h. 
 
 Stone, w. [A.-S. stan; Dut. steen; Dan. sten ; Ger. 
 stein. — Cf. Gr. aria, a stone.] A concretion of 
 some species of earth, as lime, clay, silex, &c, 
 smaller than a rock, and larger than gravel; a 
 mineral not ductile or malleable :— a gem :— a 
 concretion in the kidneys or bladder :— a weight 
 of fourteen pounds : — a monument : — a case con- 
 taining a kernel or seed. — 2, a. Made or con- 
 sisting of stone.— 3, v. a. [pp. stoning, stoned.] 
 To beat or kill with stones. 
 
 Stone'-blind, a. Completely blind. 
 
 Stone' -fruit, n. Peaches, plums, apricots, &c. 
 
 Stone-ma'son (-mfi'sn), n. A mason who works in 
 stone. 
 
 Stone'-ware, n. Ware made of flint and clay. 
 
 Ston'i-ly, ad. With stony coldness or hardness; 
 hardly; unfeelingly; unrelentingly. 
 
 Ston'i-ness, a. The state of being stony. 
 
 Ston'y, a. Made of or full of stones ; hard. 
 
 Stood (stud), i. & p. from stand. 
 
 Stook (stuk) [stok, Ja. K. N. C. St.~\, n. [Low Ger. 
 stuke, Ger. stanch, a stack : root of Stow.] A 
 shock of corn containing twelve sheaves. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. stooking, stooked.] To set up in stooks. 
 
 Stool, n. [A.-S. & Dan. stol : Dut. stoel; Ger. stithl. 
 — Cf. Russ. stol, Lith. stalas, a table ; Gr. ctttjAt?, 
 a pillar; uto.-, to stand.] A seat without a back; 
 a bench .-—evacuation from the bowels. — [L. 
 stolo, a shoot.] (Bot.) A plant ; a shoot. — 2, v. n. 
 [pp. stooling, stooled.] To send out shoots. 
 
 Stool'-pig-eon, w. [Local E. stale, a decoy : — akin 
 to stall, to halt, to stop.] A decoy pigeon : — a 
 person used as a decoy. 
 
 Stoop, v. n. [A.-S. shqnan, 0. Dut. slvypen, to 
 stoop; Sw. slupa, to fall.] [pp. stooping, stooped.] 
 To bend down ; to bend forward : — to yield ; to 
 submit; to condescend. — 2, n. The act of stoop- 
 ing : — [see Stoup] a vessel of liquor: — [Dut. 
 stoep. — See Step] a porch with steps ; door-steps. 
 
 Stop, v. a. [A.-S. stoppian, Dut. stoppen, Dan. 
 stoppe, Ger. stnpfen, to stop ; It. stoppare, to stop, 
 to cram with tow ; L. stupa, Gr. crr-uny, tow. — 
 Cf. Fr. ctouper, 0. Fr. estuper, to stop, to stuff 
 (-7- »•)•] LPP- stopping, stopped.] To hinder 
 from proceeding; to check; to hinder; to ob- 
 struct; to close up. — 2, v. n. To cease to pro- 
 ceed; to pause. — 3, n. A pause; a cessation: — 
 obstruction; obstacle: — a mark or point in 
 writing or printing: — regulation in music; a set 
 of organ-pipes. [off. 
 
 Stop'-cock, n. A pipe made to turn water on or 
 
 Stope, v. a. [Root of Step.] [pp. stoping, stoped.] 
 To cut away in steps. — 2, n. One of a series of 
 steps or shelves in a mine. 
 
 Stop'pa§-e. n. Act of stopping; obstruction. 
 
 Stop'per, \n. [Cf. Estoppel.] That by which any 
 
 Stop'ple, J hole of any vessel is filled up ; a plug. 
 
 e, l, o, u, y, 
 
 a, e, 5, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y., obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
STORAGE 
 
 517 
 
 STRAY 
 
 Stor'afe, n. Act of, or pay for, storing. 
 Sto'rax, ». [L. storax or styrax; Gr. o-rupa£-] A 
 plant : — a fragrant resin ; styrax. 
 
 Store. u. [Late L. stain-urn. or imtanrum, a store ; 
 L. uutaurare, to build : cognate with Gr. trrav- 
 pos, a stake, — also upright ; Skr. sthavara, fixed, 
 sttil ile ; stha, to stand (q. v.).] A large quantity ; 
 plenty; a stock accumulated :— a magazine : — a 
 storehouse : — a warehouse : — a retailer's shop. — 
 Military stores, provisions, clothing, arms, ammu- 
 nition, &c. — 2, v. a. [ pp. storing, stored.] To 
 furnish ; to lay up ; to hoard. 
 
 StSre'house, n. A magazine ; a warehouse. 
 
 Stork, n. [A.-S. store; Dut., Dan., & Ger. stork.] 
 A large bird of passage. 
 
 St'drm, n. [A.-S., Dut., & Dan. storm; Ger. storm; 
 Gael. & Irish, stoirm: root of Strew; L. stern/ere, 
 to overthrow.] A violent wind accompanied by 
 rain, hail, or snow ; a tempest ; a high wind : — 
 violent assault : — tumult; bustle. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 storming, stormed.] To attack by force or vio- 
 lence. — 3, v. >u To raise tempests; to rage. 
 
 Storm'i-ness. n. State of being stormy. 
 
 Storm'y, a. Tempestuous; windy; violent. 
 
 Sto'ry, n. [From L. historia, history (q. v.).] A 
 narration either true or false; a narrative; a 
 tale ; a fable ; a fiction : — [probably from 0. Fr. 
 estarer, to build, to store (q. «.); estorce, built] a 
 stage or floor of a building; aloft; a set of rooms. 
 
 Stoup [stoup, X. ; stoup or stoup, St.], v. [A.-S. 
 steap, Dut. stoop, Ger. slauf, a cup.] A basin for 
 holy water in a church :— ^a bucket; a pitcher. 
 
 Stout, a. [A.-S. stolt, bold; Ger. stoh; 0. Dut. 
 stolt, bold ; 0. Fr. estout, stout : probably related 
 «to Stolid.] Strong; fleshy; robust: — valiant; 
 brave : — obstinate; stubborn. — 2, n. Strong beer. 
 
 Stbut'ly, ad. Lustily; boldly; obstinately. 
 
 Stout'ness, n. Strength; valor; boldness. 
 
 Stove, n. [0. Dut. & Low Ger. stove, a stew (q. v.), 
 a hot-house; Ger. slube, a room; It. ettifa, Sp. 
 eslufa, Fr. clave, a stove ; 0. Ger. stupa, a bath- 
 room.] A hot-house :— a place for a fire. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. stoving, stoved.J To keep warm in a house i 
 heated. — 3, i. & p. from stave. 
 
 Sto'ver, n. [0. Fr. estover, provisions : probably 
 akin to Stow.] Fodder for cattle ; hay ; straw. 
 
 Stow (sto), v. a. [A.-S. stou; 0. Fris. sto, a ])lace.] 
 [pp. stowing, stowed.] To lay up; to reposit in 
 order. 
 
 Stow'age, n. Act of stowing : — room ; deposit. 
 
 Stra-bis'mus, ». [Neo- Latin; Gr. o-rpd^tcr/xo?, a 
 squint; o-rpajSo?, L. strabus, squinting: root of 
 Gr. o-rpefyeiv, to turn.] {Med.) An obliquity of 
 the axis of the eye; a squinting; cross-eye. 
 
 Strad'dle, v. n. [A frequentative of Stride.] 
 [pp. straddling, straddled.] To separate the legs 
 widely; to walk awkwardly; to stride. — 2, u. 
 Divarication ; stride. 
 
 Strag'gle, v. n. [0. E. straclle, frequentative of 
 stroke)/, A.-S. strican, to go, to strike (q. v.).] [pp. 
 straggling, straggled.] To wander; to rove: to 
 rami ile ; — to be dispersed. 
 
 Strag'gler, n. A wanderer; a rover. 
 
 Straight' (strut), a. [A.-S. streht, stretched; strec- 
 can, to stretch (q. v.).] Not crooked; direct. — 
 2, ad. Immediately; directly. 
 
 Straight'en (stra'tn), v. a. [pp. straightening, 
 straightened.] To make straight. 
 
 Straight-fdr'ward, a. Direct; upright. 
 
 Straight'ly. (strat'le), ad. In a right line:— strictly. 
 
 Straight'ness (str&Vues), n. Rectitude. 
 
 Straight'way (strat'wa), ad. Immediately. 
 
 Strain, v. a. [L. stringere, to stretch (q. v.) ; 0. Fr. 
 estraindre.] [pp. straining, strained.] To force 
 through some porous substance, or through in- 
 terstices; to filter :— to sprain : — to make tense; 
 to force ; to constrain. — 2, v. n. To make violent 
 efforts. — 3, ».. A violent effort; sprain: — a style 
 of speaking: — a song; a note:— turn: — stock or 
 breed. [instrument of filtration ; a filter. 
 
 Strain'er, n. He who or that which strains : — an 
 
 Strait, a, [0. Fr. estreil; Fr. elroil; L. stringere^ 
 slrictum, to stretch ; strictus, strict, stretched.] 
 Narrow; close; strict; difficult.— 2, n. A nar- 
 row pass or channel, as between two seas :— state 
 of distress ; difficulty. 
 
 Strait' en (stra'tn), v. a. [pp. straitening, strait- 
 ened.] To. make narrow ; to contract : — to con- 
 fine ; to distress. 
 
 Strait'laced (-last), a. Stiff; strict; rigid. 
 
 Strait'ly, ad. Narrowly; strictly; closely. 
 
 Strait'ness, n. Narrowness; rigor; distress. 
 
 Strake, n. [A form of Streak.] An iron plate by 
 which the joints in the fellies of a wheel are 
 defended ; the rim or tire of a wheel/ — a seam 
 between two planks in a ship. 
 
 Stra-mo'ni-um, n. [Neo-Latin ; perhaps from the 
 root of sierriere, stravi, stratum, to overthrow ; 
 from its narcotic qualities.] The thorn-apple; a 
 narcotic plant used in medicine. 
 
 Strand, n. [A.-S., Dut., Dan., & Ger. strand; Icel. 
 strond.] Verge of the sea or a river; shore: — 
 [Dut. streen, streng, Ger. slrahne, a skein ; strong, 
 a string (g. v.); Gr. arpayyog, twisted] a lesser 
 cord in a rope or twist. — 2, v. a. [pp. stranding, 
 stranded.] To force on the strand or shallows. — 
 3, v. n. To run aground. 
 
 Strange, a. [Fr. ttrange ; 0. Fr. estrange; L. ex~ 
 tranens, foreign, extraneous (q. v.).] Foreign; 
 unknown ; odd. 
 
 Stranf-e'ly, ad. In a strange manner; oddly. 
 
 Strange'ness, ". Quality of being strange. 
 
 Stran'ger, ». [Fr. etranger; 0. Fr. estrungier. — See 
 Strange.] One unknown ; a foreigner. 
 
 Stran'gle (strang'gl), v. a. [L. strangulate; Gr. 
 (TTpayyaXoeiv ; crrpayyaXr), a halter: crrpavyo?, 
 twisted.] [pp. strangling, strangled.] To kill 
 by intercepting the breath ; to choke. 
 
 Stran'gu-la-ted, a. Strangled ; compressed. 
 
 Stran-gu-la'tion, u. [L. strangulatio. — See Stran- 
 gle.] The act of strangling. 
 
 Strah'gu-ry, n. [L. stranguria; Gr. arpayyovpia ; 
 o-Tpdyf, a drop, and ovpot-, urine (q. v.).] A dif- 
 ficulty in voiding urine. 
 
 Strap, n. [A.-S. strop; L. struppus or stroppus, a 
 thong; Gr. o-Tp6(po?, a cord; o-rpefyeiv, to twist.] 
 A strip of leather ; a strop. — 2, v. a. [pp. strap- 
 ping, strapped.] To beat or sharpen with a strap. 
 
 Strap'ping, a. Vast ; large ; vigorous. [Low.] 
 
 Strass, n. [Its inventor's name.] A kind of glass 
 for artificial gems. 
 
 Stra'ta, n. pi. [L.] Layers. Sec Stratum. 
 
 Strat'a-gem, ». [Gr. 0-rparriyrip.a, a military act; 
 <TTpa.Tr)y6<;, a general, o-TpaTo?, an army, and 
 ayeiv, to lead.] A plan or scheme to obtain some 
 advantage ; a manoeuvre ; a trick ; a ruse. 
 
 Stra-te£'ic, \ a. [Gr. o-TpaT-qyiicos.] Pertaining 
 
 Stra-te|-'i-cal, / to or performed by strategy. 
 
 Strat'e-fist, n. One versed in strategy. 
 
 Strat'e-gy, n. [Gr. a-Tparrryia. ; o-Tparrjyos, a gen- 
 eral.— Cf. Stratagem.] Military science ; tactics. 
 
 Strat-i-fi-ca'tion. n. Arrangement in layers. 
 
 Strat'i-fy, v. a.' [L. stratum, a layer, and fieri, to 
 become.] [pp. stratifying, stratified.] To range 
 in beds or layers; to form into strata. 
 
 Stra'tum, n.; pi. Stra'ta. [L. for "a layer;" 
 stervere, stratum, to spread, to lay flat.] A layer; 
 a layer of gravel, earth, stone, or rocks. 
 
 Straw, n. [A.-S. stream; Icel. stra ; Dut. stroo ; 
 Ger. stroh; Dan. straa: akin to Strew.] The 
 stalk of grain, as wheat, rye, &c. 
 
 Straw'ber-ry, v. [A.-S. streaberige: probably from 
 the strawy look of its runners.J A plant and its 
 
 Straw'-col-or, n. The color of straw. [fruit. 
 
 Straw'-col-ored (straw'kul-urd), a. Of the color 
 of straw ; light yellow. 
 
 Straw'y, a. Made of straw; like straw; light. 
 
 Stray, v. n. [0. Fr. estraier, from estree, a street 
 (q. v.). — Cf. Prov. estradier, a rover; estrada, a 
 6treet.] [pp. straying, strayed.] To wander; to 
 rove; to err. — 2, n. An animal lost by wan- 
 dering. — 3, a. Gone astray ; wandering. 
 
 mien, sir; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5, 9, c, g, soft; 0, 0, ft, §, hard; § as z ; 5 as gz ; this. 
 
 44 
 
STREAK 
 
 518 
 
 STRONTIUM 
 
 Streak, n. [A.-S. Mrica, Dan. streg, Dut. sfreek, a 
 stroke. — See Strike.] A line of color ; a stripe ; 
 a mark. — 2, v. a. [pp. streaking, streaked.] To 
 stripe ; to variegate ; to dapple. 
 
 Stream, n. [A.-S. stream, Dut. stroom, Dan. strum, 
 Ger. strom, a stream. — Cf. Skr. sru, Gr. peeiv, to 
 flow.] A running water; a current. — 2, v. n. 
 [pp. streaming, streamed.] To flow ; to run ; to 
 issue forth. 
 
 Stream'er, n. An ensign; a flag; a pennon. 
 
 Stream'let (strem'let), n. A small stream. 
 
 Street, n.' [A.-S. street; L. strata via, a paved way ; 
 steruere, stratum, to throw down, to scatter, to 
 pave.] A public way in a town or city ; a way ; 
 a paved way between houses. 
 
 Strength, «. [From Strong, as length from long.] 
 The active power of an animal body ; power of 
 endurance or resistance: — intellectual power; 
 power of any kind ; force ; vigor ; energy ; po- 
 tency : — a fortress : — support. 
 
 Strengthen (streng'thn), v. a. [pp. strengthen- 
 ing, strengthened.] To make strong. — 2, v. n. 
 To grow strong. 
 
 Stren'u-oiis, a. [L. strenuus ; Gr. o-Tpnvrig, strong.] 
 Bold ; active ; ardent ; zealous; earnest; urgent; 
 spirited ; energetic ; vehement. 
 
 Stren'u-ous-ly, ad. In a strenuous manner. 
 
 Stren'u-ous-niss. n. State of being strenuous. 
 
 Stress, n. [Sometimes equivalent to Distress ; 
 0. Fr. estrecir, Active L. strictiare, to pinch, to 
 straiten; L. ex, out, and stringere, striatum, to 
 strain (q. v.).] Importance; weight; violence; 
 force; strain; emphasis; accent. 
 
 Stretch, v. a. [A.-S. streccan, Dut. strekken, Ger. 
 strecken, to stretch. — Cf. A.-S. strsec, strong (q. v.); 
 stearc, stark; L. stringere, striatum, to strain; 
 Gr. arpayyo?, twisted : akin to String and 
 Straight.] [pp. stretching, stretched.] To ex- 
 tend ; to expand ; to draw out. — 2, v. n. To be 
 extended or drawn out. — 3, n. Extension ; reach ; 
 effort; strain. 
 
 Stretch'er, n. He who or that which stretches : — 
 a litter for carrying wounded men. 
 
 Strew (stru or stro), v. a. [A.-S. streoivian, from 
 streaiv, straw (q. v.) ; Dut. strooijen, from stroo, 
 straw. — Cf. Ger. streuen, Dan. strb'e, to strew.] 
 [i. strewed; pp. strewing, strewed or strewn.] 
 To spread ; to scatter ; to strow. 
 
 Stri'se, n. pi. [L.] Minute channels, lines, or 
 flutings. — (Arch.) Fillets in fluted columns. 
 
 Stri'ate, or Stri'at-ed, a. [L. striare, striatum, to 
 furrow ; stria or s'trix, a furrow.] Formed in 
 striae; furrowed; channelled. 
 
 Stri-a'tion, n. The state of being striated : — a mi- 
 nute line or channel ; the arrangement of strife. 
 
 Strick'en (strikTm), p. from strike. Afflicted; 
 smitten : — far gone ; advanced in years. 
 
 Strict, a. [L. stringere, striatum, to strain (q. v.).] 
 Exact ; severe ; rigorous ; rigid. 
 
 Strict'ly, ad. Exactly ; precisely ; rigorously. 
 
 Strict'ness, n. Quality of being strict ; exactness ; 
 severity ; rigor ; austerity. 
 
 Strict' ure (strikt'yur), n. [L. strictnra, a contrac- 
 tion; stringere, strictum, to strain.] A stroke : — 
 contraction : — a touch of criticism ; a critical re- 
 mark ; a censure ; animadversion. 
 
 Stride, tis [A.-S. stridan, Low Ger. striden, streren, 
 to stride, to walk with effort, — properly, to strive 
 (//. ».).] A long step; a straddle. — 2, v. n. \i. 
 strode or strid ; pp. striding, stridden or strid.] 
 To walk with strides or long steps ; to straddle. 
 
 Stri'dent, a. [L. stridere, to creak ; part, stridentis.] 
 Harsh and shrill ; grating. 
 
 Stri'dbr, n. [L.] A shrill, grating sound. 
 
 Strid-u-la'tion, n. The act of stridulating, or 
 making a shrill, grating noise. 
 
 Strid'u-lous, a. [L. stridvlosus, stridulus. — See Stri- 
 dent.] Making a small noise ; creaking. 
 
 Strife, n. [From Strive (g. v.) ; 0. Fr. eslrif, Fris. 
 strid, Dut. strijd, Ger. streit, strife.] Contention; 
 contest; discord. 
 
 Strig'il, n. [L. strigilis. — Cf. strhgere, to strain, 
 to drawj to rub.] A flesh-scraper. 
 
 Strike, v. a. [Dut. strijken, Dan. stryge, Ger. 
 streichen, to stroke, — also to rove; A.-S. strican, 
 to go, to touch lightly.] [i. sti-uck ; pp. striking, 
 struck or stricken.] To hit with a blow; to 
 smite: — to contract: — to lower, as colors. — 
 
 2, v. n. To hit ; to collide ; to dash :— [A.-S. siri- 
 can, to go] to go; to move swiftly: — to cease 
 from work in order to obtain higher wages. — 
 
 3, n. A dry measure : — strickle : — a sudden re- 
 volt, as of workmen, to obtain higher wages. 
 
 Strik'er, n. A person or thing that strikes. 
 
 Strik'jng, p. a. , Surprising ; wonderful. 
 
 Strik'ing-ly. ad. So as to affect or surprise. 
 
 String, n. [A.-S. strenge; Dut. streng ; Ger. Strang: 
 akin to Strain.— Cf. Gr. arpayydKr], a halter; 
 arpayyos, twisted ; L. stringere, to draw.] A 
 cord : line ; tendon ; fibre : — series. — 2, v. a. [i. 
 strung; pp. stringing, strung or stringed.] To 
 furnish with strings ; to put in tune :— to deprive 
 of strings :— to file or put on a string; to file. 
 
 Stringed (stringd), a. Having strings. 
 
 Strin'§en-cy, n. The state or quality of being 
 stringent ; severity ; rigor. 
 
 Strin'gent, a. [L. stringere, strictum, to draw, to 
 bind ;' part, stringentis.] Binding; strict; severe; 
 rigid. 
 
 String'er, n. One who strings :— a long beam. 
 
 String'-halt, n. A disorder or convulsive action 
 in the hind leg of a horse ; spring-halt. 
 
 String'i-ness, n. Quality of being stringy. 
 
 String'y., a. Fibrous; filamentous; ropy. 
 
 Strip, v. a. [A.-S. strypan, Dut. stroopen, to plun- 
 der, to strip, — formerly, to flay.] \i. stripped; 
 pp. stripping, stripped, sometimes stript.] To de- 
 prive of covering; to make naked; to divest; to 
 rob. — 2, v. n. To undress ; to disrobe. — 3, n. A 
 long narrow shred or piece ; a slip. 
 
 Stripe, v. a. [Dut. streep, Low Ger. stripe, Ger. 
 streif, a stripe, a strip : akin to Strip in the 
 sense of to flay.] [pp. striping, striped.] To va- 
 riegate with lines : — to beat. — 2, n. A colored 
 streak : — a blow ; a lash ;— a mark made by a lash. 
 
 Stri'ped [stript, I. St. Wb. ; strip'ed, if.], a. Hav- 
 ing stripes or colored streaks. 
 
 Strip'ling, n. [A dim. of Strip, — meaning one as 
 thin as a strip or streak.] A young person ; a 
 youth ; a tall or growing lad. 
 
 Strive, v. n. [0. Fr. estriver ; Low Ger. streven, to 
 strive,— also to stride (q. ?•.).] [L strove ; pp. 
 striving, striven.] To struggle ; to labor ; to 
 contend ; to aim. 
 
 Strob'ile, n. [L. slrobilus ; Gr. <rrp6i3iAos; from 
 <TTpe'4>etv, to twist.] (Bot.) The fruit or cone of 
 the fir-tree or of other similar trees. 
 
 Strode, v. Did stride. 
 
 Stroke, ». [From Strike.] A blow ; a knock : — 
 a gentle rubbing movement : — an effort :— afflic- 
 tion : — touch of a pencil : — the man who rows 
 the aftmost oar, and who gives time to the others. 
 —2, v. a. [A.-S. stracian ; Ger. streichen. — See 
 Strike.] [pp. stroking, stroked.] To rub gen- 
 tly ; to soothe. 
 
 Stroll, v. n. [A parallel form of Straggle.— Cf. 
 Swiss slrolchen, root of Ger. streichen, to strike, to 
 ramble. — See Strike and Struggle.] [pp. 
 strolling, strolled.] To wander; to ramble; to 
 rove. — 2, n. A ramble; a wandering. 
 
 Stroll'er, n. A vagrant ; a wanderer. 
 
 Strong! a. [A.-S. strong, Dut., Ger., & Dan. atrertg, 
 strict.] Having strength; powerful; cogent; 
 mighty; hale; robust: — intoxicating. 
 
 Strong'hold, ». A fortified place; a fastness. 
 
 Strong' ly, ad. With strength ; powerfully. 
 
 Stron'ti-a (stron'she-a), n. [Named from the min- 
 eral slrontia)!.} Oxide of strontium. 
 
 Stron'ti-an (strf-n'she-an), n. [From the parish of 
 Stroutiah (stron-te'an), in Scotland. J A mineral 
 containing strontia. 
 
 Stron'ti-um (stron'she-um), n. A rare metal. 
 
 ii, y, long ; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, j, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
STROP 
 
 519 
 
 STURDY 
 
 Strop, n. [See Strap.] A piece of rope : — a strap ; 
 a razor-strop. — 2, v. a. [pp. stropping, stropped.] 
 To apply a strop to ; to strap. 
 
 Stro'phe, n. [Gr. o-rpoc^r/, a turning; o-rpecfreLv, to 
 turn.]' (Poetry.) A division of a Greek choral 
 poem or ode ; a stanza. 
 
 Strove, i. from strive. 
 
 Strow (stro), v. a. [See Strew.] [i. strowed ; pp. 
 stro wing, strewed or strown.J To spread by scat- 
 tering; to scatter; to strew. 
 
 Struck, i. & p. from strike. 
 
 Struct' li-ral, a. delating to structure. 
 
 Struct' lire' (strukt'yur), n. [L. structura; struere, 
 atructum, to heap up, to build.] Form; construc- 
 tion : — an edifice. 
 
 Strug' gle (striig'gl), v. n. [A frequentative form 
 of Strike. — Cf. Ger. straucheln, Dut. struikelen, 
 to stumble.] [pp. struggling, struggled.] To 
 labor ; to strive ; to contest. — 2, n. Labor ; ef- 
 fort; contest; conflict. 
 
 Strum, v. a. & v. n. [Imitative.— Cf. Drum and 
 Thrum.] [pp. strumming, strummed.] To play, 
 as a piano, coarsely and without expression. 
 
 Stru'ma, v. [L. : akin to struere, to build.] Scrof- 
 ula ; — goitre ; a swelling. 
 
 Stru-mose', ]«. [L. strumosus. — See Struma.] 
 
 Stru'mous, J Scrofulous. 
 
 Strum'pet, /;. [It. strupare, Sp. estrupar, L. slu- 
 prare, to ravish ; stnprum, ravishment.] A lewd 
 woman ; a prostitute. 
 
 Strung, i. & p. from siring. 
 
 Strut, v. n. [Dan. strude, strutle, Low Ger. stroteetu 
 to strut; stmtt, stiff.] [pp. strutting, strutted.] 
 To walk with affected dignity. — 2, n. An af- 
 fected, stately walk :— a support ; a prop. 
 
 Stryph'ni-a, \ n. [Gr. o-rpvxvos, nightshade.] A 
 
 Strych'nine, J poisonous, alkaloidal substance, 
 used in medicine. 
 
 Stub, n. [A.-S. slijb; Dan. stub; Dut. stobbe.—CA. 
 Gr. o-tvtto?, a stump; L. stipes, a stem; Skr. 
 stamba, a post : akin to Stand.] A thick, short 
 stock; a log; a stump: — the part of a leaf left 
 in a check-book after a check is removed. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. stubbing, stubbed.] To grub up; 
 to clear off. 
 
 Stub'bed, a. 'Truncated ; short and thick. 
 
 Stub'ble (stub'bl), n. [Ger. & Dut. stop pel ; 0. Fr. 
 estouble ; L. stipula, dim. of stipes, a stalk.] Stalks 
 of grain after reaping. 
 
 Stub'born, a. [0. E. styburne, stiff, austere ; A.-S. 
 styb, a stub (q. v.).] Obstinate; inflexible; stiff. 
 
 Stub'born-ly, ad. Obstinately; inflexibly. 
 
 Stub'born-ness, n. Obstinacy ; contumacy. 
 
 Stuc'co, n. [It. ; Ger. stuck, plaster: akin to Ger. 
 stuck, a patch, a piece.] A fine plaster for walls. 
 — 2, w. a. [pp. stuccoing, stuccoed.] To plaster 
 walls with stucco. 
 
 Stuck, i. & p. from stick. 
 
 Stud, n. [A.-S. sludu, Sw. & Dan. stbd, Icel. slod, 
 a post; root sta-, to stand.] A piece of timber 
 for a support ; a post : — a knob ; a nail : — [A.-S., 
 Icel., & Dan. stod; Ger. gestiit, a stud; Lith. 
 slodas, a drove of horses ; root sta-, to stand : this 
 word is related to Steed] a set of horses. — 2, v. a, 
 \pp. studding, studded.] To adorn: to set with. 
 
 Stud'ding-sail, n. (Xaut.) A narrow sail set at 
 
 the outer edge of the square-sail. 
 Stu' dent, ». [L. studere, part, sludentis, to study, 
 to be zealous.] One devoted to study; a scholar. 
 
 Stud'-hbrse, v. A breeding horse : a stallion. 
 
 Stfid'ied (stud'id), or. Learned; versed in study: 
 
 — premeditated ; precise ; formal. 
 Stu'di-o, w. ; pi. Stu'di-os. [It. for a "study" 
 
 (7. r.), a "school."] An artist's workshop. 
 Stu'di-ous, a. [L. studiosus.] Devoted to study; 
 
 diligent; careful. 
 Stu'di-ous-ly, ad. With study ; diligently. 
 Stu'di-ous-ness, w. Addiction to study. 
 Stud'y, n. [O.'Fr. estudie ; Fr. etude; L. studium, 
 study, zeal.] Application to books and learn- 
 ing; attention; meditation: — a room for study. 
 
 — 2, v. n. [pp. studying, studied.] To think 
 closely ; to muse.— 3, v. a. To search into ; to 
 learn ; to strive zealously. 
 
 Stuff, n. [Fr. ttoffe, It. stoffa, Ger. sloff, stuff; L. 
 stupa, tow, matter used in stuffing.] Any mat- 
 ter ; materials ; worthless matter :— -cloth ; fabric : 
 —furniture ; goods.— 2, v. a. [Ger. stopfen, Fr. 
 etoffer, to stuff ; Late L. stupare, to stuff or stop 
 {q. v.) with tow.] [pp. stuffing, stuffed.] To 
 fill very full; to swell out: — to stifle. — 3, v. n. 
 To feed gluttonously ; to cram. 
 
 Stuff/ing, n. The act of filling:— stuff; that by 
 which any thing is filled ; ingredient. 
 
 Stuffy, a. [Fr. etouffer, 0. Fr. estouffer, to suffo- 
 cate : it seems to represent etoffer, to stuff, but to 
 come from a word parallel to Sp. tufo, Gr. tuc^o?, 
 vapor.] Close; musty: — obstinate": — resolute. 
 
 Stul-ti-fi-ca'tion, n. The act of stultifying. 
 
 Stfil'ti-fy, v. a. [L. stultus, a fool, and facere, to 
 make.] [pp. stultifying, stultified.] To make 
 or prove foolish. 
 
 Stum'ble (stum'bl), v. n. [Icel. & Norw. stwmra ; 
 Local Sw. slainbla, stammra* It is identical in 
 origin, and, as sometimes used, in meaning, 
 with Stammer.] [pp. stumbling, stumbled.] 
 To trip in walking or runuing; to slip; to err; 
 to strike against something. — 2, n. A trip in 
 walking ; a failure. 
 
 Stump, n. [Dan. stump, Dut, stomp, Ger. stumpf, 
 a stump, a stub (o. v.). — Cf. Norw. slunime, Ger. 
 stummel, a stump.] The part of a body left after 
 amputation ; the stub of a tree, &c. — Stump is 
 used in relation to electioneering or canvassing; 
 as, & stump speech, <&c. — 2, r. a. [pp. stumping, 
 stumped.] To lop: — to canvass : — to puzzle; to 
 challenge. [Low.] — 3, r. n. To walk clumsily. 
 
 Stump'y, a. Full of stumps ; short. 
 
 Stun, v. a. [A.-S. stunian, to make a din ; stun, a 
 din: related to Ger. stohneu, Or. areveiv, to 
 groan; Skr. stan, to resound.] [pp. stunning, 
 stunned.] To confound with noise or a blow. 
 
 Stung, i. & p. from sting. 
 
 Stunk, i. & p. from stink. 
 
 Stunt, v. a. [A form of Stixt ; 0. Sw. stunt, Icel. 
 stuitr, for stunlr, Ihort.] [pp. stunting, stunted.] 
 To hinder from growth; to stint. — 2. n. A 
 check in growth :— an animal or plant that is 
 stunted. 
 
 Stupe, »». [L. stupa or stuppa, tow of flax.] Medi- 
 cated cloth, &c, for a sore. — 2. v. a. [ pp. stuping, 
 stuped.] To foment; to dress with stupes. 
 
 Stu-pe-fac'tion, u. [L. stupefactio.—See Stupefy.] 
 Insensibility; stupidity. 
 
 Stu-pe-fac'tive, a. Causing insensibility. 
 
 Stu'pe-fy, v. a. [Fr. stupSfier; L. stupefacere; stu- 
 pere, to be amazed, and facere, to make.] [pp. 
 stupefying, stupefied.] to make stupid; to be- 
 numb; to deprive of sensibility. 
 
 Stu-pen'dous. «• [L. stupendus, amazing, to be 
 wondered at; stupere. to be struck with wonder. 
 — See Stupid.] Wonderful : astonishing. 
 
 Stu-pen'dous-ly, ad. Wonderfully. 
 
 Stu-pen'dous-ness. n. State or quality of being 
 stupendous ; wonderf illness. 
 
 Stu'pid, a. [L. stupidus, senseless ; stupere, to be 
 struck dumb with wonder. — Cf. Skr. stubh, 
 stumbh, stambh, to stupefy; root sta-, to stand.] 
 Dull; insensible; sluggish. 
 
 Stu-pid'i-ty, n. [L. stupiditas; Fr. slupidite.] State 
 of being stupid ; dulness. 
 
 Stu'pid-ly, ad. In a stupid manner; dully. 
 
 Stu'pid-ness, n. Dulness; stupidity. 
 
 Stu'por, n. [L. for "amazement," "stupidity." — 
 See Stupid.] Numbness; insensibility. 
 
 Stiir'di-ly, ad. Stoutly; resolutely. 
 
 Stiir'di-ness, ». Stoutness ; hardiness. 
 
 Stiir'dy, a. [0. Fr. estourdi, amazed, senseless, 
 rash, brave ; Fr. ctourdir, It. stordire, to stun : 
 perhaps from L. ex intensive, and torpidvs, dull. 
 — See Torpid.] Hardy ; stout; obstinate ; strong; 
 sinewy; robust; firm; importunate. 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son; bull, biir, rule, use. — 5, Q, c, £, soft; p, p, p, g\ hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 
 
STUEGEON 
 
 520 
 
 SUBOKDINATE 
 
 Stiir'feon (stlir'jun), n. [A.-S. styria, stiiiga ; Late 
 L. slurio ; Ger. & Dan. star; Fr. esturg'eon; Sp. 
 eshtrion: root of Stir; from the sturgeon's habit 
 of floundering in tin- mud.] A large fish. 
 
 Stut'ter, n. [Ger. slattern, to stutter : imitative. — 
 Of. Icel. stauta, to beat,— also, to read with a 
 stutter; Dan. stode, to jog, to push, to stumble 
 on, to trip against.] Hesitation in speech ; stam- 
 mer. — 2, v. n. [pp. stuttering, stuttered.] To 
 speak badly ; to stammer. 
 
 Stut'ter-er, n. One who stutters. 
 
 Sty, n. [A.-S. sliyo, Icel. stia, sti, Dan. sti, 0. Ger. 
 stiga, a pen ; Ger. steige, a coop.] A pen for 
 swine. — [Low Ger. sti'eg, Norw. slig, sti, A.-S. 
 stigen, rising; from stiga n, to climb.] (Med.) 
 A little tumor on the eyelid :— written also stye. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. stying, styed.] To shut in a sty. 
 
 Sty£'i-an, a. Relating to the river Styx ; infernal. 
 
 Style," n*. [An incorrect spelling of Stile ; L. stilus, 
 a writing instrument, — also, a manner of writ- 
 ing.] A pencil used by the Romans for writing 
 on waxed tablets :— manner of writing or speak- 
 ing; diction: — mode of painting: — method; 
 mode; manner: — fine or fashionable manner; 
 fashion: — appellation; title: — a graver: — [Gr. 
 o-tuAo?, a pillar] the pin or gnomon of a dial : — 
 the stalk of a stigma ; a filament : — mode of 
 reckoning time. — 2, v. a. [pp. styling, styled.] 
 To dignify or address by a title ; to term ; to call ; 
 to name; to entitle. 
 
 Sty'lish, «. Showy; modish; finical. 
 
 Sty'lish-ness, n. State or quality of being stylish. 
 
 Sty'list, n. A master of style. 
 
 Styp'tic, n. [Gr. o-tvtttiko<; ; from arv^eiv, to con- 
 tract.] An astringent medicine or lotion. — 2, a. 
 Checking hemorrhage or bleeding; astringent. 
 
 Sty'rax, n. [L.] Same as Storax. 
 
 Sua'sion (swFi/zhun), n. [L. suasio ; suadere, s-ua- 
 snm, to persuade; suadus, pleasant, persuasive; 
 suavis, sweet.] Act of persuading. 
 
 Sua'so-ry, a. [L. suasorius.] Tending to persuade. 
 
 Suave, or Suave, a. [Fr. ; L. suavis, sweet.] 
 Pleasing; agreeable. 
 
 Suav'i-ty (swav'e-te), n. [L. suavitas ; Fr. suavit£.~\ 
 Mildness ; softness. 
 
 Sub-. A Latin prefix signifying under or below. In 
 composition it denotes a subordinate degree. 
 
 Sub-ac'id, a. [L. subacidus.] Sour or acid in a 
 smal 1 degree. 
 
 Sub'al-tern, or Sub-al'tern, a. [L. subaltermis, 
 inferior; sub, under, and alter, another.] Infe- 
 rior; subordinate; lower. — 2, n. A subaltern 
 officer, or one under the rank of captain. 
 
 Sub-&u-di"tion, v. [L. subaitditio; sub, under, 
 and audire, to hear.] An implied meaning. 
 
 SGb-com-mit'tee, ». A subordinate committee. 
 
 Sub-con' tra-ry, «. [Sub- and Contrary.] Contrary 
 in an inferior degree : — having a contrary order. 
 
 Sub-cu-ta'ne-ous, «. [Sub- and Cutaneous.] Situ- 
 ated just below the skin; pertaining to tissues 
 just below the skin. 
 
 Sub-dea'con (sub-de'kn), n. [Sub- and Deacon.] 
 An under-deacon. 
 
 Sub-dj-vide', v. a. [L. subdividere.— See Divibe.] 
 [pp. subdividing, subdivided.] To divide again ; 
 to divide what has been already divided. 
 
 Sub-di-vi"sion (sub-de-vlzh'un), n. [L. subdivisio. 
 — See Division.] Act of subdividing; division 
 of a part. 
 
 Sub-du'a-ble, a. That may be subdued. 
 
 Sub-due', *'. a. [L. subducere; sub, under, and 
 ducere, to draw; 0. Fr. souduire.] [pp. sub- 
 duing, subdued.] To make subject; to subju- 
 gate; to vanquish ; to conquer ; to crush. 
 
 Sub-du'er, n. One who subdues ; a conqueror. 
 
 Sub-ed'i'-tor, n. [Sub- and Editor.] A subordi- 
 nate or assistant editor. [of a genus. 
 
 Sub-fe'nus, n. [Sub- and Genus.] A subdivision 
 
 Sub-ja'cent, a. [L. subjaeere, subjacentis, to lie 
 under; sub, under, and jaeere, to lie.] Lying 
 under or beneath. 
 
 Sub-ject', v. a. [L. subicere, subjectum; sub, under, 
 and jaeere, to throw.] [pp. subjecting, sub- 
 jected.] To put under; to enslave; to subju- 
 gate : — to make liable ; to expose. 
 
 Sub'ject, a. Placed under the power of: — exposed ; 
 liable; obnoxious. — 2, n. One who lives under 
 the dominion of another; opposed to rider: — any 
 topic or thing to be treated of; matter; a theme. 
 — (Gram.) The nominative of a verb. — (Logic.) 
 The term or thing about which something is 
 affirmed or denied. See Object. 
 
 Sub-jec'tion, n. [L. subjeclio.] The act of sub- 
 jecting; ' state of being subject; submission; 
 subjugation. 
 
 Sub-jec'tive, a. [L. subjectivus.] Relating to the 
 subject or the conscious subject. See Objective. 
 
 Sub-jec'tive-ly, ad. In relation to the subject. 
 
 Sub-jec-tiv'j-ty, u. State of being subjective. 
 
 Sub-join', v. a. [L. subjungere. — See Join.] [pp. 
 subjoining, subjoined.] To add to the end; to 
 annex ; to affix. 
 
 Sub'ju-g-ate, v. a. [L. subjugate, eubjugatum ; sub, 
 under, and jugum, a yoke.] [pp. subjugating, 
 subjugated.]' To conquer; to subdue. 
 
 Sub-ju-ga'tion, n. The act of subduing ; conquest. 
 
 Siib-jGnc'tive, «. [L. subjunctivus. — See Subjoin.] 
 Subjoined to something. — (Gram.) Noting a 
 mood of verbs which implies doubt, condition, 
 or contingency. 
 
 Sub-lease', n. [Sub- and Lease.] A lease by a 
 tenant to another tenant; an under-lease. — 
 
 2, v. a. [pp. subleasing, subleased.] To sublet. 
 Sub-let', v. a. [Sub- and Let.] [i. sublet; pp. 
 
 subletting, sublet.] To under-let, as land. 
 
 Sub'li-mate, v. a. [L. sublimare, mblimatum, to 
 raise; sublimis, high.] [pp. sublimating, sub- 
 limated.] To raise into vapor in a chemical 
 vessel by heat; to sublime : — to exalt. 
 
 Sub'li-mate, n. A substance sublimated. — 2, a. 
 Raised by sublimation or heat. 
 
 Sub-li-ma'tion, n. [L. sublimatio.] Exaltation: — a 
 chemical process of converting solids into vapor. 
 
 Sub-lime', a. [L. sublimis, lofty.] Partaking of 
 sublimity ; high in place or style ; lofty ; grand ; 
 great; magnificent; splendid; superb; heroic. 
 —2, n. A grand or lofty style ; sublimity. — 
 
 3, v. a. [See Sublimate.] [pp. subliming, sub- 
 limed.] To raise; to exalt :— to sublimate; to 
 raise into vapor by heat. 
 
 Sub-lime'ly, ad. In a sublime manner. 
 
 Sub-Hm'i-ty, n. [L. sublimMas.] State of being sub- 
 lime ; grandeur ; loftiness of style or sentiment. 
 
 Sub-lm'gual, a. [L. sub, under, and lingua, the 
 tongue.] " Being under the tongue. 
 
 Sub-lu'nar, 1«. [L. sub, under, and luna, the 
 
 Sub'lu-na-ry, J moon.] Situated beneath the 
 moon ; terrestrial ; worldly. 
 
 SQb-ma-rine', a. [Sub- and Marine.] Being, or 
 acting, under the sea. 
 
 Sub-merge', v. a. [L. submergere, submersum. — See 
 'Merge.] [pp. submerging, submerged.] To 
 drown; to put under water; to immerse. — 
 2, v. u. To go under water. 
 
 Sub-mer' fence, n. The act of submerging; state 
 of being submerged. 
 
 Sub-mer'sion, n. [L. submersio. — See Submerge.] 
 Submergence. 
 
 Sub-mis'sion (sub-mish'un), n. [L. submissio. — 
 See Submit.] The act'of submitting; compli- 
 ance; resignation; obedience. 
 
 Sub-mis' sive, a. Ready to yield submission ; com- 
 pliant; yielding; obedient; humble. 
 
 Sub-mis' sive-ly, ad. With submission. 
 
 Sub-mis' sive-ness, n. Submissive disposition. 
 
 Sub-nut' , v. a. [L. submittere, to let down, to 
 yield; sub, under, and mittere, to send.] [pp. 
 submitting, submitted.] To resign; to yield; 
 to refer.— 2, v. n. To be subject; to surrender. 
 
 Sub-or'di-nate, a. [L. sub, under, and ordo, ordi- 
 'ni% a rank.] Inferior in order, authority, rank, 
 nature, or power; subject; subaltern.— 2, n. 
 
 e, I, o, ii, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
SUBOEDINATE 
 
 521 
 
 SUCCESS 
 
 One who is subordinate or inferior in rank or 
 authority ; a subject. 
 
 Sub-or'di-nate, v. a. [pp. subordinating, subor- 
 dinated.] To make subordinate. 
 
 Sub-or-di-na'tion, n. Inferiority ; subjection. 
 
 Sub-orn', v. a. [L. snbornare ; sub, under, secretly, 
 "and ornare, to furnish. — See Adokn.] [pp. sub- 
 orning, suborned.] To procure by improper 
 means : — to bribe : — to induce to commit per- 
 
 Sub-or-na'tion, n. The act of suborning. [jury. 
 
 Sub-pce'na, v. [L. sub, under, andpcejirt, penalty.] 
 (Law.) A writ or process to cause the attend- 
 ance of a witness. — 2, v. a. [pp. subpoenaing, 
 subpoenaed.] To serve with a subpoena. 
 
 Sub-scribe', v. a. [L. subscribere, subscription ; sub, 
 'under, and scribere, to write.] [pp. subscribing, 
 subscribed.] To write or annex one's name to; 
 to sign: — to consent to; to attest. — 2, v. n. To 
 give consent ; to agree. 
 
 Sub-scrib'er, n. One who subscribes. 
 
 Sub' script," a. [See Subscribe.] Underwritten; 
 subscribed. 
 
 Sub-scrip'tion, n. [L. subscriptio.] The act of 
 "subscribing; that which is subscribed; a signa- 
 ture; attestation. [sequent ; consequence. 
 
 Sub'se-quence, n. State of following or being sub- 
 
 Sub'se-quent, a. [L. subsequi, subsccutum, to follow 
 closely; sub, under, and sequi, to follow; subse- 
 quens, following.] Following; not preceding ; 
 being later; posterior; consequent. 
 
 Sub'se-quent-ly,, ad. At a later time. 
 
 Sub-serve', v. a. [L. subsenn7-e ; sub, under, and 
 servire, to serve (q. v.).] [pp. subserving, sub- 
 served.] To be subservient to; to promote; to 
 serve instrumentally. 
 
 Sub-ser'vi-ence, \n. State of being subservient ; 
 
 Sub-ser'vi-en-cy., J fitness ; use. 
 
 Sub-ser'vi-ent, a. [L. subserviens, part, from snb- 
 servire, to subserve (q. v.).] Useful as an instru- 
 ment ; subsidiary ; instrumental ; serviceable. 
 
 Sub-side', v. n. [L. mbsidere; sub, under, and 
 'sedere, to sit.] [pp. subsiding, subsided.] To 
 sink down or to the bottom; to become lower; 
 to settle ; to abate. 
 
 Sub-sid'ence, In. [L. subsidenHa.] The act of 
 
 Sub-sid'en-cy, J subsiding or sinking. 
 
 Kub-sid'i-a-ry, a. [L. subsidiarius, in reserve. — 
 See Subsidy.] Assistant; aiding; helpful, 
 
 Sub'si-dize, v. a. [pp. subsidizing, subsidized.] 
 To furnish with a subsidy. 
 
 Sub'si-dy, n. [L. subsidium, aid, reserve force; 
 sub, under, and sedere, to sit.] Aid in money to 
 a foreign power to enable it to carry on war ; a 
 subvention. 
 
 Sub-sist', v. n. [L. subsistere, to exist; sitb, under, 
 and sistere, to stand, to cause to stand (</. v.).) 
 [pp. subsisting, subsisted.] To continue; to 
 have existence ; to live ; to remain ; to inhere. — 
 2, v. a. To feed ; to maintain. 
 
 Sub-slst'ence, n. [L. subsistentia, substance, ex- 
 istence.] The act of subsisting; real being: — 
 means of support; maintenance. 
 
 Sub'soil, u. [Sub- and Soil.] A layer of soil under 
 the surface. 
 
 Sub' stance, »■ [In substantia, material ; sub, under, 
 arid stare, to stand.] Something existing; essen- 
 tial part; something real : — goods; estate. 
 
 Sub-stan'tial (sub-st;in'shal), a. [L. substantial is.] 
 Relating to substance; having substance; real; 
 not imaginary ; material ; solid. 
 
 Sub-stan-ti-al'i-ty (sub-stan-she-al'e-te), n. State 
 of being substantial"; reality. 
 
 Sub-stan' tial-ly, ad. In substance; truly. 
 
 Sub- stan' ti -ate (sub-stan'she-at), v. a. [pp. sub- 
 stantiating, substantiated."] To establish by 
 proof; to prove ; to verify. 
 
 Sub'stan-tive, n. [L. substantivus.] Whatever ex- 
 ists ; a noun. — 2, a. Betokening existence. 
 
 Sub'stan-tive-ly, ad. As a substantive. 
 
 Sub'sti-tute, v. a. [L. substittiere, substilntum ; sub, 
 under, and sbduere, statutum, to place. — See 
 
 Statute.] [pp. substituting, substituted.] To 
 put in the place of another ; to exchange one for 
 another. — 2, n. One put or acting in place of 
 another; a person or thing substituted. 
 
 Sub-sti-tu'tion, n. [L. substantia.) The act of 
 substituting; state of being substituted; thing 
 substituted. 
 
 Siib-stra'tum, n. ; pi. Sub-stra'ta. [L. — See Stra- 
 tum.] A stratum lying under another stratum. 
 
 Sub-struct'ure (sub-strdkt'yur), n. [Sub- and 
 Structure.] A structure or building under an- 
 other ; a foundation. 
 
 Sub-tan'gent, n. [Sub- and Tangent.] Part of a 
 produced axis, between a tangent and an ordi- 
 nate both drawn to the same point in a curve. 
 
 Sub-tend', v. a. [L. sub, under, and teudere, to 
 stretch.] [pp. subtending, subtended.] To be 
 extended under. 
 
 Sub'ter. [L.] A Latin preposition, signifying 
 under ; as a prefix, equivalent to sub. 
 
 Sub'ter-fuge, n. [Fr. ; Late L. subterfugium ; L. 
 subter, secretly, and fugiuui, flight.]" A shift; 
 evasion; trick. 
 
 Sub-ter-ra'ne-an, la. [L. subterruneus ; sub. un- 
 
 Sub-ter-ra'ne-ous, J der, and terra, the earth.] 
 Lying under the surface of the earth. 
 
 Sub'tile [sub'til or si.t'tl, I. St. P. K.], a. [L. sub- 
 tills', fine, — perhaps, at first, finely woven ; tela, a 
 web.] Thin ; rare ; fine : — acute : — subtle. 
 
 Sub-til-i-za'tion, n. The act of subtilizing or 
 making subtile; rarefaction; refinement. 
 
 Sub'til-ize, v. a. [pp. subtilizing, subtilized,] To 
 make thin or less coarse ; to refine. — 2, v. u. To 
 refine in argument. 
 
 Sub-til'i-ty, or Sub'til-ty, n. [L. subtilitas.] State 
 "of being subtile ; thinness; fineness: — cunning; 
 subtlety; slyness; artifice. 
 
 Subt'le (sut'tl), a. [comp. subtler; sup. subtlest.] 
 [A variant of Subtile; 0. Fr. sontil^] Sly; art- 
 ful; cunning; crafty; keen; acute. 
 
 Subt'le-ness (siit'tl-nes), n. Quality of being 
 subtle ; subtlety. 
 
 Subt'le-ty. (sut'tl-te), ». State of being subtle ; 
 artfulness; evasion; cunning: acuteness. 
 
 Subt'ly. (sut'tle), ad. Slyly ; artfully. 
 
 Sub-tract', v. a. [L. subtrahere, subtraction; sub, 
 "under, and trahere, to draw.] [pp. subtracting, 
 subtracted.] To take a smaller number from a 
 greater; to deduct; to withdraw. 
 
 Sub-trac'tion, )/. [L. subtractio.] The act of sub- 
 tracting : 'deduction. 
 
 Snb-trac'tive, a. Tending to subtract. 
 
 SuVtra-hend, ». [L. subtrahendus, that ought to 
 be subtracted.] The number to be subtracted. 
 
 Sub'virb, ji- [L. euburbium; sub, near, and urba, 
 urbis, a town.] The outer part or confines of a 
 city. [lating to a suburb. 
 
 Sub-iirb'an, a. [L. suburbonus. — See Urban.] Re- 
 
 Sub-ven'tion, n. [In subvenMo, a' coming to one's 
 assistance; sub, under, and venire, to come] 
 The act of coming under ; aid ; a grant of money. 
 
 Sub-ver'sion, ». [L. subversio.] The act of sub- 
 verting; ruin. 
 
 Sub-ver'sive, a. That subverts ; destructive. 
 
 Sub- vert', v. a. [L. mbvertere, subversion, to over- 
 throw; sub, to or from beneath, and vertere, to 
 turn.] [pp. subverting, subverted.] To over- 
 throw; to overturn; to invert; to upset; to de- 
 stroy ; to ruin. 
 
 Sub-vert' er, n. One who subverts. 
 
 Suc-ce-da'ne-ous, a. [L. succedaneus. — See Suc- 
 ceed.] Acting as a substitute. [statute. 
 
 Suc-ce-da'ne-um, n. [L. — See Succeed.] A sub- 
 
 Suc-ceed', v. n. [L. succedere, to follow; sub, near, 
 under, and cedere, cessum, to go.] [pp. succeed- 
 ing, succeeded.] To follow' : — to prosper. — 2, v. a. 
 To follow ; to be subsequent to : — to prosper ; to 
 make successful. 
 
 Suc-cess', n. [L. suceessus, result. — See Succeed.] 
 The happy termination of any affair ; prosperity ; 
 good fortune ; luck. 
 
 mien, s'ir ; move, nor, son ; bfill, biir, rule, use. — Q, f>, s, £, soft; p, )S, e, §, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 
 
 44* 
 
SUCCESSFUL 
 
 522 
 
 SULKLNESS 
 
 Suc-cess'ful, a. Prosperous ; fortunate. 
 
 Suc-cess'ful-ly, ad. Prosperously. 
 
 Sijc-ces'sion (suk-sesb/un), n. [L. successio.] The 
 act of succeeding or following in order; order 
 of events ; a series; a lineage; order of descend- 
 ants, [order. 
 
 Suc-ces'sive, a. [L. successivus.] Following in 
 
 Suc-ces'sive-ly, ad. In succession or order. 
 
 Suc-ces'sor [siik'ses-er, S. E. F.], n. [L. — See 
 Succeed.] One who follows another. 
 
 Suc-cinct' (suk-slngkf), a. [L. succingere, suc- 
 'cinctum, to gird ; sub, under, and cingere, to gird.] 
 Short; concise; summary. 
 
 Suc-cinct'ly, ad. Briefly ; concisely. 
 
 Suc-cinct'ness, n. Brevity ; conciseness. 
 
 Suc-cin'ic (suk-sin'ik), a. [L. succmum, amber. — 
 Cf. suc'ms, juice.] Derived from amber. 
 
 Sue' cor, v. a. [Fr. secours, L. succursus, aid; sub, 
 under, up to, and currere, to run.] [pp. succor- 
 ing, succored.] To help; to assist; to relieve. — 
 2, n. Aid; assistance; relief; help. 
 
 Sfic'co-ry, n. [See Chiccoey.] A plant, the root 
 of w : hich is used in adulterating coffee ; chiccory. 
 
 Sfic'co-tash, n. [Algonkin.] Food made of unripe 
 maize and beans boiled. 
 
 Suc'cu-lence, "I n. Quality of being succulent ; 
 
 Sfic'cu-len-cy, J juice ; juiciness. 
 
 SGc'cu-lent, a. [L. succulentus, juicy; succus, juice. 
 — See Suck.] Full of juice ; juicy ; moist. 
 
 Suc-cumb', v. n. [L. succumbere; sub, down, and 
 'cumbere, for cubare, to lie.] [pp. succumbing, 
 succumbed.] To yield; to submit ; to sink. 
 
 Suc-cfis'sion, n. [L. succussio ; sucevtere, succussum, 
 to shake'; sub, and quatere, to shake.] The act 
 of shaking ; a shaking. 
 
 Such, a. & pron. [A.-S. swyle; Dut. zulk; Dan. 
 slig ; Ger. soldi ; Goth, swaleiks ; swa, so, and 
 leiks, like.] Of that kind ; of the like kind : — 
 the same ; noting a person or thing. 
 
 Suck, v. a. & v. n. [A.-S. sucan, Dan. sage, Ger. 
 saugen, Gael, sug, L. sugere, suctum, to suck ; suc- 
 cus or sucus, juice.] [pp. sucking, sucked.] To 
 draw with the mouth ; to imbibe ; to draw the 
 breast ; to inhale.— 2, n. The act of sucking ; 
 milk from the breast. 
 
 Sfick'er, n. One that sucks:— the embolus of a 
 pump, &c. : — a shoot of a plant : — a fish. 
 
 Sfick'le (suk'kl), v. a. [pp. suckling, suckled.] 
 To nurse at the breast. 
 
 Sfick'ling, n. A young child still suckled. 
 
 Sfic'tion, n. [L. sugere, suctum, to suck.] The act 
 of sucking; a drawing in. 
 
 Sfi'da-to-ry, n. [L. sudatorium ; sudator, a sweater ; 
 sudare, to' sweat.] A hot-house; sweating-bath. 
 
 Sud'den, a. [Fr. souduin, It. subitano, L. subitaneus, 
 sudden; subitus, quick; sub, under, stealthily, 
 and ire, to go.] Happening without notice ; un- 
 expected ; abrupt ; hasty ; precipitate. — 2, n. An 
 unexpected time or occurrence ; as, on a sudden, 
 — i.e., suddenly. 
 
 Sfid'den-ly, ad. Without notice ; hastily. 
 
 Sud'den-ne"ss, n. State of being sudden. 
 
 Su-do-rif ic, a. [L. sudor, sweat (q. v.), and facere, 
 to hvtke.] Provoking or causing sweat. — 2, n. 
 A medicine promoting sweat. 
 
 Sii'dra, n. [Hind.] The lowest of the four great 
 castes of India : — a member of that caste. 
 
 Sfid§, n. pi. [See Seethe, Sod.] Water impreg- 
 nated with soap. 
 
 Sue, v. a. [Fr. suivre, L. sequi, to follow.] [pp. 
 suing, sued.] To prosecute by law : — to follow. 
 — 2, v. n. To beg; to entreat; to petition. 
 
 Sfi'et, n. [L. sevum, sebum; Sp. sebo; It. sevo ; Fr. 
 sxiif; 0. Fr. sew.] Fat; fat about the kidneys. 
 
 Su'et-y, a. Consisting of, or like, suet. 
 
 Suffer, v. a. [Fr. souffrir ; L. sufferre; sub, under, 
 and/erre, to bear.] [pp. suffering, suffered.] To 
 feel with a sense of pain; to bear; to undergo ; 
 to endure ; to sustain: — to tolerate; to allow; to 
 permit. — 2, v. n. To endure pain of body or 
 mind. 
 
 Sfif fer-a-ble, a. That may be borne. 
 
 Sfif fer-a-bly, ad. So as to be endured. 
 
 Sfiffer-ance, n. [Fr. soujfrance.— See Suffek.] 
 Pain ; patience ; permission. 
 
 Suf'fer-er, n. One who suffers or endures. 
 
 Sfif fer-ing, n. Pain suffered ; distress. 
 
 Suf-f'zce' (suf-flz'), v. n. [L. sufficere, to provide; 
 sub, and facere, to make.] [pp. sufficing, suf- 
 ficed.] To be enough; to be sufficient; to be 
 equal to the purpose. — 2, v. a. To supply; to 
 satisfy ; to be enough for. 
 
 Suf-fi"cien-cy (suf-fish'en-se), n. [L. sufficientia.\ 
 State of being sufficient; enough; competence. 
 
 Suf-f f'cient (suf-f ish'ent), a. [L. snfficiens, pres. 
 part, of 'sufficere, to suffice (q. v.).] Equal to an 
 end; adequate; competent; enough. 
 
 Suf-f i"cient-ly, ad. In a sufficient degree. 
 
 Sfif fix, n. A syllable annexed. 
 
 Suf-f ix', v. a. [L. suffigere, suffizum; sub, beneath, 
 and figere, to fix.] [pp. suffixing, suffixed.] To 
 add or annex a letter, syllable, or word. 
 
 Sfif fo-cate, v. a. [L. suffocare, suffocalum, to 
 choke ; sub, under, and fauces, the throat.] [j>p. 
 suffocating, suffocated.] To kill by stopping 
 respiration ; to smother ; to stifle ; to choke. 
 
 Sfif-fo-ca'tion, n. [L. suffiocatio.] The act of suf- 
 focating. 
 
 Sfif fo-ca-tjve, a. Tending to choke. 
 
 Sfif fra-gan, n. [Late L. sujfraganens, an assist- 
 ant.— See Suffrage.] A bishop, as subject to 
 his metropolitan or archbishop. — 2, a. Subor- 
 dinate ; assisting. 
 
 Sfif fraf-e, n. [L. suffragiam,, a vote, assistance, 
 recommendation ; suffragan, to vote for ; perhaps 
 sub, and -fragium, a fragment : the ancients voted 
 with potsherds.] A vote; voice given in a con- 
 test :— a petition or prayer. 
 
 Suf-fu§e', v. a. [L. suffundere, suffusum; sub, at>d 
 fundere, to pour.] [pp. suffusing, suffused.] To 
 spread over. [overspreading. 
 
 Suf-fu'§ion (suf-fu'zhun), n. [L. suffusio.] An 
 
 Sug'ar (shiig'ar), n. [Fr. mere; Sp. azucar ; Arab. 
 sakkar ; Per. shakar ; L. saccharum. — Cf. Skr. 
 farkara, gravel, candied su^ar.] A sweet sub- 
 stance; the concrete juice of the sngar-cane, &c. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. sugaring, sugared.] To sweeten 
 with sugar. 
 
 Sug'ar-cane (shug'ar-kan), n. A cane from the 
 juice of which sugar is made. 
 
 Sug'ar-loaf (snug'-), n. A conical mass of sugar. 
 
 Sug-'ar-plum (shug'-), n. A sweetmeat. 
 
 Sug'ar-y (shug'-), a. Sweet; tasting of sugar. 
 
 Suggest' (sug-jesf or sud-jest'), v. a. [L. sua- 
 ger ere, suggestum; sub, under, and ger ere, to 
 carry.] [pp. suggesting, suggested.] To hint; 
 to intimate. [timation. 
 
 Sug-iest'ion, n. [L. suggestio.] Private hint ; in- 
 
 Sug-fes'tive, a. Making suggestions. 
 
 Su'i-ci-dal, a. Relating to suicide. 
 
 Su'i-cide,' n. [Fr. ; L. sui, of himself: on type of 
 homicide.] Self-murder :— a self-murderer. 
 
 Suit (sut), n. [Fr. suite, a chase, pursuit, train; 
 L. secta, a following; sequi, to follow. — See Sue.] 
 A set of the same kind :— a petition ; courtship : 
 — prosecution : — retinue. See Suite. — 2, v. n. 
 [pp. suiting, suited.] To agree ; to accord. — 
 3, -<;. a. To fit ; to adapt to ; to agree with. 
 
 Suit'a-ble (su'ta-bl), a. Fit; apt; meet; proper; 
 appropriate ; agreeable ; answerable ; concetdeut. 
 
 Suit'a-ble-ness, n. Fitness; agreeableness. 
 
 Suit'a-bly, ad. Agreeably; according to. 
 
 Suite' (swet), n. [Fr.— See Suit.] Retinue; a 
 train of followers ; a suit. 
 
 Suit'or, n. One who sues :— a wooer ; a lover. 
 
 Sul'cate, \a. [L. sulcare, sulcatum, to furrow; 
 
 Sul'cat-ed, J sulcus, Gr. oAko?, a furrow ; e'A/cetv, to 
 draw.]' Grooved; furrowed; having furrows. 
 
 Sfilk, v. n. [From Sulky.] [pp. sulking, sulked.] 
 To indulge in a fit of sulks. 
 
 Sul'ki-ly, ad. In the sulks ; morosely. 
 
 Sfil'ki-nlss, n. Sullenness ; moroseness. 
 
 a, e, i, o, u 
 
 y, long ; a, e, 1, 5, fi, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
SULKS 
 
 523 
 
 SUPEKANNUATE 
 
 Sulks, n. pi A state or fit of sullenness. 
 Sul'ky, «• [A.-S. solcen, remiss, slothful, disgusted.] 
 Silently sullen; morose; sour. — 2, n. [So called 
 from the supposed sulky disposition of a solitary 
 rider.] A wheel-carriage for one person. 
 
 SHl'len, a. [0. Fr. solaiu, Prov. solan, solitary ; L. 
 soltis, alone.] Morose; sour; gloomy; ohstinate. 
 
 SHl'len-ly, ad. In a sullen manner; gloomily. 
 
 Sul'len-nSss, n. Moroseness ; sulkiness. 
 
 Sul'ly, v. a. [A.-S. sylian, Ger. siihlen, to defile; 
 svhl'e, mire.— See Soil.] [pp. sullying, sullied.] 
 To soil; to tarnish; to spot; to foul; to stain; 
 to mar; to spoil. — 2, v. n. To become soiled or 
 spotted. — 3, n. Blemish ; stain. 
 
 Sul'phate, n. (Chem.) A salt or substance formed 
 of sulphuric acid and a base. 
 
 Sul'phide, u. A compound of sulphur and another 
 element or equivalent body. 
 
 Sul'phite, n. A salt of sulphurous acid. 
 
 Sul'phur, n. [L. sulfur; Skr. fulvarl] A mineral 
 substance ; brimstone. 
 
 Sul-phu're-ous, a. [L. sidfureus.] Containing, or 
 impregnated with, sulphur. 
 
 Sul'phu-ret, n. {Chem.) A combination of sul- 
 phur with an alkali, an earth, or a metal. 
 
 Sul-phu'ric, a. Kelating to, or derived from, sul- 
 phur.— Sulphuric acid, a combination of sulphur 
 and oxygen ; oil of vitriol. 
 
 SHl'phu-rous, a. [L. sulfurosus.] Noting an acid 
 formed of sulphur dioxide and water. 
 
 Sfll'phur-y., «• Partaking of sulphur. 
 
 Sul'tan (or sul-tan'), n. [Arab, for "a prince," or 
 "victorious."] The Turkish emperor, called the 
 'Grand Sultan ; a Moslem ruler. 
 
 Sul-ta'na. or Sul-ta'na, n. [It.] A sultan's con- 
 sort'; the empress of 'the Turks. 
 
 SHI' tan-ate, n. Rule or dominions of a sultan. 
 
 Sul'tri-n'ess, n. The state of being sultry. 
 
 Sul'try, «• [See Swklter.] Hot and close ; warm 
 and moist ; oppressively hot. 
 
 Sum, n. [L. gumma, a sum, the chief part; sum- 
 mits, the highest; Fr. somme.] Whole amount; 
 a quantity of money : — a problem or question in 
 arithmetic. — 2, v. a. [L. summare.] [pp. sum- 
 ming, summed.] To compute ; to cast up ; to add. 
 
 Su'maph (shu'mak or su'inak), n. [Fr. sumac ; Sp. 
 zumaque ; Arab, summaq.'] A tree or shrub used 
 in medicine, dyeing, and tanning. 
 
 Sum'ma-ri-ly., ad. In a summary manner. 
 
 Sfim'ma-rlze, v. a. [pp. summarizing, summa- 
 rized.] To present in a summary; to sum up. 
 
 Sum'ma-rj;, a. [Fv. sommaire.] Short; brief; com- 
 pendious :— swift. — 2, n. [h. summarium, a sum, 
 a summation.] A compendium ; abridgment. 
 
 Sum-ma'tion, n. [L. summare, snmmatuin, to add. 
 " — See Sum.] Computation; addition. 
 
 Sfim'mer, n. [A.-S. sumer; Dut. zomer; Dan. & 
 Ger. 'sommer. — Cf. Zend hama, summer ; Skr. 
 sarna, a year.] The warm season of the year, 
 comprising June, July, and August. — [Fr. som- 
 mier, Late L. sagmarius, salmarms, a pack-horse; 
 Gr. o-ayna, a pack-saddle ; crai-reu*, to pack. — 
 See Sumpter.] (Arch.) A large piece of timber; 
 a beam. — 2, v. n. [pp. summering, summered. | 
 To pass the summer. — 3, v. a. To carry through 
 the summer. 
 
 SHm'mer-set, n. See Somerset. [mer-like. 
 
 Sfim'mer-y, a. Of or relating to summer; sum- 
 
 Sum'mit, w. [Fr. sommet or sommitc; L. summus, 
 the highest.] The highest point ; the top. 
 
 Sum'mon, v. a. [Fr. semondre, semoncer, to call; 
 L. summonere, to remind privately ; sub, under, 
 and monere, to admonish : it may in part stand 
 for A.-S. samanan, to collect; simian or sam, to- 
 gether. — See Same. — Cf. Prov. somonre, to sum- 
 mon.] [pp. sumnmning, summoned.] To call 
 with authority ; to cite. [cites or summons. 
 
 Sum'mon-er, n.- [0. Fr. semonueur.] One who 
 
 Sum'mon§, n.; pi. Sflm'mon§-e§. [Fr. semonce, a 
 warning. — See Summons.'] A call of authority. 
 -(Law.) A writ; a citatiou. — 2, v. a. [Fr 
 
 moncer, to call.] [pp. summonsing, summonsed.] 
 To serve with a summons. 
 
 Sump, ii. [Dan. & Sw. sump, Ger. sumpf, a swamp 
 (g. v.).] A drainage-well in a mine :— a salt-vat. 
 
 Sump'ter (sum'ter), n. [O. Fr. sommetier, a pack- 
 horse driver; Fr. sommier, a beast of bur Jen. — 
 See Summer, a beam.] A pack-horse or mule : — 
 a muleteer. 
 
 Sfimpt'u-a-ry (sumt'yu-a-re), a. [L. sumpluarins; 
 sumptus, expense.] Relating to expense; regu- 
 lating the cost of living.— Sumptuary laws, la\vs 
 regulating expense. 
 
 Sumpt'u-ous (sumt'yu-us), a. [L. sumptuosus, 
 costly ; sumptus, expense ; sumere, sumptum, to 
 expend; sub, secretly, aud ernere, to take, to 
 buy.] Costly; expensive; splendid; luxurious. 
 
 Sumpt'u-ous-ly, ad. Expensively; splendidly. 
 
 Sumpt'u-ous-ness, w. Expensiveness. 
 
 Sfln, n. [A.-S. sunne; Dut. zon ; Ger. sonne ; Goth. 
 sunna; L. sol ; Skr. sunu, surya; su, to generate.] 
 The luminary that enlightens and warms the 
 earth : — a sunny place. — 2, v. a. [pp. sunning, 
 sunned.] To expose to, or warm in, the sun. 
 
 Sun'beam (sun'bem), n. A ray of the sun. 
 
 Sfin'burn, n. A tawniness produced by the sun. 
 
 Sun'biirnt, a. Scorched by the sun; tanned. 
 
 Sun'day (sun'da), n. [A.-S. eunnan dseg, the day 
 of the sun.] The Christian Sabbath. 
 
 Sfin'der, v. a. [A.-S. sundrinn, Dan. v'hidre, Ger. 
 sond'ern, to separate ; A.-S. suudor, Dan. sonder, 
 Ger. sonder, to separate.] [pp. sundering, sun- 
 dered.] To part; to separate; to divide, — 2, u. 
 Two parts, or a severance into two parts : as, to 
 cut in sunder. 
 
 Sun'dew, n. A plant of the genus drosera. 
 
 Sun'di-al, n. A plate which shows the hour. 
 
 Sun'dS-tfhi, n. Sunset; sunsetting. 
 
 Sun'dries, n. pi. Several things; various things. 
 
 Sun'dry, a. [A.-S. syndrig ; from similar, separate.] 
 Several ; various ; more than one. 
 
 Sun'fish, n. A species of fish :— a jelly-fish. 
 
 Sfin'flo<v-er, n. A large plant and its flower. 
 
 Sung:, i- &'p- from sing. 
 
 Sunk, i. & p. from sinft. 
 
 Sunk'en (-kn), p. a. from sink. Low; sunk. 
 
 Sun'less, a. Wanting sun ; wanting warmth. 
 
 Sfin'lig-ht (sun'lTt), a. The light of the sun. 
 
 Sun'ny, «. Bright; clear; exposed to the sun. 
 
 Sfln'rise, In. The time of the rising of the 
 
 Sun'ris-ing, j sun ; morning : — the east. 
 
 Sun'set, n. The time of the setting of the sun; 
 close of the day ; evening :— the west. 
 
 Sun'shade, n. A small parasol. 
 
 Sun' shine, n. The radiant light of the sun. 
 
 Sun'shin-y, a. Bright with the sun. 
 
 SHn'stroke, n. A stroke or injury produced by 
 the violent heat of the sun ; insolation. 
 
 Sup, v. a. [A.-S. supan ; Dut. mipen : Low Ger. 
 supen. — Cf. Soup.] [pp. supping, supped.] To 
 sip. — 2, v. 11. To eat supper. — 3, n. A small 
 draught or quantity of liquor. 
 
 Su'per. [Gr. virep, above ; Skr. vpari, above ; 
 upara, nearer; upa, near. — See Up.] A Latin 
 preposition signifying above, over, or excess: — 
 much used in composition. 
 
 Su'per-a-ble, «. [L. superabilis; superare, to over- 
 come ;' super, over.] That may be overcome. 
 
 Su-per-a-bbund', ''. ». [L. svperabundare. — See 
 Abound.] [pp. superabounding, superabounded.] 
 To abound exceedingly ; to be exuberant or very 
 abundant. 
 
 Su-per-a-bun' dance, n. [L. mperabundantia. — See 
 Abundance.] More than enough. 
 
 Su-per-a-bun'dant, «. More than enough. 
 
 Su-per-a-bim'dant-ly, ad. Excessively. 
 
 Su-per-add', v. a. [L. superaddere. — See Add.] 
 [pp. superadding, superadded.] To add over 
 and above. 
 
 Su-per-an'nu-ate, v. a. [L. super, ahove, and an- 
 nus, the year.] [pp. superannuating, superan- 
 nuated.] To impair by age. 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — g, Q, 5, g\ soft; p, fr, p, §, hard; § ;ts z ; 5 as gz ; tnis. 
 
SUPEKANNUATION 
 
 524 
 
 SUPPLE 
 
 Su-per-an-nu-a'tion, n. Disqualification by age: 
 — retirement by reason of age. 
 
 Su-perb', a. [L. superbus, proud; super, above.] 
 "Grand; magnificent; splendid; majestic; au- 
 gust; stately. 
 
 Su-perb'ly, ad- 1° a superb manner. 
 
 Su-per-car'go, ft. [Sp. sobrecurgo. — Super and 
 Cargo.] An officer in a mercbant-sbip who 
 superintends the commercial transactions of the 
 voyage. 
 
 Su-per-cil'i-ous, or Su-per-cil'ious, a. [L. super- 
 cilium, an eyebrow,— also disdaiu, pride, as ex- 
 pressed by lifting the brows ; super, above, and 
 cilium, the eyelid.] Haughty; arrogant; dicta- 
 torial. 
 
 Sfi-per-cil'i-ous-ness, n. Haughtiness. 
 
 Su-per-em'i-nence, n. [L. superemiuenlia. — See 
 Eminent.] Superior eminence. 
 
 Su-per-em'i-nent, a. Yery eminent. 
 
 Su-per-em'i-nent-ly., ad. Very eminently. 
 
 Su-per-er'o-gate, v. n. [L. supererogare, superero- 
 gation, to pay more than was expected; super, 
 above, e, out, and rogare, to ask.] [pp. superero- 
 gating, supererogated.] To do more than duty 
 requires. 
 
 Su-per-er-o-ga'tion, n. [Late L. supererogatio.'] 
 Performance of more than duty requires. 
 
 Su-per-er'o-ga-to-ry. [su-per-e-rog'a-to-re, N. St. 
 H. WbXa.' Exceeding duty. 
 
 Su-per-ex'cel-lence, w. High excellence. 
 
 Su-per-ex'cel-lent, a. [Super and Excellent.] 
 Vefy excellent. 
 
 Su-per-f i"cial (su-per-f Tsh'al), a. [L. svperficialis. 
 — See Superficies."] Being on or covering the 
 surface ; shallow ; slight. 
 
 Su-per-fi"cial-ly (su-per-flsh'al-le), ad. In a 
 superficial manner ; on the surface. 
 
 Su-per-f i"cies (su-per-f ish'ez or su-per-fish'e-ez), 
 n. [L. ; super, above, and fades, the face.] The 
 exterior face of a body ; outside ; surface. 
 
 Su-per-f Ine', a. [Super and Fine.] Eminently 
 fine; very fine. 
 
 Su-per-flu'i-ty., ft. [L. superfuilas ; Fr. superfliiilc.] 
 More than enough ; plenty beyond use ; super- 
 abundance ; excess. 
 
 Su-per'flu-ous, a. [L. superfluus; super, over, and 
 'fluere, to flow.] Exuberant; unnecessary. 
 
 Sy-per'flu-ous-ness, n. The state of being super- 
 fluous ; 'superfluity. [what is human. 
 
 Su-per-hu'man, a. [Super and Human.] Above 
 
 Su-per-im-pose', v. a. [Super and Impose.] [pp. 
 superimposing, superimposed.] To lay on some- 
 thing ; to lay above. 
 
 Su-per-in-cum'bent, a. [Super and Incumbent.] 
 Lying' or resting on. 
 
 Su-per-in-duce', v. a. [L. superinducere ; super, 
 upon, "and ducere, to draw. — See Induce.] [pp. 
 superinducing, superinduced.] To bring in as 
 an addition. 
 
 Su-per-in-tend', v. a. [L. superintended; super, 
 over, 'and intendere, to apply the mind. — See 
 Intend.] [pp. superintending, superintended.] 
 To oversee ; to manage. 
 
 Su-per-in-tend' ence, ) w. The act of superin- 
 
 Su-per-in-tend'en-cy, j tending; care. 
 
 Su-per-in-tend' ent, n. [L. superiutendens, super- 
 intending.] A" director ; an overseer. — 2, a. Di- 
 recting ; overseeing. 
 
 Su-pe'ri-or, a. [L. ; comparative of superus, high ; 
 super, above.] Higher; greater; preferable. — 
 2, n. One who is above another: — the head- 
 officer of a convent. 
 
 Su-pe-ri-or'i-ty, ft. [L. superioritas ; Fr. supcrio- 
 'rite.] ' Higher rank or quality. 
 
 Su-per'la-tive, a. [L. superlativus ; superlatus, ex- 
 cessive"; super, beyond, and ferre, latum, to 
 carry.] Noting the highest degree. — 2, n. The 
 highest degree or state. 
 
 Su-per'la-tive-ly.. ad. In the highest degree. 
 
 Su-per'nal, a. [Fr. supernel, L. snpernus, upper ; 
 super, above.] Placed above ; celestial. 
 
 Su-per-na'tant, a. [L. mpcrnatare, supernatantk, 
 to float; super, above, and nature, frequentative 
 of nure, to swim.] Swimming on the top. 
 Su-per-nat'u-ral,o. [Super and Natural.] Above 
 
 the' powers of nature ; miraculous. 
 Su-per-nat'u-ral-i§m, n. The doctrine of super- 
 natural influence, agency, or power. 
 Su-per-nat'u-ral-ly, ud. Above nature's power. 
 
 Su-per-nu'mer-a-ry,a. [L. supernumerariits ; super, 
 above, and numerus, a number.] Above a slated 
 number. — 2, n. A person or thing above the 
 stated or required number. 
 
 Su-per-phos'phate. n. [Super and Phosphate.] A 
 phosphate containing free phosphoric acid. 
 
 Su-per-sat'u-rate, v. a. [Super and Saturate.] 
 [pp. supersaturating, supersaturated.] To sat- 
 urate to excess. 
 
 Su-per-scrlbe', v. a. [L. superscribere, superscrip- 
 tum; super, above, and scribere, to write.] [pp. 
 superscribing, superscribed.] To write or sub- 
 scribe on the outside ; to direct, as a letter. 
 
 Su-per-scrip'tion, n. [L. superscription A writing 
 on the outside of a letter, or upon something; 
 direction. 
 
 Su-per-sede', v. a. [L. supersedere, to sit above, to 
 be 'superior to, — hence, to pass over, to omit ; 
 super, above, and sedere, to sit (q. v.).] [pip- su- 
 perseding, superseded.] To make void; to set 
 aside; to annul; to overrule; to take the place 
 
 Su-per-sed'ure, n. The act of superseding. [of. 
 
 Su-per-se'r'vice-a-ble, a. [Super and Servicea- 
 ble".] Too'officious. 
 
 Su-per-sti"tion (su-per-stish'un), n. [L. svper- 
 stitio, wonder, dread, scruple; superstes, one who 
 stands near; super, near, and sistere (stare), Star 
 turn, to stand still.] A false or spurious religion 
 or belief; excessive exactness in religious opin- 
 ions or practice. 
 
 Su-per-sti"tious (su-per-stish'us), a. [L. super- 
 stitiosus.] Addicted to, or full of, superstition ; 
 weakly scrupulous. 
 
 Su-per-sti"tious-ly, ad. With superstition. 
 
 Su-per-sti"tious-ness, n. Superstition. 
 
 Su-per-struct'ure (-strukt'yur), n. [Super and 
 Structure.] That which is built on a founda- 
 tion ; an edifice. 
 
 Su-per-vene', v. n. [L. mpervenire, super centum ; 
 super, upon, and venire, to come.] [pip. super- 
 vening, supervened.] To come in unexpectedly. 
 
 Su-per-ven'tion, n. [L. superventio.] The act of 
 supervening'. 
 
 Su-per-vi'§al, n. Inspection ; supervision. 
 
 Sii-per-vise', v. a. [L. super, over, and videre, 
 visum, to look.] [pp. supervising, supervised.] 
 To overlook; to oversee. 
 
 Su-per-vi"sion (-vizh'un), n. [See Supervise.] 
 Inspection.' 
 
 Su-per-vi'§or, n. An overseer; an inspector. 
 
 Su-per-vI'§o-r£, a. Practising supervision. 
 
 Su-pi-na'tion, w. [L. supinare, supinatum, to lay 
 backward". — See Supine.] State of being supine : 
 — position of the hand with the palm upward.. 
 
 Su-pine', a- [L. supimts, backward, one's back; 
 from sub, under. — Cf. Gr. v7ttio<;, supine; from 
 v7to, under; also L. supptte, head downward.] 
 Lying with the face upward: — negligent; care- 
 less; indolent; stupid. 
 
 Su'pine, «. [L. supimvm : perhaps so called because 
 it falls back to the functions of the verb, though 
 in' form it is a verbal noun.] (L. Gram.) A kind 
 of verbal noun. 
 
 Su-pine'ly, ad. With the face upward ; stupidly. 
 
 Su-pine'ness, «• State of being supine. 
 
 Sup'per, m. [Fr. soupier, supper,— also to sup.] 
 The last meal of the day; the evening repast. 
 
 Sup-plant', v. a. [L. supplantare, to trip up; sub, 
 'under, and planta, the sole of the foot.] [pp. 
 supplanting, supplanted.] To displace by strat- 
 agem ; to take the place of; to turn out. 
 
 Siip'ple (siip'pl), a. [Fr. souple, pliant; L. supplest, 
 bending; sub, under, and plicare, to bend.] Easily 
 
 a, e, I, o, ii, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y., obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
SUPPLEMENT 
 
 525 
 
 SUKPASS 
 
 bent; pliant; flexible; yielding; soft; submis- 
 sive; suppliant; fawning. — 2, v. n. [pp. sup- 
 pling, sup] .led.] To grow soft; to grow pliant. 
 — 3, v. a. To make pliant. 
 SGp'ple-ment, n. [L. supplementwn ; supplere, to 
 nil up; sub, up, and plere, to fill.] An addition 
 to supply defects. — 2, v. a. [pp. supplementing, 
 supplemented.] To supply ; to add. 
 Sup-ple-ment'al, \a. Belating to a supple- 
 Sup-ple-ment'a-ry, j ment ; additional. 
 Sfip'ple-ness, //'. Pliantness; flexibility. 
 Sup'pli-ant, a. [Fr. : pres. part, of supplier, to ' 
 pray.— See Sitplicate.] Entreating; beseech- 
 ing. — 2, n. A petitioner; a supplicant. 
 Sup'pli-cant, n. [L. supplicmis, supplicating.] One j 
 
 who supplicates. — 2, a. Entreating; petitioning. 
 Sup'pli-cate, v. u. [L. svpplicare, supplicatum, to j 
 beg ;'svtpplex, bending, — bence, beseeching; sub, 
 under, and plicare, to bend.] [pp. supplicating, 
 supi 'Heated.] To make a supplication; to im- 
 plore ; to entreat. [entreaty. I 
 Sup-pli-ca'tion, n. [L. supplio.dio.] A petition ; | 
 Sfip'pli-ca-to-ry, «• Petitionary ; entreating. 
 Sup-ply', v. a. [Fr. supplier, L. supplere, to fill ; 
 sub, up, and plere, to fill.] [pp. supplying, sup- 
 plied.] To fill up; to afford; to furnish.— 2, n. 
 Belief of want; sufficiency; stock; store; fund: 
 — a sum or something granted or furnished. 
 Sup-port', v. a. [L. supportare, to carry; sub, 
 under, and portare, to carry.] [pp. supporting, 
 supported.] To sustain; to bear ; to bear up; to 
 endure; to uphold; to favor ; to maintain. — 2, n. 
 A prop : — a mainlenance. 
 Sup-port' a-ble, a. Endurable; tolerable. 
 Sup-port'er, n. One who supports. 
 Sup-pos'a-ble, a. That may be supposed. 
 Sup-pose', v. a. [Fr. supposer: in form it repre- 
 sents L. sub, under, and pausare, to halt; in 
 meaning it represents L. supponere, nq 
 to place under; sub, under, and ponere, to place.] 
 [pp. supposing, supposed.] To assume or admit 
 without proof ; to imagine ; to believe ; to think. 
 Sup-po-si"tion (siip-po-zish'un), n. [L. supposi- 
 lio ; supponere, to suppose (</. v.), to substitute, to 
 place under.] Act of supposing ; that which is 
 supposed ; conjecture ; a guess ; a surmise ; hy- 
 pothesis; opinion. 
 Sup-pos-i-ti"tious (sup-poz-e-tlsh'us), a. [L. sup- 
 positiciu8.] Not genuine; counterfeit: — supposed; 
 not real. 
 Sup-pos'i-tive, a. Supposed ; suppositional. 
 Sup-pos/i-tlve-ly., ad. Upon supposition. 
 Sup-pos/i-to-ry, n. [L. sub, under, and ponere, 
 positum, to place.] A medicated mass to be in- 
 troduced into the rectum or the vagina. 
 Sup-press', v. a. [L. mpprimere, suppression; sab, 
 under, and primere, to press.] [pp. suppressing, 
 suppressed.] To overpower and crush; to sub- 
 due: — to restrain; to stifle; to conceal. 
 Sup-pres'sion (sup-presh'un), n. [L. ,suppressio.] 
 Act of suppressing ; the thing suppressed : — con- 
 cealment. 
 Siip'pu-rate, v. a. [L. snppnrare, mppnratum ; sub, 
 under, and pus, puris, pus 0/. v.).] [pp. suppu- 
 rating, suppurated.] To generate pus in. — 2, v. u. 
 To generate or form pus. rating ; pus. 
 Sup-pu-ra'tion, n. [L. suppuralio.] Actofsuppu-| 
 Sup'pu-ra-tive, a. Digestive; generating pus. — | 
 
 2, n. A suppurating medicine. 
 
 Su'pra. [L. — Cf. snperus, high.] A Latin prepo- ! 
 
 sitio'n, used in composition, and signifying above 
 
 or before. [the orbit. \ 
 
 Su-pra-b'r'bi-tal, a. [Supra and Orbit.] Above 
 
 Su-prem'a-cy, n. [Fr. supre'matie.] State of being 
 
 supreme'; highest place ; highest authority. 
 Su-preme', a. [L. supremws, highest ; sujjerus, 
 
 high.] Highest in dignity and power. 
 Su-preme'ly, ad. In the highest degree. [over, j 
 Sur-. A prefix, from the French, denoting more, or 
 Sii'ral, a. [L. sura, the calf.] Being in the calf I 
 of the leg. 
 
 Sur'base, n. [Sur- and Base.] {Arch.) A cornice 
 
 or moulding above a pedestal ; upper base. 
 Sur-cease', v. n. [Fr. sursis, suspension ; surseoir, 
 to suspend, to supersede (q. v.). It has no 
 connection whatever, except in meaning, with 
 Cease.] [pp. surceasing, surceased.] To cease. 
 — 2, v. a. To cause to cease. — 3, a. A cessation. 
 
 Sur-charge', v. a. [Fr. surcharge)-; sur, over, 
 and Charge.] [pp. surcharging, surcharged.] 
 To overload; to overburden. —2, n. [Fr. sur- 
 charge.] An excessive load or charge. 
 
 Siir'cin-gle (sur'sing-gl), n. [0. Fr. ; L. super, 
 over, and ciugnlum, a girdle.] A girth : — a gir- 
 dle of a cassock. 
 
 Siir'coat, n. [Fr. svrcot. — See Sur- and Coat.] A 
 short coat worn over the dress. 
 
 Surd, a. [L. surdus, deaf, indistinct.] (Arith.) In- 
 commensurable. — 2, n. An incommensurable or 
 irrational number or quantity. 
 
 Sure (shur or shur), a. [Fr. sur, 0. Fr. seur, L. 
 8ecurus, secure (g. v.).] Certain ; unlading; in- 
 fallible; confident; undoubting; sate ; firm; sta- 
 ble. — 2, ad. Certainly ; without doubt. 
 
 Sure'ly. (shur'le), ad. Certainly; doubtless. 
 
 Sure'ty (shur'te), n. [Fr. surtti, security (q. v.).] 
 State of being sure ; certainty; safety: — security 
 against loss or damage ; a hostage ; a bail ; guar- 
 antee ; a pledge : — one who gives security or is 
 bound for another. 
 
 Surf, n. [Probably a corruption of Sough.] The 
 swell of the sea that breaks on the shore ; a wave 
 cresting into foam ; breakers. 
 
 Sur' face, n. [Fr. ; sur, L. super, above, and face, 
 face' (q. v.).} The superficies; the outside. 
 
 Siir'feit (sUr'fjt), ps, a. [0. Fr. Borfait, excess; sor- 
 faire, surfaire, to overdo; Fr. $nr, L. super, and 
 /"ire, li.facere, to do.] [pp. surfeiting, surfeited.] 
 To feed to excess ; to cloy. — 2. v. v. To be fed 
 to satiety. — 3, n. Excess in eating; satiety. 
 
 SUrf y, a. Abounding with surf. 
 
 Surge, n. [L. surgere, to rise ; sub, under, upward, 
 and regere, to rule, to direct.] A swelling sea; 
 a wave ; a billow. — 2, v. ft, [pp. surging, surged.] 
 To swell ; to rise high. 
 
 Siir'geon (sur'jun), n. [See Chirurgeon.] A pro- 
 fessor of surgery ; one who practises surgery. 
 
 Sur'ger-y, n. [See Chiuvrgy.] Thar part of the 
 healing art which relates to external diseases 
 and their treatment: ait of curing by hand, by 
 instruments, or external applications. 
 
 Sur'gi-cal, a. [See Chirurgical.] Pertaining to 
 surgery. 
 
 Siir'li-ness, n. Moroseness; sour anger. 
 
 Sur'loin, n. [Fr. surlonge; sur. over, and longe, a 
 loin (q. v.).] Loin of beef: — written also sirloin. 
 
 Sur'ly, a. [Either for sourly, or probably for sir- 
 lil-e, lordly, magisterial.] 'Morose; rough; un- 
 civil; sulky. 
 
 Sur-mise', v. a. [0. Fr. surmettre (part, surrnis), to 
 accuse; sur, upon, and wettre, to put: L. mittere, 
 to send.] [pp. surmising, surmised.] To suspect; 
 to conjecture ; to fancy; to imagine: — to hint; 
 to intimate. — 2, n. An imperfect notion ; suspi- 
 cion; conjecture. 
 
 Sur-mount', v. a. [Fr. surmonter ; sur, upon, and 
 monter, to mount (g. v.).] [pp. surmounting, 
 surmounted.] To rise above ; to conquer; to over- 
 come ; to surpass ; to exceed. 
 
 Sur-mbunt'a-ble, a. Conquerable ; superable. 
 
 Sur-mul'let, n. [Fr. swmulet: perhaps saur, brown 
 'or red, and midet, a mullet.] A marine fish, es- 
 teemed a delicacy. 
 
 Sur'name, n. [Fr. sumom ; Sp. sobrenombre; It. 
 soprannome ; L. super, over, and Name.] The 
 family name of a person. 
 
 Sur-name', v. a. [pp. surnaming, surnamed.] To 
 name by an appellation. 
 
 Sur-pass'. v. a. [Fr. surpasser ; sur, over, and pas- 
 ser, to pass (g. v.).] [pp. surpassing, surpassed.] 
 To excel ; to exceed ; to go beyond ; to transcend ; 
 to outdo. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q, <?, c, £, soft; p, fj, g, §, hard; s as z ; 5 as gz ; tfiis. 
 
SUKPASSABLE 
 
 526 
 
 SWADDLING-CLOTH 
 
 Sur-pass'a-ble, a. That may be excelled. 
 
 Sur-pass'ing, p. a. Excellent in a high degree. 
 
 Sur-pass'ing-ly, ad. In an excellent manner. 
 
 Siir'plice, n. [Fr. surplis ; Sp. sobrepelliz ; Late L. 
 superpeUiceum ; super, above, and pelliceum, a pe- 
 lisse (q. ».).] A clergyman's white garment. 
 
 Sur' plus, n. [Fr. ; sur, L. super, over, and plus, 
 more.] An overplus ; remaining part. 
 
 Sur'plus-age, n. Overplus ; surplus. 
 
 Sur-prl'sal, n. Act of surprising; surprise. 
 
 Sur-prlse', n. [Fr. surprise.] Act of surprising; 
 act of taking unawares ; state of being surprised : 
 — wonder; sudden confusion; astonishment; 
 amazement. — 2, v. a. [Fr. surprendre, part, sur- 
 pris ; sur, over, upon, and prendre, L. prehendere, 
 to seize. — See Prehensile.] [pp. surprising, 
 surprised.] To take unawares :— to astonish ; to 
 impress with wonder. 
 
 Sur-pris/ing, p. a. Wonderful; astonishing. 
 
 Sur-prls'ing-ly, ad. In a surprising manner. 
 
 Sur-re-biit', v. n. [Fr. sur, L. super, over, and 
 Rebut.] [pip. surrebutting, surrebutted.] (Law.) 
 To reply, as a plaintiff to a defendant's re- 
 butter, [ting. 
 
 Sur-re-but'tal, n. The act or process of surrebut- 
 
 Sur-re-biit'ter, n. (Law.) Answer to a rebutter. 
 
 Sur-re-jbin', v. n. [Fr. sur, L. super, over, and 
 Rejoin.] [pp. surrejoining, surrejoined.] (Law.) 
 To reply to a defendant's rejoinder. 
 
 Sur-re-jbln'der, n. An answer to a rejoinder. 
 
 Sur-ren'der, v. a. [0. Fr. surrendre; Fr. sur, over, 
 and renclre, to give. — See Render.] [pp. sur- 
 rendering, surrendered.] To render or give up ; 
 to deliver up ; to relinquish ; to abandon. — 2, v. n. 
 To lay down arms ; to yield.— 3, n. The act of 
 surrendering. 
 
 Sur-rep-ti"tious (sur-rep-tish'us), a. [L. surrep- 
 ticius; surrepere, to steal up to; sub, under, and 
 repere, reptuni, to creep.] Done by stealth ; got 
 c '-oduced fraudulently. 
 
 Svu VP-ti"tious-ly, ad. By stealth. 
 
 SuVfc-gate, v. a. [L. surrogate, surrogatum, to 
 substitute; s?<&, under, in place of, and rogare, 
 to ask, to choose.] [pp. surrogating, surro- 
 gated.] To nut in the place of. — 2, n. A deputy : 
 — a substitute : — an officer of a probate court. 
 
 Sur-rbund', v. a. [0. Fr. suronder, to overflow; 
 L. super, over, and unda, a wave. The mean- 
 ing has been much affected by confusion with 
 Round.] [pp. surrounding, surrounded.] To 
 encompass ; to enclose. 
 
 Siir-sol'id, n. [Fr. mrsolide; sur, above, and 
 Solid.] The fifth power of any number. 
 
 Sur-t6ut' (sur-tof), n. [Fr. ; sur, over, and tout, 
 all ; L. super lotum, over all.] An outside coat. 
 
 Surveillance (sur'val'yiins'), n. [Fr. ; surveiller, to 
 oversee ; L. super, over, and vigilare, to watch ; 
 vigilantia, watchfulness.] Supervision ; over- 
 sight ; superintendence. 
 
 Sur-vey' (sur-va/), v. a. [0. Fr. surveer, surveier, 
 sorvoir, to survey, to look over; L. super, over, 
 and videre, to see.] [pp. surveying, surveyed.] 
 To view; to oversee : — to measure and estimate. 
 
 Sur'vey (siir'va, or sur-va'), n. An attentive view; 
 sight ; prospect ; retrospect : — result of surveying ; 
 mensuration. 
 
 Sur-vey'ing (sur-va/ing), n. The art or act of 
 measuring land ; survey. 
 
 Sur-vey'or (sur-va/or), n. One who surveys :— a 
 measurer of land." — Surveyor-general, a principal 
 surveyor; a public officer. 
 
 Sur-vI'val, \n. [Fr. survivance, survie.] State 
 
 Sur-vi'vance, j or act of outliving another; sur- 
 vivorship. 
 
 Sur- vive', v. a. &v. n. [Fr. survivre, L. svpervivere, 
 to outlive ; super, over, and vivere, to live.] [pp. 
 surviving, survived.] To outlive ; to live longer 
 than ; to remain alive. 
 
 Sur-viv'or, n. One who outlives or survives. 
 
 Sus-cep-ti-bil'i-ty, n. State of being susceptible ; 
 sensibility ; feeling. 
 
 Sus-cep ti-ble, a. [L. susceptibilis ; suscipere, sus- 
 ceptum, to undertake; sub, under, and capere, to 
 take.] Capable of admitting; feeling; tender; 
 sensitive; sensible. 
 
 Sus-cep' tive, a. Susceptible; admitting. 
 
 Sus-cep-tiv'i-ty, n. Susceptibility. 
 
 Sus-pect', v. a. [L. suspicere, suspectum ; sub, under, 
 and specerc, to look.] [ pp. suspecting, suspected.] 
 To have suspicion of; to mistrust; to apprehend ; 
 to doubt. — 2, v. n. To imagine guilt; to lear. — 
 3, n. [Fr. suspect, suspected.] A suspicious char- 
 acter :— one suspected of belonging to the crimi- 
 nal class. 
 
 Sus-pend', v. a. [L. suspendere, to hang up; sul, 
 under, and pendere, to hang.] [pp. suspending, 
 suspended.] To hang; to interrupt; to delay; 
 to hinder; to withhold :— to keep in suspense or 
 uncertainty :— to deprive of office for a time. 
 
 Sus-pend'er, n. One who suspends or delays.— pi. 
 Straps to' sustain a garment. 
 
 Sus-pense', n. [L. suspensus. — See Suspend.] Un- 
 certainty ; indecision ; doubt. 
 
 Sxis-pen'sion, n. [L. suspensio. — See Suspend.] 
 Act of suspending; state of being suspended; a 
 cessation ; delay ; suspense : — a temporary priva- 
 tion of an office. 
 
 Sus-pen'so-ry, a. Suspending :— doubtful. 
 
 Sus-pi"cion (sus-pish'uu), n. [L. suspicio. — See 
 Suspect.] Act of suspecting; want of confi- 
 dence ; jealousy ; mistrust. 
 
 Sus-pi"cious (sus-pish'us), a. [L. suspiciosus.] In- 
 clined to suspect : — liable to suspicion ; causing 
 suspicion. 
 
 Sus-pi"cious-ly, ad. In a suspicious manner. 
 
 Sus-pi"cious-ness, n. Tendency to suspicion ; 
 liability to be suspected. [iug; a sigh. 
 
 Sus-pi-ra/tion, n. [L. suspiratio.] The act of sigh- 
 
 Sus-pire', v. n. [L. suspirare; sub, under, and spi~ 
 rare, to breathe.] [pp. suspiring, suspired.] To 
 sigh ; to breathe hard. 
 
 Sus-tain' (sus-tan'), v. a. [L. sustlnere ; sub, under, 
 and tenere, to hold.] [pp. sustaining, sustained.] 
 To bear; to hold up; to uphold ;. to support; to 
 maintain; to endure: — to make good; to con- 
 firm; to corroborate. 
 
 Sus-tain'er, n. One who sustains. 
 
 Sus'te-nance, n. [0. Fr. ; L. sustinentia. — See Sus- 
 tain.] ' That which sustains lile ; subsistence; 
 maintenance; food; victuals. 
 
 Siis-ten-ta'tion, n. [L. sustentatio ; sustentare, fre- 
 quentative of sustlnere, to sustain.] Support; 
 maintenance. 
 
 Su-sur'rus, n. [L.] A low, gentle, humming or 
 murmuring sound. 
 
 Sut'ler, n. [l'ut. zoetelaar, a sutler, a scullion ; 
 Ger. sudelkoch, or sudler, a dauber, a scullion, a bad 
 cook; sudelv, to dabble: root of Seethf..] One 
 who follows an army as a seller of provisions. 
 
 Sut-tee', n. [Hind suti; Skr. sail, a true wife; sunt, 
 true, real, virtuous; as, to be.] A widow who 
 is burnt on the funeral pile of her deceased hus- 
 band : — the self-immo'ation of a widow. [India.] 
 
 Sut'ure (sut'yur), n. [L. sutura ; snere, sutum, to 
 sew (q. v.).] A sewing up of wounds; a stitch- 
 ing; seam: — a junction ot bones. 
 
 Su'ze-rain, n. (Fr. suzerain; Active L. suseranus 
 or surseranus ; L. susum or sursum, above ; sub, up, 
 and versum, vorsum, turned; vertere, to turn.] A 
 feudal lord or baron. 
 
 Su'ze-rain-ty, n. [Fr. suzerainete.] Feudal au- 
 thority or sovereignty ; lordship. 
 
 Swab (swob), n. [Sw. scab, a fire-brush ; Dut. 
 zwabber, a drudge on a ship.] A kind of mop. — 
 2, v. a. [Sw. svabla; Dan. svabre ; Ger. sdm-ab- 
 bern. — See Sweep.] [pp. swabbing, swabbed.] 
 To clean with a mop. 
 
 Swad'dle (swod'dl), v. a. [A frequentative of 
 Swathe; A.-S. swedil, a swaddling-band.] [pip. 
 swaddling, swaddled.] To swathe; to bind. 
 
 Swad'dling-band, \ (swod'-), n. A cloth wrapped 
 
 Swad'dlingr-cloth j round an infant. 
 
 a, e, I, o, u, y, long ; a., e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
SWAG 
 
 527 
 
 SWELTER 
 
 Swag-, v. n. [A variant of Swat.] [pp. swagging, 
 swagged.] To sink down by its own weight : to 
 bang heavy; to sag. —2, w. [Slang.] Booty; 
 stolen goods. 
 
 Swage, n. [Icel. sveigja, to bend ; sveggja, to sway 
 (q. o.).] A tool for shaping metal. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 swaging, swaged.] To shape by means of a swage. 
 
 Swag'ger, n. |0. E. swag, Norw. scaga, to sway 
 
 (q. v.).'] An empty boast; bluster. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
 
 swaggering, swaggered.] To bluster; to bully ; 
 
 .Swag'§er-er, n. A blusterer; a bully. [to brag. 
 
 Swain. '»(. [A.-S. swan, Icel. sceinn, Dan. svend, 
 0. Gfer. siiein, a servant.] A young man ; a pas- 
 toral youth; a rustic; a country laborer: — a 
 lover ; a wooer. 
 
 Swale, n. [Probably related to Swill, to wash.] 
 A low, wet tract of laud; a vale; a valley.— 
 
 2, v. n. & r. a. [pp. swaling, swaled.] To waste; 
 to melt, as a candle ; to consume. 
 
 Swal'low (swol'lo), a. [A.-S. su-alewe; Dut. zwaluw; 
 Dan. scale ; Ger. schwalbe. — Cf. Gr. aaAeveiv, to 
 shake, to toss; 0. Dut. swalpen, to toss; swalpe, 
 a tossing.] A small bird of passage : — the throat : 
 — voracity: — a gulp. — 2, v. a. [A.-S. swelgan; 
 Dut. zwehjen; Dan. srseJge ; Ger. schwelgcn.] [pp. 
 swallowing, swallowed.] To take down the 
 throat ; to absorb ; to take in ; to engross. 
 
 Swam, i. & p. {torn swim. 
 
 Swamp (swomp), n. [Dan. & Sw. svamp, Ger. 
 8chwamm, Goth, swamms, a sponge; Goth, sicmnd, 
 a swamp: akin to Swim.] A marsh; a bog; a 
 fen. — i, v. a. [pp. swamping, swamped.] To 
 whelm or sink : — to embarrass ; to entangle with 
 difficulties. 
 
 Swamp'y. (swCm'pe), a. Boggy; fenny; marshy. 
 
 Swan (swcn), n. [A.-S. swan ; Dut. zwaan; Dan. 
 sr<(ne; Ger. schwan.] A large water-fowl. 
 
 Swan's/-down (swonz'-dliwn), «. The down of 
 the swan :— a fine, soft, thin, woollen cloth. 
 
 Swap (swop), v. a. [Ger. schwappen, to strike (imi- 
 tative), — also, to exchange; probably meaning 
 to strike a bargain.] [pp. swapping, swapped.] 
 To barter. — 2, it. A blow : — exchange; swop. — 
 
 3, ad. Hastily ; with hasty violence. 
 
 Sward, n. [Icel. svb'rdr, skin, sward ; Ger. schicartc, 
 a rind, bark; Dan. gronsvserd, greensward.— Cf. 
 A.-S. sweard, Dut. zwoord, a bacon-skin. ] The 
 grassy surface of land; turf. 
 
 Sware, v. Did swear. See Swear. 
 
 Swarm, n. [A.-S. swearm ; Dut. zwerrn ; Dan. 
 svserm ; Ger. schwarm. — Cf. Ger. schwirren, to whir, 
 to buzz; L. susurrus, a buzzing.] A multitude 
 of bees : — a crowd. — 2, <•. n. & v. a. [A.-S. swir- 
 ivmi.} [ pji. swarming, swarmed.] To rise, as 
 bees :— to appear in multitudes :— to crowd; to 
 press; to throng: — [akin to Squirm. — Cf. 0. Fris. 
 etverva, to creep; Local E. swarve, to climb; Ger. 
 schwarmen, to move wildly] to climb by clasping. 
 
 Swart, a. [A.-S. sireart, Dut. zwart, Dan. sort, Ger. 
 schwarz, black.] Swarthy. 
 
 Swarth, a. Black ; brown ; swarthy. 
 
 Swarth'i-ly;, ad. Blackly ; duskily ; tawnily. 
 
 Swarth'y, a. Dark of complexion ; black ; dusky. 
 
 Swash (swdsh), n. [Imitative.— -Cf. Wash.] (Arch.) 
 An oval figure :— a swasher; a violent impulse 
 of water : — aside-channel. — 2, v. n. [pp. swash- 
 ing, swashed.] To bluster : — to splash ; to dash. 
 
 Swash'buck-ler (swOsh'-), n. A bully ; a braggart. 
 
 Swath (swoth)' [swath, N. I. H.], n. [A.-S madn ; 
 Dut. zwad; Ger. schwad.] A line of grass cut 
 down with a scythe : — a band ; a fillet. 
 
 Swathe, n. [A.-S. swedian, to enwrap; swadu, a 
 shred.] A bandage; a band; a fillet. — 2, v. a. 
 [l>j>. swathing, swathed.] To bind with bands; 
 to confine. 
 
 Sway, v. a. [Icel. sveigja, to bend ; svig, a bend ; 
 Sw. sviga, to bend; Dan. svaie, to swing; Dut. 
 zwaaijen, to -wing, to turn; Norw. sveigja. to 
 bend; svagn, to sway.] [pp. swaying, swayed.] 
 To wield: — to influence; to bias :— to govern; 
 to rule; to control ; to direct.— 2, v. n. To have 
 
 weight ; to bear rule : — to swing ; to wave. — 3, n. 
 Power; rule; influence; direction: — swinging 
 motion. 
 
 Swear (swar) [swar, H. St. I.], v. n. [A.-S. swerian, 
 to speak (see Answer), to declare, to swear ; 
 Dut. zweren ; Dan. scierge ; Ger. schwbren. — Cf. 
 Goth, swaran, Dan. scare, Icel. scara, to answer.] 
 [i. swore ( formerly sware) \pp. swearing, sworn.] 
 To declare or promise upen oath : — to use pro- 
 fane language.— 2, a. To bind by an oath. 
 
 Swear' er (swar'er), n. One who swears. 
 
 Swear'ing, n. The act of declaring upon oath. 
 
 Sweat '(swet), n. [A.-S. swat; Dut. zweet; Dan. 
 seed; Ger. schweiss, schwitze ; Skr. sceda; L. sudor ; 
 Gr. iSpuis.] Perspiration ; a fluid : — labor; toil. — 
 2, v. n. [A.-S. saselan ; Ger. schweissen, sehwitzen; 
 Skr. siid ; L. sudare.] [i. sweat, swet, or sweated ; 
 pp. sweating, sweat, swet, or sweated.] To emit 
 moisture; to perspire; to swelter: — to toil; to 
 labor; to drudge. — 3, v. a. To emit as sweat : — 
 to make to sweat or perspire : — to exude. 
 
 Sweat'y., a. Covered ur moist with sweat. 
 
 Swede, n. A native of Sweden : — a ruta-baga. 
 
 Swed'ish, n. The language of the Swedes.— 2, a. 
 Relating to Sweden or Swedes. 
 
 Sweep, v. a. [A.-S. swapan. — See Swift and 
 Swoop. — Cf. Ger. schweif en, to sweep along, to 
 rove; schweif, a train, a tail.] [i. swept; pp. 
 sweeping, swept.] To move, clear, or clean with 
 a broom ; to brush : — to drive oft at once. — 2, v. n. 
 To pass with violence or pomp. — 3, n. The act 
 of sweeping; a dash:— an engine for drawing 
 water : — a chimney-sweeper : — a large oar. 
 
 Sweep'er, it. One who sweeps. 
 
 Sweeping, p. a. Driving or brushing away:— 
 involving great Dumber or extent; unqualified. 
 
 Sweepings, n. pi Things swept away. 
 
 Sweep'stakes, u. (Gaming.) One who wins all: — 
 a prize in a horse-race, made up of several stakes. 
 
 Sweet, «• [A.-S. swete; Dut. zoet; Dan. soV 1 Ger. 
 siiss. — Cf. Skr. svadu, sweet; scad, to pi to 
 
 taste; L. mavis, pleasant; svadere, to persuade.] 
 Pleasing to any sense; not sour; saccharine; 
 fragrant: — mild; soft; grateful.- -2, n. Sweet- 
 ness; something pleasing. [calf. 
 
 Sweet' bread, n. The pancreas : — tne thymus of a 
 
 Sweet'bri-er, n. A fragrant shrub, eglantine. 
 
 Sweet'-cic'e-ly, v. A flagrant plant. 
 
 Sweet'en (swe'tn), v. a. [pp. sweetening, sweet- 
 ened.] To make sweet.— 2, v. »■ To grow sweet. 
 
 Sweet'en-ing (swe'tn-ing), n. The act of making 
 sweet: — that which sweetens. 
 
 Sweet'heart, n. A lover or mistress. 
 
 Sweet'ing, n. A sweet, luscious apiple. 
 
 Sweet'ish, a. Somewhat sweet. 
 
 Sweet'ly, ad. In a sweet manner; gently. 
 
 Sweet'm'eat. ». Fruit preserved with sugar:— a 
 confection or conserve. 
 
 Sweet'ness. n. Quality of being sweet. 
 
 Sweet'-bil, n. Olive-oil. 
 
 Sweet' -po-ta'to, ». An esculent root. 
 
 Swell, c.'n. [A.-S. swellan; Dut. zwellen; Icel. 
 svella ; Ger. schwelkn.] [i. swelled : pp. swelling, 
 swelled, swollen, or swoln.] To grow large or 
 turgid; to tumefy ; to look big; to be inflated, 
 puffed up, or elated. — 2, v. a. To make tumid; 
 to heighten ; to inflate. — 3, n. An extension of 
 bulk ; an increase : — a person ol high rank, fash- 
 ion, or importance; an aristocrat: — a fop. 
 [Slang.] — 4, o. Stylish; fashionable; aristo- 
 cratic. [Slang.] 
 
 Swell'ing, n. The act of enlarging in bulk; in- 
 flation : — a morbid tumor; a protuberance. 
 
 Swell'-mob, n. A collective name for thieves 
 who affect the dress and manners of gentlemen. 
 
 Swel'ter, v. n. [Cf. A.-S. sweltan, Icel. sieelta, 
 Goth.' Sicilian, to die : perhaps affected by confu- 
 sion with A.-S. swelan, Ger. schwelen, to burn; 
 schtciil, sultry (q. v.) : confused with Welter.] 
 [pp. sweltering, sweltered.] To suffer heat; to 
 sweat. — 2, v. a. To oppress witli heat. 
 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — £, Q, c, £, soft; p, p, p, §, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 
 
SWEPT 
 
 528 
 
 SYLLABUS 
 
 Swept, i. & p- from sioeep. 
 
 Swerve, v. v. [Dut. ziverven, to swerve, to rove, 
 to revel; Dan. svire, to revel; soirre, to turn, to 
 whirl; svarre, svarbe, Sw. scarf va, to turn in a 
 lathe; A.-S. sweorfan, to polish.] [_p^>. swerving, 
 swerved.] To wander; to deviate ; to bend. 
 
 Swet, i. & p. from sweat. 
 
 Swift, a. [A.-S. swift; swifan, to move quickly. 
 — Cf. Sweep.] Quick; fleet; nimble; rapid I; 
 fast. — 2, n. A bird like a swallow : — a species of 
 newt, eft, or salamander.— pi. A reel for yarn. 
 
 Swift' -foot-ed (-fut-ed), a. Swift of foot. 
 
 Swift'ly, ad.' Fleetly ; rapidly ; nimbly. 
 
 Swift' ness, n. Quickness of motion ; speed ; nim- 
 blenes's ; celerity ; rapidity ; velocity. 
 
 Swig, v. n. & v. a. [Cf. A.-S. swegan, to swallow.] 
 [pp. swigging, swigged.] To drink greedily. — 
 2, n. A large draught. [Vulg.] 
 
 Swill, v. a. [A.-S. swilian, to wash. — Cf. Ger. 
 schwelgen, to guzzle. The connection of swill 
 with swallow is very doubtful; and the old deri- 
 vation of the noun from L. suillus, pertaining to 
 swine (sus, a swine), is generally rejected.] [pp. 
 swilling, swilled.] To drink grossly ; to drench. 
 — 2, n. Swine's food. 
 
 Swim, v. n. [A.-S. swimman; Dut. zwemmen; Icel. 
 svimma; Ger. sehwimmen.) [i. swam or swum; 
 pp. swimming, swum.] To float on the water; 
 to move in the water; to glide along: — [A.-S. 
 swima, a swimming, a faint; Icel. svimi. — Cf. 
 Ger. schwiudel, dizziness] to be dizzy. — 2, v. a. 
 To pass by swimming. — 3, n. A motion in 
 liquid ; a sliding motion. 
 
 Swim'mer, n. One who swims. [water. 
 
 Swim'mi'ng, n. The act of floating on or in 
 
 Swim'ming-ly, ad. With great success. 
 
 Swm'dle (swin'dl), v. a. [Ger. schwindel, dizzi- 
 ness; schwindeln, to be busy, to cheat; schvind- 
 ler, a rash, giddy speculator, a cheat. — Cf. Ger. 
 schwinden, to vanish, to die away ; A.-S. swindan, 
 to languish.] [pp. swindling, swindled.] To 
 cheat in trade ; to defraud. — 2, n. A fraudulent 
 act ; a fraudulent scheme. 
 
 Swin'dler, n. One who swindles; a cheat. 
 
 Swine, n. sing. & pi. [A.-S. siein, Dut. zwijn, Dan. 
 sviin, Ger. schwein, Russ. svineya, a swine ; L. sus, 
 a swine; suinus, swine-like ; Gr. Ss, a swine.] A 
 hog; a pig : — hogs collectively. 
 
 Swine' -herd, u. A keeper of hogs. 
 
 Swing, v. n. [A.-S. swingan, to scourge, to flap; 
 swengan, to shake; Dan. svinge, to swing; Ger. 
 schwingen, schwenken, to swing.] [i. swung; pp. 
 swinging, swung.] To move or wave to and fro, 
 hanging loosely ; to vibrate ; to oscillate. — 2, v. o. 
 To make to play loosely ; to wave. — 3, n. The 
 act of swinging; a waving motion; free course: 
 — an apparatus for swinging. 
 
 Swinge, v. a. [A.-S. swengan, to toss, to shake ; 
 swingan, to whip. — See Swing.] [pp. swinge- 
 ing, swinged.] To whip; to bastinade; to pun- 
 ish : — to swing. 
 
 SwingVing (swinj'ing), a. Great; huge. 
 
 Swing'ing, a. Vibrating; waving to and fro. 
 
 Swin'gle (swlng'gl), n. [Dut. zwingelen, to swin- 
 gle ; Ger. schwinge, a swingle ; schwenkel, a pen- 
 dulum. — See Swing.] A wooden knife by which 
 flax is beaten or swingled : — called also swingling- 
 knife, &c. — 2, v. a. [pp. swingling, swingled.] 
 To beat and dress, as flax. 
 
 SwTn'ish, a. Befitting swine; gross; brutal. 
 
 Swink, v. a. [A.-S. swincan, to toil : closely re- 
 lated to Swing.] [pp. swinking, swinked.] To 
 labor; to drudge. 
 
 Swipe, n. [See Swerp.] An engine or pole for draw- 
 ing water ; a sweep. — 2, v. a. & v. n. [ pp. swiping, 
 swiped.] To strike with a sweeping stroke. 
 
 Swirl, v. n. [Norw. scirla, to whirl; sverra, to 
 turn.] [pp. swirling, swirled.] To whirl.— 2, n. 
 A Avhirling motion. 
 
 Swiss, n. A native of Switzerland.— 2, a. Be- 
 longing to Switzerland. 
 
 Switch, n. [0. Dut. swiclc; Sw. siveg ; Norw. svige; 
 Icel. svigi: closely related to Sway.] A small, 
 flexible twig: — a movable rail or contrivance 
 for transferring cars from one track of a railroad 
 to another ; the shunt of an electrical apparatus, 
 as a telegraph :— a quantity of false hair fastened 
 together at one end, worn by ladies. —2, v. a. 
 [pp. switching, switched.] To lash; to whip; 
 to jerk: — to turn from one track to another; to 
 shunt. 
 
 Switch'man, w. One who manages a switch. 
 
 Swiv'el (swlv'vl), n. [A.-S. 
 swifan, to move quickly, 
 to "turn ; Icel. sveifla, to 
 turn. — See Swift.] A 
 
 ring which turns on a staple : — a small cannon, 
 turning on a staple. 
 
 Swob, n. & v. See Swab. 
 
 Swol'len (swo'ln), p. from swell. 
 
 SwoSn, v. n. [A.-S. swogan, to sough (g. v.), to 
 sigh ; geswogen, fainting ; geswownung, a faint ; 
 Low Ger. swugten, to sigh, to faint.] [pp. swoon- 
 ing, swooned.] To faint. — 2, n. A fainting-fit. 
 
 SwSSp, v. a. [A.-S. swapan, to swoop, rush, or 
 sweep; Icel. sveipa, to sweep or swoop; Ger. 
 schweifen, to move along, to rove; A.-S. swifan, 
 to move swiftly; Skr. su, Gr. o-eveiv, to drive.] 
 [pp. swooping, swooped.] To seize at once; to 
 catch up. — 2, v. n. To sweep downward; to 
 stoop. — 3, n. A seizing upon, as a bird of prey. 
 
 Swop, n. & v. See Swap. 
 
 Sword (sord), n. [A.-S. sweord ; Dut. zwaard ; Dan. 
 svsercl; Ger. schwert: root of Skr. stri, to kill; 
 whence svarn, an arrow, a thunderbolt.] A mili- 
 tary weapon : — warfare ; destruction. 
 
 Sword' -belt, n. A belt for suspending a sword. 
 
 Sword'-f ish (sord'f ish). n. A fish with a long, 
 sharp bone issuing from its head. 
 
 Swords/man (sordz'man), n. One who carries a 
 sword; a soldier* a fighting man : — a fencer. 
 
 Swore, i. from swear. 
 
 Sworn, p. from swear. 
 
 Swound, n. A swoon. [Poet.] 
 
 Swum, i. & p. from swim. 
 
 Swung, i. & p. from sioing. 
 
 Syb'a-rite, n. [Gr. 2v/3aptTi75, an inhabitant of 
 Sybaris, an ancient Greek city in Italy, whose 
 people were noted for luxurious living.] A per- 
 son devoted to luxury. 
 
 Syb-a-rit'ic, o. Relating to Sybaris; luxurious; 
 wanton. ' 
 
 Syc'a-mine, n. [Gr. cruKdjaivos.] The mulberry. 
 
 Syc'a-more, n. [Gr. o-u/c6ju.opos ; o-vkov, a fig, and 
 fxo'pov. a mulberry ; but perhaps in reality from 
 Heb. shiqmah (pi. shiqmoth), a sycamore.] The 
 plane-tree ; button-wood : — a species of fig-tree : 
 — a kind of maple. 
 
 Syc'o-phan-cy,, n . Mean flattery ; servility. 
 
 Syc'o-phant, n. [Gr. a-vKo<f>a.vTrjg, an informer, — 
 literally, a fig-shower; <tvkov, a fig, and </>aiVeiv, 
 to show : conjectured to mean one who reported 
 the unlawful exportation of figs.] A mean flat- 
 terer ; a parasite. 
 
 Syc-o-phan'tic, \a. Relating to, or like, a 
 
 Syc-o-phan'ti-cal, J sycophant ; fawning. 
 
 Sy'e-'nite, n. ' [From Si/ene, in Upper Egypt.] A 
 stone much like granite. 
 
 Sy-e-nit'ic, a. Like, or composed of, syenite. 
 
 Syl'la-ba-ry, n. An alphabet of syllables. 
 
 Syl-lib'i'c, ' la. [Gr. a-uAAa^i/cds.] Relating to, 
 
 Syl-lab'i-cal, J or consisting of, syllables. 
 
 Syl-lab-i-fi'-ca'tion, n. Formation of syllables. 
 
 Syl'la-ble,'n. [L. syllaba; Gr. avWafiri; <rvv, to- 
 gether, and Aaju-jSavetv (root Aa/3-), to hold : the 
 I in the last syllable is intrusive.] As much of 
 a word as is uttered by the help of one vowel or 
 one articulation. 
 
 Syl'la-bub, n. See Sillabub. 
 
 Syl'la-biis, n. [L. ; Late Gr. o-v'AAa/3o?.— See Syl- 
 lable.] A compendium containing the heads 
 of a discourse ; an abstract. 
 
 a, e, 
 
 l, o, u, y, 
 
 a, e, i, 
 
 y, short;, a, e, 
 
 u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her ; 
 
SYLLOGISM 
 
 529 
 
 SYNTAX 
 
 Syl'lo-§ism, n. [Gr. o-v\\oyLo-p.6<; ; crvv, together, 
 and \oyi^op.ai, to reckon ; Aoyo?, a word or 
 reason.] (Logic.) An argument stated in the 
 correct logical form, and consisting of three prop- 
 ositions, the first two called the premises (major 
 and minor), the third, the conclusion. 
 
 Syl-lo-fis'tic, |«. [Gr. o-vAAo-yio-TiKos.] Re- 
 
 Syl-lo-gis'ti-cal, J lating to or consisting of a syl- 
 logism. 
 
 Syl-lo-Hs'ti-cal-ly. ad. By means of a syllogism. 
 
 Syl'lo-gize, v. a. [Gr. crvAAo-yc£oju.ai. — See Syllo- 
 gism.] [pp. syllogizing, syllogized.] To express 
 in the form of a syllogism; to formulate into a 
 syllogism or syllogisms. — 2, v. n. To reason by 
 syllogism. 
 
 Syiph, n. [Fr. sylphe; referred to Gr. criA^ry. a 
 beetle ; by others to Late L. suleva, sidfi, sylphi, a 
 spirit : thought to be a Celtic word.] A fabled 
 being of the air: — a moth. 
 
 Syl'phid, n. [Fr. sylphide.] A little sylph. 
 
 Syl'va, n. [L. sylva (better silva), a forest.] The 
 trees of a country collectively. 
 
 Syl'van, a. [L. silrmms.] Relating to woods; 
 woody. — 2, n. A fabled deity of the woods. 
 
 SyTvi-eult-ure, n. [L. silca, a forest, and cuttura, 
 culture (q. ».).] Culture of trees; arboricult- 
 ure ; forestry. 
 
 Sym'bol, n. [L. symbolum, Gr. crv>/3oAov, a pledge, 
 a sign ; crv/u.£dAA€iv, to compare, to infer; crvv, 
 together, and /3<iAAeiv (root 0oA-), to throw.] 
 Type ; emblem ; sign : — a compendium :— a re- 
 ligious creed or confession. 
 
 Sym-bol'ic, ) a. [Gr. o-vvj3oAik6?.] Relating to 
 
 Sym-bol'i-cal, /symbols; emblematical. 
 
 Sym-bSl'i-cal-ly, ad. In a symbolic manner. 
 
 Sym'bol-isni, ». An ascription of meaning to 
 symbols or emblems : — the meaning of a type or 
 ceremony : — a system of emblems. 
 
 Sym-bol-i-za'tion, n. The act of symbolizing. 
 
 Sym'bol-Ize, v. n. [Fr. symbolUer.] [pp. symbol- 
 izing, symbolized.] To have a resemblance. — 
 2, o. a. To represent or set forth by emblems. 
 
 Sym-met'ri-cal, a. Having symmetry ; harmoni- 
 ous; proportional in the parts. 
 
 Sym'me-try, n. [Gr. 0-v/ip.eTpia ; crvv, with, and 
 txeTpo'v, measure.] A due proportion ; harmony. 
 
 Sym-pa-thet'ic, ) a. Having sympathy, or a 
 
 Sym-pa-thet'i-cal, /feeling in common. 
 
 Sym-pa-thet'i-cal-ly, ad. With sympathy. 
 
 Sym'pa-thize, /•.' n. [pp. sympathizing, sympa- 
 thized.] To feel with or for another ; to feel 
 sympathy; to feel mutually. 
 
 Sym'pa-thy, n. [Gr. a-vixnddeia ; crvv, with, and 
 naQelv, to feel.] Fellow-feeling; mutual sensi- 
 bility or affection ; tenderness; pity. 
 
 Sym-pho'ni-ous, a. [Gr. crv/u.c/>u>vos.] Harmoni- 
 ous; musical. 
 
 Sym'pho-ny, «. [Gr. <rv/x<f>tovi'a, harmony: o-vv, 
 together, and c&covjj, sound.] Harmony of min- 
 gled sounds : — an elaborate musical composition. 
 
 Sym'phy-sis, n. [Gr. <rvp.<pv<n.s ; crvv, together, 
 and <j)v€Lv, to grow.] A growing together, as of 
 bones. 
 
 Sym-po'si-um, «. [L. ; Gr. <Tvp.ir6<riov, a drink- 
 ing-party; crvv, together, and 7760-15, a drinking; 
 verbal root no-, to drink.] The act of drinking 
 or feasting together ; a banquet ; a merry- 
 making. 
 
 Symp'tom (slni'tum), >?. [L. symploma ; Gr. o-u/u- 
 nTu>u.a, a casualty; cru/u7rt7rTeiv, to meet; crvv, 
 with, and irt7rTeiv, to fall.] An indication of 
 the state of health or disease; sign ; token. 
 
 Symp-to-mat'ic, ) «. Relating to symptoms ; 
 
 Symp-to-mat'i-cal. / indicative. 
 
 Symp-to-mat'i-cal-ly, ad. By symptom. 
 
 Syn-, a prefix denoting union, is the Greek 
 preposition cniv (L. cum), with, together. It is 
 variously modified into sy-, syl-, and sym-. 
 
 Syn'a-gogue, n. [L. synagoga, Gr. crwayuiyri, an 
 assembly; crvv, together, and a-yio-yTj, a bringing 
 or driving; dyetv, to drive.] An assembly of 
 
 the Jews for worship : — a Jewish house of wor- 
 ship. 
 
 Syn-ar-thro'sis, n. [Gr. crvv, together, and dpOpov, 
 a joint.] A conjunction of two bones. 
 
 Syn'phro-nal, \ a. Happening at the same 
 
 Syn-phron'i-cal, J time; synchronous. 
 
 Syn'phro-nism, n. [Gr. crvyxpovio>t.6?. — See Syn- 
 chronous. 1 Concurrence in time of two or more 
 events ; a happening together. 
 
 Syn'phro-nize, v. n. [Gr. crvyxpovi'^eiv.] [pi>. 
 synchronizing, synchronized.] To agree in re- 
 gard to time. 
 
 Syn'phro-nous, a. [Gr. o-vyxpovo<; ; crvv, together, 
 and xpovo<;, time.] Happening at the same time ; 
 synchronal ; synchronical. 
 
 Syn-cll'nal, a. [Gr. crvv, together, and *Aiveiv, 
 to incline.] (Geol.) Noting the line of depres- 
 sion between two anticlinal axes. 
 
 Syn'co-pate, v. a. [L. syncopare, eynmpahim, to 
 faint, — strictly, to cut short. — See Syncope.] [pp. 
 syncopating, syncopated.] To contract, as a word. 
 
 Syn-co-pa'tion, n. Contraction of a word by syn- 
 cope. — (Mue.) Interruption of the regular 'meas- 
 ure ; inversion of the order of notes. 
 
 Syn'co-pe, ti. [L. ; Gr. o-vyKomf), a cutting short, 
 a faint; o-vv, together, and kotttciv (base *o--), 
 to cut.] The omission of one or more letters in 
 the middle of a word. — (Med.) A fainting-fit. 
 
 Syn'cre-tism, n. [Gr. <rvyKpriTio-p.6g, Cretan be- 
 havior; crvv, together, and Kp^ri^iv, to behave 
 like a Cretan, to lie.] The blending of the tenets 
 of different scholars or sects into one system. 
 
 Syn'dic, «. [Gr. o-vv5iko?, a magistrate; o-vv, 
 with, and 81x17, justice.] A magistrate; a cu- 
 rator ; a government official. 
 
 Syn'di-cate, n. [Fr. syndtcaL] A council of syn- 
 dics: — a body of persons organized fur business 
 purposes. — 2, r. a. [pp. syndicating, syndicated.] 
 To pass sentence ; to judge. 
 
 Sy-nec'do-che, n. [Gr. ctwckSoxj? ; o-vv, together, 
 e*, out,' and' 6e'xoju.ai, I receive.] (RheL) A fig- 
 ure by which a part is put for the whole, or the 
 whole for a part, a genus for a species, or a spe- 
 cies for a genus. 
 
 Syn-ec-doph'i-cal, a. Implying a synecdoche. 
 
 Syn'od, n. [L. synodus, Gr. crvvoSo?, a meeting ; crvv, 
 together, and 6665, a way, a coming.] An eccle- 
 siastical assembly; a convention; a council : — an 
 assembly composed of two or more presbyteries. 
 
 Syn'o-dal, a. Relating to a synod ; synodic. 
 
 Sy-nod'ic, \a. [Gr. crvvocu/co?.] Reiating to a 
 
 Sy-nod'i-cal, / synod; transacted in a synod. 
 
 Syn'o-nyme, n. [Fr. synomme. — See Synonymous. ] 
 One of two or more words of the same language 
 which have the same or similar signification : — 
 written also synonym. 
 
 Sy-non'y-mofis, a. [Gr. crvvt6vv|uos : crvv, with, and 
 ovofAaorbvvfxa, a name (q. v.).] Relating to syno- 
 nymes : — having the same or similar meaning. 
 
 Sy-non'y-mous-ly, ad. In a synonymous manner. 
 
 Sy-non'y-my, n. [Gr. o-vvujwp.ia.] The quality 
 of expressing by different words the same thing : 
 — the use of synonymous words. 
 
 Sy-nop'sis, n. ; pi. Sy-nop'se?. [L. ; Gr. crvVo^i?, 
 a complete view ; o-vv, together, and 6\jji<;, a see- 
 ing; verbal root 6--. to see.] A collective view 
 of a subject; general view; abridgment. 
 
 Sy-nop'tic, a. [Gr. o-wotttikos— See Synopsis.] 
 Taking the same general view. 
 
 Sy-nop'ti-cal-ly, ad. In a synoptic manner. 
 
 Sy-nop'tjst, n. An author of synoptic writings. 
 
 Sy-no'vi-a, n. [Gr. crvv, with, and tiof, L. cu-ian, 
 an egg: it resembles the white of egg.] A fluid 
 secreted in the joints. 
 
 Syn-tac'ti-cal, a. Pertaining to syntax. 
 
 Syn-tac'ti-cal-ly, ad. Conformably to syntax. 
 
 Syn' tax, n. [L. syntaxis, Gr. crvvTa£i<;, an arrange- 
 ment; crvv, with, and ra£is, order; rdcrcretv 
 (root raze-), to arrange.] That part of grammar 
 which teaches th« proper construction of sen- 
 tences:— arrangement of words in sentences. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, c>, 5, £, soft; p, ja, p, §, hard; s as z ; 5 as gz ; this. 
 X ii 45 
 
SYNTHESIS 
 
 530 
 
 TACTILE 
 
 Syn'the-sis, w. ; pi. Syn'the-ses. [Gr. avvQeois; 
 avv, together, and fleeris, a putting. — See The- 
 sis.] The act of putting together different in- 
 gredients to form a compound ; composition : — 
 opposed to analysis. 
 
 Sy.n-thet'ie, 1 a. [Gr. avvOeTtKo^.— See Syn- 
 
 Syn-thet'i-cal, J thesis.] Relating to synthesis; 
 compounding: not analytic. 
 
 Syn-thet'i-cal-ly, ad. By synthesis. 
 
 Syph'i-Hs, n. [From Syphilus, a personage in a 
 poem of 1530, by Frascatoro; Gr. trus, a swine, 
 and <£i'Aos, loving.] (Med.) The venereal disease. 
 
 Syph-i-lit'ic, «. Contaminated with syphilis. 
 
 Sy'phon, n. See Siphon. 
 
 Sy'ren, n. See Siren. 
 
 Syr'i-ac, n. The language of ancient Syria. — 2, a. 
 Relating to Syria or its language. 
 
 Sy.-rin'ga, n, [Neo-Latin ; Gr. avpiyg, a pipe.] A 
 genus of shrubs, the lilac. 
 
 Syr'in£e, n. [Fr. siringue ; L. syrinx, syringis, a 
 pipe; Gr. ovpiyi;, a reed.] A pipe to squirt or 
 inject a liquid with. — 2, v. a, [pp. syringing, 
 syringed.] To cleanse with a syringe : — to inject 
 through a syringe. 
 
 Syr'up, n. Same as Sirup. 
 
 Sys'tem, n. [L. syslema; Gr. avarrnxa ; avv, to- 
 gether, and the base arr\-, to stand' (q. ».).] A 
 combination of parts into a whole ; a complete 
 body ; a method ; a scheme. 
 
 Sys-tem-at'ic, \a. [Gr. avaTr)p.aTiKo<;.] Re- 
 
 Sys-tem-at'i-cal, J lating to a system ; methodical. 
 
 Sys-tem-at'i-cal-ly, ad. Methodically. 
 
 Sys'tem-a-tist, \n. One who reduces things to 
 
 Sys' tem-a-tiz-er, J a system. 
 
 Sys'tem-a-tize'tsjs-tem'a-tiz, W.], v. a. [Fr. .sys- 
 tematise*-.] [pp. systematizing, systematized.] 
 To reduce to a system; to methodize; to regu- 
 late ; to harmonize. [general system. 
 
 Sy.s-tem'ic, a. Pertaining to a system, or to the 
 
 Sys'to-le, n. [Gr. avaroX-q, a contraction ; avv, 
 together, and oreWeiv, to send.] (Anal.) Con- 
 traction of the heart.— (Rhel.) The shortening 
 of a long syllable. 
 
 Syz'y.-§y. (siz'e-je), w. [Gr. avfryta, a conjunc- 
 tion, a union; av^vyos, conjoined; avv, with, 
 and ^evyvvfjn, I join ; ^vyo^, a yoke.] The place 
 of the moon, or of a planet, when it is either in 
 apposition with, or in opposition to, the sun. 
 
 Ta mute consonant, has always, at the begin- 
 5 ning and end of words, the same sound, ex- 
 cept when placed before h. 
 
 Tab, n. [Of. Dut. top, Ger. zopfi, a tuft.] An orna- 
 mental pendant :— a tag. 
 
 Tab'ard, n. [Fr. ; Sp. tabardo, L. tapete, hangings. 
 — See Tapestry.] A short gown; a coat with- 
 out sleeves ; a herald's coat. 
 
 Tab'by, n. [Fr. talis; Sp. tubi,— formerly attabi; 
 Arab, utabi; named from a quarter of Bagdad, 
 •which was so called in honor of the Omeyyad 
 prince Attab.] A kind of rich, waved silk. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. tabbying, tabbied.] To give a 
 wavy appearance to.— 3, a. Brinded ; brindled ; 
 varied in color. 
 
 Tab'e-fy, v. n. [Fr. tabefier; L. labefieri; tabere, 
 to waste, and fieri, to become.] [pp. tabefying, 
 tabefied.] To waste away ; to emaciate. — 2, v. a. 
 To make lean. 
 
 Tab'er-na-cle, u. [Fr. ; L. tabernacnlum, dim. of 
 labenia,'a shed.— See Tavern.] A tent or pavil- 
 ion : — a place of worship ; a box ; a pyx. — 2, v. n. 
 [pp. tabernacling, tabernacled.] To dwell; to 
 sojourn. 
 
 Ta'bes, n. [L.] (Med.) Emaciation ; atrophy. 
 
 Tab'id, a. [L. tabidus, wasting ; tabes, decay ; ta- 
 bere, to waste.] Wasted or wasting by disease ; 
 consumptive. 
 
 Ta'ble, n. [Fr.; L. tabula; Dut. & Ger. tafel; root 
 ta, to stretch.] Any flat or level surface: — a 
 piece of furniture used for bearing food, &c. : — 
 fare ; entertainment : — a board : — a tablet :— an 
 index ; a collection of heads or numbers ; a cata- 
 logue; a li-t; a syllabus; a synopsis. — 2, v. n. 
 [pp. tabling, tabled.] To board.— 3, v. a. To 
 set down : — to reject ; to postpone. 
 
 Tableau (tiib-lo 7 ), w. ; pi. Tableaux (tab-loz'). 
 [Fr. ; dim. of table.] A picture :— a list ; a table. 
 
 Ta'ble-cloth, n. Linen spread on a table. 
 
 Table-d note (ta'bl-dof), n. [Fr.] An ordinary; 
 a public table at a hotel. 
 
 Ta'ble-land, n. Level, elevated land; a plateau. 
 
 Ta'ble-spSon', n. A large spoon. 
 
 Ta-ble-sp66n'ful, n. ; pi. Ta-ble-sp88n'ful§. 
 Enough to fill a table-spoon. 
 
 Tab'let, «. [Fr. lablette, dim. of table, a table.] A 
 small table ; a level surface : — a memorandum- 
 book : — a form of medicine. 
 
 Ta'ble-talk (ta'bl-tawk), n. Discourse at table. 
 
 Ta-b88', n. [Polynesian, tabu.] A strict or re- 
 ligious interdict. — 2, v. a. [pp. tabooing, ta- 
 booed.] To interdict; to prohibit. 
 
 Ta'bor, n. [Per. tabir ; 0. Fr. tubour.— See Tam- 
 bot'tr.] A drum beaten with one stick. — 2, v. n. 
 [pp. taboring, tabored.] To beat lightly and 
 frequently. [taboret. 
 
 Tab' ret, n. [Dim. of Tabor.] A small tabor; a 
 
 Tab'u'-lar, a. [L. tabularis.— See Table.] Relating 
 to a ta'ble ; being in the form of tables or synop- 
 ses : — laminated. 
 
 Tab'u-late, v. a. [L. tabula, a table.] [pp. tabu- 
 lating, tabulated.] To reduce to tables. 
 
 Tab-u-la'tion, n. The process or result of tabu- 
 lating. 
 
 Tac-a-ma-hac', n. [Probably a South- American 
 name.] A tree : — a resin of various kinds, 
 
 Ta-phyg'ra-phy, n. [Gr. Ta\v<;, swift, and ypd- 
 '4>eiv, to write.] The art of quick writing. 
 
 Tac'it, a. [L. lacitus, silent; tacere, to be silent.] 
 Silent; implied; not expressed. 
 
 Tac'it-ly, ad. Without words; by implication. 
 
 Tac'i-tiirn, or. [L. tacilurnus.— See Tacit.] HaMt- 
 uaily silent; reserved. [silence. 
 
 Tac-i-tiirn'i-ty, n. [L. tacitnrnitas.] Habitual 
 
 Tack, v. a. [Irish, laca ; Gael, tacaid ; Breton, tach ; 
 Low Ger. lakk: akin to Take and Tag.] [pp. 
 tacking, tacked.] To join ; to unite; to fasten. 
 — 2, v. n. To turn about, as a ship. — 3, »?. A 
 small nail : — the course of a ship: — a rope; a 
 weather-clew or corner of a sail : — a lease. 
 
 Tack'le, n. [Sw. iackel, Dan. tukkel, Dut. takel, 
 tackle; Sw. tackla, Dan. table, Dut. takelen, to 
 rig: root of Take. Tackle is that which holds.] 
 Rigging; instruments of action; a pulley or 
 system of pulleys; tackling.— 2, r. a. [}ip. 
 tackling, tackled.] To supply with tackle; to 
 harness :— [Colloq.] to attack. 
 
 Tack'lingr, n. Sailing-apparatus; tackle. 
 
 Tact, n. [L. lactus, touch; tangere, tactum, to 
 touch.] Skill; nice discernment ; expertness. 
 
 Tac'ti-cal, o. [Gr.. tcuctiko?.] Relating to tactics. 
 
 Tac-ti"cian (-tlsh'an), n. One skilled in tactics. 
 
 Tac'tics, n. pi. [Gr*. rouci-i/ca ; T&aaeiv, to arrange ; 
 TaKTos, arranged.] The science of disposing 
 military and naval armaments for battle; mili- 
 tary and naval preparations and manoeuvres. 
 
 Tac'tile, a. [L. taclilis.— See Tact.] Tangible:— 
 pertaining to touch. 
 
 O) u, y. 
 
 long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, X. obscure,— Tare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
TACTILITY 
 
 531 
 
 TAMPER 
 
 Tac-til'i-ty, n. Perceptibility by the touch. 
 
 Tact'u-al, <*. Relating to touch. 
 
 Tad'pole, n. [Referred to Toad, and Poll, the 
 head.] A young larval frog or toad. 
 
 Ta'en (tan). A contraction of taken. 
 
 Taf'fe-ta, \n. [Fr. taffetas, It. taffeta, Per. tdf- 
 
 Taf'fe-ty, f toft, taffety, — woven, twisted ; taftan, to 
 twist.]' A thin, smooth, glossy, silk stuff, check- 
 ered, flowered, or striped. 
 
 Taff'rail, n. [Dut. tafereel, a panel ; dim. of tafel, 
 a table (7. v.).] A rail round, or carved work 
 on, a ship's stern: — written also tafferel. 
 
 Taffy, n. [See Duff.] A sort of candy ; toffy. 
 
 Tag-,**. [Svv. lagg, Low Ger. takk, a point; Ger. 
 zacke, a tooth.— See Tack.] A point of metal at 
 the end of a string : — a touch or blow : — a play 
 of children; tig.— 2, v. a. [pp. tagging, tagged.] 
 To fit with a tag; to join :— to follow. 
 
 Tag'-ragr, n. The lowest people; the rabble. 
 
 Tail, n. [A.-S. tsegl, tsegel; Icel. tagel; Ger. zagel] 
 The hinder part or appendage of an animal; 
 end.— [See Entail.] (Law.) Limitation. 
 
 Tailed (t.lld), a. Furnished with a tail or tails. 
 
 Tail'ings, v. pi. The refuse part of ore. 
 
 Tai'lor (tr/lur), n. [Fr. tailleur ; tailler, to cut; 
 tattle, a tally, a cutting; L. tdlea, a stick, a cut- 
 ting.,] One who makes clothes. — 2, v. n. [pp. 
 tailoring, tailored.] To perform the work of a 
 
 Tai'lor-ess, n. A female tailor. [tailor. 
 
 Tai'lor-ing-, n. The business or work of a tailor. 
 
 Tail'-piece, n. A piece added; an appendage. 
 
 Taint, v. a. [Fr. teint; teindre, to stain; L. tin- 
 gere, tinctum, to tinge (q. v.).] [pp. tainting, 
 tainted.] To sully; to infect; to corrupt; to 
 defile; to pollute'; to contaminate. — 2, n. A 
 stain ; infection ; corruption. 
 
 Take, v. a. [Icel. laka ; Sw. taga; Dan. tage ; 
 Goth, tekan : akin to L. tangere, lactam, to touch.] 
 [i. took; pp. taking, taken.] To receive : — to 
 seize; to catch; to accept what is offered; cor- 
 relative of give, and opposed to refuse: — to hold: 
 — to copy : — to endure; to bear:' — to admit; to 
 suppose : — to hire : — to use, as an oath. — 2, v. n. 
 To incline; to gain reception. 
 
 Ta/ken (ta'kn), p. from take. 
 
 Ta'ker, n. One who takes. 
 
 Tak'ing;, n. A seizure : — a portrait : — distress. — 
 2, p. a. Pleasing; alluring: — infectious. 
 
 Talc [tlwk, S. P.], n. [Fr. ; Sp. talco; Arab, talq.] 
 A foliated niagnesian mineral of pearly lustre. 
 
 Talck'y, «. Of the nature of talc ; talcose. 
 
 Tal-cose', ) a. (Min.) Relating to, or resembling, 
 
 Tafcous, j talc; talcky. 
 
 Tale, h. [A.-S. tain, Sw. tal, a number or narra- 
 tive; Dut. taal, language; Icel. tal, talk; Ger. 
 zahl, number.-— See T.cll.] A narrative; a story; 
 a fable ; a novel; a legend : — a numeral account; 
 a reckoning. 
 
 Tale'-bear-er, n. An officious, malignant, or tri- 
 fling informer; a telltale. 
 
 Tala'-bear-ing;, w. The act of informing. 
 
 Tal'ent, n. [L. talentum, Gr. r6.\avTov, a balance, 
 a weight, a sum of money ; root of L. tollere, to 
 lift.] A weigiit anciently used for money : — a 
 faculty; endowment: abiiity; gift; genius. 
 
 Tal'ent-ed, «. Possessing talents;' gifted. 
 
 Ta'les, )i. pi. [L.] (Law.) Persons summoned to 
 serve on a jury from by-standers or persons pres- 
 ent in curt; talesmen. 
 
 Tales/man, v. (Lair.) A person among the by- 
 standers summoned to serve on a jury. 
 
 Tal'i-pat, \ n. [Singhalese.] A fine tall palm 
 
 T"\l'i-pot, ) crowned with large, fan-like leaves. 
 
 Tal'is-man, n. [Fr. & Sp. ; Arab, lilsam, pi. tilsa- 
 man, a talisman; from Gr. TeAecr/aa, a payment, 
 — later, an initiation, a mystery; reAeeiv, to 
 complete; re'Ao?, an end.] A magical character 
 or figure; a spell. 
 
 Tal-is-man'ic, a. Relating to talismans. 
 
 Talk (tawk)', r . n. [Icel. tnlka, Sw. tolka, Dan. 
 tolke, to interpret, to explain; Icel. tulkr, Dan., 
 
 Dut., & Sw. lolJc, an interpreter; from the Lith. 
 lulkus, an interpreter. — Cf. Skr. tark, to suppose, 
 to talk; Russ. talk, sense, interpretation, report.] 
 [pp. talking, talked.] To speak ; to converse. — 
 2, m. Oral conversation ; speech ; familiar dis- 
 course ; chat : report ; rumor. 
 
 Talk'a-tive (tawk'a-tiv), a. Loquacious. 
 
 Talk'a-tive-ness (tawk'a-tiv-nes), n. Loquacity. 
 
 Talk'er (tawk'er), n. One "who talks. 
 
 Tail, a. [Welsh & Cornish tal, high; Irish talla, 
 fit, right, just; A.-S, til, fit, good, excellent; 
 tela, leala, well, excellently.] High in stature; 
 lofty; elevated. 
 
 Tall'ness, n. Height of stature. 
 
 Tal'15w (tal'lo), n. [Dan. & Ger. talg ; Dut. talk; 
 0. Dut. talgh.] A sort of animal fat or suet. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. tallowing, tallowed.] To smear 
 with tallow. [tallow candles. 
 
 Tal'low-chand-ler, n. A maker of, or dealer in, 
 
 Tal'low-y, a. Resembling tallow; greasy. 
 
 Tal'ly, v. a. [Fr. taille, a notch, a tally ; L. talea, 
 a stick ; Fr. taille, notched. — See Tailor, j [gp. 
 tallying, tallied.] To make to fit; to fit; to 
 suit. — 2, v. n. To be fitted; to conform.— 3, u. 
 Any thing made to suit another: — a stick 
 notched to keep accounts. 
 
 Tal-ly-ho', u. & mtetj. [Fr. taiattl; from au taillis, 
 to the copse-wood : this call on repetition be- 
 comes almost like taiuul in its pronunciation.] 
 The huntsman's cry to his dogs. 
 
 Tal' mud, n. [Ohaldee for "instruction;" Heb. 
 tabni'd, a scholar ; lamad, to learn.] A book con- 
 taining the traditions or unwritten laws of the 
 Jews. [Talmud; Talmudical. 
 
 Tal-mud'ic, or Tal'mud-ic, a. Belonging to the 
 
 Tal-mud'i-cal, a. Belonging to the Talmud. 
 
 Tal'mud-ist," n. One versed in the Talmud. 
 
 Tal'on, n. [Fr. talon ; L. talus, later lalo, the heel.] 
 The claw of a bird of prey. 
 
 Ta'lus, n. [L.] (Anal.) The ankle-bone.— (Fort.) 
 A slope in a rampart or wall. — (Min.) A heap 
 of fragments at the foot of a great rock. 
 
 Tam'a-ble, a. That may be tamed. 
 
 Tam'a-rack, n. [Fr. tamarae; probably of Algon- 
 kin origin] The larch-tree ; hackmatack. 
 
 Tam'a-rmd, n. [Fr. tamarin; Sp. & It. tamarindn; 
 Arab, lamr, a date ; Heb. tamar, a palm; Arab. 
 Hind, India; tamr 'id Hind, the Indian date.] A 
 tree hearing an acid fruit. — pi. A preserve made 
 of the fruit. 
 
 Tam'a-risk, n. [Fr. tamaris; L. tamarur. or tama- 
 risens; Skr. tamalaka, the black tree; tamos, 
 darkness.] A flowering tree or shrub. 
 
 Tam'bour (tam'bor) [tam'bur, Sm. C. St.], n. [Fr.; 
 Sp. lambor ; It. tamburo; Arab, tambur. — See 
 Tabor.] A musical instrument ; a tambourine ; 
 a little drum:— a drum-like frame to stretch 
 cloth to be embroidered. 
 
 Tam-bou-rine' (tam-bo-ren'), n. [Fr. tambourin. 
 — See Tambour.] A kind of drum. 
 
 Tame, a. [A.-S., Dut., & Dan. (am; Ger. zalim. — 
 Cf. Skr. dam, Gr. dafxaeiv, L. domare, to tame.] 
 Not wild; accustomed to domestic life; gentle; 
 subdued :— spiritless ; dull. — 2, v. a. [pp. taming, 
 tamed.] To make tame ; to reclaim. 
 
 Tame'ly, ad. Not wildly : — spiritlessly. 
 
 Tame'ness, n. Quality of being tame. 
 
 Ta-mil' - [tam'Tl, N. 1.], n. [Its native name.] 
 The most cultivated of the Dravidian family of 
 tongues, spoken in India and the north of ( 'ey'lon. 
 
 Tam'my, «• [Fr. tamis or ttamine ; 0. Fr. estamine ; 
 L. stamineus; from stamen, a thread (g. v.).] A 
 thin woollen stuff highly glazed: — a bolter or 
 strainer. 
 
 Tamp, v. a. [Fr. etawper, to stamp ; Prov. tampir, 
 to tap, to strike.] [pp. tamping, tamped.] To 
 fill, as a hole bored in a rock for blasting, with 
 brickdust, &c. 
 
 Tam'per, v. «. [A modification of Temper in the 
 sense of to moderate.] [pp. tampering, tam- 
 pered.] To meddle ; to practise secretly. 
 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — C, Q, 5, £, soft; JD, fSr, e, g;, hard; § as z ; ? as g;z ; this. 
 
TAMPION 
 
 532 
 
 TAERAGON 
 
 Tam'pi-on, n. See Tompion and Tampon. 
 
 Tam'pon, n. [Fr. ; also tapon or tape, a plug or 
 tap (<}. v.).] A plug; a wad. 
 
 Tan, v. a. [Bret, tann, an oak ; Ger. tanne, a fir- 
 tree; Fr. tan, oak bark.] [pp. tanning, tanned.] 
 To convert skins into leather : — to make tawny ; 
 to embrown by the sun. — 2, n. Bark of tbe 
 oak, &c, bruised ; ooze. 
 
 Tan'a-ger, n. [From a Brazilian name.] A genus 
 of handsome birds. 
 
 Tan'dem, ad. [L. tandem, at length.] A term 
 denoting a method of driving two horses, one 
 before the other. 
 
 Tang, n. [But. tang, tongs (q. v.), pincers; 0. But. 
 tanger, tart, nipping.] A strong taste : — [equiva- 
 lent to Tinkle] a clang ; a ringing sound : — [sea 
 Tangle] a sea-weed: — [Icel. tangi, a spit or 
 point. — See Tongs] the projecting' part of any 
 thing securing it to a handle. 
 
 Tan'gen-cy, n. The act of touching; taction. 
 
 Tan'gent, n. [L. tangere, part, tangentis: Gr. ver- 
 bal root ray-, to touch.] A right line touching 
 a curve line. 
 
 Tan'£-er-ine, n. [From the town of Tangier.] A 
 variety of orange. 
 
 Tan'gi-ble, o. [Fr. ; L. langibilis ; tangere, to 
 touch.] That may be touched. 
 
 Tan'gle (tang'gl), v. a. [Icel. thb'ngull, sea-weed; 
 thang, kelp or tang.] [pp. tangling, tangled.] To 
 implicate ; to entrap. — 2, v. n. To be entangled. 
 — 3, n. A knot of things interwoven : — sea-weed. 
 
 Tan'ist, n. [Irish tanaiste, second,— hence, a lord, 
 one of second rank.] {Irish Hist.) An elective 
 lord or landed proprietor. 
 
 Tan'jst-ry, n. [Ireland.] A tenure of land by 
 election for life. 
 
 Tank, n. [Port. tanque, Sp. estanque, Fr. etang, L. 
 stagnum, a pool (Marathi tanken, Guzerati tanki, 
 a reservoir, are probably from the Portuguese).] 
 A cistern of water ; a reservoir. 
 
 Tank'ard, n. [O. But. tanckaert; 0. Fr. tanquard; 
 corrupted from L. canthariis, Gr. xavtfapos, a pot, 
 a cup.] A drinking-vessel with a cover. 
 
 Tan'ner, n. One who tans leather. 
 
 Tan'ner-y, n. [Fr. tannerie.— See Tan.] A place 
 for tanning; a tanyard. 
 
 Tan'nic, a. Noting an acid which tans leather. 
 
 Tan'nin, n. [Fr. tannin or tanin.— See Tan.] Tan- 
 nic acid. 
 
 Tan' -pit, n. A pit in which leather is tanned. 
 
 Tan'sy, n. [Fr. tanaisie ; Sp. tanaceto ; Late L. 
 tanacetum, tansetum (which originally meant a 
 tansy-bed) ; all corrupted from Gr. aOavaaia, 
 immortality; a privative, and Odvaros, death. — 
 Cf. Immortelle, Amaranth, Life Everlasting, 
 and other similar plant-names : probably sug- 
 gested by the enduring nature of the plant.] 
 An odorous plant or herb. 
 
 Tan'ta-lize, v. a. [From Tantalus, who was fabled 
 to be placed up to his chin in water of which he 
 was not allowed to drink.] [pp. tantalizing, 
 tantalized.] To torment with false hopes; to 
 tease ; to provoke. 
 
 Tan'ta-mount, a. [Old Law Fr. tant amnnte, 
 amounts to as much; Fr. tant, L. tardus, so 
 much, and 0. Fr. amonter, to amount.] Equiva- 
 lent; equal. 
 
 Tan-trv'y, or Tan'ti-vy, ad. [Imitative of the 
 sound of a hunting'horn.] At full speed. 
 
 Tan'trums, n. pi. [Cf. Welsh tant, a start, an im- 
 pulse'.] High airs or freaks; bursts of passion 
 or ill-humor. [Vulgar.] 
 
 Tan'yard, n. A place for tanning; tannery. 
 
 Tap, v. a. [Fr. taper or tapoter. — Cf. Ger. tap, the 
 paw, — also, a kick or blow ; Icel. tapsa, to tap. 
 Similar imitative words of like meaning are 
 found in Arabic, Malay, and other languages.] 
 [pp. tapping, tapped.] To touch lightly : — [A.-S. 
 tieppan ; But. tappen; Icel. tappa] to broach; to 
 draw off. — 2, n. A gentle blow: — [A.-S. tseppc ; 
 But. & Ban. tap ; Ger. zapfen] a pipe ; a spile. 
 
 Tape, n. [A.-S. tseppe, a fillet; L. tapete. hang- 
 ings, cloth.— See Tapestry.] A narrow fillet or 
 band of linen. 
 
 Ta'per, n. [A.-S. taper, tapor ; Irish, tapar ; Welsh, 
 tampr.] A wax candle ; a small light :— gradual 
 contraction.— 2, a. [For faper-like : candles are 
 usually smaller toward the top.] Growing gradu- 
 ally smaller toward the end; pvramidal; coni- 
 cal; tapering.— 3, v. n. [pp. tapering, tapered.] 
 To grow gradually smaller.— 4, v. u. To make 
 gradually smaller. 
 
 Ta'per-ing, p. a. Growing gradually smaller. 
 
 Ta'per-ness, n. The state of being taper. 
 
 Tap'es-try, n. [Fr. tapisserie; tapis, Ger. teppich, 
 a carpet; L. tapete, hangings; Gr. ranr)?, a rug; 
 Per. tabastah, a carpet or cushion.] Ornamental, 
 figured cloth for lining walls of apartments. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. tapestrying, tapestried.] To adorn 
 with tapestry. 
 
 Tape'-worm (-wiirm), n. Along intestinal worm. 
 
 Tap-i-o'ca, n. [Brazilian (Tupi) tipioka, the juice 
 of the manioc] A nutritious substance from the 
 root of the manioc plant. [sembling the hog. 
 
 Ta'pir, n. [Brazilian (Tupi), aprfra.] An animal re- 
 Tapis (tap'e or ta/pis), n. [Fr.J A carpet ; a cloth 
 for a table. — On the tapis, under consideration. 
 
 Tap'pet, n. [From the verb Tap.] A small lever 
 or cam. 
 
 Tap'-r68t, n. The principal stem of a root. 
 
 Tap'ster, n. [A.-S. tseppeslere (fern.).— See Tap.] 
 One who draws beer, &c. 
 
 Tar, n. [A.-S. teoru, teru, taw.; But. leer; Ban. 
 tiuere; Ger. theer.] A dark, liquid pitch: — a 
 sailor. — 2, v. a. [pp. tarring, tarred.] To smear 
 over with tar. 
 
 Tar-an-tel'la, n. [It. ; named from the belief that 
 the bite of the tarantula was followed by fits of 
 dancing, or that its ill effects would be cured 
 by dancing.] An Italian dance. 
 
 Ta-ran'tu-la, n. [Neo-Latin ; It. tarautola; from 
 Taranto or Tarentmn, a town of Italy.] A ven- 
 omous sort of spider. [Moving slowly. 
 
 Tar'di-grade, a. [L. tardus, slow, and gradi, to go.] 
 
 Tiir'di-ly, ad. In a tardy manner; slowly. 
 
 Tar'dj-ness, n. Slowness; lateness. 
 
 Tar'dy, a. [Fr. tardif, slow; iard, late; L. tardus, 
 slow.] Slow ; sluggish ; dilatory ; late. 
 
 Tare, n. [Probably that which tears or destroys.] 
 A weed : — the vetch :— [Sp. & It. tara, Arab. 
 tarha, allowance ; tarh, throwing ; taruha, he 
 threw] an allowance in weight for tbe cask, 
 bag, &c. — 2, i. from tear. Tore. 
 
 Targe, n. [See Target.] A buckler or shield. 
 
 Tar'get, n. [A.-S. targe; Fr. targe; Sp. taija ; It. 
 targa; Ger. tartsche : probaMy from root of Ger. 
 zarge, a frame ; but cf. Arab, durkat, darakat, a 
 shield.] A kind of buckler or shield worn on 
 the left arm : — a mark to be shot at. 
 
 Tar' gum, n. [Chaldee; largem, to interpret. — See 
 Bragoman.] A Jewish paraphrase on some por- 
 tion of Scripture in Cbaldee. 
 
 Tar'gum-ist, n. A writer in the Targums. 
 
 Tar' iff, n. [Sp. larifa, Arab, tar if, giving informa- 
 tion ; arf, knowledge ; arafa, he knew.] A table 
 or schedule of duties payable to government on 
 merchandise : — a list of charges or prices. 
 
 Tar'la-tan, n. [Fr. tarlalane ; It. tarlato, moth- 
 eaten ; tarh, a moth.] A very thin dress stuff. 
 
 Tarn, n. [Icel. tjorn; Local Sw. tarn, tjiirn.] A 
 mountain lake ; a fen ; a pool. 
 
 Tar'nish, «. a. [Fr. ternir, part, ternissant, to tar- 
 nish; terne, dim. — Cf. A.-S. dernan, to hide; 
 derne, secret, hidden.] [pp. tarnishing, tar- 
 nished.] To sully; to soil; to stain. — 2, v. n. 
 To lose brightness. 
 
 Tar-paul'ing, n. [Tar and Local E. palling, a 
 pall, a covering. — See Pall.] Tarred canvas: — 
 a sailor : — written also tarpawling and tarpaulin. 
 
 Tar'ra-gon, n. [Sp. tarragona, tarragontia; Arab. 
 & Per. tarkhun, dragon-wort; from Gr. opatcutv, 
 a dragon (//. v.).] A plant, called herb-dragon. 
 
 a, e, I, 5, u, y, long ; a, e, I, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
TARRY 
 
 533 
 
 TEAMSTER 
 
 Tar'ry, v. n. [0. Fr. larger, Late L. (fictive) tardl- 
 cure, L. tardare, to delay. — See Tardy.] [pp. 
 tarrying, tarried.] To stay ; to delay ; to wait. — 
 2, n. A delay ; a stay. 
 
 Tar'ry., a. Consisting of tar; resembliug tar. 
 
 Tar'sus, n. ; pi. Tar' si. [L.] The ankle. 
 
 Tart, a. [A.-S. teart, sharp; from tier, to tear 
 (q. v.).] Sour; acid; sharp; keen; severe. — 
 2, n. [Fr. turle or tourte ; It. tartara or torta ; L. 
 torquere, tortum, to twist.] A small pie. 
 
 Tar'tan, n. [Fr. tartan; 0. Fr. tiretaiue, linsey- 
 woolsey ; Sp. tiritafta, thin cloth ; tiritar, to 
 shiver.] A kind of checked woollen stuff: — 
 [Fr. tartane; Sp. & It. tartana. — Cf. Arab, larrnd, 
 a kind of ship: similar words are found in San- 
 skrit and in Slavic languages] a small coasting- 
 vessel with one mast. 
 
 Tar' tar, n. [Fr. tarlre; Late L. tartarum; Per. 
 durdi, Arab, durd, durdiij, sediment.] A con- 
 crete salt : — a person of irritable temper : — [Per. 
 Tatar] a native of Tartary. 
 
 Tar-ta're-an, a. [L. Tartarus; Gr. Taprapos, the 
 lower world.] Infernal. 
 
 Tar-tar'ic, a. (Cheni.) Noting an acid from tartar. 
 
 Tar'tar-ous, a. Consisting of, or like, tartar. 
 
 Tart'ly, ad. Sharply ; sourly ; with acidity. 
 
 Tart'ness, n. Sharpness ; sourness ; severity. 
 
 Tar'trite, n. (Ohem.) A salt composed of tar- 
 taric'acid and a base. 
 
 Task, n. [0. Fr. tasqne ; Fr. tdche ; Late L. tnsca, 
 by metathesis for taxa. a tax (q. v.).] Employ- 
 ment ; business imposed ; something to be done ; 
 labor; work; a lesson. — 2, v. a. [pp. tasking, 
 tasked.] To impose a task on. 
 
 Task'mas-ter, n. One who imposes tasks. 
 
 Tas'sel (t.is'sel or to>'sl), n. [A.-S. tastil, Fr. las- 
 seau, 0. Fr. tassel, a bracket; It. tassello, a collar, 
 a square; Late L. tassellus, L. taxdlus, a dim. of 
 talus, a die, a knuckle-bone.] An ornamental 
 bunch of silk, ribbon, &c. : — the flower or bead 
 of some plants, as of maize. — 2, v. n. [pp. tassel- 
 ling, tasselled.] To put forth a tassel, as maize. 
 
 Taste, v. a. [Fr. later, 0. Fr. taster, It. taetare, to, 
 taste, to feel, to prove; fictive L. taxitare, fre- 
 quentative oftaxare, to feel, to handle, intensive 
 of taugere, lactam, to touch.] [pp. tasting, tasted,] 
 To perceive by the palate; to eat; to eat a little 
 of. — 2, v. n. To have a flavor. — 3, n. Act of 
 tasting; sense of tasting; a sensation made on 
 the tongue and palate; flavor; relish: — intel- 
 lectual discernment or relish for the works of 
 nature or art. 
 
 Tast'ed, a. Having: a particular relish or taste. 
 
 Taste'ffil, a. Showing or possessing good taste. 
 
 Taste'ffil-ly, ad. In a tasteful manner. 
 
 Taste'less, a. Having no taste; insipid. 
 
 Taste'less-ness, n. Insipidity ; want of taste. 
 
 Tast'i-ly, ad. In a tasty manner. 
 
 Tast'y, a. Having taste; nice; fine; tasteful. 
 
 Tat'ter, v. a. [Icel. toturr, Norw. lotra, a rag, a 
 torn garment; Low Ger. taltern, rags.] [pp. 
 tattering, tattered.] To tear; to rend. — 2, n. A 
 rag.— pi. Rags ; a ragged dress. 
 
 Tat-ter-de-mal'ion, n. A ragged fellow. 
 
 Tat' ting, n. [Hind, tat, a kind of cloth; tatta, a 
 screen.] A kind of narrow lace. 
 
 Tat' tie (tat'tl), v. n. [Low Ger. taleln, to tattle ; 
 ttik'ler, a tattler : imitative.] [pp. tattling, tat- 
 tled.] To prate; to talk idly; to blab.— 2, n. 
 Prate ; idle chat ; trifling talk. 
 
 Tat' tier, n. An idle talker; a prater. 
 
 Tat-t86\ n. [0. E. taptoo, Dut. t.aploe, a tattoo; 
 tap, a beer-faucet, and toe, closed, put-to, shut : 
 it was a signal for closing the drinking- places 
 about a camp.] A beat of drum at night: — 
 [Polynesian, tatau; ta, a mark, or to strike] a 
 puncture, or a figure formed by punctures, on 
 the body. — 2, v. a. [pp. tattooing, tattooed.] 
 To form figures on the body by puncturing the 
 6kin and staining it. [Stretched out ; tense. 
 
 Taught (tiiwt), i. & p. from teach. — 2, a. (Naut.) 
 
 Taunt (ta'nt or tawnt), v. a. [Fr. tenter, 0. Fr. 
 tenter, tauter, L. teutare, to try, to assail, to vex, to 
 tempt (q. v.) ; possibly influenced in English by 
 0. Fr. taunt pour taunt, tit for tat, a full equiva- 
 lent ; Fr. tant, L. tardus, so great.] [pp. taunting, 
 taunted.] To reproach ; to insult; to revile; to 
 jeer. — 2, n. Insult ; sarcastic reproach. 
 
 Taunt'ing-ly, ad. With insult. 
 
 Tau'rus, n. [L. ; Gr. ravpc^. — Cf. Steer.] (Astron.) 
 The 'Bull, the second sign in the zodiac. 
 
 Taut, a. [Dan. taet, tight (7. v.).] Tight ; stretched 
 tightly. 
 
 Tau-to-lof'ic, \ a. Repeating the same thing ; 
 
 Tau-to-loi'i-cal, J repetitious. 
 
 Tau-tol'o-|-y, n. [Gr. ravToKoyia; ravro for to 
 aiiro, the same, and \iyet.v, root A07-, to speak.] 
 Repetition of the same words, or of the same 
 sense in different words. 
 
 Tav'ern, n. [Fr. taverne, L. taberna, a booth, a hut.] 
 A house of entertainment; a public house; an 
 inn ; a hotel. 
 
 Taw, v. a. [A.-S. lavnan, to dress, to prepare, to 
 scourge ; Hut. touwen, to curry.] [p». tawing, 
 tawed.] To dress white or alum leather. — 2, n. 
 [A.-S. taw, an instrument; Goth, fawi, work: 
 root of Tool.] A marble to play with ; a game. 
 
 Taw'dri-ly, ad. In a tawdry manner. 
 
 Taw'dri-niss, «. Gaudy or tawdry finery. 
 
 Taw'dry, a. [From St. Audry, or Ethel rida, who 
 for her youthful addiction to finery was pun- 
 ished, it was thought, by a swelling of the 
 throat, of which she died.] Showy without 
 elegance ; gaudy. 
 
 Taw'ni-ness, n. State of being tawny. 
 
 Taw'nj:, a. [Fr. tanttf, tanned, tawny. — See Tan.] 
 Dusky yellow, like things tanned. 
 
 Tax, n. [Fr. taxe, a tax ; taxer, to tax ; L. laxare, 
 to handle, to arrange, to appraise, to rate ; inten- 
 sive of tangere, factum, to touch.] An impost; 
 a rate; duty; tribute. — 2, v. a. [)>p. taxing, 
 taxed.] To load with imposts ; to impose a tax 
 on ; to charge : — to accuse ; to censure. 
 
 Tax'a-ble, a. That may be taxed. 
 
 Tax-a'tion, n. The act of taxing; impost; tax. 
 
 Tax-i-der'mic, a. Relating to taxidermy. 
 
 Tax'i-der-mist, n. One versed in taxidermy. 
 
 Tax'i-der-my., n. [Gr. ra£is, arrangement; Tao-- 
 0-611/, to arrange, and Sepixa, a skin.] The ait of 
 arranging and preserving 6kius as specimens of 
 natural history. 
 
 Tax-on'o-my, n. [Gr. t<x£i?, arrangement, and 
 vojmos, a law.] The systematic classification of 
 animals, plants, and minerals. 
 
 Tea, n. [Chinese te, chd, or tea, whence Fr. the", 
 Ger. thee, Malay leh, Port, clia, It. cia, tea.] A 
 Chinese plant and its dried leaves; liquor made 
 of it : — a watery infusion or decoction : — an af- 
 ternoon repast. 
 
 Teach (tech), v. a. [A.-S. tecan, to show, to teach; 
 Ger. zeigen, Gr. SeUfvfxi, to show. — See Token.] 
 [i. taught; pp. teaching, taught.] To instruct ; 
 to inform; to show ; to show how to do. — 2, c. n. 
 To give instruction. 
 
 Teach'a-ble, a. Willing to learn; docile. 
 
 Teach'a-ble-ness, n. Aptness to learn. 
 
 Teach'er, n. One who teaches; an instructor. 
 
 Teach'ing, n. The act of instructing; instruction. 
 
 Tea'cup, n. A small cup to drink tea from. 
 
 Teak, n. [Malayalim. tekka; Tamil, teklcu.] An 
 Asiatic tree valued for its timber. 
 
 Teal, n. [Dut. teleu, to breed ; teling, a generation, 
 a brood, teal. — See Till.] An aquatic fowl of 
 the duck kind. 
 
 Team, n. [A.-S. team, a family (that which is set 
 in order) ; Dut. toom, Dan. tomme, a rein ; Ger. 
 zaum, a bridle.] A number of horses or oxen 
 harnessed together for drawing a carriage, &c. : 
 — a horse and carriage : — a flock of birds : — a 
 party of players. — 2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. teaming, 
 teamed.] To convey with a team. 
 
 Team'ster, n. A driver of a team. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — (?, Q, c, g, soft; 0, p, p, §, hard; § as z ; 5 as gz ; tnis. 
 
 45* 
 
TEAPOT 
 
 534 
 
 TEMPERATELY 
 
 Tea'pot, »• A vessel in which tea is made. 
 
 Tear (ter), n. [A.-S. tear; Dan. taar ; Ger. z'dhre. 
 — Cf. Gr. &aKpv ; L. dacrima, lacrima.] Water 
 from the eyes; moisture : — a drop, as of balsam. 
 
 Tear (tar), v. a. [A.-S. teran; Goth, getairan; Ger. 
 zerren. — Cf. Gr. Sepecv, to flay.] ' [i. tore ; pp. 
 tearing, torn.] To pull in pieces; to rend; to 
 laniate. — 2, v. n. To fume ; to rave ; to rant. — 
 3, n. A rent ; fissure ; laceration. 
 
 Tear'ful (ter'ful), a. Full of tears; weeping. 
 
 Tear'less. a. Destitute of tears. 
 
 Tease "(tez), v. a. [A.-S. tsesun. Dan. tsese, Local 
 Ger. zaisen, to pull, card, or comb.] [pp. teasing, 
 teased.] To comb ; to scratch, as cloth : — to vex 
 with importunity ; to annoy ; to harass. 
 
 Tea'sel (te'zl), n. [A.-S. tsesel, from t'sesan, to comb, 
 to tease.] A prickly plant and its burr: — writ- 
 ten also teazle. 
 
 Teas'er, n. Whoever or whatever teases. 
 
 Tea spoon, n. A spoon used in drinking tea. 
 
 Tea'spoon-ful, n. ; pi. Tea'sp66n-fuls. As much 
 as a teaspoon holds. 
 
 Teat [tit, Ke. H. El. Nares], n. [A.-S. tit; Fr. tette, 
 teton, tetin ; Sp. tela ; 1 1. tetta ; Ger. zitze, latte, 
 tutte; Icel. tata ; Welsh, did, diddi, ieth; Gr. 
 ti't0tj : many related words of the same meaning 
 might be named.] A dug ; a pap ; a nipple. 
 
 Teph'nic, n. Technical skill ; artistic execution. 
 
 Teph'ni-cal, «. [Gr. Te^fiKos; Te'xvrj, an art.] 
 Belonging to an art or a science ; not in common 
 or popular use. 
 
 Teph-ni-cal'i-ty, n. A thing peculiar to any art 
 or science. 
 
 Teph'ni-cal-ly, ad. In a technical manner. 
 
 Tech'nics, n. pi. Technical terms or arts. 
 
 Teph-nique', w. [Fr.] See Technic. 
 
 Tegh-no-lo|-'ic, a. Same as Technological. 
 
 Tech-no-lo|-'i-cal, a. Relating to the aits. 
 
 Teph-nol'o-ix n. [Gr. Texvq, an art, .and Aoyo?, 
 a discourse.] The arts :— a treatise on the arts, 
 or on terms used in the arts. 
 
 Tech/y, a. [0. E. teche, a habit, a freak ; Fr. (ache, 
 a blemish, a mark ; It. tacca, Sp. tacha, a flaw, a 
 defect.] Peevish; irritable; touchy. 
 
 Ted, v. a. [Cf. Icel. tada, hay (from a manured 
 field) ; tad, manure ; tedja, to spread manure : 
 Norw. tad, manure ; Local Ger. zetten, to strew.] 
 [pp. tedding, tedded.] To spread abroad new- 
 mown grass. 
 
 Ted'der, n. A machine for spreading hay. 
 
 Te De'nm, n. [L.] A hymn of praise. 
 
 Te'dious (te'dyus), a. [L. tsediosus ; teedium, irk- 
 some'ness; tsedet, it irks.] Wearisome; irksome; 
 tiresome from length or slowness. 
 
 Te'dioiis-ly, ad. In a tedious manner. 
 
 Te'dious-ness, ■». Wearisome ness ; prolixity. 
 
 Te'di-um, n. [L. teedium.'] Irksomeness; weari- 
 someness; weariness. 
 
 Teem, v. ». [A.-S. tyman; team, a family progeny. 
 — See Team.] [pp. teeming, teemed.] To be 
 pregnant; to be full or prolific. — 2, v. a. To 
 bring forth ; to produce. 
 
 Teen, n. [A.-S. teona, injury, accusation ; teon, 
 tihan, to accuse; Icel. lion, loss; Ger. zeihen, to 
 accuse.] Sorrow; grief; affliction. 
 
 Teens, n.pl. The years between twelve and twenty. 
 
 Teeth, n. The plural of tooth. 
 
 Teeth, v. n. [pp. teething, teethed.] To breed 
 teeth. 
 
 Tee-to'tal, a. [A reduplication of Total, in imi- 
 tation of Teetotum.] Complete; total. [Colloq.] 
 
 Tee-to'tal-er, n. An advocate of teetotalism. 
 
 Tee-to'tum, n. [So called because the appearance 
 of the winning side, marked T (for L. tolnm, all), 
 entitles the player to take the whole stake.] A 
 small four-sided top made to spin by twirling it 
 with the fingers. 
 
 Teg'men, w. [L.] A tegument. 
 
 Teg'u-ment, n. [L. tegumentum, a cover; tegere, 
 to cover. — Cf. Gr. crri-yety, to cover.] A natural 
 covering; the skin. 
 
 Teg-u-ment'a-ry, a. Relating to teguments. 
 
 Te-hee', v. n.' [Imitative.] [pp. teheeing, teheed.] 
 To laugh.— 2, 11. A laugh. 
 
 Teil, n. [Fr. tille, 0. Fr. teil, L. tilia, the linden.] 
 The lime-tree, or linden. 
 
 Tel'e-gram, n. [Gr. rfjAe, far off, and ypap.p.a, a 
 writing.] A telegraphic despatch. 
 
 Tel'e-graph, n. [Gr. rrjAe, far oft', and ypa^eiv, 
 to write.] A contrivance to convey intelligence 
 to a distance by signals, styled the electric or 
 electro-magnetic telegraph : — a semaphore.— 2, v. a. 
 [pp. telegraphiug, telegraphed.] To send by 
 telegraph. 
 
 Tel-e-graph'ic, a. Relating to a telegraph. 
 
 Te-leVra-phy, «• Ihe art or practice of commu- 
 nicating intelligence by telegraph. 
 
 Te-le-ol'o-fist, n. One who believes or is versed 
 in the doctrine of final causes. 
 
 Te-le-ol'o-gy, n. [Gr. Te'Ao?, re'Aeos, the end, and 
 Ao-yos, a discourse.] The doctrine of final caiues. 
 
 Te'le-ost, "I n. [Gr. reAeio?, complete, and 
 
 Te-le-os'te-an, J oo-reoi', a bone.] (Zoo'l.) A fish 
 having a bony skeleton. 
 
 Tel'e-phone, n. [Gr. -njAe, far off, and <}>o>vr), a 
 sound.] An instrument for the transmission of 
 sound to a distance by means of an electric cur- 
 rent. — 2, v. n. & v. a. [pp. telephoning, tele- 
 phoned.] To transmit a message, <fcc, by tele- 
 phonic apparatus. 
 
 Tel-e-phon'ic, a. Pertaining to the telephone. 
 
 Te-leph'o-ny, n. The art of reproducing sounds 
 at a distance by the aid of electricity, as by the 
 telephone; phonic telegraphy. 
 
 Tel'e-scope, n. [Gr. TijAe, far off, and root <tkott-, 
 to see.] An optical instrument for viewing dis- 
 tant objects.— 2, v. n. [pp. telescoping, tele- 
 scoped.] To run into so that the one encases 
 the other, like the sides of a telescope. — 3, v. a. 
 To cause to run into each other; to cause to be- 
 come encased or overlapped : — to incapsulate. 
 
 Tel-e-scop'ic, \a. Belonging to a telescope; 
 
 Tel-e-scop'i-cal, J seeing at a distance. 
 
 Tell," v. a. '[A.-S. tellan, to tell, to count ;.Dut. 
 tellen; Dan. tselle; Ger. z'dhlen.— See Tale.] [L 
 told; pp. telling, told.] To make known by 
 words; to disclose; to utter; to relate; to in- 
 form; to betray; to count. — 2, v. w. To give 
 an account; to speak: — to have effect; to be 
 useful or effective. 
 
 Tell'er, n. One who tells : — an officer of a bank 
 who receives or pays money. 
 
 Tell'ingyp. a. Th;it tells; producing effect. 
 
 Tell' tale, v. An officious tale-bearer.— 2, a. Blab- 
 bing ; telling tales. [rium. 
 
 Tel-lu'ric, a. Relating to the earth or to tellu- 
 
 Tel-lu'ri-tim, n. [L. tellus, telluris, the earth.] A 
 rare metal. 
 
 Te-mer'i-ty, n. [Fr. temerite ; L. lemeritas. — Cf. 
 temere,' rashly.] Rashness; extreme boldness. 
 
 Tem'per, v. a. [Fr. temperer, L. iemperare, to reg- 
 ulate, to qualify ; temperi, seasonably ; temptts, 
 temporis, a season, a time.] [pp. tempering, 
 tempered.] To mingle; to modify; to soften ; 
 .to form to a proper hardness, as metals.— 2, ?;. «. 
 To be brought into or acquire a desired state; 
 to become soft or pliable.— 3, n. Due mixture 
 of contrary qualities; disposition of mind; mod* 
 eration ; state of a metal as to hardness :— pas- 
 sion ; irritation. 
 
 Tem'per-a-ment, n. [L. temperamenlvm, qualifi- 
 cation, admixture.] Constitution ; medium ; due 
 mixture ;. disposition ; temper. 
 
 TSm'per-ance, r?. [Fr. temperance, L. temperantia, 
 moderation.— See Tkimper.] Moderation, espe- 
 cially in drink: sobriety; abstinence: — calmness. 
 — 2, a. Enjoining abstinence in the use of 
 spirituous liquors. 
 
 Tem'per-ate, «. [L. temperare, temperati:rn, to reg- 
 ulate.— See Ttmper.] Moderate in drink and 
 food; abstinent; abstemious; not excessive. 
 
 Tgm'per-ate-ly, ad. Moderately ; calmly. 
 
 a, e, i, 0, u, y, long; a, e, 1, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure. — Pare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
TEMPERATURE 
 
 535 
 
 TEPEFY 
 
 Tem'per-a-ture, n. [Fr. temperature ; L. tempera- 
 tura.] Constitution of nature; state of the air 
 as to heat and cold. 
 Tem'pered (teni'perd), a. Disposed; softened. 
 Tem'pest, n. [Fr. tempete, a storm ; L. tempestas, 
 weather, a storm, a season or time. — See Tem- 
 poral.] A very violent wind, often attended 
 with rain, hail, or snow; a violent storm; a 
 hurricane : — a commotion. 
 
 Tem-pest'ii-ous (tem-pest'yu-us), a. Abounding 
 in tempests ; stormy; turbuleut. 
 
 Tem-pest'u-ous-ly, ad. In a stormy manner. 
 
 Tem-pest'u-ous-ness, n. Storminess. 
 
 Tem'plar, n. [L. templaris, belonging to a temple ; 
 from the Temple at Jerusalem.] A Knight Tem- 
 plar : — a student in the law. [London.] — The 
 Knights Templars were a religious military order, 
 instituted in the twelfth century for the defence 
 of the Holy Sepulchre at Jerusalem. 
 
 Tem'plate, n. [L. templum, a small beam; Late 
 L. templatus, vaulted.] A thin plate; a long 
 beam ; a templet ; a pattern. 
 
 Tem'ple, n. [A.-S. tempel; L. templum. — Cf. Gr. 
 ri^evds, a sacred enclosure; TefxveLv, to cut: it 
 was ground cut off from the rest.] An edifice 
 appropriated to religious worship; a fane. — [L. 
 tempus, pi. tempora, a time, a season, — also, the 
 side of the head: probably because of the pulsa- 
 tion there visible.] (Atiut.) The upper part of 
 the side of the head, where the pulse is felt. — 
 pi. A device in weaving for stretching the web 
 transversely. [in a building. 
 
 Tem'plet, n. [See Template.] A piece of timber 
 
 Tem'po-ral, a. [L. tempus, pi. tempora, time,— 
 also, a temple of the head.] Measured by time ; 
 not eternal; secular; not spiritual: — placed at 
 the temples. [secular possession. 
 
 Tem-po-ral'i-tx, n. [Late L. temporalitae.] A 
 
 Tem'po-ral-iy, ad. With respect to this life. 
 
 Tem'po-ra-ri-ljr, ad. For a limited time. 
 
 Tem'po-ra-ry, a. [L. temporarins.] Lasting only 
 for a'limited time; not permanent ; transitory. 
 
 Tem-po-ri-za'tion, n. Act of temporizing. 
 
 Tem'po-rize, v. ■». [Fr. temporiser; from L. tem- 
 pus, temporis, time.] [pp. temporizing, tempo- 
 rized.] To comply with the times; to yield to 
 circumstances; to trim. 
 
 Tempt (temt), v. a. [L. tsmptare, oftener tentare, 
 to handle, to touch, to try ; frequentative of 
 teuere, tentum, to hold.] [pp. tempting, tempted.] 
 To entice to ill ; to allure; to strive to allure: — 
 to test; to put to proof. 
 
 Temp-ta'tion (tem-t.Vshun), v.- Act of tempting; 
 state of being tempted; enticement. 
 
 Tempt'er (temt'er), n. One who tempts. 
 
 Tempt'ing (temt'ing), p. a. Enticing; attractive. 
 
 Tempt'ing-lv, ad. So as to tempt Or entice. 
 
 Tempt'ress (tem'tres), n. She that tempts. 
 
 Ten, a. & n. [A.-S. ten, ti/n; Dut. tien; Goth, tai- 
 hnn ; Ger. zehn ; L. decent ; Skr. dagan.] Twice 
 five; the decimal number. 
 
 Ten'a-ble, a. [Fr. ; teuir, L. tenere, to hold.] That 
 may be maintained or held ; defensible. 
 
 Te-na'cious (te-na'shus), a. [Fr. lenace ; L. tenor, 
 tenacis; tenere, to hold.] Grasping; hard; hold- 
 ing fast; retentive: — cohesive; tough. 
 
 Te-na'cious-ly, ad. In a tenacious manner. 
 
 Te-nac'i-ty, n. [Fr. tenacite ; L. tenacitas.] Qual- 
 ity of being tenacious. 
 
 Ten'an-cjr, n. |Fr. tenance.] The state of a tenant. 
 
 T"en'ant, n. [Fr. ; tenir, L. tenere, to hold.] One 
 who holds lands or tenements belonging to an- 
 other ; an occupant. — 2, v. a. [pp. tenanting, 
 tenanted.] To hold or occupy as a tenant. 
 
 Ten'ant-a-ble, a. That may be tenanted. 
 
 Ten'ant-ry, »• A body of tenants. [fish. 
 
 Tench, n. [Fr. tanche; L. tinea.] A fresh-water 
 
 Tend, v. a. [L. tendere, to stretch ; Fr. tendre : 
 akin to L.' tenere, to hold.] [pp. tending, tended.] 
 To watch ; to guard : — [for attend] to attend. — 
 2, v. n. To move toward; to incline. 
 
 Ten'den-cjr, n. [Fr. tendance.] State of tending ; 
 
 inclination ; drift ; aim ; direction , course ; scope. 
 Ten'der, «. [Fr. tendre; L. tener, teneris, soft. — Cf. 
 
 L. tenuis, thin.] Soft; kind; easily pained. — 
 
 2, v. a. [Fr. tendre, to stretch, to offer. — See 
 
 Tend.] [pp. tendering, tendered.] To offer ; to 
 
 exhibit; to propose.— 3, n. [For attender.] An 
 
 offer ; a proposal : — one who tends :— a small 
 
 vessel or ship :— a car attached to a locomotive. 
 Ten'der-heart'ed, a. Compassionate ; gentle. 
 Ten'der-loin, n. A tender part of beef ; the under 
 
 part'of the surloin. 
 Ten'der-ly, ad. In a tender manner; gently. 
 Ten'der-ness, n. Quality or state of being tender; 
 
 delicacy ; susceptibility ; compassion ; soreness. 
 Ten'di-nous, a. Containing tendons; sinewy. 
 Ten' don. a. [Fr. & Sp. ; Late L. tendu, teudonis or 
 
 tendinis ; L. tendere, to stretch, to bend. — Cf. Gr. 
 
 rivuiv, a tendon ; Tetveiv, to stretch.] A sinew ; 
 
 a cord attaching a muscle to a bone. 
 Ten'dril, n. [0. Fr. tendrillon ; Fr. teudron ; from 
 
 tendre, tender.] The clasp or clasper of a vine. 
 Ten'e-brous, a. [L. tenebrosus; teuebne, gloom.] 
 
 Dark; gloomy; obscure. 
 Ten'e-ment, >'. [Fr. ; L. tenementum, a holding ; 
 
 tenere, to hold.] Any thing held by a tenant, as 
 
 land, &c. :— a house; a habitation. 
 Ten-e-ment'a-ry., a. That is or may be leased. 
 Te-nes/mus, n. [Gr. reii/ecr/aos ; reivetv, to strain.] 
 
 An inclination to go to stool. 
 Ten'et, n. [L. tenet, he holds ; tenere, to hold.] A 
 
 position; a doctrine; an opinion; a dogma. 
 Ten'fold, a. Ten times increased. 
 Ten'nis, n. [Late L. tenisia or tenilvdium; perhaps 
 
 froni tsenia, Gr. raivia, a fillet or string.] A play 
 
 with a racket and ball. 
 Ten'on, n. [Fr. ; from tenir, L. tenere, to hold.] 
 
 The end of a timber fitted into a mortise cut in 
 
 another timber. 
 Ten'or, n. [Fr. teneur, L. tenor, a holding, a course ; 
 
 knere, to hold.] Constant mode : purport; drift : 
 
 — the mean or middle part in music. 
 Te-not'o-mj:. »• [Gr. revuiv, a tendon (q. v.), and 
 
 root to/jl-, to cut.] The cutting of a tendon. 
 Ten'pin§, n. A kind of game; ninepins; skittles. 
 Tense, «. [Fr. temps, 0. Fr. tens, L. tempus, time.] 
 
 (Gram.) The distinction of time ; a variation 
 
 of the verb to denote time. — 2, a. [L. tendere, 
 
 teusum, to stretch.] Drawn tight; stretched. 
 Ten'sile, a. Ductile; pertaining to tension. 
 Ten'sion, n. [L. tensh; tendere, to stretch.] Act 
 
 of stretching :--strain. 
 Tent, «. [Fr. tente ; L. tentorium; tendere, tentum, 
 
 to stretch.] A soldier's movable lodge; shelter: 
 
 — [Fr. tente; tenter, L. tentare, to try, to probe.— 
 
 See Tempt] a roll of lint: — [Sp. vino Unto, red 
 
 wine. — See Tint] a species of red wine. — 2, v. n. 
 
 [pp. tenting, tented.] To lodge. — 3, v. a. To 
 
 probe : — to insert a tent or probe into. 
 Ten'ta-cle, n. [Late L. tentaculum ; tentare, to feel. 
 
 — See Tempt.] A feeler of an insect. 
 Ten-tac'u-lum, ». ; pi. Ten-tac'u-la. [Late L.] 
 
 A feeler of an insect or animal ; tentacle. 
 Ten'ta-tive, «• [L. tentativus; tentare. tent (turn, to 
 
 try.— See Tempt.] That tries ; trying; essaying. 
 Ten'ter, w. [Fr. tentare, L. tentum, a stretching ; 
 
 tendere, tentum, to stretch.] An iron hook to 
 . stretch things on. — 2, v. a. [pp. tentering, ten- 
 dered.] To hang or stretch oh hooks. 
 Tenth, a. First after the ninth ; or.iinal of ten.— 
 
 2, n. The tenth part ; a tithe. 
 Tenth'ly, ad. In the tenth place. [slenderness. 
 Te-nu'i-ty., n. [Fr. tenuite ; L. tennitas/] Thinness; 
 Ten'u-ous, a. [L. tenuis, thin (q. v.); tenuere, to 
 
 make thin.] Thin; small; minute. 
 Ten'ure (ten'yur or te'nur), it. [Fr. tenure, Late L. 
 
 tenura, a holding; L. tenere, to hold.] Manner 
 
 of holding lands, &c. 
 Tep'e-fy, v. a. & v. n. [L. tepefacere, to warm; 
 
 tep'ere, to be warm, and facere, to make.] [pp. 
 
 tepefying, tepefied.] To'make or become tepid. 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — Q, Q, c, £•, soft ; p, ja, p, j|, hard ; § as z ; $ as gz ; tnis. 
 
TEPID 
 
 536 
 
 TESTY 
 
 Tep'id, a. [L. tepidus ; tepere, Skr. tap, to be 
 warm.] Lukewarm; warm in a small degree. 
 
 Ter'a-phim, n. pi. [Heb.] Household idols; am- 
 
 Ter'a-pin, n. See Terrapin. [ulets. 
 
 Ter-a-tol'o-gy, n. [Gr. repa?, reparog, a wonder, 
 and Aoyo?, a discourse.] Abianch of physiology 
 that treats of malformations and monstrosities. 
 
 Terce, n. A vessel. See Tierce. 
 
 Ter' eel, n. [It. terzuolo, a tercel; from terzo, L. 
 fortius, third : it is a third part smaller than the 
 female, and the old belief was that every third 
 hawk hatched was a male.] A male hawk or 
 falcon. 
 
 Ter-cen'te-na-ry, a. [L. ter, thrice, and cevtena- 
 rius, relating to a hundred.] Relating to three 
 hundred years. — 2, n. The three-hundredth an- 
 niversary. [The turpentine-tree. 
 
 Ter'e-binth, n. [L. terebinthus ; Gr. Tepe'/3(.v0os.] 
 
 Ter-e-bin' thine, a. Relating to turpentine. 
 
 Te-rl'do, n. ' [L. ; Gr. TeprjSujv, from reipeiv, to 
 bore.] The ship-worm, a boring mollusk. 
 
 Te-rete', a. [L. teres, teretis, rubbed smooth ; terere, 
 tomb.] Long and round ; tapering; smooth. 
 
 Ter-gi-ver-sa'tion, 11. [L. tergiversatio ; tergum, 
 the back, and versatio, a turning ; vertere, versuin, 
 to turn.] A shift; evasion; subterfuge; change; 
 fickleness of conduct. 
 
 Term, w. [Fr. ter me ; L. terminus; Old L. termo, 
 terminis ; Gr. rep/xa, a limit.] A limit; a boun- 
 dary : — the time which any thing lasts ; a lim- 
 ited time : — a word; an expression. — pi. Condi- 
 tions; articles. — 2, v. a. [pp. terming, termed.] 
 To name ; to call ; to designate. 
 
 Ter'ma-gant, a. [0. E. Termagant, 0. Fr. Terva- 
 gant, It. Trivagante, an imaginary deity of the 
 Mohammedans.] Turbulent ; scolding. — 2, n. A 
 brawling woman. 
 
 Ter'mes, n. ; pi. Ter'mi-tes. [L.] The termite. 
 
 Ter'mi-na-ble, a. Limitable ; admitting bounds. 
 
 Ter'mi-nal, a. [L. terminulis. — See Terminus.] 
 Relating to a term, terminus, or end. 
 
 Ter'mi-nate, v. a. [L. terminare, terminatum, to 
 limit.] [^.terminating, terminated.] To limit; 
 to put an end to. — 2, v. n. To end ; to cease. 
 
 Ter-mi-na'tion, n. [L. terminatio. — See Term.] A 
 limit ; end ;' conclusion. 
 
 Ter'mi-ner, n. {Law.) A final settlement. 
 
 Ter-im-noTo-fy., ra. [L. terminus, the end,— later, 
 a limiting expression, a name. — and Gr. A6705, a 
 discourse.] An explanation of terms used in tbe 
 sciences ; nomenclature. 
 
 Te'r'mi-nus, n. ; pi. Ter'mi-ni. [L.— See Term.] 
 A boundary; a limit : — end of a railroad. 
 
 Ter'mite, n. [L. termes or tarrnes (pi. termites or 
 tarmiles), a wood-boring insect; Gr. Tei'peij', to 
 bore.] A destructive insect ; termes. 
 
 Tern, v. [Dan. terue; Sw. tarna.] A long-winged 
 aquatic bird. 
 
 Ter'na-ry, a. [L. temarius, consisting of threes ; 
 term, threes; ter, thrice; tres, three (q. v.).] Re- 
 lating to three. — 2, n. The number three. 
 
 Terne, n. [Of. Fr. lerne, dull. —See Tarnish.] 
 Roofing-tin. 
 
 Ter'race, n. [Fr. terrasse, It. terraccin, augmenta- 
 tive' forms; L. terra, earth. — Cf. Irish, Welsh, & 
 Gael, tir, land.] A small grassy bank : — a street 
 running along a slope : — a balcony. 
 
 Ter'ra-cot'ta, n. [It. for "baked earth;" cotta, L. 
 coda, baked, cooked. — See Cook.] Baked earth 
 or clay : — a name given to statues, figures, vases, 
 &c, modelled in a paste made of pure clay. 
 
 Ter'ra-pin, w. [Fr. terrapene : probably of Algon- 
 kin origin.] A species of fresh-water tortoise. 
 
 Ter-ra'que-ous, a. [L. terra, the earth, land, and 
 aqua, water.] Composed of land and water. 
 
 Ter-rene', a. [L. terrenus; terra, the earth.] 
 Earthly ; terrestrial. 
 
 Ter-res'tri-al, a. [L. terrestris, earthly ; terra, the 
 earth.] Consisting of earth ; earthly. 
 
 Ter'ri-ble, a. [Fr. terrible ; L. terribilis; terrere, to 
 frighten.] Dreadful; formidable; frightful. 
 
 Ter'ri-bly, ad. Dreadfully ; formidably. 
 
 Ter'ri-er, n. [Fr. for "a burrow," "a burrowing 
 dog;" terre, L. terra, the earth.] A dog that fol- 
 lows his game into holes : — a survey of land: — 
 a register of land surveys: — an auger. 
 
 Ter-rif'ic, a. [L. terrificus; terrijicare, to terrify 
 {q. v.)'.] Dreadful; causing terror. 
 
 Ter'ri-fy, v. a. [Fr. terrifier ; L. terrificare; terrere, 
 to affright, and facere, to make.] [pp. terrifying, 
 terrified.] To fright; to shock with fear. 
 
 Ter-ri-t5'ri-al, a. Belonging to a territory. 
 
 Ter'ri-to-rx, n. [L. territorium, a domain ; terra, 
 land.] Land; country: — a district of country 
 under a temporary government. 
 
 Ter'ror, n. [L. terror, dread; terrere, to frighten.] 
 Great fear ; dread ; alarm ; fright. 
 
 Ter'ror-i§m, n. Government by terror. 
 
 Terse', a. [L. tergere, tersum, to wipe dry, to pol- 
 ish.] Concise and graceful; sententious. 
 
 Terse lj., ad. With terseness ; neatly. 
 
 Terse'ness, n. Quality of being terse. 
 
 Ter'tian, a. [L. tertianus, belonging to the third ; 
 tertius, the third ; tres, three (q. v.).] Occurring 
 every other day. — 2, n. An ague intermitting 
 but one day. 
 
 Ter'ti-a-rx (ter'she-a-re), a. [L. tertianus, con- 
 taining a' third.— See Tertian.] Third ; of the 
 third order. — (Geol.) Noting a series of rocks or 
 
 • strata which lie above the secondary strata. 
 
 Tes'sel-late, v. a. [L. tessella, dim. of tessera, a 
 die.— Cf. Gr. re'cro-ape?, four.] [pp. tessellating, 
 tessellated.] To form into little squares. 
 
 Tes-sel-la'tion, n. The act of tessellating. 
 
 Test, n. [L. testa, a shell or shard, an earthen ves- 
 sel, a skull ; Fr. tet, 0. Fr. test, a shell, a shard, a 
 test ; Fr. tete, the head : the Latin is akin to tor- 
 rere, tosta, to bake.] Decisive trial; a standard; 
 proof: — a shell: — a pot or crucible. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. testing, tested.] To put to a test; to com- 
 pare with a standard ; to try by a test ; to prove. 
 
 Tes'ta-ble, a. That may be devised by will. 
 
 Tes-ta'ce-a (tes-tr/she-a), n. pi. [L.] Molluscous 
 "or other animals having a shelly covering. 
 
 Tes-ta'cean (tes-ta'shan), n. A mollusk. 
 
 Tes-ta'ceous (tes-ta/shus), a. [L. teslaceus; testa, 
 "a shell.— 'See Test.] Having a shell. 
 
 Tes'ta-ment, n. [Fr. ; L. testamentum, a will, a 
 declaration; testari, to depose; testis, a witness.] 
 A witnessed will; a devise; & will:— the name 
 of-each of the two general divisions of the Holy 
 
 Tes-ta-men'tal, o. Testamentary. [Scriptures. 
 
 Tes-ta-men'ta-ry, a. Relating to a testament; 
 given by a testament or will. 
 
 Tes'tate, o. [L. testari, testutus, to be a witness. — 
 See Testament.] Having made a will. 
 
 Tes-ta'tor, n. [L.] One who makes a will. 
 
 Tes-ta'trix, n. [L.] A woman who makes a will. 
 
 Tlst'er, n. [0. Fr. testiere, a head-piece; Fr. 
 tetie're, a kind of cap.— See Test.] The head, top, 
 or cover of a bed : — a canopy :— a sixpence : — 
 one who tests. 
 
 Tes'ti-cle, n. [L. testiculus, dim. of testis, a testicle : 
 perhaps identical with testis, a witness.] An or- 
 gan of seed in animals. 
 
 Tes'ti-fy, v. a. [Fr. testifier, L. testificari ; testis, a 
 witness, and facere, to "make.] [pp. testifying, 
 testified.] To witness; to certify. — 2, v. n. To 
 bear witness ; to give proof. 
 
 Tes'ti-ly, ad. Fretfully ; peevishly. 
 
 Tes-ti-mo'ni-al, n. A certificate; attestation.— 
 2, a. Containing testimony. 
 
 Tes'ti-mo-ny, n. [L. testimonium, evidence ; testis, 
 a witness.] The declaration of a witness; evi- 
 dence; proof; attestation. 
 
 Tes'ti-ness, n. Moroseness; peevishness. 
 
 Tes-tii'do, n. [L., from testa, a shell.] A tortoise : 
 —a screen for securing troops: — an encysted 
 tumor. 
 
 Tes'ty, a. [Fr. tetu, 0. Fr. testu, headstrong; teste, 
 a head.— See Test.] Fretful ; peevish ; apt to be 
 angry. 
 
 a v e, 1, 6, u, y, long; a, e, 1, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, 0, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
TETANIC 
 
 537 
 
 THENCE 
 
 Te-tan'ic, a. Pertaining to tetanus. 
 
 Tlt'a-nus, n. [L. ; Gr. re'ravo? ; reiveiv, to stretch.] 
 
 (Med.) Trismus; lockjaw. 
 Tetch'xi «■ [^ ee Techy.] Peevish ; techy. 
 Te"te-a-tete (tat'a-tat'), ad. [Fr.] Face to face; 
 
 in private ; cheek by jowl. — 2, n. A private 
 
 interview : — a small sofa. 
 Teth'er, n. [Gael, teadhair; taod, Irish lead, a 
 
 rope; Welsh lid, a chain ; Low Ger. tider, Norw. 
 
 tjoder, S\v. tjuder, a tether.] A rope or restraint 
 
 for horses, &c. — 2, v. a. [pp. tethering, teth- 
 ered.] To confine with a tether. 
 Tet'ra. A Greek prefix signifying four. 
 Tet'ra-phbrd, n. [Gr. rerpaxopfioi' ; rerpa-, four, 
 
 and'xopSij, a chord (q. v.).] (Mus.) The interval 
 
 of a fourth : — a series of four tones. 
 Tet'rad, n. [Gr. rerpas, rerpaSos.] The number 
 
 four; four things. 
 Tet'ra-gon, n. [Gr. rerpaywvo?, four-cornered; 
 
 Te'T-fape?, four, and yoivia, an angle.] A square ; 
 
 a four-sided figure. 
 Te-trag'o-nal, «. Having four angles. 
 Tet-ra-hS'dral, a. Having four sides. 
 Tet-ra-he'dron, n. [Gr. reTpa-, for rerrape^, four, 
 
 and eSpov, eSpa, a base.] A solid figure that is 
 
 bounded-by four triangular faces. 
 Te-tram'e-ter, n. [Gr. rerpa-, four, and p.erpov, a 
 
 measure.] A verse having four feet. — 2, a. Hav- 
 ing four metrical feet. 
 Te'trarph [tet'rark, 8m. St. H.], n. [Gr. rerpap- 
 
 Xrjs ; rerpa-, for rerrapeg, four, and ap^eiv, to 
 
 rule.] A Roman governor of the fourth, part of 
 
 a province : — a tributary prince. 
 Te-trarph'ate, n. A tetrarchy. 
 Tet'rar-phy, n. [Gr. rerpap\ia.] The fourth part 
 
 of a province : — territory or office of a tetrarch. 
 Te-tras'tiph, n. [Gr. rerpaa-nxov ; o-n.'xos, a row, 
 
 a verse.] An epigram, stanza, or poem consist- 
 ing of four lines. 
 Tet'ra-style, n. [Gr. rerpa-, four, and crroAos, a 
 
 pillar.] A building with four pillars in front. 
 Tet-ra-syl-lab'ic, \a. Consisting of four syl- 
 Tet-ra-sy.l-lab'i-cal, j lables. < 
 
 Tet-ra-syl'la-bie, n. [Gr. rerpao-vWapos, of four 
 
 syllables; rerpa-, for Te'rrape?, four, and crvA- 
 
 Aa/3r7, a syllable.] A word of four syllables. 
 Tet'ter, n. [A.-S. teter: akin to Ger. ziitern, to 
 
 shiver.] An eruptive disease of tlie skin; herpes ; 
 
 a scab; a scurf; a ringworm. 
 Teu-ton'ic, a. Relating to the Teutones. 
 Tew (tu), v. a. [A variant of T.vw.] [pp. tewing, 
 
 tewed.] To tease; to tumble; to pull. 
 Tew'el (tii'el), n. [Fr. tuyau, 0. Fr. hied, Dut. 
 
 tail, Ger. zaute, a tube.] An iron pipe in a forge. 
 Text, n. [Fr. texte, L. textum, a fabric, style, text; 
 
 texere, textum, to weave.] An original writing : 
 
 — that on which a comment is written : — a sen- 
 tence of Scripture. 
 Text'-book (tekst'buk), n. A book or manual of 
 
 general principles, used by students. 
 Tex' tile, a. [L. textilis; texere, textum, to weave.] 
 
 That may be woven ; woven.— 2, n. A material 
 
 capable of being woven. 
 Text'u-al, > «. [Fr. lexluel.] Relating to, con- 
 Text' u-a-ry, J tained in, or serving as, a" text. 
 Text'u-al-ly, ad. In the text or body of the 
 
 work; according to the text. 
 Text'ure (tekBt'yur), n. [L. textura, a weaving.— 
 
 See Textile.] Disposition or combination of 
 
 parts of any body ; manner of weaving :— thing 
 
 woven ; a web. 
 Thal'li-um, n. [Gr. AaAAo?, a young shoot; from 
 
 the green color of a line in its'spectrum.] A very 
 
 rare metal. 
 Than, conj. [A.-S. thonne, than; Goth, than, then; 
 
 Dut. dan, than, then {q. v.).] A particle used in 
 
 comparison. 
 Thane, n. [A.-S. thegen, then, a thane, — literally, 
 
 grown up. strong; thihan, 0. E. thee, to prosper.] 
 
 An old English title of honor. 
 Thane'ship, n. Office and dignity of a thane. 
 
 Thank (thangk), v. a. [A.-S. thaneian; Dut. & 
 Ger. dunJcen. — See Think.] [pp. thanking, 
 thanked.] To express thanks to lor a favor. — 
 2, n. [A.-S. thane, thanks, favor; Dut. dank, 
 Goth, thagks, Ger. dank: closely allied to Think. J 
 An expression of gratitude. 
 
 Thank' ful, a. Full of gratitude ; gratefuL 
 
 Thank'ful-ly, ad. In a thankful manner. 
 
 Thank'ful-ness, n. Grateful acknowledgment of 
 benefits; gratitude. 
 
 Thank'less, a. Unthankful; ungrateful: — re- 
 ceiving no thanks. 
 
 Thanks, n. pi. Expression of gratitude. 
 
 Thanks'giv-jng, n. A giving of thanks : — a day 
 or season of giving thanks. 
 
 Thank' wor-tfiy. (-wiir-the), a. Meritorious. 
 
 That, pron. a. [A.-S. thset.—Cf. Skr. tat, it; L. itte, 
 istud, this; Dut. dat, Dan. del, the.] Not this, 
 but the other; the former thing; the more dis- 
 tant thing. — 2, pron. relative. Used for which, 
 ivho, or whom. — 3, conj. Because ; noting a con- 
 sequence. 
 
 Thatch, n. [A.-S. thsec; Dut. dak; Dan. tag; Ger. 
 dach. — Cf. Gr. Teyos, o-reyo?, a roof; err eyeiv, L. 
 tegere, to cover.] Straw, grass, &c., laid upon, 
 or forming, the roof of a house. — 2, r. a. [pp. 
 thatching, thatched.] To cover, as with thatch. 
 
 Thatch'er, n. One who covers with thatch. 
 
 Thau-ma-tur'S-ic, a. Working worn lers. 
 
 Thau'ma-tiir-gy, u. [Gr. davpa, 6avp.aro<;, a 
 wonder, and epyeiv, to work.] The act of doing 
 wonders : — the working of miracles. 
 
 Thaw, v. n. & v. a. [A.-S. tliawian; Dut. dooijen ; 
 Icel. theyja; Dan. toe.] [pp. thawing, thawed.] 
 To grow liquid; to melt. — 2, u. [Dut. dooi; 
 Icel. tha, theyr; Dan. to.] Liquefaction; a 
 melting; weather in which ice ami snow melt. 
 
 The, or The. [A.-S. the, de: akin to That.] The 
 definite article, prefixed to nouns to denote some 
 particular person or tiling. 
 
 The'a-tre (thG'a-tur), n. [Fr. ; L. theatrum; Gr. 
 Qiarpov; fledo/xai, I see.] A house for the repre- 
 sentation of dramatic spectacles, shows, plays, 
 &C. ; a play-house ; a stage; a place of action. 
 
 The-at'ric, \a. Relating to a theatre; suited 
 
 The-at'rj-cal, J to the theatre. 
 
 The-at'ri-cal-ly, ad. In a theatrical manner. 
 
 The-at'ri-cals, n. pi. Dramatic performances. 
 
 The'ca, n. ; pi. The'cae. [L. ; Gr. OrJKy, a case; 
 nfleVai, to put.] (Bot.) A cell ; a lobe. — (Anal.) 
 A case ; a sheath. 
 
 Thee, pron. The objective case sinc;ular of thou. 
 
 Theft, n. [A.-S. Oiiefthe; 0. Fris. fhiuf/hr.—See 
 Thief.] The act of taking privately and feloni- 
 ously the property of another; act of stealing; 
 the thing stolen. 
 
 The'ine, n. [Neo-L. thea, tea {q. v.).] {Chem.) 
 The principle of tea. 
 
 Their ( that-), pron. a. [Tcel. theirra, theira, A.-S. 
 dxra, of them.] Belonging to them. 
 
 Theirs, (tharz), pron. pos. from then. 
 
 The'ism, n. [Gr. 0eds, God.] The belief in the 
 existence of a God ; deism : — opposed to atheism. 
 
 The'ist, n. One who believes in a God. 
 
 The-is'tic, \ a. Belonging to theism or theists ; 
 
 The-is'ti-cal. ) adhering to theism. 
 
 Them, pron. pi. The objective case of the//. 
 
 Theme, n. [Fr. theme ; L. thema ; Gr. 0e/xa ; rifle- 
 vai, to place.] An original word; a subject; a 
 topic : — a short dissertation. 
 
 Them-selves/, pron. The very persons. 
 
 Then, ad. [A.-S. dsenne, danne ; Ger. dann; Goth. 
 than; Dut. dan: L. turn. — See Than.] At that 
 time ; afterward.— 2, conj. Therefore ; in that 
 case. 
 
 Thence, ad. [A.-S. danan, dananne; diet, that, 
 with the adverbial termination -mm, -nanne, de- 
 noting source or possession. The favorite ad- 
 verbial termination -es replaced it in later years, 
 giving the 0. E. thennes, thens.] From that 
 place : for that reason. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— c. g. c &. soft • a « * s laqd; § asz; x as gz ; this. 
 
THENCEFOKTH 
 
 538 
 
 THIN 
 
 Tfcence-f orth', ad. From that time. 
 
 Thence-f or'ward, ad. On from that time. 
 
 The-oc'ra-cy, "• [Gr. Oeonparia ; ©eds; God, and 
 -Uparia, government.] The government of a 
 nation immediately directed by God. 
 
 The-o-crat'ic, \a. Relating to, or partaking 
 
 The-9-crat'i-cal, jof, a theocracy. 
 
 The-od'i-cy, '»• [Gr. ©eos, God, and Slkt), right.] 
 A justification of the Divine providence. 
 
 The-od'o-llte, n. [0. E. theodeliius ; origin un- 
 known ; conjectured to be from English and 
 Latin the delitus, ; 'the circle effaced," because 
 its circle is crossed by many lines.] An instru- 
 ment for measuring angles in surveying, and 
 mensuration of heights and distances. 
 
 The-6g'o-ny, n. [Gr. Oeoyovia, the origin of the 
 g'ods ; "(9eos, a god, and root yev, to beget. — See 
 Genus.] The descent of the gods. 
 
 The-o-lo'£i-an, n. One versed in theology ; a 
 professor' of theology; a learned divine. 
 
 The-o-log'ic, \a. Relating to theology; di- 
 
 The-o-loi'i-cal, j vine ; sacred. 
 
 The-o-lof'i-cal-ly, ad. According to theology. 
 
 The-ol'o-gy, n. [Gr. OeoAoyLa; ®eo?, God, and 
 Aoyo?,' a treatise.] The science which treats of 
 the existence and attributes of God and of his 
 relations to man ; biblical literature ; divinity. 
 
 The-oph'a-ny, n. [Gr. ©eos, God, and <f>aiveiv, to 
 show : foot'^av-.] Manifestation of God. 
 
 The-br'bo, n. [Fr. thtorbe; It. tiorba: the latter 
 is said to be t lie inventor's name.] A large or 
 double-beaded lute. 
 
 The'o-rem, n. [Gr. Oewp-qixa, a spectacle; 0ew- 
 pel'v, to view ; fleao/ucu, I see.] A truth or posi- 
 tion proposed to be proved; a proposition. — A 
 theorem is to be proved, a problem is to be solved. 
 
 The-o-ret'ic, \a. [Gr. 0ea>peTi/c6?.] Relating 
 
 The-o-ret'i-cal, J to, or based upon, theory; spec- 
 ulative ; not practical. 
 
 The-o-ret'i-cal-ly, ad. Speculatively. 
 
 The'o-rist, ».' One who forms theories. 
 
 The'o-rize, v. n. [pp- theorizing, theorized.] To 
 form theories. 
 
 The'o-ry, n. [Fr. theorie ; Gr. Bewpia. a specula- 
 tion, a' seeing ; 6eu>pe~iv, to view.] The abstract 
 principles of any science ; hypothesis ; specula- 
 tion ; system. 
 
 The-o-soph'ic, \a. Relating to theosophy ; 
 
 The-o-soph'i-cal, j divinely wise. 
 
 The-os'o-phist, n. One who studies theosophy. 
 
 The-os'o-phy, n. [Gr. 0eoo-o4>ia ; ©eds, God, and 
 o-'o^ua,' wisdom ; crowds, wise.] Divine illumina- 
 tion ; direct knowledge of God. 
 
 Ther-a-peii'tic, \a. [Gr. BepanevriKog, attend- 
 
 Ther-a-peu'ti-cal, j ing; Oepaneveiv, to attend; 
 $epanevrris, an attendant ; 9ipa\p, or Oepdirwv, a 
 servant.] Relating to therapeutics ; curative. 
 
 Ther-a-p°u'tics. n. Art of curing diseases. 
 
 There '(thar or ther) [thar, I. St.], ad. [A.-S. deer ; 
 Dut. daar; Ger. da.— See Here and Where.] 
 In that place. — When used as an adverbial pre- 
 fix (kean stands for A.-S. Ihsere, dative feminine 
 of the definite article. 
 
 There' a-bbut, \ad. Near that place; near that 
 
 There'a-bbuts. j number, quantity, or degree. 
 
 There-after, ad. After that. 
 
 There-at', ad. At that; at that place. 
 
 There-by', ad. By that; near by. 
 
 There-fdr', ad. For that ; for this. 
 
 There' fore ( ther' for or thar'for), ad. & conj. [A.-S. 
 dsere, dative fern, of the definite article, and fore, 
 for the sake of.] For that; for this; for this 
 reason ; consequently ; for that purpose. 
 
 There-from'. ad. From that. 
 
 There-m', ad. In that; in this. 
 
 There-in-to', ad. Into that. 
 
 There-of , ad. Of that; of this. 
 
 There-on', ad. On that; on this. 
 
 There-to', or There-un-to\ ad. To that. 
 
 There-iin'der, ad. Under that. 
 
 There-up-on', ad. Upon that; upon this. 
 
 Tngre-with', ad*. With that; with this. 
 There-wjth-al', ad. Over and above ; therewith; 
 
 at the same time. 
 The'ri-ac, n. [L. theriaca, an antidote against 
 
 venom; Gr. (fypia/co?, relating to beasts; Orjpc- 
 
 a<a (j>6.pp-aita, antidotes against the venom of 
 
 animals; Or)p, a beast.] (3Ied.) A remedy 
 
 against poisons. 
 Ther'mal, a. [Gr. 6epfj.6s, hot.] Relating to heat; 
 
 hot; warm. [tricity. 
 
 Ther'mo-e-lec'tric, a. Relating to thermo-elec- 
 Ther'mo-e-lec-trVi-ty, n. [Gr. 6epp.6g, hot, and 
 
 Electricity.] Electricity developed by heat. 
 Ther-mom'e-ter, n. [Gr. 6epp.6s, warm, and /u.e- 
 
 rpov, a measure.] An instrunifnt for measuring 
 
 the variations of heat or temperature. 
 Ther-mo-met'rie, \ a. Kelating to a thermom- 
 Ther-mp-met'rj-cal, j eter. 
 The-sau'rus, n. [L. ; Gr. O-qo-avpos, a treasure; 
 
 base 6ri-,' to lay up; 0e-, to place.] A treasury : 
 
 — a repository. 
 These, pron. a.; pi. of this. [A.-S. thas, thses.] Op- 
 posed to those. 
 The'sis, n. ; pi. The'ses. [Gr. ^eo-t?, a thing laid 
 
 down ; base 6e-, to place.] Something laid down 
 
 affirmatively or negatively ; a position ; propo- 
 sition; theme. — (Mus.) The depression of the 
 
 hand in marking or beating time. 
 Thes'pi-an, a. [From Thespis, traditional founder 
 
 of the Greek drama.] Relating to tragedy or 
 
 acting. 
 Thews (thiiz), n. pi. [A.-S. theau; 0. Sax. thav, 
 
 custom, habit, — originally strength ; Skr. tu, to 
 
 be strong.] Muscles; sinews; brawn. 
 They (tha), pron. [Dan. & Sw. de; A.-S. tha.] The 
 
 plural of he, she, or it. 
 Thi'bet (ti'bet), n. [Named from the country of 
 
 Thibet.] A kind of cloth. 
 Thick, a, [A.-S. thicce ; Dut. dik; Dan. tylc; Ger. 
 
 dick.] Not thin; dense; gross: — not clear; 
 
 muddy ; turbid : — frequent ; close ; compact ; 
 
 crowded: — dull: — having depth: as, two feet 
 
 thick. — 2, 7i. The thickest part; a thicket.— 
 
 3, ad. Frequently; fast; closely; thickly. 
 Thick'en (thlk'kn), v. a. [A.-S. t.hicciav, to make 
 
 thick; Icel. thtjkkna, to become thick.] [pp. 
 
 thickening, thickened.] To make thick.— 2, v. n 
 
 To grow thick. 
 Thick'et, n. [A.-S. th keel.— See. Thick.] A close 
 
 knot or cluster of trees. 
 TMck'ly, ad. Densely; deeply; closely. 
 Thick'ness, n. State of being thick; density. 
 Thick'-set, a. Close planted ; thick as to body. — 
 
 2, n. A thick sort of velvet. 
 Thick'-skmned (thik'sklnd), «. ITavin<r a thick 
 
 skin or rind; thick-coated: — not sensitive. 
 Thief (thef), n.; pi. Thieves. [A.-S. theof; Dut. 
 
 dief; Dan. tyv ; Ger. dieb.] One guilty of theft; 
 
 one who steals ; a purloiner. 
 Thieve, v. n. [A.-S. gctheoJian.—See Thief.] [pp. 
 
 thieving, thieved.] To practise theft; to steal. 
 Thiev'er-y, n. Practice of stealing; theft. 
 Thiev'ish,'a. Addicted to theft; secret; sly. 
 Thiev'ish-ly. (thev'ish-le), ad. Like a thief. 
 Thiev'ish-ne'ss. w. A disposition to steal. 
 Thigh '(thi), n. [A.-S. theoh; Dut. dij : related to 
 
 Thews and Thick.] A limb or part of the body 
 
 between the knee and the hip-joint or trunk. 
 Thill. ». [A.-S. thille, a slip of wood.— Cf. Deal, 
 
 Ger. diele, Dut. deel, a board.] The shaft of a 
 
 carriage or of a cart. 
 Thim'ble, n. [A.-S. thymel, from thuma, a thumb.] 
 
 A metal cap for the needle finger. 
 Thim'ble-rig, n. A sleight-of-hand trick ; a cheat. 
 
 2, v. a. [pp. thimblerigging, thimblerigged.] 
 
 To cheat by a trick. 
 Thin, a. [A.-S. thynne ; Dut. dun ; Ger. diinn ; L. 
 
 tenuis, Gr. Tavaos, slender; Skr. tan, to stretch.] 
 
 Not thick ; rare ; lean ; slim ; slender. — 2, ad. 
 
 Not thickly; thinly.— 3, v. a. [pp. thinning, 
 
 thinned.] To make thin ; to attenuate. 
 
 a, e, I, o, ii, y, long; a., e, I, 5, \\, y, short; g., e, 
 
 9, u, 
 
 y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her ; 
 
THINE 
 
 539 
 
 THRASHING-FLOOR 
 
 Thine, pron. pos. [A.-S. din; Ger. dein ; Icel. 
 thimi ; Dan. din.— See Thou.] Belonging or re- 
 lating to thee. 
 
 Thing, re, [A.-S. thing, thine; Dut. & Ger. ding.] 
 Whatever is not a person ; any matter ; sub- 
 stance; whatever is created. 
 
 Think, v. n. [A.-S. thencan; Dan. tsenke; Ger. 
 denken: allied to Thank and Thing.— Cl. 0. L. 
 iongere, to think.] [i. thought; pp. thinking, 
 thought.] To employ the mind; to have ideas; 
 to reason; to cogitate; to meditate; to ponder: 
 — to imagine ; to fancy. — 2, v. a. To imagine ; 
 to conceive ; to believe. 
 
 Think'a-ble, a. That may be thought. 
 
 Think'er, n. One who thinks. 
 
 Think'ing, n. Thought ; imagination ; idea ; judg- 
 ment. — 2, p. a. Having thought ; reflecting. 
 
 Thin'ly, ad. In a thin manner; not thickly. 
 
 Thm'ness, re. State of being thin; tenuity. 
 
 Thm'-skinned (-sklnd), a. Having a thin skin or 
 rind : — irritable ; irascible ; sensitive. 
 
 Third, a. [A.-S. thridda; Dut. derde ; Dan. tredie ; 
 Ger. drttte ; L. fortius; Gr. Tprro?. — See Three.] 
 The next after the second. — 2, «. A third part : 
 — the sixtieth part of a second. 
 
 Th'ird'ly, ud. In the third place. 
 
 Thirds, u. pi. (Law ) A widow's portion, or third 
 of her deceased husband's estate. 
 
 Thirst, n. [A.-S. (hurst, thirst; Dut, dorsl ; Ger. 
 durst; Dan. torsi; Skr. tarsha; Irish, tart. — Cf. 
 L. torrere, to dry.] A painful want of drink; 
 thirstiness ; dryness : — vehement or eager desire. 
 — 2, v. re. [A.-S. thyrstan, Dut. dorsten, Ger. dllr- 
 tten, Dan. torste, Skr. trish, to thirst. — Cf. Gr, 
 TepcreaOat., to become dry.] [pp. thirsting, 
 thirsted.] To feel want of drink ; to be dry. 
 
 Thi'rs'ti-nes3, re. The state of being thirsty. 
 
 Thirs'ty, "• Suffering want of drink; very dry. 
 
 Thir'teen, a. & re. [A.-g. threoteue ; threo, three, 
 and ten, ten; Dut. dertien; Dan. tretten; Ger. 
 dreizehn.] Ten and three. 
 
 Thir'teenth, a. The third after the tenth. 
 
 Thi'r'ti-eth, a. The ordinal of thirty. 
 
 Tlii'r'ty,' «. & a. [A.-S. thritig ; Dut. dertig; Ger. 
 dreizig.] Thrice ten ; ten and twenty. 
 
 This, pro a. a.; pi. These. [A.-S. tlies; Dut. deze; 
 Ger. dieser.] The one which is present; not 
 that ; the last part. 
 
 This' tie (this'sn, n. [A.-S. Hostel; Dut. & Ger. 
 distel; Dan. tidsel.] A prickly weed or plant. 
 
 This'tly (this'le). a. Overgrown with thistles. 
 
 Thith'er, ad. [A.-S. ihirter; Icel. thadru, there; 
 Goth. thathro 4 thence; Skr. tatra, there, thither: 
 akin to That.] To that place or point. 
 
 Thith'er-ward, ad. Toward that place. 
 
 Thole, 'or Thole'-pin, n. [A.-S. thol; Dut. dol ; 
 Sw. tulle, Norw. toll, a thole; Dan. tol, a pin, a 
 plug; akin to Scand. toll, a fir-tree.] A pin used 
 as a row-lock. 
 
 Thong, n. [A.-S. thwang ; Icel. thvengr ; root of 
 0. Fris. thivinga, to compel ; Sw. tvinga, to re- 
 strain.] A strap or string of leather. 
 
 Tho-rac'ic, a. Relating to the thorax. 
 
 Tho'rax, n. [L. thorax, the breast or chest; Gr. 
 0o6pa£, a breast-plate, the breast. —Cf. Skr. 
 dhdraka, a chest.] The breast; the chest. 
 
 Thorn, re. [A.-S. thorn; Dut. doom; Dan. tib'm ; 
 Ger. dorn; Pol. tarn; Russ. feme.] A prickly 
 tree; a spine : — trouble. 
 
 Thbrn'back, n. A fish with a spiny body. 
 
 Thbrn'y, a. Spiny ; prickly : — difficult, 
 
 Thor'ough (thur'o), a. [A form of Through.] 
 Going through ; reaching from side to side ; com- 
 plete; full ; entire. — 2, prep. [Antiq.] Through. 
 
 Thor'ough-bass, n. (Mm.) The art by which 
 harmony is superadded to a given bass. 
 
 Thor'ough-bred (thur'o-), a. Well brought up ; 
 well educated : — of full blood on both sides. 
 
 Thor'ough-fare (thur'o-far), n. [Thorough, 
 through, and Fare, to go.] A passage through; 
 a place much passed through : — passage. 
 
 Thor'ough-ly. (thur'o-le), ad. Completely. 
 
 Thor'ough- ness, re. Completeness. 
 
 Thor'ough-paced (thur'o-past), a. Complete. 
 
 Thor'ough-wort (-wihi), re. A medicinal plant. 
 
 Thorp, re. [A.-S. thorp; Dut. dorp; Dan. torp; 
 Ger. dorf] A small village. 
 
 Tho§e, pron. a. [A.-S. ihas, a plural of ihes, this.] 
 The plural of that; not these. 
 
 Thou, pron. [A.-S., D<tn., & Ger. du; Icel. & Goth. 
 thu; L., Per. & Irish, ta ; Russ. tui; Gr. rv, av; 
 Skr. team.] The second personal pronoun sin- 
 gular; the person spoken to; thyself. 
 
 Though (tho), conj. [A.-S. theah. Goth, ihauh; Dut. 
 doch, Dan. dog, Ger. doch, yet.] Although; if; 
 in case that, 
 
 Thought (thawt), i. & p. from think. — 2, n. 
 [A.-S. thohl, theaht; Icel. thutti; Ger. dachte.— 
 See Think. J The act of thinking; that which 
 is thought; idea; sentiment; opinion; fancy; 
 reflection ; meditation ; care ; concern. 
 
 Thought' ful (thawfful), a. Full of thought; re- 
 flecting; considerate; attentive; careful. 
 
 Thought' ful-ly (thawt'-), ud. With thought. 
 
 Thought' ful-ness (thawt/-), re. Reflection. 
 
 Thought'less (.thawt'les), a. Gay ; careless. 
 
 Thbught'less-ly (thawt'les-le), ad. Carelessly. 
 
 Thbught'less-ness, ». Want of thought. 
 
 Thousand', o. & n. [A.-S. thusend; Dut, duizend; 
 Icel. tlmsund; Ger. tausend; Goth, thusundi.] Ten 
 hundred. 
 
 Thbu'sandth, a. The ordinal of a thousand. 
 
 Thraldom, n. Slavery; servitude; bondage. 
 
 Thrall, n. [Icel. thrael; Dan. trael ; Sw. tral; 
 0. Ger. drigU, trikil, a slave.— Cf. A.-S. thraegian, 
 to run. The old derivation from drill, because 
 the ear of a vassal was sometimes pierced with 
 an awl, is to be rejected.] A slave ; a bondman ; 
 a serf: — thraldom ; slavery. 
 
 Thrash, v. a. [A.-S. Uierscan, thirscun ; Dut. dor- 
 schen; Icel. threskja ; Goth, (hriskan; Ger. dre- 
 scheit. —CL Russ. tresk, a crash; 0. Slav, troska, 
 a lightning-stroke.] [pp. thrashing, thrashed.] 
 To beat and clean from chaff, as corn ; to drub : 
 — written also thresh. 
 
 Thrash'er, it. One who thrashes; thresher: — [see 
 Thrush] a bird ; a kind of thrush. 
 
 Thread (thrSd), n. [A.-S. thrsed, Dut. draad, Ger. 
 draht. thread; A.-S. thraioan, to twist, to throw 
 (q. v.); Dut. draaijen, Ger. drehen, to twist.] A 
 small twist of flax, silk, cotton, or wool ; a small 
 line or string; a filament :— any thing continued 
 in a course ; tenor. — 2, v. a. [pp. threading, 
 threaded.] To pass or go through. 
 
 Thread'bare, a. Deprived of the nap; trite. 
 
 Thread'y (thred'e), «. Like thread; slender. 
 
 Threat, "n. [A.-S. threat, a crowd, a pressure, 
 trouble, rebuke, a threat ; threotan, to vex, to 
 urge, to press ; Ger. drohen, a threat : akin to 
 Throe.] A denunciation of ill ; menace. 
 
 Threat'en (thret'tn), v. a. [See Threat.] [pp. 
 threatening, threatened.] To menace; to de- 
 nounce evil upon ; to terrify. 
 
 Threat'en-ing, j>. a. Menacing; imminent. 
 
 Three, a. & re. [A.-S. threo; Dut. drie ; Dan. tre ; 
 Ger. drei; Irish & Skr. tri; L. tres, tria ; Gr. 
 rpei?, rpia.] Two and one. [three. 
 
 Three'fold, a. Thrice repeated; consisting of 
 
 Three'pence (thre'pens or thrip'eus), n. The sum 
 of three pennies. [threepence; of little value. 
 
 Three'pen-ny (thrip'en-e or thre'pen-e), a. Worth 
 
 Three' -ply, a. Having three plies or* folds. 
 
 Three' score, a. Thrice twenty ; sixty. 
 
 Thren'o-dy, n. [Gr. Op-qvipSia; Bprivos, a wailing; 
 Opeoixai, I cry, and <J<5jj, an ode (q. v.).] A song 
 of lamentation. 
 
 Thresh, v. a. [See Thrash.] [pp. threshing, 
 threshed.] To beat, as grain or corn, to free it 
 from chaff; to beat : — written also thrash. 
 
 Thresh'er, n. One who threshes; a thrasher. 
 
 Thresh'ing-floor, "I re. An area on which corn is 
 
 Thrash'ing-floor, J beaten out. 
 
 mien, sir; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q, Q, e, £, soft; p, £, p, g, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 
 
THKESHOLD 
 
 540 
 
 TIBIA 
 
 Thresb/old, w. [A.-S. therscold, therscwuld ; therscan, 
 to thrash (q. v.), to beat, and ivuld, a wood.] The 
 ground or step under a door : — a door-sill : — an 
 entrance ; beginning. 
 
 Threw (thru), i. from throw. 
 
 Thrice, ad. [0. E. thries, thryes ; A.-S. thriwa; thri, 
 three (q. v.).] Three times : — very; much. 
 
 Thrid, v. a. [See Thread.] [pp. thridding, thrid- 
 ded.] To slide or pass through ; to thread. 
 
 Thrift, n. [Icel. thrif, thrift, prosperity. — See 
 Thrive.] A thriving state ; prosperity; profit; 
 frugality ; economy :— a flowering plant. 
 
 Thrift'i-ly, ad. Frugally ; prosperously. 
 
 Thrift' i-ness, n. Frugality ; economy. 
 
 Thrift' less, a. Wanting thrift; extravagant. 
 
 Thrifty/, a. Using good management; economi- 
 cal ; frugal; sparing; thriving; prosperous. 
 
 Thrill, v. a. [A.-S. thyrlian, thlrlian, to pierce; 
 thyrel, a hole; from thurh, through. — Of. Drill.] 
 [pp. thrilling, thrilled.] To pierce; to bore; to 
 penetrate. — 2, v. n. To feel a sharp, tingling 
 sensation. — 3, n. A breathing-hole ; a sharp 
 sound. [iug- 
 
 Thrill' ing, a. Causing a thrill; powerfully affect- 
 
 Thrips," n. ; pi. Thrips'es ; L. pi. Thrl'pes. [L. & 
 Gr.] A genus of minute destructive insects. 
 
 Thrive, v. n. [Icel. thrifa, Norw. trica, to seize ; 
 Icel. thricask, to thrive, — literally, to seize for 
 one's self; Norw. to-leant, Sw. trifros, Dan. trices, 
 to thrive.] [i. throve; pp. thriving, thiiven.] 
 To prosper; to grow rich ; to flourish. 
 
 Thriv'ing, p. a. Growing; flourishing. 
 
 Throat, n. [A.-S. throte ; 0. Ger. drozze ; Ger. 
 drossel. — Cf. Dut. strot, It. strozza, the throat.] 
 The forepart of the neck ; pharynx. 
 
 Throb, v. n. [Imitative. — Cf. Russ. trepetate, to 
 palpitate, to turn; also Drub.] [pp. throbbing, 
 throbbed.] To heave ; to beat ; to palpitate. — 
 
 2, n. A beat ; a strong pulsation. 
 
 Throe, n. [A.-S. threa, threaw, a rebuke, an afflic- 
 tion, a pain; threowan, to afflict; Icel. thra, a 
 struggle ; thru, to pant after.] The pain of trav- 
 ail ; a pang ; agony. 
 
 Throne, n. [Fr. trone, L. thronus, Gr. Bpovos, a 
 seat.] The chair of state of a king, emperor, or 
 sovereign :— tlie seat of a bishop. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 throning, throned.] To enthrone. 
 
 Throng, n. [A.-S. throng, participle from thringan, 
 to crowd; Icel. throng, Ger. drang, a throng; 
 dringen, to press.] A multitude pressing against 
 each other; a crowd. — 2, v. n. [pp. thronging, 
 thronged.] To crowd; to come in crowds. — 
 
 3, v. a. To oppress with crowds. 
 
 Thros'tle (thros'sl), n. [A.-S. throstle, Ger. drossel, 
 0. Ger. trosehel, diminutives akin to Thrush.] 
 The thrush : — a spindle. 
 
 Throt'tle (throt'tl), n. [A dim. of Throat ; Ger. 
 drossel] The windpipe ; the larynx. — 2, v. a. [ pp. 
 throttling, throttled.] To choke ; to suffocate. 
 
 Through (thru), prep. [A.-S. thurh; Dut. door; 
 Ger. durch; Goth, thairh.] From end to end of; 
 throughout ; by means of. — 2, ad. From end to 
 end, or from side to side ; to the end ; through- 
 
 Through'ly (thru'le), ad. Thoroughly. [out. 
 
 Through-out' (thru-odf), ad. In every part. — 
 2, prep. Quite through. 
 
 Throve, i. from thrice. 
 
 Throw (thro), v. a. [A.-S. thrawan, to twist, to 
 whirl; Ger. drehen, to turn, to whirl.— Cf. L. 
 torquere, to twist.] [i. threw ; pp. throwing, 
 thrown.] To send away by the hand; to fling; 
 to cast ; to hurl ; to overturn : — to twist. — 2, v. n. 
 To make a cast ; to cast dice. — 3, n. A cast :— a 
 pang. See Throe. 
 
 Thrown (thron), p. from throw. 
 
 Throw'ster, re. One who twists or throws silk. 
 
 Thrum, n. [Norw. tr'dm, tinman, edge; 0. Dut. 
 drom, Ger. Irwmm, a thrum.] The ends of a 
 weaver's threads: — a headland wasted by the 
 sea. — 2, v. a. [pp. thrumming, thrummed.] To 
 weave; to knot; to fringe :— [Icel. thruma, to 
 
 rattle; Sw. trumma, to drum (q. v.)] to play 
 coarsely, as on a harp. 
 
 Thrush, re. [A.-S. ihrysce; Icel. throstr ; Norw. 
 trust; Russ. drozd; Ger. drossel; L. turdus.] A 
 small singing-bird, the throstle :—[ Dan. trb'ske; 
 Sw. torsi:, trosk: akin to Thirst] a disease com- 
 mon to infants,— also of a hor»e. 
 
 Thrust, v. a. [Icel. thrysta, to thrust, to press; 
 A.-S. thrsestan, to oppress. — Cf. L. trudere, trusum, 
 to thrust.] [i. thrust; pp. thrusting, thrust.] 
 To push with force ; to drive ; to urge ; to stab ; 
 to throw ; to pierce.— 2, v. n. To make a push ; 
 to attack with a pointed weapon : — to press for- 
 cibly. — 3, n. A hostile attack; an assault; a 
 stab : — horizontal outward pressure. 
 
 Thud, n. [Imitative. — Cf. A.-S. tho'den, a strong 
 wind.] A dull, heavy blow, or the sound made 
 by it. 
 
 Thug (or tug), n. [Hind, thug; Marathi, thak or 
 thag ; Hind, thaga, to deceive.] One of a sect 
 of murderous fanatics in India. 
 
 Thumb (thum), n. [A.-S. thuma; Dut. duim; Sw. 
 tumme; Ger. daumen.] The short, thick finger. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. thumbing, thumbed.] To handle 
 awkwardly. 
 
 Thiimb'-screw (-skru), n. A screw to be turned 
 by finger and thumb : — an instrument of torture. 
 
 Thump, n. [Icel. dumpa; Local Sw. dompa.] A 
 hard, heavy, dull blow ; a knock. — 2, c. a. [pp. 
 thumping, thumped.] To beat with dull, heavy 
 blows. — 3, v. n. To fall or strike with a heavy 
 blow. 
 
 Thiimp'ing, a. Great; huge. [Low.] 
 
 Thiin'der, n. [A.-S. thuuor, Dut. douder, Ger. don- 
 ner, 0. Ger. thonar, thunder; L. tonare, to thun- 
 der; A.-S. Ionian, thuuriuu, to thunder.] The 
 noise produced by the explosion of lightning; a 
 loud, rumbling noise. — 2, *,■. v. [pp. thundering, 
 thundered.] To discharge the electric fluid in 
 the air; to make a loud noise. — 3, v. a. To emit 
 with noise and terror. 
 
 Thun'der-bolt, n. Lightning; fulmination. 
 
 Thun'der-clap, n. An explosion of thunder. 
 
 Thun'der-er, n. One that thunders. 
 
 Thun'der-ous. a. Emitting thunder. 
 
 Thun'der-struck, a. Astonished. 
 
 Thu'ri-ble, n. [L. thuribulum; thus or tus, Gr. 9vos, 
 incense.] A pan to burn incense in. 
 
 Thiirs'day, n. [A.-S. Thunres dseg ; Ger. Donners- 
 tag; Dut. Donderdag ; Icel. Thors-daqr, day of 
 Thor, the thunder-god.] The fifth day of the 
 week. 
 
 Thus, ad. [A.-S. thus: allied to This; Dut. dus; 
 0. Fris. thus.] In this manner; to this degree ; so. 
 
 Thwack, v. a. [A.-S. thaccian; Icel. thj'dklsa.— 
 Cf. Whack.] [pp. thwacking, thwacked.] To 
 strike; to thresh; to bang. — 2, n. A heavy, 
 hard blow ; a thump. 
 
 Thwart, a. [A.-S. thweorh, perverse ; Icel. thcerr, 
 ihvert, across; Dan. tcser, tvsert; Ger. zicerch.] 
 Transverse; oblique. — 2, v. a. [pp. thwarting, 
 thwarted.] To cross; to oppose; to traverse. — 
 3, v. n. To be in opposition to. 
 
 Thy (thi or the), pron. [See Thine.] Of thee ; be- 
 longing to thee. 
 
 Thyme (tlm), n. [L. thymus; Gr. Ovuos ; akin to 
 0uos, incense ; 9vety, to smell, to sacrifice.] An 
 aromatic plant. 
 
 Thy'mus, n. [Gr. 0v>o?.] A large gland within 
 the- chest, which exists in the fetal and infantile 
 6tates. 
 
 Thy'my (ti'me), a. Abounding with thyme. 
 
 Thy'rbid, a. [Gr. 0upeo€(.8rjs, shield shaped ; Bv- 
 peo?, a shield, and eUos, form.] Noting a gland 
 of the throat. 
 
 Thy-self , pron. reciprocal, used for emphasis. 
 
 Tl-a'ra, or Ti-ar'a, n. [L. ; Gr. riapa.— Cf. Per. 
 taj, a" crown ; taj'war, crowned.] A high cap or 
 mitre : — a royal or papal crown. 
 
 Tib'i-a, n. [L.'j An ancient musical pips. — (Anat.) 
 The large bone of the leg. 
 
 a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, l, 5, u, y, short; a, e, j, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her 
 
TIBIAL 
 
 541 
 
 TIMOROUSXESS 
 
 Tib'i-al, a. Relating to a pipe, or to the tibia. 
 
 Tic douloureux (tik do-16-ruh), n. [Fr. tic, a 
 twitch, a bad habit; It. ticchio, a whim, a freak, 
 and Fr. douloureux, painful, dolorous (q. v.).] 
 {Med.) A painful neuralgia in the face. 
 
 Tick, n. [From Ticket, a bill.] A score ; trust ; 
 credit: — [Fr. tique ; 0. Dut. & Low Ger. teke ; 
 Ger. ziicke ; It. zecca: root of Stick] a parasitic 
 insect : — [L. theca, Gr. 6r)ni), a ca>e ; TiOrj^i, I 
 put] a case for a bed; ticking: — [imitative] a 
 noise made by ticking, as by a watch : — a small 
 mark. — 2, v. n. [pj). ticking, ticked.] To run 
 on score ; to trust :— to make a slight noise, as 
 a watch. — 3, v. a. To note by a regular vibra- 
 tion : — [Dut. tik, Low Ger. tiki; a touch ; Hkhen, 
 to touch. — Cf. Tact] to make a small mark 
 against : — to bit lightly. 
 
 Tick'et, n. [Fr. etiquette, 0. Fr. eliquet, estigv.ete, a 
 ticket : root of Stick. Originally it was a no- 
 tice stuck or set up in a public place.] A token 
 of a right, prhilege, or debt; a marked card or 
 slip of reaper. — 2, <•. a. [pp. ticketing, ticketed.] 
 To distinguish by a ticket. 
 
 Tlck'ing, n. A case for a bed; a tick; cloth for 
 a bed or case of a bed. 
 
 Tic'kle (tik'kl), v. a. [Frequentative of Tick, to 
 touch; but cf. L. liiillare, Fr. titiller, to tickle.] 
 [pp. tickling, tickled.] To cause to laugh; to 
 please. — 2, v. n. To feel titillation; to titillate. 
 
 Tick'lish, a. Easily tickled : — difficult to be 
 touched; tottering; unfixed. 
 
 Ti'dal, a. Relating to the tides. 
 
 Tid'bit, n. [Tit, a teat, and Bit.] A dainty ; a 
 delicate piece; titbit. 
 
 Tide, n. [A.-S. & Dan. tid, Dut. tijd, Ger. zeit, 
 time. High and low tide are the high and low 
 times of the sea. — See Tidings.] The ebb and flow 
 of the sea ; course : — time ; season. — 2, v. n. [ pp. 
 tiding, tided.] To pour a flood ; to be agitated. 
 
 Tide'-gate, n. A passage for the tide into a basin. 
 
 Tide'less, a. Having no tide. 
 
 Tide'-'wa-ter, n. Water subject to tides. 
 
 Tide'way, it. That part of a river or channel in< 
 which the tide el.hs and flows. 
 
 Ti'di-ly, ad. In a tidy manner; neatly. 
 
 Ti'di-ness, n. State of being tidy ; neatness. 
 
 Ti'dings, n. pi. [Icel. tidindi, tidendu, news, 
 events; A.-S. tidun, getidnn, Norse lidha, to hap- 
 pen, to betide; Daii. tidende, Dut. tijding, Ger. 
 zeitung, tidings, news.] News; inttdiigence. 
 
 Ti'dy, a. [Dut. tijdig, Dan. tidig, Ger. zeitig, timely, 
 seasonable, appropriate*] Neat; clean; nice; 
 spruce. — 2, n. An apron ; a covering. — 3, r. «. 
 <fc v. n. [pp. tidying, tidied.] To put in order. 
 
 Tie (ti), v. a. [A.-S. teah, teag, tige, Icel. tavg, a 
 tie : base of Tcg and Tow.] [i. tied ; pp. tying, 
 tied ] To fasten with a knot; to bind; to fasten! 
 — 2, n. A knot; a fastening; a bond. 
 
 Tier, n. [Fr. tire, a stretch, a row ; tirer, to draw : 
 akin to Tear.] A row ; a rank ; a series of things. 
 
 Tierce (ters or ters), n. [Fr. tiers, tierce, third, a 
 third; L. tertins, third (</. v.).) A cask contain- 
 ing forty-two gallons : — a position in fencing. 
 
 Tiff. n. [Cf. Norw. lev, a sniff, a scent.] Liquor; 
 drink : — a fit of peevishness ; a slight quarrel. — 
 2, d. n. To be in a pet ; to quarrel. 
 
 Tif fa-nx, n. [Cf. Gr. oiafidveia, transparency. — 
 See Diaphanous.] Gauze or very thin silk. 
 
 Tiffin, w. [Cf. Scot. tift, to sip; Local S\v. fur, to 
 taste; Norw. tev, a sniff; more probably Hind. 
 tiffen, Arab, tafaunun, pastime.] A luncheon. 
 
 Ti'ijer, v. [Fr. tigre ; L. tigris ; Gr. Tiypis. — Cf. 
 Zend lighri, an arrow ; tighra, sharp.] A fierce 
 animal of the feline genus : — a foot-boy or young 
 liveried attendant. 
 
 Tight (tit), a. [Icel. theltr ; Sw. tat; Dan. txt ; 
 Ger. dicht ; Dut. dighL — Cf. L. tecbas, covered.] 
 Tense ; tenacious ; close : — not loose : — not leaky : 
 — hard : — neat ; snug. 
 
 Tight'en (ti'tn), v. a. [pp. tightening, tightened.] 
 To make tight. 
 
 Tlght'ness (tit'nes), n. Closeness : — neatness. 
 
 Ti'gress, n. The female of the tiger. [fierce. 
 
 Ti'grine, or Ti'grish, a. Resembling a tiger; 
 
 Tike, n. [Icel. & Sw. tik, a bitch.] A dog; a cur r 
 — a clown. 
 
 Tile, n. [0. E. tigel, A.-S. tigele, Fr. (wife, L. tegnla, 
 a tile; tegere, tectum, to cover.] A piece of burnt 
 clay, or broad thin brick, used to cover houses, 
 or for paving :— a drain-pipe of clay :— a hat. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. tiling, tiled.] To cover with tiles. 
 
 Til'er, n. One who covers houses with tiles :— 
 [conjectured to be Fr. tailieur, a cutter, from his 
 drawn sword] a door-keeper in a lodge. 
 
 Til'ing, n. A roof covered with tiles; tiles. 
 
 Till| w. [A.-S. tijUan, to draw; Dut. & Low Ger. 
 tillen, to lift.] A money-box in a shop; a tiller: 
 — [Scot. ; probably for tile, in the sense of a pan. 
 — Cf. Hard-Panj hard pan or tough subsoil. — 
 2, prep. [Icel. & Dan. til, Sw. till, to, up to : akin 
 to A.-S. til, suitable, toward, fit, good, and to 
 Ger. ziel, aim, purpose.] To the time of: to; un- 
 til. — 3, ad. or conj. To the time when ; until. 
 — 4, v. a. [A.-S. tillan, to till, to labor, to en- 
 deavor, to make fit ; til, good, fit ; Dut. teleu, to 
 cultivate; Ger. zielen, to aim at, to endeavor; 
 ziel, purpose, aim.] [j>p. tilling, tilled.] To cul- 
 tivate ; to plough. 
 
 Till'a-ble, a. That may be tilled ; arable. 
 
 Tilfafe, n. Act of tilling; culture. 
 
 Till'er. n. A cultivator: — [Dut. tillen, to pull up, 
 to lift; Low Ger. tillen, to lift, to move] handle 
 of a rudder: — the slfoot of a plant. — 2, r. a. 
 [pp. tillering, tillered.] To put forth shoots. 
 
 Tilt, n. [A.-S. teld, Dan. telt, Ger. zell, a tent.] A 
 cover of a wagon : — a military game. — J. r. a. 
 [A.-S. & 0. E. lilleii, to totter, to fall ; Icel. lolta, 
 to amble; Sw. ditto, to waddle; Ger. zelt, an 
 amble; A.-S. teult, unsteady.] [pp. tilting tilt- 
 ed.] To cover; to point; to turn up; to incline 
 to one side. — 3, r. n. To fight; to rush, as in 
 combat or as in a tournament. 
 
 Tilth, m. [A.-S. did, cultivation.— See Till.] That 
 which is tilled ; tillage. 
 
 Tim'ber, n. [A.-S. timber; Dut. & Sw. titnmer; 
 Icel. timbr ; Dan. tihnmer; Ger. zimmer t & room, 
 timber; Goth. limrjan,to build.] Wood fit for 
 building; abeam:* — [Fr. timbre, a bundle of 
 furs, a crest, casque, or helmet; Ger. simmer, a 
 certain number of skins: possibly from L. tym- 
 panum, a drum] a quantity of skins : — a heraldic 
 crest; a range or row in heraldry. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 timbering, timbered.] To furnish with timber: 
 — to decorate, as in heraldry. 
 
 Tim'bre (tim'ber), ». [Fr. timbre, a small bell, the 
 ring of a bell, quality of voice; L. tympanum, a 
 drum.] The quality of a sound. 
 
 Tim'brel, n. [Dim. of 0. Fr. tymbre, a drum. — See 
 Tympanum. — Cf. Sp. tambonl, a little drum.] A 
 kind of musical instrument. 
 
 Time, n. [A.-S. lima; Dan. time; Sw. timme.] The 
 measure of duration ; duration ; period of en- 
 durance; season; age; interval; a period: — 
 measure of sound: — repetition. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 timing, timed.] To adapt to the time ; to reg- 
 ulate : — to observe the time of. 
 
 Time'-keep-er, "I n. That which keeps time ; a 
 
 Time'piece, j watch or clock. 
 
 Time'ly, a. Seasonable ; sufficiently early. 
 
 TIme'-serv-er. w. One who meanly complies with 
 the times; a temporizer. 
 
 Tim'id. a. [L. timidus : timere, to fear.] "Wanting 
 courage; easily frightened; fearful; timorous; 
 not bold; afraid. [fulness; fear. 
 
 Ti-mid'i-ty, n. [Fr. timidile ; L. iimiditus.] Fear- 
 
 Tim'id-iy, ad. In a timid manner. 
 
 Tim'ist, n. One who keeps time : — a time-server. 
 
 Tim'or-ous, a. [Fr. timorc ; It. linioroso ; L. timor, 
 timoris, fear; timere, to fear.] Fearful; full of 
 fear; timid. 
 
 Tim'or-ous-ly. ad. Fearfully ; with fear. 
 
 Tim'or-ous-ness, n. Fearfulness; timiditv. 
 
 mien, sir; m6ve, nor, son; bull, biir, rule, nse. — 5, <?. 9. £. soft; p, £, c, £, hard; sasz; xasgz;this. 
 
 46 
 
TIMOTHY' 
 
 542 
 
 TITULAKY 
 
 Tim'o-thy, n. [Origin variously stated.] A culti- 
 vated grass. 
 
 Tin, n. [A.-S., Dut., Icel., & Dan. tin; Sw. tenn; 
 Ger. zinn : probably not related to Fr. etain, L. 
 stannum, tin.] A common whitish metal, very 
 malleable: — a thin plate of iron covered with 
 tin. — 2, v. a. [pip. tinning, tinned.] To cover 
 with tin. 
 
 Tin'cal (ting'kal), n. [Malay, tinglcal; Per. & 
 Hind, linkar.] A mineral; crude borax. 
 
 Tinct'ure (tingkt'yur), «. [L. tinclura ; tingere, 
 tinctum, to stain.] Color or taste superadded : — 
 essence; extract of drugs. — 2, v. a. [pp. tinct- 
 uring, tinctured.] To imbue ; to tinge. 
 
 Tm'der, n. [0. E. tind, to kindle; A.-S. tijndre, 
 tinder; lendan, to kindle; Icel. tundr, Dan. tin- 
 der, Ger. zundre, tinder; anzunden, to kindle.] 
 Any thing very inflammable. 
 
 Tine, n. [A.-S. find; Icel. tinclr ; Sw. Hnne.—Cf. 
 Ger. zinne,, a pinnacle; zinlce, a tine.] Spike or 
 tooth of a fork, harrow, &c. 
 
 Tin'-fdil, n. Tin formed into a very thin leaf. 
 
 Tingr, v. n. [Imitative. — See Tinkle.] [pp. ting- 
 ing, tinged.] To ring; to sound as a bell. — 2, n. 
 A sharp sound : as, the ling of a bell. 
 
 Tinge, v. a. [L. tingere, Gr. reyyeii/, to stain, to 
 moisten.] [pp. tingeing, tinged.] To impreg- 
 nate ; to imbue ; to dve. — 2, n. A color or shade 
 of color; stain; tint. 
 
 Tm'gle (tlng'gl), v. n. [A variant of Tinkle.] 
 [pp. tingling, tingled.] < To feel a quick pain. — 
 2, n. A tingling. 
 
 Tin'gling, n. A thrilling s^np°tion or noise. 
 
 Tink (tingk), v. n. [Inu . . — See Tinkle.] 
 [pp. tinking, tinked.] To make a shrill noise; 
 to tinkle. 
 
 Tink'er (tlngk'er), n. [From Tink or Tinkle, to 
 make a ringing sound.] A mender of brass or 
 metal ware. — 2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. tinkering, 
 tinkereil.] To mend, as old brass vessels. 
 
 Tm'kle (tingk'kl), v. n. [L. linnire, Fr. tinier, to 
 ring, to tinkle; 0. Dut. tinHen, tingetangen, to 
 tinkle : imitative.] To make a sharp, quick 
 noise ; to clink ; to tink. — 2, v. a. To cause to 
 clink. — 3, n. A clink ; a quick, sharp noise. 
 
 Tink'ling, n. A small, quick, sharp noise. 
 
 Tin'man, n. A manufacturer of, or dealer in, tin. 
 
 Tin'ny, a. Abounding with tin ; like tin. [tin. 
 
 Tin'-plate, n. A thin sheet of iron covered with 
 
 Tin'sel, n. [Fr. etincelle, a flash; L. scintilla, a 
 spark.] A kind of shining cloth : — any thing 
 showy and of little value. — 2, a. Specious; 
 showy; superficial.— 3, v. a. [pp. tinselling, 
 tinseiled.] To decorate, as with tinsel. 
 
 Tint, n. [Fr. leint; L. linctvs, a stain.— See Tinct- 
 ure.] A dye; a color. — 2, v. a. [pp. tinting, 
 tinted.] To dye. 
 
 Tin-tin-nab-u-la'tion, v. [L. tinlinnabulum, a little 
 bell'; tintinare, to jingle: imitative.] A tinkling 
 sound. [on tin-plate. 
 
 Tin' type, n. [Tin and Type.] A photograph taken 
 
 Ti'ny, a. [Local E. teeny, small, insignificant, — 
 also sorry, peevish, irritable ; teen, sorrow, vex- 
 ation.] Little; small; puny. 
 
 Tip, n. [Low Ger. & Norw. tipp ; Dut., Sw., & 
 Dan. tip ; Ger. zipfel : a modified form of Top.] 
 The top; end; point; extremity : — a touch :— a 
 tilting motion : —a small present of money. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. tipping, tipped.] To to)); to cover 
 on the end; to tap:— [Sw. tippa, Ger. lippen, to 
 touch, to tap (q. v.). ; tipp, a touch] to give money 
 to :— to tilt ; to turn ; to incline ; to cant. 
 
 Tip'pet, n. [A.-S. tseppcs, a tippet ; tsejtpe, a fillet. 
 — See Tapestry.] Something worn about the 
 neck : — a cape ; the cape of a cloak. 
 
 Tip'ple (tlp'pl), v. n. [Norw. tipla, to tipple, to 
 dribble; Local Ger. zipfeln; to sip.— Of. Local E. 
 tip, a drink.] [pp. tippling, tippled.] To drink 
 to excess. — 2, n. Drink. 
 
 Tip'pler, n. One who tipples; a drunkard. 
 
 Tip'pling, n. The act of drinking to excess. 
 
 Tip'si-ness, n. Drunkenness. 
 
 Tip'staff, n. An officer and his staff of justice; a 
 constable : — a staff' tipped with metal. 
 
 Tip'sy, a. [Cf. Local Ger. (Swiss) tipseln, to get 
 fuddled; lips, a fuddled state: akin to Tip.] 
 Drunk; overpowered with drink. 
 
 Tip' toe (tip'to), n. The end of the toe. 
 
 Tip'-top, n. The highest degree; the summit. — 
 2, a. Very excellent. [Colloq.] 
 
 Ti-rade' [te-rad', R. N. St. H.], n. [Fr. tirade, a 
 long speech, a pulling out; tirer, to draw: root 
 of Tear.] A strain of invective or violent dec- 
 lamation. 
 
 Tire, n. [An old word ; sometimes it seems to rep- 
 resent tiar, a tiara, sometimes attire.] Furniture ; 
 apparatus ; attire : — a head-dress : — [probably 
 from Tie; possibly identical with tire, a head- 
 band] the hoop of a wheel :— a tier; a row. — 
 2, v. a. [A.-S. teorian, from teran, to tear. — Cf. 
 also A.-S. tirigan, to irritate; teran, to tear; Fr. 
 tirer, to draw.] [pp. tiring, tired.] To fatigue; 
 to exhaust; to make weary. — 3, v. n. To become 
 weary or fatigued. 
 
 Tired (tird), p. a. Fatigued ; Aveary. [tire. 
 
 Tire'less, a. Untiring; never tired: — having no 
 
 Tire'some (tir'sum), a. Wearisome ; tedious. 
 
 Tire'some-ness, n. Quality of being tiresome. 
 
 Ti'ro, n. A beginner; a novice. See Tyro. 
 
 'Ti§ (tlz). Contracted for it is. 
 
 Tis'sue (tlsh'yu), n. [Fr. tissv, formerly a parti- 
 ciple of tistre, now tisser, to weave; L. texere.] 
 Cloth interwoven with gold or silver ; texture : — 
 membranous organization or structure of parts: 
 — a series. — 2, v. a. [pp. tissuing, tissued.] To 
 interweave ; to variegate. 
 
 Tit, n. [Norw. tita, Icel. tillr, a bird.] A small 
 horse :— a titmouse : — [see Teat] a teat. 
 
 Ti-tan'ic, «. [L. ; Gr. Ttrav, the sun-god, — also 
 one of a race of giants or monsters. — Cf. Skr. 
 tithu, fire.] Gigantic : — enormous. 
 
 Ti-ta'ni-um, n. [From Titan, a s<m of the Earth. 
 —See' Titanic] A rare, hard metal. 
 
 Tit'bit, n. A nice bit ; nice food. See Tidbit. 
 
 Tithe, n. [A.-S. teotha, a tenth (q. v.).] The tenth 
 part ; a tenth : — the tenth part of produce, paid 
 to the clergy. — 2, v. a. [pp. tithing, tithed.] 
 To levy the tenth part. 
 
 Tith'er, n. One who gathers tithes. 
 
 Titft'ing-, n. A decennary ; tithe : — part of a parish. 
 
 Tith'ing-man, n. A petty parish officer. 
 
 Tit'il-late, v. a. [L. titillare, titillatum, to tickle.] 
 [pp. titillating, titillated.] To feel titillation ; 
 to tickle. [ling; a tickling. 
 
 Tit-il-la'tion, n. [L. tiiillatio.] The act of tick- 
 
 Tit'lark, n.' [Tit and Lark.] A small bird. 
 
 Ti'tle, n. [Fr. litre; 0. Fr. title; L. titulus, a 
 superscription.] An appellation of honor; an 
 inscription : — a title-page : — a claim of right. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. titling, titled.] To entitle ; to name. 
 
 Ti'tled (tT'tid), a. Having a title. [title. 
 
 Ti'tle-page, n. The page of a book containing the 
 
 Tit'mouse, n. ; pi. Tit' mice. [Tit (g. v.), and 
 A.-S. mase, Dut. mees, Ger. meise, a titmouse.] 
 A small bird ; a tit. 
 
 Ti'trate, v. a. [Fr. titrer ; litre, a title (q. v.), a 
 standard.] [pp. titrating, titrated.] To analyze 
 by using standard solutions. 
 
 Ti-tra'tion, «. [Fr.] Analysis by the use of stand- 
 ard solutions. 
 
 Tit'ter. v. v. [Imitative.] [pp. tittering, tittered.] 
 To laugh with restraint; to giggie. — 2, n. A 
 restrained laugh. 
 
 Tit'tle, n. [Sp. tilde, Port. 67, Catalan titlta, Rou- 
 manian title, all names of diacritical marks on 
 letters; L. titulus, a superscription, — later, a sign 
 or token; Ger. titlel, a jot.] A small particle; a 
 point ; a dot. 
 
 Tit'u-lar, a. [L. tihrtaris.—See Title.] Existing 
 only in name or title ; nominal ; titulary. 
 
 Tit'u-la-ry, n. [See Titular.] One who has a 
 title or right. — 2, o. Relating to a title; titular. 
 
 a, e, l, o, u, y, 
 
 long; a, e, i, o, Q, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
TO 
 
 543 
 
 TONTINE 
 
 TS, cr To. prep. [A.-S. to ; Dut. toe ; Ger. zn ; Goth. 
 du : Buss, do.] Noting motion toward : — opposed 
 to from; in the direction of; as far as. — 2, ad. 
 A particle used before a verb in the infinitive 
 mood. — To and fro, backward and forward. — To- 
 day, on this day. — To-night, on this night. — 
 To-morroil, on the morrow. 
 
 Toad (tod), n. [A.-S. tadige, tadie; Dan. tudse.] 
 An animal resembling a frog. 
 
 Toad'stool, n. A sort of mushroom. 
 
 Toad'y, n. A base flatterer; a sycophant. 
 
 Toast (tost), v. a. [O. Fr. lostee, Fr. toste, toast; 
 tester, to toast ; L. torrere, tostum, to parch.] [pp. 
 toasting, toasted.] To scorch : — to drink in honor 
 of. — 2, v. a. To give a toast to be drunk. — 3, n. 
 Bread toasted : — [so called because toast, as well 
 as good wishes, often accompanied the act of 
 drinking] a health or sentiment proposed: — a 
 lady much complimented. 
 
 To-bi.c'c5, n. [Sp. tabaco, a native American name 
 of a tobacco-pipe, and in some places, it is said, 
 a name of the plant itself.] A plant and its dried 
 leaves, which are used for smoking, chewing, 
 anil for making snuff. 
 
 To-bac'co-nist, n. A dealer in tobacco. 
 
 To-bog'gan, n. [Algonkin.] A sledge made of a 
 . single board : — a sledge drawn by dogs. 
 
 Tod' sin. n. [Fr. tocsin. 0. Fr. toquesing, an alarm- 
 bell'; toquer, to touch (q. v.), and signe, 0. Fr. 
 sing, a signal.] A puUic alarm-bell. 
 
 Tod, it. [Icel. toddi, a piece, a tod of wool ; Ger. 
 zotle, a tuft : the name was given to the fox from 
 his bushy tail. J A fox : — twenty-eight pounds 
 of wool :— a bush, or tuft of bushes. 
 
 To-day', n. This d.iy. —2, ad. On this day. 
 
 Tod'dle (tod'dl), v. n. [Sw. tnlta ; Ger. zotteln.—See 
 Totter.] [pp. toddling, toddled.] To walk 
 feebly ; to to, tie. 
 
 Tod'dy, n. [Hind, tari (pronounced somewhat like 
 toddy); Per. & Hind, tor, a kind of palm.] A 
 tree : — the sap of the cocoa-nut palm : — a mixture 
 of spirits and water. 
 
 To-do', n. Bustle; stir; ado. [Colloq.] < 
 
 Toe (to), n. [A.-S. to; Dut. teen; Dan. laa ; Ger. 
 zehe.] An extremity of the foot. 
 
 Tof'fjr, n. [See Taffy.] A sweetmeat ; taffy. 
 
 To'ga, n. [L. — Of. tegere, to cover.] The Koman 
 outer garment. 
 
 To-getfc'er, ad. [A.-S. lo-gsedre. — See Gather.] 
 In company; not apart. 
 
 Tog'ger-y, or Togs, u. pi. [Said to be from L. 
 tog.i, a gown.] Garmencs. [Slang.] 
 
 Tog'gle (trg'gl), n. [Perhaps related to Tack or 
 Tackle.] A pin or key to fasten chains or ropes 
 together. — 2, v. a. [pp. toggling, toggled.] To 
 fasten with a toggle. 
 
 Toil. v. n. [0. E. tnile, struggle; 0. Fr. toviller, to 
 entangle; toelle, trouble, torment: in English it 
 early became influenced by Till, to cultivate. — 
 Of. 0. Dut. tunl, tillage; tuylen, to till.] [pp. 
 toiling, toiled.] To labor; to work ; to be busy. 
 —2, n. Labor; work; fatigue :— [Fr. toile, cloth : 
 toih-s, a net for beasts; L. tela, a^web; texere, to 
 weave] a net; a snare. 
 
 Tbil'er, n. One who toils or labors. 
 
 Toi'let. n. [Fr. toilette, attire, a cloth for a dress- 
 ing-table; dim. of toile, a cloth.] A dressing- 
 table : — the act of dressing :— dress ; attire. 
 
 Toil'some (toil sum), a. Laborious; weary. 
 
 To-kay', w. [Fr<>m the place where it is produced.] 
 A rich Hungarian wine. 
 
 To'ken (to'kn), n. [A.-S. tacn, iacen ; ~Dut. teeJcen ; 
 Dan. tegn ; Ger. zeichen ; root of Ger. ziegen ; L. 
 indicare, to show.] A sign ; a mark ; a memorial. 
 
 Told, i. & p. from tell. 
 
 Tol'er-a-ble, a. [L. tolerabUis.— See Tolerate.] 
 That 'may be tolerated; passable; endurable; 
 mot excellent. 
 
 ToTer-a-bly., ad. Supportably; passably. 
 
 Tol'er-ance,' n. [L. foferanfta.— See Tolerate.] 
 Endurance ; toleration. 
 
 Tol'er-ant, a. [L. tolei-ans, tolerating. — See Tol- 
 erate.] Disposed to tolerate ; enduring. 
 
 Tol'er-ate, v. a. [L. tolerare, toleratum : akin to 
 toliere, to lift, to bear.] [pp. tolerating, toler- 
 ated.] To suffer : to permit ; to allow. 
 
 Tol-er-a'tion, n. [L. toleratio.) The act of toler- 
 ating; allowance; sufferance; endurance. 
 
 Toll, n. [A.-S. toll; Dut. tel; Dan. told; Ger. zoll. 
 — Cf. Tale, a reckoning.] A tax paid for some 
 privilege, as for crossing a bridge, etc. : — an ex- 
 cise on goods :— [etymology doubtful; probably 
 imitative, like Knoll, Knell] the sound, or 
 regular tone, of a bell. — 2, v. n. [pp. tolling, 
 tolled.] To pay toll: — to sound, as a bell; to 
 ring. — 3, v. a. To cause to sound, as a bell ; to 
 ring: — to take toll of: — [cf. Bret. toueUa, to al- 
 lure; L. toliere, to carry] to allure ; to coax along. 
 
 Toll'bootn, n. A prison ; a, jail : — a toll-house. 
 
 Toll'-gate, n. A gate where toll is paid. 
 
 Toll'-house. n. A house where toll is paid. 
 
 To-lu', n. [The name of a town in Columbia.] A 
 balsam or oleoresin. 
 
 Tom'a-hawk, //. [Algonkin.] An Indian hatchet. 
 
 To-ma'to, or To-ma'to, //. [Sp. tomato; 3Iex. to- 
 mad.] A garden-plant and its fruit ; love-apple. 
 
 T6mb (torn), n. [Fr. tombe, L. tumba, Gr. tuju./3o9, 
 a tomb, a tumulus.] A monument over a grave 
 or in which tbe dead are enclosed; a sepulchre; 
 a grave. — 2, v. a. [pp. tombing, tombed.] To 
 bury ; to entomb. 
 
 Tom'bac, n. [Malay tombaga, copper.] An alloy 
 of copper and zinc. 
 
 Tomb'stone (toir-'ston), n. A monument placed 
 over the dead, . r a grave. 
 
 Tome, n. [Fr. ; L. to, mis ; Gr. roao?, a volume, a 
 section; Tt/u.i'eii', to cut.] A volume; a book. 
 
 To-mor'row, n. [A.-S. to rm igen. — See Moreow.] 
 Tiie day after the present day.— 2, ad.— On the 
 next day coming. 
 
 Tom'pi-on, n. [See Tampon.] A stopper; a plug. 
 
 T5m-tit', n. [Tom for Thomas. — Of. jocA-spar- 
 row; robin-red lo east ; j'uc/.daw ; //Mi/pie.] A tit- 
 mouse ; a small bird. 
 
 Ton, it. [A.-S. Inline; Icel. & Gael, tnunn ; Irish, 
 torma; Dut. ton; Dan. tihtde; Ber. tonne.] The 
 weight of 20 hundred gross, or 20 cwt., equal to 
 2240 pounds avoiruup N. [fashion. 
 
 Ton, n. [Fr. for "tone" [g. v.).] The prevailing 
 
 Tone, n. [L. tonus; Gr. roi-oc, a thing stretched, 
 a string, a note; Tesveic, Skr. toi», to stretch.] 
 The particular quality; the sound of tbe voice; 
 note : — degree of firmi.es- or tension ; elasticity ; 
 tension :— prevailing hue ; quality. 
 
 Tongs, n. pi. [A.-S. tange; J>ut. & Pan. tang; Ger. 
 ssange. — Of. Tang, to bite.] A utensil to take up 
 fire, &c. 
 
 Tongue (tung), n. [A.-S. & Dan. tnnge ; Dut. long; 
 Ger. zunge ; Irish, teanga; 0. L. ditupta; L. lin- 
 gua.] The organ of speech and of taste : — 
 speech; a language; talk: — the catch of a 
 buckle : — a point ; a projection. 
 
 Tongue' -tied, a. Having an impediment in speech. 
 
 Ton'ic, >i. [Gr. tovikos, relating to tone or ten- 
 sion.] A medicine that strengthens and gives 
 tone to the system: — the key-note in music. — 
 2, a. Increasing tone or strength : — rela ing to 
 tones or sound. [night. 
 
 To-night' (to-nit'), n. & ad. This night :— ou this 
 
 Ton'nage (tiin'aj , n. The number of tous burden ; 
 weight :— duty by the ton. 
 
 Ton'sil, n. [Fr. tansille, 1'. tonsilla, properly a 
 mooring-stake ; tonsa, an oar.] (Anal.) An ob- 
 long, suboval gland, situated at the base of the 
 tongue. [barber. 
 
 Ton-so'ri-al, a. Pertaining to shaving or to a 
 
 Ton'sure (ton'shur), ». [L. tonsnra; toudere, ton- 
 sum, to clip.] A shaven spot on the head : — the 
 act of clipping the hair. 
 
 Ton-tine' (ton-ten'), n. [Fr. ; named from Tonti, 
 its inventor.] A loan raised on life annuities 
 with the benefit of survivorships. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, <?, c, £, soft; p, p, p, §, hard; § as z ; $ as gz ; this. 
 
TOO 
 
 544 
 
 TOTEM 
 
 Too, ad. [A special use of the preposition to.] 
 Over; overmuch: — likewise; also. 
 
 Took (tuk^, i. from take. 
 
 T661, n. [A.-S. tol, tohl ; Icel. tol : related to Do.] 
 Any instrument; an implement : — a hireling, or 
 one used as a tool. 
 
 TSot, v. n. & v. a. [0. Dut. tuyten; S\v. tjuta; Dan. 
 tude; A.-S. theotan: imitative.] [pp. tooting, 
 tooted.] To make a noise ; to sound ; to blow a 
 horn : — to solicit; to tout (q. v.). 
 
 T68th, w. ; pi. Teeth. [A.-S. tod, for tand; Dut. & 
 Dan. tand; Ger. zahn; L. dens, dentis; Per. dan- 
 dan; Skr. danta; Gr. b&ovs, oSovto?.] One of 
 the little bones of the jaw : — a tine ; a prong. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. toothing, toothed.] To furnish 
 with teeth ; to indent. 
 
 Tooth'aphe (toth'ak), n. Pain in the teeth. 
 
 Tooth'less, a. Wanting teeth. [teeth. 
 
 Tooth'pick, n. An instrument for picking the 
 
 Tooth' some (tOth'sum), a. Palatable. 
 
 Top, n. ' [A.-S., Dan.. & Dut. top; Norw. topp ; 
 Ger. zopf: root found also in Celtic, apparently 
 of identical origin with Tip and Tap.] The 
 highest part or point ; the summit : — surface : — 
 [because sharpened to a top or point] a child's 
 toy or plaything. — 2, r. n. [pp. lopping, topped.] 
 To rise aloft ; to be eminent. — 3, v. a. To cover 
 or decorate on the top; to tip: — to rise above; 
 to surpass : — to crop. 
 
 To'paz, n. [Fr. topase ; L. topazus ; Gr. to7tg£os.] 
 A precious stone ; a yellow gem. 
 
 Tope, ». n. [Perhaps related to Tip or to Tipple, 
 or to Fr. toper, to cover a stake in dicing.] 
 [pp. toping, toped.] To drink hard; to drink 
 to excess. — 2, n. [Hind.] A grove or clump of 
 trees : — [Skr. thupa] a monument raised over a 
 Buddhist relic ; a dhagoba. 
 
 To'per, n. A drunkard; a tippler. 
 
 Top'-gal-lant, a. (Naut.) Highest : as, lop-gallant- 
 sail, — i.e.', the sail above the top-mast. 
 
 Top'-heav-y. (top'hev-e), a. Heavy at the top. 
 
 To'phet, n. [Heb. ; from tuph, to spit.] An un- 
 clean place near Jerusalem: — metaphorically 
 used for hell. 
 
 Top'i-a-ry, a. [L. tepiarius; topiaria, ornamental 
 gardeniug.] Shaped by clipping. 
 
 Top'ic, n. [Gr. to7tik6?, local; T07rog, a place, a 
 commonplace.] A general head ; a subject of 
 argument or discourse ; a matter. 
 
 Top'i-cal, a. Relating to a place or part; local. 
 
 Top'i-cal-ly, ad. In a topical manner. [head. 
 
 Top'knot (top'not), n. A knot on the top of the 
 
 Top'-mast, n. (Kant.) The second mast aliove the 
 deck, at the head or top of the lower mast. 
 
 Top'most, a. Uppermost; highest. 
 
 To-pog'ra-pher, n. One versed in topography. 
 
 Top-o-graph'i'c, \ a. Relating to, or comprising, 
 
 Top-o-graph'i-cal, j topography. 
 
 Top-o-graph'i-cal-ly, ad, By topography. 
 
 To-pog'ra-phy, n. [Gr. roiroypa^La. ; totto<;, a place, 
 and ypd<})€Lv, to write, to describe.] A descrip- 
 tion of cities, towns, places, roads, bridges, &c. 
 
 Top'ping, a. Fine; gallant; proud. 
 
 Top'ple (top'pl), v. n. [See Top.] [pp. toppling, 
 toppled.] To fall down; to totter.— 2, v. a. To 
 throw down. 
 
 Top'pling, a. Ready to fall. 
 
 Top' -sail, n. A sail across the top-mast. 
 
 Top'sy.-tiir'vy, ad. [Said to be from top-side t'other 
 way ; but various other conjectures have been 
 made.] With the bottom upward. 
 
 Torch, n. [Fr. torche ; Sp. antorcha; It. torcia; 
 Late L. tortica ; L. torquere, tortum, to twist.] A 
 large blazing light ; a flambeau, formerly made 
 of twisted tow and pitch. 
 
 Tore, i. from tear. 
 
 Tor-ment', v. a. [Fr. toumient, torture; L. tor- 
 inenlum, torture, an instrument of torture ; from 
 torqitere, to twist.] [pp. tormenting, tormented.] 
 To put to pain ; to excruciate ; to torture ; to 
 vex greatly. 
 
 Tbr'ment, n. Pain; agony; anguish; torture. 
 
 Tor-ment' er, or Tor-ment'or, n. One who tor- 
 ments; a torturer':— an agricultural instrument. 
 
 Tbr'men-til, n. [Fr. torment-ilk ; It. tormentiUa; 
 probably because it was used to alleviate pain. — 
 See Torment.] A highly-astringent plant. 
 
 Torn, p. from tear. 
 
 Tor-na'do, n. ; pi. Tor-na'does. [Sp. tomada, a 
 tnrning; tornear, to whirl, to turn (</. 17.).] A 
 hurricane ; a violent storm and whirlwind. 
 
 Tor-pe'do, n. ; pi. Tor-pe'dbes. [L. ; from torpere, 
 to be numb.] An' electric fish, whose touch be- 
 numbs : — a machine to blow up ships. 
 
 Tbr'pid, a. [L. torpidns ; torpere, to be numb.] 
 Numb: motionless; sluggish. 
 
 Tor-pid'i-ty, ) n. State of being torpid ; torpor; 
 
 Tor'pid-ness, j numbness. 
 
 Tbr'pbr, n. [L.] Numbness ; torpidity. 
 
 Tor-re-fac'tion, n. Act of drying by the fire. 
 
 Tor're-fy, v. a. [L. torrefuccre ; torrere, to parch, 
 and fucere, to make.] [pp. torrefying, torrefied.] 
 To dry by the fire. 
 
 Tor'rent, n. [L. torrens, burning, boiling, — also, 
 a raging stream; torrere, to dry up, to parch.] 
 A rapid stream or current. — 2, a. Rolling or 
 rushing as a current. 
 
 Tor'rid, a. [L. torridus; torrei-e, to parch.] Hot; 
 parched; burning. — Torrid zone, the region of 
 the earth included between the tropics of Cancer 
 and Capricorn. 
 
 Tbr'sion, n. [L. torsio, a twisting; torquere, torsi, 
 to twist.] The act of twisting; a flexure. 
 
 Tbr'sb, n. ; pi. Tbr'sb§. [It.; L. thyrsus; Gr. 
 6vpcro<;.] The trunk of a statue deprived of the 
 head and limbs. 
 
 Tort, n. (Law.) A wrong; injury; injustice. 
 
 Tor' tile, a. Twisted ; wreathed ; turned aside, [k.] 
 
 Tbr'toise (tbr'tiz or tbr'tis), n. [Fr. lortue ; Sp. 
 tortuga; Prov ■/ tortesa ; 0. Fr. tortis ; Late L. tor- 
 tuca; from torquere, tortum, to twist; from the 
 twisted feet.] A reptile covered with a hard 
 shell. 
 
 Tbrt-u-os'i-ty, n. [L. tortuositus.] State of being 
 tortuous. 
 
 Tbrt'u-ous, a. [L. tortnosus; torquere, tortum, to 
 twist.] Twisted; wreathed; winding. 
 
 Tbrt'ure (tbrt'yur), n. [Fr. ; L. tortura ; torquere, 
 tortum, to twist.] Torments judicially inflicted, 
 as by the wheel or rack ; torment ; severe pain ; 
 agony ; anguish ; pang. — 2, v. a. [pp. torturing, 
 tortured.] To vex ; to torment. 
 
 To'rus, n. [L. for a " swelling," also for a "bed," 
 or '' cushion."] (Arch.) Ahold convex moulding 
 in the base of a column. — (Bot.) The receptacle 
 of a flower. 
 
 To'ry, n. [Irish loiridhe, a pursuer; toir, a pur- 
 suit. — Cf. also toir, give thou.] One of a party 
 in England inclined to support the royal prerog- 
 ative and ecclesiastical authority: — opposed to 
 Whig: — one who, in the American Revolution, 
 supported the British government. — 2, a. Re- 
 lating to the Tories. 
 
 Tb'ry-i§m, n. The principles of a Tory. 
 
 Toss,' v. a. [Welsh tos, a toss ; tosio, to toss, to 
 jerk. — Cf. Norw. tossa, to spread, to sprinkle.] 
 [i. tossed ; pp. tossing, tossed or tost.] To throw ; 
 to fling; to agitate. — 2, r. n. To fling; to move; 
 to be tossed. — 3, n. Act of tossing ; a cast ; a jerk. 
 
 Toss'pot, n. A toper; a tippler; a drunkard. 
 
 To'tal, a. [Fr. ; Late L. totalis; L. totu*, entire.] 
 Whole; entire; complete; full. — 2, n. The 
 whole sum ; the whole. 
 
 To-tal'i-ty, n. [Fr. totalite.] The whole quantity 
 'or sum ; entirety. 
 
 To'tal-ly, ad. Wholly; fully; completely. 
 
 Tote', v. a. [Origin unknown.] [pp. toting, toted.] 
 To carry ; to bear. [Southern States.] 
 
 To'tem, n. [Of Algonkin origin.] Any object 
 from which the people of a certain stock believe 
 they are descended, and which they reverence 
 as a protector. 
 
 a, e, I, o, u, y, long ; a, e, i, o, u, y, short ; a, § , i, 9, u, y., obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her ; 
 
TOTTER 
 
 545 
 
 TRACTATE 
 
 Tot'ter, v. n. [0. E. tulten, to tilt ; tolter, to floun- 
 der'; A.-S. tealtrian, to totter; 0. Dut. touteren, 
 to tremble.] [pp. tottering, tottered.] To shake 
 so as to threaten a fall ; to reel ; to stagger. 
 
 Tot'ter-ing, a. Shaking ; threatening to fall. 
 
 Tot'tle (tot'tl), v. n. [See Totter.] [pp. tottling, 
 tottled.J To totter ; to topple. 
 
 Tbu'can [toTtan, K. Wb. St.], n. [Brazilian : said 
 to he from the bird's cry.] A large Brazilian bird. 
 
 Touch (tuch), v. a. [Fr. toucher; It. toccare ; Sp. 
 tocar : akin to Ger. zucken, to twitch; ziehen, to 
 draw.] [pp. touching, touched.] To perceive 
 by the sense of feeling; to handle; to join; to 
 affect. — 2, v. n. To be in contact. — 3, n. The 
 sense of feeling; contact: — a test; a hint; a 
 feature : — a single act of the pencil ; a stroke : — 
 a slight essay. 
 
 Touch'i-ness (tuch'e-nes), n. Peevishness. 
 
 Touching (tuch'ing), prep. With respect to.— 
 2, a. ' Pathetic ; affecting. 
 
 Touch'ing-ly (tuch'ing-le), ad. With emotion. 
 
 Touch' -ine-not (tuch'me-not), n. A plant. 
 
 Touch' stone (tuch'ston), n. A stone used as a test 
 for metals, &c. ; a test ; a criterion. 
 
 Touch'-wood (tuch'wud), n. [Cf. 0. E. tanhe, tin- 
 der.] Rotten wood used to catch the fire struck 
 from a flint. [table ; techy. 
 
 Tofich'y (tuch'e), a. [See Tetchy.] Peevish ; irri- 
 
 Tough (tuf), a. [A.-S. toh; Scot, teuch ; Dut. taai; 
 Ger. zcihe.] Not brittle ; firm; strong. 
 
 Tough'en (tuffn), v. n. [pp. toughening, tough- 
 ened.] To grow tough. — 2, v. a. To make tough. 
 
 Tough'ness (tufnes), n. State of being tough. 
 
 T6u-pee', n. [Fr. toupet.] A curl ; a small wig. 
 
 T6u-pet' (to-pa', to-pe', or to-pet'), n. [Fr.] An 
 artificial lock of hair ; a curl ; a small wig. 
 
 Tour (tor), n. [Fr. tour, a turn, a round ; tourner, 
 to turn (q. v.).] A ramble ; a roving journey. 
 
 TSur'ist (tOr'ist), n. One who makes a tour. 
 
 T6ur'ma-line, n. [Name of Ceylonese origin.] 
 A mineral with remarkable electric properties. 
 
 T6ur'na-ment (tor'na-ment or tur'na-ment), n. 
 [Fr. toumoiement, tourneuient, a turning, — for- 
 merly also a tournament; tournoi, a tourney 
 (g. v.)\ toumoyer, to turn (g. v.), — formerly also 
 to joust.] A military equestrian sport, or mock 
 encounter; a tilt; a joust. 
 
 T6ur'ney, v. n. [Fr. tournoi. — See Tournament.] 
 [pp. tourneying, tourneyed.] To tilt in the lists. 
 — 2. n. A tournament. 
 
 Toiir'ni-quet (tur'ne-ket), n. [Fr. ; from tourner, 
 to turn (q. v.).] (Med.) A bandage used in 
 amputations to prevent hemorrhage, tightened 
 by a screw. 
 
 Tbu§e, v. a. [Low Ger. tuseln, Ger. zausen, to 
 touse, to tease (q. v.).] [pp. tousing, toused.] 
 To tousle ; to pull ; to tear ; to haul ; to drag. 
 
 Tbii'sle (tbu/zl), v. a. [Frequentative of Tovse.] 
 [pp. tousling, tousled.] To tumble ; to tangle. 
 
 Tout, t*. n. [A.-S. totiau, to project, to stick out, to 
 peep out. — Cf. Icel. tuta, apeak; Sw. tut, a point.] 
 [pp. touting, touted.] To seek for customers. 
 
 Tow (to), n. [A.-S. toiv, 0. Dut. tome, tow; Dan. 
 tare, fibre: root of Goth, taujan, to make; fau/, 
 a thing wrought; Low Ger. ionic, implements. — 
 See Do and Taw.] The coarse part of flax or 
 hemp: — the act of towing: — a vessel towed. — 
 2, v. a. [Icel. toga, to pull ; tog, A.-S. toh-line, a 
 tow-rope; A.-S. teohan, Goth, tiuhan, Ger. ziehen, 
 to draw. — Cf. L. ducere, to draw.] [pp. towing, 
 towed.] To draw on the water by a rope. 
 
 T6w'a£e, n. The act of towing : — price of towing. 
 
 Tow'ard, or Tow'ards, prep. [A.-S. toweard, to- 
 weardes; to, to, and the suffix -weard, becoming, 
 tending to.] In a direction to; in the direction 
 of; with respect to ; near to. 
 
 Tow'ard, a. Docile; towardly. 
 
 Tow'ard-ly, a. Ready to do or learn ; apt. 
 
 Tow'ard-ness (to'ard-nes), »?. Docility. 
 
 Tow'-boat, n. A boat used for towing vessels. 
 
 Tb'w'el, n. [Fr. touaiUe ; Sp. toalla ; It. tovaglia ; 
 
 Ger. zwehle; Dut. dwaal, dweil: root of A.-S. 
 thewan, thwahan, to wash.] A cloth for wiping 
 the hauds, &c. 
 
 Tbw'er, n. [Fr. tour, L. turris, Gr. rvppts, Tupcris, 
 A.-S. ton; Welsh twr, a tower ; Gael, tor, a hill.] 
 A high building : — a citadel. — 2, v. n. [pp. tow- 
 ering, towered.] To soar; to fly or rise high. 
 
 TSw'ered (tou'erd), a. Adorned with towers. 
 
 Tow'er-ing, p. a. Very high ; soaring ; lofty. 
 
 T5w'-line, n. A rope or chain used in towing. 
 
 To'ftn, n. [A.-S. tun, Ger. zaun, a fence, enclosui'e; 
 Icel. tun, an enclosure, a dwelling; A.-S. tynan, 
 to enclose.— Cf. Irish dun, Welsh din, a fort.] 
 Any large collection of houses; a large village ; 
 a city ; township : — the metropolis and its in- 
 habitants, as opposed to the country. 
 
 Tb-ftn'-clerk (tbuu'klark or -klerk), n. An officer 
 who keeps the records of a town. 
 
 Town' -house, n. A hall for public business. 
 
 TbW§'f oik (-fok), n. The people of a town. 
 
 Town' ship, n. The district of a town : — a block 
 six miles square of land in the public survey. 
 
 Towns/man, n. One of the same town. 
 
 Town -talk (-tawk), «. The common talk. 
 
 Tow'-path, n. A path for a horse in towing. 
 
 Tox'ic, \a. Having poisonous qualities; poi- 
 
 Tox'i-cal, J sonous : — pertaining to a poison. 
 
 Tox-i-co-lo£'i-cal, a. -Relating to toxicology. 
 
 T6x-i-col'o-£y., n. [Gr. to£<.k6v, poison, — properly, 
 arrow-poison ; to£iko?, belonging to archery ; 
 ro£ov, a bow.] A treatise on poisons. 
 
 Toy, n. [Dut. tooi, attire ; tuig, utensils, stuff, tri- 
 fles, trash; speeltuig, Ger. spieheug, toys. — Cf. 
 Ger. 26!^, stuff, trash.] A trifle; a plaything; 
 a bawble. — 2, v. n. [pp. toying, toyed.] To 
 trifle ; to dally ; to play. 
 
 Tby'shop, n. A shop where toys are sold. 
 
 Trace, n. A mark left by any thing passing; a 
 mark; footstep; track.— pi. [Fr. trait, pi- traits, 
 a strap, a trace; traire, L. trahere, to draw.] The 
 tugs of a harness. — 2, v. a. [pp. tracing, traced.] 
 [Fr. trace, It. traccia, Sp. traca, a trace; Fr. 
 /racer, It. tracciare, Sp. trazar, to draw, to trace, 
 to sketch; L. trahere, traction, to draw.] To fol- 
 low by the footsteps ; to follow with exactness : 
 — to mark out. 
 
 Trace'a-ble, a. That may be traced. 
 
 Tra'cer, n. One who traces. 
 
 Tra'ce-ry, n. Ornamental stone-work. 
 
 Tra'che a, or Tra-che'a, ». [L. ; Gr. rpaxeia, fem. 
 of Tpax'us, rough.] (Anal.) The windpipe. 
 
 Tra-ghe-ot'o-my, n. [Gr. rpaxeia, the trachea, 
 and re/jive'tv, to cut.] The operation of making 
 an opening into the windpipe, or trachea. 
 
 Tra'phyte, n. [Gr. rpa^vs, rough.] A species of 
 volcanic rock. 
 
 Traf'ing, n. A mechanical copy ; a copy traced. 
 
 Track, n. [Fr. trac, a beaten path ; Dut. ink, a 
 draught; trekken, to travel, — properly, to pull, 
 to draw (q. v.).] A mark left by the foot; foot- 
 step: — a path i: — the course of rails on a railroad. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. tracking, tracked.] To follow by 
 footsteps left ; to trace. 
 
 Track'age, n. The act or cost of drawing or tow- 
 ing a'boat : — the use of a track. 
 
 Track'less, «. Untrodden ; not marked out. 
 
 Tract, n. [L. traclus, from trahere, tractum, to 
 draw, to stretch.] A region; a quantity of 
 land : — a continuity ; a course : — [L. tractatus, a 
 tract; tractare, to treat (q. v.), to handle: fre- 
 quentative of trahere, tractum, to drawl a short 
 treatise ; essay ; a small book or pamphlet. 
 
 Trac-ta-bil'i-ty, n. State of being tractable. 
 
 Trac'ta-ble. a. [L. IntctabUis ; tractare, to handle: 
 frequentative of trahere, tractum, to draw.] Man- 
 ageable : docile. 
 
 Trac'ta-ble-ness, n. Docility; tractability. 
 
 Trac'ta-bly, ad. In a tractable manner. 
 
 Trac-ta'ri-an, n. A high-churchman. 
 
 Trac'tate! «'. [L. tractatus. — See Tract.] A short 
 dissertation or treatise; a tract; a small book. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — Q. Q, c, g, soft; p, JS, p, £, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; 
 kk 46* 
 
 this. 
 
 J 
 
TRACTILE 
 
 546 
 
 TRANSCEND 
 
 Trac'tile, a. [L. trahere, tractum, to draw.] Ductile. 
 
 Trac-til'i-ty, n. Quality of being tractile. 
 
 Trac'tioii, n. Tlie act of drawing; attraction. 
 
 Trac'tive, a. That draws; attractive. 
 
 Trade, n. [0. E. trade, a path ; A.-S. tredan, to 
 tread (q. v.). The derivations from Fr. traite, 
 Sp. trato, traffic, and from L. tradere, to deliver, 
 to exchange {trans, across, and dare, to give), are 
 discredited.] Exchange of goods for other goods 
 or for money; traffic; commerce; the business 
 of buying and selling : — occupation or employ- 
 ment, as that of a mechanic : — persons engaged 
 in trade.— The trade, men engaged collectively 
 in any one occupation. — 2, v. n. [pp. trading, 
 traded.] To traffic ; to deal ; to barter. 
 
 Trade' -dol-lar, n. A United States silver dollar, 
 containing " 420 grains, coined for export to 
 China and India. 
 
 Trade' -mark, n. A registered mark for goods. 
 
 Trad'er, n. One engaged in trade. 
 
 Trades' man, n. A shopkeeper : — a mechanic. 
 
 Trades'-un-ion, n. A combination of workmen. 
 
 Trade'-wind, n. A periodical wind between the 
 tropics, favorable to commerce ; monsoon. 
 
 Tra-di'tion (tra-dish'un), n. [L. Iraditio ; tradere, 
 traditurn, to deliver ; trans, across, and dare, datum, 
 to give.] The act of transmitting ; the delivery 
 of facts to posterity by oral report ; an oral ac- 
 count transmitted from age to age. 
 
 Tra-di"tion-al (tra-dish'un-al), a. Relating to 
 tradition; delivered by tradition. 
 
 Tra-di"tion-al-ly;, ad. By tradition. 
 
 Tra-di"tion-a-ry (tra-dish'un-a-re), a. Delivered 
 by tradition; traditional. 
 
 Tra-di"tion-ist, n. One who adheres to tradition. 
 
 Trad'i-tive, a. Traditional ; transmitted. 
 
 Tra-duce', v. a. [L. traducere, to lead across, — 
 also, to divulge, to prove guilty; trans, across, 
 and dncere, to lead.] [pp. traducing, traduced.] 
 To censure ; to calumniate ; to vilify ; to decry ; 
 to disparage ; to revile. 
 
 Tra-du'cer, n. One who traduces ; a vilifier. 
 
 Traffic, n. [Fr. trafiquer, to trade ; 0. Fr. trafiqne, 
 Fr. 'trafic, trade ; It. traffico, Sp. trafico, trade : 
 perhaps from L. trans, across, and vicis, a change, 
 or vehere, rectum, to carry.] Exchange or sale of 
 commodities; commerce; trade; barter.— 2, v. n. 
 [i. trafficked; pp. trafficking, trafficked.] To 
 practise commerce; to buy and sell; to trade; 
 to barter.— 3, v. a. To exchange in traffic. 
 
 Traf'fick-er, n. A trader; a merchant. 
 
 Trag'a-caiith, n. [Gr. rpayos, a goat, and aicavOa, 
 a thorn.] A plant and its gum. 
 
 Tra-ge'di-an, n. A writer or actor of tragedy. 
 
 Trafe-dy, n. [Gr. rpayuSia, tragedy, — literally, 
 a goat-song; rpayo;, a goat, and (o8ij, an ode 
 (q. r.) : perhaps because a goat was slain as a 
 sacrifice at the time of the singing.] A species 
 of drama in which the catastrophe is melan- 
 choly or affecting : — any dreadful event, occur- 
 rence, or deed. 
 
 Tragic, \ a. [Gr. rpayiKo?.] Relating to trag- 
 
 Trag'i-cal, J edy ; mournful; calamitous; dreadful. 
 
 Traf'j-cal-ly, ad. In a tragical manner. 
 
 Tra,|--i-com'e-dy., n. [L. tragicomoedia. — See Trag- 
 edy and Comedy.] A drama partaking both of 
 tragedy and of comedy. 
 
 Trag-i-com'ic, \a. Relating to, or partaking 
 
 Traf-i-com'i-cal, J of, tragicomedy. 
 
 Trail, r. a. [0. Fr. traail, Late L. trahale, a reel, 
 a sledge; L. traha, a sledge; trahere, to draw.] 
 [pp. ti*ailing, trailed.] To draw; to drag; to 
 draw along the ground : — to hunt by track. — 
 2, v. n. To be drawn out ; to drag. —3, n. A 
 track ; any thing drawn behind. 
 
 Train, v. a. [Fr. train, traine, trainee, a train ; 
 trainer, Late L. trahinare, L. trahere, to draw.] 
 [pp. training, trained.] To draw ; to allure : — 
 to educate; to bring up; to exercise or disci- 
 pline. — 2, n. Part of a gown trailing behind; 
 any thing drawn after ; a trail :— a tail of a bird : 
 
 — a process; a method: — a company moving in 
 order ; a succession of carriages or cars ; a series , 
 a retinue; a, procession : — a line of powder. 
 
 Train' ing, n. Act of exercising or shaping ; disci- 
 pline : — a military review. 
 
 Train' -oil, n. [Dut. & Low Ger. traan, Ger. thran, 
 Dan. Iran, train-oil ; Dut. traan, Ger. throne, a 
 tear (q. t>.), an exudation.] Oil from the fat of 
 whales. 
 
 Traipse, v. n. [Ger. trepsen, frequentative of trep- 
 pen, to tread.] [pp. traipsing, traipsed.] To 
 walk carelessly or idly. 
 
 Trait (trat or tra) [tra, S. P. J. K. Sm. R. C. N. 
 Co. ; trat, H. Cu. E. Wb. ; trat or tra, W. F. Ja. 
 
 1. St.], n. [Fr. trait, a feature, line, outline; 
 from traire, L. trahere, to draw.] A stroke ; a 
 touch ; a characteristic ; a feature. 
 
 Trai'tor, n. [Fr. traitre, L. traditor, a betrayer; 
 tradere, to deliver, to betray; trans, across, and 
 dare, to give.] One who, being trusted, betrays; 
 one guilty of perfidy or treachery ; a betrayer. 
 
 Trai'tor-ous, a. Treacherous; perfidious. 
 
 Trai'tor-ous-ly., ad. Treacherously. 
 
 Tra-jec'to-ry, n. [Fr. trajectoire ; L. trajicere, to 
 throw across; trans, across, and jacere, to throw.] 
 A curve which a moving body describes in space. 
 
 Tram, n. [0. & Local E. tram, a beam, bar, rail, 
 or shaft; Local Swl tromm, 0. Ger. dram, 0. Dan. 
 drom, a beam or log.] A sort of wagon for a 
 tram-road; a coal-wagon : — a tram-way. 
 
 Tram'mel, n. [Fr. tramail, tremail, a net; Late L. 
 tramacnla; Low Ger. treemke ; It. tramaglio ; Sp. 
 trasmallo: probably from L. trans, across, and 
 macida, a net, — meaning a net set across a 
 stream.] A net; shackles: — an iron hook for 
 suspending pots a,nd kettles. — 2, v. a. [pp. tram- 
 melling, trammelled.] To hinder; to shackle. 
 
 Tra-mon'tane, or Tram'on-tane, n. [Fr. tramon- 
 tane, northern; It. tramontano ; L. transrnontanus ; 
 trans, beyond, and mons, montis, a mountain.] 
 A ioreigner; a stranger; an ultramontane. — 
 
 2, a. Foreign ; ultramontane. 
 
 Tramp, v. a. [Ger. trampen; Dan. trarnpe ; Sw. 
 trampa; root (rap-, to tread.] [pp. tramping, 
 tramped.] To tread. — %v.n. To travel. — 3, n. A 
 journey or travel on foot :— a 8troller ; a vagrant. 
 
 Tram'ple (tram'pl), v. a. [A frequentative of 
 Tramp; Ger. trampeln.] [pp. trampling, tram- 
 pled.] To tread under foot; to tramp. — 2, v. u. 
 To tread hard or in contempt. 
 
 Tram'-road, ) n. A road prepared for the transit 
 
 Tram'-way, /of trams or wagons. 
 
 Trance, n. [Fr. transe, fright, fear; transit; to 
 chill, to benumb, to quake ; L. transire, to pass 
 over, to cease ; trans, across, and ire, to go ; trausi- 
 ius, a going across, a transit.] A temporary view 
 of the spiritual world ; an ecstasy ; a rapture. 
 
 Tran'quil, o. [L. tranquility; Fr. tranquille.] Quiet; 
 peaceful ; undisturbed. 
 
 Tran-quil'li-ty, n. [L. tranqnillitas ; Fr. tranquil- 
 lite.] State of being tranquil ; quiet; calmness; 
 composure ; peace. 
 
 Tran'quil-llze, v. a. [pp. tranquillizing, tran- 
 quillized.] To render calm or tranquil ; to com- 
 pose ; to quiet ; to soothe. 
 
 Tran'auil-ly., ad. In a tranquil manner. 
 
 Trans,* prep. ' [L.] Beyond. (Used as a prefix.) 
 
 Trans-act , v. a. [L. transigere, transaetutn. — See 
 Trans and Act.] [pp. transacting, transacted.] 
 To manage ; to conduct. — 2, v. n. To conduct 
 matters. [agement. 
 
 Trans-ac'tion, n. [L. transactio.] Dealing; man- 
 
 Trans-ac'tor, n. One who transacts. 
 
 Trans-al'pine, a. [L. transalpinns, across the Alps. 
 — See Trans and Alpine.] Situated beyond the 
 Alps. [yund the Atlantic. 
 
 Trans-at-lan'tic, a. [Trans and Atlantic] Be- 
 
 Tran-scend' (tran-send'), v. a. [L. transcendere ; 
 trans, across, and scandere, to climb.] [pp. tran- 
 scending, transcended.] To pass; to surpass; to 
 exceed ; to excel ; to outdo ; to go beyond. 
 
 a, e, i, 5, ii, y, long ; a, e, I, o, u, y, short ; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her ; 
 
TRANSCENDENCE 
 
 547 
 
 TRANSPIRE 
 
 Trail-seen' dence, \ n. 
 
 Preeminence; superemi- 
 
 Tran-scen'den-cy., / neuce. 
 
 Tran-scen'dent, a. [L. transcendens, surpassing. — 
 See Transcend.] Excellent; preeminent. 
 
 Tran-scen-den'tal, a. [See Transcend.] Preemi- 
 nent; surpassing ; extraordinary ; transcendent : 
 — being beyond the bounds of experience ; not 
 derived frum experience. 
 
 Tran-scen-den'tal-ism, n. State of being tran- 
 scendental: — transcendental philosophy ; a spe- 
 cies of metaphysics. 
 
 Tran-scen-den'tal-ist, «. One who adheres to 
 transcendentalism. 
 
 Tran-scen'dent-ly., ad. Supereminently. 
 
 Tran-scribe', v. a. [L. trunscribere, transcriptum ; 
 trans, across, over, and scribere, to write.] [pp. 
 transcribing, transcribed.] To write over again, 
 or in the same words ; to write a copy of; to copy. 
 
 Tran-scrib'er, n. One who transcribes. 
 
 Tran'script,' u. [See Transcribe.] A copy from 
 an original. [copying. 
 
 Tran-scrip'tion, n. [L. transcriptio.] Tlie act of 
 
 Tran'sept, n. [L. trans, across, and sseptum, an 
 enclosure. — See Septum.] (Arch.) The cross part 
 of a cathedral, between the nave and the choir. 
 
 Trans-fer', v. a. [L. tramferre; trans, across, and 
 ferre, to carry.J [pp. transferring, transferred.] 
 To convey from one person or place to another; 
 to make over; to transmit. 
 
 Trans'fer, ». The act of transferring; transfer- 
 ence ; removal ; change ; place of change. 
 
 Trans-fer'a-ble [trans'fer-a-bl, Wb. N.], a. That 
 may be transferred. 
 
 Trans-fer'ence, or Trans-fer'rence [trans'lV-r-ens, 
 Wb. N.],'n. A transfer. 
 
 Trans-f ig-u-ra'tion, n. [L. trans figuratio.] Change 
 of form or figure'; change of personal appearance. 
 
 Trans-f Ig'ure (traus-fig'yur), v. a. [L. transfigu- 
 rare; trans, across, and figura, figure (q. v.).] 
 [pp. transfiguring, transfigured.] To change 
 the figure or form of; to transform. 
 
 Trans-fix', v. a. [L. transjigere, transfixum. — See 
 Fix.] [pp. transfixing, transfixed.]' To pierce 
 through. 
 
 Trans-form', r. a. [L. transformare ; trans, over, 
 and forma, form (ij. v.).] [}>p. transforming, 
 transformed.] To change the form of; to trans- 
 mute; to metamorphose. — 2, v. n. To be meta- 
 morphosed, [formed. 
 
 Trans-fbrm'a-ble, a. Capable of being trans- 
 
 Trans-for-ma'tion, n. [L. transformatio.] The 
 act of transforming ; change of form ; metamor- 
 phosis; transmutation. 
 
 Trans- fuse', b. «. [L. transfundere, transfutnm. — 
 See Trans and Fuse.] [pp. transfusing, trans- 
 fused.] To pour out of one into another: — to 
 inject, as blood into the veins. 
 
 Trans-fu'si-ble, o. That may be transfused. 
 
 Trans-fu'sion, n. [L. transfusio.] The act of 
 transfusing. 
 
 Trans-gress', v. a. [L. transgredi, transgreSSUS : 
 trans, across, and gradi, to go.] [pp. transgress- 
 ing, transgressed.] To pass beyond : — to violate ; 
 to break; to infringe. — 2, c. n. To violate a law ; 
 to err; to offend by violation of a law. 
 
 Trlns-gres'sion (trans-gresh'un), n. [L. trans- 
 gressio.] The act ot transgressing; violation: — 
 offence; crime :— violation of law. 
 
 Trans-gress'or, ». [L.] One who transgresses. 
 
 Tran'sient (tran'shgnt), a. [L. transiens, pres. 
 part, of trumire, to go across; trans, across, and 
 ire, to go.] Short ; momentary ; soon past ; hasty ; 
 fleeting; transitory; not long abiding. 
 
 Tran'sit, //. [L. transitus; transire, to go across.] 
 The art of passing, as a planet across the sun's 
 disk, or as goods through a country. 
 
 Tran-si"tion (tran-sizh'un), n. [L. transitio. — See 
 Transient.] Passage or change from one state 
 to another; change. — 2, a. (Geol.) Noting 
 change from one state to another. 
 
 Tran-si"tion-al, a. .Relating to transition. 
 
 Tran-si"tion-a-rjr, a. Transitional. 
 
 Tran'si-tive, a. [L. transitivus.] (Gram.) Noting 
 a verb that expresses action upon some object j 
 active. 
 
 Tran'si-tive-lj, ad. In a transitive manner. 
 
 Tran'si-to-ri-lx, ad. Transiently. 
 
 Tran'si-to-rx, a. [L. transitorius.—See Transit.] 
 Quickly vanishing; transient; fleeting; passing 
 quickly ; momentary. 
 
 Trans-late', v. a. [L. transferre, translatum, to carry 
 across; trans, across, and ferre, latum, to carry.*] 
 [pp. translating, translated.] To remove; to 
 transfer : — to change into another language ; to 
 interpret ; to construe : — to explain. 
 
 Trans-la'tion. n. [L. translatio.] The act of trans- 
 lating : — a translated book ; a veision : — removal. 
 
 Trans-la'tor, n. [L.] One who translates. 
 
 Trans-la' to-rx, a. Transferring. 
 
 Trans-lit'er-ate, v. a. [L. trans, across, anil litem, 
 a letter.*] [pp. transliterating, transliterated.] 
 To change the written or printed characters of; 
 to express in different characters or in another 
 alphabet. 
 
 Trans-lit-er-a'tion, n. The act of transliterating ; 
 that which has been transliterated. 
 
 Trans-lu'cen-cy, n. Quality of being translucent. 
 
 Trans-lii'cent, a. [L. translucere (part, translucen- 
 tis), to shine through ; trans, through, and lucere, 
 to shine.] Pervious to light; semi-transparent; 
 diaphanous ; pellucid. 
 
 Trans-ma-rine', a. [L. transmarinns, beyond the 
 sea. — See Trans and Marine.] Being, or situ- 
 ated, beyond the sea. 
 
 Trans'mi-grate, v. u. [L. transmigrare, transmi- 
 grataml — See Trans and Migrate.] [pp. trans- 
 migrating, transmigrated.] To go to another 
 state or place : — to remove to another bo ly. 
 
 Trans-mi-gra'tion, n. [L. transmigrate).] The act 
 of transmigrating; passage from one state into 
 another. [mitted. 
 
 Trans-mis'si-ble. a. [Fr.] That may be trans- 
 
 Trans-mis'sion (trans-inish'vin), n. [L. transmis- 
 sio. — See Transmit.] The act of transmitting; 
 thing transmitted; a sending. 
 
 Trans-nut', v. a. [L. transmittere ; trans, across, 
 ami mittere, to send.] [pp. transmitting, trans- 
 mitted.] To 6end from one person or place to 
 another; to transfer; to send. 
 
 Trans-mit'ter, n. One who transmits. 
 
 Trans-mu'tai-ble, a. That may be transmuted. 
 
 Trans-mu-ta'tion, n. [L. transmiUatio. — See Mu- 
 tation.] The act of transmuting; change of 
 substance ; alteration. 
 
 Trans-mute', v. a. [L. transmutare ; trans, across, 
 and mutare, to change.] []>p. transmuting, trans- 
 muted.] To change from one nature or sub- 
 stance to another ; to change; to alter. 
 
 Tran'som, n. [L. transtrum, a thwart, a transom; 
 f rom trans, across.] (Arch.) A horizontal tim- 
 ber running across a double window ; a cross- 
 beam or lintel over a door: — a cross-staff. 
 
 Trans-par'en-cy, n. State of being transparent; 
 clearness ; translucence : — that which is trans- 
 parent. 
 
 Trans-par'ent, a. |L. trans, through, and parere 
 (part, parentis), to appear.] Pervious to the light; 
 clear; pellucid; diaphanous; translucent. 
 
 Trans-par'ent-ly, ad. With transparency. 
 
 Trans-par'ent-ness, n. Transparency. 
 
 Tran-spic'u-ous, a. [L. transpicere, to see through. 
 — Cf. Conspicuous.] Pervious to the sight. 
 
 Trans-pierce', ». n. [Fr. tr«nspercer.—i>ee Trans 
 and Pierce.] [pp. transpiercing, transpierced.] 
 To pierce through. 
 
 Tran-spi-ra'tion, n. The act of transpiring. 
 
 Tran-splre', v. a. [L. truns, through, and spirare, 
 to breathe.] [pp. transpiring, transpired.] To 
 emit in vapor. — 2, v. n. To be emitted, as vapor: 
 — to escape from secrecy into notice; to become 
 known : — to come to light : — to happen (in this 
 last sense not in good use). 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, r iile, use.— 9, £, 9, §, soft ; j3, fi, p, f , hard ; § as z \ ? as gz ; tnis. 
 
TRANSPLANT 
 
 548 
 
 TREASURE 
 
 Trans-plant', v. a. [L. transplantare. — See Trans 
 and Plant.] [pp. transplanting, transplanted.] 
 To plant in a new place. 
 
 Trans-port', v. a. [L. transportare ; trans, across, 
 and porture, to carry.] [pp. transporting, trans- 
 ported.] To convey from place to place; to 
 carry ; to bear : — to banish : — to affect with pas- 
 sion or ecstasy ; to enchant. 
 
 Trans'port, n. Conveyance ; transportation ; car- 
 riage : — a vessel : — rapture ; ecstasy. 
 
 Trans-port' ^-ble, a. That may be transported. 
 
 Trans-por-ta'tion, n. [L. trausportatio. — See 
 Transport.] ' The act of transporting ; trans- 
 port ; conveyance ; banishment. 
 
 Trans-pose', v. a. [Fr. transposer: historically it 
 represents L. trans, across, and Pose; in mean- 
 ing it stands for L. transponere, transpositum, to 
 remove; irans, across, and ponere, position, to 
 place.] [pp. transposing, transposed.] To put 
 each in the place of the other; to put out of 
 place ; to remove. 
 
 Trans-po-si"tion (trans-po-zish'un), n. [L. trans- 
 positio. — See Position.] The act of transposing ; 
 reciprocal change of place. 
 
 Trans-ship', v. a. [Trans and Ship.] [pp. trans- 
 shipping, transshipped.] To remove from one 
 conveyance or vessel to another. 
 
 Trans-ship'ment, n. The act of transshipping. 
 
 Tran-sub-stan-ti-a'tion (-she-a'shun), n. [Late 
 L. trausubstantiatio ; transubstantiate, to change the 
 substance of; trans, across, and substantia, sub- 
 stance {q. v.).] The doctrine that bread and wine 
 in the eucharist are changed into the real body 
 and blood of Christ; change of substance. 
 
 Tran-su-da/tion, n. The act of transuding. 
 
 Tran-sude', v. n. [L. trans, across, through, and 
 sudare, to sweat.] [pp. transuding, transuded.] 
 To pass through. 
 
 Trans-ver'sal, a. Running crosswise.— 2, n. A 
 line drawn across others, so as to cut them all. 
 
 Trans-verse', n. [L. transcertere, transversum, to 
 turn across; trans, across, and vertere, to turn.] 
 The longest diameter of an ellipse. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. transversing, transversed.] To change ; to 
 overturn. — 3, a. Being in a cross direction. 
 
 Trans-verse'ly, ad. In a cross direction. 
 
 Trap, n. [A.-S. treppe; Fr. trappe; It. irappa: 
 root of Tramp and Put. trappen, to tread.] A 
 little engine to catch animals ; a snare :— a strat- 
 agem : — a contrivance for preventing the en- 
 trance of sewer-gas into a house. — [Dan. trap, 
 trap-rock ; Sw. trappa, Dan. trappe, Ger. treppe, 
 a stair; root of Dut. trappen, to tread.] (Min.) 
 A kind of rock, often of columnar form : — a lad- 
 der. — 2, v. a. [pp. trapping, trapped.] To in- 
 snare ; to entrap : — [Sp. trapo, Late L. trapus, 
 Fr. drap, cloth] to dress ; to decorate. 
 
 Tra-pan', v. a. [pp. trapanning, trapanned.] To 
 lay a trap for; to insnare. — 2, n. [0. Fr. trap- 
 pan, a trap (q. v.), a snare.] A stratagem; a 
 snare ; a cheat. 
 
 Trap'-door (trap'dor), n. A door in a floor. 
 
 Tra-peze', n. [Fr. trapeze, a trapezoid.] An ap- 
 paratus somewhat in the form of a trapezium, 
 for gymnastic exercises. 
 
 Tra-pe'zi-um (tra-pe'zhe-tim or tra-pe'ze-um), n. ; 
 pi. Tra-pe'zi-a, or Tra-pe'zi-ums. [L. ; Gr. rpa- 
 7re'£(.ov, dim. of rpane^a, a table ; rerpa-, four, 
 and 7re£a, a foot.] (Geow.) A quadrilateral fig- 
 ure bounded by straight lines, no two of whose 
 sides are parallel to each other. 
 
 Trap-e-zoid', or Tra-pe'zoid, n. [Gr. rpane^a, a 
 table, and elSog, form.] (Geom.) A four-sided 
 figure of which only two of the sides are parallel. 
 
 Trap'per, n. One who takes animals by traps. 
 
 Trap'pings, n. pi. [See Trap, to adorn.] Orna- 
 ments; dress. 
 
 Trap'pist, n. [From the monastery of La Trappe, 
 in France.] A monk of austere life. 
 
 Traps, n. pi. Luggage ; personal effects. 
 
 Trash, n. [Icel. & Norw. tros, twigs, rubbish, 
 
 sticks ; Sw. trasa, a rag : from the root of Crash, 
 to break.] Any thing worthless ; dross:— matter 
 improper for food :— loppings of trees. 
 
 Trash' y, a. Worthless; vile; useless. 
 
 Trass, w. [Ger. trass, tarrass. — Cf. Fr. terrasse, 
 earth- work.] An earthy or mineral substance 
 used as a cement. 
 
 Trau-mat'ic, a. [Gr. Tpavju.art/cd? ; rpav/xa, a 
 wound.] Useful for wounds :— produced by or 
 resulting from a wound. 
 
 Trav'ail (trav'il), v. n. [Fr. travail, It. travaqlio, 
 labor ; Sp. trabajo, an obstacle ; trabar, to fetter ; 
 L. trabs, trabis, a beam.] [pp. travailing, trav- 
 ailed.] To toil :— to be in labor.— 2, n. Labor : 
 —labor in childbirth. 
 
 Trav'el, v. n. [A variant of Travail.] [pp. trav- 
 elling, travelled.] To make a journey ; to pass ; 
 to journey; to visit foreign countries.— 2, v. a. 
 To pass over; to journey over.— 3, n. The act 
 of travelling ; a journey.— pi. A book contain- 
 ing an account of travel. 
 
 Trav'elled (trav'eld), a. Having been abroad. 
 
 Trav'el-ler, w. One who travels ; a tourist. 
 
 Trav'ers-a-ble, a. That may be traversed or 
 crossed :— liable to legal objection. 
 
 Trav'erse, ad. [Fr. trovers, crosswise; traverser, 
 to cross.— See Transverse.] Athwart; cross- 
 wise.— 2, a. Lying across.— Traverse jury, a jury 
 for trying a disputed point; a petit jury.— 3, n. 
 Any thing that thwarts or crosses; an obstacle ; 
 a turn; a trick :— a denial. — 4, v. a. [pp. trav- 
 ersing, traversed.] To cross; to oppose ; to sur- 
 vey.— (Law.) To deny ; to take issue on.— 5, v. n. 
 To make opposition in fencing. 
 
 Trav'er-tine, n. [It. travertino, tiburtino ; L. lapis 
 libur'tinus, Tiburtine stone; named from the town 
 of Tibur, in Italy.] A kind of limestone. 
 
 Trav'es-ty, n. [Fr. travestir, to disguise, to change 
 the 'apparel of; travesti, disguised; L. trans, 
 across, and vestire, to clothe.] A burlesque 
 translation. — 2, v. a. [pp. travestying, traves- 
 tied.] To translate so as to render ridiculous; 
 to turn into burlesque. 
 
 Trawl, n. [Fr. trdler, to drag.— See Troi.t,.] A 
 long line set with fish-hooks :— a drag-net. — 
 2, v. n. [pp. trawling, trawled.] To fish with 
 trawls. 
 
 Tray (tra), n. [A.-S. treq, a tray ; trig, a trough 
 (q. v.).] A shallow wooden vessel or stand; a 
 portable shelf; a waiter. 
 
 Treaeh'er-ofis (trech'er-us), a. Pai'taking of 
 treachery; faithless; perfidious; false. 
 
 Treach'er-ous-ly, ad. Perfidiously. 
 
 Treach'er-y, n. [Fr. tricherie, It. treccheria, trick- 
 ery, deceit. — See Trick.] Breach of trust; 
 perfidy ; gross faithlessness. 
 
 Trea'cle (tre'kl), n. [0. Fr. triacle, a corrupt form 
 of Fr. theriaque, a medicinal sirup, an antidote. 
 — See Theriac] A viscid sirup ; molasses. 
 
 Tread (tred), v. n. [A.-S. tredan; Dut. treden; 
 Ger. treten; Dan. trse.de; Goth, trudan.] [i. trod, 
 —formerly trode ; pp. treading, trodden.] To set 
 the foot; to trample; to walk.— 2, v. a. To 
 walk on ; to trample. — 3, n. A stepping; a step 
 with the foot:— the horizontal part of a step or 
 stair : — the tire, or bearing surface, of a wheel. 
 
 Tread'le (tred'dl), n. [A.-S. tredel— See Tread.] 
 A part of a loom or machine which is moved by 
 the tread or foot. 
 
 Tread' -mill (tred'mil), n. A mill kept in motion 
 by persons treading on a wheel. 
 
 Trea'son (tre'zn), n. [0. Fr. treason; Fr. trahison; 
 L. traditio, betrayal ; tradere, to give up ; trans, 
 over, and dare, to give.] A breach of faith or 
 of allegiance ; the highest offence against a state 
 or government; rebellion; disloyalty. 
 
 Trea'son-a-ble (trg'zn-a-bl), a. Having the na- 
 ture or guilt of treason ; rebellious. 
 
 Treas'ure (trezh'ur), n. [Fr. tresor, Sp. tesoro, L. 
 thesaurus, a treasury, or treasure. — Pee Thesau- 
 rus.] Wealth hoarded ; riches : — a thing greatly 
 
 a, e, i, o, u, y, long; a, e, I, o, S, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her ; 
 
TREASURER 
 
 549 
 
 TRIBUNITIAL 
 
 prized.— 2, v. o. [pp. treasuring, treasured.] 
 To hoard ; to lay up. 
 
 Treas'ur-er (trezh'ur-er), v. [Fr. trisorkr. — See 
 Treasure.] One who has the care of the money 
 of a state, &c. 
 
 Treas'ure-trove, n. [Treasure, and Fr. trouver, 
 0. Fr. trover, to find.— See Troubadour.] (Law.) 
 Money, &c, found hidden in the earth, the 
 owner being unknown. 
 
 Treas/ii-ry. (tiezh'u-re), n. [Fr. trescrerie. — See 
 Treasur'e.] A place for money. 
 
 Treat, v. a. [Fr. trailer; L. tractare, to handle; 
 frequentative of trahere, tractum, to draw.] [pp. 
 treating, treated.] To use; to handle; toman- 
 age :— to entertain. — 2, v. n. To discourse :— to 
 make terms. — 3, n. An entertainment given; 
 a, feast: — an act of entertaining. 
 
 Trea'tise (tre'tiz or tre'tis), n. [0. Fr. tretis; Fr. 
 traite. — See Tract and Treat.] A well-digested 
 composition ; a formal essay ; a discourse ; disser- 
 tation. 
 
 Treat'ment. n. Manner of treating; usage. 
 
 Trea'ty. (tre'te), n. [Fr. traite.— See Treat.] An 
 agreement between independent states; nego- 
 tiation ; compact. 
 
 Treb'le (treb'bl), a. [A variant of Triple.] Triple; 
 threefold. — 2, v. a. [pp. trebling, trebled.] To 
 multiply by three; to triple. — 3, v. u. To be- 
 come threefold.— 4, n. (Mus.) The highest part 
 of music, sung by women ; soprano. 
 
 Treb'ly. (treb'ble), ad. In a threefold degree. 
 
 Tree, n. [A.-S. treo, treow ; Icel. tri; Dan. trie; 
 Goth, triu; Russ. drevo.—Cf. Welsh derw, Gr. 
 opO?, an oak; Skr. dm, daru, wood.] The largest 
 kind of woody vegetable, larger than a shrub. 
 
 Tree'-frog, n. A frog-like animal found on trees. 
 
 Tree'nail, n. (Kant.) A wooden pin for fasten- 
 ing planks : — commonly pronounced, and some- 
 times written, trunnel. 
 
 Tre'fbil, n. [Fr. trifle, 0. Fr. trifoil, L. trefolium, 
 a three-leaved plant; Ires, three, and folium, a 
 leaf.] A three-leaved plant. 
 
 Trel'lis, n. [Fr. treillis, treille; L. trichila, tricla, a* 
 bower, an arbor.] A sort of lattice-work, or 
 cross-barred work, used in summer-houses, for 
 verandas, &c. ; a lattice. 
 
 Trem'ble, v. n. [Fr. trembler; Late L. tremulare; 
 L. tremere; Gr. rpe'/aeti'.] [pp. trembling, trem- 
 bled.] To shake: to quake; to shudder. — 2, n. 
 A state of trembling; a state of agitation, as 
 through fear. 
 
 Trem'bling-ly, ad. So as to quiver. 
 
 Tre-men'dous, a. [L. tremendw, that ought to 
 cause trembling; tremere, to quake.] Dreadful; 
 terrible; frightful. 
 
 Tre-men'dous-ly., ad. Horribly; dreadfully. 
 
 Tre-men'dous-nSss, n. Dread ; horror. 
 
 TrSm'o-lite, w- [From the Tremolo, valley, in the 
 Alps.'] A fibrous, whitish mineral. 
 
 Tre'mor [trem'ur, Sm. H. St.], n. [L. — See Trem- 
 ble.] The state of trembling; a quivering; 
 trepidation. [Trembling; quivering. 
 
 Trem'ii-lous, a. [L. tremulus. — See Tremble.] 
 
 Trem'u-lous-ly, ad. In a tremulous manner. 
 
 TreWu-lous-ness, n. State of quivering. 
 
 Trench, v. n. [Fr. trancher, 0. Fr. trencher, to cut ; 
 Sp. trinehar, It. trinciare, to carve ; Fr. tranchie, 
 Sp. trinchea, It. trincea, a trench, a cut.] [pp. 
 trenching, trenched.] To encroach; to intrench. 
 — 2, v. a. To cut : — to ditch : — to fortify. — 3, n. 
 A ditch ; a long narrow cut in the earth ; a ditch 
 as a defence for soldiers. 
 
 Trench' ant, a. Cutting ; sharp. 
 
 Treneh'er, n. [Fr. tranchoir, a platter; trancher, 
 to carve.] One who trenches: — a large wooden 
 plate ; platter :— table :— food. 
 
 Trend, v. n. [Cf. Dan. & Sw. trind, 0. Fris. trind, 
 trund, round; A.-S. trendel, tryndel, a circle.] 
 [pp. trending, trended.] To run; to tend; to 
 stretch. — 2, n. A part of the shank to an 
 anchor : — direction or tendency ; inclination. 
 
 Tren'tal, n. [Contracted from trigintal; L. tri- 
 genti,' thirty.] A service of thirty masses for the 
 dead. 
 
 Tre-pan', n. [Late L. trepanum, Gr. rpviravov, a 
 boring tool ; rpvirav, to bore ; rpvna, a hole ; 
 Tpeireiv, to turn.] A surgeon's circular saw ; a 
 trephine : — [see Trepan] a snare ; a trapau. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. trepanning, trepanned.] To per- 
 forate with the trepan. 
 
 Tre-pang', n. See Tripang. 
 
 Tre-phine', or Tre-phine', w. [Fr. trephine; a 
 variant of Trepan.] A surgical instrument for 
 trepanning. — 2, v. a. [pp. trephining, trephined.] 
 To perforate with the trephine ; to trepan. 
 
 Trep-i-da'tion, n. [L. trepidatio ; trepidare, to 
 tremble ; trepidus, alarmed ; trepit, he turns ; Gr. 
 rpenetp, to turn.] State of trembling ; tremor. 
 
 Tres'pass, n. [0. Fr. trespas ; Sp. treqpaso, a tres- 
 pass, a passage over ; L. trans, across, and passus, 
 a step. — See Pace.] A transgression of law ; a 
 misdemeanor; offence; unlawful entrance. — 
 2, v. n. [j>i>. trespassing, trespassed.] To enter 
 unlawfully iuto another's ground ; to transgress. 
 
 Tres'pass-er, n. One who trespasses. 
 
 Tress, '//. [Fr. tresse, a plait; tresser, to plait; It. 
 treccia, a braid; Late L. trica, tricia, a threefold 
 braid; Gr. rpt'xa, triple; rpia, three (q. v.).] A 
 lock; a ringlet; a curl of hair. 
 
 Tres'tle (tres'sl), n. [0. Fr. trestel; Fr. triteau; L. 
 translillum, dim. of transtrum, a cross-beam. — See 
 Transom.] The frame of a table : — a prop ; a 
 support :— a three-legged stool. 
 
 Tret, n. [0. Norm. Fr. trett; Fr. trait, a draught ; 
 traite, trade, transportation ; L. trahere, tracturn, 
 to draw.] An allowance in weight for waste. 
 
 Trev'et, n. [See Trivet.] An iron stool with 
 three legs:— part of a kitchen range. 
 
 Trey (tra), n. [0. Fr. treis, Fr. trois, L. tres, three.] 
 A three at cards. 
 
 Tri-. [L. Wo, Gr. rpia, three (neuter plural).] A 
 prefix denoting three ; threefold. 
 
 Tri'ad, n. [Fr. triade ; L. trios, triadis ; Gr. Tpi.ds. 
 —See Three.] Three united ; the union of three. 
 
 Tri'al, n. [See Try.] The act of trying: a test; 
 examination; experiment; attempt: — probation. 
 
 Tri'an-gle (trl'ang-gl), n. [Fr. ; L. trianguhts; 
 tri-, three, and amjulus, an angle.] A figure of 
 three angles and three sides. 
 
 Tri-ah'gu-lar (-ang'gu-lar), a. [L. triangularis; 
 Fr. triangulaire.] Having three angles; triangled. 
 
 Tri-ah'gu-late. r. a. [pp. triangulating, triangu- 
 lated.] To divide into triangles. 
 
 Tri-ah-gu-la'tion, u. The act of triangulating. 
 
 Trl'as, n, [Gr. Vpta;, a union of three; from its 
 three main divisions. — See Triad.] (Qeol.) The 
 upper new red sandstone. 
 
 Tri-as'sic, «. Belonging to the trias. 
 
 TrI'bal, u. Belonging to a tribe. 
 
 Tri-ba'sic, a. [See Tri- and Base.] (Chent.) Con- 
 taining three equivalents of a base. 
 
 Tribe, n. [L. tribus, a tribe, — properly, it is said 
 one of three; tribus, dative plural of tres, three : 
 referring to the three primitive tribes of the 
 Roman people.] A distinct body of people; a 
 family ; a race : — a genus ; a class. 
 
 TrI'brach, n. [Gr. TptjSpaxvs ; rpeU, three, and 
 /Spaxvs, short.] A poetic foot consisting of three 
 short syllables. 
 
 Trlb-u-la'tion, n. [L. tr-ibidatio, affliction ; tribu- 
 lare, to afflict, — properly, to rub out corn from 
 the husk; tribulum, an instrument for rubbing 
 out corn ; terere, trivi, to rub. — See Trite.] Dis- 
 tress; severe trial. 
 
 TrI-bu'nal, n. [L.— See Tribune.] A court of 
 justice ; judicatory. 
 
 Trib'une (trlb'yun), n. [L. tribnnns, a tribune, — 
 properly, an officer of a tribe (q. v.).] An officer 
 of ancient Rome : — a raised seat for a speaker ; a 
 rostrum. 
 
 Trib'une-ship, w. The office of a tribune. 
 
 TriD-u-m"tial, a. Relating to a tribune. 
 
 mien, sir ; m8ve, nor, s8n ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 9, 9, c, §, soft; p, fSr, p, §, hard; s «s z ; ? as gz ; this. 
 
TEIBUTAKY 
 
 550 
 
 TEIPE 
 
 Trib'u-ta-ry, a. [L. tributarius.] Paying tribute ; 
 contributing; subordinate; subject : — paid in 
 tribute. — 2, n. One who pays tribute. 
 
 Trib'iite (trib'yut), n. [L. tribuere, tributum, to as- 
 sign,— originally, to allot to a tribe (q. v.).] A 
 payment made in acknowledgment of subjection, 
 or for protection. 
 
 Trice, n. [Sp. tris, Port, triz, an instant, — prop- 
 erly, the crash of breaking glass : imitative.] A 
 short time; an instant. — 2, v. a. [Sw. trissa, 
 Norw. triss, Dan. tridse, a pulley ; 0. Ger. tryssen, 
 Low Ger. drysen, to wind.] [pp. tricing, triced.] 
 (Naut.) To haul up and tie. 
 
 Tri-phl'na, n. ; pi. Tri-chi'nae. [Gr. Tpixivo?, 
 hair-like; Opi£, rpt^os, a hair.] A very small, 
 deadly parasite found in the muscles of animals. 
 
 Trich-i-ni'a-sis, n. The disease induced by the 
 presence of trichinse in the system. 
 
 Trich'i-nous, a. Of or pertaining to, or infested 
 withj trichinse. 
 
 Trick, n. [Fr. tricher, to trick ; Dut. trek, a trick ; 
 apparently related to Dut. trecJcen, to draw.— But 
 cf. L. tricse, trifles, wiles, tricks; Iricari, to trifle, 
 to trick ; It. treccare, to cheat.] A sly fraud ; 
 artifice ; juggle.— 2, v. a. [pp. tricking, tricked.] 
 To impose upon; to cheat; to defraud: — to 
 dress; to adorn.— [Dut. treklcen, to draw.] (Her.) 
 To blazon ; to trace on coat-armor. — 3, v. n. To 
 practise trickery or fraud. 
 
 Trick'er-y, n. [Fr. tricherie; It. treccheria.] Ar- 
 tifice": — act of dressing up. 
 
 Trick'ish, a. Knavishly artful ; cunning. 
 
 Tric'kie (trlk'kl), v. n. [A.-S. stricau, to strike, to 
 move on ; 0. E. (frequentative) strikelen, to flow 
 steadily.] [pp. trickling, trickled.] To fall or 
 run down in drops. 
 
 Trick' ster, n. One who practises tricks. 
 
 Trick'sy.', a. Cunning; artful; full of tricks. 
 
 Trick'y, a. Full of tricks; dishonest. 
 
 TrI'c61-or, n. [Fr. — See Tki- and Color.] The 
 French republican flag, of three colors, blue, 
 white, and red. 
 
 Tricot (tre-ko), n. [Fr. ; Mooter, 0. Fr. estrkoter, 
 Ger. stricken, to knit.] A kind of woollen cloth. 
 
 Tri-cus'pid, a. [L. tri-, three, and cuspis, cuspidis, 
 a point.] Having three points. 
 
 Tri'cy-cle (or tri'sT-kl), n. [Tri- and Cycle.] A 
 velocipede with three wheels. 
 
 Tri'dent, n. [L. tridens, tridentis ; tri-, three, and 
 dens, a tooth.] The three-forked sceptre of Nep- 
 tune ; a spear with three prongs. 
 
 Tri-den'tate, a. (But.) Having three teeth. 
 
 Trl-den'tine, a. [L. Tridentum, Trent.] Relating 
 to Trent, or the council of Trent. 
 
 Tri-en'ni-al, a. [L. triennis; triennium, a period 
 of three years; tri-, three, and minus, a year.] 
 Happening every third year; lasting three years. 
 
 Tri-en'ni-al-ly, ad. Once in three years. 
 
 Tri'er, n. One who tries; an examiner. 
 
 Tri'fid, a. [L. trifidns ; tri-, tbree, and fin dere, fidi, 
 to split.] Cut or divided into three parts. 
 
 TrI'fle (tri'fl), v. n. [0. Fr. trufle, or truffle, any 
 thing worthless; Fr. triife,'& truffle (q. v.), — for- 
 merly, also, a jest, a mockery. — Cf. also A.-S. 
 trifelian, to bruise small ; L. tribulare, to rnb out 
 corn.] [pp. trifling, trifled.] To act with levity 
 or folly. — 2, v. a. To waste away ; to dissipate. 
 —3, n. A thing of no value. 
 
 Trl'fler, n. One who trifles. 
 
 Tri' fling 1 , a. Wanting worth ; slight. 
 
 Tri-fo'li-ate, ) a. [L. tri-, three, and folium, a 
 
 Tri-fo'li-at-ed. j leaf J Having three leaves. 
 
 Tri'form, a. [L. triformis; tri-, three, and forma, 
 form.] Having a triple form or shape. 
 
 Trig, v. a. [From Trigger.] [pp. trigging, 
 trigged.] To stop, as a wheel, by putting a 
 stone under it; to scotch.— 2, v. A block, or 
 catch, to stop a wheel. — 3, a. [0. E. trick, trim. 
 — Cf. Trick, to adorn.] Neat; trim. 
 
 Trig'ger, n. [Dut. trekker ; trekken, to pull.] A 
 catch to stop a gun or wheel. 
 
 Tri'glyph, n. [Gr. rpiyAiKpos, thrice-grooved; 
 rpi-, three, and y\v<f>ei.v, to carve.] (Arch.) An 
 ornament repeated at intervals in a Doric frieze. 
 
 Tri'gon, n. [Gr. rplyoivov ; Tpi-, three, and yuvia, 
 an angle ; yovo, a knee.] A triangle.— (Astrol.) 
 Trine aspect. 
 
 Trig-o-no-met'ric, \ a. Relating to trigonom- 
 
 Trig-o-no-met'ri-cal, J etry. 
 
 Trig-o-no-met'ri-cal-ly, ad. By trigonometry. 
 
 Trig-o-nom'e-try, n. [Gr. rptytovov, a triangle, 
 and fxeTpov, a measure.] The art of measuring 
 the sides and angles of triangles. 
 
 Tri-lat'er-al, a. [See Tri- and Lateral.] Having 
 three sides. 
 
 Tri-lin'gual (-Hng'gwal), a. [L. trilinguis; tri-, 
 three, and lingua, a tongue.] In three languages. 
 
 Tri-lit'er-al, a. [Tri- and Literal.] Having 
 three letters. 
 
 Trill, n. [It. tnllare, Fr. triller, Dut. trillen, Ger. 
 trillern, to trill ; It. trillo, Ger. triller, Fr. trille, a 
 trill.] A quaver; tremulousness of music. — 
 2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. trilling, trilled.] To utter 
 with quavering ; to quaver. 
 
 Trill'ion, n. [Tri-, three : on type of million.'] 
 (Eng.) A notation expressed by a unit with 
 eighteen ciphers annexed : — (Fr.) expressed by 
 a unit with twelve ciphers annexed. 
 
 Tri'lo-blte, n. [Gr. rpi's, three, and A6/So?, a lobe.] 
 An extinct crustacean. 
 
 Tril'o-gyr, n. [Gr. rpiKoyia ; Tpi?, three, and Aoyos, 
 a discourse.] A series of three dramas, each com- 
 plete, yet related :— a discourse in three parts. 
 
 Trim, a. [A.-S. trymian, trymman, to adjust, to 
 array, — properly, to make firm; tram, firm. — 
 Cf. Low Ger. trim, bedecked.] Nice; snug; 
 dressed up; smart. — 2, n. Dress; gear; orna- 
 ments; trimming. —3, v. a. [pp. trimming, 
 trimmed.] To dress; to adjust:— to shave :— to 
 clip ; to prune : — to balance, as a ship.— 4, v. n. 
 To fluctuate between parties. 
 
 Trim'e-ter, n. [Gr. rptp-eTpos ; rpi?, three, and 
 /uerpov/a measure.] A verse of three measures. 
 
 Tri-met'ric, ) a. [See Trimeter.] Consisting 
 
 Tri-met'ri-cal, J of three poetical measures : — 
 having three unequal axes. 
 
 Trim'ly, ad. Nicely ; neatly. 
 
 Trim'mer, n. One who trims ; a turncoat. 
 
 Trim'ming, n. Appendages to a coat, &c. 
 
 Trim'ness, n. Neatness ; petty elegance. 
 
 Trine, n. [L. triuus, three by three, threefold. — 
 See Tri-.] (Astrol.) A certain aspect of the 
 planets : — three of a kind together ; three chil- 
 dren at a birth ; a triplet ; a triad.— 2, a. Three- 
 fold ; thrice repeated. 
 
 Trin-i-ta'ri-an, a. Relating to the Trinity. — 2, n. 
 A believer of the doctrine of the Trinity. 
 
 Trin-i-ta'ri-an-i§m, n. Trinitarian doctrine. 
 
 Trin'i-tx, n- [L. trinitas, a triad ; trinus, threefold,] 
 Three united in one ; the doctrine of three per- 
 sons in the godhead or in one God. 
 
 Trin'ket, n. [Probably from 0. E. trynket, a knife, 
 a tool. — Cf. Sp. trinchete, It. trincetto, a shoe- 
 knife : akin to Trench.] A toy; an ornament 
 of dress :— a decoration of small value. 
 
 Tri-no'mi-al, a. [From Tri-, three : on type of 
 binomial.] Containing three terms. 
 
 Tri'o (or tre'o), n. [It. for "three" (q. v.).] A 
 piece of music for three voices or three instru- 
 ments : — three united. 
 
 Tri'o-let, n. [Fr.— See Trio.] A stanza of eight 
 lines, with the first line thrice repeated. 
 
 Trip, v. a. [Dut. trippen, trippelen; Low Ger. 
 trippeln; Dan. trippe.] [pp. tripping, tripped.] 
 To supplant ; to throw : to detect. — 2, v. n. To 
 stumble; to err: — to run. — 3, n. A catch; a 
 stumble ; a mistake :— a short journey or voyage. 
 
 Tri-pang', n. [An Oriental name.] Dried sea- 
 slug, used for soups, &c. 
 
 Trip'ar-tite. a. [L. tri-, three, and partiri, partitus, 
 I to part (q. v.).] Divided into three parts. 
 I Tripe, n. [Fr. tripe; Sp. tripa ; It. trippa. — Cf. 
 
 a, e, i, o, 5, y, long; a, e, I, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
TEIPETALOL T S 
 
 551 
 
 TEOTH 
 
 Irish triopas, Welsh tripa, intestines.] The belly : 
 
 —the large stomach of the ox, &c, prepared for 
 
 food. [three petals. 
 
 Tri-pet'a-lous, a. [Tei- and Petal.] Having 
 Trip'-ham-mer. n. A large hammer used in 
 
 forges for beating iron ; a tilt-hammer. 
 Triph'thong (trip'thong) [trlf thong or trip'thong, 
 
 N. I. Wb.], n. [Gr. rpi-, three, and <j>06-yvos, 
 
 the voice. — See Diphthong.] A union of three 
 
 vowels in one sound, as ieu in lieu. 
 Trip le (trip'pl), a. [Fr. triple; L. triplm, triplex. — 
 
 See Double.] Threefold ; three times repeated. 
 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. tripling, tripled.] To make 
 
 threefold ; to treble. 
 Trip'let, a. [From Triple.] Three of a kind or 
 
 together : — three lines rhyming together. 
 Trlp'li-cate, a. [L. triplicate, triplication, to treble; j 
 
 tri-, three, and plicate, to weave.] Made thrice I 
 
 as much ; tripled.— 2, v. A third thing corre- j 
 
 sponding to two others of the same kind. 
 Tri'pod, n. [Gr. rpi-novs, rptVoSos, three-footed; 
 
 irovs, a foot.] A seat, vessel, table, or instru- 
 ment having three feet. 
 Trip'o-li, n. [Named from Tripoli, which is from 
 
 Gr. Vpt-, three, and n-oAis, a city.] A polishing 
 
 powder. 
 Tri'pos, n. ; pi. Tri'pos-es. [L. tripvs, a tripod 
 
 (q. v.). The successful candidates are grouped 
 
 in three classes.] A tripod : — an examination in 
 
 the university of Cambridge, England. 
 Trip'ping, a. Quick; nimble; skipping. — 2, n. 
 
 A stumbling : — a light dance. 
 Trlp'ping-ly, ad. With agility; swiftly. 
 Trlp'tych, n. [Gr. rpi's, three, and nTvij, a fold.] 
 
 A picture in three compartments. 
 Tri'reme, n. [L. triremie; tri-, three, and renins, 
 
 an oar. — Cf. Gr. Tptrjprjs, a trireme.] A Grecian 
 
 galley with three tiers or benches of oars on a 
 
 side. 
 Tri-sect', v. a. [L. tri-, three, and secare, sectnm, 
 
 to cut.] [pp. trisecting, trisected.] To divide 
 
 into three equal parts. 
 Trfs'mus, n. [Gr. rpier/Ltds, a gnashing of the 
 
 teeth.] (Died.) Lockjaw; tetanus. 
 Trist, a. [L. trislis.] Sad ; sorrowful. 
 Tris-yl-lab'ic, ) a. Consisting of three sylla- 
 Tris-yl-lab'i-cal, j bles. 
 Tris'yl-la-ble [tris-sll'la-bl, P. K. 8m. C. St. H.], 
 
 n. [Tki- and Syllable.] A word consisting of 
 
 three syllables. 
 Trite, a. [L. tritus, worn ; (erere, trtium, to rub.] 
 
 Worn out ; stale ; commc n. 
 Trite'ness, n. Staleness; commonness. 
 Tri'the-Ism, n. The doctrine of three gods. 
 Tri'the-ist, ». A believer in tritheism. 
 Tri-the-is'tic, a. Relating to tritheism. 
 Tri' ton, a. [L. ; Gr. TpiVcoy.] A marine demi-god : 
 
 — a water-newt of many species. 
 Trit'u-ra-ble, a. That may be triturated. 
 Trit'ii-rate, w. a. [L. irtiurare, trituratum, to grind ; 
 
 Iriturn, a rubbing; terere, tritum, to rub.] [pp. 
 
 triturating, triturated.] To pound ; to pulverize. 
 Trit-u-ra'tion, ». Reduction to powder. 
 Trl'fimph, i>. [L. triumphus. — Cf. Gr. 0pi'aju/3os, I 
 
 a bacchanal hymn.] A solemn procession in 
 
 honor of victory : — victory ; conquest : — pomp. ! 
 
 — 2, v. n. [pp. triumphing, triumphed.] To 
 
 celebrate a victory ; to rejoice for victory ; to 
 
 exult : — to couquer. 
 Tri-um'phal, «. Used in celebrating a victory. 
 Tri-um'phant, a, [L. trinmphans, part, of trinm- 
 phare, to triumph. J Celebrating victory ; graced 
 
 with victory ; victorious; exultant. 
 Tri-um'phant-ly, ad. With triumph. 
 TrI-um'vir, n. [L. ; trivm, of three, and rir, a 
 
 man.] L. pi. Tri-um'vi-ri ; Eng. TrI-um'virs. 
 
 One of a triumvirate ; one of three men in the 
 
 same office. [a union of three men. 
 
 Tri-um'vi-rate, n. A government by three men ; 
 Tri'une [trl-yun', TF. F.], a. [L. hi-, three, and 
 
 units, one.] Being at once three and one. 
 
 Triv'et, n. [Fr. trepied, three-foot.— See Tripod.] 
 A stool with three legs ; a trevet. 
 
 Triv'i-al (or trlv'yal), a. [L. trivialis, belonging 
 to the cross-roads, — hence, common; trivia, a 
 place where three roads meet; tri-, three, and 
 via, away.] Worthless; light; trifling. 
 
 Triv-i-al'i-ty, n. A trifle; trivialness. 
 
 Triv'i-al-iy, ad. Inconsiderably ; lightly. 
 
 Tri'-week-ly, a. Done or published thrice, a 
 week, or, more correctly, onoe every three weeks. 
 
 Tro'car, or Tro'car, u. [Fr. troeart; from trois- 
 quarts, a three-square instrument.] A surgical 
 instrument. 
 
 Tro-pha'ic, \a. [Gr. Tpoxaixos. — See Tro- 
 
 Tro-cha'i-cal, J chee.] Relating to, or consisting 
 of, trochees. 
 
 Tro-ehan'ter, n. [Gr. rpoxavr^p, a ball in a 
 socket ; Tpox&ew, to turn ; rpexeiv, to run.] 
 (Anat.) A prominence on the femur. 
 
 Tro'phe [troch or trosh, I. ; tro'ke, Mb. ; trdsh, JN r . ; 
 troch or trok, Th.}, n. [Gr. Tpoxos, a wheel, a 
 runner; Tpexetv, to run.] (Med.) A lozenge or 
 cake composed of sugar and mucilage. 
 
 Tro'phee (tro'ke), n. [Gr. rpoxatos, running ; 
 rpexeLv, to run.] A foot in Latin poetry, con- 
 sisting of a long and a short syllable. 
 
 Trod, i. & p. from tread. 
 
 Trod'den (trod'dn), v. from tread. 
 
 Trog'lo-dyte, ». (G r - tpojyAoSuttj? ; TptiiyKy, a 
 cave," and Svew, to enter.] One who lives in a 
 cave ; a cave-dweller. 
 
 Tro'gon, n. [Gr. rpwywv, biting; Tpiityeiv, to 
 gnaw.] A tropical bird of great beauty. 
 
 Troll, V. a. [Fr. troler, to drag, to stroll ; 0. Fr. 
 troller, Ger. trollen, Welsh troelii, to roll; Norw. 
 trulla, to trundle (a. v.).] [pp. trolliiiir, trolled.] 
 To move circularly; to roll :— to sing the parts 
 of; to sing loudly and freely. — 2, v. n. To run 
 round : — to entice: — to fish by drawing the bait 
 through the water. — 3, n. [Icel. troll ; Dan. trold. 
 — Cf. Trull.] A spirit of the woods or hills. 
 
 Troll'ing, a. Loud-sounding and voluble. 
 
 Trol'lop, h. [Cf. Trull.] A slattern :— a slovenly 
 woman. 
 
 Trom'bone, w. [It. ; augmented form of tromba, a 
 trumpet (q. ?-.).] A long and BOnorous brass 
 musical wind-instrument, similar to, but larjrer 
 than, the trmni>et. [Crude native soda. 
 
 Tro'na, n. [Probably an anagram of Natron.] 
 
 Troop, n. [Fr. troupe; It. truppa; Sp. tropa; Late 
 L. tropm : perhaps for L. turbo, a crowd.] A 
 body of cavalry, dragoons, or mounted soldiers: 
 — a company : — a quick march. — pi. A body 
 of soldiers : an army. — 2, v. n. [pp. trooping, 
 trooped.] To march in a body, or in haste. 
 
 Troop'er, ». A horse-soldier; a horseman. 
 
 Trope, u. [L. tropus, Gr. Tpon-o?, a trope, a turn ; 
 rpeireiv, to turn.] (h'het.) A figure of speech 
 which change a word or sentence from its proper 
 or original signification. 
 
 Tro'phy, n. [Fr. trophic; L. tropseum; Gr. rpo- 
 naiov, a monument to an enemy's defeat, erected 
 on the spot of their turning in flight; Tpineiv, 
 to turn.] Something taken in battle : — a mon- 
 ument or memorial of victory. 
 
 Trop'ic, n. [Gr. tpottikos ; tpoto?, a turning. — 
 See Trope.] A line or circle parallel to the equa- 
 tor, at which the sun turns back in his annual 
 journey. — There are two tropics, those of Cancer 
 and Capricorn, the former 23° 2s' uorth, the lat- 
 ter 23° 28' south, of the equator. 
 
 Trop'i-cal, a. Relating to a trope; figurative: — 
 relating to, or produced within, the tropics. 
 
 Trop'i-cal-ly. ad. In a tropical manuer. 
 
 Trot, V. n. [Fr. trotter, to trot ; It. trotfo, a trot ; 
 trotlare, to trot; Late L. trotnrius, a messenger; 
 probably from L. tolutarius, trotting; tolutim, at 
 a trot; tollere, to lift (the feet).] [pp. trotting, 
 trotted.] ' To move with a high, jolting pace.— 
 2, ». A jolting, high pace. 
 
 Troth, ?i. [A variant of Truth.] Faith; truth. 
 
 mien, sir; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— g, Q, c, g, soft; p, £,p, §, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 
 
TKOTHPLIGHT 
 
 552 
 
 TEUSTFUL 
 
 Troth'plight (troth'plTt), n. A betrothing. 
 
 Trot'ter, ». One that trots : — a sheep's toot. 
 
 Trottoir (trot-war), u. [Fr.] A side-walk on a 
 street ; a foot-path ; the pavement. 
 
 Tr6u'ba-dour (tro'ba-dSr), n. [Fr. ; Prov. trobador; 
 irobar, to rhyme ; Fr. trouver, to find, — originally, 
 to find rhymes, to versify ; It. trovare, to find, to 
 invent, — originally, to rhyme or sing; L. tropus, 
 a trope (q. v.), — later, a song.] A mediaeval poet 
 of Provence, in France. 
 
 Troub'le (trtib'bl), v. a. [Fr. trembler, to trouble; 
 L. turbula, a dim. of turba, a crowd ; turbarv, to 
 disturb. — See Turbulent.] [pp. troubling, 
 troubled.] To disturb; to afflict; to molest; to 
 harass ; to embarrass.— 2, n. Disturbance ; dis- 
 tress ; a painful difficulty. 
 
 Troiib'ler (trub'bler), n. One who troubles. 
 
 Troub'le-some (trub'bl-sum), a. Vexatious; un- 
 easy ; afflictive ; tiresome ; wearisome. 
 
 Troub'le-some-ly (trub'bl-sum-le), ad. Vexa- 
 tiously; wearisomely: unseasonably. 
 
 Troub'lous, a. Confused ; lull of trouble. 
 
 Trough (trof) [trawf, Wb. H. C], n. [A.-S.' trog, 
 troh; Dut. & Icel. trog ; Ger. trog, truhe.] Any 
 long thing hollowed, and open on the upper side. 
 
 Trounce, v. a. [0. Fr. tranche, a large stick.— See 
 Trfncheon.] [pp. trouncing, trounced.] To 
 punish ; to beat severely. 
 
 Troupe (trop), n. [Fr.] A band or company : — a 
 band of operatic, equestrian, or other performers. 
 
 Trb'u'§er§, n. pi. [Scot, trews; Old Anglo-Irish, 
 trouses ; Fr. trousses, trunk-hose, breeches ; trousse, 
 a bundle, a truss (q. v.).] A man's outer gar- 
 ment for the legs ; loose pantaloons. 
 
 Trousseau (tro-so'), n. [Fr. ; dim. of trousse, a bun- 
 dle.— See Truss.] Paraphernalia; the clothes, 
 &c, of a bride. 
 
 Trout, n. [A.-S. trulit; Fr. truite ; L. tructa, trutta. 
 — Cf. Gr. Tpw/eTTjs, a kind of fish ; rpwyeir, to 
 gnaw ; Skr. troti, a kind of fish ; trut, to tear.] 
 A delicate, spotted, fresh-water fish. 
 
 Tro'ver, n. [0. Fr. trover, Fr. trouver, to find. — 
 See Troubadour.] (Law.) An action for goods 
 found and not delivered to the owner. 
 
 Trow, v. a. [A.-S. treowian, trywian, treowan, to 
 trust; treowa, trust; treowe, true (q. v.); Dan. 
 tree, to believe ; Ger. trauen, to trust.] To think ; 
 to imagine ; to believe. 
 
 Trow' el, n. [Fr. truelle; Late L. truella ; L. trulla, 
 a trowel; trua, a ladle.] A tool used by brick- 
 layers : — a little garden spatula or spade. 
 
 Trow'§er§, n. pi. Loose pantaloons; trousers. 
 
 Troy'-weight (-wat), n. [Probably from Troyes, 
 in France.] A scale of weights with twelve 
 ounces in a pound. 
 
 Tru'an-cy, n. The act of playing truant. 
 
 Tru'ant, n. [Fr. truand, a vagabond; Sp. trnhan, 
 a buffoon ; Welsh truan, wretched, a wretch ; 
 Gael, truagh, Irish trogha, wretched.] An idler; 
 an idle or truant boy.— 2, a. Idle; wandering 
 from school. 
 
 Truce, n. [Fr. treve, 0. Fr. trewe, pi. trewes, a 
 truce, a respite; A.-S. treowa, faith, truth, a 
 compact. — See True.] A temporary suspension 
 of hostilities; a short peace ; a short quiet. 
 
 Truck, v. a. [L. trochus, Gr. Tpoxo?, a wheel ; 
 rpe^eiv, to run.] [pp. trucking, trucked.] To 
 convey by a truck: — [Fr. troquer, Sp. trocar, 
 0. It. truccare, to barter ; It. treccare, to retail ; 
 Fr. true, Sp. trueco, barter] to barter.— 2, v. n. 
 To barter: — to use a truck.— 3, n. Barter: — a 
 sort of cart; a car: — market-garden products. 
 
 Triick'age, v. Act of trucking : — expense of truck- 
 ing or conveying goods : — barter. 
 
 Truc'kle (truk'kl), v. v. [Properly, to sleep in a 
 truckle-bed, or under his tutor's bed, as a fag.] 
 [pp. truckling, truckled.] To be in subjection; 
 to yield ; to act with servility ; to creep ; to roll. 
 
 Truc'kle-bed, n. [L. trochlea, a pulley, a roller; 
 Gr. rpoxaKia, a sheaf for pulleys. — See Truck.] 
 A bed that runs on wheels. 
 
 Tru'cu-lence [truk'u-lens, IV. St. I.], n. [L. trucu- 
 lentia.] Savageness of manners. 
 
 Tru'cu-lent [truk'u-lent, N. St. 1.1, a. [L. trucu- 
 lent, cruel; trux, truck, fierce.] Savage; barbar- 
 ous ; cruel ; fierce ; of savage looks or manners. 
 
 Trudge, v. n. [Etymology unknown. — Of. Drudge.] 
 [pp. trudging, trudged.] To travel laboriously ; 
 to jog along on foot. 
 
 True, a. [A.-S. treowe, trywe; Dut. trouw ; Dan. 
 tro; Ger. treu; Goth, triggws: akin to Trow.] 
 Not false ; veracious ; genuine ; real ; faithful ; 
 steady; honest; right; exact. 
 
 True'-blue, n. The best blue color: — a faithful 
 fellow. — 2, a. An epithet used figuratively in 
 the sense of honest, uncorrupt, faithful. 
 
 True'-heart-ed, a. Honest; faithful. 
 
 True' -love-knot, n. An intricate knot. 
 
 Truffle (tru'fl) [truffl, P. C. I. ; truffl, St Sm.'], 
 n. [Fr. truffe, trufle; Sp. trufa; L. tuber, a tuber 
 (q. v.), a truffle; It. tartufo, a truffle, for L. ter- 
 ras, tuber, tuber of the earth ; from its diminutive 
 tartvfola comes Ger. Jcartoffel, a potato.] An edi- 
 ble subterraneous fungus. 
 
 Tru'ism, n. [Fr. truisme.] A self-evident and un- 
 deniable truth, such as needs not be stated. 
 
 Trull, n. [Ger. trulle, trolle.—Cf. It. traja, a trull, 
 a swine ; Fr. trouille, a dowdy, a fat wench ; truie, 
 a swine, a wench.] A wench ; a vagrant strum- 
 
 Tru'ly, ad. According to truth ; really. [pet. 
 
 Trump, n. [Fr. trowpe; Sp. tromba ; It. tromba.~\ 
 A trumpet : — [for triumph; Sw. trmnf, to trump] a 
 winning card. — 2, v. a. [pp. trumping, trumped.] 
 To win with a trump : — to deceive. — 3, v. n. To 
 play a trump card. 
 
 Triimp'er-x, n. [Fr. tromperie, deceit ; tromper, to 
 deceive. — Cf. Ger. gremperei, trash.] Empty talk ; 
 nonsense :— trifles; worthless trash; rubbish. — 
 2, a. Worthless. 
 
 Trump' et, n. [Fr. trompette, dim. of trowpe, a 
 trumpet.] An instrument of martial music. — 
 2, v. a. (pp. trumpeting, trumpeted.] To pub- 
 lish ; to proclaim. — 3, v. n. To utter a trumpet- 
 like call. 
 
 Trump'et-er, n. One who proclaims. 
 
 Trun'cate (trung'kat), a. [L. truncare, truncation, 
 to cut off; iruncus, a trunk ; also truncus, cut off, 
 maimed.] (Bot.) Abruptly cut off. 
 
 Trun'pheon (trun'shun), n. [Fr. tronfon, dim. of 
 tronc, a trunk, a stem, a staff; It. troncone. — See 
 Trunk.] A staff; cudgel. 
 
 Trun'dle (triin'dl), v. n. & v. a. [A.-S. trendel, 
 tryndel, a circle. — See Trend.] [pp. trundling, 
 trundled.] To roll ; to bowl along. — 2, n. Any 
 round, rolling thing; roller. 
 
 Trun' die-bed, n. Same as Trucklf-bed. 
 
 Trunk, n. [L. truncus, a stem, a trunk; also trun- 
 cus, cut off, mutilated; truncare, to cut off.] The 
 body without the limbs, as of a tree or an ani- 
 mal : — a chest of clothes : — a tube : — [Fr. trowpe, 
 a tiumpet, an elephant's proboscis] proboscis of 
 an elephant, &c. 
 
 Trunk'-hose, n. pi. Very short and wide breeches. 
 
 Trunn'ion (trun'yun), n. [Fr. trognon, a stub or 
 stump'; 0. Fr. tron, Fr. tronc, a trunk (q. v.).] 
 The knob of a cannon. 
 
 Truss, n. [Fr. trousse, a pack ; Ger. tross, baggage.] 
 A bandage for ruptures : — a bundle, as of hay : — 
 a frame of timber. — {Nant.) A machine for con- 
 fining a yard to the mast.— 2, v. a. [Fr. trousser, 
 to pack up, to fasten; L. torquere, tortum, torsum, 
 to twist.] [pp. trussing, trussed.] To bind with 
 a truss ; to pack up. 
 
 Trust, n. [Icel. transt; Dan. trb'st; Ger. trost.] 
 Reliance on the fidelity, &c, of another; confi- 
 dence; charge; credit; belief. — 2, v. a. [pp. trust- 
 ing, trusted.] To confide in ; to believe ; to credit; 
 to intrust; to sell to upon credit. — 3, v. n. To 
 have confidence ; to hope. 
 
 Trus-tee', n. One to whom the management of 
 property or of an institution is intrusted. 
 
 Trust' f(il, a. Full of trust; trusting. 
 
 a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, 5, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, x, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
TEUSTILY 
 
 553 
 
 TUEBIDNESS 
 
 Trust'i-ly, ad. Honestly; with fidelity. 
 
 Trust'j-niss, n. Honesty ; fidelity. 
 
 Trust'y, a. Fit to be trusted; houest; faithful. 
 
 Truth,'".; pi. Truths. [A.-S. treo-w, treowdu; Icel. 
 tryggd. — See True.] Conformity to fact or re- 
 ality ; that which is true ; fact ; verity ; veracity ; 
 fidelity; honesty; integrity; virtue. 
 
 Truth' ful, a. Conformable to truth ; true. 
 
 Trflth'ful-lx, ad. According- to truth. 
 
 Truth'ful-nlss, n. State of being truthful. 
 
 Try, v. a. [Fr. trier, to cull, to pick out, to sift, to 
 select ; It. & Late L. tritare, to rub, to wear, to 
 thresh; L. lerere, tritum, to rub.] [i. tried; pp. 
 trying, tried.] To examine; to prove; to put to 
 a test ; to essay ; to attempt : — to refine. — 2, v. n. 
 To endeavor ; to make an essay. 
 
 Try'ing, p. a. Bringing to trial ; severe ; painful. 
 
 Tryst (or trlst), n. [A variant of Trust.] An ap- 
 pointed meeting: — a fair. 
 
 Tryst'ing-place (or trist'ing-), n. A place ap- 
 pointed for meeting. 
 
 Tsar, n. [See Czar.] The emperor of Russia ; czar. 
 
 Tub, n. [Dut. tobbe; Low Ger. tubbe.— Cf. Ger. 
 zuber, Low Ger. toner, a two-handled vessel.] A 
 large open vessel of wood. 
 
 Tu'ba, n. [L.] A bass instrument of brass. 
 
 Tube', n. [Fr. tube, L. tubus, a pipe ; tuba, a trumpet,] 
 A long, hollow body ; a pipe ; a siphon. 
 
 Tu'ber, n. [L. tuber, a swelling.— Cf. Tumid.] A 
 vegetable root, as a potato. 
 
 Tu'ber-cle, n. [Fr. ; L. luberculum, a diminutive 
 of tuber, a swelling.] A small swelling; a pim- 
 
 Tu-ber'cu-lar, a. Full of tubercles. [pie. 
 
 Tu-ber'cu-lous, a. Having tubercles; tubercular. 
 
 Tfibe'rose, or Tu'ber-ose [tii'be-ros, H. St.], n. 
 [Named from its tuberous root.] A plant with 
 a tuberous root and fragrant flowers. 
 
 Tu-ber-ose', a. Having tubers; tuberous. 
 
 Tu-b§r-os'i-ty, n. A swelling; a prominence. 
 
 Tu'ber-ous, a. [L. tuberosus. — See Tuber.] Hav- 
 ing' tubers or knobs. 
 
 Tu'bing, n. System of tubes; material for tubes. 
 
 Tu'bu-lar, a. Long and hollow ; fistular. 
 
 Tu'bu-lat-ed, 1 a. Longitudinally hollow; fistular; 
 
 Tu'bu-lous', J tubular. [little tube or pipe. 
 
 Tu'bule, n. [L. tubnlus, dim. of tubus, a tube.] A 
 
 Tu-bu'li-form, a. Having the form of a tube. 
 
 Tuck, «. [Fr. etoc, estoc ; It. stocco: akin to 
 Stock.] A sword; a rapier:— a net: — a fold in 
 dress:— [It. tocco ; Fr. toe: akin to Touch] a 
 blow; a stroke. — 2, v. a. [Low Ger. tukken; Ger. 
 zucken; root of Ziehen, to draw. — Cf. Tug.] [pp. 
 tucking, tucked.] To compress; to enclose un- 
 der, [worn upon the breast. 
 
 Tuck'er, n. One that tucks :— a piece of linen 
 
 Tuesday, n. [A.-S. Times daeg, Icel. Tys dagr,-— 
 properly, the day of Tiw or Tijr, the war-god.] 
 The third day of the week. 
 
 Tu'fa, n. [It.'ft*/o; Fr. tuf; L. tophus, tofus.] A 
 mineral deposit; tuff. 
 
 Tiiff, n. [It. tnfo.] (Mn.) A gray deposit of cal- 
 careous carbonate ; a volcanic substance. 
 
 Tuft, n. [Fr. tonffe ; Ger. zopf : akin to Top.] A 
 cluster of hair, grass, ribbons, &c. ; a crest; a 
 top-knot.— 2, v. a. [pp. tufting, tufted.] To 
 form into, or adorn with, a tuft. 
 
 Tuft's, a. Adorned with tufts. 
 
 Tug, v. a. & v. n. [A.-S. teon, Goth, tiuhan, Ger. 
 Ziehen, to draw; Icel. toggla, to tug; Ger. zug, a 
 pull.] [pp. tugging, tugged.] To pull with 
 great effort; to draw.— 2, n. A hard pull; a 
 great effort: — a strong rope or leather strap : — a 
 steam tow-boat. 
 
 Tu-i"tion (tu-ish'un), n. [L. tuiiio, prote'tion ; 
 tueri, tuilus, to protect,] Superintendence or in- 
 struction, as by a tutor; teaching. 
 
 Tu-i"tion-a-ry, a. Relating to tuition. 
 
 Tu'le, n. ['Sp.j A reed ; a club-rush ; a sedge. 
 
 Tu'lip, n. [Fr. tuKppe, tulipan, It. tulipa, tulipano, 
 a tulip; Turk, tulbend, Hind. & Per. dulband, a 
 turban (q. v.).] A plant and its gay flower. 
 
 I Tulle (tool), n. [Fr. ; named from Tulle, in France.] 
 
 A thin silk fabric. 
 | Tum'ble, v. n. [A.-S. tumbian ; Dut. tuimelen; Ger. 
 I taumeln, twmmeln; Dan. tumle ; Sw. tumla; Fr. 
 tomber: from the root of Stumble.] [pp. tum- 
 bling, tumbled.] To fall suddenly; to roll. — 
 2, v. a. To turn over; to disturb. — 3, u. The 
 act of tumbling ; a fall. 
 
 Tum'bler, n. One who tumbles or shows feats of 
 activity : — [originally a glass without a foot, 
 which was laid upon its side when not in use] a 
 drinking-glass. 
 
 Tum'brel, n. [Fr. tombereau; 0. Fr. tumberel ; 
 from tomber, to fall.] A dung-cart :— a cart that 
 can be unloaded by tilting : — a ducking-stool. 
 
 Tu-me-fac'tion, n. A swelling; a tumor. 
 
 Tu'me-fy, v. u. & v. n. [Wr. tumefier ; L. tumefacere, 
 tumef actum ; tumere, to swell, and facere, to 
 make.] [pp. tumefying, tumefied.] To swell : 
 — to make to swell. 
 
 Tii-mes'cence, n. [L. tumescere, inchoative from 
 tumere, to swell.] The same as Tumefaction. 
 
 Tu'mid, a. [L. tumidus.— See Tumor.] Swelled; 
 puffed up ; pompous. 
 
 Ti-mid'i-ty, u. A swollen condition ; a swelling. 
 
 Tu'mor, n. [L. tumor ; tumere, to swell.] A mor- 
 bid swelling. 
 
 Tu'mult, n. [L. tumultus; tumere, to swell, to 
 rage.] A wild commotion of the multitude ; up- 
 roar; riot; turbulence; bustle. 
 
 Tu-mult'u-a-ry., a. [L. tumidtuurius.] Disorderly; 
 tumultuous. 
 
 Tu-mult'u-ous, a. [L. hnmdluosus.] Full of tu- 
 mults ; disorderly; turbulent; violent; unruly; 
 riotous ; greatly agitated. 
 
 Tu-mult'u-ous-ly, ad. Disorderly. 
 
 Tu-mult'u-ous-ness, n. Disorder; violence. 
 
 Tu'mu-lus, n. ; pi. Tu'mu-11. [L. : tumere, to 
 swell.] An artificial mound of earth ; a mound. 
 
 Tun, n. A large cask : — a weight. See Ton. 
 
 Tun'dra, n. [Finnish tuntur, a mossy flat.] A vast 
 arctic swamp. 
 
 Tune, )/. [A variant of Tone.] A rhythmical 
 series of musical notes ; a piece of music ; air : — 
 harmony: — proper state; proper order; right 
 temper. — 2, v. a. [jjp. tuning, tuned.] To put 
 into tune ; to sing. — 3, v. n. To form one sound 
 to another. 
 | Tune'ful, «. Musical; harmonious. 
 
 Tune'less, or. Not singing; not musical. 
 
 Tung'sten, n. [Sw. tuug, heavy, and sten, stone.] 
 (Min.) A sort of mineral, and a brittle metal 
 obtained from it, 
 
 Tu'nic, a. [L. tunica.'] A Roman garment: — a 
 kind of waistcoat: — integument; tunicle : — a 
 surrounding membrane. 
 
 Tu'ni-cle, n. [L. tunicida.— See Tunic] A little 
 tunic; a covering; integument. 
 
 Tun'ing, n. The act of singing in concert. 
 
 Tun' jng-fdrk, «• A fork to find the musical pitch. 
 
 Tun'nel, v. a. [Fr. tonneau, a cask; 0. Fr. tunnel; 
 from tonne, a ton (q. v.).] [pp. tunnelling, tun- 
 nelled.] To form like a tunnel ; to form an ex- 
 cavation or tunnel through. — 2, n. A passage 
 in a chimney for smoke ; a funnel : — a tube with 
 a broad mouth, used to pour liquid into a vessel : 
 — a passage through a hill or under a river. 
 
 Tun'ny, n. [L. thunnus, thynnus; Gr. Qvwos; from 
 Ovveiv, to dart.] A large sea-fish. 
 
 Tu'pe-lo, n. [North American Indian name.] The 
 black gum-tree. 
 
 Tur'ban, w. [Fr. turban; It. turbante; Turk, tul- 
 bend, didbend; Per. & Hind, dulband.— Cf. Tulip.] 
 The Turkish and Oriental cover for the head ; a 
 sort of cap. 
 
 Tiir'baned (tiir'band), a. Wearing a turban. 
 
 Tur'ba-ry, n. [Late L. turbo, turf (q. v.).] (Law.) 
 A right'to dig turf: — a place for digging turf. 
 
 Tiir'bid, a. [L. turb idus.— Cf. turbare, to disturb.] 
 Thick ; muddy ; not clear. 
 
 Tur'bid-ness, n. Muddiness ; thickness. 
 
 mien, si'r ; mSve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— g. Q, c, £, soft ; p, £, p, g, hard ; § as z ; 5 as gz ; tnia. 
 
 y 47 
 
TUKBINATE 
 
 554 
 
 TWINE 
 
 Tiir'bi-nate, "I a. [L. turbinates, top-shaped ; 
 TUr'bi-nat-ed, j turbo, turbinis, a spinning-top.] 
 
 Shaped like a spinning-top ; spiral ; conical. 
 Ttir'bine, n. [L. turbo, turbinis, a whirlwind, a 
 top, a spindle.] A kind of water-wheel. 
 
 TUr'bot, n. [L. turbo, a spindle, — later, a turbot; 
 from its rhomboidal shape.] A delicate flat fish. 
 
 Tiir'bu-lence, n. [L. turbulentia.] Tumult; con- 
 fusion ; disorder. 
 
 TUr'bu-lent, a. [L. turbulentus; turbere, to dis- 
 turb; turba, a crowd.] Disorderly; tumultuous; 
 violent ; refractor}' ; seditious ; factious. 
 
 Tu-reen', n. [Fr. terrine; L. terrenus, earthen; 
 terra, the earth.] A deep vessel for soups, &c. 
 
 Turf, n. [A.-S. & Dut. turf; Icel., Ger., & Sw. 
 torf; Dan. torv.] A clod covered with grass; a 
 sod: — peat for fuel: — a race-ground. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. turfing, turfed.] To cover with turfs. 
 
 TUrf i-ness, n. State of abounding with turfs. 
 
 Tiirf y, a. Full of turfs; covered with turf. 
 
 Tur-£es'cence, \n. [L. turgescere, inceptive of 
 
 Tur-ges'cen-ey, j turgere, to swell.] State of being 
 turgid ; act of swelling. 
 
 Tur-fes'cent, a. Growing large ; swelling. 
 
 TUr'gid, a. [L. turgidus; turgere, to swell.] Dis- 
 tended beyond its natural size ; inflated ; tumid ; 
 bombastic ; pompous. 
 
 Tur-gid'i-ty, )n. State of being turgid; turges- 
 
 Tur'lid-ness, J cence :— bombast. 
 
 Tur'key (tiir'ke), n. [So named from the country 
 of Turkey, from which it was once popularly 
 supposed to have been brought.] A large do- 
 mestic fowl. 
 
 Tyr-kois/ (tur-kez' or tur-koiz'), n. [Fr. turquois, 
 Turkish.] A blue mineral or gem ; turquoise. 
 
 TUr'mer-ic, n. [Arab, karkam, or Imrkum ; whence, 
 by corruption, the L. terra merita, Fr. terre- 
 merite, turmeric] An East Indian root, used in 
 dyeing and in cookery. 
 
 Ttir'mb'il, ». [Possibly from Tear and Moil.] 
 Trouble ; disorder. 
 
 Turn, v. a. [Fr. tourner, to turn; L. tornare, to 
 turn in a lathe; tomus, a lathe; Gr. -ropvos, a 
 carpenter's compasses ; Topveveiv, to turn.] [pp. 
 turning, turned.] To move round; to revolve : 
 — to change; to transform; to alter: to shape. — 
 2, v. n. To move round :— to change posture; to 
 alter: — to return: — to become acid. — 3, «. Act 
 of turning ; change ; a change of direction ; a ro- 
 tation : — inclination; direction; form; manner. 
 
 Turn' coat, n. One who forsakes his principles. 
 
 TUrn'er, n. One who turns : — a pigeon. 
 
 Tttrn'er-y, n. The art of turning :— things turned. 
 
 Tiirn'ingr, n. A flexure; a winding. 
 
 Tiir'nip, n. [Cf. A.-S. nsep, L. napus, Gael, neip, 
 a turnip.] A white, esculent root. 
 
 TUrn'key (tiirn'ke), n, A person who has the 
 charge of the keys of a prison. 
 
 Tiirn'-out, n. A place on a railroad for cars to 
 turn out : — a mutiny among laborers : — an equi- 
 page. 
 
 Tiirn'plke, n, [Formerly a gate of four pikes, or 
 staffs, turning on a post.] A gate on a road ; a 
 toll-gate ; a turnpike-road. — 2, v. a. [pp. turn- 
 piking, turnpiked.] To form like a turnpike- 
 road. 
 
 TUrn'pike-road, n. A road on which turnpikes 
 are erected and tolls are paid. 
 
 TUrn'spit, n. One that turns the spit; a dog that 
 turns a spit. 
 
 Turn' stile, n. A revolving frame in a foot-path. 
 
 Tiir' pen-tine, n. [L. terebinthinus, made from the 
 terebinth (q. v.).) A resinous juice from trees 
 of the pine and fir species : — the terebinth-tree. 
 
 Tur'pi-tude. n. [L. turpitudo ; turpi®, shameful.] 
 Moral baseness or vileness ; depravity ; wicked- 
 ness; enormity. [kois. 
 
 Tur-quoi§e' (tur-kez' or tur-kwoiz'), n. See Tur- 
 
 Tur'ret, n. [6. Fr. tourette, dim. of tour, a tower 
 (q. v.).] A tower or eminence. 
 
 Tur'ret-sMp, n. Same as Monitor. 
 
 Tur'tle (tuVtl), n. [A.-S. turtle; L. turtur ; Ger. 
 turtel; Sp. torlola: imitative of its call.] The 
 turtle-dove :— [L. torquere, tortum, to twist.— See 
 Tortoise] a tortoise : — a sea-tortoise. 
 
 Tiir' tie-dove, n. A species of dove noted for its 
 gentleness and tenderness. 
 
 Tush, inlerj. Expressing a check or rebuke; an 
 exclamation of impatience.— 2, n. [A South- 
 English form of Tusk.] A tusk; a long tooth. 
 
 Tusk, n. [A.-S. tux, or tusc ; 0. Fris. tusk, tosch.] 
 A long, pointed tooth ; a fang. 
 
 Tus'sle (tus'sl), n. [A diminutive or frequenta- 
 tive of Touse.] A struggle ; a contest.— 2, ,-. n. 
 [pp. tussling, tussled.] To struggle ; to scuffle. 
 
 Tus'sock, or Tiis'sac, n. [Gael, dosach, tufted; 
 Dan. dusk, a tuft.] A tuft; a kind of grass. 
 
 Tut, inlerj. Noting rebuke or check ; tush. 
 
 Tu'te-la|-e, n. [L. lutela, protection. — See Tutor.] 
 Guardianship ; protection. 
 
 Tu'te-lar, \a. [L. tutelaris.—See Tutor.] Ee- 
 
 Tu'te-la-ry, J lating to a tutor or guardian; pro- 
 tecting; guarding. 
 
 Tu'te-nag, n. [Late L. tutenago.— See Tutty.] 
 Alloy of copper, zinc, and nickel. 
 
 Tu'tor, n. [L. for "guardian," "teacher;" tutus, 
 safe ; tueri, to protect, to look after, to see.] One 
 who instructs; a preceptor; an instructor in a 
 college or university.— 2, v. a. [pp. tutoring, 
 tutored.] To instruct; to teach ; to discipline. 
 
 Tut'ty, n. [Late L. tutia; Per. tulii/a.] An impure 
 oxide of zinc. 
 
 Twad'dle (twod'dl), n. [A parallel form of Tattle.] 
 Idle talk ; nonsense. [twice one. 
 
 Twain, a. & n. [A.-S. hvegen, two (q. v.).] Two ; 
 
 Twang, i'. n, [Imitative.] [pp. twanging, twanged.] 
 To sound with a quick, sharp noise.— 2, v. a. To 
 make to sound sharply. — 3, «. A sharp, quick 
 sound; a nasal sound : — a relish. 
 
 Tweak, n. [A.-S. tmccan; Low Ger. hvikken ; Ger. 
 zwicken, zwacken. — See Twitch.] A twitch ; a 
 pull. — 2, v. a. [pp. tweakiug, tweaked.] To 
 twitch ; to pull rudely. 
 
 Tweed, n. [Made in the valley of the river Tweed, 
 in Scotland.] A light woollen cloth. 
 
 Tweez'ers, n. pi. [Fr. etui, a case ; Port, estajo, a 
 tweezer-case ; Sp. estuche, scissors, a scissor-case.J 
 Small pincers to pluck out hairs. 
 
 Twelfth, a. [A.-S. tivelfta.] Second after the tenth. 
 
 Twelfth' -night, n. Evening before the Epiimany. 
 
 Twelve, a. & n. [A.-S. twelf; Dut. twaalf; Dan. 
 tolv ; Ger. zivolf: roots of Two and Leave, or 
 Two and Live in the sense of to remain.] Two 
 and ten ; twice six. [year. 
 
 Twelve'month [twel'munth, S. W. E. Ja.], n. A 
 
 Twen'ti-eth, a. The ordinal of twenty. 
 
 Twen'ty, a. & n. [A.-S. twentig; twegen, twain, 
 and root of Goth, tigjus, ten ; Dut. twintig ; Ger. 
 zvxmzig.] Twice ten ; a score. 
 
 Twice, ad. [A.-S. ticiges.] Two times ; doubly. 
 
 Twid'dle (twid'dl), v. n. [Perhaps a frequentative 
 of Twitch.] [pp. twiddling, twiddled.] To 
 trifle ; to quiddle ; to twirl. 
 
 Twig, n. [A.-S. twig; Dut. livijg ; Ger. ziveig.] A 
 small shoot; a little branch. — 2, v. a. & v. n. 
 [Gael, tuig, Irish tuigim, to understand.] [pp. 
 twigging, twigged.] To observe : — to under- 
 stand. [Slang.] 
 
 Twi'light (twi'llt), n. [A.-S. twi-, double, or half, 
 and Light ; Ger. zwielicht ; 0. Dut. tneelicld, tu-y- 
 licht.] The faint light before sunrise and after 
 sunset; obscure light. — 2, a. Obscure; shaded. 
 
 Twill, v. a. [Norw. tcilla, to twist, a twist ; Low 
 Ger. hoillen, to double : allied to Two.] [pp. 
 twilling, twilled.] To weave in ribs; to quill. — 
 2, n. A rib in cloth ; ribbed cloth. 
 Twin, n. [A.-S. getwinne, Icel. ttimtr, Lith. dvini, 
 twins; Goth, tweihnai, two apiece. — Cf. Twain.] 
 One of two children born at the same birth. — 
 pi. Gemini, a sign of the zodiac. 
 Twine, v. a. [A.-S. twin, doubled thread, twist; 
 Dut. twijn, twine ; twijnen, to twine ; Icel. tvimii, 
 
 e, i, o, ii, y, long; a, e, i, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y., obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
TWINGE 
 
 555 
 
 ULTEKIOR 
 
 l 
 
 twine ; twinna, to twist, — properly, to double. — 
 See Twain.] [pp. twining, twined.] To twist; 
 to wind. — 2, v. n. To be convolved ; to wind ; to 
 cling. — 3, ii. A twisted thread ; twist; embrace. 
 
 Twinge, v. a. [0. Fris. twinga, But. dwingen, 
 Ger. zwingen, to constrain.] [pp. twinging, 
 twinged.] To torment; to pinch. — 2, v. w. To 
 feel a twinge or sharp pain. — 3, n. Short, sud- 
 den, sharp pain. 
 
 Twin'kle (twing'kl), v. n. [A.-S. twinclian, fre- 
 quentative from twiccan, to twitch.] [pp. twin- 
 kling, twinkled.] To sparkle; to flash; to 
 quiver; to open and shut the eye by turns. 
 
 Twin'kle, \n. A sparkling light; amotion of 
 
 Twin'kling, J the eye :— a moment. 
 
 Twi'rl, vl a. & v. n. [ Dut. dwarlen, frequentative 
 from O. Ger. tweran, to whirl.] [pp. twirling, 
 twirled.] To turn round; to revolve. — 2, n. 
 Eotation ; a circular motion ; a twist. 
 
 Twist, v. a. [Dan. tvist, Dut. twist, Ger. gwist, a 
 stripe, a twist; Dan. toisie, Dut. twisten, to strive : 
 related to Twine.] [pp. twisting, twisted.] To 
 contort ; to wind. — 2, v. u. To be contorted or 
 convolved. — 3, w. Any thing twisted; sewing- 
 silk ; cord ; string :— contortion ; a writhe. 
 
 Twit, v. a. [A.-S. mtwilan, to twit; set, at, and 
 witun, to see, to notice, — hence, to blame.] [pp. 
 twitting, twitted.] To upbraid; to flout; to re- 
 proach. — 2, n. A taunt ; a flout. 
 
 Twitch, v. a. [A variant of Tweak.] [pip. twitch- 
 ing, twitched.] To pluck forcibly; to snatch. — 
 2, v. n. To contract suddenly ; to jerk. — 3, n. A 
 quick pull ; a sudden snatch. 
 
 Twit'ter, v. n. [Imitative. — Cf. Titter.] [pp. 
 twittering, twittered.] To make a noise, as 
 swallows : — to flutter : — to laugh ; to titter. — 
 2, n. One who twits : — a small noise : — a sort of 
 laughter : — a flutter, as of the nerves. 
 
 'Twixt. A contraction of betwixt. 
 
 Tw6 (to), a. & n. [A.-S. twegen, twa, lit, twain 
 (q. v.); Dut. twee; Dan. to; Goth, twai, twos; 
 Ger. zwei; Fr. deux; Irish, da; Sp. dos ; L. duo ; 
 Gr. Svo; Skr. dva.] One and one. 
 
 Two'fold (to'fold), a. [A.-S. twifeald, twigfeald.] 
 Double; two; two of the same kind: — twice as 
 much. — 2, ad. Doubly. 
 
 Two'pence (to'pens or tup'ens), n. Two pennies: 
 — a small English coin. 
 
 Twopenny (to'pen-e or tup'en-e), a. Valued at, 
 or worth, twopence: — of little or no value. 
 
 Tyke, n. A dog; a base fellow. See Tike. 
 
 Tym'bal, n. [Fr. timbale; Sp. timbal.— See Tym- 
 panum.] A kind of kettle-drum. 
 
 Tym'pan, n. [See Tympanum.] The frame of a 
 printing-press on which the sheets are laid to be 
 printed :— a panel :— a drum ; tympanum. 
 
 Tym-pa-ni'tes, ». [Gr. ; from rv^navov, a drum.] 
 Distention of the abdomen by gas; excessive 
 flatulence. [with air or gases ; flatulent. 
 
 Tym-pa-nit'ic, a. [Gr. TU/u7raviTiK6s.] Distended 
 
 Tym'pa-num, w. [L. ; Gr. Tvpiravov, a drum ; 
 Tun-Teiv, to beat.] A drum : — the drum or barrel 
 of the ear ; tynipan. 
 
 Type, n. [L. typus, Gr. tv7tos, a stamp, a figure, 
 a mark; TxnrreLv, to strike.] A symbol or figure 
 of something to come; an emblem :— a model; 
 a pattern ; a specimen ; a stamp :— a metallic 
 printing-letter. 
 
 Type'-met-al, n. An alloy of lead and antimony. 
 
 Type'-writ-er (-rlt-er), n. An instrument for 
 writing in "type by the touch of the operator's 
 fingers on keys. 
 
 Ty'phoid, a. [See Typhus.] Relating to, or like, 
 typhus. — 2, n. Enteric fever. 
 
 Ty-ph66n\ n. [Chinese ta, great, and fang, wind: 
 not related to Gr. TV(j)dp, a whirlwind.] A vio- 
 lent tornado in the Chinese seas : — a hot, suffo- 
 cating wind. 
 
 Ty'phus, n. [L. ; Gr. rvcfjo?, mist, smoke, stupor.] 
 (Med.) A fever characterized by great debility 
 and much cerebral disturbance. 
 
 Typ'ic, \a. [Gr. tv^ikos. — See Type.] Re- 
 
 Typ'i-cal, J lating to types; emblematical ; figura- 
 tive ; metaphorical. 
 
 Typ'i-cal-ly, ad. In a typical manner. 
 
 Typ'i-fy, v. a. [From Type.] [pp. typifying, 
 typified.] To figure; to show in emblem. 
 
 Ty-pog'ra-pher, n. A printer. 
 
 Ty-po-graph'ic, a. Relating to printing. 
 
 Ty-po-graph'i-cal, or Typ-o-graph'j-cal, a. Re- 
 lating to printing. 
 
 Ty-po-graph'i-cal-ly, a d. By use of types. 
 
 Ty-pog ra-phy, n. [Gr. Tun-o?, a type, aud ypa- 
 0eii/, to' write.] The art of printing. 
 
 Ty-ran'ni-cal, a. [Gr. Tupan^iKos.] Relating to 
 tyranny or to a tyrant ; cruel ; despotic. 
 
 Ty-ran'ni-cal-ly, ad. In a tyrannical manner. 
 
 Ty-ran'ni-cide, n. A killer or killing of a tyrant. 
 
 Tyr'an-nize, v. v. [Gr. rvpavvi^eiv.] [}>p. tyran- 
 ' uizmg, tyrannized.] To play or act the tyrant. 
 
 Tyr'an-nous, a. Despotic; tyrannical. 
 
 Tyr'an-ny, n. [Gr. rvpawia.— -See Tyrant.] The 
 government or conduct of a tyrant ; cruel gov- 
 ernment ; despotism. 
 
 Ty'rant, ». [L. tyrannus; Gr. Tvpawos. a lord, a 
 master : said to be a Lydian word.] An absolute 
 monarch; a cruel, despotic ruler or master; a 
 despot. 
 
 Ty'ro, ». ; pi. Ty'ros. [B. tiro, a new recruit.] A 
 beginner in learning, or in any pursuit; a 
 novice ; a student : — written also tiro. 
 
 Tzar (zar), ». The czar. See Czar. 
 
 u. 
 
 Uthe fifth English vowel, was formerly the 
 j same letter as the consonant V. But the con- 
 sonant and the vowel have very different uses, 
 and are now different characters. 
 
 U-biq'ui-tous (yu-bik'we-tus), a. Being or exist- 
 ing everywhere ; ubiquitary. 
 
 tj-biq'ui-ty (yu-blk'we-te), n. [Fr. ubiquite ; Bate 
 B. ubiquitas; B. ubique, everywhere ; ubi, where.] 
 Omnipresence. 
 
 tJd'der, n. [A.-S. uder ; Dut. uijer ; B. itber; Gr. 
 ov9ap; Skr. udhar.] The bag and dugs of a cow, 
 
 ■Og'li-ness, n. State of being ugly. [&c. 
 
 "Og'ly, a. [Icel. ugligr; nggr, fear, and ligr, like : 
 akin to Awe.] Deformed; not handsome; offen- 
 
 _ sive : — ill-natured; cross-grained. 
 
 frh'lan {or u'lan), n. [Pol. ulan ; Ger. uhlan : from 
 Turk, ogtan, a youth.] A light-cavalryman 
 
 among the Russians, Germans, &c. :— spelled 
 
 also Lllan and Hulan. 
 TT-kase', n. [Russ. ukaz ; from Jcazate, to show.] 
 
 A proclamation or edict. 
 tJl'cer, n. [Fr. ulcere; B. ulcus, ulceris ; Gr. e'A- 
 
 kos.] A running sore of continuance, 
 tfrl'cer-ate, v. n. [pp. ulcerating, ulcerated.] To 
 
 turn to an ulcer. — 2, ». a. To disease with ulcers, 
 ttl-cer-a'tion, n. Act of ulcerating; a sore. 
 tTl'cer-ous,'rt. Afflicted with ulcers or sores. 
 U-li|-'i-nous, a. [L. uliginosus, moist; uligo, moist- 
 ure ; uvere, to be moist.] Slimy ; muddy ; oozy. 
 tJl'na, n. [B.— See Ell.] The larger bone of the 
 
 forearm. 
 ■&l-te'ri-or, a. [B. ultra, beyond ; ulter, on the 
 
 other side ; ulterior, still farther.] Eying beyond ; 
 
 farther; more remote. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— g, (?, c, £ , soft ; J3, p, p, g, hard ; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 
 
ULTIMATE 
 
 556 
 
 UNCANDID 
 
 Wti-mate, a. [L. uUimare, ullimtdum, to be last; I ttn-al-lbyed' (-Ibid'), a. Unmixed; not debased. 
 
 ultra, beyond; ultimas, last.] Being the last 
 final; farthest; utmost; most remote ; extreme. 
 
 Ul'ti-mate, v. n. [pp. ultimating, ultimated.] To 
 terminate ; to issue. 
 
 "&l'ti-mate-ly, ad. In the last consequence. 
 
 tjl-ti-ma'tuin, n. [L.] The last offer. 
 
 ■Orti-mo, [L. ; contracted to nil., mense, month, 
 being understood.] In the last month. 
 
 tjl'tra. [L.] A Latiu adverb often used in com- 
 position, and signifying beyond; used also as an 
 adjective in the sense of extreme. 
 
 tJl-tra-ma-rine', n. [Sp. idtramarino, beyond sea, 
 foreign,'— applied to a foreign or imported pig- 
 ment; L. ultra, beyond, and mare, the sea.] A 
 beautiful blue color. — 2, a. Beyond sea ; foreign. 
 
 TJl-tra-mon'tane, a. [L. ultra, beyond, and mons, 
 monlis, a mountain.] Being beyond the moun- 
 tains or the Alps; tramontane": — holding high 
 or extreme views uf the pope's authority. 
 
 ttl-tra-mon'ta-msm, n. Ultramontane principles. 
 
 fjl-tra-mon'ta-nist, n. One holding extreme views 
 in regard to' the papal supremacy. 
 
 tJl-u-la'tion, n. [L. ululatio ; ululare, to howl 
 (q. ».).] ' A howling; a wailiug. 
 
 tJm'bel, it. [L. umbella, an umbrella; dim. of 
 umbra, a shade.] (Bot.) A fan-like form of in- 
 florescence, as in the caraway. 
 
 fjm'bel-late, a. {Bot.) Having umbels. 
 
 thn'bel-le't, n. A little umbel. 
 
 tJm-bel-lif'er-ous, a. [Umbel, and L. ferre, to 
 bear'.] Bearing umbels. 
 
 Um'ber, b. [It. ombra; from L. umbra, a shadow.] 
 An earthy substance used as a pigment. 
 
 thn-bil'i-cal, a. [L. umbilicus, Gr. 6/n$aA.6s, the 
 navel. — Cf. L. umbo, a boss; Skr. nabhi, the 
 navel (g. v.).] Belonging to the navel. — Umbil- 
 ical cord, the navel-string. 
 
 ttm'bo, n. [L.l A protuberance ; a boss. 
 
 t5Wbra£e, n. [Fr. ombrage ; L. umbra, a shadow.] 
 Shade; shadow: — slight show: — resentment; 
 an affront ; offence. 
 
 tfrm-bra'£e-ous, a. [L. umbraticus ; Fr. ombrageux.] 
 Shady :— casting a dense shade. 
 
 tJm-brel'la, n. [It. umbrella, ombrella ; L. um- 
 brella, dim. of umbra, a shade.] A portable screen 
 from the sun or rain. 
 
 Umlaut (oom'lbwt), n. [Ger. ; urn-, about, and 
 laid, sound.] An assimilation or modification of 
 vowel sounds. 
 
 ■&m'pi-ra£e, n. Arbitration ; friendly decision. 
 
 tfm'pire, n. [0. Fr. nompair, odd, uneven, an 
 umpire ; non, not, and pair, equal. — Cf. L. impar, 
 odd, uneven, — also an umpire; in, not, and par, 
 even.] One who settles disputes; an arbitrator; 
 a judge. — 2, v. a. [pp. umpiring, umpired.] To 
 act as umpire upon ; to adjudicate. 
 
 fjn. An Anglo-Saxon prefix, implying negation. It 
 is prefixed chiefly to adjectives, participles, and 
 adverbs, and almost at pleasure. — Un and in are 
 of like import, and are in some cases used indif- 
 ferently ; as, infrequent or ^frequent. 
 
 txn-a-bat'ed, «. Not abated ; undiminished. 
 
 tfrn-a'ble, a. Not able ; not having ability ; weak ; 
 impotent ; incapable. 
 
 fjn-ac-cept'a-ble, a. Not acceptable ; displeasing. 
 
 TJn-ac-com'plished (-plisht), a. Not accomplished ; 
 incomplete. 
 
 ttn-ac-cbunt'a-ble, a. Not accountable; strange. 
 
 tJn-ac-cbunt'a-bly, ad. Inexplicably. 
 
 tln-ac-cus'tomed (-tumd), a. Not used. 
 
 trn-ac-knowl'ed£ed (-nol'ejd), a. Not owned. 
 
 fjn-ac-quaint'ed, a. Not acquainted. 
 
 TJn-a-dbrned' ('un-a-dornd'), a. Not decorated. 
 
 ■frn-a-dfil'ter-at-ed", a. Not adulterated. 
 
 tXn-ad-vis'a-ble,'«. Not advisable ; indiscreet. 
 
 TJn-ad-vised' (-vizd'), a. Indiscreet; rash. 
 
 t7n-ad-vis'ed-ly, ad. Indiscreetly. 
 
 tfrn-af-fect'ed, a. Not affected ; real; sincere. 
 
 ttn-af-fect'?d-ly, ad. Beally ; sincerely. 
 
 tJn-aid'ed, a. Not assisted ; not helped. 
 
 Un-al'ter-a-ble, a. Unchangeable. 
 
 Un-al'ter-a-bly, ad. Unchangeably. 
 
 Un-al'tered (uu-al'terd), a. Not changed. 
 
 TJn-a'mi-a-ble, a. Not amiable; not lovely. 
 
 XJn-an-eaied', a. [A.-S. un, not, on, on, and elan, 
 to oil.] Not shriven; not having received ex- 
 
 _ treme unction. 
 
 TJ-na-nim'i-ty (yu-na.-nlm'e-te), n. [L. unanimir 
 tas.] State of being unanimous; harmony; 
 
 _ agreement. 
 
 tr-nan'i-mous (yu-nan'e-mus), a. [L. unanimm; 
 units, one, and animus, a mind.] Being of one 
 
 _ mind ; agreeing in opinion ; harmonious. 
 
 TT-nan'i-mous-ly, ad. With unanimity. 
 
 TJn-an'swer-a-bie (un-an'ser-a-bl), a. That can- 
 not be answered; irrefutable. 
 
 tJn-an'swer-a-bly, ad. Beyond confutation. 
 
 Un-an'swered (un-an'serd), o. Not answered. 
 
 Un-ap-palied' (un-ap-pawld'), a. Not daunted. 
 
 Un-apt', a. Not apt; dull; unfit; improper. 
 
 Un-apt'ly, ad. Not aptly ; unfitly ; improperly. 
 
 tjn-armed' (tin-armd'), a. Having no arms. 
 
 "fjn-as-plr'ing, a. Not aspiring; unambitious. 
 
 TJn-as-sail'a-ble, a. That cannot be assailed. 
 
 Un-as-sist'ed, a. Not assisted or helped. 
 
 Un-as-sum'ing-, a. Not assuming; modest. 
 
 Un-at-tain'a-ble, a. That cannot be attained. 
 
 Un-at-tend'ed, a. Having no attendants. 
 
 Un-at-tract'ive, a. Not attractive. 
 
 Un-au'thor-ized (-Izd), a. Not authorized. 
 
 TTn-a-vail'a-ble, a. Not available ; useless. 
 
 tJn-a-vail'ing, a. Not availing ; ineffectual. 
 
 fjn-a-void'a-ble, a. Not avoidable ; inevitable. 
 
 fjn-a-ware', a. Not aware ; inattentive. 
 
 fjn-a-wares\ ad. Unexpectedly ; by surprise. 
 
 tTn-bal'anced (un-bal'anst), a. Not balanced. 
 
 Un-bap-tized' (un-bap-tizd'), a. Not baptized. 
 
 fjn-bar', v. a. [pp'. unbarring, unbarred.] To 
 remove a bar from ; to unbolt. 
 
 Un-bear'a-ble (tin-bar'a-bl), o. Insufferable. 
 
 tTn-be-com'ing, a. Not becoming; unsuitable. 
 
 tln-be-com'ing-ly, ad. Unsuitably. 
 
 "fjn-be-known', a. Not known. 
 
 Un-be-lief (un-be-lef), n. Want of belief; in- 
 credulity; disbelief; infidelity. 
 
 Un-be-liev'er, n. A disbeliever ; an infidel. 
 
 Un-bend', v. a. [pp. unbending, unbent.] To 
 straighten : — to relax. — 2, v. n. To become re- 
 laxed or unbent. 
 
 tjn-bend'jng, a. Not yielding; resolute. 
 
 "fjn-bent', a. Not bent; unshrunk; relaxed. 
 
 Un-bl'as, v. a. [pp. unbiassiug, unbiassed.] To 
 free from bias or prejudice. 
 
 Un-bid'den (un-bid'dn), a. Not bid or bidden. 
 
 fjn-blnd', v. a. [pp. unbinding, unbound.] To 
 loose ; to untie ; to set free. 
 
 tJn-blam'a-ble, a. Not culpable; innocent. 
 
 Un-blem'ished (un-blem'isht), «. Not stained; 
 unspotted; spotless; irreproachable. 
 
 Un-blest', a. Not blessed ; wretched ; unhappy. 
 
 Un-bolt', v. a. [pp. unbolting, unbolted.] To 
 remove a bolt from ; to unfasten ; to set open ; 
 to unbar. 
 
 T7n-bbrn', a. Not born ; future. 
 
 trn-bor'rowed (uu-bor'iod), a. Not borrowed. 
 
 Un-bos/om (un-buz'um), v. a. [pp. unbosoming, 
 unbosomed.] To disclose. 
 
 Un-bought' (iin-bawt'), a. Not purchased. 
 
 TJn-bbund', «• Not bound ; wanting a cover. 
 
 trn-bbiind'ed, a. Unlimited ; unrestrained. 
 
 tJn-bri'dle'(un-bri'dl), v. a. [pp. unbridling, un- 
 bridled.] To free from the bridle. 
 
 trn-brl'dled (un-bri'dld), a. Loose; licentious. 
 
 TJn-brb'ken (un-br5'kn), a. Not broken. 
 
 trn-buc'kle (un-bhk'kl), v. a. [pp. unbuckling, 
 unbuckled.] To loose from buckles. 
 
 tJn-bur'den (un-buVdn), v. a. [pp. unburdening, 
 unburdened.] To rid of burden. 
 
 fjn-bur'ied (un-ber'rid), a. Not buried. 
 
 tTn-can'did. a. Not candid ; void of candor. 
 
 a, e, l, o, u, 
 
 y, long; a, e, i, 6, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
UNCANONICAL 
 
 557 
 
 UNDERLIE 
 
 On-ca-non'i-cal, a. Not canonical. 
 
 ttn-caV, v.' a.' [pp. uncapping, uncapped.] To 
 remove the cap from. 
 
 tfn-cer-e-mo'ni-ous, a. Not ceremonious. 
 
 ttn-cer'tain (un-ser'tin), a. Not certain ; doubt- 
 ful; dubious; equivocal; ambiguous. 
 
 tfn-cer'tain-ty., n. Want of certainty ; doubt. 
 
 tJn-chan/, v. a. [pp. unchaining, unchained.] 
 To free from chains. 
 
 ■frn-chani-e'a-ble, a. Not subject to change. 
 
 fjn-change'a-bly., ad. Immutably. 
 
 ■frn-changed' (un-chanjd'), a. Nut changed. 
 
 On-chanf 'ing, "• Not changing. 
 
 tTn-char'i-ta-ble, a. Not charitable. 
 
 Un-char'i-ta-ble-ness, n. Want of charity. 
 
 ttn-char'i-ta-bly, ad. Without charity. 
 
 On-chaste', a. Not chaste; lewd; not pure. 
 
 On-phris'tian (un-krist'yan), a. Not Christian. 
 
 tXn-chiirch', v. a. [pjj. unchurching, unclnirched.] 
 To deprive of the character, privileges, or au- 
 thority of a church. 
 
 On' cial (un'sha.1), a. [L. uncialis, belonging to an 
 inch" ; uncia, "an inch (q. v.).] Noting letters of 
 large size, used in ancient manuscripts and in 
 inscriptions. — 2, n. An uncial or large letter. 
 
 On-cir'cum-cised (-sizd), a. Not circumcised. 
 
 On-civ'il, a. Not civil ; impolite; rude. 
 
 On-civ'il-Ized (un-siv'il-Izd), a. Not civilized. 
 
 On-clasp', v. a. [pp. unclasping, unclasped.] To 
 open what is shut with clasps. 
 
 On-clas'si-cal, a. Not classical. 
 
 On'cle (ung'kl), n. [Ger. onkel, Fr. oncle, L. avun- 
 culus, an uncle; dim. of avus, a grandfather.] 
 The brother of one's father or mother : — also the 
 husband of one's aunt. 
 
 ■On-clean', a. Not clean ; foul; dirty; filthy. 
 
 On-clean'ly. (un-klen'le), a. Not cleanly; foul. 
 
 On-clean'ness, n. Filthiness; impurity; sin. 
 
 tin-clog' , v.' a. [pp. unclogging, unclogged.J To 
 free from clogs ; to free. [open; to disclose. 
 
 On-clo§e', v. a. [pp. unclosing, unclosed.] To 
 
 On-clotne\ v. a. [ pp. unclothing, unclothed.] To 
 strip; to make naked. 
 
 On-clbud' 
 
 [pp. unclouding, unclouded.] To 
 
 unveil ; to free from clouds or from obscurity. 
 
 On-col'ored (uu-kul'urd), «. Not colored. 
 
 Un-come'ly, a. Not cornel}' ; wanting grace. 
 
 On-eom'fort-a-ble, a. Wanting comfort ; dismal; 
 unhappy; miserable. 
 
 On-com'fort-a-blj;, a. Without comfort. 
 
 On-com-mis'sioned (-mish'und), a. Not commis- 
 sioned ; non-commissioned. 
 
 tJn-com'mon, a. Not common ; rare ; unusual. 
 
 On-com-mu'ni-ca-tive, a. Reserved. 
 
 On-com-pbund'ed, a. Simple ; not mixed, [ant. 
 
 On-com'pro-mi§-ing, a. Inflexible; not compli- 
 
 On-con-cern', n. ' Want of concern. 
 
 On-con-cerned' (-sernd'), a. Not concerned. 
 
 On-con-cern'ed-ly., ad. Without concern. 
 
 On-con-di"tion-al (un-kon-dish'un-al), a. Not 
 conditional; unrestricted; absolute. 
 
 On-con-f i'rmed' (-f'irmd'), o. Not confirmed. 
 
 On-con-nect'ed, a. Not connected; lax. 
 
 On-con'quer-a-ble (un-kong'ker-a-bl), a. 
 conquerable; insuperable; invincible. 
 
 On-con'quer-a-bly, ad. Invincibly. 
 
 On-con'scion-a-ble (Cin-kdn'shun-a-bl), a. 
 reasonable; unjust :— enormous; Vast. 
 
 On-con'scion-a-bly,, ad. Unreasonably. 
 
 On-con'scious (un-kon'shus), a. Not conscious. 
 
 On-con-sti-tii'tion-al, «. Not constitutional. 
 
 On-con-trol'la-ble, a. That cannot be controlled ; 
 ungovernable. 
 
 On-con'tro-vert-ed, a. Not controverted. 
 
 On-con-ven'tion-al, a. Not conventional :— dis- 
 regarding conventionalities; natural. 
 
 On-con-vert'ed, a. Not converted. 
 
 On-con-vlnced' (-vinst'), a. Not convinced. 
 
 On-cbrk\ v. a. [pp. uncorking, uncorked.] To 
 draw the cork from. 
 
 On-cor-rupt', a. Not corrupt; honest. 
 
 Not 
 
 Un- 
 
 Un-coup'le (un-kup'pl), v. a. [pp. uncoupling, 
 uncoupled.] To set loose. 
 
 On-coiir'te-ous (iin-kuVte-us or un-kort'yus : — see 
 Courteous), a. Not courteous. 
 
 On-court'ly. (un-kort'le), a. Not courtly. 
 
 On-couth' (un-kGth'), a. [A.-S. uncud, strange; 
 un, not, and cud, known; cunnan, to know.] 
 Strange ; awkward. 
 
 On-couth' ness, n. Strangeness; oddness. 
 
 On-cov'er, v. a. [pp. uncovering, uncovered.] To 
 divest 'of a covering ; to disclose ; to lay open : — 
 to bare, as the head. 
 
 Onc'tion (ungk'shun), n. [L. unclio, an anointing; 
 unguere, unctum, to anoint.] The act of anoint- 
 ing; ointment: — warmth of devotion; that 
 which excites or melts to devotion. 
 
 Onct-u-os'i-tv,, n. [Fr. onctuositt.] Fatness ; unc- 
 tuousness. 
 
 Onct'u-ous, a. [Fr. onctuenx; Late L. nnctu.osus. 
 — See Unction.] Fat ; clammy ; oily ; greasy. 
 
 Onct'u-ous-ness, n. State of being unctuous. 
 
 On-cul'ti'-vat-ed, a. Not cultivated or tilled ; un- 
 filled :— uncivilized; rude; rough. 
 
 On-ciirb', v. a. [pp. uncurbing, uncurbed.] To 
 free from the curb. 
 
 On-ciirl', v. a. [pp. uncurling, uncurled.] To 
 loose from curls or ringlets.— 2, v. n. To fall 
 from ringlets or curls. 
 
 On-daunt'ed (un-dant'ed), a. Not daunted. 
 
 On-daunt'ed-ljr, ad. Intrepidly. 
 
 On-dec'a-gon, n. [L. mats, one, Gr. Sena, ten, and 
 yavia,' an angle.] A polygon of eleven sides; 
 an enneagon. 
 
 On-de-ceive', v. a. [pp. undeceiving, undeceived.] 
 To free from deception. 
 
 Un-de-cid'ed, a. Not decided. 
 
 Un-de-f lied' (un-de-f lid'), a. Not defiled. 
 
 On-de-mon'stra-ble, a. Not demonstrable. 
 
 On-de-ni'a-ble,' a. That cannot be denied ; indis- 
 putable ;' unquestionable. 
 
 On-de-ni'a-bly,, ad. Indisputably ; plainly. 
 
 On'der, prep. [A.-S. under; Dut. onder; Pan. 
 
 < under; Ger. unler.—Cf. Inter.] Not over: less 
 than; inferior to; subject to; not above; below; 
 beneath.— 2, ad. In a lower place; below; not 
 above: — less; not more. — 3, o. Inferior; lower; 
 subject; subordinate. — It is much used in com- 
 position. 
 
 On-der-bTd\ v. a. [i. underbid or underbade; pp. 
 underbidding, underbidden or underbid.] To 
 bid or offer less for. 
 
 On'der-brush, n. Low shrubbery ; woody under- 
 growth, [skin. 
 
 On'der-clotnes, n. pi. Garments worn next the 
 
 On-der-cur'rent, w. The current beneath the sur- 
 face of the water, or beneath another current. 
 
 fjn-der-done', a. Slightly done or cooked. 
 
 On-der-drain\ v. a. [pp. underdraining, under- 
 drained.] To drain by covered trenches. 
 
 On'der-drain, n. A concealed drain or sewer. 
 
 On-der-es'ti-mate, v. a. [pp. underestimating, 
 underestimated.] To make an underestimate of; 
 to undervalue. [dervaluation. 
 
 On-der-es'ti-mate, n. Too low an estimate ; un- 
 
 On-der-go\ ». a. [i. underwent; pp. undergoing, 
 undergone.] To suffer; to sustain; to bear; to 
 endure ; to support. 
 
 On-der-grad'u-ate, n. A student of a college or 
 university not graduated. 
 
 On'der-grbund, n. Subterraneous space. —2, a. 
 Being below the surface. 
 
 On'der-grbwth, n. Shrubs und-er trees. 
 
 fjn-der-hand', \ a. Secret; clandestine; sly; 
 
 On-der-hand'ed, j disingenuous ; unfair. 
 
 On-der-lay\ v. a. [i. underlaid; pp. underlaying, 
 underlaid.] To lay under; to support. 
 
 On-der-let', v. a. [jrp. underletting, underlet.] 
 To let below the value : — to let, as a tenant or 
 lessee; to sublet. 
 
 ■fJn-der-lie', v. a. [i. underlay; pp. underlying, 
 underlain.] To lie under, as a stratum. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nbr, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— g. Q, 9, g, soft ; p, £, e, |, hard ; § as z ; 5 as gz ; this. 
 
UNDERLINE 
 
 558 
 
 UNFASHIONABLY 
 
 iJn-der-line', v. a, [pp. underlining, underlined.] 
 To draw a line under. 
 
 txn'der-ling, n. An inferior or mean person. 
 
 "Gn-der-mine', v. a. [pp. undermining, under- 
 mined.] To dig cavities under ; to sap : — to in- 
 jure or ruin secretly. 
 
 tJn'der-most, a. Lowest in place or rank. 
 
 trn-der-neatn', #rep. [See Beneath.] Under; be- 
 
 ■ nea'th ; below.— 2, ad. In a lower place ; below. 
 
 Un-der-pm'ning, n. Stone-work, or masonry, 
 under a building, and supporting it. 
 
 fjn-der-rate', v. a. [pp. underrating, underrated.] 
 To rate too low. 
 
 tJn'der-rate, n. A price less than the value. 
 
 ttn-der-score', v. a. [Under and Score.] [pp. 
 underscoring, underscored.] To mark under; 
 to draw a line under; to underline. 
 
 tJn-der-sell', v. a. [pp. underselling, undersold.] 
 To sell cheaper than another. 
 
 tJn'der-sh'irt, n. A shirt worn next the skin. 
 
 Un'der-shot, a. Moved by water flowing under- 
 neath. 
 
 tjn'der-shrub, ». A low plant of woody habit. 
 
 tJn-der-sIgn' (-sin'), v. a. [pp. undersigning, un- 
 dersigned.] To sign under; to write one's name 
 under; to subscribe. 
 
 fjn-der- stand', v. a. [A.-S. under start dan, to stand 
 under, to comprehend.] [i. understood ; pp. un- 
 derstanding, understood.] To comprehend; to 
 know the meaning of; to apprehend. — 2, v. n. 
 To have understanding. 
 
 tjn-der-stand'ing\ n. The faculty of the mind by 
 which it receives ideas and understands subjects 
 presented to it; intellect; reason; sense; intel- 
 ligence: — agreement. — 2, a. Knowing; skilful. 
 
 trn-der-state', v. a. [pp. understating, under- 
 stated.] To state too low. 
 
 ■&n-der-stood' (-stud'), i. & p- from understand, 
 
 tJn-der-strap'per, n. An inferior agent. 
 
 "&n-der-take\ v. a. [i. undertook; pp. under- 
 taking, undertaken.] To take upon one's self; 
 to attempt ; to engage in ; to enter upon. — 2, v. n. 
 To assume any business. [manages funerals. 
 
 iJn-der-tak'er, n. One who undertakes : — one who 
 
 tJn-der-tak'ing, n. Enterprise ; engagement. 
 
 ttn'der-tone, n. A tone lower than usual : — a low 
 subordinate tone. 
 
 ttn-der-took' (-tfik'), i. from undertake. 
 
 ttn'der-tow, n. The undercurrent, or waves roll- 
 ing' back to the sea after a breaker. 
 
 tjn.der-val-u-a'tion, n. The act of undervaluing ; 
 a rate below the value or worth. 
 
 tJn-der-val'ue (un-der-val'yu), v. a. [pp. under- 
 valuing, undervalued.] To rate too low ; to un- 
 derrate ; to despise. 
 
 tfn'der-wear (-war), n. Underclothing. 
 
 t5n-der-went', i- from undergo. 
 
 tJn'der-wood (-wild), n. Small trees or shrubs. 
 
 ©n-der-work' (-wiirk'), v. a. & v. n. [i. under- 
 worked or underwrought ; pp. underworking, 
 underworked.] To labor less than enough : — to 
 work for less than others : — to undermine. 
 
 ttn-der-wrlte' (un-der-rif), v. a. [i. underwrote; 
 _pp. 'underwriting, underwritten.] To write un- 
 der something else :— to insure. 
 
 "On-der-wrTt'er, n. An insurer. 
 
 tJn-de-§erved' (un-de-zervd'), «. Not merited. 
 
 ■&n-de-§erv'ed-ly, ad. Without desert. 
 
 tTn-de-§erv'ing, a. Not deserving. 
 
 ■&n-de-signed' (un-de-slnd'), «. Not designed. 
 
 tfrn-de-slr'a-ble, a. Not desirable. 
 
 ©n-de-sired' (Ctn-de-zTrd'), a. Not desired. 
 
 tJn-de-ter'mined (un-de-ter'mjnd), a. Not deter- 
 mined ; undecided ; unsettled. 
 
 "On-did', i. from undo. 
 
 trn-di-fest'ed, a. Not digested or concocted. 
 
 tJn-di-min'ished (-jsht), a. Not diminished. 
 
 "frn-dine' (tin-den') [fm'din, I.], n. [L. unda, a 
 wave.] A water-spirit. 
 
 ttn-di^-cern'i-ble (-zern'-), a. Not discernible; 
 imperceptible ; invisible. 
 
 Un-di§-cern'ing (-zern'-), a. Not discerning. 
 
 Un-dis'cj-plmed (-plind), a. Not disciplined. 
 
 TJn-dis-cov'er-a-ble, a. Not discoverable. 
 
 Un-dis-cov'ered (ktiv'erd), a. Not discovered. 
 
 Un-di§-mayed' (-mad'), a. Not dismayed. 
 
 Un-dis-piit'ed, a. Not disputed ; evident. 
 
 tJn-dis-tui'guished (un-dis-ting'gwisht), a. Not 
 distinguished ; indiscriminate. 
 
 tJn-dis-tiirbed' (-tlirbd'), a. Not disturbed. 
 
 Un-dj.-vld'ed, a. Not divided; whole. 
 
 Un-do', v. a. [i. undid; pp. undoing, undone.] 
 To reverse; to recall; to annul:— to loose :— to 
 
 ^ ruin ; to bring to destruction. 
 
 Un-do'er, n. One who undoes or ruins. 
 
 Un-dS'ing, n. A reversal :— ruin ; destruction. 
 
 Un-done', p. from undo. Not done : — ruined. 
 
 fJn-doubt'ed (un-dbut'ed), a. Not doubted. 
 
 tTn-doubt'ed-ly (un-do'ut'ed-le), ad. Indubitably ; 
 
 ^unquestionably; certainly. 
 
 Un-dress', v. a. [pp. undressing, undressed.] To 
 divest of clothes; to strip. 
 
 tjn'dress, n. A loose or negligent dress. 
 
 ttn-diie', a. Not due :— not right; improper:— 
 excessive. 
 
 ttn'du-late, v. a. [L. undulatus, wavy; unda, a 
 wave.] [pp. undulating, undulated.] To make 
 
 ^ to play, as waves; to wave; to form as waves. 
 
 "Un-du-la'tion, w. Act of undulating; a motion 
 like that of waves ; wavy appearance. 
 
 Un'du-la-to-ry, a. Moving like waves; formed 
 
 ^ like waves; vibratory ; undulating. 
 
 fjn-du'ly, ad. Not duly ; not properly : — exces- 
 sively. 
 
 ttn-du'ti-ful, a. Not dutiful ; not obedient. 
 
 fjn-du'ti-ful-ly, ad. Not according to duty. 
 
 Un-du'ti-ful-ness, n. Want of dutifulness. 
 
 Un-earth', v. a. [pp. unearthing, unearthed.] 
 To drive from a burrow : — to remove the earth 
 from; to uncover; to discover. 
 
 TXn-earth'ly. (tin-erth'le) ; a. Not terrestrial. 
 
 Un-eas/i-ness, n. Perplexity; disquiet. 
 
 Un-eas/y (tin-e'ze), a. Not easy; disturbed. 
 
 trn-ed'u-cat-ed, a. Not educated. 
 
 ttn-em-ployed' (un-em-plold'), a. Not employed. 
 
 Un-end'ing, a. Not ceasing; perpetual. 
 
 Un-en-dbvved' (un-en-doudO, a. Not endowed. 
 
 Un-en-light'ened (un-en-H'tnd), a. Ignorant. 
 
 fjn-en-ter-tain'ing, a. Not entertaining. 
 
 t7n-en'vi-a-ble, a. Not enviable. 
 
 "Un-e'qua-ble, a. Not equable ; diverse. 
 
 Un-e'qual, a, Not equal ; not just; inferior. 
 
 tJn-e'qualled (un-e'kwald), a. Not equalled. 
 
 fjn-e'qual-ly, ad. In an unequal manner. 
 
 Un-e-quiv'o-cal, «. Not equivocal. 
 
 ttn-err'ing,' a. ' Committing no mistake. 
 
 ttn-es-tab'lished (un-es-tab'lisht), a. Not estab- 
 lished; unsettled; not fixed. 
 
 TJn-e'ven (un-e'vn), a. Not even ; not level ; odd. 
 
 TJn-e'ven-ness, n. State of being uneven. 
 
 Un-ex-am'pled (-pld), a. Without example. 
 
 trn-ex-cep'tion-a-ble, a. Not exceptionable. 
 
 txn-ex-cep'tion-a-bly, ad. Above reproach. 
 
 ttn-ex-pect'ed, «'. Not expected; sudden. 
 
 ©n-ex-pect'ed-ly, ad. Suddenly. 
 
 Un-ex-pe'rt', a. Not expert; inexpert. 
 
 Un-ex-plained' (un-eks-pland'), «. Not explained. 
 
 TJn-ex-plored' (un-eks-plord'), o. Not explored. 
 
 Un-ex-tTn'guished'(un-eks-ting'gwisht), a. Not 
 extinguished; unquenched ; not put out. 
 
 tJn-fad'ing, a. Not liable to fade or wither. 
 
 tTn-fail'ing, a. Not failing ; sure ; certain. 
 
 Un-fair'. a. Not fair ; disingenuous. 
 
 Un-fair'ly, ad. Not in a fair, just manner. 
 
 Un-fair'ness, n. State of being unfair. 
 
 XJn-faith', n. Want of faith; doubt; scepticism. 
 
 ■&n-faith'ful, a. Not faithful ; treacherous. 
 
 Un-faith'ful-ly, ad. Treacherously. 
 
 Un-faith'ful-ness, n. Want of faithfulness. 
 
 ftn-fash'ion-a-ble (un-fash'un-a-bl), «. Not fash- 
 ionable; not according to the fashion. 
 
 tfrn-f ash'ion-a-bly, ad. Not in the fashion. 
 
 i. o, u, y, 
 
 a, e, l, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her: 
 
UNFASTEN 
 
 559 
 
 UNIONIST 
 
 tfn-fas'ten (un-fas'sn), v. a. [pp. unfastening, 
 unfasteued.] To loose ; to unfix. 
 
 tfn-f ath'om-a-ble, a. Not fathomable. 
 
 ttn-fa'vor-a-ble, a. Not favorable ; unkind. 
 
 tfn-fa/vor-a-bly, ad. Not favorably. 
 
 Un-feel'ing, a. Void of feeling; insensible. 
 
 Un-feig-ned' (un-fand'), o. Eeal ; sincere. 
 
 6n-feign'ed-ly. (un-fan'ed-le), ad. Truly. 
 
 trn-fer-ment'ed, a. Not fermented. 
 
 tjn-fet'ter, v.' a. [pp. unfettering, unfettered.] 
 To free from fetters. 
 
 tJn-fil'ial (un-f il'yal), a. Not filial. 
 
 tfn-f In'i'shed (uii-fin'isht), a. Incomplete. 
 
 tfn-flt', a. Not fit; improper; unsuitable. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. unfitting, unfitted.] To make 
 unfit ; to disqualify. 
 
 trn-f It'ness, v. Want of fitness. 
 
 tfn-f ix\ v. a. [pp. unfixing, unfixed.] To loosen ; 
 to make less fast. 
 
 ■&n-fled§ed' (un-flejd'), a. Without feathers. 
 
 ©n-fold', v. a. [pp. unfolding, unfolded.] To 
 expand; to discover; to display; to open; to 
 disclose; to declare. — 2, v. n. To be expanded; 
 to open. 
 
 tTn-for-bid'den (-bTd'dn), a. Not forbidden. 
 
 tln-fore-seen', a. Not seen or known before. 
 
 ■&n-for-§-!v'en (un-for-giv'vn), a. Not forgiven. 
 
 tJn-for-flv'ing. a. Relentless ; implacable. 
 
 ■frn-formed' (irn-formd'), a. Not formed. 
 
 ■&n-fdrt'u-nate, «. Not fortunate; unhappy. 
 
 tJn-fdrt'u-nate-ly., ad. Unhappily. 
 
 Un-fofuid'ed, a. Void of foundation ; false. 
 
 tJn-fre'que'nt, a. Not frequent; infrequent. 
 
 tfn-fre-qugnt'ed, a. Rarely visited. 
 
 tJn-frequent-l'y., ad. Not frequently. 
 
 fjn-friend'ed, a. Wanting friends. 
 
 tJn-friend'l'i-ness, n. Want of friendliness. 
 
 txn-friend'ly, a. Not friendly ; not kind. 
 
 tfrn-fruit'fai'(iin-frut'ful), a. Not fruitful. 
 
 trn-fruit'ful-ness, i>. Barrenness. 
 
 tTn-ful-filled' l-fild'), a. Not fulfilled. 
 
 tfn-furl', v. a. [pp. unfurling, unfurled.] To ex- 
 pand ; to unfold ; to open. 
 
 ■©n-fiir'nish, v. a. [pp. unfurnishing, unfur- 
 nished.] To deprive; to strip. 
 
 ttn-g-ain'li-ness, ». State of being ungainly; 
 awkwardness; uncouthness. 
 
 tJn-gain'ly, «. [0. E. ungeui, inconvenient; »rw-, 
 not, and Icel. g<>grt, ready, convenient. — See 
 Again.] Awkward; uncouth. 
 
 "&n-£-en'er-oiis, a. Not generous ; illiberal. 
 
 fjn-i-en-teel', a. Not genteel; impolite. 
 
 ftn-ggn'tle, «. Not gentle; harsh; rude. 
 
 tjn-l-en'tle-man-ly, <i. Not becoming a gentleman. 
 
 txn-|en'tly, ad. Not gently ; harshly ; rudely. 
 
 tJn-f'i'rd', v. a. [pp. ungirding, ungirded.] To 
 loose from a girdle or bandage. 
 
 tfn-glazed' (uu-glfizd'), a. Not glazed; not fur- 
 nished with glass. 
 
 tjn-god'li-ness, it. Impiety ; wickedness. 
 
 fjn-g5d'ly, a. Wicked; impious; profane. 
 
 tJn-gov'ern-a-ble, a. Not governable. 
 
 tin-grace'ful, a. Not graceful ; awkward. 
 
 fJn-gra'cious (-shus), a. Not gracious: — odious; 
 offensive.' 
 
 tjn-gram-mat'i-cal, a. Not grammatical. 
 
 tfrn-grate'ful, «. Not grateful ; unacceptable. 
 
 fjn-grate'ful-ly., ad. With ingratitude. 
 
 tln-grb'und'ed, a. Having no foundation. 
 
 tJn-grud£'ing, a. Without grudge; hearty. 
 
 tJn'gual, a. [L. unguis, a claw.] Relating to the 
 nail, claw, or hoof. 
 
 ffn-guard'ed (-ga'rd'-), a. Not guarded. 
 
 ■&n'guent (ung'gwent), ». [L. unguentum, oint- 
 ment; ungere, to anoint (g. v.).] An ointment. 
 
 ttn-guic'u-late, o. [L. unguis, a claw.] Having 
 claws; clawed; resembling a claw. 
 
 tJn'g'U-late, a. [Jj. ungula, a hoof; dim. of unguis, 
 a claw ] Having hoofs ; like a hoof. 
 
 tfn-hal'low, r. a. [pp. unhallowing, unhallowed.] 
 To profane ; to desecrate. 
 
 fjn-hand', v. a. [pp. unhanding, unhanded.] To 
 loose from the hand. 
 
 fjn-hand'some (uu-han'sum), a. Not handsome; 
 ungraceful; illiberal; disingenuous. 
 
 fjn-hand'some-ly, ad. Not handsomely. 
 
 tJn-han'dy. a. Awkward; not dexterous. 
 
 TJn-hap'pi-ly. ad. Miserably ; unfortunately. 
 
 Un-hap'pi-ness, n. Infelicity ; misfortune. 
 
 TJn-hap'py, a. Miserable ; unfortunate. 
 
 Un-harmed' (un-harmd'), a. Not injured. 
 
 tTn-haVness, v. a. [pp. unharnessing, unhar- 
 nessed.]' To loose from harness. 
 
 Un-health'ful, a. Not healthful. 
 
 tfn-health'i-ly, ad. Unwholesomely. 
 
 Un-health'i-ness. n. Want of health. 
 
 Un-health'y, a. Not healthy ; sickly. 
 
 Un-heard', a. Not heard ; unknown. 
 
 trn-heed'ed, a. Disregarded; neglected. 
 
 Un-heed'iul, a. Not heedful ; not cautious. 
 
 fjn-heed'ing, a. Negligent; careless. 
 
 fJn-hewn' (un-hun'), «• Not hewn. 
 
 Un-hin'dered (-derd), a. Not hindered. 
 
 Un-hinfe*, v. a. [pp. unhinging, unhinged.] To 
 take from hinges; to loose. 
 
 tTn-hitch', r. a. [pp. unhitching, unhitched.] To 
 unloose ; to set free. 
 
 tfn-ho'li-ness, n. Profaneness; wickedness. 
 
 tJn-ho'ly, a. Not holy ; profane; impious. 
 
 Un-hon'ored (un-on'urd), a. Not honored. 
 
 tJn-hoped' (un-hopf), a. Not hoped. 
 
 tjn-horse', v. a. [pp. unhorsing, unhorsed.] To 
 throw from the saddle. 
 
 ■©n-hiirt', «• Not hurt; free from injury. 
 
 u'ni-cdrn (yu'ue-korn), n. [L. unicornis, one- 
 horned; umts, oin', and cdnm, a horn.] A fabu- 
 lous quadruped that has only one horn : — a bird : 
 — a fish. [of being united. 
 
 U-ni-fi-ca'tion, n. The act of uniting; the state 
 
 u'ni-fdrm (yu'ne-forni), a. [L. uniforntis ; units, 
 one, and forma, a form.] Unvaried in form ; alike; 
 egiuil ; equable; regular; consistent. — 2, n. A 
 like or uniform dress : — the regimental dress of 
 a soldier. 
 
 U-ni-fdrm'i-ty., "• State of being uniform. 
 
 rj'ni-form-iy, ad. Without variation. 
 
 tj'nj-fy. v. <i'. [L. unus, one, and/rtca-e, to make.] 
 [pp. unifying, unified.] To unite into one; to 
 regard as one. 
 
 U-ni-lat'er-al, a. [L. units, one, and latus, lateris, 
 a side.]' Having or pertaining to one side. 
 
 Un-im-ag'i-na-ble, ». Not to be imagined. 
 
 Un-im-pas'sioned (i"in-im-pash'und), a. Not im- 
 passioned ; tranquil; calm; quiet. 
 
 ttn-im-peach'a-ble, «■ Not to hv impeached. 
 
 Un-jm-peached' (-pechf), a. Not impeached. 
 
 Un-im-por'tant, a. Not important. 
 
 IJn-im-proved' (-provd'), "• Not improved. 
 
 tJn-in-flam'ma-ble. o. Not inflammable. 
 
 tJn-in-fdrmed' (-formd'), a. Not informed. 
 
 Un-in-hab'it-a-ble, u. Unfit to be inhabited. 
 
 ■On-in-hab'it-ed. ft. Having no inhabitants. 
 
 tjn-in'jured (Qn-In'jnrd), a. Not injured. 
 
 Un-in-spired' (fm-jn-splrd'), a. Not inspired. 
 
 tJn-in-tel-li-^i-bll'i-ty, } n. State of being un- 
 
 ©n-in-tel'li-&i-ble-ness, ) intelligible. 
 
 Un-in-tel'li-f i-ble, «. Not intelligible. 
 
 ©n-in-tel'li-|i-bly, ad. Not intelligibly. 
 
 trn-in-ten'tion-al, a. Not designed. 
 
 TJn-in'ter-est-ed, «. Not having interest. 
 
 ttn-in'ter-est-i'ng, a. Not interesting. 
 
 trn-in-ter-mit'ting, a. Never failing. 
 
 TJn-in-ter-rupt'ed. «. Not interrupted ; unbroken ; 
 constant ; incessant. 
 
 ■frn-in-ter-rupt'ed-ly, ad. Without interruption. 
 
 Un-in-vit'ed, a.' Not invited ; not asked. 
 
 Un-in-vit'i'ng, a. Not inviting. 
 
 Un'ion (yun'yun), n. [L. unio, uuionis ; unus, one.] 
 Act of uniting ; junction ; concord ; conjunction ; 
 a confederacy. 
 
 fjn'ion-ist, n. A promoter of union : — a member 
 of a trades-union. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— -9, Q-, 5, £, soft; (3, p, p, g, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 
 
UNION-JACK 
 
 560 
 
 UNPARLIAMENTARY 
 
 On'ion-jack, n. A small flag containing only the 
 union, or upper and inner corner of an ensign. 
 
 O-nique' (yu-nek'), a. [Fr. ; L. unicus, single; 
 units, one.] Scle; without an equal or another 
 of the same kind. 
 
 U'ni-son (yu'ne-sun), n. [Fr. unisson.— See below.] 
 Accordance or consonance of sounds ; melody ; 
 harmony; concord; agreement. — 2, a. [L. wti- 
 sonus ; nnus, one, and souus, a sound (</. v.).] 
 Sounding alone. [number, 
 
 fr'nit (yii'nit), n. [See Unity.] One ; the least 
 
 U-ni-ta'ri-an, n. [See Unity.] One'who, in con- 
 tradistinction to a Trinitarian, holds that God 
 exists in one person only ; an anti-Trinitarian. — 
 2, a. Relating to Unitarianism. 
 
 "O-ni-ta'ri-an-ism, n. Doctrines of Unitarians. 
 
 "O-nite' (yu-nlt'), v. a. [L. unire, unitum ; unus, 
 one.] [pp. uniting, united.] To join two or 
 more into one ; to combine ; to cause to adhere. — 
 2, v. n. To join ; to concur; to coalesce. 
 
 "U-nit'ed-ly, ad. With union : so as to join. 
 
 fj'ni-ty, n. [Fr. unite; L. unitus, oneness; amis, 
 one (q. v.).] State of being one ; oneness : — uni- 
 formity ; concord ; agreement ; harmony. 
 
 O'ni-valve, n. [L. unus, one, and valva, a valve 
 ((/'. v.).] A shell having but one valve.— 2, a. 
 Having one shell or valve. 
 
 fj-ni-val'vu-lar, a. Having but one valve. 
 
 O-ni-ver'sal, a. [L. universalis; universum, the 
 whole.— See Universe.] Total; whole; com- 
 prising all.- 2, n. (Loyic.) A proposition in- 
 cluding a general class of particulars. 
 
 "O-ni-ver'sal-ism, n. The doctrine of the ultimate 
 salvation' of all men. 
 
 TT-ni-ver'sal-Jst, n. One who believes that all 
 men will'be ultimately saved. 
 
 O-ni-ver-saTi-ty, n. State of being universal ; 
 extension to the whole. 
 
 TT-ni-ver'sal-ly, ad. Throughout the whole. 
 
 U'ni-verse, n. [L. universum, the whole ; universus, 
 complete, turned into one; unus, one, and ver- 
 tere, to turn.] The whole creation, including 
 the solar system and all the starry regions be- 
 yond; the world. 
 
 "U-ni-ver'si-ty, n. [L. uviversilas, a guild, a cor- 
 poration.— See Universe.] A seminary where 
 all the arts and sciences are taught and studied. 
 
 "On-just', a. Contrary to justice ; iniquitous. 
 
 On-jus'ti-fi-a-ble, a. Not to be justified. 
 
 On-just'ly, ad. In a manner contrary to right. 
 
 On-kempt' , a. [0. E. Jeemben, to comb (q. v.).] 
 Not combed : — rude ; untidy. 
 
 On-kind', a. Not kind; not benevolent. 
 
 On-kind'ly, a. Wanting kindness. — 2, ad. With- 
 out kindness. 
 
 On-kind'ness, n. Want of kindness ; ill-will. 
 
 On-king'ly, a. Unbecoming a king; base. 
 
 On-knit' (un-nlf), v. a. [i. unkuit or unknitted; 
 pp. unknitting, unknit or unknitted.] To un- 
 weave ; to open. 
 
 On-know'a-ble, a. Not to be known. 
 
 On-know'ing (un-nG'jng), a. Not knowing. 
 
 On-know'ing-ly, ad. ' Without knowledge. 
 
 "On-known' (un-non'), a. Not known. 
 
 On-lace', v. a. [pp. unlacing, unlaced.] To loose 
 from laces ; to untie. 
 
 On-lade', v. a. [pp. unlading, unladed.] To 
 empty or remove from a vessel ; to unload. 
 
 On-latch', v. a. [pp. unlatching, unlatched.] To 
 open by lifting up the latch. 
 
 On-law'ful, «. Not lawful; illegal. 
 
 On-law'ful-ly, ad. In an unlawful manner. 
 
 On-lay', v. a.' [i. unlaid; pp. unlaying, unlaid.] 
 (Naut.) To untwist a cable. 
 
 On-learn', v. a. [i. unlearned or unlearnt; pp. 
 unlearning, unlearned or unlearnt.] To forget 
 or lose what has been learned. 
 
 On-learn'ed, a. Not learned ; ignorant. 
 
 On-leash', v. a. [pp. unleashing, unleashed.] To 
 slip or set free from the leash ; to let go : — said 
 of dogs. 
 
 On-leav'ened (un-lev'vnd), a. Not leavened. 
 On-less', couj. [0. E. onlesse ; On and Less, — i.e., 
 
 on the least supposition.] Except ; if not. 
 On-let'tered (un-let'terdj, a. Unlearned. 
 On-like', a. Having no likeness ; dissimilar'. 
 On-like'ly, a. Improbable.— 2, ad. Improbably. 
 On-llke'ness, n. Difference ; diversity. 
 On-llm'it-ed, a. Having no limits; boundless. 
 On-load', v. a. [pp. unloading, unloaded.] To 
 
 free from load ; to unlade. 
 On-lock', v. a. [pp. unlocking, unlocked.] To 
 
 open what is shut. 
 On-166se', v. a. [pp. unloosing, unloosed.] To 
 
 loosen ; to loose. — 2, v. n. To become loosened. 
 On-16ve'li-ness, n. Unamiableness. 
 On-16ve'ly, a. Not lovely ; not amiable. 
 On-luck'i-ly, ad. Unfortunately ; by ill luck. 
 On-luck'y, a. Unfortunate ; not successful. 
 On-make', v. a. [i. unmade; pp. unmaking, un- 
 made.] To deprive of qualities. 
 On-man', v. a. [pp. unmanning, unmanned.] To 
 
 deprive of manly qualities: — to deject; to dis- 
 hearten : — to disgarrison. 
 On-man' a£e-a-ble, a. Not manageable. 
 On-man'ly, a'. Not manly ; unsuitable to a man ; 
 
 dishonorable. 
 On-manned' (un-mand'), a. Not manned ; not 
 
 having men ; deprived of manly qualities. 
 On-man'nered (un-man'nerd), a. Rude; uncivil. 
 On-man'ner-ly, a. Ill-bred ; uncivil. 
 On-mar'ried (un-mar'rjd), a. , Not married. 
 On-mask'', v. a. [pp. unmasking, unmasked.] To 
 
 strip of a mask or disguise. — 2, v. n. To put off 
 
 the mask. 
 On-mean'ing, a. Having no meaning. 
 On-meas'ured (Hn-mezh'urd), a. Not measured. 
 On-meet', a. Not meet; "not fit; not proper. 
 On-me'r'chant-a-ble, a. Not salable. 
 On-mer'ci-ful, a. Not merciful ; cruel. 
 On-mer'ci-ful-ly, ad. Without mercy. 
 On-mer'ci-ful-ness, n. Want of mercy. 
 On-mer'it-ed, a. Not merited or deserved. 
 On-mind'ful, a. Not mindful ; careless. 
 On-mis-tak'a-ble, a. Not capable of being mis- 
 understood. 
 On-mit'i-gat-ed, a. Not mitigated. 
 On-moor', v. a. [pp. unmooring, unmoored.] To 
 
 loose from anchorage. 
 On-m6ved' (un-movd'), a. Not moved; calm. 
 On-mu'si-cal, a. Not musical ; inharmonious. 
 On-muz'zle, v. a. [pp. unmuzzling, unmuzzled.] 
 
 To loose from a muzzle. 
 On-nat'u-ral, a. Not natural ; contrary to nature ; 
 
 affected. 'See Preternatural. 
 On-nat'ii-ral-ly, ad. In opposition to nature. 
 On-neVes-s'a-ri-ly, ad. Without necessity. 
 On-nec'es-sa-ry, o. Not necessary ; needless. 
 On-neigh'bor-ly (un-na/bor-le), a. Not kind. — 
 
 2, ad. Unkindly. 
 On-nerve', v. a. [pp. unnerving, unnerved.] To 
 
 weaken ; to enfeeble. 
 On-num'bered (un-num'berd), o. Not counted. 
 On-ob-jec'tion-a-ble, a. Not objectionable; not 
 
 liable to objection. 
 On-ob-serv'ant, a. Not observant. 
 On-ob-§erved' (un-ob-zervd'), a. Not observed. 
 On-pb-serv'ing, a. ' Not observing. 
 On-ob-tru'sive, a. Not obtrusive ; modest. 
 On-oc'cu-pled (un-ok'ku-pkl), a. Not occupied. 
 On-of-fend'ing, a. Harmless ; innocent. 
 On-bV tho-d5x, a. Not orthodox ; heterodox. 
 On-os-ten-ta'tious, a. Not ostentatious. 
 On-pack', v. a. [pp. unpacking, unpacked.] To 
 
 open, as things packed. 
 On-paid', a. Not paid ; not discharged. 
 On-pal'a-ta-ble, a. Not palatable. 
 On-par'al-ieled (fin-par'al-leld), «. Unequalled. 
 On-par'don-a-ble (-par'dn-), a. Not pardonable. 
 On-par'don-a-bly, ad. Beyond forgiveness. 
 On-par-lia-ment'a-ry (un-par-le-ment'a-re), a. 
 
 Contrary to the rules of parliament. 
 
 a, e, 
 
 u, y, long; 
 
 a, e, l, o 
 
 u, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
UNPEN 
 
 561 
 
 UNSOUND 
 
 fin-pen', v. a. [pp. unpenning, unpenned.] To 
 open ; to set free. 
 
 fin-peo'ple (un-pe'pl), r. «. [pp. unpeopling, un- 
 peopled.] To depopulate. 
 
 fin-per-ceived' (un-per-sevdO, a. Not perceived. 
 
 fin-per-plexed' (un-per-pleksf), o. Not perplexed. 
 
 fin-phil-o-soph'i-cal, «. Not philosophical. 
 
 fin-plt'y-lng, a.' Having no compassion. 
 
 fin-plea§'ant (tin-plez'ant), a. Not pleasant. 
 
 fin-pleas/ant-ly, ad. Not pleasantly. [able. 
 
 fin-pleas/ant-ness, n. Quality of being disagree- 
 
 fin-pleased' (un-plezd'), a. Not pleased. 
 
 fin-po-et'i-cal, a. Not poetical. 
 
 fin-pop'u-lar, a. Not popular; wanting popular- 
 ity ; disliked; offensive; obnoxious. 
 
 fin-pop-u-lar'i-ty,, n. Want of popularity. 
 
 fin-prac'ti-cal, «.' Not practical ; dreamy. 
 
 fin-prac'tjsed (un-prak'tist), a. Not expert. 
 
 fin-prec'e-dent-ed, a. Unexampled. 
 
 fin-prej'u-dlced'(un-prej'u-dist), a. Not preju- 
 diced ; free from prejudice. 
 
 fin-pre-pared' (un-pre-pard'), a. Not prepared. 
 
 fin-pre-pos-sess'ing, a. Not attractive. 
 
 "On-pre-sent a-ble, a. Not presentable ; untidy. 
 
 ■fin-pre-sumpVu-ous (un-pre-zumt'yu-us), a. Not 
 presumptuous; cautious; submissive; humble. 
 
 fin-prln'ci-pled (un-prin'se-pld), o. Devoid of 
 principle ; of loose principles ; wicked. 
 
 ■fin-pro-dfic'tive, «. Not productive; barren. 
 
 fin-prof it-a-ble, a. Affording no profit. 
 
 fin-prof it-a-ble-ness, n. Uselessness. 
 
 fin-prof it-a-bly, ad. Without profit. 
 
 fin-prom'is-ing, a. Not promising good. 
 
 fin-pro-pi''tious(un-pro-pish'us), o. Inauspicious. 
 
 ■fin-pro-voked' (un-pro-vokt'), a. Not provoked. 
 
 fin-pub'lished (un-pui/lisht), a. Not published. 
 
 fin-pun'ished (un-pun'isht), a. Not punished. 
 
 fin-piir'chased (un-piir'chast), a. Unbought. 
 
 ■Onwqual'i-f led (lin-kwol'j-'fld), a. Not qualified ; 
 not fit :— not softened ; not abated. 
 
 fin-quench'a-ble, a. Not to be quenched. 
 
 fin-ques'tion-a-ble (un-kwest'yun-a-bl) T a. Not 
 questionable'; indubitable; indisputable; certain. 
 
 fin-ques'tion-a-bly, ad. Without doubt. 
 
 fin-ques'tioned (uu-kwest'yund), a. Not doubted. 
 
 fin-qul'et, o. Not quiet ; disturbed; restless. 
 
 "On-rav'el (Qn-rav'vl), v. a. [pp. unravelling, un- 
 ravelled.] To disentangle ; to unfold ; to ravel : 
 — to explain. — 2, v. n. To be unfolded. 
 
 fin-read' (tin-red'), a. Not read ; untaught. 
 
 fin-read'i-ness, n. Want of readiness. 
 
 fin-ready (un-red'e), «. Not ready; unfit. 
 
 tJn-re'al, '«. Not real ; vain; unsubstantial. 
 
 fin-rea'son (un-re'zn), n. Folly ; absurdity. 
 
 fin-rea'son-a-ble (un-re'zn-a-bl), a. Not reason- 
 able; unwise; irrational; absurd. 
 
 fin-rea'son-a-ble-ness(un-re'zn-:i-bl-nes), n. In- 
 consistency with reason ; exorbitance. 
 
 fin-rea'§on-a-blx, ad. Without reason. [ciled. 
 
 ■On-rec'on-clled (un-rek'on-sild), a. Not recon- 
 
 fin-re-£en'er-a-cy, n. Unregenerate state. 
 
 tln-re-gen'er-ate, a. Not regenerate. 
 
 ■fin-re-lent'ing, a. Not relenting; inexorable; 
 implacable ; relentless ; hard ; cruel . 
 
 ■fin-re-11' a-ble, a. Not to be depended on. 
 
 fin-re-lieved' (un-re-levd'), a. Not relieved. 
 
 fin-re-mlt'ting, a. Not abating; persevering. 
 
 fin-re-pent'ant, \ a. Not repenting; not peni- 
 
 fin-re-pent'ing, j tent ; impenitent. 
 
 "fin-re-serve', «. Want of reserve ; frankness. 
 
 fin-re-§erved' (un-re-zervd'), a. Open; frank. 
 
 fin-re-serv'ed-ly, ad. Without reserve. 
 
 fin-re-slst'ing, a. Not making resistance. 
 
 fin-rest', n. Disquiet; lack of tranquillity. 
 
 fin-rest'ing, a. Acting or moving without rest. 
 
 ■fin-re-strained', a. Not restrained. 
 
 fin-rid'dle, v. a. [pp. unriddling, unriddled.] To 
 solve, as a riddle. 
 
 tin-rig', v. a. [pp. unrigging, unrigged.] To 
 strip of rigging t>r tackle. 
 
 fin-rlght'eous (un-ri'chus), a. Unjust. 
 
 fin-right'eous-ly, ad. Unjustly. 
 
 fin-rlght'eous-ness (un-ri'clms-nes), n. Injus- 
 tice; wickedness; sinfulness. 
 
 fin-ripe', a. Not ripe ; green; immature. 
 
 fin-ri'valled (un-ri'vald), a. Having no rival. 
 
 fin-roll', v. a. [pp. unrolling, unrolled.] To 
 open what is rolled. 
 
 fin-ro-man'tic, a. Not romantic. 
 
 fin-roof, v. a. [pp. unroofing, unroofed.] To 
 strip off the roof. 
 
 fin-ruffled (un-ruf fld), a. Calm ; tranquil. 
 
 fin-ru'li-ness, n. Turbulence ; disorder. 
 
 fin-ru'ly, «. [Un-, not, and 0. E. ruly, subject to 
 rule.] Turbulent ; ungovernable. 
 
 fin-sad'dle, v. a. [pp. unsaddling, unsaddled.] 
 To take off the saddle from. 
 
 fin-safe', a. Not safe ; dangerous. 
 
 fin-said' (un-sed'j. a. Not said ; not uttered. 
 
 fin-sal'a-ble, a. Not salable ; not vendible. 
 
 fin-san'i-ta-ry, a. Not healthy ; tending to pro- 
 duce disease. 
 
 fin-sat-is-fac'to-ry, «• Not satisfactory. 
 
 fin-sat'is-f Jed (un-sat'is-l id), a. Not satisfied. 
 
 fin-sat'is-fy-ing, a. Not satisfying. 
 
 fin-sa'vpr-y, a. Not savory ; disgusting. 
 
 fin-say', v. a. [i. unsaid; pp. unsaying, unsaid.] 
 To retract what has been said; to recant. 
 
 fin-scathed', or fin-scathed', a. Not injured. 
 
 fin-sphol'ar-ly, a. Not like a scholar; not like 
 the work of a scholar. 
 
 fin-screw' (un-skru'), v. a. [pp. unscrewing, un- 
 screwed.] To draw the screw from ; to unfasten ; 
 to loosen. 
 
 fin-scrlpt'u-ral, a. Not scriptural. 
 
 fin-scru'pu-lous, a. Not scrupulous. 
 
 fin-seal', v. a. [pp. unsealing, unsealed.] To 
 open any thing sealed. 
 
 fin-search'a-ble, o. Inscrutable. 
 
 fin-sea'son-'a-ble (un-se'zn-a-bl), a. Not season- 
 able ; unfit; untimely; ill-timed. 
 
 fin-sea'son-a-bly, ad. Not seasonably. 
 
 fin-sea'soned (iin-se'znd), o. Not seasoned. 
 
 , fin-seat , v. a. [pp. unseating, unseated.] To 
 throw from the seat. [at sea. 
 
 fin-sea'wor-tfiy (un-se'wiir-the), a. Not fit to sail 
 
 fin-seem'li-ness, w. Indecency ; indecorum. 
 
 fin-seem'ly., a. Not seemly ; indecent. 
 
 fin-seen', a. Not seen; invisible. 
 
 fin-selfish, a. Not selfish ; disinterested. 
 
 fin-ser'vice-a-ble. a. Not serticeable. 
 
 fin-set' tie, r. a. [pp. unsettling, unsettled.] To 
 make unsettled ; to unfix. 
 
 fin-set' tied (un-set'tld), a. Not fixed; not occu- 
 pied : — not paid : — disturbed. 
 
 fin-sex', v. a. [pp. unsexing, unsexed.] To de- 
 prive of the qualities of sex. 
 
 fin-shac'kle, V. a. [pp. unshackling, unshackled.] 
 To loose from shackles. 
 
 fin-sheathe', v. a. [pp. unsheathing, unsheathed.] 
 To draw from a sheath. [take out of a ship. 
 
 fin-ship', v. a. [pp. unshipping, unshipped.] To 
 
 fin-shod', a. Not shod ; having no shoes. 
 
 fin-shrink'ing, a. Not shrinking or recoiling. 
 
 fin-sift'ed, a. Not sifted ; not examined. 
 
 fin-sight'ly (un-sit'le), a. Ugly; deformed. 
 
 fin-skil'ful, a. Wanting skill or knowledge. 
 
 fin-skil'ful-ly, ad. Without skill. 
 
 fin-skilled' (un-skild'), a. Wanting skill. 
 
 fin-so'ci-a-ble (un-so'she-a-bl), a. Not sociable; 
 unsocial'; reserved; not communicative. 
 
 fin-so'ci-a-bly (un-so'she-a-ble), ad. With re- 
 serve ; riot sociably. 
 
 fin-so' cial (un-so'shal), «. Not social ; unsociable. 
 
 fin-sol'dier-ly, (Cin-sol'jer-le), o. Unbecoming to 
 a soldier. 
 
 fin-so-lis'it-ed, a. Not solicited ; not required. 
 
 fin-solved* (un-solvd'), a. Not solved. 
 
 fin-so-phis'ti-cat-ed, a. Not sophisticated. 
 
 fin-sb'rfed, a. Not sorted or separated. 
 
 fin-sought' (un-sawf), a. Not sought. 
 
 fin-sound', a. Not sound; corrupted. 
 
 mien, si> ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — g, £r, 9, g\ soft; p, ja, p, g, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; tfiis. 
 II 
 
UNSOUNDNESS 
 
 562 
 
 UPLIFT 
 
 On-sb'und'ness, n. Want of soundness. 
 On-spar'ing, a. Not sparing; profuse; severe. 
 On-speak'a-ble, a. Not to be spoken; ineffable. 
 On-speak'a-bly, ad. Inexpressibly. 
 On-spent', «. Not spent; not exhausted. 
 On-spir'it-u-al, a. Not spiritual ; carnal. 
 On-spoiled' (un-spoild'), a. Not spoiled, 
 tin-spot' ted, a. Not spotted ; immaculate 
 On-sta'ble, a. Not fixed ; inconstant. 
 On-stained' (iin-stand'), a. Not stained. 
 On-stead'i-ly, ad. Inconstantly. 
 On-stead'i-ness, n. Want of constancy. 
 On-stead'y, a. Inconstant; mutable. 
 TJn-stint'ed, a. Not stinted or limited. 
 On-stop\V. a. [pp. unstopping, unstopped.] To 
 
 open ; to remove the stopper or other obstruction 
 
 from. 
 On-string', v. a. [i. unstrung; pp. unstringing, 
 
 unstrung.] To deprive of strings ; to relax the 
 
 strings of; to loosen. 
 On-stud'ied (un-stud'id), a. Not studied. 
 On-sub-stan'tial, a. Not substantial. 
 On-suc-cess'ful, o. Not successful ; unlucky. 
 On-suc-cess'ful-ly, ad. Without success. 
 ■&n-suit'a-ble, «. Not suitable; improper. 
 On-sul'li'ed (un-sul'lid), a. Not sullied. 
 "On-sung', a. Not celebrated in verse. 
 On-sus-pect'ing, a. Not having suspicion. 
 On-sus-pi"cious (-pTsh'us), a. Not suspicious. 
 On-tam'a-ble, a. That cannot be tamed. 
 On-tamed' (un-tumd'), a. Not tamed. 
 On-tan'gle (Qn-tang'gl), v. a. [pp. untangling, 
 
 untangled.] To loose from intricacy. 
 On-taught' (im-tawt'), a. Not taught; unin- 
 . structed ; ignorant ; unskilled 
 On-teach'a-ble, a. That cannot be taught. 
 On-ten'a-ble, a. Not tenable; indefensible. 
 On-ten'ant-ed, a. Having no tenant. 
 On-thank'ful, a. Not thankful ; ungrateful. 
 On-thank'ful-ly, ad. Without gratitude. 
 On-thank'ful-ness, n. Ingratitude. 
 On-think'ing, «. Thoughtless; inconsiderate. 
 On-thrift\ n. Lack of thrift: — (un'thrlft) an un- 
 thrifty person. 
 On-thrift'i-ly, ad. Without thrift. 
 On-thrift'i-ness, n. Waste ; prodigality. 
 On-thrift'y, a. Not thrifty ; prodigal. 
 On-tI'dy, a. Not tidy ; not neat. 
 On-tie',Y. a. [pp. untying, untied.] To unbind; 
 
 to loose, as a knot. 
 On-til\ ad. or conj. [For unto.— See Till.] To 
 
 the time that; till. — 2, prep. To; till: — used 
 
 of time. 
 On-time'ly, a. [Dn-, not, and Timely.] Not 
 
 timely; unseasonable. — 2, ad. Prematurely; 
 
 unseasonably. 
 On-tlr'ing, a. Not becoming tired; indefatigable. 
 On'to, prep. [A.-S. nrdo ; 0. Sax. und, unto, and 
 
 to, to (q. v.).] Noting motion toward; to. 
 On-told', a. Not told ; not related. 
 ■On-touched' (un-t&clit'), a. Not touched. 
 On-tow'ard, a. [Un- and Toward.] Perverse; 
 
 awkward. 
 On-tow'ard-ly, ad. Ungainly; perversely. 
 On-trans-fer'a-ble, a. Not to be transferred. 
 On-trans-lat'a-ble, a. That cannot be translated. 
 On-trav'elled (.un-trav'eld), a. Not travelled; 
 
 not passed over: — not having travelled. 
 On-tried' (un-trld'), o. Not tried. 
 On-trod', a. Not trodden ; untrodden. 
 On-trod'den (un-trod'dn), a. Not trodden. 
 On-true', a. Not true ; false; not faithful. 
 On-tru'ly, ad. Falsely ; not truly. [worthy. 
 
 On-trust' wor-t&y (un-trust'wiir-tne), a. Not trust- 
 On-truth', v. A falsehood ; a false assertion. 
 On-truth'ful, a. ' Lacking in veracity. 
 On-tG'tored (un-tu'tord), a. Uninstructed. 
 On-twine', v. a. [pp. untwining, untwined.] To 
 
 untwist; to unwind; to disentangle. 
 On-twist', v. a. [pp. untwisting, untwisted.] To 
 
 untwine ; to disentangle. 
 
 On-used' (lin-yuzcV), a. Not used. 
 
 On-5 §u-al (un-yu'zhu-al), a. Not usual ; rare. 
 
 On-Qt'ter-a-ble, a. Ineffable; inexpressible. 
 
 On-va'r'ied' (un-va/rid), «. Not varied. 
 
 On-var'nished (un-var'nislit), a. Not adorned. 
 
 On-va'ry-ing, a. Not varying; invariable. 
 
 On-veil' (un-val'), v. a. [pp. unveiling, unveiled.] 
 To uncover ; to disclose. 
 
 On-ve-ra'cious (un-ve-ra'shus), a. Not having a 
 
 ■ strict regard for truth ; untruthful ; dishonest. 
 
 On-ve-rae'i-ty, n. Want of veracity. 
 
 On-wa'ri-ly, ad. Witbout caution ; carelessly. 
 
 On-wa'ri-ness, w. Want of caution. 
 
 On-war'like, a. Not warlike ; not militarj'. 
 
 On-war'rant-a-ble (un-wor'rant-a-bl), a. Not 
 warrantable"; indefensible; unjustifiable. 
 
 On-wa'ry, a. Wanting caution ; imprudent. 
 
 On-wa'ver-ing, a. Not faltering; steady; firm. 
 
 On-wea'ried (un-we'rid), a. Not wearied; not 
 
 ^ tired ; not fatigued ; indefatigable. 
 
 On-wel'come, a. Not welcome. 
 
 On-well', a. Not well; slightly indisposed. 
 
 On-wept', a. Not wept; not lamented. 
 
 On-whole'some (un-hol'sum), a. Not whole- 
 some; insalubrious; corrupt; tainted. 
 
 On-wield'y, a. Unmanageable ; bulky. 
 
 On-will'ing, a. Not willing; loath; averse. 
 
 On-will'ing-ly, ad. With re'luctauce. 
 
 On-will'ing-ness, n. Disinclination. 
 
 On-wi§'dom, n. Folly; lack of wisdom. 
 
 On-wI§e','a. Not wise; foolish; weak. 
 
 On-wise'ly, ad. Not wisely ; weakly. 
 
 On-wit'ting, a. [See Wit.] Not knowing or per- 
 ceiving'; ignorant. 
 
 On-wit'ting-ly, ad. Without knowledge. 
 
 On-wom'an-ly (un-wum'an-le), a. Not womanly. 
 
 On-wont'ed, o. Unusual ; unaccustomed. 
 
 On-wor'thi-ly (un-wiir'the-le), ad. Not according 
 to desert.' [worth. 
 
 On-wor'thi-ness (ftn-wiir'the-nes), «. Want of 
 
 On-wor'thy (un-wiir'the), a. Not worthy ; want- 
 ing merit'; worthless -/contemptible. 
 
 On-wrap' (un-rap'), v. a. [pp. unwrapping, un- 
 wrapped.] To unfold; to remove coverings from. 
 
 On-writ' ten (lin-iit'tn), a. Not written. 
 
 On-yield'ing (un-yeld'ing), a. Not yielding. 
 
 On-yoke',' v. a. [pp. unyoking, unyoked.] To 
 loose from the yoke. 
 
 Op, ad. [A.-S. np ; Dut. & Dan. op ; Goth, ivp ; 
 Ger. auf.] Aloft; above; not down: — out of 
 
 _ bed. — 2, prep. From a lower to a higher part. 
 
 u'pas, n. [A Malay name.] A poisonous tree of 
 wie island of Java. 
 
 Op-braid', v. a. [A.-S. up, up, and bregdan, to 
 braid (q. v.), to weave, to pull, to draw.] [pp. 
 upbraiding, upbraided.] To charge witli some- 
 thing disgraceful ; to chide ; to reproach ; to 
 censure. 
 
 Op-braid'ing-ly, ad. By way of reproach. 
 
 Op'biirst, n. A bursting or explosion upward. 
 
 Op'cast, n. A throw ; a cast : — a term of bowling. 
 
 Op'hand, a. Lifted by the hand. 
 
 Op-heav'al, n. The act of upheaving. 
 
 Op-heave', v. a. [Up and Heave] [pp. upheav- 
 ing, upheaved.] To heave up; to lift up. 
 
 Op'hill, a. Difficult; laborious; ascending. 
 
 Op-hold', v. a. [i. upheld ; pp. upholding, upheld.] 
 To raise : — to support; to sustain. 
 
 Op-hold'er, n. A supporter ; an undertaker. 
 
 Op-hol'ster, v. a. [See Upholsterer.] [pp. up- 
 holstering, upholstered.] To furnish or fit up 
 with furniture, beds, curtains, hangings, &c. 
 
 Op-hol'ster-er, n. [0. E. upholder, vpholdskr, an 
 upholsterer, — originally, an auctioneer; Up and 
 Hold.] A furnisher of houses. 
 
 Op-hol'ster-y, n. Furniture for houses. 
 
 Op'land, a. Higrh in situation: — rude; wild. — 
 2, ». High land ; elevated land. 
 
 Op-lift', v. a. [pp. uplifting, uplifted.] To raise 
 aloft; to elevate. — 2, n. (up'lift). Elevation; 
 upheaval. 
 
 u, y, long ; a, e, I, 5, fi, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 
 
UPON 
 
 563 
 
 USURPER 
 
 tfp-on', prep. [A.-S. uppon.— See Up and On.] 
 
 On ; not under ; relating to. 
 ■ftp'per, a. Higher in place, rank, or power. 
 Up-per-hand', u. Superiority; advantage. 
 Up'per-most, a. Highest in place or rank. 
 Up'pish, a. Proud ; arrogant ; pettish. 
 Up-rai§e', v. a. [pp. upraising, upraised.] To 
 
 raise up ; to exalt. 
 Up-rear', v. a. [pp. uprearing, upreared.] To 
 
 rear on high. 
 Up'rlght (up'rit), a. [A.-S. uprihl: Up and Right.] 
 
 Straight up; standing erect; erect: — honest; 
 
 just; faithful. — 2, ». Something standing erect 
 
 or perpendicular ; a standard : — elevation, 
 tjp'right-ly. (up'rlt-le), ad. With uprightness. 
 "&p'right-nlss (up'rit-nes), n. State of being 
 
 upright; honesty; rectitude; probity. 
 Up-ris/ing, ». The act of rising : — insurrection, 
 tjp'roar, n. [Dut. oproer; op, up, and roeren, to 
 
 stir; Ger. aufruhr, uproar: A.-S. kreran, to stir.] 
 
 A tumult; bustle ; confusion. 
 tJp-roar'i-ous, a. Tumultuous; full of uproar. 
 Up-r66t\ v. a. [pp. uprooting, uprooted.] To 
 
 tear up by the root. 
 tJp-set', o. a. [i. upset ; pp. upsetting, upset.] To 
 
 overturn ; to overthrow. 
 tJp'set, a. Fixed upon; determined beforehand. 
 
 — 2, n. An overturn. 
 Up'shot, n. Conclusion; the end; final event. 
 Up'side, n. The upper side; upper part. 
 Up'start, n. One suddenly raised to power, 
 
 wealth, honor, or notice; a pretender. — 2, a. 
 
 Suddenly raised ; insolent. 
 tJp-tiirn', v. a. [pp. upturning, upturned.] To 
 
 throw up; to furrow. 
 Up'ward, a. Directed to a higher part. 
 tXp'ward, \ ad. [A.-S. upweard, upweardes.] To- 
 tjp'ward§, / ward a higher place ; more than. 
 U-rse'mi-a, u. [Urea, and Gr. al/xa, blood.] A 
 
 highly dangerous disease produced by retention 
 
 of urea in the blood. 
 U-rae'mic, ) a. Of or pertaining to, or tending to 
 U-rem'ic, / produce, uraemia. 
 U-ra'ni-um, ». (Min.) A white, rare metal. 
 U-ran-og'ra-phy, \ n. A description of the 
 U-ran-ol'o-gy, J heavens. 
 U'ra-niis, n. [L. ; Gr. oupavd?, Skr. varunas, the 
 
 sky ; var, to c >ver.] A planet discovered by Dr. 
 _ Herschel in 1781. 
 
 U'rate, n. A salt of uric acid. [city. 
 
 Ur'ban, a. [See Urbane.] Of or pertaining to a 
 Ur-bane', a. [L. urbanus; urbs, urbis, a city.] 
 
 Civil ; polished ; polite ; courteous ; elegant : — 
 
 opposed to rustic. 
 Ur-ban'i-ty. n. [L. urban Has ; Fr. urbanilS.] Civil- 
 ity; politeness; courtesy. 
 Ur'chin, ». [Fr. herisson, L. erieius (also er, eris, 
 
 fir - XVf>), a hedgehog; Skr. hrish, to bristle.] A 
 
 hedgehog:— a small boy:— an elf:— an imp. 
 tJr'du, n. [Per. nrdn, Turk, ordu, a camp, army, 
 
 or horde (7. v.). It was introduced into India, 
 
 in part, by armies from Central Asia.] The Hin- 
 dustani language. 
 U're-a, b. [Neo-Latin. — See Urine.] A nitroge- 
 _ nous principle found in urine. 
 U're-ter (yi/re-ter or yu-re'ter), n. [Late L. ; Gr. 
 
 ovprjr^p, a urinary duct; ovpelv, to piss urine 
 
 ('/• »•)•] (Anal.) A tube conveying urine from 
 _ the kidneys to the bladder. 
 U-re'thra, ». [Late L. ; Gr. ovp-qQpa.— See Urine.] 
 
 (Anat.) The membranous tube or canal by which 
 
 urine is voided. 
 U-re'thral, a. Relating to the urethra. 
 Urge, 17. a. [L. urgere, to drive.] [pp. urging, 
 
 urged.] To incite ; to push ; to press; to solicit. 
 
 — -1 ''. n. To press forward ; to proceed. 
 Ur'|en-cy. n. Pressure of difficulty :— entreaty. 
 Ur'gent, a. [L. urgere, part, urgentis, to drive.] 
 m Cogent; pressing; importunate! 
 Ur'gent-ly, ad. With urgency ; cogently, 
 fj'ric, a. Pertaining to urea. 
 
 fj'rim (yii'rim), n. [Heb.] Urim and Thummim 
 are supposed to have been ornaments in the 
 _ Jewish high-priest's breastplate. 
 
 u'ri-nal, n. A vessel for holding urine. 
 
 TJ'ri-na-ry. (yu're-na-re), a. Relating to urine. 
 
 u'ri-nate, v. n. [pp. urinating, urinated.] To 
 discharge urine. 
 
 u'rine (yu'rin), n. [L. urina; Gr. ovpov. — Cf. Skr. 
 vari, water; Zend vara, rain.] Water coming 
 from animals. 
 
 u'ri-noiis (yu're-nus), a. Partaking of urine. 
 
 Urn, n. [Fr. urne, L. urna, an urn ; perhaps from 
 urere, to burn. — Cf. L. hirnea, a jug.] A vase: — 
 a vessel in which the ashes of burnt dead bodies 
 were anciently put.— 2, v. a. [pp. urning, 
 urned.] To enclose in an urn. 
 
 U-ro-f en'i-tal, a. [Urinary and Genital.] Per- 
 taining to the urinary and genital organs. 
 
 Ur'sa, n. [L.] (Astron.) The Bear ; a constella- 
 tion. — Ursa Major, the Greater Bear ; Ursa Minor, 
 the Lesser Bear. 
 
 Ur'sine, «• [L. ursinus ; ursus, fern, una, a bear.] 
 Relating to or like a bear. 
 
 Ur'son, n. [Fr. ; a variant of herisson, a hedge- 
 hog. — See Urchin.] The North American por- 
 cupine. 
 
 Ur'su-line, a. [Xamed in houor of St. Ursula.] 
 Denoting an order of nuns. 
 
 tjr-ti-ca'tion, n. [L. urtica, a nettle ; urere, to 
 burn.] A sensation as of being stuug by net- 
 tles, [wild ox. 
 
 u'rus, n. [See Aurochs.] A former species of 
 
 Us, pron. pi. [A.-S. us; Dut. ons ; Dan. os ; Goth. 
 & Ger. uns.] The objective case of we. 
 
 U'§age (yu'zaj), n. [Fr. usage, Late L. usaticum, 
 maginm, use (rj. v.).] Manner of using; treat- 
 ment : — the habit of many ; common or long- 
 continued practice; prescription: use; custom. 
 
 Use (yus), n. [L. nsns. — See the verb Use. In the 
 legal sense of pi-ofit, benefit, it also represents 
 the 0. Law Fr. noes, oes, oeps, profit ; L. opus, 
 need, advantage.] The act of using; need; 
 utility ; usefulness ; benefit : — usage ; habit. 
 
 Use (yuz), v. a. [L. vti, usus, to use.] [pp. using, 
 used.] To make use of; to employ. — 2, v. n. To 
 be accustomed : — to frequent. 
 
 Use'ful (yiis'ful), a. Valuable for use; service- 
 able; profitable; beneficial: advautag 
 
 Use'ful-ly, ad. In a useful manner; profitably. 
 
 Use'ful-ness, rt. The quality of being useful; 
 utility ; service ; benefit. 
 
 Use'less, a. Bein^c of no use; worthless. 
 
 Use'less-ly, ad. Without use. 
 
 Use'less-ness, n. Unfitness to any end. 
 
 Us'er (ytiz'er), n. One who uses. 
 
 tJsh'er, n. [Fr. huissier, L. ostiarius, a door- 
 keeper; ostium, a door, an entrance; os, the 
 mouth.] An under-teacher : — an introducer; a 
 door-keeper. — 2, v. a. [pp. ushering, ushered.] 
 To introduce ; to forerun. 
 
 Us-que-baugh' (us-kwe-haw'), n. [Irish visge 
 beatha, water of life, whiskey (q. v.).] A com- 
 pound, distilled spirit; whiskey. 
 
 U'su-al (yu'zhu-al), a. [L. VS u<dis.—$ee Use.] 
 Common ; occurring often ; customary ; ordi- 
 nary ; general. 
 
 U'su-al-ly (yu'zhu-al-le), ad. Commonly 
 
 u'§u-fruct, n. [L. usufruetus; usus, use, and five- 
 
 _ tus, fruit (a. v.).] (Laic.) Right of enjoying ;' use. 
 
 tj-su-fruc'tu-a-ry, n. [L. wtufructuarius.] One 
 who has a temporary use and profit of any thing. 
 
 U'su-rer (yu'zhu-rerj, n. [Fr. usurier; L. usura- 
 rius.]' One who receives usury. 
 
 U-§u'ri-oiis, «• Of the nature of usury; given to 
 the practice of usury. 
 
 U-siirp' [yu'zurp, N.], v. a. [L. usurpare; perhaps 
 for tisni rapere, to seize for (one's own use).] 
 [pp. usurping, usurped.] To seize or possess 
 without right. 
 
 U-sur-pa'tion, n. [L. usnrpafio.] Illegal seizure. 
 
 U-§iirp'er (yu-ziirp'er), «. One who usurps. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— C, 9, 9, £, soft; p, ja, p, g, hard; § as z ; 5 as gz ; this. 
 
USUKY 
 
 564 
 
 VALIANTLY 
 
 U'su-ry. (yu'zhu-re), n. [L. usnra, use,— also in- 
 terest, usury. — See Use.j Illegal interest. 
 
 U-ten'sil, or u'ten-sil, n. [L. ulensilvs, fit for use 
 (q. v.); utensilia, utensils.] An instrument for 
 any use ; a vessel ; a tool. 
 
 fj'ter-ine, or v' ter-ine, a. [L. uterirms. — See Ute- 
 rus.] Belonging to the womb : — born of the 
 same mother. 
 
 fj'te-rus (yu'te-rus), n. [L.— Cf. Gr. varepa, the 
 womb; Skr. udaram, the belly.] The womb. 
 
 tj-til-i-ta'ri-an, a. Relating to utilitarianism. — 
 2, n. An'adherent to utilitarianism. 
 
 ■U-til-i-ta'ri-an-ism, n. The system of general 
 utility, or that system which holds that right 
 actions are those which promote the happiness 
 of the great mass of mankind. 
 
 U-til'i-ty., n. [L. utilitas; Fr. ulilite.] Usefulness; 
 profit ; convenience. 
 
 U'til-ise, v. a. [Fr. u Miser ; L. ulilis, useful; uti, 
 to use.] [pp. utilizing, utilized.] To render 
 useful ; to put to use. 
 
 tJt'most, a. [A.-S. ytemest; ut, out, and superla- 
 tive termination -rnest.] Extreme ; furthest ; 
 highest. — 2, n. The greatest quantity or degree. 
 
 fj-to'pi-an, a. [Gr. ov, not, and totto9, a place.] 
 
 Relating to an ideal commonwealth in the im- 
 
 _ aginary island of Utopia .-—fanciful ; chimerical. 
 
 U'tri-cle, n. [L. ntriculus, dim. of uter, utris, a 
 skin bag.] A little bag, bladder, or cell. 
 
 tJt'ter, a. [A.-S. utor, uttor, comparative of id, out 
 {q.v.).] Extreme; excessive; complete. — 2, v. a. 
 [0. E. outre, frequentative of outen, to put out ; 
 A.-S. utian, to eject. — See Out.] [pp. uttering, 
 uttered.] To speak; to pronounce; to articu- 
 late : — to declare ; to publish ; to tell ; to dis- 
 close : — to vend ; to sell. 
 
 Ut'ter-ance, n. The act of uttering; expression ; 
 pronunciation ; delivery ; elocution. 
 
 Ut'ter-ly, ad. Fully; completely; perfectly. 
 
 Ut'ter-most, a. Extreme ; utmost. — 2, u. Great- 
 
 _ est degree ; the utmost. 
 
 u'vu-la, w. [L. ; dim. of una, a grape.] A round 
 soft body over the glottis. 
 
 fix-bVi-cide, n. [L. uxor, uxorU, a wife, and cse- 
 dere, to kill.] The murder of a wife by her 
 husband : — a wife-murderer. 
 
 Ux-o'ri-ous, a. [L. uxorius ; uxor, a wife.] Sub- 
 missively fond of a wife. 
 
 Ux-o'ri-ous-ly, ad. In an uxorious manner. 
 
 tJx-o'ri-ous-ness, n. Fond submission to a wife. 
 
 V. 
 
 Y consonant, has but one sound, and is nearly 
 j allied to/; but v is vocal, and /is aspirate. 
 
 Va'can-cy, «• Empty space ; vacuity ; chasm. 
 
 Va'cant, a. [L. vacare, vacantis, to be empty ; 
 vacuus, empty.] Empty; void; free; disengaged. 
 
 Va'cate, v. a. [L. vacare, vacatum, to be empty.] 
 [pp. vacating, vacated.] To annul;" to make 
 vacant or void ; to quit possession of; to leave. 
 
 Va-ca'tion, n. [L. vacatio, leisure, emptiness.— 
 See Vacant.] An intermission; a recess. 
 
 Vac'ci-nate, v. a. [See Vaccine.] [pp. vacci- 
 nating, vaccinated.] To inoculate with vaccine 
 matter in order to protect from the small-pox. 
 
 Vac-ci-na/tion, n. Inoculation for the cow-pox. 
 
 Vac' cine, or Vac'cine [vak'sen, E.], a. [L. vacca, 
 a cow; vaccinus, belonging to cows.] Of or be- 
 longing to a cow ; relating to vaccination. 
 
 Vac'il-late, v. n. [L. vacillare, vacillatum, to waver. 
 — Cf. Wag.] [pp. vacillating, vacillated.] To 
 waver ; to be inconstant or unsteady ; to fluctuate. 
 
 Vag-il-la'tion, n. [L. vacillatio.] The act of vacil- 
 lating; fluctuation. 
 
 Va-cu'i-ty., n. [L. vacuitas ; Fr. vacuite. — See Vac- 
 uous.'] Emptiness; spacefilled; inanity. 
 
 Vac'i-ole, n. A little cavity. [unfilled. 
 
 Vac'ii-ous, a» [L. vacuus.— See Vacant.] Empty ; 
 
 Vac'u-um, n. [L.] Space unoccupied by matter. 
 
 Va'de-me'cum, w. [L. for "go with me."] A 
 book or manual that a person always carries 
 with him. 
 
 Vag'a-bond, a. [Fr. vagabond, L. vagabundus, wan- 
 dering; vagari, to wander; vagus, wandering.] 
 Wandering; vagrant.— 2, n. A vagrant; a 
 wanderer. 
 
 Vag'a-bond-age, In. The practice of a vaga- 
 
 Vag'a-bond-ism, J bond; vagrancy. 
 
 Va-ga'ry, »?. [L. vagari, to wander.] A wild 
 freak or fancy ; a whim. 
 
 Va-gl'na, w. [L.] A sheath ; a tube :— the outlet 
 of the uterus. 
 
 Vai-'i-nal, or Va-gi'nal, a. Relating to a sheath. 
 
 Va'gran-cy, n. 'The act or state of a vagrant. 
 
 Va' grant, a. [0. E. vagarant; L. vagari, to wan- 
 der.] Wandering; roving; vagabond. — 2, n. 
 A wanderer; a vagabond ; a strolling beggar. 
 
 Vague (vag), a. [L. vagus, wandering; Fr. vague, 
 indistinct.— Cf. Vagabond.] Unfixed; unset- 
 tled ; uncertain. 
 
 Vague'ly. (vagle), ad. In a vague manner. 
 
 Vague'ness, n. State of being indefinite. 
 
 Vail, n. & v. a. See Veil. [vants. 
 
 Vail§, n. pi. [For avails.] Money given to ser- 
 
 Vain, a. [Fr. vain, L. vanus, emptj r . — Cf. vacuus, 
 empty.] Fruitless; unreal ; showy ; idle ; empty : 
 — ostentatious ; foolishly or meanly proud ; self- 
 conceited. — In vain, to no purpose. 
 
 Vain-glo'ri-ous, a. Vain or proud without merit; 
 boastful ;' vaunting ; conceited. 
 
 Vain-glo'ry., n. Empty pride ; vain boasting. 
 
 Vain'ly, ad. Without effect ; idly; foolishly. 
 
 Vair, n. [Fr. voir, a kind of fur; L. varius, varie- 
 gated, spotted.] {Her.) Squirrel's fur; an ar- 
 rangement of furs in shield-like patches. 
 
 Val'ance, n. [Probably from Valance, L. Valentin, 
 a town of France.] Drapery hanging round a 
 bed-tester. 
 
 Vale, n. [Fr. vol; L. vallis.— Cf. Valley.] A 
 wide, open space between hills; a low ground; 
 a wide valley ; a valley. 
 
 Val-e-dic'tion, n. [L. valcdicere, valediclum, to 
 say farewell; vale, farewell, and dicere, to say.] 
 The act of bidding farewell ; a friendly parting ; 
 a farewell. 
 
 Val-e-dic-to'ri-an, n. One who delivers a valedic- 
 tory oration in a college. 
 
 Val-e-dic'to-ry, a. Bidding farewell ; farewell. 
 
 Val' en-tine, n. [L. Valenlimts, a proper name : 
 roo't of valere, valcntis, to be strong.] A sweet- 
 heart chosen, or a love-letter sent, on St. Valen- 
 tine's Day, February 14. 
 
 Va-le'ri-an, n. [L. Valeriana; perhaps from valere, 
 to be 6trong.] A medicinal plant. 
 
 Va-le'ri-an-ate, n. A salt of valerianic acid. 
 
 Va-le-ri-an'ic, a. Pertaining to or derived from 
 valerian. 
 
 Val'et [val'et or val'la, H. Ja. K.], n. [Fr. ; 0. Fr. 
 vas'let, a dim. of vassal, a vassal (q. v.).] A wait- 
 ing-servant. 
 
 Va'let de fhambre' [va'le-de-shambr'), n. [Fr.] 
 A footman ; a body-servant. 
 
 Val-e-tu-di-na'ri-an, n. [L. valetndinarius, sickly ; 
 valetudo, valetud'ints, health, bad health ; valere, to 
 be well or strong.] A sickly person ; an invalid. 
 
 Val'iant (val'yant), a. [Fr vaillant ; L. valere, va- 
 lentis, to be strong.] Intrepid; heroic; brave. 
 
 Val'iant-ry, ad. Heroically ; bravely. 
 
 Val lant-iy, aa. xiexoicun^ ; uin.vej.y. 
 
 ; a, e, I, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure.— Pare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
 a, e, I, o, u, y, 
 
VALID 
 
 565 
 
 VAEY 
 
 Val'id, a. [L. validus, effective ; valere, to be 
 strong, to prevail.] Having legal force; effica- 
 cious; conclusive; effective; well founded. 
 
 Va-lld'i-ty, »«• State of being valid ; legal force ; 
 force to convince ; strength. 
 
 Val'id-ness, n. Validity ; strength. 
 
 Va-lise', or Va-lise', u. [Fr. valise; Sp. valija; 
 It. valigia; Ger. felleisen. — Cf. Wallet, — also L. 
 vidulus, a valise ; Per. wcdichuh, Arab, walihat, a 
 sack.] A portmanteau; a wallet. 
 
 Val-la'tion, n. [L. callare, to wall; vallum, a wall 
 "('/• "•)•] A' 1 intrenchment. 
 
 Val'ley, n. ; pi. Val'leys. [Fr. vallee ; It. valluta. 
 — See Vale.] A hollow between hills; a low 
 ground ; vale ; a dale. 
 
 Va-lo'ni-a, or Val-16'ni-a, n. [Gr. jSaAavo?, an 
 acorn; Mod. Gr! fio.ka.via, an oak.] Acorn-cups 
 used for tanning. 
 
 Val'or, «. [L. valor, worth, value, courage; valere, 
 to be strong, to be worth, to prevail.] Bravery ; 
 prowess ; courage. 
 
 Val'or-ofls, a. Brave ; stout ; valiant. 
 
 Val'or-ous-ly, ad. In a brave manner. 
 
 Val'u-a-ble (val'yu-a-bl), a. Having value; of 
 much value ; precious ; costly ; worthy. 
 
 Val-u-a'tion, n. An appraisement ; value. 
 
 Val'ue (va'l'yu), n. [Fr. value, value; valu, part, 
 of valoir, L. valere, to be worth.] Worth as esti- 
 mated by some rate or standard ; price ; rate ; cost. 
 — 2, i'. a. [pp. valuing, valued.] To rate highly ; 
 to appraise ; to estimate : to appreciate ; to prize. 
 
 Val'iie-less (val'yu-les), a. Being of uo value. 
 
 Val'u-er (val'yu-er), n. An appraiser. 
 
 Val'vate, a. Relating to, or like, a valve. 
 
 Valve, n. [L. valva, a leaf in a folding door. — Cf. 
 volcere, to turn.] A folding door: — any thing that 
 opens over the mouth of a tube or vessel : a lid. 
 
 Val'vu-lar, a. Relating to a valve ; valvate. 
 
 Val'vule, a. A small valve. 
 
 Vamp, n. [Corrupted from Fr. aoant-pied, a vamp; 
 avarit, before, and pied, L. pes, pedis, the foot.] 
 The upper leather of a shoe; a sock. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. vamping, vamped.] To piece or mend an 
 old thing; to patch up ; to renovate. 
 
 Vam'pire, u. [Ger. vampyr; Servian & Russ. 
 vampir.] A pretended demon, said to delight in 
 sucking human blood : — a large bat. 
 
 Van, n. [Fr. avant, the advance"; L. ab ante, from 
 in front.] The front of an army; the first lino 
 or part:— [Fr. van, vanne; L. vannus. — See Fan] 
 a fan; a wing; a wiunowing-sieve : — [for cara- 
 van] a large covered wagon. 
 
 Van'dal, u. [L. Vandalvs, a Vandal: perhaps re- 
 lated' to Ger. wandeln, to wander.] One of a bar- 
 barous people who once lived near the Baltic; 
 a barbarian. 
 
 Van-dal'ic, a. Relating to the Vandals; rude. 
 
 Van'dal-ism, n. Barbarity ; ferocity ; wanton 
 destruction. 
 
 Van-dyke', n. [Named from the painter Vandych] 
 A kind of handkerchief for the neck, with in- 
 dentations and points. 
 
 Vane, n. [A.-S. fana, Dut. vaan, Ger. fahne, a 
 banner, a vane.] A plate or contrivance to show 
 the direction of the wind; a weathercock. 
 
 Vang, n. [See Vane.] The web of a feather :— 
 [Dut. vangen, Ger. fangen, to seize] a brace; a 
 rope for steadying a ship's gaff. 
 Van'guard, it. [Van and Guard.] The advance 
 
 guard ; the first line of an army ; van. 
 Va-nil'la, n. {Bot.) [Fr. vanille, Sp. vainilla, dim. 
 of vaiua, L. vagina, a sheath, a pod.] An ever- 
 green tropical plant :— the fruit of the plant; 
 flavoring matter from the fruit. 
 Van'ish, r. it. [L. vanescere, to vanish ; vanus, 
 empty, vain (q. ».).] [pp. vanishing, vanished.] 
 To disappear ; to pass away. 
 Van'i-ty, n. [Fr. vaniti; L. vauitas ; vanus, empty, 
 vain (q. v.).] St;tte or quality of being vain; 
 emptiness; inanity; vain pursuit; idle show; 
 petty or empty pride ; conceit ; self-conceit. 
 
 Van'quish (vangltwish), v. a. [Fr. vaincre, vain- 
 quisse, L. vincere, to conquer.] [pp. vanquish- 
 ing, vanquished.] To defeat; to conquer; to 
 overcome ; to subdue ; to surmount. 
 Van'tafe, «. [Fr. avantage. — See Advantage.] 
 
 Superiority ; advantageous state. 
 Van'tage-grb'und, n. Superiority in place. 
 Vap'id, a. [L. vapidus, stale, palled : closely akin 
 to Vapor, and to L. vappa, insipid wine.] Dead ; 
 spiritless; mawkish; flat. 
 Va-pid'i-ty, ) n. State of being vapid or spirit- 
 Vap'id-ness, J less; insipidity; flatness. 
 Va'por, u. [L. vapor; Fr. vapem: — Cf. Lith. 
 kwapas, fragrance; root kwap, to breathe out.] 
 An elastic fluid rendered aeriform b}' heat: — 
 exhalation; fume; steam, —pi. Hysteric fits; 
 whims; spleen. — 2, v. n. [pp. vaporing, va- 
 pored.] To emit vapor: — to bully ; to brag. 
 Va-po-rlf ic, a. [L. vapor, vapor, and facere, to 
 
 make.] Converting into vapor. 
 Va'por-ish, a. Full of vapors ; peevish. 
 Vap-or-i-za'tion, n. Conversion into vapor. 
 Vap'or-ize, v.'a. [pp. vaporizing, vaporized.] To 
 convert into vapor. — 2, c. n. To become vapor- 
 ized ; to pass into vapor. 
 Va'por-oGs, a. Full of vapors ; flatulent. 
 Var'ec, n. [Fr. — See Wrack.] A kind of Boa-weed. 
 Va-ri-a-bil'i-ty, \n. Mutability; inconstancy; 
 Va'ri-a-ble-'ness, J changeableness. 
 Va'ri-a-ble, a. [L. variabilis.— See Vary.] That 
 may vary or change; chamjeahle ; mutable; in- 
 constant. 
 Va'ri-a-bly, ad. Changeably ; inconstantly. 
 Va'ri-ance, h. Disagreement; difference. 
 Va'ri-ant, a. [L. variare, part, variantis, to vary.] 
 Variable; changeable; varied. — 2, n. A form 
 differing from the type. 
 Va-ri-a'tion, n. [L. variatio.] The act of vary- 
 ing ; mutation ; vicissitude ; change : — differ- 
 ence ; deviation. 
 Var-i-cose', ) a. [L. varicosus. — See Varix.] Re- 
 Var'i-cous, J latiug to caru:— swelled, as a vein ; 
 
 dilated. 
 Va'ri-e-gate, v. a. [L. varienare, variegatum, to 
 vary the colors of; varie, of varied colors; varius, 
 varied, and agere, to make.] [pp. variegating, 
 variegated.] To make various ; to vary : — to 
 diversify with colors. 
 Va-ri-e-ga'tion, ». Act of variegating ; change : 
 
 — diversity of colors. 
 Va-ri'e-ty, n. [L. varietas; Fr. varitte". — See 
 Various'.] Change; intermixture; diversity; a 
 medley : — one thing of many different. 
 Va'ri-o-lbid, or Va-ri'o-lbid, n. [Fr. variola, Late 
 L. variola, small-pox ;' L. varius, spotted, varied.] 
 A disease resembling the small-pox. 
 Va-ri'o-lous, a. Relating to the small-pox. 
 Va-ri-o'rum. [L.] Variorum edition* are the edi- 
 tions of works in which the notes of various 
 commentators are inserted. 
 Va'ri-oiis, a. [L. varius.— See Vary.] Different; 
 
 manifold; diverse. 
 Va'ri-ofis-ls:, ad. In a various manner. 
 Va'rix, «. [L. varir, a distended vein ; varus, bent. 
 — Cf. various, straddling.] A dilatation of a vein. 
 Var'let, n. [An old variant or misspelling of 
 Valet.] A page ; a knight's follower : — a foot- 
 man ; a valet ; a servant : — a knave ; a rascal. 
 Var'nish, «. [Fr. verms; It. vernice. — See the 
 verb.] A shining liquid substance: — a cover; 
 a palliation; mitigation. — 2, v. a. [Fr. vernir, 
 part, vemi; perhaps from Late L. vitrinus, glassy; 
 vitrum, glass. Cognate words are found in many 
 modern languages.] [pp. varnishing, varnished.] 
 To set a gloss on : — to palliate. 
 Var'nish-er, n. One who varnishes. 
 Var'vels, n. pi. [Fr. vervelle ; Late L. vertebeUa, 
 dim.' of vertebra, a joint. — See Vertebra.] Silver 
 rings on a hawk's leg. 
 Va'ry, v. a. [Fr. varier, L. variare, to diversify ; 
 varius, varied.] [pp. varying, varied.] To make 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, q, 5, £, soft ; ft, p, 0, §, hard ; s as z ; x a j gz ; this. 
 
 48 
 
VASCULAK 
 
 566 
 
 VENERABLE 
 
 various ; to change ; to alter ; to diversify ; to 
 variegate. — 2, v. u. To be changeable; to be 
 unlike ; to deviate ; to disagree ; to differ. 
 
 Vas'cu-lar, a. [L. vusculum, dim. of vas or vasum, a 
 vessel.— See Vase.] Relating to or full of vessels. 
 
 Vas-cu-lar'i-ty, n. State of being vascular. 
 
 Vase, or Vase [vaz or vaz, Ja. ; vaz, E. I. ; vaz or 
 vaz, St. N.], n. [Fr. vase; L. vas, vasis, and 
 vasum, a vessel (q. v.).] A large ornamental ves- 
 sel, cup, or pitcher. 
 
 Vas' sal, n. [Fr. vassal, Late L. vassallus, a vassal ; 
 vassiis, a servant ; Bret, gwas, Welsh guas, a ser- 
 vant, a youth.] A subject ; a feudatory : — a slave. 
 
 Vas'sal-a£-e, n. State of a vassal; subjection. 
 
 Vast, "«. * [L. vastus, great, — also desolate.] Very 
 large; great; enormous; huge. 
 
 Vas-ta'tion, u. [L. vastutio; vustare, to lay waste 
 \q. v.)','vastus, waste, empty, desert, — also vast 
 \_q. ».)•] Waste ; devastation. 
 
 Vast'ly, ad. Greatly ; to a great degree. 
 
 Vast'ness, n. Immensity ; greatness. 
 
 Vast'y., a. Large ; enormously great. 
 
 Vat, n. [A. -S. fset ; Dut. vat ; i»an. fad ; Ger. fass ; 
 root of Ger. fassen, to seize.] A cistern of tan- 
 ners or brewers ; a fat. 
 
 Va-tic'i-nate, v. a. & v. n. [L. vaticinari, vatici- 
 natus; vaticirms, prophetic; vutes, a prophet, and 
 cariare, to sing, to foretell.] [pp. vaticinating, 
 vaticinated.] To prophesy; to foretell. 
 
 Va-tic-i-na'tion, n. [L. vuticinutio.] A prediction ; 
 a prophecy. 
 
 Va-tic'i-na-tor, n. [L.] A soothsayer; a prophet. 
 
 Vaudeville (Vod'vil), n. [Fr. ; from the Vol de 
 Vire, where the poet Basselin was born ] A light 
 song; a trivial strain ; a ballad : — a light drama. 
 
 Vault, u. [Fr. vovte, formerly voult; It. voltu, a 
 turn, an arch ; L. volvere, volvtum, to turn.] An 
 arch: — a cellar: — a cave: — a grave :— a jump; 
 a leap.— 2, v. a. [pp. vaulting, vaulted.] To 
 arch; to shape to a vault. — 3, v. n. [Fr. volter, 
 to leap; voile, It. volta, a turn, a leap; as above.] 
 To leap; to jump; to tumble. 
 
 V&ult'ed, a. Arched ; concave. 
 
 Vault'er, v. A leaper ; a jumper; a tumbler. 
 
 Vaunt,' or Vaunt, v. a. & v. it. [Fr. vanter, Late 
 L. vanitare, to boast; vanus, vain (q. v.).] [pp. 
 vaunting, vaunted.] To boast; to display osten- 
 tatiously; to vapor. —2, n. A brag; a boast; 
 ostentation. 
 
 Vav'a-sor, it. [Fr. vavasseur ; Late L. vavassor: 
 said to he from vassiis vassorwm-, a vassal of vas- 
 sals ] A great lord ; a feudatory. [advance. 
 
 Va'ward, n. [For vanguard.] Forward part ; the 
 
 Veal '(vel), n. [Fr. veau, 0. Fr. veel, a calf; L. 
 vitelhis, vitulus, Gr. itclAos, a calf. — Cf. Skr. valsa, 
 a calf, a yearling, — properly, a year.] The flesh 
 of a calf killed for the table :— formerly used 
 for calf. 
 
 Vec'tor, n. [L. for "carrier;" vehere, vectum, to 
 carry.] (Asiron.) An imaginary line joining the 
 centre of the sun to the centre of a planet :— 
 called also radius vector. 
 
 Ve'da (or va/da), n. [Skr. veda, knowledge; vid, 
 to know.] A* Hindoo sacred book. 
 
 Ve-dette', n. [Fr. ; It. vedelta, a sentry; vedetta, 
 properly reletta, a sentry-box ; a dim. of veglia, a 
 watch (see Vigil) ; but influenced by vedere, to 
 see.] A sentinel on horseback. 
 
 Ve'dic, a. Relating to the Vedas. 
 
 Veer, v. a. [Fr. virer, Sp. virar, to turn ; root of 
 L. riria, an armlet, a ring.] [pp. veering, 
 veered.] To let out:— to turn; to change. — 
 2, v. n. To turn aside ; to change direction. 
 
 Veer'y, n. [Imitative of its note.] A bird, a small 
 American thrush. 
 
 Veg^e-ta-ble, n. [Fr. vegetable; L. vegelabilis, ani- 
 mating, living ; vegetare, to enliven ; vegetus, 
 alive, lively ; vegere, to arouse ; vigere, to flour- 
 ish.] A plant : — a plant or root cultivated for 
 culinary uses. — 2, a. Belonging to plants. 
 
 Veg-e-ta'ri-an, n. One who lives on vegetables. 
 
 Vei'-e-ta'ri-an-ism, n. The habit, doctrine, or 
 system of living on vegetables only. 
 
 Veg'e-tate, v. it. [L. vegetare, vegctatum, to 
 quicken. — See Vegetable.] [pp. vegetating, 
 vegetated.] To grow, as plants ; to shoot : — to 
 have a useless or inactive life. 
 
 Vei'-e-ta'tion, n. [L. vegetatio, quickening.] 
 Growth of plants ; plants. 
 
 Ve&'e-ta-tive, a. Growing as plants. 
 
 Ve'he-mence, n. Quality of being vehement; im- 
 petuosity ; violence ; force ; ardor. 
 
 Ve'he-men-cy., w. Vehemence. 
 
 Ve'he-ment, a. [L. vehement*, eager, passionate, 
 carried out of one's mind ; vehere, to carry, and 
 mens, the mind.] Violent; excessive; furious; 
 impetuous; zealous; ardent; eager; fervent. 
 
 Ve'he-ment-ly, ad. Eagerly ; ardently. 
 
 Ve'hi-cle (ve'he-kl), n. [L. vehieulum ; vehere, to 
 carry.] That in which any thing is carried ; a 
 carriage ; conveyance. 
 
 Ve-hic'u-lar, a. Belonging to a vehicle. 
 
 Veil (val),"n. [0. Fr. veile; L. velum, a sail; root 
 of vehere, to carry.] A thin cover for the face; 
 a screen: — a mask; a curtain; a disguise. — 
 2, v. a. [pj). veiling, veiled.] To cover; to 
 hide ; to concetti. 
 
 Veiling (val'ing), n. Material for veils. 
 
 Vein (van), it. [Fr. veiue ; L. vena ; root of vehere, 
 to carry.] A tube in animal bodies that re- 
 ceives the blood and returns it to the heart : — a 
 course of metal in mines: — turn of mind: — a 
 current ; strain : — a streak or wave, as in marble. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. veining, veined.] To form or 
 mark with veins. 
 
 Veined (vand), a. Full of veins ; streaked. 
 
 Vel'lum, w. [Fr. velin; L. vitulinus, belonging to 
 a calf. — See Veal.] A fine kind of parchmeut 
 made of calf-skin. 
 
 Ve-loc'i-pede, n. [L. velox, velocis, swift, and pes, 
 pedis, a, foot.] A vehicle of locomotion moved 
 by the rider's feet. 
 
 Ve-loc'i-ty., ii- [L. velocitas; velox, swift; root of 
 volare', to' fly.] Quick or rapid motion ; rapidity ; 
 quickness; speed; swiftness. 
 
 Vel'vet, n. [It. vellulo ; from L. villus, long hair; 
 villo'stts, shaggy. — Cf. vellus, a fleece.] A silk 
 stuff with nap upon it.— 2, a. Made of velvet ; 
 velvety ; soft. 
 
 Vel-vet-een', n. A kind of stuff like velvet. 
 
 Vel'vet-y, a. Made of or like velvet. 
 
 Ve'nal, a. [L. venalis, for sale ; venum, a sale. — 
 Cf. Vend.] That may be bought; mercenary; 
 hireling; prostitute; base: — relating to, or con- 
 tained in, the veins ; venous ; veiny. 
 
 Ve-nal'i-ty, n. [Fr. venalite; L. venalitas.] Mer- 
 cenariness; prostitution. [veins. 
 
 Ve-na'tion, n. [See Vein.] The arrangement of 
 
 Vlnd, v. a. [L. vendere, to sell ; venum, a sale, and 
 dure, to offer.] [pp. vending, vended.] To sell; 
 to offer for sale. 
 
 Ven-dee', n. One to whom any thing is sold. 
 
 Vlnd'er, n. One who sells ; vendor. 
 
 Ven-dlt'ta, u. [It. ; L. vindicta, revenge.] An 
 hereditary blood-feud. 
 
 Vend'i-ble, a. [L. veudibilis.] That may be sold; 
 salable. — 2, n. Any thing offered to sale. 
 
 Ven-di"tion, n. [L. ven ditto.] The act of selling. 
 
 Vgn-dbr', n. (Law.) One who sells or vends. 
 
 Ven-due', n. [0. Fr. vendue, Local Sp. venduta, It. 
 vendita, an auction ; Fr. rendu, sold. — See Vend.] 
 A public sale ; an auction. 
 
 Ve-neer', v. a. [Ger. furniren, to veneer; from Fr. 
 fournir, to furnish \q. v.).] [pp. veneering, ve- 
 neered.] To cover or inlay, as common wood 
 with thin pieces of valuable'wood.— 2, n. A thin 
 piece of wood for inlaying. 
 
 Ve-neer'ing, n. The process of overlaying with 
 veneers: — superficial polish : — a veneer. 
 
 Ven'er-a-ble, a. [Fr. venerable; L. venerabilis. — 
 See' Venerate.] Worthy of veneration; regarded 
 with awe ; reverend. 
 
 a, e, I, 5, u, y, long; a, e, I, 5, u, y, short; a, e, \, 9, u, y., obscure. — Pare, far, fast, fsi.ll; heir, her; 
 
VENEKATE 
 
 567 
 
 YEKMICELLI 
 
 Ven'er-ate, r. a. [L. venerari, veneratus, to wor- 
 ship. — Cf. Venus.] [pp. venerating, venerated.] 
 To regard with veneration. 
 
 Ven-er-a/tion, n. [L. veneratio.] The act of ven- 
 erating; reverence; reverential regard or re- 
 spect; awe. 
 
 Ve-ne're-al, a. [L. venereus, pertaining to Venus.] 
 'Relating to venery ; syphilitic. 
 
 Ven'e-ry. n. [Fr. vtnerie; L. venari, to hunt.] 
 Hunting :— [L. (res) venerea] sexual intercourse. 
 
 Ve-ne-sec'tion, n. [L. vena, a vein, and sectio, a 
 cutting. — See Section.] Bloodletting; phle- 
 botomy, [a window-blind made of slats. 
 
 Ve-ne'tian, a. Relating to Venice. — Venetian blind, 
 
 Ven'1-ea.nce (ven'jans), n. [Fr. vengeance; venger, 
 It. vengiare, L. vendieare, to avenge.— See Vindi- 
 cate.] Penal retribution; revenge. — With a 
 vengeance, with violence. 
 
 VengVful, a. Vindictive ; revengeful. 
 
 Ve'ni-al, a. [L. venialis; renin, favor, pardon.] 
 That' may be forgiven or excused ; pardonable ; 
 excusable ; allowed. 
 
 Ve-ni-al'i-tj:, n. Quality of being excusable. 
 
 Ve-ni're fa'ci-as (-fa'she-as), n. [L. for "cause 
 to come."] A writ fur summoning a jux-y. 
 
 Ven'ison (ven'zn or ven'e-zn). n. [Fr. venaison; 
 L. venatio, the chase; venari, to hunt.] The flesh 
 of deer, or of other animals taken in hunting. 
 
 Ven'om, n. [Fr. venin, L. venerium, poison.] Poison; 
 poisonous matter: — malignity; hitter hatred; 
 spite; malice. [Poisonous: — malignant. 
 
 Ven'om-ous, a. [Fr. venimeux; L. venenosus.] 
 
 Ven'om-ous-ly, ad. Poisonously : — malignantly. 
 
 Ven'om-ous-ness, n. Poisonousness : — malice. 
 
 Ve'nous, a. [L. venosus. — See Vein.] Relating to 
 the veins. 
 
 Vent, n. [Fr. feute, a cleft ; fendre, to split.— See 
 Fissure; in part from Fr. vent, L. renins, wind.] 
 A passage by which any thing is discharged ; an 
 aperture; a hole : — discharge; means of dis- 
 charge :— [L. vendere, to sell; Fr. rente, a sale] 
 publicity: — sale. — 2, v. a. [pp. venting, vented, j 
 To let out; to emit; to publish. 
 
 Ven'tail, it. [0. Fr. venlaille ; Fr. ventail ; venter,' 
 to blow; vent, L. renins, wind.] Part of a hel- 
 met ; viaor. 
 
 Ven'ter, n. [L.] (Anal.) The abdomen ; womb. 
 
 Vent' -hole. n. A small passage to let out air. 
 
 Ven'ti-dfict, n. [L. renins, wind, and ductus, a 
 duct (q. v.).] A passage for the wind or air. 
 
 Ven'ti-late, v. a. [Ik rent Hare, ventUaiwm; ventus, 
 wind.] [pp. ventilating, ventilated.] To fan, 
 refresh, or purify with wind: — to sift; to win- 
 now :— to bring to public knowledge: — to dis- 
 cuss, [lating. 
 
 Ven-ti-la'tion, n. [L. ventilalio.] Act of venti- 
 
 Ven'ti-la-tor, n. [L.j A ventilating appliance. 
 
 Ven'tral, a. [L. venlralis; venter, the belly.] Be- 
 longing to the belly. 
 
 Ven'tri-cle, n. [L. ventriculus, dim. of venter, the 
 belly'.] A cavity in an animal body. 
 
 Ven-tric'u-lar, a. Pertaining to or resembling a 
 ventricle. 
 
 Ven-tril'o-quism, "I n. The act of speaking in- 
 
 Ven-tril'o-quy, / wardly, so that the voice seems 
 not to issue from the speaker. 
 
 Ven-tril'o-quist. n. [L. ventriloquus ; venter, the 
 belly, and loqui, to speak.] One who speaks so 
 that the sound seems not to issue from himself. 
 
 Vent'ure (vent'yui), n. [For adventure.] An un- 
 dertaking of hazard; a hazard; chance; hap: 
 — a thing put to hazard : — a commercial scheme. 
 — 2, r. n. [pp. venturing, ventured.] To dare; 
 to hazard. — 3, v. a. To expose to hazard, risk, 
 or danger ; to hazard ; to risk. 
 
 Vent'ure-some (vent'yur-sum), a. Bold; daring. 
 
 Vent'ur-ous (vent'yur-us), a. Daring; bold. 
 
 Ven'ue (ven'yu), n. [Fr. route, arrival, coming; 
 in the legal sense confused with 0. Fr. visne, 
 L. ikinia, neighborhood.] A thrust; a bout at 
 fencing. — (Laiv.) A neighborhood. 
 
 Ve'nus. n. [L. Venus, Veneris : akin to venerari, to 
 worship; Skr. van, to love.] (Myth.) The god- 
 dess of love : — the most brilliant of the planets. 
 
 Ve-ra'cious (ve-ra'shus), a. [L. verax, veracis; ve- 
 rm, true.] Observant of truth. 
 
 Ve-ra'cious-ly., ad. Truthfully. [truth ; truth. 
 
 Ve-ras'i-tx, n. [L. veraciius.] Observance of the 
 
 Ve-ran'da, n. [Port, varanda; Hind. & Skr. va- 
 randa; Malay, baranda. — Cf. Per. bar-amadah, a 
 porch ; bar, up, and amadan, to come.] A kind 
 of open portico. 
 
 Verb, n. [L. verbum, a word.] (Gram.) A part of 
 speech which signifies to be, to do, to act, or to 
 be acted upon. [oral; uttered by translation. 
 
 Ver'bal, a. [L. verbaUs.] Relating to words: — 
 
 Ver'bal-i§m, n. Adherence to words :— an oral ex- 
 
 Ver'bal-ist, n. One skilled in words. [pressiou. 
 
 Ve'r'bal-Ize, v. a. [pp. verbalizing, verbalized.] 
 To turn into a verb. 
 
 Ver'bal-ly., ad. In or by words; orally. 
 
 Ver-ba'tim, ad. [L.] Word for word. 
 
 Ver-be'na. n. [L. verbena, a sacred rod. — Cf. ver- 
 ber, a rod.] Vervain, a genus of plants. 
 
 Ver'bi-a£e, n. [Fr.] A profusion of words; ver- 
 bosity ; empty discourse ; wordiness. 
 
 Ver-bose', a. [L. verbosus.] Abounding in words; 
 wordy; tedious by the use of words; prolix. 
 
 Ver-bos'i-ty., n. Superabundance of words. 
 
 Ver'dan-cy., n. Greenness: — inexperience: — rus- 
 ticity. 
 
 Ver'dant, a. [Fr. verdant, becoming green ; verdir, 
 to become green ; rerd, vert, green ; L. viridis.) 
 Green; fresh: — inexperienced. 
 
 Ve'rd'-an-tique' (-an-tek'), n. [Fr. rerd, vert, 
 greeu, and antique, ancient.] Green incrustation 
 upon ancient copper or brass coins : — a beautiful 
 green stone. 
 
 Ver'der-er, t». [Fr. verdier; Late L. riridarius; 
 viridis, green.] An officer of the forest. 
 
 Ver'dict, n. [L. vere, truly, and dictum, said.] 
 (L«ir.) The decision or answer of a jury in re- 
 lation to a cause on trial. 
 
 Ver'di-gris. ». [Fr. vert-de-gris ; 0. Fr. verderis; 
 probably for L. viride saris, the green of brass.] 
 The blue-green rust of copper. 
 
 Ver'di-ter. n. [Fr. vert-de-terre, green of the earth.] 
 A pale green or blue pigment, 
 
 Verd'iire (verd'yur), n. [Fr. verdure, rerdenr ; vert, 
 L. viridis, green.] Green ; the green color or 
 freshneor, of grass. 
 
 Verd'iir-ous ( veni'yur-us), a. Green: fresh. 
 
 Verge, n. [Fr. r?,<je, L. virga, a rod.] A rod; a 
 mace : — [Fr. verge, a rod, a hoop] edge; border: 
 — a limit; a circuit. — 2, v. n. [L. vergere, to 
 bend, to turn.] [pp. verging, verged.] To tend; 
 to bend downward. 
 
 Verier, n. A mace-bearer in cathedrals, &c. 
 
 Ver'i-f I-a-ble, «. That may be verified. 
 
 Ver-i-fj-ca'tion, n. Act of verifying; proof. 
 
 Ver'i-fy, v. a. [Late L. verijicare ; L. terns, true, 
 and facere, to make.] [pp. verifying, verified.] 
 To prove to be true; to establish; to substan- 
 tiate ; to confirm ; to fulfil. [really. 
 
 Ver'i-ly., ad. [See Veey.] In truth; certainly; 
 
 Ver-i-sim'i-lar, a. [L. veri simUis, like the truth.] 
 Apparently true ; probable. 
 
 Ver-i-si-mil i-tude, n. [L. verisimilitudo ; rerum, 
 the truth, and simUis, like.] Appearance of 
 truth ; probability ; resemblance ; likelihood. 
 
 Ver'i-ta-ble, a. [Fr. veritable.] True; actual. 
 
 Ver'i-ta-bly, ad. In a true manner. 
 
 Ver'i-tj;, n. [Fr. verite ; L. Veritas; verus, true.] 
 Truth ; reality ; a true assertion. 
 
 Ver'juice, n. [Fr. verjus; vert, green, and jus, 
 juice.] Liquor expressed from green grapes, or 
 from green or crab apples : — acidity. 
 
 VeVmes, n. pi. [L. — See Worm.] (Enl.) Worms. 
 
 Ver-mi-cel'li (ver-me-chel'e) [ver-me-sel'e, P. E.], 
 n. [It. ; pi. of vermiceUo, dim. of verme, a worm.] 
 A paste of flour in the form of worms or threads, 
 used in soups. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— 5, $, c, £, soft; p, J5, e, g, hard; s as z ; ? as gz ; this. 
 
VEKMICULAR 
 
 568 
 
 VETEKINARY 
 
 Ver-nric'u-lar, a. [L. vermiculus, dim. of vermis, a 
 'worm (</. v'.).] Acting like a worm; spiral. 
 
 Ver-mic'u-lose, \a. [L. vermiculosus, wormy.] 
 
 Ver-mic'u-lous, J Full of worms or grubs: — ver- 
 micular. 
 
 Ver'mi-form, a. [L. vermis, a worm, and forma, 
 form'.] Having the shape of a worm. 
 
 Ver'mi-fuge, n. [L. vermis, a worm, and fugare, 
 to put to flight.] Medicine that expels worms. 
 
 Ver-mil'ion (ver-miryun), n. [Fr. vermilion, ver- 
 milion,— formerly, a little worm, the kermes 
 (q. v.). — See Crimson.] Red sulphide of mer- 
 cury : — a beautiful red color. 
 
 Ver'min, n. sing, or usually collective. [Fr. vermine ; 
 from' L. vermis, a worm.] Any small, noxious 
 animal, whether a quadruped, a reptile, or an 
 insect : — an obnoxious or disgusting person. 
 
 Ver'min-ous, a. [Fr. vermineux.] Tending to 
 breed vermin ; of the nature of vermin. 
 
 Ver'mSuth, n. [A.-S. wermod, Ger. vermuth, worm- 
 wood; root of wehren, to preserve, and muth, 
 mood, mind.— See Wormwood ; Fr. vermoud, ver- 
 mouth.] A kind of liqueur. 
 
 Ver-nac'u-lar, a. [L. vernaculus, domestic; verna, 
 a home-born slave.] Belonging to one's own 
 country ; native. — 2, n. One's native language : 
 — the language of any country. 
 
 Ver-nac'u-lar-ism, n. A vernacular idiom. 
 
 Ver'nal, a. [L. vernalis ; ver, Gr. eap, Icel. var, 
 Dan! vaar, the spring.] Belonging to the spring.] 
 
 Ver-na'tion, n. [See Vernal.] The arrangement 
 of young leaves in their leaf-buds; foliation. 
 
 Ver'ni-er, n. [Its inventor's name.] A movable 
 scale on an instrument. 
 
 Ver'sant, n. [Fr. ; verser, to shed, to turn.] A 
 slope of country : — a water-shed. 
 
 Ver'sa-tile, a. [L. versatilis ; versare, frequenta- 
 tive of vertere, to turn.] Turning round: — 
 changing; variable; changeable; docile; apt; 
 quick : — readily applied to new labors. 
 
 Ver-sa-til'i-ty, n. Quality of being versatile. 
 
 Verse, n. [L. versus, a line, a turn ; vertere, versum, 
 to turn.] A line of poetry ; a stanza ; poetry :— 
 a short passage ; pai'agraph ; text. 
 
 Versed (verstj, a. Skilled in ; knowing. 
 
 Ver'si-cle, n. [L. versicidus, dim. of versus, a verse 
 (g. v.).] A short verse. 
 
 Ver-si-fi-ca'tion, n. [L. versificatio.] The act or 
 art of versifying. 
 
 Ver'si-fi-er, n. One who versifies. 
 
 Ver'si-fy, v. a. [Fr. versifier; L. versificare ; versus, 
 a verse, and facere, to' make.] [pp. versifying, 
 versified.] To relate in verse. — 2, v. n. To make 
 verses ; to rhyme. 
 
 Ver'sion, n. [L. versio, a version, a turning; ver- 
 tere, versum, to turn.] A translation; the act of 
 translating ; rendition : — a statement or account : 
 ■ — transformation ; a change. 
 
 Verst, n. [Russ. versta.] A Russian measure of 
 length of 3501 feet. 
 
 Ver'sus, prep. [L.] (Law.) Against. 
 
 Vert, n. [Fr.] Any green tree : — green color. 
 
 Ver'te-bra, n. ; pi. Ver'te-brae. [L. ; from vertere, 
 to turn.] (Anal.) A bone in the spine or back. — 
 pi. The bones of the spine ; the spinal column. 
 
 Ver'te-bral, a. Relating to the spine. 
 
 Ver-te-bra'ta, n. pi. [L.] (Zob'l.) Animals which 
 have an internal skeleton, supported by a spine. 
 
 Ver'te-brate, n. A veitebrated animal. 
 
 Ver'te-brate, \a. [L. vertebratus, jointed.] Hav- 
 
 Ver'te-brat-ed, j ing vertebras ; having a spine. 
 
 Ver'tex, n. ; pi. Ver'ti-ces. [L. vertex, a turning; 
 vertere, to turn ; properly applied to the pole of 
 the sky.] The zenith; the top of any thing; 
 the crown. 
 
 Ver'ti-cal, a. [L. vertical^.— See Vertex.] Re- 
 lating to the vertex : — placed in the zenith : — 
 perpendicular to the horizon. — 2, n. A vertical 
 circle ; a great circle passing through the zenith 
 and nadir. 
 
 Ver'ti-cal-ly, ad. In a vertical manner. 
 
 Ver'ti-cil, n. [L. verlicillus, a whirl ; dim. of ver' 
 tex,'& turning.] A whorl or ring of leaves or 
 flowers. [a circle, as leaves. 
 
 Ver-tic'il-late, or Ver-ti-cil'late, a. Growing in 
 
 Ver-tig'i-nous, a. Turning round ; giddy. 
 
 Ver'ti-go, Ver-ti'go, or Ver-ti'go, n. [L. vertigo, 
 vertiginis; from vertere, to turn.] A giddiness; 
 a sense of turning in the head; dizziness. 
 
 Ver'tu, n. [It. — See Virtue.] Artistic merit or 
 rarity ; artistic work in general ; objects of art. 
 
 Ver'vain, or Ver' vain, n. [Fr. verveine; L. ver- 
 bena, a sacred bough ; verber, a rod.] The com- 
 mon name of plants of the genus Verbena. 
 
 Verve (verv or verv), n. [Fr.] Heat of imagina- 
 tion such as animates the poet, artist, or musi- 
 cian ; animation ; fervor ; spirit ; life. 
 
 Ver'y, a. [Fr. vrai, 0. Fr. verai, L. verax, veracis, 
 truthful ; verus, true.] True; real: — complete; 
 exact. — 2, ad. In a great degree ; eminently. 
 
 Ves'i-cal, a. [L. vesica, a bladder.] Relating to 
 the bladder. 
 
 Ves'i-cate, v. a. & v. n. [L. vesica, a bladder.] 
 [pp. vesicating, vesicated.] To blister; to puff 
 up. [tering; a blister. 
 
 Ves-i-ca'tion, n. [Fr. vesication.] The act of blis- 
 
 Ve-sic'a-to-ry, n. [Fr. vesicatoire.] A blistering 
 medicine. — 2, a. Blistering. 
 
 Ves'i-cle, n. [L. vesicida, dim. of vesica, a bladder.] 
 A little elevation of the cuticle containing 
 lymph ; a small blister. 
 
 Ve-sic'u-lar, a. [Fr. vesicidaire.] Relating to or 
 like vesicles; hollow r ; full of small interstices. 
 
 Ves'per, n. [L. ; Gr. eWepos, evening.] The even- 
 ing star ; Venus. 
 
 Ves'pers, n. pi. An evening service. 
 
 Ves'per-tine, a. [L. vespertinus.] Pertaining to 
 the evening. 
 
 Ves'sel, n. [Fr. vaisseau ; 0. Fr. vaissel; L. vas- 
 celhim, dim. of vas, a vase (q. v.).] A cask or 
 utensil for holding liquids, &c. ; a dish : — a tube ; 
 a pipe : — a vehicle for conveyance on water ; a 
 ship ; a brig ; a sloop. 
 
 Vest, n. [L. vestis, a garment.— Cf. Skr. vas, to 
 put on ; Goth, ivasti, clothes.] An outer gar- 
 ment ; a waistcoat. — 2, v. a. [L. vestire, to clothe.] 
 [pp. vesting, vested.] To dress; to clothe. — 
 (Law.) To invest with ; to put in possession of. 
 —3, v. n. To be fixed ; to take effect. 
 
 Ves'tal, n. [L. vestalis, belonging to Vesta.] A 
 virgin consecrated to Vesta. — 2, a. Relating to 
 Vesta; cbaste. 
 
 Vest'ed, p. a. Not liable to be set aside; estab- 
 lisbed by law ; fixed : — clothed ; adorned. 
 
 Ves'ti-buie, n. [L. vestibidum, a porch ; ve-, apart, 
 and slabulum, an abode.] (Arch.) An area be- 
 fore the entrance of the Roman houses: — an 
 entrance to a house ; hall ; lobby ; porch. 
 
 Ves'tige, n. [Fr. vestige ; L. vestigium, a footprint.] 
 A niark left behind in passing; a footstep; foot- 
 print; trace; track; remains. 
 
 Vest' ing, n. A covering :— materials for vests. 
 
 Vest'ment, n. [L. vestimentum, a garment ; vestire, 
 to clothe.— See Vest.] A garment; a part of 
 dress, especially of clerical dress. 
 
 Ves'try, n. [L. vesliarium, a wardrobe.] A room 
 in a church for vestments :— a parochial assem- 
 bly or committee. 
 
 Ves'try-man, n. One of a board or committee 
 that manage the affairs of a parish. 
 
 Vest'ure (vest'yur), n. [Late L. vestitura ; L. ves- 
 tire, vestitum, to vest (q. v.).] A garment; robe; 
 dress; apparel; attire; vestment; clothes. 
 
 Vetch, n. [L. vicia, a vetch : akin to vincire, to 
 bind.] A plant ; a leguminous plant ; fitch. 
 
 Vet'er-an, n. [L. veleranus, old, experienced ; vetus, 
 veteris', old.] An old soldier; one long practised. 
 — 2, a. Old in practice, especially in war. 
 
 Vet-er-i-na'ri-an, it. One skilled in the diseases 
 of horses and cattle ; a horse-doctor. 
 
 Vet'er-i-na-ry, a. [L. veterinarins or veterinus, re- 
 lating to 'cattle; veterinse, beasts of burden : per- 
 
 il, e, i, 5, u, y, long; a, e, i, o, u, y, short; a, § , i, 9, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her 
 
VETO 
 
 569 
 
 VILE 
 
 haps akin to vehere, to carry.] Pertaining to 
 farriery, or to tlie healing of diseases of animals. 
 
 Ve'to, //*; pi. Ve'toes. [L. for "I forbid."] A 
 prohibition ; act of stopping the enactment of a 
 law. — 2, v. a. [pp. vetoing, vetoed.] To pro- 
 hibit by a veto. 
 
 Vex, v. a. [L. vexare, to disturb; frequentative of 
 vehere, vexi, to carry.] [pp. vexing, vexed.] To 
 plague with slight provocations ; to torment ; to 
 harass ; to disquiet ; to tease ; to fret ; to irritate ; 
 to trouble ; to displease. 
 
 Vex-a'tion, n. [L. vexatio.] Aci of vexing :— that 
 which troubles : — the state of being vexed. 
 
 Vex-a'tious, a. Afflictive; troublesome. 
 
 Vex-a'tious-ly, ad. Troublesomely ; uneasily. 
 
 Vex-a'tious-ngss, n. Quality of being vexatious ; 
 troublesomeness ; disquiet. 
 
 Vexed (vekst or veks'ed), p. a. Agitated ; dis- 
 quieted ; disputed; difficult. — Vexed question, a 
 question much disputed. 
 
 Vi'a. [L.] By the way of. 
 
 Vi-a-bil'i-ty, n. The state of being viable. 
 
 Vi'a-ble, a. [Fr. liable; vie, L. vita, life.] Capable 
 of living. 
 
 Vi'a-duct, n. [L. via, a way, and ducere, ductum, 
 to" carry.] An elevated roadway. 
 
 Vi'al, n. [0. Fr. dole; Fr. fiole ; L. phiala, Gr. 
 <j>ld\r}, a shallow bowl.] A small bottle ; a phial. 
 
 Vi'and, n. [Fr. viande, It. vivanda, L. vivenda (pi.), 
 provisions; vivere, to live. — See Victuals.] Food; 
 meat dressed ; victuals. 
 
 Vi-at'i-cum, n. [L. viaticus, pertaining to a road ; 
 via, a way. J Provision for a journey : — the sac- 
 rament given to a dying person. 
 
 Vi'brant, «• Vibrating; tremulous. 
 
 Vi'brate, v. a. & v. )i. [L. librare, vibratum, to 
 brandish. — Cf. Skr. vip, to shake; Icel. veifa, to 
 wave (q. v.).] [pp. vibrating, vibrated.] To 
 brandish; to move to and fro; to oscillate; to 
 quiver. 
 
 Vl'bra-tile, a. [Fr.— See Vibrate.] Vibratory; 
 tremulous. [oscillation. 
 
 Vi-bra'tion, n. [L. vibratio.] Act of vibrating; 
 
 Vi'bra-to-ry, «. That vibrates, vibrating. 
 
 Vib'ri-o, n. ; pi. Vib-ri-o'nes, or Vib'ri-os. [Xeo- 
 Latin; L. vibrare, to vibrate.] A minute or- 
 ganism with a vibratile motion. 
 
 Vi-bur'num, n. [L.] A shrub of several species. 
 
 Vic'ar, n. [Fr. vicaire; L. viearins, a deputy ; vicis, 
 a succession.] One who performs the functions 
 of another; a deputy; a substitute : — B, clergyman 
 who is an incumbent of a benefice. 
 
 Vic'ar-age, n. The benefice or house of a vicar. 
 
 Vi-ca'ri-ate, n. A delegated office or power. 
 
 Vj-ca'ri-ous, a. [L. mcarius, substituted. — See 
 Vicar.] Done or suffered for or instead of an- 
 other; delegated; substituted. 
 
 Vi-ca'ri-ous-ly, ad. In the place of another. 
 
 Vice, n.' [Fr. rice, L. vitium, a defect.] An offence 
 against morality ; the opposite of virtue ; a fault ; 
 depravity ; wickedness : — [Fr. pis, a vice, a screw ; 
 L. vitis, a vine ; root vi, to turn] a griping press. 
 
 Vi'ce. [L. ; vicis, a succession.] In the room of; 
 instead of. 
 
 Vice-. [L. vice, in place of.] A prefix used in 
 composition to denote one who acts in place of 
 another, or one who is second in rank; as, rice- 
 president, [below an admiral. 
 
 Vice-ad'mi-ral, n. A naval officer next in rank 
 
 Vice-ad'mj-ral-ty, n. Office of a vice-admiral. 
 
 Vice-chan'cel-lor, n. A judge in a chancery 
 court below the chancellor : — the second magis- 
 trate in an English university. 
 
 Vice-con' sill, n. An assistant consul. 
 
 Vice-i'e'ren-cy, n. The office of a vicegerent. 
 
 Vice-f e'rent, n. [L. vice, in place of; vicis, a turn, 
 succession, and gerere, to perform.] A lieuten- 
 ant ; a deputy. — 2, a. Having a delegated power. 
 
 Vice-pres/i-dent, n. An officer next below a 
 president. ' [roy. 
 
 Vice-re'gal, a. [See Eegal.] Relating to a vice- 
 
 Vice'roy, n. [Fr. vice-roi ; L. vice, in place of, and 
 Fr. roi, L. rex, regis, a king.] One who governs in 
 place of a king, with a delegated regal authority. 
 
 Vice-roy'al-ty, n. The office of a viceroy. 
 
 Vic'i-na|-e, «• [Fr. voisinage; voisin, a neighbor; 
 li.' victims, near ; vicus, a village, a neighborhood ; 
 Gr. oIkos, a house.] A neighborhood ; a vicinity. 
 
 Vi-cin'i-ty, ». [L. vicimtas. — See Vicinage.] Near- 
 ness ; a neighborhood. 
 
 Vi"cious (vish'us), a. [L. vitiosus. — See Vice.] 
 Addicted to vice ; wicked ; corrupt ; bad ; mis- 
 chievous ; refractory. 
 
 Vi"cious-ly. (vish'us-le), ad. Corruptly ; sinfully. 
 
 Vi"cious-nlss (vlsh'us-nes), n. Addiction to vice. 
 
 Vi-cis'si-tude, n. [L. vicissitude; vicis, a change; 
 vicissim, by turns.] A regular change; inter- 
 change ; mutation ; revolution. 
 
 Vic'tim, n. [L. victima, a victim; origin doubt- 
 ful.'] A sacrifice: — a person or living thing de- 
 stroyed : — one who suffers injury. 
 
 Vic'tim-Ize, ». a. [Fr. victiraer; L. viclimare.~\ 
 [pp. victimizing, victimized.] To make a vic- 
 tim of ; to rob; to plunder. [Colloq.] 
 
 Vic'tor, n. [L. ; vincere, vidian, to conquer.] A 
 conqueror ; a vanquisher. 
 
 Vic-t5'ri-o5s, a. [L. victoriosus.] Having gained 
 a victory ; conquering; triumphant; superior. 
 
 Vic-to'ri-ous-ly, ad. In a victorious manner. 
 
 Vic'to-ry, n. [L. victoria. — See Victok.] Superi- 
 ority gained in a battle or contest; conquest; 
 success; a triumph. 
 
 Vlct'ual (vit'tl), v. a. [See Victuals.] [pp. vict- 
 ualling, victualled.] To store with food. 
 
 Vict'ual-ler (vit'tl-er), n. A provider. 
 
 Vict'ual§ (vit'tlz), 'v. pi. [L. viciualia, provisions; 
 vivere, victnm, to live; vims, alive.] Food; pro- 
 vision : — cooked food for human use. 
 
 Vi'de. v. imp. [L.] See, as a note or remark. 
 
 Vi-del'i-cet, ad. [L., for videre licet, it may be 
 seen.] To wit; namely; that is:— generally ab- 
 breviated to viz. 
 
 Vidette (ve-def), n. See Vedette. 
 
 Vie (vi), v. n. [Fr. e>tvi, emulation : 0. Fr. envier, 
 to vie in a game; Sp. envidar, It. invitare, to 
 stake, to challenge at play ; L. invitare, to invite 
 (7. v.); 0. E. vie, envie, to challenge, to wager; 
 distinct from, but confused with, Envy [q. v.).] 
 [i. vied; pp. vying, vied.] To contest; to con- 
 tend ; to strive ; to make use of emulous efforts. 
 
 View (vu), v. a. [Fr. vue, a sight; voir (part, vu), 
 to see ; L. videre, to see.] [pp. viewing, viewed.] 
 To survey ; to look on ; to see. — 2, n. A prospect; 
 sight; survey. 
 
 View'er (vu'er), n. One who views. 
 
 View'less, a." Unseen; not discernible. 
 
 Vig'il, >i. [Fr. vigil; L. vigilia, a watch ; vigil, 
 awake; vigere, to flourish, to he active.] For- 
 bearance of sleep ; a watch : — evening devotion : 
 — a fast before a holiday. 
 
 Vifil-ance, n. [L. vigUantia.— See Vigil.] Watch- 
 fulness ; watchful care; attention; wakefulness. 
 
 Vig'il-ant, a. [L. vigUans, watching; vigil a re, to 
 watch. — See Vigil.] Watchful; diligent; atten- 
 tive ; alert ; active to see and avoid danger. 
 
 Vi§'il-ant-ly, ad. Watchfully; attentively. 
 
 Vign-ette' (vin-yef or vin'yet), n. [Fr. ; dim. of 
 vigne, a vine [q. v.).] A picture of leaves and 
 flowers : — a print or ornament on the title-page 
 of a book. 
 
 Vi^'or, «. [L. vigor, activity; vigere, to flourish.] 
 Force ; strength ; energy ; efficacy. 
 
 Vig'or-ous, o. [Fr. vigoureux; It. & Sp. vigoroso.] 
 Full of vigor; full of strength and life ; strong ; 
 stout ; forcible ; robust. 
 
 Vig'or-ous-ly, ad. In a vigorous manner. 
 
 Viking (vi'kihg or vik'ing), ». [Icel. vikingr, A.-S. 
 voicing, — literally, one who haunts the bays ; Icel. 
 vik, a ba}', a creek, a recess ; vikja, to bend, to 
 turn.] A Norse pirate or piratical chieftain. 
 
 Vile, a. [L. vilis, cheap.] Base; mean; despicable; 
 sordid ; bad ; cheap ; common. 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nbr, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q. Q, c, 
 
 48* 
 
 £i soft; p, J3, $, g, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 
 
VILELY 
 
 570 
 
 VIKTUE 
 
 Vlle'ly, ad. Basely ; meanly ; shamefully. 
 
 Vlle'ness, n. Baseness; meanness. 
 
 Vil-i-fj-ca'tion, n. The act of vilifying. 
 
 Vil'i-f i-er, «.' One who vilifies. 
 
 Vil'i-fy, V. a. [L. viUficare ; vilis, cheap, and fa- 
 cere, to make.] [pp\ vilifying, vilified.] To de- 
 fame ; to abuse; to revile; to traduce ; to calum- 
 niate ; to asperse. 
 
 Vil'i-pend, v. a. [L. vilipendere ; vilis, cheap, and 
 pendere, to weigh, to consider.] [pp. vilipend- 
 ing, vilipended.] To despise ; to disparage. 
 
 Vil'la, n. [L. villa, a farm-house; for vicula, dim. 
 of vicus, a village.] A country-seat; a rural 
 mansion. 
 
 Vil'la£e, n. [Fr. village or villace, a village; L. 
 villaticus, belonging to a villa.] A small collec- 
 tion of houses. 
 
 Vil'la-fer, n. An inhabitant of a village. 
 
 Vil'lain'(vH'lin), n. [Fr. vilain ; Late L. villamis, 
 a farm-servant ; L. villa, a farm-house.] One 
 who, under the feudal system, held by a base 
 tenure (in this sense written also villein and 
 villa u) : — a vile person; a rascal; a knave; a 
 scoundrel. [baseness. 
 
 Vil'la-nage, n. [Fr. vUainage.] State of a villain ; 
 
 Vil'la-nous. a. Like a villain ; base ; vile ; wicked ; 
 had:— written also villainous. 
 
 Vil'la-nous-ly, ad. Wickedly ; basely. 
 
 Vil'la-ny, ». [Fr. vilenie, vilemss.] The charac- 
 ter or conduct of a villain ; wickedness ; deprav- 
 ity; baseness; a crime 1 : — written also villain//. 
 
 Vil-lat'ic, a. [L. villaticus, belonging to a villa.] 
 Pertaining to a farm or a villa. 
 
 Vil'li, v. pi. [L.] (Anal.) Fibres.— (Bot.) Hairs. 
 
 Vil-lose'. a. [L. vittosus : villus, a hair.— See Felt.] 
 Covered with hairs; villous. 
 
 Vil'lous, a. [See Yillose.] Shaggy ; rough ; hairy. 
 
 Vinaigrette (vin-a-gref), u. [Fr.] A sauce con- 
 taining vinegar :— a bottle for holding aromatic 
 vinegar or smelling-salts. 
 
 Vin-ci-bil'i-ty, n. Liableness to be overcome. 
 
 Vin'ci-ble, a. [L. vincibUis; vincere, to conquer.] 
 Conquerable ; superable. [a cord ; a tie. 
 
 Vin'cu-liim, n. [L. ; from vincire, to bind.] A band ; 
 
 Vln'di-ca-ble, a. That may be vindicated. 
 
 Vin'di-cate, v. a. [L. vindicare, vindicalum, to 
 avenge, to lay claim to; vindex, viudicis, a claim- 
 ant : the verb is referred by some to L. vim 
 dicare, to assert one's power.] [pp. vindicating, 
 vindicated.] To defend with success; to justify ; 
 to support; to maintain; to clear. 
 
 Vin-di-ca'tion, n. [L. vindicatio.] A defence; a 
 justification. [vindicate. 
 
 Vln'di-ca-tive, or Vin-dic'a-tive, a. Tending to 
 
 Vin'di-ca-tor, n. [Late L.] One who vindicates. 
 
 Vln'dj-ca-to-ry, a. Vindicative. 
 
 Vin-dic'tive, a. [L. vindicta, revenge, vengeance, 
 defeucej protection ; vindicare, to avenge.] Given 
 to revenge ; revengeful. 
 
 Vin-dic'tive-ly, ad. In a vindictive manner. 
 
 Vin-dic'tive-ness, it. A revengeful temper. 
 
 Vine, n. [Fr. vigne; L. vinea, a vineyard ; vinum, 
 wine (q. ».).] The plant that bears the grape: 
 — any plant that trails on the ground, or climbs. 
 
 Vin'e-gar, «. [Fr. vinaigre ; vin, wine, and aigre, 
 sharp.— See Eager.] An acid liquor. 
 
 Vi'ne-ry, n - ■&■ place for grape-vines ; a grapery. 
 
 Vine'yard, v. [Vine and Yard.] A ground 
 planted with vines. [ing the qualities of wine. 
 
 Vi'nous, a. [L. vinosus; vinum, wine (7. v.).] Hav- 
 
 Vin'tage, n. [0. E. ventage; Fr. vendange; L. vin- 
 demia ; vinum, wine, and demere, to take away ; 
 de, away, and em ere, to procure.] The time of 
 gathering grapes or making wine; tbe yearly 
 produce of the vineyard, in grapes, or wine, or 
 both together. 
 
 Vin'taf-er, n. One who gathers the vintage. 
 
 Vin'tag^-ing-, n. The gathering of the vintage. 
 
 Vint'ner, n. [0. Fr. vinetier ; Late L. vinetarius; 
 L. vinetum, a vineyard; vinum, wine (q. v.).] 
 One who sells wine. 
 
 Vl'ny, a. Belonging to, or yielding, vines. 
 
 Vi'ol, n. [Fr. viole ; It. violo ; Late L. vilula, ridula, 
 a viol ; L. vitulari, to make merry; probably in- 
 fluenced by, or perhaps really derived fromj the 
 words cited under Fiddle (q. ».).] A stringed 
 instrument of music. 
 
 Vi-o'la, n. [It.] A sort of large violin. 
 
 Vi'o-la-ble, a. That may he violated or hurt. 
 
 Vl-o-la'ceous (vi-o-ki'shus), a. Like violets. 
 
 Vi'o-late, v. a. [L. violare, violation ; vis, force.] 
 [pp. violating, violated.] To treat with irrev- 
 erence; to hurt; to transgress; to infringe; to 
 break; to injure: — to pollute; to deflower; to 
 ravish. [breach. 
 
 Vi-o-la'tion, n. [L. violatio.] The act of violating; 
 
 Vi'o-la-tive, a. Tending to, or causing, violation. 
 
 Vi'o-lartor, n. [L.] One who violates or injures. 
 
 Vi'c-lence, n. [L. violent ia.] A violent act; unjust 
 force; an attack; outrage; vehemence; injury. 
 
 Vi'o-lent, a. [L. violenlus; vis, vi, foi-ce.] Acting 
 or done with violence; forcible; vehement; not 
 natural ; extorted. 
 
 Vi'o-lent-ly, ad. With force ; vehemently. 
 
 Vi'o-let, n. ' [Fr. violet; L. viola.— Cf. Gr. lov, a 
 violet.] A plant and its flower : — a color. — 2, a. 
 Of the color of the violet. 
 
 Vl-o-lm', n. [It. violino, dim. of violo, a viol.] A 
 stringed instrument; a fiddle. 
 
 Vl-o-lin'ist, ». One who plays on the violin. 
 
 Vi-o-lon-cel'list, ». A player on the violoncello. 
 
 Vi-o-lon-cel'lo (ve-o-lon-chel'lo or ve-o-lon-sel'lo), 
 n. [It.-; dim. of violone, a bass-viol : the latter 
 an augmentative form of violo, a viol.] A kind 
 of bass violin, with four strings. 
 
 Vi'per, n. [L. viperq, a viper; for vivipara, bring- 
 ing forth living young.— See Viviparous.] A 
 venomous serpent. [viper. 
 
 Vi'per-ine, a. [L. viperinvs.] Belonging to a 
 
 Vi'per-ous, a. Having tLe qualities of a viper : — 
 malignant. 
 
 Vi-ra'go, or Vi-ra'go, n. [L. virago, a man-like 
 woman; trim" (rare), a woman; v'ir, a man; the 
 ending -ago implies resemblance.] A female 
 warrior ; a turbulent woman ; a termagant. 
 
 Vir'e-lay, n. [Fr. virelai; virer, to turn, to veer, 
 and lai, a lay.] A species of poem :— a lay or 
 song having two rhymes and a refrain. 
 
 Vi-res'cent, a. [L. virescere, virescenlis, to become 
 green:' inceptive of virere, to be green. — See 
 Verdant.] (Bot.) Green ; flourishing. 
 
 Vi'r'fin, n. [L.'trirgro, virginis: root vara-, to grow.] 
 A maid ; a woman not a mother. — 2, a. Befit- 
 ting a virgin; maidenly; pure. 
 
 Vir'gHn-al, a. [L. virginal is.— See Virgin.] Maid- 
 enly ; relating to a virgin. — 2, n. A musical in- 
 strument, [of a virgin; maidenhood. 
 
 Vir-gin'i-ty, n. [L. virginitas ; Fr. virginite.] State 
 
 Vir-i-des'cence, n. The act of growing green. 
 
 Vir-i-des'cent, «. [L. viridescere, viridescenlis, fre- 
 quentative of viridere, to make or to become 
 green ; viridis, green.] Growing green. 
 
 Vi-rid'i-ty, n. [L. viriditas ; viridis, green.] Green- 
 ness;' verdure. 
 
 Vi'rile, Vir'ile. or Vir'Ile, a. [L. virilis ; vir, a 
 man. — Cf. Irish fear, A.-S. wer, Goth, wair, a 
 man.] Belonging to man; manly; bold; mas- 
 culine; pertaining to the male sex. 
 
 Vi-ril'j-ty, n. [Fr. virilitc; L. virilitas.] Man- 
 hood'; the quality of man. 
 
 Vir-tu', n. [It. virtu, vertu, excellence, merit, 
 virtue (7. r.).] A love of the fine arts; a taste 
 for curiosities : — curiosities ; objects of art. . 
 
 Vi'rt'u-al (virt'ya-al), a. [Fr. virtuel. — ^ee Vir- 
 tue.] ' Being in essence or effect, though not in 
 fact; effectual; efficacious. 
 
 V'irt'u-al-ly. ad. In effect, or efficaciously. 
 
 V'irt'ue'(vi'rt'yu), n. [Fr. vertu, goodness; L. vir- 
 tus, excellence, valor, manliness; vir, a man.] 
 Moral goodness, opposed to vice ; right principle ; 
 right conduct; moral excellence; probity; up- 
 rightness: — efficacy; power: — valor; courage. 
 
 e, 1, o, u, y, 
 
 ; a, e, 1, 0, Q, y, short; a, e, i, 0, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
VIRTUOSO 
 
 571 
 
 VOCAL 
 
 Vi'r-tu-o'so, n. [It.— See Virtu.] It. pi. Vlr-tu- 
 6' si; Eng. Vi'rt-u-o'sos. A man skilled in the 
 polite or elegant arts, or in curiosities. 
 
 Virt'u-ous (v'irt'yu-us), a. [Fr. vertueux; Late L. 
 virtnosus.] Partaking of virtue; morally good; 
 upright; honest; equitable. 
 
 Virt'u-ous-ly, ad. In a virtuous manner. 
 
 Vlr'u-lence, n. [L. virvlentia.] Malignity; acri- 
 mony ; hate ; venom : — poisonous quality. 
 
 Vlr'u-lent, a. [L. virulenlus, venomous; virus, 
 poison.] Venomous; bitter: malignant. 
 
 Vir'ii-lent-ly, ad. With virulence. 
 
 Vi'rus, n. [L.— Cf. Gr. Los, Skr. visha, Hind, bish, 
 poison.] Purulent matter; poison. 
 
 Vis, n. [L.] Force; power:— violence. 
 
 Vi§'a| , e, n. [Fr. ; vis, the face; L. visus, a look; 
 videre, visum, to see.] The face ; the countenance. 
 
 Vls'afed (vlz'ajd), a. Having a face or visage. 
 
 Vis-a-vis (vlz'a-ve'), «. [Fr.] A carriage which 
 holds two persons, who sit face to face. 
 
 Vis'ce-ra, n. pi. [L. ; pi. of viscus.] (Anat.) The 
 entrails : — internal organs. 
 
 Vis'cid, a. [It. viscidvus, sticky; viscus, birdlime, 
 mistletoe.] Glutinous; tenacious; ropy, vis- 
 cous; clammy. [tinousness; tenacity. 
 
 Vis-cid'i-ty, n. [Fr. viicidile.—See Viscid.] Glu- 
 
 Vis-cos'i-ty, n. [Fr. viscosite.— See Viscous.] Glu- 
 tinoushess; tenacity. 
 
 Vis'cbunt (vl'kodnt), n. [Fr. vicomte. — See Vice- 
 and Count.] A nobleman of a degree next below 
 that of an earl or a count. [count. 
 
 Vis'cbunt-ess ( vl'kbunt-es), n. The wife of a vis- 
 
 Vis'cous, a, [It. viscosus.—See Viscid.] Gluti- 
 nous; tenacious; viscid. 
 
 Vis'cus, )*. [L.] An internal organ of the body. 
 — pi. Vis'ce-ra, which see. 
 
 Vise, n. A griping machine or press. See Vice. 
 
 Vise (ve'za), v. a. [Fr. ; riser, to sign, to sight, to 
 aim; L. visere, to survey; videre, visum, to see.] 
 [pp. viseing, vised.] To examine and officially 
 endorse. — 2, n. An official endorsement. 
 
 Vis'i-ble, a. [L. visibilis, that may be seen ; videre, 
 visum, to see.] That may be seen; perceptible 
 by the eye; apparent; manifest ; discernible. ' 
 
 Vis'i-bly, ad. In a visible manner. 
 
 VI sion (vizh'un), n. [L. visio; videre, visum, to 
 see.j The act or faculty of seeing; sight: — a 
 supernatural appearauce; apparition; a spectre; 
 phantom : — dream. 
 
 Vi"sion-a-ry. (vizh'un-a-re), a. Affected by phan- 
 toms; fanciful; imaginary ; not real. — 2, n. One 
 who forms idle or fantastic projects ; a wild 
 schemer; an enthusiast: 
 
 Vis'it, v. a. [Fr. visiter; L. visitare, frequentative 
 of visere, to survey ; intensive of videre, visum, to 
 see.] [pp. visiting, visited.] To go to see; to 
 come to; to attend: — to punish : — to inflict: — to 
 afflict. — 2, v. n. To practise going to see others. 
 — 3, n. The act of going to see another ; a call. 
 
 Vis'it-ant, n. [L. visitant, visiting.— See Visit.] 
 One who goes to see another. 
 
 Vis-i-ta'tion, >i. [L. visitatio.] The act of visit- 
 ing :— infliction.— (Law.) The act of making a 
 judicial examination. 
 
 Vis'it-ing, n. The act of visiting; a visitation. 
 
 Vis'it-or, n. [Fr. visiieur; L. visitator.] One who 
 visits; a visitant :— one who regulates disorders; 
 an iiispector. 
 
 Vis'or, n. [Fr. visiere ; from vis, the face. — See 
 Visage.] A mask ; disguise ; the perforated part 
 of a helmet: — written also vizor and vizard. 
 
 Vis'ta, n. ; pi. Vis'tas. [It.; from visto, seen; 
 vedere, L. videre, to see.] A view : — a prospect 
 or a walk through an avenue, as of trees. 
 
 Vis'i-al (vizh'yu-al), a. [L. visualis; visus, the 
 sight.— See Vision.] Relating to the sight. 
 
 Vi'tal, a. [L. vittdis; vita, life; virere, to live.] 
 Relating to life; living; containing or support- 
 ing life; necessary to life; essential. 
 
 Vi-tal'i-ty, n. [L. vitalitas.] The power of sub- 
 sisting in life. 
 
 Vi'tal-ize, v. a. [pp. vitalizing, vitalized.] To 
 make vital or alive. 
 
 Vi'tal-ly, ad. In a vital manner. 
 
 Vi'tals, n. pi. The parts essential to life. 
 
 Vi'tel-la-ry, or Vit'el-la-ry. n. The place where 
 the yolk of the egg swims in the white. 
 
 Vi-tel'lus, n. [L. for "a calf," — also "the yolk;" 
 dim. of Vilnius, a calf.— Cf. Gr. itoAos, a bullock.] 
 The yolk of an egg. 
 
 Vi"ti-ate (vish'e-at), v. a. [L. vitiare, vitialum, to 
 corrupt; vitium, a fault, a vice (q. v.).] [pp. 
 vitiating, vitiated.] To make vicious or corrupt ; 
 to deprave ; to contaminate. [ravation. 
 
 Vi-ti-a'tion (vish-e-a'shun), n. [L. viliatio.] Dep- 
 
 Vit're-ous, a. [L. vilreus; vilrum, glass; root of 
 videre, to see.] Glassy ; resembling glass. 
 
 Vit're-ous-ness, «. State of being vitreous. 
 
 Vi-tres'cent, a. Tending to become glass. 
 
 Vit-ri-f ac'tion, n. The act of vitrifying. 
 
 Vit'ri-f I-a-bie, a. That may be vitrified. 
 
 Vlt-ri-fi-ca'tion, «. Vitrifaction. 
 
 Vit'ri-fbrm, a'. Having the form of glass. 
 
 Vit'rj-fy, v. a. [Fr. vitrijier ; L. vUruvt, glass, and 
 facere, to make.] [ pp. vitrifying, vitrified.] To 
 change or convert into glass. — 2, v. n. To be- 
 come glass, or vitreous. 
 
 Vit'ri-ol, ». [Fr. vitriol, copperas; L. vilreolus, 
 glas-y. — See Vitreous.] A compound mineral 
 salt; copperas; a sulphate of iron or copper. 
 
 Vit-ri-ol'ic, o. Containing vitriol. 
 
 Vit'u-line. a. [L. <uvlinus.—See Veal.] Relating 
 to a calf or to veal. 
 
 Vi-tu'per-ate, or, Vi-tu'per-ate, v. a. [L. viiupe- 
 rare, vituperatwm, to revile, to blame: vitium, 
 vice, a fault, and parare, to contrive, to provide.] 
 [pp. vituperating, vituperated.] To blame; to 
 censure; to vilify; to reproach. [sure. 
 
 Vi-tu-per-a'tion, n. [L. vituperatio.'] Abusive cen- 
 
 Vj-tu'per-a-tive, a. Containing censure. 
 
 Vi-va'cious (ve-va'sbus), o. [L. vivax, vivacis, 
 lively; vivere, to live; vivus, alive.] Gay; ac- 
 tive; lively. ^ 
 
 Vi-va^'i-ty, or Vi-vac'i-ty, n. [L. vivacitas; Fr. 
 vivncil'.'.] Quality of being vivacious; anima- 
 tion; spirit; liveliness; sprightliuess. 
 
 Vi-va'ri-fim, h. [L. ; from vivus, alive.] A place 
 for keeping live animals. 
 
 Viv'id, «. [L. vividus, animated; vivus, alive.] 
 Lively; quick: sprightly; active. 
 
 Viv'id-ly, ad. With life; with quickness. 
 
 Viv'id-ness, u. Life; vigor; quickness. 
 
 Vi-vific, a. [L. viviiicus ; vivus, alive, and facere, 
 to make.] Giving life. 
 
 Viv-i-fi-ca'tion, n. [L. vivificalio.] The act of 
 giving or restoring life. 
 
 Viv'i-fy, v. a. [L. viviricare.—See Vivific] [pp. 
 vivifying, vivified.] To make alive; to animate. 
 
 Vi-vip'a-rous, a. [L. viviparus; virus, alive, and 
 parere, to bring forth.] Bringing forth young 
 alive ; not laying eggs to be hatched. 
 
 Viv-i-sec'tion. ». [L. vivus, alive, and sectio, a 
 cutting.] The act or practice of dissecting or 
 opening living animals. 
 
 Vix'en (vik'su), n. [Ger. fiichsin, fern, of fuels, a 
 fox.] The cub of a fox ; a she-fox : — a turbulent 
 woman ; a scold ; a termagant. 
 
 Viz., ad. [A contraction of videlicet.] Namely. 
 
 Viz'ard, n. [See Visor.] A vizor; a mask. 
 
 Viz'ier (viz'yer or viz'yer), w. [Arab, inr.ir, a 
 vicegerent, a bearer, a porter; wazara, to carry.] 
 A Turkish minister of state. 
 
 Vo'ca-ble. n. [Fr. vocable, L. vocabulum, a name; 
 vocare, to call; vox, a voice (q. v.).] A word; a 
 name ; a term. 
 
 Vo-cab'u-la-ry, n. [Fr. vocabidaire ; Late L. vo- 
 cabularium. — See Vocable.] A list of words in 
 alphabetical order; a nomenclature; a dictionary. 
 
 Vo'cal. a. [L. vocal is ; vox, voci», a voice (q. v.).] 
 Having a voice; uttered by the voice; oral: — 
 noting a peculiar sound, as of z or v as distin- 
 guished from s or/. 
 
 mien, sir ; mSve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— g, 9, 9, §, soft; p, £, p, §, hard; § as z ; $ is gz ; this. 
 
VOCALIST 
 
 572 
 
 VOUCHSAFE 
 
 Vo'cal-ist, n. A vocal musician; a singer. 
 
 Vo-cal-i-za'tion, w. The act of vocalizing. 
 
 Vb'cal-ize, v. a. [Fr. voculiser.] [pp. vocalizing, 
 vocalized.] To make vocal ; to articulate. 
 
 Vo'cal-ly, ad. By the voice ; articulately. 
 
 Vo-ca'tion, n. [L. vocatio, a call ; vocare, to call ; 
 vox, a voice.] A calliug; a trade; a business. 
 
 Voc'a-tive, a. [L. vocativus; vocare, to call.] De- 
 noting a grammatical case. 
 
 Vo-cif'er-ate, v. n. [L. vociferare, vociferatum, to 
 cry out; vox, vocis, the voice, and /we, to carry.] 
 [pp. vociferating, vociferated.] To clamor; to 
 make outcries; to call aloud; to halloo. 
 
 Vo-cif-er-a'tion, n. [L. vociferatio.] A clamor; 
 an outcry. 
 
 Vo-cif er-ous, a. Clamorous; noisy; loud. 
 
 Vogue (vog), n. [Fr. vogue, favor, currency, pas- 
 sage ; voguer, to sail, to go ; It. voga, Sp. boga, 
 the act of rowing. — Cf. Ger. wogen, to move.] 
 Fashion ; mode ; repute. 
 
 Voice (vols), n. [L. vox, vocis. — Cf. Skr. vach, to 
 speak.] Sound emitted by the mouth : — choice 
 or opinion expressed; a vote ; suffrage. — (Grant.) 
 The distinction between the active and passive- 
 forms of verbs. — 2, v. a. [ pp. voicing, voiced.] 
 To give utterance to : — to attune. 
 
 Voice' less, a. Having no voice. 
 
 Void, a'. [Fr. vide ; 0. Fr. voide ; from L. viduus, 
 bereft. — See Widow.] Empty; vain; null; in- 
 effectual; devoid; free; destitute; unoccupied; 
 unreal. — 2, it. An empty space; vacuum; va- 
 cancy. — 3, v. a. [pp. voiding, voided.] To quit; 
 to emit; to vacate ; to annul. 
 
 Vbid'a-ble, a. That may be voided or annulled. 
 
 Void'ance, n. An emptying ; vacancy. 
 
 Vbid'er, n. He who or that which voids : — a tray 
 used to empty a table ; a basket. 
 
 Vo'lant, a. [L. volare, volautis, to fly.] Flying:— 
 nimble; active. 
 
 Vol'a-tile [vol'a-tll, Ja. N. ft], a. [L. volatilis ; 
 volare, to fly.] Flying; lively; fickle; airy; 
 passing off by evaporation ; evaporating. 
 
 Vol'a-tile-ness, \ n. Quality of being volatile ; 
 
 Vol-a-til'i-ty., J airine-s; fickleness. 
 
 Vol-a-til-'i-za'tion, n. The act of making volatile. 
 
 Vol'a-til-ize, v. 'a. [Fr. volatiliser.} [pp. volatil- 
 izing,' volatilized.] To make volatile ; to subtil- 
 ize to a high degree. 
 
 Vol-can'ic, a. Relating to volcanoes ; produced, 
 formedj or affected by a volcano. 
 
 Vol-ca'no, n. ; pi. Vol-ca'noes. [It. volcano; from 
 'L. Vulcanus, Vulcan, the god of fire.— Cf. Skr. 
 vllca, a firebrand.] A mouutain having internal 
 fire, and ejecting fire, smoke, and lava. 
 
 Vole, n. [Fr. vole ; voter, to steal ; L. involare, to 
 seize, — literally, to fly at.] A deal at cards that 
 draws all the tricks : — [perhaps from wold, a 
 field] a field-rat : — a water-rat. 
 
 Vo-li"tion (vo-lish'un), n. [Late L. volitio ; L. 
 velle, volui, to wish."] The act of willing ; power 
 of willing; choice. 
 
 Vo-li"tion-al, a. Relating to, or springing from, 
 volition oi- the will ; associated with, or charac- 
 terized by, volition. 
 
 Vol'ley (vol'le), n. [Fr. voice, a flight; L. volare, 
 to fly.] A flight of shot; a burst; a simultane- 
 ous discharge.— 2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. volleying, 
 volleyed.] To throw out ; to discharge. 
 
 Volt, n. [From Volta (1745-1826), a physicist.] 
 The unit of electro-motive force or of tension : 
 — [see Vault] a leap to one side. 
 
 Vol-ta'ic, a. Relating to Volta or voltaism. 
 
 Vol'ta-ism, n. Voltaic electricity ; galvanism. 
 
 Vol-ti-geiir' (vol-te-zhiir'), n. [Fr.] A light horse- 
 man, or dragoon. 
 
 Vol-u-bil'i-ty, n. [L. volubilitas.] State of being 
 voluble ; fluency of speech : — mutability. 
 
 Vol'u-ble, a. [L. volubilis, easily turned or rolled ; 
 volvere, volutum, to turn.] Rolling ; active : — 
 fluent of words. 
 
 Vol'u-bly, ad. In a voluble manner. 
 
 Vol'ume (vol'yum), n. [L. volumen, a roll ; volvere, 
 volutum, to roll.] Something rolled or convolved ; 
 a single fold; a roll:— a book; a tome:— dimen- 
 sion; compass; bulk; size.— (Mus.) Compass of 
 voice ; tone ; power. 
 
 Vol-u-met'ric, a. [Volume and Metric] Per- 
 taining to," or performed by, measured volumes. 
 
 Vo-lii'mi-nous, a. [L. voluminosus, full of turns 
 or rolls.] Consisting of many volumes or rolls ; 
 copious ; diffusive. 
 
 Vo-lu'mi-nous-ly, ad. In many volumes. 
 
 Vo-lu'mi-nous-ness, n. State of being volumi- 
 nous ; copiousness. 
 
 Vol'un-ta-ri-ly, ad. In a voluntary manner. 
 
 Vol'un-ta-ry, a. [Fr. voloutaire; L. voluutarim ; 
 \oluntas, will; velle, volui, to wish.] Acting by 
 choice ; of one's own accord ; willing ; sponta- 
 neous.— 2, n. An air or piece of music played 
 at will : — a volunteer. 
 
 Vol-un-teer', n. [Fr. voloutaire. — See Voluntary.] 
 A soldier, or one who serves of his own accord ; 
 a voluntary agent.— 2, v. a. [pp. volunteering, 
 volunteered.] To offer voluntarily. — 3, v. n. To 
 act or serve as a volunteer; to act voluntarily. 
 
 Vo-lupt'u-a-ry, n. [L. roluptuarius. — See Volupt- 
 uous.] A* man given up to pleasure and luxury; 
 a sensualist ; an epicure. 
 
 Vo-lupt'u-ous, a. [Fr. voluptueux; L. voluptuosus; 
 volup, pleasurably ; voluptas, pleasure ; velle, volui, 
 to desire.] Addicted to sensual pleasures ; luxu- 
 rious; epicurean. 
 
 Vo-lupt'u-ous-ly, ad. In a voluptuous manner. 
 
 Vo-lupt'u-ous-ness, n. Luxuriousness. 
 
 Vo-lute' [vol'yut, Ja. N. C], n. [L. volvere, wlv,- 
 tum, to roll ; voluta, a volute.] (Arch.) A mem- 
 ber or scroll of a column. — (Conch.) The shell 
 of certain mollusks. 
 
 Vom'it, v. a. & v. n. [L. vomere, vomitum, Skr. 
 vain, to vomit.] [pp. vomiting, vomited.] To 
 throw up or eject from the stomach; to eject 
 matter. — 2, n. Matter thrown up or ejected from 
 the stomach : — a substance that produces vomit- 
 ing; an emetic. — Black vomit, the yellow fever. 
 
 Vp-mi'to, n. [Sp.] The yellow fever. 
 
 Vom'i-to-ry, a. [L. voviitorius.] Procuring vom- 
 its ;'ehietic. — 2, n. [L. vomitoria (pi.).] A door 
 or gate serving as an outlet to a public build- 
 ing : — an emetic. 
 
 Vo-ra'cious (vo-ra'shus), a. [L. vorax, voracis; 
 'vorare, to devour.] Greedy to eat; very hungry ; 
 ravenous ; rapacious. 
 
 Vo-ra'cious-ly, ad. Greedily; ravenously. 
 
 Vo-ra'cioiis-ness, n. Greeuiness; voracity. 
 
 Vo-rag'i-ty, n. [L. voracitas; Fr. voracite.] Greedi- 
 ness ; rapacious n ess ; ravenousness ; edacity ; vo- 
 raciousness ; avidity. 
 
 Vbr'tex, n. [L. ; from vertere, to turn.] L. pi. 
 Vbr'ti-ces; Eng. Vor'tex-es. A fluid having 
 a whirling motion ; a whirlpool ; the hollow 
 part of a whirlpool ; a whirl : — a whirlwind. 
 
 Vor'ti-cal, a. Whirling; turning. 
 
 Vo'ta-ress, n. A female votary. 
 
 Vo'ta-ry, n. [L. voium, a vow (q. v.).] One de- 
 voted to any pursuit. — 2, a. Consequent to a 
 vow; devoted; votive. 
 
 Vote, n. [L. votum, a wish, a vow (q. v.).] A wish 
 expressed; a suffrage; a ballot; a voice given at 
 an election.— 2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. voting, voted.] 
 To choose by suffrage; to ballot. 
 
 Vot'er, n. One who has a light to vote. 
 
 Vo'tive, a. [L. votivus.] Given by vow ; devoted. 
 
 Vouch, v. a. [0. Fr. voucher, to vouch, to cite, to 
 summon ; L. vocare, to call. — See Voice.] [pp. 
 vouching, vouched.] To warrant; to attest; to de- 
 clare. — 2, v. n. To bear witness ; to testify. — 3, n. 
 Warrant; attestation. [his warranty or title. 
 
 Vbuch-ee', n. (Law.) One who is called to support 
 
 Vbuch'er, n. He who or that which witnesses. 
 
 Vbuch-safe', v. a. [Vouch, to warrant, and Safe.] 
 [pp. vouchsafing, vouchsafed.] To condescend 
 to grant. — 2, v. n. To deign ; to condescend. 
 
 a, e, i, o, u 
 
 y, long; a., e, i, 6, Q, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
VOUSSOIK 
 
 573 
 
 WAINSCOTING 
 
 Voussoir (vo-swar), n. [Fr.] A stone in an arch. 
 
 Vow, n. [Fr. voeu, L. votum, a vow; vovere, votum, 
 to vow.] A solemn act of devotion or consecra- 
 tion ; a religious promise; a solemn promise. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. vowing, vowed.] To consecrate ; 
 to devote sacredly. — 3, v. n. To make vows or 
 solemn promises. 
 
 VS'w'el, n. [Fr. voyelle ; L. vocalis, vocal (q. v.).] 
 A le'tter which can he uttered by itself or alone ; 
 as, a, e, i, o, u. 
 
 Voy'age, ». [Fr. voyage; It. viaggio; Sp. viage ; 
 L. viaticum, belonging to a journey ; via, a way.] 
 A passage by sea. — 2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. voy- 
 aging, voyaged.] To travel by sea; to pass. 
 
 Voy'a-ger, n. One who travels by sea. 
 
 Voyageur (vwa-ya-zhur), v. [Fr. ; voyager, to 
 travel.] A Canadian boatman. 
 
 Vraisemblance (vra-zon-bloiis), n. [Fr.] Ap- 
 pearance of truth ; probability; likelihood. 
 
 Vul'can-Ite, n. A mixture of caoutchouc and sul- 
 phur rendered hard by vulcanization. 
 
 Vul-can-i-za'tion, n. The art or process of com- 
 bining caoutchouc with sulphur. 
 
 Vul'can-ize, v. a. [From Vulcan, the Roman god 
 of fire.] [»». vulcanizing, vulcanized.] To 
 subject to vulcanization ; to combine caoutchouc 
 with sulphur by heat. 
 
 Vul'gar, a. [Fr. vulgaire; L. vulgaris; vulgvs, the 
 multitude. — Cf. Skr. varga, a troop.] Common ; 
 
 ordinary ; mean ; low ; rustic ; plebeian ; boorish. 
 — 2, n. The common people; populace. 
 
 Vul-ga'ri-an, n. A vulgar person. 
 
 Vul'gar-ism, n. A vulgar phrase or expression. 
 
 Vul-gar'i-ty, n. [Fr. vulgarite, vulgarity ; L. vul- 
 gurilas, the vulgar herd.] Quality of being vul- 
 gar ; meanness ; grossness ; rudeness of manners. 
 
 Vul'gar-Ize, v. a. & v. n. [pp. vulgarizing, vul- 
 garized.] To make or grow vulgar. 
 
 Vul'gar-ly, ad. Commonly ; rudely. 
 
 Vul'gate, n. [L. vulgare, vulyatum (part. fem. vul- 
 gata), to publish, to make common ; vulgus, the 
 common people.] An ancient Latin version of 
 the Bible. 
 
 Vul-ner-a-bil'i-ty, \n. The state of being vul- 
 
 Vul'ner-a-ble-ness, f nerable. 
 
 Vul'ner-a-ble, a. [L. vulnerabilis ; vulnerare, to 
 wound ; vulnus, vulneris, a wound ; vellere, vulsum, 
 to tear.] That may be wounded. 
 
 Vul'ner-a-ry, a. [L. vulnerarms ; vulnus, a wound.] 
 Useful in curing wounds. — 2, n. A medicine for 
 a wound. 
 
 Vul'pine [vul'pln, 5. E. Ja. K. C], a. [L. vul- 
 pimis; vulpes, a fox.] Belonging to a fox; like 
 a fox ; crafty. 
 
 Vult'ure (vult'yur), n. [L. vultura; vellere, vulsum, 
 to tear.] A large bird of prey. [vulture. 
 
 Vult'u-rine, a. [L. vuliurinus.] Belonging to a 
 
 Vult'u-rous, a. Like a vulture ; vulturish. 
 
 w. 
 
 Wis a consonant at the beginning of words and 
 syllables ; but in diphthongs it is used as a 
 vowel for u; as in view, xtrew. 
 
 Wab'ble (wob'bl), v. n. [Cf. Low Ger. quabbeln, 
 to palpitate ; Welsh chwap, to strike ; also Hob- 
 ble.] [pp. wabbling, wabbled.] To move from 
 side to side ; to waddle ; to waggle ; to totter. — 
 2, n. A hobbling motion. 
 
 Wad (wod), n. [Sw. vadd, Ger. watte, Dan. vat, 
 Fr. ouate, Sp. huata, wadding.] A little mass of 
 tow, paper, &c. :— a mineral ; oxide of manga- 
 nese. — 2, v. a. [pp. wadding, wadded.] To stuff 
 ■with wadding. 
 
 Wad'ding (wod'ding), n. A soft stuff used for 
 stuffing garments; any thing stuffed in. 
 
 Wad' die (wod'dl), v. n. [A frequentative of Wade.] 
 [pp. waddling, waddled.] To walk like a duck. 
 
 Wade, v. n. & v. a. [A.-S. ivadan; Dut. waden ; 
 Dan. vade; allied to L. vadum, a shallow, and 
 vadere, to go.] [pp. wading, waded.] To walk 
 through water. — 2, n. An act of wading. 
 
 Wad'er, n. One that wades : — a wading bird. 
 
 Wadi,' or Wady (wii'de or wod'e), n. [Arab.] A 
 dry watercourse ; a valley. [Oriental.] 
 
 Wa'fer, n. [Fr. gaufre, 0. Fr. waufre, a honey- 
 comb, a waffle (</. v.).] A thin cake ; the bread 
 given in the eucharist: — a paste for sealing 
 letters. 
 
 Waffle (wof'fl), n. [Dut. toafel, Ger. waffel, Dan. 
 vajj'el, a waffle, a wafer ; Fr. gaufre, a honey- 
 comb, a wafer. — Cf. Ger. wabe, a honey-comb : 
 root of Web.] A sort of thin cake. 
 
 Waft, v. a. [A variant of Wave.] [pp. wafting, 
 wafted.] To carry through the air or on the 
 water; to make to float; to buoy. — 2, v. n. To 
 float; to swim; to fly. — 3, n. A floating body : 
 — the motion of a streamer: — a signal flag. 
 
 Wag, v. a. [0. Sw. wagga, to shake ; A.-S. wagian, 
 to move.] [pp. wagging, wagged.] To move 
 lightly; to shake slightly.— 2, v. n. To be in 
 motion ; to go away. — 3, n. [Probably for wag- 
 halter, a rogue or gallows-bird. ] One full of low 
 humor ; a humorist : — a wagging motion. 
 
 Wa|-e, v. a. [0. Fr. wage, gage, a pledge, guarantee, 
 
 stipulation, hire; wager, gager, to pledge; Lato 
 L. vadium, Goth, wadi, L. i>os, vadis, a pledge. J 
 [pp. waging, waged.] To make; to carry on ; to 
 stake. — 2, u. Wages; hire. 
 
 Wa'ger, n. [0. Fr. wager, gager, Late L. vadiare, 
 Goth, gawadjaii, to pledge. — See Wage.] A bet ; 
 a pledge; any thing pledged : — an offer to make 
 oath. — 2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. wagering, wagered.] 
 To lay ; to pledge as a bet. 
 
 Wa'&er-er, n. One who wagers. 
 
 Wa'ges, u. pi. Hire or reward paid for services. 
 
 Wag'|er-y, n. [See Wag. n.] Sportive merriment. 
 
 Wag'gish, a. Merrily mischievous; frolicsome. 
 
 Wag'fish-ly, ad. In a waggish manner. 
 
 Wag'|ish-ne6S, n. Merry mischief; drollery. 
 
 Wag'gie (wag'gl), v. a. [Frequentative of Wag.] 
 [jjp. waggling, waggled.] To cause to move rap- 
 idly from side to side ; to wag. — 2, v. n. To move 
 from side to side. 
 
 Wag'on, \ n. [A.-S. waegn, ?«ri?, Dut. wagen, a 
 
 Wag'gon, j wain (g. ».).] A heavy, four-wheeled 
 carriage, for the conveyance of heavy goods. 
 
 Wag'on-er, n. One who drives a wagon. 
 
 Wag'tail", n. A bird allied to the robin. 
 
 Waif. v. [0. Norman Fr. icaif, gaif; root of Icel. 
 veifa, Norw. veiva, to flap, to swing.— See Waive.] 
 (Law.) Any thing relinquished ; goods found, 
 but claimed bv nobody : — a wanderer : — a found- 
 ling. 
 
 Wail, v. a. [Icel. vsela, vala, vola. — Cf. It. guajo- 
 lare, guaire, to wail; guai, Goth, wai, woe (q. v.).] 
 [pp. wailing, wailed.] To bewail. — 2, v. n. To 
 grieve. — 3, ». Audible sorrow ; lamentation. 
 
 Wail'ing, n. Lamentation ; audible sorrow. 
 
 Wain, n. [A.-S. waegn, wsen: Dut. wagen ; Dan. 
 vogn ; Ger. wagen ; root of L. vehere, Skr. vaha, 
 to carry.] A carriage ; a sort of wagon. 
 
 Wain'scot [wen'skot, S. W. J. F. Sm.], n. [Dut. 
 wageschot, wagenscliot, wandschot ; Low Ger. wagen- 
 schot; 0. Dut. ireegheschot ; wseg, a wall, and schot, 
 a covering.] The inner wooden covering of the 
 wall of a room. — 2, v. a. [ pp. wainscoting, wain- 
 scoted.] To line walls with boards. 
 
 Wain'scot-ing, n. The same as Wainscot. 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q, Q, c, g, soft; p, £}, p, g, hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; tfiis. 
 
WAIST 
 
 574 
 
 WAKDEN 
 
 Waist, n. [Cf. A.-S. wsesim, growth, shape. — Cf. 
 Wax, to grow.] The narrowest part of the body. 
 
 Waist' band, w. That part of the breeches or pan- 
 taloons' which encircles the waist. 
 
 Waist'coat (was'kot or wes'kot), n. A close inner 
 coat ; a part of a man's dress. 
 
 Wait, v. n. [0. Fr. waiter, waitier, gaiter, guetter, 
 to watch ; waite, gaite, guet, a sentinel, a watch ; 
 Ger. loacht, a guard. — See Watch and Wake.] 
 [pp. waiting, waited.] To expect; to stay; to 
 remain. — 2, v. a. To expect; to stay for; to at- 
 tend. — 3, «. Ambush ; as, to lie in wait. 
 
 Wait'er, n. One who waits : — a tray ; a salver. 
 
 Waits', «. pi. Nocturnal, itinerant musicians. - 
 
 Waive, v. a. [0. Fr. waiver, guesver, to resign ; 
 Late L. waviare ; root of Waif, and of 0. Ger. 
 waiben, to fluctuate.] [pp. waiving, waived.] To 
 put off; to defer : — not to insist on. See Wave. 
 
 Waiv'er, n. An act of declining or putting off. 
 
 Wake, v. n. [A.-S. wacan, to arise ; waciav, to wake, 
 to watch ; Goth, wakan ; Dut. waken; Dan. vauge ; 
 Ger. wachen.] [pp. waking, waked.] To cease to 
 sleep ; to awake. — 2, v. a. To rouse from sleep ; 
 to awake. — 3, n. A feast for the dedication of a 
 church : — a watching of a corpse in the night; 
 vigil : — [0. & Local Eng. wake, a hole in ice ; 
 Icel. vok, Norw. colt, Sw. vak, I)an. vauge, a hole 
 in ice, a ship's course through broken ice] the 
 track of a ship in water. 
 
 Wake'ful, a. Not sleeping; vigilant. 
 
 Wake'ful-ness, h. Forbearance of sleep. 
 
 Wak'en (wa'kn), v. a. & v. n. [A.-S. wsecnan; 
 Sw. vacua; Dan. vaagne; Goth, gawaknan. — See 
 Wake.] [pp. wakening, wakened.] To rouse; 
 to wake. 
 
 Wake'rob-in, ». A plant and its flower. 
 
 Wak'ing, n. The act of one that wakes. — 2, p. a. 
 Being awake ; not sleeping. 
 
 Wale, n. [A.-S. "mlu, a weal ; 0. Fris. wain, a 
 rod; Fris. wool-, xcel. voir, Goth, walus, a round 
 stick.] A ridge ; mark of a stripe ; weal : — a 
 plank extending along the sides of a ship. — 2, 
 v. a. [pp. waling, waled.] To mark with wales. 
 
 Walk (wawk), v. n. [A.-S. wealcan, to roll, to 
 move, to full cloth ; Icel. valka,to roll ; remotely 
 from the root of L. where, to roll. — See Walk- 
 er.] [pp. walking, walked.] To go on foot; to 
 move by steps ; to travel slowly ; to proceed ; to 
 behave. — 2, v. a. To pass through ; to lead. — 
 3, n. The act of walking ; gait ; space for walk- 
 ing ; promeuade : — conduct. 
 
 Walk'er (wawk'er), n. [A.-S. wealcere, Ger. walker, 
 a fuller; Ger. walken, Dan. ralke, :Sw . valka, to 
 full.— Cf. Walk, and Skr. vol, to' move.] One 
 who walks: — a fulling-mill; a fuller. — (Law.) 
 A forester. 
 
 Wall, 11. [L. vallum, a rampart, — whence Welsh 
 gual, Dut. wal, Ger. wall. — Cf. L. rullxs, a stake.] 
 A continuous structure of brick or stone raised 
 upward as a division, protection, or defence; a 
 stone or brick fence; a defence :— the side of a 
 building or of a room. — 2, v. a. [pp. walling, 
 walled.] To enclose with a wall ; to defend. 
 
 Wal'let (wol'let), n. [Conjectured to l.e for wattle, 
 in it's old sense of a bag; this might contract 
 into wall, of which wallet'is the regular diminu- 
 tive. — See Wattle.] A bag; a knapsack. 
 
 Wall'-eye (wal'i), n. A whitish eye. 
 
 Wall' -eyed (wal'Id), a. Having white eyes. 
 
 Wall'flow-er, it. [It often grows on old walls.] 
 An ornamental, evergreen plant: — a species of 
 stock-gillyflower :— a lady who at a ball is left 
 unasked to dance. 
 
 Wall' -fruit, n. Fruit planted against a wall. 
 
 Wal-186n',». [Akin to A.-S. wealh, 0. Ger. walah, 
 foreign. — Cf. Welsh and Wallachian.] A 
 member of the non-Germanic race in the Low 
 Countries: — the language of that race. 
 
 Wal'lop (woTlup), v. a. [A.-S. weallen, to boil; 
 Skr.'iv;/, to move to and fro : L. volvere, to roll.] 
 [pp. walloping, walloped.] To boil: — to beat. 
 
 Wal'low (woTlo), v. n. [A.-S. wealwian, Goth. 
 walnyan, L. volvere, to roll.] [pp. wallowing, 
 wallowed.] To roll in mire, &c— 2, n. A kind 
 of rolling walk. 
 
 Wal'nut, n. [A.-S. wealh, foreign, and hnut, a 
 nut; Dut. walnoot; Dan. valnod; Ger. walnuss.] 
 A tree and its fruit. 
 
 Wal'rus, n. [Sw. vatlross, Dan. hvalros, Icel. hross- 
 hvalr, A.-S. hors-hwsd,— literally', horse-whale.] 
 (Zool.) The morse or sea-horse. 
 
 Waltz, n. [Ger. walzer; walzen, to roll, to waltz, 
 to welter (q. v.).] A kind of dance.— 2, v. n. 
 [pp. waltzing, waltzed.] To dance the waltz. 
 
 Wam'pum, n. [An Algonkin name.] A belt 
 formed of shells, used by the Indians as a girdle, 
 and as money. 
 
 Wan (won), a. [Cf. A.-S. wann, dark,— probably 
 also meaning dead, colorless; 0. Ger. wan, de- 
 ficient : allied with Wane.] Pale, as with sick- 
 ness ; pallid. 
 
 Wand (woud), n. [Icel. vbndr; Dan. vaand ; Goth. 
 ivandus.] A stick ; a long rod ; a staff. 
 
 Wan'der (won'der), v. n. [A.-S. wandrian; Dut. 
 vmndelen ; Ger. wandeln; the frequentative of 
 Wend.] [pp. wandering, wandered.] To rove ; 
 to ramble : — to be delirious. 
 
 Wan'der-er (won'der-er), n. A rover; a rambler. 
 
 Wane, v. n. [A.-S. Iranian, 0. Ger. wanen, to 
 wane; wan, deficient.] [pp. waning, waned.] 
 To grow less ; to decrease ; to sink. — 2, n. The 
 decrease of the moon ; decline. 
 
 Wan'ness (won'nes), n. Paleness; languor. 
 
 Want (wawnt or wont), v. a. [Icel. vant, vanr, 
 defective; vansi, want; vanta, to lack. — See 
 Wane.] [pp. wanting, wanted.] To be with- 
 out; not to have; to lack; to need: — to wish 
 for ; to desire ; to long for. — 2, v. n. To fail ; to 
 be deficient ; to lack. — 3, n. Need ; deficiency ; 
 lack ; poverty. 
 
 Want'ing, p. a. Lacking; absent; deficient. 
 
 Wan'ton (won'tun), o. [A.-S. prefix wan, nega- 
 tive, implying deficiency (see Wane), and togen, 
 part, from teon, to draw, to educate. Thus wan- 
 ton originally meant ill-bred, untrained.] Li- 
 centious; libidinous': — loose; unrestrained: — 
 gay; airy. — 2, n. A strumpet: — a trifler. — 
 3, v. n. [pp. wantoning, wantoned.] To play ; 
 to revel ; to act loosely. 
 
 Wan'ton-ly. (won'tun-le), ad. Sportively. 
 
 Wan'ton-ness (won'tun-nes), n. Sportiveness. 
 
 Wap'en-take, or Wa'pen-take, n. [A.-S. wapen- 
 take'; Icel. vapnatdk; vapna, a weapon, and tdk, 
 a touch, a taking.— See Take.] (Eng.) A dis- 
 trict; a term for a hundred:— & token of fealty. 
 
 WSr, n. [A.-S. icerre, wyrre; Fr. guerre; 0. Fr. 
 werre ; Ger. weira, strife, confusion.] Open hos- 
 tility between nations; a public contest; hos- 
 tility; warfare; fighting. — 2, v. n. [pp. war- 
 ring, warred.] To make war; to contend. 
 
 War'ble, v. a. [0. Fr. werbler, to speak with, a shrill 
 voice; Ger. wirbeln, to whirl (q. v.), to warble.] 
 [pp. warbling, warbled.] To quaver; to carol; 
 to sing. — 2, v. in To sing, as a bird ; to carol. — 
 3, n. A song; the s'nging of birds :— [probabl}' 
 related to Warp] a small tumor on a horse's or 
 on an ox's back. 
 
 War'bler, n. A singer; a singing-bird. 
 
 Ward. '[A.-S. -n-eard: root of L. versus, toward 
 against.] An affix in composition, noting ten- 
 dency ; as, heavenward, toward heaven. — 2, v. a. 
 [A.-S. weard, Ger. wart, Goth, wards, a keeper ; 
 A.-S. weardian, Ger. ivarten, to keep, to guard 
 (q. v.).] [pp. warding, warded.] To guard; to 
 watch; to defend: — to fend; to repel. — 3, v. n. 
 To be vigilant; to keep guard. — <1, n. A for- 
 tress : — a guard : — a district of a town or city : — 
 custody; confinement: — part of a lock: — one 
 under a guardian. 
 
 War'den (war'dn), n. [0. Fr. wardein, gardein, 
 gardain.—See Ward.] An officer or keeper of a 
 church, college, prison, &c. ; a guardian. 
 
 a, e, I, 6, u, y, 
 
 a, e, I, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y., obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall ■ heir, her 
 
WARDENSHIP 
 
 575 
 
 WATER-COLOR 
 
 War'den-ship, n. The office of a warden. 
 
 Ward'er, u. A keeper; a guard : — a truncheon. 
 
 Ward'robe, n. [0. Fr. warderobe ; Fr. garde-robe. 
 — See Ward and Robe.] A room where clothes 
 are kept : — clothes; a person's wearing-apparel. 
 
 Ward'room, ». A room in a ship of war, where 
 the officers sleep and mess. 
 
 Ward'shlp, n. Guardianship ; pupilage. 
 
 Ware, a. [A.-S. wser, cautious; Ger. geicahr, 
 aware; 0. Ger. v ira, heed: akin to Ward, and 
 to Wake, a commodity.] War}' ; aware. — 2, u. ; 
 pi. Ware§. [A.-S. ware, Dut. waar, Ger. waare, 
 Dan. vare, a commodity.] Something to be sold; 
 goods; commodities; merchandise. 
 
 Ware'house. //. A storehouse for merchandise. 
 
 Ware'house, v. a. [pp. warehousing, warehoused.] 
 To lay up in a warehouse. 
 
 War'fa're, n. [War, and Fare, an expedition.] 
 Military service of life; state of war; war. 
 
 War'i-ly, or Wa'ri-ly,, ad. Cautiously. 
 
 War'i-ness, or Wa'ri-ness, n. Caution; care. 
 
 War'ilke, a. Relating to war; engaged in war; 
 military; martini; hostile. 
 
 War'lock, »<. [Scot.; A.-S. wserloga, a traitor, a 
 liar; wser, truth (L. verum), and leogan, to lie.] 
 A wizard : — an evil spirit. 
 
 Warm, a. [A.-S. wearm ; Dut. & Ger. warm ; Dan. 
 varm ; Goth, warwjan, A.-S. wearmian, to warm.] 
 Heated in a moderate degree ; not cold : — ardent ; 
 zealuiis; earnest; hearty. — 2, v. a. [pp. wann- 
 ing, wanned.] To make warm; to heat mod- 
 erately ; to free from cold. — 3, v. n. To grow 
 warm ; to grow ardent. 
 
 Warm'ly, ad. With gentle heat; ardently. 
 
 Warmth, n. Gentle heat; zeal; ardor; fervor. 
 
 Warn, v. a. [A.-S. weamian, to take heed, to 
 warn; wearn, an obstacle ;"Icel. vb'rn, a defence; 
 varna, Ger. women, to warn.] [pp. warning, 
 warned.] To give notice of approaching danger; 
 to caution ; to admonish ; to inform. 
 
 Warn'ing, u. A caution ; a previous notice. 
 
 Warp, n. [A.-S. wearp ; from weorpan, to throw;; 
 Icel. varp, a throw, verpa, Ger. werfen, Goth. 
 wairpan, to throw.] Thread that is crossed by 
 the woof i:i weaving:— a rope: — a deposit of 
 muddy water: — a twist; a bend. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 warping, warped.] To contract; to shrivel; to 
 bend: — to drag by a rope. — 3, v. n. To become 
 bent ; to contract. 
 
 Warp'ing, n. The act of turning aside. 
 
 War'rant (wor'rant), v. n. [0. Fr. warant, guarant, 
 warrant; O. Ger. warjan, Ger. wehren, to keep, 
 to heed. — See Ware.] [pp. warranting, war- 
 ranted.] To support or maintain ; to authorize ; 
 to justify ; to secure. — 2, «. A grant ; authority. 
 —(Laic.) A writ for arresting an offender. 
 
 War'rant-a-ble (wor'rant-a-bl), a. That may be 
 warranted; defensible; justifiable. 
 
 War'rant-a-ble-ness (wor'-), n. State of being 
 warrantable; justifiableness. 
 
 War'rant-a-bly (wor'-), ad. Justifiably. 
 
 War'rant-ed (wor'-), p. a. Made sure. 
 
 War-rant-ge' (wor-rant-e'), u. (Law.) One to 
 whom a warranty is given. 
 
 War-rant-bV (wor-), u. (Law.) One who gives 
 a warranty :— c irrelative of warrantee. 
 
 War'ran-ty. (wor'-), ». [0. Fr. warantie, garantie. 
 — See Warrant.] (Law.) A promise or deed of 
 security; authority; security. 
 
 War'ren (wor'rem, n. [0. Fr. warenne, varenne, 
 gareime, a warren ; 0. Ger. warjan, to protect.] 
 An enclosure for rabbits. 
 
 War'ren-er (wor'-), ». Keeper of a warren. 
 
 War'rior "(war'yiir) [wor're-tir, Ja. Sin.}, n, [0. 
 Fr. guerrieur ; Fr. guerrier, guerroyeur. — See War.] 
 One engaged in war; a military man ; a soldier. 
 
 Wart, n. [A.-S. wearte; Icel. varta; Dan. vorte; 
 Ger. ivarze.] A small protuberance on the flesh. 
 
 Wart'y, a. Covered with warts; like warts. 
 
 War'-whoop (-hop), n. The Indian cry of war. 
 
 War'-worn, a. Worn with war. 
 
 War'x, or Wa'ry, a. [A variant of Ware.] Cau- 
 tious ; prudent. 
 
 Was. (wozj, i. from be. [A.-S. wses; wesan, to he; 
 found in all Teutonic tongues.— Cf. Skr. vas, to 
 dwell.] See Be. 
 
 Wash (wosh), v. a. [A.-S. wascan ; Dut. wasschen ; 
 Ger. icaschen; Dan. vaske.] [pp. washing, 
 washed.] To cleanse with water.— 2, v. n. To 
 perform ablution.— 3, n. The act of washing; a 
 washing ; a lotion :— alluvion :— a marsh :— feed 
 of hogs ; swill. 
 
 Wash/board (woshTaord), n. A hoard used in 
 washing : — a board next to the floor in a room ; 
 a mop-board : — a board on a boat. 
 
 Wash'er (wosh'er), n. One that washes : — a mova- 
 ble ring on the axis of a wheel. 
 
 Wash'er-wom-an (wGsh'er-wum-au), n. A woman 
 who washes clothes. 
 
 Wash'ing (wosh'ing), n. The act of cleansing by 
 water; that which is washed; wash. 
 
 Wash'y. (wosh'e), a. Watery ; damp ; weak. 
 
 Wasp (wosp), n. [A.-S. wseps; Lith. wapsu; Ger. 
 u-espe; L. vespa ; Russ. osa.] A stinging insect 
 of several species. 
 
 Wasp'ish (svosp'ish), a. Peevish ; petulant. 
 
 Wasp'ish-ly (wosp'ish-lel, ad. Peevishly. 
 
 Wasp'ish-ness (wosp'ish-nes), n. Peevishness. 
 
 Was'sail (wos'sil), n. [A.-S. ves hal, be hale; wes, 
 be thou (see Was), and hal, hale, whole (*/. v.).] 
 A liquor made of apples, sugar, and ale : — a ca- 
 rousal :— a song. — 2, v. «. [ pp. was-ailiug, was- 
 sailed. J To frolic; to tipple. 
 
 Was'sail-er (wos'sil-er), n. A tippler ; a reveller. 
 
 Wast (wost), i. from be, second person singular. 
 
 Waste, v. a. [0. Fr. r, Fr. g'tter, to 
 
 despoil; L. vaslare, to devastate ; vastus, waste, — 
 also vast (7. v.); Ger. u-iist, a waste ; wiisU n, A.-S. 
 westen, 0. Ger. wuostan, wasten, to waste.] [pp. 
 wasting, wasted.] To dimfaish ; t.» squander; 
 to spend. — 2, v. n. To dwindle; to be consumed. 
 — 3,a. Desolate; uncultivated :— refuse. — 4, ». 
 Loss; useless expense ; ruin: — any thing worth- 
 less ; refuse : — a desolate tract. 
 
 Waste'ful, a. Destructive; lavish: prodigal. 
 
 Waste'ful-ly, ad In a wasteful manner. 
 
 Waste'ful-ness, n. Prodigality; waste. 
 
 Watch (woch), ». [A.-S. wseece, a w, itching; ira- 
 cian, to watch : closely r< lated to wacan, to wake 
 (7. v.).] Attention: — vigilance; guard; a period 
 of night: — a pocket timepiece. — 2, v. 11. [pp. 
 watching, watched.] To wake; to keep guard. 
 — 3, v. a. To guard ; to observe. 
 
 Watch'-dog (woch'-), n. A dog that keeps watch. 
 
 Watch'er (wdch'er), n. One who watches. 
 
 Watch'ful (wOch'ful), n. Vigilant; attentive. 
 
 Watch'ful-ly (woch'ful-l»). ad. Vigilantly. 
 
 Watch'ful-nlss (worli'lui-nes , u. Vigilance. 
 
 Watch' -house (woch'hbus), n. A place where a 
 watch or guard is set. 
 
 Watch'mak-er (woch'mak-er), n. A maker of 
 watches : — one who repairs and cleans Matches. 
 
 Watch'man (woch'-), 11. A guard; a sentinel. 
 
 Watch'-tbw-er (wdch'tou-er), n. A tower on 
 which a sentinel is placed to keep guard. 
 
 Watch'word (woch'wurd), v. The word given to 
 sentinels to know their friends. 
 
 Wa'ter, n. [A.-S. meter; Dut. water; Ger. wasser; 
 Sw.'vatien; Gr. vScop ; Skr. udan.— Cf. Wet.] A 
 common, well-known fluid, composed of oxygen 
 and hydrogen : — the sea as opposed to land ; as, 
 land and icater: — urine : — the lustre of a dia- 
 mond. — 2, v. a. [pp. watering, wittered] To 
 supply with water; to irrigate. — 3, v. n. To 
 take in water. 
 
 Wa'ter-back. n. [Dut. bat, a tub ; Local E. back, 
 a trough. — Cf. Late L. bacca, a water-vessel ; ba- 
 cus, Fr. bac, a boat.] A reservoir for hot water 
 connected with a stove. -* [tions. 
 
 Wa'ter-brash, n. Dyspepsia with watery eructa- 
 
 Wa'ter-col'or, »/. Color or pigment worked up 
 with water : — opposed to oil-color. 
 
 mien, sir ; m3ve, nor, son; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, 9, 5, £•, soft; p,£,p, §, hard; § as 2 ; ? as gz ; tnis. 
 
WATEECOUESE 
 
 576 
 
 WEAEY 
 
 Wa/ter-course, n. A channel for water. 
 Wa'ter-craft, n. sing. & collective. A vessel or ves- 
 
 ds for plyin 
 
 Wa'ter-cress, n, 
 
 Wa'ter-cure, n. 
 
 eases by water 
 Wa'ter-fall, n. 
 Wa'ter-fdwl, n. 
 Wa/ter-gas, n. 
 
 steam. 
 Wa'ter-gaufe 
 
 on water. 
 
 A spicy salad-plant. 
 
 Hydropathy; the cure of dis- 
 — a hydropathic institution. 
 A cataract ; a cascade. 
 A fowl that frequents water. 
 Illuminating gas derived from 
 
 Water-lily. 
 
 An instrument for measuring 
 the "depth and quantity of water. 
 
 Wa'ter-ing-place, n. A place resorted to on ac- 
 count of mineral water, or for bathing. 
 
 Wa'ter-lev'el, n. The level formed by a surface 
 of still water. 
 
 Wa'ter-lil'y, n. An 
 aquatic plant. 
 
 Wa'ter-line, n. A line 
 distinguishing the part 
 of a ship under water 
 from that which is 
 above. 
 
 Wa/ter-logged (-16gd),a. 
 (Naut) Applied to a 
 ship when leaky and unmanageable. 
 
 Wa'ter-man, n. A ferryman ; a boatman. 
 
 Wa'ter-mark, n. The mark of the rise of water: 
 — a manufacturer's mark on paper. 
 
 Wa'ter-mel-on, «. A plant and its fruit. 
 
 Wa'ter-mill, «. A mill turned by water. 
 
 Wa'ter-pow'er, n- Power of water employed to 
 move machinery. 
 
 Wa'ter-priv'i-lel-e, n. The right to utilize water: 
 — a stream capable of affording water-power. 
 
 Wa'ter-proof, a. Impervious to water. 
 
 Wa'ter-ram, n. A machine for raising water. 
 
 Wa'ter-shed, n. The elevated 
 line" or ridge of laud between 
 two river-basins. 
 
 Wa/ter-soak, v. a. [pp. water- 
 soaking, water-soaked.] To 
 soak in water. 
 
 Wa'ter-spbut, n. An aqueous 
 meteor commonly observed 
 at sea. 
 
 Wa'ter-tight (-tit), a. Excluding water. 
 
 Wa'ter-wheel, w. A wheel turned by water. 
 
 Wa'ter-y, a. Liquid; like water; wet. 
 
 Wat'tle (wot'tl), n. [0. E. walel, a bag. a wallet 
 (q. v.) ; A.-S. watel, a cover, a bundle of twigs ; a 
 dim. of wad (q. v.), a bundle or fabric] A barb, 
 or loose red flesh that hangs below a cock's bill : 
 — a hurdle ; twig. 
 
 Waul, v. v. [Imitative, or a variant of Wail.] 
 [pp. wauling, wauled.] To cry as a cat; to cat- 
 erwaul. — 2, n. A cry; a caterwaul. 
 
 Wave, n. [From the verb; said to be distinct 
 from 0. E. wawe, Dan. voce, Ger. woge, a wave.] 
 A moving volume of water; a surge; a billow; 
 breaker : — inequality. — 2, v. v. [A.-S. icafian, to 
 waver (q. v.); Icel. veifa, to swing; Ger. weben, 
 to fluctuate : perhaps allied to weben, to weave.] 
 [pp. waving, waved.] To play loosely; to un- 
 dulate. — 3, v. a. To make uneven : — to waft : — 
 [see Waive] to put off for the present. 
 
 Wave'less, a. Smooth ; without waves. 
 
 Wave'let, n. A small wave. 
 
 Wa'verj v. n. [A.-S. wsefre, restless; Icel. vafra, 
 to waver : a frequentative of Wave.] [pp. wa- 
 vering, wavered.] To move loosely ; to be un- 
 settled ; to fluctuate ; to totter, as ready to fall ; 
 to hesitate ; to vacillate. 
 
 Wa'ver-er, n. One who wavers. 
 
 Wa'ver-ing, p. a. Fluctuating; hesitating. 
 
 Wa'vy, a. Rising in waves ; playing to and fro. 
 
 Wawl, v. n. [pp. wawling, wawled.] To cry ; to 
 howl. See Waul. 
 
 Wax, n. [A.-S. weax; Put. was; Dan. vox; Ger. 
 wachs ; Russ. vosk.] A thick, tenacious substance : 
 — a fit of anger. [Slang.] — 2, v. a. [pp. waxing, 
 
 waxed.] To join with wax; to smear. — 3, v. n. 
 [A.-S. weaxan ; Dut. ivassen; Ger. wachsen ; Dan. 
 vsexe; Skr. valcsh. — Cf. L. augere, to increase.] 
 [i. waxed ; pp. waxing, waxen or waxed.] To 
 grow ; to increase ; to become. 
 
 Wax'en (wak'sn), a. Made of wax. [terer. 
 
 Wax' wing, n. A bird called cedar-bird or chat- 
 
 Wax'work (-wiirk), n. A figure 'formed of wax. 
 
 Wax'y., a. Soft like wax ; waxen ; yielding. 
 
 Way, n. [A.-S., Ger., & Dut. voeg, Dan. vet, L. via, 
 Skr. vaha, a way ; vah, L. vehere, to carry.] A 
 road; passage ; path : — course; direction :— man- 
 ner; mode; method; means. 
 
 Way'far-er, n, A passenger; a traveller. 
 
 Way'far-jng, a. [Way, and Fare, to travel.] 
 Travelling; on a journey. 
 
 Way'lay, or Way-lay', v. a. [i. waylaid ; pp. way- 
 laying, waylaid.] To watch in the way ; to beset 
 by ambush. 
 
 Way'-mark, n. A mark to guide travellers. 
 
 Way'-side, n. The side of the way. [tions. 
 
 Way'-train, n. A train which halts at minor sta- 
 
 Way'ward, a. [For awayward.] Fro ward ; per- 
 verse ;' wilful ; self-willed. 
 
 Way'ward-ness, n. Perverseness. 
 
 We, pro'n. pi. of I. [A.-S. we; Dut. wij ; Dan. vi; 
 Ger. wir?\ I, mine, me. — pi. We, ours, us. 
 
 Weak, a. [Icel. veikr ; A.-S. wac ; imn. veq; Ger. 
 weich; A.-S. wican, Ger. weichen, to yield.] Hav- 
 ing little strength ; feeble in body or mind ; not 
 strong; infirm; languid. 
 
 Weak'en (we'kn), v. a. [A.-S. wsecan, wacian.] 
 [pp. weakening, weakened.] To make weak; 
 to debilitate; to enfeeble. — 2, v. n. To grow 
 weak. [weakens. 
 
 Weak'en-er (we^n-er), n. He who or that which 
 
 Weak'ling, n. A feeble creature. 
 
 Weak'ly, ad. In a weak manner ; feebly.— 2, a. 
 Not strong ; not healthy ; feeble. 
 
 Weak'ness, n. State of being weak; debility: 
 feebleness; infirmity; defect. 
 
 Weal, n. [A.-S. wela, weala ; Dun. vel ; Ger. wold. 
 — See Well.] Happiness ; prosperity : — a state ; 
 public interest : — mark of a stripe ; a wale. 
 
 Wealth (welth), n. [Dut. weelde : a variant of 
 Weal.] Abundance of worldly goods or prop- 
 erty; riches; opulence; affluence. 
 
 Wealth'i-ly, ad. Richly. 
 
 Wealth'i-ness (welth'e-nes), n. Richness. 
 
 Wealth'jr, «• Rich; opulent; abundant. 
 
 Wean, v. a. [A.-S. iceman, Dut. wennen, Dan. 
 vsenne, Ger. gewohnen, to accustom; A.-S. awe- 
 nian, Dut. afwennen, Ger. entwb'hnen, to wean.] 
 [pp. weaning, weaned.] To put from the breast ; 
 to detach : — to accustom to new diet. 
 
 Weap'on (wep'pn), n. [A.-S. wsepen ; Dut. wapen; 
 Dan. vaaben ; Ger. wajfe.] An instrument of of- 
 fence or defence. 
 
 Wear (war), v. a. [A.-S. werian. Icel. verja, 0. 
 Ger. werian, to carry on the body : the sense of 
 wasting is easily derived from this.] [i. wore; 
 pp. wearing, worn.] To waste; to consume : — 
 to carry on the body : — [see Veer] to change 
 the course of a ship; to veer. — 2, v. n. To be 
 wasted with use or time; to lie spent; to pass 
 away : — to veer. — 3, n. The act of wearing ; en- 
 durance : — waste : — the thing worn. 
 
 Wear, or Wear, n. [A.-S. wer, a dam, a fence; 
 werian, to protect, to check; Icel. ver, a fishing- 
 place; Ger. wehr, a defence; ivehren, to defend, 
 to restrain.] A dam :— a net of twigs to catch 
 fish : — written also weir, icier, and were. 
 
 Wear'a-ble, «• Fit to be worn. 
 
 Wear'er (war'er), n. One who wears. 
 
 Wea'ri-ness, n. Lassitude ; fatigue. 
 
 Wea'ri-some (we're-sum), a. Tedious ; tiresome. 
 
 Wea'ri-some-ly, ad. Tediously. 
 
 Wea'ri-some-ness, n. Tiresomeness. 
 
 Wea'rj (we're), a. [A.-S. werig ; 0. Sax. worig ; 
 A.-S. ' woriaii, to travel; probably from wor, a 
 swamp, a moor ; wos, ooze.] Subdued by fatigue ; 
 
 a, e, i, 5, u, y, long ; a, e, I, 5, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, x, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
WEASAND 
 
 577 
 
 WELL 
 
 tired. — 2, v. a. [pp. wearying, wearied.] To 
 tire ; to fatigue. — 3, v. n. To become weary. 
 
 Wea'sand (we'znd), h. [A.-S. wasend, 0. Fris. 
 wasande, — literally, the "wheezing" thing. — See 
 Wheeze.] The windpipe; the larynx. 
 
 Wea'sel (we'zl), n. [A.-S. wesle ; Dut.wezel; Dan. 
 vsesel; Ger. vriesel. — Cf. Icel. vesall, thin, slender, 
 destitute.] An animal that kills mice. 
 
 Weatn'er (weth'er), ». [A.-S. & Dut. iceder, Ger. 
 icetter,' weather; gewitter, a storm ; Lith. vetra, a 
 storm; Kuss. vieter, a wind; Skr. va, to blow.] 
 The state of the air or atmosphere with respect 
 to heat, cold, dryness, moisture, &c. — 2, v. a. \ pp. 
 weathering, weathered.] To expose to the air or 
 weather: — to pass with difficulty ; to endure. 
 
 Weatft'er-beat'en (weth'er-be'tn), a. Harassed, 
 seasoned, or tarnished by weather. 
 
 Weatfr'er-board, n. The windward side of a ship : 
 — a board to keep off wet or cold. 
 
 Weatfi'er-bound, a. Confined by the weather. 
 
 Weatfi'er-cock, n. A vane on the top of a sph*e 
 turned by the wind. 
 
 Weath'ered, «. Worn or discolored by the weather. 
 
 Weath'er-g-ai-e, n. The advantage of the wind : 
 — advantage of position. 
 
 Weatft'er-glass, u. A glass to indicate the state 
 of the' air; a barometer; a thermometer. 
 
 Weatft'er-ly, a. (Naut.) Making little leeway. 
 
 Weatn'er-pr66f, a. Proof against weather. 
 
 Weatft'er-side, n. The side of a ship under sail 
 on wh'ich the wind blows. 
 
 Weath'§r-wise, a. Skilful in the weather. 
 
 Weave, v. a. [A.-S. we/an; Dut. weven; Icel. vefa; 
 Ger. weben; Gr. v<f>aiveiv; Skr. va, ve, vap.~\ ' [i. 
 wove ; pp. weaving, woven.] To form by a loom 
 or by texture ; to insert.— 2, v. n. To work with 
 a loom. — 3, n. Style or manner of weaving. 
 
 Weav'er, n. One who weaves. 
 
 Wea'zen (we'zn), a. [A.-S. wisnian, Tcel. vima, to 
 wither; Dan. vissen, Icel. visum, withered.] Thin ; 
 lean; wizened. 
 
 Web, n. [A.-S. webb ; Dut. tceb ; Dan. veev ; Ger. 
 gewebe. — See Weave.] Any thing woven: — a 
 film on the eye : — skin between a bird's toes. ' 
 
 Webbed (webd), a. Joined by a film. 
 
 Web'-foot-ed (web'fut-ed), «. Palmiped. 
 
 Wed, v. a. & v. n. [A.'-S. weddian, Dut. wedden, 
 Icel. vedja, Dan. vedde, Ger. wetteu, to pledge, to 
 wager (q. v.) ; A.-S. wed, Ger. welte, L. vas, cadis, 
 a pledge. — Cf. Lith. wedu, to marry; Skr. vadhu, 
 a bride.] [i. wedded ; pp. wedding, wedded (rarely 
 wed).] To marry ; to join in marriage. 
 
 Wed'ding, n. A marriage ; nuptial ceremony. 
 
 Wedfe, n. [A.-S. toecg, an ingot; Dut. wig, Dan. 
 vsegge, 0. Ger. wecke, a wedge.] A piece of mi-tal 
 or wood sloping to an edge, used to split with : 
 — a mass. — 2, v. a. [pp. wedging, wedged.] To 
 fasten by wedges ; to force. 
 
 Wed' lock, n. [A.-S. wed, a pledge, and lac, a ter- 
 mination common to many abstract nouns.] 
 State of marriage ; matrimony. 
 
 Wednesday (wehz'da), n. [A.-S. Wodmsdseg. Dut. 
 Woensdag, Dan. Onsday, Odemdag,—i. e., Odin's 
 (or Woden's) day : Odin was the divinity of the 
 Teutonic nations.] The fourth day of tlie week. 
 
 Wee, a. [Probably from the expression "a little 
 we," for "a little way."— Cf. Dan. rei, a way.] 
 Little; tiny; small. [Scot. & Colloq.] 
 
 Weed, n. [A.-S. iceod, wiod; Dut. wieden, Low 
 Ger. weden, to weed.] A noxious or useless 
 plant.— pi. [A.-S. weed, wse.de, 0. Fris. wed, Icel. 
 vad, a garment.— Cf. Zend vadh, to clothe: akin 
 to Wad.] Garments:— a mourning dress; as, a 
 widow's iceeds. — 2, v. a. [i. weeded; pp. weed- 
 ing, weeded (wed for the imperfect and perfect 
 participle is not in good use).] To rid of weeds ; 
 to root out. 
 
 Weed's, «• Abounding with, or having, weeds. 
 
 Week, n. [A.-S. idee, wicu; Dut. week; Icel. vil-a; 
 Ger. woche; Dan. uge.— Cf. L. vicis, succession, 
 change.] The space of seven days. 
 
 Week'-day, n. Any day not Sunday. 
 
 Week'lx, a. Happening or done once a week. — 
 2, ad. Once a week ; every week. 
 
 Ween, v. n. [A.-S. wenan, to imagine ; Dut. wa- 
 nen, Icel. vana, Ger. wdhuen, to fancy ; A.-S. wen, 
 Dut. waan, Icel. van, Ger. wahn, belief.] [pp. 
 weening, weened.] To think; to imagine; to 
 fancy ; to suppose :— to estimate. 
 
 Weep, v. n. [A.-S. wepan, from wop, an outcry; 
 Goth. wopjan,_ to cry out ; Icel. sepa, to shout ; 
 op, aery : probably related to Whoop.] [L wept; 
 pp. weeping, wept.] To shed tears; to lament; 
 to bewail ; to cry.— 2, v. a. To lament ; to be- 
 moan ; to drop. 
 
 Weep'er, n. One who weeps; a lamenter. 
 
 Wee'vil (we'vl), n. [A.-S. wifel; Icel. yfill; 0. 
 Dut. wevel ; Lith. wabalas : probably related to 
 Wave in the sense of to flutter.] A "small insect 
 of the beetle kind, and of various species, inju- 
 rious to wheat and other grain. 
 
 Weft, n. [A.-S. weft, wefla, Icel. veflr— literallv, 
 that which is woven.— See Weave.] Woof of 
 cloth ; a web : — a waif. 
 
 Weigh (wa), r. a. [Dan. veie, Sw. v'dga, Dnt. 
 wegen, to weigh; Ger. wegen, to move; Icel. 
 vega, to weigh, to move ; A.-S. wegan, L. xelm-e, 
 Skr. vah, to carry.] [pp. weighing, weighed.] 
 To examine by balance; to raise ; to balance :— 
 to ponder; to consider. — 2, v. n. To have weight; 
 to press : — to be considered as important. 
 
 Weigh'er (wa'er), n. One who weighs. 
 
 Weight' (wat), ;,. [A.-S. gewiht; Ger. gewichl; 
 Dan. vsegt ; Icel. vxit.] Quantity as measured 
 by the balance; the heaviness of any thing; a 
 ponderous mass; gravity ■.—importayice. 
 
 Weigh'ti-ly. (wa'te-le), ad. With weight. 
 
 Weigh'ti-ness (wa'te-nes), n. Ponderosity. 
 
 Weigh' ty. (wa'te), a. Heavy :— important. 
 
 Weir, ». A dam. See Wear. 
 
 Weird (werd), «. [A.-S. wyrd, Icel. urdr, fate, 
 destiny ; A.-S. weordan, to be, to happen ; Icel. 
 verda, to become.] Skilled in witchcraft: — of or 
 pertaining to, or suggesting, supernatural influ- 
 ence; unearthly; eerie. [unearthly wildness. 
 
 Weird'ness, n. The state of being weird ; quaint or 
 
 Wel'come (wel'kum), a. [A.-S. wUcuma ; Ger. 
 willkommen; Ice'. veUcominn. — See Well and 
 Come; but it once represented A.-S. wiOa, will, 
 pleasure, and Come.] Admitted willingly: — re- 
 ceived or furnished without pay. — 2, iuterj. A 
 form of salutation. — 3, v. A kind reception of 
 a guest. — 1, v. a. [pp. welcoming, welcomed.] 
 To salute with kindness. 
 
 Wel'com-er, n. One who welcomes. 
 
 Weld.Y. a'. [Sw. valla, to well, to boil up,— also, 
 to weld : the idea of boiling is in many lan- 
 guages associated with that of welding, prob- 
 ably from the use of fluxes in welding. — Cf. L. 
 confervere, to boil together, — also, to unite.] 
 [pj>. welding, welded.] To beat or press into 
 firm union, when heated, as metals; to join 
 together. — 2, n. A close union, as of pieces of 
 metal: — [A.-S. wolde ; Ger. wan; Dut. wouw ; 
 Dan. vau ; Fr. gaude ; Sp. gualda : probably not 
 related to Woad] a plant used in dyeing. 
 
 Weld'er, n. He who or that which welds. 
 
 Wel'fare, n. [Well and Fare.] Happiness; suc- 
 cess; prosperity. 
 
 Wel'kin, n. [A.-S. woleen, Ger. wolle, 0. Sax. 
 wolkan, a cloud.] The visible regions of the air. 
 
 Well. n. [A.-S. wella, D.ut. wel, a spring; Ger. 
 welle, a wave; A.-S. weallan, to boil, to well; 
 Ger. wallen, to boil.] A deep, narrow pit dug in 
 the earth for a supply of water; a fountain; a 
 spring. — 2, v. n. [pp. welling, welled.] To 
 spring; to issue forth; to flow. — 3, a. [A.-S. 
 wel; Dan. vel; Ger. vohl : akin to L. velle, to 
 wish.] Being in health, or in a good state; for- 
 tunate; happy: — correct; laudable ; complete. — 
 4, ad. Not ill; properly; not amiss; highly; 
 excellently. 
 
 mien, sir; move, nor, son; 
 z mm, 
 
 bull, 
 
 bur, rule, use.— g, ?, 5, g\ soft; p, p, p, g, hard; § as 2 ; ? as gz ; tiis. 
 
 49 
 
WELL-A-DAY 
 
 578 
 
 WHENCESOEVEK 
 
 Well'-a-day, inter). [Corrupted from Well- 
 away'.] Expressing grief; alas! 
 
 Well-a-way', inter}. [A.-S. wa la urn, alas ! — lit- 
 erally, woe ! lo, woe !] Alas ! woe is me ! 
 
 Well'-be-ing, u. Happiness; prosperity. 
 
 Well'-bbrn, «. Not meanly descended. 
 
 Well' -bred, a. Well educated; elegant of man- 
 ners ; polite ; genteel ; courteous ; refined. 
 
 Well' -done', interj. Denoting praise. 
 
 Well-fa'vored (-ia'vyrd), a. Beautiful. 
 
 Well-mean'ing, a. Having a good intention. 
 
 Well-met', interj. A term of salutation. 
 
 Well-nigh' (we'l-ni'), ad. Almost; nearly. 
 
 Well-spent', a. Passed with virtue or use. 
 
 Well' -spring, re. A fountain ; a source. 
 
 Well' -sweep, re. A pole or timber for raising a 
 bucket in a well. [stances. 
 
 Well-to-do', a. Prosperous; in good circum- 
 
 Well-wish'er, n. One who wishes good. 
 
 Welsh, a. [A.-S. wealh, wselisc, Ger. w'dlsch, for- 
 eign.— Cf. Walloon.] Relating to Wales or its 
 people.— 2, re. The language of Wales.— pi. The 
 people of Wales. 
 
 Welt, re. [Welsh, gwald, gwaltes; Gael. & Irish, 
 bait. — Cf. Belt.] A border; a guard; an edging. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. welting, welted.] To sew any 
 thing with a border. 
 
 Wel'ter, v. re. [A.-S. wealtan, to roll, to totter; 
 Dan. vselte; Ger. waken-] [pp. weltering, wel- 
 tered.] To roll in blood, water, or mire:— to 
 stumble ; to totter.— 2, n. The act or state of 
 weltering : — mire. 
 
 Wen, n. [A.-S. wenn; Dut. wen; Local Ger. ween, 
 wenne.] A fleshy or callous excrescence. 
 
 Wench, n. [0. E. wenchel, an infant, a maiden; 
 A.-S. winclo, children; wencle, a maid; v:encel, 
 weak ; wancol, Local Ger. wankel, tottering ; Ger. 
 wanleln or wanken, to shake, to totter.] A young 
 woman:— a strumpet.— 2, v. n. [pp. wenching, 
 wenched.] To frequent loose women. 
 
 Wend, v. u. [A.-S. wend an, to go, to turn, to 
 cause to wind; Dut. & Ger. wenden, to turn.] 
 [i. went.] To go ; to pass. [Old.] 
 
 Wend, n. [Ger. : perhaps akin to Wend, to go, 
 and to Wander.] A member of a Slavic race in 
 North Germany. 
 
 Wend'ish, a. Pertaining to the Wends. 
 
 Went, i. from go and wend. 
 
 Wept, i. & p. from weep. 
 
 Were (wer) [wer, S. W. P. J. F. Ja. K. 8m. C], 
 i. & pi. from be. [Icel. vera, Dan. vsere, to be; 
 A.-S. wsere, wast; Ger. war, wdren, was, were; 
 Skr. vas, to dwell, to live.] 
 
 Were'-wolf (-wulf ), n. ; pi. Were'-wolves. [A.-S. 
 wer, a man, and Wolf. — Cf. Icel. verr, L. vir, 
 Skr. vira, a man.] A man fabled to be turned 
 into a wolf. 
 
 Wert. The second person singular of the sub- 
 junctive mood, imperfect tense, from be. [s\nd. 
 
 We'sand (we'znd), n. The windpipe. See Wea- 
 
 West, n. [A.-S., Dut., & Ger. west; Fr. ouest.— Cf. 
 L. vesper, evening; Skr. vasla, a house; vasati, 
 an abiding-place, night; vas, to dwell.] The 
 region where the sun appears to set, at the equi- 
 noxes : — opposite of east. — 2, a. Being toward, 
 or coming from, the west. — 3, ad. To the west 
 of any place. 
 
 Wgst'er-ing, a. Approaching the west. 
 
 West'er-ly. a. Being toward the west.— 2, ad. 
 Toward the west. 
 
 West'ern, a. Being in or toward the west. 
 
 West'ward, a. or ad. Toward the west. 
 
 West'ward-ly, a. or ad. Toward the west. 
 
 Wet, n. ' [A.-S. wset; Dan. vaad; Icel. voir.— See 
 Water.] Water; humidity; rainy weather. — 
 2, a. Humid ; moist; rainy ; watery. — 3, v. a. [i. 
 wetted or wet ; pp. wetting, wetted or wet.] To 
 make wet; to expose to rain or water; to moisten. 
 
 Wetft'er, n. [A.-S. weder, Icel. vedr, Dan. vseder, 
 Ger. widder, Goth, withrus, a lamb. — Cf. L. vitu- 
 lus, a calf.] A male sheep or ram castrated. 
 
 Wet'ness, re. State of being wet ; humidity. 
 
 Wet'-niirse, re. A nurse who suckles a child. 
 
 Whack, v. a. [See Thwack : imitative.] [pp. 
 whacking, whacked.] To strike.— 2, n. A blow : 
 — a share. [Vulg.] 
 
 Whale, re. [A.-S. hwsel; Icel. hvalr ; Ger. wal] 
 A cetacean animal, the largest of marine ani- 
 mals, shaped like a fish and living in the sea, 
 but having warm blood, and breathing the air. 
 It is popularly, but not scientifically, classed 
 with fishes. 
 
 Whale'bone (hwal'bon), «. A horny, elastic sub- 
 stance found in the jaw of the whale. [ship. 
 
 Whale'man, n. A whale-fisherman ; a whaling- 
 
 Whal'er, n. A person or a vessel employed in the 
 whale-fishery ; a whaleman. 
 
 Whal'ing, n. The business of killing whales. — 
 2, a.' Pertaining to the whale-fishery. 
 
 Wharf [hwbrf, S. W. J. F. K. 8m. ; hwarf, P. E. ; 
 wbrf, Ja.], n. ; pi. Wharfs or Wharves. [A.-S. 
 hwerf, a dike or dam ; hwearf, a turning, a shore ; 
 Dut. werf, a wharf, a turn; Dan. vserft, a wharf; 
 A.-S. hiveorfan, Goth, hwairban, Icel. hverfa, to 
 turn : root of Curve.] A mole or place for load- 
 ing and unloading ships; a quay. 
 
 Wharfage, re. Fees for landing at a wharf. 
 
 Wharf'in-f er, re. One who attends a wharf. 
 
 What (hwot), pron. [A.-S. hwset; Dut. wat; Icel. 
 hvat; L. quod, quid.— See Who.] That which; 
 which part. 
 
 What-ev'er (hwot-), \pron. Being this or that; 
 
 What-so-ev'er (hwot-), J all that; the whole that. 
 
 What'not (hwot'-), n. A piece of furniture with 
 shelves for books, ornaments, &c. 
 
 Wheal, re. [See Wale.] A wale or ridge : — a pim- 
 ple: — [Cornish hwel] a mine. 
 
 Wheat, re. [A.-S. hwsete ; Dut. weile ; Dan. hvede; 
 Ger. weizen; Goth, hwaileis : akin to White.] 
 The finest kind of grain or bread-corn. 
 
 Wheat'en (hwet'tn), a. Made of wheat. 
 
 Whee'dle (hwe'dl), v. a. [Cf. Ger. wedel, a fan, a 
 tail ; wedeln, to fan ; also Welsh chwedl, a saying, 
 a fable; chwedla, to gossip.] [pp. wheedling, 
 wheedled.] To entice by soft words ; to flatter. 
 
 Wheel, re. [A.-S. Inveol,. hweowol, Jeweohl; Dut. 
 wiel; Icel. hjol; Dan. hinl.] A circular frame 
 that turns round upon an axis; a circular body. 
 — Wheel and axle, one of the mechanical powers. 
 — 2, v. re. [pp. wheeling, wheeled,] To move 
 on wheels; to turn round.— 3, v. a. To put into 
 a rotary motion. 
 
 Wheel'bar-row, re. A small hand-carriage with 
 one wheel. 
 
 Wheel'-hb'use, re. The pilot-house, or a paddle- 
 box, of a steamer. 
 
 Wheel'wrlght (-rTt), re. A maker of wheels. 
 
 Wheeze, v. n. [A.-S. hwesan, to wheeze; Icel. 
 hvsesa, Dan. hviese, to hiss. — Cf. Skr. fvas, L. 
 queri, questus, to sigh.] [pp. wheezing, wheezed.] 
 To breathe with noise. 
 
 Whelk, n. [Dim. of Wheal or Wale.] A wrin- 
 kle ; a pustule ; a mark ; a wale ; a weal : — [A.-S. 
 wiloc, weluc, weoluc; wealcan, to roll; from its 
 twisted shell] a gasteropodous mollusk. 
 
 Whel'ky, a. Covered with whelks or bosses. 
 
 Whelm, v. a. [0. Sw. hwiilfwa, to arch over, to 
 overset; Icel. hvalfa, to overset; hvelfa, to arch 
 over, to upset; A.-S. hwealf, a vault; 0. E. 
 overwhelven, to overwhelm.] [pp. whelming, 
 whelmed.] To cover with water; to immerse. 
 
 Whelp, re. [A.-S. hwelp ; Dut. welp ; Dan. hralp.] 
 The young of a dog, lion, and some other beasts 
 of prey; a puppy. — 2, v. re. [pp. whelping, 
 whelped.] To bring forth young, as beasts. 
 
 When, ad. [A.-S. hwsenne ; Goth, hwan; Ger. 
 wann; L. quum: closely akin to Who.] At the 
 time that ; at what time. 
 
 Whence, ad. [A.S. whanon, Ger. wannen, whence; 
 with the A.-S. genitive ending es.— See Hence.] 
 From what place, source, &c. 
 
 Whence-so-ev'er, ad. From whatever place. 
 
 a, e, i, o, u, y, 
 
 a, e, l, 5, Q, y, short; a, e, i, 9, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 
 
WHENEVER 
 
 579 
 
 WHISPER 
 
 When-eVer, 
 
 ad. At whatever time. 
 
 ad. Near what or which place. 
 
 When-so-ev'er, , 
 
 Where (hwar), ad. [A.-S. hwssr, Invar; Dut. waar; 
 Dan. hvor; Goth, hwar; Lith. Icur : correlative 
 of There.] At which or what place. 
 
 WheWa-bbut, 
 
 Where'a-bbfits, 
 
 Where-as', ad. The thing being so that. 
 
 Where-at', ad. At which ; at what. 
 
 Where-by', ad. By which ; by what. 
 
 Where' fore [hwar'for, W. J. Ja. Sm. ; hwer'for, 
 S.], ad. [Where and For.] For which reason. 
 
 Where-in', ad. In which; in what. 
 
 Where-in-to', ad. Into which. 
 
 Where-of , ad. Of which ; of what. 
 
 Where-on', ad. On which; on what. 
 
 Where- so-ev'er, ad. In what place soever. 
 
 Where-t6\ ' \ ad. To which ; to what ; to what 
 
 Where-un-t6', J end. 
 
 Where-up-on', ad. Upon which. 
 
 Wher-eVer, ad. At or in whatsoever place. 
 
 Where- with', j L With which with what 
 
 Where-witn-al', j 
 
 Where'with-al, n. The means wherewith to effect 
 an object ; an instrument to effect an end. 
 
 Wher'ry, w. [Of. Icel. hverfr, crank ; Norw. kverv, 
 unsteady, swift; Icel. hverfa, to turn.] A light 
 boat for rowing or sailing. 
 
 Whet, v. a. [A.-S. hwellan; Dut. wetten; Icel. 
 hvetja; Ger. wetzen ; 0. Ger. hvas, A.-S. hwset, 
 sharp, keen.] [pp. whetting, whetted.] To 
 sharpen ; to edge ; to provoke. — 2, n. The act 
 of sharpening: — something that sharpens or 
 makes hungry. 
 
 Whetft'er, ad. [A.-S. hwseder, Goth, hwaihar, Lith. 
 kalras,L. uler, which of two.] A particle an- 
 swered by or. — 2, pron. Which of two. 
 
 Whet'stone, n. A sharpening-stone ; a hone. 
 
 Whew, inlerj. Noting disgust : — begone. 
 
 Whey (hwa), n. [A.-S. hwseg; Dut. hui; Low 
 Ger. hei, waje. — Of. Welsh chwig, fermented.] 
 The thin or serous part of milk. 
 
 Whey'ey (hwa'e), a. Partaking of whey. 
 
 Which, ]>ron. relative, relating to things. [A.-S. 
 hwilc; hwa, who, and lie, like; Dut. ivelk; Ger. 
 welcher; Goth. hweleiJcs.] That. 
 
 Which-ev'er, \pron. Whether one or the 
 
 Which-so-ev'er, J other. 
 
 Whiff, n. [WVlsh chwiff, a puff; chwijfio, to puff; 
 Dan. rift, a puff.] A blast; a puff of wind :— a 
 fish.— 2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. whiffing, whiffed.] 
 To consume in whiffs; to emit. 
 
 Whiffle (hwiffl), v. n. [Dim. of Whiff, to puff.] 
 [pp. whiffling, whiffled.] To move inconstantly; 
 to be fickle or unsteady : — to puff; to blow. 
 
 Whlffler, n. One who whiffles; a trifler: — a 
 smoker :— a fifer or piper :— a harbinger. 
 
 Whif'fle-tree, n. Same as Whipfletrke. 
 
 Whig, n. [Scot, whiggamor, an old nickname for 
 a west-countryman; whig, to jog along; A.-S. 
 wecgan, to move.] An adherent to a great 
 political party in England :— opposed to Tory, 
 
 Whig'£er-y, n. The principles of the Whigs. 
 
 Whig'Sish, a. Relating to the Whigs. 
 
 Whig'lism. n. Whiggery. 
 
 While, n. [A.-S. hwil, a time; Icel. hvila, Dan. 
 hrile, rest; Ger. iveile ; Goth, hweila.] A time; 
 a space of time. — 2, v. v. [pp. whiling, whiled.] 
 To loiter.-;}, v. a. To draw out. — 4, ad. During 
 the time that ; as long as. 
 
 Whiles, ad. The old form of while. 
 
 Whi'lom, ad. [A.-S. hwilum, dative pi. of hivil, a 
 while, a time.] Formerly; once. 
 
 Whilst, ad. Same as While. 
 
 Whim, u. [Icel. vim, folly, giddiness.— See Whim- 
 sey.] A freak; an odd fancy ; a caprice. 
 
 Whim'per, v. n. [Ger. wimmern; Scot, trimmer: a 
 frequentative form of Whine.] [pp. whimper- 
 ing, whimpered.] To cry with a low, whining, 
 or suppressed voice ; to snivel. — 2, n. A half- 
 suppressed whining cry. 
 
 Whim'per-ing, n. A small cry ; a whine. 
 
 Whim'§ey (hwim'ze), n. [Dan. vimse, Norw, 
 kvimsa, to jump; kvima, to whisk about, to play 
 the fool. — See Whim.] A freak; a whim. 
 
 Whim'§i-cal, a. Freakish; oddly fanciful. 
 
 Whim-§i-cal'i-ty, n. Whimsicalness ; oddity. 
 
 Whim'§i-cal-iy, ad. Iu a whimsical manner. 
 
 Whim'§i-cal-ness, n. Caprice ; oddity. 
 
 Whim'wham, n. A gewgaw; a toy; a whim. 
 
 Whin, n. [Welsh chwyn, a weed; Bret, chouetma, 
 to weed.] Furze ; gorse : — whinstone. 
 
 Whine, v. n. [A.-S. hwman; Icel. hcina, kveina; 
 Dan. hcine: imitative.] [pp. whining, whined.] 
 To lament plaintively ; to moan. — 2, n. A plain- 
 tive tone ; mean complaint. 
 
 Whin'ny, v. n. [Imitative ; L. hinnire, to whinny. 
 — Cf. hinmis, a mule.] [pp. whinnying, whin- 
 nied.] To make a noise like a horse. — 2, n. The 
 call of a horse. 
 
 Whin' stone, n. [Icel. hvein, sounding. — Cf. 
 Whine.] (Min.) Trap-rock. 
 
 Whip, v. a. [0. Dut. wippe, a whip ; Dut. wip, a 
 stripe ; Sw. vippa, to wag ; Ger. icippen, to vi- 
 brate (q. v.).] [pp. whipping, whipped.] To 
 strike with a lash ; to lash ; to correct with a 
 lash: — to draw out: — to sew slightly. — 2, v. n. 
 To move nimbly; to run. — 3, n. An instrument 
 of correction ; a lash : — a political or parliamen- 
 tary agent. 
 
 Whip'-cbrd, n. Cord suitable for whips. 
 
 Whip'-hand, n. An advautage over another. 
 
 Whip'-lash, n. The lash of a whip. 
 
 Whip'per-snap'per, it. An insignificant person. 
 
 Whip'ping, n. Correction with a whip. 
 
 Whip'pie-tree, n. [ Whipple is a frequentative of 
 Whip, to move quickly.] A bar to which traces 
 are fastened, and by which horses draw. 
 
 Whip'poor-will', h. [Imitative of the bird's note.] 
 A bird that sings by night. 
 
 Whip' -saw, n. A saw used 
 by two persons. 
 
 Whip' staff, n. (Naut.) A 
 bar by which a rudder 
 is turned. 
 
 Whip'ster, n. A nimble 
 fellow; a sharper. 
 
 Whip'stock, n. The han- 
 dle of a whip. 
 
 Whir, v. n. [Imitative; Dan. hrirre, to whirl 
 (g. v.); Ger. hurr, a whirring noise.] [pp. whir- 
 ring, whirred.] To fly or turn rapidly or with 
 noise. — 2, v. a. To hurry ; to hasten. — 3, n. The 
 sound caused by rapid motion. 
 
 Whirl, v. a. & v. n. [Icel. hvirfla, Dan. hvirvle, 
 Ger. ivirbeln, 0. Dut. wervelen, to whirl ; frequen- 
 tative forms. — Cf. A.-S. hweorfan, Icel. hverfa, to 
 turn.] [pp. whirling, whirled.] To turn found 
 rapidly. — 2, n. A quick rotation ; a circular 
 motiOn. [which children spin round. 
 
 Whi'rl'i-gig, n. [See Whirl and Gig.] A toy 
 
 Whirl'pSSl, n. Water moving circularly ; a vortex 
 of water; an eddy. 
 
 Whirl'wind, n. A* rapid whirling motion of the 
 air ; wind moving circularly ; tornado. 
 
 Whisk, n. [Dan. viske, Sw. viska, Ger. nischen, to 
 rub, to wipe ; Sw. viska, a whisk, a brush ; Ger. 
 wisch, a brush, a wisp : akin to Wash.] A small 
 brush : — a quick motion : — a cooper's levelling 
 plane. — 2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. whisking, whisked.] 
 To sweep ; to move nimbly. 
 
 Whisk'er, n. [See Whisk.] Hair growing on the 
 cheek ; mustache : — coarse hair of a cat. 
 
 Whisk'ered (hwis'kerd), a. Having whiskers. 
 
 Whis'key, n. [Gael, uisge, water. — See Usque- 
 baugh".] A spirit distilled from grain : — written 
 also whisky. 
 
 Whis'per, v. n. [A.-S. hivisprian, hwsestrian ; imi- 
 tative'; Ger. wizpeln ; Dan. hviske.] [pp. whisper- 
 ing, whispered.] To speak with a low voice. — 
 2, v. a. To utter in a low voice. — 3, n. A low 
 voice ; speech or sound not vocalized. 
 
 Whippoorwill. 
 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son , bull, bur, rule, use.— 9, 9, 5, £, soft; p, JS, p, £, hard; s as z ; x as gz ; tnis ( 
 
WHISPERER 
 
 580 
 
 WIDOWER 
 
 Whis'per-er, n. One who whispers. 
 
 Whis'per-ing, n. Act of speaking in a whisper. 
 
 Whist, n. [Cf. Hist,— also Dan. hiriske, Sw. hviska, 
 to whisper.] A game at cards. — 2, inter}. Com- 
 manding silence; be still. — 3, a. Silent; still; 
 quiet; noiseless. 
 
 Whis'tle (hwls'sl), v. n. [A.-S. hwisllan; Icel. 
 hvisla; Dan. livisle: imitative.] [pp. whistling, 
 whistled.] To form a kind of musical sound by 
 the breath ; to blow. — 2, v. a. To call by a 
 whistle. — 3, n. A sound made by the breath, 
 &c. : — a small wind instrument. 
 
 Whit, n. [A.-S. wilii, a wight (q. v.), a person, a 
 thing, a whit ; Icel. vselta, Goth, waiht, a whit, a 
 thing.] A point; a jot; a tittle ; a small part. 
 
 White, a. [A.-S. hwil; Dut. wit; B&n.hvid; Goth. 
 hweits; Ger. weiss ; Skr. fveta; Qvit, to shine.] 
 Having the color of snow ; gray with age ; pale : 
 — pure ; unblemished. — 2, n. Whiteness ; any 
 thing white. 
 
 White-lead', n. A carbonate of lead. 
 
 WhI'ten (hwl'tn), v. a. [Icel. hvitna.—See White.] 
 [pp. whitening, whitened.] To make white; to 
 bleach; to blanch. — 2, v. w. To grow white. 
 
 Whlte'ness, n. State of being white ; purity. 
 
 White' -oak, w. An American species of oak, 
 valued for its timber. 
 
 Whites, n. pi. (Med.) A disease, fluor albus. 
 
 Whlte'-smith, n. A worker in tinned iron. 
 
 White' -swell'ing, n. (Med.) A chronic enlarge- 
 ment of one of the joints, particularly the knee- 
 joint, a formidable disease. 
 
 White' thorn, n. A species of thorn. 
 
 White' wash (hwlt'wosh), n. A wash for making 
 white ; a mixture of lime or whiting and water 
 for whitening walls. — 2, v. a. [pp. whitewash- 
 ing, whitewashed.] To cover with whitewash; 
 to make white or fair. 
 
 White'wash-er, n. One who whitewashes. 
 
 Whith'er, ad.' [A.-S. kwider; Goth. hwadre.—Cf. 
 Hither.] To what place or point. 
 
 Whlth'er-so-ev'er, ad. To whatever place. 
 
 Whit'ing, n. [See White.] A small sea-fish : — 
 chalk cleared of stony matter and pulverized. 
 
 Whit'ish, a. Somewhat white. 
 
 Whit'leath-er, n. [White and Leather.] Leather 
 dressed with alum : — white and tough cartilagi- 
 nous flesh ; packwax. 
 
 Whit'low, n. [Corrupted from 0. E. quick-flaw, an 
 agnail, or hangnail ; quick, living, and flaw, a 
 flake, a splinter.] A tumor at the finger's end. 
 
 Whit' sun, a. Observed at Whitsuntide. 
 
 Whit' sun-day, )«. [White and Sunday: this 
 
 Whit' sun-tide, j day was locally reserved for bap- 
 tisms and ordinations, on which occasions white 
 garments were worn.] The seventh Sunday after 
 Easter, answering to Pentecost. 
 
 Whit'tle (hwlt'tl), n. [A.-S. hwitel, a white 
 blanket; Icel. hvitill ; Norw. kvitel. — See White.] 
 A blanket or cloak :— [0. E. thwitel; A.-S. thwi- 
 tan, to cut] a knife; a pocket-knife. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. whittling, whittled.] To cut with a knife. 
 
 Whiz, v. n. [Icel. hrissa, to hiss : imitative.] [pp. 
 whizzing, whizzed.] To make a loud, hissing 
 noise. — 2, n. A loud humming or hissing noise. 
 
 Who (ho), pron. relative. [A.-S. hwa ; Dut. uie ; 
 Dan. hvo; Ger. wer ; L. quis, qui; Skr. Teas.) 
 [possessive whose; objective whom.] Applied to 
 persons. 
 
 Whoa (hwo'a or hwo), interj. Stand still ! halt ! 
 
 Wh8-ev'er, pron. Any one, without limitation. 
 
 Whole (tiol), «. [A.-S. hal; Dut. heel; Ger. heil: 
 proteably allied to Gr. kol\6s, well, excellent; 
 Skr. Jcalya, well ; but not to Gr. 6Ao?, whole.] 
 All; total; complete: — well. — 2^ n. The total; 
 whole of a thing. 
 
 Whole'sale (hol'sal), n. [Whot.e and Sale.] Sale 
 of goods in the lump, or in large quantities : — 
 the whole mass. — 2, a. Buying or selling in the 
 lump. 
 
 Whole'some (hol'sum), a. [Icel. heilsamr ; heill, 
 
 hale, sound, whole.] Sound; salutary; salubri- 
 ous; healthy; healthful. 
 I Whole' some-ly, ad. Salubriously. 
 j Whole'some-ness, n. Salubrity. 
 
 Whole'-souled (hoTsold), a. Imbued with soul or 
 high feeling; noble-minded. 
 
 Whol'ly (hol'le), ad. Completely; totally. 
 
 Whom (horn), pron. The objective case of who. 
 
 Whom-so-ev'er, pron. Objective of whosoever. 
 
 Whoop (hop), n. [Fr. houper, to call : imitative. 
 — Cf. Hoot.] A shout of pursuit; hoop. — 2, v. n. 
 [pp. whooping, whooped.] To make a loud cry ; 
 to shout : — written also hoop. 
 
 Wh66p'ing-cough, n. Chincough ; hooping-cough. 
 
 Whore [hor, S. J. ; hor or hor, W. F.], n. [Icel. 
 hor>- (fern, hora), an adulterer; Dan. hore, Dut. 
 hoer, Ger. hure, Pol. kurwa, an adulteress : not 
 related to Hire.] A prostitute; a strumpet. — 
 2, v. n. [pp. whoring, whored.] To practise 
 whoredom. 
 
 Whore'dom (hor'dum), n. [Icel. hordomr ; Sw. 
 hordom'.] Fornication. 
 
 Whore'mas-ter, \u. A man addicted to lewdness; 
 
 Whore'mon-f er, J a fornicator. 
 
 Whor'ish (horhsh), a. Unchaste; incontinent. 
 
 Whorl' (hwurl), n. [0. Dut. worwel, 0. E. wharrel, 
 viharl, a device for turning a spindle. — See 
 Whirl.] (Bol.) An arrangement of leaves, 
 stems, or flowers around a common centre, upon 
 the same plane. 
 
 Whor'tle-ber-ry. (hwuVtl-ber-e), n. [A.-S. wijrtil, 
 an undershrub; dim. of wyrt, a plant, a wort 
 (q. v.).] A shrub and its fruit; the bilberry, or 
 huckleberry. See Huckleberry. 
 
 Whose (hoz), pron. Possessive of who and which. 
 
 Wh6 so (ho'so), pron. Whosoever. 
 
 Wh6-so-ev'er (ho-so-ev'er), pron. Whoever. 
 
 Why (hwi),"ad. [A.-S. hwi; Icel. hoi; Goth, live: 
 an instrumental case of Who.] For what rea- 
 son ; for which. 
 
 Wick, n. [A.-S. weoca, 0. Dut. wiecle, Low Ger. 
 weke, lint, wick; Dan. vsege ; Sw. veke: closely 
 akin to Weak in the sense of pliant.] The cot- 
 ton of a candle or lamp. 
 
 Wick'ed, a. [A.-S. wiklce, evil, bewitched ; wicce, 
 a witch (q. v.).] Evil in principle or practice; 
 vicious; unjust; sinful; flagitious; heinous. 
 
 Wick'ed-ly, ad. Criminally; corruptly. 
 
 Wick'ed-ness, n. Sin; vice; evil; impirty. 
 
 Wick'er, o. [Local Sw. vekare, a willow; Local 
 Dan. vb'gger, a rod ; vsegger, a willow ; Sw. veika, 
 A.-S. ivican, to bend : akin to Weak.] Made of 
 small twigs or sticks. 
 
 Wick'er-r-work (-wtirk), n. Basket-work. 
 
 Wick'et, n. [Fr. guichet; 0. & Norm. Fr. viqvet; 
 Norse vikja, A.-S. ivican, to bend, to turn, to give 
 way. — See Weak, Weaken.] A small gate:— a 
 pair of short laths, or a little gate, set up to be 
 bowled at. 
 
 Wick'ing, n. The material of wicks. 
 
 Wide, a. [A.-S. wid; Dut. wijd; Dan. vid; Ger. 
 weit-l Extended far each way ; broad to a cer- 
 tain degree ; as, three inches iride : — large ; am- 
 p>le; comprehensive: — remote; deviating. — 2, ad. 
 At a distance ; with great extent. 
 
 Wide'-a-wake', n. A kind of felt hat. — 2, a. 
 Lively ; vigilant. 
 
 Wlde'ly, ad. With great extent ; remotely. 
 
 Wl'den (wi'dn), v. a. [pp. widening, widened.] 
 To make wide ; to extend. — 2, v. n. To grow 
 wide. 
 
 WIde'ness, n. State of being wide ; breadth. 
 
 Wld'teon (wid'jun), n. [Fr. vigeon ; from L. vipio, 
 a crane, just as pigeon is from L. pipio.] A 
 water-fowl. 
 
 WId'ow, n. [A.-S. widwe; Dut. weduwe; Ger. 
 wiltwe ; Goth, widowo ; L. vidua ; Skr. vidhava : 
 root of Void.] A woman whose husband is dead. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. widowing, widowed.] To deprive 
 of a husband. 
 
 WId'ow-er, n. A man who has lost his wife. 
 
 a, e, I, o, vi, y, long; a, e, I, o, ii, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall ; heir, her; 
 
WIDOWHOOD 
 
 581 
 
 WINDWARD 
 
 Wid'ow-hood (-bud), n. State of a widow. 
 
 Width, n. [Icel. vidd: on type of breadth, length*, 
 deptfi.] Breadth; wideness. 
 
 Wield (weld), v. a. [A.-S. geweldan, wealdan, to 
 have power over; Icel. vulda, to wield; Goth. 
 waldan, to govern.] [pp. wielding, wielded.] To 
 use with full power or command; to sustain ; to 
 handle ; to manage. 
 
 Wife, n. ; pi. Wives. [A.-S. wif; Dut. wijf; Icel. 
 vif; Dan. ric ; Ger. weib : root uncertain.] A 
 woman who has a husband ; a husband's consort. 
 
 Wife'ly, a. Like a wife : becoming to a wife. 
 
 Wig 1 , ». [A contraction for periwig.] False hair 
 worn on the head ; a peruke. 
 
 Wig' an, ». [From the English town of the same 
 name.] A kind of stiff canvas. 
 
 Wig'gle (wlg'gl), «. [A variant of "Waggle, and 
 a dim. of Wag.] A wriggling motion. — 2, v. n. 
 [pp. wiggling, wiggled.] To wriggle. 
 
 Wight (wit), ». [A.-S. iciht, a person or thing; 
 Dut. wicht, a child ; Dan. vsette, an elf; Ger. wicht, 
 a person, a thing, a babe : supposed to be from 
 the root of A.-S. wegan, to move.] A person; a 
 being. — 2, o. [Icel. vigr, vigt, Sw. tig, active, 
 brisk : akin to Icel. vig, war ; vega, to fight.] 
 Vigorous : active ; brave. 
 
 Wig' warn, n. [Algoukin wel; his abode; wekou- 
 om-ut, in his house.] An Indian" 
 cabin or hut. 
 
 Wild, a. [A.-S., Ger., & Dut. ivild; 
 Dan. & Sw. did, wild, free; A.-S. 
 willa, to will, — properly, living or 
 moving at will (q. v.).] Not tame , 
 not cultivated; uncivilized; un- 
 inhabited; desert :— loose; rude; 
 fanciful; inconstant; extrava- 
 gant: — showing strong excite- wigwam. 
 ment; furious; insane; delirious. — 2, n. A des- 
 ert; a tract uncultivated; a wilderness. 
 
 Wild'-boar, n. A wild hog, or the male of wild 
 
 Wild'-cat, m. A fen, cious feline animal. [swine. 
 
 Wil'der, v. a. [Cf. Dut. cerwilderen, Dan. forcible, 
 Icel.' villa, to lead astray, to perplex : root of 
 Wild, and 0. B. wilderne, a wilderness (q. v.).] 
 [pp. wildering, wildered.] To lose or puzzle; 
 to bewilder. 
 
 Wil'der-ness, n. [0. E. wilderne, a desert ; A.-S. 
 wilder, a wild animal, — said to stand for wild dear, 
 a wild deer.] A desert; a wild; an uninhabited 
 forest; a waste. [uncontrolled fire. 
 
 Wild'f ire, n. An inflammable composition :— an 
 
 Wild'-f o-Cvl, n. Fowls or birds of the forest. 
 
 Wild'ing, >i. A sour apple : — a plant growing 
 wild, or of wild origin. 
 
 Wild'ling, n. A wild plant: a wilding. 
 
 Wild'ly;, ad. In a wild manner; disorderly. 
 
 Wild'ness, ». State of being wild ; rudeness. 
 
 Wile, n. [A.-S. wil or wile, Icel. eel, ml, a trick. 
 — Cf. Lith. loylus, deceit; willi, to deceive.] A 
 deceit; fraud; trick; stratagem. — 2, v. a. [pp. 
 wiling, wiled.] To beguile ; to inveigle. 
 
 Wil'ful, «. Stubborn; obstinate; perverse. 
 
 Wil'ful-ly, ad. Obstinately; stubbornly. 
 
 Wil'ful-ness, ». Stubbornness; obstinacy. 
 
 Wi'li-ness, n. State of being wily ; guile. 
 
 Will", n. [A.-S. wUla; Dut. wil; Ger. wille.— See 
 the verb.] The faculty of the mind by which we 
 choose to do or to forbear an action : — inclina- 
 tion ; choice : — the declaration of a person with 
 respect to the disposition of the property he may 
 leave after his death ; testament.— 2, v. a. [A.-S. 
 willan, Dut. uillen, Dan. ville, Ger. wollen, will; 
 L. celle, Gr. /3ovAo/u.ac, to will ; Skr. mi, to 
 choose.] [pp. willing, willed.] To determine 
 in the mind; to desire; to direct : — to leave by 
 will ; to bequeath. — 3, v. n. To dispose of effects 
 by will. — 4, v. auxiliary & defective, [i. would.] 
 It is used as one of the two signs of the future 
 tense, the other being shall. 
 
 Will'ing, a. Inclined to any thing; desirous; 
 spontaneous; voluntary; ready. 
 
 Will'ing-ly, ad. Voluntarily; readily. 
 
 Will'ing-ness, n. Consent; ready compliance. 
 
 Wil'15w (wil'lo), n. [A.-S. welig ; Dut. wilg ; Low 
 Ger. wilge; root wal. to turn, to bend.] A tree 
 of mauy species. 
 
 Wil'low-x, a. Abounding in willows : — lithesome. 
 
 Will' -with-a- wisp', or Will'-o'-the-wisp', n. 
 Jack-with-a-lantern ; an ignis fatuus.' 
 
 Wil'ly-nil'lx, ud. [For will he, will he.] Whether 
 he will or not. 
 
 Wilt, v. n. [Kelated to Welter in the sense of to 
 roll.] [pp. wilting, wilted.] To wither, as 
 plants; to droop. — 2, v. auxiliary. A second per- 
 son singular indicative present of will. [Antiq.] 
 
 Wi'lx, a. [See Wile.] Cunning; sly; insidious; 
 artful. 
 
 Wim'ble, n. [Dan. oimmel, a gimlet (q. v.) ; 0. Dut. 
 wemelen, to bore ; weme, a gimlet : root of "Wind, 
 to turn.] An instrument to bore holes with. 
 
 Wim'ple, n. [A.-S. winpei, Dut. & Ger. uritmpel, 
 Dan. drupel, a streamer.] A covering for the 
 neck, chin, <fcc. ; a hood; a veil:— a flag or 
 streamer :— a plant. 
 
 Win, v. a. [A.-S. wintian, to fight, to toil ; Dut. 
 winnen, Icel. cinna, to toil, to win ; Ger. gewinnen, 
 to struggle, to earn ; root wan, to desire.] [i. 
 won; pp. winning, won.] To gain by conquest; 
 to obtain; to conciliate- — 2, v. n. To gain victory 
 or favor ; to succeed by a struggle. 
 
 Wince, v. n. [0. Fr. guiuchir, 0. Ger. icenchen, 
 Ger. wanken, to start back, to flinch: akin to 
 Wink.] [pp. wincing, winced.] To start back 
 as from pain; to kick or fret with impatience; 
 to winch; to twist. — 2, n. A wiuciug-machiue : 
 — a sudden start. 
 
 Winch, n. [A.-S. wince, a bent handle ; 0. Ger. 
 wenke, a bend : akin to Wince in the sense of to 
 turn aside.] A handle to turn an axle or wheel. 
 — 2, v. n. [SeeWixcc] [pp. winching, winched.] 
 To kick with impatience; to wince. 
 
 Wind [wind or wind, S. W. J. E. F. Ja. A'.], n. 
 [A.-S., Dut., & Ger. wind; Dan. rind ; L. 
 Skr. va, to blow.] Air in motion ; a current of 
 air; breeze: — breath. — 2, r. a. [i. winded ; pp. 
 winding, winded.] To ventilate : — to nose ; to 
 follow by scent. 
 
 Wind, v. a. [A.-S. u-indan ; Dut. & Ger. windeu; 
 base wad, wand, to turn, to bind round.] [j. 
 wound, pp. winding, wound.] To turn; to 
 twist; to regulate in motion :— [from wind in 
 the sense of breath, blowing] to sound by blow- 
 ing. — 2, c. n. To turn ; to move round. 
 
 Wind'afe, n. The difference between the diam- 
 eter of the bore of a gun and that of the ball. 
 
 Wind'-bro-ken (wind'bro-kn), a. Diseased in the 
 
 Wind'er, n. He who or that which winds. [wind. 
 
 Wind'fall, n. Fruit blown down by the wind. 
 
 Wind'-flbw-er, n. The anemone, a flower. 
 
 Wind'-gai:e, //. An instrument to ascertain the 
 velocity or force of the wind. 
 
 Wind'gall, n. A flatulent tumor near the fetlock 
 of a horse, chiefly on the hind leg. 
 
 Wind'ing, n. A flexure ; a meander. 
 
 Wind'ing-sheet. n- A shroud for the dead. 
 
 Wind'iass, «. [A.-S. u-indel, a reel ; 0. E. windle, 
 pi. wmtBes; from Wind.— Cf. Icel. vindass, Dut. 
 toindas, a windlass; Icel. vinda, to wind, and ass, 
 a pole or shaft.] A machine or cylinder for 
 raising heavy weights. 
 
 Wind'mill, n. A mill turned by the wind. 
 
 Win'dow (win'do), ». [Icel. vindauga; vindr, 
 wind, and anga, an eye (q. v.); Dan. vindue, a 
 window.] An aperture in a building by which 
 air and light are admitted. 
 
 Wind' pipe, or Wind'pipe, n. The passage for the 
 breath through the throat; the trachea. 
 
 Wind'rSw, n. [Properly, a row of hay opened for 
 exposure to the wind.] Hay raked into a ridge. 
 
 Wind'ward, ad. Toward the wind. — 2, a. Lying 
 toward" the wind.— 3, n. The point, side, or part 
 toward the wind. 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use.— Q. Q, c, £, soft; p, fr, p, g, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; this. 
 
 49* 
 
WINDY 
 
 582 
 
 WITHOUT 
 
 Wind'y, a. Consisting of wind ; airy ; empty. 
 
 Wine, n. [A.-S. win; Ger. weiu; Dut. wijn; Dan. 
 viin; li.vinum; Gr. oZvos. — See Vine. — Of. also 
 Heb. yayin, Geez wain, wine ; Arab, waynut, a 
 kind of grape.] The fermented juice of the 
 grape ; a liquid resembling the wine from grapes. 
 
 Wine'-bib-ber, n. A great drinker of wine. 
 
 Wine'glass, n. A glass for drinking wine. 
 
 Wine' -press, n. A press for making wine. 
 
 Wing, w. flcel. vsengr ; Dan. vinge ; root wig, to 
 shake.] The limb of a bird used in flying : — a 
 fan to winnow : — the side of an army. — 2, v. a. 
 [pp. winging, winged.] To furnish or supply 
 with wings : — to injure the wing of. 
 
 Winged (wingd or wing'ed), a. Having wings. 
 
 Wing'less, a. Not having wings. 
 
 Wink (wingk), v. n. [A.-S. vincian, Icel. vanlca, 
 Ger. winken, to wink, to nod ; akin to wariken, to 
 wince, to totter.] [pp. winking, winked.] To 
 shut the eyes; to shut the eyes and open them 
 quickly : — to connive. — 2, n. The act of winking 
 or closing the eye : — a hint given by the eye. 
 
 Win'ning, p. a. That wins ; attractive ; charming. 
 — 2, n. The act of gaining; the sum won. 
 
 Wln'now (wln'no), v. a. [A.-S. ivindwian, to ven- 
 tilate. —See Wind.] [pp. winnowing, win- 
 nowed.] To separate by means of the wind; to 
 fan ; to sift. — 2, v. n. To part corn fiom chaff". 
 
 Win'some, a. [A.-S. ivynsum.— See Win.] Merry; 
 cheerful ; gay. 
 
 Win'some-ness, n. The state or quality of being 
 winsome ; winning manner or character. 
 
 Win'ter, n. [A.-S., Dut., & Ger. winter ; Dan. vin- 
 ter; Goth, winlrus.] The cold season of the year. 
 — 2, v. n. [pp. wintering, wintered.] To pass 
 the winter. — 3, v. a. To feed or keep in the 
 winter. 
 
 Win'ter-green, n. The teaberry plant. 
 
 Win'ter-kill, v. a. & v. u. [pp. winter-killing, 
 winter-killed.] To kill, or to be killed, by the 
 effect of the weather or the cold of winter. 
 
 Win' try., a. Suitable to winter; brumal; cold. 
 
 Wi'ny, a. Having the taste or qualities of wine. 
 
 Wipe, v. a. [A.-S. ivipiun, to wipe; Low Ger. 
 wiep, a wiping-cloth, a straw wisp.] [pp. wiping, 
 wiped.] To cleanse by rubbing; to clear. — 2, n. 
 An act of cleansing : — a rub ; a jeer ; a blow. 
 
 Wire, n. [A.-S. wir; Icel. virr. — Cf. L. virise, a 
 twisted armlet.] Metal drawn into a slender 
 thread. — 2, v. a. [pp. wiring, wired.] To fix or 
 string on a wire. 
 
 Wire'draw, v. a. [i. wiredrew; pp. wiredrawing, 
 wiredrawn.] To spin or draw into wire, as 
 metal ; to draw or spin out into length. 
 
 Wire'-draw-er, n. One who spins wire. 
 
 Wlre'-edge, v. A thinness of edge, produced by 
 ovei sharpening. 
 
 Wire'-grass, n. A tough species of grass. 
 
 Wire'-pull-er, h. One who pulls a wire to control 
 the movements of a puppet : — a political man- 
 ager or manceuvrer. 
 
 Wire' -worm (-wiirm), n. A larva very injurious 
 to the roots of wheat, rye, grass, &c. 
 
 Wir'i-ness, n. The quality of" being wiry. 
 
 Wlr'y, a. Made of wire ; like wire ; tough. 
 
 Wis'dom, n. [A.-S. ivisdom. — See Wise.] Quality 
 of being wise ; knowledge rightly used ; the pur- 
 suit of the best ends by the best means ; sapience ; 
 prudence ; sagacity. 
 
 Wi§e, a. [A.-S. wis; Dut. wijs ; Dan. viis ; Ger. 
 weise : root of Wit, and L. videre, to see.] Having 
 wisdom; sagaciuus; discreet; grave; sage; skil- 
 ful; judicious; prudent. — 2, n. [A.-S. ivise, Dut. 
 wijs, Ger. weise, manner; 0. Ger. ivisa, wisdom, 
 6kill, way of doing. — See Guise.] Manner; the 
 way of being or acting. 
 
 Wise'a-cre (wlz'a-ker), n. [0. Ger. wizago, A.-S. 
 witiga, a prophet; 0. Ger. wizan, A.-S. witan, to 
 see, to know (cf. Wit); whence by corruption 
 Ger. weissager, a " wise-say er," a soothsayer.] A 
 fool; a dunce : — a pretender to wisdom. 
 
 Wlge'lx. ad. In a wise manner; prudently. 
 
 Wish, v. n. [A.-S. ivyscan, Icel. oesl.ju, Dan. onslce, 
 Ger. wiinschen, Skr. vanish, to wish.] [pp. wish- 
 ing, wished.] To have strong desire; to long. 
 — 2, v. a. To desire ; to long for ; to ask. — 3, n. 
 [A.-S. wusc; Icel. osk; Ger. wunsch; Skr. vanchha.] 
 A longing desire : — a thing desired. 
 
 Wish'-bone, n. The furculum, or merrythought, 
 of a fowl. 
 
 Wish'er, n. One who wishes or longs. 
 
 Wish'ful, a. Longing; showing desire; eager. 
 
 Wish'ful-lj:, ad. Earnestly ; with lunging. 
 
 Wish'x-wash'x (-wosh'e), a. Weak ; not solid. 
 
 Wisp, n. [Low Ger. wiep, Norw. vippa, Local Sw. 
 vipp, a wisp; Goth, waips, a wreath.] A small 
 bundle, as of hay or straw. 
 
 Wist, i. & p. from wit. 
 
 Wist'ful, a. [A corruption of Wishful.] Atten- 
 tive; full of thought; eager. 
 
 Wist'ful-lx, ad. Attentively; earnestly. 
 
 Wit, v. n. [A.-S. witan, to know, to see; Dut. 
 weten, Dan. vide, Ger. wissen, to know ; L. videre, 
 Skr. vid, to see; Gr. o!6a, I know.] [i. & pp. 
 wist.] To know ; to be known : — now used chiefly 
 in the infinitive (more correctly a gerund), to 
 wit, as an adverbial phrase, implying namely. — 
 2, n. [A.-S. wit, Icel. vit, Dan. vid, Ger. witz, wit, 
 knowledge. — See the verb.] The faculty of per- 
 ceiving and exhibiting ludicrous points of anal- 
 ogy between things dissimilar; an unexpected 
 combination of distant resemblances; quickness 
 of fancy; a striking or unexpected thought; hu- 
 mor; invention; intellect; sense : — a man of wit 
 or of genius. 
 
 Witch, n. [A.-S. wicca, a wizard ; wicce, a witch ; 
 witga, witiga, a soothsayer; Icel. vitki, a wizard; 
 Fris. vikke, a witch ; Low Ger. icikker, a sooth- 
 sayer; 0. Ger. wizago, a prophet.— See Wise- 
 acre.] A woman supposed to have intercourse 
 with evil spirits; a sorceress. — 2, v. a. [A.-S. 
 wiccian; Icel. vitka.] [pp. witching, witched.] 
 To bewitch ; to enchant. [witches ; sorcery. 
 
 Witch'craft, n. [A.-S. wiccecrseft.] Practices of 
 
 Witch'-elm, n. [A.-S. wican, to bend : spelled also 
 icych-elm.] A kind of elm. 
 
 Witch'e-ry, n. Enchantment ; witchcraft. 
 
 Witch-'ha'zel (-ha'zl), n. [Named from its re- 
 puted mysterious virtues.] A kind of small tree. 
 
 With, prep. [A.-S. wid, by, near, against; Icel. 
 vid; Dan. i»ecZ.] By; noting cause or means. 
 
 With, n. A twig, or band made of twigs, for 
 binding : — written also withe. See Withe. 
 
 With-al', ad. Along with the rest; likewise: — 
 with.— 2, prep. With. [Antiq.] (It follows the 
 word it governs.) 
 
 With-drSw', v. a. [0. E. with, toward, back, and 
 Draw.] [i. withdrew; pp. withdrawing, with- 
 drawn.] To take back; to call away. — 2, i;. n. 
 To retire ; to retreat. 
 
 With-draw'al, n. The act of withdrawing. 
 
 Withe [with', 8. W. J. Ja. K. ; with, S»i.]i «• t See 
 Withy.] A band made of twigs. 
 
 With'er, v. n. [0. E. wedderen, to weather (7. v.).] 
 [pp. withering, withered.] To fade ; to dry up ; 
 to pine ; to wilt. — 2, v. a. To make to fade or 
 decay. 
 
 With'erg, n. pi. [A.-S. widre, resistance; Ger. 
 wieder, against; ividerrist, withers.] The joining 
 of the shoulder-bones in a horse at the bottom of 
 the neck. 
 
 With-hold', v. a. [0. E. with, back, and Hold.] 
 [i. withheld; pp. withholding, withheld or with- 
 holden: — withholden is now rarely used.] To 
 keep back; to restrain ; to hold back ; to hinder; 
 to refuse. 
 
 With-in', prep. [A.-S. widinnan : With and In.] 
 In,— opposed to without; in the inner part of; not 
 without; not beyond. — 2, ad. In the inner 
 parts ; inwardly. 
 
 With-Siit', prep. [A.-S. widatan : With and Out.] 
 Out of, — opposed to within; not within ; beyond ; 
 
 a, e, 1, 0, u 
 
 y, long; a, e, i, 5, u, y, short; a, §, i, 
 
 y,, obscure.— Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
WITHSTAND 
 
 583 
 
 WOED 
 
 being destitute of. — 2, ad. Not on the inside; 
 out of doors. — 3, conj. Unless; if not; except. 
 
 Witn-stand', v. a. [With, in the old sense of 
 against, and Stand.] [i. withstood ; pp. with- 
 standing, withstood.] To stand against; to op- 
 pose ; to resist. 
 
 With-stood' (-stud'), i. & p. from withstand. 
 
 With'y, n. [A.-S. widig, Dan. vidie, Gr. Lrea, Ger. 
 weide, a willow ; L. vitis, a vine.] A willow-tree. 
 — 2, a. Made of withes. 
 
 Wit'less, a. Wanting wit or understanding. 
 
 Wi't'ljng, n. A petty pretender to wit. 
 
 Wit'n'ess, n. [A.-S. -wilnes; witan, to know.] Tes- 
 timony; evidence: — a bearer of testimony. See 
 Deponent. — 2, v. n. [pp. witnessing, witnessed.] 
 To bear testimony ; to testify. — 3, v. a. To at- 
 test ; to be a witness of. 
 
 Wit'ti-cism, n. A witty remark; low wit. 
 
 Wit'tj-ly, ad. In a witty manner; artfully. 
 
 Wit'tj-ness, n. The quality of being witty. 
 
 Wit'ting-ly, ad. Knowingly; intentionally. 
 
 Wit'ty, a. Abounding in wit; having wit; hu- 
 morous; ingenious; inventive. 
 
 Wive, v. a. [pp. wiving, wived.] To match to a 
 wife; to many. — 2, v. n. To take a wife; to 
 marry. 
 
 Wives, (wivz), n. ; pi. of wife. 
 
 Wiz'ard, n. [See Witch and Wiseacre.— Cf. 0. 
 Fr.' guischard, crafty.] A conjurer; a sorcerer; 
 enchanter. — 2, a. Enchanting ; haunted by wiz- 
 ards. 
 
 Wiz'en (wiz'zn), v. n. [A.-S. wisnian, to become 
 dry; Icel. visna, to wither; visirm, withered.] 
 [pp. wizening, wizened.] To wither; to dry up. 
 
 Woad, n. [A.-S. wad, waad; Dut. weede ; Dan. 
 veid; Ger. waid ; Fr. guide; L. vitrum.] A plant 
 once much cultivated in England for a blue dye 
 extracted from it. 
 
 Woe, w. [A.-S. wa, wea; Dut. wee; Icel. vei; Ger. 
 weh.] Grief; sorrow; misery; calamity. 
 
 Woe'-be-gone, a. [Woe, and 0. E. began, to sur- 
 round'; A.-S. be, by, and gan, to go.] Lost in 
 woe; full of sorrow. « 
 
 Wo'ful, a. Sorrowful; calamitous; wretched. 
 
 Wo'ful-ly, ad. Sorrowfully ; wretchedly. 
 
 Wo'ful-ness, u. Misery ; calamity; woe. 
 
 Wold, n. [A.-S. weald, wald, Ger. wald, a wood ; 
 Icel. viJllr, a field; A.-S. geweald, Icel. mid, a 
 possession.— See Wield.] A plain, open coun- 
 try ; a down. 
 
 Wolf (wulf), w. ; pi. Wolves (wOJvz). [A.-S. 
 wulf; Dut. & Ger. wolf; Dan. ulv ; Goth, mdfs; 
 Russ. volk; L. lupus ; Gr. Au/co?; Skr. vrika; root 
 warlc, to tear.] (Zob'l.) A fierce wild animal. — 
 {Med.) An eating ulcer. [gry ; greedy. 
 
 Wolfish (wulf'ish), a. Resembling a wolf ; hun- 
 
 Wol'fram, n. [Ger.; literally, "wolf-cream."] 
 The metal tungsten; originally, a mineral con- 
 taining tungsten. [glutton, a quadruped. 
 
 Wol-ver-ene' (wul-), «. [Dim. of Wolf.] The 
 
 Wom'an (wum'au), n. ; pi. Wom'en (wim'en). 
 [A.-S. wifman, i. e., "wife-man;" 0. E. wim- 
 man.] An adult female of the human race. 
 
 Wo.m'an-hood (wum'an-hud), n. The character, 
 state, or collective qualities of a woman. 
 
 Wom'an-ish (wum'an-ish), a. Suitable to a 
 woman ; resembling a woman. 
 
 Wom'an-kind (wum'an-), n. The female sex. 
 
 Wom'an-ly (wum'-), a. Becoming a woman. 
 
 W6mb (wum), n. [A.-S. wamb, Icel. vb'mb, Ger. 
 wampe, Goth, wamba, Dan. vain, the belly.] Place 
 of the foetus; the uterus. 
 
 Wom'bat [wom'bat, JV. I. ; Avom'at or wom'bat, 
 St.], ii. [Australian, wombach, or wombback.] A 
 burrowing quadruped. 
 
 Wom'en (wim'en), n. The plural of woman. 
 
 Won, i. & p. from win. 
 
 Won'der, v. n. [A.-S. wnndor, Dut. wonder, Ger. 
 ivunder, wonder : akin to Wind, in the sense of 
 to turn; A.-S. wmidrian, to wonder.] [pp. won- 
 dering, wondered.] To be surprised or aston- 
 
 ished. — 2, n. The sensation of surprise; sur- 
 prise ; amazement ; admiration : — a prodigy ; an 
 extraordinary event. 
 
 Won'der-ful, a. Exciting wonder; astonishing; 
 surprising; marvellous; amazing. 
 
 Won'der-ful-ly,, ad. In a wonderful manner. 
 
 Won'der-ment, n. Astonishment. 
 
 Won'drous, a. Marvellous; strange; wonderful. 
 
 W^n'drous-ly, ad. Wonderfully. 
 
 Wont [want, 6'. W. Sm. Wb. N. St. H. ; wont, Ja.], 
 v. n. [A.-S. wunian, 0. E. woven, to dwell, to 
 live; wuna, custom, use; Ger. wohnen, to dwell.] 
 [pp. wonting, wonted.] To be accustomed; to 
 use. — 2,n. Custom; habit; use; practice. — 3, a. 
 Habituated; accustomed; wonted. 
 
 Won't (wont or wunt) [wont, S. W. F. Ja. K. Sm. ; 
 wont, C.]. A contraction used for rcill not. 
 
 WSnt'ed, p. a. Accustomed; used; usual. 
 
 W86, v. a. [A.-S. wogian, to woo, — properly, to 
 bend ; woh, Goth, wahs, bent. — Cf. L. varus, 
 crooked.] [pp. wooing, wooed.] To court; to 
 solicit in love. — 2, v. n. To court; to make love. 
 
 Wood (wud), «. ; pi. Woods (wudz). [A.-S. u-udu, 
 widu; Dan. ved ; 0. Ger. wilu; Irish, fiodh; 
 Welsh, gwydd.] A large and thick collection of 
 trees; & forest: — the substance of trees; timber; 
 fuel. — 2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. wooding, wooded.] 
 To supply with wood. 
 
 Wood'bine (wud'bln), n. [A. S. wmdebinde— See 
 Wood and Bind.] The honeysuckle. 
 
 Wood'chiick (wud'chuk), n. [Wood and local 
 chuck, a pig.— Cf. Welsh hivch, a pig.] A small 
 quadruped that burrows in the ground ; a mar- 
 mot. 
 
 Wood'cock (wG(Tkok), n. A bird of passage. 
 
 Wood' craft (wud'Uraf't), n. Skill in forest pursuits. 
 
 Wood'-cut (wdd'kut), n. An engraving on wood, 
 or a print of such engraving. 
 
 Wood'ed (wudVd), a. Supplied with wood. 
 
 Wood'en (wQd'dn), «. Made of wood. 
 
 Wood'i-ness (wud'-), n. State of being woody. 
 
 Wood'iand (wCid'land), n. Woods; a forest. 
 
 Wood'land (wdd'-), a. Belonging to woods. 
 
 Wood'-'lark (wfid'liirk), n. A species of 'lark. 
 
 Wood'-louse (wCul'lbus), n. An insect. 
 
 Wood'man (wud'man), n. A forester : —one who 
 fells timber : — a sportsman. 
 
 Wood'-nymph (wQd'nimf), n. A fabled goddess 
 of the woods ; a nymph of the woods. 
 
 Wood'peck-er (wud'pek-er), n. A bird. 
 
 Wood'-spir-it (wud'-\ u. A spirit of the woods: 
 — an alcohol derived from wood. 
 
 Wood' -work (wud'wiirk), n. Work in wood. 
 
 Wood'y. (wud'e), «. Abounding with wood ; con- 
 sisting of wood ; wooden ; ligneous. 
 
 Woo'er, n. One who wooes ; a suitor. 
 
 Woof, n. [A.-S. owef, aweb ; roots of On and 
 Weave.] The threads that cross the warp ; weft. 
 
 W66'ing-ly, ad. Pleasingly; so as to entice. 
 
 Wool'(wul)', «. [A.-S. ivull; Dut. wol; Ger. wolie ; 
 Goth, wulla; Lith. wilna; Russ. volna ; Skr. 
 urna; Gr. epiov, wool; L. villus, long hair.] 
 The fleece of sheep ; short hair. 
 
 Woold, v. a. [Dut. woelen, Ger. wuhlen, to pad ; 
 ividst, padded.] [ pp. wooldinir, woolded] (Xaut.) 
 To wind a rope round, as a mast or yard. 
 
 Wool'-gatn'er-ing, n. A useless pursuit or un- 
 dertaking :— purposeless or idle exercise of the 
 imagination. 
 
 Wool'len (wul'len), a. [A.-S. wytlen.'] Made of 
 wool. — 2, n. ; pi. Wool'lens. Cloths made of 
 wool ; woollen goods. 
 
 Wool'ly. (wul'-), a. Consisting of, or like, wool. 
 
 Wool' -sack (wul'sak), ». A bag or sack of wool : 
 — the seat of the lord-chancellor of England in 
 the House of Lords. [Bengal. 
 
 Wootz, n. [Oriental.] A species of steel from 
 
 Word (wiird), n. [A.-S. word; Dut. woord ; Ger. 
 wort; Dan. ord; Goth, waurd; L. verbum.] An 
 articulate sound ; a single part of speech ; an 
 oral expression ; a term :— affirmation : — a prom- 
 
 mien, sir ; mSve, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — Q, £r, s, g\ soft; p, ja-, p, §, hard ; s as z ; ? as gz ; this. 
 
WORDINESS 
 
 584 
 
 "WRECK 
 
 ise: — a token; a signal:— message :— tidings : — 
 Scripture. — 2, v. a. [pp. wording, worded.] To 
 express in words. 
 
 Word'i-ness (wiird'e-nes), n. Verbosity. 
 
 Word'ing (wiird'ing*), n. The manner "of express- 
 ing by words : — phraseology. 
 
 Word'y (wiird'e), a. Full of words ; verbose. 
 
 Wore, t. from wear. 
 
 Work (wiirk), v. n. [A.-S. weorc, wore; Dut. & 
 Ger. werk; Dan. vserk ; Gr. epyov.] [i. wrought 
 or worked; pp. working, wrought or worked.] 
 To labor ; to toil ; to operate ; to act : — to fer- 
 ment. — 2, v. a. To bestow labor upon ; to exert; 
 to form by labor; to effect. — 3, n. Toil; labor; 
 employment; exertion: — a literary production; 
 a performance. [capable of working. 
 
 Work'a-ble (wiirk'a-bl), a. That may be worked ; 
 
 Work' -day (wiirk'da), «. A day for work. 
 
 Work'er (wiirk'er), n. One that works. 
 
 Work'-house (wurk'hous), n. A house for work ; 
 a manufactory : — an almshouse. 
 
 Work'ing (wurk'ing), n. Motion; fermentation. 
 
 Work'ing-day (wiirk'-), n. A day for labor. 
 
 Work'ing-man (wiirk'-), «. A laboring man. 
 
 Work'man (wiirk'man), ,i. An artificer. 
 
 Work'man-like(wurk.'mau-iik), ) a. Skilful ; well 
 
 Work'man-ly (wiirk'man-le), j performed. 
 
 Work'man-ship (wurk'mau-ship), n. Skill ; art- 
 Work' shop (wurk'shop), ,<*. A place where work 
 is done. 
 
 Work'-wom-an (wiirk'wum-an), v. A woman 
 skilled in needle- work ; a laboring woman. 
 
 World (wiirld), b. [A.-S. weoruld, woruld, woild; 
 Dut. wereld; roots of A.-S. wer, a man, and yldo, 
 eld, age, — literally, a man's age.] The terra- 
 queous globe; earth :— the inhabitants of the 
 earth; mankind; the public: — the system of 
 created beings and things; the universe: — a secu- 
 lar life ; public life. 
 
 World'li-ness (wurldle-nes), ». State of being 
 worldly ; covetousness ; love of the world. 
 
 World'ling (wurld'ling), «. One who is devoted 
 to worldly gain, or to wealth. 
 
 World'ly (wurld'le), a. Relating to this world; 
 devoted to this world; secular; earthly. 
 
 World'ly-mind'ed (wiirld'-), o. Attentive chiefly 
 to things of this world. 
 
 Worm (wiirm), n. [A.-S. wyrm, Dut. ivorm, Dan. 
 orm, Ger. tcurni, L. vermis, Skr. krimi, Litli. kirmis, 
 a worm.— Cf. Keemes and Squirm.] A small, 
 creeping animal; a grub; an insect : — any thing 
 spiral.— 2, v. n. [pp. worming, wormed.] To 
 work slowly, secretly, and gradually, like a 
 worm. — 3, v. a. To drive by secret means. 
 
 Worm'-seed (wiirm'sed), n. A plant. 
 
 Worm' wood (wiirm'wud), n. [A.-S. wermod; Ger. 
 werrnnih ; root of A.-S. werian, to defend, and 
 mod, Ger. mnth, mind. It was considered a pro- 
 tection against insanity.] A bitter plant. 
 
 Worm'y. (wiirm'e), «. Relating to or full of 
 worms ; eaten by worms. 
 
 Worn, p. from wear. 
 
 Wor'ri-ment, n. Anxiety ; vexation ; worry. 
 
 Wor'ri-sftme, a. Causing worry or annoyance : — 
 fretful. 
 
 Wor'ry, n. [A.-S. wyrgan, Dut. worgen, Ger. wiir- 
 gen, to strangle; also A.-S. wergian, to curse, 
 from the same root.] Fretfulness; trouble; 
 vexation. — 2, v. a. [pp. worrying, worried.] 
 To harass : to tease.— 3, v. n. To fret. 
 
 Worse (wiirs), a. ; comp. of bad. [A.-S. wyrs ; Goth. 
 wairs.j More bad. — 2, ad. In a worse manner. 
 
 Wor'ship (wiir/ship), n. [A.-S. weordscipe, honor; 
 veord, worthy \q. ».).] Dignity:— a title of 
 honor : — adoration ; religious reverence. — 2, v. a. 
 [i. worshipped ; pp. worshipping, worshipped.] 
 To pay divine honors to ; to reverence ; to adore. 
 — 3, v. n. To perform adoration. 
 
 Wor'ship-ful (wiir'ship-ful), a. Claiming respect ; 
 entitled to respect ; venerable. 
 
 Wor'ship-fuT-ly. (wiir'-), ad. Respectfully. 
 
 Wor'ship-per (wiir'-), n. One who worships. 
 
 Worst (wiirst), a. ; superl. of bad. [A.-S. wyrst; 
 Icel. verst; Dan. vserst ; 0. Ger. wirsist.— See 
 Worse.] Most bad— 2, n. The most evil state. 
 —3, v. a. [pp. worsting, worsted.] To defeat; 
 to overthrow. 
 
 Wors'ted (wurs'ted), n. [From Worsted, a town 
 of Norfolk, England.] A hard-twisted, woollen 
 yarn.— 2, a. Made or consisting of worsted. 
 
 Wort (wiirt), n. [A.-S. wyrt ; Dan. urt ; Ger. wnrz; 
 Goth, waurts.] An herb :— [A.-S. wyrte; Low Ger. 
 wort; Norw. vyrt : from the roo't of Wort, a 
 plant] new beer or ale. 
 
 Worth (wurth), v. a. [A.-S. weordan, Dut. warden, 
 Ger. werden, to become.] To betide; to happen 
 to; as, "Woe icorth the day." — 2, n. [A.-S. 
 weord, honor, honorable; Dut. waard, waarde; 
 Ger. werth; Goth, waiiths.] The value of any 
 thing; price; cost; rate :— excellent quality; 
 desert; merit; virtue; excellence; importance. 
 — 3, a. Equal in value to; deserving. 
 
 Wor'tfii-ly. (wiir'the-le). ad. Deservedly. 
 
 Wor'thi-ness (wur'the-nes), n. Desert; merit. 
 
 Worthless (wiirth'les), a. Having no value. 
 
 Worth'less-ness (wurth'-), n. Want of value. 
 
 Wor'tny/ (wiir'tne), a. [See Wouth.] Having 
 worth or merit ; deserving ; meritorious ; excel- 
 lent. — 2, n. A man of merit. 
 
 Wot, or Wote, v. n. [See Wit, of which it is 
 strictly the present indicative.] To know ; to 
 be aware. [Aiitiq.] 
 
 Would (wud), v. auxiliary of iriH. [tending to Lie. 
 
 Would'-be (wud'be), a. Desirous of being : — pre- 
 
 Wound (wond or wound), n. [A.-S. wvnd; Dut. 
 wand; Dan. vitnde ; Ger. vmiide. — Cf. Skr. van, 
 to hurt.] A hurt given to the body by violence ; 
 a cut; an injury; hurt; harm. — 2, v. a. [A.-S. 
 wundian; Ger. verumnden.] [pp. wounding, 
 wounded.] To hurt by violence. 
 
 Wound (wound), i. & p. from wind. 
 
 Wove, i. from weave. 
 
 Wo'ven (wo'vn), p. from weave. 
 
 Wrack (rak), u. [See Wreck.] Ruin; destruc- 
 tion ; wreck ; wreckage cast on shore : — a kind 
 of sea-weed; varec : — a thin, drifting cloud. 
 
 Wraith (rath), n. [Scot.; locally, worth; Icel. 
 vordr, a warder, a guardian.] An apparition ; a 
 spirit; a water-spirit : — an unreal appearance. 
 
 Wran'gle (rang'gl), v. n. [A frequentative of 
 Wring, to twist, to press.] [pp. wrangling, 
 wrangled.] To dispute; to quarrel. — 2, n. A 
 quarrel : a dispute. 
 
 Wran'gler (rang'gler), n. An angry disputant. — 
 Senior wrangler, the student who passes the best 
 mathematical examination in the senate-house, 
 in the university of Cambridge, Eng. 
 
 Wrap (rap), r. a. [Probably a variant of Warp.] 
 [i. wrapped or wrapt ; pp. wrapping, wrapped or 
 wrapt.] To roll together; to involve; to cover; 
 to envelop. — 2, ». An outer garment ; a covering. 
 
 Wrap'per, n. One who wraps : — a cover. 
 
 Wrap'ping, «. A covering ; a wrapper. 
 
 Wrath '(rath or rath), n. [A.-S. wrsedo ; Icel. 
 reidi; Dan. vrede. — See Wroth.] Anger; fury; 
 rage; ire; choler. 
 
 Wrath'ful, a. Angry; furious; raging. 
 
 Wrath' ful-lx, ad. Furiously ; passionately. 
 
 Wrath'y, a. ' Very angry; wrathful. [Colloq.] 
 
 Wreak (rek), -v. a. [A.-S. wreean, to punish, to 
 drive; Dut. wreken; Goth, wrikan. — Cf. Ger. 
 rachen, to avenge : akin to Urge.] [pp. wreak- 
 ing, wreaked.] To execute; to inflict. 
 
 Wreath (reth), n. ; pi. Wreatns. [A.-S. wrsed: 
 root of Writhe.] Any thing twisted ; a garland. 
 
 Wreathe (reth), v. a. [See Wreath.] [t. wreathed; 
 pp. wreathing, wreathed or wreathen.] To form 
 into wreaths; to twist; to interweave.— 2, v. n. 
 To be interwoven. 
 
 Wreck (rek), ;;. [A.-S. wrtec; Dut. wrak; Dan. 
 vrag : root of A.-S. wreean, to drive, to impel. — 
 See Wreak.] Destruction by sea; ruin; sliip- 
 
 e, I, 5, u, y, long; a, e, i, o, ii, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y., obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
WRECKAGE 
 
 585 
 
 XYLOGRAPHY 
 
 wreck: — a vessel or other thing wrecked. — 
 2, v. a. [pp. wrecking, wrecked.] To destroy 
 bj r dashing on rocks or sands ; to strand ; to ruin. 
 
 Wreck'a£e, n. Material from a wreck. 
 
 Wreck'er (rek'er), n. One who plunders vessels 
 that are wrecked: — one who removes or saves 
 goods from wrecked vessels. 
 
 "Wren (ren), n. [Icel. riadill; A.-S. wrsenna.] A 
 small perching bird. 
 
 Wrench (rench), v. a. [Root of Wrixg; the A.-S. 
 wrence, guile, is closely related ; Ger. verrenken, 
 to wrench.] [pp- wrenching, wrenched.] To 
 pull with a twist or violence; to sprain; to 
 wrest. — 2, n. A violent pull; a sprain; a tool 
 or instrument for turning nuts. 
 
 Wrest (rest), v. a. [A.-S. wrsestan, to twist; Dan. 
 vriste ; akin to Writhe.] [pp. wresting, wrested.] 
 To take away by violence ; to extort; to distort; 
 to wrench ; to force. — 2, n. Distortion ; violence. 
 
 Wres'tle (res'sl), v. n. [A.-S. wrseslliun, frequent i- 
 tive of wrsestan, to wrest; 0. Dut. wrustelen.~\ 
 [pp. wrestling, wrestled.] To contend by grap- 
 pling and trying to throw down ; to struggle. 
 
 Wres'tler (res'ler), n. One who wrestles. 
 
 Wretch "(rech), w. [A.-S wrecca, an outcast ; wrecan, 
 to drive, to wreak.] A miserable mortal ; a knave. 
 
 Wretch'ed (rech'ed), a. Miserable ; vile. 
 
 Wretch'ed-ly, ad. Miserably ; despicably. 
 
 Wretch'ed-ness, ». Misery ; vileness. 
 
 Wrig'gle (rlg'gl), v. n. [Dut. wriggelen, frequenta- 
 tive of wrikken, to turn ; Dan. vrikke. — See Wry.] 
 [pp. wriggling, wriggled.] To move to and fro. 
 — 2, v. a. To put in quick motion. — 3, n. A 
 wriggling motion. 
 
 Wright (fit), n. [A.-S. icyrhta, a workman, maker; 
 wyrht, an act, a work; wyrcan, to work (q. v.).] 
 A workman ; an artificer. 
 
 Wring (ring), v. a. [A.-S. wringan, to strain, to 
 press; Dut. & Low Ger. wringen, to twist; Ger. 
 ringen. — Cf. L. vergere, Skr. vrig, to bend ; L. 
 urgere, to press.] [i. wrung or wringed ; pp. 
 wringing, wrung or wringed.] To twist; to 
 turn ; to extort ; to harass ; to distress. 
 
 Wring'er (ring'er), n. A machine which wrings. 
 
 Wrin'kie (ring'kl), n. [0. Dut. wrinckel, a wrin- 
 kle; wrinckelen, to wrinkle; Sw. rynka, Dan. 
 rynke, a wrinkle, to wrinkle; Ger. runzel, a 
 wrinkle; rumseln, to wrinkle.] A corrugation ; 
 a crease. — 2, v. a. & v. n. [pp. wrinkling, wrin- 
 kled.] To contract into wrinkles or furrows ; 
 to make uneven. 
 
 Wrist (rist), n. [A.-S. wrist; root of wridan, to 
 
 writhe, to twist, to turn; 0. Fris. virivst; Ger. 
 rist. — Cf. Dan. & Sw. vrist, Icel. rist, the instep, 
 the turn of the foot.] The part or joint joining 
 the hand to the forearm. 
 
 Wrist'band (rist'band), n. The band, or part of a 
 sleeve,' that passes around the wrist. 
 
 Writ (rit), n. [See Write.] A writing : — Script- 
 ure. — (Law.) A written precept or instrument 
 conferring some right, or requiring something 
 to be done. 
 
 Write (rit), v. a. _ [A.-S. writan, Icel. rita, Ger. 
 reissen, all meaning, primarily, to cut, to draw, 
 to tear, to delineate.] [i. wrote ; pp. writing, 
 written.] To express by letters ; to produce, as 
 an author; to compose: — to engrave. — 2, v. n. 
 To perform the act of writing. 
 
 Writ'er (rlt'er), n. One who writes ; a penman; 
 a scribe : — an author. 
 
 Writhe (rith), v. a. [A.-S. wridan, Icel. rida, Dan. 
 vride, to turn, to wrest. — Cf. L. vertere, to turn.] 
 [pp. writhing, writhed.] To twist with vio- 
 lence; to distort; to wiench; to force. — 2, v. n. 
 To be distorted with agony. 
 
 Writ'ing (rit'ing), n. The 'act of forming letters 
 with a pen : — a manuscript; any thing written. 
 
 Writ'ten (rlt'tn), p. from write. 
 
 Wrong (rong), n. [A.-S. wrang, perverted, wrung; 
 wringan, to wring, to twist.] An injury; injus- 
 tice; error. — 2, a. Not right; not just; unfit; 
 unjust; untrue; incorrect; erroneous. — 3, ad. 
 Not rightly: amiss. — 4, v. a. [pp. wronging, 
 wronged.] To injure; to use ill. 
 
 Wrong'ful (rong'ful), a. Injurious; unjust. 
 
 Wrong'ful-ly. (rong'ful-e), ad. t'ujustly. 
 
 Wrong'-head-ed (rong'-), a. Perverse. 
 
 Wrong'ly. (rtmg'le), ad. Unjustly; amiss. 
 
 Wrote (rOt), i. from write. 
 
 Wroth (rawth or roth), a. [A.-S. vorad, angry, 
 twisted.— See Wbath and Wry.] Excited by 
 wrath; angry; exasperated; indignant. 
 
 Wrought (ra\vt), i. & p. from work. Performed; 
 labored ; manufactured ; worked. 
 
 Wrung (rung), i. & p. from wring. 
 
 Wry (rl), o. [A.-S. wrigini, to drive, — also, to bend 
 toward; Goth, wraikwfi, crooked; Skr. vry, L. 
 vergere, to bend.] Crooked: distorted; wrested. 
 
 Wry'ness (ri'nes). n. State of being wry. 
 
 Wych'-elm, n. See Witch-elm. 
 
 Wye (wi), n. A piece shaped like the letter Y. 
 
 Wy'vern, n. [0. Fr. wivre, Local Fr. voivre, Fr. 
 guivre, a serpent; L. vipt.ru. viper (q. v.).] An 
 heraldic dragon. 
 
 X. 
 
 "XT is a letter which begins no word of Anglo- 
 
 ^_ Saxon origin. At the beginning of words it 
 is pronounced like z ; but elsewhere it is almost 
 always equivalent either to ks or to gz. 
 
 Xan'thate, ». A salt of xanthic acid. 
 
 Xan'thic, a. [Gr. £av96?, yellow.] Inclining to 
 a yellow color :— noting an acid which forms 
 yellow salts. 
 
 Xan'thite, n. [Gr. £av06?, yellow.] (Min.) A 
 variety of idocrase ; a yellow mineral. 
 
 Xan'tho-phyll, ». [Gr. £ai>66<;, yellow, and <^u'A.- 
 \ov, a leaf.] A yellow coloring- 
 matter found in the leaves of 
 some trees in autumn. 
 
 Xan'thous, a. Yellowish; xan- 
 thic. 
 
 Xe'bec, n. [Sp. xabeque; Port. 
 zabeco; Fr. chebec; Arab, sha- 
 bak ; It. zambecco ; Per. & 0. 
 Arab, sitmbuk ; Turk, sumbaki. 
 A small three-masted vessel. Xebec. 
 
 ! Xe-roph'a-i-y. (ze-rof'a-je), n. [Gr. £>?p6<r, dry, and 
 I ^>ayetv, to eat.] Dry food ; subsistence on dry food. 
 
 Xe-roph'thal-my. (ze-rdp'thal-me), n. [Gr. ^)?p6s, 
 dry, and Ophthalmia (q. v.).] (Med.) A dry, 
 red soreness, or itching, in the eyes. 
 
 Xiph'i-as (zif'e-as), n. [L. ; Gr. £k/h'<xs ; £<.'<£>os, a 
 sword.] The sword-fish. 
 
 Xiph'bid, a. [Gr. ^u^oeiS-rj?, sw r ord-shaped ; £i- 
 0o?, a sword.] Sword-shaped ; ensiform :— ap- 
 plied to a cartilage connected with the sternum. 
 
 Xy'lene, n. [Gr. £uAov, wood.] (Vhem.) A hy- 
 drocarbon resembling benzene. There are sev- 
 eral xylenes known. 
 
 Xy-lo-bal'sa-mum, n. [L. ; Gr. £l'Aov, wood, and 
 |3d.Xo-a|u.os, balsam.] Wood of the balsam-tree : 
 — a balsam from the balm of Gilead. 
 
 Xy-log'ra-pher, n. An engraver on wood. 
 
 Xy-lo-graph'ic, "I a. Relating to wood en- 
 
 Xy-lo-graph'i-cal, J graving. 
 
 Xy-log'ra-phy, n. [Gr. £v\ov, wood, and ypafyetv, 
 to carve'.] The art of engraving on wood. 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nbr, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — g, Q, c, £, soft; p, p, g, g\ hard; § as z ; ? as gz ; this. 
 
XYLOL 
 
 586 
 
 YELLOWS 
 
 Xy'lol, n. [Gr. $v\ov, wood, and L. oleum, oil.] 
 A hydrocarbon from wood-spirit. 
 
 Xy-loph'a-ga, n. pi. [Gr. £uAov, wood, and </>ayeiv, 
 to eat.] ' A 'group of wood-eating insects. 
 
 Xy-loph'a-gan, n. A wood-eating insect. 
 
 Xy-loph'a-gous, a. [Gr. fvAov, wood, and <f>ayelv, 
 to eat.] ' Feeding on wood. 
 
 Xy'lo-phone (zi'-), n. [Gr. £v'Aov, wood, and ^ojvtj, 
 a sound ; (fruvelv, to sound.] (Mm.) An instru- 
 ment consisting of pieces of wood arranged in 
 order and played on with wooden mallets. 
 
 Xy'lo-tile, n. [Gr. £v\ov, wood, and ti'aos, lint, 
 down.] A kind of asbestos. 
 
 Xys'tarph, n. [Gr. £u<tt6s, a xystos, and ap^eiv, 
 to rule.] The officer who presided over a xystos. 
 
 Xys'ter (zls'ter), n. [Gr. ^uctttjp ; from £ueiv, to 
 scrape.] A surgeon's rasp or scraping instru- 
 ment. 
 
 Xys'tos, \n. [Gr. ; from £ueii>, to scrape; prob- 
 
 Xys'tus, J ably because its floor was polished. ] In 
 ancient Greece, a long court or gallery for ath- 
 letic exercises. 
 
 Y. 
 
 Yat the beginning of English words and sylla- 
 y bles, is a consonant (except in yttria and a 
 few similar words, and also in yclept and words 
 of like formation). In other situations it is 
 generally a vowel, having the sound of i. Y (the 
 A.-S., Dut., & Ger. ge) is, in poetry and in old 
 English, sometimes prefixed to preterites and 
 passive participles of verbs ; as, yclad. 
 
 Yacht (yot), n. [Dut. jagt ; from jagen, to chase ; 
 Ger. jagen, to hunt ; jilh, quick ; gehen, to go 
 (q. v.).] A vessel of state or pleasure. — 2, v. n. 
 [pp. yachting, yachted.] To use a yacht for 
 pleasure. 
 
 Yacht'ing (yot'ing), n. The act of making a voy- 
 age or excursion in a yacht. 
 
 Yachts'man (yots'mau), n. A person who keeps 
 or sails a' yacht. [Thibet. 
 
 Yak, n. [Thibetan, yyag.~\ The grunting ox of 
 
 Yam, n. [Port, inhame; name probably of African 
 origin.] A large esculent root or vegetable. 
 
 Yam'mer, v. n. [Ger. jammern, to grieve ; jammer, 
 grief, "wailing ; A.-S. giomor, wretched.] [pp. 
 yammering, yammered.] To wail ; to lament. 
 [Scot. ; Local & Obs. Eng.] 
 
 Yank, n. [Nasalized from the root of Ger. jaclcern, 
 to hurry ; jack, hasty ; juh, steep, hasty ; Scot. 
 yaike, a stroke.] A jerk; a twist. — 2, v. u. [pp. 
 yanking, yanked.] To twitch. 
 
 Yan'kee(yang'ke), n. [Probably from the root 
 of yank, to move quickly, to be active.] A cant 
 term for an inhabitant or a native of New Eng- 
 land, supposed by some to be a corruption of the 
 word English or Anglois by the Indians. 
 
 Yap, v. n. [Imitative - .— CT/Yaup and Yelp.] [pp. 
 yapping, yapped.] To bark; to yelp; to yaup. 
 — 2, n. A bark ; a yelp. 
 
 Yard, w. [A.-S. geard; Dut. & Dan. gaard. — See 
 Garden.] A small piece of enclosed ground, 
 usually adjoining a house: — [A.-S. gyrcl, gierd, 
 Dut. garde, Ger. gerle, a stick] a measure of three 
 feet : — a timber to support a sail. 
 
 Yard' -arm, v. (Naut.) The extremity of the 
 yard : — one-half of the yard supporting a sail. 
 
 Yard'stick, v. A stick a yard long. 
 
 Yare, a. [A.-S. gearu. ready; Dut. gear, done; 
 Ger. gar, wholly.] Quick; dexterous. — 2, ad. 
 Quickly ; readily. [Antiq. or Obs.] 
 
 Yarn, n. [A.-S. gearn; Dut. garen ; Ger., Dan., & 
 Sw. gam.] Spun wool; thread of wool, &c. : 
 — a sailor's stury. 
 
 Yar'row, n. [A.-S. gseruwe; gerwan, to dress: it 
 was used in dressing wounds: akin to Garb and 
 Gear.] A plant, the milfoil. 
 
 Yat-a-ghan', n. [Turk.] A sort of curved knife, 
 or short scimitar, much used in Turkey. 
 
 Yaup, v. n. [Imitative.— Cf. Yap and Yf.lp.] [pp. 
 yauping, yauped.] To cry, as a child or bird ; 
 to yelp. — 2, n. A yell or yelp. 
 
 Yaw, n. [Norw. gaga, to bend ; gag, bent ; Local 
 Ger. gagen, to move unsteadily.] (Naut.) An 
 unsteady motion of a ship. — 2, v. n. [pp. yaw- 
 ing, yawed.] To deviate from the right course. 
 
 YSwl, or Yaul, n. [Dut. jol ; Dan. jolle ; Icel. 
 jula; Sw. julle.] A boat belonging to a ship. — 
 2, v. n. [Icel. & Norw. gaula, to yell (q. v.), to 
 howl.— See Yell.] [pp. yawling, yawied.] To 
 cry out ; to yell or howl. 
 
 YS.wn, v. n. [A.-S. ganian ; Ger. g'dhnen ; also 
 A.-S. ginan, Icel. gina, Gr. ^ai'veiv, to gape.] 
 [pp. yawning, yawned.] To gape ; to open the 
 mouth wide. — 2, n. Oscitation; a gape; an 
 hiatus. 
 
 Yawn'ing, a. Sleepy ; slumbering ; gapiDg. — 2, n. 
 Act of gaping ; 6lnmber. 
 
 Yawp, v. & n. See Yaxjp. 
 
 Y-clad' (e-klad'), p. Clad. 
 
 Y-clept', or Y-cleped' (e-klepf), p. [See Clepe.] 
 Called ; termed. 
 
 Ye, pron. [A.-S. ge; Dut. gij.— See You.] The 
 nominative plural of thou ; you. 
 
 Yea (ya or ye), ad. [A.-S. gea; Dut., Dan., & Ger. 
 ja.] Yes; verily; a particle of affirmation, cor- 
 relative to nay. 
 
 Yean, v. a. [A.-S. eanian, geanian.] [pp. yean- 
 ing, yeaned.] To bring forth young, as sheep. 
 
 Yean'ling, n. The young of sheep. 
 
 Year, n. [A.-S. gear; Dut, jaar ; Dan. aar ; Ger. 
 jahr.] The space of time occupied by the revo- 
 lution of the earth in its orbit; twelve calendar 
 months; 365 days in common years; in leap 
 year, 366 days. [nually. 
 
 Year'-book (yerT>uk), n. A book published an- 
 
 Year'ling, a. Being a year old.— 2, n. An animal 
 one year old. 
 
 Year'ly, a. Happening every year; annual. — 
 2, ad. Annually ; once a year. 
 
 Yearn (yern), v. n. [A.-S. gyrnan, from georn, 
 eager ; Ger. begehren, to long for : Icel. girna, to 
 desire; giarn, eager.] [pp. yearning, yearned.] 
 To feel pain, pity, or desire. 
 
 Yearn'ing, n. Emotion of pity ; sympathy. 
 
 Yeast, n. [A.-S. gist ; Dut. gest ; Icel. jast ; Ger. 
 gdscht; g'dhren, to ferment,] Barm used for leav- 
 ening bread ; leaven ; spume ; foam. 
 
 Yeast'y, a. Containing or resembling yeast. 
 
 Yelk, n. The yellow part of an egg : — written 
 also yolk. See Yolk. 
 
 Yell, v. n. [A.-S. gellan, giellan, Dut. gillen, Icel. 
 gella, gjalla, to yell ; Ger. gellen, to resound. — Cf. 
 A.-S. galan, to sing.] [pp. yelling, yelled.] To 
 cry out with horror and agony. — 2, n. A cry 
 of horror; a hideous outcry. 
 
 Yel'low (yel'lo), a. [A.-S. geolo ; Dut. geel; Ger. 
 gelb ; L. helvus, gihvs ; It. giullo.] Being of a 
 gold color. — 2, n. Yellow color; a golden hue. 
 
 Yel'low-fe'ver, n. A malignant fever: — called 
 also the black vomit. 
 
 Yel'low-ham'mer (yeTlo-ham'er), n. [A.-S.amore; 
 Ger". ammer; 0. Dut. emruer.] A yellow bird. 
 
 Yel'low-ish, a. Approaching to yellow. 
 
 Yel'low-ish-ness, v. State of being yellowish. 
 
 Yel'low-ness, n. The quality of being yellow. 
 
 Yel'lowg (yel'loz), n. pi. A disease in horses and 
 cattle : — a disease in trees and plants. 
 
 a, e, I, o, u, y, long; a, e, 5, o, u, y, short; a, e, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 
YELP 
 
 587 
 
 ZED 
 
 Yelp, v. n. [A.-S. gilpan, gielpan, to exult; Icel. 
 gjalpa, to yelp, to yell : imitative.] [pp. yelp- 
 ing, yelped.] To bark as a dog; to cry out. — 
 2, n. A shrill cry ; a yell. 
 
 Yeo'man (yo'nian), n.; pi. Yeo'men. [A.S. get, 
 Low 'Ger. gohe, Ger. gau, a district, aud Man.] 
 A commoner; a freeholder ; a farmer. 
 
 Yeo'man-ly, a. Relating to or like a yeoman. 
 
 Yeo'man-ry, ». The body of yeomen. 
 
 Yerk, v. a. [See Jerk.] [pp. yerking, yerked.] 
 To throw out ; to lash ; to strike. — 2, v. n. To 
 move as with jerks; to jerk. — 3, n. A quick 
 motion; a jerk. 
 
 Yes, ad. [A.-S. gise, gese ; from gea sy, yea, so be 
 it.] The affirmative particle, opposed to no; 
 yea; truly. 
 
 Yest, or Yest, n. Foam ; yeast. See Yeast. 
 
 Yes'ter-day, or Yes'ter-day, n. [A.-S. geostra, 
 Dut." gesteren, Ger. gestern, Skr. hi/as, yesterday ; 
 L. hes'terinis, of yesterday.] The day next before 
 to-day. — 2, ad. On the day last past. 
 
 Yes'ter-eve', n. The evening of yesterday. 
 
 Yes'ter-morn', n. The morn of yesterday. 
 
 Yes'ter-night' (-nit'), n. The last night. 
 
 Yes'ter-n6on\ n. Noon of yesterday. 
 
 Yest'y, a. Foamy; yeasty. 
 
 Yet, conj. [A.-S. git, gel, 0. Fris. ieta, eta, Fris. 
 jiette, yet; Ger. jetzt, now.] Nevertheless; how- 
 ever. — 2, ad. Besides; still; at least; hitherto. 
 
 Yew (yu), n. [A.-S. iw, iuu; Irish, iubhar; Welsh, 
 yio ; Corn, hivin; Bret, ivin.] An evergreen tree 
 of tough wood. 
 
 Yew'en (yii'en), a. Made of the wood of yew. 
 
 Yield' (yeld)', v. a. [A.-S. gieldan, gildan; Dut. 
 gelden ; Dan. gielde ; Ger. getten, to be worth. — 
 Cf. Guild.] [pp. yielding, yielded.] To pro- 
 duce ; to give ; to afford .-—to allow ; to concede ; 
 to grant. — 2, v. n. To give up; to submit; to 
 comply. — 3, h. Return for cultivation ; produce. 
 
 Yield ing, n. The act of giving up ; submission. 
 —2, p. a. Complying; flexible. 
 
 Yield'ing-ly, ad. With compliance. 
 
 Yoke, «. [A.-S. geoc, inc; Dut. juk; Ger. joch; >L. 
 jugum; Gr. ^vyor; Skr. yuga.] A bandage for 
 the neck; a mark of servitude :— a bond :— a 
 couple; a pair.— 2, v. a. [pp. yoking, yoked.] 
 To bind by a yoke ; to confine. 
 
 Yoke'-f el-15w, n. A companion ; a mate. 
 
 Yo'kel, n. [Probably from Yoke.] A bumpkin ; 
 a young rustic. 
 
 Yoke'-mate, n. Same as Yoke-fellow. 
 
 Yolk (yok) [yolk, E. ; yolk, Wb.], n. [A.-S. geol- 
 eca, gioleca; from geolu, yellow.] The yellow 
 part of an egg ; yelk : — written also yelk. 
 
 Yon, a. & ad. [A.-S. geon, geond; Icel. enn ; Ger. 
 jeuer ; Goth, jaind.] At a distance ; yonder. 
 
 Yon'der, a. [Goth, jaindre. — See Yon.] Being at 
 a distance, but within view.— 2, ad. At a dis- 
 tance, but within view. 
 
 Yore, ad. [A.-S. geara, formerly, — literally, of 
 years ; gear, a year (q. v.).] In time past; long 
 ago. — Of yore, of old time; long ago. — In days 
 of yore, in time past; formerly. 
 
 You (yu), personal pron. [See Ye, Thou.] Plural 
 of thou; ye. 
 
 Young (yung), a. [A.-S. geong, iung, ging ; Dut. 
 joug ; Ger. jung. — Cf. L. jucenis, Skr. yuvan, 
 young.] Not old; youthful; juvenile.— 2, n. 
 The offspring of animals. 
 
 Young'ish (yung'ish), a. Somewhat y r oung. 
 
 Young'ling (yung'liug), n. A young animal. 
 
 Young'ster, n. A young person ; a youth. 
 
 Younk'er, n. [Ger. junker, Dut. jonker, jonkheer, a 
 young' gentleman ; jong, young, and hcer, a gen- 
 tleman.] Youngster. [Colloq.] 
 
 Your (yur, if emphatieul ; yur, if otherwise), pron. 
 poss. or a. [A.-S. eower ; 0. Ger. iuwer.] Be- 
 longing to you. 
 
 Your-self (yur-self ), pron. ; pi. Your-selves/. 
 You ; even you : — the reciprocal form of you. 
 
 Youth (yuth), n. [A.-S. geogiul ; Dut. jeugd; Ger. 
 jvgeml; Goih.junda.— See Young.] The part of 
 "life succeeding to childhood: — a young man: — 
 young persons. 
 
 Youth' ful (yuth'ful), a. Young; juvenile. 
 
 Youth'ful-ly, ad. In a youthful manner. 
 
 Youth ful-ness, n. State of being youthful. 
 
 Yt'tri-a (it're-a), «. [Named from YUerby, a place 
 in Sw'eden.] * (Min.) An earth in the form of a 
 white powder, found in Sweden. 
 
 Yt'tri-um, ». The metallic base of yttria. 
 
 Yiic'ca, n. [Neo-Latin ; from its native West-In- 
 dian' name.] An American flowering plant. 
 
 Yule, n. [A.-S. vda, geola ; Icel. jol ; D&n.juul: 
 origin doubtful.] The ancient name for Christ- 
 mas, or the Christmas season : — applied also to 
 Lammas, or Lammas-tide. 
 
 Yule'-clog, or Yule'-log. ». A huge log for the 
 
 Yule'-tlde, t?. Time of Yule. [Christinas fire. 
 
 Y-wis', ad. [A.-S. gewis, certain; Dut. gewis, Ger. 
 gewiss, certainly; Goth, towsa, I knew: closely 
 akin to Wise and Wit.] Certainly ; surely. [Obs.] 
 
 Za consonant, has, in English, the same sound 
 j as the vocal s in rose. In some old books z is 
 used instead of y, and has the sound of y con- 
 sonant. There are a few Scottish words (such as 
 tulzie, spuihie) which still retain this z with the 
 y sound. 
 
 Zaf'fre (zaffur), n. [Ger. zaffer ; Fr. zafre : a va- 
 riant of Sapphire.] (Chem.) An impure pro- 
 toxide of cobalt. 
 
 Zam'bo, «. [Sp. for "bandy-legged," or "mu- 
 latto."] The offspring of an Indian and a negro. 
 
 Za-na'na, n. See Zenana. 
 
 Za'ny. [za'ne or zan'ne, Ja.], n. [It. Zanni, or Zone, 
 nicknames for Giovanni, or John.] A merry- 
 andrew ; a buffoon. 
 
 Zax, n. [A.-S. seax, sex, 0. Ger. sachs, a knife.] A 
 tool for cutting slates. 
 
 Zeal, n. [Fr. zele, L. zehis, Gr. ^Ao?, zeal, — prop- 
 erly, heat ; £e'eii/, to boil, to seethe.] Passionate 
 ardor in some pursuit; fervency; earnestness; 
 warmth ; enthusiasm, 
 
 Zeal'ot (zel'ot), n. [Gr. ^Awttjs.— See Zeal.] A 
 
 person full of zeal ; one over-zealous ; an enthu- 
 siast. 
 
 Zeal'ot-ry, n. Fanaticism ; undue zeal. 
 
 Zeal'ous (zel'lus), a. Possessed of zeal; fervent; 
 ardent ; earnest ; passionate in any cause ; en- 
 thusiastic. 
 
 Zeal'ous-ly, ad. In a zealous manner. 
 
 Zeal'ous-ness, n. Quality of being zealous. 
 
 Ze'bec, u. See Xebec. 
 
 Ze'bra [zeb'ra, H.~\, n. [Sp. ; from a native Afri- 
 can' tongue.] An African 
 animal like an ass. 
 
 Ze'bu, n. [Fr. zebu, a name 
 of South-Asiatic origin.] A 
 small East-Indian humped ox. 
 
 Zechin (ze'kin or che-ken'), ». 
 An Italian gold coin worth 
 about 9s. Qd. sterling ($2.20) : 
 — written also cecchin, cheguai, 
 and sequin. See Sequin. 
 
 Zed, n. [Gr. ^ra.] A name of the letter Z : — 
 called also zee, and sometimes izzard. 
 
 mien, sir ; m6ve, nor, son ; bull, biir, rule, use.— g, Qr, c, § , soft; fS, J5, e, g, hard; § as z ; x as gz ; tfiis. 
 
ZEMINDAK 
 
 588 
 
 ZTTHUM 
 
 Zem-in-dar', n. [Per. zemin, land, and dm; hold- 
 ing.'] A land-owner in India. 
 
 Zem'in-da-ry, ra. The possession of a zemindar. 
 
 Ze-na'na, n. [Per. gamma; zan (pi. zanan), a 
 woman.] [India.] The part of a house reserved 
 for ladies 
 
 Zend, n. [Pahlavi zand, a translation, — properly, 
 the name of a translation of the A vesta.] The 
 ancient language of Persia, or of Bactria. 
 
 Ze'nith [zen'nith, Sro. C. H. N. St.], n. [Fr. ze- 
 nith; Sp. zenit; Arab, samt, away, a road. — See 
 Azimuth.] The vertical point of the heavens, 
 or the point overhead, opposite to the nadir. 
 
 Ze'o-lite, n. [Gr. £eeiv, to boil, and Ai0os, a stone.] 
 An aluminous mineral. 
 
 Zeph'yr (zef'ir), n. [L. zephyrus ; Gr. £e'$upo?. — 
 Cf. £d$os, darkness, the west.] The west wind : 
 — any mild, soft wind. 
 
 Ze'rS, n. [Fr. zero; Sp. zero; It. zero, for zefiro ; 
 Arab, pifrint, sifr, a cipher (q. v.).] The arith- 
 metical cipher ; naught ; the point from which 
 a thermometer is graduated. 
 
 Zest, n. [Fr. zeste % lemon-peel; L. schistos, Gr. 
 erXio-Tos, cleft. — See Schist.] Something used 
 to give flavor to liquor : — orange- or lemon-peel, 
 or its juice : — a taste added for a relish ; a relish. 
 — 2, v. a. [pp. zesting, zested.] To heighten 
 by additional relish. [ceeding by inquiry. 
 
 Ze-tet'ic, a. [Gr. £tjt-»?tik:6s ; ^tciv, to seek.] Pro- 
 
 Ze-tet'ics, n. pi A part of algebra which consists 
 'in the search for unknown quantities. 
 
 Zeug'ma, n. [Gr. ; from ^evyvvvac, to yoke, to 
 join.] ' A figure in grammar ; ellipsis. 
 
 Zig'zag, n. [Fr. zigzag; Ger. zickzack; Sw. sicl- 
 sack.— >Cf. Ger. zacke, a tooth.] A line with sharp 
 turns or angles. — 2, a. Having sharp and quick 
 turns. — 3, v. a. [pp. zigzagging, zigzagged.] 
 To form with quick turns.— 4, v. n. To form 
 zigzags ; to advance or move in an irregular or 
 zigzag fashion. 
 
 Zinc (zingk), n. [Ger. zinlc ; Fr. zhic.—Cf. Ger. 
 tsinn, tin.] A metal of a bluish-white color, used 
 in the manufacture of brass and other alloys: — 
 in commerce it is called spelter. 
 
 Zmck'y, a. Containing zinc. 
 
 Zin-cog'ra-pher, n. An engraver on zinc. 
 
 Inlctlraj^ j-cal. } «■ Eelatin S t0 *«*«**- 
 
 Zin-cog'ra-phy, ". [Zinc, and Gr. ypd<j>etv, to 
 write, to engrave.] The art of printing from 
 plates of zinc. 
 
 Zinc'ous, a. Partaking of, or like, zinc. 
 
 Zi'r'cori, n. [An Elu or Cinghalese name.] (Km.) 
 A hard, sparkling stone. 
 
 Zir-co'ni-a, ». An earth extracted from the min- 
 erals zircon and hyacinth. 
 
 Zir-co'ni-um, n. The metallic base of zircon ia. 
 
 Zith'er, ) n. [Ger. — Cf. Cithara.] A stringed 
 
 Zith' em, J musical instrument 
 used in Germany and the Tyrol ; 
 
 r a cithern. 
 
 Zo'cle (zo'kl), «. [L. socadus, a 
 dim. of soccus, a sock or shoe.] 
 (Arch.) A sort of stand or ped- 
 estal ; a socle. 
 
 Zo'di-ac, n. [Gr. ^wSia/cos ; from £u>Siov, dim. of 
 £<$ov, an animal ; referring to the twelve zodi- 
 acal constellations.] (Astron.) An imaginary 
 zone or belt in the heavens, which is divided 
 into the twelve signs, and within which are the 
 apparent motions of the sun and the larger 
 planets : — a girdle ; a belt. 
 
 Zo-di'a-cal, a. Relating to the zodiac. 
 
 Zoll'ver-eih. n. [Ger. zoll, toll, or duty, and ver- 
 ein, a union.] A commercial league or union for 
 
 Zither. 
 
 the purpose of establishing a uniform rate of 
 customs in the states joining the union. 
 
 Zone, n. [L. zona, Gr. i^vt), a girdle ; favvvm, I 
 gird.] A girdle; a belt. — (Geog.) One of the 
 five divisions of the earth's surface formed by 
 means of the two tropics and the two polar circles. 
 
 Z5ned (zond), a. Wearing a zone. 
 
 Zo'nule, n. A little zone or belt. 
 
 Zo'bid, n. [Gr. £wov, an animal, and e!So?. a 
 form.] An organism resembling an animal. — 
 2, a. Like an animal. 
 
 Zo-ol'a-try, n. [Gr. £<Zov, an animal, and Xarpeia, 
 worship.] The worship of animals. 
 
 Zo'o-lite, n. [Gr. £uov, an animal, and kiOos, a 
 stone.] (Geol.) A petrified animal. 
 
 Zo-o-log'i-cal, a. Relating to zoology. 
 
 Zo-ol'o-i-ist,' n. One versed in zoology. 
 
 Zo-ol'o-gy, n. [Gr. £<pov, an animal, and Aoyos, 
 a treatise.] The science of animals, treating of 
 their nature, properties, classification, &c. 
 
 Zo-on'o-my, n. [Gr. £4>ov, an animal, and vofios, 
 a law.] Animal physiology. 
 
 Zo-oph'a-gan, n. An animal that lives on flesh. 
 
 Zo-oph'a-gous, a. [Gr. £<Z ov, an animal, and 4>a- 
 yeii^, to eat.] Feeding on living animals. 
 
 Zo-oph'o-rus, n. [Gr. £<*>ov, an animal, and <$>6po<;, 
 bearing ; <}>epeiv, to bear.] (Arch.) A frieze. 
 
 Zo'o-phyte, n. [Gr. £<Zov, an animal, and 4>vt6v, 
 a plant.] A name given to various animals of 
 a low type and once supposed to partake of the 
 nature both of vegetables and of animals; a 
 polyp (this term is not now much used). 
 
 Zo-o-phyt'ic, a. Relating to zoophytes. 
 
 Zo'o-spore, n. [Gr. £u>ov, an animal, and Spore.] 
 A plant-spore which moves about. 
 
 Zo-o-tom'i-cal, o. Relating to zootomy. 
 
 Zo-ot'o-mist, n. One versed in zootomy. 
 
 Zo-ot'o-my, n. [Gr. ^a»ov, an animal, and rifiveiv 
 (root rofji), to cut.] That branch of anatomy 
 which relates to the structure of animals. 
 
 Zor-o-as'tri-an, a. Of or pertaining to Zoroaster, 
 the founder of the ancient Persian religion. 
 
 Zor-o-as'tri-an-ism, n. The religious system 
 
 , founded by Zoroaster :— called also Parseeism. 
 
 Zou-ave' (zo-av'), b. [Arab, or Kabyle Zouaoua, 
 the name of a Berber tribe in Algeria.] One of a 
 body of French soldiers wearing the Arab dress. 
 
 Zounds, interj. [For God's wounds.] An exclama- 
 tion of anger. [Antiq.] 
 
 Zu-mol'o-fy, n. See Zymology. 
 
 Zy-go'ma, n. [Gr. ^vyoifia, the cheek-bone, — 
 properly, a bolt, a pin ; ^uyoetv, to fasten or yoke 
 together; £vyov, a yoke.] (Anal) The cheek- 
 bone, or the arch thereof; a process of the tem- 
 poral bone. 
 
 Zy-go-mat'ic, a. Relating to the zygdma. 
 
 Zy-mo-lof 'i-cal, a. Relating to zymology. 
 
 Zy-mol'o-gist, n. One versed in zymology. 
 
 Zy-mol'o-fy, n. [Gr. £vju.i7, leaven, and Ad-yog, a 
 treatise.] The doctrine of fermentation. 
 
 Zy-mom'e-ter, n. [Gr. £v>t;, leaven, and perpov, 
 a measure.'] An instrument for measuring the 
 degree of fermentation ; a zymosimeter. 
 
 Zy-mo-sim'e-ter, n. [Gr. ^v/xtucris, fermentation, 
 andVerpoi/, a measure.] A zymometer. 
 
 Zy-mo'sis, n. [Gr. ^/i^cri?, a leavening; £vfi6- 
 etv, to leaven; ^v/ulij, leaven.] A contagious or 
 other disease due to a ferment in the blood : — a 
 fermentive process. 
 
 Zy-mot'ic, a. [Gr. ^uuwti/co?.— See Zymosis.] 
 (Med.)' Applied to epidemic, endemic, and con- 
 tagious diseases. 
 
 Zy'thum, n. [L. ; Gr. £v6os : said to be an Egyp- 
 tian word.] A beverage or drink made from 
 grain, as wheat, barley, &c. 
 
 a, e, I, o, ii, y, long; a, e, !, o. Q, y, short; a, §, i, o, u, y, obscure. — Fare, far, fast, fall; heir, her; 
 mien, sir ; move, nor, son ; bull, bur, rule, use. — 5, &, 5, £, soft; p, js, e, g, hard; s as z ; ? as gz • this. 
 
PRONUNCIATION 
 
 OF 
 
 GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 
 
 PREFACE AND REMARKS. 
 
 The following rules and observations relating diphthongs se and ce ; but in most Scripture names 
 to the pronunciation of Greek and Latin Proper it has its hard sound before these vowels. 
 Names are in general accordance with the princi- 7. The digraph ch in Greek and Latin names, 
 pies of Walker; but as the system of notation used and likewise in almost all Hebrew names, is 
 in this Dictionary is applied to these names in the sounded hard, like k. 
 
 Vocabulary, and as all the words are divided into I 8. Every final i, though unaccented, has its long 
 syllables, some of his rules for their pronunciation open sound, as in Achi'vi. But when i, or its 
 are here omitted as unnecessary. equivalent y, ends an unaccented first syllable of 
 
 1. Greek and Latin names introduced into mod- a word, it has in some cases its long sound, as in 
 ern languages naturally acquire, in sound and Bianor ; in some it takes the indistinct sound of e, 
 rhythm, the main characteristics of the different as in Cilicia; and in some it is difficult to deter- 
 languages which receive them. That which is mine which of these sounds is to be preferred, as 
 chiefly attended to and sought after, in classical there is a want of agreement with respect to them 
 names, is the seat of the accent ; and when the both among orthoepists and good speakers, 
 seat of the accent and the syllabication are deter- 9. The termination es is pronounced like the 
 
 English word ease; as, Achilles (a-kil'lez). 
 
 10. The terminations cnu and ons are always 
 pronounced in two syllables; as, Men-e-la'us, An- 
 tin'o-us. 
 
 11. The termination em in proper names which 
 in Greek end in evs, as Orpheus, Prometheus, is to 
 be pronounced as one syllable, the eu being a diph- 
 thong. Walker, following Labbe, generally sepa- 
 rates the vowels in pronunciation. But the diph- 
 thong is never resolved in Greek, and very rarely, 
 if ever, in Latin poetry of the golden or the silver 
 age. But in the termination eus in adjectives, eu 
 is not a diphthong. 
 
 12. There is a class of proper names ending in 
 i'x which, in their classical pronunciation, have 
 the accent on the penultimate; as, Alexandria, 
 Cassandri'a, Deidami'a, Philadelphia, Samari'a, &c. 
 The English analogy strongly favors the antepe- 
 nultimate accent in the pronunciation of this class 
 of words; and Walker countenances this accent 
 in relation to a part of them, especially such as 
 
 mined, these names are pronounced, in the Eng- 
 lish language, according to the powers of the let- 
 ters in common English words. 
 
 2. In Greek and Latin names the accent is 
 always placed on either the second or the third 
 syllable from the end of the word. In words of 
 more than two syllables, if the penult is long in 
 quantity, it is accented ; if short, the antepenult 
 receives the accent. 
 
 3. The vowel of the penult before .t, z,j, or any 
 two consonants except a mute followed by a liquid, 
 as I or r, is long by position. In other cases its 
 quantity must be determined by poetic usage, ety- 
 mology, or the mode in which the word is written 
 in Greek. The digraphs ch, ph, rh, and th are to 
 be regarded as single consonants. 
 
 4. An accented vowel in the penultimate sylla- 
 ble, when followed by a single consonant, by./ or 
 z, or by a mute with I or r, has the long sound ; as, 
 A'jax, A'cra; otherwise it is short; as, Apel'les. 
 This pronunciation, in cases like the first and the 
 last of these examples, is so obvious that it has are much used in English and have consequently 
 
 not been deemed necessary to include such words 
 in the Yocabulary. 
 
 Exception. — Before gl and ti. the vowel of the 
 penult, unless it be u, has the short sound; as, 
 ^gle (eg'le), Atlas (arTas). 
 
 5. The final e is always sounded ; as in Bereni'ce. 
 This remark, of course, does not apply to Angli- 
 cized forms ; as, Pros'er-pine, for Proserpina. 
 
 6. In Greek and Latin names the letter g has its 
 soft sound before the vowels e, i, y, and before the 
 
 become in a measure Anglicized. The following 
 words, namely, Alexandria, Philadelphia, and Sa- 
 maria, are so much Anglicized that it would seem 
 pedantic, in reading or speaking English, to pro- 
 nounce them otherwise than with the antepenul- 
 timate accent. But such of these names as are 
 scarcely at all Anglicized, as Antiochia, Deidamia, 
 Laomedia, &c, may very properly be allowed to 
 retain their classical accentuation. 
 13. There are some other classical names which 
 
 50 
 
 589 
 
590 
 
 GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 
 
 have become more or less Anglicized, and which j heretic, is pronounced A'rius in English, though 
 
 have, in consequence, had their pronunciation, in 
 a greater or less degree, changed from the classical 
 standard. Thus, Arius, the name of the celebrated 
 
 the penult is long in Greek; and the usage of the 
 English poets has substituted Hype'rion for Hy- 
 per i' on. 
 
 Rules of Pronunciation referred to by Figures in the following Vocabulary. 
 
 Rule 1. — The , consonants c, s, and t, immedi- 
 ately preceded by the accent, and standing before 
 i, followed by another vowel, commonly have the 
 sound of sh; as in Pho'cion (fo'she-iin), Ac'cius 
 (ak'she-tis), Al'sium (al'she-um), Helve'tii (hel-ve'- 
 she-i). — C, following an accented syllable, has also 
 the same sound before eu and yo, as in Cadu'ceus 
 (ka-du/she-us), Si"cyon (sish'e-6n). 
 
 Exceptions. — T, when preceded by s or x, has its 
 hard sound, as in Sestius, Sextius. When si or zi, 
 immediately preceded by an accented vowel, is fol- 
 lowed by a vowel, the s or z generally takes the 
 sound of zh; as, Mse'sia (me'zhe-a), Hesiod (he'- 
 zhe-6d), Ely"sium (e-lizh'e-iim), Saba'zius (sa-ba/- 
 zhe-us.) According to Walker, the words Asia, 
 Sosia, and Theodosia are the only exceptions; but 
 to these a few others should perhaps be added, as 
 Lysias, Tysias. 
 
 X, ending an accented syllable, and standing 
 before i, followed by a vowel, has the sound of 
 Tcsh; as in Alex'ia (a-lek'she-a). 
 
 Rule 2. — In some proper names t preserves its 
 true sound ; as, Aetion, Amphiclyon, Androtioi), Eu- 
 rytion, Gration, Harpocration, Hippotion, Iphition, 
 Metion, Ornytion, Pallantion, Philislion, Pobjtion, 
 Sotion, Straiion, and a few others; but Hephsestion 
 and Theodotion are Anglicized, the last syllable 
 being pronounced like the last syllable in question, 
 commotion. In the words JEsion, Dionysion, and 
 Iasion, the s takes the sound of z, but not of zh. 
 
 Rule 3. — In words ending in eia, eii, eium, and 
 
 eius, with the accent on the e, the i following the 
 accent is to be understood as articulating the fol- 
 lowing vowel like y consonant; as, Elege'ia (el-e- 
 je'ya), Pompe'ii (pom-pe'yi), Pompe'ium (pom-pe'- 
 yum), Pompe'ius (pom-pe'yus). The same rule also 
 applies to words ending in ia, preceded by a or o, 
 having the accent upon it, as Acha'ia (a-ka/ya), 
 Lato'ia (la-to'ya), and likewise to words having the 
 accent on a vowel, followed by ia, though they 
 may not end the word, as Ple'iades tple'ya-dez). 
 
 The digraph yi, followed by a vowel, generally 
 represents the Greek diphthong vi, and forms but 
 one syllable ; as, Harpyia, pronounced Harpy'ya, 
 or, as some prefer, Har-pivy'a ; Ilithyia. pronounced 
 in four syllables, Il-i-lhy'ya, not I-lith-y-i'a, as in 
 Walker. 
 
 Rule 4.— The dipththongs as and oz, ending a 
 syllable with the accent on it, are pronounced like 
 long e, as in Cse'sar (se'zar) ; but when followed by 
 a consonant in the same syllable, like short e, as 
 in Dsed'alus (ded'a-lus). 
 
 Rule 5. — In Greek and Latin words which begin 
 with uncombinable consonants, the first letter is 
 silent; thus', C'in Cneus and Ctesiphon, If in Mneus, 
 P in Psyche and Ptolemy, Ph in Phlhia, and T in 
 Tmolus, are not sounded. 
 
 Rule 6. — The termination evs in most Greek 
 proper names corresponds to evs, and is then to 
 be pronounced in one syllable ; as, ZE'geus, Or*- 
 pheus, used as nouns ; but 2E-qe'u.s, Or-phe'us, as 
 adjectives. 
 
GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 
 
 The figures annexed to the words refer to the Six Rules of Pronunciation, on page 590. Thus, the figure 1, 
 annexed to Acacius, refers to Rule 1, which shows that the word is pronounced A-ka'she-us. 
 
 The words in bracket? are the preceding words Anglicized. Thus, the Latin word Adriunus is changed, in 
 English, into Adrian. 
 
 Ab-a-cae_'num 
 
 A-ban'tes 
 
 Ab-de'ra 
 
 A'bi-a 
 
 A-bi-a'nus 
 
 Ab'i-l| 
 
 Ab-i-le'ne 
 
 Ab-ia'vi-us 
 
 Ab-o-la'nl 
 
 Ab-o-ri£'i-nes 
 
 Ab-ra.-da'tes. 
 
 A-bra'ha-mus 
 
 4-bru'po-lis 
 
 A-by'dos 
 
 Ab-ys-si'm 
 
 Ab-ys-sm'i-a 
 
 A-ca'ci-us 1 
 
 Ac-a-de-mi'a, or 
 
 Ac-a-de'mi-a 
 Ac-a-de'mus 
 A-can'tha 
 Ac-ar-na'ni-a 
 Ac'ci-us 1 
 A-ceph'a-li 
 A-ces'tes. 
 
 A-ehae 
 
 .■»-.« So 
 
 A-chsenve-nes 4 
 
 Ach-ae-men'i-des 
 
 A-cha'i-a A 
 
 A-cha/tes 
 
 Ach-e-16 ua 
 
 Aph'e-ron 
 
 Ach'e-runs 
 
 Ach-il-le'is 
 
 A-ehil'les 
 
 t -phi' vi 
 c-i-da'li-a 
 Ac-me'nes 
 Ac-mon'i-des. 
 Ac-o-ly'tl 
 Ac'o-ris 
 A' era 
 A-cra'tus 
 
 t-crl'tas 
 c-ro-ce-rau'ni-a 
 Ac-ro-co-rin'thus 
 A'cron 
 A-crop'o-lis 
 ^.c-taj'on 
 
 tc-tae'us 
 w c'ti-um 1 
 Ad'^-mas 
 A-da'mus 
 A-del/pbi-us 
 A'des 
 Ad-her'bal 
 Ad-me'ta, or -te 
 Ad-me'tus 
 A-do'nis 
 A-dra'nus 
 A'dri-a 
 
 A-dri-an-op'o-lis 
 A-dri-a'nus 
 [A'dri-an] 
 A-dri-at'i-cum 
 A-du'§i-us 1 
 
 JE- 
 
 2E- 
 JE-i 
 IE! 
 
 .ffi-ac'i-des 
 
 ^'a-cus 
 
 iE-an'ti-des 
 
 iE-bu'ti-us 1 
 
 .ffi-de'si-us 1 
 
 JE-des'sa 
 
 iE-di'les' 
 
 JEd'ft-I 4 
 
 iE-e'tes 
 'rse'on 
 rse'us 
 re'ri-a 
 res'ta 
 reus («.) 6 
 je'us («.) 
 
 JE-£il'i-» 
 
 JE-gl'na 
 
 lE'&i-on 
 
 ■ffi'fis 
 
 iE-§-is'thua 
 
 JEe'l ? 4 " 
 
 JEg'les 4 
 
 iE-gob'o-lus 
 
 JE'gpn 
 
 JE-go'ne 
 
 M'gqs Pot'a-mi 
 
 .ffi-iyp'ti-I 1 
 
 iE-gyp'tus 
 
 JE'li-a 
 
 iE-li-a/nus 
 
 [iE'li-an]' 
 
 JE-mil'i-a 
 
 JE-mil'i-us 
 
 .ffi-ne'a-dae 
 
 iE-ne'a-des 
 
 iE'ne-as, and 
 
 JE-nl'as 
 
 JE-ne'i's 
 
 [JE-ne'id] 
 
 iEn-o-bar'bus 4 
 
 JE-6'li-a 
 
 iE-ol'i-des 
 
 JE'q.\is 
 
 .K'o-lus 
 
 iE-o'nes 
 
 JE'qva 
 
 A-er'o-pus 
 
 JEs'ctii-nes, 4 
 
 JEs'chy-lus 4 
 
 iEs-cu-la'pi-us 4 
 
 JE'si-on 2 
 
 .ffi'son 
 
 -32-so'pus 
 
 [JE'sop]' 
 
 -ffith'i-cus 4 
 
 iE-thi'o-pes 
 
 JE-thi-o'pi-a 
 
 iE'thi-ops 
 
 A-e'ti-on 2 
 
 JEt'na 4 
 
 .SSt-nae'us 4 
 
 .ffl-to'li-a 
 
 A-fra'ni-us 
 
 Af ri-ca 
 
 Af-ri-ca'nus 
 
 Afri-cus 
 
 Ag'a-bus 
 
 Ag-a-mem'non 
 
 Ag-a-nip'pe 
 
 Ag'a-pae 
 
 Ag-a-pe'nor 
 
 Ag-^-pe'tus 
 
 A-ga'pi-us 
 
 Ag'a-tha 
 
 Ag-a-thl'a 
 
 Ag'a-tho 
 
 A-gath/o-cles 
 
 Ag'a-thon 
 
 A-ga've 
 
 A-ga'vi 
 
 Ag-e-la'us 
 
 A-fe'nor 
 
 A|--e-nor'i-des 
 
 Ag-e-san'der 
 
 A-fe'si-as i 
 
 A-gSs-i-la'us 
 
 Ag-e-sip'o-ii3 
 
 A-ge'tus 
 
 A'£is 
 
 Ag-la'i-a 4 
 
 Ag-la'i-e 4 
 
 Ag-nod'j-ce 
 
 A-go'ne§ 
 
 Ag'o-ra 
 
 A'gra 
 
 A-grse'a 
 
 A-grae'us 
 
 Ag'ra-gas 
 
 A-gric'o-la 
 
 Ag-ri-gen'tum 
 
 t-grip 7 pa 
 _g-rip-pi'na 
 A gri-us 
 A-ha'la 
 A'jax 
 A-lse'sus 
 A-la'ni 
 Al-a-ri'cus 
 [Al'a-ric] 
 A-l&u'dse 
 Al-ba'nl 
 Al-ba'ni-a 
 Al-ba'nus 
 •^.l-ben'ses 
 Al-bin'i-us 
 Al-bl'nus 
 Al'bi-on 
 Al-bi'o-nes 
 Al-bu'ti-us 1 
 Al-cae'us 
 4.1-ca'nor 
 Al-ce'nor 
 Al-ces'te 
 Al-ces'ti3 
 Al-ci-bl'a-des 
 Al-ci-da'mus 
 Al-ci'de§ 
 ^.l-clm'e-de 
 Al-cim'e-nes 
 Al-cin'o-e 
 Al-cin'o-iis 
 Al'ci-phrSn 
 
 Alc-mae'on 
 
 Alc-me'na, or -ne 
 
 ^.1-cy'o-ne 
 
 A-lec'to 
 
 A-lec'try-on 
 
 Al-e-man'ni 
 
 A-le'_the§ 
 
 A-leu'a-dae 
 
 A'le-us 
 
 Al-ex-an'der 
 
 Al-ex-an'dra 
 
 Al-ex-an-drl'a 
 
 [Al-ex-an'dri-a] 
 
 Al-ex-an-dri'na 
 
 Al-ex-an-drop'9-li 
 
 A-lex'i-iis 1 
 
 Al-fe'nus 
 
 Al'|i-dus 
 
 A-H-ar'tus 
 
 A-li-e'nus 
 
 Al-iob'ro-|-es 
 
 ^.1-lu'ti-us 1 
 
 A-lo'eus 6 
 
 Al-o-I'dae 
 
 Al'pe§ 
 
 Al-phe'n<?r 
 
 Al-phes-i-bce'us 
 
 Al-pi'nus 
 
 Al'si-um 1 
 
 Al-thae'a 
 
 A-mae'§i-a 1 
 
 Am-al-thae'a 
 
 A-mar'a-ciis 
 
 Am-a-ryl'lis 
 
 Am-a-ryn'thi-a 
 
 Am-a-ryn'thus 
 
 Am-a-sT'a 
 
 A-ma'sis 
 
 A-ma'ta 
 
 4--ma'ti-us 1 
 
 A-ma'zon 
 
 [Am'a-zon] 
 
 t-maz'o-nes 
 m-a-zo'ni-a 
 Am-a-zon'i-des 
 Am'be-nus 
 Am-bl'o-rix 
 Am-bra'ci-a 1 
 Am-bra'ci-us 1 
 Am-bro'§i-a I 
 A_m-bro'§i-us 1 
 [Am'bro§e] 
 A-me'li-us 
 A-me'ri-a 
 A-mi-a'nus 
 A-ml'clas 
 A-mil'car 
 A-mi"si-a 1 
 A-mi'sus 
 Am-mi-a'nus 
 Am-mo'ni-a 
 Am-mo'ni-us 
 Am-oe-bae'us 
 A-moe'nus 
 Am-pe'li-us 
 4.m-phic'ty-on 2 
 
 Am-phic-ty'o-nes 
 Am-phi-ge-n'i'a 
 Am-phil'o-chus 
 Am-phi'pn 
 Am-phip'o-lis 
 Am-phi'su_s 
 Am-phi-tri'te 
 Am-phit'ry-on 
 A-mu'li-us 
 A-my'claj 
 Am'y-ciis 
 A-myn'tas 
 Am'y-rus 
 A-nab'a-sis 
 s An-a-phar'sis 
 A-nac're-on 
 An'a-phe 
 A-na'pi-Qs 
 An-as-ta'si-a 1 
 An-as-ta'§i-us 1 
 An-a-to'li-iis 
 An-ax-ag'o-ras 
 An-ax-an'der 
 An-ax-ar'chus 
 An-ax-ic'ra-tes 
 A-nax-i-man'der 
 An-ax-im'e-neg 
 An-cse'us 
 An-chi'a-le 
 An-chi'se 
 An-chi'ses 
 An'cho-ra 
 An-ci'le 
 An-co'na 
 
 An'cus Mar'ti-Qs 1 
 An-cy'le 
 An-cy'ra 
 An-da'na 
 An-doc'i-des 
 An'dre-as 
 An'dri-a 
 An'dri-on 
 An'dro-cles 
 An-drog'y-nus 
 An-drom'a-phe 
 An-drom'e-d^. 
 An-dro-nl'cus 
 An-droph'a-gi 
 An-dro ti-on 2 
 An'gli-a 
 A-ni"ci-us 1] 
 An'ni-bal 
 An-taB'as 
 An-taB'us 
 An-tal'ci-das 
 An-te'a 
 An-te'nor 
 An'te-ros 
 An'the-mis 
 An-thp-lo'|-i-a 
 An-thro-popb/a-fl 
 An-ti-cle'a 
 
 An-tlc'y-ra 
 An-tig'e-nes 
 4-n-tig'o-ne 
 An-tig'o-nus 
 
 591 
 
592 
 
 GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 
 
 An-ti-lib'a-nQs 
 
 An-til'o-phus 
 
 An-tim'a-phus 
 
 ^.n-tin'o-e 
 
 An-tin'o-us 
 
 An-ti-o-phl'a 
 
 An-ti'o-phus 
 
 ^.n-ti'o-pa, or -pe 
 
 .An-tip'a-ros 
 
 An'ti-pas 
 
 An-tip'a-ter 
 
 £.n-tip'a-tris 
 
 An-tiph'a-nes 
 
 An-tiph'a-tes 
 
 An'ti-phos 
 
 An-tip'o-des 
 
 ^.n-tip'o-lis 
 
 An-tis'the-nes 
 
 An'ti-um 1 
 
 An-to'ni-a 
 
 An-to-ni'nus 
 
 An-t5'ni-us 
 
 t-nu'bis 
 nx'u-rfls 
 A-6'ni-a 
 A-on'i-des 
 A-pa'me 
 Ap-a-mi'a 
 A-pel'la 
 A-pel'les 
 Ap-en-ni'nus 
 Aph-ro-di"si-a 1 
 Aph-ro-di'ta 
 Aph-ro-dl'te 
 A-pi-a'nus 
 A-pi"ci-us 1 
 A'pi-on 
 A'pis 
 
 A-pol-li-nop'o-lis 
 A-pol'lo 
 A-pol-lo-do'rus 
 Ap-ol-16'ni-a 
 Ap-ol-16'ni-us 
 A-pol'ly-on 
 Ap-pi-a'nus 
 Ap'pi-a Vi'a 
 Ap'pi-I Fo'rum 
 Ap'pi-us 
 
 t-pri'lis 
 p'te-ros 
 Ap-u'-le'i-a 3 
 Ap-u-le'i-us 3 
 
 t-pu'li-a 
 q'ui-i^ (ak'we-la) 
 Aq-ui-le'i-a 3 
 A-quil'li-a" 
 Aq'ui-lo 
 
 t-qui'nas 
 q-ui-ta'ni-a 
 Ar'^-bes 
 A-ra'bi-a 
 A-rab'i-cus 
 A-raph'ne 
 A'rae 
 Ar'a-ris 
 A-ra'tus 
 A-rax'es 
 Ar'ba-ces, or 
 
 Ar-ba'ce§ 
 Ar-be'la, and 
 Ar'be-la 
 Ar'bi-ter 
 Ar'ca-des 
 Ar-ca'di-a 
 Ar-ca'di-us 
 Ar-ca'num 
 Ar-ces-i-la'us 
 Ar-phe-la'us 
 Ar-phid'a-mas 
 Ar-phi-da'mus 
 Ar' phi-das 
 Ar-phil'o-phiia 
 
 Ar-phi-me'des 
 
 Ar-phi-pel'a-gus 
 
 Ar-phip'pus 
 
 Ar-phon'tes 
 
 Ar-phy'tas 
 
 Arc-tu'rus 
 
 Ar'de-a 
 
 A-re-op-a-gi'ta? 
 
 A-re-op'a-gus 
 
 A-re-op'o-lis 
 
 A'res 
 
 Ar-e-tse'us 
 
 Ar-e-thu'sa 
 
 A'reus («.) 6 
 
 A-re'us (a.) 
 
 Ar-gae'us 
 
 Ar-Je'a 
 
 Ar-gen-nu'sa 
 
 Ar'£es 
 
 Ar-ge'us 
 
 Ar-gi'vi 
 
 [Ar'gives] 
 
 Ar-gol'i-cfis 
 
 Ar'go-lis 
 
 Ar-go-nau'tae 
 
 A-ri-ad'ne 
 
 A-ri-se'us 
 
 A-ri-am'nes. 
 
 A-ri'ci-a 1 
 
 A'ri-es 
 
 A-rim'i-num 
 
 A-ri'on 
 
 A-ri-o-vis'tus 
 
 Ar-is-tee'us 
 
 Ar-is-tag'o-ras 
 
 Ar-is-tan'der 
 
 Ar-is-taVphus 
 
 A-ris'te-as 
 
 Ar-is-ti'des 
 
 Ar-is-tip'pus 
 
 Ar-is-to-bu'lus 
 
 A-ris'to-cles 
 
 Ar-is-to-de'mus 
 
 Ar-is-tog'e-nes 
 
 Ar-is-to-gi'ton 
 
 Ar-is-tom'a-phe 
 
 Ar-is-to-me'des 
 
 Ar-is-tom'e-ne§ 
 
 A-ris'ton 
 
 Ar-is-ton'i-des 
 
 A-ris'to-mis 
 
 Ar-is-ton'y-mus 
 
 Ar-is-toph'a-nes 
 
 A-ris'to-phon 
 
 Ar-is-tot'e-les 
 
 [Ar'is-to-tle] 
 
 Ar-me'ni-a 
 
 Ar-me'ni-us 
 
 Ar-min'i-us 
 
 Ar-mor'i-cl 
 
 Ar-mos'o-ta 
 
 Ar-no'bi-us 
 
 Ar-pi-num 
 
 Ar-ri-a'nus 
 
 [Ar'ri-an] 
 
 Ar'sa-ces, or 
 
 Ar-sa'ces 
 Ar-sac'i-da? 
 Ar-sanes 
 Ar'sesi 
 Ar-sin'o-e 
 Ar-sl'tes 
 Ar-ta-ba'nus 
 Ar-ta-b|-za'nes 
 Ar-ta-ba'zus 
 Ar-ta-pher nes 
 Ar-tax-as'a-ta 
 Ar-tax'a-ta 
 Ar-tax-erx'es 
 Ar'te-mas 
 Ar'te-nris 
 Ar-te-mi"si-a 1 
 Ar'te-mon.' 
 
 Ar-to-bar-za'nes 
 
 Ar-toph'mes 
 
 Ar-tu'ri-fis 
 
 A-run'ti-us 1 
 
 ^.r-va'les 
 
 As-bes'tse 
 
 As'ca-lon 
 
 As-ca'ni-a 
 
 As-ca'ni-us 
 
 As-cle-pi'a-des 
 
 As-cle-pi-e'a 
 
 As-cle'pi-us 
 
 As'dru-bal 
 
 A'si-a 1 
 
 A-si-at'i-cus 1 
 
 As'i-nes 
 
 A-sin'i-us 
 
 A' si-us 1 
 
 A-so'pus] 
 
 As-pa'si-a 1 
 
 As-phal-ti'tes 
 
 ts-sar'a-cus 
 s-su-e'rus 
 As-syr'i-a 
 As-taf'i-deg 
 As-tar'te 
 As-te'ri-a 
 As-te'ri-Gs 
 As-ter-o-pse'us 
 As-ter-o-pe'a 
 As-trae'a 
 As-trse'us 
 As-tii'ri-a 
 As-ty'a-|e§ 
 As-ty'a-nax 
 As-tyn'o-me 
 As-ty'o-phe 
 At-a-lan'ta 
 A'te 
 
 Ath'a-mas 
 Ath-a-na/si-us 1 
 A-the'na 
 A-the'nse 
 Ath-e-nae'um 
 Ath-e-nse'us 
 Ath-e-nag'o-ras 
 A-the'ne 
 A-then-o-do'rus 
 A'thos 
 A-til'i-us 
 At-lan'tes 
 At-lan-tra-de§ 
 At-lan'ti-cus 
 A-tos'sa 
 ^.-treb'a-tes, or 
 
 At-re-ba'tes 
 A'treiis (n.) 6 
 A-tre'us (a.) 
 A-tri'dse 
 A-tro'ni-us 
 At'ro-pos 
 At-ta-li'a 
 At'ta-lus 
 At'ti-ca 
 At'ti-cus 
 At'ti-la 
 At-til'i'-fis 
 Auc'tus 
 Au-fid'i-us 
 Au'fi-dus 
 Au-grus'ta 
 Au-gus-ti'nus 
 [Au-g-fis'tine] 
 Au-g-Qs'tu-lus 
 Au-gus'tus 
 Au-le'te§ 
 Au'lis 
 Au'lus 
 Au-re'li-a 
 Au-re-li-5'nus 
 [Au-re'H-an] 
 Au-re'li-us 
 Au-rl'ga 
 
 Au-ro'ra 
 
 Au-run'ci 
 
 Au'sp-nes 
 
 Au-so'ni-a 
 
 Au-so'ni-us 
 
 Aus'ter 
 
 Aus-tra'lis 
 
 Au-tol'y-cus 
 
 Au-tom'f-ne§ 
 
 Au-ton'o-e 
 
 Av-en-ti'nus 
 
 A-ver'nus 
 
 A-vi-e'nus 
 
 ^.-vi'tus 
 
 A-zo'tus 
 
 B. 
 
 Bab'i-lus 
 
 Bab'y-lon 
 
 Bab-y-lo'ni-a 
 
 Bac-phe'us 
 
 Bac'phus 
 
 Bac'tri-a 
 
 Bac-tri-a'na 
 
 Bse'bi-us 
 
 Bset'i-ca 4 
 
 Bset'i-cus 4 
 
 Baet'y-lus 4 
 
 Ba-go'as 
 
 Bag'ra-das 
 
 Ba'i-ae 3 
 
 Bal'a-ri.orBa-la'ri 
 
 Bal-bl'nus 
 
 Bal-du-i'nus 
 
 Ba-le-a'res 
 
 Bal-ven'ti-us 1 
 
 Ban-du'si-a 1 
 
 Baph'y-rus 
 
 Bar'ba-rl 
 
 Bar-ba'tus 
 
 Bar-da'nes 
 
 Ba'ri-um 
 
 Bar-za'nes. 
 
 Bas-i-le'a 
 
 Ba-sil-i-a'nus 
 
 Bas-i-ll'da3 
 
 Ba.s-i-11'des 
 
 Ba-sil'i-Qs, man. 
 
 [B'as'ill 
 
 Bas-i-li' us, river. 
 
 Bas-sar'i-des 
 
 Bas-tar'nse 
 
 Bas-ter'na3 
 
 Ba-ta'vi, or 
 
 Bat' a- vi 
 Ba-ta'vi-a 
 Bat-ra-pho-my-9- 
 
 ma'phi-a 
 Bau'cis 
 Ba'vi-Qs 
 Be'bi-fis 
 Beb'ry-ces, and 
 
 Be-bry'ce§ 
 Bel'g-se 
 Bel'gi-ca 
 Bel'||-cus 
 Bel'g-i-um 
 Bel-i-sa'ri-Qs 
 Bel-ier'o-phon 
 Bel-lo'na 
 Bl'lus 
 
 Ben-e-ven'tum 
 Ber-e-nl'ce 
 Ber-e-nl'cis 
 Ber'o-e 
 Ber-o-ni'c? 
 Be-ro'sus 
 Bi-a'nor 
 Bi-brac'te 
 Bib'u-la 
 
 Bib'u-lua 
 Bi'frons 
 Bi-ma'ter 
 BI'911 
 Bi-sal'tse 
 Bis'to-ne§ 
 Bi-thyn'i-a 
 Bi-thyn'i-cQs 
 Blae'sus 
 Blan-dii'si-a 1 
 Blem'my-es 
 Bo-ad-i-ce'a 
 Boc'pho-rls 
 Boe-o'ti-a 1 
 Boe-o'ti-us 1 
 Bo-e'thi-us 
 Bo-e'ti-'us 1 
 Bo'i-I 3 
 Bo-mil'car 
 Bon-i-fa'ci-fis 1 
 Bo-o'tes 
 Bo-re-a'lis 
 Bo're-as 
 Bo-rys'the-neg 
 Bos'pho-rus 
 Braph-ma'ne§ 
 Bran'phi-dae 
 Bras'i-das 
 Bres'ci-a 1 
 Bri-a' re-us, or 
 Bri'a-reiis 6 
 Bri-gan'tes 
 Bri-gan'ti-um 1 
 Bri-sae'us 
 Bri-se'is 
 Bri'ses 
 Bri-tan'ni-a 
 Bri-tan'ni-cQs 
 Bron'tes 
 Bru-ma'li-a 
 Brun-du'§i-um 1 
 Bru'tus 
 Brys'e-a 
 Bu-ceph-a-H'a 
 Bu-ceph'a-lus* 
 Bu-col'i-ca 
 Bu'co-liis 
 Bu'pha-gus 
 Bur-dig^i-la 
 Bur-gun-di-o'nej 
 Bii'sse 
 Bu-sl'ris 
 Bu'tes 
 Bu-thro'tum 
 Bii'to-nes 
 BG'zy-ges 
 Byb'lis 
 Byb'los 
 By-zan'ti-Sm 1 
 
 Ca-ba'lis 
 
 Ca-bi'ra 
 
 Cab'y-le- 
 
 Cad-me'a 
 
 Cad-me'us 
 
 Ca-dii'ce-us 1 
 
 Cae-cil'i-a 
 
 Cse-cil-i-a'nus 
 
 Ca3-cil'i-us 
 
 Ca3-ci'na 
 
 Ca3'li-a 
 
 Cael'i-nus 4 
 
 Cse'li-us 
 
 Cse'pi-o 
 
 Cser'u-lQs 4 
 
 Cae'sar 
 
 Cses-a-re'a 4 
 
 Cae-sa'ri-Qs 
 
 Ca'i-a 3' 
 
GKEEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 
 
 593 
 
 Ca-i'cus 
 
 Ca-i-e'ta 
 
 Ca'i-phas 
 
 Ca'i-us 3 
 
 Ca-je'ta 
 
 Ca-la'bri-a 
 
 Cal'a-mos 
 
 Ca-la'nus 
 
 Ca-lau'ri-a 
 
 Cal'jshas 
 
 Cal-e-do'ni-a 
 
 Ca'leg 
 
 Cal'gra-cus 
 
 Ca-lid'i-us 
 
 Cal'j-dus 
 
 Ca-lig'u-la 
 
 Cal'li-as 
 
 Cal'li-cleg 
 
 Cal-lie'ra-teg 
 
 Cal-li-crat'i-das 
 
 Cal-li-de'mus 
 
 Cal-lid'i-us 
 
 Cal-lim'a-phus 
 
 Cal-K'nus 
 
 Cal-11'o-pe 
 
 Cal'li-phon 
 
 Cal-lis'the-neg 
 
 Cal-Hs'to ' 
 
 Cal-lis'tra-tus 
 
 Cal-lix'e-na 
 
 Cal-lix'e-nus 
 
 Cal-phiir'ni-a 
 
 Cal-pur'ni-iis 
 
 Cal-ven'ti-us 1 
 
 Cal-vi'nus 
 
 Cal'y-don 
 
 Ca-lyp'so 
 
 Cam-a-ri'na 
 
 Cam-by'seg 
 
 Cam'e-ra 
 
 Cam-e-ri'nus 
 
 Ca-mil'la 
 
 Ca-mil'lus 
 
 Ca-mos'nae 
 
 Carn-pa'ni-a 
 
 Cam'pus Mar'ti- 
 
 us 1 
 Ca-na'ri-a 
 Can'da-ce 
 Can-dau'leg 
 Can'di-dtis 
 Ca-nid'i-a 
 Ca-hld'i-us 
 Ca-nin'i-us 
 Ca-no'bus 
 Ca-no'pus 
 Ciin'ta-bri 
 Can-ta'bri-a 
 Can'tha-rus 
 Ca-nii'gi-um 1 
 Ca-pel'la 
 Cap'i-to 
 Cap-i-to-K'nus 
 Cap-i-to'li-iim 
 Cap-pad'o-ceg 
 Cap-pa-do'ci-a 1 
 Cap-ri-cbr'nus 
 Cap'u-a 
 Car-a-cal'la 
 Ca-rac'ta-cus 
 Car'a-nus, or 
 
 Ca-ra'nus 
 Car-bo'neg 
 Ca'ri-a, Ca'ri-as 
 Ca-ri^nus 
 Car-me'lus 
 Car-ne'a-deg 
 Car-nu'teg 
 Car'o-lus 
 Car'pa-thiis 
 Car-poc'ra-t5g 
 Car-tha-£in-i-en'. 
 
 seg 
 
 nn 
 
 Car-tha'gro 
 
 [Car'tha£e] 
 
 Ca-ry-at'i-deg 
 
 Ca-ry-a/tis 
 
 Ca-si'num 
 
 Cas'pi-um Ma're 
 
 Cas-san'der 
 
 Cas-san'dra 
 
 Cas-san-dre'a 
 
 Cas-san'dreus 6 
 
 Cas-si-a'nus 1 
 
 Cas-si'o-pe 
 
 Cas-si-o-pe'i-a I 
 
 Cas-si-ter'i-deg 
 
 Cas' si-us 1 
 
 Cas-to'lus 
 
 Cat'a-na, or -ne 
 
 Ca-te'na 
 
 Ca-ti-a'nus 1 
 
 Cat-i-li'na 
 
 [Cat'i-line] 
 
 Ca'to 
 
 Ca-tfll'lus 
 
 Cat'u-lus 
 
 Cau'ca-sfis 
 
 Cau-co'nes 
 
 Cau-dl'nus 
 
 Cau'di-um 
 
 Cau'nus 
 
 Ca-y'cus 
 
 Ce'bes 
 
 Ce-cil'i-us 
 
 Ce-ci'na 
 
 Ce-cro'pi-a 
 
 Ce-crop'i-dse 
 
 Ce-crop'i-des 
 
 Ce'crops 
 
 Ce-lse'na 
 
 Ci'ler _ 
 
 Cel'e-res 
 
 Cel-e-ri'nus 
 
 Ce'le-us 
 
 Cel'tse 
 
 Cel-ti-be'ri 
 
 Cel-ti-be'ri-a 
 
 Cel'ti-ca 
 
 Cel'ti-ci 
 
 Cen'phre-ae 
 
 Cen-tau'ri 
 
 Cen-tau'rus 
 
 Cen-tro'nes 
 
 Cen-tum'vi-ri 
 
 Cen-tu'ri-a 
 
 Ceph'a-lae' 
 
 Ceph-al-le'neg 
 
 Ceph-al-le'ni-a 
 
 Ce-phi'sis 
 
 Ce-phl'sus 
 
 Ce-ra'mi-um 
 
 Cer'a-sus 
 
 Ce-ra'thus 
 
 Ce-rau'ni-a 
 
 Ce-rau'nus 
 
 Cer'be-rus 
 
 Cer-cl'na 
 
 Cer-cy'o-neg 
 
 Ce-re-a/li-a 
 
 Ce-re-a'lis 
 
 Ce'reg 
 
 Ce-re teg 
 
 Ce-rin'thus 
 
 Cer-to'nus 
 
 Ce-the'g-us 
 
 Ce'jis, and Cae'us 
 
 pha'bri-as 
 
 phae're-as 
 
 phae-rip'pus 
 
 phser-o-ne'a 4 
 
 pha?r-o-m'a 4 
 
 phal-ce'don 
 
 phal-ce-do'ni-a 
 
 phal'cis 
 
 phal-dae'a 
 
 phal-dae'i 
 
 phal'y-beg 
 
 pha'lybg 
 
 pha-6'ni-a 
 
 pha'os 
 
 phar'i-cles 
 
 phar-i-cli'deg 
 
 phar-i-la'us 
 
 pha-ri'nus 
 
 pha'ris 
 
 pha-ri"gi-iis 
 
 phar'i-teg 
 
 phar'mi-das 
 
 phar-mi'o-ne 
 
 pha/ron 
 
 pha-ron'das 
 
 pha-ryb'dis 
 
 phau'bi 
 
 phau'ci 
 
 phe'lae 
 
 phel-i-db'ni-se 
 
 phe-lo'ne 
 
 phel-o-noph'a-fi 
 
 phe'lys 
 
 fjhe'ops 
 
 phe'phren 
 
 fjher-ro-ne'a 
 
 pher-so-ne'sus 
 
 phil-i-ar'phus 
 
 phi'16 
 
 phi-mae'ra 
 
 phi'os 
 
 phi'ron 
 
 phlo'e 
 
 phlo'ris 
 
 pho-as'peg 
 
 pho-rce bus 
 
 phos'ro-e§ 
 
 f3hre'me§ 
 
 phris-ti-a'nus 
 
 phris-toph'o-rus 
 
 phr5'n9s ( 
 
 phry-sa'or 
 
 phry-se'is 
 
 phry'seg 
 
 phry'seusO 
 
 phrys-o-la'us 
 
 phry-sip'pus 
 
 phry-sop'o-lis 
 
 phry-sos'to-mus 
 
 [phrys'os-tom] 
 
 Ci9'e-ro 
 
 Cic'o-neg 
 
 Cil'i-ceg 
 
 Ci-H"ci-a 1 
 
 Cim'bri-cum 
 
 Cim'bri-cus 
 
 Cim-me'ri-i 
 
 Cim-me'ri-ura 
 
 Ci-mo'lus 
 
 Ci'mon 
 
 Cin-cin-na'tus 
 
 Cin'e-as 
 
 Cir'ce 
 
 Cis-al-pi'na Gal'- 
 
 li-'a 
 Ci-thae'ron 
 Cith'e-ron 
 Ci-vi'lis 
 Clau'di-a 
 Clau-di-a'nus 
 Clau'di-us 
 Clav'i-|-er 
 Cla-zom'e-naB 
 Cle-an'theg 
 Cle-ar'phus 
 Cle'm'eng 
 Cle-o-bu'lus 
 Cle-om'a-phus 
 Cle-om'bro-tus 
 Cle-om'§-neg 
 Cle'on 
 Cle'o-pas 
 
 50* 
 
 Cle-o-pa'tra 
 
 Cle-op'a-tris 
 
 Cli-nl'a-deg 
 
 Clm'i-is 
 
 CH'o' 
 
 Clis'the-neg 
 
 Cli-tar'phus 
 
 Cll'tus 
 
 Cl9-a'ca 
 
 C16-a-ci'na 
 
 Clo'di-a 
 
 Cloe'li-us 
 
 Clo'thS 
 
 Clu-en'ti-Gs 1 
 
 Clu'gi-um 1 
 
 Clym > e-ne 
 
 Clyt-em-nes'tra 
 
 Cnse'us, or Cne'us 
 
 Cnl'd'us 5 
 
 Cnos'sus 5 
 
 Coc'a-lus 
 
 Coc-ce'i-us 3 
 
 Co'cleg 
 
 Co-cy'tos, or -tus 
 
 C6d-o-man'nus 
 
 Co'drus 
 
 Coe-cii'i-us 
 
 Coel-e-syr'i-a, and 
 
 Ccel-o-syr'i-a ± 
 Coe'li-a 
 Coe'li-us 
 Co-loe'nu3 
 Col' phis 
 Col'phos 
 Col-la'ti-a 1 
 C61-la-ti'nus 
 Co-lo'ni-a 
 Col'o-phon 
 Co-los'se 
 Cp-los'sus 
 Col-u-mel'la 
 Com'mo-dus 
 Com-ne'nus 
 Co'mus 
 Con-cbr'di-a 
 Con-cbr'di-us 
 Co'non 
 Con-sid'i-us 
 Con-stan'ti-a 1 
 Con-stan-ti'na 
 Con-stan-ti-nop'o- 
 
 Hs 
 Con-stan-tl'nus 
 [Con'stan-tine] 
 Co'os, and Cos 
 Co'pi-a 
 Co-po'ni-us 
 Cor-cy'ra 
 Cor'du-ba 
 Co-rin'thus 
 Co-ri-o-la'nus 
 Cor-ne'li-a 
 Cor-ne'li-us 
 Cbr'ni-i'er 
 Cor-nu'tus 
 Co-ro'na 
 Co-ro'nis 
 Cbr'si-ca 
 Cor-ty'na 
 Cor-vi'nus 
 Cor-y-ba'n'teg 
 Cor'y-dor 
 Cor-y-n^'us 
 Cos-sin'i-iis 
 Cot'i-lus 
 Cot-ti-a'nus 
 Cot'ti-u§ 
 Cot' tus 
 Co-tyl'i-us 
 Cran'a-iis 
 Cras'sus 
 Cras'ti-nus 
 Crat'e-rus 
 
 Cra'teg 
 Cra-ti'nus 
 Cra-tip'pus 
 Crat'y-lus 
 Crem'e-ra 
 Cre-mb'na 
 Cre'on 
 Cre-oph'a-|-i 
 Cre-oph'i-lus 
 Cres-phon'teg 
 Crl'te 
 Cre'teg 
 Cre-u'sa 
 Cri-mi'sa 
 Cris-pi'na 
 Cris-pi'nus 
 Cri"ti-as 1 
 5 Cri'to 
 Crit-o-bu'lus 
 Croc-o-di-lop'o-lis 
 Croe'sus 
 Crb'ni-us 
 Cro-tb'na 
 Crus-tu-me'ri-um 
 Cte'gi-as 1, 5' 
 Cte-sib'i-us 5 
 Ctes'i-phon 5 
 Cu'mae 
 Cu-ma'nus 
 Cu-pi'do 
 [Cuspid] 
 Cu-re'te§ 
 Cu'ri-a 
 Cu'ri-o 
 Cu'ri-us 
 Ciir'ti-us 1 
 Cu-ru'lis 
 Cus'pi-us 
 Cy'a-ne 
 Cy-a-rax'eg 
 Cy-ax'a-reg 
 Cyb'e-le 
 Cyc'la-deg 
 Cy'clas 
 Cy-clo'peg 
 Cyd-o-ne'a 
 Cy-do'neg 
 Cyl-le'ne 
 Cy-moth'o-e 
 Cyn-o-su'ra 
 Cyn'thi-a 
 Cyp-ri-a'nus 
 Cy prus 
 Cyr-e-na'i-ca 
 Cyr-e-na'i-cx 
 Cy-re'ne 
 Cy-ril'lus 
 Cy-rop'o-lis 
 Cy'rus 
 Cyth-e-re'a 
 Cy-the'rus 
 Cyz'i-cos 
 Cyz'i-ciim 
 
 D. 
 
 Da'ci, and Da't 
 
 La'ci-a 1 
 
 Dac'ty-H 
 
 Dsed'^-la 4 
 
 Dae-da'li-on 
 
 Dai'mon 
 
 Da-mas'cus 
 
 Dal-ma'ti-a 1 
 
 Dam'o-cleg 
 
 Da-moc'ra-teg 
 
 Da'mon 
 
 Dam'o-phon 
 
 Dan'a-e 
 
 Dan'a-I 
 
 Da-na'i-deg 
 
594 
 
 GREEK AXD LATIX PROPER XAMES. 
 
 Dan'a-us 
 
 Dan'da-rl 
 
 Dan-dar'i-dae 
 
 Da-nu'bi-us 
 
 Daph'ne 
 
 Dar'da-::: 
 
 Dar-da'ni-a 
 
 Dar-dan'i-dae 
 
 Dar-dan'i-des. 
 
 Dar'da-nus 
 
 Da-ri'us 
 
 Dau'lis 
 
 Dau'ni-a 
 
 Dau'nus 
 
 De-cap'o-lis 
 
 De-cem'vi-ri 
 
 De-ci-a'nusl 
 
 Deg'i-nius 
 
 De'ci-us 1 
 
 De-cu'ri-o 
 
 De-i-ot'a-rus 
 
 De-iph'o-bus 
 
 De-i-phon'tes. 
 
 -ni'ra 
 Dej'o-ce§ 
 De-jot/a-rus 
 EeTli-a 
 De'li-us 
 De'los 
 DeTphI 
 Del-phl'nas 
 Dem-e-ra'tas 
 De-me'ter 
 De-me'tri-as 
 De-me'tri-us 
 Dem'o-cles 
 De-moe'ri-tus 
 De-mod'o-cus 
 De-moph'a-nes. 
 Dem-o-phan'tus 
 De-moph'o-on 
 De-mop'o-Hs 
 De-mos'the-nes. 
 De-mos'tra-tus 
 Den-ci:" 
 Den-ta'tus 
 Des-i-de'ri-us 
 Deu-ca'li-on 
 Di-ab'o-lus 
 Di-ac'o-nus 
 Dl-ae'us 
 Di-ag'o-ras 
 Dl-a'na. or Dl-an'i 
 Di-aph'a-ne§ 
 
 Dic-e-ar'phus 
 
 r tor 
 Did'i-us 
 Di'do 
 Did'y-mus 
 Di-es'pi-ter 
 Li-it're-pnes. 
 Li-nar'chus 
 Di-noc i 
 
 Di-o-cle-ri-a'nus 1 
 Di-o-do'rus 
 Di-od'o-tiis 
 Di-og'e-ne§ 
 Di-o-me'da 
 DI-o-me'des 
 Dl'on 
 Di-o'ne 
 
 Li'-o-ny"si-a 1 
 I)i-o-ny"5i-on 2 
 LI-o-ny"si-iis 1 
 Li-p-nv - - 
 Di-opb.'a-ne§ 
 Di-o-phan'tus 
 Dl-5p'o-lis 
 Di-os-cor'i-des. 
 Dl-os'co-rus 
 Di-os-cii'ri 
 Dl-6s'po-lis 
 
 Di-ot're-phe§ 
 
 DIp'o-lis 
 
 Dis-cbr'di-a 
 
 Ditli-y-ram'bus 
 
 D5?'i-lis 
 
 Dog'i-mus 
 
 Do-do'na 
 
 Do-do'ne 
 
 Dc-don'i-des. 
 
 D51-a-bel'la 
 
 Dol'i-phos 
 
 Dol'o-pes 
 
 Do-mi''ti-a 1 
 
 Do-mi-ti-a'nus 1 
 
 [Do-mi"ti-an] 
 
 Do-mi"ti-us 1 
 
 Do-na'tus 
 
 Do-ny'sa 
 
 Do'reg 
 
 Dor'i-cus 
 
 Do-ri-en'ses. 
 
 Dra:'a-nus 
 
 Dra'co 
 
 Drep'a-na 
 
 Drep'a-num 
 
 Dru'i-das 
 
 Dry'a-des. 
 
 Dry'o-pe§ 
 
 Du'bi-us 
 
 Eu-ce'ti-us 1 
 
 Du-:i'li-us Ne'pos 
 
 Du-Hch'i-um 
 
 Du-lop'o-lis 
 
 Dum'no-rix 
 
 Du-ra'ti-us 1 
 
 Du'ri-us 
 
 Do-nm 
 
 Dvr-ra'phi-um 
 
 Dy-so'rus 
 
 E. 
 
 z'bi-on 
 Eb-o-ra'cnm. or 
 
 E-bor'a-cum 
 Ec-bat'a-na 
 E-phem'e-ne§ 
 E-phid'na 
 E-cMn'a-des, 
 Jp-chi'nos, or -nns 
 . :: she 
 E-des'sa 
 E-ge'ri-a 
 Eg-na'ti-us 1 
 E-lae'a 
 E-lae'us 
 El-a-g-ab'a-lus, or 
 
 El-a-ga-ba'lus 
 El-a-te'a 
 E'le-a 
 E-le: . 
 E-lec'tras 
 E-lec'try-on 
 El-e-phan'tis 
 El-eu-sin'i-a 
 E-le". 
 
 E-leu'the-ree 
 El-eu-the'ri-a 
 E-leu'the-ros 
 E'lis 
 E-li'sa 
 El-pe'nor 
 £l-pi-ni'ce 
 El-y-ma'is 
 E-ly"§i-um 1 
 Em-men'i-ds 
 Em-ped'o-cle§ 
 Em-pb'ri-a 
 Em-pyVi-um 
 En-cel'a-dus 
 En-dym'i-on 
 
 En ni-us 
 
 En-tel'lus 
 
 E'os 
 
 E-paen'e-tus -4 
 
 E-pam-i-non'das 
 
 E-paph-ro-dl'tus 
 
 E-pe'us 
 
 E-phe"§i-us 1 
 
 Eph'e-sus 
 
 E-phi-al'tes. 
 
 Eph'o-ri 
 
 Ep-i-phar'mus 
 
 Ep-ic-te'tus 
 
 Ep-i-cu-re'i 
 
 Ep-i-dam'nos 
 
 Ep-i-dau'ri-a 
 
 Ep-i-dau'rus 
 
 E-pig'o-ni 
 
 Ep-i-me'des. 
 
 E-pim'e-nes 
 
 Ep-i-men'i-des 
 
 E-pipb/a-ne§ 
 
 Ep-i-pha'ni-us 
 
 E-pi'rus 
 
 Ep-i-ta'li-um 
 
 E-pon'y-mus 
 
 Eq'ui-tes, 
 
 Er'a-to 
 
 Er-a-tos'the-nes. 
 
 Er'e-biis 
 
 E-reeh'theus (n.) 6 
 
 E-re'mus 
 
 E-re'tri-a 
 
 Er-gi'nns 
 
 Er-ieh-tb.o'ni-us 
 
 E-rld'a-nQs 
 
 E-rlg'o-ne 
 
 Er-i-g-6'nus, river 
 
 E-rig'o-nus. painter 
 
 E-rin'ny-e§ 
 
 Er-i-phy'le 
 
 E-ros'tra-tiis 
 
 -.-Lis 
 Er---man'thus 
 Er-y-the r a 
 Er-v-thi'a 
 Er'y-tlirae 
 E-sa'i-as 
 Es-qui-li'nns 
 E-te'o-cle§ 
 E-te'si-ae 1 
 E-trn ri-a 
 E-trus'ci 
 Eu-ag'o-ras 
 Eu-a'gri-iis 
 Eu-an'ge-lus 
 En-s n thes. 
 Eu-bce'a 
 Eu-boe'us 
 Eu-bo'tes 
 Eu-bu'lus 
 Eu-cli'des 
 Eu'cra-tes 
 Eu-do'ci-a 1 
 Eu-e'r'ge-tes, 
 Eii-ge'ni-a 
 Eu-|-e'ni-us 
 Eu-la'li-a 
 Eu-15'gi-iis 
 Eu'me-nes. 
 Eu-men'i-de§ 
 Eu-ni'ce 
 Eii-no'ne§ 
 Eii'pa-tbr 
 Eu'pha-es 
 Eu-phe'mi-a 
 Eii-phra'nor 
 Eu-phbr'bus 
 Eu-pbra'te§ 
 Eu-phros'y-ne 
 Eu-pl'the§ 
 Eu'po-lis 
 Eii-rlp'i-de§ 
 
 Eii-roc'ly-don 
 
 Eu-ro'pa 
 
 Eii-ro'pris 
 
 Eii-rc ■': 
 
 Eu'njs 
 
 Eu-ry'a-lus 
 
 Eu-ry-bl'a-de§ 
 
 Eu-ryd'i-ce 
 
 Eu-rym'e-don 
 
 Eil-ryn'o-me 
 
 Ev.-rys'the-nes 
 
 Eu-rys'theus («.) ' 
 
 :_-on 2 
 Eu'se-bes 
 iiu-se'bi-a, woman 
 Eii-se-t: 
 Eii-se'bi-us 
 Eu-sta'thi-us 
 Eu-tha li-a 
 Eu-ter'pe 
 Eu-tro'pi-a 
 Eu-tro'pi-us 
 En '*y.-ehe§ 
 - : hus 
 Eus-i'nus 
 E-vad'ne 
 E-vag'o-ras 
 E-va'gri-us 
 E-van'der 
 E-van'ge-lus 
 
 Fa'bi-I 
 
 Eaes'u-lae 4 
 
 Ea-le'ri-a 
 
 Fa-ler'nus 
 
 Eau'na 
 
 Eau-sti'na 
 
 Fau-sti'mis 
 
 Fa-ven'ti-a 6 
 
 Fa-vo'ni-us 
 
 Feb-rn-a'ri-us 
 
 Fe-H^i-tas 
 
 Fer-en-tl'num 
 
 Fe-re'txi-us 
 
 Fe-ro'ni-a 
 
 Fes-cen-ni'nfis 
 
 Fes-cen'ni-um 
 
 Fi-de'nae 
 
 Fi'des 
 
 F'ir'mi-us 
 
 Fl|-mln'i-us 
 
 Fla'vi-g. 
 
 Fla-vi-a'nus 
 
 Fla-vin'i-us 
 
 Fla'vi-us 
 
 Fla-vo'na 
 
 Flo-ren'ti-a 1 
 
 Flo-ri-a'nus 
 
 FIS'rus 
 
 Fon-ta'nvjs 
 
 Fon-te'i-iis 3 
 
 Fi3r'mi-Ee 
 
 For-tu'na 
 
 Fbr-ru-na'tas 
 
 Fred-e-ri'cus 
 
 Fnl-f en'ti-us 1 
 
 Ful'vi-a 
 
 Ful'vi-us 
 
 Fii'ri-se 
 
 G. 
 
 Gae-tu'li 
 
 Gse-tu'li-a. 
 
 Ga'i-Qs 
 
 Gal-a-- 
 
 Ga-la ;. 
 
 Ga-le'nas 
 
 Ga-le'ri-us 
 
 Gal-i-lae'a 
 
 Gal'li-a 
 
 Gal'li- 
 
 Gal-li-e'nus 
 
 Gal'li'-o 
 
 Gal-Hp'o-Hs 
 
 Gal'li-us 
 
 Gan'ges 
 
 Gan-y-me dej 
 
 Gar-a-rr- 
 
 Gar'gi- 
 
 ge-dro'§i-a 1 
 
 Qel-li-a'nus 
 
 gel'li-iis 
 
 ^e'lo. Qe'lon. 
 
 5-e-mel'lus 
 
 ^em'i-ni 
 
 ^em'i-iius 
 
 9e-ne'§i-us 1 
 
 ge-ne'va 
 
 Gen-se-ri'cas 
 
 [Q-eii'sT- 
 
 g-en'u-a 
 
 Qe-or'gi-ca 
 
 0-6-0]/ gi-us 
 
 ^ep'i-dae 
 
 5rer-a-ne'a 
 
 £er-go'vi-a 
 
 ^er-ma'ni-a 
 
 ^er-man'i-cus 
 
 ger-ma'ni-I 
 
 Qer-jn~ 
 
 <?er-tr~ 
 
 ^e'ry-on 
 
 9?-ry'g-ne§ 
 
 Qe'tse 
 
 ^e-tu'li-a 
 
 gl-ga:. 
 
 ^i'gas 
 
 Gla'bri-o 
 
 Glau-co'pis 
 
 Glau'cns 
 
 Gly-ce'ri-us 
 
 Gnos's 
 
 God-e-fri'dus 
 
 Gbr-di-" 
 
 Gb'r'di-um 
 
 Gbr'gi-as 
 
 Gi5r'gg-ne§ 
 
 Gor-go'ni-a 
 
 Gor-tyn'i-a 
 
 Go-th: 
 
 Grac'fhus 
 
 Grae'ci 
 
 Grae'ci-a 1 
 
 Gra-m'cus 
 
 Gra'ti-ae 1 
 
 Gra-ti-a'nus 1 
 
 Gra'ti-on 2 
 
 Gre-go'ri-us 
 
 5-y'a-ros 
 
 9?'ge§ 
 
 ^y-lip pus 
 
 gym-na'si-a 1 
 
 Oym-na'§i-um 1 
 
 Qym-ne'tes 
 
 Oym-no-pae-dl'a 
 
 Oym-nos-o-phls'tse 
 
 Ga-bi-e'nus 
 
 Ga-bi'nus 
 
 Gad'a-ra 
 
 Ga'de§ 
 
 Gad-i-ta'nus 
 
 H. 
 
 Ha-dri-|-nop'o-lIs 
 Ha-dri-a'nus 
 
GREEK AXD LATHS' PEOPLE NAMES. 
 
 595 
 
 Ha-drj-at'i-cum Hip-pos'tra-tus 
 Hal-cy'o-ne Hip-po'ti-on 2 
 
 Ha-li-ar'tos. or-tris His'ps>-lis 
 Hal-i-car-nas'sus His-pa'ni-a 
 Ham-a-dry'a-des 
 
 Ha-mil'car 
 
 Han'ni-ba.1 
 
 Har-mo'di-us 
 
 Har'pa-gus 
 
 Har-poc'ra-tes 
 
 His-tas pes 
 
 His-ti-ae'us 
 
 Ho-mer'i-dae 
 
 Hom-e-ro-mas'tix 
 
 Ho-me'rus 
 
 H6n-o-ra'tus 
 
 Har-po-cra'ti-on 1 Ho-no'ri-us 
 
 Har-py'iae ■'> 
 
 Has'dru-bal 
 
 He'be 
 
 He'brus 
 
 Hec-a-tas'us 
 
 Kec'a-te 
 
 Hec'u-ba 
 
 He-gem'o-ne 
 
 He-g§'§i-as 1 
 
 HeTe-na 
 
 Hel'e-nus 
 
 HeTi-con 
 
 He-li-o-gab'a-lus 
 or He-li-o-ga- 
 ba'lus 
 
 He-li-op'o-lis 
 
 He'li-os 
 
 Hel'ie 
 
 Hel-le'nes 
 
 Hel-les-pon'tus 
 
 He-15'tes 
 
 Hel-ve'ti-a 1 
 
 Hel-ve'ti-i I 
 
 Hel-vld'i-us 
 
 Hf-mo'na 
 
 Hs-phaes'ti-on, 2, 
 
 Her-a-cle'a 
 
 Her-a-clI'dae 
 
 Her-a-clI'des 
 
 Her-a-cli'tus 
 
 Her-a-cll'us 
 
 Her-cu-la'ne-um 
 
 HeVcu-les 
 
 Her-mae'um 
 
 Her'mes * 
 
 Her-mi o-ne 
 
 Her-moe'ra-tes 
 
 Her-mog'e-nes 
 
 Her-mop'o-lis 
 
 He'r'ni-ci 
 
 He-ro'des 
 
 He-r5-di-a'nus 
 
 Her-p-di'ura 
 
 He-rod'o-tus 
 
 He-ro-op'o-lis 
 
 He-ros'tra-tus 
 
 Her'u-li 
 
 He-si'o-dus 
 
 Hes-pe'ri-a 
 
 Hes-per'i-des 
 
 Hes'pe-rus 
 
 He-syph'i-us 
 
 Hl-ber'ni-a 
 
 Hi-e-rap'o-lis 
 
 HI'e-ro 
 
 Hl-er-o-cles 
 
 HT-e-ron'y.-mus 
 
 Hi-e-ro-sol'y-ma 
 
 Hl-la'ri-ua 
 
 Him'e-ra 
 
 Hi-mil'co 
 
 Hip-par'ehus 
 
 Hip'pi-as 
 
 Hip-po-cen-tau'ri 
 
 Hip-poc'ra-tes 
 
 Hip-pp-cre'ne 
 
 Hip-pod-a-ml'a 
 
 Hip-pol'y-te 
 
 Hip-pol'y-tus 
 
 Hip-pom'e-ne§ 
 
 Hip-po'nax 
 
 Hip-poph'a-gi 
 
 Ho-ra'ti-a 1 
 Ho-ra'ti-us 1 
 Hor-o-16'f-i-um 
 Hor-ten'si-a 1 
 Hor-ten'si-us 1 
 Hos-til'i-us 
 Hy-a-cin'thi-a 
 Hy-a-cin'thus 
 Hy'a-des 
 Hy-das'pes 
 Hy'dra 
 Hy'drus 
 Hy-fe-I'a 
 Hy-gi'nas 
 Hy'lae 
 
 Hy-loph'a-gi 
 Hym-e-nae'us 
 Hy-met'tus 
 Hyp'a-nis 
 Hy-pa'ti-a 1 
 Hy-per'bo-lus 
 Hyp-e-ri'on 
 [Hy-pe'ri-on] 
 Hy-phas'us 
 Hyr-ca'ni-a 
 i Hyr-ea'num Ma're 
 Hyr-ca'nus 
 Hyr-tac'i-des 
 Hys-tas'pes 
 Hys-ti-e'us 
 
 I-ac'chus 
 
 I-am'be 
 
 1-am'bii-Pb.us 
 
 I-ap'e-tus 
 
 I-ap'y-ges 
 
 I-a-pyg'i-a 
 
 l'|-sis 
 
 I-a'son 
 
 I-be'rx 
 
 I-be'ri-a 
 
 i-be'rus 
 
 Ib'y-cus 
 
 I-ca'ri-a 
 
 Ic'a-riis 
 
 Ic'ci-iis 1 
 
 I-ce'ni 
 
 lfh-thy-oph'a-§I 
 
 i-cil'i-us 
 
 I-co'ni-um 
 
 Ic-ti'nus 
 
 I'da 
 
 l-da'li-a 
 
 I-da'li-um 
 
 I-dom'e-neus 6 
 
 Id-u-me'a 
 
 Ig-na'ti-us 1 
 
 Il'i-on ' 
 
 I-H'o-ne 
 
 i-lis'sus 
 
 il'i-um. or il'i-on 
 
 Il-lyr'i-a 
 
 il-lyr'i-cum 
 
 Il-lyr'i-um 
 
 im'a-us. or I-ma'us 
 
 Im'bri-us 
 
 I-na'chi-a 
 
 in'a-phus 
 
 in'a-rus 
 
 in'di-a 
 
 iri'di-cus 
 
 In'fe-ri 
 
 in-no-cen'ti-us 1 
 
 l'no 
 
 I-no'pus 
 
 In'su-bres 
 
 in-ta-pher'nes 
 
 I-o-eas'ta 
 
 I'o-las, or i-o-la' 
 
 i-61'eb.os 
 
 I'on 
 
 I'o-ne, a Xereid 
 
 I-6'ne, a city 
 
 I-o'nes 
 
 I-6'ni-a 
 
 i-phic'ra-tes 
 
 Iph-i-crat'i-des 
 
 Iph-i-gre-ni'a 
 
 I'phis 
 
 I-phit'i-on 2 
 
 I-re'ne 
 
 Ir-e-nae'us 
 
 Ir-e-nop'o-lis 
 
 i-sas'us 
 
 I-sau'ri-a 
 
 Is-i-do'rus 
 
 I'sis 
 
 Is'ma-rus 
 
 Is-me'ne 
 
 Is-me'ni-as 
 
 is-me'nus 
 
 I-soc'ra-te§ 
 
 I-ta'li-a 
 
 I-tal'i-cus 
 
 |th'a-ca 
 
 I-tho'me 
 
 It-u-rae'a 
 
 I-u'lus 
 
 Jx-I'on 
 
 Ja-co'bus 
 
 Jam'bli-cus 
 
 Ja-nic'u-l"im 
 
 Jan-ii-a'ri-us 
 
 Ja'nus 
 
 Jap'e-tiis 
 
 Jor-nan'des 
 
 Jo-se'phus 
 
 Jo-tap'a-ta 
 
 Jo-vi-a'nus 
 
 Jo-vIn-i-a'nu3 
 
 Ju-dae'a 
 
 Ju-dse'us 
 
 Ju-griir'tha 
 
 Ju'li-a 
 
 Jii-li-a'nus 
 
 Jii'li-us 
 
 Ju'li-us Cae'sar 
 
 Ju'ni-a 
 
 Ju'ni-us 
 
 Ju'no 
 
 Ju-no'nes 
 
 Ju-no'ni-a 
 
 Ju'pi-ter 
 
 Jus-tTn-i-a'nus 
 
 Jus-tT'nus 
 
 Ju-ve-na'lis 
 
 Ju-ven-tl'nus 
 
 Ju-ven'ti-us 1 
 
 Lab'da-cus 
 La-be'ri-us 
 La-bi-e'nus 
 
 Lab-y-rm'tbus 
 LaQ-e-dse'mon 
 La5-e-daem'o-ne§ ' 
 La-phe§ 
 La-co'ni-a 
 Lad-o-ce'a 
 Lse'li-a 
 Lee-li-a'nus 
 Lae'li-us 
 La-er'tes 
 us La-er'ti-us 1 
 Lag-vl'nua 
 La'g-us 
 La'is 
 Lal'a-S'e 
 La'mi-a 
 Lam-pa'di-us 
 Lam'pi-to 
 Lamp'sa-ciis 
 La-nu'vi-um 
 La-6c'o-on 
 La-od-a-mi'a 
 La-od-i-ce'a 
 Lap i-thse 
 La're§ 
 Lar'ti-us 1J 
 Las'ca-ris 
 Lat-e-ra'nu3 
 La-ti-a'lis 1 
 La-ti'nns 
 La'ti-um 1 
 la-tob'ri-|-I 
 La-to'i-a -J 
 La-to'na 
 Lau'con 
 Lau-ren'ti-a 1 
 Lau-ren'ti-us 1 
 La-vin'i-a 
 La-vm'i-um 
 Leb-a-de'a 
 Le-fhse'um 
 Le'da 
 Lel'e-|-es 
 Lem'u-res 
 Len'tu-lus 
 L|-6n'i-das 
 Le-cn-ti'ni 
 Le-os'tb.e-ne§ 
 Lep'i-dus 
 Les'bi-a 
 Le-thae'us 
 Le'the 
 Leu-ca'di-a 
 Leu-cip'pe 
 Leu-cip'pus 
 Leu-cop'o-lis 
 Leu-coth'o-e 
 Le-vi'nus 
 Li-ba'nj-us 
 Lib-er-a'lis 
 Lib-er-a'tus 
 Li-be'ri-us 
 Lib-i-ti'na 
 Lib'y-a 
 Lib'y-cus 
 Li-ci-a'nus 1 
 Ll-cin'i-a 
 Ll-cin'i-iis 
 Li-gra'ri-us 
 Ligr'u-res 
 Li-gii'ri-a 
 Li-lse'us 
 Lil-y-bae'um 
 Liv'i-a 
 Liv'i-us 
 Lo'cris 
 Lol'li'-a 
 Lol'li-iis 
 lon-dl'num 
 Lon-g-im'i-nus 
 Lon-gi'nus 
 Lon-§:o-bar'di 
 Lu-ca'ni-a 
 
 Lu-ca'nus 
 Lu'ce-re§ 
 Lu-ce'ri-us 
 Lu-ci-a'nus 1 
 Lu'ci-fer 
 Lu-oil'i-us 
 Lu-ci'na 
 Lu'ci-Qs 1 
 Lu-cre'ti-a 1 
 Lu-cre'ti-iis 1 
 Lu-cul'lus 
 Lu'cu-mo 
 Lu-do-vi'cas 
 Lug-dii'num. 
 Lu-per'cal 
 Lu-per-ca'li-a 
 Lu-te'ti-a 1 
 Ly-cae'um 
 Ly-ca'o-nes 
 Ly"ci-a 1 
 Lyg'i-das 
 Lye-o-me'de§ 
 Lyc'9-phron 
 Ly-co'pus 
 Ly-co'ris 
 Ly-cbr'tas 
 Ly-co'tas 
 Ly-ciir'gus 
 Lyd'i-a 
 Lyd'i-us 
 Lyn-cse'us 
 Ly-san'der 
 Ly"si-as 1 
 Lys-i-ma'fhi-a 
 Ly-sim'a-flius 
 Ly-sip'pe 
 Ly-sip'pus 
 • ".3 1 
 
 M. 
 
 Ma-ca'ri-us 
 
 Ma^'e-dS 
 
 Ma?-e-do'ni-a 
 
 Maf-e-don'i-cus 
 
 Ma-cha'on 
 
 Ma-cTl-i-a'nus 
 
 Ma-cri'nns 
 
 Ma-cro'bi-us 
 
 Ma-cro'nes 
 
 Mse-an'der 
 
 Mse-ce'nas 
 
 Mas'ci-us 1 
 
 Mae'li-us 
 
 Maen'a-lus 1 
 
 Mae'ni-us 
 
 Mae'o-nes 
 
 Mse-6'ni-a 
 
 Mae-on'i-des 
 
 Mae-o'ti-a 1 
 
 Mae-o'tis Pa'lns 
 
 Mae-so'lus 
 
 Mae'vi-us 
 
 Mag-'na Grae'ci-a 1 
 
 Mag-ne'^i-a 
 
 Mag-nop'o-lis 
 
 Ma'go 
 
 Ma-har'bal 
 
 Ma-jo-ri-a'nas 
 
 Ma-mer'cns 
 
 Mam-er-ti'nus 
 
 Ma-miri-us 
 
 Ma-nas'ta-bal 
 
 Ma'ne? 
 
 Man'e-th5 
 
 Man-i-ehae'us 
 
 Ma-ml'i-a 
 
 Ma-nil'i-us 
 
 Man'li-Qs 
 
 Man-sue'tus 
 
 Man-ti-ne'a 
 
596 
 
 GREEK AND LATIN PEOPEE NAMES. 
 
 Man'tu-a 
 
 Mar'a-thon 
 
 Mar-cel-li'nus 
 
 Mar-cel'lus 
 
 Mar-ci-a'na 1 
 
 Mar-ci-a'nus 1 
 
 Mar-do'ni-us 
 
 Ma'ri-a, and 
 
 Ma-ri'a 
 
 Ma-ri-am'ne 
 
 Ma-ri'nus 
 
 Ma-rit'i-ma 
 
 Ma'ri-us 
 
 Ma'ro 
 
 Mar-o-ne'a 
 
 Mar-ti-a'lis 1 
 
 Mar'ti-us.1 
 
 Mas-i-nis'sa 
 
 Mas-safe-tae 
 
 Mas'si-cus 
 
 Mas-sil'i-a 
 
 Mas-sy'll 
 
 Ma-tri'nus 
 
 Ma-tro'na 
 
 Ma-tu'rus 
 
 Mat-u-ti'nus 
 
 Mau'rl 
 
 Mau-rr"c_i-us 1 
 
 Mau-ri-ta'ni-a 
 
 Mau-so-le'um 
 
 Mau-so'lus 
 
 Ma-vor'ti-us 1 
 
 Max-en'ti-us 1 
 
 Max-im-i-a/nus 
 
 Max-i-mi'nu.s 
 
 Max'i-mus 
 
 Me-cae'nas 
 
 Me-de'a 
 
 Me'di-a 
 
 Me-di_-o-la'num 
 
 Me-du'sa 
 
 Meg--a-by'zus 
 
 Meg-'a-cles ' 
 
 Me-§-se'ra 
 
 Meg-'a-le 
 
 Meg--a-lop'o-lis 
 
 Meg'a-ra 
 
 Me-g-as'the-nes. 
 
 Me-lam'pus 
 
 Mel-a-nip'pe 
 
 Mel-a-mp'pus 
 
 Me-le-a'g-er 
 
 Mel-e-san'der 
 
 Mel-i-boe'us 
 
 Me-lis'sa 
 
 MeTi-ta 
 
 Mel'i-to 
 
 Me'li-us 
 
 Mem'mi-us 
 
 Mem-non'i-des 
 
 Mem-no-ni'um 
 
 Mem-phi' tis 
 
 Me-nal'cas 
 
 Me-nan'der 
 
 Me-nec'ra-tes 
 
 Men-e-la/us 
 
 Me-nes'theus 
 
 Me-mp'pus 
 
 Me-phi'tis 
 
 Mer-ca'tor 
 
 Mer-cu'ri-us 
 
 MeYo-e ' 
 
 Mer'o-pe 
 
 Me'rops 
 
 Me-sa'bi-us 
 
 Me-se'ne 
 
 Mes-o-po-ta'mi-a 
 
 Mes-sa'la 
 
 Mes-sa-11'nus 
 
 Mes-sa'pus 
 
 Mes-se'ne 
 
 Mes-se'ni-a 
 
 Met-a-pon'tum 
 
 Me-tau'rus 
 
 Me-tel'lus 
 
 Me-tho'di-iis 
 
 Me-tho-ne 
 
 Mp-til'i-us 
 
 Me'ti-us 1 
 
 Me-to'pe 
 
 Me-tro'bi-us 
 
 Me-trop'o-lis 
 
 Met'ti-us 
 
 Me'vi-us 
 
 Me-zen'ti-us 1 
 
 Mi'pha-el, 
 
 MI' das 
 
 Ml-li'si-I 1 
 
 Mi-le'tos, or -tus 
 
 Mil-ti'a-des 
 
 Mil'vi-us 
 
 Mim-ner'mus 
 
 Min'ci-us 1 
 
 Mi-ner'va 
 
 Mi-no'is " 
 
 Mi'nos 
 
 Min-o-tau'rus 
 
 Min-tiir'nae 
 
 Mi-nu'ci-us 1 
 
 Mi-se'num 
 
 Mith-ra-da'tes 
 
 Mi'ihras 
 
 Mit-y-ie'ne 
 
 Mne-mos'y-ne 5 
 
 Mnes'theus 5, 6 
 
 Mod-es-ti'nus 
 
 Moe-on'i-des. 
 
 Mce'ris ' 
 
 Moe'si-a 1 
 
 Mo-los'sl 
 
 Mo-los'si-a 1 
 
 Mon'a-phus 
 
 Mo-ne'ses 
 
 Mon'i-mus 
 
 Mon-o-dac'ty-lus 
 
 Mo-noth-e-11'tae 
 
 Mon-ta'nus 
 
 Mon'y-phus 
 
 Mop'si-um 1 
 
 Mbr'pheus 6 
 
 Mo s' phi 
 
 Mos'phus 
 
 Mu-ci-a'nus 1 
 
 Mu'ci-us 1 
 
 Mul'ci-ber 
 
 Mum'mi-us 
 
 Mu-na'ti-us 1 
 
 Mu-nyfh'i-a 
 
 Mu-rse'na' 
 
 Mu'sae 
 
 My-sae'us 
 
 Mu-se'um 
 
 Mu-til'i-a 
 
 Mu'ti-us 1 
 
 Myc'a-le 
 
 My-ce'nae 
 
 Myg-'do-nes 
 
 Myg-do'ni-a 
 
 My'o-nes" 
 
 My-ri'cus 
 
 My.r-mec'i-des 
 
 Myr'mi-don 
 
 Myr-mid'o-nes 
 
 Myr'si-nus 
 
 My"si-a 1 
 
 Myth'e-cus 
 
 Myt-i-le'ne 
 
 N. 
 
 Nas'vi-a 
 Nse'vi-us 
 Na-i'a-des 
 Na'i-as 3 
 
 Nan-ne'tes 
 
 Nar-bo'na 
 
 Nar-bo-nen'sis 
 
 Nar'ses 
 
 Na-si'ca 
 
 Na-ta'lis 
 
 Nau'cles 
 
 Nau'cra-tes 
 
 Nau'cra-tis 
 
 Nau-pac'tus 
 
 Nau'pli-us 
 
 Na-zi-an-za'nus 1 
 
 Ne-ap'o-lis 
 
 Ne-ar'phus 
 
 Ne-ces'si-tas 
 
 Ne'phos 
 
 Ne-crop'o-lis 
 
 Nec-tan'a-bis 
 
 Ne'leus 6 
 
 Ne-mae'a 
 
 Nem'e-sis 
 
 Nem-o-ra'li-a 
 
 Ne'o-cles 
 
 Ne-op-tol'e-mus 
 
 Neph'e-Hs' 
 
 Ne'pos 
 
 Nep-tu-na'li-a 
 
 Nep-tu'ni-um 
 
 Nep-tu'nus 
 
 Ne-re'i-de§ 
 
 Ne-re'is 
 
 Ne'reus 6 
 
 Ne'ro 
 
 Ner'vi-I 
 
 Ne-so'pe 
 
 Nes-to'ri-us 
 
 Ni-cse'a 
 
 Ni-can'der 
 
 Nl-ca'nor 
 
 Nl-ca'tor 
 
 Ni'ce 
 
 Ni-ceph'o-rus 
 
 Ni-ce tas 
 
 Ni"ci-as 1 
 
 Nic-o-bu'lus 
 
 Ni-coc'ra-tes 
 
 Nic-o-dymus 
 
 Nic-o-la'us 
 
 Nic-o-me'des 
 
 Nic-o-me-dl'a 
 
 Ni-cop'o-lis 
 
 Nl'fer ' 
 
 Ni-fi'ra 
 
 Nl-gre'te§ 
 
 Ni'o-be 
 
 Ni-sse'us 
 
 Nis'?.-bis 
 
 Nl-to'cris 
 
 No-e'tus 
 
 N'om'a-des 
 
 No'nse 
 
 Non'ni-us 
 
 Nor'i-cum 
 
 No'tys 
 
 No-va-ti-a'nus 1 
 
 No-va'tus 
 
 No-vi-o-dii'nui 
 
 No'vi-us 
 
 Nu-man'ti-a 1 
 
 Nu-man-ti'nus 
 
 Nu'ma Pom-pil'i- 
 
 us 
 Nu-rae'ri-us 
 Nu-mid'i-a 
 Nu-mid'i-iis 
 Nu-mi"§i-us 1 
 Nun'di-na 
 Nym'phse 
 Nym-phae'us 
 Ny-sae'us 
 Ny"si-as 1 
 Ny-si'ros 
 Nxs-se'nus 
 
 O. 
 
 Q-arse§ 
 
 5'a-sis, or o-a'sis 
 
 Q-ax'e§ 
 
 Q-ce'a-na 
 
 6-ce-an'i-de§ 
 
 O-ce'a-nus 
 
 09'e-lum 
 
 Oph'i-mus 
 
 O'phus 
 
 Oc-ta'vi-a 
 
 oc-ta-vi-a'niis 
 
 oc-ta'vi-us 
 
 o-de'um 
 
 5d-o-a'cer 
 
 5d-ys-se'a 
 
 O-dys'seus 6 
 
 CEb'a-lus 4 
 
 (Ec-u-me'ni-us 4 
 
 (E-dip'o-des 
 
 (Ed'i-pus 4 
 
 (E'neus 6 
 
 (E'non 
 
 (E-n5'tri 
 
 (E-no'tri-a 
 
 (E-o-ba'zus 
 
 (E'ta 
 
 6t'y-fe§ 
 
 o-fyri-a 
 
 Og-'y-ns 
 
 O-i'leus 6 
 
 O-la'nus 
 
 6l'bi-a 
 
 5l'bi-us 
 
 Ol'ca-des 
 
 Ol-phin'i-um 
 
 O-le'ni-us 
 
 5'le-um 
 
 O-lym'pi-a 
 
 Ol-ym-pi'a-des 
 
 O-lym'pi-as 
 
 O-lym'pi-us 
 
 Q-lym'pus 
 
 O-lyn'thus 
 
 8m'pha-le 
 
 Om'pha-los 
 
 Sn'a-i-er 
 
 O-nes'i-mus 
 
 O-nom'a-cles 
 
 On-o-mar'phus 
 
 On-o-mas'tus 
 
 O-ny'thes 
 
 O-pa'li-a 
 
 O-phe'li-on 
 
 6'phi-a 
 
 5'phis 
 
 O-pil'i-us 
 
 O-pim-i-a'nus 
 
 6-pim'i-iis 
 
 6'pis 
 
 Op-pi-a'nus 
 
 Op'ti-mus 
 
 O-rac'u-lum 
 
 Or-bil'i-us 
 
 Or-phom'e-nus 
 
 O-re'a-des 
 
 o-res'tes 
 
 Or-es-ti'da? 
 
 Or-|-et'o-rix 
 
 Or'|-i-a 
 
 Or-i-ba'si-us 1 
 
 5'ri-ens 
 
 O-ri^'e-nes 
 
 6-ri'g-o 
 
 O-ri'on 
 
 Or-i-thy'ia 
 
 Or-nyt'i-on 2 
 
 O-ro'des 
 
 O-ron'tes 
 
 O-ro'pus 
 
 6-ro'§i-us 1 
 
 Or'pheus («.) 6 
 
 Or-phe'us (,«.) 
 
 Or-thag-'o-ras 
 
 Or-tyri-a 
 
 Or-ty&'i-us 
 
 O-si'ris 
 
 o-ta'ne§ 
 
 Q-tax'e§ 
 
 6'tho 
 
 o'thrys 
 
 O-tri'a-dej 
 
 O-vid'i-us 
 
 O-ze'ne 
 
 8z'o-lae 
 
 P. 
 
 Pa-ca'ri-us 
 
 Pa'phes 
 
 Pa-pho'mi-us 
 
 Pa-ci-a'nus 1 
 
 Pac'o-rus 
 
 Pac-to'lus 
 
 Pa-dae'us 
 
 Pad'u-a 
 
 Pae'an 
 
 Pse'o-nes 
 
 Pse-o'ni-a 
 
 Pses'tum 4 
 
 Pa-ga'ni 
 
 Pa-lae'mon 
 
 Pa-la5-ol'o-gus 
 
 Pa-lses'te 4 
 
 Pal-aes-ti'na 
 
 Pa-lses'tra 4 
 
 Pal-a-me'des 
 
 Pal-a-ti'nusj 
 
 Pa-le'mon 
 
 Pal-i-nu'rus 
 
 Pal-ia'di-i5m 
 
 Pal-lan'ti-des 
 
 Pal-lan'ti-on 2 
 
 Pal'las 
 
 Pal-le'ne 
 
 Pal-my'ra 
 
 Pam'me-nes 
 
 Pam-phyl'i-a 
 
 Pam-phy'lus 
 
 Pan-a-ce'a 
 
 Pa-nae'ti-us 1 
 
 Pa-nae'us 
 
 Pan'cra-tes 
 
 Pan'da-rus 
 
 Pan-de'mi-a 
 
 Pan-di'on 
 
 Pan-do'ra 
 
 Pa'r.e-as 
 
 Pan-hel-le'ne§ 
 
 Pan'np-nes 
 
 Pan-no'ni-a 
 
 Pan'o-pe 
 
 Pa-nbr'mus 
 
 Pan-the'a' 
 
 Pan'the-on, or 
 
 Pan-the'on 
 Paph-lag'o-ne§ 
 Pa.ph-la-g-6'ni-a 
 Pa'phos 
 Pa-pm-i-a'nus 
 Pa-pir'i-us 
 Par-a-di'sus 
 Par'cae 
 Par' is 
 Pa-ri"si-1 1 
 Par'me-nas 
 Par-men'i-des 
 Par-me'ni-o 
 Par-nas'sus 
 Pa-ro'pus 
 Par-tha'§i-us 1 
 Par-the'ni-a 
 
GEEEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 
 
 597 
 
 Par'the-non 
 
 Par-then'o-pe 
 
 Pa-rys'a-tis 
 
 Pa-sar'ga-da 
 
 Pa-siph'a-e 
 
 Pat'a-ra 
 
 Pa-ta/vi-um 
 
 Pa-ter'cu-liis 
 
 Pa/trae 
 
 Pa-tri"ci-us 1 
 
 Pa-tro'clus 
 
 Pau-li'nus 
 
 Pau'lus 
 
 Pau-sa'ni-as 
 
 Pe-di-a'nus 
 
 Peg'a-sus 
 
 Pe-la'gi-us 
 
 Pe-las'gi 
 
 Pe-las'gi-a 
 
 Pe'leus b 
 
 Pe'li-as 
 
 Pe-li'des 
 
 Pe'li-6n 
 
 Pel-le'ne 
 
 Pel-o-pe'a 
 
 Pe-lop'i-dae 
 
 Pe-lop'i-das 
 
 Pel-o-pon-ne'sus 
 
 Pe'lops 
 
 Pe-16'rum 
 
 Pe-lu'si-iim 1 
 
 Pe-na'tes 
 
 Pe-nel'o-pe 
 
 Pe-ne'us 
 
 Pen-tap'o-lTs 
 
 Pen-te-dac'ty-lon 
 
 Pen-tel'j-cus 
 
 Pen'theus («.) 
 
 Pen'thi-lus 
 
 Pe-rae'a 
 
 Per-dic'cas 
 
 Per-e-grl'na 
 
 Per'ga-mos 
 
 Per'fe 
 
 Per-i-an'der 
 
 Per-i-boe'a' 
 
 Per'i-eles 
 
 Pe-rl'tas 
 
 Per-i-to'ni-um 
 
 Per-rhae'bi-a 
 
 Per-se'is 
 
 Per-seph'o-ne 
 
 Per-sep'o-lis 
 
 Per'ses 
 
 Per'seus 6 
 
 Per'si-a 1 
 
 Per'ti-nax 
 
 Pe-ru'si-a 1 
 
 Pe-ta'li-a 
 
 Pet-e-11'nus 
 
 Pe'tra 
 
 Pe-trae'a 
 
 Pe-tre'i-us 3 
 
 Pe-tro'ni-us 
 
 Peii-ces'tes 
 
 Phae-a'ces 
 
 Phae-a'ci-a 1 
 
 Phae'don. 
 
 Phse'drus 
 
 Pha'e-thon 
 
 Pha-ge'si-a 1 
 
 Phal-a-crl'ne 
 
 Phal'a-ris 
 
 Pha-lg'ri-a 
 
 Phal'e-ris 
 
 Pha-le'rus 
 
 Pha-na'ces 
 
 Phan-ta'si-a 1 
 
 Phar-na-ba'zus 
 
 Phar'na-ces 
 
 Phar-sa'li-a 
 
 Phar-sa'lus 
 
 Phas-a-e'iis 
 
 Phe'rae 
 
 Phe-rae'us 
 
 Pher-e-cy'des 
 
 Pher-e-ni'ce 
 
 Phid'i-as 
 
 Phil-a-del-phi'a 
 
 rPhil-'a-d'el'phi-a] 
 
 Phil-a-del'phus 
 
 Phi'lse 
 
 Phi-lar'phus 
 
 Phi-le'bus 
 
 Phi-le'mon 
 
 Phi-le'ni-um 
 
 Phi-le'tas 
 
 Phi-le'tus 
 
 Phi-lip'pi 
 
 Phi-lip'pi-cus 
 
 Phi-lip'pus 
 
 Phil-ip-pop'o-lis 
 
 Phi-lis'ti-on'2 
 
 Phi'lo 
 
 Phi-loc'ra-tes 
 
 Phil-oc-te'tes 
 
 Phil-o-de'mus 
 
 Phi-16g'e-ne§ 
 
 Phi-161'o-gus 
 
 Phil-o-me'la 
 
 Phil-o-me'tor 
 
 Phi-lop'a-tor 
 
 Phil-o-pce'men 
 
 Phi-los'tra-tus 
 
 Phi-16'tas 
 
 Phil-o-ti'mus 
 
 rhi-lox'e-nus 
 
 Phi'neus (>i.) 
 
 Phleg'e-thon 
 
 Phle'gon 
 
 Phll-a'si-a 1 
 
 Pho-cae'a 
 
 Pho'ce 
 
 Pho'ci-on 1 
 
 Pho'cis 
 
 Pho'cus 
 
 Pho-cyl'i-des 
 
 Phce'be 
 
 Phoe-be'us 
 
 Phoe'bus 
 
 Phoe-nl'ce 
 
 Phoe-nl'ces 
 
 Phoe-ni"ci-a 1 
 
 Phae-nl'cus 
 
 Phoe-nis'sa 
 
 Phoe'nix 
 
 Phbr'mi-o 
 
 Pho-r5'nis 
 
 Phos'pho-ros 
 
 Pho-ti'niis 
 
 Phra-or'tes 
 
 Phron'i-ma 
 
 Phry'ges 
 
 Phryg'i-a 
 
 Phry'ne 
 
 Phthi'a'5 
 
 Phthi-6'tes 5 
 
 Phy-lar'phus 
 
 Phy'le 
 
 Pi-cen'ti-a 1 
 
 Pi-ce'num 
 
 Pic'tse, or Pic'tl 
 
 Pi-e'ri-a 
 
 Pi-er'i-des 
 
 Pi-la'tus 
 
 Pin'da-rils 
 
 Pi-rae'us 
 
 Pi'sse ' 
 
 Pi-sid'i-a 
 
 Pis-is-trat'i-dae 
 
 Pi-sis'tra-tus 
 
 Pi-so'nes 
 
 Pi-thag'o-ras 
 
 P?-tho'le-6n 
 
 Pit'ta-cus 
 
 Pla-cen'ti-a 1 
 
 Pla-cid'i-a 
 
 Plaf'i-di'is 
 
 Pla^'i-tus 
 
 Pla-tas'a 
 
 Pla'to 
 
 Pla-to'ni-us 
 
 Plau'ti-a 1 
 
 Plau-ti-a'nus 1 
 
 Plau'tus 
 
 Ple'ia-des 3 and 
 Ple-I'a-des 
 
 Plin'i-us 
 
 Plot-i-nop'o-lis 
 
 Plu-tar'phus 
 
 Plu'to ^ 
 
 Plu'vi-us 
 
 Pnyx'5 
 
 Poe'nl 
 
 Pcfi-o'ni-a 
 
 Pol'e-mon 
 
 Po-li-or-ce'tes 
 
 Po-li'tes 
 
 Pol'li-o 
 
 P6-ly-ae'nus 
 
 Po-lyb'i-us 
 
 Pol-y-car'pus 
 
 Po-lyc'ra-te§ 
 
 Pol-y-dec'te§ 
 
 Pol-y-do'nis 
 
 Pol-y-hym'ni-a 
 
 Po-lym'ni-a 
 
 Pol-y-nl'ce? 
 
 Pol-y-per'chon 
 
 P61-y-phe'mus 
 
 P61-y-sper'ph6n 
 
 Pol-y-tech'nus 
 
 Po-mb'na 
 
 Pom-pe'i-i 
 
 Pom-pe'i-um 
 
 Pom-pe'i-us 3 
 
 Pom-pil'i-a 
 Pom-pll'i-us 
 
 Pon-ti'mis 
 Pop-lic'o-la 
 Pbr'ci-us 1 
 Por-phyr'i-us 
 Por'se-na, or 
 
 Por-se'na 
 Por-sen'na 
 Pbr'ti-a 1* 
 Pbr'ti-us 1 
 Po-sei'don, or 
 
 Po-si'don 
 Post-hu'mi-us 
 Pos'tii-mus 
 P6t-i-dae'a 
 Prae-nes'te 
 Prae-to'ri-us 
 Prax-ag'o-ras 
 Prax-it'e-le§ 
 Pri-am'i-de§ 
 Pri'a-mus 
 Pri'a-piSs 
 Pri-e'ne_ 
 Pris-ci-a'nus 1 
 Proph'o-rus 
 Pro-co'pi-us 
 Pro-crus'te§ 
 Proc'u-lus 
 Pro-me'theus (».) 
 Prom-e-the'us (a. 
 Pron'ii-ba 
 Pro-per'ti-us 1 
 Pro-pon'tis 
 Prop-y-lae'a 
 Pro-ser f pi-na 
 Pro-tag'o-ras 
 Pro-tes-i-la'ys 
 Pro'teus 6 
 Pro-tog'e-ne§ 
 Pru'si-as 1 
 Pryt'a-nes 
 Pryt-a-ne'um 
 
 Psam-met'i-pb.us 5 
 
 Psit'ta-cus 5 
 
 Psy'phe 5 
 
 Ptol-e-mae'us 5 
 
 Ptol-e-ma'i"s 5 
 
 Pub-lic'o-la 
 
 Pu-di-ci'''ti'-a 1 
 
 Pul-phe'ri-a' 
 
 Pu-te'o-li 
 
 Pyg-mae'I 
 
 Pyg-ma'li-on 
 
 Pyl/a-de§ 
 
 Py-lo'rus 
 
 Py-ram'i-de? 
 
 Pyr'rho 
 
 Pyr'rhus 
 
 Py-thag'o-ras 
 
 Py-thag-o-re'i 
 
 [Py-thag-o-re' an§] 
 
 Pyth'i-as 
 
 Py-tho'nes 
 
 Pyth-o-iircus 
 
 Pyth-o-nis'sa 
 
 Q. 
 
 Qua-dra'tus 
 
 Quaes- to're§ 
 
 Quar-tl'nus 
 
 Q,ui-e'tus 
 
 Q,uinc-til'i-a 
 
 Q,uinc'ti-us 1 
 
 Q,uin-de-cim'vi-ri 
 
 Quin-til-i-a'nusJ 
 
 [auin-tll'i-anj 
 
 Quir-i-na / li-a 
 
 Quir-i-na'lis 
 
 Qui-ri'nus 
 
 Qui-rl'tes 
 
 R. 
 
 Ra-bir'i-iis 
 
 Re-gil'iae 
 
 Re-gi'na 
 
 Reg'u-lus 
 
 Rem'u-lus 
 
 Rhad-a-man'thus 
 
 Rhae'tl, or Rae'ti 
 
 Rhae'ti-a 1 
 
 Rham'nes 
 
 Rhe'a 
 
 Rhe'gi-um _ 
 
 Rhi-noc-o-lu'ra 
 
 Rhi-phas'I 
 
 Rho'de 
 
 Rho'di-i 
 
 Rhod'o-pe 
 
 Rho-do'pis 
 
 Ri-phae'i 
 
 Rod-ej-rl'cus 
 
 Ro-ma'nus 
 
 Ro-mil'i-iis 
 
 Rom'u-lus 
 
 Ros'ci-us 1 
 6 Rox-a'na 
 ) Rox-o-la'nl 
 
 Ru'bi-con 
 
 Ru-bl'go 
 
 Rus'ti-cus 
 
 Ru'tu-lx 
 
 s. 
 
 Sa'bae 
 
 Sa-bae'a 
 
 Sab'a-thae 
 
 Sa-bel'li-us 
 
 Sa-bi'n^ 
 
 Sa-bi'ni 
 
 £a-bi'nus 
 
 Sa-bri'na 
 
 Sa'cae 
 
 Saf-it-ta'ri-us 
 
 Sag-un-tl'nus 
 
 Sa-gun'tum 
 
 Sal-a-mi'na 
 
 Sal'a-mis, " 
 
 Sa-li-e'nus^ 
 
 Sa-li'nae 
 
 Sal-i-na'tor 
 
 Sal-lus'ti-'us 
 
 Sa-16'me 
 
 Sa-lo'ni-iis 
 
 Sal-vi-a'nus 
 
 Sam-aL-ri'a _ 
 
 [Sa-ma'ri-aJ 
 
 Sam-ni'tes' 
 
 Sam'ni-um 
 
 Sa'mos 
 
 Sa-mos'a-ta 
 
 Sam-o-thra'ce 
 
 San-phg-ni'a-thon 
 
 San-ga'ri-us 
 
 Sa'por 
 
 Sap'pho (snffo) 
 
 Sar-a-ce'ni 
 
 Sar-dan-a-pa'lus 
 
 Sar-din'i-a 
 
 Sar'do-nes 
 
 Sar-ma'ti-a 1 
 
 Sa-ron'i-cus Si'nus 
 
 Sar-pe'don 
 
 Sat'ra-pis 
 
 Sa-tu'ri-us 
 
 Sat-ur-na'li-a 
 
 Sa-tiir'ni-a 
 
 Sat-ur-ni'nus 
 
 Sa-tiir'ni-us 
 
 Sa-tur'nus 
 
 Sat'y-n 
 
 Sat'y-rus 
 
 Sau'rus 
 
 Sa-vo'na 
 
 Sax'o-ne§ 
 
 Sjaev'o-la 4 
 
 Sca-man'dri-us 
 
 Scan-di-na'vi-a 
 
 Scap'ti-fis 1 
 
 Scap'u-la 
 
 Scau'rus 
 
 Sche'di-us 
 
 Sci-pl'a-des 
 
 S^ip'i-o 
 
 Scrl-bo'ni-a 
 
 Scri-bo'ni-us 
 
 Sgy'lax 
 
 S ? yl'la 
 
 S^y'ros 
 
 S^y'tha? 
 
 Sgyth'i-a 
 
 Sfyth'i-des 
 
 S?y-thop'o-lis 
 
 Se-bas'te 
 
 Seb-j^s-te'a 
 
 Se-ja'nus 
 
 Se-le'ne 
 
 Sel-eu-ci'a 
 
 Se-leii'ci-dae 
 
 Se-leu'cus 
 
 Sem'e-le 
 
 Se-mir'a-mis 
 
 Sem'no-nes 
 
 Sem-pro'ni-us 
 
 Se-na'tus 
 
 Sen'e-ca 
 
 Sep-tem'vi-rl 
 
 Sep-tim'i-us 
 
 Seq'ua-ni 
 
 Se-ra'pes 
 
59S 
 
 GEEEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. 
 
 Se-ra'pis 
 
 Ser'fi-us 
 
 Se-ve'rus 
 
 Si-byl'lae 
 
 Si-cam' bri 
 
 Si-cam'bri-4 
 
 Si-ca'nl 
 
 Si-ca'ni-a 
 
 Si-cbse'us 
 
 Si-cil'i-a 
 
 Sic'u-ll 
 
 Si-£ae'um 
 
 Si-la'nus 
 
 Si-le'ni 
 
 Si-le'nus 
 
 Si-li"ci-usl 
 
 Sil'u-res 
 
 Sil-va'nus 
 
 Sil'vi-a 
 
 Sil'vi-us 
 
 Sim'i-lae 
 
 Sim'mi-as 
 
 Sim'o-is 
 
 Si-mon'i-des. 
 
 Sin'o-e 
 
 Sl-no'pe 
 
 Si-re'nes 
 
 Sir'i-us 
 
 Sir'mi-um 
 
 Sis'y-pbus 
 
 Smm'theus 6 
 
 Soc'ra-tes 
 
 Sog-di-a'na 
 
 So'lon 
 
 Sol'y.-ma 
 
 Sop'a-ter 
 
 S5'phi-a 
 
 Soph'o-cles 
 
 Soph-o-nis'ba 
 
 Soph'ro-na 
 
 So-phro'ni-a 
 
 So-si'nus 
 
 So-sip'a-ter 
 
 So-sis'tra-tiis 
 
 Sos'the-nes 
 
 Sos'tra-tiis 
 
 So'ti-on 2 
 
 So-zom'e-nus 
 
 Spar'ta-cus 
 
 Speu-sip'pus 
 
 Spho'dri-as 
 
 Spo-le'tum 
 
 Spor'a-de§ 
 
 Sta'bi-ae 
 
 Sta-§i'ra. or -rus 
 
 Staph'y-liis 
 
 Sta-ti-a'nus 1 
 
 Sta-til'i-us 
 
 Sta-tl'ra 
 
 Sta'ti-us 1 
 
 Ste-noc'ra-tes 
 
 Steph'a-niis 
 
 Ster'o-pes 
 
 Stben'e-le 
 
 Stil'i-cho 
 
 Sto-bae'us 
 
 Sto'i-ci 
 
 Stra'bo 
 
 Strat'o-cles 
 
 Strat-o-ni'ce 
 
 Strat-o-ni'cus 
 
 Stroph'a-des 
 
 Strym'o-nls 
 
 Styf'i-fis 
 
 Sty-li'te§ 
 
 Stym-pba'lus 
 
 Sue-to'ni-us 
 
 Sue'vi 
 
 Su'i-nas 
 
 Sui'o-nes 
 
 Su'ni-um 
 
 Su-re'na 
 
 Su'ri-um 
 
 Sii-si-a'na 1 
 
 Syb'a-rls 
 
 Syb-a-n'ta 
 
 Sy-chse'us 
 
 Sy-e'ne 
 
 Sy-e-ne'si-us 1 
 
 Sy-en'ne-sis 
 
 Syl'la 
 
 Syl-va'nus 
 
 Syl'vi-a 
 
 Syl'vi-us 
 
 Sym'ma-ehus 
 
 Sy-ne'si-us 1 
 
 Syn'o-dus 
 
 Sy-no'pe 
 
 Syr-a-cu'sae 
 
 Gyr'i-a 
 
 Syr'tes 
 
 T. 
 
 Ta-ber'nae 
 
 Tac'i-tfis 
 
 Tgen'a-ros 4 
 
 Tsen/a-rus 4 
 
 Ta-la'si-us 1 
 
 Tam'e-sis 
 
 Tam'y-ris 
 
 Tan'a-gra 
 
 Tan'a-Is 
 
 Tan'ta-lus 
 
 Ta-ren'tum 
 
 Tar-pe'i-a 3 
 
 Tar-pe'i-us 3 
 
 Tar-quin'i-us 
 
 Tar'ra-co 
 
 Tar'ta-rus 
 
 Tar-te'sus 
 
 Ta-ti-a'nus 1 
 
 Ta'ti-us 1 
 
 Tau'ri-pa 
 
 Tau-rop'o-lis 
 
 Ta-yg'e-te 
 
 Ta-yg-e-tus 
 
 Te'|e-a 
 
 Tel'a-mon 
 
 Te-leb'o-as 
 
 Te-lem/a-chus 
 
 Te-leph'a-nes. 
 
 Te-le'si-as 1 
 
 Tel-e-sip'pus 
 
 Tel-le'nae 
 
 Te'los 
 
 Tem'pe 
 
 Ten'e-dos 
 
 Ten'ty-ra 
 
 Te-ren'ti-a 1 
 
 Te-ren'ti-iis 1 
 
 Ter-i-ba'zus 
 
 Ter-i-da'tes 
 
 Ter-mi-na'li-a 
 
 Ter'mi-nus, 
 
 Ter-pan'der 
 
 Terp-sTch'o-re 
 
 Ter-ra-ci'na 
 
 Ter-tul-li-a'nus 
 
 Te-trap'o-lis 
 
 Teu'cer 
 
 Teu'cri 
 
 Teu'to-ne§ 
 
 Tha'les 
 
 Tha-li'a 
 
 Tham'y-rTs 
 
 Thap'sa-cus 
 
 Tha'sos 
 
 Thau'mas 
 
 The'a 
 
 The'bse 
 
 l[heb'a-is 
 
 The'i-'a 3 
 
 The'-e-si'nus 
 
 The'mis 
 
 The-mis'to-cles 
 
 The-oc'ri-tus 
 
 The-od'a-tus 
 
 The-od-e-ri'cus 
 
 The-o-do'ra 
 
 The-od-o-re'tus 
 
 The-od-o-rf'cus 
 
 The-o-do'rus 
 
 The-o-d5'si-a 1 
 
 Tbe-9-do' si-us 1 
 
 The-o-do'tion 2 
 
 The-5d'o-tu's 
 
 The-og'e-nes 
 
 The-og'nis 
 
 The-oph'a-nes 
 
 The-oph'i-lus 
 
 The-o-phras'tus 
 
 The-o-pom'pus 
 
 The-ram'e-nes 
 
 Ther-mop'y-lae 
 
 Ther-si'tes 
 
 Tbt'seus 6 
 
 Thes-pi'a-des 
 
 Thes'pis 
 
 Thes'pi-_vis 
 
 Thes-pro'ti-a 1 
 
 Thes-sa'li-a 
 
 Thes-sa-lo-ni'ca 
 
 The'tis_ 
 
 Theu-do'si-iis 1 
 
 Tlns'be 
 
 Thra'ci-a 1 
 
 Thra'si-iis 1 
 
 Thras-me'nus 
 
 Thu-cyd'i-de§ 
 
 Thu'le 
 
 Thy-a-ti'ra 
 
 Thy-es'tes 
 
 Thym'bri-a 
 
 Thy-moe'tes 
 
 Ti-a'ra 
 
 Ti-be'ri-as 
 
 Tl-be'ri-us 
 
 Ti-bul'lus 
 
 Tib-ur-ti'nus 
 
 Ti-ci'nus, river 
 
 TT^'i-nus, »<«» 
 
 Ti-gra'nes 
 
 Ti'gris 
 
 Ti-mse'us 
 
 Ti-mag'o-ras 
 
 Tl-me'si-us 1 
 
 Ti-moc'ra-tes 
 
 Ti-mo'cre-on 
 
 Ti-mo'le-on 
 
 Ti-mo'tbe-fis 
 
 Ti-re'sj_-as 1 
 
 Tir-i-ba'zus 
 
 Tir-i-da'te§ 
 
 Tl-ryn'thi-a 
 
 Ti-siph'o-ne 
 
 Tis-sa-pher'nes 
 
 Tl-ta'nes 
 
 Ti-ta'ni-a 
 
 Ti-tho'nis 
 
 Ti-ti-a'nus 1 
 
 Ti-tm'i-us 
 
 Tle-pol'e-mus 
 
 Tmo'lus'5 
 
 Tol'mi-des 
 
 To-ra'ni-us 
 
 Tor-qua'tus 
 
 Tox'i-lus 
 
 Tra-phe'a 
 
 Traeh-o-m'tis 
 
 Traj-a-nop'o-Hs 
 
 Tra-ja'nus 
 
 Tral'les ' 
 
 Trans-al-pi^nus 
 
 Trans-pa-da'nus 
 
 Tra-pe'zus 
 
 Tras-i-me'nus 
 
 Tre-ba'ti-us 1 
 
 Tre-bel-li-e'nus 
 
 Tre'bi-a 
 
 Tre-bo'ni-us 
 
 Tre-mel'li-us 
 
 Tri-bii'nus 
 
 Tri-den'tum 
 
 TrI-gem'i-nus 
 
 Tri-na'cri-a 
 
 Tri-o'nes 
 
 TrI-phyl'i-a 
 
 Trap'o-Hs 
 
 Trip-tol'e-mus 
 
 Tris-me-gis'tus 
 
 Tri'ton 
 
 Tri-to'nes 
 
 Tri-um'vi-rl 
 
 Triv'i-a_ " 
 
 Tro'a-des 
 
 Trce-ze'ne 
 
 Trog-lod'y.-tes 
 
 Tro'i-liis 
 
 Tro'ja 
 
 Trc-ju'fe-nae 
 
 Troph'i-miis 
 
 Tro-pho'ni-iis 
 
 Try-pho'sa 
 
 Tu'be-r5 
 
 Tul-H'o-la 
 
 Tus-cu-la'num 
 
 TQs'cu-lum 
 
 Tych'i-us 
 
 Ty'deus 6 
 
 Ty-di'des 
 
 Tyn-da're-us 
 
 Ty'phon 
 
 Ty-pho'nis 
 
 Ty-ran'ni-on 
 
 Tyr'i-i 
 
 Tyr-rhe'nl 
 
 Tyr-rhe'num 
 
 Ty'rus 
 
 Tyr-tae'us 
 
 -us 
 
 u: 
 
 ti-cal'e-gon 
 
 Ul-ri'cua 
 
 Ul-pi-a'nus 
 
 TJ-lys'ses 
 
 Um'bri-a 
 
 Un-de-cem'vi-rl 
 
 U-ra'ni-a, or -e 
 
 tr'ra-nus 
 
 "Ur-ba'nus 
 
 tjr-bi'num 
 
 U'ti-ca 
 
 V. 
 
 Ven-tid'i _. 
 
 Ve-nu'§i-um 1 
 
 Ve'nus 
 
 Ve-ra'ni-a 
 
 Ver-cin-ggt'o-rix 
 
 Ver-gil'i-us 
 
 Ver-|-in'i-us 
 
 Ve-ro'na 
 
 Ve-ro'ne§ 
 
 Ver'res 
 
 Ver-tum'nus 
 
 Ve'rus 
 
 Ves-pa-§i-a'nus 1 
 
 Ve-su'vi-iis 
 
 Vet-ti-e'nus 
 
 Vet'ti-iis 
 
 Vib-i-e'nus 
 
 Vib'i-us 
 
 Vi-bQl'li-us 
 
 Vi-cen'ti-a 1 
 
 Vic-to'ri-a 
 
 Vic-to-ri'nus 
 
 VI-ge'l'li_-ixs 
 
 Vim-i-na'lis 
 
 Vin-cen'ti-us 1 
 
 Vin-del'i-ci 
 
 Vin'di-li* 
 
 Vi-nid'i-us 
 
 Yip-sa'ni-us 
 
 Vi-ra'go 
 
 Vjr-gil'i-us 
 
 Vir-gin'i-a 
 
 Vir-gin'i-us 
 
 Vis'tu-la 
 
 Vi-tel'li'-us 
 
 Vi-tru'vi-iis 
 
 Vit'u-liis 
 
 Vo-co'ni-iis 
 
 Vol-a-ter'ra 
 
 Vo-lum'ni-us 
 
 Vo-no'nes 
 
 Vo-pis'cus 
 
 Vul-ca-na'li-a 
 
 Vul-ca'nus 
 
 Xan-thip'pe 
 
 Xe-nag'o-ras 
 
 Xe-ni'a-de§ 
 
 Xe'ni-as 
 
 Xe-noc'ra-tes 
 
 Xe-noph'a-ne? 
 
 Xen'o-phon 
 
 Xerx'es 
 
 Xi-me'ne 
 
 Va'lens 
 
 Va-len ? ti-a 1 
 
 Val-§n-tin-i-a'nus 
 
 Va-le'ri-a 
 
 Va-le-ri-a'nus 
 
 Va-le'ri-us 
 
 Van-da'li-I 
 
 Va-ra'nes 
 
 Var'ro 
 
 Vas'co-nes 
 
 Vat-i-ca'nus 
 
 Vec-to'nes 
 
 Ve-fe'ti-us 1 
 
 Vg-i-en'tes 3 
 
 Ve'fl 3 
 
 Ve-ii'nus 
 
 Vl'li-us 
 
 Ven'e-tl 
 
 Ve-nl'ti-a 1 
 
 Za-cyn'thus 
 
 Za-leu'cus 
 
 Za'ma 
 
 Zan'cle 
 
 Ze-bi'na 
 
 Ze-lo'tus 
 
 Ze-no'bi-a 
 
 Ze-no'bi-us 
 
 Ze-noph'a-ne3 
 
 Zepb'y-rus 
 
 Zeiis 6 
 
 Zeux'is 
 
 Zo-di'a-cus 
 
 Zo'i-lu's 
 
 Zon'a-ras 
 
 Zoph'o-rus 
 
 Zop'y-riis 
 
 Z5r-o-as'ter 
 
 Zos'i-mus 
 
 Zy-gan'te§ 
 
PRONUNCIATION 
 
 SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 
 
 PBEFACE. 
 
 In the preparation of the following Vocabulary, 
 the design has been to insert Proper Names found 
 in the Bible, including the Apocrypha. It also 
 embraces a few words which are not proper names, 
 but which, being found in the English Bible, seem 
 to require a notice in a pronouncing dictionary. 
 
 "With respect to pronunciation, Walker has been 
 followed in relation to the words found in his Vo- 
 cabulary ; and when there is a diversity, his pro- 
 nunciation is placed first, except in a very few 
 instances in which he has gone counter to ac- 
 
 knowledged principles; and such deviations from 
 him, by other orthoepists, as are deemed worthy 
 of attention, are noted. There are some cases in 
 which the mode adopted by other authorities is 
 j doubtless to be preferred to that of Walker. 
 
 The pronunciation of but a small part of Scrip- 
 ture Proper Names can be determined by classical 
 authority ; and the pronunciation of these names 
 is, therefore, more conformed to English analogy 
 than that of the Greek and Latin Proper Names. 
 
 ETJLES OF PEONUNCIATIOX. 
 
 1. One of the principal differences between the 
 pronunciation of the Hebrew proper names and 
 that of the Greek and Latin relates to the sound 
 of the letter g, which in Greek and Latin names 
 is soft before e, i, and?/; as, Gellius, Gippius, Gyas; 
 but in Hebrew names it is hard; as, Gerisdm, Gid- 
 eon; except Bethphoge, which, by passing through 
 the Greek of the New Testament, has become con- 
 formed to the ordinary English rule relating to 
 words from the Greek. 
 
 2. The digraph ch, in Hebrew names, is sounded 
 hard, like It; as, Chebar, Enoch; but the words 
 Rachel, Cherubim, also Cherub (an angel), are 
 Anglicized in their pronunciation, the ch being 
 sounded like ch in cheer; but Cherub, a city, is 
 pronounced l-e'rub. 
 
 3. Every final i, forming a distinct syllable, 
 though unaccented, is pronounced with its long 
 sound, as, A'l, Aris'a-l. 
 
 4. The two vowels ai are sometimes pronounced 
 in one syllable; as, Mor'de-cai; and sometimes in 
 two ; as, Hag'ga-i. 
 
 5. The two vowels ia, when preceded by another 
 
 vowel, are sometimes pronounced in one syllable, 
 and sometimes in two. When pronounced in one 
 syllable, the i is sounded like y consonant; as, 
 Benaiah (be-na'yah;, Isaiah (i-sa'yah). When pro- 
 nounced in two syllables, the accent is on the i; 
 as, Ad-a-i'ah. 
 
 G. The diphthong ei is pronounced, according to 
 Walker, like ee, Ceilan (se'lan). When ei is fol- 
 lowed by a vowel, the i is usually sounded like y 
 consonant; as, Iphideiah (if-e-de'yah), Sameius (sa- 
 me'yus). 
 
 7. Gentile names ending in ene, ine, and He, with 
 their plurals, being Anglicized, are pronounced 
 like English formatives; as, Nazarene', PhUis'tine, 
 Gad'ites, Am'monile, Ish'ma'ilUes ; except Magda- 
 le'ne. Words of this class ending in ite have the 
 accent on the same syllable as their primitives. 
 
 8. The consonants c, s, and (, before ia and in, 
 preceded by the accent, in a number of Scripture 
 names, take the sound of sh ; as, Cappadocia, Asia, 
 Galatia, Tertius. See Pronunciation of Greek and 
 Latin Proper Names, Kule 1. 
 
 599 
 
SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 
 
 The following Vocabulary exhibits the pronunciation of Walker, together with numerous deviations 
 from him by the following orthoepists, namely, Oliver, Perry, Smart, Carr, and Taylor. Except in 
 the few cases in which Walker is expressly cited, his pronunciation stands first. 
 
 The abbreviation 0. stands for Carr, 0. for Oliver, P. for Perry, 8m. for Smart, T. for Taylor, and W. for 
 Walker. 
 
 The figures appended to certain words refer to the Rules of Pronunciation on the preceding page. 
 
 Aa'ron (ar'on) 
 A-bad'don 
 A-bag'tha 
 Ab'a-na 
 
 A-ba'na, P. 
 Ab'a-rim 
 
 A-ba'rim, P. 
 Ab'di 
 Ab'di-el 
 Ab'don 
 A-bed'ne-go 
 A'bel 
 
 A'bel Ma'im 
 A'bel Miz ra-im 
 
 A'bel Miz'-ra'im, 
 A'bi ' [P. 
 
 A-bi'ah 
 A-bi'a-saph 
 A-bl'a-thar 
 A'bib' 
 A-bi'dah 
 Ab'i-dan 
 
 A-bi'dan, P. 
 A'bi-el 
 
 Ab'i-el, T. 
 
 A-bi'el, P. 
 Ab'i-ga'il 
 A-bi'hu 
 A-bi'jah 
 A-bim'a-el 
 A-bim'e-lech 
 A-bm'a-dab 
 A-bin'o-am 
 A-bl'ram 
 Ab'i-shag 
 
 A-bi'shag, P. 
 A-bish'a-i 
 
 A-bi'sh^-i, P. 
 
 Ab-i-sha'I, 0. C 
 A-bish'u-a 
 
 A-bl'shu-a, P. 
 . Ab-i-shii'a, 0. C 
 Ab'ner 
 A'bra-ham 
 A'brarn 
 Ab'sa-lom 
 Ac'cad 
 Ac'pho 
 A-eel'da-ma 
 A-eha/i-a (a-ka'ya) 
 A-gha'i-cus 
 A'phan 
 A'phar 
 A'phaz 
 
 A-phi-ach/a-rus 
 A-phi'as 
 A'phim 
 A'ehi-br 
 A'phish 
 Aph'i-tob 
 A-phit'p-phel 
 Aph'me-tha 
 
 Aeh-me'tha, P. T. 
 600* 
 
 A'phor 
 
 Aph'sah 
 
 Aph'zib 
 
 Ac'i-pha (as'e-fa.) 
 
 Ac'i-tho 
 
 A-cu'a 
 
 A' cub' 
 
 A'dah 
 
 Ad-a-I'ah 
 
 Ad-a-K'a 
 
 Ad' am 
 
 Ad'a-mah 
 
 A-da'mah, P. 
 Ad'a-mi 
 _ A-da'mi, P. 
 A'dar 
 Ad'a-sa 
 A'di'-el 
 
 Ad''i-el, T. 
 
 A-di'el, P. 
 A'din 
 Ad'i-na 
 
 w A-di'na, 0. P. T. 
 Ad'i-no 
 
 w A-dl'no, 0. P. 
 Ad'i-nus 
 
 A-di'nus, 0. 
 Ad-i-tha'im 
 Ad'mah 
 Ad'na 
 Ad'nah 
 Ad'o-nai 
 Ad-o-nl'as 
 A-don-i-be'zek 
 Ad-o-ni'jah 
 
 A-don'i-jah, P. 
 A-don'i-kam 
 _ A-do-ni'kam, T. 
 Ad-on-i'ram 
 A-don-i-ze'dek 
 A-do'r^ 
 Ad-o-ra'im 
 A-do'ram 
 A-dram'me-leph 
 Ad-ra-myt'ti-um 
 A'dri-a 
 A'dri-el 
 A-dul'lam 
 A-dum'mim 
 A-e-di'as 
 J£-ne'as, Virgil. 
 iE'ne-as, Acts. 
 M'non 
 Ag'a-ba 
 Ag'a-bus 
 A'gag 
 A'gar 
 A-grip'pa 
 A'gur 
 A'hab 
 A-har'ah 
 A-har'hel 
 A-ha.s'a-1 
 
 A-ha-sa'i, 0. P. 
 A-ha.s'ba-1 
 A-has-u-e'rus 
 A-ha'va 
 A'haz 
 A-ha-zI'ah 
 Ah'ban 
 A'her 
 A' hi 
 A-hi'ah 
 A-hl'am 
 A-hi'an 
 A-hi-e'zer 
 A-hi'hud 
 A-hl'jah 
 A-hl'kam 
 A-hi'lu'd 
 A-him'a-az 
 A-hi'man 
 A-him'e-leph 
 A-hi'moth 
 A-hin'a-dab 
 A-hin'o-am 
 A-hi'6 
 A-hi'ra 
 A-hl'ram 
 A-hish'a-har 
 
 A-hi'sha-har, P. 
 
 A-hi-sha'har, 0. 
 A-hi'shar 
 A-hith'o-phel 
 A-hi'tub 
 Ah' lab 
 A-ho'ah 
 A-ho'hite 
 A-ho'lah 
 A-h5'li"-ab 
 A-hol'i-bah 
 A-ho-lib'a-mah 
 
 A-ho-li-ba'mah, 
 A-hu'zam [P. T. 
 A-huz'zath 
 A'l 
 
 A-i'ah 
 A-i'ath 
 A-i'ja 
 Aij'a-lonfad'ja-lon) 
 
 A-i'ja-lon, P. 
 Aij'e-leth Sha'har 
 A'in 
 A-i'rus 
 A'jah 
 Aj'a-lon 
 A'kan 
 A-krab'bim 
 Al'a-meth 
 A-lam'me-leph 
 Al'a-moth 
 w A-la'moth, 0. 
 Al'ci-mus 
 Al'e-ma 
 Al-ex-an'der 
 Al ex-an'dri-a 
 
 Al-ex-an-dri'a, 0. 
 A-li'ah 
 Al'lom 
 Al'lon 
 
 Al'lon Baph'uth 
 Al'mon 
 
 Al'mon Dib-la- 
 ^ tha'im 
 Al'na-than 
 A' loth 
 Al'pha 
 Al-phse'us, or 
 w Al-phe'us 
 Al-ta-ne'us 
 Al-tas'phith 
 A'lush 
 Al'vah 
 Al'van 
 A'mad 
 A-mad'a-tha 
 A-mad'a-thfis 
 Am'a-lek 
 A'mam 
 A'man 
 Am'a-na 
 
 4-^^81, P. T. 
 Am-a-rl'ah 
 Am-a-ri'as 
 A-ma'sa, or 
 
 Am'a-sa 
 A-ma.s'a-1 
 Am-a-sa''i, 0. P. 
 A-mash'a-i^ 
 
 Am-a-sha'i, 0. P. 
 Am-a-si'ah 
 Am-a-zi'ah 
 A-med'a-tha 
 A.' ml 
 
 A-min'a-dab 
 A-mit'tai 
 
 A-mit'ta-I, P. 
 A-miz'a-bad 
 Am'mah 
 Am-med'a-tha 
 Am'mi 
 Am-mid'i-oi 
 Am'mi-ei 
 
 Am-mi'el, P. 
 Am-ml'hiid 
 
 Am'mi-hud, 0. 
 Am-min'a-dab 
 Am-min'a-dib 
 Am-mi-shad'da-i 
 Am-miz'a-bad 
 Am'mon 
 Am'non 
 A'mok 
 A'mon 
 A.'mos 
 A'moz 
 
 Am-phip'o-lis 
 Am'pli-as 
 Am'ram 
 
 Am'ra-phel 
 
 Am-ra'phel, 0. P. 
 Am'zi 
 A'nab 
 An'a-el 
 A'nah 
 
 An-a-ha'rath 
 An-a-i'ah 
 A/nak 
 An'a-kim§ 
 An'a-mlm 
 
 A-na'mim, P. 
 A-nam'me-leph 
 A'nan 
 A-na'ni 
 An-a-nl'ah 
 An-a-ni'as 
 A-nan'i-el 
 
 An-a-nl'el, 0. 
 A'nath 
 An'a-thoth 
 An'drew 
 An-dro-ni'cvis 
 A'nem, or A'nen 
 A'ni-am 
 
 A-nl'am, T. 
 A'nim 
 An'na 
 An'na-as 
 An'nas 
 An-nu'us 
 
 An'nu-iSs, C 
 An-ti-lib'a-nus 
 An-ti-o-phi'a 
 [An'ti-oph] 
 An-ti-o'phj-an§ 
 An-ti'o-ehis 
 An-ti'o-phiis 
 An'ti-pas 
 An-tip'a-ter 
 An-tip'a-tris 
 An-to'ni-a 
 An - to- tin 'j ah 
 
 An-toth'i-jah, P. 
 A-pa'me 
 A-pel'le§ 
 A'ph§k 
 A-phe'kah 
 
 Aph'e-kah, P. 
 A-pher'e-ma 
 A-pher'ra 
 A-phl'ah 
 A'phik 
 Aph'rah 
 Aph'se§ 
 Ap-ol-16'ni-a 
 Ap-ol-lo'ni-iis 
 Ap-ol-loph'a-ne§ 
 A-pol'los 
 A-pol'ly-on 
 Ap'pa-im 
 
 Ap-pa'im, P. T. 
 Ap'phi-a (af'fe-a) 
 
SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 
 
 601 
 
 Ap'phus (affgs) 
 
 Ap'pi-I Fo'rum 
 
 Aq'ui-la 
 
 Ar 
 
 A'ra 
 
 A'rab 
 
 _ Ar'ab, P. Sm. 
 
 Ar'a-bah 
 
 Ar-a-bat-tha'ne 
 
 _ (-bath-tha'ne) 
 
 Ar-a-bat-tl'ne, or 
 
 Ar-a-bat'ti-ne 
 A-ra'bi-a 
 A-ra'bi-an 
 A'rad 
 Ar'a-dus 
 A'rab. 
 
 A'ram [im 
 
 i'ram - Na-ha-ra'- 
 A'ram-Zo'bah' 
 A'ran 
 Ar'a-rat 
 Ar'^-rath 
 A-ra'thes 
 A-rau'nah 
 
 Ar-a-u'nah, P. 
 Ar'ba. or Ar'bah 
 Ar'bath-Ite 
 Ar-bat'tis 
 Ar-be'la 
 Ar-bo'nai 
 Ar-phe-la'us 
 Ar-phip'pus 
 Arjsh'ites 
 Arc-tu'rus 
 Ard 
 
 Ar'dath 
 Ar'don 
 
 Ar-e-op'a-gite 
 Ar-e-op'a-gus 
 A'res 
 Ar'e-tas, 0. P. 
 
 A-re'tas, C Sm. 
 A-re'us [T. W. 
 
 A-ri-a-ra'thes 
 Ar'gob 
 A-rid'a-i 
 A-rid'a-tha 
 A-rl'eh 
 A'ri-el 
 
 Ar-i-ma-thse'a, or 
 _ Ar-i-ma-the'a 
 A'ri-oph 
 A-ris'a-i 
 Ar-is-tar'ghus 
 Ar-is-to-bii'lus 
 Ar-ma-^ed'don 
 Ar-me'ni-a 
 Ar-mo'nl 
 Ar'na 
 Ar'nan 
 Ar'non 
 A'rod 
 Ar'o-er 
 
 _ A-ro'er, P. T. 
 A'rom 
 
 Ar'pad, or Ar'phad A 
 Ar-phax'ad 
 Ar'sa-ces 
 Ar'sa-reth 
 Ar-tax-erx'es 
 Ar'te-mas 
 Ar'u-both 
 A-ru'mah 
 
 Ar'u-mah, P. 
 Ar'vad 
 Ar'za 
 A'sa 
 
 As-a-di'as 
 As'a-el 
 As'a-hel 
 
 A-sa'hel,_0. P. 
 A'saph. or As'aph 
 
 2a 
 
 A-sar'a-el 
 A-sar'e-el 
 
 As'a-reel, P. 
 
 As-a-re'el, 0. T. 
 As'ca-lon 
 A-se'as 
 As-e-bi'a 
 As'e-nath, or 
 
 A-se'nath 
 A'ser 
 A-se'rer 
 Ash-a-bi'ah 
 A'shan 
 Ash'be-a 
 
 Ash-be'a, P. 
 Ash'bel 
 Ash'phe-naz 
 Ash'dod 
 
 Ash'doth Pis'gah 
 Ash'er 
 Ash'i-rna 
 Ash'ke-lon 
 Ash'ke-naz 
 Ash'nah 
 Ash'pe-naz 
 Ash'ri-el 
 Ash'ta-roth 
 Ash'te-moh 
 Ash'to-reth 
 Ash'ur 
 Ash'vath 
 A'si-a (n'sbe-a) 
 As-i-bl'as 
 A' si-el 
 _ A-s'l'el, P. 
 As'i-pha 
 As'ke-lon 
 As'ma-veth 
 As-mo-de'us 
 As'nah 
 As-nap'per 
 A'som 
 As'pa-tha 
 As'phar 
 As-phar'a-sus 
 As'ri-el 
 As-sa-bl'as 
 As-sal'i-moth 
 As-sa-ni'as 
 As-sa-re'moth 
 As'shur 
 As-shv.'rim 
 As-si-de'ans 
 As'sir 
 As' sos 
 As-su-e'rus 
 As'sur 
 As-syr'i-a 
 As-syr'i-an 
 As'ta-roth 
 As-ty'a-ges 
 A-sup'pim 
 A-syn'cri-tiis 
 A'tad 
 At'a-roth 
 At[a-roth-A'dar 
 At'a-roth- Ad'dar 
 A'ter 
 
 At-e-re-zi'as 
 Ath-a-i'ah 
 Ath-a-li'ah 
 Ath-a-rl'as 
 Ath-e-no'bi-us 
 Ath'ens 
 Ath'lai 
 
 Ath-la'i, P. 
 At'i-pha 
 At' roth 
 At'tai 
 
 At'ta-I, P. 
 At-ta-il'a 
 At'ta-liis 
 At-thar'a-tes 
 
 Au'£i-a 
 Au-gus'tus 
 Au-ra'nus 
 Au-te'as 
 
 Au'te-as, G. 
 A'va 
 Av'a-ran 
 Av'a-ron 
 Az'a-el 
 Az-a-e'lus 
 A'zah 
 A'zal 
 Az-a-li'ah 
 Az-a-ni'ah 
 A-za'phi-on 
 Az'a-ra 
 A-zar'a-el 
 4-za're-el 
 
 Az'a-reel, 0. P. 
 _ Az-a-re'el, T. 
 Az-a-rl'ah . 
 Az-a-rl'as 
 A'zaz 
 A-za'zel 
 Az-a-zi'ah 
 Az-baz'a-reth 
 Az'buk 
 A-ze'kah 
 A'zel 
 A'zem 
 
 Az-e-phu'rith 
 A-ze'tas 
 Az'gad 
 A-zi'a 
 A-zi'e-i 
 A'zi-el 
 
 A'-z'l'el, P. 
 A-zi'za 
 Az'ma-veth 
 
 Az-ma'veth, P. 
 A'zbr 
 A-zo'tus 
 Az'ri-el . 
 Az'ri-kam 
 
 Az-rl'kam, T. 
 A-zu'bah 
 
 Az'ii-bah, P. 
 A'zur 
 Az'u-ran 
 Az'zah 
 Az'zan 
 Az'zur 
 
 B. 
 
 Ba'al 
 Ba'a-lah 
 
 Ba-a'lah, P. 
 Ba'al-ath 
 
 Ba-a'lath. P. 
 Ba'al-ath Be'er 
 Ba'al Be'rith 
 Ba'al Gad 
 Ba'^1 Ha'mon, P. 
 
 Ba'al Ham'on, C. 
 0'. Sm. W. ' 
 Ba'al Ha'zor 
 Ba'al Her'mon 
 Ba'al-i 
 
 Bi-a'li, P. 
 Ba'al-im 
 
 Ba-a'lim, P. 
 Ba'a-Hs 
 Ba'al Me'on 
 Ba'al Pe'or 
 Ba'al Per'a-zim 
 
 Ba'al Pe-ra'zim, 
 P." 
 Ba'al Shal'i-sha 
 
 Ba'al Sha-li'sha, 
 0.' P. 
 
 51 
 
 Ba'al Ta'mar 
 Ba'al Ze'bub 
 Ba'al Ze'phon 
 Ba'a-na 
 Ba'a-nah 
 
 Ba-a'nah, P. T. 
 Ba-a-ni'as 
 Ba'a-ra 
 
 Ba-a'ra, P. T. 
 Ba-a-se'iah 
 
 Ba-a-sei'ah, T 
 Ba'a-sha 
 
 Ba-a'sha, P. T. 
 Ba-a-si'ah 
 Ba'bel 
 Ba'bl 
 Bab'y-lon 
 Ba'ca 
 
 Bac'phi-des 
 Bac-ehii'rus 
 Bac'phus 
 Ba-ce'nor 
 Baph'rltes 
 Baph'uth Al'lon 
 Ba'go 
 Ba-go'as 
 Bag'o-i 
 Ba-hu'rim 
 Bak'buk 
 Bak-buk-i'ah 
 Ba'laam (ba'lam) 
 Ba'lac 
 Bal'a-dan 
 Ba'lah 
 Ba'lak 
 Ba.ra-m5 
 Ba-las'a-mus 
 Bal-nu'us 
 Bal-tha'sar 
 Ba'mah 
 Ba'moth 
 Ba'moth Ba'al 
 Ban 
 
 Ban-a-i'as 
 Ba'nl 
 Ba'nid 
 Ban-na'ia 
 Ban'nus 
 Ban'u-as 
 Ba-rab'bas 
 Bar'a-phel 
 
 Ba'-ra'phel, P. 
 Bar-a-phi'ah 
 Bar-a-phi'as 
 Ba'rak 
 Ba-ri'ah 
 Bar-je'sus 
 Bar-jo'na 
 Bar'kos 
 Bar'na-bas 
 Ba-ro'dis 
 Bar'sa-bas 
 Bar'ta-cus 
 Bar-thol'o-mew 
 Bar-ti-mse'us, or 
 
 Bar-ti-me'us 
 Ba'ruph 
 Bar-zel'a-I 
 Bar-zil'la-i 
 Bas'a-loth 
 Ba'san 
 Bas'ca-ma 
 Ba'shan 
 Bash'e-math 
 
 Ba-she'math, P. 
 Bas'i-lis 
 Bas'iith 
 Bas'math 
 Bas'sa 
 
 Bas'san 
 Bas'ta-i 
 Bath-rab'bim 
 Bath'she-ba 
 
 Bath-she'ba, P. 
 Bath'shu-a 
 
 Bath-shu'a, P. 
 Bath-zaeh-a-ri'as 
 Bav'a-i 
 
 Ba-va'i, P. 
 
 Ba'vai, 0. 
 Baz'lith 
 Baz'luth 
 Be-a-ii'ah 
 Be'a-loth 
 
 Be-a'loth, P. T. 
 Be'an 
 Beb'a-I 
 
 Be-ba'i, P. 
 Be'pher 
 Be-pho'rath 
 
 Bech'o-rath, P. 
 Bec'ti-leth 
 Be'dad 
 Bed-a-i'ah 
 Be'dan 
 Be-de'iah 
 
 Bed-e-I'ah, P. 
 Be-el-I'a-da 
 Be-eTsa-rus 
 Be-el-teth'raus 
 Be-el'ze-bub 
 
 Beel'ze-bub, P. 
 Be'er 
 Be-e'ra 
 Be-e'rah, or 
 
 Be'rah 
 Be-er-e'lim 
 
 Be-er'e-lim, T. 
 Be-e'rl J^T. 
 
 Be-er-la-harrbl. O. 
 
 Be-er-la-ha'i-roi, 
 W. < 
 Be-e'roth 
 
 Be'e-roth, P. 
 Be-er'she-ba 
 
 Beer'she-ba, O.P. 
 
 Be-er-she'b'a. T. 
 Be-esh'te-rah 
 Be'he-moth 
 
 Be-he'mpth, P. 
 
 Be-hem'oth, 0. 
 Be'kah 
 Bel 
 
 Be'la, orBe'lah 
 Bel'e-mus 
 Be'li'-al^ 
 Bel'ma-im 
 Bel'men 
 Bel-shaz'zar 
 Bel-te-shaz'zar 
 Ben 
 Be-na'iah (be-na'- 
 
 y?)" 
 
 Ben-a-i'ah, P. 
 Ben-am'mi 
 Ben'ha-dad 
 
 Ben-'ha'dad, P. T. 
 Ben'ja-min 
 Be'no 
 Be-no'nl 
 Bi'or 
 Be'ra 
 Ber'a-chiih 
 
 Be-ra'phah, P. T. 
 Ber-a-phi'ah 
 Ber-a-I'ah' [4 
 
 Be're-a. 1 Jlaec. ix. 
 Be-re'a, orBe-roe'a, 
 
 2 Mace, Acts. 
 Ber-e-phi'ah 
 Be'red 
 Be'ri 
 Be-rl'ah 
 Be'rith 
 Ber-ni'ce 
 
 Ber'nice, P. 
 
602 
 
 SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 
 
 Be-ro'daph Bal'a- 
 dan 
 
 Ber'o-daph Bal'- 
 a-dan, P. 
 Be'roth 
 Be-ro'thah 
 Ber'o-thai 
 
 Be'-ro'tha-I, P. 
 
 Be-ro'thai, 0. T. 
 Ber-ze'lus 
 Be'sor 
 Be'tah 
 Bet'a-ne 
 Beth-ab'a-ra 
 Beth'a-nath 
 
 Beth-a'nath, P. 
 Beth'a-noth 
 
 Beth-a'noth, P. 
 Beth'a-ny 
 Beth-ar'a-bah 
 Beth'a-ram 
 
 Beth-a'ram, 0. P. 
 Beth-ar'bei 
 Beth-a/ven 
 Beth-ba-al-me'on 
 Beth-ba/rah 
 
 Beth' ba-rah, P. 
 
 Beth-bar'ah, T. 
 Beth'b|-si 
 Beth-da'gon 
 Beth-dib-la-tha'im 
 Beth-e'den 
 Beth'el 
 Beth-e'mek 
 Be'ther 
 Be-thes'da 
 Beth-e'zel 
 Beth-ha'ran 
 Beth-ho'ron 
 Beth-jesh'i-moth 
 Beth-jes'i-moth 
 Beth-leb'a-oth 
 Beth'le-hem 
 Beth'le-hem Eph'- 
 
 ra-tah 
 Beth'le-hem Ju'- 
 
 dah ' 
 Beth-ma'a-phah . 
 
 Beth-ma-a'phah, 
 P. 
 Beth-mar'ca-both 
 Beth-me'on 
 Beth-o'ron 
 Beth-pe'or 
 Beth'pha-fe 
 
 Beth'phafe, P. 
 
 Beth-pha'g-e, T. 
 Beth-sa'i-da 
 
 Beth-sai'da, P. T. 
 Beth'sa-mos 
 Beth'shan 
 Beth-she'an 
 Beth' she-mesh 
 
 Beth-she'mesh, 
 Beth-shit'tah' [T. 
 Beth-tap'pu-ah 
 Be-thu'el 
 
 Beth'u-el, C. 
 Be'thul 
 Beth-u-li'a 
 Beth'zur 
 Be-to'li-us 
 Bet-o-mas'them 
 Bet-o-mes'tham 
 Bet'o-nim 
 
 Be-to'nim, P. 
 Be-u'lah " 
 
 Beu'iah, P. T. 
 Be'zai 
 Be-zal'e-el 
 
 "Bez'a'-lgel, P. 
 
 Bez-a-le'el, T. 
 Be'zek 
 
 Be'zer 
 
 Be'zeth 
 
 Bi'a-tas 
 
 Biph'rl 
 
 BId'kar 
 
 Big'ttia 
 
 Big' than 
 
 Big'tha-na 
 
 Big'va-i 
 
 Big-va'I, 0. P. T. 
 Bil'dad 
 Bil'gah 1 
 Bil'ga-i 
 
 Bil-ga'i, 0. P. T. 
 Bil'ha, or Bil'hah 
 Bil'stian 
 Bin'e-a 
 
 Bi-ng'a, P. 
 Bin'nu-I 
 
 Bin-nii'i, 0. P. 
 Bir'sha 
 Bi'r'za-vith 
 
 Bir-za'vith, P. T. 
 Bi-t'hl'ah ' 
 Bi-thyii'i-a 
 Blas'tus 
 Bo-a-ner'| , e§ 
 Bo'az, or Bo'oz 
 Boc'cas 
 Boph'e-ru 
 
 Bo-phe'ru, P. 
 Bo'phim 
 Bo'sor 
 Bos'o-ra 
 Bos'rah 
 Boz'rah 
 Buk'kl 
 Buk-ki'ah 
 Bun'ni 
 Buz 
 Bu'zi 
 
 c. 
 
 Cab'bon 
 Ca'bui 
 Cad'dis 
 Ca'des 
 
 Ca'des Bar'ne 
 Ca'desh 
 Cad'mi-el 
 Cse'sar 
 
 Caes-a-re'a (ses-) 
 Caes-a-re'a Phi- 
 lip' pi 
 Ca'ia-phas (ka'ya- 
 
 fas) 
 
 Ca-I'a-phas, 0. 
 Cain 
 Ca-i'nan 
 
 Cai'iian, P. T. 
 Ca'lah 
 Cal-de'a 
 Cal-de'ans 
 Cal-dees' 
 
 Cal'dees, 0. P. 
 Ca'leb 
 
 Ca'leb Eph'ra-tah 
 Cal'i-tas 
 Cal-lis'the-nes 
 Cal'neh 
 Cal'va-ry 
 Ca'na 
 Ca'naan (ka'nan) 
 
 Ca'na-an, 0. 
 Can'da-ce 
 
 Can^da'ce, T. P. 
 
 Can'dace.'P. (9th 
 
 ed.) " 
 Can'neh 
 Ca-per'na-um 
 
 Ca-phi'ra 
 
 Caph'tho-rim 
 
 Caph'tor 
 
 Caph'to-rim 
 
 Cap-pa-do'ci-a 8 
 
 Car'cas 
 
 Car'pha-mis 
 
 Car'phe-mish 
 
 Car-phe'mish, P. 
 C|.-re'a 
 Ca'ri-ah 
 Car'me 
 Car'mel 
 Car'ml 
 
 Car-pha-sal'a-ma 
 Car'pus 
 Car-she'na 
 Ca-siph'i-a 
 
 Cas-i-phi'a, T. 
 
 Ca-si-phi'a, P. 
 Cas'leu 
 Cas'phon 
 Cas'phor 
 Cas'pis 
 Cas'tor 
 Ca-thu'a 
 Ce'dron" 
 Cei'lan (se'lan) 
 Cel-o-syr'i-a 
 Cen'phre-a 
 Ce'phas 
 Ce'ras 
 
 Ce'§ar, or Cae'sar 
 Ces-a-re'a 
 Ces-a-re'a Phi- 
 lip' pi 
 pha'bris 
 pha'di-as 
 phae're-as 
 phal'c'ol 
 phal-de'a 
 phal-de'an 
 phal-dee§', or 
 
 phal'dee§ 
 pha'naan 
 phan-nu-ne'us 
 phar-a-ath'a-lar . 
 phar'a-ca 
 phar'a-shim 
 phar'phe-mish 
 phar'cus 
 pha're-a 
 phar'mis 
 phar'ran 
 fihas'e-ba 
 phe'bar 
 phed-or-la'o-mer 
 
 phed-or-la-o'- 
 mer,' P. T. 
 phe'la'l 
 phel'luh 
 phel'lus 
 phe'lod 
 phe'lub 
 phe-lii'bai 
 phem'a-rim§ 
 phe'mosh 
 J3he-na'a-nah 
 
 fihe-naa'nah, P. 
 phen'a-ni 
 phen-a-ni'ah 
 phe'ran 
 phe're-as 
 pher'eth-img 
 pher'eth-ites 
 phe'rith, or 
 
 phe'rish 
 phe'rub, city. 
 £he-thl'im 
 phet-ti'im 
 phe'zib 
 phi'don 
 J3hxl'e-ab 
 
 phi-H'on 
 
 phil'i-on, P. T. 
 phim'ham 
 phin'ne-reth, or 
 
 Cin'ne-reth 
 
 Chin'ne-reth, T. 
 phin'ne-roth, or 
 
 Cin'ne-roth 
 phi'os 
 phis'leu 
 
 phis-le'u, P. 
 phis'lon 
 phis'loth Ta'bor 
 phit'tim 
 
 Chit'tim, T. 
 phi'un 
 phlo'e 
 
 pho'ba, or phob'a-i 
 pho-ra'shan 
 pho-ra'zin 
 phos-a-me'us 
 pho-ze'ba 
 
 PHR1ST 
 
 phiin t 
 phii'za 
 
 phu' shan Bish-a- 
 tha'im, P. 
 
 phush'an Rish- 
 a-tha'im, 0. W. 
 T. C Sm. 
 phii'si 
 Ci-H"ci-a 8 
 Cin'ne-reth 
 Cin'ne-roth 
 Cir'a-ma 
 Cis ' 
 Ci'sai 
 Clau'da 
 Clau'di*-a 
 Clau'di-us 
 Clem'ent 
 Cle-o-pa'tra 
 Cle'o-phas 
 Cle'o-pas 
 
 Cle-6'pas, 0. 
 Clo'e 
 Clo'pas 
 
 Cni'dus (ni'dus) 
 Coel-e-syr'i-a (sel-) 
 Co'la 
 Co'li'-Qs 
 Co-los'se 
 Co-los'si-ans (ko- 
 
 losh'e-anz) 
 Co-ni'ah 
 Con-o-nl'ah 
 Co'os 
 Cor'be 
 Co're' 
 Cor'inth 
 Co-rin'thi-an§ 
 Co-rin'thus 
 Cor-ne'li-us 
 Cos 
 
 Cra'te§ 
 Cres'ceng 
 Crete ' 
 Cretes 
 Cush 
 Cu'shan 
 
 Cu'shan Bish-a- 
 tha'im 
 
 Cush' an Bish-a- 
 tha'im, T. 
 Cu'shi 
 Cuth 
 Cu'thah, 0. P. 
 
 Cuth'ah, W. Sm. 
 Cy'a-mon 
 Cyp'ri-an§ 
 Cy'prus 
 Cyr'a-ma, or 
 
 CIr'g.-ma 
 
 Cy-re'ne 
 
 Cy-re'ni-us 
 
 Cy'rus 
 
 D. 
 
 Bab'a-reh 
 
 Dab'ba-sheth 
 
 Da'gon 
 
 Dai'san 
 
 Dal-a-i'ah 
 
 Dal-ma-nu'tha 
 
 Dal-ma'ti-a 8 
 
 Dam'a-ris 
 
 Dam-a-scene§' 
 
 Da-mas'cus 
 
 Dan 
 
 Dan'i-el 
 
 Dan-ja'an 
 
 Dan'nah 
 
 Daph'ne 
 
 Da'ra 
 
 Dar'da 
 
 Da'ri-an 
 
 Da-ri'us 
 
 Dar'kon 
 
 Da'than 
 
 Dath'e-ma 
 
 Da'vid 
 
 De'bi'r 
 
 Deb'o-ra 
 
 Deb'o-rah 
 
 De-cap'o-lis 
 
 De'dan 
 
 Ded'a-nim 
 
 De-da'nim, P. T. 
 De'kar 
 Del-a-I'ah 
 Del'i-lah 
 
 De-li'lah, P. 
 De'lus 
 De'mas 
 De-me'tri-us 
 Dem'o-phon 
 Der'be 
 De-u'el 
 
 Deu'el, P. 
 
 De'u-el, C. 
 Di-a'na, or Di-an'a 
 Dib'la-im 
 
 Dib-la'im, P. T. 
 Dib'lath 
 DIb-la-tha'im 
 Di'bon 
 DI'bon-Gad 
 Dib'ri 
 Did'y-mus 
 Dik'lah 
 Dil'e-an 
 
 Di'-le'an, P. 
 
 Di'le-an, 0. Sm. 
 Dim'nah 
 Di'mon 
 Di-mo'nah 
 Di'nah^ 
 
 DI-o-ny"si-us 8 
 BI-os-co-rin'thi-us 
 Di-ot're-phes 
 Di'shan 
 Di'shon 
 Dlz'a-hab 
 Do'cus 
 Dod'a-i 
 
 Do-da^i, P. T. 
 Dod'a-nim 
 
 Do-da'nim, P. T. 
 Dod'a-vah 
 
 Do-da'vah, P. T. 
 Do'eg- 
 Doph'kah 
 Dor 
 
SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 
 
 603 
 
 Do'ra 
 
 Dor'cas 
 Do-rym'e-ne§ 
 Do-sith'e-us 
 Do'tha-im, 
 
 Do-tha'im, T. 
 Do'than 
 Dru-sil'la 
 Du'mah 
 
 E. 
 
 E a-nes 
 
 E-a'nes, 0. 
 E'bal 
 E'bed 
 
 E-bed'me-lech 
 ^ E'bed-me'lech, T. 
 Eb-en-e'zer 
 E'ber 
 
 Ec-bat'a-na, or -ne 
 Ec-cle-si-as'tes 
 Ec-cle-§i-as'ti-cus 
 E'dar 
 E'den 
 Ed'na 
 E'dom 
 Ed're-i 
 Eg'laih 
 Eg'la-im 
 w Eg-la'im, T. 
 Eg'lon 
 
 E'hl 
 
 f'hiid 
 
 E'ker 
 
 Ek'ron 
 
 E'la 
 
 El'a-dah 
 
 E-la'dah, P. T. 
 E'lah 
 E'lam 
 El'a-sah 
 
 E-la'sah, 0. P. T. 
 E'lath 
 El-beth'el 
 El'dad 
 E-le-a'leh 
 E-le'a-sa 
 E-le'a-sah 
 _ E-le-a'sah, 0. P. 
 E-le-a'zar 
 E-le-a-zu'rus 
 El-e-lo'he Is'ra-el 
 
 El-el' o-he, T. 
 
 E-le'lo-he, P. 
 E'leph 
 
 E-leii'the-rus 
 El-ha'nan 
 E'll 
 E-li'ab 
 E-li'a-da 
 E-li'a-dah 
 E-li'a-das 
 E-li'a-dun 
 E-li'ah-ba 
 E-li'a-kim 
 E-li'am 
 E-li'as 
 E-K'a-shib 
 E-li'a-sib 
 E'li-el 
 E-li-e'na-I 
 E-li-e'zer 
 E-li'hu ' 
 E-li'jah 
 El'i-ka 
 
 E-li'ka, P. T. 
 E'lim 
 
 E-lim'e-leeh 
 E-li-o-e'na-i, P. 
 
 _ E-li-ce'na-I, C. 0. 
 E-li-o'nas [T. 11'. 
 El'i-phal 
 
 E-li'phal, P. 
 E-iiph'a-let 
 El'i-phaz 
 
 E-h'phaz, P. 
 E-lis'a-beth 
 El-i-SEe'us, or -se'us 
 E-K'sha' 
 E-li'shah 
 E-lish'a-ma 
 E-lish'a-mah 
 E-Hsh'a-phat 
 E-lish'e-ba 
 El-i-shu'a 
 
 E-li'shu-a, P. 
 
 E-lish'u-a, C. 
 E-H'u 
 E-li'ud 
 E-liz'a-phan 
 El-i-ze'us 
 E-li'zur 
 El'ka-nah . 
 
 El-ka'nah, P. T. 
 El'la-sar 
 w El-la'sar, T. 
 El'na-than 
 w El-na'than, P. T. 
 El'o-him 
 E-16'i 
 E'lon 
 E'lon Beth'ha-nan 
 
 E'lon Beth-ha'- 
 nan, P. 
 E'loth 
 El-pa'ran 
 E'lul ' 
 El-y-ma'is 
 El'y-mas 
 _ E-ly'mas, P. 
 E'mims 
 Em-man'u-el 
 Em'ma-us 
 Em'mer 
 Em'mbr 
 E'nam 
 En'db'r 
 
 E'ne-as, or JE'ne-as 
 ^ E-ne'as, P. T. 
 En-e-mes'sar 
 En-gad'di 
 En-gan'nim 
 En'ge-di 
 
 En-£ed'i, 0. 
 
 En-le'di, P. T. 
 En-hak'ko-re 
 
 En-hak'kore, P. 
 En-ha'zor 
 E'noch ('e'nok) 
 E'non, or iE'non . 
 E'nos 
 E'nosh 
 En-rim'mon 
 En-rb'gel 
 En' she-mesh 
 ^ En-she'mesh, 0. 
 Ep'a-phras 
 E-paph-ro-di'tus 
 E-pen'e-tus 
 E'phah 
 
 E-phes-dam'mim 
 E-phe'si-ans (§-fe'- 
 
 zhe-anzj 
 Eph'e-siis 
 Eph'pha-tha 
 £'phra-im 
 E'phra-in 
 Eph'ra-tah 
 . E-phra'tah, P. 
 Eph'rath 
 E'phron 
 E-piph' a-nes. 
 
 Er 
 
 Ezras' tus 
 
 E'reeh 
 
 E'ri_ 
 
 E-sa'ias (e-za'3-as) 
 
 E-sar-had'don 
 
 E'sau 
 
 E'say 
 
 ESjdra-e Ion, or 
 
 ^ Es-dra-e'lom 
 
 Es'dras 
 
 Es-dre'lon 
 
 Es'e-bon 
 
 E-se'bri-as 
 
 ^ Es-e-bri'as, 0. 
 
 Esh'ba-al 
 
 Esh-ba'al, P. T. 
 Esh'ban 
 Esh'col 
 e' she -an 
 
 Esh'e-an, O. T. 
 
 E-she'an, P. 
 E'shek 
 Esh'ta-ol_ 
 Esh'te-moh 
 Es'll ' 
 E-so'ra 
 Est'ha-ol 
 Es'ther (es'ter) 
 E'tham 
 E'than 
 Eth'a-nim 
 Eth'ba-al 
 _ Eth-ba'al, P. T. 
 E'ther 
 E-thi-o'pi-a 
 Eth'ma 
 Eth'nan 
 Eth'ni 
 Eu-bu'lns 
 Eu-er'ge-teg 
 Eu'me-nes 
 Eu'na-tan 
 Eii-ni'ce 
 
 Eu'nice, Jones 
 Eu-o'di-as 
 Eu'pa-tor 
 Eii-phra'tes 
 Eu-pol'e-mus 
 Eii-roc'ly-don 
 Eii'ty-phus 
 Eve 
 E'vi 
 E'vil Me-ro'daph 
 
 E'vil Mer'o- 
 dach, P. " 
 Ex'o-dus 
 E'zar 
 Ez'ba-I 
 w Ez-ba'I, P. 
 Ez'bon 
 Ez-e-phi'as 
 Ez-e-ci'as 
 Ez-e-ki'as 
 E-ze'ki-el 
 E'zem 
 E'zer 
 Ez-e-ri'as 
 E'zi-on Ga'ber, or 
 
 E'zi-on-ie'ber 
 u Ez'i-on, P. 
 Ez'ra 
 Ez'ri 
 Ez'ril 
 Ez'ron, or Hez'ron 
 
 G. 
 
 F. 
 
 Fe'lix 
 
 Fes'tus 
 
 Fbr-tu-na'tus 
 
 Ga'al 
 
 Ga'ash 
 
 G-a'ba 
 
 Gab'a-el 
 
 Gab'a-tha 
 
 Gab'ba-i ' 
 
 Gab'bai, 0. T. 
 Gab'ba-tha 
 Gab'des 
 Ga'bri-as 
 Ga'bri-el 
 Gad 
 
 Gad'a-ra 
 Gad-a-rene§' 
 Gad'de§ 
 Gad'dl 
 Gad'di-el 
 
 Gad-d'i'el, P. 
 Ga'di 
 
 Ga'ius Cga'yus) 
 Gal'a-ad 
 Ga'lal 
 Ga-la'ti-a 8 
 Ga-la'ti-an§ 8 
 Gal'e-ed 
 Gal'ga-la 
 Gal-i-lse'an, or 
 
 Gal-i-le'an 
 Gal'i-lee 
 Gal'ii-6 
 Gam'|-el 
 Ga-ma'li-el 
 Gar'i-zira 
 Gar'mite 
 Gash'mii 
 Ga'tam 
 Gath* 
 
 Gath He'pher 
 Gath Rim'mon 
 Ga'za 
 Ga-za'ra 
 Ga'zer 
 Ga-ze'ra 
 Ga'zez 
 Gaz'zam 
 0-e'ba" 
 ^e'bal 
 Pe'ber 
 pe'bim 
 Ped-a-li'ah 
 ped'dur 
 ped'e-on 
 J3e'der 
 pe-de'rah 
 
 Ped'e-rah, P. 
 pe-de'roth 
 
 i&ed'e-roth. P. 
 ped-e-roth-a'im 
 e-e'dbr 
 JSe-ha'zi 
 pe-hen'na 
 Pel'i-loth 
 
 SJe-11'loth, P. 
 pe-mal'li 
 ^em-a-ri'ah 
 (3-e-nes'a-reth 
 
 Ge-nes'a-reth, P. 
 Gen'e-sis 
 )3e-ne'zar 
 fren-ne'sar 
 ^en-nes'a-ret 
 (wen-ne'us 
 pe-nu'bath 
 
 pen'u-bath, T. 
 
 Qen'u-bath, P. 
 pe'on 
 jSe'ra 
 jSe'rah 
 p-e'rar 
 per-|e-sene§' 
 
 per'ge-sites 
 ^er'i-zim 
 
 !5e-riz'im, 0. P. 
 per' shorn, or -shon 
 per'son 
 pe'sem 
 jSe'sham • 
 pe'shem 
 pe'shur 
 pesh'ii-rx 
 ^e'ther 
 peth-sem'a-ne 
 pe-G'el 
 
 i&eu'el, P. 
 
 pe'u-el, O. 
 pe'zer 
 plb'bar 
 jSib'be-thon 
 plb'e-a 
 pib'e-ah 
 plb'e-ath 
 pib'e-on 
 pid-dal'tl 
 pid'del 
 pid'e-on 
 fii'hon 
 pil'a-lai 
 
 pi-la'la-I, P. 
 
 Gil-a-la'i, 0. T. 
 pil'bo-a 
 
 Qil-bo'a, 0. P. T. 
 pil'e-ad 
 
 pl'loh 
 pln'ne-tho 
 
 pin-ne'tho, P. 
 pin'ne-thon 
 
 pin-ne'thon, P 
 pit'tah He'pher 
 pit'tith 
 
 Gni'dus (ui'dus) 
 GS'ath 
 Go'lan 
 Gol'g-o-tha 
 Go-li'ath " 
 Go'mer 
 Go-mor'rah, or 
 
 Go-mor'rha 
 Gbr'gi-as 
 Gor-ty'na, C 0. Sm. 
 
 Gor'ty-na, W. 
 Go'shen 
 Go-thon'i-el 
 Go'zan 
 Gra'ba 
 Greece 
 Gfid'go-dah 
 
 Gud-g-o'dah, P. 
 Gu'ni 
 Giir 
 Gur-ba'al 
 
 H. 
 
 Ha-a-hash'ta-rl 
 Ha-am'mo-nai 
 Ha-ba'iahi (ha-ba'- 
 
 ' yah/ 
 
 Ha-ba-i'ah, P. 
 Hab'ak'-kuk 
 
 Ha-bak'kuk, 0. 
 Hab-a-zi-ni'ah 
 Hab'ba-cuc 
 Ha'bbr 
 Haph-a-H'ah 
 Hach'i-lah 
 Haeh'mo-nl 
 
 Hach-mo'ni, T. 
 Haph'mo-nlte 
 Ha'dad " 
 Had-ad-e'z?r 
 
604 
 
 SCRIPTUEE PROPER NAMES. 
 
 Ha'dad Rim'mon 
 Ha/dar 
 Had-ar-e'zer 
 Had'a-shah 
 
 Ha-da'shah, P. T. 
 Ha-das'sah 
 Ha-dat'tah 
 Ha'did 
 Had'ia-i 
 Ha-d5'ram 
 Ha'draph 
 Hag'a-ba, or -bah 
 Ha' gar 
 Hag'ga-i 
 Hag'ge-rl 
 Hag'gl 
 Hag-§i'ah 
 Hag'gith 
 Ha'gi-a 
 Ha'i 
 
 Hak'ka-tan 
 Hak'koz 
 Ha-ku'pha 
 
 Hak'u-pha, P. 
 Ha'lah 
 Ha'lak 
 Hal'hul 
 Ha' II 
 Hal-lo'esh 
 Hal-lo'hesh 
 Ham 
 Ha/man 
 Ha'math 
 Ha'math Zo'bah 
 Ham'i-tal 
 Ham-mah-le'koth 
 Ham'math 
 Ham-med'a-tha 
 Ham'me-leph 
 Ham-moTe-keth 
 Ham'mon 
 Ham'moth Dor 
 Ham'o-nah 
 
 Ha-mo'nah, 0. T. 
 Ha'mon Gog 
 Ha'mbr 
 Ha'moth 
 Ha-mu'el 
 
 Ham'u-el, P. C. 
 Ha'mul 
 Ha-nam'e-el 
 
 Han'a-meel, P. 
 Ha'nan 
 Ha-nan'e-el 
 
 Han'a-neel, P. 
 Han'a-nl 
 
 Ha-na'ni, P. T. 
 Han-a-m'ah 
 Han'i-el 
 
 Halni'el, P. 
 Han'nah 
 Han'na-thon 
 Han'ni-el 
 Ha/noph 
 Ha'noph-ites 
 Ha/nun 
 Haph-a-ra'im, or 
 
 Haph-ra'im 
 Har'a-dah 
 Ha-ra'iah 
 Ha'ran 
 Har-bo'na 
 Har-bo'nah 
 Ha.r-ha-1'ah 
 Har'ne-pher 
 
 Har-ne'pher, P. 
 Ha'rod 
 Har'o-eh 
 
 Ha'-ro'eh, P. 
 Har'o-sh'eth 
 Har'sha 
 Ha'rum 
 Ha-ru'maph 
 
 Har'u-maph, P. 
 Ha'ruz 
 Has-a-di'ah 
 Ha-shab'nah 
 Hash-ab-ni'ah 
 Hash-bad'a-na 
 Ha'shem 
 Hash-mo'nah 
 
 Hash'mo-nah, P. 
 Ha'shub 
 Ha-shu'bah 
 Ha-shu'pha 
 Has' rah 
 Has-se-na'ah 
 Has'shub 
 Ha-su'pha 
 Ha'taph 
 Ha'thath 
 Ha-ti'pha 
 
 Hat'i-p'ha, P. T. 
 Hat'i-ta 
 
 Ha-ti'ta, 0. 
 Hat-ta'a-vah 
 Hau'ran 
 Hav'i-lah 
 
 Ha-vil'ah, P. 
 Ha'voth Ja'ir 
 Haz'a-el 
 
 Halza'el, P. 
 Ha-za'iah (ha-za- 
 yab) 
 
 Ha-za-i'ah, P. 
 Ha'zar Ad'dar 
 Ha'zar E'nan 
 Ha'zar Gad'dah 
 Ha'zar Hat'ti-con 
 Ha'zar Ma'veth 
 Ha'zar Shu'al 
 Ha'zar Su'sah 
 Ha'zar Su'sim 
 Haz'a-zon Ta'mar 
 Ha'zel El-po'ni 
 Ha-ze'rim 
 
 Haz'e-rm^ P. 
 Haz'e-ron Ta'mar 
 Ha-ze'roth 
 
 Haz'e-roth, P. 
 Ha'zi-el 
 
 Ha-zr'el, P. 
 Ha'zo 
 Ha'zb'r 
 Haz'u-bah 
 He'ber 
 
 He' brew (-bru) 
 He'bron 
 Hee'a-I 
 
 He-ga'I, T. 
 He'l'ah 
 He'lam 
 Hel'bah 
 Hel'bon 
 Hel-phi'ah 
 HeTda-l' 
 
 Hel-da'I, P. 
 He'll 
 He-li'as 
 He-li-o-db'rus 
 Hel'ka-i 
 
 Hel-ka'I, P. 
 Hel'kath 
 Hel'kath Haz'zu- 
 
 rim 
 Hel-ki'as 
 He'lon 
 He'mam 
 He'man 
 He'math 
 Hem'dan 
 Hen ' 
 He'na 
 Hen'a-dad 
 
 He^na'dad, P. 
 He'noph 
 
 He'pher 
 
 Heph'zi-bah 
 
 Her'cu-les 
 
 He'res 
 
 Her'mas 
 
 Her'me§ 
 
 Her'mon 
 
 Her'od' 
 
 He-ro'di-as 
 
 He-ro'di-6n 
 
 He'sed 
 
 Hesh'bon 
 
 Hesh'mon 
 
 Hes'run 
 
 Heth ' 
 
 Heth' Ion 
 
 Hez'e-ki 
 
 Hez-e-ki'ah 
 
 He'zi-on 
 
 Hez'i-on, 0. P. 
 He'zir 
 Hez'ra-I 
 Hez'ro 
 Hez'ron 
 Hid'da-i 
 
 Hid^da'i, P. 
 Hid'de-kel 
 Hi'el ' 
 
 Hi-e-rap'o-lis 
 Hi-er'e-el 
 Hl-er'e-moth 
 Hi-er-i-e'lus 
 Hi-er'mas 
 Hi-e-ron'x-mus 
 Hi-e-ru'sa-lem 
 Hig-ga'ion (big- 
 
 ga'yon) 
 Hi'len 
 Hil-ki'ah 
 Hil'lel ' 
 Hin'nom 
 HI'rah 
 Hi'ram 
 Hir-ca'nus 
 Hit'tlte ' 
 HI'vite 
 Hiz-ki'ah 
 Hiz-ki'jah 
 Ho'bg., or Ho'bah 
 Ho-ba'iah 
 H5d 
 
 H6d-a-i'ah 
 Hod-a-vi'ah 
 Ho'desh 
 Ho-dl'vah 
 Ho-di'ah 
 Ho-di'jah 
 Hog'lah 
 H5'ham 
 Hol-o-fer'nes 
 Ho'lon 
 Ho'mam 
 Hoph'ni 
 Hoph'ra 
 Kor 
 Ho'ram 
 Ho'reb 
 Ho'rem 
 
 Hor-ha-gid'gad 
 H5'ri ' 
 Hor-o-na'im 
 Ho'sa, or Ho'sah 
 Ho-sl'a (lio-ze'a) 
 H6sh-a-i'ah 
 Hosh'a-ma 
 
 Ho-sha'ma, P. 
 Ho-she'a 
 Ho'tham 
 Ho'than 
 Ho'thi'r 
 Huk'kok 
 Hu'kuk 
 Hul ' 
 
 Hul'dah 
 Hu'pham 
 Hup'pah 
 Hup'pim 
 
 Hiir 
 
 Hu'rai 
 
 Hu'ra-I, P. 
 Hu'ram 
 Hu'ri 
 Hu'shah 
 Hu'sha-i 
 Hu'sham 
 Hii'shim 
 Huz 
 Hu'zoth 
 Huz'zab 
 Hy-das'pe§ 
 Hy-me-nae'us, or 
 
 Hy-me-ne'us 
 
 ib'har 
 Ib'le-am 
 
 lb-_le'am, P. 
 Ib-ne'iah 
 
 Ib-nei'ah, T. 
 
 Ib-ne-I'ah, P. 
 Ib-ni'jah 
 ib'rl 
 Ib'zan 
 Iph'a-bod 
 _ I-pha'bod, P. 
 I-co'ni-um 
 id'a-lah 
 
 ilda'lah, P. T. 
 Id 7 u-el ' 
 Id-u-mse'a, or 
 
 id-u-me'a 
 
 i-du-me'a, P. 
 Id-u-mse'ans, or 
 
 id-u-me'ans 
 i'gal 
 
 Ig-da-li'ah 
 Ii'e-'al 
 
 l-§e'al, 0. P. T. 
 I'im 
 
 ij-e-ab'a-rim 
 i'lai 
 
 i-la'i, P. 
 il-lyr'i-cum 
 Im'la, or im'lah 
 im'mah 
 Im-man'u-el 
 Im'mer 
 
 Im'na, or im'nah 
 Im'rah 
 Im'ri 
 iph-e-de'iah 
 
 iph-e^dei'ah, T. 
 
 iph-e-de-I'ah, P. 
 I'ra 
 I'ron 
 
 f'§|ac (I'zak) 
 I-§a'iah (I-za'ya) 
 Is'cah 
 Is-car'i-ot 
 ish'bi Be'nob 
 Ish'bo-sheth 
 
 ish-bo'sheth, T. 
 I'shT 
 I-shl'ah 
 i-shi'jah 
 ish'ma-el 
 Ish-ma-I'ah 
 ^ ish-ma'iah, T. 
 ish'me-rai 
 
 Ish-me-ra'i, P. 
 ish'tob 
 Ish'u-ah 
 ish'u-ai 
 
 ish'u-I 
 
 fs-ma-phl'ah 
 
 is'ma-el 
 
 Is-ma-i'ah 
 
 Is'ra-el 
 
 l§'ra-el-Ite 
 
 is'ra-el-i-tish 
 
 is'sa-phar 
 
 Is-shi'ah 
 
 Is-tal-cu'rus 
 
 Ith'a-i, or it'ta-i 
 
 i-tha'i, P. 
 Jth'a-mar 
 
 I-tha'mar, P. 
 ith'i-el 
 w I-th'i'el, P. 
 Ith'mah 
 Ith'nan 
 Ith'ra 
 Ith'ran 
 Ith're-am 
 ith'rite 
 St'tah Ka'zin 
 It'ta-i 
 ^ It-ta'I, P. 
 it-u-rae'a, or -re'a 
 I'vah 
 Iz'e-har 
 Iz'har 
 Iz-ra-hi'ah 
 Iz're-el 
 Iz'ri 
 
 J. 
 
 Ja'^-kan 
 
 Jaa'kan, P. 
 Ja-ak'o-'bah 
 . J|a-ko'bah,_P 
 Ja-a'la, or ja-a'lah 
 
 Jaa'la, P. 
 Ja-a'lam 
 
 Jaa'lam, P. 
 Ja'|.-riai 
 
 Ja-a-na'i, P. 
 
 Ja-a'nai, C T. 
 Ja-ar-e-or'e-§im 
 Ja'a-sau 
 
 Ja-a'sau, T. 
 
 Jaa'sau, P. 
 Ja-a'si-el 
 Ja-az-a-ni'ah 
 
 Jaa-za-ni'ah, P. 
 Ja-a'zer 
 
 Jaa'zer, P. 
 Ja-a-zi'ah 
 Ja-a'zi-el 
 Ja'bal 
 Jab'bok 
 Ja'besh 
 Ja'bez 
 Ja'biz 
 Jab'ne-el 
 
 Jab'ngel, 0. P. 
 Jab'neh 
 Ja'phan 
 Ja'phin 
 Ja'cob 
 Ja-cu'bus 
 Ja'da 
 Ja-da'u 
 Jad-du'a 
 Ja'don 
 Ja'el 
 Ja'gur 
 JAH 
 
 Ja-hal'e-lel 
 Ja'hath 
 Ja'haz 
 Ja-ha'zi-el 
 
 Ja-ha-z'i'el, P. 
 
SCRIPTURE PEOPEPv ^"AMES. 
 
 605 
 
 Ja-haz'i-el, 0. T. 
 Jah'di-el" 
 
 Jah-d'i'el, P. 
 Jah'do 
 Jah'le-el 
 
 Jah'leel, O. 
 
 Jah'leel, P. 
 Jah'ma-i 
 
 Jah-ma'i, P. T. 
 Jah'zah 
 
 Jah ; zah, P. 
 Jah'ze-el 
 
 Jah'zlel, P. 
 Jah'ze-rah 
 
 Jah-ze'rah, P. 
 Jah'zi-el 
 
 Jah-zi'el, P. 
 Ja'ir 
 Ja'i-rus 
 
 Ja-i'rus, or 
 
 Jai'rus, P. 
 Ja'keh 
 Jam'bre§ 
 Jam'bri 
 James 
 Jam'leeh 
 Jam-ni'a 
 Jan'na 
 Jan'nes 
 Ja-no'ah 
 Ja-no'hah 
 Ja'num 
 Ja'pheth 
 Ja-phi'a 
 Japh'le-tl 
 
 Japh-le'ti, P. T. 
 Ja'pho 
 Ja'red 
 Jar-e-sl'ah 
 Jar'i-moth 
 Jar'muth 
 Ja-ro'ah 
 Jas'a-el 
 Ja'shen 
 Ja'sher 
 Ja-sho'be-am 
 
 Ja-sho-be'am, P. 
 
 Ja-shob'e-am, 0. 
 Jash'ub 
 
 Ja'shub, P. T. 
 Jash'u-bl Le'hem 
 Ja'si-el 
 
 Ja-s'i'el, P. 
 
 Jas'i-el, 0. 
 Ja'son 
 Jat'tir 
 Ja'van 
 Ja'zar 
 Ja'zer 
 Ja'zi-el 
 Ja'ziz 
 Je'a-rlm 
 
 Je-a'rim, P. 
 Je-at/e-rai 
 
 Je-a-te-ra'I, P. 
 Je-ber-e-chi'ah 
 Je'bus 
 Je-bu'si 
 
 Jeb'u-si, P. 
 Jeb'u-site 
 Jec-a-mi'ah 
 Jeeh-o-ll'ah 
 Jeph-o-ni'as 
 O'ec-o-ll'ah 
 Jec-o-ni'ah 
 Jec-o-ni'as 
 Je-da'iah 
 
 Jed-a-I'ah, P. 
 Je-de'iah 
 Je-de'us 
 Je-dT'a-el 
 Jed'i-dab. 
 
 Je-dl'dah, 0. 
 
 Jed-i-dl'ah 
 Je'di-el 
 
 Je'd''i-el, 0. T. 
 Jed'u-thun 
 
 J?-du'thun, T. 
 Je-e'zer [tha 
 
 Je'gg.r Sa-ha-du'- 
 Je-ha'le-el 
 
 Je-hal'e-el, 0. 
 
 Je-ha/leei, P. 
 Je-ha-le'le-el 
 
 Je-hal'e-leel, P. 
 Je-hal'e-lel 
 Jeh-de'iah 
 
 'Jeh-de'i'ah, T. 
 
 Jeh-de-i'ah, P. 
 Je-hez'e-kel 
 
 Je-he-ze'kel, P. 
 Je-hl'ah 
 Je-hi'el 
 Je-hi'e-H 
 
 'Je-h'i-e'li, P. 
 Je-hiz-ki'ah 
 Je-ho'a-dah 
 Je-ho-ad'dan 
 Je-ho'a-haz 
 Je-ho'ash 
 Je-ho'lia-nan 
 
 Je-ho-ha'nan, T. 
 
 Je-ho-han'an, 0. 
 Je-hbi'a-chin 
 Je-hbi'a-da 
 Je-hbi'a-kim 
 Je-hbi'a-rib 
 Je-hon'a-dab 
 Je-hon'a-than 
 Je-ho'ram 
 Je-ho-shab'e-ath 
 Je-hosh'a-phat 
 Je-hosh'e-ba 
 Je-hosh'u-a 
 Je-ho'vah 
 Je-ho'vah Jl'reh 
 Je-hb'vah Nis'si 
 Je-ho'vah Sha'lom 
 Je-ho'vah Sham'- 
 
 mah [nil 
 
 Je-ho'vah Tsid'ke- 
 Je-hoz'a-bad 
 Je-hoz'a-dak 
 Je'hu 
 
 Je-hub'bah 
 Je'hu-cal 
 
 Je-hu'cal, 0. P. 
 Je'hud 
 Je-hu'dT 
 Je-hii-dl'jah 
 Je'hush 
 Je-I'el 
 Jek-a-mi'ah 
 Je-kii'thi-el 
 Jem'i-ma 
 
 Je-mi'ma, 0. P. 
 Jem'na-an 
 Je-mu'el 
 
 Jem'u-el, C. T. 
 Jeph'thah, or 
 
 Jeph'tha-e 
 Je-phun'ne, or 
 
 Je-phun'neh 
 Je'rah 
 Je-rah'me-el_ 
 
 Jer'ah-meel, P. 
 
 Jer-ah-me'el, T. 
 Jer'e-phus 
 Je'red 
 Jer'e-mai 
 Jer-e-mi'ah 
 Jer-e-mi'as 
 Jer'e-my. 
 Jer'i-pho 
 Je'ri-el 
 
 Je'-ri'el, P. T. 
 
 Jer'i-el, O. 
 Je-ri'jah 
 Jer'i-moth 
 Je'ri-oth 
 
 Je'r'i-oth, 0. P. T. 
 Jer-o-bo'am 
 Jer'o-ham 
 
 Je-ro'ham, P. T. 
 Je-rub'ba-al 
 
 "Je-rub-ba'al,P.T. 
 Je-rub'e-sheth, or 
 
 Je-rub'be-sheth 
 
 Je-rub-be'sheth, 
 P.' ' [r. 
 
 Je-rub-esh'eth, 
 Jer'i-el 
 
 Je-ru'el, P. T. 
 Je-ru'sa-lem 
 Je-ru'sha, or 
 
 Je-ru'shah 
 Je-sa'iah 
 
 Jes-a-i'ah, P. 
 Je'sher 
 Jesh'i-mon 
 Jesh-o-ha-i'ah 
 Jesh'u-a, or -ah 
 Jesh'u-run 
 Je-si'ah 
 Je-sim'i-el 
 Jes'se 
 Jes'su-e 
 Je'su 
 Jes'u-i 
 Jes'u-run 
 Je'sus (je'fus) 
 Je'ther 
 Je'theth 
 Jeth'lah 
 Je'thro 
 Je'tur 
 Je'u-el 
 
 Jeu'el, P. 
 Je'ush • 
 Je'uz 
 Jez'e-bel 
 Je-ze'lus 
 Je'zer 
 Je-zi'ah 
 Je'zi-el 
 
 Je-zi'el, P. 
 Jez-li'ah 
 Jez'o-ar 
 
 Je-zo'ar, P. 
 Jez-ra-hi'ah 
 Jez're-el 
 
 Jez'reel, P 
 Jim'nah 
 Jo'ab 
 Jo'a-phaz 
 Jo'a-phim 
 J5'a-haz 
 
 Jo-a'haz, P. T. 
 Jo'a-kim 
 Jo-a'nan 
 Jo-an'na 
 Jg-an'nan 
 Jo'ash 
 Jo'a-tham 
 Jo-a-zab'dus 
 Job* 
 Jo'bab 
 Joeh'e-bed 
 J5'el_' 
 Jo-ha'nan 
 
 Jo-han'an, 0. P. 
 Jo-han'ne§ 
 John (jon) 
 Jbi'a-da 
 
 Jo-i'a-da, P. Sm. 
 Joi'a-kim 
 
 Jo-I' a-kim, P. Sm . 
 Joi'a-rib 
 
 Jo-I'a-rib, P. Sm. 
 
 '51* 
 
 J6k'de-am 
 
 Joklde'am, P. T. 
 Jo'kim 
 Jok'me-am 
 
 Jok-me'am, P. T. 
 Jok'ne-am' 
 
 Jok-ne'am, P. 
 Jok'shan ' 
 Jok'tan 
 Jok'the-el 
 
 Jok'thlel, P. T. 
 Jo'na 
 Jon'a-dab 
 Jo'nah 
 Jo'nan 
 JS'nas 
 Jon'a-than 
 Jon'a-thas 
 Jop'pa, or Jop'pe 
 Jo'rah 
 Jo'ra-I 
 
 Jo-ra'i, P. 
 Jo'ram 
 Jbr'dan 
 Jor'i-bas 
 Jor'i-bus 
 Jo'rim 
 Jos'a-bad 
 Jos'a-phat 
 Jos-a-phi'as 
 Jo'se 
 Jos'e-dec 
 Jos'e-dech 
 Jo'§eph 
 Jo-se'phus 
 Jo'se§ 
 Josh'a-bad 
 Jo'shah 
 Josh'a-phat 
 J6sh-a-vi'ah 
 Josh-bek'a-shah 
 Josh'u-a 
 Jo-si'ah 
 Jo-si'as 
 Jos-i-bi'ah 
 Jos-i-phi'ah 
 Jo'tham 
 Joz'a-bad 
 Joz'a-dak 
 Jii'bal 
 Ju'cal 
 Jii'da 
 
 Ju-dae'a, or Ju-de'a 
 Ju'dah' 
 Ju'das 
 Jude 
 Ju'dith 
 Ju'el 
 Ju'ni-a 
 Jus'tuis 
 Jut'tah 
 
 Ke'nath 
 
 Ke'naz 
 
 Ken'ites 
 
 Ke'nltes, P. T. 
 Ker-en-hap'puph 
 Ke'ri-oth 
 
 Ke-ri'oth, P. 
 Ke-tu'rah 
 Ke-zl'a 
 Ke'ziz 
 
 Kib'roth Hat-ta'a- 
 vah 
 
 Kib'roth Hat- 
 taa'vah, P. 
 Kib'za-im 
 
 Kib-za'im, P. T. 
 Kid'ron 
 
 Ki'dron, P. 
 Kir 
 
 Kir-har'a-seth 
 Kir-har'e-seth 
 Kir'ha-resh 
 
 Kir-'ha'resh,P. T. 
 Kir-he'resh 
 Kir'i-ath, or 
 
 K'ir'jath 
 Kir-i-a-tha'jm 
 Kir-i-ath-i-a'ri-us 
 Kir'i-oth_ 
 Kir'jath A'im 
 K'ir'jath Ar'ba' 
 K'ir'jath A' rim 
 K'ir'jath Ba'al 
 K'ir'jath Je'a-rim 
 K'ir'jath Se'pher 
 Kish' 
 
 Ki'shon, or Ki'son 
 Kit'ron 
 
 Ki'tron, P. 
 Kit'tim 
 Ko'hath 
 Kol-a-i'ah 
 KS'rah 
 Ko're _ 
 Kush-a'iah 
 
 ku-sha'-I'ah, P. 
 
 L. 
 
 K. 
 
 Kab'ze-el 
 Ka'de§ 
 Ka'desh 
 Ka'desh Bar'ne-a 
 
 Ka'desh Bar- 
 ne'a, 0. P. 
 Kad'mi-el 
 Kar'tan ' 
 Ke'dar 
 Ked'e-mah 
 
 Ke-de'mah, P. 
 Ked'e-moth 
 
 Ke-de'moth, P. 
 Ke'desh 
 Kei'l'ah 
 
 Kei'lah, T. 
 Ke'nan 
 
 La'|-dah 
 
 Laa'dah, P. 
 La'a-dan 
 
 La-a'dan, T. 
 
 Laa'dan, P. 
 La' ban 
 La'phish 
 La'dan 
 La'el_ 
 La-hai'roi 
 
 La-ha'i-ro'i, P. 
 La'ish 
 La'meeh 
 La-od-i-ce'a 
 Lap'i-doth 
 Laz'a-rus 
 Le'ah 
 Leb'a-non 
 Leb'a-oth 
 
 Le-ba'oth, P. T. 
 leb-bse'us, or 
 
 Leb-be'us 
 Le-bo'nah 
 Lem'u-el 
 Le'vi 
 
 Le-vi'a-than 
 Lib'a-nus 
 Lib'nah 
 Lib'ni 
 Lib'y-a 
 Lik'hi 
 Li'nus 
 
606 
 
 SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 
 
 Lo-am'ml 
 
 Lod 
 
 Lo'is 
 
 L6 Ru'ha-mah 
 
 Lo RuJia'niah.O. 
 lot 
 
 Xu'bim 
 Lu'cas 
 Lu'ci-fer 
 Xu'ci-us 8 
 Lud' 
 Lu'dim 
 lu'hith 
 Luke 
 Luz 
 
 Lyc-a-o'ni-a 
 Ly"ci-a 8 
 Lyd'd'a 
 Lyd'i-a 
 Ly-sa'ni-as 
 ly"si-as 
 Ly-sim'a-phus 
 Lys'tra 
 
 M. 
 
 Ma'a-phah, or -cah 
 
 Ma-a'phah, P. T. 
 Ma-aph'a-thlte 
 Ma-ad'ai 
 
 Ma-a-da'I, 0. P. 
 Ma-a-di'ah 
 Ma-a'I 
 
 Ma-al'eh A-crab'- 
 Ma'a-ni [bim 
 
 Ma'a-rath 
 Ma-a-se'iah 
 
 Ma-a-se'l'ah, T. 
 
 Ma-as-e-I'ah, 0. 
 Ma-as'i-ai 
 Ma-a-si'as 
 Ma'ath 
 Ma'az 
 Ma-a-zl'ah 
 Mab ? da-i' 
 Mac'a-lon 
 Mac-ca-bse'us, or 
 
 Mac-ca-be'us 
 Mac'ca-bees 
 Mac-e-do'ni-a 
 Mac-e-do'ni-an 
 Maph'ba-nai 
 
 Maeh-ba'n^i, T. 
 
 Maph-ba-na'i, P. 
 Maph'be-nah 
 
 Maeh-be'nah, T. 
 Ma/phi 
 Ma/phir 
 Maph'mas 
 Maph-na-de'bai 
 
 Maph-na-de-ba'i, 
 Maph-pe'lah ' [P. 
 
 Maph'pe'-lah, P. 
 Ma'cron 
 Mad'a-I 
 
 Ma-da'i, P. 
 Ma'di-an 
 Mag'da-la 
 Mag'da-len 
 Mag-da-le'ne 
 
 Mag'da-lene 
 Mag'di-el 
 Ma'ged ' 
 Ma-|id'do 
 Ma'gog 
 Ma'ha-lah 
 
 Ma-'ha'lah, P. T. 
 Ma-ha-la'le-el 
 
 Ma-hal'a-leel, P. 
 Ma'ha-lath [noth 
 Ma'ha-lath Le-an'- 
 
 Ma'ha-lath Mas'- 
 
 phil^ 
 Ma-ha'le-el 
 Ma-ha-na'im 
 Ma'ha-neh Dan 
 
 Ma-ha/neh Dan, 
 O. T. 
 Ma-har'a-I 
 
 Ma-ha-ra'i, 0. P. 
 Ma/hath 
 Ma'her-shal'al- 
 hash'baz 
 
 Ma-her'sha-lal- 
 hash'baz, P. 
 Mah'll 
 Mah'lon 
 Mak-h'e'loth 
 
 Mak' he-loth, P. 
 Mak-ke'dah 
 
 Mak'ke-dah, P. 
 Mal'a-phi 
 Mal'pham 
 Mal-phl'ah 
 Mal'phi-el 
 
 Mal-ph'i'el, P. 
 Mal-phi'jah 
 Mal-phi'ram 
 Mal'phus ' 
 Ma-le'_le-el 
 Ma-ma'ias (ma- 
 
 ma'yas) 
 Mam'mon 
 lam're 
 Man'a-en 
 
 Ma-na'en, P. T. 
 Man'a-hath 
 
 Ma-na'hath, P. 
 Man-as-se'as 
 Ma-nas'seh 
 Ma-nas'ses 
 Ma'neh 
 Ma'nl 
 Man'li-us 
 Ma-no'ah, or 
 
 Man'o-ah 
 Ma'oph' 
 Ma'on 
 Ma'ra 
 Ma'rah 
 Mar'a-lah 
 Mar-a-nath'a, or 
 
 Mar-an-a'tha 
 Mar'cus 
 Mar-do-phe'us 
 Ma-re'sha, or -shah 
 
 Mar'e-shah, P. T. 
 Mar'i-moth 
 Mar'i-sa 
 
 Ma-ri'sa, 0. T. 
 Mark 
 Mar'se-na 
 Mar'tha 
 Ma'ry 
 Mas'phil 
 Mash 
 Ma'shal 
 Mas'sa 
 Mas'sah 
 Mas-si'as 
 Math-a-ni'as 
 Ma-thu'sa-ia 
 Mat' tan 
 Mat'ta-nah 
 Mat-ta-nl'ah 
 Mat'ta-tha 
 Mat'ta-thah 
 Mat-ta-thi'as 
 Mat-te-na'i 
 Mat' than 
 Mat-tha-ni'as 
 Mat' that 
 
 Mat-the'las ftliu) 
 Mat'thew (math'- 
 
 Mat-thi'as 
 
 Mat-ti-thl'ah 
 
 Maz'za-roth 
 
 Maz-za'roth, 0. 
 Me'dad 
 Me'dan 
 Mede 
 Med'e-ba 
 Me'di-a 
 Me'di-an 
 Me-e'da 
 
 Me-i-id'do, or -don 
 Me-het'a-beel 
 Me-het'a-bel 
 Me-hi'da 
 Mg'hjr 
 Me-ho'lah 
 Me-hu'ja-el 
 Me-hu'man 
 Me-hu'nim 
 Me-jar'kon 
 Mlk'o-nah 
 
 Me-ko'nah, P. T. 
 Mel-a-ti'ah 
 Mel'phI 
 Mel-phl'ah 
 Mel-phi'as 
 Mel'phi-el 
 Mel-phT§'e-c!ec 
 Mel-ehiz'e-dek 
 Mel-(?hi-shu'a 
 
 Mel-phish'u-a. P. 
 Me'l'e-a, or Me-'le'a 
 Me'leph 
 Mel'i-cu 
 Mel'i-ta 
 Mel'zar 
 Mem'mi-us 
 Mem' phis 
 Me-mu'can 
 Men'a-hem 
 
 Me-na^hem, O. P. 
 Men-e-la'us 
 Me-nes'theus 
 Me-on'e-nim 
 
 Me-o-ne'nim, P. 
 Me-on'o-thai 
 Mlph'a-ath 
 
 Me-pha'ath,P. T. 
 Me-phib'o-sheth 
 M§'r^b ' [yoth) 
 Me-ra'ioth (nie-ra'- 
 Mer'a-ri 
 
 Me-ra'ri, 0. P. T. 
 Mer-cu'ri-us 
 Me'red 
 Me'res 
 Mer'i-bah 
 Mer'i-bah Ka'desh 
 Me-rib'ba-al 
 
 Mer-ib-ba'al, P. 
 Me-ro'daph 
 
 Mer'o-daph, P. 
 Me-ro'ciaph Bal'a- 
 Me'rom [dan 
 
 Me'roz 
 Me'sha 
 Me'shaph 
 Me'sheph 
 Me-shel-e-mi'ah 
 Me-shez'a-beei 
 Me-shez'a-bel 
 Me-shil'le-mith 
 Me-shil'le-moth 
 Me-sho'bab 
 Me-shul'lam 
 Me-shul'le-meth 
 Mes-o-po-ta'mi-a 
 Mes-si'ah 
 Mes-si'as 
 Me-thu'sa-el 
 Me-thu'se-lah 
 Ml'cah 
 
 Mi-ca'iah (-yah) 
 
 Mi-ca'-i'ah,*P. 
 Ml'pha 
 Mi'pha-el 
 
 Mi'phael, P. 
 MI'phah ' [yah) 
 Mi-pha'iah(niT-ka'- 
 
 Mi-pha'-I'ah, P. 
 Ml'phal' 
 Miph'mas 
 Miph'mash 
 Miph'me-thah 
 Miph'tam 
 Mid'i-an 
 Migr'da-lel 
 
 Miglda'lel, P. 
 Mig'dal Gad 
 Mig'dol 
 Mig'ron 
 Mik'loth 
 Mik-ne'iah 
 
 Mik-nei'ah, T. 
 
 Mik-ne-i'ah, P. 
 Mil-a-la/'l 
 
 Mi'-la'la-T, P. 
 Mil'cah 
 Mil'com 
 Mi-le'tum 
 Mi-le'tus 
 Mil' 15 ' 
 Min'ni 
 Min'nith 
 Mir'i-am 
 Mish'a-el 
 
 MI'sha-el, 0. 
 
 Mi-sha'el, T. 
 Mish'ma 
 Mish-man'nah 
 Mith're-dath 
 Mith-ri-da'tes 
 Mit-y-le'ne 
 Mi'zar 
 Miz'pah 
 Miz'peh 
 Miz'ra-im 
 
 Miz-ra'im, P. T. 
 Mna'son (ua'son) 
 Mo'ab 
 Mo'din 
 Mol'a-dah 
 
 Mo-la' dah, P. 
 Mo'leph 
 Mo'loch 
 Mbr'de-cai 
 Mo'reh 
 
 Mor'esh-eth Gath 
 Mo-ri'ah 
 Mo-se'ra 
 Mo-se'roth 
 Mo'ses 
 Mo'zah 
 Miip'pim 
 Mu'shi 
 Myn'dus 
 My'ra 
 My"si-a 8 
 
 N. 
 
 iah, P. 
 
 Na'a-mah 
 
 Na-a'mi 
 Na'a-man 
 
 Na-a'man, P. 
 Na'a-rah 
 
 Naa'rah, P. 
 Na'a-rai 
 
 Na-a-ra'i, P. 
 Na'a-ran 
 
 Naa'ran, P. 
 Na'a-rath 
 
 Na-a'rath, P. 
 
 Na-ash'on 
 
 Naa'shon, P. 
 Na-as'son 
 Na'a-thus 
 Na'bal 
 Nab-a-ri'as 
 Na'both 
 Nab-u-pho-don'o- 
 
 sor 
 Na'phon 
 Na'phbr 
 Na'dab 
 Na-dab'a-tha 
 "Nag'ge 
 Na-ha'li-el 
 
 Na-ha-li'el, P. 
 Na'ham 
 Na-har'a-i 
 
 Na-ha'-ra'i, 0. P. 
 Na-ha-ra'im 
 Na'ha-ri 
 Na'hash 
 Na'hath 
 Na'hbr 
 Na'hum 
 Na'in 
 Na'ioth (na'voth) 
 
 Na-I'oth, Pi 
 Na'o-mi 
 
 Na-6'mi, P. 
 Naph'ta-H 
 Naph'tu-him 
 Nar-cis'sus 
 Na'sbr 
 Na'than 
 Na-than'a-el 
 Nath-a-nl'as 
 Na'um 
 Naz-a-rene' 
 Naz'a-reth 
 Ne-ap'o-lis 
 Ne-a-rl'ah 
 Neb'a-i ' 
 
 Ne^ba'i, T. 
 Ne-ba'ioth (-yoth) 
 Ne-ba'joth 
 
 Neb'a-joth, P. 
 Ne-bal'lat 
 Ne'bo [zar 
 
 Neb-u-phad-nez' - 
 Neb-u-phad-rez'zar 
 Neb-u-zar'a-dan 
 
 Neb-u-za-ra'dan, 
 P. 
 Ne'pho 
 Ne-co'dan 
 Ned-a-bl'ah 
 Ne-e-mi'as 
 Nefi-noth 
 Ne-he-mi'ah 
 Ne-he-ml'as 
 Ne'hi'-loth' 
 Ne'hum 
 Ne-hush'ta 
 Ne-hush'tan 
 Nl'i-el 
 
 N'e-'l'el, P. 
 Ne'keb * 
 Ne-mu'el 
 Nl'phl ' 
 Ne'phish 
 Neph'tha-li 
 Neph'tha-lim 
 Neph'to-ah 
 
 Neph'-to'ah, T. 
 Ner' 
 Ne'reus, or 
 
 Ne're-us 
 
 Ne-re'us, P. 
 Ner'gal 
 Ne'ri 
 Ne-rl'ah 
 Ne-ri'aa 
 
SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 
 
 607 
 
 Ne'ro 
 
 Sz'ni 
 
 Pha'leg- 
 
 Ptol-e-ma'is (tol-) 
 
 Re-§em'me-leph 
 
 Ne-than'e-el 
 
 O-zo'ra 
 
 Phal'lu 
 
 Ptol'e-mee'(tol-) 
 
 Re-ha-bi'ah 
 
 Neth'a-neel, P. 
 
 
 Phal'tl 
 
 Ptol-e-me'us (tol-) 
 
 Re'hob 
 
 Neth-a-m'ah 
 
 
 Phal'ti-el 
 
 Pu'a, or Pu'ah 
 
 Re-ho-bo'am 
 
 Neth'i-nims 
 
 P. 
 
 Phal'-ti'el, P. 
 
 Piib'li-us 
 
 Re-hob'o-am, 0. 
 
 NT-ca'nor 
 
 Pha-nu'el 
 
 Pu'dens 
 
 Re-ho'both 
 
 Nic-o-de'mus 
 
 
 Phar'a-cim 
 
 Pul ' 
 
 Re'ho-both, 1\ 
 
 Nic-o-la'i-tans 
 
 Pa'a-rai 
 
 Pha'raoh (fa'ro) 
 
 PG'non 
 
 Re'hu, or Re'u 
 
 Nic'o-las 
 
 Pa-a-ra'i, P. 
 
 Pha'ra-oh, 0. 
 
 Piir, or Pu'rim 
 
 Re'hum 
 
 NI-cop'o-lis 
 
 Pa'dan 
 
 Pha'raoh Hoph'ra 
 
 Put 
 
 Re'i ' 
 
 Ni'g-er ' 
 
 Pa'dan A'ram 
 
 Pha'raoh Ne'pho 
 
 Pu-te'o-li 
 
 Re'kem 
 
 Nim'rah 
 
 Pal-es-ti'na 
 
 Phar-a-tho'nl 
 
 Pu'ti-el 
 
 Rem-a-li'ah 
 
 Nim'rim 
 
 Pal'es-tlne 
 
 Pha're§ 
 
 Pu'-t'i'el, P. 
 
 Re'meth 
 
 Nim'rod 
 
 Pal'lu 
 
 Pha'rez 
 
 
 Rem'mon [ar 
 
 Nim'shi 
 
 Pal'ti 
 
 Pha-rl'ra 
 
 
 Rem'mon Meth'o- 
 
 Nin'e-ve 
 
 Pal'ti-el 
 
 Phar'i-see 
 
 Q. 
 
 Rem'mon Me- 
 
 Nin'e-veh 
 
 Pal'-t'rel, P. T. 
 
 Pha'rosh 
 
 tho'ar, P. T. 
 
 Ni'san 
 
 Pam-phyl'i-a 
 
 Phar'par 
 
 
 Rem'phan 
 
 Nis'roeh 
 
 Pan'nag" 
 
 Pha'se-ah 
 
 Quar'tus [us R 
 
 No, or No A'mon 
 
 Pa'phos 
 
 Pha'-se'ah, 0. P. 
 
 Quin'tus Mem'mi 
 
 - Re-pha'el, P. 
 
 No-a-di'ah 
 
 Pa'rah 
 
 Pha-se'lis* 
 
 
 Re'phah 
 
 No'ah, or No'e 
 
 Pa'ran 
 
 Phas'i-ron 
 
 
 Reph-a-I'ah 
 
 Nob' 
 
 Par'me-nas 
 
 Phas'sa-ron 
 
 R. 
 
 Re-pha'iah, T. 
 
 No'bah 
 
 Par'naph 
 
 Phe'be' 
 
 Reph'a-im 
 
 Nod ' 
 
 Pa'rosh 
 
 Phe-ni'ce 
 
 
 Re-pha'im, P. T. 
 
 No'hah 
 
 Par-shan'da-tha 
 
 Phe'nice, P. 
 
 Ra'a-mah 
 
 Reph'a-ims. 
 
 Nom'a-des. 
 
 Par-shan-da'tha 
 
 , Phe-ni"ci-a 8 
 
 Raa'mah, P. 
 
 Reph'i-dim 
 
 Non 
 
 Par'u-ah' [P. Phib'e-seth 
 
 Ra-a-ml'ah 
 
 Re-phi'dim, P. 
 
 Noph (nof) 
 No'phah 
 
 Pa-ru'ah, P. 
 
 Phi'phol 
 
 Ra-am'se§ 
 
 Re-phid'im, T. 
 
 Par-va'im 
 
 Phil-a-del-phi'a 
 
 Rab'bah 
 
 Re' sen 
 
 
 PaVva-im, C. 
 
 [Phil-a-d'el'phi-a] 
 
 Rab'bath 
 
 Re'u' 
 
 
 Pa'saeh 
 
 Phi-lar'phe§ 
 
 Rab'bi 
 
 Reu, P. 
 
 0. 
 
 Pa-se'ah 
 
 Phl-le'mon 
 
 Rab-b5'ni 
 
 Reu'ben 
 
 Pash'ur 
 
 Phi-le'tus 
 
 Rab'mag* 
 
 Re-u'el 
 
 
 Fa'shur, P. 
 
 Phi-lip'pl 
 
 Rab'sa-ce§ 
 
 Reii'el, P. 
 
 5b-a-di'ah 
 
 Pat'a-ra 
 
 Phi-161'o-g-us 
 Phil-o-me'tor 
 
 Rab'sa-ris 
 
 Reu'mah 
 
 6-ba-di'ah, P. T. 
 
 Pa-the'us 
 
 Rab'sha-keh 
 
 Re'zeph 
 
 ob-di'a 
 
 Path'ros 
 
 Phin'e-as 
 
 Ra'ca, or Ra'pha 
 
 Re-zi'a 
 
 6'bed '_ 
 
 Pa'thros, P. T. 
 
 Phin'e-es 
 
 Ra'chab 
 
 Re'zin 
 
 6'bed E'dom 
 
 Pat'mos 
 
 Phin'e-has 
 
 Ra'pha.1 
 
 Re'zon 
 
 6'phi-el 
 
 Pat'ro-bas 
 
 Phl'son 
 
 Ra'chel 
 
 Rhe'|-i-um 
 
 5c-i-de'lus 
 
 Pa-tro'clus 
 
 Phle'g-on 
 
 Rad'da-i 
 
 Rhe'sa 
 
 oc'i-na 
 
 Pa'u 
 
 Ph5'ros' 
 
 Radlda'i, P. 
 
 Rho'da 
 
 Sc'ran 
 
 Pau, P. 
 
 Phryi'i-a 
 
 Ra'g-au 
 Ra'g-es 
 
 Rhode§ 
 
 5d-on-aVkes 
 
 Paul 
 
 Phucl 
 
 Rhod'o-cus 
 
 6'had 
 
 Pau'lus 
 
 Phu'rah 
 
 Ra-gu'el 
 
 Rho'dus 
 
 Pe-da'iah 
 
 Phu'rim 
 
 Ra'hab 
 
 Rl'bai 
 
 51'a-miis 
 
 Pe-da-I'ah, 0. P 
 
 Phut 
 
 Ra'hel 
 
 Ri-ba'i, P. 
 
 Sl'i-vet 
 
 Pe'kah 
 
 Phu'vah 
 
 Ra'ma, or Ra'mah 
 
 Rib'lah 
 
 51-o-fer'nes. 
 
 Pek-a-hi'ah 
 
 Phy-g-el'lus 
 
 Ra'math 
 
 Rim'mon 
 
 O-lym'pas 
 
 Pel-a-i'ah 
 
 Phy'son 
 
 Ra-math-a'im 
 
 RTm'mon Pa'rez 
 
 O-lym'pi-us 
 om-a-e rus 
 
 Pel-a-li'ah 
 
 Pib'e-seth, or 
 
 Ram'a-them 
 
 Rin'nah 
 
 Pel-a-ti'ah 
 
 Pi^be'seth 
 
 Ra'math Le'hi 
 
 Ri'phath 
 Ris'sah 
 
 6'mar 
 
 Pe'leg- 
 
 Pi-ha-hi'roth 
 
 Ra'math Miz'peh 
 
 Q-me'ga 
 
 Pe'let 
 
 Pi' late 
 
 Ra-me'ses 
 Ra-mes is, 0. 
 
 RTth'mah 
 
 Q-meg-'a, C. 
 
 Pe'leth 
 
 Pil'e-ha 
 
 Riz'pah 
 Rob o-am 
 
 o'me-ga., U. Sm. 
 
 Pe-li'as 
 
 Pi-le'§er 
 
 Ram'e-ses, P. T. 
 
 Sm'rl 
 
 Pe-ni'el 
 
 Pil-ne'§er 
 
 Ra-mi'ah 
 
 Ro-bo'am, P. 
 
 On 
 
 Pe-mn'nah 
 
 Pil'tai 
 
 Ra'moth 
 
 Ro-fe'lim 
 
 6'nan 
 
 Pen-tap'o-lTs 
 
 Pil-ta% P. 
 
 Ra'moth pil'e-ad 
 
 Roh'gah 
 
 O-nes'i-miis 
 
 Pe-nu'el 
 
 Pi'non 
 
 Ra'pha 
 
 Rome 
 
 5n-e-sTph'o-rus 
 
 Pl'or 
 
 Pi'ra 
 
 Ra'pha-el 
 
 Rome, P. W. T. 
 
 o-nl'as 
 
 Per'a-zim 
 
 Pi'ram 
 
 Ra'phael, C 
 
 Rosh 
 
 6'no 
 
 Pe-ra'zim, P. 
 
 Pir'a-thon 
 
 Raph'a-im 
 
 Ru'fus 
 
 6'phel 
 
 Pe'resh 
 
 Pe'kah 
 
 Ra'pha-im, 0. 
 
 Ru'ha-mah 
 
 6'phir 
 
 Pe'rez 
 
 Pi-sid'i-a 
 
 Ra'phon 
 
 Ru-'ha'mah, 0. P. 
 
 Oph'ni 
 
 Pe'rez TJz'za, or 
 
 Pi'thom 
 
 Ra'phu 
 
 Ras ses, or Ras'sis 
 
 Ru'mah 
 
 Oph'rah 
 6 ran 
 
 TJz'zah 
 
 Pi'thon 
 
 Ruth ' 
 
 Per'ga 
 
 Ple'ia-des 
 
 Rath'u-mus 
 
 
 o'reb 
 
 Pe'r'g-a-mos 
 
 Ple'l'a-des, T. 
 
 Ra-thu'mus, 0. 
 
 
 o'ren 
 
 Per'me-nas 
 
 Pon'ti-us Pi'late 
 
 Ra'zis 
 
 s. 
 
 O-ri'on 
 
 Per-sep'o-Hs 
 
 (pou'she-us) 8 
 
 Re-a-i'a, or -ah 
 
 Or' pah 
 
 Per'seus 
 
 Pon'tus 
 
 Re-a'iah, T. 
 
 
 O-sa'ias (o-za/yas) 
 
 Per'si-a 3 
 
 Por'a-tha 
 
 Re'ba 
 
 Sa-baeh-tha'nl 
 
 O-se'a 
 
 Per'sis 
 
 Po-ra'tha, P. 
 
 Re-bec'ca 
 
 Sab'a-oth 
 
 6-§e'as 
 
 Pe-ru'da 
 
 P6r'ci-us 8 
 
 Re-bek'ah 
 
 Sa-b5'oth, P. Sm. 
 
 o'see 
 
 Pi'ter 
 
 Pos-i-do'ni-us 
 
 Re'phab 
 
 Sa'bat 
 
 o'she-a 
 
 Peth-a-hi'ah 
 
 Pot'i-phar 
 
 Re'phab-ites 7 
 
 Sab-a-te'us, or -as 
 
 o-shl'a, 0. P. 
 
 Pe'thbr 
 
 Po-tiph'e-rah 
 
 Re'ehah 
 
 Sab'a-tus 
 
 5th' nl 
 
 Pe-thu'el 
 
 Pot-i-phe'rah, T 
 
 Re-el-a'iah 
 
 Sab-be'us 
 
 5th'ni-el 
 
 Phai'sur 
 Pha-le'as 
 
 Pris'ca 
 
 Re-el'i-iis 
 
 Sab'di, orZab'di 
 
 O-zI'as 
 
 Pris-cil'la 
 
 Ree-sa'ias 
 
 Sa'bT, or Sa'bi-e 
 
 6'zi-el 
 
 Pha'lec 
 
 Proph'o-rus 
 
 Re'g^em 
 
 Sab'ta, or Sab'tah 
 
 : 
 
608 
 
 SCEIPTUKE PEOPER NAMES. 
 
 Sab'te-pha 
 
 Sab'te-phah 
 
 Sad-a-mi'as 
 
 Sad-de'u'j 
 
 Sad'duc 
 
 Sad'du-cee§ 
 
 Sa'doc 
 
 Sa-ha-du'tha 
 
 Sa'la' 
 
 Sa'lah 
 
 Sal'a-mis 
 
 Sal-a-sad'a-I 
 
 Sa-la'thi-el 
 
 Sal'ca, or Sal'phah 
 
 Sii'lem 
 
 Sa'lim 
 
 Sal'ma, or Sal mah 
 
 Sal-man-a'sar 
 
 Sal'mon 
 
 S|l-mo'ne 
 
 Sa'lom 
 
 Sa-lo'me 
 
 Sa'lu 
 
 Sa'lum 
 
 Sam'a-el 
 
 Sa-ma'ias (-yas) 
 
 Sam-a-ri'a 
 
 [Sa-ma'ri-a] 
 
 Sa-mar'i-tan 
 
 Sam'a-tus 
 
 Sa-me'ius 
 
 Sam' gar Ne'bo 
 
 Sa'mos 
 
 Sam-o-thra'ci-a 8 
 
 Sam'son 
 
 Sam'u-el 
 
 San-a-bas'sar 
 
 San-a-bas'sa-rus 
 
 San'a-sib 
 
 San-bal'lat 
 
 Sa'phat 
 
 Saph-a-ti'as 
 
 Sa'pheth 
 
 Saph'i'r [ra) 
 
 Sap-phi'ra (saf-fT- 
 
 Sar-a-bi'as 
 
 Sa'rah 
 
 Sa'rai 
 
 Sa ? ra-i, P. 
 Sar-a-I'a, or -ah 
 Sa-ra'ias (-yas) 
 Sa/rapti 
 Sar-de'us 
 Sar'dis 
 Sa-rep'ta 
 Sar'gon 
 Sa'ron 
 
 Sa-ro'thi, or -thie 
 Sar-se'phim 
 
 Sar'se-phim, P. 
 Sa'ruph 
 Sa'tan 
 
 Sath-ra-bu-za'ne§ 
 Saul 
 
 Sav'a-ran 
 Sa'vi-as 
 
 Sa-vi'as, 0. 
 Sce'va (s'e'va) 
 Scy-thop'o-Ks 
 Sec'a-cah 
 
 Se-ca'cah, P. T. 
 Seph-e-ni^as 
 Se'phu 
 Se'gub 
 Se'ir 
 Se'i-rath 
 
 Se-i'rath, P. 
 Se'l'a 
 
 Se'lah [le'koth 
 
 Se'la Hara'mah- 
 Se'led 
 Sel-e-ml'ah, or 
 
 Sel-e-mi'as 
 
 Sel-eu-ci'a 
 
 [Se-leu'ci-a 8] 
 
 Se-leu'cus 
 
 Sem 
 
 Sem-a-phi'ah 
 
 Sem-a-I'ah 
 
 Sem'e-I 
 
 Se-mel'li-us 
 
 Sen'a-ah 
 
 Se-na'ah, P. T. 
 Se'neh 
 
 Se'nir [0. W. 
 
 Sen-na-phe'rib, C 
 
 Sen-naph'e-rib, 
 P. T. Sin. 
 Sen'u-ah 
 
 Se-nu'ah, P. 
 Se-6'rim 
 Se'phar 
 Seph'a-rad 
 Seph-ar-va'im 
 
 Se-phar-va'im, P. 
 Se-phe'la 
 Se'rah 
 Ser-a-I'ah 
 Se'red 
 Ser'gi-us 
 Se'ron 
 Se'rug 
 Ses'thel 
 Seth 
 Se'thur 
 Sha-al-ab'bin 
 Sha-al'bim 
 Sha-a-ra'im 
 Shab-beth'a-I 
 
 Shab-be-tha'I, 0. 
 Shaph'i-a 
 
 Sha-phi'a, P. T. 
 Shad'da-I ' 
 Sha'draph 
 Sha'fe 
 Sha-ha-ra'im 
 Sha-haz'i-mah, or 
 
 Sha-haz'i-math 
 
 Sha-ha-zI'mah, 
 or -math, U. P. 
 Sha'lem 
 Sha'li'm 
 Shal'i-sha 
 
 Sha'-H's'ha, P. 
 Shal'le-eheth 
 
 Shal'-le'pheth, P. 
 Shal'lum 
 Shal'lun 
 Shal'ma-i 
 
 Shal'mai, 0. T. 
 Shal'man 
 Shal-ma-ne'§er 
 Sha'ma 
 Sham-a-rl'ah 
 Sha'med 
 Sha'mer 
 Sham'gar 
 Sham'huth 
 Sha'mir 
 Sham'ma 
 Sham'mah 
 Sham'ma-i 
 Sham'moth 
 Sham-mu'a, or 
 
 Sham-mu'ah 
 Sham-she-ra'I 
 Sha'pham 
 Sha'phan 
 Sha'phat 
 Sha'pher 
 SharVi 
 
 Sha-ra'I, P. T. 
 Shar'a-im 
 
 Sha-ra'im, P. T. 
 Sha'rar 
 Sha-re'zer 
 
 Sha'ron 
 Sha-ru'hen 
 
 Shar'u-hen, P. 
 Shash'a-I 
 
 Sha-sha'I, P. 
 Sha'shak 
 Sha'ul 
 
 Shiul, P. 
 Sha'veh 
 Shav'sha 
 She'al 
 She-al'ti-el 
 She-a-ri'ah 
 She-ar-ja'shub 
 She'ba, or She' bah 
 She'bam 
 Sheb-a-ni'ah 
 Sheb'a-rim 
 
 She-ba'rim, P. 
 She'ber 
 Sheb'na 
 Sheb'u-el 
 
 She-bu'el, 0. P. 
 Sheph-a-ni'ah 
 She'chem 
 Shed'e-ur 
 She-ha-rl'ah 
 She'lah 
 She'leph 
 She'lesh 
 Shel'o-ml 
 
 She'-lo'mi, P. T. 
 Shel'o-mith 
 
 She-lo'mith, 0. 
 Shel'o-moth 
 
 She-lo'moth, 0. 
 She-lu'mi-el 
 Shem 
 She'ma 
 Shem'a-ah 
 
 She-ma' ah, P. 
 Shem-a-i'ah 
 Shem-a-ri'ah 
 Shem'e-ber 
 
 She-me'ber, P. T. 
 She'mer 
 
 She-mi'da, or -dah 
 Shem'i-mth 
 She-mir'a-moth 
 She-na'zar 
 She'nir 
 Sheph-a-ti'ah 
 She-phu'phan 
 Sher-e-bl'ah 
 She-re'zer 
 She'shaph 
 She'shai 
 
 She-sha'i, P. 
 She'shan 
 Shesh-baz'zar 
 Sheth 
 She'thar 
 
 She'thar Boz'na-I 
 She'va 
 Shib'b'o-leth 
 Shib'mah 
 Shi'cron 
 
 Shic'ron, P. 
 Shigr-gra'ion (-yon) 
 Shi-|i'o-noth 
 Shi'hon 
 Shl'hbr 
 
 Shl'hor Lib'nath 
 Shil'lem 
 Shi-lo'ah 
 Shi'loh, or ShI'lo 
 Shi-lo'ni 
 Shil'shah 
 ShTm'e-a 
 Shlm'e-ah 
 Shim'e-am 
 Shim'e-ath. 
 Shim'e-I 
 
 ShTm'e-on 
 
 Shim'hl 
 
 Shi' ml 
 
 Shim'ma 
 
 Shi'mon 
 
 SMm'rath 
 
 Shim'rl 
 
 Shim'rith 
 
 Shim'ron, or -rom 
 
 Shim'ron Me'ron 
 
 Shim'shai 
 
 Shim'sha-I, P. 
 ShI'nab 
 Shi'nar 
 Shi' on 
 Shi'phI 
 Shiph'rah 
 Shiph'tin 
 ShI'sha 
 ShI'shak 
 Shit'ra-i 
 
 Shi-tra'I, P. 
 Shit'tah 
 Shit'tim 
 Shi'za 
 
 Sho'a, or Sho'ah 
 Sho'bab 
 Sho'baph 
 Sho'ba-i 
 
 Sho-ba'I, P. T. 
 Sho'bal 
 Sho'bek 
 Sho'bi 
 Sho'pho, or 
 Sho'phoh 
 Sho'co 
 Sho'ham 
 Sho'mer 
 Sho'phaph 
 Sho'phan 
 Sho-shan'nim 
 Sho-shan'nim 
 
 E'duth 
 Shu'a 
 Shu'ah 
 Shii'al 
 Shu'ba-el 
 
 Shu-ba'el, P. 
 Shu'ham 
 Shu'nem 
 Shu'ni 
 Shu'pham 
 Shup'pim 
 Shur 
 Shu'shan 
 Shu'the-lah 
 Si'a 
 Si'a-ha 
 Si'ba, or Se'ba 
 Sib'be-phai, or -cai 
 
 Sib-be-pha'i, P. 
 Sib'bo-leth 
 Sib'mah 
 Sib'ra-im, or 
 
 Sib-ra'im, P. T. 
 Si'phem 
 Si"cj:'-on (-she-) 
 Sid'dim 
 Si'de' 
 Si'don 
 Si-gl'o-noth 
 
 Sig-i-o'noth, P. 
 SI'hon 
 Si'hbr 
 Si'las 
 Sil' la 
 Si-lo'ah, 0. P. 
 
 'SU'o-ah, C. T. W. 
 Si-lo'am, 0. P. 
 
 'Sil'o-am, C. W. 
 Si-lo'e, 0. 
 
 'Sil'_o-e, C. Sin. W. 
 Sil-va'nus 
 
 STm'e-on 
 
 Si'mon 
 
 Sim'ri 
 
 Sin 
 
 Si'na 
 
 Si'nai 
 
 Sin'a-I, 0. 
 
 SI'na-i, P. 
 Si'nim 
 Si'on 
 
 Siph'moth 
 Sip'pai 
 
 Sip'pa-i, P. 
 Si'raph 
 Si'rah 
 Sir'i-on 
 Si-sam'a-I 
 
 Sis-a-ma'I, 0. P. 
 Sis'e-ra 
 Si-sTn'neg 
 Sit'nah 
 Si'van 
 Smyr'na 
 So 
 
 So'pho, or So'phoh 
 So'coh 
 So'dl 
 Sod'om 
 Sod'o-ma 
 Sol'o-mon 
 Sop'a-ter 
 Soph'e-reth 
 
 ^So-phe'reth, 0. T. 
 Soph-o-ni'as 
 So'rek 
 So-sTp'a-ter 
 Sos'the-neg 
 Sos'tra-tus 
 S6'ta-i 
 
 So-ta'i, P. 
 Spain 
 Spar'ta 
 
 Sta'phy.s (sta'kjs) 
 Steph'a-nas 
 Ste'phen (ste'vn) 
 Su'ah 
 Su'ba 
 Su'ba-I 
 SQc'eoth 
 
 SQc'coth Be'noth 
 Sud ' 
 Su'di-as 
 Sur ' 
 Su'sa 
 Su-san'na 
 Su'si 
 Sy'char 
 Sy'phem 
 Sy-e'lus 
 Sy-e'ne 
 Syn'ty.-phe 
 Syr'a-ciise 
 Syr'i-a 
 Syr'i-ac 
 Syr'i-an 
 Syr'i-on 
 
 Ta'a-naph 
 
 Ta-a'naph, P. T. 
 Ta'a-nath Shi'loh 
 Tab'a-oth 
 Tab'ba-oth 
 
 Tab-ba'oth, P. 
 Tab'bath 
 Ta'be-al 
 
 Ta-b§'al, P. T. 
 Ta'be-el 
 
 Ta'beel, P. 
 Ta-bel'li-us 
 
SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. 
 
 609 
 
 Tab'e-rah 
 
 Ta-be'rah, T. 
 Tab'i-tha" 
 Ta'bb'r 
 Tab'ri-mon 
 Tad'mor 
 Ta'han 
 Ta-hap'a-ne§ 
 Ta'hath 
 Tah'pan-hes 
 Tah'pe-nes 
 Tah're-a 
 Tah'tim Hod'shi 
 Tal'mai 
 
 Tal-ma'I, P. 
 Tal'mon 
 Tal'sas 
 Ta'mah 
 Ta'mar 
 Tam'muz 
 Ta'nach 
 Tan'hu-meth 
 
 Tan-hu'meth, T. 
 Ta'nis 
 Ta'phath 
 Taph'nes 
 Ta'phon 
 Tap'pu-ah 
 
 Tap-pu'ah, 0. 
 Ta'rah 
 Tar'a-lah 
 
 Ta-ra'lah, 0. P. 
 Ta're-a 
 
 Ta-re'a, P. 
 Tar'shis 
 Tar'shish 
 Tar'sus 
 Tar'tak 
 Tar' tan 
 Tat'na-I 
 Te'bah 
 Teb-a-li'ah 
 Te'beth 
 Te-hm'nah 
 TS'kel 
 Te-ko'a, or 
 
 Te-ko'ah 
 Tel'a-bib 
 
 Te'-la'bib, 0. P. 
 Te'l'ah 
 TeTa-im 
 
 Te-la'im, P. T. 
 Te-las'sar 
 Tl'lem 
 Tel-ha-re'sha 
 Tel-har'sa 
 Tel'me-la' 
 Tel'me-lah 
 
 Tel-ine'lah, P. T. 
 Te'ma 
 Te'man 
 Tem'a-ni 
 
 Te-ma'm, P. 
 
 Tl'ma-nl, 0. Sm. 
 TSm'e-ni 
 
 Te-me'ni, P. 
 
 Te'me-ni, 0. Sm. 
 Te'rah " 
 Te'resh 
 Ter'ti-us 8 
 Ter-tul'lus 
 Thad-de'us 
 Tha'hash 
 Tha'mah 
 Tha'mar 
 Tham'na-tha 
 Tha'ra 
 Thar'ra. 
 
 Thar'shish 
 
 Thar'sus 
 
 The'bez 
 
 The-co'e 
 
 The-la'sar 
 
 The-ler'sas 
 
 Thi'man ' 
 
 The-oc ? a-nu9 
 
 The-od'9-tus 
 
 The-oph'i-lQs 
 
 Tht'ras 
 
 Ther'me-leth 
 
 Thes-sa-lo-ni'ca 
 
 Theu'das 
 
 Thim'na-thah 
 
 Thls'be 
 
 Thom'as (tom'as) 
 
 Thra'ci-a 8 
 
 Thra-se'as 
 
 Thum'mim 
 
 Thy-a-tl'ra 
 
 Ti-be'ri-as 
 
 Ti-be'ri-us 
 
 Tib' hath 
 
 Tib'nl 
 
 Ti'dal 
 
 Tig'lath Pi-le'§er 
 
 Ti'grris 
 
 Tik'vah 
 
 Tik'vath 
 
 Til'g-ath Fil-ne'§er 
 
 Ti'lon 
 
 Ti-mse'us, or 
 
 Ti-me'us 
 Tim'na 
 Tim'nah 
 Tim'nath 
 Tim'na-thah 
 Tim'nath He'res 
 Tim'nath Se'rah 
 Ti'mon 
 Ti-mo'the-us 
 Tim'o-thy. 
 Tiph'sah 
 TFras 
 Tir'ha-kah 
 
 Tir-ha'kah, P. T. 
 Tir'ha-nah 
 
 Tir-ha'nah, P. T. 
 Tir'i-a " 
 Tir'sha-tha 
 Ti'r'zah 
 Ti'tans 
 Ti'tus 
 To'ah 
 Tob' 
 
 Tob-Ad-o-ni'jah 
 To-bi'ah 
 To-bl'as 
 To'bi-el 
 To-bI'j"ah 
 To'bit 
 To'chen 
 To-g-ar'mah 
 To'hu 
 To'i ' 
 To'la 
 To'lid 
 Tol'ba-nes 
 To'phel 
 
 To'phet, or -pheth 
 To'u 
 
 Trach-o-ni'tis 
 Trip'o-iis 
 Tro^as 
 
 Tro-fyl'li-um 
 Troph'i-mus 
 Try-phe'na 
 
 Try'phon 
 
 Zab'bud 
 
 Try-phS'sa 
 
 Zab-de'us 
 
 Tu'bal 
 
 Zab'di 
 
 Tu'bal Ca'in 
 
 Zab'di-el 
 
 Tu'bal Cain, P. 
 
 Za'bud ' 
 
 Tych'i-cfis 
 
 Zab'u-lon 
 
 Ty-ran'nus 
 
 Za.c'ca-1 
 
 Tyre 
 
 Zac-ca'i, P. 
 
 Ty'rus 
 
 Zac-phae'us, or 
 
 
 Zac-che'us 
 
 
 Zac cur 
 
 u. 
 
 Za.f;h-a-ri'ah, or 
 Zaph-a-ri'as 
 
 
 Zafh'a-ry 
 
 •u'cal 
 
 Za'pher 
 
 tj'el 
 
 Za'dok 
 
 Tl'la-i 
 
 Za'ham 
 
 _ u-la'i, P 
 
 Za'ir 
 
 Tl'lam 
 
 Za'iaph 
 
 ©l'la 
 
 Zal'mon 
 
 tJm'mah 
 
 Zal-mo'nah 
 
 tTn' ni 
 
 Zal-mun'na 
 
 U-phar'sin 
 
 Zam'bis 
 
 "D'phaz 
 
 Zam'bri 
 
 "Ur [iJr'ban Za'mpth 
 
 tjr'bane, properly 
 
 Za-no'ah [ne'a] 
 
 tir-ba'nus , 
 
 Zaph'nath-pa-a- ' 
 Za'phon 
 
 U'rl 
 
 T7-ri'ah 
 
 Za'ra 
 
 TT-ri'as 
 
 Zar'a-ce§ 
 
 "U'ri-el 
 
 Za'rah 
 
 _ U-ri'el, P. 
 
 Zar-a-T'as 
 
 U-rl'jah 
 
 Za're-ah 
 
 tr'rim 
 
 Za-re'ah, P. T. 
 
 u'ta 
 
 Za'red 
 
 tr'tha-i 
 
 Zar'e-phath 
 
 U-tha'i, P. 
 
 Zar'e-tan 
 
 u'thi 
 
 Za'reth Sha'har 
 
 UZ 
 
 Zar'ta-nah 
 
 u'za-I 
 
 Zar-ta'nah, P. T. 
 
 U'zal 
 
 Zar than 
 
 Uz'za 
 
 Za-thu^i 
 
 Uz'zah 
 
 Zat'thu 
 
 tjz'zen She'rah 
 
 Za'za 
 
 ■&z'zi 
 
 Zeb-a-di'ah 
 
 Bz-zi'a 
 
 Ze'bah 
 
 tjz-zi'ah 
 
 Ze-ba'im 
 
 Uz-zi'el 
 
 Zeb'e-dee 
 
 ■&z'zi-el, Milton. 
 
 Ze-bi'na 
 
 
 Ze-bo'im 
 
 
 Ze-bi5i'im 
 
 V. 
 
 Ze-bu'dah 
 
 Zeb'u-'dah, P. 
 
 
 Ze'bul 
 
 Va-jez'a-tha 
 
 Zeb'u-lon 
 
 Va-je-za'tha, P. 
 
 Zeb'u-lun 
 
 Va-ni'ah 
 
 Zech-a-ri'ah 
 
 Vash'ni 
 
 Ze'dad 
 
 Vash'tl 
 
 Zed-e-chl'as 
 
 Voph'si 
 
 Zed-e-kl'ah 
 
 
 Zeeb' 
 
 
 Ze'eb, P. Sm. T. 
 
 X, 
 
 Ze'lah 
 Ze'lek 
 
 
 Ze-15'phe-ha.d 
 
 Xan'thi-cus 
 
 Ze-15'tes 
 
 
 Zel'zah 
 
 
 Zem-a-ra'im 
 
 z. 
 
 Ze-mi'ra 
 Ze'nan 
 
 
 Ze'nas 
 
 Za-a-na'im 
 
 Zeph-a-ni'ah 
 Ze'phath 
 
 Za'a-nan 
 
 Za'a-van 
 
 Zeph'a-thah 
 
 Za'bad _ 
 
 Ze-pha'thah, P. 
 
 Zab-a-da'ias (-yas) Ze'phi 
 Zab'bai Ze'pho 
 
 Zab-ba'I, P. Ze'phon 
 
 Ze'rah 
 
 Zer-a-hi'ah 
 
 Zer-a-i'ah 
 
 Ze'red 
 
 Zer'e-da 
 
 Ze-re'da, P. 
 Ze-red'a-thah 
 Zlr'e-rath 
 
 Ze-re'rath, P. T. 
 Ze'resh 
 Ze'reth 
 Ze'rl 
 Ze'ror 
 Ze-ru'ah 
 Ze-rub'ba.-bel 
 
 Ze-rub-ba'bel, P. 
 Zer-u-i'ah 
 Ze'tham 
 Ze'than 
 Ze'thar 
 Zi'ba 
 Zib'e-on 
 Zib'i'-a 
 Zib'i-ah 
 
 Zi'-bi'ah, T. 
 i ZiGh'ri (zlk'rl) 
 Zid'dim 
 Zid-kl'jah 
 Zi'don 
 Zif ' 
 Zi'ha 
 Zik'lag 
 Zil'lah 
 ZU'pah 
 Zil'thai 
 
 Zil-tha'i, P. 
 Zim'mah 
 Zim'ram, or 
 
 Zim'ran 
 Zim'ri 
 Zin 
 Zi'na 
 Zi'oii 
 Zi'or 
 Zip'h 
 Zi f phah 
 Ziph'i-on 
 Zi'phron 
 
 Ziph^on, P. T. 
 Zip'por 
 Zip-po'rah 
 
 Zip'po-rah, P. 
 ZithM ' 
 Ziz 
 Zi'za 
 Zi'zah 
 Z5'an 
 Zo'ar 
 Zo'ba, or 
 
 Zo'bah 
 Zo-be'bah 
 Zo'har 
 Zo'he-leth 
 
 Zo-'he'leth, P. 
 Zo'heth 
 Zo'phah 
 Zo'phai 
 Zo'phar 
 Zo'phim 
 Zo'rah 
 Zo're-ah 
 
 Zo'-re'ah, P. T. 
 Zo-rob'a-bel 
 Zu'ar 
 Zup'h 
 Zur 
 Zu'ri-el 
 
 Zu-ri'el, P. 
 
ANCIENT GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES, 
 
 WITH 
 
 THEIR CORRESPONDING MODERN NAMES. 
 
 COUNTRIES OF EUROPE. 
 
 Ancient. Modern. 
 
 Scan-di-na'vi-a Sweden and Norway 
 
 pher-so-ne'sus ' Cim'bri- /Jutland part of Den- 
 ca .......... 1 mark 
 
 Sar-ma'ti-a Poland, Russia 
 
 Bri-tan'ni-a, or Al'bi-on . Great Britain 
 
 Cai-e-do'ni-a Scotland 
 
 Hl-ber'ni-a Ireland 
 
 _. .' f Germany north of the 
 
 Ger-ma'ni-a | Danube 
 
 „.,,.. ^^ . (France, Netherlands, 
 
 Gal'h-a, Gaul j &c. 
 
 Hel-ve'ti-a Switzerland 
 
 His-pa'ni-'a Spain 
 
 LG-si-ta'iii-a Portugal 
 
 Ancient. Modern. 
 
 Ehse'ti-a Tyrol, &c. 
 
 Vin-de-li"ci-a Part of Bavaria 
 
 „ v ,. ' w (Part of Bavaria and of 
 
 Nor'j-cum { Austria 
 
 Jl-lyr'i-cum Part of Austria 
 
 _ 1. . f Part of Austria and of 
 
 Pan-no'm-a j Hungary 
 
 (Part of Austria-Hun- 
 Da'ci-a -< gary and of Kouma- 
 
 ( nia 
 Mce'sJ-a, Thrace, Mac-e- f Part of Turkey , & c . 
 
 do'm-a, E-pi rus { 
 
 Gre'ci-a,' Greece '. . . . . Greece 
 Pel-o-pon-ne'sus .... The Morea 
 
 COUNTRIES OF ASIA. 
 
 A'si-a Mi'nor Natolia, Caramania, &c. 
 
 Syr'i-a,. Phce-nl"ci-a, j Part of Turkey 
 
 Ju-de'a, &c 
 
 Ar-me'ni-a, Mes-o 
 ta'mi-a, As-syr' 
 Bab-y-lo'ni-a . . 
 
 A-ra'bi-a 
 
 Bac'tri-a 
 
 : 
 
 a, VPart of Turkey 
 
 Arabia 
 Afghanistan 
 
 «w f , . . = , -, . j") Georgia, Miugrelia, 
 
 Col'clns, I-be'ri-a, and [ * £ f Circassia in 
 
 Al-ba'm-a j Eussia 
 
 Per'si-a, Me'di-a, Par'- \ p ers j a 
 
 thi-a J 
 
 Sog-di-a'na Bokhara, &c. 
 
 Scyth ? i-a '. Siberia, Tartary 
 
 COUNTRIES OF AFRICA. 
 
 JE'gy.vt Egypt 
 
 Lib'y-a Barca 
 
 Af'ri'-c'a Proper Tripoli, Tunis 
 
 Nu-mld'i-a Tunis, Algiers 
 
 Mau-ri-ta'ni-a 
 Qae-tu'li-a . . . 
 JE-thi-o'pi-a . 
 
 Algiers, Morocco 
 Biledulgerid. 
 Nubia, Abyssinia, &c. 
 
 SEAS, GULFS, STRAITS, AND LAKES. 
 
 A-dri-at'ic Sea 
 
 iE-l-ae'an Sea , 
 
 Aq-ui-ta'ni-an Ocean . 
 A-ra'bi-an Gulf, or . . 
 
 Ar-g-ol'ic Gulf 
 
 As-phal-ti'tes, Lake. . 
 At-lan'tic Ocean . . . 
 Be-na'cus Lake .... 
 Bos'pho-rus [Cimmerian] 
 Bos'pho-rus [Thraciah] 
 Brig-an-ti'nus Lake . . 
 
 Cas'pi-an Sea 
 
 Co-da'ni-an Gulf . . . 
 Cor'intti, Gulf of . . . 
 
 Eux'ine Sea 
 
 Gal'i-lee, Sea of ... . 
 
 Gal'lic Strait 
 
 Gal'lic Gulf 
 
 610 
 
 Gulf of Venice 
 Archipelago 
 Bay of Biscay 
 Red Sea 
 Gulf of Napoli 
 Bead Sea 
 Atlantic 
 Garda 
 
 Strait of Kaffa 
 Strait of Constantino- 
 Constance 
 Caspian 
 Baltic Sea 
 Gulf of Lepanto 
 Black Sea 
 Tabaria 
 Strait of Dover 
 Gulf of Lyons 
 
 [pie 
 
 pen-nes' a-reth, Lake of . Tabaria 
 Ger'man Ocean, or ... . North Sea 
 
 Hel'les-pont Dardanelles 
 
 Her'cu-les, Strait of . . . Strait of Gibraltar 
 Hi-ber'ni-an Strait . . • Irish Sea 
 
 I-o'ni-an Sea Part of Gulf of Venice 
 
 La'ri'-u's Lake Como 
 
 Le'man Lake Geneva 
 
 Li-g-us' tic Gulf Gulf of Genoa 
 
 Med-i-ter-ra'ne-an . . . Mediterranean 
 Pa'lu's Mse-o'tis . . . . .Sea of Azof 
 
 Pro-p5n'tis Marmora 
 
 Sa-ron'ic Gulf GulfofEngia 
 
 Si'-cil'i-an Strait .... Strait of Messina 
 
 Syr'tis Ma'jor GulfofSidra 
 
 Ther-ma'ic Gulf Gulf of Salonica 
 
 Ti-'be'ri-a's, Sea of . . . . Tabaria 
 Ver-ba'nus Lake .... Maggiore 
 
ANCIENT GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 611 
 
 ISLANDS. 
 
 Ancient. 
 
 Modern. 
 
 Ancient. 
 
 Modern. 
 
 Ancient. 
 
 Modern. 
 
 .ffi-gl'na . . 
 
 . . Engia 
 
 Cytb/nus . 
 
 . . Thermia 
 
 o-le'a-ros . . . 
 
 . Antiparos 
 
 JE-o'li-an Islands Lipari Islands 
 
 De'los. . • 
 
 . . Delos 
 
 Pa'ros . . . . 
 
 . Paros 
 
 A-mbr'g-os . 
 
 . . Amorgo 
 
 Eb'u-sus . 
 
 . . Ivica 
 
 Pat'mos . . . . 
 
 . Patino 
 
 An'a-phe . . 
 
 . . Namphio 
 
 Eii-boe'a . 
 
 . . Negropont 
 
 Psy'ra . . . . 
 
 . Ipsara 
 
 An'dros . . . 
 
 . . Andro 
 
 For'tu-nate Isles Canaries 
 
 Rhodes . . . . 
 
 . Rhodes 
 
 Ar'a-dus . . 
 
 . . Larek 
 
 Hes-per'i-des . . Bissagos (?) 
 
 Sal'a-mis . . . 
 
 . Colouri 
 
 
 ( Majorca 
 
 Hl-ber'ni-a 
 
 . . Ireland 
 
 Sa'mos . . . . 
 
 . Samos 
 
 Bal-e-a're? . 
 
 . < Minorca 
 
 I-ca'ri-a . 
 
 . . Nicaria 
 
 Sa-mo-thra'ce . 
 
 . Samothraki 
 
 
 (ivica 
 
 fl'va "... 
 
 . . Elba 
 
 Sar-din'i-a . . 
 
 . Sardinia 
 
 Ca-lym'na . 
 
 . . Calmina 
 
 fm'bros . . 
 
 . . Imbro 
 
 Scy'ros . . . . 
 
 . Skyro 
 
 Ca-pra'ri-a . 
 
 . . Gomera 
 
 I'os .... 
 
 . . Nio 
 
 Se-ri'phus . . 
 
 . Serpho 
 
 Ca'pre-ae . . 
 
 . . Capri 
 
 fth'a-ca . . 
 
 . . Theaki 
 
 Sic'i-ly . . . . 
 
 . Sicily 
 
 Car'pa-thus . 
 
 . , Scarpanto 
 
 Lem'nos . . 
 
 . . Stalimene 
 
 Siph'nos . . . 
 
 • Siphanto 
 
 Ce'os ... 
 
 . . Zia 
 
 Les'bos . . 
 
 . . Metelin 
 
 Stoseh'a-des . . 
 
 . Hyeres 
 
 Ceph-a-le'ni-a 
 
 . . Cefalonia 
 
 Leu-ca'di-a 
 
 . . St. Maura 
 
 Stroph'a-des . 
 
 . Strivali 
 
 phi'os. . . . 
 
 . . Scio 
 
 Lip'a-re . . 
 
 . . Lipari 
 
 Sy'ros . . . . 
 
 . Syra 
 
 CI-mo'lus . . 
 
 . . Argentiera 
 
 Mel'i-te . . 
 
 . . Malta 
 
 Ta-prob'a-ne . 
 Ten'e-dos . . . 
 
 . Ceylon 
 
 Cor-cy'ra . . 
 
 . . Corfu 
 
 Mel'i-te. . 
 
 . . Meleda 
 
 . Tenedos 
 
 Cbr'si-ca . . 
 
 . . Corsica 
 
 Me'los . . 
 
 . .Milo 
 
 Te'nos . . . . 
 
 . Tino 
 
 Cos 
 
 . . Stanch io 
 
 Mo'na . . . 
 
 . . Anglesea 
 
 Tha'sos . . . . 
 
 . Thaso 
 
 Crep'sa . . • 
 
 . . Cherso 
 
 Mo-na'bi-a 
 
 . . Man 
 
 The'ra . . . . 
 
 . Santorin 
 
 Crete .... 
 
 . . Candia 
 
 Myc'o-nus 
 
 . . Myconi 
 
 Thii'le . . . . 
 
 . Shetland 
 
 Cy'prus . . . 
 
 . . Cyprus 
 
 Nax'os . . 
 
 . . . Naxia 
 
 Vec'tis . . . . 
 
 . Isle of Wight 
 
 Cy-the'ra . . 
 
 
 Ni-sy'ros . 
 
 . . Nisiri 
 
 Za-cyn'thus . . 
 
 . Zante 
 
 Bo-rys r the-nes . Dnieper 
 Hyp'a-ms . . . Bog 
 Rha .' • Volga 
 
 ATMs Elbe 
 
 A-mi"§i-a . . . Ems 
 Ss'ter .'.' . . . . Danube 
 
 A'rar Saone 
 
 Ga-rum'na> . . . Garonne 
 LI'£er ...... Loire 
 
 A'nas Guadiana 
 
 Boe'tis Guadalquivi 
 
 EIYEES. 
 
 SARMATIA. 
 
 Bu'bo Niemen 
 
 Tan'a-is .... Don 
 
 GERMANY. 
 
 Moe'nus Main 
 
 Rhe'n'us .... Rhine 
 Vl'a-drus .... Oder 
 
 GAUL. 
 
 Mo'sa Meuse 
 
 Mo-sel'la .... Moselle 
 Rhod'a-nus . . . Rhone 
 
 SPAIN. 
 Du'ri-us .... Duero 
 I-be'rus Ebro 
 
 Tu-run'tus 
 Ty'ras . . 
 
 Vis'tii-la 
 Vi-siir'gis 
 
 I Scal'dis . 
 I Seq'ua-na 
 
 Min'i-iis 
 Ta'gus . 
 
 Dwina 
 Dniester 
 
 Vistula 
 Weser 
 
 Scheldt 
 
 Seine 
 
 Minho 
 Tagus, or Tajo 
 
 Danube 
 
 Da-nu'bi-us, or \ 
 Is'ter J 
 Dra'vus Drave 
 
 Id'du-a . 
 A'ni-5 
 Ar'nus . 
 Ath'e-sTs 
 Au'fi-dus 
 
 Adda 
 
 Teverone 
 
 Arno 
 
 Adige 
 
 Ofanto 
 
 ILLYRICUM, DACIA, &c. 
 
 He'brus Marizza 
 
 CE'nus Inn 
 
 Py-re'tus .... Pruth 
 
 E-rid'a-nus 
 Me-do'a-cus 
 Me-tau^us 
 Min'ci-us . 
 Pa'dus . . 
 
 ITALY. 
 Po 
 
 . Brenta 
 . Metro 
 . Mincio 
 .Po 
 
 Sa'vus . 
 Ti-bis'cus 
 
 | Ru'bi-con . 
 TTbe'r . . 
 Ti-ci'nus . 
 Vul-tiir'nus 
 
 Save 
 Theiss 
 
 Fiumecino 
 Tiber 
 Ticino 
 Volturno 
 
 Aph-e-lo'us 
 ^.1-phe'us - 
 4s-trse'us . 
 
 GREECE. 
 
 Aspro Potamo J Ax'i-us Vardar 
 
 . Alfeo 
 . Vistris 
 
 Eu-ro'tas 
 E-ve'nus 
 
 Basili 
 Fidari 
 
 Ha-li-ac'mon 
 Pe-ne'us . . 
 Stry'mon . . 
 
 Jenicoro 
 
 Peneo 
 
 Strimon 
 
 ASIA. 
 
 4-rax'e§ . . 
 Ca-i'cus . . . 
 Cal-y-cad'nus 
 Ca-ys'trus . 
 Cy'rus . . . 
 
 Da'ix . 
 
 Et-y-man'der 
 
 EGjlse'us, or 
 
 U'la-'i . . . 
 
 . Aras 
 
 . Germaisti 
 
 . Kalikdoni 
 
 . Minderscare 
 
 . Kur 
 
 . Ural 
 
 . Hinnend 
 
 > Karasu 
 
 Eu-phra'tes 
 Gra-ni'cus 
 Ha'lys . . 
 Her'mus . 
 Hy-das'pe§ 
 Jax-ar'tes. 
 Jbr'dan . . 
 Ly'cus . . 
 
 . Euphrates 
 . Ousvola 
 . Kizil-ermak 
 . Sarabat 
 . Behat 
 . Syr-Darya 
 . Jordan 
 . Tonsalu 
 
 Mae-an'der . . . Meinder 
 O-ron'tes .... Orontes 
 
 8x'us Amoo-Darya 
 
 Pha'sis Rion 
 
 Pyr'a-mus . . . Geihoun 
 San-ga'ri-us . . Sakaria 
 Ther-mo'don . . Termeh 
 Tl'gris .'.... Tigris 
 
612 
 
 Ancient 
 
 Bag'r? das 
 Dar'a-dus . 
 
 ANCIENT GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 AFRICA. 
 
 Modern. Ancient. 3Iodern. 
 
 Mejerdah I Ni'£er Niger 
 
 Senegal | Nile " Nile 
 
 Ancient. 
 Sta'phir . . 
 
 Modern. 
 Gambia 
 
 CITIES AND TOWNS. 
 
 Cal'i-dae. . . [ 
 
 1 } Cambridge 
 
 Can-ta-brig'i-a 
 Cas'tra A-la'ta 
 
 Edinburgh 
 
 As-tu'ri-ca . . . Astorga 
 Bar'ci-no .... Barcelona 
 
 Bil'bi'-lis .... Calatayud 
 
 Cae'sar Au-gus'ta Saragossa 
 Cal-a-gur'ris . '. Calahorra 
 Cal'le ...'... Oporto 
 Cal'pe ...... Gibraltar 
 
 Car-tha'go No'va Carthagena 
 
 A' quae Sex'tj-ae . Aix 
 Ar-£en-to-ra'tum Strasburg 
 Av-a-ri'cum. . . Bourges 
 A-ve'ni-o .... Avignon 
 Av-en-tl'eum . . Avenches 
 Au-gus'taTrev-| Treveg 
 
 e-ro'rum . . j 
 Bi-brac'te .... Autun 
 
 BRITAIN. 
 
 Du-ro-ver'num . Canterbury 
 E-bor'a-oum'. . l To rk 
 Eb-o-ra'cum. . J xorK 
 Lon-dl'num . . . London 
 
 SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. 
 
 Com-plu'tum 
 Co-nlm'bri-ca 
 Cor'du-ba . 
 Ga'des . . 
 His'pa-lis . 
 I-ler'da . . 
 1-ta.l'i-ca . 
 Mal'a-ca . 
 
 . Alcala 
 . Coimbra 
 . Cordova 
 . Cadiz 
 . Seville 
 . Lerida 
 . Sautiponte 
 . Malaga 
 
 GAUL. 
 
 Bur-dig'a-la . . Bordeaux 
 Co-lo'n_i-a Ag-| Col 
 
 rip-pi'na . . J s 
 
 Fo'rum Ju'li-I. . Frejus 
 Ge-ne'va .... Geneva 
 Ll-mS'num . . . Poitiers 
 Lug-du'num . . . Lyons 
 
 Lon-din'i-um . . London 
 Lu-gu-val'lum . Carlisle 
 
 Ox-6'ni-a 
 
 Oxford 
 
 ux-u m-a .... yxiun 
 Tbe-od-o-ru'num "Wells 
 
 Mun'da . . 
 Nu-man'ti-a 
 6-ii-sip'po 
 P6m'pe-15 . 
 Sa-gun'tum 
 Se-go'vi-a . 
 Tar'ra-co . 
 To-le'tum . 
 
 . . Monda 
 near Soria 
 . Lisbon 
 . Pampeluna 
 . Murviedro 
 . Segovia 
 . Tarragona 
 . Toledo 
 
 Lu-te'ti-a .... Paris 
 Mas-sil'i'-a . . . Marseilles 
 Mo-gun-tl'a-cum Mentz 
 
 Nar'bo Narbonne 
 
 Ne-mau'sus . . . Nimes 
 Ro-tom'a-gus . . Rouen 
 To-lo'as Toulouse 
 
 ITALY AND SOUTHERN AUSTRIA. 
 
 Ag-ri-fen'tum 
 
 . Girgenti 
 
 Al'ba Lon'ga . 
 
 . Albano 
 
 An-co'na . . . 
 
 . Ancona 
 
 An'ti-um . . . 
 
 . Anzio 
 
 Ap'pi-I Fo'rum 
 
 . Fossa Nuova 
 
 Aq-ui-le'i-a . . 
 
 . Aquileja 
 
 A-qui'num . . 
 
 . Aquino 
 
 A-rim'i-num . 
 
 . Rimini 
 
 Ar-pi'num . . 
 
 . Arpino 
 
 Au-gus'ta Tau- 
 
 | Turin 
 
 ri-no'rum . . 
 
 Ba'i-ae . . . . 
 
 . Baia 
 
 Ben-e-ven'tum 
 
 . Benevento 
 
 Bo-no'ni-a . . 
 
 . Bologna 
 
 Brun-du'si-um 
 
 . Brindisi 
 
 Ca-i-e'ta . . . 
 
 . Gaeta 
 
 Cal-Hp'o-Hs . . 
 Ca-nu'si-um. . 
 
 . Gallipoli 
 
 . Canosa 
 
 Cap'u-a . . . . 
 
 . Capua 
 
 Car'a-lis . . . 
 
 . Cagliari 
 
 Cat/a-na . . . 
 
 . Catania 
 
 Cen'tum Cel'lss 
 
 . Civita A'ecchia 
 
 Clu'si-um . . . 
 
 . Chiusi 
 
 Am-phip'o-lis . 
 
 . Emboli 
 
 Ap-ol-lo'ni-a . 
 
 . Polina 
 
 Be-rse'a . . . . 
 
 . "\ eria 
 
 Di'um 
 
 . Standia 
 
 Ao'ti-um . . . 
 
 . Agio 
 
 An-tVy.-ra . . 
 
 . Aspro-Spitia 
 
 Ar'gos . . . . 
 Ath'ens . . . . 
 
 . Argo 
 
 . Athens 
 
 Au'lis 
 
 . Meeralo-Yathi 
 
 Cen'phre-a . . 
 
 . Kenkri 
 
 phal'cis .... 
 
 . Negropont 
 
 Cor'inth. . . . 
 
 . Corinth 
 
 Co-ro'ne . . . . 
 
 . Coron 
 
 Cxl-le'ne . . . 
 
 . Chiarenza 
 
 CS'mum .... 
 
 . Como 
 
 Pe-ru'si-a. . 
 
 Co-sen'ti-a . . 
 
 . Cosenza 
 
 PI'sae . . . . 
 
 Cro-to'na . . . 
 
 . Crotona 
 
 Pla-cen'ti-a . 
 
 Drep'a-num . . 
 
 . Trapani 
 
 Pre-nes'te . 
 
 Fa-ven'ti-a . . 
 
 . Faenza 
 
 Pu-te'o-li . . 
 
 Flo-ren'ti-a . . 
 
 . Florence 
 
 Ra-ven'na . 
 
 Qen'u-a .... 
 
 . Genoa 
 
 Rhe'i-i-um . 
 
 Ha'dri-a . . . 
 
 . Adria 
 
 Sa-ler'num . 
 
 Hy-drun'tum . 
 
 . Otranto 
 
 Scyl-la-ce'um 
 Se'na . . . . 
 
 in-ter-am'na . 
 
 . Terni 
 
 Le-on-ti'ni . . 
 
 . Lentini 
 
 Spo-le'ti-um 
 
 Lil-y-bse'um . 
 
 . Marsala 
 
 Ta-ren'tum . 
 
 Man'tu-a . . . 
 
 . Mantua 
 
 Ter-§es'te. . 
 
 Me-di-o-la'num 
 
 . Milan 
 
 Ti'bur , . 
 
 Mes-sa'na . . . 
 
 . Messina 
 
 Ti-ci'num . . 
 
 Mu'ti-na . . . 
 
 . Modena 
 
 Tri-den'tum. 
 
 Ne-ap'o-Hs . . 
 
 . Naples 
 
 Tus'cu-liim . 
 
 Os'ti-a .... 
 
 . Ostia 
 
 Ve-na'frum . 
 
 Paes'tum . . . 
 
 . Pesto 
 
 Ve-nu'si-a . 
 
 Pa-nor'mus . . 
 
 . Palermo 
 
 Ver-cel'lae . . 
 
 Pai/ma .... 
 
 . Parma 
 
 Ve-ro'na . . 
 
 Par-then'o-pe . 
 
 . Naples 
 
 Vi-cen'ti-a . 
 
 Pa-ta'vi-um . 
 
 . Padua 
 
 VQl-sin'i-iim 
 
 MACEDONIA. 
 
 Dyr-rhaph'i-um . Durazzo 
 E-des'sa .... Edessa 
 Pel' la .' Jenitza 
 
 GREECE. 
 
 Del'phI Castri 
 
 E-leu'sis .... Lepsina 
 Ep-i-dau'rus . . Pidaura 
 Lac-e-dse'mon . . (See Sparta) 
 La-ris'sa . . . . Larissa 
 
 Leuc'tra Livadosta 
 
 Man-ti-'ne'a, near Tripolitza 
 Meg'a-ra .... Megaro 
 Mes-se'ne .... Macra-mathia 
 Me-tho'ne .... Modon 
 
 . Perugia 
 . Pisa 
 . Piacenza 
 . Palestrina 
 . Pozzuoli 
 . Ravenna 
 . Reggio 
 . Salerno 
 . Squillace 
 . Siena 
 . Spoleto 
 . Taranto 
 . Trieste 
 . Tivoli 
 . Pavia 
 . Trent 
 . Frascati 
 . Yenafro 
 . Yenosa 
 . Yercelli 
 . Verona 
 . Yicenza 
 . Bolsena 
 
 Pot-i-dae'a . . . Cassandra 
 Sta-gl'ra ' . . . . Stavros 
 Thes-sa-lo-ni'ca . Salonica 
 
 Nau-pac'tus. . . Lepanto 
 Nau'pli-a .... Napoli 
 Ni-cop'o-lis . . . Prevesa 
 
 Pa'trae Patras 
 
 Phar-sa'li-a . . . Farsa 
 Py'los . . . . . Navarino 
 
 Siy'y-on Basilico 
 
 Spar'ta Paleo-chori 
 
 Thebes Thiva 
 
ANCIENT GEOGKAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 613 
 
 Ancient. 
 
 A-by'dos . . • . 
 Ad-ra-myt'ti-fim 
 
 A-ma'si-a . . . . 
 
 ^.-mi'sus . . . . 
 
 £n-cy'ra . . . . 
 
 An'ti-oph . . . . 
 
 ip-a-me'a . . j 
 
 At-ta-li'a . . . . 
 
 Be-ri'sa 
 
 Caes-a-re'a . . . 
 
 Cer'a-sus . . . . 
 
 phal-ce'don . . . 
 
 phry-sop'o-lls . . 
 
 Cla-zom'e-nae . • 
 
 Co-los'sae . . . . 
 
 Con-stan'ti-a . . 
 
 Cot-y-ae'um . . . 
 
 Modern. 
 Nagara 
 Adramiti 
 Amasia 
 Samsoun 
 Angora 
 Akshehr 
 Afioom-Kara- 
 
 hissar 
 Satalia 
 Tocat 
 Kaisarieh 
 Keresoua 
 Kadi-Keui 
 Scutari 
 Vourla 
 Chonos 
 Constanza 
 Kutaiah 
 
 ASIA MINOR AND CYPRUS. 
 
 Ancient. Modern. 
 
 Alali Dagh 
 
 Der'be . . . 
 Eph'e-sus . . 
 Er'y-'thrae . . 
 Eu-pa-to'ri-a 
 Hal-i-car-nas'sus 
 Her-a-cle'a . 
 i-co'ni-um . 
 fs'sus .... 
 Lamp'sa-cQs 
 La-od-i-ce'a . 
 Mag-ne'si-a "I 
 
 Mse-an'dri / 
 Mag-ne'si-a f 
 
 Si-pyl'i-a J ' 
 Maz'a-ca . . . 
 Mj.-le'tus . . . 
 Ne-o-Cses-a-re'a 
 Nice 
 
 Aiyasoolook 
 
 Erethri 
 
 Tchernikeh 
 
 Boodroom 
 
 Erekli 
 
 Konieh 
 
 Aias 
 
 Larapsaki 
 
 Eski-hissar 
 
 Magnisa 
 
 Guzel-hissar 
 
 Kaisarieh 
 Palatia 
 Niksar 
 Isnic 
 
 Ancient. 
 Nic-o-me-dl'a 
 Pa'phos '. . . 
 Pat'a-ra . . 
 Pe'r'ga "... 
 Per'ga-mos . 
 PMl-a-del'phi 
 Pho-cse'a . . 
 Pru'sa ". . . 
 Sal'a-mis . . 
 Sar'dis . . . 
 Se-leu'ci-a . 
 Si-no'pe. *. . 
 Smyr'na . . 
 Tar'sus" . . . 
 Tel-mls'sus . 
 Thy-a-ti'ra . 
 Tra-pe'zus . 
 
 Modern. 
 Is-Nicmid 
 Baffa 
 Patera 
 Kara-hissar 
 Pergamo 
 Alah-Shehr 
 Fochea 
 Brusa 
 Constanza 
 Sart 
 
 Selefke [noob 
 Sinope, or Si- 
 Smvrua 
 Tarso- 
 Macri 
 Akhissar 
 Trebizcnd 
 
 SYRIA, MESOPOTAMIA, &c. 
 
 Al-ex-an-dri'a. 
 Al-ex-an'dri-a. 
 An'ti-och . . . 
 Ap-a-me'a . . 
 Ar-be'la . . . 
 Bab'y-lon, near 
 Be-rae'a .... 
 Ber'y- 
 
 Alexandretta 
 
 Antioch 
 
 Famieh 
 
 Erbil 
 
 Hillah 
 
 Aleppo 
 
 Beirout 
 
 phar'ran, Car'rae Heren 
 
 Ctes'i-phon . 
 Da-mas'cus . 
 Ec-bat'a-na . 
 E-des'sa . . 
 E-me'sa. . . 
 Ep-i-pha-ni'a 
 He-li-op'o-Hs 
 Hi-e-rap'o-lis 
 La-od-i-ce'a . 
 
 . Modain 
 . Damascus 
 . Hamadan 
 . Ourfa 
 . Hems 
 . Famieh 
 . Balbec 
 . Bambouch 
 . Latakia 
 
 Nic-e-pho'ri 
 Ni-sT'bis . 
 Sa-mos'a-ta 
 Sa-rep'ta . 
 Se-leu'ci-a 
 Si'don . . 
 Tad'mor, or 
 Trip'o-lis • 
 Tyre . . . 
 
 , Raua 
 Nisibin 
 Someisat 
 Sarfend 
 Basdad 
 Saida 
 Palmyra 
 Tripoli 
 Sur 
 
 PALESTINE. 
 
 Ar-i-ma-the'a 
 A-zo'tus 
 Beth'le-hem. 
 Beth'san . 
 Em'ma-us ■ 
 Ga'za '. . . 
 
 A-by'dos 
 Al-ex-an'dri 
 Ar-sin'o-e . 
 Caes-a-re'a 
 Ca-no'pus . 
 Cap'sa . . 
 Ci'r'ta . . . 
 Croc-o-di-lop'o 
 lis " . *. 
 
 Ramla 
 
 Ezdoud 
 
 Bethlehem 
 
 Baisan 
 
 Amoas 
 
 Gaza 
 
 Madfune 
 
 Alexandria 
 
 Suez 
 
 Shershell 
 
 Aboukir 
 
 Gafsa 
 
 Coustantine 
 
 Medinet-Fars 
 
 He'bron . . . 
 Jer'i-cho . . 
 Je-ru'sa-lem 
 Jez're-el . . 
 Naz'a-reth . 
 
 El Khalil 
 Jericho 
 
 Jerusalem 
 Esdraelon 
 Nazareth 
 
 AFRICA. 
 
 Cy-re'ne .... Suren 
 
 Dar'nis Derne 
 
 He-li-op'p-lis . . Matarea 
 Hip'po Re'g-i-us . Bona 
 HIp'po Zar'y-tus Bizerta 
 Ly-cop'o-lls . . • Sioot 
 
 (E'a . . ' Tripoli 
 
 Pe-lu'si-fim . . . Tineh 
 
 62 
 
 Ptol-e-ma'is 
 Sa-ma'ri-a . 
 Scy-thop'o-Hi 
 Seph'o-rls . . 
 Sy chra . . . 
 
 Acre 
 
 Sebastiya 
 
 Baisan 
 
 Sepbouri 
 
 Nablous 
 
 Ptol-e-ma'is . . Tolometa 
 Sy-e'ne ..... Syene 
 Su-fet'u-la . . . Spaitla 
 Ten'ty-ra". . . . Dendera 
 
 Tin'£is Tangier 
 
 U'ti-ca Boo-Shatter 
 
 Vac'cai Vegia 
 
 Za'ma Zaniah 
 
CHRISTIAN NAMES OF MEN AND WOMEN, 
 
 THEIR SIGNIFICATION, AND AN INDICATION OF THE LANGUAGES FROM 
 WHICH THEY ARE DERIVED. 
 
 EEMAEKS. 
 
 The etymology and signification of a considera- 
 ble number of these and other proper names are 
 very uncertain, and etymologists differ much in 
 tracing their origin and interpreting their mean- 
 
 ing ; in a great many cases the explanations offered 
 are purely conjectural. 
 
 In many cases of doubtful etymology the au- 
 thority which has been followed is mentioned. 
 
 NAMES OF MEN. 
 
 Aaron, Heb "Very high. 
 
 Abdiel, Heb Servant of God. 
 
 Abel, Heb Vanity ; son ; meadow. 
 
 Abner, Heb Father of night. 
 
 Abraham, Heb. . . . Father of a multitude. 
 
 Abram, Heb Father of elevation. 
 
 Absalom, Heb. . . . Father, of peace. 
 Adalbert, Ger. . . . Nobly bright. 
 
 Adam, Heb Man ; red earth. 
 
 .... _ (Successful helper; or, noble 
 
 Adolphus, Sax. . . < w0 \f 
 
 Adoniram, Heb. . . Lord of height. 
 Alan, Allan, Slav. . A hound. 
 
 Alaric, Sax All rich; or, noble ruler. 
 
 Alban, Lat White. 
 
 Alberic, Teul. . . ■ . Elf-king. 
 
 Albert, Sax All bright, 
 
 Alexander, Gr. . . A helper of men. 
 Alexis, Gr. .... Help ; defence. 
 
 Alfred, Sax All peace ; or, protecting all. 
 
 Allen, Slav Probably the same as, Alan. 
 
 Alonzo, Ger The same as Alphonso. 
 
 Alpheus, Heb. . . . Exchange. 
 Alphonso, Ger. . . . All-ready. ( Watcher.) 
 
 Alvan, Heb Unrighteous. 
 
 Alvin, Sax Conquering all. 
 
 Amasa, Heb A burden. 
 
 Ambrose, Gr. . . . Immortal. 
 
 Amos, Heb Burden. 
 
 Andrew, Gr Courageous. 
 
 Andronicus, Gr. . . A conqueror of men. 
 
 Angelo, Gr An angel ; a messenger. 
 
 Anselm, Ansel, Ger. An heroic defender. 
 Anthony, Lat. .' . . Flourishing. 
 Archelaus, Gr. . . . Ruler of the people. 
 Archibald, Ger. . . Distinguished for boldness. 
 
 Ariel, Heb Lion of God ; valiant. 
 
 Arnold, Sax A maintainer of honor. 
 
 Arthur, Brit. ... A strong man. 
 
 Asaph, Heb Collector. 
 
 Asher, Heb Happy ; fortunate. 
 
 Ashur, Heb Blackness; black. 
 
 Austin™' } LaL • • Belon S in S t0 Augustus. 
 Augustus, LaL . . . Venerable ; majestic. 
 Baldwin, Sax. . . . Bold winner. 
 Barnabas, \ „ h f Son of prophecy, or of exhor- 
 Barnaby, j ' { tation ; powerful in exhor- 
 Bartholomew, Heb. . Warrior. [tation. 
 
 Basil, Gr Kingly; royal. 
 
 614 
 
 Benedict, 1 r , 
 
 Bennet, j LaL • 
 
 Benjamin, Heb. . . Son of the right hand. 
 
 Bernard, Teut. ... A brave man ; or, strong bear. 
 
 Bertram, Teut. . . Illustrious ; fair. 
 
 Boniface, Lat. . . . Well-doer. 
 
 Brian, Fr Having a thundering voice. 
 
 Cadwallader, Brit. . Valiant in war. 
 
 Cajsar, Lat Hair. 
 
 Caleb, Heb. ... .A dog. 
 
 Calvin, Lat Bald. 
 
 Caspar, Ger Treasurer. 
 
 Cecil, Lat Dim-sighted. 
 
 Charles, Teut. . . . Manly ; noble-spirited. 
 Christopher, Gr. . . Bearing Christ. 
 Clarence, Lat. . . . Illustrious. 
 Clement, Lat. . . . Mild-tempered. 
 
 Conrad, Ger Able, or bold, in counsel. 
 
 Constantine, Lat. . . Resolute. 
 Cornelius, Lat. . . . Uncertain. 
 Cuthbert, A.-S. . . Renowned. 
 
 Cyrus, Per The sun. 
 
 Daniel, Heb A judge from God. 
 
 Darius, Per. .... Preserver. 
 
 David, Heb Beloved. 
 
 Demetrius, Gr. . . . Belonging to Ceres. 
 
 De°nnis, US ' } Gr ' ' ' Be]on g in g to the god of wine. 
 Ebenezer, Heb. . . The stone of help. 
 
 Edgar, A.-S Successful spear or warrior. 
 
 Edmund, A.-S. . . . Successful protector. 
 Edward, ^4.-iS. . . . Successful keeper. 
 
 Edwin, A.-S Successful in war. 
 
 Egbert, A.-S. . . . Bright eye. 
 Eleazar, Heb. . . . Whom God helps. 
 Elijah, Elias, Heb. . Strength of the Lord 
 Eliphalet, Heb. . . God of salvation. 
 
 Elisha, Heb God is the Saviour. 
 
 Emmanuel, Heb. . . God with us. 
 
 Enoch, Heb. .... Initiated; instructed. 
 
 Ephraim, Heb. . . . Very fruitful. 
 
 Erasmus, Gr. . . . Lovely ; worthy to be loved. 
 
 Erastus, Gr Lovely ; amiable. 
 
 Ernest, Ger Earnest. 
 
 Esau, Heb Covered with hair. 
 
 Eugene, Gr. .... Well-born ; noble. 
 Eusebius, Gr. . . . Religious. 
 
 Eustace, Gr Standing firm. 
 
 Evan, Brit The same as John. 
 
 Everard, Ger. . . . Fierce as a wild boar. 
 
CHRISTIAN NAMES OF MEN AND WOMEN. 
 
 615 
 
 Ezekiel, Heb. . . . Strength of God. 
 
 Ezra, Heb Help. 
 
 Felix, Lat Happy. 
 
 Ferdinand, Ger. ", . . Pure peace. (Ainsicorth.) 
 Fernando, Sp. . . . The same as Ferdinand. 
 Francis, Frank, Fr. Free. [ruler. 
 
 Frederick, Ger. . . Rich in peace ; or, peaceful 
 Gabriel, Heb. . . . Man of God. 
 Geoffrey, Teut. . . . The same as Godfrey. 
 
 George, Gr A husbandman. 
 
 Gerard, Ger Amiable. 
 
 Gilbert, A.-S. . . . Bright as gold. (Skinner.) 
 
 Giles, Gr A little goat. 
 
 Godfrey, Teut. . . . Good protector. 
 
 Godwin, A.-S. . . . Good in war. (Bosworth.) 
 
 Gregory, Gr Watchful. 
 
 Griffith, Brit Having great faith. 
 
 Gustavus, Ger. ... A corruption of Augustus. 
 
 Guy, Fr A leader. (Camden.) 
 
 Hannibal, Punic . . A gracious lord. 
 Harold, Teut. ... A champion. 
 Heman, Heb. . . . Faithful. 
 
 Henry, Ger Rich lord. (Ainsworth.) 
 
 Herbert, Ger. . . . Glory of the army. (Skinner.) 
 Herman, Ger. . . . A warrior. (Wachter.) 
 Hezekiah, Heb. . . Strength of the Lord. 
 
 Hilary, Lat Merry ; cheerful. 
 
 Hiram, Heb Most noble. 
 
 Horace, Horatio, Lat. Worthy to be seen. 
 
 Hosea, Heb Salvation. 
 
 Howell, Brit. . . . Sound ; whole. (Ainsworth.) 
 
 Hubert, Teut. . . . Bright of hue ; handsome. 
 
 Hugh, Dutch .... High ; lofty. (Ainsworth.) 
 
 Humphrey, A.-S. . . Protector of the home. 
 
 Ignatius, Gr. ... Native born. 
 
 Immanuel, Heb. . . God with us. 
 
 Ingram, Ger. . . . A stalwart youth. (Wachter.) 
 
 Ira, Heb Watchful. 
 
 Isaac, Heb Laughing. 
 
 Isaiah, Heb Salvation of the Lord. 
 
 Israel, Heb Contender with God. 
 
 Jame b s,}^ ■ • • He will supplant. 
 Jared, Heb. ... Descent. 
 
 Jason, Gr A healer. 
 
 Jasper, Dutch . . . Treasurer. 
 
 Jeffrey, Teut. . . . The same as Godfrey. 
 
 Jeremiah, Heb. . . Exalted of the Lord. 
 
 Jerome, Gr Having a sacred name. 
 
 Job, Heb The persecuted. 
 
 Joel, Heb The Lord is God. 
 
 John, Heb Gracious gift of Jehovah. 
 
 Jonah, Jonas, Heb. . A dove. 
 Jonathan, Heb. . . The Lord gave. 
 
 Joseph, Heb He shall add. 
 
 Joshua, Heb Lord of salvation. 
 
 Judah, Heb Praised. 
 
 Julian, Lat Belonging to Julius. 
 
 Julius, Gr Soft-haired. (Camden.) 
 
 Justin, Lat Just. 
 
 Kenelm, A.-S. ... A defence of his kindred. 
 Lambert, Teut. ... A keeper of lambs. 
 Lancelot, It A little angel. 
 
 Lawren'ce, } Lat ' ■ "• Crow ^ d with Ia ™* 
 Leonard, Ger. . . . Brave as a lion. 
 Leopold, Ger. . . . Bold as a lion. 
 Lewis, Louis, Fr. . Defender of the people. 
 
 Linus, Gr Flax ; flaxen-haired. 
 
 Lionel, Lat A little lion. 
 
 Llewellyn, Brit. . . Like a lion. 
 
 Lorenzo, It The same as Laurence. 
 
 Lucius, Lat Born at the break of day. 
 
 Luke, Lat. .... A light. 
 
 Luther, Ger Illustrious. (Wachter.) 
 
 Marcellus, Lat. ' . . Diminutive of Marcus. 
 Marcius, Lat. . . . The same as Marcus. 
 Marcus, Mark, Lat. A hammer. 
 
 Martin, Lat Martial. 
 
 Matthew, Heb. . . . Gift of Jehovah. 
 Matthias, Heb. . . . Gift of the Lord. 
 Maurice, Lat. . . . Sprung of a Moor. 
 Meredith, Brit. . . The roaring of the sea. 
 Michael, Heb. . . . Who is like God ? 
 Morgan, Brit. ... A seaman ; or, born on the sea. 
 Moses, Egypt. . . . Drawn out of the water. 
 Nathanael, Heb. . . The gift of God. 
 
 Neal, Lat Somewhat black. 
 
 Nicholas, Gr. . . . Victorious over the people. 
 
 Noah, Heb Rest; comfort. [mas. 
 
 Noel, Fr Christmas ; born on Christ- 
 Norman, Fr One born in Normandy. 
 
 Oliver, Lat An olive-tree. 
 
 Orlando, It The same as Roland. 
 
 Owen, Brit Well-descended. 
 
 Paschal, Heb. . . . Belonging to Easter. 
 
 Patrick, Lat A nobleman. 
 
 Paul, Lat Small ; little. 
 
 Peregrine, Lat. . . A foreigner. 
 
 Peter, Gr A rock. 
 
 Philander, Gr. . . .A lover of mankind. 
 
 Philip, Gr A lover of horses. 
 
 Ptolemy, Gr. . . . Mighty in war. [wolf. 
 
 Ralph, Teut Helpful in counsel ; or, red 
 
 Raymund, Teut. . . A strong man ; or, strong pro- 
 Reginald, Teut. . . Lover of purity. [tector. 
 Reynold, Teut. . . . The same as Reginald. 
 Richard, Teut. . . . Powerful. 
 Robert, Teut. . . . Famous in counsel. 
 Rodolphus, Teut. . . Aiding in counsel. 
 
 Roger, Teut Quiet. 
 
 Roland, \ „ ( Counsel for the land. (Cam- 
 
 Rowland, / leuL ' \ den.) 
 
 Rufus, Lai Reddish; red-headed. 
 
 Rupert, Teut. . . . The same as Robert. 
 Samuel, Heb. . . . Heard of God. 
 Sebastian, Gr. . . . To be reverenced. 
 
 Silas, Lat A contraction of Sylvanus. 
 
 Simeon, Simon, Heb. Hearing. 
 Solomon, Heb. . . . Peaceable. 
 
 Stephen, Gr A crown or garland. 
 
 Sylvanus, Lat. ... A lover of the woods. 
 Sylvester, Lat. . . . Living in the woods. 
 Theobald, Sax. ... A bold leader. 
 Theodore, Gr. . . . The gift of God. 
 Theophilus, Gr. . . A lover of God. 
 
 Theron, Gr A hunter. 
 
 Thomas, Heb. ... A twin. 
 Timothy, Gr. ... One who honors God. 
 Tristram, -tam, Lat. Sorrowful. 
 Valentine, Lat. . . Powerful. 
 Vincent, Lat. . . . Conquering 
 
 Vivian, Lat Living. 
 
 Urban, Lat Courteous. 
 
 Zaccheus, Heb. . . Innocent ; pure. 
 
 Zelotes, Gr A zealot. 
 
 Zenas, Gr Gift of Jupiter. 
 
 Uriah, Heb Light of the Lord. 
 
 Walter, Teut. . . A ruler; or, forester. 
 William, Teut. . . . Golden helmet. 
 
 NAMES OF WOMEK 
 
 Ada, Teut. 
 
 Adah, Heb 
 
 Adaline, 
 
 Adela, 
 
 Adelaide, 
 
 Adelia, 
 
 Adeline, 
 
 The same as Edith. 
 Ornament; beauty. 
 
 Teut. . Noble ; a princess. 
 
 Agatha, Gr Good. 
 
 Agnes, Gr Chaste. 
 
 Alice, Alicia, Teut. . Noble. 
 
 Althea, Gr A healer. 
 
 Amabel, Lat. . . . Lovely ; amiable. 
 Amanda, Lat. . . . Worthy to be loved. 
 Amelia, Ger Industrious ; busy. 
 
616 
 
 CHRISTIAN NAMES OF MEN AND WOMEN. 
 
 Amy, Fr Beloved. 
 
 Angelina, It. ... A little angel. 
 
 im^'.^n,}^- -Grace; gracious. 
 Arabella, Lai. . . . A fair altar ; very beautiful. 
 Augusta, Lat. . . . Noble ; fern, of Augustus. 
 Aurelia, Lat. . . . Golden ; fern, of Aurelius. 
 Barbara, Lat. . . . Foreign, or strange. 
 Beatrice, Lat. . . . Making bappy. 
 Berenice, Gr. . . . Bringing victory. 
 Bertha, A.-S. . . . Bright, or famous. 
 
 Betsey, Evg A corruption of Elizabeth. 
 
 Blanche, Fr. . . . Fair. 
 
 Bridget, Irish . . . Shining ; bright ; strength. 
 
 Caroline, It Feminine of Carolus, the Lat- 
 
 Catharine, "I n -p, 1T .„ [in of Charles. 
 
 Catherine, / ^ " • rure - 
 
 Cecilia, Lat Feminine of Cecil. 
 
 Celia, Lat Heavenly. 
 
 Charlotte, Fr. . . . Feminine of Charles. 
 Christiana, Gr. . . Belonging to Christ. 
 
 Cicely, Emg A corruption of Cecilia. 
 
 Clara, Lat Bright; illustrious. 
 
 Clarissa, Lat. ... A variation of Clara. 
 Clementina, Lat. . . Mild ; merciful. 
 Constauce, Lut. . . Constant. 
 
 Cora, Gr Maiden ; daughter. [ed. 
 
 Cordelia, Lat. . . . Warm-hearted ; noble-heart- 
 Cornelia, Lai. . . . Feminine of Cornelius. 
 Cosima, Gr. . . .- . Order; beauty. 
 Deborah, Heb. ... A bee. 
 
 Delia, Gr Belonging to the isle of Delos. 
 
 Dora, Gr A gift. 
 
 Dorcas, Gr A gazelle. 
 
 8E8T}* ..Th. gm *<**. 
 
 Drusilla, Gr Dewy-eyed. 
 
 Edith, Sax Happiness ; noble gift. 
 
 Edna, Heb Pleasure. 
 
 Eleanor, A.-S. . . . All-fruitful. 
 
 Elinor, A.-S. .... The same as Eleanor. 
 
 Eliza, Contracted from Elizabeth. 
 
 Elizabeth, ) „ , f God her oath ; worshipper of 
 Elisabeth, J Heb - \ God. 
 
 Ella A contraction of Eleanor. 
 
 Ellen Dimin. of Eleanor. — Helen. 
 
 Elsie Diminutive of Alice. 
 
 Sine, } Gr - -Harmonious; graceful. 
 
 -c, ., T . (From iEmilia; or, Gr. the 
 
 Emily, Lat. . . . j same ag Emeline . 
 
 Emma, It A gem ; a nurse. 
 
 Ernestine, Ger. . . Fern, diminutive of Ernest. 
 Esther, Hester, Per. Star; good fortune; secret. 
 
 Ethel, Teul Noble. 
 
 Ethelind, Teut. . . Nobly beautiful. 
 Eugenia, Gr. . . . Well-born ; noble. 
 
 Eunice, Gr Happily victorious. 
 
 Euphemia, Gr. . . .Of good report. 
 Evangeline, Gr. . . Bringing glad news. 
 Eve, Eva, Heb. . . . Life. 
 
 Evelina, It Diminutive of Eva. 
 
 Fanny Diminutive of Frances. 
 
 Felicia, Lat Happy. 
 
 Fidelia, Lat Faithful. 
 
 Flora, Lat The goddess of flowers. 
 
 Florence, Lat. . . . Blooming; flourishing. 
 
 Frances, Fr Feminine of Francis. 
 
 Georgiana Feminine of George. 
 
 Gertrude, Ger.. . . All truth. (Verstegan.) 
 Grace, Gratia, Lat. . Grace ; favor. 
 Hannah, Heb. . . . Gratuitous gift. 
 
 HeStaf lv. } • • Fem - diminutive of Henl T- 
 
 Helen, Gr Alluring; brightness. 
 
 Hester, Per See Esther. 
 
 Honora, Lat Honorable. 
 
 Ida, Ger Divine. 
 
 Inez, Sp The same as Agnes. 
 
 Irene, Gr Peace. 
 
 Isabella, Isabel, Sp. The same as Elizabeth. 
 Jane, Jeanne, Fr. . Feminine of John. 
 Janet, Jeannette, Fr. Diminutive of Jane. 
 
 Joan, Joanna, Lat. . Feminine of John. 
 Josephine, Fr. . . . Feminine of Joseph. 
 
 Judith, Heb Praised. 
 
 Julia, Lat Feminine of Julius. 
 
 Juliana, Lat Feminine of Julian. 
 
 Juliet, Fr Diminutive of Julia. 
 
 Katharine, Kath-) <. n ,, „ . 
 erine ..... } See Catharine. 
 
 Laura, Lat A laurel or bay-tree. 
 
 Lavinia, Lat. . . . Name of the wife of /Eneas. 
 Leonora, It. ... . The same as Eleanor. 
 Letitia, Lettice, Lat. Joy. 
 
 Lois, Gr Desirable ; good. 
 
 Louisa, Louise, F>: Feminine of Louis. 
 Lucinda, Lat. . . . Sinning ; brilliant. 
 Lucretia, Lat. . . . Gain ; light. 
 Lucy, Lucia, Lat. . Feminine of Lucius ; shining. 
 
 Lydia, Gr A Lydian. 
 
 Mabel, Lat Shortened from Amabel. 
 
 Madeline, Fr. ... The same as Magdalene. 
 Magdalene, Heb. . . Belonging to Magdala. 
 Marcia, Lat Feminiue of Marcius ; war- 
 Margaret, Gr. ... A pearl. [like. 
 
 Maria, Lat A form of Mary. 
 
 Marianne, Fr. . . . From Mary and Anne. 
 
 Marion, Fr A familiar form of Mary. 
 
 Martha, Heb. . . . Bitterness ; sorrowful. 
 Mary, Heb The same as Miriam. 
 
 KM «-■ • Aheroi - e - 
 
 Melicent, Lat. ... A sweet singer. 
 
 Melissa, Gr A bee. 
 
 Minerva, Lat. . . . Name of a goddess. 
 
 Minna, Ger Contracted from Wilhelmina. 
 
 Miranda, Lat. . . . Admirable. 
 
 Miriam, Heb. . . . Their rebellion ; bitterness. 
 
 Nancy, Eng A familiar form of Anne. 
 
 •y- _„ T , * Jf A contraction of Honora and 
 
 ^ ora ' u | of Leonora. [eighth. 
 
 Octavia, Lat Feminine of Octavius; the 
 
 Olive, Olivia, Lat. . An olive. 
 
 Ophelia, Gr Help ; aid. 
 
 Paulina, Lat. . . . Feminine of Paulinus. 
 Penelope, Gr. ... A weaver. 
 Phebe, Phoebe, Gr. . Bright; shining. 
 Philippa, Gr. . . . Feminine of Philip. 
 
 Phyllis, Gr A green bough. 
 
 Polly, Eng A variation of Mary. 
 
 Priscilla, Lat. . . . Somewhat old. 
 Prudence, Lat. . . . Foresight; prudence. 
 
 Eachel, Heb A ewe ; a lamb. 
 
 Rebecca, Heb. ... A rope with a noose. 
 
 Renata, Lat Born again. 
 
 Rhoda, Gr A rose. 
 
 Rosa, Rose, Lat. . . A rose. 
 Rosabella, It. ... A fair rose. 
 
 Rosalie, Fr Rosy. 
 
 Rosamond, Teut. . . Rosy lips. 
 Roxana, Per. . . . Dawn of day. 
 
 Ruth, Heb Beauty. 
 
 Salome, Heb. . . . Peaceful. 
 Sarah, Sara, Heb. . A princess. 
 
 Sibylla, Gr A sibyl ; a prophetess. 
 
 Sophia, Gr Wisdom. 
 
 Sophronia, Gr. . . . Of a sound mind. 
 Stella, Lat A star. 
 
 lr„v}^- - Amy - 
 
 Sylvia, Lat Of the woods. 
 
 Theodora, Gr. . . . The gift of God. 
 
 Theodosia, Gr. . . . The gift of God. 
 
 Theresa, Gr. .... Carrying ears of corn. 
 
 Thomasine, Fr. . . Feminine of Thomas. 
 
 TT . ~ (Heavenly; the name of one 
 
 Urania, Gr. . . . j of t he Muses. 
 
 Ursula, Lat A she-bear. 
 
 Valeria, Lat Feminine of Valerius. 
 
 Victoria, Lat. . . . Victory. 
 Viola, Violet, Lat. . A violet. 
 Virginia, Lat. . . . Virgin ; pure. 
 Wilhelmina, Ger. . Feminine of William. 
 Winifred, A.-S. . . A lover of peace. 
 Zenobia, Gr. . . . . The life of Jupiter. 
 
PRONUNCIATION 
 
 MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 .REMARKS. 
 
 The pronunciation of geographical names is a 
 very difficult branch of orthoepy. These names 
 pertain to all parts of the globe; their vernacular 
 or native pronunciation is regulated or affected by 
 every variety of lauguage ; and it would be scarcely 
 possible to represent in any instance the exact na- 
 tive pronunciation by any combination of English 
 letters. There are minor shades and qualities of 
 tone which no alphabet can ever take note of. 
 
 There are a great many names respecting the 
 pronunciation of which it is difficult to determine 
 how far the English analogy should be allowed to 
 prevail over the analogy of the languages to which 
 the words respectively belong. Most of such au- 
 thorities as exist embrace but a small part of the 
 words of this class; and there is also much dis- 
 agreement amoug orthoepists with respect to the 
 pronunciation of such of these names as they un- 
 dertake to pronounce. 
 
 With regard to the geographical names which 
 pertain to the countries in which the English lan- 
 guage is spoken, including the British empire in 
 Europe, the United States, and the British prov- 
 inces generally, their pronunciation is conformed, 
 for the most part, to the analogy of the English 
 language. In addition to these, geographical 
 names which belong to other parts of the globe, 
 but which have become Anglicized by having 
 changed their native form and assumed an English 
 orthography, are also conformed to the general 
 principles of English pronunciation. The most 
 common geographical names, such as those which 
 relate to the great divisions of the globe, the names 
 of the countries, kingdoms, states, principal cities, 
 &c, are differently written as well as differently 
 pronounced in different languages. The follow- 
 ing table exhibits a few examples of this diversity 
 by way of illustration : 
 
 English. 
 
 French. 
 
 German. 
 
 Spanish. 
 
 Italian. 
 
 Africa, 
 
 Afrique, 
 
 Afrika, 
 
 Africa, 
 
 Affrica. 
 
 Europe, 
 
 Europe, 
 
 Europa, 
 
 Europa, 
 
 Europa. 
 
 America, 
 
 Amerique, 
 
 Amerika, 
 
 America, 
 
 America. 
 
 England, 
 
 Angleterre, 
 
 England, 
 
 Inglaterra, 
 
 Inghilterra. 
 
 Spain, 
 
 Espagne, 
 
 Spanien, 
 
 Espana, 
 
 Spagna. 
 
 Germany, 
 
 Allemagne, 
 
 Deutschland, 
 
 Alemania, 
 
 Germauia. 
 
 Austria, 
 
 Autriche, 
 
 Oesterreich, 
 
 Austria, 
 
 Austria. 
 
 Sweden, 
 
 Suede, 
 
 Schweden, 
 
 Suecia, 
 
 Svezia. 
 
 London, 
 
 Londres, 
 
 London, 
 
 Londres, 
 
 Londra. 
 
 Leghorn, 
 
 Livourne, 
 
 Livorno, 
 
 Liorna, 
 
 Livorno. 
 
 There can be no doubt but that geographical 
 names, which assume such different forms in dif- 
 ferent languages, should be pronounced differently 
 by the inhabitants of different countries and in 
 accordance with the analogies of their respective 
 languages. All the common geographical names, 
 6uch as are familiar to all intelligent persons, 
 have become more or less Anglicized, and their 
 pronunciation is more or less conformed to the 
 English analogy. Many of these words may be 
 considered as perfectly Anglicized, and they are 
 accordingly pronounced as common English words ; 
 but there are many with regard to which it is dif- 
 ficult to determine how far, in pronouncing them, 
 the English analogy should be allowed to prevail 
 over that of the language to which the words 
 belong. 
 
 With respect to the class of words which are 
 partially Anglicized, there is a great diversity in 
 the manner of pronouncing them. Some respect- 
 able speakers incline to pronounce them, for the 
 most part, according to the English analogy, while 
 others aspire to pronounce them as they are pro- 
 nounced in the several languages to which they 
 appertain; and there are many cases in which it 
 is difficult to determine which is to be the more 
 approved, the English or the foreign method. A 
 person conversant with foreign languages will be 
 likely to pronounce such words in the foreign 
 manner; while a mere English scholar may be 
 naturally expected, and may be permitted, to in- 
 cline more strongly to the English mode. It may 
 be often desirable to know what the native mode 
 of pronouncing such words is, though it may not 
 
 
 52* 
 
 617 
 
618 PRONUNCIATION OF SEVERAL EUROPEAN LANGUAGES. 
 
 be advisable, in common use, to adopt it. The 
 present tendency is unquestionably toward at least 
 an approximate conformity to the best vernacular 
 standards, especially in the case of European 
 proper names. 
 
 Proper names are more subject to a corrupt pro- 
 nunciation, or one which is not conformed to the 
 orthography, than common names. A considera- 
 ble number of the geographical names pertaining 
 to England are pronounced very differently from 
 what their orthography indicates ; as, for example, 
 Cherlsey and Cirencester, commonly pronounced 
 ches'se and sis'e-ter. Americans are somewhat less 
 
 inclined to deviate from orthography, in the pro- 
 nunciation of some words, than the English are. 
 Berwick and Warwick, for example, which are pro- 
 nounced in England ber'ik and war'ik, are often 
 pronounced in the United States as they are spelt. 
 The following vocabulary was first prepared as 
 an appendage to an edition of the Comprehensive 
 Dictionary which was published in 1835. In pre- 
 paring it, use was made of a great variety of sources 
 of information, one of the most considerable of 
 which, in the later editions of this Dictionary, 
 was Lippincott's "Pronouncing Gazetteer of the 
 World." 
 
 PRONUNCIATION OF SEVERAL EUROPEAN LANGUAGES. 
 
 The following rules respecting the pronunciation 
 of certain letters in the principal modern languages 
 of Continental Europe may be of some use in re- 
 lation to the pronunciation of names pertaining to 
 the several countries where these languages are 
 spoken, and which are not included in the present 
 Vocabulary. Yet it may be advisable for a mere 
 English scholar to make but a partial application 
 of them in practice. 
 
 VOWELS. 
 
 A. — The vowel a, in situations in which the 
 analogy of the English language would naturally 
 give it the sound of long a, has, in most of the 
 languages of the Continent of Europe, what is 
 called the Italian sound,^-that is, the sound of a in 
 far and farther. In other situations its sound ap- 
 proaches nearly to its short English sound, as in 
 man, fat. 
 
 E — In these languages the sound of the vowel e 
 at the end of an accented syllable is generally the 
 same as that of the English long a in fate, name. 
 In other situations it has the sound of the English 
 short e, as in met, men, or of e in there, where. 
 
 I. — The long sound of i in these languages is the 
 same as in the English word marine, being the 
 same as the English long sound of e in mete, seen. 
 The short sound is the same as its English short 
 sound, as in pin. 
 
 0. — The vowel o has the same sounds that it has 
 in English in the words note, not, and nor. 
 
 TJ. — The vowel u in most of these languages 
 has the same sound that it has in English in the 
 word rule, being the same as oo in fool, moon, and 
 when short it has the sound of u in bull, or of oo 
 in good. The sound of u in the French language, 
 and also in the Dutch, has no equivalent sound in 
 English ; and it can be learned only by oral in- 
 struction. It may be regarded as intermediate 
 between the sound of long e and oo, partaking of 
 both. 
 
 Y. — The vowel y has, in most of these lan- 
 guages, the same sound as i,— that is, of long e, 
 as in me; but in the Dutch language (in which it 
 
 is now written ij) it has the sound of the English 
 long i, as in pine. In Danish and Swedish, it is 
 like the French and Dutch u. 
 
 DIPHTHONGS. 
 
 AE or 'A, — The sound of the diphthong ae, in 
 Dutch, is like the English sound of a in far; in 
 German, the sound of ae or a is like that of the 
 English long a, as in fate. 
 
 AI. — The sound of the diphthong ai, in French, 
 is like that of the English long a, as in fate ; in 
 the other languages, like that of the English long 
 i, as in pine. 
 
 ATI and EATJ. — The diphthong au and the triph- 
 thong eau, in French, have the sound of the Eng- 
 lish long o, as in note; as, Chaumont (sho-mong'), 
 Beauvais (bo-va/). In German, Dutch, Danish, 
 Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese, the diphthong 
 au has nearly the English sound of ow in now ; as, 
 Austerlitz (ous'ter-lits). The German diphthong 
 au, or aeu, has a sound like that of the English 
 diphthong oi in toil; as, Stdudlin (stoit'lin). 
 
 EI and EY. — The diphthong ei, in French, 
 sounds like the English long a in fate. In Ger- 
 man, the diphthongs ei and ey have a sound simi- 
 lar to the English sound of long i, as in pine ; as, 
 Hei' 'del-berg. 
 
 ETJ. — The French diphthong eu has a sound 
 similar to the English sound of e in her, or u in 
 fur. The German diphthong eu has a sound simi- 
 lar to that of the English diphthong oi in toil ; as, 
 Neustadt (nbi'stat). 
 
 IE. — The diphthong ie, in French, German, 
 Dutch, &c, has the sound of the English long e, 
 as in mete; as, Wie'land. 
 
 OE or 6. — The sound of the German, Danish, 
 and Swedish diphthong oe or o resembles that of 
 the French eu. It has no equivalent sound in 
 English, and is not easily explained. It may be 
 conceived as intermediate between the long Eng- 
 lish sounds of a and o, and resulting from an at- 
 tempt to utter them simultaneously. It may be 
 approximately represented in English by eh, as in 
 the name of Goethe or Gothe (pronounced geh'ta). 
 
PKONUNCTATION OF SEVEKAL EUKOPEAN LANGUAGES. 619 
 
 00. — The diphthong oo, in German, Dutch, and 
 Danish, has the sound of oo in the English word 
 door, or of o in note. 
 
 OU— The French diphthong on has the sound 
 of the English oo in tool; as, T6u-I6use / (to-loz'). 
 
 TJE or p.— The sound of the German, Dutch, 
 
 and Danish diphthong ue or u is like that of the 
 
 French «. 
 
 CONSONANTS. 
 
 The sounds of most of the consonants, in the 
 Continental languages, are the same as in Eng- 
 lish. Some of the principal exceptions are the 
 following : 
 
 B.— The sound of b, in German, at the end of a 
 syllable, is like that of the English p ; in Spanish, 
 between two vowels, similar to v. 
 
 C— The sound of c, in German, before e, i, and 
 y, is like that of ts in English ; in Italian, before 
 e and i, like that of ch in the English word chill; 
 in Spanish, before e and i, like that of th in thin. 
 
 L. — The sound of d, in German and Dutch, at 
 the end of a syllable, is like that of t in English ; 
 in Danish and Spanish, between two vowels or at 
 the end of a syllable, like that of th in this. 
 
 G. — The sound of g in French, before e, i, and 
 y, is like that of zh in English, or of s in pleasure; 
 in Spanish, before e and i, the same as the Span- 
 ish j ; in Italian, before e and i, like that of g in 
 the English word gem, or j in jet; in Dutch, its 
 sound is that of a strongly aspirated /*; in Ger- 
 man, at the beginning of words, it is hard, like g 
 in get; at the end of a syllable, or between vow- 
 els, it has a peculiar sound intermediate between 
 those of consonant y and g in get; following n, it 
 combines with it in a nasal sound, as in English ; 
 and in words ending in ngen, it is thrown back on 
 the penultimate syllable ; as, Hech'ing-en. 
 
 H. — This letter is mute in French, Spanish, and 
 Italian; in Portuguese, v. hen it follows I or », it 
 takes the sound of consonant y, or serves as a sign 
 that the I has a liquid sound ; as, 31in1to (men'yo). 
 
 J.— The sound of j, in French aud Portuguese, 
 is like that of zh in English ; in Spanish, it is like 
 that of h strongly aspirated; in Italian, and also 
 in Hungarian when not preceded by d, g, or t, it 
 is like the long English e in me; in the remaining 
 languages, it is like that of consonant y. 
 
 M.— This letter, in French, when preceded by a 
 vowel, and followed by any other consonant ex- 
 cept m, serves to mark the vowel as nasal. It is 
 represented in English by ng. 
 
 N. — The letter n, in French, when preceded by 
 a vowel, and followed by any other consonant ex- 
 cept n, also serves as a sign that the preceding 
 vowel is nasal ; in Spanish, fl has a liquid sound, 
 like that of n in the English word name, blended 
 with the sound of consonant y. 
 
 V. — The sound. of v in German is the same as 
 that of / in English. 
 
 W.— The sound of w in the German and Dutch 
 languages is similar to that of v in English. 
 
 X. — The sound of x in Spanish is like that of h 
 strongly aspirated, being the same as that of the 
 Spanish j, and also of g before e and i; in Portu- 
 guese it is like sh in the English word shall. 
 
 Z. — The sound of z in German, and most gener- 
 ally in Italian, is like that of ts in English ; in 
 Spanish, like th in the English word thin; zz in 
 Italian, like is. 
 
 DIGRAPHS. 
 
 CH. — The sound of the digraph ch in French 
 and Portuguese is the same as the English sh, or 
 of ch in chaise ; in Spanish, the same as ch in the 
 English word chill; in Italian, as in words from 
 the ancient languages (Hebrew, Greek, and Latin), 
 like that of k. In German and Dutch it has a 
 hard, guttural sound, not easily represented in 
 English, but resembling that of h strongly aspi- 
 rated. It is represented in this Vocabulary, as it 
 is in others, by the letter I: 
 
 GL. — This digraph in Italian blends the sounds 
 of I and consonant y. 
 
 GN. — This digraph in French and Italian sounds 
 like the Spanish ft, or like the letters ni in the 
 English word onion. 
 
 LL.— The sound of 11 in Spanish is like that of 
 gl in Italian, or that of the letters Hi in the English 
 word million. 
 
 SC— This digraph in Italian, before e and i, is 
 sounded like sh in the English word shell. 
 
 SCH.— The sound of sch in German is the same 
 as that of sh in the English word shell 
 
 TH.— The digraph th in the several languages 
 has the sound of t; as, TJieiss (tls). 
 
 ACCENT. 
 In the French language there is no recognized 
 accented syllable, every vowel (the mute or ob- 
 scure e only excepted) receiving a full and distinct 
 utterance ; but in English representations of the 
 pronunciation of French words the last syllable is 
 generally marked as having an accent. The same 
 is true of Hungarian words. In the Dutch, Ger- 
 man, Danish, and Swedish languages the principal 
 accent falls upon the radical syllable of a word, 
 and in general will naturally be given correctly by 
 an English reader. Italian words and words end- 
 ing in a vowel in Spanish and Portuguese are 
 generally accented on the penultimate syllable; 
 but there are numerous exceptions, especially in 
 Italian. Spanish and Portuguese words ending in 
 a consonant are mostly accented on the last sylla- 
 ble. The seat of the accent in Polish words is 
 always the penultimate syllable. Kussian words 
 are often accented on the last syllable ; but in this 
 respect there is much irregularity, and in our pro- 
 nunciation of them they are often conformed to 
 the analogy of English words. 
 
MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES, 
 
 Aa.(a) 
 
 Aa'ehen (a/ken) 
 
 Aafjord (aw-fe-ord') 
 
 Aal'bbrg (al'bbrg) 
 
 Aa'le-sund 
 
 Aal'ten 
 
 Aar (ar) 
 
 Aa'rau (a'rbw) 
 
 Aar'gau (ar'gbft) 
 
 Aar'huus 
 
 Aath (at) 
 
 A'ba-co 
 
 Ab-a-kansk' 
 
 Ab-an-cay' (ab-an-kf) 
 
 A-ba'no 
 
 Abbe-ville (Fr.) 
 
 Ab'be-ville (S. C.) 
 
 Ab-er-deen' 
 
 Ab-er-ga-ven'ny (or ab- 
 
 er-ga'ne) 
 Ab-er-yst'with 
 Ab'ing-don 
 Abo (o'bo) 
 Abomey (ab-o-ma') 
 Ab-6o-shehr' (-shar') 
 Ab-ou-kir' 
 Ab-ou-sir' 
 A-bran't§s 
 A-brol'hos (-yos) 
 Abruzzo (a-brut'so) 
 Ab-se'com 
 Ab-ys-sin'i-a 
 A-ca'di-a 
 A-ca-pul'c5 
 Ac-co-mac' 
 
 t-cheen' 
 eh'ill 
 Aci Reale (a'che ra-a'la) 
 A-con-ca'gua (-gwa) 
 Acqs (aks) 
 Acqui (ak'kwe) 
 Ac'ra 
 
 Acre'(a'ker or a'ker) 
 A-dair' 
 
 A-da'li-a, or A-da'li-a 
 A-da'na' 
 Ad'da 
 
 A-del', or A/del 
 A'den, or A' den 
 Ad'i-ge 
 Ad-i-ron'dack 
 Ad'ler-berg 
 A-d6ur' 
 Ad'o-wah 
 A-dra-ml'ti 
 A'dri-a 
 A-dri-an-o'ple 
 A-dri-at'ic 
 JE-£e''an' 
 
 2E-gI'na, o?- JE§'i-na 
 Mroe (a'ro-e) 
 Af-ghan-is-tan' 
 A-fi-6um' 
 A-fra-go'la 
 Af'ri-ca 
 Ag'a-des 
 Agana (a-gan'ya) 
 Agde (agd) 
 Agen (a-zhang') 
 Ag'fers-huus 
 Agh'rim (awg'rjm) 
 A|'in-court 
 Agnadello (an-ya-del'lo) 
 
 620 
 
 Agnone (an-yo'na) 
 A-gos'ta 
 A'gra, or A'gra 
 A'gram (or 6g-rbm') 
 A-gu'a-dil'la (a-gwa- 
 
 del'ya) [nwa'va) 
 Agua Nueva (a'gwa 
 A'guas Ca-li-en'tes 
 A-gul'has (-yas) 
 A-han'ta 
 Ah-med-a-bad' 
 Ah-med-nug'gur 
 Ah-was' 
 
 Aich'stadt (Ik'stat) 
 Aigle (a'gl) 
 
 Aigues Mortes (ag-mbrf) 
 Ain (ang) 
 Ain-tab' 
 Aisne (an) 
 Aix (aks or as) 
 Aix-la-Chapelle (aks la- 
 
 sha-pel') 
 Ajaccio (a-yat'cho) 
 A-jan' 
 Aj-meer' 
 
 Ajuruoca (a-zhu-ru-b'ka.) 
 A'ka-ba 
 Ak-bar-a-bad' 
 Ak'er-man' 
 Akhalzikh (a-khal- 
 
 zSk/) 
 Ak-his-saV 
 Akhtyrka (ak-teRTia) 
 Akita (a-ke'ta) 
 Ak-mim' 
 
 Ak-shthr' (iik-shar') 
 
 Ak-u-rey'ri 
 
 Ak-yab' 
 
 Al-a-ba'ma 
 
 A-la-bat' 
 
 A-lach'u-a 
 
 A-la-go'as 
 
 Alais (a-la') 
 
 A-la-jue'la (-Hwa'-) 
 
 A-la-me'da (-ma/-) 
 
 Al'a-mo 
 
 A'la-mos 
 
 A'land (or^o'land) 
 
 A-lap'a-ha 
 
 Al'a-qua 
 
 A-lsi-shehr'(-shar') 
 
 A-las'ka 
 
 A-la'tri 
 
 Al'ba 
 
 Albacete (al-ba-tha'ta) 
 
 Al-ba'ni-a, or Al-ba-ni'a 
 
 Al-ba'no ' 
 
 Al'ba-ny 
 
 Al-bay' 
 
 Albegna (al-ban'ya) 
 
 Al-be-marle' 
 
 Al'bert N'yan'za 
 
 Al-bi' 
 
 Al-bu-fe'ra (-fa'-) 
 
 Al-bu-quer'que (al-bu- 
 
 ker'ka) 
 Al-ca-la' 
 Al'ca-mo 
 
 Alcaiiiz (al-kan-yeth') 
 Al-can'ta-ra 
 Al-ca-ri'a 
 Al'ces-ter (or awl'ster) 
 
 Al-co'na 
 
 Al-co'y 
 
 Al-dan' 
 
 Al'der-ney 
 
 A-len'con (or al-ang- 
 
 song')' 
 Alentejo (al-eng-ta/zho) 
 A-lep'po 
 Al-e-ri'a 
 Al-es-san'dri-a 
 A-leu'tian 
 Al-ex-an-dret'ta 
 Al-ex-an'dri-a 
 Al-gar've 
 Al-ie'ri-a 
 Al-fe-zi'ras 
 Al-iier§' 
 
 Al'go-a, or Al-go'a 
 Al-go'ma 
 
 Al-ha'ma (or a-la/ma) 
 Al-i-cant' 
 Al-i-can'te 
 A-li-ca'ta ' 
 A-li-cu'dt 
 Alk-maar' 
 Al-la-ha-bad' 
 Al-lah-shehr' (-shar') 
 Al'le 
 
 Al'le-gha-ny 
 Allier (a-le-a') 
 Al'lo-a 
 Al'lo-way 
 Al-ma-den' 
 Al-man'sa 
 Almeida (al-ma'e-da) 
 Al-me-ri'a, 
 Al-mt-ran'te (-ta) 
 Al-mo'rah 
 Almunecar (al-muu-ya,- 
 
 kar') 
 Alnwick (an'nik) 
 Al-pe'na 
 
 Alps [ras) 
 
 Alpujarras (al-pu-Har'- 
 Al-sace' 
 Al-tai' 
 Al-ta-ma-ha' 
 Al-ta-mi'ra. 
 Al-ta-mu'ra 
 Al'ten-burg 
 Al'ton 
 Al'to-na 
 Al-t66'na 
 Al'tbrf 
 
 Alt'zey (alt's!) 
 A-lu'ta 
 Al-va-ra'do 
 A'ma-|-er 
 A-maffi 
 A ma'pa-la 
 A-ma-ran'te (-ta) 
 A-ma-ra-pu'ra 
 A-ma'si-a 
 A-max-i'pht 
 Am'a-zon 
 Am'berg 
 
 Ambert (ang-bar') 
 Am'ble-side 
 Amboise (ang-bwaz' or 
 
 am-boiz') 
 Am-bby' 
 Am-bby'nat 
 Am-brlz' 
 
 Am-brym' ( brem') 
 
 A'me-land 
 
 A-me'li-a 
 
 A-mer'i-ca 
 
 A'mers-fort 
 
 Am'er-sham 
 
 Am-ha'ra 
 
 Am'herst (-erst) 
 
 Am'i-ens (or am-e-ang') 
 
 A-mite' 
 
 Amlwch (am'lok) 
 
 Am'mer-gau (-gb^) 
 
 Am-mo-n66'suc 
 
 A-moS* 
 
 A-m66' Dar'ya 
 
 Am-os-keag' 
 
 A-m6ur' (a-m6r') 
 
 A-mby' 
 
 Am-phi'la 
 
 Am-rit'sir 
 
 Am'ster-dam 
 
 A-na'dir 
 
 An'a-heim 
 
 Ana'huac (an-a-wak') 
 
 A-nam' 
 
 A-na-pa' 
 
 An-a-to'li-a 
 
 An'c|s-ter (ang'-) 
 
 An-co'na, 
 
 An-da-lu'si-a 
 
 An-da-man' [le') 
 
 Andeiys, Les (la zangd- 
 
 Andenne (Jing-den) 
 
 An-de-rab' 
 
 An'der-nach 
 
 An'de§ 
 
 An-dor'ra 
 
 An'do-ver 
 
 An-dros-cog'iin 
 
 An-du'jar (an-'du'har) 
 
 An-dux'ar (an-du'liar) 
 
 A-ne-ga'da 
 
 An-ga-ra' 
 
 An-ge-li'na 
 
 Ang' er-mann-land 
 
 (ong'-) 
 An'&ers (or ang-zha') 
 An'gle-sey (ang'gl-se) 
 An-gb'la 
 An-gb'ra 
 An-gos-tu'ra 
 Angouleme(ang-go-iam') 
 An'gra 
 
 An-guil'la (-gwil'-) 
 An'gus (ang'gus) 
 An'hSlt 
 An'holt 
 A-ni-ba' 
 Anjer (an'yer) 
 An'jou (or ang-zho') 
 Anklam (an'kl'am) 
 An-ko'ber 
 An'na-berg 
 An-nagh' (an-na') 
 An-na-m86'ko 
 An-nap'o-lis 
 Anne A-run'del 
 An'ne-cy (or an-se') 
 An-no-bon' 
 An-no-nay' 
 Ans'pach 
 An-ta'lb 
 An-ta-na-na-ri'vo 
 
PKONUNCIATION OE MODEKN GEOGEAPHICAL NAMES. 621 
 
 An-te-que'ra (-ka'ra) 
 Antibes_(ang-teb') 
 An-ti-cos'ti 
 An-tie'tam 
 An-ti'gua (-ga) 
 An-tilles' (an-telz' or 
 
 an-til'lez) 
 An'ti-och 
 
 An-ti-o-qui'a (-ke'a) 
 An-tip'a-ros 
 
 Ar-i-zo'na 
 
 Arjona (ar-Ho'na) 
 
 Arkansas (ar'kan-saw) 
 
 Ar-ki'ko 
 
 Ark'low 
 
 Arl'berg 
 
 Aries (or arl) 
 
 Ar-mag-h' (ar-ma') 
 
 Armagnac (ar-man-yak') Au'|-e-la 
 
 Ar-me'ni-a Augs'biirg (or 6 
 
 Aubigny (5-ben-yeO 
 Aubin (b-ban') 
 Aubusson (b-bus-sbn') 
 Auch (osh) 
 Auchinlech (af-flek') 
 Aude (od) 
 
 Au'er-bach (bu'er-bak) 
 Au'er-stadt (ou'er-stat) 
 
 An-ti 
 
 An-ti-sa'na 
 
 An-ti-va'ri 
 
 Ant'werp 
 
 Anzin (ang-zang') 
 
 A-os'ta 
 
 A-pa'che 
 
 Apatin ("ok-poh-ten') 
 
 Ap'en-nlnes 
 
 Ap-pa-lach'ee 
 
 Ap-pa-lach-i-co'la 
 
 Ap-pen-zell' 
 
 Ap-po-mat'tox 
 
 A-pri-ce'na (-cha/na) 
 
 A-pu're (a-pu'ra) 
 
 A-pu'ri-mac 
 
 [va-ri Armentieres (ar-man- 
 
 te-ar') 
 Am' helm 
 Arns'berg 
 Arn'stadt (arn'stat) 
 Aroa (a-rb'a) 
 A'rol-sen 
 A-r66s't66k 
 Ar-pi'no 
 Ar-qua' 
 Arques (ark) 
 Ar-ra-can' 
 Ar'ran 
 
 Ar'ras (or ar-ras') 
 Ar-ti-b9-nite' 
 Artois (ar-twaO 
 Art-vin' 
 A-ru'ba 
 Ar'un-del 
 As-chaf fen-burg* 
 m (-shaf-0 
 Asch-ers-le'ben (ash- 
 
 erz-la/ben) 
 As'co-li 
 
 1T1-1 
 
 A' qui (a'kwe) 
 
 Aq'ui-la (iik'we-la) 
 
 Aquileia (ak-we-la'ya) 
 
 Aquin (a-kang') 
 
 A-qui'no 
 
 A-ra'bi-a 
 
 A'rad (or or-od') 
 
 Ar'a-fat 
 
 Ar'a-gon 
 
 A-raiche', £1 As-cut'ney 
 
 Ar'al 
 
 A-ran-juez' (-hweth') 
 
 A-ran'sas 
 
 A-ra-pi'les 
 
 Ar'a-rat 
 
 A-ras' 
 
 t-rau' (a-rbCi') 
 r-au-ca'ni-a 
 Araure (a-rbw'ra) 
 Ar'be 
 Ar-bil' 
 
 Ar-bois' (-bwa/) 
 
 Ar-broath' As' sen 
 
 Arcachon (ar-ka-shbn') As-sin-i-boi'a 
 Arch-an'£-el As-sin'ni-boi'n 
 
 Ar-chi-do'na As-si'si 
 
 Arch-i-pel'a-go As-sou-an' 
 
 Ar-co'la As-ter-a-bad' 
 
 Ar'cos As'ti 
 
 Ar-cot' As-tbr'ga 
 
 Ar'de-bil As-to'ri-a 
 
 Ar-dgche' (ar-d,ish') As-tra-ctian' 
 
 Ar-de-lan' [den) As-tu'ri-as 
 
 Ardennes (ar-den' or ar'- At-a-ba'po 
 
 Ash-an-tee', or A-shan'- A-vel J la 
 
 tee 
 Ash-mu-nein' 
 Ash'o-ver 
 Ash-ta-bu'la 
 Ash-u-e'lot 
 A'si-a (a'sbe-a) 
 As'pern 
 As-phal-ti'tes 
 As-pro-pot'a-mo 
 As-sanv , or As'sai 
 
 burg) 
 Au-gus'ta 
 Au-gus-to'vo (bu-gus- 
 
 to'vo) 
 Aumale (o-mal')_ 
 Aunis (o'nes' or o'neO 
 Au'riph (ou'rik) 
 Aurillac (o-rel-yak') 
 Au-riing-a-bad' 
 Aussegg (bw'seG) 
 Aus'ter-litz (or bus'ter- 
 
 lits)' 
 Aus-tral-a'si-a (-she-a) 
 Aiis-tra'li-a 
 Aus'tri-a 
 Au-tau'ga 
 Au-tfin' (6-tun') 
 Auvergne (o-varfi') 
 Aux Cayes (o-ka') 
 Auxerre (o-sar') 
 Aux-onne' (or b-sbn') 
 A'va, or A'va 
 Av'a-lon 
 A-vats'cha 
 A-ve'i-r5 (a-Ta'e-rb) 
 
 Av-el-li'n5 
 
 Avenches (a-vansh') 
 
 A-ver'no 
 
 A-ver'sa 
 
 Avesnes (a-van') 
 
 Aveyron (a-va-rbiV) 
 
 Avezzano (S-vSt-sa'no) 
 
 Avignon (av-en-yOii') 
 
 Av'i-la 
 
 Av-15'na 
 
 As-saye' (as-sa' or as-sl') A-vo ca 
 
 Ar drah 
 A-re-ci'bo (-vo) 
 A'rem-berg 
 Ar'ens-berg 
 Arenys (a-ra-nes') 
 A-re-qui'pa (-ke'pii) 
 A-rez zo (a-ret'sb) 
 Argseus (ar-je'us) 
 Ar-gen-tan' (ar-zhafi 
 
 tan') 
 Ar-gen-ta'ro 
 
 Argenteuil(ar-zhan-tul') A-ti'iii 
 
 Argentiere (ar-zban-te- At' las 
 
 Ar'g-en-tine [ar') A-trk'to 
 
 At-a-ca'ma 
 
 At-au-al' (at-ou-iO 
 
 At-ba'ra 
 
 Atch-a-fa-laJ'a 
 
 At-cheen' 
 
 At-feh' (at-faO 
 
 Ath'en§ 
 
 Ath-lone' 
 
 Ath'ol, or A'thol 
 
 Ath'os 
 
 A-thy', or Atb/y. 
 
 A-vo'la 
 
 A'von 
 
 Av-by-elles' 
 
 Avranches (iiv-ransh') 
 
 Ax-um', or Ax'ura 
 
 Ay-a-cu'cho [ta) 
 
 Ay-a-mon'te (i-a-mon'- 
 
 Ayle§'bij-ry 
 
 Ayr (ar) 
 
 Ayr'shire 
 
 A-zer-bi-jan', or 
 
 ^ Az-er-bai'jan 
 
 Az'of, or Az'oph 
 
 A-zbre§' 
 
 B. 
 
 Ar'gos 
 
 Ar-gos'to-li 
 
 Ar-|yle'i or Ar'gyle 
 
 Ar'^y-ro Cas'tro 
 
 A-ri-a'no 
 
 A-ri'ca 
 
 Aridge (a-re-azh') 
 
 A-rtn'hos (-yos) 
 
 A-ris'pe (-pa) 
 
 A-ri'ta 
 
 A'tri 
 At-tak'a-pas (-paw) 
 At'ta-la, or At-ta'la 
 Attigny (at-ten'ye) ' 
 At-tock' 
 At'u-i, or A-tu'i 
 Aubagne (o-bafl') 
 Aube (ob) 
 
 Aubenas (ob-na' or o-bg- 
 nas') 
 
 Baal'bec 
 
 Ba-ba' 
 
 Bab'y-lon 
 
 Baccarat (bak-ka-ra') 
 
 Bacchiglione (bak-kel- 
 
 yo'na) 
 Bach'i-an 
 Bacon (ba-kon') 
 Bac'up 
 Ba-dag'ry 
 
 Bad-a-jos' (biid-a-Hos') 
 Bad-ak-shan' 
 Bad-deck' 
 Ba'den, or Bad'en 
 Ba-den-wei'ler 
 Baen'a (ba-il'ha) 
 Baeza (ba-a'tba) 
 
 Ba-ga-n a 
 
 Bag-dad' or Bag'dad 
 
 Bagnara (ban-ya'ra) 
 
 Bagnarea (ban-ya-ra'a) 
 
 Bagneres (ban-yar') 
 
 Bagnols (ban-yol') 
 
 Ba-ha'ma 
 
 Ba-har' 
 
 Bah-i'a (ba-e'a) 
 
 Bah'ling-en 
 
 Bah-rain',' or Bah-rein' 
 
 Bahr-el-Ab'i-ad 
 
 Bahr-el-Az'rek 
 
 Bai'kal 
 
 Bailleul (ba-yuh') 
 
 Bai-reuth (bi'rbit) 
 
 Bai-rout', or Bai-rout' 
 
 Baja (ba'ya) 
 
 Bakh'te-gan 
 
 Ba'ku, 'or Ba-ku' 
 
 Bal-a-ghSut' 
 
 Bal-a-kla'va 
 
 Ba-la-ruc' 
 
 Bal-a-sore' 
 
 Bal'a-ton 
 
 Bal'bec, or Bal-bec' 
 
 Bale (bill), or Ba'§el 
 
 Bal-e-ar'ic 
 
 Bal-fu-rosh' 
 
 Ba-lize' 
 
 Bilk 
 
 Bal-kan' 
 
 Bal-li-na' 
 
 Bal-li-na-sloe' 
 
 Balls'tpn Spa 
 
 Bal-ly-shan'npn 
 
 Bal-mor'al 
 
 Bal'tic 
 
 Bal'ti-more 
 
 Balt'in-glass 
 
 Bam-bar'ra 
 
 Bam'berg 
 
 Bam-bouk' 
 
 Bam-i-an' 
 
 Bam-ma-koo f 
 
 Ba-nat' 
 
 Ban'ca (bangTia) 
 
 Ban-cal'la-ry 
 
 BanflF (bamf ) 
 
 Ban-ga-lore' (bang-) 
 
 Ban'gbr (bang'gbr) 
 
 Ban-kok' 
 
 Ban'nacks 
 
 Ban'nock-biirn 
 
 Ban-tam', or Ban'tam 
 
 Bapaume (ba-pum') 
 
 Bar'a-ba 
 
 Bar-a-co'a 
 
 Ba-raiche' 
 
 Bar-a-ta'ri-a 
 
 Bar-ba'does 
 
 Bar'ba-ry 
 
 Bar-bu'da 
 
 Bar-ce-lo' r na 
 
 Ba-reil'ly (ba-rale) 
 
 Ba'ri 
 
 Ba-ri'ta 
 
 Bar-le-Duc' 
 
 Barnaul (bar-nbulO 
 
 Bar'ne-gat 
 
 Ba-roach' (ba-roch') 
 
 Ba-ro'da 
 
 Bar'o-metz (-mets) 
 
 Bar-que-si-me'to (-ma'-) 
 
 Barraux (bar-ro') 
 
 Bar're 
 
 Barrages (bar-razh^ 
 
 Barth (bart) 
 
 Ba'sel. or Bale (bal) , 
 
 Ba-si-lan' 
 
 Ba-si-li-ca'ta 
 
 Bas'rah 
 
 Bas-sa'no 
 
622 
 
 PKONUNCIATION OP 
 
 Bas-sein' 
 
 Basse-Terre (bas-tarO 
 
 Bas'so-ra 
 
 Bas-tan' 
 
 Bas-ti'a 
 
 Bastogne (bas-tofi') 
 
 Ba-ta'vi-a 
 
 Bath 
 
 Bat-is-can' [rozh') 
 
 Baton Rouge (ba-tn- 
 
 Battaglia (bat-tal'ya.) 
 
 Bat-ti-ca-lo'a 
 
 Ba-ul' 
 
 Bauro (bow'ro) 
 
 Bausset (bo-sa') 
 
 Bautzen (bout'sen) 
 
 Baux (bo) 
 
 Ba-va'ri-a 
 
 Ba-ya-mo' 
 
 Bay-a-zid' (bi-a-zed') 
 
 Bayeux (ba-yuh') 
 
 Bay-len' 
 
 Ba-yonne' 
 
 Bay'Su (bl'6) 
 
 Bay'reuth (bl'roit) 
 
 Baza (ba'tha) 
 
 Bazas (ba-za') 
 
 Beam (ba-arn') 
 
 Beaucaire (bo-kar') 
 
 Beau'fort (S. C.) 
 
 Beau'fort (bo'fort) (Af.) 
 
 Beau'ley (bo'le) 
 
 Beau-ma/ris (bo-) 
 
 Beaune (bon) 
 
 Beauvais (bo-va/) 
 
 Bec'cles (bek'klz) 
 
 Bed-nore' 
 
 Bed-6u-in§' 
 
 Bed-o-ween' 
 
 Befort (ba-for') 
 
 Beilan (ba-lan') 
 
 Beira (ba'e-ra) 
 
 Bex'r6ut (or ba'rot) 
 
 Beith 
 
 Beja (ba-zha') 
 
 Be-ja-pour' 
 
 Be-lgd'-ul-Je-rtd' 
 
 Be-lem' {or ba-leng') 
 
 B51-fast', or Bel'fast 
 
 Belfort (bel-for') 
 
 Bel'gi-iim 
 
 Bel-grade' 
 
 Belle-fon-taine' 
 
 Belle-fonte' 
 
 Belle-Isle, or Bellisle 
 
 (bel-el') 
 Belle'ville 
 Bel-lin-zo'na 
 Bel-lu'no 
 Be-loit' 
 
 Be-166-chis-tan' 
 Bt'lur-Ta'g 
 Bel-vi-dere' 
 Belvoir (be'vur) 
 Be-na'res 
 Ben-coo'len 
 Bend-e-mir' 
 Bene (ba'na) 
 Ben-e-ven'to 
 Ben-gal' 
 Ben-ga'zi 
 
 Ben-gue'la (ben-ga'la) 
 Be-nin' 
 Ben-i-suef 
 Ben-L5'mond 
 Ben-Mac-dhii'i 
 Ben-Ne'vis 
 Be-nbwm' 
 Bens'helm 
 Bentevoglio (ben-te- 
 
 vol'yo) 
 Ben'thelm (ben'tlm) 
 Be-rar' 
 
 Be-rat' 
 
 Ber-be'ra, or Ber'be-ra 
 
 Ber-bice', or Ber'bice 
 
 Ber-di-ansk' 
 
 Ber-di-chev' 
 
 Ber-e-si'na, or Ber-e- 
 zi'na 
 
 Ber-e-zof 
 
 Ber'ga-mo 
 
 Berf'en 
 
 Berf'en-huus 
 
 Berg'en-op-Zoom' 
 
 Bergerac (ber-zhe-rak') 
 
 Ber-ham-pore' 
 
 Ber'ing, or Behr'ing 
 
 Berkshire 
 
 Ber-lin', or Ber'lin 
 
 Ber-mu'das 
 
 Ber'nard 
 
 Berne (or bern) 
 
 Ber-nl'na 
 
 Ber-ri' 
 
 Ber'ri-en 
 
 Ber-tie' 
 
 Ber'wick (or ber'rik) 
 
 Besancon (ba-zan-soh') 
 
 Bes-sa-ra'bi-a 
 
 Beth'le-hem 
 
 Bev-e-ren' 
 
 Bev'er-ly, 
 
 Bewd'ley 
 
 Bexar (ba-harO 
 
 Beyra (ba'e-ra) 
 
 Bey'rcot (or ba'rot) 
 
 Beziers (ba-ze-ar'), E. 
 Beziers (ba-ze-a'), 
 M. T. 
 
 Bha-raich' 
 
 Bhat-gong' (bat-) 
 
 Bhiirt-pore' (biirt-) 
 
 Bi-a'la 
 
 Bi-al'ys-tok 
 
 Bid-as-so'a 
 
 BieT'e-feld" (-felt) 
 
 Bi-el-go-rod' 
 
 Bi-el-6'pol 
 
 Bi-enne' 
 
 Bil-ba'5 
 
 Bil-bo'a 
 
 Bil-ed'ul-fe-rid' 
 
 Bil'ier-i-ca 
 
 Bing'en 
 
 Bing'ham-ton 
 
 Bl'o-bi'o 
 
 Btr 
 
 Bi'r'ket-el-Ke-roun' 
 
 Bi'r'ket-el-Mar-i-out' 
 
 Bi'r'ming-ham 
 
 Bis'cay 
 
 Bis-na-gar v 
 
 Bis-sa'gos 
 
 Bis'ti-neau (bis'tg-no) 
 
 Blanc 
 
 Blank' en-burg 
 
 Blech'ing-ley 
 
 Bled'soe 
 
 Blei'berg 
 
 Blen'heim, or Blen'- 
 heim 
 
 Blois (blwa or bliii) 
 
 Bocage (bb-kazh') 
 
 Bo'den-see (-sa) 
 
 Boerne (ber'ne) 
 
 Bceuf(bTJf) 
 
 Boeuf-Bay'ou (buf-) 
 
 Boglio (bol'yo) 
 
 Bog-li-pore' 
 
 Bo-go-ta' 
 
 Bo-he'mi-a 
 
 Boh'mer-wald 
 
 Bois-le-Duc (bwa-le- 
 diik') 
 
 Bok-ha'ra 
 
 Bo'll 
 Bo-li'var, If. 
 
 Bol'i-var, B. T. Wr. 
 Bologna (bo-lon'ya) 
 Bol-se'na (bol-sa/na) 
 Bol'so-ver 
 Bol'ton 
 Bol-za'no 
 Bo'mar-sund 
 Bom-bay' 
 Bo-nair' 
 Bo-na-ven-tii'ra 
 Bo-ness' 
 
 Bon-i-fa'cio (-cho) 
 Bo-nin' 
 Boom (bom) 
 B66-tan' 
 Bo-paul' 
 
 Bor-deaux' (bor-do') 
 Borgne (bora) 
 B6r'ne-o 
 Born'holm 
 Bor-nou' 
 Bor-o-di'no 
 Bos'na-Se-rai' 
 Bos'ni-a 
 Bos'pho-rfis, or Bos'po- 
 
 rus 
 Bos'ton 
 
 Bos' worth (boz'wiirth) 
 Bot'e-toiirt 
 Both'ni-a 
 BSt'zeii (-sen) 
 Boughes'-du-Rhone' 
 
 (bosh'-) 
 Bouillon (bol-y5ng') 
 Boulogne (bo-lon') 
 Bour'bon 
 Bourbonnes-les-Bains 
 
 (bor-bon'-la-bang') 
 Bourg (borg) 
 
 Bourg (bOr), T. 
 Bourges (borzh) 
 Bou'ro 
 Bou-ton' 
 B ovine s (bo-ven') 
 Bbw'ditch 
 Bow'doin (bo'dn) 
 Bo-ya'ca 
 Bozzolo (bot'so-lo) 
 Bra' bant, or Bra-bant' 
 Brae-mar' 
 Bra'ga 
 Bra-gan'za 
 Bra'hi-low 
 Brah'ma-p66'tra 
 Bran'den-biirg 
 Brauns'berg (brouns'- 
 
 berg) 
 Bra-zil' 
 Bra-zo'ri-a 
 Bra'zos 
 
 Brazza (brat'sa) 
 Bread-al'bane 
 Breath'it 
 Breph'in, E. T. 
 Brec'on 
 
 Bre'da, or Bre-da' 
 Breg'entz 
 Brei'saph 
 Bre-neau' (bre-no') 
 Bres'cia (bresh'a) 
 Bres'lau (or bres-lou) 
 Bretagne (bre-tan') 
 Bre'ton (or bret'on) 
 
 Bre't'on (brit'ou), T. 
 Briancon (bre-ang-song') 
 Bri-are' [ton) 
 
 Bridlington (biir'ling- 
 Brieg (breg) 
 Briel 
 Bri-enne' 
 Brl-enz' (-6nts0 
 
 Brieux (bre-tihO 
 
 Brigh'ton (bri'tn) 
 
 Brin'di-si 
 
 Bris'aph 
 
 Bris'gau (bris'gou) 
 
 Brit'ain (brit'tn) 
 
 Brit'ta-ny. 
 
 Brix'ham 
 
 Bro'dy" 
 
 Broek (brvik) 
 
 Brom'berg 
 
 Bron'do-lo 
 
 Brook'iine (brGk'-) 
 
 Brook'lyn (bruk'-) 
 
 Brough (bruf ) 
 
 Bruph'sal 
 
 Bruges 
 
 Bruhl'(brul) 
 
 Brunn 
 
 Brus'sels 
 
 Bryn Mawr' (or mar) 
 
 Brzesc (bzbests) 
 
 Buch'an 
 
 Bu-phan'an 
 
 Bu-pha-rest' 
 
 Bu-cha'ri-a 
 
 Bu'da, or Bu'da 
 
 Bud'weis 
 
 Buen Ay're (bwen-i'ra) 
 
 Bue-na-ven-tu'ra (bwa-) 
 
 Buenos Ayres (b'wa'nos- 
 
 I'res or bo'nos-ar'ez) 
 Buffa-lo 
 Bug ' 
 
 Builth (bllth) 
 Bu-ja-lan'ce (-Ha-) 
 Buk-ha'ri-a 
 Bu'lach 
 Bu'la-ma 
 
 Bu-la'ma, T. 
 Bul-ga'ri-a 
 Bulkh 
 
 Bun'combe (bung'kum) 
 Bun-del-cund' 
 Biin'der A-bas'si 
 BGntz'lau (or buhts'lou) 
 Biird-wan', or Biird'wan 
 Burg 
 Bur'gos 
 Bur'gun-dy 
 Bur-ham-poor' 
 Bur-ram-poo'ter 
 Bur'sa, or Biir'sa 
 Bur'sgheld (bur'shit) 
 Bur'ton (bur'tn) 
 Bury (ber'e) 
 Bu-sa'co 
 Bu-shire' 
 Bu-trin'to 
 Butte (but) 
 By-ra-ghiir' 
 
 c. 
 
 Ca-bar'ras 
 
 Cib'ell 
 
 Ca-ben'da 
 
 Ca-bre'ra (ka-bra'ra) 
 
 Ca-buT, or Ck-boul'" 
 
 Ca-bu-lis-tan' 
 
 Caceres (ka'tha-res) 
 
 Cac-ha'o, or Cach'ao 
 
 Cachoeira (ka-sho-a'e-ra) 
 
 Ca-con'go (ka-kong'go) 
 
 Ca'diz 
 
 Ca-do're (-ra) 
 
 Cad'ron 
 
 Ca'en'(or kang) 
 
 Caer-le'on 
 
 Caer-mar'then 
 
 Caer-nar'v9n 
 
MODEKN GEOGEAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 623 
 
 Caer-phil'ly (or kar- Cape Hay'ti-en 
 
 fitk'le) Cape'tbwn 
 
 Caf-fra'ri-a Cap-i-ta-na'ta 
 
 Caf'fres (kafferz) Ca'po d'fs'tri-a 
 
 Caf-i-ris-tan' Ca'prl 
 
 Cagliari (kaTya-re) Cap'ii-a 
 
 Ca-haw'ba Ca-rac'cas 
 
 Ca'hir (or kar) Car'a-man, E. 
 Ca-ho'ki-a # Ca-ra-man' (-mong'), T. 
 Cahors (ka-hor'orka-or') Car-a-ma'ni-a 
 
 Cai'cos (ki'kos) Car-ca-sonne' 
 
 Cairn-gbrm' Car'de-nas 
 
 Cairn-gorm', E. Car'diff 
 
 Cai'ro (Egypt) Car'di-gan 
 
 Cai'ro (U. S.) Car-d5'na 
 
 Cal-a-bar' Car-i-a'c5 
 
 Ca-la'bri-a, or Ca-la'- Car-ib-be'an, B. Br. T. 
 
 bri-a Ca-rib'be-an, Wr. 
 
 Cal-a-hor'ra Car-ib-bee' 
 
 Cal'ais (kal'is) Ca-rin'thi-a 
 
 Cal-a'-ma'ta Car-lisle' (kar-lil') 
 
 Cal-a-mi-a'ne§ Car'lo-witz 
 
 Cal-a-ta-yud' (-yutfi/) Carls/bad 
 
 Cal-a-tra'va Carls-cro'na, or Carl§- 
 Cal-a-ve'ras (-va'-) crS'na 
 
 Cal'ca-sieu (Ual'ka-sbo) Carls'ruhe (karlz'rO) 
 
 Cal-cut'ta Carl'stadt (-stat) 
 
 Cal'der Carmagnola (kar-man- 
 Cal-e-do'ni-a yo'la) 
 
 Cal'en-berg Car-mo'na 
 
 Cal-houn' Car-nat'ic 
 
 Cal'i-cut Car-naul' 
 
 Cal-i-fbr'ni-a Car-ni-6'la 
 
 Cal-la'o (or k'al-ya'o) Car-o-li'na 
 
 Cal-la-poo'ya Ca-ro-ni' 
 
 Cal'mar Car-pa'thi-an 
 
 Calne (kan_or kawn) Car-pen-ta'ri-a 
 
 Cal-ta-gi-ro'ne Car-pen-tras' (or kar- 
 Cal-ta-ni-set'ta piing-tr-is') 
 
 Cal'u-met Car-pen-tras' (kiir- 
 
 Cal-va'dos, B. E. P. Cyc. pang-tra'), ill. P. 
 
 Cal-va-dos', M. P. Car-ra'ra 
 
 Cal'vert Car-rick-fer'gus , 
 
 Ca-man'che Car'ron 
 
 Ca-mar'go ' Carsh'alton (kas-hbr'tn) 
 
 Cam-a-ro'nes Car-ta-£e'na 
 
 Cam-ba-hee' Car-ta'go 
 
 Cam-bay' Car'ter-et 
 
 Cam-bo'di-a Car-tha-|-e'na 
 Cam'bray, or Cam-bray' Car-u-pa'no 
 
 Cam'bri-a Ca-sac', or Ca'sac 
 
 Cam'brid£e Ca-sal' 
 
 Ca-min'ha (kii-men'ya) Ca-sa'le (-la) 
 Campagna (kam-pan'ya) Cas-a-na'na 
 
 Camp'bell (kam'el) Cas'bin, or Cas-bin' 
 
 Cam-peach'y Casch'au (kash'bfi) 
 
 Cam'po Bas'so Ca-ser'ta 
 
 Can'a-da Cash'el ' 
 
 Can-a-jo-har'ie Cash'gar, or Cash-gar' 
 
 Can-an-dai'gua (-gwa) Cash-mere', or Cash' - 
 Can-a-nore' mere 
 
 Ca-na'ra, or Can'a-ra Cas'pi-an 
 
 Ca-na'ries Cas-si'iia 
 
 Can-a-sto'ta Cas-si-qui-a'ri (-ke-a're) 
 
 Ga-nav'e-ral Cas-tel-nau'da-ry' (kas- 
 Can-da-har' tel-no'da-re')' 
 
 Can-deish'(orkan-dash') Cas'-tel' Ve-tra'no (-va-) 
 
 Can'di-a Castiglione (kas-tel-yo'- 
 
 Ca-ne'a Cas-tile' [tia) 
 
 Can-is-'te'o Castillon (kas-tel-yong') 
 
 Canon (kan'yon) Cit'y. Cas-tine' 
 
 Ca-non'i-cQt Cas'tle-bar' (kas'sl-bar') 
 
 Cannes (kan) Castres (kas'tr) 
 
 Can-nou'chee Cas'tro (?io-van'ni (-jo- 
 Can'tal, or Can-tal' van'he) 
 
 Can'ter-bu-ry (-ber-e) Cat-a-bam'ba 
 
 Can-ton' or Can'ton Cat-a-hou'la 
 
 (China) Cat-a-lo'ni-a 
 
 Can'ton (U. S.) Ca-ta'ni-a, or Ca-ta'ni-a 
 
 Can-tyre' Ca-tan-za'ro 
 
 Cape Bret' on Ca-taw'ba 
 
 Cape Qir'ar-deau (jlr'- Cateau-Cambresis 
 
 §r-do) (ka-to'-kam-bre-ze') 
 
 Cath-a-rt'nen-stadt (3ha-ryb'dis 
 
 (-stat) Chateaubriant (sha-to- 
 Ca-thay' bre-ang') 
 
 Cat-man'd66, E. Wr. Chateaudun (sha-to- 
 
 Cat-man-doS', T. dun') 
 
 Ca-tbr'ce (or ka-tbr'tha) Chateau-Gonthier (sha- 
 Cats'kill to-gon'te-a) [ga') 
 
 Cat-ta-rau'gus Chateauguay (sba-to- 
 
 Cat-ta'r5, or Cat'ta-ro Chateauroux (sha-to-ro') 
 
 Cau-bul' Chatellerault (sha-tel- 
 
 Cau'ca (or kbuTia) Chat' ham L r5 
 
 Cau'ca-sQs Chat-ta-h66'chee 
 
 Caugh-n?.-wa'ga (kaw-) Chat-too'ga 
 
 Caune (kbn) Chaudilre (sho-de-ar') 
 
 Cau'ver-y Chaumont (shO-mong') 
 Ca'va' (France) 
 
 Cav'a-la Chaumont (sho-mo') 
 Cav'an (U. S.) 
 
 Ca'ver-y Qhau-tau'qua 
 
 Cawn-pore' Chazy (sha-zi') 
 
 Ca-xa-mar'ca (ka-H'a-) Che-buc'to 
 Caxias (ka-she'as) ghe-bfic'to, T. 
 
 Caxoeira (ka-sho-a'e-ra) Chel'i-cut 
 
 Cay'cos (ki'kos) Chelms'ford (or chemz'- 
 Cay-enne' (ki-en') ford) 
 
 Cay-man', or Cay'man Chel'sea 
 
 Ca-yu'ga Chel' ten-ham (or cbelt'- 
 Ca-yuse' nam) 
 
 Caz-e-no'vi-a phem'nitz (-nits) 
 
 Ce-a-ra' (sa.-)* ghe-mung' 
 
 Ce-bu' ghe-nan'go (-nang'go) 
 
 Cec'il, B. Chen-yang' 
 
 Ce'cil, T. Che-pach'et 
 
 Cef-a-iu' (chef-) Chep'stow" 
 
 Ce-la'no (cha-) Cher (shar) 
 
 Cel'e-be§ phe-ras'co 
 
 Cel'le Che-raw' 
 
 Cen'i's (or se-neO Cher-bourg' 
 Ceph-a-16'ni-a, or Ceph- £her's5 
 
 a-lo-ni'a ' pher'son, or pher-son' 
 
 Ce-ram' pher-so-nese' 
 Cerignola (cha-ren-yo'la) Chertsey (ches'se) 
 
 Cer-ve'ra (ser-va'ra) Ches'a-peake 
 
 Cer'vi-a (cber've-a) Chesh'ire 
 
 Cer'vin (or ser-vang') Che-sun'cook 
 
 Ce-se'na (cba-sa/nii) Chet-i-mach'es 
 
 Ceu'ta (or sa'u-tii) Chev'i-ot (or r-hiv'e-ot) 
 
 Cevennes (sa-ven') Cheyenne (sbi-en') 
 
 Cey-lon', or Cey'lon phi-a'na 
 
 Cha-ca'o Chi-a'pa 
 
 Cha'co phi-a'ri 
 
 Cha'gres phi-a'va-ri, AT. T. 
 
 9ha-leur' phi-a-ven'na 
 
 ^halons (shii-longO _ ghi-ca'go (she-kaw'go) 
 Cham'ber-ry (or shbn- Chich'es-ter 
 
 ba-reO Chick-a-hom'i-ny 
 
 Cham-blee' Chick-a-mau'ga 
 Chamouni (sha'mo-ne or Chick'a-saw 
 
 sha-mQ'ng) Chic'o-pee 
 
 Champagne (sham-pan') Chicot (she'ko) 
 
 Qham-paign' (-pan') phi'em-see (-sa) 
 
 gham-plain' ghi-enne' 
 
 ghan'de-leur' Chieti (ke-a'te) 
 
 Chan-der-na-gore' Qhig-nec'to 
 phan-til'ly (shan-tel'ye) Chi-hua'hua (-wa'wa) 
 
 Cha-pa'la Chi-kai'lis 
 
 Char ? cas' Chi'li, or Chil'i 
 
 Charente (sha-rangt') Chil-H-co'the, or Chil- 
 Charente-Inferieure li-coth'e 
 
 (sha-rangt'-ang-fa-re- Chi-lo-e' (che-lo-a') 
 
 iir') Chim-bo-ra'zo 
 
 Char'i-ton Chi'na ' [ya 
 
 Phar'kov Chin-chil'la (or -chel'-) 
 
 Charle'mont, or Char'- Chin-su'ra 
 
 le-mont Chin-yang' 
 Charleroi (sharl-rwa/ or phi'os 
 
 . shar-le-roi') Chip'pen-ham (or chip'- 
 Charles'ton nam ' 
 
 gharle'viile Chi-qui'tos (che-ke'tos) 
 
 ghar'le-voix' (sharle- Chi§'wick (chiz'ik) 
 
 v\va''or shaVle-vbi') Chit-ta-gong' 
 
 phar'lottes-ville Chit'ten-den 
 
 Chartr'es (shar'tr) Chit-tore' ' 
 
624 
 
 PKONUNCIATION OF 
 
 phi-vas'so 
 
 Choc'taw 
 
 phoc'zim 
 
 Cholmondeley (chum'le) 
 
 Cho-lu'la 
 
 pho-ra-san', or pho-ras'- 
 
 san 
 Cho-w&n' 
 phras-ti-an'a 
 phris-ti-a'ni-a 
 phris'tian-sand 
 phris'tian-stadt (-stat) 
 phrti'dim 
 Chu-la-ho'ma 
 Chum'leigh (ckumle) 
 Chup'rah 
 Chu-qui-sa'ca (chu-ke- 
 
 sa'ka) 
 phur (kor) 
 Cic-a-c51e' 
 Ci-en-fue'gos (se-en- 
 
 fwa'gos) 
 Cim-ar-rbn' 
 Cin-a-lo'a 
 Cin-cin-na'ti 
 Cinque Ports (sink-) 
 Cin'tra 
 
 Cir-cars' [e-a) 
 
 Cir-cas'si-a (sir-k?,sh'- 
 Ci'ren-ces-ter (orsls'e- 
 
 ter or sis'is-ter) 
 Cirk'nitz 
 
 Cit-ta-del'la (chit-) 
 Ci-u-dad' Re-al' (tke-u- 
 
 dad' ra-al') 
 Ci-u-dad' Rod-ri'go (the- 
 
 u-dad' rod-re'go) 
 Civita Vec'chi-a (che'- 
 
 ve-ta vek'ke-a) 
 Clack-man'nan 
 Cla'£en-furth (-furt) 
 Clai borne 
 Clame-cy' (klain-se') 
 Clap'ham 
 Clar'e-mont, or Clare' - 
 
 mont 
 Clau'sen-burg (klbfi'-) 
 Clausthal (klous'tal) 
 Cler-mont' 
 Clermont-Ferrand (klar- 
 
 mong fer-rang') 
 Cleve'land 
 Cleves ' 
 Clith'e-roe 
 Clog'tier {or klo'ber) 
 Clon-a-kil'ty 
 Clon-mel' 
 Clyde 
 
 Co-a-h5'ma 
 Co-a-hui'la(-we'la) 
 Co-an'go (ko-aug'go) 
 Co-bi'ja (ko-be'Ha) 
 Cob'lentz ( : lents) 
 Co'biirg 
 Co-cha-bam'ba 
 Co'chin Chi'na 
 Codogno (ko-dbVyo) 
 Co-do'rus 
 Coev'or-den 
 Coeymans (kwe'manz) 
 Cognac (kbn-yak') 
 Cohahuila (ko-a-we'la) 
 Co-hoes' 
 Co-Tm-ba-toor' 
 Co-im'bra 
 Coire (kwar) 
 Col' berg 
 Col'ches-ter 
 Cole-raine' 
 Co-li'ma 
 Col-mar' 
 
 Coin (kon or kbun) 
 Cologna (ko-lou'ya) 
 
 Cologne (ko-lonO 
 Co-lom'bi-a 
 Co-lom'bo ' 
 Col' on- say, Br. T. 
 
 Co-Ion' say, E. Wr. 
 Col-o-ra'do 
 Co-lum'bi-a 
 Co-lum-bi-an'a 
 Co-lum'bo 
 Co-mac' 
 Co-man' ches 
 Co-mar'go 
 
 Co-may-a'gua (-gwa) 
 Com'ber-mere 
 Comines (ko-nien') 
 Co'mo 
 Com'o-rin 
 Co-mbrn' 
 Com'o-ro 
 
 Comp'iegne (kom-pe-afi') 
 Com-pos-tel'la 
 Con-can', or Con'can 
 
 "(kongOian) 
 Con-cep'tion 
 Con'cord (kong 7 -) 
 Con-cbr'di-a 
 Conde (ko'n-'da') 
 Con-|-co-cheague' 
 Co-ne'cuh 
 
 Cbn'e-maugh (-maw) 
 Con-es-to'ga 
 Co-ne'sus 
 
 Con-ga-ree' (kong-) 
 Con'gle-ton (kong'gl- 
 
 ton) 
 Coii'gb (kong'go) 
 Con'naught, or Con- 
 naught' 
 Con-nect'i-cQt (-net'-) 
 Con'stance 
 Con-stan-ti'na 
 Con-stan-ti-no'ple 
 Cooch Ba-tiar' 
 C66-mas-sie', or C85- 
 
 mas'sie 
 Co-os' 
 
 C6o-saw-hatch'ie 
 Co-pen-ha'fen 
 Co-pi' ah [po' 
 
 Co-pi-a'po, or Co-pi-a- 
 Co-pim'es-caw 
 Coqu'et (kok'et) 
 Co-quim'bo (-kern'-) 
 Cor-a-chie' 
 Cor-beau' (-bb')_ 
 Cbr-beil' (kbr-bal') 
 Cor-dil'le-ras {or kbr- 
 
 "del-ya'rasj 
 Cbr'do-va 
 Co-re'a 
 
 Cor-fu', or Cor'fu 
 Cor'inth 
 Cor-o-man'del 
 Co-ro'ne 
 
 CorrSze'(kor-raz') 
 Cor-ri-en'tes 
 Cbr'si-ca 
 Corte' (k'br-ta') 
 Cor-to'na 
 Co-run'n"a 
 Cor'y-don 
 Co-sen'za 
 Co-shoe' ton 
 Cbslin (kes'lin or kes- 
 
 len') 
 Cosne (kon) 
 Cos-seir' 
 Cos-sim-ba-zar 
 Cos'ta Ri'ca 
 Co-ta-gay'a 
 CSte-d'Or (kot-dbr 7 ) 
 C6tes-du-Nord (kot'du- 
 
 11 or') 
 
 Cotignola (ko-ten-yo'la) 
 
 Co-to-pax'i 
 
 Cott'bus 
 
 C6u-la.n' 
 
 Cour'land 
 
 Cour-tray' 
 
 Coutances (ko-tansO 
 
 Co v' en-try 
 
 Cov'ing-ton 
 
 Cbwes (kuuz) 
 
 Cb^-e'ta 
 
 Cra'cow 
 
 Crecy (kres'e) 
 
 Cre'feld (kra'felt) 
 
 Crem'nitz 
 
 Cre-mo'na 
 
 Creuse (kruz) 
 
 Crev'elt 
 
 Cri-me'a 
 
 Crit' ten-den 
 
 Cro-a'ti-a (kro-a'she-a) 
 
 Crom'ar-'ty 
 
 Cron'stadt (-stat) 
 
 Csaba (cha'ba) 
 
 Csaba (chbb'bo), jr. T. 
 Csongrad (cbon-grad') 
 Cu'ba 
 
 Cii-ba'gua (-gwa) 
 Cu-ban' 
 Cud'da-lore 
 Cud'da-pah 
 Cuen'ca (kwenTva) 
 Cui-a'ba (kwe-a'ba), E. 
 
 Cu-ia'ba (-ya'-), T. 
 Culhuacan (kol-wa-kan') 
 Cu-li-a-can' 
 Cul-lo'den 
 Culm 
 
 Cul'pep-er 
 Cul-ross'" (or ko'ros) 
 Cu-ma-na' 
 Cu-ma'ni-a 
 Cum'ber-land 
 Cu'par"(ko v par) 
 Cu-ra-poa' (-so') 
 Cu-ra-ray' 
 Cu'risch-e Haflf (ku r . 
 
 rish-e-baf) 
 Cur'ri-tuck 
 Cur-z5'la 
 Ciistrin (ke-stren' or 
 
 ktis'trin) 
 Cut-tack' 
 Cux-ha'ven 
 Cu-ya'ba, or Cu-ya-ba' 
 Cuy-a_-ho''ga (ki-a-ho'ga) 
 Cuz'co 
 Cyc'la-des 
 Czaslau (chas'lbCi) 
 Czernowitz (cher'no-vlts) 
 Czirknicz (tserk'nits) 
 
 D. 
 
 Dag-hes-tan' 
 
 Dahl 
 
 Dah'o-mey, or Da-ho' 
 
 mey (-ma) 
 Dal-a-go'a 
 Da-le-car'li-a 
 Dal-hou'sie 
 Dil-keith' " 
 Dalles 
 Dal-ma'ti-a (dal-ma'- 
 
 she-a) 
 Dal'ton 
 
 Dam-a-ris cot'ta 
 La-mas'cus 
 Lam-i-et'ta 
 Dan'bu-ry '(dan'ber-e) 
 Dan-ne-mo'ra 
 
 Dant'zic (-sik) 
 
 Dan'ube 
 
 Dar-da-nelle§' 
 
 Dar-four' 
 
 Da'ri-en 
 
 Darm'stadt (-stat) 
 
 Dart'mouth 
 
 Dar'war 
 
 Dauphine (do-fe-na') 
 
 Dau'phi-ny 
 
 Dav'en-port 
 
 Da'viess 
 
 Debreczin (de-bret'sin) 
 
 De-bret'zin (-sin) 
 
 De-ca'tur 
 
 Dec'can, or Dec-can' 
 
 De-cize' 
 
 Del-a-go'a 
 
 Del'a-ware 
 
 Delft 
 
 Delf'zyl 
 
 Del-ga'da 
 
 Del'hi (del'le) 
 
 Del'ht (U. S.) 
 
 Del-vt'no 
 
 Dem-be'a 
 
 Dem-e-ra'ra 
 
 Den'b'igh (d'enTae) 
 
 Den'de-rah 
 
 Den-der-mond' 
 
 Den'mark 
 
 De-peys'ter 
 
 Dgpt'ford '(det'furd) 
 
 Der-bend' 
 
 Der'by (or dar'be) 
 
 Derne, or Der'ne 
 
 De-Ruy't§r " [da'-) 
 
 Des-a-gua-de'ro (-gwii- 
 
 Des-e-a'da 
 
 De§-e-ret' 
 
 De-sha' 
 
 Des Moines (de-mbin') 
 
 Des-po-bla'do 
 
 Des'sau (or des'sbii) 
 
 Det'mold 
 
 De-trbit' 
 
 Det' ting-en 
 
 Deutz (dbits) 
 
 Deux-Ponts (duh-pong / ) 
 
 De-ven'ter, Wr. 
 
 Dev'en'-ter, T. 
 De-vl'zes 
 Dev'on 
 Dev'on-port 
 Dha-wal-a-ghi'ri (da- 
 
 wal-a-ge'rj) 
 Di-ar-be-klr' 
 Diep'hoiz (-bolts) 
 Di-eppe' 
 Diest 
 
 Dietz (dets) 
 Digne (den) 
 Di'jon' (de'zhong') 
 Dil'ling-en 
 Din-age-pore' 
 Di-nan' (de-nang 7 ) 
 Df-nant^ 
 Din-wid'die 
 Di'u, or Di'-u' 
 Dix-mude' 
 Djol'i-ba 
 Dnie'per (ne'per) 
 Dnies'ter (nes'ter) 
 D6-ab' * 
 Dof-re-fi-eld' 
 Dole " Pe) 
 
 Dol-^el'ly (or dol-geth'- 
 Dol'lart [i-ca 
 
 Dom-i-ni'ca, or Do-min'- 
 Dom-i-niqu'e' (Fr.) 
 Don-ag-ha-dee' 
 Don'ald-son 
 Donc'as-ter 
 
MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 625 
 
 Don'e-gal 
 
 Don'go-la (doug'-) 
 
 Don-nai' 
 
 D66-shak' 
 
 Dbr'ches-ter 
 
 Dordogne ('dor-don') 
 
 Dordrecht (dor'drekt) 
 
 Dbr'noch 
 
 Dor-pat', or Dbr'pat 
 
 Dbrt 
 
 Dou'ay (do'a) 
 
 Doubs (dob or do) 
 
 Doubs, T. 
 Doug'las 
 D6u'r5 (do'ro) 
 Dov-re-fi-eld' 
 Dbw-le-ta-bad' 
 Dbftn-pat'rick 
 Draguignan (dra-§en- 
 
 yang') 
 Drave, or Drave 
 Drenthe (drent or 
 
 dren'te) 
 Dre§'den, or Dres'den 
 Dreux (drub.) 
 Drin 
 Dri'no 
 
 Drogh'e-da (drug'-) 
 Droit' wich (droit'ich) 
 Drp-more', or Drb'mbre 
 Dron'thelm (dron'tim) 
 Dru'ses, or Dru'§e§ 
 Du-anes'biirg 
 Dub'lin 
 Dub'nb 
 
 Du-buque' _(-biik') 
 Diiero (du-a'ro) 
 Du'is-burg 
 
 Duiveland (dbl've-lant) 
 Dulcigno (dtil-chen'yo) 
 Dulwich (dtil'jj) 
 DQm-bar'ton 
 Dum-blane' 
 Dum-fries' 
 Dun-bar' 
 
 Dun-dalk' (dun-dawkO 
 Dun-das' 
 Dun-dee' 
 Dun-ferm'line {or dun- 
 
 fer'ljn) 
 Dun-gan'non 
 Dun-gar' van 
 Dun-ge-ness' 
 Dun-keld' {or dung-kel') 
 Dun-kirk' 
 Dfin-66n' 
 Dun-sin'nane, or DHn- 
 
 sin-nane' 
 Dunwich (dun'ij) 
 Dii'plin 
 
 Duquesne (du-kan') 
 Du-rance' 
 Du-ran'go (-rang'-) 
 Du-raz'zo {or du-rat'so) 
 Dur'ham (dur'arn) 
 Dur'lach 
 Dfis'sel-dorf 
 Dut'ling-en 
 Du-val' 
 Dwa-ra'ca 
 Dwi'na, or Dwi'na 
 Dyle " 
 
 Eckmiihl (ek'mel) Es'zek (eVsek) 
 
 Ec-ua-d5r' (ek-wa-dor 7 ) fetampes (a-tamp') 
 Ed'dy-stone Et'o-wah 
 
 E'den-ton Etsch (etsh) 
 
 Ed'iu ' Eu (yu or uh) 
 
 Edge' combe (ejlcum) Eupen (01'pen) 
 Edge'field Eu-phra'tes 
 
 E-di'na Eure (ur or yur) 
 
 Edinburgh (ed'jn-bur-ro) Eu'rope 
 Ed'is-to Eii'taw 
 
 Effing-ham Eutin (bi'ten) 
 
 Eg'er Eux'ine 
 
 E-gi'na, or E§'i-na Eves'ham (or es'ham) 
 
 Eg'ri-po, or E-g'ri'po (a-) Ev'o-ra, Br. E. T. 
 
 E-vo'ra (a-), P. Wr. 
 Evreux (ev-ruh/) 
 
 E'gypt 
 
 Eh-ren-breit stein 
 
 EIch'"stadt (ik'stet) 
 
 Ei'len-burg 
 
 Eim'beck 
 
 Ei'me-o 
 
 Ei'se-nach 
 
 Eis'le-ben 
 
 E-kat-e-ri'nen-bvirg 
 
 E-kat-e-ri'no-grad 
 
 E-kat-e-ri'no-slav 
 
 El A-raiche' 
 
 Elbe (61b) 
 
 El'ber-feld 
 
 El-beuf, or El-btsuf 
 
 El'che (el'cha) 
 
 El Do-ra'do 
 
 El-e-phan'ta 
 
 El-e-phan-ti'na 
 
 E-leu'the-ra 
 
 fil'gin 
 
 E-lis'a-bet-grad' 
 
 El-lbre' 
 
 El-mi'na 
 
 El-mi'ra 
 
 E-lo'ra 
 
 El-si-nore' 
 
 El'vas 
 
 El'wang-en 
 
 Emb'den 
 
 !Em'brun (or iim-brun') 
 
 Em'mer-ich 
 
 E-na're 
 
 En-ga-dine' 
 
 Enghien (ang-ge'ang') 
 
 England (Ing'glaud) 
 
 En-i-se r 
 
 Enk-hui'zen 
 
 Ex'e-ter 
 
 Ey'a-llt 
 
 Ey'der 
 
 Ey'laiu {or I'lbu) 
 
 Fa-en'za 
 
 Fah'lun 
 
 Fal-oum' 
 
 Fa-laise' 
 
 Fal'kirk. or Fal-k'irk' 
 
 Falkland (fawk'laud) 
 
 Fal'mouth 
 
 Fa'lun 
 
 Fa'no, or Fa-no' 
 
 Fa'ro 
 
 Fa'roe, or Fa'ro-e 
 
 Far-sis-tan' 
 
 Fau-quier' 
 
 Fav'ersh-am 
 
 Fay-al' 
 
 Fay-ette' 
 
 Fay-oum' 
 
 Teh-ra-bad' 
 
 Fel-an-i'che 
 
 Fe-la-niche' (fa-), T. 
 Fe-H-ci-a'na 
 Fem'ern 
 
 Fe-o-do'§i-a (-do'zho-a) 
 Fer-ma'nagh (fer-ma'- 
 Fer-mby' [na) 
 
 [zen) Fer'ney (or fer-na') 
 (enk-hbi'- Fer-ra'ra 
 
 En-nis-cbr'thy Fer'rb 
 
 En-nis-kil'len Fer'rol, or Fer-rol' 
 
 En'tre-D6u'rb-e-Min'ho Fev'ersh-am 
 
 (eu'tra-db'ro-a-intii'yo) Fez-zan' 
 En'tre-Ri'os (en'tra-iv'- Fich-tel-fe-bir'§e 
 
 E. 
 
 Eas'ton 
 
 E'brb # [bul' 
 
 Eb-sam'buL or Eb-sam- 
 Ecc-166' or Ecc-lbo' 
 Eph'ter-naph 
 Ef'i-ja {or a'the-Ha) 
 2B pp 
 
 E-per i-es 
 
 Ep-er-nay' 
 
 Ep-i-nal' 
 
 Er'bach 
 
 isr'fiirt 
 
 Er'icht 
 
 E'rie (e're) 
 
 E'rin, or Er'in 
 
 Er-i-van' 
 
 Er'lang-en 
 
 fir'lau (e'r'lou) 
 
 Er-me-nek' 
 
 Er'ze-rum, or 
 
 Erz-room' 
 Erz-ge-bir'fe 
 ESrcam'bi-a 
 Es-cu-ri-al', or 
 I Es-cu'ri-al 
 Es'ne 
 E-so'pus 
 
 Esquimaux (eslce-mo) 
 Es-se-qui'bo (-ke'-) 
 Ess'ling-en 
 Es'te 
 
 Es-tho'ni-a 
 Es-tre-ma-du'ra 
 
 Los) Fi-es'o-le (-la) 
 Figeac (f Izh'a'k') 
 Figueras (fe-ga'ras) 
 Fi'ji ^ 
 Fin-is-terre' 
 Fin' land 
 Fismes (fern) 
 Fiume (fe-u'ma) 
 Flan'ders 
 
 Flgche.' La (la flesh) 
 Flen§'bbrg 
 Flor'ence 
 Flb'res 
 Flor'i-da 
 Flush'ing 
 Foggia (fod'ja) 
 Foglia (fbl'ya) 
 Foix (fwa) 
 Foligno (fo-len'yo) 
 Fontainebleau (fon'tan- 
 
 blo') 
 Fon-ta-ra'bi-a 
 Fontenay-le-Comte 
 
 (font-na'le-kont') 
 Fon-te-nby' 
 Fontevrault (fofi-tev-ro') 
 
 53 
 
 Fbr'li, or For-li' 
 
 Fbr'm§n-te'ra (-ta'-) 
 
 For-mo'sa 
 
 For'res 
 
 Fbr-syth' 
 
 Fbr-te-ven-tii'ra 
 
 Forth 
 
 Fos-sa'no 
 
 Foth'er-in-gay 
 
 Fou'di 
 
 Fougeres (fo-zhar') 
 
 Fou'lahs 
 
 Fourghe 
 
 Fbw'ey (or f 01) 
 
 Foy'ers (fi'erz) 
 
 France 
 
 Franche Comte (fransb. 
 
 koh-ta') 
 Frangois (fran'swa) 
 Fran-co'ni-a 
 Fran'e-ker 
 Frank' en-stein 
 Frank'en-thal (-till) 
 Frank'fort 
 Fras-ca'ti 
 
 Frau'en-burg (frou'-) 
 Frau'stadt (froii'stat) 
 Fred'er-icks-biirg 
 Fred'er-icks-hall 
 Fred'er-ic-ton 
 Frei'berg 
 Frei'biirg 
 Frei'§ing 
 Frei'sing-en 
 Frei'stadtVstat) 
 Frejiis (fra-zhusO 
 Frey'biirg 
 Frey'stadt (-stiit) 
 Fri'biirg 
 Fried'land 
 Fries'land 
 Fri'sche-Haff 
 Fri-u'li, or Fri'u-li 
 Frods'ham 
 Fron-te'ra (-ta'-) 
 Frontignac (fron-ten- 
 
 yak') 
 Fuer-te-ven-tu'ra (-ta-) 
 Ful'da 
 Ful'ton 
 
 Funch'al, or Fun-fhal' 
 Fu'nen 
 
 Funf-kirph'en (fluf-) 
 Fumes (f urn) 
 Fur-riick-a-bad' 
 Fiirth (flirt) 
 Fy-za-bad' 
 
 G. 
 
 Ga-da'mis 
 
 Ga-e'ta (gS-a'ta) 
 
 Gaillac (gii-yak') 
 
 Gaillon (ga-yong') 
 
 Gair'ioph 
 
 Ga-lap'a-gos 
 
 Gal-a-shiel§' 
 
 Ga-latz' 
 
 Ga-le'na 
 
 Gi-ir'ci-a 
 
 Gal-lip'o-li 
 
 Gal'li-po-lis' 
 
 Gal'lo-way 
 
 Gal'ves-ton 
 
 Gal'way 
 
 Gam'bi-a 
 
 Ganges (ga'ngzh) (Fr.) 
 
 Gan'f e§ (India) 
 
 Gan-jam' 
 
 Gard (gar) 
 
 Gard'iner (gard'ner) 
 
626 
 
 PRONUNCIATION OF 
 
 Garfagnana (gar-fan-ya'- 
 
 na) 
 Gar-ga'no [no) 
 
 Garigliano (gar-el-ya/- 
 Ga-ronne' 
 Gas-con-ade' 
 Gas'co-ny, 
 Gaspe" (gas'pe) 
 pe-au'ga 
 JSeel {or gal) 
 £ef'le (gei'ne) 
 jael'ders 
 gren-e-see' 
 Qren-e-se'o 
 gre-ne'va 
 g-en'e-vieve 
 g-en'o-a 
 geor'fi-a 
 Gera (ga'ra) 
 grer'ma-ny 
 
 jSe-ro'na {or Ha-ro'na) 
 Gers (zhar) 
 Gex (zhex) 
 pey'sers 
 Ghauts (gawts) 
 Gheel (gel or gal) 
 Ghent (or gong) 
 jShi-lan' 
 §rib-ral'tar 
 J&ies'sen (ges'sen) 
 Gijon (He-Hou') 
 jai'la (or He'la) 
 gi-lo'lo 
 pir-gen'ti 
 Gironde (zh|-rond') 
 gri'zeh, or p-i'zeh 
 Gla-mbr'gan 
 Gla'rus 
 
 Glas'gow, or Glas'gow 
 Glauchau (glou'kou) 
 Gle-nSlg' 
 Glo'gau (glo'goii) 
 Glom'men 
 
 Gloucester (glos'ter) 
 Gluckstadt (glek'stat) 
 Gmiind fgment) 
 Gnesen (gna'zen) 
 Go-dav'e-ry 
 Goes (hOs) 
 Gol-con'da 
 Go-li-ad' 
 Gom-br88n' 
 Go-me'ra (-ma,'-) 
 Go-nalves/ 
 Go-nave' 
 Gon'dar 
 Gon-za'les 
 Goom'ty 
 Go-ree' 
 
 Gbrlitz (giu'lits) 
 Gortz (gurts) 
 Go'tha {or gG'ta) 
 Goth' land 
 Got' ten-burg 
 Gbttingen (get'ing-en) 
 Gott'land 
 Gou'da 
 Gour (gor) 
 Go-yaz' 
 Goz'zo (got' so) 
 Gra'ci-as a. Di'os 
 Gra-ci-o'sa 
 Gra-dis'ka 
 Gram-mont' 
 Gram'pi-an (Mts.) 
 Gra.-na/da 
 Gran'ger 
 Grant' ham 
 Gran'vil'le (U. S.) 
 Gran-ville' (Fr.) 
 Grasse 
 
 Gratiot (grash'e-ot) 
 Gratz (grets) 
 
 Graudenz (grou'dents) 
 
 Gravelines (grav'leV) 
 
 Graves/ end 
 
 Greece 
 
 Green'land 
 
 Green'law 
 
 Gree'nock 
 
 Green'wich (gren'jj or 
 
 grin'ij) 
 Greifs'wald 
 Gre-na'da 
 Gren-o'ble 
 Gret'na Green' 
 Grin'del-wald 
 Gri'soris {or gre-zong') 
 Gron'ing-en 
 Gross-war'dein 
 Gro'ton (Eng.) 
 Grot'on (grot'tn) (U. S.) 
 Griinberg (gren'berg) 
 Gruyeres (gru-yar') 
 Gua-da-la'vi-ar 
 Gua-da-lax-a'ra {or 
 
 gwa-da-la-Ha'fa) 
 Gua-da-lu'pe 
 Gua-dal-quiv'ir, or Gua- 
 
 dal-qui-vir' f-ke-ver') 
 Gui-de-loupe' (gaw-de- 
 
 lop')' 
 Gua-di-a'na 
 Gua-man'ga 
 Gua-na-ha'ni 
 Gua-na're (-ra) 
 Gua-na-jua'to, or Gua- 
 
 na-xua'to (-liwa'to) 
 Guan'ca Ve-li'ca 
 Guar'da (gwar'da) 
 Guar-daf-ut' (gar-daf- 
 
 we') 
 Guas-tal'la 
 
 Gua-te-ma'la [ka) 
 
 Guax-a'ca {or gwa-Ha'- 
 Guay-a-quil' (gwl-a- 
 
 kel')' 
 Guay'mas 
 Guaz-a-cual'co 
 Guel'der-land 
 Guel'ders. 
 Guelph (gwelf) 
 Gueret (ge-ra'j 
 Giiern'sey 
 
 Guer-re'ro (ger-ra'ro) 
 Gui-a'na (ge-a'na) 
 Gui-enne' (ge-6n') 
 Guild'ford (gil'ford) 
 Guin'ea (gin'e) 
 Gui'nls (gwe'nes) 
 Guines (gen) (Fr.) 
 Guingamp (gang-gang') 
 Gui-puz'co-a (ge-) 
 Guis'bor-ough (giz'-) 
 Guise (gez) 
 Gum-bin'nen 
 Gund-wa'nah 
 Guntz'burg (giints'burg) 
 GUstrow (ges'troj 
 Guy-a'na (ge-) 
 Guy-an-dotte' (gi-) 
 Gu-zel-his'sar 
 Gu'ze-rat' 
 Gwa'li-or 
 Gwin-nett' 
 ^yu'la (ju'la) 
 
 H. 
 
 Hab'er-sham 
 Had'ding-ton 
 Had'leigh (had'le) 
 Had-ra-maut' 
 Haer'lem (har'lem) 
 
 Hague (hag) 
 
 Hai-nan' 
 
 Hainault (ha'no or hi'- 
 
 nou.lt) 
 Ha-jy-poor' 
 Hal'ber-stadt (-stat) 
 Hales-ow'en 
 Hal'i-fax ' 
 Hal'ie 
 Hal'lein 
 
 Hallowell (hol'lo-el) 
 Ham-a-dan' 
 Ha'mah 
 Ham'biirg 
 Ham'e-lin 
 Ha'meln 
 Ham'il-ton 
 Ham'o-aze 
 Hamp' shire 
 Ha'nau (ha'nou) 
 Hang-tcheou' (-chbAy') 
 Har' de-man 
 Har-fl'eur' 
 Har'lem 
 Har'ling-en 
 Har'ris-biirg 
 Har'row-gate 
 Hart' ford 
 
 Har' tie-pool (har'tl-pol) 
 Hartz, or Harz (harts) 
 Har'wich_(har'|j) 
 Ha§'le-mere (-zl-) 
 Has'ling-den 
 Has'selt 
 Hast'ings 
 Hat'te-ras 
 Haute (hot or ot) 
 Ha-van'a 
 Hav'ant 
 Hav'el 
 
 Hav'er-ford-West' 
 Ha'ver-hill (-11) 
 Havre (ha'vr) 
 Havre-de-Grace (hav'- 
 
 vr-de-gras) 
 Ha-wai'i (ha-wl'e) 
 Haw'ick, or Ha' wick 
 Hay'ti {or I-te') 
 Haze'broiick (az'bruk) 
 Heb'ri-des 
 Hech'ing-en 
 Hec'la 
 Hed-jaz' 
 Hei'del-berg 
 Heil'bronn 
 Hel'i-go-land 
 Hel'ies-pont 
 Helmstadt (belm'stet) 
 Hel-mund' 
 Hel'sing-for§ 
 Hel-vel'lyn 
 
 Hel'voet-sluys {or -slois) 
 Hen-lo'pen 
 Hen-ri'co 
 Her-a-cle'a 
 He-rat', or He'rat 
 Herault (a-ro' or ha'ro) 
 Her'e-ford 
 Her'ki-mer 
 Her'm'an-stadt (her'- 
 
 man-stat) 
 Heriibsand (her'no-sand) 
 Herrn'hut 
 Hertford (har'ford) 
 
 (Eng.) 
 Hert'ford (U. S.) 
 Her-ze-go-vi'na 
 Hesse Cas'sel 
 Hesse Darm'stadt (-stat) 
 Hesse Hom'biirg 
 Heyts'bu-ry (hats'-) 
 Hild-burg-hau'sen (,hilt- 
 
 burg-bou'zu) 
 
 Hil'des-heim 
 Hills'bor-ough 
 Him-ma'leh, or Him-a- 
 
 lay'a 
 Hin-doo' Koosh' 
 Hin-dos-tan' 
 Hirsgh'berg 
 His-pan-i-o'la 
 Hi-was' see (lii-wos'e) 
 Ho-ang'ho 
 Ho-bo'ken 
 Hoch'heim 
 Ho-dei'da 
 Hof'wyl 
 H5gue (bog) 
 Ho-hen-lin'den 
 Ho-hen-lo'he 
 H6-hen-zol'lern (ho-en- 
 
 tsol'lei-n) 
 Ho-ki-en' 
 Hoi' stein 
 Hol'ston 
 Hol'y-head 
 Hol'yoke 
 Hol'y-well 
 Ho-nan', or Ho'nan 
 Hon-du'ras 
 Hon'fieur 
 Hon'i-ton 
 Hon-o-lu'lu 
 Hoog o-veen 
 Hoogh'ly (hog'le) 
 Hoorn 
 Hbrs'ham 
 Hough' am (huf'am) 
 Hough'tpn (ho'ton) 
 Hbuns'low 
 H6u-quang' 
 H6u-sa-ton'ic 
 Hbus'sa 
 
 H6us'ton {or hiis'ton) 
 Hti-a-hei'ne 
 Hua-sa-cual'co, or Hua- 
 
 sa-ciial'co 
 Huas'co {or wa's'ko) 
 Hue (hu-a/ or bwa) 
 Huel'va {or vel'va) 
 Hues'ca (or wes'kS) 
 Huil-quil-e'mu (hwil- 
 
 kwil-a'mti) 
 Hull' 
 
 Hulme (horn) 
 Hun'ga-ry (hung'ga-re) 
 Huns'let 
 Hiird'war 
 Hu'ron 
 Huy (hoi) 
 Hveen (ven or van) 
 Hy'der-a-bad' 
 Hy'dra (or he'dra) 
 Hy-dra-bad' 
 Hythe 
 
 I. 
 
 i-bar'ra 
 
 ib'er-ville 
 
 Ib-ra-i'la 
 
 l'colm-kill (-om-) 
 
 I'da-ho {originally f-da/- 
 
 id'ri-a [ho) 
 
 Ig'lau (ig'lbu) _ 
 
 I-gle'si-as (-gla'-) 
 
 f-gua-la'da (-gwa-) 
 
 Il'ches-ter 
 
 Il'fra'-combe (-kiim) 
 
 Il'ha Gran'de (el'ya) 
 
 Il'kes-ton 
 
 Illimani (el-ye-mii'ne) 
 
 il-li-nbis' {or il-le-nbl') 
 
 ?l-lyr'i-a 
 
MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 Jl'min-ster 
 
 Ilz (Hts) ' 
 
 fm-e-ri"ti-a (-rish'e-a.) 
 
 fm'o-la 
 
 In'di-a (or In'je-a) 
 
 In-di-an'a (In-je-an'a) 
 
 in-dian-ap'o-lis 
 
 In'dies (or l'n'jiz) 
 
 In-dore' 
 
 In-dour' 
 
 Indre (ang'dr) 
 
 fng'ham [stat) 
 
 f n'gol-stadt (Ing'gol- 
 
 Ink-er-man' 
 
 Inns'pruck 
 
 In-ve-ra/ry. 
 
 in-ver-keith'ing 
 
 In-ver-loch'y 
 
 In-ver-ness' 
 
 In-ve-ru'ry. 
 
 i-o'na 
 
 l-6'ni-an 
 
 1'0-wa 
 
 Ips'wich (or ip'sij) 
 
 I-qui'que (e-ke'ka) 
 
 J-rak' Ad'je-mi 
 
 I-rak' Ar'a-bi 
 
 Ire'dell 
 
 Ir-koutsk' 
 
 Ir-o-qubis' (or ir-o-k\vo 
 
 ir-ra-wad'dy. 
 
 Ir'tysch 
 
 Is'phi-a 
 
 Isgh'im 
 
 i-se'o (e-sii'o) 
 
 i'ser (e'zer) 
 
 Ise're (e-z;'ir / ) 
 
 f'ser-lohn (e'zer-lon') 
 
 I'sis 
 
 Js-lam-a-bad' 
 
 Islay (i'la) 
 
 Is'ling-ton 
 
 is-ma-il', or Is'mail 
 
 Is'mid 
 
 Is-mid', T. 
 J'so-la 
 fs-pa-han' 
 Is-sa-que'na 
 Issoire (is-swaV) 
 $s-sou-duh' 
 Is'tri-a 
 It'a-iy.' 
 it-a-pi-cu-ru' 
 It-a-wam'ba 
 ith'a-ca 
 
 I-vi'ca, or Iv'i-ca 
 Iv-re'a (-ra/-) 
 j'vry. 
 
 Jaszbereny (yas-be-ra'- Khar-t66m' 
 
 Jauer (you'er) [ne) Kher'son, or Ker-son' 
 
 Ja'va, or Ja'va Khi'va 
 
 Jed'biirgh (or jed'bur-ro) Kho-k'and' 
 
 Jed'do (or yed'do) 
 Jel-a-la-bad' 
 Je'na (or ya'na) 
 Jerez (Ha-retb/) 
 Jer'gey 
 Je-ru'sa-lem 
 Jesi (ya'se) 
 Jes'so (or yes'so) 
 Jes-sul-meer' 
 Jey-pore' 
 Jid'da 
 
 Ji-jo'na (He-Ho'na) 
 Jo-an'ni-na, Wr. 
 Jo-an-ni'na, E. 
 Jom'ville 
 Jol'i-ba 
 
 Kho-ras-san' 
 
 Khu'zis-tan' 
 
 Ki-akh'ta 
 
 Ki-an-ku' 
 
 Klck-a-poo' 
 
 Kid'der-min-ster 
 
 Ki-ef ', or Ki-ev' 
 
 Kiel 
 
 Kil-dare' 
 
 Kil-ken'ny 
 
 Kil-la-la' 
 
 Kil-li-loe' 
 
 Kil-lar'ney 
 
 Kil-mar'nock 
 
 Jor'dan 
 
 Jo-rui'lo (HO-rul'yo) 
 Joud-pore' 
 Joux (zho) 
 Ju'an Fer-nan'dez 
 Jug'§er-'nauth (-haut) 
 Jujuy'(HU-H\ve'J 
 Juliers (zhu'le-a) 
 Jul'lin-der 
 •0 Jum'na 
 
 Jungfrau (yung'fruu) 
 
 Ju-ni-at'a 
 
 Ju'ra 
 
 Jut'land 
 
 (or zhwaug- Kil-more' 
 
 [vel'j Kin-car'dine 
 
 K. 
 
 Kaar'ta 
 
 Kair-wan' 
 
 Kai-sa-ri'eh 
 
 Kal-a-ma-zoo' 
 
 Kal'i'sch' 
 
 Ka-lu'ga 
 
 Kam'i-niec (-nyetz) 
 
 Ka-min'ietz (-yets) 
 
 Kam-tchat'ka 
 
 King-Ki-Ta'o 
 
 Kin-ross' 
 
 Kin-sale' 
 
 Kin-tore' 
 
 Kin-tyre' 
 
 Ki'o-way 
 
 Kirkcudbright (kirk- 
 
 ko'bre) 
 Ki'rk'wall 
 Kir-man-shah' 
 Kir-rie-muir' 
 Kis-ki-min'e-tas 
 Kit-tan'ning 
 Kit-ta-tm'ny. 
 Ki-u'shi-ii 
 Ki-u-ta'jah (-ya) 
 Kiz'il fr'mak 
 Kla'|en-furth (-furt) 
 Klat'tau (-toft) 
 Klau'§en-burg (klotl'-) 
 Knis'te-neau (nls'te-no) 
 Knox'vllle 
 Koen'igs-berg 
 Ko-lin' 
 Kol-y-van' 
 Kongs'berg 
 Ko'ni-eh 
 Koos-koos'ke 
 
 Ka-na'wha (ka-na\v'\va) K66-ta-nai' 
 
 Jaca (Hii'ka) 
 Jac-mel' (zhak-meK) 
 Jacque-meT (zhak-mel 
 Jaen (nii-en') 
 Jaffa (or yaffa) 
 Jaf-na-pa-tam' 
 Ja'gua (iia'gwa) 
 Jal-06-an' 
 Ja-18un' 
 Ja-mai'ca 
 
 Ja-nei'ro (ja-na'ro), E. 
 Ja'ni-na (yii'iie-nii) 
 Ja-la'pa (Ha-la'pa) 
 Ja-lis'co (Ha-lls'lco) 
 Ja-pan' 
 Ja-pu-ra' 
 
 Jar-nac' (zhar-nak') 
 Jar'o-slav (yflr'o-shlv) 
 Jas'sy (yas'se or yash 
 she) 
 
 Kan-da-har 
 
 Kan'sas 
 
 Ka-ra' 
 
 Ka-ra'-His-sar' 
 Ka-ra-His'sar, 31. 
 
 Ka-ra-ma'ni-a 
 
 Kar'a-su 
 
 Karls'burg 
 
 Kaschau (kash'Su) 
 Kas-chau' (-chofi') 
 
 Kash-gar' 
 
 Kash-mire' . 
 
 Kas-kas'ki-a 
 
 Ka-tah'din 
 
 Ka' trine, or Kat'rine 
 
 Ka-zan' 
 ) Kehl (kal) 
 
 Keighley (keth'le) 
 
 Ke-lat' 
 
 Ke-na'wha (ke-naw'wa) 
 
 Ken-ne-bec' 
 
 Ken-ne-bunk' 
 
 Ken-tuck'y 
 
 Kl'ogh (ke'G) 
 
 Ke'o-kiik 
 
 Ker-man' 
 
 Ker-man-shaw' 
 
 Ker-shaw' 
 
 Kesh'o 
 
 Ke§'wick (or kez'jk) 
 
 Kets'ke-met 
 
 Kha-mil' 
 - Kha-rasm' 
 
 Khar-kof 
 
 K6-ras-san' 
 Kbr-do-fan' 
 Kos-ci-us'ko 
 Kos-tro'ma 
 Kou-ban' 
 Koursk 
 
 Kow'no (kciv'no) 
 Kras-no-yarsk' 
 Krem'nitz 
 T. Kreuznach (krbits'nak) 
 Krish'na 
 Kur-dis-tan' 
 Ku-rile§', or Ku'riles 
 Kursk 
 Ku-tal'yeh 
 Kut-tore'' 
 
 Laa'land 
 
 Lab-ra-dor' 
 
 Lac'ca-dives. 
 
 La-ghine' 
 
 Laph'sa 
 
 Lack-a-wan'na 
 
 Lack-a-wax'en 
 
 La-dakh' 
 
 La'do-ga 
 
 La-drone§' 
 
 La-fay-ette' 
 
 La-F6ur9he' [ra) 
 
 La' go Maggiore (ma-jo'- 
 
 La-Granfe' 
 
 La Guay'ra 
 
 La-gu'na 
 
 La Hogue' 
 
 La-hore' 
 
 La-hou' (la-ho') 
 
 La Man'cha 
 
 La-mar' 
 
 La Marche 
 
 Lam-ba-ye'que (-yaTia) 
 
 Lam'beth 
 
 La-me'go (-ma'-) 
 
 Lam'mer-muir 
 
 La-moiile' 
 
 Lan'ark 
 
 Lanc'as-ter 
 
 Lan-ei-a'iio (lan-che-a'- 
 
 no) ' 
 Lan-daff 
 
 Lan-dau' (or lan-dou') 
 Lan-der-neau' (-no'-j 
 Landes (langd) 
 Lan'dre-cy 
 Lands'oerg 
 Lands-cro'na 
 Lands'hut 
 
 Lan-geac' (lafi-zhak') 
 Lang'e-land 
 Lang-en-sal'za (-tsa) 
 Lang'holm (lang'um) 
 Lang'land 
 Lan'gres (lang'gr) 
 Lan-gue-doc' (lang-ge- 
 
 duk') ' 
 La-ni'ca 
 
 Laon (Uing), M. P. 
 La'os 
 
 La Paz' (or Yd path) 
 La-peer' 
 La Pla'ta 
 La-rache' (la-rash') 
 La-re'd5 (la-ra'do) 
 La-rls'sa 
 Lar'ni-ka 
 La Salle' 
 Lat-a-cun'ga 
 Lat-a-ki'a 
 Lat-ta-koo' 
 Lau'ban (ljiunjan) 
 Lau'der-dale 
 Lau_' en-burg (or liiQ'en- 
 
 burg) 
 Lau-sanne' (lo-zan') 
 Lauterbourg (lu'ter-bor') 
 Lau'ter-brunn (15(L'-) 
 La-va v ca 
 La-val' 
 
 La-vaur' (lii-vur') 
 La-vo'ro 
 Lay'baph 
 Leam'ing-ton 
 Leb'a-npn 
 Lebrija (la-bre'Ha) 
 Lec'ce (let'cha) 
 Lec-toure' 
 Leeds 
 Lee' ward (le'ward or 
 
 lu'ardt 
 Leg-horn', or Leg'hbrn 
 Legnano (len-ya'nu) 
 Le'high (le'hi) 
 Leices'ter (les'ter) 
 Leigh (\e) 
 Leigh'lin (lek'lin), E. 
 
 Leigh'lin (lelin), T. 
 Leigh'ton (le'tun) 
 Lei'ning-en 
 Lein'ster, or Lein'ster 
 Leip'sic 
 
 Lei-ri'a (la-re'a) 
 Leith (ieth) 
 LeTt'me-ritz 
 Leit'rim, or Lei'trim 
 
G28 
 
 PEONUNCIATIOX OF 
 
 Leixlip (1'is'Hp) 
 
 Lem'berg- 
 
 Le'na, or Le-na' 
 
 Le-nap'e 
 
 Len'a-wee 
 
 Len'ni-Len-nap'pe 
 
 Le-noir' (le-nor') 
 
 Len-ti'na 
 
 Le-o-gane' (la-) 
 
 Leom'in-ster (U. S.) 
 
 Leominster' (leni'ster) 
 (Eng.) 
 
 Le-on', or Le'on 
 
 Le-o-ni'di (la-) 
 
 Le-on-ti'ni (la-) 
 
 Le-5'pold-sta.dt (-stat) 
 
 Le-pan'to 
 
 Le Puy (le-pwe') 
 
 Ler'i-ci (ler'e-che) 
 
 Ler'i-da. 
 
 Ler'wick (ler'ik) 
 
 Les'i-na 
 
 Les Martigues (la-mar- 
 teg') 
 
 Le Su'eur 
 
 Leu ch' ten-burg (loik'-) 
 
 Leuk (loik) 
 
 Leut'me-ritz (loit'nia- 
 rits) 
 
 Leutschau (loit'shou) 
 
 Le-vant' 
 
 Lev'en, or Le'ven 
 
 Le-war'den, or Leeu'- 
 war-den 
 
 Lew'es 
 
 Lew'ish-am 
 
 Lex'ing--ton 
 
 Leyd'en (li'dn) 
 
 Ley'land 
 
 Li-be'ri-a 
 
 Li-bourne' 
 
 Lich'field 
 
 Lich'te-nau (-noxi) 
 
 Lich'ten-fels 
 
 Ligh'ten-stein 
 
 Lief e (or le-azb/) 
 
 Lieg'nitz 
 
 Li-erre' 
 
 Lille, or Lisle (lei) 
 
 Li'ma, or Li'ma 
 
 Lim'biirg' 
 
 Lim'er-ick 
 
 Lim'mat 
 
 Lim-ofes' (llm-ozb/) 
 
 Li-m6u-sin' (le-mo- 
 zang') 
 
 Li-moux' (le-mo') 
 
 Li-na'res 
 
 Lm'coln (ling'kon) 
 
 Lin'dau {or lin'dou) 
 
 Iing'en 
 
 Lin'kio-ping 
 
 Lin-lith'gow 
 
 Lintz (lints) 
 
 Lip'a-ri 
 
 Lip'pe Det'mold 
 
 Lis'bon 
 
 Ll-si-'eux' (le-ze-uh') 
 
 Lis-more' 
 
 Litch'fleld _ 
 
 Lith-ii-a'ni-a 
 
 Lit' its 
 
 Liu Kiu (le-u-ke-u) 
 
 Li-va'di-a, or Liv-a-di'a 
 
 Liv'er-pool 
 
 Li-vo'ni-a 
 
 Lian-daff' 
 
 Lla-nel'ly (or lan-eth'le) 
 
 Llan-gol'len (or lan- 
 gotb/len)' 
 
 Llan'id-loes (lan'id-les) 
 
 Lla'nos (ly'a'nos) ' 
 
 Llanrwst (lan-rosf) 
 
 Llerena (lya-ra'na) 
 
 Lo-an'd5 
 
 Lo-an'go (lo-ang'go) 
 
 Loph-a'be^r 
 
 Loches (losh) 
 
 Loph Lev'en 
 
 Loch L5'mond 
 
 Loph-ma'ben 
 
 Loph'y 
 
 Lodeve (lo-davO 
 
 Lo'di (lo'de) 
 
 Lo-fo'den 
 
 Logrono (lo-gron'yo) 
 
 Loire (lwar) 
 
 Loiret (lwa-ra') 
 
 Loja (lo'Ha) 
 
 Lom'bar-dy. 
 
 Lom'bok 
 
 Lo'mond 
 
 Lon'don 
 
 Lon-don-der'ry 
 
 Lons-ie-Saulnier (long- 
 
 le-so-ne-a') 
 L66-ch66', or Liu Kiu 
 Lo-rain' (Ohio) 
 Lo-ret'o 
 
 L' Orient (lo're-ang') 
 Lor-raine' 
 Los An'ge-les 
 Lost-with'iel 
 Lot (or lo) ' 
 Lo'thi-an 
 Lou'don 
 Lbu'doun 
 Lough'bor-ough (luf- 
 
 bur-o) 
 Lough Erne (lok'ern') 
 Lough Neagh (lok'ne' or 
 lok'ne'a.) 
 
 Lough Neagh (lok'na/) 
 Lough-rea' (lok-ra/) 
 Lou-i'§a 
 Lou'is-biirg 
 L6u-is-i-a'na 
 Lou'is-ville '(or lo'e-vll) 
 Lou-vain' 
 Louviers (lo've-ii') 
 LSu'vo 
 Low'ell 
 Lowes' toft 
 Lowositz (lo'vo-sits) 
 Lozere (lo-zar') 
 Lu'beck 
 Lubeck (le'bek) 
 Lub'lin 
 
 Lu-ca'ya (or lu-kl'a) 
 Luc'ca, or Luc'ca 
 Lu-ce'na (lu-tha'na) 
 Lu-ce'ra (lu-cha/ra) 
 Lu-cerne' 
 Liick'now 
 Lu-con' (or lu-song') 
 Lud'low 
 Lud'wigs-burg 
 Lud'wig§-lust 
 Lu-ga'no 
 Lund 
 
 Lu'ne-burg (le'-) 
 Lu-nlT 
 Lu'nen-burg 
 Lu'ne-ville' 
 Lu-pa'ta 
 
 Lu-sa'ti'-a (lu-sa'she-a) 
 Lut'zen (-sen) 
 Lux'em-biirg 
 Lux'or, or Lux'or 
 Lu-zerne' 
 Lu-zon' 
 Ly-com'ingr 
 Lyme Re'f-is 
 Lym'fi-ord 
 
 Lyonnaise (le-on-naz') 
 Ly'ong (ll'onz) 
 
 M. 
 
 Maas 
 
 Maas'luys (or mas'lcils) 
 
 Ma-ca'o (or ma-kou.') 
 
 Mac-a-pa' 
 
 Ma-cas'sar 
 
 Mac'cles-field (-klz-) 
 
 Mac-e-d5'ni-a 
 
 Mac-e-ra'ta (inach-) 
 
 Ma-chi'as 
 
 Machynileth (ma-hunf- 
 
 leth) 
 Mac-ken'zie 
 Mack-i-naw' 
 Mac-lean' 
 Ma-comb' (-kom') 
 Ma'con(Ga.)_ 
 Macon (ma-kong') (Fr.) 
 Ma-cou'pin 
 Mac-quar'rie (-kwor'-) 
 Mad-a-gas'car 
 Mad-da-lo'ni 
 Ma-dei'ra (or ma-da'ra) 
 Ma-de'ra (-da.'-) 
 Mad'i-son 
 Ma-dras' 
 
 Ma-drid', or Mad'rid 
 Ma-du'ra, or Mad'u-ra 
 Mael'strom 
 Maese (maz) 
 Maes'tricht (mes'trikt) 
 Mag-da-le'na (or -la'na) 
 Mag'de-biirg [Ian' 
 
 Ma-|-ei'lan, or Maf-el- 
 Maf-e-roe' 
 Mai-gio're (ma-jo'ra.) 
 Ma-fin-da-na'o 
 Mag-ni'§a 
 Magny (nnin'ye) 
 Ma-ha-nud'dy 
 Ma-hon', or Ma-hSn' 
 Ma-ho'ning 
 Mah-rat'ta 
 MS'i-da 
 Main, or Main 
 Ma'i-na 
 Maine 
 Ma-jbr'ca 
 Mal-a-bar' 
 Ma-lac'ca 
 Mal'a-ga 
 
 Ma-lai's'i-a (ma-la'she-a) 
 Malar (nia'lar) 
 Malaren (ma'lar-en) 
 Ma-lay' 
 Mil'den 
 
 Mai-dives', or Ma.l'dive§ 
 Malheur (ma-lor') 
 Mal-i-col'lo 
 Malines Tma-len') 
 Mal'me-dy 
 
 Malme§'bu-ry (mamz'-) 
 Malmb (m'al'mo) 
 Malplaquet(mal-plak-ri') 
 Mal'strom 
 Mal'ta 
 Mal'ton 
 Mal-va-si'a, or 
 
 Mal-va'si-a 
 Mal'vern (or maw'vern) 
 Mal'wah 
 Ma-mar'o-neck 
 Ma-naar'' 
 Man-a-yiink' 
 Manche 
 Man'ches-ter 
 Man-da'ra 
 Man-din'go (-ding'-) 
 Ma'ne 
 
 Man-fre-do'ni-a 
 Man-ga'-lore' (mang-) 
 
 Man-hat'tan 
 
 Ma-nil'la 
 
 Ma-nis'sa 
 
 Man-i-to-ba' 
 
 Mann'harts-berg 
 
 Mann'heim 
 
 Man-re'sa (man-ra'sa) 
 
 Mans, Le (le-mang') 
 
 Man-sou'ra 
 
 Man-tch66'ri-a 
 
 Man'to-va 
 
 Man'tu-a 
 
 Man-za-na'res (or man- 
 
 tha-ria'res)' 
 Man-za-nil'lo (-nel'yo) 
 Mar-a-cay'bo (-ki'bo) 
 Mar'a-mec 
 Maf-an-ham' 
 Maranon (mar'a.-non or 
 
 mar-an-yon') " 
 Ma-ra'vi 
 
 Mar-bel'la (miir-bel'ya) 
 Mar-ble-h'ead' 
 Mar'burg 
 Marghe 
 
 Mar-che'na (-cba,'-) 
 Mar-din' 
 Ma-ren'g'o 
 Mar-ga-ri'ta 
 Mai-' gate 
 Mar-i-a'na 
 Mar-ie-Ga-lante' 
 Ma-ri-el' ' 
 Ma-ri'en-bad 
 Ma-ri'en-burg 
 Ma-ri-en-wer'der 
 Ma-ri-en-zell' (-'tselO 
 Ma-ri-et'ta [no) 
 
 Marigliano (mar-el-ya'- 
 Mar'i-on 
 Ma-rit'za (-sa) 
 Marl'bor-ough 
 Mar'mo-ra 
 
 Mar-o-ni',' or Ma-ro'ni 
 Ma-rosch' (-rosh) 
 Mar-que'sa§ (mar-ka.'- 
 
 saz) 
 Mar-sa'la 
 
 Marseilles (mar-salz') 
 Mar-ta-ban' 
 Mar-ti-nique' 
 Mar-war' 
 Ma'ry-land 
 Ma'ry-le-bone (omar'- 
 
 e-bon) ' [ro) 
 
 Masafuero (mas-a-fwa'- 
 Mas-ca'li 
 Mas'ham (mas'am) 
 Mas-ke'gon 
 Mas'sa 
 
 Mas-sa-chu'setts 
 Mas'so-wah 
 Mas'u-ah 
 Ma-su-li-pa-tam' 
 Mat-a-mo'ros 
 Ma-tan'zas 
 Mat-a-pan' 
 Mat-a-ri'a 
 Mat-a-ro' 
 Ma-te'ra (-ta'-) 
 Mats'mai 
 Mat-ta-po-ny' 
 Mat'u-ra, or Ma-tu'ra 
 Mauph Chunk 
 Mauch'line 
 Mau'i (mbu'e) 
 Mau-mee' 
 
 Mau-re-pas' (mo-re-pa') 
 Mau-ri'ti-Qs (or -rish'e- 
 May-a'co [us) 
 
 May-a-g-ua'na 
 Mayence (ma-yons') 
 May-enne' 
 
MODEEN GEOGEAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 629 
 
 Mayne (man or niin) 
 
 May-nooth' 
 
 May'o, or Ma-yo' 
 
 Mays'ville 
 
 Ma-zan-de-ran' 
 
 Maz-at-lan' 
 
 Maz-za'ra (uiat-sa'ra) 
 
 Me-a'cb 
 
 Meaux (mo) 
 
 Mec'ca 
 
 Mech'lin 
 
 Me-chb-a-can' 
 
 Meck'len-biirg 
 
 Me-con' 
 
 Me-di'na, or Me-di'na 
 
 Med-i-ter-ra'ne-an 
 
 Mee-rut' 
 
 Me-hal'let-el-Ke-Mr' 
 
 (nia-hai'let-el-ka-bir') 
 Me-her'rin 
 Meigs (megz) 
 Mei-kong' 
 Mel'ning-en 
 Meis'sen (im'sen) 
 Me-jer'dah 
 Mek-i-nez' 
 Melazzo (ma-lat'so) 
 Melbourne 
 Me-lin'da 
 Mel-rose' 
 Me-liin' 
 Mem'el 
 Mem'ming-en 
 Mem-phre-ma'gog 
 Me-nai', or Men'al 
 Me-nai'na 
 Me-nan' 
 Me-nard' 
 
 Mendana (men-dan'ya) 
 Men-do-ci'nb [thsj 
 Mer.-do'za [or niPti-do'- 
 Meneage (me-neg') 
 Me-nin' (me-naug') 
 Me-nom'o-nie 
 Mentz (ments) 
 Me-nuf 
 Men-za/leh 
 
 Meq'ui-ngz (niek'e-nez) 
 Mer-din' 
 
 Mer-gui' (nier-ge') 
 Mer'i-da 
 Mer'j-o-neth 
 Mer-men-tau' (-to') 
 Mer'o-e 
 Mer'ri-mack 
 Mer'se-burg 
 Mer'sey 
 
 Mer'thyr Tyd'vi. 
 Mes'chid 
 Mesh'ed 
 Mes-o-lon'§i 
 Mes-si'na 
 Mes-u-ra'db 
 Mes-u-ra'ta 
 Met'e-lin 
 Metz (niets or mas) 
 Meurthe (murt) 
 Meuse (muz) 
 Mex'i-cb 
 
 Mezieres (niez-yar') 
 Mi-a'kb 
 Mi-am'i 
 Mich'i-gan 
 Mich-il-i-mack'i-nac (or 
 
 -mak-e-naw') 
 Mi-chb-a-can' 
 Mid'del-biirg [ro) 
 
 Mid'dle-bor-ough (-btir'- 
 Mid'dle-bu-ry (-ber-e) 
 Mid'dle-tbwn 
 MTl'an 
 
 Mi-laz'zb (me-lat'so) 
 Milhau (me-lo') 
 
 Mil'ledge-vIHe Mon-te-lo'vez (-ves) 
 
 Mi'lb Mbn-te-ne'grb (-na'-) 
 
 Mil-wau'kie Mbn-te-reau' (-ro') 
 
 Mi'nas-Ge-ra'es (-zba-) Mon-te-rey' (-ra') 
 
 Min'cib (niln'cho) 
 
 Min-da-na'b 
 
 Min'den 
 
 Min-db'rb 
 
 Min-gre'li-a 
 
 Mln'ho (or liien'yo) 
 
 Min-ne-sb'ta 
 
 Mino (men'yo) 
 
 Mi-nbr'ca 
 
 Miq-ue-lbn' (-§-) 
 
 Mir-a-mi-chi' 
 
 Mi*ran' do-la 
 
 Mi-re-court' _(-kor') 
 
 Mirepoix (mer-pwa') 
 
 Mls'i-tra 
 
 Miskolcz (mish-kolts') 
 
 Mis-sis-sip'pi 
 
 Mis-so-lbn'ghi 
 
 Mis-sbu'ri (mis-so're) 
 
 Mit'tau (mit'tou) 
 
 Mo-bile' 
 
 Mb'cha 
 
 Mod'e-na 
 
 M6d'i-ca 
 
 M6g--a-dore' 
 
 Mohacs (mo-hach') 
 
 Mb'hawk 
 
 Mo-he'gan 
 
 Mb-hi-lev', or Mo-hi'lev Mo-rbc'cb 
 
 Mon te Vid'e-o (or nion'- 
 
 te-ve-da'o)" 
 Mbnt-fer-rat' 
 Mont-gom'er-y 
 Mon-ti-cel'io 
 Montilla (mon-tel'ya) 
 Mont-martre' (mong- 
 
 martr') 
 Mont-mo-ren'cy 
 Mont-pel'ier (-yer) 
 Mont-pel'li-er (or mong- 
 
 pel'e-a) 
 Mont-re-a'le (mont-ra- 
 
 a'la) 
 Mon-trbse' 
 Mont-ser-rat' 
 Moor-sbed-a-bad' 
 Moose-hil'lock 
 Mo-quel'um-ne 
 Mo-rad-a-bad'* 
 Mo-ra'va 
 Mo-ra'vi-a 
 M6"r'ay (niCir're) 
 Mbr-bi-han' 
 Mo-re'a 
 
 Mo-re'na (mo-ra'na) 
 Mbr-gar'ten 
 Morlaix (mbr-la') 
 
 Moissac (mwa-sak') 
 
 Mol'dau (-dbu) 
 
 Mol-da'vi-a 
 
 Mol-fet'ta ' 
 
 Mo-li'se (-sa) 
 
 Mb-lo-kai' 
 
 Mo-luc'ca 
 
 Mom-bas' 
 
 Mom-ba'za 
 
 Mom' pox (or mom-po') 
 
 Mon'a-co 
 
 Mo-nad'nock 
 
 Mon'a-ghan (-gan) 
 
 Mon-as-tir' 
 
 Mon-cha-b66'_ 
 
 Mon-de'go (-da'go) 
 
 Mondonedo (mon-don- 
 
 ya'do) 
 Mon-do-vi' 
 Mo-nem-ba-sl'a 
 Mon'fa-lout 
 Mon-fer-ra'to 
 Mon-ghir' (mun-ger') 
 Mon-go'li-a 
 Mon-i-teau' (-to') 
 Mon' mouth 
 Mp-non-ga-he'la 
 Mo-non-ga'li-a 
 Mo-nop'o-li [la) 
 
 Mo-ron' 
 
 Mbr-tagne' (mbr-tan') 
 
 Mbr-ta'ra 
 
 Mbrte-mar' 
 
 Mos'cow 
 
 Mo-§elle' 
 
 Mos-qui'to (mos-ke'to) 
 
 Mo'sul 
 
 Mo-ta'la 
 
 Mo-ta'pa 
 
 Mo-tril' 
 
 Moulins (mo-lang') 
 
 Moul-tan' 
 
 Moul'trie (or mo'tre) 
 
 Mount De-sert' 
 
 Mour-zouk' 
 
 Mby-a-men'sing 
 
 Mo-zam-bique' 
 
 Muhl'(mnl) 
 
 Muh'len-biirg 
 
 Miihlhausen (mil-hi 
 
 Miihlheim (mll-blm') 
 
 Muhr (mor) 
 
 Mul'de [zeu; 
 
 Miilhausen (mil-hbu'- 
 
 Mul-lin-gar' 
 
 Mii'niph 
 
 Mun'ster 
 
 Mur'ci-a (miir'she-a) 
 
 [zm] 
 
 Mon-re-a'le (mon-ra-a'- Miir'free§-bor-ough 
 
 Mon-rb'vi-a 
 Mons (mo'ngs) 
 Montagnana (mon-tan- 
 
 ya'na) 
 Mon'ta-gue [zh§0 
 Montargis (mong-tar- 
 Montauban (mong-to- 
 
 bang') 
 Montbeliard (mong-ba- 
 
 le-ar') 
 Mont Blanc (or mong 
 
 blang) 
 Montbrison (mong-bre 
 
 zong') 
 Mont-calm' (-kam') 
 Mont-de-Marsan (mon; 
 
 de-mar-sang') 
 Mon-te'go 
 Montelimart (mong-tel- Na'as 
 
 Mur'rum-bid-|-ee 
 Mur-vi-e'drb (mur-ve-a'- 
 Mus-cat' [dro) 
 
 MQs-ca-tine' 
 Mus-cb'§ee 
 Mus'co-vy 
 
 Mus-kin'gum (-king'-) 
 Mus'sel-biirgh (or bur-o) 
 Miit'tra 
 
 Mut'tra, T. 
 Myc'9-nos 
 My-sore' 
 Myt'i-le 
 
 N. 
 
 E. Wr. 
 
 e-mar / ) 
 
 Naas, T. 
 
 53* 
 
 Nacogdoches (nak-o-do'- 
 
 Na-ga-sa'ki [cbiz) 
 
 Nag-p66r' 
 
 Na-hant' 
 
 Na-ma'quas 
 
 Na'mur, or Na-mur' 
 
 Nan'cy 
 
 Nan-ga-sa'ki 
 
 Nan-kin' 
 
 Nan'se-mond 
 
 Nantes (nants or nangt) 
 
 Nan'ti-cbke 
 
 Nan-tiick'et 
 
 Nant' wich' (nant'ich) 
 
 Na'ple§ (na'plz) 
 
 Nap'lous 
 
 Nap'o-li 
 
 Nar-bonne' 
 
 Nar-ma'da 
 
 Na'ro-va, or Na-ro'va 
 
 Nase'by 
 
 Nash'u-a 
 
 Nash'ville 
 
 Nas'sau (or nas'sbu) 
 
 Na-tal' 
 
 Natch'ez 
 
 Natch-i-toch'ej (or nik'- 
 
 e-tosh) 
 Na-tb'li-a 
 Nau'ga-tuck 
 Naum'burg (or nbum'- 
 
 burg) 
 Naup'li-a 
 Nav'an 
 Nav-a-ri'no 
 Na-varre' 
 Nav-i-dad' 
 Nax-i'a 
 Naz'a-reth 
 Neagh (na or nl-'a) 
 Ne-bras'ka 
 Nedj'ed 
 
 Ife-em-bu-cu' 'n'ya-) 
 Neg-a-pa-tam' 
 Neg'ro-pont 
 Neil-gher'ry 
 Nejin (na-zbon') 
 Nel-lore' 
 
 Nemours (ne-mur') 
 Nenagh (ne-na 7 ) 
 Ne-paul'_ 
 Nerac (iia-riik') 
 Ner-bud'da 
 Nert's?hinsk 
 Nes'co-pec 
 Neth'er-lands 
 Ne-thou' (ne-tGO 
 Neu'biirg (or nbl'burg) 
 Neuchatel (nuh-«ha-tel'1 
 Neufchatel(iuh-sba-tel') 
 Neuilly-sur-Seine <,iich- 
 
 ye'siir-san') 
 Neusatz (noi'sats) 
 Neuse (nus) 
 Neu'sohl (or nbl'sol) 
 Neu'stadt (or nol'stat) 
 Neii'wied (or nol'wet) 
 Ne'va (or na-va') 
 Ne-va'da 
 Nevers (ne-var 7 ) 
 Nev'er-sink 
 New'ark 
 New' -Berne 
 New'bu-'ry 
 New'bu-ry-port' 
 New-cas'tie, or New'* 
 
 cas-tle 
 New' found-land 
 New Gra-na'da 
 New Hamp'shire 
 New Ha'ven 
 New Je'r'sey 
 New'mar-ket 
 
630 
 
 PKONUNCIATION OF 
 
 New 6r'le-ans 
 
 New'port 
 
 New York' 
 
 New Zea'land 
 
 Nga'mi (ng as in sing) 
 
 Ni-ag'a-ra 
 
 Nie-a-ra'gua (-gwa) 
 
 Nice (nes) 
 
 Nic-o-bar' 
 
 Nic-ol-let' (-la') 
 
 Ni-cop'o-li 
 
 Ni-co-si'a 
 
 Nic-o-te'ra (-ta'-) 
 
 Nie'men 
 
 Nieu'port_ 
 
 Nievre (ne-a/vr) 
 
 Ni'ger 
 
 Nijni (nizh'ne) 
 
 Nik-o-lal'ef 
 
 Nim'e-guen (-§en) 
 
 Nim-we'fen (-wa'-) 
 
 Ni'brt (ne'br) 
 
 Ni'phon, or Nip'pon 
 
 Nip'is-sing 
 
 Nish-a-pour' 
 
 Nismes, or Nimes 
 
 (nemz or nem) 
 Ni-velles' (ne-vel') 
 No-ce'ra (no-cha'ra) 
 Noirmoutier (nwar-md'- 
 
 te-a) 
 Nordhausen (nbrt'hbu- 
 
 zen) 
 Nordkoping (nord'cho- 
 
 Ping) 
 Nbrdlingen (nbrt'ling-en 
 
 or nurt'liiig-eu) 
 Nor' folk {or ubr'fok) 
 Nor'man-dy 
 Nbr'ridge-wock 
 Nbrtti-amp'ton 
 Nbr-thum'ber-land 
 Nor' way 
 
 Nor'wich (nor'rij) 
 Not' ting-ham 
 No-va'ra 
 No'va Sco'ti-a (skb'- 
 
 she-a) 
 No'va Zem'bla 
 Ncv-go-rod', or Nov-o- 
 
 go-rod' 
 Nox'u-bee 
 Noyon (nwa-yOng') 
 Nu'bi-a 
 
 Nu-e'ces (nu-a'ses) 
 Nue-vi'tas (nwa-) 
 Nu-ka-hi'va 
 Nu'rem-berg 
 Nykbping (ne'cho-ping) 
 
 O. 
 
 Oahu (walio) 
 
 Oajaca (wa-Ha'ka) 
 
 O-beid'^(o-bad') 
 
 6'ber-lin 
 
 O'by. 
 
 Oeaiia (o-kan'ya) 
 
 Oe-co-quan'_ 
 
 6-ce-an'a (o-she-an'a; 
 
 o-ce-a'ni'-a (o-she-a'ne-a) 
 
 5-ce-a.n'i-ca (o-ske-an'e- 
 
 Oc-e-o'la ' [ka) 
 
 Orchil 
 
 Ock-lo-ko'nee 
 
 Oc-mul'gee 
 
 p-co'nee 
 
 5'cra-coke 
 
 Oc-to-ra'ra 
 
 6'den-see * 
 
 O'der 
 
 g-des'sa 
 
 0-dey-p5re' 
 
 6e'den-burg 
 
 6e ; land (6'land) 
 
 Oels (els) 
 
 6e're-bro 
 
 Se'sel (G'sel) 
 
 Oet' ting-en 
 
 5f fen-bach 
 
 Og'dens-biirg 
 
 o-gee'chee 
 
 6'gle-thdrpe (-gl-) 
 
 O-hi'o 
 
 Oise (waz) 
 
 O-ka-nag'an 
 
 5k-hotsk' ' 
 
 Ok-tib'be-ha* 
 
 Ol'den-burg 
 
 6-le-a.n' 
 
 Oleggio (o-led^o) 
 
 Oleron (o-la-rong') 
 
 51-i-ven'za 
 
 Olmiitz (ol'muts) 
 
 Ol'o-netz 
 
 O-lot' 
 
 6'ma-hS 
 
 O-raan' 
 
 O-mo'a 
 
 om-pom-po-n68'sue 
 
 Ofiate (on-ya'ta) 
 
 o-ne'ga 
 
 Oneglia (o-nal'ya) 
 
 O-nei'da 
 
 6n-on-d&'ga 
 
 On-ta'ri-o 
 
 08-jeIn' 
 
 Oo-na-lash'ka 
 
 Oor'fU 
 
 06-roo-mee'a 
 
 06s-te-nau'la 
 
 Op'e-lou'sas 
 
 0-por't5 
 
 Sp'peln 
 
 Op'pen-heim 
 
 o-ran', or 6'ran 
 
 Or'ange 
 
 Ore'brc^(er'e-bro) 
 
 Or'e-gon 
 
 O'rel, or o-rel' [na) 
 
 O-rel-la'na {or o-rel-ya'- 
 
 5'ren-biirg 
 
 O-ren'se (-sa) 
 
 O-ri-hue'la (o-re-wa'la) 
 
 O-ri-no'co 
 
 O-ris'ka-ny. 
 
 6-ris-ta'no 
 
 5r-i-za'ba 
 
 Ork'neys 
 
 Orleannais, or Orlean- 
 
 nois (or-la-an-na') 
 bYle-an§ 
 Or-15f' 
 Or'muz 
 O-ron'tes 
 6r-o-pe'sa (-pa.'-) 
 Or'so-va 
 Or'te-ga.1 
 Orth'ez (br-ta') 
 O-ru'ba 
 O-rii'ro 
 
 6r-vi-e'to (br-ve-a'tb) 
 O-sage' 
 5s-ce-o'la 
 Osh'kosh 
 6sh-m66-nayn' 
 Osnabriick (oz'na-bruk) 
 Os'na-biirg 
 Os-sa-baw' 
 Os'si-pee 
 Os'so-la 
 Ss'so-ry. 
 Qs-sii'na 
 os-tend' 
 
 Os'ti-aks 
 
 Os-tra'si-a (-she-a) 
 5s-we-gatch'ie 
 os-we'go 
 
 6§'wes-try (oz'es-tre) 
 Ot-a-ba'lo 
 o-ta-hel'te 
 Ot^cha'kov, or 
 
 Ot-cha-kov' 
 O-tran'to, or 6'tran-to 
 Ot-se'go 
 
 5t-ta-ja'no (ot-ta-ya'no) 
 Ot'ta-wa 
 Ot'ter-biirn 
 Ouachita (wosh'e-ta) 
 Oude (owd) 
 ©ude'narde {or bu-de- 
 
 nar'da) [sin) 
 
 Ouis-con'sin (wjs-kon'- 
 Oun'dle (iin'dl) 
 6u'ral, or 6u-ral' 
 6u-ralsk' 
 6ur'fa (or'fa) 
 ©ur'ga (oi"'ga) 
 6u-ri'que (-ka) 
 Ourthe (ort) 
 Ou§e (oz or buz) 
 o'ver-ton 
 O-ver-ys'sel 
 6-vi-e'do (o-ve-a'do) 
 O-vo'ca 
 O-was'co 
 6-we'go 
 O-why'hee 
 Ox' ford 
 O-ya-pok' 
 6'za-ka, or 6'sa-ka 
 O-zark' 
 
 P. 
 
 Pa-chu'ca 
 
 Pac'o-let 
 
 Pa'dang 
 
 Pad'er-bbrn 
 
 Pad'u-a 
 
 Paglia (pal'ya) 
 
 Pai§'ley 
 
 Pa-lat'i-nate 
 
 Pal'a-tine, or Pal'a-tine 
 
 Pal-a-wan' 
 
 Pal-em-bang' 
 
 Pa-len'ci-a (pa-len'- 
 
 sbe-a) 
 Pa-len'que (-ka) 
 Pa-ier'mo 
 Pal'es-tine 
 Pal-es-tri'na 
 Pal-i-caud-cher'ry 
 Pal'li-ser 
 Pal-my^ra 
 Pa'16 Al'to 
 Pa'los 
 Pam'li-co 
 Pam-pe-lu'na 
 Pam-plo'na 
 Pan-a-ma' 
 Pa-nay' (pa-ni') 
 Pa-no'la 
 
 Pan-sco'va {-cho'vii) 
 Pa-nu'co 
 Pa'o-la 
 
 Pap'ii-a {or pa-po'a) 
 Pa-ra' 
 Par-a-guay', or 
 
 Par-a-guay' 
 Par-a-i'ba 
 Par-a-mar'i-bo 
 
 Pa-ra-ma'-ri'bo, M. P. 
 Par-a-mat'ta 
 Par-a-na' 
 
 Pa-ra-na-gua' 
 
 Par-a-na-i'ba 
 
 Par'ga 
 
 Pa'ri-a 
 
 Pa-ri'ma 
 
 PSr'is 
 
 Par'ma 
 
 Par-nas'sus 
 
 Par-ral' 
 
 Pas-ca-gou'la 
 
 Pas-cua'ro 
 
 Pas-de-Calais (pa'de- 
 
 ka-la') 
 Pas'quo-tank 
 Pas-sa'ic 
 
 Pas-sa-ma-quod'dy 
 Pas-sa-r66-wan' 
 Passa'u (pas'suu) 
 Pas-sy' (pas-se') 
 Pat-a-go'ni-a 
 Pa-taps'c5 
 Pa-tay' 
 Pat'e-ra 
 Pat'er-son 
 Pat'mos 
 Pat'na 
 Pa-tras' 
 Pa-tuck'et 
 Pau (po) * 
 Pa-vi'a 
 Paw'ca-tuck 
 Paw-tuck'et 
 Pays de Vaud (pa'e-de- 
 Pay'ta [vo') 
 
 Pe-dee' 
 
 Pee'bles (pe'blz) 
 Pe-gu' 
 
 Pei'ho {or paTio) 
 Pei'pus {or pa'e-pus) 
 Pe-king', or Pe-kin' 
 Pe-lew' 
 Pem'bi-na 
 Pern' broke (-brfik) 
 Pem-i-ge-was'set (pem- 
 
 e-je-wos'set) 
 Peiiafiel (pen-ya-fe-el') 
 Pe-nang' 
 Pen-den'nis 
 Penn-syl-va'ni-a 
 Pe-nob'scot 
 Pen'rith (or pe'rith) 
 Pen-ryn', or Pen'ryn 
 Pen-sa-co'la 
 Pen-zance' 
 Pe-o'ri-a 
 Per-di'd'5 
 Per-e-slavl' 
 Perigord (per'e-g"r') 
 Perigueux (per-e-guh') 
 Per-nam-bu'co 
 Per'nau (per'niiu) 
 Pe-ro'te (pa-ro'ta) 
 Perpignan (per-pen- 
 Per-quim'an§ [yang') 
 Per'si-a (per'shg-a) 
 Pe-ru' ' 
 Pe-ru'fi-a 
 Pe'sa-ro (pa'-) 
 Pes-chi-e'ra (-a,'-) 
 Pe-sha'wur 
 Pesth (pest) 
 Pe-tchee-lee' 
 Pe-ter-war'deln 
 Pe-tro-za-vodsk' 
 Pet's(;ho-ra 
 Pezenas (pa-za-nas' or 
 
 pa-za-na') 
 Phil-a-del'phi-a 
 Ph!l'ip-pine§ 
 Phil-ip-pop'o-lis [sa) 
 Pi-a-cen'za (pe-a-chent'- 
 Pi-a've (-va) 
 Pic'ar-dy. 
 
MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 631 
 
 Pi-chin'cha 
 
 Pi'co 
 
 Pic-tou' (plk-to') 
 
 Pied'mont 
 
 Pi-en'za (pe-ent'sa) 
 
 Pi-e'to-la (-a'-) 
 
 Pignerol (pin-ya-rol')_ 
 
 Pignerolo (pln-ya-ru'Jo) 
 
 Pil-co-ma/yo 
 
 Pil'lau (pil'lbii) 
 
 Pin-e-ro'lo 
 
 Pi-om-bi'no 
 
 Piq'ua (pik'wa) 
 
 Pi'r'ma-sens 
 
 Pi'sa ' 
 
 Pis-cat'a-qua 
 
 Pis-cat'a-quis 
 
 Pis-to'ja (pls-to'ya) 
 
 Pi'te-a (pe'te-o) 
 
 Pitts'biirg 
 
 Pla-cen'ci-a 
 
 Placer (pla-'ther') 
 
 Plaque-mine' (plak- 
 
 men') 
 Pla'ta, La 
 Platte 
 
 Plau'en (plou'en) 
 Pleis'se (pb'se) 
 PKn-lim'mon 
 Plock (or pl'otsk) 
 Plombieres (plom-be-; 
 Plym'outh 
 Po-ca-hon'tas 
 Po-co-moke' 
 Pod-gb'r'za 
 Pod-la'phi-a 
 Po-do'li-a 
 
 Point Cou-pee' (-pa') 
 Poitiers (pb'1-terz' or 
 
 pwa'te-a.) 
 Pbi-tou' (or pwii-t&') 
 Po'land 
 Pol-ta'va 
 
 Pres'biirg 
 
 Presque Isle (presk-el') 
 Pre§t'bu-ry, (prez'ber-e) 
 Pres'teigne (-ten), E. 
 
 Pres-teigne' (-tan'), T. 
 Pres-ton-pans' 
 Prev'e-sa 
 Prieg'nitz 
 Prin-ci-pa'to (-eke-) 
 Prip'ets 
 Pri-vas' 
 
 Pro'ci-da (pro'cke-da) 
 Provence (prO-varis') 
 Prussia (prusb'a or pru'- 
 
 sha) 
 Pruth (prut) 
 Przemysl (pzhem'jzl) 
 Pskov (pskof) 
 Puebla (pwa'bla or pu- 
 
 a'bla) 
 Pu-er'to Ri'co 
 Puglia (pul'ya) 
 Pu-las'ki 
 Piin-der-poor' 
 Pun-jab', or Pun-jaub' 
 Pun'tas A-re'nas (-va/-) 
 Puy-de-D6me (pwe-de- 
 
 dom'j 
 Pwllheli (pol-hel'e) 
 Pyr'e-nee§ 
 ') Pyr'mont 
 
 Q. 
 
 Quatre Bras (ka'tr-bra') 
 Que-bec' 
 Qued'lin-btirg 
 Quel'paert [ro) 
 
 Que-ret'a-ro (or kfi-ra'ta- 
 Quesnoy (ken-wa') 
 Quiberon (ke-brong') 
 
 Pol-y.-ne'si-a (-ne'she-a) Quil-e-ma'ne (kil- 
 
 Qui-li-a'no (kwe-) 
 Q,uil-i-man'cy 
 Quil-io'ta (or kel-yo'tii) 
 aui'lo-a (ke'-), Br. T. 
 
 Qui-16'a (ke-), E. M. 
 Quimper (kam-par') 
 Quin'e-baug 
 Qui'tb (ke'to) 
 
 R. 
 
 P6m-e-ra'ni-a [ye) 
 
 Pom-pe'i-i [or pfiin-pa/- 
 Pon-di-cher'ry, 
 Pont-char-train' 
 Pon'te-fract (or pom'- 
 
 fret) 
 Pon-te-ve'dra (-va/-) 
 Pon'ti-ac 
 Pon'to-toc 
 
 Pon-tre'mo-li (-tra'-) 
 Poo'nah 
 Po-pa-yan' 
 Po-per-Ing'en 
 Po-po'ca-ta-petl 
 Port'-au-Prince' (-5-) 
 Pbr'ti-ci (or pOr'te-che) 
 Port Ma-hon' 
 PSr'to Pray'a 
 Por'to Prin'cJ-pe (-pa) 
 Por'to Ri'co 
 Ports' mouth 
 Port'u-gal 
 Po'sen 
 Po-si-lip'po 
 Po-ten'za (po-tent'sa) 
 Po-to'mac 
 Po-to-si' 
 Pots'dam 
 Pot-ta-wat'o-mies 
 
 P9ugh-keep'sie'(p9-kTp'- Ra-pides' (-ped') 
 Poul'ton [se) Rap-pa-han'nock 
 
 Pbw-ha-tan' Rar'i-tan 
 
 Po-yang' Ras'tidt (-stat) 
 
 P6z-zu-o'lo (pot-su-5'16) Rath-keale' 
 Prague (prag) Rat'i-bbr 
 
 Prai-rie-du-ghien' Rat'is-bon 
 
 Preble (preb'bl) Ra-v'en'na 
 
 Preg'el Rav'en§-berg 
 
 Prenz'lau (prents'lbu) Rav'en-steln 
 
 Raab (rab) 
 
 Ra-bat' 
 
 Ra-cine' 
 
 Rac-o-ni'g-j 
 
 Rad'a-ma 
 
 Ra-gu'sa, 
 
 Rah'way 
 
 Rai'sin 
 
 Ra-ja-mun'dry. 
 
 Raj-poo-ta'na 
 
 Ra'leigh (ravv'le) 
 
 Rambouillet (riim-bo- 
 
 Ram-il-lie§' [ya') 
 
 Ram'le-ah 
 
 Ram-poor' 
 
 Ran-goon' 
 
 Read'ing 
 
 Re-ca-na'ti (ra-) 
 
 Re-ci'fe (ra-se'fa) 
 
 Red'ruth 
 
 Re'gen (ra,'-) 
 
 Re'fens-burg (ra'-) 
 
 Regg'io (red'jo) 
 
 Re-ho'both 
 
 Rei'chen-au (-bfi) 
 
 Rei'chen-bach 
 
 Rei'ehen-berg 
 
 Reieh^stadt (-stat) 
 
 Rel'gate 
 
 Rei'ki-a-vik 
 
 Reims 
 
 Re-i-no'sa (ra-) 
 
 Renaix (re-na'j 
 
 Ren'frew (-fru) 
 
 Rennes (ren) 
 
 Rens'se-laer 
 
 Requena (ra-kan'yii) 
 
 Re-sa'ca 
 
 Re-si'na(ra-) 
 
 Re'us (ra'us) (Sp.) 
 
 Reuss (or rois) (Ger.) 
 
 Reut'ling-en (rbit'-) 
 
 Rev'el 
 
 Rhe (ra) 
 
 Rhea (ra) 
 
 Rheims (remz or remz 
 
 or rangz) 
 Rhein'thal (rin'tal) 
 Rhine (rin) [land) 
 
 Rhode Isl'and (rod-i'- 
 Rhodes (rodz) 
 Rhodez (ro-da') 
 Rhone 
 Ri-a-zan' 
 Ric-ca-rees/ 
 ) Riche'lieu (-le-uh or 
 
 resh'e-lti) 
 Rich'mond 
 Rideau (re-do') 
 Rie'sen-ge-birg^'e 
 Ri-e'ti (le-a'te) 
 Ri'ga, or Ri'ga 
 Rig'o-let 
 Rim'i-ni 
 Ri-o-bam'ba 
 Ri'o Bra'vo 
 Ri'o Col-o-ra'do 
 Ri'o del Nb'r'te (-ta) 
 Ri'o Dul'ce (-sa) 
 Ri'o Gran'de (-da) 
 Ri'o Janeiro (re'o-ja-na' 
 
 ro or re'o-ja-ue'ro) 
 Ri-6m' (re-ong') 
 Ri'o Sal-a-dil'lo (-yo) 
 Ri'o Sa-la'do 
 Ri'o Ti'gre 
 Ri'o Ver'de 
 Rip'on 
 
 Ris-ti-gouche' 
 Rive-de-Gier (rev'de- 
 
 zhe-a') 
 Rive§ (or rev) 
 Riv'o-li 
 Roane (ron) 
 Ro-anne' 
 Ro-an-6ke' 
 Roch'dale 
 
 Rofhe'fort (or rosh'for) 
 Rochefoucault (rosh'fo- 
 Ro-fhelle' [ko') 
 
 Roch'es-ter 
 Rodez'(ro-da') 
 Roer 
 
 Roer-mon'de 
 Ro-hil-cund' 
 Romagna (r9-man'ya) 
 Ro-ma'ni-a 
 Romans (r6-mang') 
 Rome (formerly rom) 
 
 Ro-mo-ran-tin' {-riiiig- 
 
 tang') 
 Ron-ces-val'les 
 Ros'baeh 
 Ros-com'mon 
 Ros-crea' 
 Ro-§et'ta 
 Ros-sa'no 
 Ro'then-burg (ro'ten- 
 
 burg) 
 Roth'er-ham 
 Roth'er-hithe (vulgarly 
 
 red'rif) 
 Rothe-say', E. 
 
 Rothesay (rot'se), El. 
 Rot'ter-dam 
 Roubaix (ro-ba') 
 Rou'en (or ro-ang') 
 Roulers (ro-lar') 
 Roussillon (ro-sil'- 
 
 youg') 
 Ro-ve-re'do (ro-ve-ra'do) 
 Rovigno (ro-veu'yo) 
 Ro-vi'go 
 Row-an' 
 
 Rox'biirgh (or rox'bor-o) 
 Rox'bu-ry (rox'ber-e) 
 Ru'dol-stadt (-stat)' 
 Riigen (ru'gen) 
 Ru-me'li-a. or 
 
 Ru-me-li'a 
 Rup-pin' 
 
 Russia (vush'a. orru'sha) 
 Rust'chuck 
 Ruth'er-ford 
 Ru-ther-glen' (or rug'- 
 
 len) ' 
 Ry-binsk' 
 Ry§'wick, or Rys'wick 
 
 S. 
 
 Saade (sad) 
 
 Saal (siil) 
 
 Saa'le 
 
 Saal'feld (-felt) 
 
 Saarbriick (siir'bruk) 
 
 Saar-lou'is 
 
 Saatz (siits) 
 
 Sa'bi-a 
 
 Sa-bi'na 
 
 Sa-bine' 
 
 Sac 
 
 Sack-a-too' 
 
 Sa'co 
 
 Sag-a-da-hoc' 
 
 Sag-ha-li'en, or 
 
 Sa-gha'li-en 
 Sag'i-naw 
 Sague'nay (sag'ria) 
 Sah'a-ra, or Sa-ha'ra 
 Sa-ha' run-pore' 
 Said (sld) 
 Sai'da 
 Sa'ide 
 Sai-gon' 
 
 St. Al'ban§ (or aw'bunz) 
 St. A'mand (saut-) 
 St. As'aph 
 St. Au-gus-tine' 
 St. Aus'tell 
 St. Ber'nard 
 St. Brieux (sang-bre-uh') 
 St. phris'to-pher 
 St. Cloud (or saiig-klo') 
 St. Croix (-krbix or 
 
 -krwa) 
 St. Cyr (sang-ser') 
 St. Den'is (or sang-de-_ 
 
 ne') [e-a') 
 
 St. Diz'i-er (or sang-diz- 
 
632 
 
 PKONUNCIATION OF 
 
 St. Do-min'go (-ming'-) 
 Saintes (saugt) 
 St. Etienne (et-e-en') 
 St. Eu-sta'ti-a (-she-a) 
 St. Fe-li'pe (-fa-le'pa) 
 St. Franjois (saug-fiang- 
 
 8Wii') 
 
 St. Francois (sant-fran'- 
 
 sis) (Mo.) 
 St.Gall 
 
 St. gen-e-vieve' 
 St. Crer'main (or sang- 
 
 zher-mang') 
 St. 9'ibr'gib (-jiir'jo) 
 St. gtio-van'ni 
 St. Got'hard 
 St. He-le'na 
 St. Hel'i-er 
 St. Hu'b'ert 
 St. il-de-fon'so 
 St. Ja'go (or -ya'go) 
 St. Jean (or sang-zhang') 
 St. LS.w'rence 
 St. Lou'is (or -We) 
 St. Lu'ci-a (o-r -lu-se'a) 
 St. Ma'1'6 * 
 
 St. MI'cha-el (or -ml'kel) 
 St. Mig'uel (-inig'wel or 
 
 -me-gel') 
 St. Neots (-nots, -nouts, 
 
 or_-nets') 
 St. o'mer (or ■o-mar') 
 Saintonge (sang-tonzh') 
 St. Pierre (wsang-pe-ar') 
 St. Pblten (sunt-pol'ten) 
 St. Quen'tin (or sang- 
 
 kang-tang') 
 St. Sal-va-dbr' 
 St. Se-bas'tian (-se-bast'- 
 
 yan) 
 St. Ser-van' (-vang') 
 St. Sev-er-i'na 
 St. Thom'as_(-tom'-) 
 St. Yrieix (-e're-a) 
 Sak'ka-ra 
 Sa-la'do 
 Sal-a-man'ca 
 Sal-a-mo-nie' 
 Sa'lem 
 Sa-ler'no 
 
 Sal' ford (or saw'ford) 
 Sa-lt'na (Italy) 
 Si-H'na (U. S.) 
 Sa-line', or Sa-line' 
 Salis'bu-ry (salz'ber-e) 
 Sal-lee' 
 Salm 
 Sa-lo'na 
 Sal-o-nl'ca 
 Sal'op, or Sa'lop 
 Sal-sette' 
 Sal-til'lo (-yo) 
 Sa-lu'da 
 
 Sa-luz'zo (sa-lut'so) 
 Sal-va-dbr' 
 Salz'b'urg [del) 
 
 Salz'we-del (salts'wa- 
 Sa-ma-na' 
 Sa-mar' 
 Sam'a-rang 
 Sam-ar-cand' 
 Sam'bre (sam'br) 
 Sam-o-fi'ti-a (-jish'e-a) 
 Sa'mos 
 
 Sam-o-thra'ki 
 Sam-by-ede§'" 
 Sam-s66n' 
 Sa'na 
 
 San Au-gus-tine' 
 San Bias 
 Sand'bach 
 San Di-e'g-o (-a'-) 
 San-do-mir' 
 
 San-dus'ky 
 
 Sand'wich (or sand'wi j) 
 
 San Fran-cis'co 
 
 San-ga'i 
 
 San'ga-mon 
 
 San-i-lac' 
 
 San Joaquin (wha-kenO 
 
 San Jose (-ho-sa') 
 
 San Ju'an (or -bo-an') 
 
 San Ma-ri'nb 
 
 Sanquhar (san-kwar'), E. 
 
 Sanquhar (sank'ker), 
 San-san'ding [T. 
 
 San'ta Cruz (-krus) 
 San'ta Fe (-fe or -fa,') 
 San'ta Ma-ri'a 
 San'ta Mar'ta" 
 San'ta Mau'ra (mod'-) 
 San-tan-der' (-dar') 
 San'ta-rem 
 San'ti_Ro-§a-li'a 
 San-tee' 
 San-ti-a'gb 
 San-til-la'na (san-til- 
 
 ya'na)^ 
 San-to-ri'ni 
 Saone (son)' 
 Sap'tin 
 Sar-a-gos'sa 
 Sar-a-nac' 
 Sar-a-tof 
 Sar-a-to'ga 
 Sa-ra-wak' 
 Sar-a-v/an' 
 Sa-ray-a-cu' 
 Sar-din'i-a 
 Sa'ros 
 Sarre 
 
 Sarthe (sart) 
 Sas-ka.tch'e-wS,n 
 Sas'sa-ri 
 Sat-a-d66' 
 Sa-ta-li'a 
 Sa-ta'rah 
 Sau-giir' 
 
 Sault (so) St. Ma'ry 
 Saumur (so-mur') 
 Sa-van'nah 
 Save, or Save 
 Save-nay' 
 
 Savigliano (say-el-ya/no) 
 Savigny (sa-ven'ye) 
 Sav-o-lax' 
 Sa-vo'na 
 
 Sa-vby\ or Sav'oy 
 Saxe-Al' ten-burg 
 Saxe-Wei'mar 
 Sax'o-ny 
 Scan-de-roon' 
 Scan-di-na'vi-a 
 Scar'b6r-ough '(-bur-ro) 
 Scar' pan- to 
 Schaff-'hau'sen (-hbu'-) 
 Schat'-el-Ar'ab 
 Schau' en-burg (shbu'-) 
 Spheldt, or Scheldt 
 
 (skelt or shelt) 
 Schel'ling 
 Schem'nitz 
 Sche-nec'ta-dy 
 Schie-dan/ 
 Schi-raz' or Schi'raz 
 Schmal'kal-den 
 Seho-har'ie 
 
 Schbnbrunn (sken'brun) 
 Schb'nen 
 Schoo'dic 
 School'ey's (Mt.) 
 Sphbu'wen 
 Sehuy'ler (ski'ler) 
 Sphuyl'kill (skul'kil) 
 Schwa'bach 
 Sghwart'zen-burg 
 
 Sfhwarz'burg 
 
 (sh warts'-) 
 Schwarz'wald 
 
 (sbwarts'-) (nits) 
 Sfhweid'nitz (sbwit'- 
 Sfhwein'furt 
 Sghweitz (sbwlts) 
 Sghwe-rin' 
 Scigliano (shil-ya'no) 
 Scil'ly 
 Sglnde 
 
 Sgi'b (or she'o) 
 Sgi-b'to 
 Sfit'u-ate 
 Scla-vb'ni-a 
 Scot' land 
 Scu'ta-ri 
 Sfyl'la 
 Se-ba'go 
 Seb-as-tb'pol 
 Se-ben'i-cb 
 Sec'chi-a 
 Se-cun-der-a-bad' 
 Se-dan' 
 Seg-es-tan' 
 Segni (san'ye) 
 Se'gb 
 Se-gbr'be 
 Se-gb'vi-a 
 Seine (s'an) 
 Se-lef'keh 
 Sel-en-ginsk' 
 Se-men'dri-a 
 Sem-i-gal'li-a 
 Sem'i-nble§ 
 Sem-iin' 
 Sem'pach 
 Sen'e-ca 
 Sen'e-gal 
 Sen-e-gam'bi-a 
 Senlis (siiug-les' or sang- 
 Sen-naar' [le') 
 
 Sens (sang) 
 Ser-am-pbre' 
 Sereth (sa-ref) 
 Ser-i-na'gur 
 Se-ring-a-pa-tam' 
 Ser-phan'to 
 Ser'vi-a 
 Se'si-a (sa'-) 
 Se-tu'bal 
 Sev-as-to'pol 
 Sev'ern 
 Se-vier' 
 
 Sev'ille, or Se-ville' 
 Sevre (saw) 
 Sevres (savr) 
 Sey-chelle§' (sa-shelz') 
 Seyne (san) 
 Shah-a^-bad' 
 Sha'mo 
 Shang-hai' 
 Shan'non 
 Shat-ul-Ar'ab 
 Shawangunk (sbSng'- 
 
 gum) 
 Shaw'nee-tbivn 
 She-bby'gan 
 Sheer-ness' 
 Sheffield 
 Shen-an-db'ah 
 Shi-a-was'see (-w8s'-) 
 Shi-kb'ku 
 Shi-raz', or Sht'raz 
 Sho-shb'nee§ 
 Shrews'bu-ry (sbruz'- 
 
 ber-e) 
 Shdm'la 
 Si-am', or SI'am 
 Si-be'ri-a 
 Sic'i-ly 
 
 Si-cul-ia'no (-ya'no) 
 Sie'jjjen 
 
 Si-en'a 
 
 Si-er'ra Le-b'ne 
 
 Si-er'ra Mo-re'na (-ra'-) 
 
 Si-er'ra Ne-va'da 
 
 Sig'ma-ring-en 
 
 Si-guen'za 
 
 Si-le'si-a 
 
 Sil-het' ' 
 
 Si-Hs'tri-a 
 
 Sim-birsk' 
 
 Sim'cbe 
 
 Sim-fe-rb'pol 
 
 Sim'plon (or'sang'plong') 
 
 Sinde 
 
 Sin-gan' 
 
 Sin-ga-pbre' (sing-) 
 
 Sinigaglia (sin-e-gaTja) 
 
 Sin'ob 
 
 Sin'o-pe 
 
 Sioux (se-o' or so) 
 
 Sir-hind' 
 
 Sir-i-na'gur 
 
 Si-sal' 
 
 Sis-tb'va 
 
 Si-vas' 
 
 Si-wah' 
 
 Skag'er Rack 
 
 Sken-e-at'e-les 
 
 Skib-be-reen' 
 
 Sla-vb'ni-a 
 
 Sles'wick 
 
 Sli'gb ' 
 
 Sluys (slCs or slois) 
 
 Smal'cald 
 
 Smo-lensk' 
 
 Smyr'na 
 
 Snee-hat'ten 
 
 Snbw'don 
 
 Sbane 
 
 Soc-o-nus'co 
 
 So-cb'tra, or Soc'o-tra 
 
 So-fa'la 
 
 Soignies (swan-ye') 
 
 Soissons (swas'song) 
 
 Sb'lent 
 
 So-leure' 
 
 Sol-fa-ta'ra 
 
 Sol-fe-ri'no 
 
 Som'ers 
 
 Som'er-set 
 
 Somme 
 
 Som-nauth' (-nawt') 
 
 Son'ders-hau-sen 
 
 (-hbu-) 
 So-nb'ra 
 S66-166' 
 So-phi'a 
 So-ra'ta 
 
 So-relle', or Sor'el 
 Sb'ri-a 
 So-ro'ra 
 Sor-ren'to 
 Sou-dan' 
 S6u-ra-bay'a 
 Sbuth-amp'ton 
 Southwark (suth'ark or 
 
 sbuth'wark) 
 Sou-zel' 
 Spa, or Spt 
 Spain 
 Spait'la 
 
 Spa-la'trb, or Spa'la-to 
 Span'dau (span'dbu) 
 Spey (spa) 
 Spey'er 
 
 Spezia (sped'zi-a) 
 Spezzia (spet'se-a) 
 Spire 
 
 Spitz-berg'en 
 Spliigen (spiu'gen) 
 Spo-le'tb_(spo-la'to) 
 Spor'a-des [cba) 
 
 Squil-la'ce (skwil-la'- 
 
MODEKN GEOGKAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 633 
 
 Sta'broek (stli'brok) 
 
 Sta-gi'ra 
 
 Staines 
 
 Stal-i-me'ne (-ma/na) 
 
 Stam-boul' 
 
 Stam-pa-li'a 
 
 Stan-o-vbi' 
 
 Star'gard (-gart) 
 
 Stat'en Is'land (stat'tn 
 
 l'la'nd) 
 Staub'baph (or stoub'- 
 
 bak) 
 Staun'ton 
 
 Sta-van'fer (-vang'-) 
 Stav'er-en 
 Stein 
 
 Stel'len-bosph (-bOsk) 
 Stet-tin' 
 Steu'ben 
 Steu'ben-ville 
 Stey'er 
 
 Stey'ning (sta/-) 
 Stir' ling 
 Stoek'holm 
 Ston'ing-ton 
 Stour 
 
 Stoiir'bridge 
 Stra.-ba.ne' 
 Stral'sund 
 Stran'ra-er, or 
 
 Stran-raer' 
 Stras'burg 
 Strath-a'ven 
 Strau' bing" (stro frying) 
 Strel'itz 
 Striv'a-li 
 Strom'bo-li 
 Stuhl-weiss'en-burg 
 Stiir'min-ster 
 Stutt'gard 
 Styr'i-a 
 
 Sua'bi-a (swa'be-a.) 
 Su-der-ma'ni-a 
 Su-dl'te§ 
 
 Suf'folk (or Bttf fok) 
 
 Su-gul-mes'sa 
 
 Stiir (shur) 
 
 Sui'ra (swe'ra) 
 
 Su'li _ 
 
 Sul-mo'na 
 
 Su-ma'tra 
 
 Sum-ba'wa 
 
 Su-rat' 
 
 Siir-i-nam' 
 
 Su'sa 
 
 Su-sam' 
 
 Sfis-que-han'na 
 
 Sutfi/er'-land 
 
 Sut'ledge 
 
 Su-wa'nee 
 
 Sve'a-bbrg (sva'-) 
 
 Swaff'ham (or swOf'am) 
 
 Swan'sea 
 
 Swe'den 
 
 Swinemiinde (swe-na- 
 
 niin'da) 
 Switz'er-land (swits'-) 
 Syd^ney 
 Sy-e'ne 
 Syr'a-cuse 
 Syr'i-a 
 
 Szar-vas' (zar-) 
 Szeg-e-dtn' (zeg-) 
 
 Ta-bar'ca 
 Tab-a-ree'ya 
 Ta-bas'co 
 Ta'bbr 
 
 Ta-briz', or Ta-breez' 
 
 Ta-ca'mes 
 
 Tac-a-ri'gua 
 
 Ta-caz'ze {or ta-kat'sa) 
 
 Ta-cb'ny/ 
 
 Tad'cas-ter 
 
 Ta.d-6u-sac' 
 
 Ta-fal'la (or ta-fal'ya) 
 
 Taf'i-let^ 
 
 Tag'an-rog 
 
 Ta-gaz'ze 
 
 Tagliarne'nto (tal-ya- 
 
 men'to 
 Ta'gus 
 Ta-hi'ti 
 Tal-wan' 
 Tal-a-ve'ra (-va/-) 
 Tal'bot 
 Tal-ca-hua'na 
 Taliaferro (tol'e-ver) 
 Tal-la-de'ga 
 Tal-la-has'see 
 Tal-ia-hatch'ie 
 Tal-la-poo'sa 
 Tam-a'qua (tam-aw'- 
 
 kwa) 
 Tam-a-ra'ca 
 Tam'a-tave 
 Tam-au-li'pas 
 Tam-b5'ra 
 
 Tam'bov, or Tam-bof 
 Ta-mise'_ 
 Tam-pi'co 
 Ta-na-na-ri'vo 
 Ta'na-ro 
 Ta'ney 
 Tan-gier' 
 Tan-jore' 
 Tan-nas'se-rim 
 Tan-ne-sar' 
 Ta-or-mi'na 
 Ta'os 
 
 Ta-pa'jos (-zhos) « 
 
 Tap-pa-han'nock 
 Tap-tee' 
 Tar-a-kai' 
 Tar'an-to 
 Ta-rare' 
 
 Ta-ras-con' (-kong') 
 Tar-a-zo'na (-tho'-) 
 Tar-bag-tai' 
 Tarbes (tarb) 
 Ta-ri'fa 
 
 Ta-ri'ja (ta-re'na) 
 Tar-no'pol 
 Tar'por-ley 
 Tar-ra-go'na 
 Tar'sus, or Tar-sus' 
 Tar'ta-ry 
 Tar'u-dant 
 Tash-kend' 
 Tash-kund' 
 Tas-ma'ni-a 
 Tas-si-su'don 
 Tau'ber (tbu'-) 
 Tau'de-ny. 
 Taun'ton 
 Tau'ri-da 
 Tau'ris 
 Ta-vi'ra 
 Tav'is-tock 
 Tay-a'bas 
 Taze'well 
 Tcha'ny 
 Tcher'ni-gof 
 
 Tcher-ni'gof, M. 
 Tchiids'koe 
 Te-a'ki 
 Teche (tesh) 
 Teem-boo' 
 Tef'lis 
 Te-ha'ma 
 Tg-he-ran', or Teh-raun' 
 
 Te-hua-can' (ta.-wa- 
 
 kan') 
 Te-huan'te-pec' (-wan'-) 
 Teign (tin'or tan) 
 Teign'mouth (tin'mutb 
 
 or ta-n'mutb) 
 Te-ju'co (te-zbu'ko) 
 Tel'de (-da) 
 Tel-in-ga'na 
 Tel-li-cher'ry 
 Tel'li-c5 
 Tem-es-var' 
 Te-nas'se-rlm 
 Ten'e-riffe 
 Ten-nes-see' 
 Ten'ter-den 
 Tep-e-a'ca 
 Te-pic' 
 
 Te-poz-co-lti'la. 
 Teq-uen-da'nia 
 Ter'a-mo 
 
 Ter-ce'i-ra (ter-sa'e-ra) 
 Ter-ce'ra (-sa'ra) 
 Te-rek' 
 Ter-go-vis'ta 
 Ter'mi-ni 
 Ter'mp-11 
 
 Ter-nate', or Ter'nate 
 Ter'ni 
 Ter-ra-ci'na (or ter-ra.- 
 
 che'nli) 
 Ter'ra del Fue'go 
 
 (-fwa'gu) 
 Ter'ra di La-vo'ro 
 Ter-ra-no'va 
 Terre Bonne (tar-bou') 
 Terre Haute (tar-bof or 
 
 ter'e-but) 
 Tes-sin', or Tes'sin 
 Tet-u-an' 
 Tev-e-ro'ne 
 Tev'i'-ot (or tiv'i-ot) 
 Tewks'bu-ry (tuks'ber-e) 
 Tex'as 
 Teyn (tin) 
 
 Tez-cu'co (or tes-ku'ku) 
 Thame (tram 
 Thames (teniz) 
 Than'et 
 The-a'ki 
 The'ba-id 
 Thebes 
 Theiss (tis) 
 Theresienstadt (ta-ra,'- 
 
 ze-gn-stat') 
 Thiagur (te-H'gyr), E. 
 
 Thi-a-gur' (te-), T. 
 Thibet (te-bet. or tib'et) 
 Thibodeauville (tib-o- 
 
 df/vil) 
 Thiel (tel) 
 Thielt (telt) 
 Thiers (te-ar') 
 Thionville (te-ong-velO 
 Thi'va (te'va) 
 Tho'len (to'len) 
 Tho'niar (to'mar) 
 Thom'as-ton (tOm'-) 
 Thorn (or torn) 
 Thun (tun) 
 Thurgau (tur'gtiu) 
 Thur-go'vi-a 
 Thu-rin'gi-a 
 Thurles 
 
 Tib'bo, or Tib-boo' 
 Ti'ber 
 
 Ti-bet', or Tib'et 
 Tiph'vin 
 
 Ti-ci'no (or te-che'nO) 
 Ti-con'de-ro'ga 
 Ti-dore' ' 
 Tlel (tel) 
 Ti-en-tsin' 
 
 Tif lis (or tif-les') 
 Ti'gre (te'gra) 
 Ti'gris 
 Ti-la'pa 
 Til' sit 
 Tim-buc't66, or 
 
 Tim-buc-too' 
 Ti'mbr, or Ti-mor 7 
 Ti-mor' Laut' 
 Tin'i-an 
 Tin-ne-vel'ly 
 Ti-6'ga 
 
 Ti-6ugh-ni-o'ga (te-o-) 
 Tip'e-ra 
 Tip-pe-ca-noe' 
 Tip-p^-ra'ry 
 Tir-ee' [mong') 
 
 Ti'rle-mont' (or tSrl- 
 Tish-e-min'go (-ming'-) 
 Tit-i-ca'ca 
 Tiv'o-li 
 Tlal-pan' 
 Tlam'ath 
 Tlas-ca'la 
 Tlem-sen' 
 To-ba'go 
 To-bol' 
 To-bolsk' 
 To-bo'so 
 To-can-tins' 
 To-cat' 
 To-cay'a 
 To-cu'yo 
 To-kay' 
 T6'ki-o 
 
 To-le'd5 (or to-la/do) 
 T6-len-ti'no 
 To-lo'sa 
 To-lu'ca 
 Tom-big'bee 
 Tom-buc'too 
 Tong-a-ta'b68 
 Ton-kin' 
 
 Tonneins (ton'nang') 
 Ton-nerre 
 Ton-ne-wan'ta 
 Ton'ning-en 
 Ton-qiiin' '(ton-ken') 
 Toom-bud'dra 
 Topayos (to-pl'yos) 
 To-pe'ka 
 Tbplitz (tep'lits) 
 Tops'ham 
 
 Tor-bay', or Tbr'bay 
 Tbr'gau (or tor'gbu) 
 To-ri'n5 
 Tbr'mes 
 Tbr'ne-a 
 Tor'on-tal 
 To-ron'to 
 Tor'o-pez 
 Torquay (tor-ke' or tor- 
 
 kwa') 
 Tor'res Ve'dras (va'-) 
 Torriglia (tor-'rel'ya) 
 Tor-ris-da.1' 
 Tbr-shok' 
 Tbr'to-la 
 Tor-to'na 
 Tor-tb'sa 
 Tor-tu'ga 
 To-ta'na 
 
 Tot-nes', or Tot'nes 
 T8ul (tol) 
 T6u-lon' (to-long') 
 T6u-16use' (to-10z') 
 Touraine (tO-ran') 
 T6ur-na-gha.ut' (-gawf) 
 T6ur-nay' 
 Tours (tor or torz) 
 Towcester (tous'ter) 
 Traf-al-gar', or 
 
 Tra-fal'gar 
 
634 
 
 PKONUNCIATION" OF 
 
 Traj-an-op'o-li 
 
 Tra-lee' 
 
 Tra-more' 
 
 Tra'ni 
 
 Tran-que-bar' 
 
 Tran-syl-va'ni-a 
 
 Trap'a-ni 
 
 Trav-an-core' 
 
 Trav'is 
 
 Traz-os-Mon'tes 
 
 Treb-i-zond' 
 
 Tred'e-gar 
 
 Trei'sam 
 
 Trem'e-cen 
 
 Trem'i-ti 
 
 Tre-mont' 
 
 Treves (or trav) 
 
 Tre-vl'li (tra-) 
 
 Treviglio (tra-vel'yo) 
 
 Tre-vi'so (tra-) 
 
 Tri'ca-la 
 
 Trich-i-nop'o-ly. 
 
 Tri-este' 
 
 Trinc-o-ma-lee' 
 
 Trm-i-dad'' 
 
 Trin-o-ma-lee' 
 
 Trip'o-li ' 
 
 Trip'o-lis 
 
 Trip-o-liz'za (trip-o-lif 
 
 sa) 
 Trois Rivieres (trwa'- 
 
 re-ve-ar') 
 Trol-haet'ta 
 Trond'hjem (-yeni) 
 Trop'pau'(trop'puu) 
 Tros'achs 
 Trow'bridf-e 
 Troyes (trwa) 
 Trujillo, or Truxillo 
 
 (tru-Hel'yo) 
 Tscher-kask' 
 Tsi-am'pa 
 Tu'am 
 Tu'a-rick 
 Tu-at' {or twat) 
 Tu-bac' 
 
 Tubingen (tubing-en) 
 Tu-cu-man' 
 Tu-de'la (tu-da'la) 
 Tii-ga-166' 
 Tu'la 
 Tu-la're 
 Tu'le ' 
 TQl-ia-more' 
 Tulle* 
 
 Tum'bez _(-bes) 
 Tun-gu-ra'gua. (-gwa) 
 Tun-gu'ses (tung-) 
 Tu'ni-ca 
 Tu'nis 
 
 Tuol'um-ne (twol'-) 
 Turcoing (tur-kwang') 
 Tur-co-ma'ni-a 
 Tur'co-mans 
 Tu'rin, or Tu-rin' 
 Tur-kes-tan' 
 Tiir'key 
 Turn-hbut' 
 Tu-ron' 
 Tus-ca-18o'sa 
 Tus'ca-ny 
 Tus-ca-raw'as 
 Tus-ca-ro'ra 
 Tuxpam (tOs-piim') 
 Tiixt'la 
 Tuy (twe) 
 Tver (tver) 
 Tweed'dale 
 Tyne'mouth 
 Tyr'nau (-now) 
 Tyr'ol, or Ty-rol' 
 Ty-rone' 
 Tyr'rel 
 
 u. 
 
 tf-be'da (-ba'-) 
 
 fj-cay-a'le (-la) 
 
 fj'di-ne (-na) 
 
 TJdvarhely (od-var-ha'le) 
 
 Uist (wist) 
 
 Ui'ten-ha|e 
 
 Tj'kraine {or G-kran') 
 
 fj'le-a-bbrg 
 
 ir-lie-te'a 
 
 Dim' ( iilm or ulm) 
 
 TJls'wa-ter 
 
 tj'me-a 
 
 tJm-me-ra-poo'ra 
 
 TTmp'qua 
 
 TJn-der-wal'den 
 
 TT-nit'ed States 
 
 frn' strut 
 
 "Un-ter-wal'den 
 
 TT-po-lu' 
 
 TJp'sal, or TJp-sa'la 
 
 fj'ral (or G-ral') 
 
 fx-ralsk' 
 
 tjr-ba'na 
 
 tir-bi'no 
 
 Ur' fa 
 
 U'ri 
 
 fjr-mi'a 
 
 Ur'se-ren [-gwl') 
 
 IT-ru-guay' (-gwa/ or 
 
 U-ru-mi'ah 
 
 fj'se-dom 
 
 tlsh'ant 
 
 TTs'ti-ug 
 
 U'tah 
 
 TJ'tah, or u'tah, T. 
 fj'ta-was 
 tr'ti-ca 
 fj'trepht 
 tj-tre'ra (-tra'-) 
 Ut-tox'e-ter (or tix'e-ter) 
 U-val'de 
 
 Uwchlan (yuk'lan) 
 Ux-maT 
 TTz-becks' 
 Uzes (6-zas') 
 tJz'naph (Gts'nak) 
 
 V. 
 
 Vai'gats 
 Valais (vii-la') 
 Val'dai, or Val'dai 
 ValdepeSas (val-de-pan'- 
 
 yas) 
 Val-div'i-a 
 Valence (val-ans') 
 Va-len'ci-a (-she-a) 
 Va-len-ci-a'na 
 Valenciennes (val-aii- 
 
 se-en') 
 Va-len'ti-a (-she-a) 
 Val-la-db-"lid' 
 Vallejo (val-ya'Ho) 
 Val-lom-bro'sa 
 Valois (val-wa') 
 Val-pa-rai'so 
 Val-tel-li'na 
 Val'tel-line 
 Van-cou'ver 
 Van-da'li-a 
 Van-i-ko'ro 
 Vannes (van) 
 Va-ri'nas [hal') 
 
 Vas-ar-he^ly (or va'sbar- 
 Vas-il-i-pot'a-mo 
 Vas-sy' (-se') 
 Vau-cluse' (vo-kluz') 
 Vaud (vo) 
 
 Vau-dreuil' (vo-drolO 
 Vaux-ha.ll', or Vaux'- 
 
 hall 
 Veglia (vel'ya) 
 Ve-lay' 
 
 Ve'lez (or va'leth) 
 Ve-li'no 
 
 Vel-le'tri (vel-la'tre) 
 Vel-lore'' 
 
 Venaissin (ven-as-sang') 
 Ve-nan'go (-nang'-) 
 Vendee (van-da') 
 Vendome (van-dom') 
 Ven-e-zue la (or -zwa.'-) 
 Ven'ice 
 
 Ven-loo', or Ven-loo' 
 Vl'ra Cruz (or va'ra- 
 
 krfis') 
 Ve-ra'gua 
 Ve'ra Paz' 
 
 Ver-cel'li (ver-chel'le) 
 Ver-dun' 
 Ver-fennes' 
 Vermejo (ver-nia'Ho) 
 Ver-mil'ion 
 Ver-mont' 
 Ve-ro'na 
 Ver-saille§' 
 Ver-setz' (-sets') 
 Verviers (ver've-a/) 
 Ve-soul' (ve-zol') 
 Ve-su'vi-us 
 Ve-vay' 
 Vi-a'na 
 Vi-as'ma 
 Vi-at'ka 
 Vi'bbrg 
 
 Vi-cen'za (or ve-chen'za) 
 Vich (vek) 
 Vicks biirg 
 Vi-din' 
 Vi-en'na 
 Vi-enne ? 
 Vi-ge-va'no (-ja-) 
 
 Vi'go 
 
 Vi-laine' 
 Vil-laph' 
 Vil'la Fran'ca 
 Vil'la Re-al' (-ra-) 
 Vil'la Ri'ca 
 Ville-franghe' 
 Ville-neuve' 
 Vil-lette' 
 Vil-voor'den 
 Vin-cennes' 
 Vlnd'hya (vind'ya) 
 Vintimiglia (vin-te 
 
 mel'ya) 
 Vi'que (ve'ka) 
 Vire (ver) 
 Vir-fin'i-a 
 Vi'se-u (-s'a-) 
 Vis'tu-la 
 Vi-tepsk' 
 Vi-ter'bo 
 Vi-tim' 
 Vitre (vetr) 
 Vit-to'ri-a 
 Viviers (viv'e-a') 
 Viz-a-gap-a-tam' 
 Vlad-i-mir^ 
 Vo'g-els-berg 
 Voghera(vo-ga'ra) 
 Voiron (vwa-roug') 
 Vol'ga 
 Vol-hyn'i-a 
 Vo-log'da 
 Vol-tiir'no 
 Vor-arl'berg 
 Vor'o-netz 
 Vosg'es (vozh) 
 Vu'ko-var 
 Vu-ox'fu 
 
 w. 
 
 Waag (wag) 
 Waal (wal) 
 Wa'bash 
 Wa'day 
 Wad'y 
 Wa'gram 
 Wait'zen (-sen) 
 Wal'che-ren 
 Wal'deck " 
 
 Wal-den'ses [ro) 
 
 Wal'do-bor-ough (-bur- 
 Wales" 
 Wal-la'phi-a 
 
 wii'ia-waria 
 
 Wal'len-stadt (-stat) 
 Wal'ling-ford 
 Wal' pole 
 Wal' sail 
 Walt'ham (Eng.) 
 Wal'tham (U. S.) 
 Wan-chow' 
 Wands'wortb (wonz'- 
 
 wurth) 
 Wan-ga'ra 
 Wa-pel'16 
 War'a-dein fwor'-) 
 War'as-din (wor'-) 
 War'ley 
 War'min-ster 
 War'ren (wOr'ren) 
 War'saw 
 
 War' wick (or wor'ik) 
 Wash'ing-ton (wosh'- 
 
 ing-ton) 
 Wash-i-ta' (wosb-e- 
 
 taw')" 
 Wash'te-naw (wosli'-) 
 Wa-tau'ga 
 Wa-ter-ee' 
 Wa'ter-ford 
 Wa'ter-166 
 Wa'ter-ville 
 Wa-ter-viiet' 
 Wau-ke'gan 
 Wau'ke-sba, 
 Wavertree (wa'tre) 
 Wavre (wa'vr; 
 Weald 
 Wear 
 
 Wear'mouth 
 Wednes'b'u-ry (wenz'- 
 
 ber-e) 
 We'dnesfield (wenz'feld) 
 Weich'sel-burg 
 Wei'mar 
 Wein'heim 
 Weis'sen-bourg 
 Weis'sen-fels 
 Wel'land 
 Wemyss (wemz) 
 Wen'do-ver 
 Wen'ner 
 
 Weo'bl'ey (wo'ble) 
 Wer-ni-|e-ro'd§ 
 Wert' helm 
 We'sel 
 We'ser 
 Wes'ter-as 
 Wes'ter-wald 
 West'man-land 
 West-meath' 
 West'min-ster 
 West'more-land 
 West-pha'li-a 
 Wet-te-ra'vi-a 
 Wexio (wek'sbo) 
 Wey (wa) 
 Wey'er 
 
 Wey'mouth (wa'muth) 
 Whal'ley 
 
MODEEN GEOGEAPHICAL NAMES. 
 
 635 
 
 Whid'ah 
 
 White-ha'ven 
 
 Wick'low 
 
 Wid'in 
 
 Wie-iicz'ka (we-lich'ka) 
 
 Wie'sel-burg 
 
 Wie'sen 
 
 Wig'an 
 
 Wilkes'bar-re. 
 
 Wil-lam'ette 
 
 Wil'ming-ton 
 
 Wil'na 
 
 Win'ander-mere, or 
 
 Win'der-mere 
 Wm'chei-sea 
 Win'ches-ter 
 Wind'sor (wln'zor) 
 Win-ne-ba'go 
 Win'ni-peg 
 Winnipiseogee (wln-e- 
 
 pe-saw'ke) 
 Wis-ba'den, or Wis'ba- 
 
 den 
 Wis' beach (wiz'bich) 
 Wis-cas'set 
 Wis-con'sin 
 Wis' mar ' _ [bur') 
 
 Wissembourg (ves-sang- 
 Witft'am 
 Wit'ten-be'rg 
 Witt'gen-stein 
 Wiveliscombe (wfv'vlz- 
 
 kum or wlls'kum) 
 Wo'burn 
 Wolfenbiittel (wol'fen- 
 
 bit'tel) 
 Wol'ga 
 W611 r stein 
 Wol-ver-hamp'ton 
 
 (wul-) 
 Wol'ver-ley (wul'-) 
 Woolwich (wul'ij) 
 Wo6n-s5ck'et 
 Wootton (wut'tn) 
 
 Worcester (wus'ter) 
 Worsted (wOrs'ted) 
 Wor'thing (wiir'-) 
 Wotton-under-Edge 
 
 (wG-tn-un'drij) 
 Wrag'by (rag' be) 
 Wrex'ham (rex'am) 
 Wiirtemberg (wiir'teni- 
 
 berg) 
 Wurzburg (wtirts'buig) 
 Wy-an-dot' 
 Wy'borg 
 Wy'combe (wITiom or 
 
 wik'um) 
 Wymondham (wlnd'am) 
 Wy-o'ming 
 Wythe 
 
 X. 
 
 Xa-la'pa (Ha-la'pa) 
 Xauxa (HiJu'Ha) 
 Xe'ni-a (ze'-) 
 Xenii (Ha-nel') 
 Xeres (Ha-reV) 
 Xi-co'co (ze-ko'ko) 
 Xieng-Mai (zeng-nii') 
 Xi'mo (ze'mo) 
 Xin-gu' (shln-gu') 
 Xi-xo'na (He-Ho'na) 
 Xo'a (sho'a) 
 Xo-chi-mil'co (ho-) 
 Xul'la' (zul'la) 
 
 Y. 
 
 Ya-koutsk' 
 Yal-a-bu'sha 
 Ya-mas'ka 
 Yang-tche6u' 
 
 Yang'-tse-Ki-ang' 
 
 Ya'ni-na 
 
 Ya-qiii' (ya-ke') 
 
 Yar-kund' 
 
 Yar'mouth 
 
 Yar'o-slaf 
 
 Yar'ri-ba 
 
 Yar'row 
 
 Ya-z66' 
 
 Ye'do {or ya'do) 
 
 Ye-kat-e-ri'nen-burg 
 
 Ye-kat-e-ri'no-grad 
 
 Ye-kat-e-ri'no-slav 
 
 Yem'en, or Ye'men 
 
 Yen-i'-ka'le (-la) ' 
 
 Yen-i-se'i (or yen-e-sa'e) 
 
 Yen-i-seisk' {or ye_u-e- 
 
 Yeo'vil [sa'isk) 
 
 Yeth'olm (yeth'oruT 
 
 Yeyd (yad) 
 
 Ye'zo (or ya'zo) 
 
 Yonne 
 
 York _ [yawl) 
 
 Youghall (yO'awl or 
 
 Youghiogheny (ydk-e- 
 
 Ypres (e'pr) [ga'ne) 
 
 Yp-si-lan'ti 
 
 Ys'sel (Ts'sel) 
 
 Ys'tadt (is'tat) 
 
 Yth'an (itli'au) 
 
 Yu-ca-tan' 
 
 Yun-nan' 
 
 Yu-ru'pa 
 
 Yuz-gat' 
 
 Yv-er-dun' 
 
 Yvetot (ev-to') 
 
 Zaab (ziib) 
 Zaan-dam' (z:in-) 
 Za'a-ra, or Za-a'ra 
 
 Zac-a-tu'la 
 
 Zac-a-te'cas (-ta'-) 
 
 Za-grab' 
 
 Za-ire' 
 
 Zam-beza' (or zam-ba'za) 
 
 Za-mo'ra (tba-mo'ra) 
 
 Zam-pa'la 
 
 Zan-gue-bar' 
 
 Zan'te 
 
 Zan-zi-baV 
 
 Zea'land 
 
 Ze-bid' 
 
 Ze-bu' 
 
 Zeg'e-din 
 
 Zei'la (za'lli) 
 
 Zei-tun (za-tun') 
 
 Zeitz (tsits) 
 
 Zel'le (tsel'la) 
 
 Zerbst (tserpst) 
 
 Zi'a 
 
 Zie-ien-hayn' (tse-) 
 
 Zim-ba'o 
 
 Zi'rk'mtz (ts'irk'nlts) 
 
 Zittau (tslt'tou) 
 
 Zlock'zow 
 
 Zna'ym, or Znaym 
 
 Zoll'ver-ein 
 
 Z5u-wan' 
 
 Zuf-fer-a-bad' 
 
 Zug (tsug) 
 
 Zu'li-a (su'-) 
 
 Zul'ii-ehau (tsuTe-kiJu) 
 
 Zul'pich (tsul'plk) 
 
 Zuni (zuu'ye) 
 
 Zu'rich 
 
 Zut'phen 
 
 Zuy'der Zee' 
 
 Zweibriicken (tswi'- 
 
 brek-ken) 
 Zwel'len-dam 
 Zwick'au (tswlk'bu.) 
 Zwoll (tswol) 
 Zwbr'nik 
 Zyt'o-mier§ 
 
 I 
 
PRONUNCIATION OF THE NAMES 
 
 DISTINGUISHED MEN OF MODERN TIMES. 
 
 This list contains only such names of distinguished men of modern times as are of difficult or uncer- 
 tain pronunciation. Only a small number of English or American names is here given. 
 
 The same difficulties that relate to the pronunciation of geographical names attend also that of the 
 names of men of different countries ; and the same general principles are to be applied to the pro- 
 nunciation of both classes of names. 
 
 The names of some distinguished foreigners are Anglicized in their pronunciation, differing much 
 from that given to them in their native country. 
 
 See Remarks on the Pronunciation of several European Languages prefixed to the Pronunciation of 
 Geographical Names. 
 
 4-ba'ti 
 
 Ab-dal'lah 
 
 Ab-dal-me'lik (-ma/-) 
 
 Abd'el-Ka'd'er 
 
 ib-dhl' Me-j'id' 
 
 Ab'e-lard 
 
 Ab'er-crom-bie 
 
 Ab'er-neth-y, or 
 
 ^ Ab-er-ne'thy. 
 
 Ab'in-£er 
 
 Ab-ian-c8urt' (-kor') 
 
 A'bu-Be'ker (-ba'-) 
 
 A-bul'fe-da 
 
 Achard (a-shar') 
 
 A-phil'li 
 
 A-dair' [song') 
 
 Ad'an-son (or a-dang- 
 
 Ad'e-lung 
 
 Agassiz (ag'a-se or 
 
 a-giis'siz) 
 Aguesseau (a-ges-so') 
 Ains/worth (-wiirth) 
 Air'y 
 
 Ak'bar, or Ak-baV 
 A'ken-side 
 A'la-va 
 Al-ba'ni 
 
 Al-be-ro'ni (-ba,-) 
 Al'bo-in 
 Al-bu-quer'que (-ka), or 
 
 Al'bu-querque (-kerk) 
 Al-cia'ti C-cha'-) 
 Al'cu-in (or al'kwin) 
 Al-cui'nus (-kwi'-) 
 Al-de-gre'ver (-gra'-) 
 Al-di'ni 
 Al'dricb. 
 Al-dro-van'dus 
 Al'dus Ma-nu'ti-us 
 
 (-she-us) 
 A-le-man' (-la-) 
 Alembert (a-lang-bar') 
 Al-fi-e'ri (-a,'-) 
 Alford (awl'ford) 
 Al-gar'di 
 Al-ga-rot'ti 
 A-li-ghi-e'ri (-ge-a'-) 
 A'li Pa-cha' 
 Al'ieyn (al'lin) 
 Al-lo'ri 
 All'ston 
 Al-me'i-da (-ma/-), or 
 
 Al-mei'da 
 
 636 
 
 Al-va-ra'do (-tfiio) 
 Alvarez (al'va-res) 
 
 (Port.) 
 Alvarez (al'va-rath) 
 
 (Sp.) 
 Am-a-de'us 
 A-mal'a-rie 
 Am'al-ric 
 Am-a-ra.1' 
 A-ma'ri 
 A-ma't5 
 Am'berg-er 
 Amboise (ang-bwaV) 
 Ameilhon (a-mal-yong') 
 Amelot (am-lo') de la 
 
 Hous-saye' 
 Am-e-ri'cus Ves-pu'- 
 
 ci-us 
 Amiot (a-me-o') 
 Am-ma-na'ti 
 A-mon-tons' (-tong') 
 Am'o-ry (or em'o-re) 
 Ampere (ang-per') 
 Amu-rath 
 Amyot (a-me-o') 
 An'cil-lon (or ang-sel- 
 
 yong') 
 Andre (an'dur), or 
 
 An'dre 
 An-dri-eux' (-eh') 
 An-ke'li-co (-ja/-) 
 An-ge-lo'ni 
 An-gui'scio-la (-sho-la) 
 A-ni-el'lo 
 Anquetil (ang-ke-teT) 
 
 du Per-ron' 
 An-tom-mar'^hi 
 An'wa-ri 
 Ap-pen-di'ni 
 Ap-pi-a'ni 
 A'ra-go 
 A'ram 
 
 Araujo (a-rou'zho) 
 Ar-bo'ri-o 
 Ar'buth-not 
 Ar'phen-holz (-holts) 
 Arson' (ar-song') 
 Ar-e-tt'no 
 Ar'ge-lan-der (-ga-) 
 Argens (ar-z'hang') 
 Ar-gen'so-la (ar-hen'- 
 
 so-la) 
 A-ri-os'to 
 
 Ar'nauld (or ar-no') 
 
 Arriaza (ar-re-a'tha) 
 
 Ar'te-veld 
 
 Ar-ti'gas 
 
 Ar'un-del 
 
 As'pham 
 
 Ash'burn-ham 
 
 JLsh'bur-ton 
 
 Ash/mole 
 
 As'kew 
 
 As-sa-rot'ti 
 
 As-se-ma'ni 
 
 At-a-hual'pa 
 
 Ath'el-stan 
 
 At'ter-bu-ry (-ber-e) 
 
 Attiret (iit-te-ra') 
 
 Auber (o-ber') 
 
 Aubigne (o-ben'ya) 
 
 Au'brey 
 
 Aubusson (o-bu-song') 
 
 Auch-mu'ty 
 
 Audebert (od-ber') 
 
 Audouin (o-do-ang') 
 
 Audran (o-drang') 
 
 iLu'du-bon 
 
 Au'er-baph (ouM 
 
 Au'fen-berg_(bu'-) 
 
 Auger (6-zha') 
 
 Augereau (ozh-ro') 
 
 Augusti (ou-gus'te) 
 
 Au-rung-zebe' 
 
 Auzout (0-zo') 
 
 A-ver'ro-es. 
 
 Av-i-cen'n^ 
 
 A'vi-la y_(5) Zuniga 
 
 (thtin-ye'ga) 
 Ay-a'la 
 Ay-e'shah 
 Ayscough (as'kof) 
 Ay'toun (a/tun) 
 Azara'(a-tha'ra) 
 Azuni (at-so'ne) 
 
 B. 
 
 Baa'der 
 Ba-beuf 
 Baccio (bat'cho) del'la 
 
 Por'ta 
 Baph, or Baph 
 Bache 
 
 Baciocchi (ba-cho'ke) 
 
 Bag'|e-sen 
 
 Baglione (bal-yo'na) 
 
 Baglioni (bal-yo'ne) 
 
 Baglivi (bal-ye've) 
 
 Bahr (bar) 
 
 Bail'lie 
 
 Bail'ly (or bal-ye*) 
 
 Baj'a-zet 
 
 Bal'bi 
 
 Bal-bo'a 
 
 Bal'di 
 
 Bal-di'ni 
 
 Bal'dung 
 
 Bale-fhou' 
 
 Ba'len 
 
 Bal-four' 
 
 Bal'guy, or Bal'guy (-i§) 
 
 Ba'li-ol 
 
 Bal-18u' 
 
 Bal'zac 
 
 Ban-del'lo 
 
 Ban-di-nel'li 
 
 Ba-rante' 
 
 Baratier (ba-ra-te-a') 
 
 Bar-ba-ros'sa 
 
 Bar'bauld (o; : bar-bo') 
 
 Bar-be-ri'ni (-ba-) 
 
 Bar-bey-rac' (-ba-) 
 
 Bar-b6u' 
 
 Bar'bour 
 
 Ba-ret'ti 
 
 Bargagli (bar-gal'ye) 
 
 Bar'ham (bar'am) 
 
 Bar'in'g 
 
 Bar'me-clde 
 
 Bar'ne-veldt (bar'ne- 
 
 velt) 
 Baroccio (ba-rot'cho) 
 Ba-ro'ni-us 
 Bar-ras' 
 Bar'ros 
 
 Barrot (bar-ro') 
 Bart (bar) 
 BaVtas, Sieur du 
 Barth (bart) 
 Barthelemy (bar-tale- 
 
 me or bar-tal-me') 
 Barthez, or Barthes 
 
 (bar-tas') 
 Bar-tho-li'ne (bar-to-le'- 
 Bar'to-li [na) 
 
 Bartolozzi (Mr-to-lot'se) 
 
DISTINGUISHED MEN OP MODERN TIMES. 
 
 63^ 
 
 Bartsch (bartsh) Berryer (ber-re-a') 
 
 Ba'sing Berthier (ber-tg-a/) 
 
 Bas'ker-ville 
 
 Basnage (ba-nazh') 
 
 Bas'sin-toun 
 
 Bas-sbm-pi-erre' 
 
 Bathori (ba'to-re) 
 
 Bath'urst 
 
 Ba-to'ni 
 
 Batteux (bat-teh') 
 
 Batthyanyi (bat-te-an'- 
 
 Bau'er (bou'er) 
 
 Bauhin (bo-ang') 
 
 Baume (bo-ma') 
 
 Baum'gar-ten (bbum' 
 
 gar-ten) 
 Baur (bour) 
 Bay'ard 
 Bay-a-zid' 
 Bay'er 
 Bazh-e-nov' 
 Beat' tie (or ba'te) 
 Beauchamp (bo-shang 
 
 (Ft.) 
 Beauchamp (be'cbam) Blanc (blan.tr) 
 
 (Eng.) ' Bleek (blak) 
 
 Beauclerc (bo'klark) Bligh (bll) 
 Beau'fort (bo'-) Bliz'ard 
 
 Beauharnais (bo-haVna Bloch 
 
 or bo-ar-na') B16e'wart (-vart) 
 
 Beaumarchais (bo-mar- Blom'field 
 
 sha/) Blount (bl tint) 
 
 Beau'mont (bo'mont) Blucher (bluk'er) 
 Beauregard (bo-re-gard') Blu'men-baph 
 
 Ber-thbldt' f-tolt') 
 Ber-thol-let' (-tol-la') 
 Ber-vic' 
 Ber-ze'li-us 
 Bes-sa'ri-on 
 Bessieres (bes-se-er') 
 Beth'am 
 [ye) Be-thune' (or ba'ton) 
 ' Bet-ti-nel'li 
 Bew'ick 
 Bezoiit (be-zo') 
 Bi-an-chi'ni 
 Biard (be-ar v ) 
 Bichat (be-sha') 
 Bi-e'la (-a'-) 
 BTl'der-dyk 
 Billaut (bel-yo') 
 Bill'roth (-rot) 
 Biot (be-oO 
 Bi-var' 
 Bizari (bet'sa-re) 
 
 Bos'co-vich 
 
 Bo'§i-o 
 
 Bosquet (bos-ka') 
 
 Bos-su' 
 
 Bossuet (bos-swa') 
 
 Bossut (bos-su'; 
 
 Bbtn'well 
 
 Bot-ta'ri 
 
 Bbttiger (beh'te-ger) 
 
 Bou-char-don' (-dong') 
 
 Boucher (bo-sha') (Fr.) 
 
 Bbu'cher (Eng.) 
 
 Bou'di-not 
 
 Bou-flers' (-fler') 
 
 Bou-gain-ville' 
 
 Bouguer (bo-ga') 
 
 Bou-hours' (-or') 
 
 Boulainvilliers (bo-lang- Burghley (biir'le) 
 
 Boul'ton [vel-ya') Bur-gbyne' 
 
 Bour'bon Burigny (bo-ren-ye') 
 
 Bour'chier Bur-la-ma-qui' (-ke') 
 
 B6ur-da-16ue' Biir'leigh (-le) 
 
 Bour'don Biirnes 
 
 Bu-chan'an 
 
 Biif fon (or boffong) 
 
 Bugeaud (bu-zho') 
 
 Buh'le (-la) 
 
 Bul-ga'rin 
 
 Bullant (bul-lang') 
 
 Bul'ler 
 
 Bulliard (bul-yar') 
 
 Bul'lo-kar 
 
 Billow (b'u'lo) 
 
 Bul'wer 
 
 Bun'sen 
 
 Buo-na-fe'de (-fa/da) 
 
 Burckhardt (biirk'hart 
 
 or bork'kart) 
 Bur-dett' 
 Biir'ger (bur'ger) 
 
 Blain-ville' (blang-vel') Bour-gebis' (or bor'jwa) Bur-nouf 
 
 Boag 
 
 Bob-rov' 
 
 Boccaccio (bok-kat'cho) 
 
 Boc-ca-li'ni 
 
 Boc-ca-ne'ra (-na/-) 
 
 Boc-che-ri'ni (-ka-) 
 
 Bochart (bo-shar / ) 
 
 Bb'de (-da) 
 
 Bo'ece (or biiis) 
 
 Boe'ckh (behk) 
 
 Boer'haave 
 
 Boerne (ber'nii) 
 
 Bog-da-nb'vitch 
 
 Beausobre (bo-so'br) 
 
 Beauvais (bo-va') 
 
 Bec-ca-fu'mi 
 
 Bec-ca-ri'a 
 
 Bech'steln 
 
 Bed'does. 
 
 Bede 
 
 Be-dell' (or be'dl) 
 
 Bed-mar' 
 
 Beethoven (ba'to-vn) 
 
 Beh'am (ba'am) 
 
 Beh'em (ba'em) 
 
 Beh'men (or barn 'en) 
 
 Behn (ben) 
 
 Behnes (banz) 
 
 Behr'ing 
 
 Bel-i-dor' 
 
 Bel'knap (-nap) 
 
 Bel'la-my 
 
 Bel-lar'min 
 
 Bel'len-den 
 
 Bel-li'ni 
 
 Bellot (bel-UV) 
 
 Be-lbn' (be-long') 
 
 Bel' sham 
 
 Bel-zo'ni 
 
 Ben-a-vi'des (-thes) 
 
 Ben'bbw 
 
 Beng'el 
 
 Ben'ger (beng'gur) 
 
 Benserade (baug-sa-rad 
 
 Ben'tham [yo) Bonet (bo-na'J 
 
 Bentivoglio (ben-te-vol'- Bon-fa'di-o 
 
 Bour-going' (-gwang') 
 Bourignon (bu-ren- 
 
 yong') 
 Bourmont_ (bor-mong') 
 Bourne (born) 
 B6ur-ri-enne' 
 B6u'ter-wek (-vek) 
 Bou'vier 
 Bbw'ditch 
 Bow'doin (bo'dn) 
 Bbiw'er-bank 
 Bowles 
 Bbw'ring 
 Bow'yer 
 Bby'de'll 
 Bozzaris (bot'sa-ris or 
 
 bo-zar'is) 
 Braccio da Mon-to'ne 
 
 (brat'cbo-da-inon-to'- 
 ' na) 
 
 Brad'war-dine 
 Bra'he (or bra), Ty'cho 
 
 Brahe (bra), B. 31. 
 
 Biisching (bii'sbing) 
 Bussy d'Amboise (biis- 
 
 se'da'ng-bwaz') 
 Biitt'mann (or Jbut'man) 
 Bux'tbr'f (or buk'stbrf ) 
 Bynk'er-shoek 
 By'ron 
 
 c. 
 
 Bbhm (beam), or Bohme Bra'mah 
 
 (beh'ma) Bra-man'te (-ta) 
 
 Bbi'el-dieu Brantome (brang-tom') 
 
 Boileau (bbi'lo) Breis-lak' 
 
 Boisrobert (bwa-ro-ber') Bre'mer 
 
 Boisseree (bwas-ra') Bret'schnei-der 
 
 Bois-so-nade' (bwas-) Breu'ghel (-gel) 
 
 Boissy d'Anglas (bwas- Bris-son' (bivs-song') 
 
 se'dang-glas') Brissot (bres'so) 
 
 Bbiste (or bwast) Brizio (bret'se-o) 
 
 Bojardo (bo-e-ar'do) Broc'phi 
 
 Boleyn (bul'en) Brod'e-rip 
 
 Bolingbroke (bul'ing- Bro'dje 
 
 Bol' 
 
 brfik) 
 Bo-li'var, o; 
 Bol-lan'dus 
 Bb'na-parte (/< 
 
 bo-na-par'ta) 
 
 nnerhj 
 
 Ben-yb'&s'ky 
 Beranger (ba-rang'zh 
 
 or ba-riing-zha') 
 Be'rph'told 
 Bgr'en-ger 
 Ber'es-ford 
 Berg'haus (-bous) 
 Berke'ley (formerly 
 
 bark'le) 
 Berk'en-hbut 
 Ber'lich-ing-en 
 Berlioz (ber-le-o') 
 Ber-na-dotte' 
 Bernier (ber-ne-a.') 
 Ber-ni'ni 
 Bernoulli (ber-no-ye') 
 
 Bonheur (bo-niir') 
 Bonnet (bon-u.V) 
 Bon-ni-vard' (-var') 
 Bp-no'mi 
 Bb-non-ci'ni (-che'-) 
 
 Broglie (brol-ye') 
 Brom'ley 
 
 Brbng-ni-art' (-ar') 
 Brbnsted (brehn'sted) 
 Bronte (bron'ta) 
 Brotier (bro-te-a') 
 Brougham (brO'am or 
 
 brum) 
 Broussais (brus-sa') 
 Brbuw'er 
 Bruck'er 
 Bru'ge§ 
 
 Ca-bal-le'ro (-la'-) 
 Ca-ba-nis' 
 Cabet (ka-ba') 
 Ca-boghe' 
 Ca-bre'ra (-bra'-) 
 Ca-dou-dal' 
 Casdmon (sed'mon or 
 
 kad'nion) 
 Cagliari (kfil'ya-re) 
 Cagliostro (kal-yos'tro) 
 Cagnola (kan-yola) 
 Cagnoli (kan-yo'le) 
 Caillet (ka-ya') 
 Cailliaud (ka-yo 7 ) 
 Cai'us (or kcz) 
 Cal'a-my 
 
 Cal-de-rbn' de la Bar'ca 
 Cal' der- wood (-wild) 
 Cal-e-pi'no 
 Cal-houn' (or ka-bon') 
 Ca-li-da'sa 
 Cal-k6en' van Beek 
 
 '(-bak) 
 Call'cott 
 Callet'(kal-la') 
 Callot (kal-lo') 
 Cal'met 
 Ca-lo-gi-e'ra 
 Ca-lo-mar'de 
 Cam-bi-a'so 
 Cam'e-ron 
 Cam'o-ens 
 
 -da) 
 
 Bonp'land (boug-plang') Brulliot (bru-yo') 
 'stet-ten Bru-mby' (or bru-i 
 
 Bon 
 
 Bbr-do'ne (-na) 
 Bbr-ghe'se (-ga'za) 
 Bbr'gia (bor'ja) 
 Borgognone (bor-gon 
 
 yo'na) 
 Bbr'lase 
 
 Bor-ro-me'o (-ma'-) 
 Bor-ro-mi'ni 
 Bcs-caw'en 
 
 Brun (brung) 
 
 Brunck 
 
 Bru-nel' 
 
 Bru-nel-les'chi 
 
 Brunei; (bru-na') 
 
 Bruy^re (bro-yeV) 
 
 Bruyn (broin) 
 
 Buph 
 
 Biich'an 
 
 54 
 
 Cam-pan' (ka'ng-pa'ng') 
 Campbell (kam'el or 
 
 kam'bel) 
 Ca.m-p9-ma'nes [ne) 
 
 Camuccini (ka-mu-che'- 
 mwa') Camus (ka-mu') 
 
 Cancellieri (kan-cbel-e- 
 
 a're) 
 Can-dolle' 
 Ca-no'va 
 
 Canrobert (kang-ro-ber') 
 Can-ta-ri'ni 
 Can'te-mir 
 Can-to'ni 
 Can-tu' 
 
638 
 
 PKONUNCIATION OF THE NAMES OF 
 
 Ca-nute', or Can'ute 
 
 Cape-figue' 
 
 Cap'ell 
 
 Ca'pet, or Cap'et 
 
 Caracci (ka-rat'che) 
 
 Caraglio (ka-ral'yo) 
 
 Caravaggio (kar-a-vad'- 
 
 jo) 
 Car'dan 
 
 Carduccio (ka'r-dut'cho) 
 Ca-rew', or Ca'rew (-ru) 
 Carlen (kar-lan') 
 Car-lisle' (-111') 
 Car'lo-man 
 Car-lyle' [yo'-) 
 
 Car-magn-o'la (-nian- 
 Car'mi-ehael _ 
 Carnot (kar-no') 
 Carpaccio (kar-pat'cko) 
 Car-pi'ni 
 Car-rel' 
 Car'ter-et 
 Ca'sas 
 Ca-sau'bon (or ka-so- 
 
 bong') 
 Cases (kaz) 
 Cas'i-mir 
 Cas-si'ni» 
 
 Castagno (kas-tan'yo) 
 Castaiios (kas-tan'yos)_ 
 Castiglione (kiis-tel-yo'- 
 
 na) 
 Castilho (kas-tel'yo) 
 Cas-tle-reagh' (kas-sl- 
 
 ra') 
 Castren (kas-tran') 
 Castruccio_(kas-titit'cho) 
 Cauchy (ko-she')_ 
 Caulaincourt (ko-lang- 
 
 kOr') 
 Cavaignac (kav-en-yak') 
 Ca-val-i-e'ri (-a'-) 
 Ca-val-ii'ni 
 Cav'en-dish (or kan'- 
 
 disii) 
 Cay-lus' 
 Cean-Bermudez (tha- 
 
 an'ber-mu'tfieth) 
 Cec'il ' 
 
 Cellini (chel-le'ne) 
 Cel'si-us (sel'she-iis) 
 Cent-liv're (sent-lrv'ver) 
 Cer-van'tes-Sa-a-ve'dra 
 
 '(-va'-) 
 Cesari (cha'za-re) 
 Cesarotti (cha-za-rSt'te) 
 Cespedes (thes'pa-tfias) 
 Chal'mers (or cha'nierz) 
 Chal'o-ner 
 Cham-bray' 
 pha-mis'so 
 Cham-pol'li-on 
 Changarnier (shang-gar- 
 
 iie-a') 
 Chan' trey 
 Cha-pSne' 
 Chappe 
 ghap-tal' 
 
 Char'din (or shar-dang') 
 Charlemagne (shar'le- 
 
 man) 
 Charlevoix (shar'le-voi 
 
 or sharl-vwa') 
 Charteris (char'terz) 
 Chasles (shal) 
 Chasse (shas-sa') 
 Chastelet (sha-te-la/) 
 Chateaubriand (sha-to- 
 
 bre-ang') 
 Chat'ham 
 Chaudet (sho-da') 
 Chauveau-Lagarde (sho- 
 
 vo'la-gard') 
 
 phem'nitz 
 
 Chenier (sha-ne-a') 
 
 phe-ru-bi'ni (ka-) 
 
 Ches'el-den 
 
 £hev'e-riis 
 
 £he-vreul' 
 
 Cheyne (cban) 
 
 Chil'de-bert 
 
 Chil'per-ic 
 
 Chisholm (chizm) 
 
 phodz'ko 
 
 Choiseul (shwa-zul') 
 
 Cholmondeley (chum'le) 
 
 J3hris-tl'na, or 
 
 £hris-ti'na 
 Chur-ru'ca, y (e) E-lor'- 
 
 za. (a-lor'tha) 
 Cignani (chen-ya'ne)_ 
 Cignaroli (chen-ya-ro'le) 
 Ci'go-li (che'-) 
 Ci-ma-bu'e (che-ma- 
 
 bo'a) 
 Ci-ma-ro'sa (che-) 
 Ci-pri-a'ni (che-) 
 Clairaut (kla-ro') 
 Clai-ron' 
 Claude (or klod) 
 Claude Lor-raine' 
 Clausel (klo-zel') 
 Clavigero (kla-ve'Ha-ro) 
 Cla-vi'jo (-ho) y (e) Fa- 
 
 jar'do (fa-Haf'do) 
 Clemencin (kla-men- 
 
 then') 
 Clootz (klots) 
 Clo-tilde' 
 Clo'vis 
 Clowes 
 
 Cochin (ko-shSng') 
 Coch'rane 
 Cockburn (ko'byrn) 
 Co-el'lo (ko-el'yo) 
 Cceiir de Li'on 
 Coke (or kiik) 
 Colbert (kGl-ber') 
 Cole'ridge 
 
 Colign'y (ko-len'ye or ko- 
 len'ye') 
 Col'in 
 
 Col'ie (kol'lfi) 
 Collot-d'Herbois (kol- 
 
 lo'der-bwa') 
 Col'man 
 
 Colquhoun (ko-hon') 
 Combe (kom) 
 Comines (ko-men') 
 Comte (kongt) 
 Conde (kon'da) 
 Condillac (kong-del- 
 
 yak') 
 Condorcet (kong-dbr-sa/) 
 Con'greve (kOng'-) 
 Con'rad-in 
 Constant (kong-staing') 
 
 de Re-becque' 
 Con-ta-ri'ni 
 Con'y-beare 
 Co-per'ni-cus 
 Coque-rel' 
 
 Cor'day, or Cor-day' 
 Co-reTli 
 
 Co-ren'zi-o (-tse-) 
 Co-ri-o-la/no 
 Corme'nin (kbrm-nang') 
 Cor-na'ro 
 Corneille (kor-naT) 
 Cb'rn-wal'lis (-wol'-) 
 Correggio (kor-red'jo) 
 Cortes (kor-tes'), or 
 
 CSr'tez 
 Cor-to'na 
 Cottin (kot-tang') 
 Coulomb (kO-long') 
 
 C6u'ri-er (or ko-re-a') 
 Cousin '(ko-zaug') 
 Cous-tou' 
 Cov'er-dale 
 Cbw'per (or ko'per) 
 Cby'pel (or kwa-pel') 
 Coysevox (kwaz-vo') 
 Cra'naph 
 
 Crash' aw, or Cra'shaVw 
 Crayer (kra-ya') 
 Crebillon (kra-bel-yong') 
 Cre'di (kra'de) 
 Creuzer (krbit'ser) 
 Crevier (kra-ve-a/) 
 Criph'ton (or kri'ton) 
 Cro'ker 
 
 Crom'well (or krurn'wel) 
 Cru'§i-i5s (-zhe-) 
 Cso-ko-nai' (oho-) 
 Cu-ja'ci-us (-she-tis) 
 Cu-ne'go (-nil'-) 
 Cuvier (kii-ve-a/) 
 Cuyp (or kolp) 
 Czacki (zak'e or chats'ke) 
 Czar-to-rys'ki (zar-) 
 Czuczor (zuk-zbV or 
 tsut-sbr') 
 
 D. 
 
 Dacier (da-se-a') 
 
 Dag'o-bert 
 
 Da-giierre' (da-ger') 
 
 Dahl (dal) 
 
 Daille (dal-ya/) 
 
 Dal-gar'no 
 
 Dal-hou'sie [pi) 
 
 Dal'rym-ple (or druin'- 
 
 Dal'ton 
 
 Dal-z'ell' (or de-el') 
 
 Da'mi-ens (or da-me- 
 an g') 
 
 Dam'pier 
 
 Dancourt (diing-kor') 
 
 Lan'do-lo 
 
 Dan-tan' (dang-tang') 
 
 Dan'te 
 
 Dan'ton (or diing-toug') 
 
 D'Ar-blay' 
 
 Da'rem-berg 
 
 Dash'kov 
 
 Daub (dbup) [tong') 
 
 Daubenton (do-bang- 
 
 Dau'be-ny 
 
 D'Aubigne (do-ben'ya) 
 
 Daudet (do-da') 
 
 Daudin (do-dang') 
 
 Daun (dbun) 
 
 Dav'e-nant 
 
 Da-vid' 
 
 Da'vi-la. 
 
 Davoust (da-vo') 
 
 Davout (da-vo') 
 
 De Can-dolle' 
 
 De-ca'tur 
 
 Dechales (de-shal') 
 
 Deffand (def-fang') 
 
 De la, Beche (-bash) 
 
 Delacroix (de-la-krwa') 
 
 Delambre (de-la'm'br) 
 
 De-la-ro^he' 
 
 Delavigne (del-a-veiV) 
 
 Del'fi-co 
 
 De-liile' 
 
 Delisle (de-lel') 
 
 De-lolme' 
 
 De-lbrme' 
 
 Dem-i-dov' 
 
 Demoivre (de-mwii'vr) 
 
 Demoustier (de-mos- 
 te-a') 
 
 De-ni'na (da-) 
 Denon (da-nong') 
 Deparcieux (da-par-se- 
 
 eh') 
 Der'ham (der'am) 
 Der-zha'vin 
 Desaguliers (da-za-gu- 
 
 le-a') 
 Desaix de Voygoux (de- 
 
 za'de-vwa-gcV) 
 Descartes (da-kavt') 
 Deshoulieres (da-zo- 
 
 le-er') [lang') 
 
 Desmoulins (da-mo- 
 Desnoyers (da-nwa'-ya') 
 Des-sa-lines' (-len') 
 Destouches (da-tosh') 
 Dev'e-reux (-ro) 
 D'Ewes (duz) 
 De Wette (da-vet'ta) 
 Diderot (ded-vo') 
 Didot (de-do') 
 Di-dron' (-drong') 
 Die'bits^h 
 Die'fen-baph 
 Die'triph 
 Diez (dets) 
 Di-o-da'ti 
 
 Dis-ra-e'li (or diz-ra'le) 
 Do-brbw'sky 
 Dbderlein (deh'der-lin) 
 Dolci (dol'chg) 
 Do-lo-mi-eii' 
 Domat (do-ma') 
 Do-men-i-chi'no 
 Dop'pel-may-er 
 Do'ri-a 
 
 Dorigny (do-ren'ye) 
 Dbring (deh'ring) J 
 Douce 
 Doiig'las 
 Doumat (do-ma,'). 
 Douw (dbu) 
 Drevet (dre-va/) 
 Drouetd'Erlon (dro-a'- 
 
 der-long') 
 Drouyn de Lhuys (dro- 
 
 ang'de-lwes') 
 Dubois (du-bwa') 
 Dubos (du-bo') 
 Du Cange (-kiinzh) 
 Duccio di Buoninsegna 
 
 (dut'cho-de-bwo-uin- 
 
 san'ya) 
 Du Chttel (-sha-tel') 
 Duchesne (du-shan') 
 Du-cis' 
 
 Duclos (du-klo') 
 Dudevant (dud-vang') 
 Dufaure (du-for') 
 Dufresnoy (du-fra'nwa) 
 Du Guesclin (-ga-klang') 
 Du Halde (-aid') 
 Du Ha-mel' (-a-mel') 
 Dumas (du-ma') 
 Dumont (du-mong') 
 Du-mou'ri-ez (-a) 
 Dun'gli-son (dung'-) 
 Duperre (du-per-ra') 
 Duperrey (du-per-ra/) 
 Dupin (du-pang') 
 Dupleix (du-pla') 
 Du-pon'ceau (-so) 
 Dupont (du-pong') 
 Dupuis (du-pwe') 
 Dupuytren (du-pwe- 
 
 trang') 
 Du-ran' 
 Du-rand' 
 DUrer (du'rer) 
 Du-Som-me-rard' (-rar') 
 Dus-sek' (or do-she k') 
 Dutens (du-tang') 
 
DISTINGUISHED MEN OF MODERN TIMES. 
 
 639 
 
 Dutrochet (du-tro-sha') 
 Duvernoy (du-ver-nwa') 
 Dyche (or chchj 
 
 E. 
 
 E'bel (a/-) 
 
 E'bel-ing (a'-) 
 
 Ec'cles (ek'klz) 
 
 Ech'ard 
 
 Ed'el-inck 
 
 Ed-ri'si 
 
 Eeck'hbut (ak'-) 
 
 Eg'e-de 
 
 Eg'er-ton 
 
 E'gi'n-hardt (a'gin-hart) 
 
 Eh'ren-berg (a'-) 
 
 Eieh'hbrn 
 
 Elie de Beaumont (a-le- 
 
 de-bo-moug') 
 Elles'mere 
 Elmes 
 Els'hel-mer 
 El'ze-vir 
 Enck'e'(-a) 
 Eng'el 
 
 Enghien (ang-ge-iing') 
 Eon de Beaumont 
 
 (a-ong'de-uG-mong') 
 E-ras'mus 
 
 Ercilla (er-thel'ya) y (e) 
 ^ Zufiig-a (tliun-ye'ga) 
 Er'ics-son 
 Ers'ch (ersh) 
 Ers'kine 
 Esch'en-berg 
 Esch'en-may-er 
 Es-par-te'ro (-ta'-) 
 Es-pron-ce'da (-tha'tfta) 
 Es-taing' 
 Es'te 
 
 Eth'el-bald 
 Eth'el-bert 
 Eth'el-red 
 Eth'el-wulf 
 Eu'ler 
 
 Ev'er-ding-en 
 Ewald (a'valt) 
 Ew'art 
 Eyck 
 
 Fab-bro'ni 
 
 Fa'bre (-br) d'Eg-lan- 
 
 tine' 
 Fa-bret'ti 
 Fab-ri-a'no 
 Fa-briz'i-b (-bivts'-) 
 Fabrot (fa-bro'j 
 Fa'by-an 
 
 Facciol'ati (fat-cho-la'tej 
 Fahr'en-heit (t'ar'ou-hit; 
 Fair' bairn 
 Falconer (faw'kn-er) 
 Falconet (fal-ko-na') 
 Fal-i-e'ri (-a'-) 
 Fan'eu-il (or fun'il) 
 Far'a-day 
 Far'ey 
 
 Fa-ri'a e (a) SSu'sa 
 Fa-ri-na'ti 
 
 Far-nese' (or far-na'za) 
 Far'quhar (-kwav) 
 Fat'i-ma 
 Faucher (fo-sha/) 
 Faust (or fo ust) 
 Fed-e-ri'ci (-a-re'che) 
 Feith (fit)' 
 
 Fejer (fa-yer') 
 Fe-li-bi-en' (-ang') 
 Fenelon (fen'e-lon) 
 Fer-du'si 
 Fermat (fir-ma') 
 Fer-ra'ri 
 Fer-re'i-ra (-ra'-) 
 Fer-re'ras (-ra'-) 
 Fesch (fash) 
 Fe'ti (fa'te) 
 Fetis (fa'tes) 
 Feuerbach (foi'er-bak) 
 Fich'te_(-ta) _ 
 Fi-ci'no (-die'-) 
 Fi-e'so-le (fg-a'zo-la) 
 Fi-lan-gi-e'ri (-a'-) 
 Fil-i-pe'pi (-pa'-) 
 Fin-gal' (or f ing'gal) 
 Fi-o-ril'lo 
 Fir-doiv'si 
 Fi-ren-zu-o'la (-tsu-) 
 Fisch'er 
 
 Fitz John (flts-jfm' ; vul- 
 garly flj'iii) 
 Flechier (fla-she-a/) 
 Fleu'ry 
 
 Florez (flo'reth) 
 Flo-ri-an' (-ang') 
 Flo'tow 
 Fliigel (flu'gel) 
 Foix (foi or fwS) 
 Folard (fo-lar') 
 Fo'ley 
 
 Folk'es (fuks) 
 Fon-blanque' (-blank') 
 Fon-taine' 
 Fon-ta'na 
 
 Fontanes (fong-tan') 
 Fon-te-nelle' 
 Fbr'bes (Scot.) 
 Fbrbe's (Eng.) 
 Forbin (tor-Liang') 
 Fbr-cel-li'ni (-chel-) > 
 For-syth' 
 Fbr'tes-cue 
 Fbr-ti-guer'ra 
 For-toul' 
 Fos'broke (-bruk) 
 Fos'ca-ri 
 Fos-ca-ri'ni 
 Fos-phi'ni 
 Fos'co-lo 
 Fos-sa'ti 
 Fos-som-bro'ni 
 Fouch'e (fo-sha/) 
 Fbu'lis (or fb\vlz) 
 Fouquier-Tinville (fo- 
 
 ke-a'taug-vel') 
 Fourcroy (for-krwa/) 
 F6u'ri-er 
 
 Fourmont (for-mong') 
 Fra-cas-to'ro 
 Fran'ci-a (or fran'tbe-ii) 
 Franzen (fian-zan') 
 Fraun'ho-fer (friiun'-) 
 Frei'li-grath (-gr&t) 
 Freins'heim 
 Fre-mont' 
 Frgret (fra-ra') 
 Freron (fra-rong') 
 Fresnel (fra-nel') 
 Frey 
 Fries 
 
 Frisch'lin (frish'lin) 
 Fri'si 
 
 Fritz' sehe (frits'sha) 
 Fro'bish-er 
 Fro'i-la 
 Frbis'sart 
 Frbude {or frod) 
 Fiiger (fu'ger) 
 Ful'ton 
 Fu'se-li 
 
 G. 
 
 Girardin (zhe-rar-dang') 
 Girardon (zbe-ra.r-dung') 
 Giraud (zhe-ro') 
 Gaert'ner Girodet-Trioson (zhe-ro- 
 
 Ga'gern da'tre-o-zong') 
 
 Gaillard (ga-yar') ^iu'li-o ko-ma'no 
 
 Gains'bor-9ugh (-bur-ro) Glau'ber (or gluu'uer) 
 Gal-a-ni'no Gleig 
 
 Gal-i-a'ni Gleim 
 
 Galignani (gal-en-ya'ne ; Glen'do-wr-er 
 Gal-i-le'6 Glov'er 
 
 Gall 
 
 Gal-lau-det' 
 
 Gait 
 
 Gal-va'ni 
 
 Ga'ma 
 
 Gargao (gar-softng') 
 
 Gar-_ci-las'so (-the-) de 
 
 (da) la Ve'ga (va'-) 
 Gar-i-bal'di 
 Gamier (gar-ne-ii') 
 Ga-ro'fa-lo 
 Gas'coigne (-kbln) 
 Gas'se (-sa) 
 Gas-sen'di 
 Gat'a-ker 
 Gat'te-rer 
 Gaubil (go-bel') 
 Gauss (giiGs) 
 Ga-var-nl' 
 Gavazzi (ga-vat'se) 
 Gav'es-ton (or gas'ton) 
 Gay-an-gos' 
 Gay-Lus-sac' 
 ped'des 
 
 gteddes (jedz), El. 
 Ge-di'ke (ga-de'ka) 
 (See 
 
 Geefs (gafs) 
 Gei'jer (or yi'yer) 
 gell 
 JSel'lert 
 ^em-i-ni-a'ni 
 9e-net' (or zlie-n r i') 
 
 Gluck 
 
 Gmelin (gma'lin) 
 
 Gnei'sen-au (gnl'zen-ou) 
 
 Go-dol'phin 
 
 Go-du-nov' 
 
 G6e§ (or hos) 
 
 Goethe (geh'ta) 
 
 Go'gol 
 
 Goguet (go-ga') 
 
 Gol-do'ni 
 
 Golt'zi-us (-se-) [-til) 
 
 Gon'go-ra. y (e) Ar-go'te 
 
 Gon-za'ga 
 
 Gon-za'16 de (da) Cbr'- 
 
 do-va 
 Gbrgei (giir'ga-e) 
 Gbr'ges 
 
 Gbrres (giir'res) 
 Gort-scha-koff' 
 Gosselin (gos-laug') 
 Gough (gof) 
 Goujon (g6-zhong0 
 Gour-gaud' (-go'J 
 Gow'er, or Gb^'er 
 Goyen (go'in) 
 Gozzi (gi t'se) 
 Gozzoli (got'so-le) 
 Gra'be (-ba) 
 Graeme (gram) 
 Grae'vi-iis 
 Grain'ger 
 
 Grammont (gram-mong') 
 Grander 
 
 gten'|is Khan (jeiig'gis- Graun - 
 kan') Gravelot (grav-lo') 
 
 Genlis (zbang'le or Gra-vi'na 
 
 zh.ing-le') Gr§aves 
 
 Qe-no-ve'si (ja-no-va'ze) Green'ough (gren'o) 
 
 
 Gensonne (zhiiiu 
 
 na') 
 
 Gerando (j?-ran'do) 
 Gerard (zha-rllr / ) 
 Gerbert (zher-ber') 
 Gerbier (zher-be-a') 
 
 d'Ouvilly (dO-vCl-ye') 
 Per'ry 
 
 (Ser'son (or zher-song') 
 pe-se'ni-us 
 JSes'ner 
 Ghi-beVti (ge-) 
 Ghir-lan-da'i-o 
 g-ian-no'ne (-na) 
 £riar-di'ni 
 flie'se-ler (-za-) 
 pif'ford, or £if ford 
 pil'das 
 jail-fil'lan 
 pill, or ^ill 
 pil'lies 
 pill'ray 
 pil'pin 
 
 Gre-go ri-o 
 
 Grlsh'am 
 
 Gresset (gres-sa') 
 
 Gretry (gra-tre') 
 
 Gretsch 
 
 Grev'ille 
 
 Gri-bo-ye'dov (-ya'-) 
 
 Gries'bach 
 
 Gri-mal'di 
 
 Gri'si 
 
 Gro'cyn 
 
 Gro-no'vi-us 
 
 Grosvenor (grciv'nor) 
 
 Gro'ti-iis (-she-) 
 
 Grouchy (gru-she') 
 
 Gru'ter 
 
 Gua-ri'ni 
 
 Gua-ti-mb'zin 
 
 Gub'bi-o 
 
 Gudin (go-dang') 
 
 Guelph (gwelf I 
 
 Guercino (gwer-che'no) 
 
 Guericke (ga're-ka) 
 
 Gil (zhel) Vi-cen'te (-ta) Guerin (ga-rang') 
 Ginguene (zliang-ge-na') Guicciardini (gwit-char- 
 Qio-ber'ti de'ne) 
 
 g-io-con'do Gui'db Re'ni (ra'-) 
 
 eiof-fre'do (-fra'-) Guignes (geh) 
 
 Gioja ( jo'e-a) Guis'card (or ges-ka'r') 
 
 5rior-da'no Guizot (gwe'zo or §e'zo) 
 
 5rior-|-io'ne (-na) di Cas- Gul-dl'nus 
 
 tel-fran'co Gunst 
 
 Giot'tb Giinther (gun'ter) 
 
 ^io'^'-o Gu'ten-berg 
 
640 
 
 PEONUNCIATKXN" OF THE NAMES OF 
 
 Guth'rie 
 
 Guy'on (orgwe-yong') 
 Guyot (ge-6') 
 Guyton (gwe-tong') de 
 Mor-veau' (-vu') 
 
 H. 
 
 Hachette (a-shef) 
 
 Ha'fiz, or Ha/fjz 
 
 Ha'ge-dbrn (-ga-) 
 
 Ha'|en-bach 
 
 Haghe (hag) 
 
 Hahn'e-mann 
 
 Hak'luyt 
 
 Hal'i-biir-ton 
 
 Halket (hak'et) 
 
 Han'del 
 
 Har-di-ca-nute' 
 
 Har'dinge (-ding) 
 
 Hardouin (ar-db-ang') 
 
 Ha-roun' a.1 Rasch'id 
 
 Hart'soe-ker 
 
 Ha'se (-za)" 
 
 Has'se (-sa) 
 
 Haupt (houpt) 
 
 Hau'ser (kbii'zer) 
 
 Hautefeuille (hbt'f ul) 
 
 Haiiy (ii-we') 
 
 Have'lock 
 
 Hay'dn 
 
 Hay'nau (-nou) 
 
 Hearne 
 
 Heb'er-den 
 
 Heeni (or ham) 
 
 Heems'kerk 
 
 Hee'ren (ha'ren) 
 
 He'gel (ha'gel) 
 
 Hei'berg 
 
 Hei'ne (-na) 
 
 Hei'neck-en 
 
 Hein'rich 
 
 Heln'se (-sa) 
 
 Hein'si-us (-she-) 
 
 Hel-ve'ti-us (-she-) 
 
 Hem'ans 
 
 Hem'ster-huys (or 
 
 -hois')" 
 Henault (a-no') 
 Hen'gist (heng'-) 
 Herbelot (er-blb') 
 Her'der (or her'der) 
 Herrera (er-ra/ra) 
 Her'schel 
 Herzog (her'tsog) 
 Heu'mann (hoi'-j 
 Heu'sing-er (hoi'-) 
 He-ve'li-us 
 Hey'lin(ha'-) 
 Hey'ne (-na) 
 Hoche (osh) 
 Hod'y 
 Hoe'ven 
 Ho'fer 
 Ho' garth 
 H5h'en-loh-e (-a.) 
 Hoh'en-stauf-en 
 
 (-stouf-) 
 Hojeda (o-Ha'tna) 
 Hoi' bach 
 Hol'bein 
 Hol'berg 
 Hol'brook (-bruk) 
 Hoi' croft 
 Hol'ins-hed 
 Holmes (homz) 
 Hblty (hehl'te) 
 Hooft (or hoft) 
 H66g'e-veen 
 Hook'er (huk'-> 
 Horry (br-re') 
 
 Hot'ting-er 
 Hbu'bra-ken 
 Hou'don (or ho-dong') 
 Hous'ton (or hus'ton) 
 Hbve'den 
 HSw'ard 
 
 How'ard, Sm. 
 How'ell, or How'ell 
 Hbw'itt 
 Hu-er'ta_(u-) 
 Huet (u-a') 
 Hu'fe-land (-f a-lant) 
 Hu'go 
 
 Hulme (horn) 
 Humbert (hum'bert or 
 
 tmg-ber') 
 Hum'boldt (hum'bolt or 
 
 btmi'bolt) 
 Hum'mel 
 HGs'kis-son 
 Huss 
 Hut' ten 
 Huy'fhens 
 Huy'sum 
 Hy'der A'li, or 
 
 Hy'der Al'i 
 
 ib'ra-him Pa-cha' 
 
 2'de-ler 
 
 ih're (e'ra) 
 
 Inch' bald 
 
 In'te-low 
 
 in'f e-mann (-ga-) 
 
 ing'en-hbusz (-hotis) 
 
 2n-ghi-ra'mi 
 
 In'glis (ing'glis) 
 
 Ingres (ang'gr) 
 
 In-giil'phus 
 
 Ire'ton 
 
 2-sa-bey' (-baO 
 
 ?-tur'bi-de (-tha) 
 
 Ja-co'bi (ya-), P. 
 Jacquard ( j ak-kard' or 
 
 zhak-kar') 
 Jahn (yan) 
 Ja'mie-son 
 Janin'(zha-nang') 
 Jasmin (zhas-mang') 
 Ja-ya-de'va 
 Jean Paul (or zhang- 
 
 pbul') 
 Jellachich (yel'la-kik) 
 Joanes (Ho-a'nes) 
 Johannot (zho-a-no') 
 
 (Fr.) 
 Jo-mel'li (yo-) 
 J5-mi-ni' (zho-) 
 Jordaens (ybr / dans) 
 Josika (yo 
 Jos'quin ( 
 Joubert (z 
 Jouffroy (z 
 
 zho-frwa 
 Jourdan (z 
 Jouvency ( 
 Jouvenet (: 
 Jouy (zho-< 
 Jovellanos 
 
 nos) 
 Jow'ett 
 Jungmann 
 Junot (zhfi- 
 Ju-ri-eu' (z 
 Jus-si-eu' (: 
 
 K. 
 
 Kampfer (kemp'fer) 
 Kant, or Kant 
 Kan'te-mir 
 Ka-ram'sin 
 
 Ka- ram -sin', M. 
 Ka-to-na' 
 
 Kaufimann (kbuf'man) 
 Kaul'bach (kbfil'-) 
 Kaunitz (kou'nits) 
 Ka-zinc'zy (or ka-zint- 
 
 se') 
 Keble (ke'bl or keb'bl) 
 Keightley (kit'le) 
 
 Keightley (ket'le), El. 
 
 M. 
 Ki-en' Lung' 
 Kir'cher, or Kir'cher 
 Kis-fa-'lu'dy 
 Klap'roth (-rot) 
 Kleber (kla-ber') 
 Klen'ze (,-tsa) 
 Knel'ler (nel'ler) 
 Knol'ler (or nol'ler) 
 Knollys (nol'lis or nolz) 
 Knowle§ (nolz) 
 Koph 
 
 Kohl'rausgh (-rbfish) 
 Kblliker (kehl'lik-er) 
 Ko-ra-y' (-e') 
 Kbrner (kiir'ner) 
 Kos-ci-us'ko 
 Kossuth _(kos-shot') 
 Kot'ze-bue (-se-) 
 K6u-tou'soff 
 Kra'nach ' [ke) 
 
 Kra-sick'i (or kra-slts'- 
 Krause (krbu'za)" 
 Kreutser (kroit'ser) 
 Kriidener (kru'de-ner) 
 Kriiger (kru'ger) 
 Kru-i-lov' 
 Krum'mach-§r 
 Kiigelgen (ke'gel-gen) 
 Kug'ler 
 
 Kiihnol (ke-nehl') 
 Kus'ter 
 Kuyp (or koip) 
 
 L. 
 
 Labbe 
 
 La-borde' 
 
 Lab-ou-fhere' 
 
 La Bruylre (-bro-yer') 
 
 La Caille 
 
 Lacepgde (la-sa-ped') 
 
 Lach'mann 
 
 La Con-da-mine' 
 
 (kong-) 
 Lad'is-las, or 
 
 Lad-is-la'us 
 T aen-nec' 
 i-fay-ette' 
 i-fitte' 
 .'. Fon-taine' 
 .gn'y (lan-yeO 
 -granfe' 
 Harpe' (-ai-r/) 
 -hire' (-er') 
 ing (lang) 
 i-resse' 
 Keux 
 -lande' 
 
 [ly (lalle) Tol-len- 
 al' (-lang-) 
 marck' 
 mar-tine' 
 men-nais' (-na') 
 
 La'mi 
 
 Lamoriciere (la-mo-re- 
 
 se-er'j '[ka') 
 
 La Motte'-Fouque (-fo- 
 La-mou-roux' (-ro') 
 Lang'e (-a) 
 Lannes (or la'n) 
 Lantier (lang-te-a') 
 Lan'zi (-tse) 
 La Perouse (-pa-roz') 
 La-place' 
 Larcher (lar-sha') 
 Larrey (lar-ra 7 ) 
 Las'ca-ris 
 Las Ca'sas 
 Las Cases (-kaz) 
 La'tham 
 
 Latrei'lle (la-tral') 
 Lau'don (lbu'-) 
 La-va'ter 
 
 Lavoisier (lii-vwa-ze-a') 
 Lay'ard 
 
 Le-briin' (-brung') 
 Le Clerc (le-kler) 
 Le'dru Kol'lin (or la- 
 
 dru'rol-lang') 
 Lefebvre (le-fev'vr) 
 Lefort (le-fbr') 
 Legare (le-gre') 
 Le-gen'dre (le-jen'dur 
 
 or le-zhan'dr) 
 Legrand (le-grang') 
 Leib'nitz 
 Leigh'ton (la'-) 
 Lelewel (la-la'vel) 
 Le-mbine' (or le-nrwan') 
 Lem-priere' (or lem-pre- 
 
 er') 
 L'Enclos (liing-klb') 
 L'Enfant (lang-fang') 
 Lep'si-us 
 Le-rbi' {or le-rwa') 
 Leroux (le-r'o') 
 Le^Sage (-sazli) 
 L'Es-pi-nasse' 
 L'Es-trangre' 
 Le Sueur (-swiir) 
 Leu'wen-h6ek 
 Le'ver [ r ?-^«0 
 
 Le-ver'ri-er (or le-vei- 
 Lgvizac (la-ve-zak') 
 Lew'es 
 
 L'Hopital (lo-pe-tal') 
 Li'be-ri (-ba-) 
 Lifeh'ten-berg 
 Liph'ten-stein 
 Lipht'wer (-ver) 
 Lid'dell 
 Lie'big 
 Lim'bbrch 
 Lin' a- ere (-kur) 
 Lin'gard (ling'-) 
 Lin-nse'us 
 Lin-nell' 
 Liszt (list) 
 Llorente (lj'o-ren'ta) 
 Loir (lwar) 
 Lok'man 
 Lom-o-no'sov 
 Lon'ghi (-ge) 
 Lon-go-mon-ta'nus 
 Lo'pe (-pa) de (da) Ve'ga 
 
 (va'-) 
 Lbu'don 
 Lough (luf) 
 LSu'is Phil'ippe (or 10- 
 
 e'fe-lep') 
 Loutherbourg (16-ter- 
 
 bor') 
 Louvois (10-vwa') 1 
 Lowe (or \ti\t) 
 Low'ell 
 Low'er 
 
DISTINGUISHED MEX OF MODERN TIMES. 
 
 641 
 
 lowth 
 
 Lo-yo'la 
 
 Lu-bien-iet'ski (-yet'-) 
 
 Liicke (le'ka) 
 
 Iu-1'ni 
 
 liitzow (lit' so) 
 
 lyjell 
 
 Ly'sons 
 
 Marat (ma'ra or ma-ra') Metz (mas) (Fr.) 
 Ma-rat'ti [lf>) Metz (mets) (Uer.) 
 
 Mar-cel'io (or mar-chel'- Met'zu (-su) 
 Mar-ga-ri-to'ne (-pa) Meu'len (moi'-) 
 Mar-hei'ne-ke (-na-ka) 
 Ma-ri-a'na 
 
 M. 
 
 Maas, or Maes 
 
 Mabillon (ma-bel-yong') 
 
 Mably (nia-ble') 
 
 Ma-buse' 
 
 Ma-cart'ney 
 
 Ma-cau'lay 
 
 Mac-beth' 
 
 Mac-clure' 
 
 Mac-cul'loph (-kul'lo) 
 
 Mac-diar'mid 
 
 Mac Don'ough (-dou'o) 
 
 Ma-ce'do {-sa'-) 
 
 Mac-gll'liv-ray 
 
 Maph'i-a-vel, or 
 
 Mach-i-a-vel'li 
 Mac il-vaine' 
 Mac-kay', or Mac-kay' 
 Mac-ken'zie 
 Mack'in-tosh 
 Mack'iin 
 
 Mac-knight' (mak-nlt') 
 Mac-lau'rin 
 Macleod (mak-lburi') 
 Mac-lin' 
 Mac-lise' 
 Mac-nab' 
 Mac-neill' 
 Ma-comb' (-kom' or 
 
 -kum') 
 Mac-pher'son 
 Mac-rea'dy 
 Mad'ox 
 
 Madoz (ma-thoth') 
 Maf-fe'i (-fa'-) 
 Mi-gel'lan [de') 
 
 Magendie (ina-zhang- 
 Mah'mud 
 Ma'hom-et 
 Ma-hon', or Ma-h8n' 
 Ma'i 
 
 Ma-i-a'no 
 Mai'kov 
 Mailath (mi-laf) 
 Mal-mon'i-des 
 Main'te-non (-nong) 
 Mainwaring (man'iier- 
 
 I»g) 
 Mais'tre (mas'tr) 
 Majoribanks (ma'jor- 
 
 bangks or march'- 
 
 bangks) 
 MaTcolm (-kom) 
 Malc-zew'ski 
 MaTe-branche 
 Malesherbps (mal-zerb') 
 Malherbe (mal-eW) 
 Mal'i-bran 
 Ma-lone' 
 Mal-pi'ghi (-g» 
 Mal'te (-ta) Brian 
 Mal'thus 
 Ma'mun 
 
 Man-fre'di (-fra'-) 
 Mantegna (man-ta.n'ya) 
 Man'tell 
 Man-tu-a'no 
 Ma'nu-el 
 
 Ma-nu'ti-us (-she-) 
 Manuzio (ma-nCt'se-o) 
 Man-zo'ni 
 
 Ma-ri-otte' 
 Marivaux (ma-re-vo') 
 Mar' 15 we 
 
 Marmont (mar-mong'^ 
 Mar-mon-tel' 
 Ma-ro-ghet'ti 
 Marot (ma-ro v ) 
 Marrast (ma-ra') 
 Mar'ry-at 
 
 Marsigli" (inar-seTye) 
 Mar-tel' 
 Mar'ti-neau (-no) 
 
 Metir si-us (-she.-) 
 
 Mey'er 
 
 Meyerbeer (mi'er-bar) 
 
 Mey'rick 
 
 Mezerai (maz-ra') 
 
 Mez-zo-fan'ti (or met-so- 
 
 fan'te) 
 Mi-all'' 
 
 Mi-az'zi (or me-at'se) 
 Mi-pha-e'lis (-a'-) 
 Mi-phai'lo-witz 
 Michaud (me-slio r ) 
 Michaux (me-sho^) 
 Michelet (mesh-la') 
 
 Mar-ti'nez (-neth) de la Mt-phel-oz'zi (or me-kel 
 
 Ro'sa _" ot'se) 
 
 Masaccio (ma-sat'cho) Mic-kie'wics (or mjtsk- 
 Ma-sa-ni-el'lo ya'vitsh) 
 
 Mascagni (mas-kan'ye) Mi-el' 
 
 Mas-che-ro'ni (-ka-J 
 Masclef (mas-kla') 
 Maseres (ma-zeV) 
 Mas'ham 
 Mas'ke-lyne 
 Mas-sa-soit', or 
 Mas-sas'so-it 
 Mas-se'na (-sa' 
 
 Migliara (mel-ya'ra) 
 Mignard (men-yar') 
 Mignet (men-ya') 
 Mi-li'zi-a (-tse-) 
 Millin (mil-laug') 
 MiTlin-gen 
 Milnes (milz) 
 Mil'o-rad'o-witz 
 
 Mas'sil-lon (or mas-sel- Minie (miu-e-a') 
 
 yong') 
 Mas'sin-£-er 
 Mas-son' ('-song') 
 Mas'son (Eng.) 
 Matfi'er, or Math'er 
 Mat'sys, or Mat'sys 
 Mat'this-son (-te-) 
 Mat'u-rin 
 Ma'ty 
 Maun'der 
 Maupertuis (mo-per- 
 
 twe'j 
 Maurepas (uior-p;i') 
 Mau-ro'li-co (mini-) 
 Maury (mo-re') (Fr.) 
 Mau'ry (Fug.) 
 May'er 
 Maz'a-rln 
 Ma-zep'pa 
 
 Min-z5'ni (-tso' 
 Mirabaud (me-ra-bo') 
 Mirabeau (me-ra-bo') 
 Mi-ran'do-la 
 Mir-bel' ' 
 Mit's^her-liph 
 Mit'ter-may-er 
 Moch-nac'ki (or m9k- 
 
 n.its'ke) 
 Mo-ham'med 
 Mbhler (meh'ler) 
 Moir 
 
 Moitte (mwat) 
 Mol'beph 
 Mole (nio-la') 
 Mo'le-sphott (-skot) 
 Moliere (mo-le-er) 
 Mo-li'na 
 Mol'y-neux (or mol'e-no) 
 
 Maz-zi'ni (or mat-se'ne) Mon-bod'do 
 Maz-zo-li'ni (or miit-so- Mongault (mong-go') 
 
 le'ne) Monge (moii/li | 
 
 Maz-zu-o'li (or mat-su- Monnoyer (mo-nwa-ya') 
 
 o'le)' Mon-roe' [la') 
 
 Meagher (mii'her, ma'- Monstrelet (mongs-tre- 
 
 Mon ta-giie 
 Montaigne (m5n-tan / ) 
 Montalembert (mong- 
 
 tal-am-ber') 
 Mpnt-'calm' (-kiim') 
 
 her, or mair) 
 Mechain (ma-shang') 
 Meck'en-en 
 Med'i-ci (or med'e-che) 
 Me'he-met (ma'-)'A'li', < 
 
 Me'he-met (ma'-) JLl'i Mont-ea'gle 
 Mei'bom Mon-te-cu'cu-li (-ta.-) 
 
 Meiss'ner Mon'tes-pan 
 
 Meissonier (ma-so-ne-a') Mon'tes-quieu (-ku or 
 Me-lanc'thon, or mong-tes-ke-eh') 
 
 Me-laneh 7 thon Montfaucon (mong-fo- 
 
 Melendez (ma-len'deth) kong') 
 
 Val-des' Mont-gol'fl-er (or mong- 
 
 Me'li (mi'-) 
 
 Me'na' (ma'-) 
 
 Menage (ma-nazb/) 
 
 Men'dels-sohn 
 
 Men-do'za 
 
 Men'schi-koff 
 
 Menzies imlng'iz) 
 
 Mercier (mer-se-a') 
 
 Mer'i-an 
 
 Mer'i-vale 
 
 Me§'mer 
 
 Met-as-ta'si-o 
 
 Met'ter-niph 
 
 gol-fe-a') 
 Mont-gom'er-y 
 Montholon '(mong-to- 
 
 long') 
 Mont-mo-ren'cy 
 Mon-tb'r'so-li 
 Montpensier (mong- 
 
 pang-se-a') 
 Mon-trose' 
 Mon-tu'cla 
 
 Moore (mor), or Moore 
 Mo-ra'les 
 Mo-ra-tin' 
 
 54* 
 
 Mor-cel'li (or mor- 
 
 cbel'le)" 
 Mbr'daunt 
 Mo-reau' (-ro') 
 Mc-rell' 
 Mo-rel'li 
 Mo-re'ri (-ra'-) 
 Mo'ri-es 
 
 Morin (mo-rang') 
 Mo-ro'ni 
 M6-ro-si'ni 
 Mbr'ton (nibr'tn) 
 Mor-veau' (-vo') 
 Mo'sghe-les (-sha-) 
 Mo'sghe-ros^h (-sha-) 
 Mo'ser 
 Mos'heim 
 Mothe-le-Vayer (mot'- 
 
 le-va-ya') 
 Motteux (mot-tu') 
 Moul'trie (or mf.'tre) 
 Mounier (mo-ne-a')" 
 Mozart, or Mo-zart 7 
 Mu'die 
 Mvil-cas'ter 
 Mul'der 
 Mu-li-na'ri 
 Miiller (miller) 
 Mul-rea'dy 
 Mun-chau'sen 
 Munchhausen (minch'- 
 
 bou-zen) 
 Miinscher (min'sher) 
 Miinster (miu'stei) 
 Mii-rad' 
 
 Mu-rat' (<>r nin-ra') 
 Mu-ra-to'ri 
 Mu-ra-vi-ev' 
 Miir'phi-son 
 Muret imu-ra') 
 Mu-ril'lo (or mti-reryo) 
 Musschenbroek (mus'- 
 
 ruk) 
 Mus'ta-pha 
 Mu-su'rus 
 Muziano (mut-se-a'no) 
 
 Na'dir Shah 
 Nan-teuil' 
 
 Na'pi-er 
 Naruszewicz ina-ru- 
 
 Bha'vich) 
 Narvaez inar-ya'eth) 
 Na'sir Ed-din' 
 Na'smyth 
 Naude (no-da') 
 Naun'ton 
 
 Na-var-re'te (-ra'ta.) 
 Ne-an'der 
 Neck'er (or na-ker') 
 Neer, w-Neer 
 Ne'ri (na're) 
 Nes'sel-rode, or 
 
 Nes'-sel-ro'de (-da) 
 Netsgh'er (netsh'-) 
 Neu'beck (or iiiii'bek) 
 Neu'hoff (or noi'hof) 
 Neii'kirch (or nbi'kerk) 
 Neu'komm (or noi'kom) 
 Ney (na) 
 Ni-can'der 
 Nic-co'la 
 
 Niceron (ne-sa-rong') 
 Ni-co-la'i 
 Ni'co-lay 
 Ni-cole' 
 Nie'buhr 
 Niemcewicz (ne-em-tsa'- 
 
 vich) 
 
642 
 
 PRONUNCIATION OF THE NAMES OF 
 
 Nie'mey-er Pa-du-a-ni'na 
 
 Niepce (ne-eps') Pa'eth (-eth) 
 
 Nieu'wen-tyt (or ne'- Pagan (pa-gang 7 ) 
 
 ven-tlt) Pa-ga'ni 
 
 Nieiiw'land (or nev'lant) Pag-a-ni'ni 
 
 Nithard (ne-tar) 
 Noailles (no-al') 
 Nodier (no-de-a') 
 Noehden (neu'den) 
 Nol'le-kens 
 Nollet (nol-la') _ 
 Noodt (not or not) 
 Nos-tra-da'mus 
 N6ur-ed-din' 
 No-va'lis 
 Nov-i-kov' 
 Nunez (nun'yeth) 
 
 0. 
 
 6'ber-Kn 
 
 CEc-o-lam-pa'di-us 
 Oehlenschlager (eh-len' 
 
 shla'ger) 
 Oersted '(ur'sted) 
 Oet'ting-er (eht'-) 
 Oggione (od-jo'na) 
 6'gle-thbrpe (-gl-) 
 
 Pa£'et 
 
 pag'gi 
 
 Pii-i-si-el'lo 
 
 Paix'hans 
 
 Pajou (pa-zlio') 
 
 Pa-lack' y. (or pa-lats'ke) 
 
 PaTa-fox 
 
 Pa-len'ci-a (pa-len'she-a. 
 
 or pa-l4n'the-a) 
 Pal-es-tri'na 
 Pal-la'di-o 
 Pal-la-vi-ci'no (or -che'- 
 
 no)* 
 Pal-ma-ro'li 
 Palm'blad 
 Palmer (pa'mer) 
 Palmerston (pam'er- 
 
 ston) 
 Pa-lo-mi'no y (e) Ve- 
 
 las'co 
 Pals' grave 
 
 Pa-ni'ni, or Pan-ni'ni 
 Pan-mure' 
 Pan-vi'ni-o 
 Pa'o-li 
 
 Ohlmuller (ehl'mul-ler) Pa-pi-neau' (-no') 
 
 Ojeda (o-Ha'tha) 
 
 O-la'us 
 
 Ol'bers 
 
 Old'cas-tle (-kas-sl) 
 
 61d-mix'on 
 
 51'dys (or oldz) 
 
 6-le-a'ri-us 
 
 6-li-va'rez (or o-le-va' 
 
 reth) 
 5l'i-vet (or 6-le-va,') 
 Olivier (o-le-ve-a') 
 O'Mea'ra 
 Snk'e-los 
 5ns'low 
 68rt (or ort) 
 6'pie 
 
 6'pitz (-pits) 
 Orcagna (or-kan'ya) 
 Orellana (o-rel-ya'na) 
 Or-fi'la 
 br-lay' 
 
 Or-lov', or 6r-lofF 
 Or-say' 
 Or-si'ni 
 Or-te'li-us 
 Ossian (osh'an) 
 Os'so-li 
 
 Ossuna (os-sun'ya) 
 o-sta'de (-da) 
 6'ster-vald 
 5th' man 
 
 Oudinot (o-de-no') 
 Ought' red (out'-) 
 6use'ley 
 6'ver-weg 
 
 Par-a-cel'sus 
 
 Par-a-di'gi 
 
 Par'doe 
 
 Pare (pa-ra') 
 
 Pa-re'des (-ra'thes) 
 
 Pareja (pa-ra'Ha) 
 
 Parent-Duchatelet (pa- 
 
 rang'dti-shat-la') 
 Pa-ri'ni 
 
 Par-mi-gia'no (-ja'-) 
 Par'nell 
 Parny (par-n5') 
 Pa-ru'ta 
 
 Pas-ke'vich (-ka'-) 
 Pasquier (pas-ke-a') 
 Pas'se-ri (-sa-) 
 Pas-se-ro'ni (-sa-) 
 Passignano (pas-sen- 
 
 ya'no) 
 Piis-si-o-ne'i (-na'-) 
 Pas'sow 
 Pa-tel' 
 
 Paton (pa-tong / ) 
 Pa' ton, or 
 
 Pat'on (Eng.) 
 Pau'lus (or pofi'lus) 
 Pauw (pouv) 
 Pearce, or Pearce 
 Pear'son, or Pear'son 
 Pecquet (pek-ka') 
 Peirce, or Peirce 
 Pei-resc' (pa-) 
 Pelissier (pa-lis-se-a') 
 Pellerin (pel-rang') 
 Pel'li-co 
 
 6-vi-e'do (-a'tho) y (e) Pel-lis-son' (-song')- 
 _ Val-des' Fontanier (fong-ta- 
 
 Ow'en ne-a.') 
 
 8x'en-stiern Pep'in (or pip'jn) 
 
 5x'en-stier'na (or -sheV- Pe'pusch (pa'push) 
 
 na) 
 6-za-nam' (or -nang') 
 
 Pep'ys (or peps)_ 
 Percier (per-se-a') 
 Pereira (pe-ra'ra) 
 Perez (pa'reth) 
 
 PPer-go-le'si (-la'-) 
 • Per-i-zo'ni-us 
 
 Pero'n (pa-rong') 
 Pac-ehi-a-rot'to Perouse (pa-roz') 
 
 Pa-che'co (or pa-cka'ko) Perrault (per-rO') 
 Pacio (pa'cho) Perrot (per-ro') 
 
 Pacioli (pa-cho'le) Per'thes (-tes) 
 
 Pa-dil'la (or pa-thel'ya) Per-u-gi'no 
 
 Peruzzi (pa-rut'se) 
 
 Pesce (pa/sha) 
 
 Pesne (pan) 
 
 Pestalozzi (pes-ta-lot'se) 
 
 Petau (pen-to') 
 
 Petit (pte) 
 
 Petitot (pte-to') 
 
 Pe-trov' 
 
 Pet'ti-grew (-gria) 
 
 Pey'er 
 
 Pey'ton (pa'tn) 
 
 Pfef fel (or fef fel) 
 
 Pfeif fer (or fi'fer) 
 
 Phaer 
 
 Phar'a-mond 
 
 Phav-o-ri'nus 
 
 Phil'i-'dor 
 
 Pi-az-zet'ta 
 
 Piazzi (pe-at'se) 
 
 Picard (pe-kar') 
 
 Picart (pe-kar 7 ) 
 
 Piccini (pet-che'ne) 
 
 Pic-co-lom'i-nt 
 
 Piche-gru' 
 
 Pich'ler 
 
 Pi'c5 " 
 
 Pierce, or Pierce 
 
 Pi-er-ma-ri'ni 
 
 Pi-ga-fet'ta 
 
 Pi-galle' 
 
 PIgh'i-us (pig'-) 
 
 Pignotti (pen-yot'te) 
 
 Piles (or pel) 
 
 Pilon (pe-long') 
 
 Pil'pay 
 
 Pinciano (pen-the-a'no) 
 
 (Sp.) 
 Pln-de-mon'te (pen-da- 
 
 mon'ta) 
 Pi-ne'da (-na'tha) 
 Pi-nel'li 
 
 Pingre (pang-gra') 
 Pin-tel'li 
 Pin-tu-ric'chi-o 
 Pi-om'bo 
 
 Pi-oz'zi (or pe-ot'se) 
 Pi-ra-ne^§i (-na'-) 
 Piron (pe-rong') 
 Pi-sa'no 
 Pit/cairne 
 Pi-tis'cus 
 Pi-za.r'r5 
 
 Planche (plan-sha') 
 Plan-tag'e-net 
 Plan' tin ('or pliing-tang') 
 Pla'ti-na 
 Plat'8ff 
 Pla-ton' 
 Pley'el 
 P166s'(or plos) 
 Plb-^'den 
 Po-ca-hon'tas 
 Po-cocke' 
 Poilly (pwal-ye') 
 Poisson (pwas-songO 
 Po-le-vby' 
 Po'li' 
 
 Polignac (po-len-yak') 
 Po-H-ti-a'nus (-she-a'- 
 
 nus) 
 Pblitz (peh'Hts) 
 Poliziano (po-lits-e-a'no) 
 Polk (or pok) 
 Pollajuolo (pol-la-yu-o'- 
 
 16) 
 Po'15 
 Pom-bal' 
 Pom'pa-dour 
 Pom-pe'i (-pa'-) 
 Ponce de Leon (pon'tha- 
 
 da-la-on') 
 Po-ni-a-tb^'ski 
 Pon'son-by 
 
 Pon-top'pi-dan 
 Pon-tbr'mb 
 Ponz (pontb) 
 Pbr-de-no'ne (pbr-da- 
 
 no'na) 
 Por'te-us 
 
 Pos'tle-thwayt (pos'el-) 
 Po-tem'kin 
 
 Po-tem-kin', P. Cyc. 
 Pothieir (po-te-a,') 
 Pot'tin-ger 
 Poussin (pus-sang') 
 Pb<v'ell, or Pbw ell 
 Pbw-hat-tan' 
 Pb^'nill 
 
 Pozzo (pot'86) dt Bbr'go 
 Pradier (pra-de-a') 
 Pradt (prat) 
 
 Pradt (pra), P. 
 Praed 
 
 Prideaux (prid'o) 
 Priess'nitz 
 Primaticcio (pre-ma-tef- 
 
 cho) [ne) 
 
 Procaccini (pro-kat-che"'- 
 Prony (pro-rie') 
 Psal-ma-na'zar (sal-) 
 PQffen-dbrf 
 Puget (pu-zhaO 
 Pughe (pu) 
 Pu'gin 
 
 Pulci (pul'che) 
 Pul-gar' 
 Pfil'Ieyn 
 Pul'szki (-ske) 
 Pulte'ney 
 Pur'bap-h 
 PQ'§ey 
 Push'kin 
 
 Q. 
 
 Qua'dri-o 
 Quaglio (kwal'yo) 
 Q,ual'ni (kwi'ne) 
 Qua-ren'ghi (-ge) 
 Quarles (kwarlz) 
 Quatrefages (ka-tr-fazhO 
 QuatremSre (ka-tr-mer'> 
 Q,ue-ri'ni (kwa-) 
 Quevedo (ka-va'tho) y 
 
 (e) Villegas (vel-ya'- 
 
 gas) 
 Quinault (ke-no') 
 Q,uin-ta'na (ken-) 
 
 R 
 
 Rabelais (rab'la) 
 
 Ra'ben-er 
 
 Ra-cine' [ske) 
 
 Rac-zyn'ski (or ra-chen'- 
 
 Ra'dem-ack-er 
 
 Ra-dgtz'ky (deta'-) 
 
 Rae (ra) 
 
 Rae'burn 
 
 Raf-fa'-el'le (-la) 
 
 Raffle§ (raf flz) 
 
 Ra-i-mon'di 
 
 Rale, or Rasle (ral) 
 
 Ra'leigh (-le) 
 
 Ram-az-zi'ni (or ra-mat- 
 
 se'ne) 
 Rameau (ra-mo') 
 Ra-men'ghi (-le) 
 Ra-mi'ro 
 
 Rim-mo-hfin' B,'6f 
 Ra.m'§ay 
 Ra-mu'§i-o 
 
DISTINGUISHED MEN OF MODERN TIMES. 
 
 643 
 
 Ran'go-ne (-na) 
 
 Ran'ke (-ka) 
 
 Ran-za'ni (orran-tsii'ne) 
 
 Ra.-6ul'-Ro-chette' 
 
 Raph'a-gl ' 
 
 Rap'in (or ra-pang') 
 
 Rasle, or Rasles (ral) 
 
 Ras-pail' 
 
 Ras'tall 
 
 Ras'tell 
 
 Raucti (rbfik) 
 
 Rau'mer (rbii'-) 
 
 Rau'pach (rod'-) 
 
 Ravaillac (ra-val-yak') 
 
 Ray-nal' 
 
 Razzi (rat'se) 
 
 Rea (ra) 
 
 Reaumur (ra-o-mur / or 
 
 ro'mur) 
 Rebolledo (ra-bol-ya'tho) 
 Re-cbrde' 
 Redes'dale 
 Re'di (ra'de) 
 Re-f-i-6-mon-ta'nus 
 Regnard (ran-yar') 
 Regnault (ra-no') 
 Relph'a 
 
 Relch'hardt (-hart) 
 Rei-ma'rus 
 Rei-ne'§i-us (-zhe-us) 
 Rein'hol'd (-bolt) 
 Reis'ke (-ka) 
 Re'land (or ra'lant) 
 Rem'brandt (-'.'rant) 
 Remusat (ra-mu-za') 
 Renaudot (re-no-dc/) 
 Rene (ra-na') 
 Ren'nell 
 
 Renouard (ra-no-ar') 
 Re-schid' Pa-sha' 
 Retz(rats or'ras) 
 Retzsch (retsh) 
 Reuchlin (rolk'lin) 
 Rey (ra) 
 Reyn'olds 
 Rha'zej (ra/zez) 
 Rhe-na'nus (re-) 
 Rhet'i-cfis (ret'-) 
 Rhod-o-man'nus (rod-) 
 Ri-ba^ta ' 
 Ribault (re-bo 7 ) 
 Ri-bei'r5 (-ba'-) 
 Ri-be'ra (-ba'-) 
 Ri-car'do 
 
 Ricci (ret'che) [le) 
 
 Ricciarelli (.ret-cha-reT- 
 Riccio (ret'cho) 
 Riccioli (ret-cho'le) 
 Righe'lieu (or resh'e-lu) 
 Rich'ter 
 Ri-dol'fi 
 Rie'ding-er 
 Rie'mer 
 Ries 
 
 Rigaud (re-go') 
 Ri-ghi'ni (-ge'-) 
 Rin-c5n' 
 Rip-per'da 
 Rives 
 
 Rizi (re'the) 
 Rizzio (ret'se-6) 
 Ro-ber-val' 
 Ro-bes-pi-erre' 
 R6-bor-tel'lo 
 R6-cham-beau' (-boO 
 Roghe 
 Rochefoucauld (rosh-fo- 
 
 ko') 
 Roghe-Jacquelin (-zhak- 
 
 lang') 
 Ro-e'las (-a'-) 
 Ro'get (or ro'zhet) 
 Rohan (ro-ang') 
 
 Rohault (ro-o') 
 
 Rbhr (rer) 
 
 Ro'land (or ro-lang') 
 
 Rolle 
 
 Rol'lin (or rol-lang') 
 
 Romagnosi (ro-man-yo'- 
 
 se) 
 Ro-maine' 
 Ro-ma-nel'li 
 Ro-man-zov' 
 Rom'bbuts 
 Rbmer (reh'mer) 
 Rom'il-ly 
 
 Rondelet (rongd-la') 
 Rong'e (-a) 
 Ronsard (rong-sar') 
 Roos, or Roos 
 Ro'sa 
 Rb'sas 
 
 Ros-com'mon 
 Ro'se (-za) ' 
 Ro-seTli 
 Ro-sel-li'ni 
 Ro'sen 
 Rosehmiiller (ro-zen- 
 
 mil'ler) 
 Ros-mi'ni 
 Rosny (ro-ne') 
 Ros'si 
 Ros-si'ni 
 Ros-top-schin' 
 Rothe (role) 
 Roths'child (or ros'chlld) 
 Rotrou (ro-tro') 
 Rot'ten-ha'mer 
 R6u-bil-iac' ('-yak') 
 Roucher (ro-sha') 
 Rouget (ro-zha') 
 Rous-seau' (-so') 
 Rout'ledge 
 Row'an 
 Rowe' 
 Rowland (ro'land or 
 
 row 'laud) 
 Rbw'ley, or Row'ley 
 Rox'biirgh (roks'bur-ro) 
 Royer-Collard (rwa-ya'- 
 
 kol-lar') 
 Ru-al'dus 
 Ruault (ru-o') 
 Ru'bens 
 Ru-bi'ni 
 Riickert (rlk'ert) 
 Rud'di-man 
 Ru'ding 
 
 Ru'ggn-das (-Hen-) 
 Ruhn'ken 
 Rulsch (or rolsk) 
 Ru'mohr 
 Run'ci-man 
 Ru'ne-berg 
 Rvtn'jeet Singh (-sing) 
 Rutebceuf (ret-brf) 
 Rfitft'er-ford 
 Ruth'er-forth 
 Ruys'broek (rciis'-) 
 Ruysch (or rolsk) 
 Ruys'dael (or rbis'dal) 
 Ruy'ter (or rbi'ter) 
 Rzewiiski (zka-vus'ke) 
 
 s. 
 
 Saad-ed-deen' 
 
 Saa'di 
 
 Saadia (sa-ad'j-a) 
 
 Sa-a-ve'dra (-va'-) 
 
 Sabatier (sa-ba-te-a') 
 
 Sa-ba-ti'ni 
 
 Sa'bine 
 
 Sac-ehet'tj 
 
 Sac'phi 
 
 Sac-chi'ni 
 
 Sa-chev'er-ell 
 
 Sachs 
 
 Sacht'la-ven (-la.-) 
 
 Sacy (sa-se') 
 
 Sad'leir 
 
 Sa-do-le'to (-la'-) 
 
 Saint-Arnaud (sang-tar- 
 
 no') 
 Saint-Cyr (sang-ser') 
 Sainte-Beuve (sangt- 
 
 buv') 
 Saiiit-Evremond (sang- 
 
 tav-vr-mong') 
 Saint-Hilaire (sang-te- 
 
 lar') 
 Saintine (sang-ten') 
 St. John (sant-jon'; in 
 
 Eng. sen'jon or sin'jon) 
 Saint-Just (sang-zhusf) 
 St. Le|-'er (or sil'lin-jer) 
 Saint-Mar§ (or sang- 
 
 mars') 
 Saint-Pierre (sang-pe- 
 
 er') 
 Saint-Si'mon (or sang- 
 
 se-mong'/ 
 Sal'a-din 
 Sa'lah-ed-deen' 
 Sa-ler-ni-ta'na 
 Sales (or sal) 
 Sa-li-e'ri (-a'-) 
 Sa-lih'-ben-Bah'leh 
 Sa-li'nas 
 
 Salisbury (solz'ber-e) 
 Sal-ma'si-Qs (-zhe-us) 
 Salmon (sa'mou) 
 Sal-van-dy' (-de') 
 Sal-va'tor Ro'§a 
 Sal-verte' 
 Sal-vi-a'ni 
 Sal-vi-a'ti 
 Sam'o-set 
 Sa-na-don' (-dong 7 ) 
 San'chez (-cheth) 
 Sanc-to'ri-us 
 Sind (or sang) 
 San'de-man 
 San-do-val' 
 San'drart 
 San'dys (or sandz) 
 San-gal'15 
 San-mi-che'li (-ka'-) 
 Sannazaro (sau-nad- 
 
 za'ro) 
 Sanson (sang-song 7 ) 
 San-so-vi'no 
 Sanz (santh) 
 Sartiges (siir-tezh') 
 Saumaise (so-maz') 
 Sau'ma-rez, or 
 
 Saus'ma-rez 
 Sau'rin (or so-rang') 
 Saussure (sos-sui- 7 ) 
 Sauvages (so-vazh') 
 Sauveur (so-vvr') 
 Sa-va-ry' (-re') 
 Savigny (sa-ven'ye) 
 Sav'ile 
 
 Sa-vo-na-ro'la 
 Scal'i-f-er 
 
 Scamozzi (ska-mot'se) 
 Scan'der-beg 
 Scar-lat'ti 
 Scarron (skar-rong/) 
 Schiiaf 
 
 Scha'dow (sha'do) 
 Sgha'fa-rik 
 Schalck'en 
 Scha'myl 
 Scharn'horst 
 Sghatz (shats) 
 
 Sgheele (or sha'la) 
 
 Sghee'ma-kers (ska'-) 
 
 Sgheffer 
 
 Scheld 
 
 Sphei'di-us 
 
 Sfhei'ner 
 
 S 5 hel'le'r 
 
 Sghel'ling flin) 
 
 Scheuffe-lin (sholffa- 
 
 Scheutz (shbiti) 
 
 Sphi-a-vo'ne (-na) 
 
 Schi-a-vo-net'ti 
 
 Schi-do'ni 
 
 Schill 
 
 Schil'ler 
 
 Schim'mel-pen-ninck 
 
 Sghin'kel" 
 
 Sghle'ge'l (sbla'-) 
 
 Schlei'den 
 
 Sfhlei'er-ma-cher 
 
 Sfhleus'ner (shlois'-) 
 
 Sfhlos'ser 
 
 Sghlbzer' (shle'ht'ser) 
 
 Sghmidt (shmit) 
 
 Sghnei'der 
 
 Schnbrr 
 
 Schoell (shel) 
 
 Schoettgen (sheht'gen) 
 
 Schole'field (or sko'feld) 
 
 Scholz (sholts) 
 
 Schbmann (sheh'man) 
 
 Sghom'berg 
 
 Schom'burgk 
 
 Schbn (shehn) 
 
 S?hbnbein (shehnTjin) 
 
 Sghon'gau-er (shon'- 
 
 gbii-er) 
 Schbnlein (shehn'lin) 
 Sehoo'ten 
 
 Sgho'pen-hau-er (-hod-) 
 Scho'rel 
 Schott'(sliot) 
 Schouw (akow) 
 Schre-ve'li-us 
 Sghu'bert 
 Sghul'tens 
 Sphul'ting 
 Sfhulz (sliults) 
 Sfhul'ze (shul'tsa) 
 Sghu'ma-cher 
 Schu'mann 
 Schuy'ler 
 Sghwab (or shva'p) 
 Sghwan'tha-ler (-ta-) 
 Sghwarz (shwarts or 
 
 shvarts) 
 Schwarz'en-berg 
 
 (shwarts'- or sbvartSv'-) 
 Schwerin_(sbva'rin) 
 Scina (she-na') 
 SgT-op'pi-us 
 Sco'pp-li 
 Scoreg'by 
 Scribe 
 
 Scud'a-more 
 Scuderi (sku-da-re') 
 Se'ba (sa'-) 
 Se-bas-ti-a'ni (sa-) 
 Seck'en-dbrf 
 Sedaine (sa-danO 
 Seetzen (sat'sen) 
 Segneri (san'ya-re) 
 Segni (san'ye) 
 Seguier (sa-ge-a,') 
 Segur (sa-gur') 
 Sel'jiik 
 
 Senac (sa-nak') 
 Se-nan' 
 Senancour (sa-nang- 
 
 kor') 
 Se'ne-fel-der (za'na-) 
 Se-pul've-da (sa-pul'va- 
 
 tha) 
 
644 
 
 PEON UNCI ATION OF THE NAMES OF 
 
 Ser'li-o 
 
 Ser-ve'tug 
 
 Ses-ti'ni 
 
 Sevigne (sa-ven'ya) 
 
 Sew'ard 
 
 Seyffarth (slf'fart) 
 
 Sey'mour 
 
 Sf br'za (-tsa) 
 
 'Sgravesande (sgra-va- 
 
 ziin'da) 
 Shaftes'bu-ry. 
 Shah-A'lim 
 Shah-je'han 
 Shah-ze'maum 
 Sha-moul' 
 Sher'ard 
 Sher'i-dan 
 
 She-rif -ed-deen' (sha-) 
 Shish-kov' 
 Sicard (se-kar') 
 Sick'ing-en 
 Sid'mouth 
 Sie'bold 
 Sie'^en 
 Sieyg's (se-es') 
 Sig'is-mund 
 Sign'orelli (sen-yo-rel'le) 
 Sig'our-ney 
 Sil-ves'tre (-tr) 
 Sin'di-a 
 
 Sin'gle-ton (sing'gl-ton) 
 Si'ri 
 
 Sirmond (ser-mong') 
 Sis-mon'di 
 Sjogren (sheh'gren) 
 Skrzynecki (skshe-nets'- 
 Sleijdan [ke) 
 
 Smyth, or Smyth 
 Sni-a-deck'i (or sne-a- 
 
 det's'ke) 
 Snor'ri Stur'lu-son 
 Snor'ro Stur'le-son 
 Soane 
 So-bi-es'ki 
 So-ci'nus 
 So-lan'der 
 So-la'ri-o 
 Sol'i-man 
 So-li-me'na (-ma'-) 
 So-lis' 
 Som'ers 
 Som'ner 
 Son-ni'ni 
 
 S6th'e-by (suth'e-be) 
 S6u-bi§e' 
 Soufflot (suf-flo') 
 Soule (Eng.) 
 Soule (so-la') (Fr.) 
 Soulie (so-le-a') 
 S6u-16uque' (-16k') 
 S6ult (suit) 
 South'cott 
 Sofitft'ern 
 
 South' ey, or South'ey 
 S6u-vestre' (so-ves'tr) 
 Sou'za. 
 Sbw'er-bjr 
 So-yu'ti 
 Spa'da 
 Spagnoletti (span-yo- 
 
 let'te) 
 Spal'ding 
 Spal-lan-za'ni (or spal- 
 
 lan-tsa'ne) 
 Span'helm 
 Spe-rans'ki 
 Spie'gel 
 Spi-ge li-fis 
 Spmd'ler 
 Spi-neT'li 
 Spi'no-la 
 Spj-no'za 
 Spohr 
 
 Spon-ti'ni 
 
 Sprang'er 
 
 Spreng'el 
 
 Spru'ner 
 
 Spurzh'eim (spurts'him 
 
 or spiirz'im) 
 Squarcione (skwar-cho'- 
 Stael (stal) [na) 
 
 Stag-ne'li-Qs 
 Stahl (stal) 
 Stan'hope (stan'up) 
 Stan-is-la'us 
 Stan-zi-o'ni (-tse-) 
 Sta'pel 
 
 Starhem-berg 
 Sta'szic (-sjk) 
 Staud'lin (stbld'-) 
 Staun'ton 
 Stay'ner 
 Steen (or stan) 
 Steen' wyk (or stan'vlk) 
 Ste-fa'ni (sta-) 
 Ste'fa-no (sta'-) 
 Stei'belt 
 Stein 
 
 Ste'no (sta'-) 
 Steph'a-niis 
 Ste-vi'nus 
 Stieg'litz 
 Stier 
 Sti'fel 
 Sti-fl'li-fis 
 Sti'gl-may-er 
 Stol'berg 
 Stoq'ue-ler 
 Stot'hard 
 Stow' ell 
 Stra'da 
 Stra-da'nus 
 Stra-del'lal 
 Stra'ti-co 
 Strauss (strous) 
 Stroz'zi (strot'se) 
 Stru'en-see' (-za') 
 Strii've (-va) 
 Stuke'ley 
 Sturm 
 
 Stuy've-sant 
 Su-a'rez 
 
 Su-bley-ras' (-bla-) 
 Swchet (su-ska') 
 Sue 
 Su'eur 
 
 Sul'l'y. (or snl-ye') 
 Sul'zer (-tser) 
 Su-war'row (or so-voV- 
 
 rof) 
 Swam'mer-dam 
 Swan'e-velt 
 Swe'den-borg 
 Sweyn'heim 
 Swith'in 
 Syd' en-ham (-am) 
 
 Ta'ba-ri 
 
 Ta-ber-nae-mon-ta'nus 
 
 Tal'bot 
 
 Tal'fourd 
 
 Tal-i-a-co'ti-us (-she-us) 
 
 Taliaferro (toTe-ver) 
 
 Tallard (tal-lar') 
 
 Tal'ley-rand 
 
 Tallien (tal-le-ang') 
 
 Tam-bu-ri'ni 
 
 Tam'er-lane 
 
 Tan'cred (tang'kred) 
 
 Ta'ney 
 
 Tan-sil'lo 
 
 Tartaglia (tar-tal'ya) 
 
 Tar-tl'ni 
 Tas'so 
 Tas-so'ni 
 
 Taub'mann (tbup'-) 
 Tauph'nitz (tbuk'njts) 
 Tau'ler (tou'-) 
 Tau'§an (tou'-) 
 Tavernier (ta-ver-ne-a') 
 Te-bal-de'o (ta-bal-da'6) 
 Tegner (teng-ner') 
 Teignmouth (tm'muth 
 
 or tan'muth) 
 Teissier (ta-se-a/) 
 Tel'e-mann 
 Tel'lez (-les) (Port.) 
 Tellez (tel'yeth) (Span.) 
 Temanza (ta-man'tsa) 
 Te-ne-ra'ni (ta-na-) 
 Ten'ier§ (-yerz) 
 Ten'ne-mann (-na.-) 
 Ten'ter-den 
 Ten-to'ri 
 Teresa (ta-ra'za) 
 Ternaux (ter-no') 
 Ter-ras-son' (-song') 
 Te'§i (ta/ze) 
 Tes-sin' 
 
 Tettelin (tgt-lang') 
 Texeira (ta-sba'e-ra) 
 Texera (ta-sha'ra) 
 Thaarup (to'rup) 
 Thau'ler (tou'-) 
 The'den (ta'den) 
 Thei'le (tl'la) 
 Thgnard (ta-uar') 
 The'o-bald (or tib'bald) 
 Thes'i-^er 
 Thevenot (tav-no') 
 Thibaudeau (te-bo-do') 
 Thibaut (te-bo') 
 Thi'e-len (te'a-len) 
 Thie'ne-mann (te'na-) 
 Thierry (te-er'e or te-a- 
 Thiers (te-er') [re') 
 
 Thiersch (tersh) 
 Thilo (te'lo) 
 Thion (te-ong') de la 
 
 Chaume (shorn)' 
 Tho'luck (to'lQk) 
 Thomas (tO-ma') (Fr.) 
 Tho-ma'§i-us (-zbe-us) 
 Tho'mond 
 
 Thomond (to-mong') (Fr.) 
 Thores'by 
 Tho'rild (to'i-jlt) 
 Thor'ke-lin (toi'kii-len) 
 Th5r'laks-son (tor'hiks- 
 
 son) 
 Thbr'wald-sen (or tor'- 
 
 vald-z'en) 
 Thou (to) 
 Thouars (to-ar') 
 Thouret (to-ra,') 
 Thu-a'nus 
 Thul'den (tul'den) 
 Thiimmel (tim'mel) 
 Thunberg (tuu'berg) 
 Ti-a-ri'ni 
 Tj-bal-de'o (-da'-) 
 Ti-bal'di 
 
 TYck'ell'(or tik'kl) 
 Ti-coz'zi (or te-kot'se) 
 Ti'de-man (-da-) 
 Tieck 
 
 Tie'de-mann (-da-) 
 Tied'ge 
 
 Ti-e'po-lo (-a'-) 
 Tighe '(ti) 
 
 Tillemont (tel-mong') 
 Til'loph 
 Til'lot-son 
 Ti-m'o-te'o (-ta'-) 
 Ti'mur 
 
 Tin-to-ret'to 
 Tip' poo Sa'ib, or 
 
 Tip' poo Saib 
 Ti-ra-bos'chi 
 Tisch'bein 
 Tissot (tes-so') 
 Ti'ti 
 
 Ti"tian (tlsh'an) 
 Tit' singh (tit'sing) 
 To-al'do 
 Tocque'ville 
 Todleben (tot'la-ben) 
 To'land 
 Tol-e-ta'nus 
 Tollemache (tftl'mash) 
 To-lo-me'i (-ma'-) 
 Tol'stbi 
 
 Tom-ma-§e'6 (-za'-) 
 Tom-ma'si 
 Tor' den-ski-old ] 
 To-rel'li 
 
 Toreiio (to-ran'yo) 
 To-ri'nus 
 Tbr'por-l^y 
 Tor're (-ra) 
 Tor-ri-cel'li (or tor-re- 
 
 cbel'Ie) 
 T6r-ri-gia'no 
 Tor-ri'jos (-hos) 
 Toulongeon (to-16ng- 
 
 zhong') 
 Tour 
 Tourgenief (tor-ga-nyef 
 
 or tor-zha-ne-ef) 
 Tournefort (tdrn-for') 
 T6urne-mine' 
 Tour-neiir' 
 Tour-rette' 
 Toussaint (tos-sang') 
 
 Lou-ver-tvire' 
 Tbwn§'hend 
 Trad'es-cant 
 Trav'er§ 
 Tre-vi'£i (tta-) 
 Tre-vi-§a'ni (tra-) 
 Tre-vi'§i (tra-) 
 Trev'or 
 
 Tri-cou'pi, or Tri-ku'pis 
 Trie'wald (-viilt) 
 Trin-ca-vel'lr-iis 
 Tris-si'no 
 Tris-tan' da Ciin'ha 
 
 (-ya) 
 Trithen (tre'ten) 
 Triv'et 
 
 Tri-vul'zi-o (-tse-o) 
 Tronchin (tron-shang') 
 Troughton (trou'ton) 
 Trow'bridge 
 Tschirn'hau-§en (-hbu-) 
 Tschu'di 
 Tu-renne 
 Turgot (tiir-go') 
 Tur-ne'bus 
 Turpin (t'ur-pang') de 
 
 Crisse (de kres-sa') 
 Tiir-sel-li'nus 
 Tu'ti-'lo 
 Tyn'dale 
 Tyr-con'nel 
 Tyrwhitt (ter'jt) 
 Tyt'ler 
 Tzschir'ner (tsher'-) 
 
 IT. 
 
 ■fj-ber'ti 
 
 Uccello (ut-chel'lo) 
 ■D-ffen-baph 
 TTggione (ud-jo'na) 
 tJ-ghel'li (-gel'-) 
 
DISTINGUISHED MEN OF MODERN TIMES. 
 
 645 
 
 tf-go-li'no Ve'gii (va'-) 
 
 ■Oh' land (-lant) Veit (or fit) 
 
 fr'kert Ve-laz'quez (-kez or va- 
 
 tJl'fi-las, or tfl'phi-las latk'kath) 
 
 ■frll'mann Velly (vel-le') 
 
 Ulloa (Bl-yo'a) Veneziano (va-na-tse- 
 
 Ulrici (ul'ret-se) a'no) 
 
 txm'breit Ve-ni-e'ro (va-ne-a'ro) 
 
 fTng'er Ve-nus'ti (va-) 
 
 ■fjr-bi'no Ve-re'li-us 
 
 Urfe (Qr-faO Vergniaud (vern-yo') 
 
 tirqu'hart (iirk'art) Vermigli (ver-mel'ye) 
 
 TJrquiza (ur-ke'tkii) Vemet (ver-na') 
 
 TJrsins (ur-sang') VeVri 
 
 ■frr-ville' Ver'ri-o 
 
 TTstariz (Gs-ta-reth') Ver-roc'ehi-o 
 Ver'ste-gan 
 Vertot'(ver-to') 
 
 YVeVu-lam 
 
 a Ve-sa'Ii-fis 
 
 Vespucci (ves-put'ehe) 
 
 Va-ca'ri-us Vic'ars 
 
 Vacherot (vash-ro') Vi-cen'te (-ta) 
 
 Va'ga Vici (ve'che) 
 
 Vahl Vi'co [zerO 
 
 Vaillant (val-yang') Vicq-d'Azyr (vek-da- 
 
 Val-des' Vi-docq' 
 Valentin (va-lang-tang') Vien (ve-ang') 
 
 Va-le'si-Qs (-zhe-) Vi-e'ta 
 
 Val'le (-la) Vignola (ven-yo^la) 
 
 Valliere (val-le-er') Vignoles (ven-yol') 
 
 Val-lis-ne'ri (-na'-j Vigny (veu-ye') 
 
 Val-lis-ni-e'ri (-a'-) Vig'ors 
 
 Valmont (val-mong') Vil-la'ni 
 
 Valois (viil-wa') Villanueva (vel-ya- 
 
 Val-sal'va nwa'vii) 
 
 Van Aph'en Villaret (vel-ya-ra') 
 
 Van'brugh (-bru) Villars (vel-lar^ 
 
 Van-cSu'ver Villegas (vel-ya'gas) 
 
 Van-damme' Villehardouin (vel-ar- 
 
 Van-del'li do-ang') 
 
 Van'der Hey'den Villemain (vel-mang') 
 
 Van'der Meer (or mer) Ville-neuve' . 
 
 Van-der-meii'len (or Villers (vel-ler') 
 
 -inoi'len) Vil'liers (vll'yerz) 
 
 Van-der'-monde' Viloison (vel-wa-zong') 
 
 Van-der-vel'de (-da) Vin'ci (ven'che) 
 
 Van'der Wey'de (vi'da) Vi'ner 
 
 Van-dyck' Vinet (ve-na') 
 
 Van Hel'mont Vi-ot'ti 
 
 Van H6eck Vi-rey' (ve-raO 
 
 Va-ni'ni Visph'er (vlsk'er) (Dut.) 
 
 Van-loo' (or van-lo') Visch'er (fish'er) (Ger.) 
 
 Van-man'der Vis-con'ti 
 
 Van'ni Vit-to-ri'no 
 
 Vannucci (van-nut'che) Viv'a-res 
 
 Van 6ost (or vjin-ost) Vi-va-ri'ni 
 
 Van Schaack (-skbik) Vi'ves 
 
 Vanucchi (va-nuk'ke) Vi-vi-a'ni 
 
 Vapereau (va-pe-ro') Vlad'i-mi'r 
 
 Var'phi V8et 
 
 Va-re'ni-us Vo'fel (or fo'gel) 
 
 Var'gas Voisenon (vwaz-nong') 
 Varignon (va-ren-yong') Vbi-ture' 
 
 Var-il-las' Vo-la'nus 
 
 Varn'ha-£en Vol'kov 
 
 Va-ro-ta'ri Vol-pa'to 
 
 Va-sa'ri Vol-taire' 
 
 Va-ta'ble (-bl) V5n Vi'sin 
 
 Va'ter (or fa'ter) Vorosmarty (veh-rehs- 
 
 Vat-tel' march') 
 
 Vattier (vat-te-a/) Voss (or fos) 
 
 Vauban (vo-bang') Vos'si-us (vosh'e-us) 
 
 Vaucanson (vo-kang- Vouet (vo-a') 
 
 song') Voyer (vwa-ya') 
 
 Vaucher (v5-sha') Vries 
 Vaugelas (vozh-la') 
 Vaughan (vawn) 
 Vauquelin (vok-lang') 
 Vauvenargues (vov- 
 Vec'phi [narg/) 
 
 Vec'chi-a Wa'gen (or va'geu^ 
 
 Vecellio (va-cheTle-d) Waph'ler (or vak'- - 
 
 X. 
 
 w. 
 
 Waphs'muth (-mut or Witt'^en-stein (or vif-) 
 
 vaks'mut) Wod'row 
 
 Waph'ter (or vak'-) Wohl'te-muth (-mut or 
 
 Wad' ding (wod'-) vol'ga-mut) 
 
 Wael (or val) Wol'cott (wul'-) 
 
 Wa'ien-sell (va'-) Wolfe (wulf ) 
 
 Wa-hab' Wolff (or volf ) 
 
 Wahl (or val) Wol'las-ton (wul'-) 
 
 Wailly (val-yeO Woll' stone-craft (wul'-) 
 
 Wal-a-fri'dus Wol'sey (wul'ze) 
 
 Walch (or valk) Wool'lett (wul'-) 
 
 WaTdeck (or viil'dek) Words'wortb. (wiirdz'- 
 
 Wal'de-grave wiirth) 
 
 Wal'de-mar Wo-ro'nics 
 
 Walewski (va-loosTie) Wo-ron'zow (-z5v) 
 
 Wal-ha-fre'dus Wouv'ver-mans 
 
 Walk'er (wawk'er) Wrangei (vrang'el) 
 
 Wal'lace (wol'-) Wrax'all (raks'ai) 
 
 Wal'len-stein (wol'-) Wrede'(vra'da) " 
 
 Wal-lin' (or val-len') Wri'othes-ley (ri'-) 
 
 Wal'lis (wol'-) Wul'stan ' 
 
 Walmes'ley (wawmz'-) Wych'er-ley 
 
 Wal'pole ' Wy'nants ' 
 
 Wal'sing-ham Wyn'toun 
 
 Walt'her (or valt'er) Wythe 
 
 Wal'ton Wyt'ten-bach 
 Wan' ley (w6n'-) 
 Wans'ie-ben (or vans'- 
 
 la-ben) 
 War'beck 
 War'bur-ton 
 
 War'|en-tin (or var'-) Xavier (zav'e-ur) 
 
 Warham (wor'am) Xeres (Ha'res) " 
 
 War'ing Ximenez (He-ma'nes or 
 
 Warne'ford zini'e-nez) 
 
 War'ner' Xylan'der (zl-lan'der) 
 War'ton 
 
 Wash'ing-ton (wosh'-) 
 
 Watelet (vii't-la') ~\T 
 
 Wa'ter-land X • 
 Wat' son (wot'-) 
 
 Watt (wot) Yal'den (or yal'den) 
 
 We'ber (or vaO>er) Yar'rell 
 
 Wee'ninx (or va'njnks) Yeates 
 
 Weld'ler (or vid'ler) Yonge (yung) 
 Wein'bren-ner (or vin'-) You'att 
 
 Weiss (or vis) You'mans 
 
 Weis'se (vls'sa) Yp-si-lan'ti 
 
 Welles'ley Yriarte (We-aVta) 
 
 Wemyss (wemz) Ysabeau (e-za-bo') 
 
 Wen-ces-la'us Yu'su-pof 
 
 Wer'ge-land (or ver'ga- Yvan (e-vang') 
 
 lant) Yvon (e-vong') 
 Wer'ner (or ver'ner) 
 Wes'sel-ing (or ves'sa- 
 West'all [ling) 
 Wes'ter-gaard (-gord) 
 West'ma-cott 
 
 Wey'er (or vi'er) Zacagni (dza-kan'ye) 
 
 Whal'ley (hwol'le) Zach (or tsak) 
 
 Whar'ton Zach-a-ri'ae (tsak-) 
 
 Whate'ly Zacht'le-ven (tsakt'la- 
 
 Whewell (hu'el) ven) 
 
 Whit'a-ker Zahn (tsan) 
 
 White'fiel'd (hwit'feld) Za-lus'ki 
 Wich'mann(orvlk'man) Za-mo'ra (tha-) 
 
 Wicquefort (vek-for') Za-mo-ys'ki 
 
 Wie'beck-ing (or ve'-) Zam-pi-e'ri (dzam-pe- 
 
 Wie'land (or ve'lant) a're)' 
 
 Wie'sel-gren (or ve'-) Zan'phi (dzan'ke) 
 
 Wil'ber- force Zarate'(tha'ra-ti) 
 
 Wilkes Zar-li'no (dziir-) 
 
 Wil'laert (or villart) Zeller (tsel'ler) 
 
 Will'den-ow (or vil'-) Ze-lot'ti (dza-) 
 
 Wil'li-'brod Zel'ter (tsel'-) 
 
 Wil'lough-by (-lo-) Zendrini (dzen-dre'ne) 
 
 Wil'lugh-by (-lu-) Zenger (tseng'er) 
 
 Winck el-mann (or Zenker (tsenk'er) 
 
 vink'el-man) Zepharovich (tsa-fa'ro- 
 
 Wi'ner (or ve'ner^ Zesen (tsa'sen) [vich) 
 
 With'er, or With'ers Zetssche (tset'she) 
 
 Wit'i-kind, Wit'te- Zetternam (tset't'er-niim) 
 
 kind, or Wit'ti-phind Zetterstedt (tset'ter-stet) 
 
 z. 
 
646 PKONUNCIATION OF NAMES OF DISTINGUISHED MEN. 
 
 Zettervall (tset'ter-val) 
 Zeune (tsoi'na) 
 Zeuner (tsiil'ner) 
 Zeuss (tsois) 
 Zevort (za-viirO 
 Zezschwitz (tset'shvits) 
 Zichy (sit'slie) 
 Ziebland (tse'blant) 
 Ziegenbalg (tse'geu- 
 
 balg) 
 Zieg'ler (tseg'-) 
 Ziem (tsem) 
 Ziemalkowski (tse-mal- 
 
 kov'ske) 
 Ziemssen (tsem'sen) 
 Zieten (tse'ten) 
 Ziethen (tse'ten) 
 Zigliara (dzel-ya'ra) 
 
 Ziller (tsil'ler) 
 Zim'mer-mann 
 Zimmern (tsim'mern) 
 Zin-ga-rel'li (dzen-) 
 Zingerle (tslng'er-le) 
 Zingg (tsing) 
 Zinkeisen (tsink'i-zn) 
 Zinkgref (tsink'gref) 
 Zin'zen-dorf 
 Zirke'l (tser'kel) 
 Zis'ka (or shisb/ka) 
 Zitek(tse'tek) 
 Zittel (tsit'tel) 
 Zo'bel (tso'-) 
 Zoeckler (tsek1er) 
 Zo-e'ga (-a'-) 
 Zoepffe'l (tsep'fel) 
 Zoepfl (tsep'fl) 
 
 Zo-la' [ske) 
 
 Zolkjewski (tsglk-yev'- 
 
 Zoller (tsol'ler) 
 
 ZSller (tsel'ler) 
 
 Zollikofer (tsol'li-ko-fer) 
 
 Zbllner (tsel'ner) 
 
 Zo-na'ras 
 
 Zorilla (th9-reTya) 
 
 Zouch 
 
 Zoust 
 
 Zrinyi (sren'ye) 
 
 Zschokke (cbok'ka) 
 
 Zuber (zu-bax') 
 
 Zu-ca-reTli (dzu-) 
 
 Zuccarini (dzftk-ka-re'- 
 
 ne) 
 Zfic'ca-ro (dzuk'-) 
 Zucke'rtort (tsok'er-tort) 
 
 Zumalacarregui (thu- 
 
 ma'la-kar-ra'ge) 
 Zumbusch (tsum'busb) 
 Zum'mo (dzum'mo) 
 Zumpt (tstimpt) 
 Zumsteeg (tsom'stag) 
 Zuniga (thun-ye'ga) 
 Zunz (tsunts) 
 Zupitza (ts0-pit'6a) 
 Zur-ba-ran' (thur-) 
 Zu-ri'ta (tbu-) 
 Zur Strassen (tsor-stras'- 
 
 sen) 
 Zw'in'gle (zwin'gl), 
 
 Zwing'li (tswing'li), 
 
 or Zwing'li-us 
 Zwirner (tsvgr'ner) 
 Zyll, van (van-zll) 
 
ABBREVIATIONS 
 
 USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING. 
 
 A. Answer. — Acre. — Adjective. 
 — Afternoon. — a, or aa. Ana. 
 of each the same quantity. 
 
 A. (In commerce.) Accepted. — 
 a., or @. At or to. 
 
 A. A. G. Assistant Adjutant- 
 General. 
 
 A. A. S. (Academise Americanse 
 Socius.) Fellow of the Amer- 
 ican Academy. 
 
 A. A. S. S. (Academise Antiqua- 
 rianm SocieUdit Socius.) Mem- 
 ber of the American Antiqua- 
 rian Society. 
 
 A. B. (Artium, Baccalaureus.) 
 Bachelor of Arts. 
 
 Abbr. Abbreviated. 
 
 A. B. C. F. M. American Board 
 of Commissioners for Foreign 
 Missions. 
 
 Abl. Ablative. 
 
 Abp. Archbishop. 
 
 Abr. Abridged. 
 
 A. B. S. American Bible Society. 
 
 A. C. {Ante Christum.) Before 
 Christ. 
 
 A. C. Arch-Chancellor. 
 
 Ace. Accusative. 
 
 Acct. Account. 
 
 A. C. S. American Colonization 
 Society. 
 
 A. D. (Anno Domini.) In the 
 Year of our Lord. 
 
 A. D. Archduke. 
 
 Ad., or Adv. Ail verb. 
 
 A. D. C. Aide-de-Camp. 
 
 Adj. Adjective. 
 
 Adjt. Adjutant. 
 
 Adjt. Gen. Adjutant-General. 
 
 Ad lib. (Ad libitum.) At pleasure. 
 
 Adm., or Adml. Admiral. — Ad- 
 miralty. 
 
 Adm. Co. Admiralty Court. 
 
 A. D. M. G. (Ad Dei Majorem 
 Gloriam.) To the Glory of 
 God. 
 
 Admr. Administrator. 
 
 Admx. Administratrix. 
 
 Adv. (Ad valorem.) At the value. 
 — Advent. — Advocate. 
 
 Mt., or M. (JEtatis.) Of age ; 
 aged. 
 
 A. & F. B. S. American and 
 Foreign Bible Society. 
 
 Af. Africa. 
 
 Ag. (Argcnium.) Silver. 
 
 Agric. Agriculture. 
 
 Agt. Agent. 
 
 A. H. (Anno Hegirse.) In the 
 Year of the Hegira. 
 
 A. H. M. S. American Home 
 Missionary Society. 
 
 Al. Aluminium. 
 
 Ala. Alabama. 
 
 Aid. Alderman. 
 
 Alex. Alexander. 
 
 Alt. Altitude. 
 
 A. M. (Artium Magister.) Master 
 of Arts. 
 
 A. M. (Ante Meridiem.) Before 
 noon. 
 
 A. M. (Anno Mundi.) In the 
 Year of the World. 
 
 Am., or Amer. American. 
 
 Am. Amos. 
 
 Amb. Ambassador. 
 
 Amt. Amount. 
 
 An. (Anno.) In the Year. 
 
 An., or Ans. Answer. [tity. 
 
 Ana. (Medicine.) In like quau- 
 
 Anat. Anatomy. 
 
 Anc. Anciently. 
 
 Ang. Sax. Anglo-Saxon. 
 
 Anon. Anonymous. 
 
 Ant., or Antiq. Antiquities. 
 
 A. 0. S. S. (Americanse Oriental is 
 Societatis Socius.) Member of 
 the American Oriental Society. 
 
 Ap., Apr., or Apl. April. 
 
 Ap. Apostle. 
 
 Apo. Apogee. 
 
 Apoc. Apocalypse. [Anne. 
 
 A. R. (Anna Regina.) Queen 
 
 A. R. (Anno Regni.) In the Year 
 of the Reign. 
 
 Ar., or Arab. Arabic. 
 
 A. 11. A. Associate of the Royal 
 Academy. 
 
 Arch. Architecture. 
 
 Arith. Arithmetic. 
 
 Ariz. Arizona. 
 
 Ark. Arkansas. 
 
 Arm. Armoric. — Armenian. 
 
 Arr. Arrived. 
 
 Arrs. Arrivals. 
 
 A. R. S. S. (Antiquariomm Regime 
 Societatis Socius.) Fellow of the 
 Royal Society of Antiquaries. 
 
 Art. Article. 
 
 As. Arsenic. 
 
 A. S., or A. Sax. Anglo-Saxon. 
 
 A. S. S. U. American Sunday- 
 School Union. 
 
 Astrol. Astrology. 
 
 Astron. Astronomv. 
 
 A. T. Arch-Treasurer. 
 
 A. T. S. American Tract Society. 
 --American Temperance Soci- 
 ety. 
 
 Att., or Atty. Attorney. 
 
 Atty. Gen. Attorney-General. 
 
 Au. (Aunes.) French Ells. — 
 (Aurum.) Gold. 
 
 A. U. C. (Anno Urbis Condilse.) 
 In the Year from the Building 
 of the City [Rome]. 
 
 Aug. August. 
 
 Aust. Austria; Austrian. 
 
 Av. Average. — Avenue. 
 
 Avoir. Avoirdupois. 
 
 B. 
 
 B. (Basso.) Bass, in Music. 
 B., or Bk. Book. — b. born. 
 B. Boron. 
 
 B. A. Bachelor of Arts.— British 
 
 Ba. Barium. [America. 
 
 Bal. Balance. 
 
 Bar. Barrel. — Barleycorn. 
 
 Bart., or Bt. Baronet. 
 
 Bbl. Barrel. 
 
 B. C. Before Christ. 
 
 B. C. L. Bachelor of Civil Law. 
 
 B. D. Bachelor of Divinity. 
 
 Bd. Bound. 
 
 Bds. Bound in boards. 
 
 Belg. Belgic. 
 
 Benj. Benjamin. 
 
 Berks. Berkshire. 
 
 B. F., or B. fir. Firkin of Beer. 
 
 Bi. Bismuth. 
 
 Bib. Bible.— Biblical. 
 
 Bk. Bank.— Book. 
 
 B. L. (Baccalaureus Legum.) 
 
 Bachelor of Laws. 
 Bl. Barrel. 
 
 B. M. British Museum. 
 B. M. I Baccalaureus Medicinse.) 
 
 Bachelor of Medicine. 
 Bo. Boron. 
 Bot. Botany. 
 Bp. Bishop. 
 B. R. (Banco Regis or Reginse.) 
 
 King's or Queen's Bench. 
 Br., or Bro. Brother. 
 Br. Bromine. 
 Bret. Breton. 
 Brig. Brigade.— Brigadier. 
 Brig. Gen. Brigadier-General. 
 Brit. Britain.— British. 
 B. S. Bachelor of Science. — 
 
 Bachelor of Surgery. 
 Bu., or Bush. Bushel. 
 Bucks. Buckinghamshire. 
 B. Y. (Beata Virgo.) 
 
 Virgin. 
 B. V. (Bene Vale.) Farewell. 
 
 c. 
 
 C. Carbon. — Centigrade. 
 
 C. (Centum.) A hundred. — 
 Cent. — Centime. — Congress. 
 
 C, or Cap. (Caput.) Chapter. 
 
 Ca. Calcium. 
 
 Cal. California. 
 
 Cal. (CalendsB.) Calends. 
 
 Cant. Canticles. 
 
 Cantab. Of Cambridge. 
 
 Cantuar. Of Canterbury. 
 
 Cap. Capital. — Caps. Capitals. 
 
 Capt. Captain. 
 
 Car. Carpentry. — Carat. 
 
 Cash. Cashier. 
 
 Cath. Catholic— Catherine. 
 
 C. B. Companion of the Bath. 
 
 C. B. Cape Breton. 
 
 Cb. Columbium. 
 
 C. C. Caius College. — County 
 Court.— County Commissioner. 
 
 C. C. (Compte Courant.) Ac- 
 count Current. 
 
 647 
 
648 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING. 
 
 c. c. Cubic Centimetre. 
 
 C. C. C. Corpus Christi College. 
 
 C. C. P. Court of Common Pleas. 
 
 Cd. Cadmium. 
 
 C. E. Civil Engineer. 
 
 Ce. Cerium. 
 
 Celt. Celtic. [dred. 
 
 Cent., or Ct. (Centum.) A hun- 
 
 Cf. (Confer.) Compare. 
 
 C. H. Court-House. 
 
 Ch., or C. Church. 
 
 Ch. Ch., or Ch. C. Christ Church. 
 
 Chal., or Ch. Chaldron. 
 
 Chal. Chaldee. — Chaldaic. 
 
 Chanc. Chancellor. 
 
 Chap., or Ch. Chapter. 
 
 Chas. Charles. 
 
 Chem. Chemistry. [ogy. 
 
 Chron. Chronicles. — Chronol- 
 
 Cit. Citizen. — Citation. 
 
 C. J. Chief Justice. 
 
 CI. Clerk.— Chlorine. 
 
 Clk. Clerk. 
 
 C. M. Common Metre. 
 
 Co. Cobalt. — County. — Com- 
 pany. 
 
 Cochl., or Coch. (Cochleare.) A 
 spoonful. 
 
 C. 0. D. Collect (or Cash) on 
 Delivery. 
 
 Col. Colonel. — Colossians. 
 
 Col. Colloquial. 
 
 Col., or Colo. Colorado. 
 
 Coll. College.— Collector. 
 
 Com. Commissioner. — Commo- 
 dore. — Commentary. — Com- 
 merce. — Committee. 
 
 Comp. Compare. — Compound. — 
 Comparative. 
 
 Com. Yer. Common Version. 
 
 Con. (Contra.) Against, or in 
 opposition. 
 
 Conch. Couchology. 
 
 Con. Cr., or C. C. Contra Credit. 
 
 Cong., or C. Congress. 
 
 Conj. Conjunction. 
 
 Conn., or Ct. Connecticut. 
 
 Cons., or Const. Constable. 
 
 Cop. Coptic. 
 
 Cor. Corinthians. 
 
 Corn. Cornish. 
 
 Cor. Sec. Corresponding Secre- 
 tary. 
 
 Cos. Cosine. 
 
 C. P. Common Pleas. — Court of 
 Probate. 
 
 C. P. S. (Gustos Privaii Sigilli.) 
 Keeper of the Privy Seal. 
 
 C. R. (Cnstos Eotulorum.) Keeper 
 of the Rolls. 
 
 C. R. (Curolus Bex.) King 
 Charles. 
 
 Cr. Credit. — Creditor. — Chro- 
 mium. 
 
 Cres. Crescendo. 
 
 Crim. Con. Criminal Conversa- 
 tion, or Adultery. 
 
 C. R. P. (Ctdeudarium Eotulorum 
 Patentium.) Calendar of the 
 Patent Rolls. 
 
 Crystal. Crystallography. 
 
 C. S. (Gustos Sig ill i.) Keeper of 
 the Seal. — Court of Sessions. 
 
 Cs. Caesium. 
 
 C. S. I. Companion of the Star 
 of India. [cut. 
 
 Ct. Count. — Court. — Connecti- 
 
 Ct. Cent.— Cts. Cents. 
 
 Cu. (Cuprum.) Copper. 
 
 Cur. Current, or This month. 
 
 Cwt. (Centum and weight.) Hun- 
 dred-weight. 
 
 Cyc. Cyclopaedia. 
 
 D. 
 
 (Denarius.) Penny, 
 Day. — Died. — Dime. 
 
 D., or d. 
 Pence. 
 
 D., or d. 
 
 D. Dutch, 
 
 D., or Deg. Degree. 
 
 Dak. Dakota. 
 
 Dan. Daniel. — Danish. 
 
 Dat. Dative. 
 
 D. C. District of Columbia.— 
 (Da Capo.) Again. 
 
 D. C. L. Doctor of Civil Law. 
 
 D. D. (Dignitatis Doctor.) Doc- 
 tor of Divinity. 
 
 Dea. Deacon. 
 
 Dec. December. — Declination. 
 
 Deg. Degree, or Degrees. 
 
 Del. Delaware. — Delegate. 
 
 Del. (Delineavit.) He drew it; — 
 placed on an engraving with 
 the name of the draughtsman. 
 
 Den. Denmark. 
 
 Dep., or Dept. Department. 
 
 Dep. Deputy. 
 
 Dept. Deponent. 
 
 Deriv. Derivative. 
 
 Deut. Deuteronomy. 
 
 D. F. Defeuder of the Faith.— 
 Dean of the Faculty. 
 
 Dft., or Deft. Defendant. 
 j D. G. (Dei Gratia.) By the 
 
 Grace of God. 
 | Di. Didymium. 
 i Diam. Diameter. 
 ! Diet. Dictator. — Dictionary. 
 i Dim. Diminutive. 
 j Dis., Disc, or Disct. Discount. 
 ! Diss. Dissertation. 
 
 Dist. District. 
 j Dist. Atty. District Attorney. 
 | Div. Divided. — Division. 
 I D. M. Doctor of Music, 
 j Do. (Ditto.) The same ; as afore- 
 said. 
 j Dols., or $. Dollars. 
 j Doz. Dozen. 
 
 D. P. Doctor of Philosophy. 
 j Dpt. Deponent. 
 | Dr. Doctor. — Debtor. — Dram. 
 I D. Sc. Doctor of Science. 
 I D. T. (Doctor Theoloyise.) Doc- 
 tor of Divinity. 
 | Dut. Dutch. [ing. 
 
 D. V. (Deo Volente.) God will- 
 
 Dwt. (Denarius and weight.) 
 Pennyweight. 
 
 E. 
 
 E. Erbium. — East. — Earl. — 
 Eagle. 
 
 Ebor. (Eboracum.) York. 
 
 Ecc, or Eccles. Ecclesiastical. 
 
 Eccl. Ecclesiastes. — Ecclesias- 
 tical, [tory. 
 
 Eccl. Hist. Ecclesiastical His- 
 
 Ecclus. Ecclesiasticus. 
 
 Ed. Edition.— Editor. 
 
 Edm. Edmund. 
 
 Eds. Editors. 
 
 Edw. Edward. 
 
 E. E. Errors excepted. — Eng- 
 lish Ells. 
 
 E. Fl. Ells Flemish. 
 
 E. Fr. Ells French. 
 
 E. G., or e. g. (Exempli Gratia.) 
 For example. 
 
 E. I. East Indies, or East India. 
 
 E. I. C. East India Company. 
 
 Elec. Electricity. 
 
 Eliz. Elizabeth. 
 
 E. Lon. East Longitude. 
 
 Emp. Emperor.— Empress. 
 
 Eucy., or Encyc. Encyclopaedia. 
 
 E. N. E. East-north-east. 
 
 Eng. Englaud.— English. 
 
 Ent. Entomology 
 
 Env. Ext. Envoy Extraordinary. 
 
 Ep. Epistle. 
 
 Eph. Ephesians. — Ephraim. 
 
 Er. Erbium. 
 
 E. S. Ells Scotch. 
 
 Esd. Esdras. 
 
 E. S. E. East-south-east. 
 
 Esq., or Esqr. Esquire. 
 
 Esth. Esther. 
 
 E. T. English Translation. 
 
 Et. al. (Et alii.) And others. 
 
 Et. al. (Et alibi.) And elsewhere. 
 
 Etc., or &c. (Et csetera.) And 
 
 others ; and so forth. 
 Et seq. (Et sequens.) And what 
 
 follows. 
 Etsqq. (Et scqnentia.) And those 
 
 which follow. 
 Eth. Ethiopia 
 Ex. Example. — Exodus. 
 Exc. Excellency. — Exception. 
 Exch. Exchequer. 
 Exod. Exodus. 
 Exon. (Exonia.) Exeter. 
 Exr. Executor. 
 Ez., or Ezr. Ezra. 
 Ezek. Ezekiel. 
 
 F. Fluorine. 
 
 F., or f. Franc. — Feminine. — 
 
 Florin. 
 Fahr. Fahrenheit. 
 F. A. M. Free and Accepted 
 
 Masons. 
 Far. Farthing. — Farrierv. 
 F. A. S. Fellow of the Society 
 
 of Arts. 
 F. D. (Fidei Defensor or Defen- 
 
 satrix.) Defender of the Faith. 
 F. E., or Fl. E. Flemish Ell. 
 Fe. (Ferrum. ) Iron. 
 Feb. February. 
 Fern. Feminine, 
 F. G. S. Fellow of the Geologi- 
 cal Society. 
 Fig. Figure. — Figurative. 
 Fin. Finland. 
 Finn. Finnish. 
 Fir. Firkin. 
 Fl., or Flor. Florida. 
 Fl. Flemish. — Fluorine. 
 FL, or fl. Flourished.— Florin. 
 Fla. Florida. 
 Fl. E. Flemish Ell. 
 F. L. S. Fellow of the Linnaean 
 
 Society. 
 Fo., or Fol. Folio. 
 F. 0. B. Free on Board. 
 For. Foreign. 
 Fort. Fortification. 
 Fr. France. — French. — Francis. 
 F. R. A. S. Fellow of the Royal 
 
 Astronomical Society. 
 F. R. C. P. Fellow of the Royal 
 
 College of Phvsicians. 
 Fr. E. French Ell. 
 Fred. Frederic. 
 Freq. Frequentative. 
 F. R. G. S. Fellow of the Royal 
 
 Geograpbical Society. 
 Fri. Friday. 
 
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING. 649 
 
 Fris. Friesic; Frisian. 
 
 F. R. S. Fellow of the Royal 
 Society. 
 
 F. R. S. E. Fellow of the Royal 
 Society, Edinburgh. 
 
 F. S. A. Fellow of the Society 
 of Antiquaries. — Fellow of the 
 Society of Arts. 
 
 F. S. A. E. Fellow of the Society 
 of Antiquaries, Edinburgh. 
 
 Ft. Foot, or Feet.— Fort. 
 
 Fth. Fathom. 
 
 Fur. Furlong. 
 
 Fut. Future. 
 
 F. Z. S. Fellow of the Zoologi- 
 cal Society. 
 
 G. 
 
 G. Glucinum. 
 
 Ga. Georgia. — Gallium. 
 
 Gael. Gaelic. 
 
 Gal. Galatians. — Gallon. 
 
 G. B. Great Britain. 
 
 G. C. B. Grand Cross of the 
 Bath. 
 
 Ge. Germanium. 
 
 Gen. General. — Genitive. — Gen- 
 Gent. Gentleman. [esis. 
 
 Gent. Mag. Gentleman's Maga- 
 zine. 
 
 Geo. George. — Georgia. 
 
 Geog. Geography. 
 
 Geol. Geology. 
 
 Geom. Geometry. 
 
 Ger. German. — Germany. 
 
 Goth., or Go. Gothic. 
 
 Gov. Governor. 
 
 Gov. Gen. Governor-General. 
 
 G. R. (Georgius Rex.) King 
 George. 
 
 Gram. Grammar. 
 
 Gtt. (Gutta, Gidtse.) Drop; 
 drops. 
 
 Guin. Guinea; guineas 
 
 H. M. S. His, or Her, Majesty's 
 Ship, or Service. 
 
 Ho. Holmium. 
 
 Hon. Honorable. 
 
 Hou'd. Honored. 
 
 Hort. Horticulture. 
 
 Hos. Hosea. 
 
 H. P. Half-pay. 
 
 H. R. House of Representatives. 
 
 H. R. E. Holy Roman Empire. 
 
 H. R. H. His, or Her, Royal 
 Highness. 
 
 H. R. I. IL (Hie requiescil in 
 pace.) Here rests in peace. 
 
 H. S. {Hie situs.) Here lies. 
 
 H. S. S. Fellow of the Histori- 
 cal Society. 
 
 Hum., or Hurab. Humble. 
 
 Hun. Hungary. — Hungarian. 
 
 Hund. Hundred. 
 
 Hyd. Hydrostatics. 
 
 I. 
 
 H. 
 
 H. Hydrogen. 
 
 H., h., orhr. Hour. 
 
 Hab. Habakkuk. 
 
 Hag. Haggai. 
 
 Hants. Hampshire. 
 
 H. B. C. Hudson's Bay Com- 
 pany. 
 
 H. B. M. His, or Her, Britannic 
 Majesty. 
 
 Hdkf. Handkerchief. 
 
 H. E., or h. e. (Hoe, or hie, est.) 
 That, or this, is. 
 
 Heb. Hebrews. — Hebrew. 
 
 H. E. I. C. Honorable East In- 
 dia Company. 
 
 Her. Heraldry. 
 
 Herp. Herpetologv. 
 
 Hf. bd. Half-bound. 
 
 Hg. (Hydrargyrum.) Mercury. 
 
 Hhd. Hogshead. 
 
 H. I. H. His, or Her, Imperial 
 Highness. 
 
 Hil. Hilary. 
 
 Hin. Hindoo. — Hindostan. — 
 Hindostanee. 
 
 Hist. History. 
 
 H. J. S. (Hie jacet sepultus.) 
 Here lies buried. 
 
 H. M. His, or Her, Majesty. 
 
 H. M. P. (Hoc monumentum pos- 
 uit.) Erected this monument. 
 
 2c 
 
 I. Iodine. 
 
 I., or Isl. Island. • 
 
 la. Iowa. 
 
 lb., or Ibid. (Ibidem.) In the 
 same place. 
 
 Icel. Iceland. — Icelandic. 
 
 Ich. Ichthyology. 
 
 Id. (Idem.) The same. 
 
 Id. Ter. Idaho Territory. 
 
 I. e., or i. e. (Id est.) That is. 
 
 I. H. S. (Jesus Hominum Solici- 
 tor.) Jesus the Saviour of Men. 
 
 111. Illinois. 
 
 Imp. Imperial. — Imperative. — 
 Imperfect. 
 
 Imp. t. Imperfect tense. 
 
 In. Inch; inches. — Indian. 
 
 Inc., or hicor.' Incorporated. 
 
 Incog. (Incognito.) Unknown. 
 
 Ind. India. — Indian. — Indiana. 
 
 Indie. Indicative. 
 
 Ind. Ter. Indian Territory. 
 
 Infin. Infinitive. 
 
 In lim. (In limine.) At the out- 
 set. 
 
 In loc. (In loco.) In the place. 
 
 I. N. R. I. Jesus Xazarenus, Rex 
 Judseorum.) Jesus of Naza- 
 reth, King of the Jews. 
 
 Inst. Instant, or of the present 
 month. 
 
 Int. Interest. 
 
 Interj. Interjection. 
 
 Ju trans. (In transitu.) On the 
 passage. 
 
 I. 0. 6. F. Independent Order 
 of Odd Fellows. 
 
 Ipecac. Ipecacuanha. 
 
 In. Ireland.— Irish.— Iridium. 
 
 Isa. Isaiah. 
 
 I. T. Indian Territory. 
 
 It. Italy.— Italian.— Italic. 
 
 Itin. Itinerary. 
 
 Jer. Jeremiah. 
 
 J. H. S. (Jesus Hominum Snlca- 
 tor.) Jesus the Saviour of Men. 
 
 Jno. John. 
 
 Jo. Joel. 
 
 Jon. Jonah. 
 
 Jona. Jonathan. 
 
 Jos. Joseph. 
 
 Josh. Joshua. 
 ; Jour. Journal. 
 
 J. P. Justice of the Peace, 
 i J. Prob. Judge of Probate. 
 I J. R. (Jacobus Rex.) King 
 
 James. 
 I Jr., or Jun. Junior. 
 
 J. IT. D., or J. Y. D. (Juris utri- 
 ttsque Doctor.) Doctor of both 
 Laws; i. e., the Canon and the 
 Civil Law. 
 
 Jud. Judith. 
 
 Judg. Judges. 
 
 Jul. July. — Julius. 
 
 Jul. Per. Julian Period. 
 
 Jun. June. — Junius. 
 
 Jus. P. Justice of the Peace. 
 
 Just., or Jus. Justice. 
 
 J. Y. D. Doctor of Laws. 
 
 K. 
 
 J. 
 
 J. Judge. 
 
 J. A. Judge Advocate. 
 Ja., or Jas. James. 
 Jac. Jacob, or James. 
 Jam. Jamaica. 
 Jan. January. 
 J. C. D. Doctor of Civil Law. 
 J. D. (Jurum Doctor.) Doctor of 
 Laws. 
 
 55 
 
 K. King. — (Kalinm.) Potassium. 
 
 Kan., or Kans. Kansas. 
 
 K. B. Knight of the Bath. 
 
 K. B. King's Bench. 
 I K. C. King's Council. 
 : K. C. B. Knight Commander of 
 [ the Bath. 
 
 Ken., or Ky. Kentucky. 
 
 K. G. Knight of the Garter. 
 
 K. G. C. Knight Grand Cross. 
 
 K. G. C. B. Knight Grand Cross 
 of the Bath. 
 
 Kil. Kilderkin. 
 
 Kingd. Kingdom. 
 
 Km. Kingdom. 
 
 K. M. Knight of Malta. 
 
 Knt., Kt., or K. Kuight. 
 
 K. P. Knight of St. Patrick. 
 
 K. S. M. G. Knight of St. 
 Michael and St. George. 
 
 K. T. Knight of the Thistle. 
 
 Kt. Knight. 
 
 Ky. Kentucky. 
 
 L. Lord.— Lady.— Latin.— Lith- 
 ium. 
 j L., or Lib. (Liber.) Book. 
 
 L., Lib., lb., or lb. (Libra.) 
 Pound in weight. 
 
 L., 1., or £. Pound sterling. 
 
 La. Lanthanum. 
 
 La., or Lou. Louisiana. 
 
 Ladp. Ladyship. 
 
 Lam. Lamentations. 
 
 Lat. Latitude. — Latin. 
 
 Late L. Late Latin. 
 
 Lb., or lb. Pound in weight. 
 
 L. C. Lord Chancellor. 
 
 L. C, or 1. c. (Loco citato.) In 
 the place cited. 
 
 L. C. J. Lord Chief Justice. 
 
 L. D. Lady Day. 
 
 Ld., or L. Lord. 
 
 Ldp., or Lp. Lordship. 
 
 Lea. League. 
 
 Leg., or Legis. Legislature. 
 
 Lev. Leviticus. 
 
650 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING. 
 
 L. H. D. (Liter arum Humanio- 
 rum Doctor.) Doctor of Liter- 
 ature. 
 
 L. I. Long Island. 
 
 Li., or L. Lithium. 
 
 Lib. Librarian. 
 
 Lib., or L. (Liber.) Book. 
 
 Lieut., or Lt. Lieutenant. 
 
 Lieut. Col. Lieutenant-Colonel. 
 
 Lieut. Gen. Lieutenant-General. 
 
 Lieut. Gov. Lieutenant-Gov- 
 ernor. 
 
 Lit. Literature. — Literary. 
 
 Lit., or lit. Literally. 
 
 Litt. D. Doctor of Literature. 
 
 Liv., or liv. Livre. 
 
 LL.B. (Legum Baccalaureus.) 
 Bachelor of Laws. 
 
 LL. D. (Legum Doctor.) Doctor 
 of Laws. 
 
 Lon., or Long. Longitude. 
 
 Lond. London. 
 
 Low L. Low Latin. 
 
 L. S. (Locus Sig ML) Place of the 
 Seal. 
 
 L. S. Left Side. 
 
 L. S. D., or 1. s. d. Pounds, shil- 
 lings, pence. 
 
 Lt. Lieutenant. 
 
 Lv. Livres. 
 
 LXX. The Septuagint. 
 
 M. 
 
 M. Marquis. — Masculine. — 
 Monsieur, Sir, or Mister. — 
 Morning. — Month. — Minute. 
 — Mile. — Married. 
 
 M. (Mille.) A thousand. 
 
 M. (Meridies.) Meridian, Mid- 
 day, or Noon. 
 
 M. (Manipidus.) A handful. 
 
 M., Mon., or Mond. Monday. 
 
 M. A. Master of Arts. — Mili- 
 tary Academy. 
 
 Mac, or Mace. Maccabees. 
 
 Mad., or Madm. Madam. 
 
 Mag. Magazine. 
 
 Maj. Major. 
 
 Maj. Geo. Major-General. 
 
 Mai. Malachi. [ship. 
 
 Man. Manege, or Horseman- 
 Mar. March. 
 
 March. Marchioness. 
 
 Marg. Trans. Marginal Trans- 
 lation. 
 
 Marq. Marquis. 
 
 Mas., or ]\lasc. Masculine. 
 
 Mass., or Ms. Massachusetts. 
 
 Math. Mathematics. — Mathe- 
 maticians. 
 
 Matt. Matthew. 
 
 M. B. (Medicinse Baccalaureus.) 
 Bachelor of Medicine. 
 
 M. B. (Musicse Baccalaureus.) 
 Bachelor of Music. 
 
 M. C. Member of Congress. — 
 Master Commandant. — Mili- 
 tary Cadets. 
 
 M. D. (Medicinse. Doctor.) Doc- 
 tor of Medicine. 
 
 Md. Maryland. 
 
 Me. Maine. 
 
 M. E. Methodist Episcopal. 
 
 Meas. Measure. 
 
 Mech. Mechanics. 
 
 Med. Medicine. 
 
 Mem. (Memento.) Remember. 
 
 Mem. Memorandum. 
 
 Messrs., or MM. (Messieurs.) 
 Gentlemen: Sirs. 
 
 Met. Metaphysics. 
 
 Meteor. Meteorology. 
 
 Meth. Methodist. 
 
 Mex. Mexico, or Mexican. 
 
 Mg. Magnesium. 
 
 M. Goth. Moeso-Gothic. 
 
 M. H. S. Massachusetts Histor- 
 ical Society. — Member of the 
 Historical Society. 
 
 Mic. Micah. 
 
 Mich. Michigan.— Michaelmas. 
 
 Mid. Midshipman. 
 
 Mil. Military. 
 
 Min. Mineralogy. 
 
 Min., or min. Minute ; minutes. 
 
 Minn. Minnesota. 
 
 Min. Plen. Minister Plenipo- 
 tentiary. 
 
 Miss., or Mi. Mississippi. 
 
 Mile. Mademoiselle. 
 
 MM. Messieurs; Gentlemen. 
 
 Mme. Madame. 
 
 Mn. Manganese. 
 
 Mo. Missouri. — Month. — Mo- 
 lybdenum. 
 
 Mod. Modern. 
 
 Mon., or Mond. Monday. 
 
 Mons. • Monsieur, or Sir. 
 
 M. P. Member of Parliament. 
 — Member of Police. 
 
 M. P. C. Member of Parlia- 
 ment in Canada. 
 
 Mr. Mister, or Master. 
 
 M. R. A. S. Member of the 
 Royal Asiatic Society. 
 
 M. R. C. S. Member of the 
 Royal College of Surgeons. 
 
 M. R. I. Member of the Royal 
 Institution. 
 
 M. R. I. A. Member of the 
 Royal Irish Academy. 
 
 Mrs. Mistress (pron. Missis). 
 
 M. R. S. L. Member of the 
 Royal Society of Literature. 
 
 M. S. (Memorise Sacrum.) Sa- 
 cred to the Memory. 
 
 MS. Manuscript. 
 
 MSS. Manuscripts. 
 
 Mt. Mount, or Mountain. 
 
 Mus. Music. — Museum. 
 
 Mus. D. Doctor of Music. 
 
 Myth. Mythology. 
 
 N. 
 
 N. North.— Note. — Number. — 
 Nail. — Nitrogen. 
 
 N., or n. Noun. — Name. 
 
 N. A. North America.— North' 
 American. 
 
 Na. (Natrium.) Sodium. 
 
 Nah. Nahum. 
 
 Nat. National.— Natural. 
 
 Nath. Nathaniel, or Nathanael. 
 
 Naut. Nautical. 
 
 N. B. (Nota bene.) Mark well ; 
 take notice. 
 
 N. B. New Brunswick. — North 
 Britain. 
 
 Nb. Niobium. [Church. 
 
 N. C. North Carolina. — New 
 
 N. E. New England.— North- 
 east. 
 
 Neb. Nebraska. 
 
 Neh. Neheniiah. 
 
 Nem. con. (Nemine conlradicenle.) 
 No one contradicting; unani- 
 mously. 
 
 Nem. diss. (Nemine dissentiente.) 
 No one dissenting; unani- 
 mously. 
 
 Neth. Netherlands. 
 
 Neut. Neuter. 
 
 Nev. Nevada. 
 
 New Test. New Testament. 
 
 N. F. Newfoundland. 
 
 N. H. New Hampshire. 
 
 Ni. Nickel. 
 
 N. J. New Jersey. [tude. 
 
 N. Lat., or N. L. North Lati- 
 
 N. M. New Mexico. 
 
 N. N. E. North-north-east. 
 
 N. N. W. North-north-west. 
 
 No. (Numero.) Number. 
 
 N. 0. New Orleans. 
 
 Nona. Nominative. 
 
 Nonpros. (Non prosequitur.) He 
 does not prosecute. 
 
 Norm. Norman. 
 
 Norm. Fr. Norman French. 
 
 Norw. Norway. — Norwegian. 
 
 Nos. Numbers. 
 
 Nov. November. 
 
 N. P. Notary Public. — New 
 Providence. 
 
 N. P. D. North Polar Distance. 
 
 N. S. New Style (after 1752).— 
 Nova Scotia. 
 
 N. S. W. New South Wales. 
 
 N. T. New Testament. 
 
 N. u. Name unknown. 
 
 Num., or Numb. Numbers. 
 
 N. V. M. Nativity of the Virgin 
 Mary. 
 
 N. W. North-west. 
 
 N. W. T. North-west Territory. 
 
 N. Y. New York. 
 
 N. Y. H. S. New York Histori- 
 cal Society. 
 
 N. Z. New Zealand. 
 
 O. 
 
 0. Ohio. — Oxygen. 
 
 Ob. (Obit.) He, or she, died. 
 
 Obad. Obadiah. 
 
 Obj. Objection. — Objective. 
 
 Obs. Observation. — Observatory. 
 — Obsolete. 
 
 Obt. Obedient. 
 
 Oct. October. 
 
 0. F. Odd Fellows. 
 
 Old Test., or 0. T. Old Testa- 
 ment. 
 
 Olym. Olympiad. 
 
 Opt. Optics. 
 
 Or. Oregon. 
 
 Ord. Ordinary. 
 
 Oruith. Ornithology. 
 
 0. S. Old Style (before 1752). 
 
 Os. Osmium. 
 
 0. T. Old Testament. 
 
 Oxon. (Oxonia.) Oxford. 
 
 Oz., or oz. Ounce, or ounces. 
 
 P., or p. Page.— Participle. — 
 Phosphorus. — Pole. — Pint. — 
 Pipe. 
 
 P., p., or®. (Per.) By the. 
 
 P. (Pugillus.) Apugil; as much 
 as can be taken between the 
 thumb and two forefingers. 
 
 Pa., or Penn. Pennsylvania. 
 
 P. a., or p. a. Participial adjec- 
 
 Pal. Paleontology. [tive. 
 
 Pari. Parliament. 
 
 Part., or p. Participle. 
 
 Payt. Payment. 
 
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING-. 651 
 
 Pb. (Plumbum.) Lead. 
 
 P. C. (Putres Con&cripti.) Con- 
 script Fathers. 
 
 P. C. Privy Councillor. 
 
 Pd. Paid.— Palladium. 
 
 P. E. Protestant Episcopal. 
 
 P. E. I. Prince Edward Island. 
 
 Penn. Pennsylvania. 
 
 Pent. Pentecost. 
 
 Per. Persia. — Persian. 
 
 Per an. (Per annum.) By the 
 year. 
 
 Per cent., or Per ct. (Per centum.) 
 By the hundred. 
 
 Perf. Perfect. 
 
 Peri. Perigee. 
 
 Persp. Perspective. 
 
 Pet. Peter. 
 
 Phar. Pharmacy. 
 
 Ph. D. (Philosophise Doctor.) 
 Doctor of Philosophy. 
 
 Phil. Philip. — Philippians. — 
 Philosophy. — Philosopher. — 
 Philosophical. 
 
 Phila. Philadelphia. 
 
 Philem. Philemon. 
 
 Philom. (Philomathes.) Lover 
 of learning. 
 
 Philomath. (Philomathematicus. ) 
 A lover of mathematics (or of 
 learning). 
 
 P. H. S. Pennsylvania Histori- 
 cal Society. 
 
 Phys. Physics. — Physiology. 
 
 Pinxt., or Pxt. (Pinxii.) He, or 
 she, painted it. 
 
 Pk. Peck. 
 
 PI. Place.— Plate. 
 
 PL, or Plur. Plural. 
 
 Plff. Plaintiff. 
 
 Plup., or plupf. Pluperfect. 
 
 P. M. (Post Meridiem.) After- 
 noon, [shipman. 
 
 P. M. Postmaster.— Passed Mid- 
 
 P. M. G. Postmaster-General. 
 
 P. 0. Post-Office. 
 
 Pop. Population. 
 
 Port. Portugal ; Portuguese. 
 
 Pos. Possessive. 
 
 Pot. Pottle. 
 
 Pp. Past participle. 
 
 Pp., or pp. Participles. — Pages. 
 
 P. P. C. (Pour prendre conye.) 
 To take leave. 
 
 P. Q. Province of Quebec. 
 
 P. R. Porto Rico. [by the. 
 
 Pr. Preposition. — (Per.-) By, or 
 
 Prep., or Pr. Preposition. 
 
 Pres. Present.— President. 
 
 Pret. Preterite. 
 
 Priv. Privative. 
 
 Prob. Problem. 
 
 Prof. Professor. [noun. 
 
 Pron., or pr. Pronounced ; pro- 
 
 Pron. a. Pronominal adjective. 
 
 Prop. Proposition. 
 
 Pros. Prosody. 
 
 Prot. Protestant. [time. 
 
 Pro tern. (Pro tempore.) For the 
 
 Prov. Proverbs. — Provost. — 
 Province. 
 
 Prox. (Proximo.) Next, or Of ! 
 the next Month. 
 
 Prus. Prussia.— Prussian. 
 
 P. S. Privy Seal.— (Post Scrip- 
 turn.) Postscript. 
 
 Ps. Psalm, or Psalms. 
 
 Pt. Platinum.— Part.— Payment. 
 
 Pub. Published.— Publisher. 
 
 Pub. Doc. Public Document. 
 
 Pun. Puncheon. 
 
 P. v. Post village. 
 
 Pwt. Pennyweight. 
 
 Q. 
 
 Q., or Qu. Question.— Queen. 
 
 Q., or q. (Quadrans.) Farthing. 
 
 Q. B. Queen'3 Bench. 
 
 Q. C. Queen's Council. 
 
 Q. D., or q. d. (Quasi dicat.) As 
 if he should say. 
 
 Q. E. (Quod est.) Which is. 
 
 Q. E. D. (Quod erat demonstran- 
 dum.) Which was to be de- 
 monstrated. 
 
 Q. E. F. (Quod erat faciendum.) 
 Which was to be done. 
 
 Q. E. I. ( Quod erat inteniendum.) 
 Which was to be discovered. 
 
 Q. L., or q. 1. (Quantum libet.) 
 As much as you please. 
 
 Qm. (Quomodo.) By what means. 
 
 Q. P., or q. pi. (Quantum placet.) 
 As much as you please. 
 
 Qr., or qrs. Quarter, or Quar- 
 ters. — Farthings. 
 
 Q. S. Quarter Section. 
 
 Q. S., or q. s. (Quantum sufficit.) 
 A sufficient quantity. 
 
 Qt., or qt. Quart.— Quantity. 
 
 Qu., Qy., or q. (Quaere.) Query. 
 
 Ques. Question. 
 
 Q. V., or q. v. (Quod vide.) 
 Which see. 
 
 Q. V., or q. v. (Quantum vis.) 
 As much as you please. 
 
 R. 
 
 R. Rhodium.— (Rex.) King.— 
 (Regina.) Queen. — (Recipe.) 
 Take. 
 
 R., or r. Rood. — Rod. — Rises. — 
 River. 
 
 R. A. Royal Academy. — Royal 
 Academician. — Royal Artil- 
 lery. — Royal Arch. — Rear Ad- 
 miral. — Right Ascension. 
 
 Rad. Radical. 
 
 Rb. Rubidium. 
 
 R. E. Royal Engineers. 
 
 Rec. Recipe. 
 
 Rec d . Received. 
 
 Recp*. Receipt. 
 
 Rec. Sec. Recording Secretary. 
 
 Ref. Reformed. — Reformer. — 
 Reference. 
 
 Ref. Oh. Reformed Church. 
 
 Reg. Prof. Regius Professor. 
 
 Regr., or Reg. Register. — Reg- 
 istrar. 
 
 Regt. Regiment. 
 
 Rel. Pron. Relative Pronoun. 
 
 Rem. Remark; Remarks. 
 
 Rep. Representative. — Reporter. 
 
 Rep., or Repub. Republic. 
 
 Rev. Reverend. — Revelation. — 
 Review. 
 
 Rhet. Rhetoric. 
 
 R. I. Rhode Island. 
 
 Richd. Richard. 
 
 R. M. Royal Marines. 
 
 R. N. Royal Navy. 
 
 Ro. (Recto.) Right-hand Page. 
 —Rhodium.— Robert. 
 
 Robt. Robert. 
 
 Rom. Romans. 
 
 Rom. Cath. Roman Catholic. 
 
 R. R. Railroad. 
 
 R. S. Right Side. 
 
 R. S. V. P. (Repondez, s'U vous 
 plait.) Answer, if you please. 
 
 Rt. Hon. Right Honorable. 
 
 Rt. Rev. Right Reverend. 
 
 Rt. Wpful. Eight Worshipful. 
 
 Ru. Ruthenium. 
 
 Rus. Russia. — Russian. 
 
 R. W. Right Worthy. 
 
 s. 
 
 S. South.— Shilling.— Second- 
 Sign. — Sets. — Sunday. — Sul- 
 phur.— Scribe. 
 
 S., or St. Saint. 
 
 S. A. South America. 
 
 S. A., or s. a. (Secundum Arlem.) 
 According to Art. 
 
 Sa. Samarium. 
 
 Sam. Samuel. — Samaritan. 
 
 Sans., or Sansc. Sanscrit. 
 
 Sat. Saturday. 
 
 Sax. Saxon.— Saxony. 
 
 Sb. (Stibium.) Antimony. 
 
 S. C. South Carolina. 
 
 S. C. (Senatits Conmltum.) A 
 Decree of the Senate. 
 
 Sc, or Sculp. (Sculpsit.) He, or 
 she, engraved it. 
 
 Sc. Scandium. 
 
 S. caps. Small capitals. 
 
 Sch., or Schr. Schooner. — Sch., 
 or Scho. (Scholium.) A note. 
 
 Scil., or Sc. (Scilicet.) To wit. 
 
 S. C. L. Student of the Civil Law. 
 
 Sclav. Sclavonic. [tish. 
 
 Scot. Scotland, Scotch, or Scot- 
 
 Scr. Scruple. 
 
 Sculp. Sculpture. 
 
 Sculp. (Sculpsit.) He, or she, 
 f ngraved it. 
 \ S. E. South-east. 
 j Se. Selenium. 
 
 I Sec. Secretary. — Section. — Sec- 
 I ond. 
 
 | Sec. Leg. Secretary of Legation. 
 | Sect. Section. 
 
 Sen. Senior. — Senate.— Senator. 
 
 Sep., or Sept. September. 
 
 Sept. Septuagint. 
 
 Serg., or Serj. Sergeant, or Ser- 
 jeant. 
 
 Sent. Servant. 
 
 Sh., or S. Shilling. 
 
 Shak. Shakespeare. 
 
 Si. Silicon. 
 
 Sing. Singular. 
 
 S. J. Society of Jesus. 
 
 S. J. C. Supreme Judicial Court. 
 
 Skr. Sanskrit. 
 
 Sid. Sailed. 
 
 S. Lat., or S. L. South Latitude. 
 
 Slav. Slavonic. 
 
 S. N. (Secundum Xatuiam.) Ac- 
 cording to Nature. 
 
 Sn. (Stannum.) Tin. 
 
 Sol. Solomon. — Solution. 
 
 S. of Sol. Song of Solomon. 
 
 Sol. Gen. Solicitor-General. 
 
 Sp. Spain. — Spanish. 
 
 S. P. (Sineprole.) Without issue. 
 
 S. P. A. S. (Socielatis Philosophies 
 Americans Socius.) 31emberof 
 the American Philosophical 
 Society. 
 
 S. P. G. Society for the Propa- 
 gation of the Gospel. 
 
 S. P. Q. R. (Senatus Populusgue 
 Romanus.) The Senate and the 
 Roman People. 
 
 qr. 
 
 :>quare. 
 
 Sq. ft. Square feet. 
 Sq. in. Square inches. 
 Sq. m. Square miles. 
 
652 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN "WRITING AND PRINTING. 
 
 Sq. r. Square rods. 
 
 Sq. yd. Square yards. 
 
 Sr. * Strontium. 
 
 S. R. I. (Sacrum Romanum Im- 
 perium.) Holy Roman Empire. 
 
 S. R. S. (Societal is Regise Socius.) 
 Fellow of the Royal Society. 
 
 SS., or S. (Semis.) Half. 
 
 SS., or ss. (Scilicet.) To wit; 
 namely. 
 
 SS. Saints. — The mark on the 
 collar of the Chief Justice of 
 England. 
 
 S. S. Sunday-school. 
 
 S. S. E. South-south-east. 
 
 S. S. W. South south-west. 
 
 St. Saint. — Street. — Stone. — 
 Strait. 
 
 S. T. D. (Sacrse Theologiie Doc- 
 tor.) Doctor of Diviniiy. 
 
 Ster., or Stg. Sterling. 
 
 S. T. P. (Sacrse Theologiie Pro- 
 fessor.) Professor, or Doctor, 
 of Divinity. 
 
 Subj. Subjunctive. 
 
 Subst. Substantive. 
 
 Su. Goth. Suio-Gothic, or Norse. 
 
 Sun., or Sund. Sunday. 
 
 Sup., or Supp. Supplement. 
 
 Sup., or Super. Superior. — Su- 
 perfine. 
 
 Sup., or Superl. Superlative. 
 
 Supt. Superintendent. 
 
 Surg. Surgeon. — Surgery. 
 
 Surg. Gen. Surgeon-General. 
 
 Surv. Surveyor. 
 
 Surv. Gen. Surveyor-General. 
 
 S. W. South-west. 
 
 Sw. Sweden. — Swedish. 
 
 Switz. Switzerland. 
 
 Syn. Synonyme. 
 
 Syr. Syria.— Syriac. 
 
 T., or t. Town, or township. 
 Ta. Tantalum. 
 Tb. Terbium. 
 Te. Tellurium. 
 
 T. E. Topographical Engineers. 
 Tenn. Tennessee. 
 Term. Termination. 
 Tex. Texas. 
 
 Text. Rec. (Textus Receptus.) Re- 
 ceived Text. 
 Th. Thorium. 
 Theo. Theodore. 
 Theol. Theology. 
 Theoph. Theophilus. 
 Theor. Theorem. 
 Thess. Thessalonians. 
 Thos. Thomas. 
 Thurs. Thursday. 
 Ti. Titanium. 
 Tier. Tierce. 
 Tim. Timothy. 
 Tit. Titus. 
 
 Tn. Town. 
 
 T. 0. Turn over. 
 
 Tp. Township. 
 
 Tr. Translator. — Translation. — 
 
 Treasurer. — Trustee. 
 Trans. Translation. — Translator. 
 
 — Translated. 
 Trin. Trinity. 
 Tu. Thulium. 
 Tues., or Tu. Tuesday. 
 Turk. Turkey.— Turkish. 
 Twp. Township. 
 Typ. Typographer. 
 
 u. 
 
 U. Uranium. 
 
 U. C. Upper Canada. 
 
 U. E. I. C. United East India 
 Company. 
 
 U. J. D. (Utriusque Juris Doctor.) 
 Doctor of both Laws. 
 
 U. K. United Kingdom. 
 
 Ult. (UUimo.) Last, or Of the 
 last month. 
 
 Univ. University. 
 
 U. P. United Presbyterian. 
 
 U. S., or u. s. (Ut, or ult, supra.) 
 As above. 
 
 U. S. United States. 
 
 U. S. A. United States Anny. — 
 United States of America. 
 
 U. S. M. United States Mail- 
 United States Marine. 
 
 U. S. N. United States Navy. 
 
 U. S. S. United States Ship. 
 
 U. T. Utah Territory. 
 
 Vt. Vermont. 
 Vul. Vulgate. 
 Vulg. Vulgar; vulgarly. 
 
 w. 
 
 W. Welsh.— West.— {Wolfram.) 
 
 Tungsten. 
 W., or Wed. Wednesday. 
 W., or Wk. Week. 
 Whf. Wharf. 
 
 W. I. West India.— West Indies. 
 Wis., or Wise. Wisconsin. 
 W. Lon. West Longitude. 
 Wm. William. 
 W. N. W. West-north-west. 
 Wp. Worship. 
 Wpful. Worshipful. 
 W. S. Writer to the Signet. 
 W. S. W. West-south-west. 
 W. T. Washington Territory. 
 Wt. Weight. 
 W. Va. West Virginia. 
 Wyo. Wyoming. 
 
 X. 
 
 V. 
 
 Xmas, or Xm. Christmas. 
 Xn, or Xtian. Christian. 
 Xnty, or Xty. Christianity. 
 Xper, or Xr. Christopher." 
 Xt. Christ. 
 
 Y. 
 
 V. Vanadium.— Verb. 
 
 V., Vi., or Vid. (Vide.) See. 
 
 V., or vs. (Versus.) Against. 
 
 V., or Ver. Verse. 
 
 Va. Virginia. 
 
 V. A., or v. a. Verb active. 
 
 V. C. Vice-Chancellor. — Victoria 
 Cross. 
 
 V. D. M. (Vei-bi Dei Minister.) 
 Minister of God's Word. 
 
 Ven. Venerable. 
 
 V. G., or v. g. (Verbi gratia.) 
 For example. 
 
 V. int., or v. i. Verb intransitive. 
 
 Vis., or V. Viscount. 
 
 Viz. (Videlicet.) To wit; namely. 
 
 V. N., or v. n. Verb neuter. 
 
 Vo. (Verso.) Left-hand page. 
 
 Vol. Volume. — Vols. Volumes. 
 
 V. P., or Vice-Pres. Vice-Presi- 
 dent. 
 
 V. R. (Victoria Regina.) Queen 
 Victoria. 
 
 Vs., or V. (Versus.) Against. 
 
 V. t., or v. tr. Verb transitive. 
 
 Y. Ytterbium. 
 Y., or Yr. Year. 
 Y. B., or Yr. B. Year-Book. 
 Yd. Yard.— Yds. Yards. 
 Y«. The. 
 Y°». Them. 
 
 Y. M. C. A. Young Men's Chris- 
 tian Association. 
 Yn. Then. 
 Yr. Year. 
 V. Your. 
 Y™. Yours. 
 Ys. This. 
 Yt. That. 
 Yt. Yttrium. 
 Yuc. Yucatan. 
 
 z. 
 
 Z. Zero.— Zone. 
 Z., or Zr. Zirconium. 
 Zech. Zechariah. 
 Zenh. Zephaniah. 
 Zn. Zinc. 
 Zool. Zoology. 
 Zr. Zirconium. 
 
SIGNS 
 
 USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING. 
 
 0, or ® The Sun. 
 
 $ Mercury. 
 
 Q Venus. 
 
 0, ©, or 5 The Earth. 
 
 © New Moon. 
 
 ASTEONOMICAL. 
 
 THE LARGER PLANETS, Ac. 
 
 D Moon in its first quarter. 
 
 O, or © Full Moon. 
 
 d Moon in its last quarter. 
 
 (f Mars. 
 
 1/. Jupiter. 
 
 ll Saturn. 
 
 IJJ, or $ Uranus. 
 
 Sg Neptune. 
 
 * A fixed Star. 
 
 THE ASTEROIDS. 
 
 The numbers used to denote the se-veral asteroids are, in writing, generally enclosed within rings, 
 thus : © © (3) ® 
 
 1. Ce'res. 
 
 2. Pal'las. 
 
 3. Ju'no. 
 
 4. Ves'ta. 
 
 5. As-trae'a. 
 
 6. He'be. 
 
 7. I'ris. 
 
 8. Flo'ra. 
 
 9. Me'tis. 
 
 10. Hy-£e'i-a. 
 
 11. Par-then'o-pe. 
 
 12. Vic-t5'ri-a. 
 
 13. E-fe'ri-a. 
 
 14. i-re'ne. 
 
 15. Eu-no'mi-a. 
 
 16. Psyche (sl'ke). 
 
 17. The'tis. 
 
 18. Mel-pom'e-ne. 
 
 19. For-tu'na. 
 
 20. Mas-sil'i-a. 
 
 21. Lu-te'ti-a (lu-te'- 
 
 she-a). 
 
 22. Cal-li'o-pe. 
 
 23. Tha-li'a. 
 
 24. The'mis. 
 
 25. Pho-cse'a. 
 
 26. Pro-ser'pi-na. 
 
 27. Eu-ter'pe. 
 
 28. Bel-15'na. 
 
 29. Am-phi-trl'te. 
 
 30. u-ra'ni-a. 
 
 31. Eu-phr6Yy-ne. 
 
 32. Po-mo'na. 63. 
 
 33. Pol-y-hym'ni-a. 64. 
 
 34. Ci'r'ce. , 65. 
 
 35. Leu-co'the-a. 66. 
 
 36. At-a-lan'ta. 67. 
 
 37. Fi'des. 68. 
 
 38. Le'da. 69. 
 
 39. Lae-ti"ti-a (le- 70. 
 
 tish'e-a). 71. 
 
 40. Har-mo'ni-a. 72. 
 
 41. Daph'ne. 73. 
 
 42. i'sis. 74. 
 
 43. A-ri-ad'n§. 75. 
 
 44. Ny'sa. 76. 
 
 45. Eu-£ e'ni-a. 77. 
 
 46. Hes'ti-a. ' 78. 
 
 47. Ag-la'i-a. 79. 
 
 48. Do'ris. 80. 
 
 49. Pa'le?. 81. 
 
 50. Vir-fin'i-a. 82. 
 
 51. Nem-a-5'sa. 83. 
 
 52. Eu-ro'pa. 84. 
 
 53. Ca-lyp'so. 85. 
 
 54. Al-ex-an'dra. 86. 
 
 55. Pan-do'ra. S7. 
 
 56. Mel'e-te. 88. 
 
 57. Mne-mos'y-ne (ne-). 89. 
 
 58. Con-cor'di-a. 90. 
 
 59. Q-lym'pi-a. 91. 
 
 60. Echo (ek'o or eTio). 92. 
 
 61. Dan'a-e. 93. 
 
 62. Er'a-to. 94. 
 
 55* 
 
 Au-so'ni-a. 
 
 An-f-e-ll'na. 
 
 Cyb'e-le. 
 
 Ma'i-a. 
 
 Asia (a'she-^). 
 
 Le'to. 
 
 Hes-pe'ri-a. 
 
 Pan-o-pe'^. 
 
 Ni'o-be. 
 
 Fe-ro'ni-a. 
 
 Clyt'i-e. 
 
 Gal-a-te'a. 
 
 Eu-ryd'i-ce. 
 
 Freia (frl'a). 
 
 Frig'ga. 
 
 Di-a'na. 
 
 Eu-ryn'o-me. 
 
 Sappho (saf'fo). 
 
 Terp-sich'o-re. 
 
 Alc-me'ne. 
 
 Be-a'trix. 
 
 Cli'o. 
 
 I'o. 
 
 Sem'e-le. 
 
 Syl'vi-a. 
 
 This' be. 
 
 Ju'li-a. 
 
 An-ti'o-pe. 
 
 2E-£i'na.. 
 
 fjn-dl'na. 
 
 Mi-ner'va. 
 
 Au-ro'ra. 
 
 95. Ar-e-thu'sa. 
 
 96. JEg'le. 
 
 97. Cld'thS. 
 
 98. i-an'the. 
 
 99. Di'ke, 
 
 100. Hec'a-te. 
 
 101. Hel'e-na. 
 
 102. Mir'i-am. 
 
 103. He'ra. 
 
 104. Clym'e-ne. 
 
 105. Ar'te-mis. 
 
 106. Di-o'ne. 
 
 107. Ca-mil'la. 
 
 108. Hec'u-ba. 
 
 109. Fe-lic'i-tas. 
 
 110. Lyd'i-a. 
 
 111. A'te. 
 
 112. iph-i-£e-nl'a. 
 
 113. Am-al-the'a. 
 
 114. Cas-san'dra. 
 
 115. Thy'ra. 
 
 116. Sl-ro'na. 
 
 117. Lo'mi-a. 
 
 118. Pel'tho. 
 
 119. Al-thse'a. 
 
 120. Lach'e-sis. 
 
 121. Her-mi'o-ne. 
 
 122. GeVda. 
 
 123. Brun-Ml'da. 
 
 124. Al-ces'tis. 
 
 125. Lib-er-a'trix. 
 
 126. Vel'le-da. 
 
 653 
 
654 
 
 SIGNS USED IN WKITING AND PEINTING. 
 
 127. jQ-han'na. 
 
 128. Nem'e-sis. 
 
 129. ^.n-tig'o-ne. 
 
 130. E-lec'tra. 
 
 131. Va'la. 
 
 132. .ffi'thra. 
 
 133. Cy-re'ne. 
 
 134. So-phros'x-ne. 
 
 135. Her'tha. 
 
 136. Aus'tri-a. 
 
 137. Mel-i-boe'a. 
 
 138. To-16'sa. 
 
 139. Ju-e'wa. 
 
 140. Si'wa. 
 
 141. Lu'men. 
 
 142. Po-la'na. 
 
 143. A'dri-a. 
 
 144. Vi-bil'i-a. 
 
 145. Ad-e-o'na. 
 
 146. Lu-ci'na. 
 
 147. Pro-to|--e-ni'a. 
 
 148. Gai'li-a." 
 
 149. Me-du'sa. 
 
 150. Nu'wa. 
 
 151. Ab-un-dan'ti-a 
 
 (-she-a). 
 
 152. At'a-la. 
 
 153. Hil'da. 
 
 154. Ber'tha. 
 
 155. Scyl'la. 
 
 156. Xan-tip'pe. 
 
 157. De-i-a-nl'ra, 
 
 158. Co-ro'nis. 
 
 159. .ffi-mil'i-a. 
 
 160. u'na. 
 
 161. Ath'or. 
 
 162. Lau-ren'ti-a 
 
 (-she-a). 
 
 163. ^j-rig'o-ne. 
 
 164. E'va. 202. 
 
 165. Loreley (lo're-H). 203. 
 
 166. Pvhod'9-pe. 204. 
 
 167. ijr'da. 205. 
 
 168. Si-byl'la. 206. 
 
 169. Ze-ll'a. 207. 
 
 170. Ma-rl'a. 208. 
 
 171. 9-phe'li-a. 209. 
 
 172. Bau'cis. 210. 
 
 173. I'no. 211. 
 
 174. Phae'dra. 212. 
 
 175. An-drom'a-phe. 213. 
 
 176. i-dun'na. 214. 
 
 177. ir'ma. 215. 
 
 178. Bel-i-sa'na. 216. 
 
 179. Clyt-em-nes'tra. 217. 
 
 180. Ga-rum'na. 218. 
 
 181. Eu'pha-ris. 219. 
 
 182. El'sa. 220. 
 
 183. Is'tri-a. 221. 
 
 184. Deiopeia (di-o-pe'- 222. 
 
 ya). 223. 
 
 185. Eu-ril'ke. 224. 
 
 186. Ce-lu'ta. 225. 
 
 187. Lam-ber'ta. 226. 
 
 188. Me-nip'pe. 227. 
 
 189. Phthia (thi'a). 228. 
 
 190. js-me'ne. 229. 
 
 191. Kol'ga. 230. 
 
 192. NSu-slk'a-a. 231. 
 
 193. Am-bro'§i-a. 232. 
 
 194. Prok'ne. 233. 
 
 195. Eu-ry-kle'i-a. 234. 
 
 196. Phil-o-me'la. ■ 235. 
 
 197. A-re'te. 236. 
 
 198. Am-pel'la. 237. 
 
 199. Byb'lis. 238. 
 
 200. Dy-nam'e-ne. 239. 
 
 201. Pe-nel'o-pe. 24 °- 
 
 phry-se'is. 
 
 Pom-pe'ia. 
 
 Kal-lis'to. 
 
 Mar'tha. 
 
 Her-sil'i-a. 
 
 Hed'da.' ' 
 
 Is-a-bel'la. 
 
 DI'do. 
 
 Lac-ri-mo'sa. 
 
 j-sol'da. 
 
 Me-de'a. 
 
 Li-lse'a. 
 
 As'phe-ra. 
 
 (E-no'ne. 
 
 Kle-o-pa'tra. 
 
 Eu-do'ra. 
 
 Bi-an'ca. 
 
 Thus-nel'da. 
 
 Ste-pha'ni-a. 
 
 E'os. 
 
 Lucia (lu'she-a). 
 
 Ro'sa. 
 
 Q-ce'a-na. 
 
 Hen-ri-et'ta. 
 
 We-rin'gi-a. 
 
 Phi-los-o-phl'a. 
 
 Ag'a-the. 
 
 Ad-e-lin'da. 
 
 Ath-a-man'tis. 
 
 Vin-dQ-bo'na. 
 
 Russia (rush'a). 
 
 As-ter'o-pe. 
 
 Bar'ba-ra. 
 
 Car-o-li'na. 
 
 Ho-no'ri-a. 
 
 Coe-les-ti'na. 
 
 Hy-pa/ti-a (-she-a). 
 
 A-dras'te-a. 
 
 Van'a-dis. 
 
 241. gter-ma'ni-a. 
 
 242. Kriem'hild. 
 
 243. i' da. 
 
 244. SI'ta. 
 
 245. Ve'ra. 
 
 246. As-p9-rl'na. 
 
 247. Eu'kra-te. 
 
 248. La-mei'a. 
 
 249. il 7 se. 
 
 250. Bet-ti'na. 
 
 251. S9-phI'a. 
 
 252. Clem-en-ti'na. 
 
 253. Ma-thil'da. 
 
 254. Au-gfis'ta. 
 
 255. Qp-pa'vi-a. 
 
 256. Wal-pur'§a. 
 
 257. Si-le'si-a. ' 
 
 258. Ty'ehe. 
 
 259. Al-thei'a. 
 
 260. Hu-ber'ta. 
 
 261. Prym'no. 
 
 262. Val'da. 
 
 263. Dres'da. 
 
 264. Li-bus'sa. 
 
 265. An'na. 
 
 266. A-li'ne. 
 
 267. Tir'za. 
 268. 
 
 270. 
 271. 
 272. 
 273. 
 274. 
 275. 
 276. 
 277. 
 278. 
 279. 
 
 An-to'ni-a. 
 
 4®*" Some of the asteroids were formerly designated by emblematic signs similar to those which 
 are used for the larger planets. The mode of representing them by a circle enclosing the number 
 indicating the order of their discovery is the one generally adopted at the present day. The first 
 four asteroids, however, are still occasionally designated by the following characters : 
 
 9, or $ Ceres. 
 
 $ Pallas. 
 
 Q Juno. 
 
 g Vesta. 
 
 Spring 
 signs. 
 
 Summer 
 signs. 
 
 
 THE 
 
 ZODIAC. 
 
 
 T Aries, the Bam. 
 8 Taurus, the Bull. 
 □ Gemini, the Twins. 
 
 
 
 Autumn 
 
 signs. 
 
 23 Cancer, the Crab. 
 £1 Leo, the Lion. 
 UR Virgo, the Virgin; 
 
 
 
 Winter 
 signs. 
 
 ^ Libra, the Balance. 
 
 iT\ Scorpio, the Scorpion. 
 
 Z Sagittarius, the Archer. 
 
 10° Capricornus, the Goat. 
 
 t£. Aquarius, the Waterman. 
 
 K Pisces, the Fishes. 
 
 ASPECTS, NODES, &c. 
 
 c5 Conjunction, i.e., in the same degree. 
 
 8 Opposition, 180 degrees. 
 
 * Sextile, 60 degrees. 
 
 D Quartile, 90 degrees. 
 
 A, Trine, 120 degrees. 
 
 Q Dragon's Head, or Ascending Node. 
 
 y Dragon's Tail, or Descending Node. 
 
SIGNS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING. 
 
 655 
 
 BOTANICAL. 
 
 An asterisk prefixed to a name indicates that there is a good description at the reference given to 
 
 the work. 
 A dagger, in such cases, implies some doubt or uncertainty. 
 
 An exclamation point denotes that an authentic specimen has been seen, from the author named. 
 A mark of inte' rogation indicates doubt as to the correctness of genus, species, &c, according as it 
 
 is placed after the name of the one or the other. 
 
 0, 0» or © 
 
 d\ 00, or © 
 
 % or A 
 
 b, or ? 
 
 s 5 
 
 Annual. 
 
 Biennial. 
 
 Perennial. 
 
 Shrub. 
 
 Hermaphrodite. 
 
 6 Male. 
 
 ? Female. 
 
 5 — ? Monoecious, or the male and female on one plant. 
 
 $ : <j> Dioecious, or the male and female on different plants. 
 
 00, or co Indefinite in number. 
 
 COMMEECIAL. 
 
 A 1, The designation of a first-class vessel, the letter denoting the character of the hull for build and 
 sea-worthiness, and the figure that she is well found in rigging, gear, &c. 
 
 £ (Latin libra). A pound sterling. 
 
 ft) (Latin libra). A pound weight. 
 
 $ Dollars. 
 
 4®^ Various explanations have been given of the origin of this mark. One is, that it is an imi- 
 tation of the scroll and pillars on Spanish coins ; another, that it is a modification of the figure 8, 
 denoting a "piece of eight" (eight reals), a Spanish coin of the value of a dollar. 
 
 / Shillings ; as */ 6 = 4s. 6d. 
 
 @ At or to ; as, Wood @ $4 per cord ; Oats 47 @ 48c. per bushel. 
 
 $ Per ; as, Rice 4c. •$ fb. 
 
 % Per cent. ; as, Commission at iy, % = §3.38. 
 
 f Account ; as, S. Brown in f with L. A. Roberts. 
 
 GRAMMATICAL. 
 
 MARKS OR POINTS USED IN WRITING OR PRINTING. 
 
 , Comma. 
 
 ; Semicolon. 
 
 : Colon. 
 Period. 
 
 ? Interrogation. 
 
 1 Exclamation. 
 
 ( ) Parenthesis. 
 
 — Dash. 
 
 ' Apostrophe. 
 
 - Hyphen. 
 
 " " Quotation. 
 
 [ ] Brackets, or Crotchets. 
 -fi©= Index. 
 
 A Caret. 
 
 > Brace. 
 
 * * * Ellipsis. 
 ' Acute Accent. 
 * Grave Accent. 
 A Circumflex Accent. 
 
 - The Long, or Macron. 
 
 - The Short, or Breve. 
 •• Diaeresis. 
 
 5 Cedilla. 
 
 * Asterisk. 
 
 t Dagger, or Obelisk. 
 
 X Double Dagger. 
 
 g Section. 
 
 1 Parallel. 
 
 f Paragraph. 
 
 MATHEMATICAL. 
 
 ARABIC NOTATION. 
 
 0. Naught, or Zero. 
 
 5. Five. 
 
 1. One. 
 
 6. Six. 
 
 2. Two. 
 
 7. Seven 
 
 3. Three. 
 
 8. Eight. 
 
 4. Four. 
 
 9. Nine. 
 
 10. Ten. 
 
 11. Eleven. 
 
 12. Twelve. 
 53. Thirteen. 
 14. Fourteen. 
 
656 
 
 SIGNS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING. 
 
 15. 
 
 Fifteen. 
 
 16. 
 
 Sixteen. 
 
 17. 
 
 Seventeen 
 
 18. 
 
 Eighteen. 
 
 19. 
 
 Nineteen 
 
 20. 
 
 Twenty. 
 
 I. 
 
 One. 
 
 II. 
 
 Two. 
 
 III. 
 
 Three. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Four. 
 
 V. 
 
 Five. 
 
 VI. 
 
 Six. 
 
 VII. 
 
 Seven. 
 
 nn 
 
 Eight. 
 
 IX 
 
 Nine. 
 
 X. 
 
 Ten. 
 
 XI 
 
 Eleven. 
 
 XII 
 
 Twelve. 
 
 on 
 
 Thirteen. 
 
 30. Thirty. 
 
 90. Ninety. 
 
 40. Forty. 
 
 100. One hundred. 
 
 50. Fifty. 
 
 200. Two hundred. 
 
 60. Sixty. 
 
 500. Five hundred. 
 
 70. Seventy. 
 
 1000. One thousand. 
 
 80. Eighty. 
 
 2000. Two thousand. 
 
 ROMAN NOTATION. 
 
 
 XIV. Fourteen. 
 
 LXXX. Eighty. 
 
 XV. Fifteen. 
 
 XC. Ninety. 
 
 XVI. Sixteen. 
 
 C. One hundred. 
 
 XVII. Seventeen. 
 
 CC. Two hundred. 
 
 XVIII. Eighteen. 
 
 CCC. Three hundred 
 
 XIX. Nineteen. 
 
 CCCC. Four hundred. 
 
 XX. Twenty. 
 
 D. Five hundred. 
 
 XXI. Twenty-one. 
 
 DC. Six hundred. 
 
 XXX. Thirty. 
 
 DCC. Seven hundred. 
 
 XL. Forty. 
 
 DCCC. Eight hundred. 
 
 L. Fifty. 
 
 DCCCC. Nine hundred. 
 
 LX. Sixty. 
 
 M. One thousand. 
 
 LXX. Seventy. 
 
 MM. Two thousand. 
 
 X 
 
 plus, or more, denotes that the quantity before which it is placed is to be added ; as, a + b ; 3 4- 4. 
 minus, or less, denotes that the quantity before which it is placed is to be subtracted ; as, a — b ; 
 
 3 — 2. 
 into, denotes, when placed between two quantities, that they are to be multipled together; as, 
 
 aXb; 3X6. 
 
 J&g=" Multiplication may also be indicated by placing a point between the factors; as, a.b; 
 2.4.8. When the quantities to be multiplied together are represented by letters, the sign may 
 be altogether omitted ; as, abc; xy. 
 
 or : divided by, denotes, when placed between two quantities, that the one on the left is to be 
 divided by the one on the right ; as, a -f- b : 8 -e- 4 ; a : b. 
 
 >&ip Division is also indicated by making the dividend the numerator and the divisor the de- 
 
 nominator of a fraction, 
 cated thus, a b. 
 
 -the quantities taking the place of the dots ; as, 
 
 b' 4' 
 
 It is also indi- 
 
 2 4. 
 
 two quantities, without implying which is to be subtracted from 
 
 plus, or minus; as, n±b ; \'a- 
 denotes the difference betw< 
 
 the other; as, a ~ b. 
 denotes the difference or excess. 
 
 denotes that one quantity varies as another; as, a oc v , a varies as -. 
 
 o b 
 
 radical sign, denotes, when no number is written over the sign, that the square root is to be taken ; 
 
 as, }/<7 ; }/9. 
 
 43?* The degree of the root is indicated by a number written over the sign.]/, which is called the 
 index of the root; as, fa, the cube or third root of a, &c. The symbol |/ is a modification of the 
 letter r, which stood for radix, or root. The root of a quantity is also indicated by a fractional 
 exponent; as, a§, the square root of a; a*, the fourth root of a, &c. 
 
 ' indicate that the quantities enclosed, or separated from other quantities, by 
 
 rac es, i t neni) are to be considered together, or as one quantity; as, (a + b) x; 
 ( ) parenthesis, 
 
 I bar, J 
 
 2 denotes that the sum is to be taken. 
 
 4®^The symbol 2 is used in algebra to denote that the sum of several quantities of the same 
 
 nature as that to which the symbol is prefixed is to be taken ; but in the Calculus it is commonly 
 
 used to denote the sum of the finite differences of a function. 
 
 /, F, 4>, functional symbols. A functional symbol denotes that two or more quantities vary together in 
 
 accordance with some mathematical law; as, y = f (x), denoting that y is a function of x, or 
 
 that there is a general relation of dependency of value between y and x. 
 
 ^©^The symbols used to denote functions are generally the letter /, with accents if necessary, 
 F, and <f>, 6, n, &c. 
 
 [!{}, 
 
 yXb; + 
 
SIGNS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING. 657 
 
 sign of equality, denotes that the two quantities between which it is placed are equal ; as, a + b = 
 
 x — y; 8 +1 = 5 + 7. 
 > sign of inequality, denotes that the quantity placed at the opening is greater than the one at the 
 
 vertex, and is read greater than; as, a > b, i.e., a greater than b. 
 < sign of inequality, denotes that the quantity at the vertex is less than the one at the opening, and 
 
 is read less than; as, 6 < a, i.e., b less than a. 
 C~ greater than ; as, a C b, i.e., a greater than b. 
 ~3 less than; as, a ~3 b, i.e., a less than b. 
 •H- geometrical proportion ; as, —■ a : b : c : d. 
 
 : : : : signs used in proportion ; as, 3 : 5 : : 6 : 10, which is read, 3 is to 5 as 6 is to 10 ; a : b :: c: d. 
 .'. hence; consequently; therefore. 
 \ • because. 
 
 ^ denotes an angle ; as, Z A, or Z B A C ; which is read, the angle A, or the angle B A C. 
 A denotes a triangle ; as, A B C D ; which is read, the triangle BCD. 
 L denotes a right angle ; as, L B, or L A B C. 
 □ denotes a square ; as, D A B C D. 
 I I denotes a rectangle ; as, C A B C D. 
 O denotes a circle, or 360°. 
 
 =0= equivalent to, denotes equivalency ; as, Al =Q= B D X BO. 
 || denotes parallelism. 
 J_ denotes a perpendicular. 
 f denotes that an integration is to be performed ; as, fdx. 
 
 4®=* This symbol is a modification of the letter s, which originally stood for the word summa, 
 or sum. 
 
 ™ denotes that several successive integrations are to be performed, m denoting the number of in- 
 tegrations. 
 
 J denotes a definite integral taken from the value a of the variable to the value b of the variable. 
 
 d, 8, D, A, L, are variously used to denote differences, differentials, derivatives, or variations. 
 
 n denotes the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter, which is 3. 14159265.... &c. : — 
 
 also the circumference of a circle whose diameter is unity : — also the semicircuniference of a. 
 
 circle whose radius is unity. When radius = 1, n — 180°. 
 
 e denotes the base of the Napierian system of logarithms, which is 2.71828182845 
 
 31 denotes the modulus of any system of logarithms. « 
 
 4®=* In the common system, 3J denotes 0.434294482... &c. 
 C/J denotes an infinitely large quantity, or a quantity greater than any assignable quantity. 
 denotes naught, nothing, or zero : — an infinitesimal, or a quantity less than an assignable quantity^. 
 g denotes the space described during the first second by a falling body, which is about 16A feefc 
 « denotes a residual. 
 
 ° denotes degrees of arc; as, 30°, which is read 30 degrees. 
 ' denotes minutes of arc ; as, 30° 12', which is read 30 degrees, 12 minutes. 
 n denotes seconds of arc; as, 30° 12' 10", which is read 30 degrees, 12 minutes, 10 seconds-.. 
 
 4®=* The accents ', ", '", &c, are also used, when several quantities of the same kind ace in- 
 volved in an investigation, to designate different quantities by the same letter differently accented; 
 as, a', a", a'", &c. 
 
 /" 
 
 MEDICAL. 
 
 ty (Recipe), take. 
 
 ^Sg^This symbol was originally the sign % of Jupiter, and was placed at the topof a formula 
 to propitiate the king of the gods, that the compound might act favorably. 
 3 a scruple ; 9ss, half a scruple ; 3i, one scruple ; 3iss, one scruple and a half; 3ij, two scruples,. &c. 
 5 a drachm ; 5ss, half a drachm ; 3i, one drachm ; Siss, one drachm and a half; 5ij, two drachms, &c. 
 5 an ounce ; Sss, half an ounce ; gi, one ounce ; giss, one ounce and a half; Sij, two ouncesj. &c. 
 ft> a pound. f3 a fluid ounce. 
 
 1TL a minim, or drop. O, or (Ociarius), a pint- 
 
 f5 a fluid drachm. aa (ava), of each. 
 
 rr 
 
658 SIGNS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 &, &. And.— &c. (Et csetera.) And the rest; and so forth. 
 4to, or 4°. Quarto, four leaves, or eight pages, to a sheet. 
 8vo, or 8°. Octavo, eight leaves, or sixteen pages, to a sheet. 
 12mo, or 12°. Duodecimo, twelve leaves, or tweirty-four pages, to a sheet. 
 lCmo, or 16°. Sexto-decimo, sixteen leaves, or thirty-two pages, to a sheet. 
 ISmo, or 18". Octo-decimo, eighteen leaves, or thirty-six pages, to a sheet. 
 
 45T When the sheets of a book are folded into more leaves and pages than those named above, 
 the number of leaves is designated by the proper Arabic numerals with the termination mo, or o, 
 affixed; thus, 24nio, or 24°, and 48mo, or 48°, denote books in which the sheets are folded into 
 twenty-four and forty -eight leaves respectively. As there are no corresponding Latin names in 
 use, such characters must be regarded as mefe sigus, and must be read as English words. 
 * Used in Roman Catholic church-books to divide each verse of a psalm into two parts, showing 
 
 where the responses begin. 
 + or + Used in Roman Catholic service-books in those places of the prayers and benediction where 
 the priest is to make the sign of the cross. It is also used in the briefs of the pope, and in 
 the mandates of archbishops and bishops immediately before the subscription of their names. 
 X A sign by which persons who cannot write are accustomed to his 
 
 attest instruments, their names being added by those who can John X Thomas. 
 
 w^rite; as — mark. 
 
 5 A common abbreviation for terminations, in use in the Middle Ages. Being in form somewhat 
 like a z, it came to be represented among the early printers by that letter, and is still retained 
 in the abbreviations oz. for ounce and viz. for videlicet. 
 Y, ory A corruption of the Anglo-Saxon character n, or th, found in the antiquated abbreviations y*. 
 for the, if for that, &c. 
 
 TYPOGRAPHICAL. 
 
 ,51 dele, expunge. 
 
 ^> turn an inverted letter. 
 
 •— ' less space between words or letters. 
 
 »-> print the.diphthong ae or oe as a single character; thus, ae, 02. 
 
 # more space. 
 
 X directs attention to a bad or foul type. 
 
 J^. directs attention to a space or quadrat that stands up. 
 
 .... placed under words which have been erased, and which it is subsequently decided shall remain, 
 
 the word stet (let it stand) being written in the margin, 
 begin a new paragraph : — also, bring a word to the commencement of a line. 
 fl begin a new paragraph. 
 
 EE drawn under words or letters which are to be printed in capitals. 
 = drawn under words or letters which are to be printed in small capitals. 
 — Italics, if drawn under a word printed in Roman letters; Roman letters, if drawn under a word 
 
 printed in Italics. 
 
 The following abbreviations are also used in the correction of proof : 
 ■&.. transpose. 
 
 ■C.o. lower case; — used when a letter or a word that should be printed in common letters has been 
 printed in capitals or small capitals, 
 wrong fount ; — used when a character is not of the proper size or kind of type. 
 
 <*-. o., or &. oe^d-.j print in small capitals. 
 o2>z^., or ? Query ;— used in any case of doubt. 
 
SIGNS "USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING. 659 
 
 ILLUSTRATION. 
 
 & / Though several differing opinions exist as to 
 /the individual by wsfom the art of printing was ^y 
 
 4 
 
 first discovered; yet all authorities concur in 
 admitting Peter Schoeffer to be the person 
 who invented cast metal types, having learned 
 the art -e£ of cutting the letters from the Gu- 
 : / tenbergs/ he is also supposed to have been 
 % the first whoengraved on copper plates. The /-/ 
 following testimony is preseved in the family, %i 
 / by ^Jo. ^Fred. ^Faustus, ^of ^Ascheffenburg : 
 j — I ^ Peter Scho effer, of Gernsheim, perceiving £jr % (p(iAd 
 \J his master Fausts design, and being himself 
 y> /^desirous | ardently] to improve the art, found 
 out (by the good providence of God) the 
 method of cutting { inc - idendi ) the characters Jfe*- 
 in a matrix, that the letters might easily be 
 j\ singly castj instead of bieng cut He pri- fa m 
 J^ vately cut matrices^ for the whole alphabet : 
 Faust was so pleased with the contrivanj 
 ^at he promised I^eter to give him luVonly ^ 
 
 
 " daughter Christina in marriage, jaf promise /%!/„/ 
 ^vhich he soon after performed. /f 
 
 I 'But there were many^hfnculties at first ' no ! ' 
 
 with these letters, as >mere had been before 
 
 C?K. 
 
 . with wooden oneXthe metal being too soft f<%~, / 
 
 -J- + X ^-^ z^/CdC. 
 
 to support th^Torce of the im pression: but '"~ > 
 
 this defecr was soon remedied, by mixing 
 
 3 S 2 x 
 
 a surjgfance with the metal which sufficiently <#. 
 
 hardened it/ 
 
 /a?i(/ wnen ne tAowec/ nc'd madtel me 
 cetf&U catt /lem tAeje itzatu'cej. 
 
A COLLECTION 
 
 OP 
 
 WORDS, PHRASES, AND QUOTATIONS 
 
 FROM THE 
 
 GREEK, LATIN, ERENCH, ITALIAN, GERMAN. AND SPANISH LANGUAGES. 
 
 N.B. A considerable number of such words, from foreign languages, as are often met "with in English 
 books, have been inserted in the general vocabulary of this Dictionary. 
 
 Abbreviations. — L. Latin; Gr. Greek; Ger. German; It. Italian; Fr. French; Sp. Spanish. 
 
 Abandon fail larron 
 
 the thief. 
 Ab extra. [L.] 
 Ab hoe et ab hoc. 
 
 confusedly. 
 Ab inconvenienti. 
 Ab incunabulis. 
 Ab initio. [L.] 
 Abnormis sapiens 
 
 [Fr.] Opportunity makes 
 
 From without. 
 [L.] From this and from that ; 
 [it. 
 [L.] From the inconvenience of 
 [L.j From the cradle. 
 From the beginning. 
 [L.] Wise without instruction. 
 
 A bon chat, bon rat. [Fr.] To a good cat, a good 
 rat ; well matched ; set a thief to catch a thief. 
 
 A bon marche. [Fr.] A good bargain ; cheap. 
 
 Ab origine. | L.] From the origin or beginning. 
 
 Ab ovo. [L.J From the egg. 
 
 Ab ovo usque ad mala. [L.] From the egg to the 
 apples; from beginning to end. 
 
 Absence d' esprit. [Fr.] Absence of mind. 
 
 Absente reo. [L.] While the defendant was absent. 
 
 Absti invidia. [L.] Envy apart. 
 
 Absque ulld conditione. [L.] Unconditionally. 
 
 Ab mio disce omnes. [L.] From one specimen, 
 judge of all the rest. 
 
 Ab urbe conditd. [L.] From the building of the 
 city, — i.e., Rome. 
 
 A capite ad calcem. [L.] From head to heel. 
 
 Accessil. [L.] He came nearly up to. 
 
 Acerla errando. [Sp.] He blunders into the right. 
 
 A'compte. [Fr.] On account ; in part payment. 
 
 A corps perdu. [Fr.] Headlong ; neck or nothing. 
 
 A coups de baton. [Fr.] With blows of a stick. 
 
 Acquit. [Fr.] Receipt. Pour acquit. [Fr.] Re- 
 ceived payment. 
 
 A cruce sains. [L.] Salvation is from the cross. 
 
 Acti labor esjucundi. [L.] Past toils are pleasant. 
 
 Actionnaire. [Fr.] Shareholder; stockholder. 
 
 A cmpide corona. [L.] A crown from the spear; 
 the reward of valor, or of suffering. 
 
 Ad arbilrium. [L.] At discretion. 
 
 Ad Calendas Grxcas. [L.] At the Greek Calends,— 
 i.e., never, as the Greeks had no Calends. 
 
 Ad captandum vidgns. [L.] To catch the vulgar. 
 
 A Deo et rege. [L.] From God and the king. 
 
 Ad eundem gradum. [L.] To the same degree or 
 rank. 
 
 Adfinem. [L.] To the end. 
 
 Ad'hominem. [L.] Personal ; to the individual. 
 
 Adhuc sub judice lis est. [L.] The dispute is still 
 pending. 
 
 Ad infinitum. [L.] To infinity ; without end. 
 
 Ad interim. [L.] In the mean while. 
 
 Ad intemeciouem. [L.] To extermination. 
 
 Ad libitum. [L.] At pleasure. 
 
 660 
 
 Ad nauseam vsqne. [L.] To satiety or disgust. 
 Adolesceutem verecundum esse decel. [L.] A young 
 
 man should be modest. 
 Adpatres. [L.] Gathered to his fathers ; dead. 
 Ad quod damnum. [L.] To what damage ; — a writ 
 
 to ascertain what injury would accrue from a 
 
 grant. 
 Ad referendum. [L.] For further consideration. 
 Adscrvptas glebse. [L.] Attached to the soil. 
 Ad unguent. [L.] To the touch of the nails; to 
 
 a nicety ; exactly ; perfectly. 
 Ad utrumque paralus. [L.] Prepared for either 
 
 event. 
 Ad valorem. [L.] According to the value. 
 Advivum. [!>.] "To the life. 
 JEgrescit rnedendo. [L.] The remedy is worse than 
 
 the disease. 
 JEgri somnia vana. [L.] The idle dreams of a 
 
 sick man. ■ [gently. 
 
 JEquabililer et diligenter. [L.] Equably and dili- 
 JEqnam servare mentem. [L.] To preserve an equa- 
 ble mind. 
 JEquanimitei: [L.] With equanimity. 
 Mquiias sequitur legem. [L.] Equity follows the 
 
 law, — i.e., to supply its defects, not to override it. 
 JEquo animo. [L.] With equanimity. 
 JEtatis suse. [L.] Of his or her age. 
 Affaire d'amour. [Fr.] A love-affair. 
 Affaire dVionneur. [Fr.] An affair of honor; a 
 
 duel. 
 Affaire du cceur. [Fr.] An affair of the heart. 
 i Afjirmalim. [L.] Affirmatively. 
 A fin de. [Fr.] To the end that. 
 I Age quod agis. [L.] Attend to what you are about. 
 j Agnus Dei. [L.J Lamb of God. 
 A grands frais. [Fr.] At great expense. 
 Aide toi, et le del Caidera. [Fr.] Help yourself, 
 
 and Heaven will help you. 
 Ajustez vos fiutes. [Fr.] Put yourselves in accord. 
 A Vabandon. [Fr.] At random. 
 A la bonne heure. [Fr.] At an early hour; well 
 
 timed: — an exclamation of joyful surprise. 
 A Vabri. [Fr.] Under shelter. 
 Aladerobee. [Fr.] By stealth. 
 A la Irangaise. [Fr.] After the French manner. 
 A VAnglaise. [Fr.] After the English manner or 
 
 fashion. 
 A Venvi. [Fr.] Emulously ; so as to rival. 
 Alia tentanda via est. [L.] Another way must be 
 
 tried. 
 Alienrt optimum frui insanid. [L.] It is well to 
 
 profit by the folly of others. 
 
WORDS, PHRASES, &c, FROM FOREIGN LANGUAGES. 661 
 
 Alieni temporis jlores. [L.J Blossoms of a time 
 
 gone by. 
 A Vimproviste. [Fr.J On a sudden ; unawares. 
 Aliqiuuido bonus dormitut Homerus. [L.] Even the 
 
 good Homer sometimes nods. 
 Alia volat propriis. [L.J He flies with his own 
 
 wings. 
 Alium quercum excute. [L.] Shake some other oak. 
 Alma mater. [L.] Kind or benign mother. 
 A Voulrance. [Fr.J To the very death. 
 Alter ego. [L.J My other self. 
 Alter idem. [L.] Another exactly similar. 
 Alter ipse amicus. [L.J A friend is a second self. 
 A main armee. [Fr.] With force of arms. 
 Amantium irse amoris redintegratio est. [L.] The 
 
 quarrels of lovers lead to renewal of love. 
 A ma puissance. [Fr.] To my power. 
 Amare et sapere vix deo eoncedilur. [L.] To love 
 
 and be wise is scarcely granted to the highest. 
 Amedeboue. [Fr.] A soul of mud; a miscreant. 
 A memo, el thoro. [L.] From bed and board. 
 Amerveille. [Fr.] To a wonder ; marvellously. 
 Arnici probanlnr rebus udcersis. [L.] Friends are 
 
 proved by adversity. 
 Amicus curise. [L.] A friend of the court. 
 Amicus hnmani generis. [L.] A friend of the hu- 
 man race ; a philanthropist. 
 Amicus Plato, amicus Socrates, sed magis arnica reritas 
 
 [L.] Plato is my friend, Socrates is my friend, 
 
 but truth is mure my friend. 
 Ami de court. [Fr.] A court friend ; an uncertain 
 
 friend. 
 Ami de mouvement. [Fr.] A friend of progress. 
 Ami des noirs. [Fr.] A friend of the blacks. 
 Amijusqu'aux autels. [Fr.] A friend even to the 
 
 altar. 
 Amo. [L.J I love. 
 Amor munmi. [L.] Love of money. 
 Amor patriae. [L.] Patriotism. 
 Amour fait beaucoup, mai* argent fail font. [Fr.] 
 
 Love is potent, but money is omnipotent. 
 Amour propre. [Fr.] Self-love ; vanity. 
 Angnis in herbd. [L.] A snake in the grass. , 
 
 Animi ciiltus humanitatU cibus. [L.J Mental culture 
 
 is the food of humanity. 
 Animo et fide. [L.] By courage and faith. 
 Animo, turn astulid. [L.] By courage, not by craft. 
 Animus. [L.] Mind ; intention. 
 Animus furandi. [L.J The intention of stealing. 
 Aninms imponeutis. [L.J The intention of the im- 
 posed. 
 Anno setatis suse. [L.J In the year of his or her age. 
 Anno Cltristi. [L ] In the year of Christ. 
 Anno Domini. [L.J In the year of our Lord. 
 Anno mundi. [L.] In the year of the world. 
 Anno nrbis conditie. [L.J In the year since the 
 
 building of the city, i.e., Rome. 
 Annus mirabilis. [L.] The year of wonders. 
 Ante bellum. [L.J Before the war. 
 Ante lucem. [L.] Before daylight. 
 Ante meridiem. [L.J Before noon. 
 Ante tubam trepidat. [L.J He trembles before the 
 
 trumpet sounds. 
 Anti. [dr.] Against. 
 A parte ante. [L.] Of the preceding part. 
 A pas de giant. [Fr.] With giant pace. 
 A peiudre. [Fr.] For painting; fit to make a 
 
 picture of. 
 Apergu. [Fr.] A sketch ; abstract ; summary. 
 A perte de vue. [Fr.] Beyond one's view. 
 A pobreza no hay vergilenza. [Sp.] Poverty has no 
 
 shame. 
 A posse ad esse. [L.] From possibility to reality. 
 A posteriori. [L.J From the effect to the cause. 
 Apparatus belli. [L.] Materials for war. 
 Appetitns rationi pareat. [L.J Let appetite obey T 
 
 reason. 
 Appui. [Fr.] Point of support; purchase; prop. 
 A prima vista. [It.] At first sight. 
 A priori. [L.J From the cause to the effect. 
 Apropos de rien. [Fr.] Apropos to nothing. 
 Aqua et igne interdiclus. [L.J Deprived of fire and 
 
 water. 
 
 Aquila non capit muscas. [L.J An eagle does not 
 catch flies. 
 
 Arbiter eleganliarum. [L.J A judge in matters of 
 taste. [teries. 
 
 Arcana cseleslia. [L.J Heavenly secrets or mys- 
 
 Arcana imperii. [L.J The mysteries of govern- 
 ment ; state secrets. 
 
 Ardentia verba. [L.] Words that glow or burn. 
 
 A res de chaussee. [Fr.] Even with the ground. 
 
 Argent comptant. [Fr.] Beady money. 
 
 Argent complant porte medeciue. [Fr.] Beady money 
 brings a remedy. 
 
 Argumentum ad crumenam. [L.] An argument to 
 the purse ; — ad hominem, to the man ; — ad ignoran- 
 tiiim, to ignorance, or founded on an adversary's 
 ignorance of facts ;—ad judicium, to the judg- 
 ment; — ad verecundiam, to modest}'; — argumen- 
 tum baculinum, an appeal to force ; club law. 
 
 Arrectis auribtis. [L.J With attentive ears. 
 
 Ars est celure artem. [L.] It is true art to conceal 
 art. [short. 
 
 Ars longa, vita brevis. [L.J Art is long, and life is 
 
 Artes honorabit. [L.J He will honor the arts. 
 
 A rude due, rude dnier. [Fr.] To a rough ass, a 
 rough driver. 
 
 Asinus ad bjram. [L.] An ass to a lyre :— absurdly. 
 
 A talons. [Fr.] Groping. 
 
 A teneris annis. [L.l From earliest years. 
 
 A tort et d travers. [Fr.] At random. 
 
 A tonte force. [Fr.] With all one's might. 
 
 At sjies non fracta. [L.J But hope is not yet broken. 
 
 An ban droit. [Fr.] To the just right. * 
 
 Au bout de son Latin. [Fr.] To the extent of his 
 knowledge. 
 
 Auctor pretiosa faciL [L.] The giver makes the 
 gift precious. 
 
 Audaces forluna juval. [L.J Fortune favors the 
 brave. 
 
 Audacler et sincere. [L.J Boldly and sincerely. 
 
 Audax at cautus. [L.J Buhl but wary. 
 
 Auile sapere. [L.J Dare to be wi.se. 
 
 An desespoir. [Fr.] In despair. 
 
 Audi alteram partem. [L.J Hear the other side. 
 
 Audire est operas, pretium. [L.J It is worth while 
 to listen. 
 
 An fail. [Fr.J Skilful ; expert. 
 
 Au fond. [Fr.J To the bottom. [fession. 
 
 Augustana Confessio. [L.J The Augsburg Con- 
 
 Au pis (dler. [Fr.] At the worst. 
 
 An platsir do cons revoir. [Fr.] Till I have the 
 pleasure of seeing you again. 
 
 Aura papillaris. [L.l The popular breeze. 
 
 Aura seminalis. [L.J The impregnating air. 
 
 A urea mediocrilas. [L.J The golden mean. 
 
 Auri sacra fames. [L.J The accursed appetite for 
 gold. 
 
 Aurum potabile. [L.J Potable gold. 
 
 Auspicium melioris eevi. [L.J A pledge of better 
 times. 
 
 Aussitot dit, aussilot fait. [Fr.J Xo sooner said 
 than done. 
 
 Aid Caesar, aul nullns. [L.J Either Caesar, or no- 
 body. 
 
 Autrefois acquit. [Fr.] Formerly acquitted. 
 
 Aut iincere aid mori. [L.] Either to conquer or 
 to die. 
 
 A ux amies. [Fr.J To arms. 
 
 Auxilium ab alto. [L.J Help is from on high. 
 
 Avec permission. [Fr.] With permission. 
 
 A verbis ad verbera. [L.J From words to blows. 
 
 A vinculo matrimonii. [L.J From the bond of 
 matrimony. 
 
 Arise la Jin. [Fr.l Consider the end. 
 
 A vo 
 
 A 
 
 A 
 
 vise la Jin. L* r -J consider tne end. 
 rostra salute. [It.] | 
 voire saute. [Fr.] > To your health. 
 vuestra salud. [Sp.JJ 
 
 B. 
 
 Banco regis. [L.J On the king's bench. 
 Bos bleu. [Fr.J Bl 
 
 Hue-stocking ; a literary woman. 
 
 56 
 
662 
 
 "WORDS, PHRASES, AND QUOTATIONS 
 
 Entire la campagne. [Fr.] To beat about the bush. 
 
 Bel esprit. [Fr.] A brilliant mind. 
 
 Betta ! horrida bella ! [L.] War ! horrid war ! 
 
 Bellum internecivutri. [L.] A war of extermination. 
 
 Bellum lethale. [L.] A deadly war. 
 
 Beneficium accipere, libertatem vendere. [L.] To re- 
 ceive a benefit is to sell one's liberty. 
 
 Benigno numine. [L.] By the favor of Providence. 
 
 Ben trovato. [It.] Well invented. 
 
 Billet (Vamour, or Billet doux. [Fr.] A love-letter. 
 
 Bis. [L.] Twice, or repeated. 
 
 Bis dut qui citu did. [L.] He gives twice who 
 gives quickly, or seasonably. 
 
 Bis peccare in hello non licet. [L.] To blunder 
 twice is not allowed in war. 
 
 Bis pueri senes. [L.] Old men are twice children. 
 
 Bona fide. [L.] In good faith ; really. 
 
 Bon grc, mal grc. [Fr.] With good or ill grace. 
 
 Bonhomie. [Fr.] Good-natured simplicity. 
 
 Bonis avibus. [L.] With good omens. 
 
 Bonne. [Fr.] A governess ; a lady's maid. 
 
 Bonne louche. [Fr.] A delicate bit; a sweet morsel. 
 
 Bonne et belle assez. [Fr.] Good and beautiful 
 enough. 
 
 Boutez en avant. [Fr.] Push forward. 
 
 Brevet a" 1 invention. [Fr.] A patent. 
 
 Brevete. [Fr.] Patented. 
 
 Brevi manu. [L.] With a short hand ; off-hand. 
 
 Brutum fulmen. [L.] A harmless thunderbolt. 
 
 Buona mano. [It.] A slight present. 
 
 c. 
 
 Caco'ethes. [L.] An evil custom ; a bad habit ; 
 
 — ctirpendi, a rage for finding fault or carping ; 
 
 — loquendi, for speaking ; — scribendi, for writing. 
 Cadit qnsestio. [L.] There is an end of the ques- 
 tion. 
 
 Cseca invidia est. [L.] Envy is blind. 
 
 Csetera desunL [L.] The remainder is wanting. 
 
 Cseteris paribus. [L.] Other things being equal. 
 
 Campus Marines. [L.] A place for military exer- 
 cises. 
 
 Candida pax. [L.] White-robed peace. 
 
 Candidt el conslantei: [L.] Candidly and with 
 constancy. 
 
 Cantale Domino. [L.] Sing to the Lord. 
 
 Capitulnm, or Caput. [L.] Section ; chapter. 
 
 Caput mortuum. [L.] Worthless remains. 
 
 Caret. [L.] It is wanting; — pi. carent. 
 
 Carpe diem. [L.] Improve time; embrace the 
 opportunity. 
 
 Cassis tutissima virtus. [L.] Tirtue is the safest 
 shield. 
 
 Casus belli. [L.] A cause for war. 
 
 Casus foederis. [L.] The end of the league. 
 
 Catalogue raisonne. [Fr.] A catalogue of books 
 arranged according to subjects. 
 
 Causa sine qua non. [L.] An indispensable con- 
 dition. 
 
 Caveat actor. [L.] Let the doer beware. 
 
 Caveat emptor. [L.] Let the buyer beware. 
 
 Cavendo tutus. [L.J Safe through caution. 
 
 Cedant arma logic. [L.] Let arms yield to the 
 gown, or the'military to the civil authority. 
 
 Cede Leo. [L.] Yield to God, or Providence. 
 
 Cedite, Bomani scriptores, cedite, Graii. [L.] Yield, 
 ye Roman, yield, ye Greek, writers. 
 
 Centum. [L.] A hundred. 
 
 Certiorari. [L.] To be made more certain. 
 
 Cerium pete finem. [L.] Aim at a certain end. 
 
 Cessante causa, cessut efeclus. [L.] When the 
 cause ceases, the effect ceases. 
 
 Cest fail de lui. [Fr.] It is all over with him. 
 
 C^estune autre chose. [Fr.] It is another thing. 
 
 Chacun d son gout. [Fr.] Every one to his taste. 
 
 ChainpsElyse.es. [Fr.] Elysian fields; paradise. 
 
 Chapeau de bras. [Fr.] A military cocked hat. 
 
 Chateaux en Espague. [Fr.] Castles in the air. 
 
 Chereamie. [Fr. ] A mistress. 
 
 Che sard sard. [It.] What will be, will be. 
 
 Che face confessa. [It.] He who is silent confesses. 
 
 Chcval de bataille. [Fr.] A war-horse; main de- 
 pendence or support. 
 
 Chrouigne scanduleuse. [Fr.] An account of follies 
 and vices. 
 
 Circnilus verborum. [L.] A roundabout expression. 
 
 Cito malurum, citu pulridum. [L.] Soon ripe, soon 
 rotten. 
 
 Clarior e tenebris. [L.] More bright from ob- 
 scurity. 
 
 Clarum et venerabile nomen. [L.] An illustrious 
 and venerable name. 
 
 Classes aisies. [Fr.] Classes having a competence. 
 
 Comitas inter geutes. [L.] Comity between nations. 
 
 Comme Ufaut. [Fr.] As it should be. 
 
 Commeje fus. [Fr.] As I was. 
 
 Commune bonum. [L.] A common good. 
 
 Communibus annis. [L.] One year with another. 
 
 Communi consensu. [L.J By common consent. 
 
 Compagnon de voyage. [Fr.] A travelling com- 
 panion. 
 
 Compouere lites. [L.] To settle disputes. 
 
 Comjiositum jzis fasque animi. [L. ] Law and equity. 
 
 Compos mentis. [L.] Of sound mind. 
 
 Compte rendu. [Fr.] A report or account. 
 
 Con aiuore. [It.] With love or inclination. 
 
 Concio ad clerum. [L.] A sermon or address to 
 the clergy. 
 
 Concordia discors. [L.] Discordant concord. 
 
 Conditio sine qua non. [L.] An indispensable con- 
 dition. 
 
 Couquiescat in pace. [L.] May he rest in peace. 
 
 Comilio et animis. [L.] By wisdom and courage. 
 
 Consilio et prudentid. [L.] By counsel and pru- 
 dence. 
 
 Constantid et virtute. [L.] By constancy and virtue. 
 
 Consuetudo pro lege servatur. [L.] Custom is held 
 as law. 
 
 Contra bonos mores. [L.] Against good manners 
 or morals. 
 
 Contra slimulum calcas. [L.] You kick against a 
 spur. 
 
 Copia verborum. [L.] An abundance of words. 
 
 Coram domino rege. [L.] Before our lord the king. 
 
 Cm-am nobis. [L.] Before us. 
 
 Coram non judice. [L.J I\ot before the proper 
 judge. 
 
 Cordon sanitaire. [Fr.] A line of guards against 
 contagion or pestilence. 
 
 Corpus delicti. [L.] The main offence. 
 
 Corrnplio optimi pessima. [L.] The corruption of 
 tlie best becomes the worst. 
 
 Cor nnum, via una. [L.] One heart, one way. 
 
 Cosa ben f alia efatta due voile. [It.] A thing well 
 done is twice* done. 
 
 Cos ingeniorum. [L.] A whetstone for the wits. 
 
 Couleur de 7-ose. [Fr.] Rose color; flattering hue. 
 
 Coup de grace. [Fr.] The mercy -stroke ; finish- 
 ing stroke. 
 
 Coup de main. [Fr.] A bold effort or attack. 
 
 Coup deplume. [Fr.J A literary attack or contest. 
 
 Coup de soleil. [Fr.J Sun-stroke. 
 
 Coup d'ossai. [Fr.] First attempt. 
 
 Coup d'etat. [Fr.J A stroke of policy in state 
 affairs. 
 
 Coup de theatre. [Fr.] Theatrical effect ; clap-trap. 
 
 Coup d\til. [Fr.] A slight view ; a glance. 
 
 Coupons. [Fr.] Dividend-warrants; papers, or 
 parts of a commercial instrument bearing inter- 
 est, of which a part is cut off as it falls due. — 
 Coupon dttachi. [Fr.] A dividend-warrant cut 
 off. — Detacher un coupon. [Fr.] To detach, or 
 take off, a coupon, a dividend-warrant. 
 
 Courage sans peur. [Fr.J Courage without fear. 
 
 Conreurs des bois. [Fr.] Forest-runners. 
 
 Coute que coute. [Fr.] Let it cost what it may. 
 
 Craignez honte. [Fr.] Fear shame. 
 
 Credat Judseus Apella. [L.] Let Apella, the cir- 
 cumcised Jew, believe it. 
 
 Credo quia imnossibile est. [L.] I believe because 
 it is impossible. 
 
 Credula res amor est. [L.] Love is a credulous 
 thing. 
 
EKOM FOKEIGN LANGUAGES. 
 
 663 
 
 Qrescit amor nummi quantum ipsa pecunia crescil. 
 
 [L.J As money increases the love of it iucreases. 
 CrescU euudo. [L.J It increases in its course. 
 Crimen Isesse majestatis. [L.] The crime of high 
 
 treason. 
 Cruel, dum spiro fido. [L.] While I hreathe, I 
 
 trust in the cross. 
 Crux criticorum. [L.J The puzzle of critics;— 
 
 medicorum, of physicians; — mathematicorum, of 
 
 mathematicians. 
 Cucullus non tacit monachum. [L.J The hood does 
 
 not make the friar. 
 Ouibongf [L.J For whose benefit? 
 Cidpinn poena premil comes. [L.J Punishment fol- 
 lows hard upou crime. 
 Cum gran o salts. [L.J With a grain of salt ; with 
 
 some allowance. 
 Cum pricilegio. [L.J With privilege or license. 
 Cuneus cuneum trudit. [L.J One wedge drives 
 
 another. 
 Curiosa felicitas. [L.J A felicitous tact. 
 Ourrente caiamo. [L.J With a running or rapid pen. 
 Castas morum. [L.J The guardian of morals. 
 
 , [L.; 
 
 Custos rotulorum. 
 
 .] The keeper of the rolls. 
 
 D. 
 
 B'accord. [Fr.] Agreed ; in tune. 
 
 Da locum melioribus. [L.J Give place to your 
 betters. 
 
 Barnes de la halle. [Fr.] Market-women. 
 
 Damnani quod >ion intelligunl. [L.J They condemn 
 what they do not understand. 
 
 Damnuli ad metalla. [L.J Condemned to the mines. 
 
 Bapes iuemptte. [L.J Unbought viands or dainties, i 
 
 Dare pondus fumo. [L.J To give weight to smoke. 
 
 Lata. [L.J Things given or granted; premises. 
 
 Be auctoritate miki commissi. [L.J By the author- 
 ity intrusted to me. 
 
 Be bonis non. [L.] Of the goods not yet adminis- 
 tered on. 
 
 Be bonne grace. [Fr.] Willingly and kindly. 
 
 Beceptio visits. [L.] Optical illusion. 
 
 Becies repetita placeblt. [L.] Ten times repeated, 
 it will still please. 
 
 Decrevi. [L.J I have determined. 
 
 Be die in diem. [L.l From day to day. 
 
 Be facto. [L.J In "fact; in reality. 
 
 Be gustibus non disputandum. [L.J There is no 
 disputing about tastes. 
 
 Be haute hike. [Fr.] By a violent struggle. 
 
 Bei plena sunt omnia. [L.J All things are full 
 of God. 
 
 Bcjeuner a la fourchette. [Fr.] A meat breakfast. 
 
 Be jure. [L.J By or of right ; by law. 
 
 Delenda est Carthago. [L.J Carthage must be de- 
 stroyed. 
 
 Be minimis non curatur. [L.J No notice is taken j 
 of trifles. 
 
 Bemontealto. [L.J From a high mountain. 
 
 Be vtorluis nil nisi bonnm. [L.] Concerning the 
 dead say only what is favorable. 
 
 Be nihUo nihil fit. [L.J From nothing nothing is 
 made. 
 
 Be novo. [L.J Anew ; from the beginning. 
 
 Beo date. [L.J Give ye to God. 
 
 Beo favente. [L.] Providence favoring; — monenle, 
 warning;— jucanle, helping ; — volenle, willing. 
 
 Beo gratias. [L.] Thanks to God. 
 
 Beojuvante. [L.J With God's help. 
 
 Beo, non fortund. [L.J From God, not from 
 fortune. 
 
 Beo volente. [L.] If God will. 
 
 Beprofundls. [L.] Out of the depths. 
 TL." 
 
 Dies irse. [L.J Day of wrath — a famous hymn. 
 
 Bits non. [L.J No day in court. 
 
 Bieu arec nous. [Fr.] God with us. 
 
 Bleu defend le droit. [Fr.] God defends the right. 
 
 Bieu et mon droit. [Fr.] God and my right. 
 
 Bleu vous garde. [Fr.] God guard you. 
 
 Bignus vindice nodus. [L.J A knot worthy of being 
 untied by such hands. 
 
 Bii majorum gentium. [L.J The twelve superior 
 gods. 
 
 Bii penates. [L.] Household gods. 
 
 Bios me libre de hombre de nn libro. [Sp.] God de- 
 liver me from a man of one book. 
 
 Birigo. [L.] I guide. 
 
 Biseur de bous mots. [Fr.] A saver of good things. 
 
 Biy'ecta membra. [L.] Scattered remains. 
 
 Blsjecli membra po'etse. [L.] The limbs of the dis- 
 membered poet. 
 
 Blclde et impera. [L.] Divide and govern. 
 
 Bocendo discimus. [L.] We learn by teaching. 
 
 Bomlnus voblscum. [L.J The Lord be with you. 
 
 Bomus et placens uxor. [L.] A house aud pleasing 
 wife. 
 
 Borer la pilule. [Fr.] To gild the pill. 
 
 Bos cVdne. [Fr.] A shelving ridge. 
 
 Bouble entendre. [Fr.] Double meaning. 
 
 Bouble entente. [Fr.] Double signification. 
 
 Doiu; yeux. [Fr.] Soft glances. 
 
 Dramatis penonse. [L.J Characters of the drama ; 
 characters represented. 
 
 Droit au travaiL [Fr.] The right of living by labor. 
 
 Broit des gens. [Fr.] The law of nations. 
 
 Broil et avant. [Fr.] Eight ant! forward. 
 
 Bucit amor patrlse. [L.] Patriotism guides me. 
 
 Du fort au faible. [Fr.] From the strong to the 
 weak. 
 
 Dulce et decorum est pro patrid mori. [L.] It is 
 sweet and honorable to die for one's country. 
 
 Bulce est deslpere in loco. [L.] It is pleasant to 
 play the fool on the proper occasion. 
 
 Dum spin, spero. [L.l While I breathe, I hope. 
 
 Bum tacenl, clamant. [L.J While silent, they cry 
 out. [live. 
 
 Bum vivimus, viramus. [L.] While we live, let us 
 
 Buranle beneplaclto. [L.] During our good pleasure. 
 
 Durante vitd. [L.] During life. 
 
 Dux fecmina facti. [L.J A woman was the leader 
 of the deed, or enterprise. 
 
 E. 
 
 Besideratum. [L.J A thing desired. 
 
 Besunl cictera. [L.J The remainder is wanting. 
 
 Betur digniori. [L.J Let it be given to the more 
 
 worthy. 
 Bextro tempore. [L.J At a propitious time. 
 Bies fanstus,—infaustus. [L.J A lucky day,— an 
 
 unlucky day. 
 
 Ean de Cologne. [Fr.J Cologne water. 
 
 Eau de tie. [Fr.J Brandy. 
 
 Ecce homo. [L.J Behold the man. 
 
 Ecce signum. [L.J Behold the sign, or badge. 
 
 E contra. [L.] On the other hand. 
 
 Econtrario. [L.J On the contrary. 
 
 Edltlo prlnceps. [L.J First edition. 
 
 Ego et rex mens. [L.J I and my king. 
 
 Elupso tempore. [L.J The time having elapsed. 
 
 Elet-e. [Fr.J A pupil. 
 
 Elolgnement. [Fr.J Estrangement. 
 
 E meglio tardl cite mai. [It.] Better late than never. 
 
 Empressement. [Fr.J Eagerness ; haste ; zeal. 
 
 Empla dolere docet experienlia. [L.J Experience 
 
 bought with pain is instructive. 
 En cueros, or en cueros viros. [Sp.J Stark naked. 
 En Bieu est ma fiance. [Fr.J In God is my trust. 
 En Bieu est tout. [Fr.J In God is every tiling. 
 EnfamiUe. [Fr.J In a domestic manner. 
 Enfans de famille. [Fr.J Children of the family. 
 Enfans perdus. [Fr.J Lost children : — the forlorn 
 
 hope. 
 Enfant gate. [Fr.] A spoiled child. 
 Enfant troure. [Fr.] A foundling. 
 En fin. [Fr.J At length ; at last. 
 En flute. [Fr.J With guns on the upper deck only. 
 Enfoule. In a crowd, or mass. 
 En grace affie. [Fr.J On grace depend. 
 En grand. [Fr.l Of full size. 
 En masse. [Fr.J In a mass or body. 
 
664 
 
 WORDS, PHRASES, AND QUOTATIONS 
 
 En passant. [Fr.] In passing ; by the way. 
 
 Enpleinjour. [Fr.] In broad day. 
 
 En revanche. [Fr.] In return ; as a requital. 
 
 En route. [Fr.] On the way or road. 
 
 En mivanl la verite. [Fr.] In following truth. 
 
 Entre deux vins. [Fr.] Neither drunk nor sober. 
 
 Entremets. [Fr.] Dainties between the courses. 
 
 Entre nous. [Fr.] Between ourselves. 
 
 Entresol. [Fr.] A low-studded story between the 
 
 basement and the second story. 
 Eo nomine. [L.] By that name. 
 E pluribus unum. [L.] One of many. — The motto 
 
 of the United States. — The allusion is to the 
 
 formation of one federal government out of sev- 
 eral independent States. 
 Equanimiter. [L.] With equanimity. 
 Erba mala presto cresce. [It.] An ill weed grows 
 
 apace. 
 Eripuit cselo fulmen, sceptrumque tyrannis. [L.] He 
 
 snatched the thunderbolt from the clouds, and 
 
 the sceptre from tyrants. 
 Errare humanum est. [L.J To err is human. 
 Erubuit, salvct res est. [L.J He blushed, all is safe. 
 Esperance et Dieu. [Fr.] Hope and God. 
 Esprit ale corps. [Fr.] The spirit of the body : — 
 
 brotherhood; brotherly feeling. 
 Esprit fort. [Fr.] A freethinker. 
 Essayez. [Fr.] Try ; attempt. 
 Esse quam videri. [L.] To be, rather than to seem. 
 Est modus in rebus. [L.] There is a medium in all 
 
 things. 
 Esto perpelua. [L.] Let it endure forever. 
 Esto quod esse videris. [L.] Be what you seem to be. 
 Est gusedam flere voluptas. [L.] There is a certain 
 
 pleasure in tears. 
 Et cselera. [L.] And the rest. 
 Et cum spiritu tuo. [L.] And with thy spirit. 
 Etsequenlia. [L.] And what follows. 
 Et sic de cseleris. [L.] And so of the rest. 
 Et sic de similibus. [L.] And so of the like. 
 Et In, Brule. [L.] And even you, Brutus. 
 Ex abrupto. [L.] Abruptly. 
 Ex abundantia. [L.] Out of the abundance. 
 Ex animo. [L.] Heartily ; sincerely. 
 Ex beneplacito. [L.] At pleasure. 
 Ex cathedra. [L.] From the chair or pulpit ; from 
 
 high authority. 
 Excelsior. [L.] Higher ; more elevated. 
 Exceptio probulregulam. [L.] The exception proves 
 
 the rule. 
 Exceptis excipiendis. [L.] The proper exceptions 
 
 being made. 
 Excitari, non hebescere. [L.] To be spirited, not 
 
 inactive. 
 Ex concesso. [L.] From what has been admitted. 
 Excudit. [L.] He fashioned or made it ;— pi. excu- 
 
 derunt. 
 Ex curid. [L.] Outofcoiirt. 
 Ex delicto. [L.] From the crime. 
 Ex dono. [L.] By the gift of. 
 Exegi monumentum sere perennius. [L.] I have built 
 
 a monument more durable than brass. 
 Exempla sunt odiosa. [L.] Examples are offensive. 
 Exempli gratia. [L.] For example ; for instance. 
 Exeunt. [L.] They go out. 
 Exeunt omnes. [L.] All go out. 
 Ex facto jus oritur. [L.] The law arises out of 
 
 the fact. 
 ExfideforHs. [L.] Strong through faith. 
 Exigeant. [Fr.] Exacting; requiring too much 
 
 attention. 
 Ex merd gratid. [L.] From mere favor. 
 Ex mero motu. [L.] From a mere motion. 
 Ex necessitate rei. [L.] From the necessity of the 
 
 case. 
 Ex nihilo nihil fit. [L.] Nothing produces nothing. 
 Ex ofiicio. [L.] By virtue of his office. 
 Ex opere operatn. [L.] By external works ; by an 
 
 objective influence. 
 Exparle. [L.] On one part or side. 
 Ex pede Herailem. [L.] From the size of the 
 
 foot we recognize a Hercules : — we judge of the 
 
 whole from the specimen. 
 
 Experientia docet slultos. [L.] Experience teaches 
 
 even fools. 
 Experimentum crucis. [L.] The experiment of the 
 
 cross : — a decisive experiment. 
 Experto crede Roberto. [L.] Believe one who has 
 
 had experience. 
 Expertus. [L.] An expert, or an experienced 
 
 person. 
 Expertus metuit. [L.] Having experience, he 
 
 dreads it. [spective. 
 
 Ex post facto. [L.] After the deed is done ; retro- 
 Expressis verbis. [L.] In express terms. 
 Ex professo. [L.] By profession. 
 Ex quocunque capite. [L.] From whatever cause. 
 Ex tempore. [L.] Off-hand ; on the 6pur of the 
 
 moment : — extemporaneously. 
 Ex ungue leonem. [L.] The lion is known by his 
 
 claws. 
 Ex uno disce omnes. [L.] From one learn all. 
 
 Fuber suse forlunse. [L.] The artificer of his own 
 
 fortunes': — a self-made man. 
 Fades non omnibus una. [L.] All have not the 
 
 same face. 
 Facile princeps. [L.] The admitted chief. 
 Facilis descensus Averni. [L.] The descent into 
 
 hell is easy : — it is easy to get into difficulty. 
 Fafon de parler. [Fr.] A manner of speaking. 
 Fac totum. [L.] Do every thing: — a man of all 
 
 work. 
 Fsex popidi. [L.] The dregs of the people. 
 Faire bonne mine. [Fr.] To put a good face on. 
 Faire mon devoir. [Fr. j To do my duty. 
 Faire sans dire. [Fr.] To do, not say. 
 Fait accompli. [Fr.] A thing already done. 
 Farna clamosa. [L.j Public scandal. 
 Fama semper vivat. [L.] May his fame live forever. 
 Fare, fac. [L.] Speak, do. 
 
 Fari quse sentiat. [L.] To speak what he thinks. 
 Fas est et ab hoste doceri. [L.] It is permitted to 
 
 learn even from an enemy. 
 Fasti et nefasli dies. [L.] Lucky and unlucky days. 
 Fata obstant. [L.] The Fates oppose. 
 Faux- pas. [Fr.] A false step. 
 Favete Unguis. [L.] Favor by your tongues; be 
 
 silent while the business is proceeding. 
 Felicitas multos habet amicos. [L.] Prosperity has 
 
 many friends. 
 Fanme de chambre. [Fr.] A chamber-maid. 
 Femme de charge. [Fr.] A housekeeper. 
 Ferse naturse. L.] Of a wild nature. 
 Ferme oruce. Fr.] An ornamental farm. 
 Festina lente. [L.] Hasten slowly. 
 Fete champctre. [Fr.] A rural feast celebrated out 
 
 of doors. 
 Feu dejoie. [Fr.] A bonfire. 
 Feuilleion. [Fr.] A small leaf; a supplement to, 
 
 or bottom of a page of, a newspaper. 
 Feuilletoniste. [Fr.] A writer of fenilletons. 
 Fiat just ilia, mat caelum. [L.] Let justice be done, 
 
 though the heavens should fall. 
 Fiat lux. [L.] Let light be. 
 Fide et amore. [L.] By faith and love. 
 Fide et fiducid. [L.l By fidelity and confidence. 
 Fide et'fortitudine. [L.] By faith and fortitude. 
 Fidei coticula crux. [L.] The cross is the touch- 
 stone of faith. 
 Fidei defensor. [L.] Defender of the faith. 
 Fidelis ad urnam. [L.] Faithful unto death. 
 Fideliter. [L.] Faithfully. 
 Fide, non armis. [L.] By faith, not arms. 
 Fide, sed cui vide. [L.] Trust, but see to whom. 
 Fides probata coronal. [L.] Proved faith crowns. 
 Fides Punica. [L.] Punic faith : — treachery. 
 Fidus Achates. [L.] Faithful Achates. 
 Fidus et audax. [L.] Faithful and daring. 
 Filius nullius. [L.] A son of nobody ;— popidi, of 
 
 the people; — terrx, of the earth. — {Oxford, Eng.) 
 
 a student of low birth. 
 
FKOM FOKEIGN LANGUAGES. 
 
 665 
 
 Fille de chambre. [Ft.] A chamber-maid. 
 
 Fille dejoie. [Fr.] A prostitute. 
 
 Finem respice. [L.] Look to the end. 
 
 Finis coronat opus. [L.] The end crowns the work. 
 
 Fit fabricando faber. [L.] A workman is made by 
 
 working : — practice makes perfect. 
 Flagrante bello. [L.] While the war was raging. 
 Flagrante delicto. [L.] In the actual commission 
 
 of the crime. 
 Flebile ludibrium. [L.] A sad mockery. 
 Flecti, von fmngi. [L.J To be bent, not broken. 
 Flux de louche. [Fr.] An inordinate flow of words. 
 Forma pauperis, [L.J In the character of a pauper. 
 Fortes fortuua juvat. [L.] Fortune favors the 
 
 brave. 
 Forti etfideli, nihil difficile. [L.] To the brave and 
 
 faithful nothing is difficult. 
 Fortiler et recte. [L.J With fortitude and rectitude. 
 Foriiter, fidelUer, feliciter. [L.] Boldly, faithfully, 
 
 successfully. 
 Fortiler geret crucem. [L.] He will bravely bear 
 
 the cross. 
 Fortiler in re. [L.l With firmness in action. 
 Fog pour devoir. [0. Fr.] Faith for duty. 
 Frangas, non flectes. [L.] You may break, but 
 
 shall not bend me. 
 Froides mains, chaud amour. [Fr.] Cold hands and 
 
 a warm heart. 
 Front d front. [Fr.] Face to face. 
 Fronli nulla fides. [L.] There is no trusting to 
 
 appearances. 
 Fruges cousumere nati. [L.] Men born only to 
 
 consume food. 
 Fugithoru. [L.] The hour flies. 
 Fugil irreparabile tempus. [L.] Irrecoverable time 
 
 flies on. 
 Fuinins Troes. [L.] We were once Trojans. 
 Fuit Ilium. [L.J Troy has been. 
 Fulmen brutum. [L.] A harmless thunderbolt. 
 Functus officio. [L.J Having discharged his office. 
 Furor urma ministrat. [L.J Kage furnishes weapons. 
 Furor loquendi. [L.J A rage for speaking. 
 Furor poeticus. [L.J Poetic rage or fire. 
 Furor scribeudi. [L.] A rage for writing. > 
 
 G. 
 
 [Fr.] Gayety of heart. 
 In French. 
 
 [Fr.] A mounted guard. 
 
 [Fr.J A body-guard. 
 [Fr.] Guards liable to general ser- 
 
 Gaietd de carur. 
 Gallice.^ [L.] 
 Garde d checul. 
 Garde de corps. 
 Garde mobile. 
 
 vice. 
 
 Gardez lien. [Fr.] Guard well ; take care. 
 Gardes la foi. [Fr.] Guard the faith. 
 Genius loci. [L.] The genius of the place. 
 Gens de condition. [Fr.] People of rank ; — d'c'glise, 
 
 churchmen ; — de guerre, the military ; — de fatigues, 
 
 linguists; — de lettres, literati ;—depeu, the meaner 
 
 sort. 
 Gens de meme famille. [Fr.] Birds of a feather. 
 Gens togata. [L.J Gownsmen ; civilians. 
 Genus irritabile vatum. [L.] The irritable race of 
 
 poets. 
 Germanics. [L.] In German. [grace. 
 
 Gibier de potence. [Fr.] A gallows-bird; scape- 
 Glebse ascriptus. [L.J A servant belonging to the 
 
 soil. 
 Gloria in excelsis. [L.] Glory to God in the highest. 
 Gloria Palri. [L.J Glory be to the Father. 
 Gloria virtutis umbra. [L.] Glory is the shadow of 
 
 virtue. [self. 
 
 Gnothi seauton (Ti>Q>0l a-eavrov). [Gr.] Know thy- 
 Goutte d goutte. [Fr.] Drop by drop. 
 Gradus ad Parnassum. [L.] An aid to writing 
 
 Latin and Greek poetry. 
 Grande parure. [Fr.] Full dress. 
 Gratia placeudi. [L.J The delight of pleasing. 
 Gratia dictum. [L.] Mere assertion. 
 Graviora qusedam sunt remedia periculis. [L.] Some 
 
 remedies are worse than the disease. 
 
 Grex venalium. [L.l A venal throng. 
 Guerra al cuchillo. [Sp.] War to the knife. 
 Guerre d Voutrance. [Fr.] War to the knife. 
 Guerre d mort. fFr.l War to the death. 
 
 H. 
 
 Hsec olim meminisse juvabit. [L.] It will be pleas- 
 ant to remember these things hereafter. 
 
 Hannibal ante portas. [L.J The enemy at the gates. 
 
 Haro. [Fr.] Hue and cry. 
 
 Hand ignara mali miseris succurrere disco. [L.] Not 
 ignorant of misfortune, I learn to succor the 
 miserable. 
 
 Hand longis intervallis. [L.] At short intervals. 
 
 Hand pussibus mc/uis. [L.J With unequal steps. 
 
 Haut et bon. [Fr.] Lofty and good. 
 
 Helluo lihrorum. [L.] A greedy devourer of books. 
 
 Heureka (eiipij/ca). [Gr.] I have found it. 
 
 Hiatus maxime deflendus. [L.] A chasm or de- 
 ficiency much to be lamented. 
 
 Hie et ubique. [L.] Here and everywhere. 
 
 Hicjacet. [L.] Here lies;— sepultus, buried. 
 
 Hie labor, hoc opus. [L.J This is labor, this is 
 work. 
 
 Hiuc illse lachrvmse. [L.] Hence these tears. 
 
 Hoc age. [L.J Do this :— attend to what you are 
 doing/ 
 
 Hoc loco. [L.J In this place. 
 
 Hoc saxum posuit. [L.J He placed this stone. 
 
 Hoc tempore. [L.] At this time. 
 
 Hodie mihi. eras tibi. [L.] To-day be mine, to- 
 morrow thine. 
 
 Hoi polloi (oi noWoi). [Gr.] The many ; the 
 vulgar. 
 
 Hohiinis est errare. [L.] To err is human. 
 
 Homme de robe. [Fr.] A man in civil office. 
 
 Homme des affaires. [Fr.] A man of business; a 
 financier. 
 
 Homme d'esprit. [Fr.] A man of wit or talent. 
 
 Homo alieni juris. [L.J One under the control of 
 a father or guardian. 
 
 Homo mullarum lUerarum. [L.] A man of great 
 learning. 
 
 Homo mi juris. [L.J One who is his own master. 
 
 Homo sum ; humani nihil a we aheuum puto. [L.] 
 I am a man, and nothing that relates to man is 
 foreign to my sympathies. 
 
 Honi soit qui mat y pense. [0. Fr.] Evil to him 
 who evil thinks. 
 
 Honores mutant mores. [L.] Honors change men's 
 manners or characters. 
 
 Honor est a Nilo. [L.] Honor is from the Nile. 
 (An anagram on "Horatio Nelson") 
 
 Honor rirt'ntis preemium. [L.] Honor is the reward 
 of virtue. 
 
 Honos alit artes. [L.] Honor cherishes the arts. 
 
 Honos habet onus. [L.] Honor brings responsi- 
 bility. 
 
 Hora e sempre. [It.] It is always time. 
 
 Horafugd. [L.] The hour flies. 
 
 Horresco referens. [L.J I shudder as I relate. 
 
 Hors de combat. [Fr.] Not in a condition to fight. 
 
 Hbrs de Ui loi. [Fr.] In the condition of an outlaw. 
 
 Hors d'eeuvre. [Fr.J Something out of the course. 
 
 Hospitinm. [L.J An inn. 
 
 Hotel des Livalides. [Fr.] A hospital in Paris for 
 wounded soldiers, &c. 
 
 Hotel de till e. [Fr.] Town-hall ; city-hall. 
 
 Hnissier. [Fr.] Doorkeeper ; usher. 
 
 Humani nihil a me alienum. [L.] Nothing that 
 relates to man is foreign to me. 
 
 Humauum est en-are. [L.J To err is human. 
 
 Ich dien. [Ger.] I serve. 
 Idem sonaiis. [L.] Signifying the same. 
 Id est. [L.J That is. 
 56* 
 
666 
 
 WOKDS, PHKASES, AND QUOTATIONS 
 
 Id genus omne. [L.] All persons of that description. 
 Ignobile vulgus. [L.J The ignohle vulgar. 
 Ignorantia legis neminem excusut. [L.J Ignorance 
 
 of the law excuses nobody. 
 Ignoti nulla cupido. [L.J No desire is felt for a 
 
 thing unknown. 
 11 a la mer d boire. [Fr.J He has to drink up the 
 
 sea. 
 11 n'est sauce que d'apptlit. [Fr.] Hunger is the 
 
 best sauce. 
 11 sent le fugot. [Fr.] He smells of the fagot. 
 11 vino e una mezza corda. [It.] Wine brings out 
 
 the truth. 
 Imitatores, servum pecus. [L.J Imitators, a servile 
 
 herd. 
 Imo pectore. [L.J From the bottom of the heart. 
 Imperium in imperio. [L.J A state within a state. 
 In sequilibrio. [L.J In equilibrium. 
 In articido mortis. [L.J At the point of death. 
 In capite. [L.J In chief. 
 Incidil in Scyllam, qui vult ritare Charybdin. [L.J In 
 
 striving to avoid Charybdis he falls upon Scylla. 
 In ccelo quies. [L.J There is rest in heaven. 
 In commendam. [L.J In trust or recommendation. 
 Incredulm odi. [L.J Being incredulous, I cannot 
 
 endure it. 
 In curia. [L.J In court. 
 Inde irse. [L.J Hence these resentments. 
 In dubiis. [L.J In matters of doubt. 
 In equilibrio. [L.J In an even poise. 
 In esse. [L.J In actual being. 
 Inest dementia forti. [L.J Clemency belongs to 
 
 the brave. 
 In extenso. [L.J In full ; at large. 
 In extremis. [L.J At the point of death. 
 In forma pauperis. [L.J As a poor man. 
 In foro couscientise. [L.J Before the tribunal of 
 
 conscience. 
 Infra dignitatem. [L.J Below one's dignity. 
 Infuturo. [L.] In future. 
 
 Ingens telum necessitas. [L.] Necessity is a power- 
 ful weapon. 
 In hoc signo spes mea. [L.] In this sign is my 
 
 hope. 
 In hoc signo vinces. [L.] Under this standard thou 
 
 shalt conquer. 
 In limine. [L.] At the threshold. 
 In loco. [L.] In the proper place. 
 In loco parentis. [L.] In place of a parent. 
 In medias res. [L.J Into the midst of affairs or 
 
 things. 
 In medio hdissimus ibis. [L.J You will go safest 
 
 in a middle course. 
 In memoriam. [L.J In memory. 
 In nubibus. [L.] In the clouds. 
 In omnia paratus. [L.J Prepared for all things. 
 Inopem copia fecit. [L.] Abundance made him 
 
 poor. 
 In partibus infidelium. [L.] In infidel countries. 
 In perpetuam rei memoriam. [L.] Iu perpetual re- 
 membrance of the thing. 
 In petto. [It. ] In reserve or secrecy. 
 Inposse. [L.l In possible being. 
 In prseserdi. [L.J At the present time. 
 In propria persona. [L.] In person. 
 In puris naturalibus. [L.J Stark naked. 
 In re. [L.] In the act ; in reality. 
 In rerurn natnrd. [L.] In the nature of affairs. 
 In ssecula sssculorum. [L.] For ages on ages. 
 Insculpsit. [L.] He engraved it; — $\.,insculpserunt. 
 In situ. [L.] In the natural situation. 
 In solo Deo salus. [L.] In God alone is safety. 
 Instar omnium. [L.] An example which may 
 
 suffice for all. 
 In statu quo. [L.] In the former state. 
 In statu quo ante bellum. [L.] In the same state as 
 
 before the war. 
 Inter alia. [L.J Among other things. 
 Inter arma silent leges. [L.] Laws are silent in the 
 
 midst of arms. 
 Inter nos. [L.] Between ourselves. 
 Inter par ietes. [L.] Within walls ; in private. 
 Inter pocula. [L.J In his cups. 
 
 In terrorem. [L.] In terror; by way of warning. 
 
 Inter se. [L.] Among themselves. 
 
 Inter spem et metum. [L.] Between hope and fear. 
 
 In toto. [L.] In the whole ; entirely. 
 
 In transitu. [L.] In the passage ; in passing. 
 
 In usum Delphini. [L.] For the use of the Dauphin. 
 
 In utramque fortuuam paratus. [L.] Prepared for 
 either fortune. 
 
 In idroqne fidelis. [L.] Faithful in both. 
 
 In vacuo. [L.] In a vacuum. 
 
 In verba magistri jurare. [L.] To adopt an opinion 
 on the authority of another. 
 
 In vino Veritas. [L.J There is truth in wine. 
 
 Invitd Minerva. [L.] Without capacity or genius. 
 
 Ipse dixit. [L.] He himself said it : — a mere say- 
 ing or assertion. 
 
 Ipsissima verba. [L.] The very words. 
 
 Ipsissirnis verbis. [L.] In the very words. 
 
 Ipso facto. [L.] By the act itself. 
 
 Ipso jure. [L.] By the law itself. 
 
 Ira furor brevis est. [L.] Anger is a short madness. 
 
 Ila lex scripta est. [L.J Thus the law is written. 
 
 Italice. [L.] In Italian. 
 
 Item. [L.] Also. 
 
 Jacta est alea. [L.l The die is cast. 
 
 J'ai bonne cause. [Fr.] I have a good cause. 
 
 Januis clausis. [L.] With closed doors. 
 
 Je me fie en Lieu. [Fr.] I put my trust in God. 
 
 Je ne cherche qu'un. [Fr.] I seek but one. 
 
 Je ne sais quoi. [Fr.] I know not what. 
 
 Je n^ oublierai jamais. [Fr.] I will never forget. 
 
 Jesuisprtt. [Fr.] I am ready. 
 
 Jen de mots. [Fr.] A play upon words. 
 j Jeu d'esprit. [Fr.] A display of wit; a witticism. 
 j Jeu de theatre. [Fr.] A stage-trick ; clap-trap. 
 j Je vis en espoir. [Fr.] I live in hope. 
 
 Jubilate Deo. [L.J Be joyful in God. 
 j Jucundi acti labores. [L.J Past toils are pleasant. 
 j Judex damnatur cum nocens absolcitur. [L.J The 
 judge is found guilty when the criminal is ac- 
 quitted. 
 
 Judicium Dei. [L.l The judgment of God. 
 
 Jvnctajuvant. [L.J United, they assist. 
 
 Juniores ad labores. [L.J Young men for labor. 
 
 Jupiter touans. [L.] The Thunderer, Jove. 
 , Jure divino. [L.J By the divine law. 
 
 Jure humano. [L.] By human law. 
 ' Juris utriusque doctor. [L.] Doctor of both laws 
 (civil and canonical). 
 
 Jus civile. [L.l The civil law. 
 
 Jus dicinum. [L.J Divine right. 
 
 Jus et norma loquendi. [L.J The rule and law of 
 speech. 
 
 Jus gentium. [L.l The law of nations. 
 
 Jus possessionis. [L.J The right of possession. 
 
 Jus proprietatis. [L.J The right of property. 
 
 Juste milieu. [Fr.] The golden mean. 
 
 Justitise soror fides. [L.J Faith is the sister of 
 justice. 
 
 Juslum et tenacem propositi virum. [L.J A man just 
 and steady of purpose. 
 
 Justus, propositi tenax. [L.] A just man, steady to 
 his purpose. 
 
 La beautS sans vertu est une fienr sans parfnm. [Fr.] 
 
 Beauty without virtue is like a flower without 
 
 perfume. 
 V abito e una seconda natura. [It.] Habit is second 
 
 nature. 
 Labor e et honor e. [L.] By labor and honor. 
 Labor ipse voluptas. [L.] Labor itself is a pleasure. 
 Labor omnia vincit. [L.J Labor conquf-rs all things. 
 La fame non vuol leggi. [It.] Hunger will obey 
 
 no laws. 
 Laisser faire. [Fr.] To let alone ; to leave matters 
 
 to their natural course. 
 
FROM FOREIGN" LANGUAGES. 
 
 667 
 
 Laissez nous f aire. [Fr.] Let us act for ourselves. 
 La maladie sans maladie. [Fr.] Hypochondria. 
 
 La mala llaga sana, la mala famq mata. [tip.] A 
 bad wouud heals, a bad name kills. 
 
 Langage des halles. [Fr.] Language of the mar- 
 ket"; billingsgate. 
 
 Lapsus calami. [L.] A slip of the pen. 
 
 Lapsus lingua. [L.J A slip of the tongue. 
 
 Lares et penates. [L.] Household gods :— home. 
 
 V argent. [Fr.] Silver; money. 
 
 Latet anguis in herb a. [L.J A snake lies hid in the 
 grass. 
 
 Latini dictum. [L.] Said in Latin. 
 
 Laudari a viro laudato. [L.] To be praised by a 
 man who is himself praised. 
 
 Laudator temjforis acti. [L.] One who praises times 
 which are past. 
 
 Laus Deo. [L.] Praise be to God. 
 
 Laus propria sordet. [L.] Self-praise defiles. 
 
 La vertu est la seule noblesse. [Fr.] Virtue is the 
 only nobility. 
 
 Le bon temps viendra. [Fr.] The good time will 
 come. 
 
 Lector benevole. [L.] Gentle reader. 
 
 Le diable boiteux. [Fr.] The limping devil. 
 
 Legalus a latere. [L.] A papal ambassador extraor- 
 dinary. 
 
 Le grand monarque. [Fr.] The great monarch. 
 
 Le grand ombre. [Fr.] The great work. 
 
 V empire des letlres. [Fr.] The republic of letters. 
 
 Le point dn jour. [Fr.] Daybreak. 
 
 Le renard preche aux poules. [Fr.] The fox preaches 
 to the hens. 
 
 Le roi et Vital. [Fr.] The king and the state. 
 
 Le roi le veut. [Fr.] The king wills it. 
 
 Les absent ont tonjours tort. [Fr.] The absent are 
 always in the wrong. 
 
 Les affaires font les homines. [Fr.] Business makes 
 men. 
 
 Le savoir-faire. [Fr.] The knowing how to act. 
 
 Le savoir-vivre. [Fr.] The knowing how to live. 
 
 Les extremes se loucheui. [Fr.l Extremes meet. 
 
 Les larmes aux yeux. [Fr.] With tears in his eyes. 
 
 Les plus sages ne le said pas loujours. [Fr.] The 
 wisest are not always wise. 
 
 Leltre de marque. [Fr.] A letter of marque or 
 reprisal. 
 
 Lettres de cachet. [Fr.] Sealed letters of the king, 
 containing private orders. 
 
 Lex loci. [L.] The law of the place. 
 
 Lex non scripta. [L.] The unwritten law ; the 
 common law. 
 
 Lex scrip/a. [L.] The written or statute law. 
 
 Lex laliouis. [L.] The law of retaliation. 
 
 Lex terrse. [L.] The law of the land. 
 
 Vhom me propose, et Dieu dispose. [Fr.] Man pro- 
 poses, and God disposes. 
 
 Libretto. [It.] A little book ; a pamphlet. 
 
 Licentia vatum. [L.] Poetical license. 
 
 Limie labor. [L.J The labor of the file. 
 
 Viucoiiuu. [lr.] The unknown. 
 
 L' ' incroijable. [Fr.l The incredible. 
 
 Lis litem general. [L.] Strife begets strife. 
 
 Lis subjndice. [L.J A case not yet decided. 
 
 Lite pendente. [L.J During the trial. 
 
 Litera scripta maneL [L.] The written letter re- 
 mains. 
 
 Litterateur. [Fr.] A literary man. 
 
 Loci communes. [L.] Commonplaces ; topics. 
 
 Loco citato. [L.] In the place before cited. 
 
 Locum lenens. [L.] A substitute ; a proxy. 
 
 Locus criminis. [L.] The place of the crime. 
 
 Locus in quo. [L.] The place in which. 
 
 Locus peuilenlise. [L.] Place for repentance. 
 
 Locus sigilli. [L.] The place of the seal. 
 
 Longe aberrat scopo. [L.] He is wide of the mark. 
 
 Longo intervallo. [L.] With a long interval. 
 
 Loyal en tout. [Fr.] Loyal in every thing. 
 
 Loy aide m 'oblige. [Fr.] Loyalty bids me. 
 
 Loyaute «'a honte. [Fr.] Loyalty has no shame. 
 
 Lucidus ordo. [L.] A lucid arrangement. 
 
 Lupus in fabuld. [L.] The wolf in the fable. 
 
 Lusus naiurse. [L.] A freak of nature ; a monster. 
 
 M. 
 
 Made virlute. [L.] Go on increasing in virtue. 
 Magistral us indicat virum. [L.] Magistracy shows 
 
 the man. 
 Magna deltas, magna solitudo. [L.] A great city 
 
 is a great solitude. 
 Magna est Veritas, et prsevalebit. [L.] Truth is 
 
 mighty, and will prevail. 
 Magna inter opes inops. [L.] Poor in the midst of 
 
 great wealth. 
 Mag u i nomiuis umbra. [L.] The shadow of a great 
 
 name. 
 Magnum bonum. [L.] A great good. 
 Magnum opus. [L.] A great work. 
 Magnus Apollo. [L.J Great Apollo : — a great oracle 
 
 or authority. 
 Mainlien le droit. [Fr.] Maintain the right. 
 Maison de campagne. [Fr.] A country-seat. 
 Maison de ville. [Fr.] A town-house. 
 Maitre dliolel. [Fr.] A steward. 
 Maladie du pays. [Fr.] Homesickness. 
 Mala fide. LL.] In bad faith; treacherously. 
 Malapropos. [Fr.] Out of place ; unseasonable. 
 Mule porta male dilabuidur. [L.] Things ill got 
 
 are ill spent. 
 Malheur ne vient jamais seul. [Fr.] Misfortunes 
 
 never come single. 
 Mali principii malm finis. [L.] Bad beginnings 
 
 have bad endings. 
 Mails aribns. [L. ] With bad omens. 
 Malum in sc. [L.] A tiling wrong in itself. 
 Malum prohibitum, [L.] A thing wrong because 
 
 forbidden. 
 Mania a jiotu. [L.] Madness from drink ; delirium 
 
 tremens. 
 Mauibns pedibnsque. [L.] With hands and feet. 
 Mauufoiii. [L.l With a strong hand. 
 Maun propria. [L.] With one's own hand. 
 Mas vale saber que haber. [Sp.] Better be wise 
 
 than rich. 
 Materiam superadd opus. [L.] The workmanship 
 
 surpassed the material. 
 Mauvais gout. [Fr.] Bad taste. 
 . Mauvaise honte. [Fr.] Extreme bashfulness. 
 i Maximus in minimis. [L.] Very great in very 
 
 little things. 
 Medecine expedante. [Fr.] Trusting to time for a 
 
 remedy. 
 Mediocria firm a. [L.] The middle station is safest. 
 Medio tutissimus ibis. [L.] The middle course will 
 
 be the safest. 
 Memento mori. [L.] Be mindful of death. 
 Memor etjidelis. [L.l Mindful and faithful. 
 Memoria in setemd. [L.J In eternal remembrance. 
 Memoriter. [L.] By rote. 
 
 Mens agitat molern. [L.] Mind moves the mass. 
 Mens divinior. [L.] The inspired mind of the poet. 
 Mens sana in corpore sano. [L.] A sound mind in 
 
 a sound body. 
 Mens sibi couscia recti. [L.] A mind conscious of 
 
 rectitude. 
 Meo pericnlo. [L.] At my own risk. 
 Meum et tuum. [L.] Mine and thine :— property. 
 Mezzo termine. [It.] A middle course. 
 Mihi euro, futui-i. [L.] My care is for the future. 
 Minutiae. [L.] Trifles: minute points or matters. 
 Mirabde didu. [L.] "Wonderful to relate. 
 Mirabile visu. [L.] Wonderful to see. 
 Mobile perpetuu m. [L.J Perpetual motion. 
 Modoet forma. [L.J In manner and form. 
 Modus operandi. [L.] The mode of operation. 
 Mollia tempora fandi. [L.] The favorable mo- 
 ments for speaking. 
 3Ionumentum tere perennius. [L.] A monument 
 
 more enduring than brass. 
 More majorum. [L.] After the manner of our 
 
 ancestors. 
 Mot du guet. [Fr.] A watchword. 
 Mots d'usage. [Fr.] Phrases in common use. 
 Motuproprio. [L.] Of his own accord. 
 Moveo et propitior. [L.] I rise and am appeased. 
 
668 
 
 "WORDS, PHRASES, AND QUOTATIONS 
 
 Mulla gemens. [L.J Groaning deeply. 
 Multum in parvo. [L.J Much in a little space. 
 Munus ApolUue dignwm. [L.J A gift worthy of 
 
 Apollo. 
 Mutatis mutandis. [L.] The necessary changes 
 
 heing made. 
 
 N. 
 
 Natale solum. [L.J Natal soil. 
 
 Nee capias, nee raetuas. [L.J Neither desire nor 
 
 fear. 
 iVe cede malis. [L.J Yield not to misfortunes. 
 Necessitas non habet legem. [L.J Necessity has no 
 
 law. 
 Nee mora, nee requies. [L.J There is neither delay 
 
 nor repose. 
 Nee pluribus impar. [L.J Not an unequal match 
 
 for numbers. 
 Nee prece, nee pretio. [L.J Neither by entreaty 
 
 nor bribe. 
 Nee quserere, nee spernere honorem. [L.] Neither 
 
 to seek uor to despise honors. 
 Nee scire fas est omnia. [L.J It is not permitted to 
 
 know all things. 
 Nefasti dies. [L.J Unlucky days. 
 Nefrouti crede. [L.] Trust not the face. 
 Nemo bis pun itnr pro eodem delicto. [L.J (Law.) No 
 
 man can be twice punished for the same offence. 
 Nemo me inipuiie lacessit. [L.J No one annoys me 
 
 with impunity. 
 Nemo repente fuit turpissimus. [L.] No one ever 
 
 became in an instant utterly vicious. 
 Ne plus ultra. [L.J The utmost limit : — perfection. 
 Ne quid minis. [L.J Do not take too much of any 
 
 thing : — avoid extremes. 
 Ne sutor ultra crepidam. [L.J Let not the shoe- 
 maker go beyond his last. 
 Ne leutes, aut perfice. [L.J Attempt not, or accom- 
 plish. 
 Ne vile velis. [L.J Desire nothing base. 
 Nihil tetiijit quod von omavit. [L.J He touched 
 
 nothing without embellishing it. 
 Nil admirari. [L.J To be astonished at nothing. 
 Nil desperaudum. [L.J Never despair. 
 Nil nisi crnce. [L.J No dependence but on the 
 
 cross. 
 Nimporte. [Fr.] It matters not. 
 Nitor in adversum. [L.J I strive against it. 
 Nolens voleus. [L.] Willing or unwilling. 
 Noli me tangere. [L.J Touch me not. 
 Nolo episcopari. [L.J I wish not to be made a 
 
 bishop. 
 Nom de guerre. [Fr.] A war-name : — an assumed 
 
 travelling title. 
 Nom deplume. [Anglo-Fr.] An assumed name of 
 
 a writer. [This phrase is not used in France.] 
 Nomen el omen. [L.J A name significant of the 
 
 thing. 
 Nou assumpsit. [L.J (Lav.) He did not assume : 
 
 — a plea in personal actions. 
 Non compos mentis. [L.J Not of sound mind. 
 Non constat. [L.J It does not appear. 
 Non datur tertium. [L.J There is not a third one. 
 Nou est inventus. [L.J He has not been found. 
 Non libet. [L.J It does not please me. 
 Non mi ricordo. [It.] I do not remember. 
 Non multa, sed multum. [L.J Not many things, 
 
 but much. 
 Non nobis solum. [L.J Not to us alone. 
 Non nostrum est tantas componere lites. [L.] It is 
 
 not for us to adjust such grave disputes. 
 Non obstante. [L.J Notwithstanding an}' thing* to 
 
 the contrary. 
 Non omnia possumns omnes. [L.] We cannot all 
 
 of us do every thing. 
 Non quis, sed quid. [L.J Not the person, but the 
 
 deed, is to be judged. 
 Non quo sed quomodo. [L,] Not by whom, but how. 
 Non seqnitur. [L.] It does not follow : — an un- 
 warranted conclusion. 
 
 Non sibi, sed patrise. [L.] Not for himself, but for 
 his country. 
 
 Nou sum quulis eram. [L.] I am not now what I 
 once was. 
 
 Nonumque prematur in annum. [L.] Let your piece 
 be kept nine years. 
 
 Nosce leipsum. [L.J Know thyself. 
 
 Noscitur ex sociis. [L.J He is known by his com- 
 
 Nota bene. [L.J Take notice. [panions. 
 
 N'oublicz pas. [Fr.J Forget not. 
 
 Nous verrous. [Fr.J We shall see. 
 
 Nouvellette, [Fr.J A tale ; a short novel. 
 
 Novus homo. [L.J A new man. 
 
 Nudis verbis. [L.l In plain words. 
 
 Nudum pactum. [L.J A bare contract. 
 
 Nugse canorse. [L.J Melodious trifles. 
 
 Nulla dies sine lined. [L.J No day without some- 
 thing performed. 
 
 Nullius addictus jurare in verba magistri. [L.J Not 
 being bound to swear to the' dogmas of any 
 master-. 
 
 Nullius filius. [L.J A son of nobody. 
 
 Nunc aut nunquam. [L.J Now or never. 
 
 Nunquam nou paratus. [L.J Never unprepared. 
 
 Nusquum tuta fides. [L.J Our faith is nowhere safe. 
 
 o. 
 
 Obiter dictum. [L.J A thing said by the way. 
 
 Obra de comun, obra de ningun. [Sp.J What is. 
 everybody's work, or busiuess, is nobody's. 
 
 Obscurum per obscurius. [L.J Explaining what is 
 obscure by something more obscure. 
 
 Occurrent nubes. [L.J Clouds will intervene. 
 
 Oderiiil dum meluant. [L.J Let them hate, pro- 
 vided they fear. 
 
 Odi profauum vulgus et arceo. [L.J I loathe and 
 repel the profane vulgar. 
 
 Odium in longumjucens. [L.J An old grudge. 
 
 Odium theologicum. [L.] The hatred of theolo- 
 gians. 
 
 CEil de bceuf. [Fr.J Bull's eye. 
 
 Officina gentium. [L.J The workshop of nations. 
 
 Ohe ! jam satis. [L.J 0! there is now enough. 
 
 Ohne Hast, ohne East. [Ger.J Haste not, rest not. 
 
 Oleum et operam perdidi. [L.] I have lost my 
 labor and my oil. 
 
 Olim meminisse jumbit. [L.J The future recollec- 
 tion will be pleasant. 
 
 OUapodrida. [Sp.] A heterogeneous mixture. 
 
 Omne bonum desuper. [L.J All good is from above. 
 
 Omne iguolum pro magnifico. [L.J Every thing 
 unknown is held to be magnificent. 
 
 Omnia bona bonis. [L.J All things are good to 
 good men. 
 
 Omnia nintautur, et nos mufarnur in illis. [L.] All 
 things change, and we change with them. 
 
 Omnia vincit labor. [L.J Labor overcomes all ob- 
 stacles. 
 
 Oiuuis amans aniens. [L.J Every lover is deranged. 
 
 Onus probandi. [L.J The burden of proof. 
 
 Opens, prelium est. [L.J It is worth while. 
 
 Opera ; ill ins mea sunt. [L.J His works are mine. 
 
 Opprobrium medicorum. [L.J The reproach of the 
 physicians. 
 
 Opusoperatum. [L.J A mere outward work. 
 "Tow and always. 
 Pray and labor. 
 Pray for us. 
 
 Orator fit, poeta" nascitur. [L.J An orator may be 
 made by education, a poet is born a poet. 
 
 Ore rotundo. [L.J With a full, round voice. 
 
 Ore tenus. [L.J From the mouth. 
 
 Origo mali. [L.J The origin of the evil. 
 
 si sic omnia ! [L.J Oh that he had always spoken 
 or acted thus ! 
 
 Os rotundum. [L.J A round mouth : — a flowing 
 and eloquent delivery. 
 
 tempora, mores ! [L.] Oh, the times and the 
 manners ! 
 
 Otia dant vitia. [L.] Idleness leads to vice. 
 
 upus operatum. [Li.j a 
 Ora e sempre. [It. J Nc 
 Ora et labora. [L.J Pn 
 Ora pro nobis. [L.J Pr 
 
FROM FOREIGN LANGUAGES. 
 
 669 
 
 Otiosn sedulitas. [L.] Idle industry; laborious 
 
 trifling. 
 0/iiuu cam diguUate. [L.] Leisure with dignity. 
 Otinivi sine dignitate. [L.] Leisure without dignity. 
 Oublier je ne'puis. [Fr.] I cannot forget. 
 Ouvriers. [Fr.] Artisans; workmen. 
 
 Pacta, conventa. [L.] Conditions agreed upon. 
 
 Pallida mors. [L.] Pale death. 
 
 Palmam qui meruit feral. [L.] Let him who has 
 deserved it bear the palm. 
 
 Parent, non fert. [L.] He will not endure an equal. 
 
 Par excellence. I Fr.] By way of eminence. 
 
 Pari passu. [L.J With equal pace. 
 
 Par nobile fratrum. [L.] A noble pair of brothers. 
 
 Par pari refero. [L.] I return like for like. 
 
 Par signe de mSpris. [Fr.] As a token of contempt. 
 
 Parta tneri. [L.j To defend what has been ob- 
 tained. 
 
 Particeps criminis. [L.] An accomplice in the 
 crime. 
 
 Parturinnt monies. [L.] The mountain is in labor. 
 
 Parva compouere magnis. [L.] To compare small 
 things with great. 
 
 Parvum parva decent. [L.] Little things befit a 
 little man. 
 
 Passe-partout. [Fr.] A master-key. 
 
 Paterfamilias. [L.] The father of a family. 
 
 Pater patriae. [L.] The father of his country. 
 
 Patriis virtulibus. [L.] By hereditary virtue. 
 
 Pedir peras al olmo. [Sp.] To seek pears of the 
 elm. 
 
 Peine forte et dure. [Fr.] Harsh and severe pun- 
 ishment. 
 
 Penchant. [Fr.] Inclination: — propensity. 
 
 Pendente lite. [L.] While the suit is pending. 
 
 Per angusta ad avgusta. [L.J Through trials to 
 triumph. 
 
 Per annum. [L.] By the year ; yearly. 
 
 Per aspera ad astra. [L.] Through suffering to 
 renown. 
 
 Per capita. [L.] By the head ; singly. 
 
 Per centum. [L.] By the hundred. 
 
 Per diem. [L.] By the day. 
 
 Pere defamille. [Fr.] The father of a family. 
 
 Per fas et nefas. [L.] Through right and wrong. 
 
 Pericidum in mora,. [L.] There is danger in delay. 
 
 Per mare, per terras. [L.] Through sea and land. 
 
 Per solium. [L.] By a leap : — by fits and starts. 
 
 Per se. [L.] By itself; for its own sake. 
 
 Petitio principii. [L.] A begging of the question. 
 
 Pen de bieu, pen de soin. [Fr.] Little ptopert)', 
 little care. 
 
 Pis oiler. [Fr.] The worst or last shift. 
 
 Pocodpoco. [Sp.] Little by little:— softly. 
 
 Po'eta nascitur, von fit. [L.] A poet is born, not 
 made by education. 
 
 Point d'appni. [Fr.] Point of support : — a rally- 
 ing point. 
 
 Pondere, non numero. [L.] By weight, not by 
 number. 
 
 Pons asinorum. [L.] The bridge of asses. 
 
 Possunt quia posse videulur. [L.] They are able 
 because they think they are so. 
 
 Postmortem. [L.] After death. 
 
 Post nubila jubila. [L.] After sorrow, joy. 
 
 Post nubila Phoebus. [L.] After clouds, a clear sun. 
 
 Post obitum. [L.l After death. 
 
 Pour f aire visite. [Fr.] To pay a visit : — a visiting- 
 card. 
 
 Pour passer le temps. [Fr.] To while away the 
 time. 
 
 Pour prendre conge. [Fr.] To take leave. 
 
 Prsemonitus prsemunitus. [L.] Forewarned, fore- 
 armed. 
 
 P)-imx vise. [L.] The first passages. 
 
 Prima facie. [L.] On the first face or view. 
 
 Primum mobile. [L.] First impulse; that which 
 puts every thing in motion. 
 
 Primus inter pares. [L.] The first among equals. 
 Priucipiis obsta. [L.] Resist the first beginnings. 
 Prior tempore, prior jure. [L.] First come, first 
 
 served. 
 Pro oris et focis. [L.] For our altars and our 
 
 hearths : — for religious and civil liberty. 
 Probcdum est. [L.] It is tried and proved. 
 Pro bono publico. [L.] For the public good. 
 Pro confesso. [L.] As if conceded. 
 Procid, O procul este, profani ! [L.] Far, far hence, 
 
 retire, ye profane ! 
 Pro Deo et ecclesid. [L.] For God and the church. 
 Pro et con. [L.] For and against. 
 Profanum vulgus. [L.] The profane vulgar. 
 Pro forma. [L.] For form's sake. 
 Pro hoc vice. [L.] For this time. 
 Prohpudor. [L.] Oh, for shame ! 
 Projet de loi. [Fr.] A legislative bill or draft. 
 Pro rcda. [L.] In proportion. 
 Pro rege et palrid. [L.] For my king and country. 
 Pro rege, lege, et grege. [L.j For the king, the 
 
 law, and the people. 
 Pro re natd. [L.] For a special purpose. 
 Pro salute animse. [L.] For the health of the soul. 
 Pro tanto. [L.] For so much : — as far as it goes. 
 Pro tempore. [L.] For the time ; temporarily. 
 Punica fides. [L.J Punic faith: — treachery. 
 
 Q. 
 
 Quse vocent docent. [L.] "We learn by what we 
 suffer. [ning. 
 
 Qualis ab ineqrto. [L.] The same as at the begin- 
 
 Qualis rex, talis grex. [L.] Like king, like people. 
 
 Qualis vita, finis ita. [L.] As is the life, so is its end. 
 
 Quamdiu se bene gesserit. [L.] As long as he shall 
 conduct himself properly: — during good be- 
 havior. 
 
 Quandoque bonus dormitat Homerns. [L.] Some- 
 times even the good Homer nods. 
 
 Quando nllnm iureuiemns parent f [L.] When shall 
 we look upon his like again? 
 
 Quanti est sapere ! jL.] How valuable is wisdom ! 
 
 Quantum libet. [L.J As much as you please. 
 
 Quantum mutatus ab Hlo J [L.] How much changed 
 from what he once was ! 
 
 Quantum sufiicit. [L.] Enough. 
 
 Qui capit, iilefacil. [L.] He who takes it, makes it. 
 
 Quidnunc' [L.J What now? what news? 
 
 Quid pm quo. [L.] One thing for another:— an 
 equivalent. 
 
 Quid rides f [L.] Why do you laugh ? 
 
 Quid times? Cseaarem veins. [L.j What do you 
 fear? You carry Ca?sar. 
 
 Qui fitcil per alinm, facit per se. [L.] He who does 
 a thing by the agency of another does it him- 
 self, [ferior. 
 
 Qui invidet minor est. [L.] He who envies is in- 
 
 Qniniminm probat, nihil probat. [L.] He who proves 
 too much proves nothing. 
 
 Qui facet consentit. [L.] He who is silent consents. 
 
 Qui traustulit, sustinet. [L.] He who brought us 
 over still maintains us. 
 
 Qui rice? [Fr.] "Who goes there?" On the alert. 
 
 Quoad hoc. [L.] As to this; to this extent. 
 
 Quo ammo. [L.] With what intention. 
 
 Quocunque nomine. [L.] Under whatever name. 
 
 Quod avertat Deus. [L.] Which may God avert. 
 
 Quod bene notandum. [L.] Which is to be partic- 
 ularly noticed. 
 
 Quod erat demonstrandum. [L.] Which was to be 
 demonstrated. 
 
 Quod erat faciendum. [L.] Which was to be done. 
 
 Quod hoc sibi vnll ? [L.] What does this mean ? 
 
 Quod ignotum pro magnifico est. [L.] That which 
 is unknown is thought to be great. 
 
 Quod semper, quod ubique, quod ab omnibus. [L.] 
 What always, what everywhere, what by all has 
 been held to be true. 
 
 Quo Fata vocant. [L.] Whither the Fates call. 
 
 Quo jure. [L.] By what right. 
 
670 
 
 WORDS, PHRASES, AND QUOTATIONS 
 
 Quorum pars magna fui. [L.J In which I hore a 
 conspicuous part; in which I largely partici- 
 pated. 
 
 Quos Beus vtdt perdere, prius elemental. [L.J Those 
 whom God would destroy, he first makes mad. 
 
 Quot homines, tot sententiee. [L.J Many men, many 
 minds. 
 
 R. 
 
 Raison eVetat. [Fr.J A reason of state. 
 
 Rara avis. [L.J A rare bird. 
 
 Ratione soil [L.J In respect of the soil. 
 
 Rede et suavUer. [L.J Justly and mildly. 
 
 Rectus in curia. [L.J Upright in the court ; with 
 clean hands. [surdit3\ 
 
 Bedvctio ad absurdum. [L.J A reduction to an ab- 
 
 Begium donum. [L.J Royal gift. 
 
 Be iufectd. [L.J The business being unfinished. 
 
 Beligio loci. [L.] The spirit of the place. 
 
 Bern acu tetigisti. [L.J You have hit the nail on 
 the head. 
 
 Bemis velisque. [L.J With oars and sails. 
 
 Benasceidur. [L.J Thev will be born to another 
 life. 
 
 Renovate animos. [L.J Eenew your courage. 
 
 Rentes. [Fr.] Funds bearing interest; stocks. 
 
 Repouclre en Nonnand. [Fr.] To give an indirect 
 or evasive answer. 
 
 Bequiesced in pace. [L.J May he rest in peace. 
 
 Bes avgusta domi. [L.J Narrow circumstances. 
 
 Bespice finem. [L.] Look to the end. 
 
 Bespublica. [L.J The republic; the commonwealth. 
 
 Besurgam. [L.J I shall rise again. 
 
 Ridere in stomacho. [L.J To laugh inwardly; to 
 laugh in one's sleeve. 
 
 Ride si sapis. [L.J Laugh if you are wise. 
 
 Bien 11 est beau que le vrai. [Fr.] Nothing is beau- 
 tiful but truth. 
 
 Rire sous cape. [Fr.] To laugh in one's sleeve. 
 
 Risiuu teneatis, amici? [L.] Friends, can you re- 
 frain from laughing? 
 
 Rued caelum. [L.] Let the heavens fall. 
 
 Rudis indigestaque moles. [L.] A rude and undi- 
 gested mass. [weight. 
 
 Buit mole sua. [L.] It falls to ruin by its owd 
 
 Ruse contre ruse. [Fr.] Trick against trick. 
 
 Ruse de guerre. [Fr.] A stratagem of war. 
 
 Bus in urbe. [L.J The country in the city. 
 
 s. 
 
 SalAtticum. [L.] Attic salt; wit. 
 
 Sains popvli su previa est lex. [L.J The welfare of 
 
 the people is the supreme law. 
 Salvo jure. [L.] Without detriment to the right. 
 Salvo pudore. [L.] Without offence to modesty. 
 S'amvser a la moutarde. [Fr.] To trifle away one*s 
 
 time. 
 Sanctum sanctorum. [L.] The holy of holies. 
 Sans ctremonie. [Fr.J Without ceremony. 
 Sans peur et sans reproche. [Fr.] Without fear and 
 
 without reproach. 
 Sam rime et sans reiison. [Fr.] Without rhyme or 
 
 reason. 
 Sans souci. [Fr.] Without care. 
 Sans tache. [Fr.J Without spot. 
 Sapere aude. [L.J Dare to be wise. 
 Sartor resartus. [L.J The cobbler mended. 
 Sat citn, si sat bene. [L.] It must be done soon, if 
 
 done well. 
 Satis eloquentise, sapientise parvum. [L.] Plenty of 
 
 eloquence, Imt little wisdom. 
 Satis superque. [L.J Enough, and more than enough. 
 Satis verborum. [L.J Enough of words. 
 Sauve qui pent. [Fr.] Let him save himself who 
 
 can. 
 Savoir-faire. [Fr.] Tact ; skill ; industry. 
 Savoir-vivre. [Fr.J Good breeding or behavior. 
 Secundum artem. [L.] According to art ; regularly. 
 
 Secundum usum. [L.J According to custom. 
 
 Sed hsec hacteuus. [L.] So much for this. 
 
 Semel et simid. [L.J Once and altogether. 
 
 Semper avarus eget. [L.] The avaricious man is 
 always in want. • 
 
 Semper f delis. [L.] Always faithful. 
 
 Semper pandits. [L.] Always prepared. 
 
 Semper limidum scelus. [L.J Guilt is always cow- 
 ardly. 
 
 Semper vivit in armis. [L.J He ever lives in arms. 
 
 Senalus consulluni. [L.J A decree of the Senate. 
 
 Senex, bispuer. [L.J Once a man, twice a boy. 
 
 Separatio a mensd et Ihoro. [L.J (Law.) Separa- 
 tion from bed and board. 
 
 Serus in caelum reeleus. [L.J Late may you return 
 to heaven. 
 
 Servare modimi. [L.J To keep within bounds. 
 
 Servus servorum Dei. fL.J Servant of the servants 
 of God. [long. 
 
 Sesquipedalia verba. [L.J Words a foot and a half 
 
 Sic emit feda hohdnum. [L.J So goes it in the 
 world. 
 
 Sic itur ad astra. [L.J Such is the way to the stars, 
 or to immortality. 
 
 Sic passim. [L.J So everywhere. 
 
 Sic semper tijrannis. [L.J Thus always with tyrants. 
 
 Sic transit gloria rnundi. [L.J Thus the glory of 
 the world passes away. 
 
 Sic vos non vobis. [L.J Thus you toil, but not for 
 yourselves. 
 
 Silent leges inter anna. [L.J In war, laws are silent, 
 or disregarded. 
 
 Sin/ilia similibus curavtur. [L.J Like is cured by 
 like. [The principle of homoeopathy. J 
 
 Similis simili gaudet. [L.J Like is pleased with like. 
 
 Simplex munditiis. [L.J Of simple elegance. 
 
 Sine curd. [L.J Without care. 
 
 Sine die. [L.J Without naming a day. 
 
 Sine ineidid. [L.J Without envy. 
 
 Sine ird et studio. [L.J Without anger or favor. 
 
 Sine odio. [L.J Without hatred. 
 
 Sine qua 11011. [L.J Without which, not; an indis- 
 pensable condition. 
 
 Si sit prudentia. [L.J If there be but prudence. 
 | Siste, viator. [L.J Stop, traveller. 
 
 Sit libi terra levis. [L.J Light lie the earth on thee. 
 j Sit renin verbo. [L.J Excuse the expression. 
 I Sola nobilitas virtus. [L.J Virtue is the only true 
 nobility. 
 
 Soli Deo gloria. [L.J To God alone be glory. 
 
 Solvmitur tabulse. [L.J (Law.) The bills are dis- 
 missed : — the defendant is acquitted. 
 
 Sotto voce. [Ir.J In an undertone or whisper. 
 
 Sous tons les rapports. [Fr.J In all respects. 
 
 Speclemur agendo. [L.J Let us be tried by our 
 actions. 
 
 Sperate, miseri; cavete, f dices [L.J Let the wretched 
 hope, and the prosperous be on their guard. 
 
 Spero meliora. [L.J I h"pe for better things. 
 
 Spolia opima. [L.J The richest booty. 
 
 Spretie injuria fornix. [L.J The insult to her 
 slighted beauty. 
 
 Stems pede in uno. [L.J Standing on one leg. 
 
 Stat magni nominis umbra. [L.J lie stands the 
 shadow of a mighty name. 
 
 Statu quo ante bellum. [L.J The state in which 
 tilings were before the war. 
 
 Status quo. [L.J The state in which. 
 
 Sternitur alieno vulnere. [L.J He is slain by a blow 
 aimed at another. 
 
 Stet. [L.J Let it stand. 
 
 Stratum super stredum. [L.J One layer upon another. 
 
 Sua cuique voluptas. [L.J Every one has his own 
 pleasure. 
 
 SuavUer in modo, fortiter in re. [L.J Gentle in 
 manner, forcible in execution. 
 
 Sub colore juris. [L.J Under color of law. 
 
 Sub hoc signo viuces. [L.J Under this standard 
 thou shalt conquer. 
 
 Subjudicelis est. [L.J The cause is yet before the 
 judge. 
 
 Sublatd causd, tollilur efectus. [L.J The cause be- 
 ing removed, the effect ceases. 
 
EK01I FOREIGN LANGUAGES. 
 
 671 
 
 Sub prseiextu juris. [L.] Under the pretext of jus- 
 tice. 
 
 Sub quocunque tilulo. [L.J Under whatever title. 
 
 Sub road. [L.J Under the rose ; privately. 
 
 Sub sdentio. [L.] In silence. 
 
 Suggestio falsi. [L.] The suggestion of a false- 
 hood. 
 
 Sui generis. [L.] Of a peculiar kind. 
 
 Summvm bouum. [L.J The greatest good. 
 
 Sutnmumjus, summa injuria. [L.] The rigor of the 
 law may, be the greatest wrong. 
 
 Sunt lachrymse rerum. [L.] There are tears for 
 misery. 
 
 Suojure. [L.J By his own right. 
 
 Suo Marte. [L.] By his own prowess. 
 
 Suppressio veri. [L.J The suppression of the truth. 
 
 Surgit amari aliquid. [L.] Something bitter rises. 
 
 Suum cinque. [L.l Let every one have his own. 
 
 Suns caique mos. [L.J Every one has his peculiar 
 habit. 
 
 Tdche suns tache. [Fr.] A work without hlemish. 
 Tsedium vitse. [L.] Weariness of life. 
 Turn Marte quatm Minerva. [L.J As much hy cour- 
 age as by genius. 
 Tarn Marti quam Mercuric. [L.J As fit for war as 
 
 for business. 
 Tangere minus. [L.J To touch a sore place. 
 Tantsene animis cselestibus irsef [L.J Can such wrath 
 
 dwell in heavenly minds? 
 Taut mieux. [Ft.] ' So much the hetter. 
 Tout pis. [Fr.J So much the worse. 
 Tanlo buon, che vol niente. [It.] So good that he is 
 
 good for nothing. 
 Tel est voire plaisir. [Fr.] Such is our pleasure. 
 Tel maitre, tel calet. [Fr.J Like master, like man. 
 Tempora mutantur, el nos mutamur in Mis. [L.] 
 
 Times change, and we change with them. 
 Tempori parendum. [L.] We must yield to the 
 
 times. 
 Tempm edax rerum. [L.] Time that devours all 
 
 things. 
 Tempusfuqit [L.J Time flies. 
 Tempos omnia reuelat. [L.J Time discloses all 
 
 things. 
 Tenax propositi. [L.J Tenacious of liis purpose. 
 TerUanda via est. [L.J A way must be tried. 
 Terra firma. [L.J Solid land ; the continent. 
 Terra incognita. [L.J An unknown laud. 
 Tertiwm quid. [L. ] A third something. 
 Tienstafoy. [0. Fr.J Keep thy faith. 
 Timeo Danaos el dona ferenles. [L.J I fear the 
 
 Greeks, even when bringing gifts. 
 Tirer d boulet rouge. [Fr.J To shoot with a red 
 
 bullet. 
 Toga viriiis. [L.J The Roman gown of manhood. 
 To kalon, to Ka\6v. [Gr.J The beautiful ; the 
 
 chief good. 
 To prepon, to it peirop. [Gr.J The becoming; the 
 
 prober. 
 Tot homines, tot sententise. [L.J So many men, so 
 
 many minds. 
 Totidem verbis. [L.J In so many words. 
 Toties guoties. [L.J As often as. 
 Talis viribus. [L.J With all his might. 
 Tola calo. [L.J By the whole heavens. 
 Toujours pret. [Fr.J Always ready. 
 Toujours propice. [Fr.J Always propitious. 
 Tourner casaqne. [Fr.J To turn the coat. 
 Tout frais fails. [Fr.J All expenses paid. 
 Tout au contraire. [Fr.J Just the contrary. 
 Tout comme chez nous. [Fr.J Just as it is at home. 
 Tout ensemble. [Fr.J The whole taken together. 
 Transeat in exemplum. [L.J May it hecome an 
 
 example. 
 Triajunctainuno. [L.J Three joined in one. 
 Trojafnit. [L.J Troy was — [is no more.] 
 Tros Tyriusre. mild nullo discrimine agelur. [L.] 
 
 The Trojan and the Tyrian shall he treated hy 
 
 me without distinction. 
 
 Truditur dies die. [L.J One day is pressed onward 
 
 by another. 
 Tu ne cede malis. [L.] Do not yield to evils. 
 Tuum est. [L.J It is thine own. 
 
 u. 
 
 Uberrima fides. [L.J A superabundant faith. 
 
 Ubi jus iucertum, ibi jus nullum. [L.J (Law.) 
 Where the law is uncertain, there is no law. 
 
 Ubi libertus, ibi patria. [L.J Where liberty is, 
 there is my country. 
 
 Ubique patriam reminisci. [L.] Everywhere to re- 
 member our country. 
 
 Ubi supra. [L.J Where above mentioned. 
 
 Ultima ratio. [L.J The last reasoning. 
 
 Ultima Thide. [L.J Remotest Thule :— the ex- 
 tremity of the earth as known to the ancient 
 Romans; an island in the extreme north of 
 Europe. 
 
 Una voce. [L.] With one voice. 
 
 Un Dieu, tin roi. [Fr. ] One God, one king. 
 
 Unguibus et rostro. [L.] With talons and beak: — 
 tooth and nail. 
 
 Unguis in ulcere. [L.] A claw, or nail, in the sore. 
 | Uu homme cossu. [Fr.J A rich, substantial man. 
 ! Unje servirai. [Fr.] One 1 will serve. 
 
 Uu sot d triple Stage. [Fr. j A most egregious fool. 
 
 Usque ad aras. [L.J To the very altars. 
 
 Usque ad nauseam. [L.] So as to disgust. 
 
 Usus loqueudi. [L.] Osage in speaking. 
 
 Ut omeris, amabilia csto. [L.] That you may be 
 loved, be deserving of love. [etry. 
 
 Ut apes geometriam. [L.J As bees practise geom- 
 
 Ulile dnlci. [L.J The useful with the agreeable. 
 
 UHnam uoster esset. [L.J Would that he were ours, 
 or on our side. 
 
 Ut infra. [L.J As stated or cited below. 
 
 Uli possidetis. [L.J As you possess :— let each 
 party keep what is in his possession. 
 
 Ut pignua amicUiae. [L.] As a token of friendship. 
 
 Utrnm Itorunt mavis accipe. [L.J Take which yon 
 like. 
 
 Ul supra. [L.J As above stated or cited. 
 
 V. 
 
 Yadeinpace. [L.l Go in peace. 
 
 Vtt metis. [L.] Woe to the vanquished. 
 
 Valenl quantum valere potest. [L.J Let it pass for 
 what it is worth. 
 j Valet anchora virtus. [L.J Virtue is an anchor. 
 : Vulet-de-chambre. [Fr.J A valet ; a body-servant. 
 I Vulete et plaudite. [L.J Farewell and applaud. 
 j Yariie lectiones. [L.J Various readings. 
 
 Variorum noise. [L.J The notes of various editors, 
 i Velis et rem is. [L.J With sails and oars. 
 j Veluti in speculum. [L.J Even as in a looking- 
 I glass. 
 
 Vendidit hie auro patriam. [L.] This man sold his 
 | country for gold. 
 
 Venerium in auro bibitur. [L.J Poison is drunk 
 from a golden vessel. 
 
 Tenia necessitati datur. [L.J Indulgence, or pardon, 
 is granted to necessity.' 
 
 Venire facias. [L.J You shall cause to come. 
 
 Pent, vidi, vici. [L.l 1 came, I saw, I conquered. 
 
 Ventis secundis. [L.J With favorable winds. 
 
 Verbatim et literatim. [L.J Word for word and 
 letter for letter. 
 
 Verbum sat sapieuti. [L.] A word to the wise is 
 sufficient. 
 
 Vergilium vidi tantnm. [L.J I merely saw Virgil. 
 
 Veritas odium parit. [L.J Truth begets hatred. 
 
 Veritas prsevuleb it. [L.J Truth will prevail. 
 
 Vei-itas vincit. [L.J Truth conquers. 
 
 Vertte sanspeur. [Fr.J Truth without fear. 
 
 Vestigia nulla relrorsum. [L.J No traces backward; 
 no returning footsteps. 
 
672 WORDS, PHRASES, &c, FROM FOREIGN LANGUAGES. 
 
 Vexala qusestio. [L.J A question much disputed. 
 Via media. [L.J A middle way or course. 
 Viamilitaris. [L.J A military way. 
 Via trita, via tula. [L.J The beaten path is the 
 
 safe path. 
 Vice versa. [L.J The terms being reversed. 
 Vide ut supra. [L.J See the preceding. 
 Vi et armis. [L.J By force of arms ; by violence. 
 Vigilantibus. [L.] To the watchful. 
 Vigilate et orate. [L.J Watch and pray. 
 Vigueur de dessus. [Fr.J Strength is from above. 
 Vincit amorpatrise. [L.j The love of our country 
 
 prevails. 
 Vincit omnia Veritas. [L.] Truth conquers all 
 
 things. 
 Vincit, qui se vincit. 
 
 quers himself. 
 Vinculum matrimonii 
 Vires acquirit eundo. 
 
 it goes, or going. 
 Virtus in arduis. [L.J Virtue or valor in difficulties. 
 Virtus incendit vires. [L.J Virtue rouses strength. 
 Virtus millia scuta. [L.J Virtue is a thousand 
 
 shields. 
 Virtus semper viridis. [L,] Virtue is always flour- 
 ishing. 
 Virtus sola nobilitat. [L.J Virtue alone ennobles. 
 Virtus vincit invidiam. [L.J Virtue overcomes envy. 
 Virtute amore. [L.J Through the love of virtue. 
 Virtute et fide. [L.J By virtue and faith. 
 Virhde et labore. [L.J By virtue and toil. 
 Virhde et numine. [L.J By virtue and heaven. 
 Virtute et opera. [L.J By virtue and industry. 
 Virtute, non astutid. [L.J By virtue, not by craft. 
 Virtute, non verbis. [L.] By virtue, not by words. 
 Virhde officii. [L.J By virtue of his office. 
 Virhde quies. [L.] Content in virtue. 
 Virtute secur us. [L.J Safe through virtue. 
 Vis conservatrix naiurse. [L.J The preserving 
 
 power of nature. 
 Viser d deux bnts. [Fr.] To aim at two marks. 
 Vis inertue. [L.] The power of inertness. 
 
 [L.J He conquers who con- 
 
 [L.J Bond of matrimony. 
 [L.J It acquires strength as 
 
 Vis medicalrix naiurse. [L.] The healing power of 
 
 nature. 
 Vis unita fortior. [L.J United force is the stronger. 
 Vis vitse. [L.J The power or vigor of life. 
 Vita brevis, ars longa. [L.J Life is short, and art 
 
 is long. 
 Vitse via virtus. [L.J Virtue is the way of life. 
 Vivat regina. [L.J Long live the queen. 
 Vivat respublica. [L.J Long live the republic. 
 Vivat rex. [L.J Long live the king. 
 Vivd voce. [L.J By the living voice ; by word of 
 
 mouth. 
 Vice la bagatelle. [Fr.J Success to trifles. 
 Vive la ripublique. [Fr.J Long live the republic. 
 Vive le roi. [Fr.J Long live the king. 
 Vivere sat vincere. [L.] To conquer is to live 
 
 enough. 
 Vive, vale. [L.J Live, and be well. 
 Vivida vis animi. [L.J The active force of the 
 
 mind. 
 Vivit post funera virtus. [L.] Virtue survives the 
 
 grave. 
 Voild une autre chose. [Fr.] That is quite another 
 
 thing. 
 Volo, non valeo. [L.J I am willing, but not able. 
 Voltigeur. [Fr.J A light horseman. 
 Vota vita mea. [L.J My life is devoted. 
 Vox et prseterea nihil. [L.J Voice and nothing 
 
 more ; sound without sense. 
 Voxpopidi, vox Dei. [L.J The voice of the people 
 
 is the voice of God. 
 Vulgo. [L.J Commonly. 
 
 Vulnus immedicabile. [L.J An incurable wound. 
 Vultus est index anirni. [L.] The countenance is the 
 
 index of the mind. 
 
 Zonam perdidit. [L.J He has lost his purse. 
 Zonam solvere. [L.J To unloose the virgin zone. 
 
MUSICAL TERMS, 
 CHIEFLY FROM THE ITALIAN LANGUAGE. 
 
 A ballata (a bal-la'ta). In ballad style. 
 
 A battuta (a bat-tu'ta). With the beat ; in strict 
 time. 
 
 A bell' agio (a-bel-lad'jo). Entirely at pleasure. 
 
 A bouche fermee (a bush far-ma'). [Fr.] With 
 the mouth closed. 
 
 A cappella (a kap-pel'la). In church style. 
 
 A capriccio (a ka-pret'cho). At pleasure. 
 
 Accelerando (at-cbel-a-ran'do). Gradually quick- 
 ening. 
 
 Acciaccatura (at-che-ak-ka-to'ra). A short grace- 
 note. 
 
 Adagietto (a-da-jeftG). A 6hort adagio; a little 
 slower than adagio. 
 
 Adagio (a-da'jo). Very slow ; at ease ; a slow 
 movement. 
 
 A deux mains (a duh maN). [Fr.] For both 
 hands. 
 
 Ad libitum (ad leTDe-tuni). [L.] At pleasure. 
 
 A due (a do'a). In two parts. 
 
 Affettuoso (af-fet-to-o'so). With feeling. 
 
 Agitato (a-je-ta'to). In an agitated manner. 
 
 Agremens (a-gra-moN). [Fr.] Graces ; ornaments. 
 
 A la chasse (a la shas). [Fr.] In hunting style, i Capriccio (ka-pret'chu). A fantasia 
 
 Al fine (al fe'na). To the end. I Coda (ko'da). The conclusion. 
 
 Alia breve (alia bra/va). A quick common time. ; Col arco (kol ar'ko). With the bow. 
 
 All' antico (al an-t?'k<3). In ancient style. ! Colla parte (kol'la piir'ta). With the solo part. 
 
 Alia polacca (-po-lak'ka). In Polish style. ! Colla voce (kol'la vo'cha). With the voice. 
 
 Alia zoppa (-teop'pa). Limpingly. j Col legno (kol la'nyo). With the wooden part of 
 
 Allegretto (al-lii-gret'to). Somewhat quickly.' the bow. 
 
 Allegretto soherzando (-skart-sau'do). Rather j Come sopra (ko'ma so'pra). As above. 
 
 quickly and merrily. , Commodo (kom'mo-do). At ease; at convenience; 
 
 Allegro (al-lu'gro). Lively ; quick. easily. 
 
 Allegro agitato (-a-je-ta'to). Quickly and hur- j Con brio (kon bre'o). With fire and vigor. 
 
 A quatre mains (a kat'r mas). [Fr.] For four 
 Arco (ar'ko). The bow. [hands. 
 
 Aria (a're-a). An air ; the air. 
 Arietta (a-re-et'ta). A short, sprightly air. 
 Arioso (a-re-o'so). Lively ; airy. 
 Arpeggio (ar-ped'jo). In harp style; with dis- 
 persed chords. 
 Assai (as-sa'e). Thoroughly. 
 A tempo (a tem'po). In time. 
 Attacca (at-tak'ka). Begin at once : — the onset. 
 
 Ballibile (bal-le'be-la). Suited for dancing; in 
 
 dancing movement. 
 Ben (ben). Very. 
 Bis (be). [Fr.] Twice. 
 
 Bravura (bra-vo'ra). A passage of great brilliancy. 
 Brioso (bre-6'so). Lively; spiritedly. 
 
 Calando (ka-lan'do). Decreasing. 
 
 Cantando (kan-tiin'do), or Cantabile (kiin-tab'e- 
 
 la). To be sung with feeling. 
 Canto fermo (kan'to far'mo). Plain song. 
 Capriccietto (ka-pre-chef to). A short capriccio. 
 
 riedly 
 
 Allegro assai (-as-sii'e). Very quickly. 
 Allegro con brio (-kon bre'o). Quickly and with 
 
 spirit. 
 Allegro con fuoco (-kon fo-o'ko). Quickly and 
 
 with spirit. 
 Allegro di bravura (-de bra-vo'ra). Quickly and 
 
 with brilliancy. 
 Allegro maestoso (-mii-es-to'so). Quickly, but 
 
 with dignity. 
 Allegro ma non troppo (-ma non trop'po). Quick- 
 ly, but not too quickly. 
 Allegro moderato (-mod-a-ra'to). Somewhat 
 
 quickly. 
 Allegro molto (-mol'to). Very quickly. 
 Allegro vivace (-ve-va'cha). Quickly and with 
 
 animation. 
 All' ottava (al ot-ta'va). In the octave; an oc- 
 tave above or below. 
 All' rigore di tempo (al re-go'ra, de tem'po). In 
 
 6trict time. 
 All' unisono (al 6-ne-so'no). In unison. 
 Al segno (Ml san'yo). To the sign. 
 Alto (al'to). High; contralto; a tenor violin. 
 Amabile (a-ma'be-la). Tenderly; lovingly. 
 Amoroso (a-mo-ro'so). Tenderly; lovingly. 
 Andante (an-dan'ta). At a moderate pace. 
 Andantino (an-dan-te'uo). A little slower than 
 
 andante. 
 A piacere (a pe-a-cha'ra). At pleasure. 
 Appoggiatura (ap-pod-ja-to'ra). Delay by means 
 
 of a grace-note. 
 A prima vista (a pre'ma ves'ta). At first sight. 
 A punta d' arco (a pon'ta dar'ko). With the point 
 
 of the bow. 
 
 2d ss 
 
 Con dolore (-do-lo'ra). With sorrow ; sorrowfully. 
 Con duolo (-do-o'lo). With sorrow, sorrowfully. 
 Con espressione (-es-pres-se-o'na). With exprea- 
 Con forza (-fort'sa). With force. [sion. 
 
 Con fuoco (-fo-o'ko). With fire. 
 Con scoltezza (-skol-tet'sa). With freedom. 
 Con sordini (-sor-de'ne). With mutes. 
 Con spirito (-spe're-to). With spirit. 
 
 Dal segno (dal san'yo). From the sign. 
 Decrescendo (da-kra-shen'do). Decreasing in 
 loudness. [loudness. 
 
 Diminuendo (de-me-no-en'do). Decreasing in 
 Dolente (do-len'ta). Wailingly ; with sorrow. 
 Duettino (do-et-te'no). A short duet. 
 Duetto (do-et'to). A duet. 
 
 Energico (en-eVje-ko). With energy. 
 Espressivo (es-pres-se'vo). With expression. 
 
 Forte (for'ta). Loud; strong. 
 Fortissimo (fbr-tes'se-mo). A'ery loud. 
 Forzando (for-tsau'do). Forcibly. See Sforzando. 
 Frettevole (fret-ta'vo-la). Lively; nimbly. 
 Frettoloso (fret-to-lo'so). Lively ; nimbly. 
 Frettoso (fret-to'so). Lively ; nimbly. 
 
 Giusto (jos'to). Exactly; with precision. 
 
 Grave (gra'va). With slow dignity. 
 
 Grazioso (grat-se-o'so). Gracefully ; pleasingly. 
 
 Istesso tempo (Is-tes'so tem'po). In the same time. 
 
 Languente (lan-gwen'ta). Languishingly : faintly. 
 Languido (lau'gwe-do). Languishing! v ; faintly. 
 
 57 673 
 
674 
 
 MUSICAL TERMS FEOM FOREIGN LANGUAGES. 
 
 Largamente (lar-gii-men'ta). With breadth of 
 
 style. 
 Larghetto (lar-get'to). Slower than largo. 
 Largo (largo). Slower than andante : — with a 
 
 broad and dignified manner. 
 Legatissimo (leg-a-tes'se-mo). In a strictly exact 
 
 style. 
 Legato (la-ga'to). In a connected manner. 
 Leggieramente (led-je-a-ra-men'_ta). Lightly. 
 Leggierissimo (led-je-a-res'se-mo). Very lightly. 
 Leggiero (led-je-a'ro). Lightly. 
 Lentando (len-tan'do). Slacken the pace. 
 Lento (len'tb). Slowly. 
 Ligato (le-ga'to). Same as Legato. 
 L' istesso tempo (lis-tes'so tem'po). See Istesso 
 
 TEMPO. 
 
 Lusingando (16-sen-gan'do). Coaxingly : — ten- 
 derly, [derly. 
 
 Lusinghiero (16-sen-ge-a/ro). Coaxingly : — ten- 
 Ma (ma). But. 
 
 Maestoso (ma-es-to'so). With majesty. 
 
 Maestro (ma-es'tro). A master. 
 
 Maestro al cembalo (-al cheni'ba-lo). Piano- 
 accompanist; sub-conductor. 
 
 Maestro di cappella (-de kap-pel'la). Chapel-mas- 
 ter; conductor. 
 
 Maestro dei putti (-da/e pot'te). A leader of a 
 boy-choir. 
 
 Maggiore (mad-jo'ra). Greater. 
 
 Main droite (maN drwat). [Fr.] The right hand. 
 
 Main gauche (maN gosh). [Fr.] The left hand. 
 
 Mancando (man-kan'do). A decrescendo (in a 
 passage already soft). 
 
 Mano destra (ma/no des'tra). The right hand. 
 
 Mano dritto (-dret'to). The right hand. 
 
 Mano sinistra (-se-nSs'tra). The left hand. 
 
 Marcatissimo (mar-kii-tes'se-mo). Very decidedly. 
 
 Marcato (mar-ka'to). In a decided maimer. 
 
 Martele (mar-ta'la). In a hammering manner. 
 
 Martellato (mar-tel-la'to). In a hammering 
 manner. 
 
 Medesimo tempo (ma-des'e-mo tem'po). In the 
 same time. 
 
 Meno (ma/no). Less. » 
 
 Meno mosso (ma'no mds'so). Rather slower. 
 
 Mesto (mes'to). Sadly. 
 
 Mezzo a voce (met'so a vo'cha). With restrained 
 voice. 
 
 Mezzo forte (met'so fdr'ta). With medium force. 
 
 Mezzo piano (met'so pe-a'no). Rather softly. 
 
 Mezzo soprano (met'so so-pra'no). A voice above 
 the contralto; a soprano of medium range. 
 
 Minacciando (me-nat-chan'do). Threateningly. 
 
 Moderato (mbd-a-ra'to). Moderately. 
 
 Molto (mol'to). Much. [cendo. 
 
 Morendo (mo-ren'rlo). Dying : — a gradual decres- 
 
 Mosso (mos'so). With vigor. 
 
 Muta (mo'ta). Change. 
 
 Obbligato (ob-ble-ga'to). Necessary. 
 
 Oppure (op-po're). Or; or else; besides. 
 
 Organo pieno (or'ga-no pe-a'no). Full organ. 
 
 Ossia (os'se-a). Or it may be. 
 
 Ostinato (os-te-n"a'to). Obstinately; persistently. 
 
 Ovvero (ov-va/ro). Or else. 
 
 Pace (pa'cha). Calmly. 
 
 Parlando (par-lan'do). In a colloquial manner. 
 Parlante (par-lan'ta). In a colloquial manner. 
 Perdendo, or Perdendo le forze (par-den'do la 
 
 fbrt'sa). With diminishing force. 
 Perdendosi (par-den-do'se). With diminishing 
 
 force. 
 Pesante (pa-san'ta). Heavily; gravely. 
 Piacere (pe-a-cha'ra). See A piacere. 
 Piacevole (pe-a-cha'vo-la). Agreeable ; pleasant. 
 Piangendo (pe-an-jgn'do). Wailingly. 
 Pianissimo (pe-a-nes'se-mo). Very softly. 
 Piano (pe-a'no). Soft; softly. 
 Piatti (pe-at'te). Cymbals. 
 Pieno (pe-a'no). Full. 
 Pizzicato (pet-se-ka'to). By plucking the strings. 
 
 Plintivo (plen-te'vo). Plaintively. 
 
 Poco (po'ko). A little. 
 
 Poco a poco. Little by little. 
 
 Pomposo (pom-po'so). Pompously. 
 
 Ponticello (p6n-te-chel'lo). Same as Sul ponti- 
 
 chello. 
 Portamento (pbr-ta-men'to). A slide or glide of 
 
 the voice. 
 Precipitoso (pra-che-pe-to'so). Hurried4y. 
 Presto (pra'sto). Hurriedly; quickly. 
 Primo (pre'mo). First. 
 
 Quasi (kwa'se). As if. 
 
 Rallentando (ral-len-tan'do). Becoming slower 
 
 and slower. 
 Rapidamente (rii-pe-da-men'ta). Swiftly. 
 Replica (ra'ple-ka). Repeat. 
 Rinforzando (ren-fort-san'do). A short crescendo. 
 Risoluto (re-so-16'to). Determined ; vigorous. 
 Ritariando (re-tar-diin'do). Gradually slackening. 
 Ritenente (re-ta-nen'ta). At a slower rate. 
 Ritenuto (re-ta-no'to). At a slower rate. 
 Rubato (ro-ba'to). Robbed. (A license to modify 
 
 the written time.) 
 
 Saltato (sal-ta'to). With a springing bow. 
 
 Scherzando (skar-tsan'do). Playfully. 
 
 Scherzo (skar'tso). A playful movement. 
 
 Scherzoso (skar-tso'so). Playfully. 
 
 Sciolto (ske-ol'to). Freely ; dashingly. 
 I Secco (sek'ko). Plain ; dry. 
 
 J Secco recitative (-ra-che-ta-te'va). A plain reci- 
 tative. 
 ! Secondo (sa-k5n'do). Second. 
 I Segno (sa'nyo). The sign. 
 
 I Segue 1' aria (sa'gvva la're-a). The aria follows. 
 I Semplice (sem'ple-cha). Simply; plainly. 
 I Sempre (sem'pra). Always. 
 ! Senza (sent'sa). Without. 
 
 Senza organo (-or'ga-no). Without the organ. 
 
 Senza piatti (-pe-at'te). Without the cymbals. 
 
 Senza repetizione (-ra-pa-tet-se-o'na). Without 
 repetition. 
 
 Senza replica (-ra'ple-ka). Without repetition. 
 
 Senza tempo (-tem'po). Without regard to time. 
 
 Sfogato (sfo-gii'to). Open ; airy. 
 
 Sforzando (sfor-tsan'db). Forced; emphatic. 
 
 Sforzato (sfbr-tsa'to). Forced ; emphatic. 
 
 Simili (se'me-le). In like manner. 
 
 Sin' al fine (sen al fe'na). To the end. 
 
 Slentando (slen-tan'do). Same as Rallentando. 
 
 Smorzando (smbr-tsan'do). Fading away. 
 
 Soave (so-a'va). Sweetly ; smoothly. 
 
 Soli (so'le). One in each part. 
 
 Solo (sb'lo). One aloue. 
 
 Sostenuto (sCs-ta-no'to). Elevated in style ; well 
 sustained. 
 
 Sotto il soggetto (sSt'to el s5d-jet'to). Below the 
 subject. 
 
 Sotto voce (-vo'cha). In an undertone. 
 
 Spianato (spe-a-na'to). Even ; regular. 
 
 Spicato (spe-ka'to). Separate; distinct. 
 
 Spiritoso (spe-re-to'so). With spirit. 
 
 Squillante (skwel-lan'ta). Shrill; ringing. 
 
 Squillantemente (skwel-lan-ta-men'ta). Shrill ; 
 ringing. 
 
 Staccato (stak-ka'to). In a detached manner. 
 
 Stentorato (sten-to-ra'to). Forced ; loud. 
 
 Stretto (stret'to). Close ; narrow. 
 
 Stringendo (stren-jen'do). Forcing; hastening. 
 
 Subito (so'be-to). Suddenly. 
 
 Sul ponticello (sol pon-te-chel'lo). Near the bridge. 
 
 Suone (so-o'na) ; pi. Suoni (so-o'ne). A sound. 
 
 Sussurando (sos-so-rau'do). Whispering; mur- 
 muring. 
 
 Sussurante (sos-so-ran'ta). Whispering; mur- 
 muring. 
 
 Tace (ta'cha), Tacet (ta'chet) ; pi. Taci (ta'che) or 
 
 Taciasi (ta-che-a'se). Be silent. 
 Tardamente (tar-da-men'ta). Slowly. 
 Tardando (tar-dan'do). Slowly. 
 
MUSICAL TEEMS FKOM EOEEIGN LANGUAGES. 
 
 675 
 
 Tema (ta'mii). The theme. 
 
 Tempo (tem'po). The time. 
 
 Tempo primo (tem'po pre'mo). The original time. 
 
 Tenendo il canto (ta-uen'do el kan'to). Continu- 
 ing the singing. 
 
 Teneramente (ta-na-ra-men'ta). With tenderness. 
 
 Tenerezza (ta-na-ret'sa). Tenderness. 
 
 Tenuto (ta-no'to). Sustained. 
 
 Tepidamente (ta-pe-da-men'ta). With indifference. 
 
 Terzetto (tar-tset'to). A short trio. 
 
 Timoroso (te-mo-ro'so). As if with timidity. 
 
 Tintinnamente (ten-ten-ua-nien'ta). Iu a tinkling 
 manner. 
 
 Tostamente (tos-t'a-men'ta). Quickly. 
 
 Tosto (tos'to). Quickly. 
 
 Tranquillamente (tran-kwel-la-men'ta). Calmly. 
 
 Tremando (tra-man'do). With a trembling tone. 
 
 Tremolendo (tra-mo-len'do). With a trembling 
 tone. 
 
 Tremoroso (tra-mo-ro'so). With a trembling tone. 
 
 Trillando (trel-lan'do). With trills. 
 
 Trio (tre'o). Three together. 
 
 Tristezza (tres-tet'sa). Sadness. 
 
 Tronco (tron'ko). Cut short. 
 
 Tumultuoso (to-mol-to-o'so). With tumult. 
 
 Tutta forza (tot'ta fort's a). With full force. 
 
 Tutti (tot'te). All together. 
 
 Tutto arco (tot'to ar'ko). With the full bow. 
 
 Tina corda (6'na kbr'da). With one string. 
 Unisoni (o-ne'so-ne). In unison. 
 TJnitamente (o-ue-ta-men'ta). Together. 
 Uno a uno (o'no a o'no;. One by one. 
 Tin poco (on po'ko). A little. 
 
 Va (va). Go on. 
 
 Vaceto (va-cha'to). Quickly. 
 
 Va crescendo (va kra-shen'do). Go on increasing. 
 
 Variamente (va-re-a-meu'ta). With variety. 
 
 Veemente (va-a-men'ta). With vehemence. 
 
 Velato (va-la'to). As if veiled, or muffled. 
 
 Vellutato (vel-lo-ta'to). In velvet style; very 
 
 smoothly. 
 Veloce (va-lo'cha). Swiftly. 
 Velocemente (va-lo-cha-men'ta). Swiftly. 
 Velocissimo (va-li5-chis'se-mo). Very swiftly. 
 Venusto (va-nos'to). In attractive or finished 
 
 style. 
 Verte subito (var'ta, so'be-to). Turn quickly. 
 Vezzosamente (vet-so-sa-men'ta.). Delicately 
 
 finely. 
 Vezzoso (vet-so'so). Delicately ; finely. 
 Vibrato molto (ve-bra'to mol'to). With strong 
 
 vibration. 
 Vicendevole (ve-chen-da'vo-la). By turns. 
 Violentemente (ve-o-len-ta-men'ta). Violently. 
 Vistamente (ves-ta-men'ta). Instantly. 
 Vivace (ve-va'cha). Briskly. 
 Vivamente (ve-va-men'ta). Briskly. 
 Vivezza (ve-vet'sa). With animation. 
 Voce (vo'cha). The voice. 
 Volante (vo-lan'ta). Light ; volatile. 
 Volteggiando (vol-ted-jan'do). Crossing the 
 
 hands. 
 Volte subito (vol'ta. so'be-to). Turn quickly. 
 Volto (vGl'to). Turned. 
 
 Zelosamente (tsa-lo-sa-men'tal. Full of feeling. 
 Zeloso (tsa-lo'so). Full of feeling. 
 
PRINCIPAL DEITIES, HEROES, &<,, 
 
 IN THE FABULOUS HISTORY OF THE GREEKS AND ROMANS. 
 
 Ab'a-rls. A hyperborean priest of Apollo. 
 A-can'tha. A nymph beloved by Apollo, and 
 
 changed by him into the herb bear's-foot. 
 A-ces'tes. The son of Crinisus and Egesta. He 
 
 was king of Sicily, who entertained JEneas and 
 
 Anchises. 
 A-phaem'e-nes. The first king of Persia, 
 ^.-shae'us. The ancestor of the Achaeans. 
 
 t-pha'tes. The faithful companion of iEneas. 
 ph'e-ron. The son of Sol and Terra, changed 
 by Jupiter into a river of hell or the infernal 
 regions: — used also for hell itself. 
 
 A-phll'les. (The hero of Homer's Iliad.) The son 
 of Peleus (king of Thrace) and Thetis. He was 
 a Greek, who signalized himself in the Trojan 
 war, and who, having been dipped by his mother 
 in the river Styx, was invulnerable in every part 
 except his right heel, but was at length killed by 
 Paris with an arrow. 
 
 Ac-i-da/li-a. A surname of Venus. 
 
 A cis. The son of Faunus. He was a Sicilian 
 shepherd, and was killed by Polyphemus because 
 he had obtained the affections of Galataea. 
 
 Ac'mon. A king of the Titans. 
 
 A-cri''si-us. King of Argos, killed accidentally 
 with a quoit by his grandson, Perseus. 
 
 Ac-tae'on. The son of Aristaeus. He was a famous 
 hunter, who, having surprised Diana as she was 
 bathing, was turned by her into a stag, and 
 killed by his own dogs. 
 
 Ad-a-man-te'a. Jupiter's nurse. 
 
 Ad-ine'tus. A king of Thessaly, and husband of j 
 Alcestis, remarkable for his misfortunes and 
 his piety. 
 
 A-do'nis. A beautiful youth, beloved by Venus. 
 
 A-dras'tus. King of Argos, and one of the seven 
 chiefs who sacked Thebes. 
 
 2E'a-cus. One of the infernal judges. 
 
 M-fee'on. A giant or monster, who was thrust 
 under iEtna : — represented also as a marine god. 
 
 2E-£e'ri-a. A beautiful nymph, worshipped by 
 the Romans, particularly by the ladies. 
 
 2E-ge'us. A king of Athens, who gave name to 
 the JEgean Sea by drowning himself in it. 
 
 2E-§l'na. The daughter of Asopus. She was a 
 favorite of Jupiter. 
 
 JE'£is. The shield of Jupiter. 
 
 JE-gls'thus. A king of Argos, and son of Thy- 
 estes. He was killed by Orcates for having 
 murdered his father. 
 
 JEg'le (eg'le). One of the Hesperides. 
 
 2E-£yp'tus. Son of Belus, and brother of Danaus. 
 He had fifty sons, who were married to their 
 fifty cousins, the daughters of Danaus. 
 
 2E-ne'as. (The hero of Virgil's JEnekl.) A Tro- 
 jan prince, the son of Anchises and Venus. He 
 survived the destruction of Troy, sailed into 
 Italy, and succeeded King Latinus. 
 
 2E'o-lus. The god of the winds and storms. 
 
 2Es a-cus. A son of Priam. He threw himself 
 into the sea in pursuit of the nymph Hesperia, 
 and was changed by Thetis into a cormorant. 
 
 JEs-cu-la'pi-us. The god of medicine, and a son 
 of Apollo! He was killed by Jupiter with a 
 thunder-bolt on account of his skill, and partic- 
 ularly for having restored Hippolytus to life. 
 
 JE-thal'i-des. A son of Mercury. 
 
 676 
 
 JE'thon. One of the four horses of the sun. 
 
 Ag-a-mem'non. King of Mycenae and Argos, 
 brother to Menelaus, and commander-in-chief 
 of the Grecian army at the siege of Troy. 
 
 Ag-a-nip'pe. A fountain at the foot of Mount 
 Helicon, consecrated to Apollo and the Muses. 
 
 Ag-la'i-a. One of the three Graces. She was an 
 attendant on Venus. 
 
 A'jax. The son of Telamon, and, next to Achil- 
 les, the bravest of all the Greeks in the Trojan 
 war. 
 
 Al'bi-on. A son of Neptune. He went into 
 Britain, where he established a kingdom. 
 
 Al-ces'te, or Al-ces'tis. The daughter of Pelias, 
 and wife of Admetus. She was brought back 
 from hell by Hercules. 
 
 Al-cI'des. A patronymic or title of Hercules. 
 
 Al-cln'o-us. A king of Phaeacia, who entertained 
 Ulysses when he was shipwrecked. 
 
 Alc-me'na. The mother of Hercules. 
 
 Al-cy'o-ne. The daughter of Neptune, and wife 
 of Ceyx. On hearing of her husband's death, 
 she threw herself into the sea, and was changed 
 into a kingfisher. 
 
 A-lec'to. One of the three Furies. 
 
 A-maz'o-nes {Eitg. Am'a-zons). A nation of 
 warlike women in Cappadocia. 
 
 Am'mon, or Ham'mon. A deity among the Lib- 
 yans! in later times' identified with Jupiter. 
 
 Am-phi'on. The son of Jupiter and Antiope. He 
 built the city of Thebes by the music of his harp. 
 He and his brother Zethus are reported to have 
 invented music. 
 
 Am-phi-tri'te. The daughter of Oceanus and 
 Tethys. She was a goddess of the sea, and wife 
 of Neptune. 
 
 An-chi'ses. The son of Capys, and father of 
 iEneas. His son JEneas carried him on his 
 shoulders out of the flames of Troy. 
 
 An-drom'a-phe. The daughter of Eetion, king 
 of Thebes, and the wife of Hector; later the 
 slave of Pyrrhus, and still later the wife of Hel- 
 enus, Hector's brother. 
 
 An-drom'e-da. The daughter of Cepheus and 
 Cassiope'. Contesting with Juno and the Nereids 
 for beauty, she was exposed to a sea-monster, 
 but was delivered and married by Perseus. 
 
 An-tae'us. The son of Neptune and Terra. He 
 was a famous giant, killed by Hercules. 
 
 An-tig'o-ne. The daughter of GEdipus and Jo- 
 casta. ' She was famous for her filial piety. 
 
 An-ti'o-pe. The mother of Amphion and Zethus. 
 
 A-ml'bis. An Egyptian deity having a dog's head. 
 
 Aph-ro-dl'te. The Greek name for Venus. 
 
 A'pis. An Egyptian deity, worshipped under the 
 shape of an ox, in token of his having taught 
 the Egyptians the art of husbandry. 
 
 A-pol'lo. The son of Jupiter and Latona, and the 
 god of music, poetry, eloquence, medicine, and 
 the fine arts. Mount Parnassus was his favorite 
 residence, and he had oracles at Delosand Delphi. 
 
 4-ra.gh'ne. A Lydiau virgin, turned into a spider 
 for contending with Minerva at spinning. 
 
 Ar-e-thii'sa. One of Diana's nymphs, the daugh- 
 ter of Ne'reus and Doris. She was changed into 
 a fountain. 
 
 Ar'ges. Oue of the Cyclops. 
 
PRINCIPAL GEEEK AND SOMAN DEITIES, HEROES, &c. 677 
 
 Ar-go-nau'tae {Bug. Ar'go-nauts). The com- 
 panions of Jason, in the sliip Argo, who went to 
 Colchis in search of the golden fleece. 
 
 AVgus. The son of Arestor. He was said to have 
 had a hundred eyes, hut being killed by Mer- 
 cury when appointed by Juno to guard Io, she 
 put his eyes on the tail of a peacock. 
 
 A-ri-ad'ne. A daughter of Minos. From love to 
 Theseus' she gave him a clew of thread which 
 guided him out of the Cretan labyrinth, and she 
 became his wife; but being afterward deserted 
 by him, she was married to Bacchus and made 
 his priestess. 
 
 A-rl'on. A lyric poet of Methymna, who, in his 
 voyage to Italy, was saved from the cruelty of 
 the mariners by means of dolphins, which the 
 sweetness of his music brought together. 
 
 Ar-is-tse'us. A son of Apollo. He was a rural 
 deity who taught mankind to extract oil from 
 the olive, and to make honey, butter, &c. 
 
 Ar-sin'o-e. The mother of iEsculapius. 
 
 Ar'te-nus. The Greek name of a goddess identi- 
 fied in later times with the Koman goddess Di- 
 ana. Her festivals were called Artemisia. 
 
 As-cal'a-phus. A son of Acheron and Kox. He 
 was turned into an owl by Ceres for informing 
 Pluto that Proserpine had eateu some grains of 
 a pomegranate : — also a son of Mars, and one of 
 the Argonauts. 
 
 As-ca'ni-us, or i-u'lus. The only son of iEne*s 
 and Creusa, and founder of the city of Alba in 
 Italy. 
 
 A-so'pus. A son of Oceanus and Tethys. He was 
 a king of Bceotia, and was changed into a river 
 for rebelling against Jupiter. 
 
 As-trae'a. The goddess of justice, changed into 
 
 " the constellation Virgo. [dromache. 
 
 As-ty'a-nax. The only son of Hector and An- 
 
 At-a-lan'ta. A princess of Sc.vros, who consented 
 to' marry that one of her suitors who should out- 
 run her. Hippomeues was the successful com- 
 petitor. 
 
 A'te. A daughter of Jupiter. She was the god- 
 dess of discord. 
 
 At'las, One of the Titans, and king of Mauritania, 
 who is said to have supported the world on his | 
 shoulders, and was turned into a mountain by j 
 Perseus. 
 
 A'treus. A son of Pelops and Hippodamia. He 
 was the father of Agamemnon and Meiielaus. 
 
 At'ro-pos. One of the three Fates; the one that ! 
 cut the thread of life. 
 
 Au'£-e-as, or Au-fi'as. One of the Argonauts, j 
 and afterward king of Elis. It was one of the 
 labors of Hercules to cleanse his stables of the 
 filth which had been collecting for thirty years. 
 
 JLu-ro'ra. The goddess of the morning, and the 
 wife of Tithonus. 
 
 Au-tol'y-cus. One of the Argonauts. He was 
 a sou of Mercury and Chione, and a notorious 
 thief. 
 
 night, and by women only. By late writers she 
 was sometimes identified with Cybele. 
 
 Bo're-as. The sou of Astrams and Aurora; the 
 name of the north wind. 
 
 Bri-a're-us. A giant that warred against heaven, 
 and was feigned to have had fifty heads and one 
 hundred hands. He is also called jEgieon. 
 
 Bri-se'is, or Hip-po-da-mi'a. The daughter of 
 Brises, priest of Jupiter, given to Achilles upon 
 the taking of Lyrnessus in the Trojan war, but 
 afterward forced from him by Agamemnon. 
 
 Brl-se'us. A surname of Bacchus. 
 
 Bron'tes. One of the Cyclops. 
 
 Bu-si'ris. The son of Neptune and Libya. He 
 was a tyrant of Egypt, and a monstrous giant, 
 who fed his horses on human flesh, and was 
 killed by Hercules. 
 
 Byb'lis. A daughter of Miletus. She wept her- 
 self into a fountain through love of her brother 
 Caunus. 
 
 c. 
 
 B. 
 
 Bac-phan'tes. Priestesses of Bacchus. 
 
 Bac'phus. The son of Jupiter and Semele. He 
 was the god of wine and of drunkards. 
 
 Bas-sar'i-des. Votaries of Bacchus. 
 
 Bel-ler'o'-phon. The very beautiful son of Glau- 
 cus, king of Corinth. With the aid of the horse 
 Pegasus he destroyed the Chimasra. 
 
 Bel-15'na. The goddess of war, and the com- 
 panion and wife or sister of Mars. 
 
 Be'lus. The son of Neptune and Libya, and one 
 of the first kings of Babylon or Assyria, to 
 whose statue divine honors were paid, and to 
 whom a magnificent temple was built. 
 
 Bi'ceps, and Bi'frons. Names of Janus. 
 
 Bo'na De'a. A name signifying "the good god- 
 dess," given by the Romans to a mysterious god- 
 dess, sometimes identified with Fauna or Fatua. 
 Her sacrifices were performed secretly or by 
 
 Ca-bi'ra. A wife of Vulcan. 
 
 Ca-bi'ri. Mystic divinities, sacred priests, or de- 
 ified heroes, whose rites were celebrated in the 
 islands of 6amothrace and Lernnos. 
 
 Ca'cus. The son of Vulcan. He was a notorious 
 robber, and was slain by Hercules for stealing 
 his oxen. 
 
 Cad'mus. The son of Agenor, king of Phoenicia*. 
 He was the founder of the city of Thebes y and 
 the reputed inventor of sixteen letters of the 
 Greek alphabet. 
 
 Caee'u-lus. A robber, the son of Vulcan. 
 
 Cal'phas. A famous soothsayer in the Grecian 
 army engaged in the Trojan war. 
 
 Cal-li'o-pe. One of the Muses. She presided over 
 eloquence and epic poetry. 
 
 Cal-lls'to. An Arcadian nymph, metamorphosed 
 by Jupiter into a she-bear, and changed into a 
 constellation called the Great Hear. 
 
 Ca-lyp'so. One of the Oceaimhs, and one of the 
 daughters of Atlas. She reigned in the island 
 of Ogygia, aud entertained Ulysses. 
 
 Ca-mii'ia. A famous queen of the Volsci, cele- 
 brated for her swiftness of foot. She opposed 
 iEneas on his landing in Italy. 
 
 Ca-mce'nse. A title of the Muses. 
 
 Cap'a-neus. A famous Grecian, killed by a stone 
 tit the siege of Thebes. 
 
 Car-y-a'tis. A surname of Diana. 
 
 Cas-san'dra. The daughter of Priam and Hecuba. 
 She was endowed with the gift of prophecy by 
 Apollo; but no one believed her predictions. 
 
 Cas-tal'i-des. The Muses, so called from the 
 fountain Castalius. at the foot of Parnassus. 
 
 Cas'tor. A son of Jupiter and Leda. He ami his 
 twin brother Pollux shared immortality alter- 
 nately, living and dying every six months,. and 
 were formed into the constellation Gemini. 
 
 Ce'crops. A very rich Egyptian, the founder and 
 first king of Athens, where he instituted mar- 
 riage, altars, and sacrifices. 
 
 Cen-tau'ri (Eug. Cen'taurs). A people, or race 
 of monsters, of Thessaly, half men and half 
 horses, vanquished by Theseus. 
 
 Ce'pheus. One of the Argonauts. 
 
 Cer'be-rus. The three-headed dog of Pluto which 
 guarded the gates of hell. Hercules overcame 
 him and brought him away. 
 
 Ce'res. The daughter of Saturn and Cybele, and 
 the goddess of corn, harvest, and flowers. 
 
 phar'i-tes. The Graces. See Graces. 
 
 pha'ron. The son of Erebus and Nox, and ferry- 
 man of hell, who conducted the souls of the 
 dead, in a boat, over the rivers Styx and Ache- 
 ron. 
 
 pha-ryb'dis. A ravenous woman, turned by Jupi- 
 ter into a very dangerous gulf or whirlpool on 
 the coast of Sicily, opposite to the rocks called 
 ScyUa. 
 
678 
 
 PRINCIPAL DEITIES, HEROES, &c, 
 
 phi-mae'ra. A strange monster of Lycia, killed 
 by Belle'rophon. 
 
 pbf'ron. The son of Saturn and Phillyra. He 
 was' a Centaur, was preceptor to Achilles, taught 
 JEsculapius physic, and Hercules astronomy, 
 and was transformed into the constellation Sagit- 
 tarius. 
 
 phlo'ris. The goddess of flowers ; Flora. 
 
 phry-se'is. The daughter of Chryses, priest of 
 Apollo,' famed for her beauty and for her skill 
 in embroidery. She fell to Agamemnon's lot in 
 the course of the Trojan war, but was after- 
 ward restored, in order to stop a plague among 
 the Grecians, which Apollo had sent at the re- 
 quest of her father. 
 
 C'ir'ce. A noted enchantress, daughter of Sol and 
 Perse. [history. 
 
 CH'o. One of the Muses. She presided over 
 
 C15-a-ci'na. A surname of Venus, and a goddess 
 at Rome who presided over the cloacse, or sewers 
 and drains. 
 
 Clo'th5. One of the three Fates ; the one that 
 presided over birth. 
 
 Clyt-em-nes'tra. The faithless wife of Agamem- 
 non, killed by her son Orestes for her crimes. 
 
 Co-cy'tus. One of the infernal rivers. 
 
 Col-H'na. The goddess of hills. 
 
 Co'mus. The god of revelry, feasting, and jollity. 
 
 Co'pi-a. The goddess of plenty. [crow. 
 
 Co-r6'nis. A nymph changed by Minerva into a 
 
 Cor-y-ban'tes. Priests of Cybele. 
 
 Cre'on. King of Corinth. [iEneas. 
 
 Cre-u'sa. The daughter of Priam, and wife of 
 
 Cro'cus. A young man who was enamoured of the 
 nymph Smilax, and was changed into the flower 
 or plant bearing his own name. 
 
 Croe'sus. The king of Lydia, and the richest man 
 of his time. 
 
 Cu'pid, The son of Mars and Venus, a celebrated 
 deitj r ; the god of love, and love itself. 
 
 Cyb'e-le. The daughter of Heaven and Earth. 
 She was the wife of Saturn, and the mother of 
 Jupiter and other gods. She is called also Ehea, 
 Ops, &c. 
 
 Cy'clops. Vulcan's workmen, giants who had 
 only one eye, in the middle of their forehead, 
 and who were slain by Apollo in a pique against 
 Jupiter. According to Hesiod, they were three 
 in number, — Arges, Brontes, and Sleropes. Their 
 number was greater according to other mycolo- 
 gists, and in the age of Ulysses Polyphemus was 
 the chief among them. 
 
 Cyc'nus. A son of Mars, killed by Hercules. 
 
 Cyn'thi-a. A surname of Diana. 
 
 Cyn'thi-us. A surname of Apollo. 
 
 Cyp-a-ris'sus. A beautiful youth beloved by 
 Apollo, and metamorphosed by him into a cy- 
 press for having killed a favorite stag. 
 
 De-id-a-mi'a. The daughter of Lycomedes, king 
 of Scyros." She was the wife of Achilles, and 
 the mother of Pyrrhus. 
 
 De-iph'o-bus. A son of Priam and Hecuba. He 
 married Helena after the death of Paris, but 
 was betrayed by her to the Greeks. 
 
 Dej-a-m'ra. The daughter of ffineus, and wife 
 of Hercules, who killed herself in despair be- 
 cause her husband burnt himself to avoid the 
 torment occasioned by the poisoned shirt that 
 she had given him to regain his love, according 
 to the direction of Nessus, the Centaur, froni 
 whom she had received it. 
 
 De'los. An island in the JEgean Sea, where 
 Apollo was born, and where he had a famous 
 oracle. 
 
 De'li-a. A festival in honor of Apollo. 
 
 De'li-Qs. A surname of Apollo. 
 
 Del'phi. A city of Phocis, famous for an oracle 
 of Apollo. 
 
 Deu-ca'li-on. The son of Prometheus, and king 
 of Thessaly, who, with his wife Pyrrha, was 
 preserved from the general deluge, and repeo- 
 pled the world by throwing stones behind them, 
 as directed by the oracle. 
 
 Di-a'na. The daughter of Jupiter and Latona, 
 and goddess of hunting, chastity, and marriage. 
 
 Dic-tyn'na. A nymph of Crete, and one of the 
 attendants of Diana. 
 
 Di'do. The queen of Cai - thage, daughter of Belus, 
 and wife of Sichams. She built Carthage, and, 
 according to Virgil, entertained iEneas on his 
 voyage to Italy, aud stabbed herself through 
 despair because iEueas left her. 
 
 Di-o-me'des. The son of Tydeus, and king of 
 JEtolia. He gained great reputation at Troy, 
 and, with Ulysses, &c, carried oft the Palladium. 
 
 Di-o'ne. A nymph, and the mother of Venus. 
 
 Di'rse. A name or title of the Furies. 
 
 Dir'ce. The wife of Lyons, king of Thebes, 
 dragged to death by a mad bull. 
 
 Lis, A title of Pluto, and a god of the Gauls. 
 
 Dis-cbr'di-a. A malevolent deity, the goddess of 
 'contention. 
 
 Dra'co. An Athenian law-giver, so severe as to 
 punish every crime with death. 
 
 Dry'a-des (Eng. Dry'ads). Nymphs who presided 
 over the woods. 
 
 D. 
 
 E. 
 
 Dac'ty-IT. Priests of Cybele. 
 
 Daed'a-lus. A most ingenious artist and artificer 
 
 ■ of Athens, who formed the Cretan labyrinth, 
 and invented the auger, axe, glue, plumb-liue, 
 saw, and masts and sails for ships. 
 
 Dan'a-e. The daughter of Acrisius, and mother 
 of Perseus. 
 
 Da-na'i-des. The fifty daughters of Danaus, king 
 of Argos, all of whom, except one (H.vpermnes- 
 tra), killed their husbands on the first ni^ht 
 after marriage, and were therefore doomed to 
 draw water out of a deep well and eternally to 
 pour it into a cask full of holes. 
 
 Daph'ne. The daughter of the river Peneus, 
 changed into a laurel-tree. 
 
 Daph'nis. A shepherd of Sicily, and son of Mer- 
 cury. ' He was educated by the nymphs and in- 
 spired by the Muses with the love of poetry. 
 
 Dar'da-nfls. The son of Jupiter and Electra, aud 
 founder of Troy. 
 
 Eph'o. The daughter of Aer, or Air, and Tellus, 
 
 who pined away through love for Narcissus. 
 E-fe'ri-a, A nymph of Alicia, wife of Numa. 
 E-lec'tra. The daughter of Agamemnon and 
 ' Clytemnestra. She instigated her brother Ores- 
 tes to revenge their father's death upon their 
 mother and iEgisthus. 
 E-ly"si-um, or the Ehisian Fields. The happy 
 " residence of the virtuous after death. 
 En-cel'a-dus. A son of Titan and Terra. He was 
 ' the strongest of the giants who conspired against 
 Jupiter, and attempted to scale heaven. 
 ! En-dym'i-on. A shepherd and an astronomer of 
 
 Caria, condemned to a sleep of thirty years. 
 i E-pe'us. An artist, who made the Trojan horse 
 ! ' and "invented the sword and the buckler. 
 ! Eph-i-al'tes. A monstrous ^iant, son of Neptune. 
 J Er'a-to. One of the Muses. She presided over 
 
 lyric and amorous poetry. 
 I Er'e-bus. An infernal deity : — a river of hell, 
 J and often used by the poets for hell itself: — a 
 
 son of Chaos and Nox. 
 i E-rin'ny-es. The Greek name for the Eumenides, 
 
 ' or Furies. 
 j Er-y-cl'na. A surname of Venus. 
 Eu-men'i-des. A name of the Furies. 
 Eu-phor'bus. The son of Panthous. He was 
 
 slain by Menelaus in the Trojan war. 
 Eu-phros'y-ne. One of the three Graces. 
 Eu-ro'pa. The daughter of Phoenix or Agenor. 
 Her surpassing beauty charmed Jupiter, who 
 
IN GREEK AND PwOMAN FABULOUS HISTOEY. 
 
 679 
 
 assumed the form of a white bull and carried 
 her to Crete. 
 
 Eu-ry'a-le. A queen of the Amazons :— also one 
 of the three Gorgous. 
 
 Eu-ry'a-lGs. A Pel ponnesian chief in the Tro- 
 jan war: — also a Trojan and a friend of Nisus: 
 — for his loss JEneas was inconsolable. 
 
 Eu-ryd'i-ce. The wife of Orpheus, killed by a 
 serpent on her marriage-day. 
 
 Eu-ryl'o-phfis. One of the companions of Ulysses, 
 and tlie only one who was not changed by Circe 
 into a hog. 
 
 Eu-ryn'o-me. The daughter of Oceanus, and 
 mother of the Graces. 
 
 Eu-rys'theiis. The son of Sthenelus, and king 
 of Mycenae, who, at Juno's instigation, set his 
 brother Hercules twelve difficult labors. 
 
 Eu-ter'pe. One < >f the Muses,— the one who pre- 
 sided over music. 
 
 Venus. Their names are Aglaia, Enphrosyne, and 
 Thalia. 
 9y'f e§. Son of Heaven and Earth. He was a 
 monstrous giant, slain by Hercules. 
 
 H. 
 
 R 
 
 Fates, or Par'cse. Powerful goddesses, who pre- 
 sided over the birth and the life of mankind. 
 They were th« three daughters of Nox and Ere- 
 bus, named Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos. Clo- 
 tho was supposed to hold the distaff, Lachesis to 
 draw the thread of human life, and Atropos to 
 cut it off. 
 
 Fau'na. A Roman deity, the wife of Faunus. 
 
 Fau'ni (Eng. Fauns). Rural deities, described as 
 having the legs, feet, and ears of goats, and the 
 rest of the body human. 
 
 Fau'nus. A traditional king of Italy about thir- 
 teen hundred years B.C.; fond of agriculture, 
 and revered as a deity. 
 
 Fe-ro'ni-a. The goddess of woodlands and groves, 
 and the patroness of slaves. [swore. 
 
 Fid'i-Gs. A deity by whom the Romans generally 
 
 Flo'ra. The goddess of flowers and gardens. 
 
 Flu-vi-a'les. Nymphs of rivers. , 
 
 FSr'nax, A godiless of corn and bakers. 
 
 For-tu'na. A powerful deity, tlie goddess of for- 
 tune, from whose hand were derived riches and 
 poverty, happiness and misery ; — said to be blind. 
 
 Fu'rie§. The three daughters of Nox and Ache- 
 ron, Aleclo, Tisiphone, and Meg/era. They were 
 armed with snakes and lighted torches, and 
 were represented as ministers of the vengeance 
 of the gods. 
 
 G. 
 
 Gal-a-tae'a. A sea-nymph, the daughter of Ke- 
 ren's ;md Doris. She was passionately loved by 
 Polyphemus. 
 
 Gan-y-me'des (Eng. Gan'y-mede). The son of 
 Tros, king of Troy. Jupiter, in the form of an 
 eagle, snatched him up and made him his cup- 
 bearer, instead of Hebe. 
 
 Ge'ni-I. Spirits, demons, or guardians, who pre- 
 sided over the birth and life of men. 
 
 Qe'ry-on. A monster, represented as having three 
 bodies and three heads, and as having fed his 
 oxen with human flesh, and who was therefore 
 killed by Hercules. 
 
 Gor'di-Qs. A husbandman, who afterward be- 
 came king of Phrygia, and was remarkable for 
 tying a knot of cords, on which the empire of 
 Asia depended, in so very intricate a manner 
 that Alexander, unable to unravel it, cut it 
 asunder. 
 
 GSr'gons. The three daughters of Phorcus and 
 Ctto, named Stheno, Ehtryale, and 3Tedttsa. Their 
 bodies were covered with impenetrable scales, 
 their hair was entwined with hissing serpents; 
 they had wings and brazen claws, and they could 
 change into stone those whom they looked on. 
 
 Gra'ces. Three goddesses, represented as beauti- 
 ful, modest virgins and constant attendants on 
 
 Hse'mon. A Theban prince who slew himself on 
 the tomb of Antigone for love. 
 
 Ham-a-dry'a-des {Eng. Ham'a-dry-ads). Nymphs 
 who lived in the woods and presided over trees. 
 
 Har-poc'ra-tes. The Egyptian god of silence. 
 
 Har-py'i-as (Eng. Har'pies). The three daugh- 
 ters of Neptune and Terra, named A'ello, Cdseiie, 
 and Ocypele, hideous winged monsters with the 
 faces of virgins, the bodies of vultures, and 
 hands armed with claws. 
 
 He'be. A daughter of Juno. She was the goddess 
 of youth, and Jupiter's cup-bearer, but was ban- 
 ished from heaven on account of an unlucky fall. 
 
 Hec'a-te (Eng. Hec'ate). A goddess, called Diana 
 on earth, Luna in heaven, and Hecate or Proser- 
 pine in hell. 
 
 Hec'tor. The son of Priam and Hecuba; the most 
 valiant of the Trojans. He was slain by Achilles. 
 
 Hec'u-ba. The daughter of Dymas, king of 
 Thrace, and wife of Priam. She tore her eyes 
 out for the loss of her children, and was turned 
 into a bitch for railing at the Grecians. 
 
 Hel'e-na {Eng. Hel'en). The daughter of Tyn- 
 dar'us and Leda, and wife of Menelaus; the 
 most beautiful woman of her age, who, by run- 
 ning away with Paris, occasioned the Trojan 
 war. 
 
 Hel'e-nus. The son of Priam and Hecuba. He 
 was spared by the Greeks for his skill in divina- 
 tion. 
 
 He-li'a-des. The three daughters of Sol (the 
 aun) and Clymene, Lampelhusa, Lampetia, and 
 Pfuethma, changed into poplars for lamenting 
 greatly the death of their brother I'haethon. 
 
 Hel'i-con. A mountain of Bceotia, sacred to the 
 Muses. 
 
 Hel'le. A daughter of Athamas. Flying from 
 her' step-mother Ino, she was drowned in the 
 Pontic Sea, and gave it the name of Hellespont. 
 
 Her-a-clI'dse. The descendants of Hercules. 
 
 He'r'cu-les. The son of Jupiter and Alcmena. 
 He was the most famous hero of antiquity, re- 
 markable for his great strength, and celebrated 
 for his twelxe labors. 
 
 Her'mse. Statues of Mercury in Athens. 
 
 Her'mes. The Greek name of Mercury. 
 
 Her-ml'o-ne. The daughter of Mars and Venus, 
 and wife of Cadmus. She was changed into a 
 serpent. — Also, a daughter of Menelaus and Hel- 
 ena, married to Pyrrhus. 
 
 He'ro. A beautiful woman of Sestos, in Thrace, 
 and a priestess of Venus. Leander of Abydofl 
 loved her so tenderly that he swam over the 
 Hellespont every night to see her; but he being 
 at length unfortunately drowned, she threw her- 
 self, in despair, into the sea. 
 
 He-si'o-ne. The daughter of Laomedon, king of 
 Troy. She was delivered from a sea-monster by 
 Hercules. 
 
 Hes-per'i-des. Three nymphs, daughters of Hes- 
 perus. They guarded the golden apples which 
 Juno gave to Jupiter. 
 
 Hes'pe-rus, or Ves'per The son of Japetus, and 
 brother to Atlas; changed into the evening star. 
 
 Hip-pol'y-tiis The son of Theseus and Antiope, 
 or Hippolyte. He was restored to life by iEscu- 
 lapius, at the request of Diana. 
 
 Hip-pom'e-don. The son of Nesimachus. He 
 was one of the seven Grecian chiefs in the war 
 against Thebes. 
 
 Hip-pom'e-nes. A Grecian prince, who, beating 
 Atalanta in the race by throwing golden apples 
 before her, married her. They were changed by 
 Cybele into lions. 
 
680 
 
 PRINCIPAL DEITIES, HEEOES, &c. T 
 
 Hip-po'na. The goddess of horses and stables. 
 
 Hy-a-cin'thus. A beautiful boy, beloved by 
 Apollo and Zephyrus. The latter killed him ; 
 but Apollo changed the blood that was spilt into 
 a flower called the Hyacinth. 
 
 Hy'a-des. Nymphs whose parentage, names, and 
 number are differently stated by the ancients; 
 but the number commonly given is seven, as 
 they appear in the constellation that bears their 
 name. Their names are Ambrosia, Endoru, Pedile, 
 Coronis, Pohjxo, Pliyto, and Thyeue or Dioue. 
 
 Hy'dra. A celebrated monster, or serpent, with 
 nine— or, according to some, a hundred — heads, 
 which infested the Lake Letna. It was killed 
 by Hercules. 
 
 Hy-i"e'i-a. The daughter of iEsculapius. She 
 was the' goddess of health. 
 
 Hy'las. The son of Theodamas, remarkably beau- 
 tiful, and passionately loved by Henmles. 
 
 Hym-e-nae'us, and Hy'men. The son of Bacchus 
 and Venus, or, according to some, of Apollo and 
 one of the Muses. He was the god of marriage. 
 
 i-ae'phus. A surname of Bacchus. 
 
 ic'a-rfls. The son of Dsedalus. Flying with his 
 father out of Crete into Sicily, he soared so high 
 that the sun melted the wax of his wings and 
 he fell into the sea, — thence called the Icarian 
 Sea. 
 
 I-dom'e-neus. A king of Crete, who was ban- 
 ished'for sacrificing his son on account of a vow 
 which he had made in a tempest. 
 
 I'o. The daughter of Inachus and Ismene. She 
 was turned by Jupiter into a cow, and was wor- 
 shipped after tier death, by the Egyptians, under 
 the name of /sis. 
 
 Iph-i-§e-ni'a. The daughter of Agamemnon and 
 Clytemnestra, and a priestess of Diana. 
 
 I'ris. The daughter of Thaumas and Electra. 
 She was one of the Oceanides, and messenger 
 of Juno, who turned her into a rainbow. 
 
 I'sis. A principal goddess of the Egyptians, by 
 some writers identified with the Io of the Greeks. 
 She was the wife of Osiris, and the cow was 
 sacred to her. 
 
 I-to'nus. The son of Deucalion, and kins of Thes- 
 saly, reported to have found out the fusion of 
 metals and the art of coining money. 
 
 Jx-I'on. A king of Thessaly, the father (accord- 
 ing to some) of the Centaurs. He killed his 
 own sister, and was punished by being fastened 
 in hell to a wheel perpetually turning round. 
 
 J. 
 
 Ja'nus. The god of the year, who presided over 
 the' gates of heaven and over peace and war : — 
 the son of Apollo and Creusa, and first king of 
 Italy, who, receiving the banished Saturn, was 
 rewarded by him with the knowledge of hus- 
 bandry and of things past and future. He is 
 represented with two faces; and his temple at 
 Rome was always open in time of war and shut 
 in time of peace. 
 
 Ja/son. Tlie leader of the Argonauts, who ob- 
 tained the golden fleece at Colchis. 
 
 Jo-cas'ta. The daughter of Menceceus, and wife 
 of (Edipus. 
 
 JQ'no. The daughter of Saturn and Ops. She 
 was sister and wife of Jupiter, the great queen 
 of heaven and of all the gods, and the goddess 
 of marriages and births. 
 
 Ju'pi-ter. The son of Saturn and Ops. He was 
 the supreme deity of the Roman world, the 
 most powerful of all the gods, the father and 
 king of gods and men, and governor of all things. 
 — See Zeus. 
 
 Laph'e-sis. One of the three Fates; the one that 
 
 spun out the thread of life. 
 La'i-Qs. King of Thebes, killed unwittingly by 
 
 his own son, (Edipus. 
 La-oc'o-on. The son of Priam and Hecuba, and 
 
 high-priest of Apollo, who opposed the reception 
 
 of the wooden horse into Troy. He and his 
 
 two sons were killed by serpents. 
 La-om'e-don. A king of Troy, killed by Her- 
 cules 'for denying him his daughter Hesione 
 
 after he had delivered her from the >ea-monster, 
 
 to which she had been exposed on account of 
 
 her father's refusal to pay Neptune and Apollo 
 
 their reward lor building the city walls. 
 Lap'i-thse. Monstrous giants of Thessaly, famous 
 
 for' their battle with the Centaurs, ami reputed 
 
 to be the first that tamed horses. 
 La're§. Inferior gods at Rome who presided over 
 
 houses and families. 
 La-ti'nus. A king of Latium in Italy, who first 
 
 opposed but afterward made an alliance with 
 
 iEneas, and gave him his daughter Lavinia. 
 La-to'na. The daughter of Coeus the Titan and 
 
 Phoebe, and mother of Apollo and Diana. 
 La-vin'i-a. The daughter of Latinus, who was 
 
 married to iEneas in consequence of his slaying 
 
 Turnus in single combat. 
 Le-an'der. A youth of Abydos, famous for his 
 
 amours with Hero. 
 Le'da. The mother of Castor and Pollux, of Helen 
 
 and Clytemnestra. 
 Le'the. A river of the infernal regions. The 
 
 drinking of the waters of this river caused an 
 
 entire forgetfulness of the past. 
 Leu-co'si-a. One of the three Sirens. 
 Li-fe'i-a. ' One of the three Sirens. 
 Lu'ci-fer. The name of the planet Venus, or 
 
 morning star; said to be the son of Jupiter and 
 
 Aurora. 
 Lu-ci'na. A daughter of Jupiter and Juno, and a 
 
 goddess who presided over childbirth. 
 Lu'na. The moon, the daughter of Hyperion and 
 
 Terra : — Diana's name in heaven. [Pan. 
 
 Lu-per-ca'li-a. A festival at Rome in honor of 
 Lu-per'ci. Priests at the Luperca'ia. 
 Lyc-o-me'des. A king of the island of Scyros, 
 
 among whose daughters Achilles was, for some 
 
 time, concealed in women's apparel, to prevent 
 
 him from going to the Trojan war. 
 Lyn'ceus. The only son of iEgyptus who was not 
 
 killed by the Danaides on the night of their 
 
 marriage. 
 
 M. 
 
 Ma-pha'on. A famous Grecian physician, who 
 died at Troy ; the son of iEsculapius. 
 
 Ma'i-a. The daughter of Atlas and Pleione, and 
 mother of Mercury. 
 
 Mar§. The god of war, who, next to Jupiter, en- 
 joyed the highest honors at Rome. 
 
 Mar'sy.-as. A famous satyr, who, being overcome 
 by Apollo at a trial of skill in music, was flayed 
 by him and turned into a river of blood in 
 Fhrygia. 
 
 Me-dg'a. The daughter of ^Etes. She was a won- 
 derful sorceress or magician. 
 
 Me-du'sa. One of the three Gorgons, whose hair 
 Minerva changed into snakes. She was killed 
 by Perseus. 
 
 Me-I'ae'ra. One of the three Furies. 
 
 Me-le'a-i-er. A prince of iEtolia, and son of 
 iEneas and Altbea, killed by his mother's burn- 
 ing the fatal billet on which his life depended. 
 
 Mel-pom'e-ne. One of the Muses; the one who 
 presided' over tragedy. 
 
 lem'non, King of Ethiopia, the son of Tithonus 
 and Aurora. He was killed by Achilles for as- 
 sisting Priam, and changed into a bird at the 
 request of his mother. 
 
IN GKEEK AND EOMAN FABULOUS HISTOEY. 
 
 681 
 
 Men-e-la'us. The son of Atreus. He was king 
 of Sparta, brother of Agamemnon, and husband 
 of Helen. 
 
 Men' tor. The faithful friend of Ulysses. He was 
 the governor of Telemachus, and was the wisest 
 man of his time. 
 
 Mer'cu-rj:. The son of Jupiter and Maia. He 
 was the messenger of the gods, inventor of let- 
 ters, and the god of eloquence, commerce, trav- 
 ellers, and robbers. 
 
 Mi'das. The son of Gordius, and king of Phrygia, 
 who, entertaining Bacchus, had the power given 
 him of turning whatever he touched into gold; 
 but he had his ears lengthened into the ears 
 of an ass for giving a verdict for Pan against 
 Apollo in a trial of singing. 
 
 Mi'lo. A famous wrestler, or athlete, of Crotona. 
 
 Mi-ner'va. The goddess of wisdom, the arts, and 
 war; produced from Jupiter's brain. 
 
 Mi'nos. The son of Jupiter and Europa, and king 
 of Crete ; distinguished for his justice, and made 
 supreme judge in the infernal regions. 
 
 Mm'o-taur. A celebrated monster, half man and 
 half bull, killed by Theseus. 
 
 Mne-mos'jr-ne. The goddess of memory, and the 
 mother of the nine Muses. 
 
 Mo'mus. The son of Nox, and the god of folly, 
 satire, and pleasantry. 
 
 Mor'pheus. The minister of Nox and Somnus, 
 and the god of dreams. 
 
 Mors (heath). The daughter of Nox, and one of 
 the infernal deities. 
 
 Mu'ses. Nine goddesses, daughters of Jupiter and 
 Mnemosyne. They presided over all the liberal 
 arts and the sciences, and Mere the patrons of 
 musicians and poets, and governesses of the 
 feasts of the gods. Their names are Calliope, 
 Clio, Erato, Euterpe, Melpomene, Polyhymnia, Terp- 
 sichore, Thalia, and Urania. 
 
 Sphinx, unwittingly killed his father, married 
 his mother, and afterward ran mad and tore out 
 his own eyes. 
 
 Om'pha-le. A queen of Lydia, of whom Hercules 
 was enamoured, and for whom he was made to 
 spin wool and put on women's garments. 
 
 5ps. A Roman goddess incorrectly identified 
 with Cybele. 
 
 Q-re'a-de§ [Eng. 6're-ads). Nymphs of the 
 mountains, and attendants upon Diana. 
 
 Q-res'tes. The son of Agamemnon and Clytem- 
 nestra, and the constant friend of Pylades. He 
 avenged the death of his father by slaying his 
 mother and iEgisthus, and carried away the 
 statue of Diana from Tauris. [lation. 
 
 ■O-rl'on. A mighty giant, who was made a constel- 
 
 br'ptieus. A celebrated Argonaut, whose skill in 
 music is said to have been so great that he could 
 make rocks-, trees, &c, follow him. 
 
 O-si'ris. One of the great gods of the Egyptians, 
 worshipped under the form of an ox. 
 
 Os'sa. A mountain in Thessaly. The giants at- 
 tempted to pile Ossa on the top of Pelion. 
 
 N. 
 
 Na'iads. Nymphs of streams and fountains. 
 
 Nar-cis'sus. The son of Cephissus and Liriope. 
 He was a very beautiful youth, who, falling in 
 love with his own image in the water, pined 
 away into a flower of the same name. 
 
 Nem'e-sis. One of the infernal deities, and the 
 goddess of vengeance. 
 
 Nep'tune. The son of Saturn and Ops ; the god 
 of the sea, the father of rivers and fountains, 
 and, next to Jupiter, the most powerful deity ; 
 represented with a trident in his right hand. 
 
 Ne-re'i-des {Eng. Ne're-ids). Sea-nymphs, the 
 fifty daughters of Nereus and Doris, the son and 
 daughter of Oceanus and Tethys. 
 
 Ne'reus. A sea-deity, father of the Nereides. 
 
 Nes'sus. A celebrated Centaur. 
 
 Nes' tor. The son of Neleus and Chloris, and king 
 of Pylos and Messenia. He fought against the 
 Centaurs, was distinguished in the Trojan war, 
 and lived to a great age. 
 
 Ni'nus. The son of Belus. He was the first king 
 of the Assyrians, and founder of the monarchy. 
 
 Ni'o-be. The daughter of Tantalus, and wife of 
 Arnphion. Preferring herself to Latona, her 
 fourteen children were killed by Apollo and Ar- 
 temis, and she wept herself into a stone. 
 
 Nox (Night). One of the most ancient of the dei- 
 ties, and the goddess of night. 
 
 o. 
 
 O-ce-an'i-des. Sea-nymphs, daughters of Ocea- 
 nus, three thousand in number. 
 
 Q-ce'a-nus. A powerful deity of the sea, son of 
 Heaven and Earth. 
 
 (Ed'i-pus. The son of Laius and Jocasta, and 
 king of Thebes. He solved the riddle of the 
 
 Pal-a-me'des. The son of Nauplius, king of Eu- 
 bcea, stoned at the siege of Troy through the 
 accusation of his enemy Ulysses. Palamedes had 
 feigned madness that lie might avoid going to the 
 Trojan war; but Ulysses had found trim out. 
 
 Pa'les. The goddess of sheepfolds and pastures. 
 
 Pal-i-nu'rus. The pilot of the ship of .Eneas. 
 
 Pal-ia'di-um. A famous statue of Pallas. 
 
 Pal'las. A Greek goddess, identified by the Ro- 
 mans with Minerva. 
 
 Pan. The god of shepherds, huntsmen, and the 
 inhabitants of the country. 
 
 Pan-do'ra. According to Hesiod, the first mortal 
 female that ever lived. Jupiter gave her a box 
 which contained all the evils and miseries of 
 life, but with hope at the bottom. 
 
 Par'cae. The Fates. — See Fates. 
 
 Par'is, or Al-ex-an'der. The son of Triam and 
 Hecuba: a beautiful youth, who ran away with 
 Helen and thus occasioned the Trojan war. 
 
 Pa-tro'clus. One of the Grecian chiefs in the 
 Trojan war, a friend and companion of Achilles, 
 slain, in the armor of Achilles, by Hector. 
 
 Peg'a-sus. A winged horse belonging to Apollo 
 and the Muses. He sprang from the blood of 
 Medusa when Perseus cut off her head. 
 
 Pe'li-on. A mountain in The.-saly. See Ossa. 
 
 Pe'lops. A son of Tantalus; he was served Tip 
 before the gods by his own father, and had his 
 shoulder eaten by Ceres, but it was replaced 
 with an ivory one by Jupiter. 
 
 Pe-na'tes. Small statues, or household gods. 
 
 Pe-nel'o-pe. A princess of Greece, the wife of 
 Ulysses, remarkable for her constancy during 
 the long ahsence of her husband, 
 
 Per'seus. The son of Jupiter and Danae. He 
 vanquished the Gorgons, and performed many 
 exploits by means of Medusa's head, and was 
 made a constellation. 
 
 Pha'e-thon. The son of Sol and Clymene. He 
 asked the guidance of his father's chariot for one 
 day, as a proof of his divine descent, but set the 
 world on fire, and was therefore hurled by Ju- 
 piter into the river Po. 
 
 Phil-oc-te'te§. The son of Pajan, and one of the 
 Argonauts. He discovered to the Greeks the 
 place where the arrows of his companion Her- 
 cules were buried, without which discovery Troy 
 could not have been taken. 
 
 Phil-o-me'la. The daughter of Pandion, king of 
 Athens. She was changed into a nightingale. 
 
 Phleg'e-thon. One of the infernal rivers. 
 
 Phle'gi'-as. Son of Mars and Chryse, and king 
 of the Lapitha?; killed and placed under a stone 
 in hell by Apollo for burning his temple. 
 
682 
 
 PRINCIPAL DEITIES, HEPvOES, &c, 
 
 Fhoe'be. A name of Diana. 
 
 Phce'bus. A name of Apollo. 
 
 Phce'njx. A fabulous lard, whicb, according to a 
 tale related to Herodotus at Heliopolis in Egypt, 
 visited that place once iu every five hundi-ed 
 years. 
 
 Pl-er'i-des. A name of the Muses, from Pieria, 
 near Mount Olympus. — Also, the daughters of 
 Pierus. The Muses changed them into magpies 
 for challenging them to sing. 
 
 Pi-rith'o-us. The son of Ixion, and king of the 
 Lapith'ag. He was a friend of Theseus, and was 
 killed by Cerberus. 
 
 Ple'ia-des. The seven stars, daughters of Atlas 
 and" Pleione, and called Attantides and VergiHae: 
 — named Electro, Maia, Taygete, Alcyone, Celseuo," 
 Sterope, and Merope. 
 
 Plu'to. The son of Saturn and Ops. He Avas a 
 brother of Jupiter and Neptune, and chief god 
 of the infernal regions. 
 
 Plu'tus. The son of Iasius (or Iasion) and Ceres, 
 and the god of riches. 
 
 Pol'lux. Twin brother of Castor. — See Castor. 
 
 Po-lyd'a-mas. A famous wrestler or athlete, who 
 strangled a lion, lifted a mad bull, and stopped 
 a coach in full career, but who was killed in 
 attempting to stop a falling rock. 
 
 Pol-y.-d5'rus. The son of Priam and Hecuba, 
 killed by'Polynmestor, king of Thrace. 
 
 Pol-y-hym'ni-a, or Po-lym'ni-a. The Muse who 
 presided over singing and rhetoric. 
 
 Pol-y-phe'mus (Eng. Fol'y-pheme). One of the 
 Cyclops, a son of Neptune ; he was a cruel mon- 
 ster, with only one eye in the middle of his 
 forehead, which Ulysses destroyed with a fire- 
 brand. 
 
 Po-mo'na. Goddess of orchards and fruit-trees. 
 
 Pri'am. ' The last king of Troy, the son of La- 
 om'edon. Under his reign Troy was taken by 
 the Greeks. 
 
 Pri'a-pus. The god of gardens. 
 
 Pro' oris. The daughter of Erechtheus, king of 
 Athens, killed through mistake by the unerring 
 dart of her husband, Cephalus, and turned by 
 Jupiter into a star. 
 
 Pro-crus'te§ (the Stretcher). The surname of the 
 robber Polypemon, or Pamastes, who used to tie 
 travellers who fell into his hands upon a bed, 
 and accommodate their length to it, stretching 
 or shortening their limbs as the case required. 
 
 Prog'ne. The daughter of Pandion, king of 
 Athens, and wife of Tereus. She was changed 
 into a swallow. 
 
 Pro-me'theus. The son of Japetus. He stole 
 fire from heaven to animate two bodies which 
 be had formed of clay ; and he was therefore 
 chained by Jupiter to Mount Caucasus, with a 
 vulture perpetually gnawing his liver. 
 
 Pros'er-pine. The daughter of Jupiter and Ceres, 
 wife of Pluto, and queen of hell. 
 
 Pro'teus. The son of Oceanus and Tethys. He 
 was a sea-god and prophet, who possessed the 
 power of changing himself into different shapes. 
 
 Psy'che. A nymph beloved by Cupid and made 
 immortal by Jnpiter. 
 
 Pyg-mse'I {Eng. Pyg'mies.). A nation of dwarfs 
 only a span high, carried away by Hercules. 
 
 Pyg-ma'li-on. The son of Belus, and king of 
 Tyre. He slew his brother-in-law Sichanis for 
 his money. 
 
 Pyr'a-mus and This'be. Two fond lovers, at 
 Babylon, who killed themselves by the same 
 sword, and were the occasion of turning the 
 berries of the mulberry-tree, under which they 
 died, from white to a blood color. 
 
 Pyr'rhus. The son of Achilles and Deidamia, 
 remarkable for his cruelty at the siege of Troy. 
 He was killed by Orestes at the request of Pyr- 
 rhus's wife. 
 
 Py'thon. A huge serpent produced from the mud 
 of the deluge of Deucalion. Apollo killed it, 
 and in memory thereof instituted the Pythian 
 games. 
 
 R 
 
 Re'mus. Twin brother of Romulus, killed by him 
 for ridiculing the city walls which Romulus had 
 just erected. 
 
 Rnad-a-man'thus. The son of Jupiter and Eu- 
 ropa,"and king of Lycia, made one of the three 
 infernal judges on account of his justice. 
 
 Rhe'a. A name of Cybele. 
 
 R,6m'u-lus. The son of Mars and Ilia. He was 
 thrown into the Tiber by his uncle, but was 
 saved, with his twin-brother Remus, by a shep- 
 herd, and became founder and king of Rome. 
 
 s. 
 
 Sar-pe f don. The son of Jupiter, and king of 
 Lycia, who distinguished himself at the siege 
 of Troy, and was killed by Patroclus. 
 
 Sa-tur'nus {Eng. Sat' urn). The son of Heaven 
 and Earth, and father of Jupiter. He attempted 
 to devour all his male children ; but, being de- 
 posed by Jupiter, he fled into Italy, and taught 
 men husbandry. 
 
 Sat'y-ri (Eng. Sa'tyrs). Demi-gods of the wood- 
 lands, and priests of Bacchus; horned monsters, 
 half man and half goat. 
 
 Scyl'la. The daughter of Nisus, who betrayed 
 her country to Minos by cutting off her father's 
 purple locks, and was turned into a lark. — Also, 
 the daughter of Phorcus, turned by her rival 
 Circe into a monster with six heads. She was, 
 according to the fable, changed into rocks on 
 the coast of Italy, opposite to the whirlpool of 
 Chary bdis. 
 
 Sem'e-le. The daughter of Cadmus and Thebe, 
 and mother of Bacchus. 
 
 Se-mir'a-mis. The wife of Ninus, and celebrated 
 queenof Assyria, who built the walls of Baby- 
 lon, and was slain by her own son, Ninyas, and 
 turned into a pigeon. 
 
 Si-le'nus, The foster-father, master, and com- 
 panion of Bacchus. He lived in Arcadia, rode 
 on an ass, aid was every day inebriated. 
 
 Si'rens. Three sea-nymphs, or sea-monsters, the 
 daughters of Oceanus and Amphitrite, named 
 ParUien'ope, Ligeia, and I.eiicosin. They were 
 famed for the sweetness of their voices, which 
 so charmed all hearers that they forgot their 
 employments to listen with entire attention and 
 at last died for want of food. 
 
 Sis'y-phus. The son of ^Eolus. He was a very 
 crafty prince, killed by Theseus, and condemned 
 after his death to roll up-hill a large stone, which 
 constantly fell back again. 
 
 Som'nus (Sleep). The son of Erebus and Nox, and 
 the god of sleep. 
 
 Sphinx. A monster, who destroyed herself be- 
 cause GLdipus solved a riddle she proposed. 
 
 Sten'tor. A Grecian, whose voice is reported to 
 have been as strong and as loud as the voices of 
 fifty men together. 
 
 Styx. One of the infernal rivers. 
 
 Sy.l-va'nus. A god of the woods and forests. 
 
 Tan'ta-lus. The son of Jupiter, and king of 
 Lydia, who served up the limbs of his son 
 Pelops to try the divinity of the gods. He is 
 represented by the poets as punished in hell 
 with insatiable thirst, and placed up to the chin 
 in a pool of water which flows away as soon as 
 he attempts to taste it. 
 
 Tar'ta-rus. The part of the infernal regions in 
 which the most impious were punished. 
 
 Tel'a-mon. The son of iEacus, and king of Sala- 
 mis, who first scaled the walls when Hercules 
 took Troy, in the reign of Laomedou. 
 
IN GREEK AND ROMAN FABULOUS HISTORY. 
 
 683 
 
 Te-lem'a-phus. The only son of Ulysses and 
 Penelope. He weut in quest of his father after 
 the siege of Troy. 
 
 Ter'mi-nus. The god of boundaries. 
 
 Terp-sieh'o-re. The Muse who presided over 
 "dancing. 
 
 Te'thys. The wife of Oceanus, and the mother 
 of rivers, and of about three thousand daugh- 
 ters, called Ocean ides. 
 
 Tha-H'a. One of the Graces. — Also, one of the 
 Muses'; the one who presided over festivals, and 
 over comic and pastoral poetry. 
 
 The'mis. The daughter of Heaven and Earth, 
 and the goddess of justice, who rewarded virtue 
 and punished vice. 
 
 The'seus. The eon of iEgeus and JEthra. He 
 was king of Athens, was reckoned the next hero 
 to Hercules, and was famous for slaying the 
 Minotaur and conquering the Centaurs. 
 
 This/be. See Pyuamus. 
 
 TI-siph'o-ni. One of the three Furies. 
 
 Ti'tan. The brother of Saturn, and one of the 
 giants who warred against heaven. 
 
 Ti-tho'nus. The son of Laomedon, loved by Au- 
 rora, and turned by her, in his old age, into a 
 grasshopper. 
 
 Tit'y-us. The son of Jupiter and Terra, a huge 
 giant, whose body covered nine acres. of land. 
 
 Trip-tol'e-mu3. The son of Oceanus and Terra, 
 taught husbandry by Ceres. 
 
 Trl'ton. The son of Neptune and Amphitrite, a 
 powerful sea-god, and Neptune's trumpeter. 
 
 Tro'i-lus. The son of Priam and Hecuba, famed 
 for his beauty. He was slain by Achilles. The 
 story of his love for the unworthy Cressida was 
 unknown to the ancients. 
 
 Tro-pho'ni-us. A famous architect, son of Er- 
 ginus. He was the builder of Apollo's temple 
 at Delphi, and his cave at Lebadea was one of 
 the celebrated oracles of Greece. 
 
 Tur'nus. A king of the Rutuli, in Italy, killed 
 by JEueas in single combat. 
 
 Ty'deus. The son of GSneus, king of Calydon, 
 and conqueror of Eteocles, king of Thebes. 
 
 Ty'phon, or Ty-pho'eus. A giant or monster, on 
 whom the island of Sicily was placed : — by some 
 writers identified with Set, or Seth, a monstrous 
 infernal divinity or demon of the Egyptian my- 
 thology. 
 
 u. 
 
 T7-lys'ses. King of Ithaca, husband of Penelope, 
 and father of Telemachus. He was famed for 
 his tact and craft, and for his practical wisdom. 
 His adventures while returning to Ithaca, after 
 the Trojan war, are the subject of Homer's Odys- 
 
 _ *<%■ 
 
 TJ-ra'ni-a. One of the Muses. She presided over 
 astronomy. 
 
 fj'ra-nfis (Heaven). The most ancient of gods, 
 the husband of Tellus, Terra, or the Earth, and 
 father of Saturn. The same as the Coelus or 
 Cselus of the Latins. 
 
 Ve'nus. One of the most celebrated deities of the 
 ancients, the wife of Vulcan, the goddess of love 
 and beauty, and the mistress of the graces and 
 of pleasures. ,— ^, , 
 
 Ver-tum'nus. A deity of the 'Romans," who pre- 
 sided over spring and orchards, and who was the 
 lover of Pomona. 
 
 Ves'ta. The sister of Ceres and Juno, the goddess 
 of fire, and the patroness of vestal virgins. Her 
 mysteries were celebrated by virgins who kept 
 lamps perpetually burning in her temple. 
 
 Vul'can. The god who presided over fire and 
 workers in metal. He was the son of Jupiter 
 and Juno, and the husband of Venus, and was 
 so deformed that Jupiter kicked him out of 
 heaven into the isle of Lemnos, where he setup 
 a smith's shop and forged thunderbolts for his 
 father. The Cyclops were his workmen. 
 
 Zeph'y-rus. The son of JEolus and Aurora, who 
 passionately loved the goddess Flora. — Also, a 
 name for the west wind. 
 
 Ze'tes and Cal'a-Ts. Sons of Boreas, king of 
 Thrace. They attended the Argonauts, and 
 drove the Harpies from Thrace. 
 
 Zeus. The principal divinity of the Greeks, cor- 
 responding to the Jupiter of the Romans. 
 
TABLES 
 
 OP 
 
 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 
 
 The governments of the United States and Eng- 
 land have endeavored to establish their several 
 systems of Weights and Measures upon natural 
 and invariable standards. 
 
 STANDARD OF WEIGHT. 
 
 The Standard Unit of Weight in the United States 
 and Great Britain is the Troy pound, which is equal 
 in weight to 22.2157 cubic inches of distilled water 
 at 62° Fahrenheit, the barometer being at 30 
 inches. The Troy pound contains 5700 Troy 
 grains; the pound avoirdupois is equal to 7000 of 
 the same grains. 
 
 The standard units of linear, superficial, and 
 solid measures of the United States and Great 
 Britain are the same. 
 
 The Standard Unit of Length is the Yard. To de- 
 termine the length of the yard, a pendulum vi- 
 brating seconds of mean time in a vacuum, at the 
 level of the sea, in the latitude of London, is sup- 
 posed to be divided into 391, :>93 equal parts; 10,000 
 of these parts are equal to one inch, and 300,000 
 of them to 36 inches, or the standard yard. In 
 the United States the actual standard of length is 
 a metallic scale procured by Congress for the 
 United States coast survey, and kept in the Office 
 of Weights and Measures at the Treasury Depart- 
 ment in Washington. 
 
 STANDARD OF CAPACITY. 
 
 In the United States the Standard Unit of Liquid 
 Measure is the Wine Gallon, containing 231 cubic 
 inches and 8.3389 lbs. avoirdupois of di-tilled 
 water at the temperature of its greatest density. 
 The standard unit of Dry Measure is the Winches- 
 ter bushel, containing 2150.42 cubic inches. The 
 Winchester bushel is equivalent in capacity to a 
 cylinder of which the internal diameter is 18% 
 inches, and its depth 8 inches, and which holds 
 77.6274 lbs. of distilled water at its maximum 
 density. A gallon, Dry Measure, contains 2684 
 cubic inches. 
 
 The British standard measure, both for liquid 
 and dry substances, is the Imperial Gallon, con- 
 taining 277.274 cubic inches, or 10 lbs. avoirdu- 
 pois of distilled water, when weighed at 62° Fah- 
 renheit, with the barometer at 30 inches. The 
 imperial bushel of eight gallons contains 2218.193 
 cubic inches. 
 
 WEIGHTS IN COMMON USE. 
 Troy Weight. 
 Used in Weighing Gold, Silver, Jtwelry, dtc. 
 24 grains = 1 pennyweight, marked pwt. 
 
 20 pennyweights = 1 ouuce, " oz. 
 
 240 pennyweights = 12 ounces = 1 pound, lb. 
 
 Apothecaries' Weight. 
 
 Used in compounding Medicines. 
 
 20 grains = 1 scruple, marked 3 
 
 3 scruples = 1 dram, " 5 
 
 8 drams = 1 ounce, " 3 
 
 12 ounces = 1 pound, " B) 
 
 684 
 
 The pound and ounce in Troy and Apothecaries' 
 Weights are alike ; but the ounce is differently 
 divided. 
 
 Avoirditpois Weight. 
 Used in Commercial Transactions generally, and in 
 weighing Metals, except Gold and Silver. 
 16 drams = 1 ounce, marked oz. 
 16 ounces = 1 pound, " lb. 
 
 14 pounds = 1 stone. 
 25 pounds = 1 quarter, " qr. 
 
 4 quarters = 1 hundred weight, cwt. 
 20 hundred weight = 1 ton. 
 100 pounds = 1 quintal. 
 196 pounds = 1 barrel flour, marked bbl. 
 200 pounrs = 1 barrel beef or pork. 
 280 pounds = 1 barrel salt. 
 
 1 pound avoirdupois = 7000 grains Troy. 
 144 pounds avoirdupois = 175 pounds Troy. 
 
 At the Custom-House, and in some commercial 
 transactions, 28 pounds are equal to 1 quarter, 112 
 pounds are equal to 1 cwt., and 2240 pounds are 
 equal to 1 ton. 
 
 Net weight is the weight of the merchandise 
 only, sepa ate from the boxes, &c, containing - it. 
 Gross weight includes the weight of both mer- 
 chandise and the boxes, &c, containing it. 
 
 Diamond Weight. 
 Applied to tlie Weighing of Diamonds. 
 16 parts = 1 grain. 
 4 grains = 1 carat. 
 1 carat = 3% grains Troy (nearly). 
 151% carats = 1 ounce Troy. 
 
 The word carat is also used to express the fine- 
 ness of gold, or the proportion of pure gold in the 
 mass of metal. The mass is supposed to be di- 
 vided into twenty-four parts or carats, and is said 
 to be so many carats fine according to the number 
 of 24th parts of pure gold contained in it. 
 
 MEASURES IN COMMON USE. 
 
 Linear or Long Measure. 
 
 This Measure is used in measuring Lines or Distances 
 when Length only is considered. 
 3 barleycorns = 1 inch, marked in. 
 
 = 1 palm. 
 — 1 hand. 
 = 1 span. 
 
 = 1 foot, marked ft. 
 = 1 cubit (.Scripture). 
 = 1 yard, marked yd. 
 = 1 fathom. 
 = 1 rod, marked rd. 
 = 1 furlong, marked fur. 
 = 1 statute mile, " m. 
 = 1 geographical mile. 
 = 1 league. 
 60 geographical miles == 1 degree,— deg. or °. 
 69)/£ statute miles — 1 equatorial degree 
 
 (nearly). 
 360 degrees = circumference of the 
 
 earth. 
 
 3 inches 
 
 4 inches 
 
 9 inches . 
 12 inches 
 
 1% feet 
 
 3 feet 
 
 6 feet 
 16% feet, or 5% yards, 
 40 rods 
 
 8 furlongs 
 
 1 5 3 5 statute miles 
 
 3 2 9 5 statute miles 
 
TABLES OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 
 
 685 
 
 Square or Surface Measure. 
 
 This Measure is used in measuring Surfaces, as Land, 
 the Floors and Sides of Buildings, &c. 
 
 144 square inches = 1 square foot, marked sq.ft. 
 9 square feet = 1 square yard, " sq. yd. 
 272% square feet = 1 square rod, " sq. rd. 
 30% square yards = 1 square rod, " sq. rd. 
 40 square rods = 1 rood. 
 4 roods or 160 
 
 square rods = 1 acre, marked A. 
 640 acres = 1 sq. mile or 1 sq. section. 
 
 36 sq. sections = 1 township, 6 miles square. 
 
 Surveyor's Measure. 
 
 Used in the Measure of Distances and the Area of 
 Surfaces. 
 
 7.92 inches = 1 link, marked I. 
 
 25 links = 1 rod. 
 
 100 links = 4 rods = 1 chain. 
 
 80 chains = 1 mile. 
 
 320 rods = 1 mile. 
 
 625 square links = 1 square rod. 
 
 16 square r.>ds = 1 square chain. 
 
 10 square chains = 1 square acre. 
 
 Solid or Cubic Measure. 
 
 Used in measuring Solid Bodies and Spaces having 
 Length, Breadth, and Thickness, or Depth; as tim- 
 ber, stone, wood, ships, &c. 
 
 1728 cubic inches = 1 cubic foot. 
 
 27 cubic tVet = 1 cubic yard. 
 
 16 cubic feet = 1 coid foot of wood. 
 
 128 cubic feet 1 , „„ , 
 
 8 cord feet j = 1 cord ' 
 16% cubic feet = 1 perch. 
 
 40 cubic leet = 1 ton, U S. shipping. 
 
 42 cubic feet — 1 ton, English shipping. 
 
 40 feet of round timber, or ] 
 
 50 feet of hewn timber, 
 
 1 ton or load. 
 
 Cloth Measure. 
 Used by Dealers in Cloth, Carpets, Ribbons, &c. 
 
 2 l 4 inches = 1 nail. 
 
 9 inches = 4 nails = 1 quarter, marked qr, 
 27 inches = 3 quarters = 1 ell Flemish. 
 36 inches = 4 quarters = 1 yard. 
 45 inches = 5 quarters = 1 ell English. 
 54 inches = 6 quarters = 1 ell French. 
 
 Wine Measure. 
 
 Used in measuring Wine, Water, Cider, Oil, and most 
 other Liquids. 
 
 4 gills = 1 pint dit.) = 2R% cubic inches. 
 
 2 pints = 1 quart (qt.) = bT% cubic inches. 
 
 4 quarts = 1 gallon (gal.) = 231 cubic inches. 
 
 10 gallons = 1 auker. 
 
 31% gallons = 1 barrel, marked bbl. 
 
 2 barrels = 63 gallons = 1 hogshead, " hhd. 
 
 4 barrels = 126 gallons = 1 pipe. 
 
 2 pipes = 252 gallons = 1 tun. 
 
 42 gallons = 1 tierce. 
 
 2 tierces = 84 gallons = 1 puncheon. 
 
 In some of the United States the capacity of the 
 barrel for cider is fixed at thirty-two gallons. 
 
 Ale or Beer Measure. 
 
 Applicable to the measuring of Ale, Beer, and Milk. 
 
 2 pints = 1 quart = 70% cubic inches. 
 
 4 quarts = 1 gallon = 2S2 cubic inches. 
 
 36 quarts = 9 gallons = 1 firkin. 
 
 2 firkins = 18 gallons = 1 kilderkin. 
 
 2 kilderkins =v>V> gallons = 1 barrel. 
 
 3 kilderkins = 54 gallons = 1 hogshead. 
 
 4 kilderkins = 72 gallons = 1 puncheon. 
 6 kilderkins = 108 gallons = 1 butt. 
 
 Dry Measure. 
 
 Applicable to all Articles not liquid, bought and sold by 
 
 Measure, such as Grain, Salt, Charcoal, &c. 
 
 2 pints = 1 quart = 67^ cubic inches. 
 
 4 quarts = 1 gallon = 268| cubic inches. 
 
 8 quarts = 2 gallons = 1 peck, marked pk. 
 
 4 pecks = 1 bushel, marked bu. 
 
 8 bushels = 1 quarter. 
 36 bushels = 1 chaldron, marked ch. 
 
 An even or struck Winchester bushel is equal to 
 2150.42 cubic inches. A heaped Winchester bushel 
 (the height of the cone being six inches above the 
 brim) contains 2747.71 cubic inches, or somewhat 
 more than five pecks, struck measure. The English 
 or imperial standard gallon contains 277.274 cubic 
 inches, and the imperial struck bushel 8 of those 
 gallons, or 2218.192 cubic inches; 8 of these 
 bushels make 1 English quarter, and 40 bushels, 
 or 5 quarters, 1 wey. 
 
 Apothecaries' Measure. 
 60 minims (m) = 1 fluidrachm, marked /5 
 
 8 fluidrachms = 1 tiuidounce, " fS 
 16 fluidounces = 1 pint, " O 
 
 8 pints = 1 gallon, " con. 
 
 Measure of Time. 
 Used in the Computation of Time. 
 60 seconds = 1 minute, marked mm. 
 60 minutes = 1 hour, " h. 
 
 24 hours = 1 day, " d. 
 
 7 days = 1 week, " ick. 
 
 2 weeks = 1 fortnight. 
 4 weeks = 1 month, marked mo. 
 
 The time in which the earth, departing from 
 one fixed star, returns again to the same star, is 
 called the sidereal year, and is 365 days, 6 hours, 
 9 minutes, and l Jf n seconds. The solar or tropical 
 year consists of 363 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 49^ 
 seconds, and is the time in which the sun, depart- 
 ing from some point ou the ecliptic, returns to the 
 same point again. 
 
 Measure of Circular Motion. 
 Used in measuring Latitude, Longitude, &c. 
 60 seconds (") = 1 minute, marked '. 
 60 minutes = 1 degree, marked deg. or °. 
 
 30 degrees = 1 sign. 
 
 90 degrees = 1 quadrant or right angle. 
 
 12 signs, or 
 36U degrees, 
 
 1 great circle of the zodiac. 
 
 58 
 
 Denominations and Sizes of Paper. 
 
 Letter . . 10 X 15 in. Royal . . . 19 X 24 in. 
 
 Foolscap . 14 X 17 " Super royal . 20 X 28 " 
 
 Comm'cial 15 X 19 " Imperial . . 23 X 31 " 
 
 Demi . . . 16 X 21 " Elephant . . 23 X 23 " 
 
 Folio . . . 17 X 22 " Columbia . . 23 X 34 " 
 
 Medium . 18 X 23 " Atlas . . . . 26 X 33 " 
 
 A sheet folded once (2 leaves) is called Folio. 
 A sheet folded into 4 leaves, Quarto — 4to. 
 " 8 " Octavo— 8vo. 
 
 " 12 " Duodecimo — 12mo. 
 
 ' ; 16 " 16mo. 
 
 " 32 " 32mo. 
 
 24 sheets = 1 quire. 
 
 10% quires = 1 token. 
 
 20 quires = 1 ream. 
 
 10 reams = 1 bale. 
 
 Numbers. 
 12 units = 1 dozen, marked doz. 
 20 units = 1 score. 
 144 units = 12 dozen = 1 gross, 
 12 gross = 1 great gross. 
 
686 
 
 TABLES OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 
 
 THE METRIC SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 
 AS ESTABLISHED BY ACT OF CONGRESS. 
 
 MEASURES OF LENGTH. 
 
 METRIC DENOMINATIONS AND VALUES. 
 
 EQUIVALENTS IN DENOMINATIONS IN USE. 
 
 Mvriametre 
 
 10000 metres 
 
 6.2137 miles. 
 
 Kilometre 
 
 1000 metres 
 
 0.62137 mile, or 3280 feet and 10 inches. 
 
 Hectometre 
 
 100 metres 
 
 328 feet and 1 inch. 
 
 Decametre 
 
 10 metres 
 
 393.7 inches. 
 
 Metre 
 
 1 metre 
 
 39.37 inches. 
 
 Decimetre 
 
 .1 metre 
 
 3.937 inches. 
 
 Centimetre 
 
 .01 metre 
 
 0.3937 inch. 
 
 Millimetre 
 
 .001 metre 
 
 0.0394 inch. 
 
 MEASURES OF SURFACE. 
 
 METRIC 
 
 DENOMINATIONS AND VALUES. 
 
 EQUIVALENTS IN DENOMINATIONS IN USE. 
 
 Hectare 
 
 10000 square metres . . 
 
 100 square metres . . 
 
 1 square metre . . 
 
 2.471 acres. 
 
 119.6 square yards. 
 
 155u square inches. 
 
 Centare 
 
 MEASURES OF CAPACITY. 
 
 METRIC DENOMINATIONS AND VALUES. 
 
 EQUIVALENTS IN DENOM. IN USE. 
 
 Karnes. 
 
 No. of 
 Litres. 
 
 Cubic Measure. 
 
 Dry Measure. 
 
 Liquid or Wine 
 Measure. 
 
 Kilolitre or Stere . . 
 
 Hectolitre 
 
 Decalitre 
 
 Lithe 
 
 Decilitre 
 
 Centilitre 
 
 Millilitre 
 
 1000 
 100 
 10 
 1 
 .1 
 .01 
 .001 
 
 1 cubic metre . . 
 
 .1 cubic metre . . 
 10 cubic decimetres 
 
 1 cubic decimetre 
 
 .1 cubic decimetre 
 10 cubic centimetres 
 
 1 cubic centimetre 
 
 
 
 1.308 cubic yards . . . 
 2 bu. and 3.35 pecks . 
 9.08 quarts ...... 
 
 264.17 gals. 
 26.417 gals. 
 2.6417 gals. 
 1.0567 qts. 
 0.845 gill. 
 0.338 fluid oz. 
 0.27 fluid dr. 
 
 0.908 quart .... 
 6.1022 cub. inches 
 0.6102 cub. inch . 
 0.061 cub. inch . . 
 
 
 WEIGHTS. 
 
 METRIC DENOMINATIONS AND VALUES. 
 
 EQUIVALENTS IN 
 DENOM. IN USE. 
 
 Names. 
 
 No. of 
 Grams. 
 
 Weight of what Quantity of Water 
 at maximum Density. 
 
 Avoirdupois 
 Weight. 
 
 
 1000000 
 
 100000 
 
 10000 
 
 1000 
 
 100 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 .1 
 
 .01 
 
 
 2204.6 pounds. 
 
 
 
 220.46 pounds. 
 
 Myriagram 
 
 10 litres 
 
 22.046 pounds. 
 
 1 litre 
 
 2.2046 pounds. 
 3.5274 ounces. 
 
 Hectogram 
 
 Decagram 
 
 
 10 cubic centimetres 
 
 0.3527 ounce. 
 15.432 grains. 
 1.5432 grain. 
 0.1543 grain. 
 0.0154 jrrain. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .001 
 
 
 
 1 
 
tab'le of moneys. 
 
 681 
 
 TABLE OF MONEYS. 
 
 United States.— The gold coins of the United States are the Double Eagle (20 dol- 
 lars), Eagle (10 dollars), Half Eagle (5 dollars), and smaller fractions of the Eagle. The 
 silver coins are the Dollar, Half Dollar, and coins less than the half dollar. 
 
 Gbeat Britain.— Of the sterling money of Great Britain, 4 farthings = 1 penny; 12 
 pence = 1 shilling = $0.24^ ; 20 shillings = 1 pound, or sovereign, = §4.86.65. 
 
 OFFICIAL VALUATION OF FOREIGN COINS, JANUARY 1, 1888. 
 
 Count by. 
 
 Argentine Republic 
 Austria .... 
 
 Belgium 
 Bolivia 
 Brazil . 
 
 Canada 
 Chili . 
 
 Cuba . 
 
 Denmark 
 
 Ecuador 
 
 Egypt 
 
 France 
 
 German Empire 
 Great Britain . 
 Greece . . . . 
 
 Guatemala 
 Hayti . . 
 Honduras . 
 India . . 
 
 Italy . 
 
 Japan . 
 
 Liberia 
 Mexico 
 
 Netherlands 
 Nicaragua 
 Norway . 
 Peru . . 
 Portugal . 
 Russia . . 
 
 Spain 
 
 Sweden 
 
 Switzerland 
 
 Tripoli 
 
 Turkey 
 
 United States of Colom- 
 bia ....... 
 
 Venezuela 
 
 Monetary Unit. 
 
 
 
 80.96,5 
 
 Florin 
 
 
 .34,5 
 
 
 
 .19,3 
 
 Boliviano 
 
 Milreis of 1000 reis . 
 
 .69,9 
 .54,6 
 
 Dollar 
 
 
 1.00 
 
 
 
 .91,2 
 
 
 .92,6 
 
 
 
 .26,8 
 
 Sucre . 
 
 
 .69,9 
 
 Pound (100 piastres)" . 
 
 Franc 
 
 Mark .... 
 Pound sterling 
 Drachma . . 
 
 Peso 
 
 Gourde .... 
 
 Peso 
 
 Rupee of 16 annas 
 
 Lira 
 
 Yen 
 
 Dollar 
 Dollar 
 
 /Gold 
 1 Silver 
 
 Florin 
 
 Peso 
 
 Crown 
 
 Sol 
 
 Milreis of 1000 reis . 
 Rouble of 100 copecks 
 
 Peseta of 100 centimes 
 
 Crown 
 
 Franc 
 
 Mahbub of 20 piastres 
 Piastre 
 
 Peso . 
 Bolivar 
 
 Value 
 in U. S. 
 Money. 
 
 4.94,3 
 
 .19,3 
 
 .23,8 
 4.86,6V£ 
 
 .69,9 
 .96,5 
 
 .33,2 
 
 .19,3 
 .99,7 
 .75,3 
 1.00 
 .75,9 
 
 .40.2 
 .69,9 
 
 .26,8 
 
 1.08 
 .55,9 
 
 .19,3 
 
 .19,3 
 
 .63 
 
 .04,4 
 
 .14 
 
 Gold : argentine ($4.82,4) and J/£ argen- 
 tine. Silver : peso aud divisions. 
 
 Gold : 4 florins (§1.92,9), 8 florins ($3.85,8), 
 ducat (§2.28,7), and 4 ducats ($9.15,8). 
 Silver : 1 and 2 florins. 
 
 Gold : 10 and 20 francs. Silver : 5 francs. 
 
 Silver: boliviano and divisions. 
 
 Gold : 5, 10, and 20 milreis. Silver : %, 1, 
 and 2 miireis. 
 
 Gold: escudo (8182,4), doubloon (84.56,1), 
 and condor (§9.12,3). Silver: peso and 
 divisions. 
 
 Gold: doubloon ($5.01,7). Silver: peso. 
 
 Gold : 10 and 20 crowns. 
 
 Gold : condor ($9.64,7), and double condor. 
 Silver: sucre and divisions. 
 
 Gold : pound (100 piastres), 50 piastres, 
 20 piastres, 10 piastres, and 5 piastres. 
 Silver : 1, 2, 5, 10, and 20 piastres. 
 
 Gold : 5. 10, 20, 50, and 100 francs. Sil- 
 ver : 5 francs. 
 
 Gold : 5, 10, and 20 marks. [sovereign. 
 
 Gold : sovereign (pound sterling) and J^ 
 
 Gold : 5, 10, 20, 50, aud 100 drachmas. 
 Silver : 5 drachmas. 
 
 Silver : peso and divisions. 
 
 Silver : gourde. 
 
 Silver : peso and divisions. 
 
 Gold : mohur ($7.10,5). Silver : rupee 
 and divisions. [5 liras. 
 
 Gold : 5, 10, 20, £0, and 100 liras. Silver : 
 
 Gold : 1, 2, 5, 10, and 20 yen. 
 
 Silver : yen. 
 
 Gold : dollar ($0.98,3), 2%, 5, 10, and 20 
 dollars. Silver : dollar (or peso) and 
 divisions. [florins. 
 
 Gold : 10 florins. Silver : %, 1, and 2% 
 
 Silver: peso and divisions. 
 
 Gold : 10 and 20 crowns. 
 
 Silver : sol and divisions. 
 
 Gold : 1, 2, 5, and 10 milreis. 
 
 Gold : imperial ($7.71,8), and }4 imperial 
 ($3.86). Silver : 14, % and Trouble. 
 
 Gold : 25 pesetas. Silver : 5 pesetas. 
 
 Gold : 10 and 20 crowns, [ver : 5 francs. 
 
 Gold : 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 francs. Sil- 
 
 Gold : 25, 50, 100, 250, and 500 piastres. 
 
 Gold : condor ($9.64,7) and double condor. 
 
 Silver : peso. [ver : 5 bolivars. 
 
 Gold : 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 bolivars. Sil- 
 

 THE NAMES OF SOME OF THE PRINCIPAL 
 
 FIXED STARS AND CONSTELLATIONS. 
 
 N. B. — Most of the named stars bear appellations t;iken from the Arabic, with more or less change. 
 The pronunciations here given are popularized and Anglicized, there being no attempt to approxi- 
 mate to the Arabic sounds. 
 
 A-pher'nar 
 A-cu'bens 
 Ad-ha-fe'ra 
 Ad-ha'ra 
 Al-be'na 
 Al-bir'e-5 
 Al-phl'ba 
 Al'cor 
 Al-cy'o-ne 
 Al-deb'a-ran 
 Al-der'a-min 
 Al'i-e-neb 
 Al-Gie'ba (-je'-) 
 Al'gol 
 Al'go-rab 
 Al-go'res 
 Al-he'na 
 A'li-oth 
 Al-kaid' 
 Al-kaph'rah 
 Al-ka-tu'rops 
 Al'kSs 
 Al'ma-ack 
 Al'mach 
 Al'ni-lam 
 Al'ni-tah 
 Al'phard 
 Al-phec'ca 
 Al'phe-ratz 
 Al'phirk 
 Al-ruc'ca-bah 
 Al-ahain' 
 Al-tair' 
 Al-waid' 
 An' eh a 
 An-drom'e-da 
 Ant-a'res 
 Arc-tu'rus 
 Ar'g5 
 Ar f i-ded 
 A'ri-es 
 Ar'neb 
 A-sel'lus 
 A'siph 
 Afi-ri'ga 
 A-zgl-fa-fa'fi 
 Ba'ten Kai'tos 
 Bel-la'trix 
 688 
 
 LBJe'07 
 
 Be-net'nasch 
 Bet'el-geuse (or -gez), 
 
 Bet'el-geux (-gu) 
 Bo-o'te§ 
 
 Ca-mel-o-par'da-lis 
 Ca-no'pus 
 Ca-pel'la 
 Caph 
 
 Cas-si-o-pe'ia (-ya) 
 Cas'tor 
 Ceb-al-ra'i 
 Ce-le'no 
 Ce'pheus 
 Ce'tus 
 
 Co'ma Ber-e-nl'ces 
 Cor Car'o-H 
 Cor Hy'drae 
 Ciir'sa 
 Cy-no-su'ra 
 Da'bih 
 De'neb 
 De-neb'o-la 
 Diph'da 
 Dra'co 
 Dub'he 
 E-lec'tra 
 El-Me'lik 
 El Nath' 
 El Ris'pha 
 E'nif, or E'nir 
 E-rid'a-nus 
 Er-Ral' 
 Er-Ra'kis 
 Et'a-nin 
 Fo'mal-haut 
 ^em'i-nl 
 J3i-an'sar 
 (Sie'di 
 Gi-e'nah 
 Go-mel'za, or 
 
 Go-mei'sa 
 Graffi-as 
 Gru'mi-um 
 Ha'mal 
 Ho'man 
 i'zar 
 Kai-ta'in 
 Kx'ed 
 
 Ko'phab 
 or Kor-nef o-ros 
 Le'pus 
 Le'suth 
 Li'bra 
 Ly'ra 
 Ma'ia (-ya) 
 Mar'kab 
 Mar'keb 
 Mar' sic 
 Meb-su'ta 
 Me-du'sa 
 
 Me'grez, or Me'gris 
 Me-luc'ta 
 Menk-a-11'nan 
 Men'kar 
 Me'raeh 
 Me'rak 
 Mer'o-pe 
 Me-sar'thim 
 Ml-a-plac'i-dus 
 Min-ta'ta 
 Min-tl'ka 
 MI'ra 
 
 Mi'rac, or Mi'raph 
 M'ir'zam 
 Mi'zar 
 Mo-noc'e-ros 
 Mu'fride, or Mu'frid 
 Mu'li-phen 
 Mus'ca 
 Nach 
 Na'os 
 Nek'ar 
 Nek'kar 
 Ni'hal 
 O-ri'on 
 Peg'a-sus 
 Per'seus 
 Phad 
 Pha'et 
 Phard 
 Phec'da 
 Po-la'ris 
 Pol'lux 
 Pr5'cy-on 
 Pro'pus 
 Piil-pher'ri-ma 
 
 Ras-Al-as'ad 
 
 Ras-Al-ie'thI 
 
 Ras-Al-hague' (-hag') 
 
 Ras-ta'ben 
 
 Reg-u-lus 
 
 Ri'iel 
 
 Ru-ul'i-cus 
 
 Sa-dal'sund 
 
 Sad-el-Me'lik 
 
 Sadr 
 
 Sa'iph 
 
 Sphe'at 
 
 Scbr'pi-o 
 
 Se-£i'nus 
 
 Ser'pens 
 
 Ser-pen-ta'ri-us 
 
 She'djr 
 
 She'li-ak 
 
 Sher'a-tan 
 
 Sir'i-us 
 
 Skat 
 
 Spl'ca *Vi*r'£i-ni3 
 
 Ster'o-pe 
 
 Su'lu-phat 
 
 Sva-15'cin 
 
 Tai'i-tha 
 
 Tar'a-zed 
 
 Tau'rua 
 
 Ta-ye'ta 
 
 Te'jat 
 
 The-em'im 
 
 Thu'ban 
 
 TT'nuk 
 
 fx-nuk-al-Hal' 
 
 Ve'ga 
 
 Vin-de-mi'a-trix 
 
 Vir'go 
 
 Wa'sat 
 
 We'sen 
 
 Yed 
 
 Zar'i-jan 
 
 Zav-i-ja'va 
 
 Zau'rac 
 
 Zoz'ma 
 
 Zu-ben-el-Ga-ma'bl 
 
 Zu-ben-el-Gu'bi 
 
 Zu'ben-es-pham'a-li 
 
 Zu-ben-hak'ra-bi 
 
 THE END. 
 
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