fiiiiffiml^ mi^h ' ^^ c>'^ ^ . . - ,,-^ A^ ^.^ * = .\V ./-> aN \^'^ ->. " K , \^ 0- ,- -y >s 3= '^' .<< :.^<< 4 CO vO .0 Oo, .^ .^^ .\\ .^ -^-i-. <'-.. ,\sy ■ '\ ^^. .^^' 11 N t OO A A .0 o " (7. ^ 3 1 A ^-e^ .^^' ::X %.= .\' \ V- ^ .;-i - f:>;->;i %^ ^ = v\\- FIVE HUNDRED AND SEVEN Mechanical Movements, EMBRACING ALiL THOSE WHICH ARE MOST IMPORTANT IN DYNAMICS, HYDRAULICS, HYDROSTATICS, PNEUMATICS, STEAM ENGINES, MILL AND OTHER GEARING, PRESSES, HOROLOGY, AND MISCELLANEOUS MACHINERY ; AND INCLUDING MANY MOVEMENTS NEVER BEFORE PUBLISHED AND SEVERAL WHICH HAVE ONLY RECENTLY COME INTO USE. BY y HENRY T. BROWN. TWENTIETH EDITION. PUBLISHED BY BROWN & SEWARD, 261-263 BROADWAY. 1903- Copyright 1868, by HENRY T. BROWN, Renewed 1896. Dr. John M- Gitterman Mai-ch Q .1934 -^ 3^-3s:2,n (■ PREFACE. The want of a comprehensive collection of illustrations and descriptions of Me- chanical Movements has long been seriously felt by artisans, inventors, and stu- dents of the mechanic arts. It was the knowledge of this want which induced the compilation of the collection here presented. The movements which it contains have been already illustrated and described in occasional installments scattered through five volumes of the American Artisan, by the readers of which their publication was received with so much favor as was believed to warrant the ex- pense of their reproduction with some revision in a separate volume. The selection of the movements embraced in this collection has been made from many and various sources. The English works of Johnson, Willcock, Wylson, and Denison have been drawn upon to a considerable extent, and many other works — American and foreign — have been laid under contribution ; but more than one-fourth of the movements — many of purely American origin — have never pre- viously appeared in any published collection. Although the collection embraces about three times as many movements as have ever been contained in any previous American publication, and a considerably larger number than has ever been contained in any foreign one, it has not been the object of the compiler to merely swell the num- ber, but he has endeavored to select only such as may be of really practical value ; and with this end in view, he has rejected many which are found in nearly all the previously published collections, but which he has considered only applicable to some exceptional want. Owing to the selection of these movements at such intervals as could be snatched from professional duties, which admitted of no postponement, and to the engravings having been made from time to time for immediate publication, the classification of the movements is not as perfect as the compiler could have desired; yet it is believed that this deficiency is more than compensated for by the copi- ousness of the Index and the entirely novel arrangement of the illustrations and the descriptive letter-press on opposite pages, which make the collection — large and comprehensive as it is—- more convenient for reference than any previous one. IV Mechanical Movements. INDEX In this INDEX the numerals do net indicate the pages, but they refer to the engravings and the 7itimbered paragraphs. Each page of the letter-press contains all the descriptive matter appertaining to the illustrations which face it. A. iEolipile, 474. Balance, compensation, 319. Barometer, 501. Blower, fan, 497. Brake, friction, 242. C. Cams, 95, 96, 97, 117, 130, 138, 149, 150, 165, 217, 272, 276. Capstans, 412, 491. Centrolinead, 408. Clutches, 47, 48, 52, 53, 361. Chasers, 375. Clamps, bench, 174, 180, 381. screw, 190. Cock, four-way, 395. Column, oscillating, 445, 446. Compasses, proportion, 409, Counters of revolutions, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71. Coupling, union, 248. Crank, substitutes for the, 39, 116, 123, 156, 157, 167, 394. variable, 94. Cranks, 92, 93, 98, loo, 131, 145, 146, 156, 158, 166, 175, 176, 220, 230, 231, 268, 279, 354, 401. bell, 126, 154, 156, 157- compound, 168, 169. Cyclograph, 403, 404. D. Differential movements, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 260, 26^ Drag-link, 231. Drill, 359. fiddle, 124. Persian, 112. Drills, cramp, 379, 380. Drop, 85. Drum and rope, 134- Driver, pile, 251. Dynamometers, 2^,4, yj2. E. Eccentrics, 89, 9O5 915 i3S> i37. Ejectors, bilge, 475, 476. Mechanical Movements. Ellipsograph, 152, Gearing, variable, 38. Engine, disk, 347. worm, 29, 31, 64, 66, 67, 143, 151, 202. Engines, rotary, 425, 426, 427, 428, 429. Governors, 147, 161, 162, 163, 170, 274, 287, 357. steam, 175, 326, 327, 328, 329, 33©, 33i, 332, 334, Guides, 326, 327, 330, 331. 335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 34°, 34i, 342, 343, 344, Gyroscope, 355. 345, 346, 421, 422, 423, 424. H. valve gear for, 89, 90, 91, 117, 135, 137* 150, 171, Hammer, atmospheric, 471. 17Q, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, bell, 420. 286, 418. compressed air, 472. Epicyclic trains, 502, 503, 504, 505, 506, 507. steam, 47. Escapements, 234, 238, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293 294, 295, Hammers, trip, 72, 353. 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, Helicograph, 384. 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 3H, 396, Hook, beat-detaching, 492. 402. • releasing, 251. F. Hooks, centrifugal check, 253. Hyperbolas, instrument for drawing, 405. Fountain, Hiero's, 464, Fusees, 46, 358. I. G. Gasometers, 479, 480. Intermittent movements, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73» Gauge, bisecting, 410. 74, 75, 76, 88, 211, 235, 241, 364, 398. Gauges, pressure, 498, 499, 500. Gear, steering, 490. J. Gearing, bevel, 7, 43, 49, S3, 74, 200, 226, 495. Jack, hydrostatic, 467. brush, 28. lifting, 389. capstan, 412. Joint, ball and socket, 249. conical, 37. bayonet, 245. crown, 26, 219. universal, 51. eccentric, 219, 222. L. elliptical, 33, 35, 221. Ladder, folding, 386. face, 54. self-adjusting, 387. friction, 28, 32, 45, 413. Lazy-tongs, 144. intermittent, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71. 73, 74, Level, self-recording, 411. 75, 76, 11, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84. Lever, bell-crank or elbow, 126, 155, 156, 157. internal, 34, 55, 57. knee, 164. irregular, 201. Lewis, 493. multiple, 27. Link, detachable chain, 399. mutilated, 74, 114. M. scroll, 191, 414. sector, 38. Machine, Bohnenberger's, 356. spur, 24. drilling, 366. step, 44. polishing, 370, 393. stud, 197. punching, 140. sun and planet, 39. warp-dressing, 383. VI Mechanical Movements. Main, flexible water, 468. Pulleys, 18, 19, 20. 21, 22, 23, 58, 59, 60, 61 62, 243> 255, Maintaining power, 320, 321. 256, 257, 258, 259, 267. Meter, gas (wet) 481 ; (dry) 483. anti-friction bearing for, 270. water, 440, chain, 227, 228, 229. Mill, Barker's, 438. Pump, air, 473. crushing, 375. balance, 465. tread, 377. bellows, 453. wind, 485, 486. chain, 462. Miscellaneous movements, loi, 120, 153, 172, 173, 196, 203, diaphragm, 454. 209, 210, 217, 218, 232, 235, 247, 252, 261, 262, steam-siphon, 476. 263, 265, 273, 281, 282, 348, 360, 368, 385, 390, Pumps, double-acting, 452, 453. 391, 415, 417, 447, 469, 484. force, 450, 451, 452. Motion, alternating traverse, 143. lift, 448, 449. rocking, 419. rotary, 455, 456. self-reversing, 87. Punching machine, 140. shuttle, 397. R Motions, feed, 99, 121, 155, 284, 388, 400. link, 171, 185. Rack, mangle, 197, 198, 199. parallel, 328, 329, 332, 333, 334, 335, 336, 337> 338, mutilated, 269. 339, 340, 34I5 343- Racks and pinions, 81, 113, 114, 115, 118, 119, 127, 139. pump, 86, 127, 283. 197, 198, 199, 269, 283. traverse, 350, 362. Ram, Montgoliier's water, /\/\i\ variable traverse, 122, 125, 142, 178 . Ratchets and pawls, 49, 75, 76, 78, 79, 80, 82, 271. Regulator, gas, 482. 206, 225, 236, watch, 318. P Reversing motion, self, 87. Pantograph, 246. Revolver, 277. Parabolas, instrument for drawing, 406. Rollers, oblique, 204, 365. Paradox, mechanical, 504. Rolls, anti-friction, 250. Pendulum, conical, 315. drawing, 496 Pendulums, 315, 316, 317, 369. feed, 195, 207, 388. compensation, 316, 317. Rulers, parallel, 322, 323, 324, 325, 349, 367. Pinion, 81, 113. lantern, 199. S mutilated, 114. slotted, 208. Saw, endless band, 141. two-toothed, 205. gig» 392. Power, horse, 376. pendulum, 378. Presses, 105, 132, 133, 164. Screw, Archimedes', 443. hydrostatic, 466. differential, 266. Propeller, screw, 488. double reversed, 108. • Pulley, expanding, 224. micrometer, iii. friction, 267. Screws, 102, 103, 104, 105, 109, 112, 202, 285. Pulleys, I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, ] 5, 1^ J 17. endless, 31, 64, 66, 67, 143, 195, 207, 275. Mechanical Movements. vii ■ - 1 Screws, right-and-left hand, no, 151. W Sectors, toothed, 130, 133, 223, 282. Water, machines for raising, 439, 441, 442, 443, 444, 457, See-saw, 363. 458, 459» 460, 461. Shears, 130. Weir, self-acting, 463. Stamps, 85, 351. Wheel, cam, 136. Stand, mirror, 382. lantern, 233. Stop for hoisting apparatus, 278, Persian, 441. for lantern wheels, 233. pin, 208. for ratchet wheels, 240. rag, 237. for spur gear, 239. sprocket, 254. Stops for winding watches, 212, 213, 214, 215. steering, 490. waved, 165. T Wheels, crown, 26, 219, 237. mangle, 36, 192, 193, 194, 371. Test, friction, 373. paddle, 487, 489. Throstle, spinning, 496. water, 430, 431, 432, 433, 434, 435; 436, 437, 438. Toggle-joint, 140, Windlass, Chinese, 129, 352. Tongs, lifting, 494. friction, 280. Trap, steam, 477, 478. Wind-mills, 485, 486. Treadles, 82, 158, 159, 160, 374, 401, 416. Wipers, 85, 128. 8 Mechanical Movements. Mechanical Movements. 1. Illustrates the transmission of power by simple pulleys and an open belt. In this case both of th€ pulleys rotate in the same direction. 2. Differs from i in the substitution of a crossed belt for the open one. In this case the direction of rotation of the pulleys is re- versed. By arranging three pulleys, side by side, upon the shaft to be driven^ the middle one fast and the other two loose upon it, and using both an open and a crossed belt, the direction of the said shaft is enabled to be reversed without stopping or reversing the driver. One belt will always run on the fast pulley, and the other on one of the loose pulleys. The shaft will be driven in one di- rection or the other, according as the open or crossed belt is on the fast pulley. 3. A method of transmitting motion from a shaft at right angles to another, by means of guide-pulleys. There are two of these pulleys, side by side, one for each leaf of the belt. 4. A method of transmitting motion from a shaft at right angles to another whose axis is in the same plane. This is shown with a crossed belt. An open belt may be used,' but the crossed one is preferable, as it gives more surface of contact. 5. Resembles i, with the addition of a movable tightening pulley, B. When this pulley is pressed against the band to take up the slack, the belt transmits motion from one of the larger pulleys to the other ; but when it is not, the belt is so slack as not to transmit motion. 6. By giving a vibratory motion to the lever secured to the semi-circular segment, the belt attached to the said segment imparts a reciprocating rotary motion to the two pul- leys below. 7. A method of engaging, disengaging, and reversing the upright shaft at the left. The belt is shown on the middle one of the three pulleys on the lower shafts, ^, b, which pulley is loose, and consequently no move- ment is communicated to the said shafts. When the belt is traversed on the left-hand pulley, which is fast on the hollow shaft, by carrying the bevel-gear, B, motion is com- municated in one direction to the upright shaft ; and on its being traversed on to the right-hand pulley, motion is transmitted through the gear. A, fast on the shaft, a^ which runs inside of b^ and the direction of the upright shaft is reversed. 8. Speed-pulleys used for lathes and other mechanical tools, for varying the speed ac- cording to the work operated upon. 9. Cone-pulleys for the sanie purpose as 8. This motion is used in cotton machin- ery, and in all machines which are required to run with a gradually increased or dimin- ished speed. 10. Is a modification of 9, the pulleys be- ing of different shape. lO Mechanical Movements. Mechanical Movements. II 11. Another method of effecting the same result as 3, without guide-pulleys. 12. Simple pulley used for lifting weights. In this the power must be equal to the weight to obtain equilibrium. 13. In this the lower pulley is movable. One end of the rope being fixed, the other must move twice as fast as the weight, and a corresponding gain of power is conse- quently effected. 14. Blocks and tackle. The power ob- tained by this contrivance is calculated as follows : Divide the weight by double the number of pulleys in the lower block ; the quotient is the power required to balance the weight. 1 5. Represents what are known as White's pulleys, which can either be made with sep- arate loose pulleys, or a series of grooves can be cut in a soHd block, the diameters being made in proportion to the speed of the rope ; that is, i, 3, and 5 for one block, and 2, 4, and 6 for the other. Power as i to 7. "Ni: 16 and 17. Are what are known as Span- ish bartons. 18. Is a combination of two fixed pulleys and one movable pulley. 19, 20, 21, and 22. Are different arrange- ments of pulley^.. The following rule apphes to these pulleys: — In a system of pulleys where each pulley is embraced by a cord at- tached at one end to a fixed point and at the other to the center of the movable pulley, the effect of the whole will be = the number 2, multiplied by itself as many times as there are movable pulleys in the system. 12 Mechanical Movements. Mechanical Movements. 13 23. A contrivance for transmitting rotary motion to a movable pulley. The pulley at the bottom of the figure is the movable one ; if this pulley were raised or depressed, the belt would be slackened or tightened accordingly. In order to keep a uniform tension on the belt, a pulley, A, carried in a frame sliding between guides (not shown), hangs from a rope passing over the two guide-pulleys, B, B, and is acted upon by the balance weight, C, in such manner as to produce the desired result. 24. Spur-gears. 25. Bevel-gears. Those of equal diame- ters are termed " miter-gears." 26. The wheel to the right is termed a " crown-wheel ;" that gearing with it is a spur-gear. These wheels are not much used, and are only available for light work, as the teeth of the crown-wheel must necessarily be thin. 27. " Multiple gearing " — a recent inven- tion. The smaller triangular wheel drives the larger one by the movement of its at- tached friction-rollers in the radial grooves. 28. These are sometimes called '^brush- wheels." The relative speeds can be varied by changing the distance of the upper wheel from the center of the lower one. The one drives the other by the friction or adhesion, and this may be increased by facing the lower one with india-rubber. 29. Transmission of rotary motion from one shaft at right angles to another. The spiral thread of the disk-wheel drives the spur-gear, moving it the distance of one tooth at every revolution. 30. Rectangular gears. These produce a rotary motion of the driven gear at a varying speed. They were used on a printing-press, the type of which were placed on a rectangu- lar roller. 14 Mechanical Movements. Mechanical Movements. 15 31. Worm or endless screw and a worm- wheel. This effects the same result as 29 ; and as it is more easily constructed, it is oftener used. 32. Friction-wheels. The surfaces of these wheels are made rough, so as to bite as much as possible ; one is sometimes faced with leather, or, better, with vulcanized india- rubber. '>^2)- Elliptical spur-gears. These are used where a rotary motion of varying speed is required, and the variation of speed is de- termined by the relation between the lengths of the major and minor axes of the ellipses. 34. An internally toothed spur-gear and pinion. With ordinary spur-gears (such as represented in 24) the direction of rotation is opposite ; but with the internally toothed gear, the tw^o rotate in the same direction ; and with the same strength of tooth the gears are capable of transmitting greater force, because more teeth are engaged. 35. Variable rot'ary motion produced by uniform rotary motion. The small spur- pinion works in a slot cut in the bar, which turns loosely upon the shaft of the elliptical I gear. The bearing of the pinion-shaft has ' applied to it a spring, which keeps it en- gaged ; the slot in the bar is to allow for the variation of length of radius of the elliptical gear. 36. Mangle-wheel and pinion — so called from their application to mangles — converts continuous rotary motion of pinion into re- ciprocating rotary motion of wheel. The shaft of pinion has a vibratory motion, and works in a straight slot cut in the upright stationary bar to allow the pinion to rise and fall and work inside and outside of the gear- ing of the wheel. The slot cut in the face of the mangle-wheel and following its outline is to receive and guide the pinion-shaft and keep the pinion in gear. yj. Uniform into variable rotary motion. The bevel- wheel or pinion to the left has teeth cut through the whole width of its face. Jts teeth work with a spirally arranged series of studs on a conical v/heel. 38,. A means of converting rotary motion, by which the speed is made uniform during a part, and varied during another part, of the revolution. 39. Sun-and-planet motion. The spur- gear to the right, called the planet-gear, is tied to the center of the other, or sun-gear, by an arm which preserves a constant dis- tance between their centers. This was used as a substitute for the crank in a steam en- gine by James Watt, after the use of the crank had been patented by another party. Each revolution of the planet-gear, which is rigidly attached to the connecting-rod, gives two to the sun-gear, which is keyed to the fly-wheel shaft. i6 Mechanical Movements. Mechanical Movements. 17 40 and 41. Rotary converted into rotary motion. The teeth of these gears, being oblique, give a more continuous bearing than ordinary spur-gears. 42 and 43. Different kinds of gears for transmitting rotary motion from one shaft to another arranged obhquely thereto. 44. A kind of gearing used to transmit great force and give a continuous bearing to the teeth. Each wheel is composed of two, three, or more distinct spur-gears. The teeth, instead of being in hne, are arranged in steps to give a continuous bearing. This system is sometimes used for driving screw propellers, and sometimes, with a rack of similar character, to drive the beds of large iron-planing machines. 45. Frictional grooved gearing — a com- paratively recent invention. The diagram to the right is an enlarged section, which can be more easily understood. 46. Fusee chain and spring-box, being the prime mover in some watches, particu- larly of English make. The fusee to the right is to compensate for the loss of force of the spring as it uncoils itself The chain is on the small diameter of the fusee when the watch is wound up, as the spring has then the greatest force. 47. A frictional clutch-box, thrown in and out of gear by the lever at the bottom. This is used for connecting and discon- necting heavy machinery. The eye of the disk to the right has a slot which slides upon a long key or feather fixed on the shaft. 48. Clutch-box. The pinion at the top gives a continuous rotary motion to the gear below, to which is attached half the clutch, and both turn loosely on the shaft. When it is desired to give motion to the shaft, the other part of the clutch, which shdes upon a key or feather fixed in the shaft, is thrust into gear by the lever. 49. Alternate circular motion of the hori- zontal shaft produces a continuous rotary motion of the vertical shaft, by means of the ratchet-wheels secured to the bevel- gears, the ratchet-teeth of the two wheels being set opposite ways, and the pawls act- ing in opposite directions. The bevel-gears and ratchet-wheels are loose on the shaft, and the pawls attached to arms firmly se- cured on the shaft. i8 Mechanical Movements. Mechanical Movements. 19 50 and 51. Two kinds ot universal joints. 52. Another kind of clutch-box. The disk- wheel to the right has two holes, corre- sponding to the studs fixed in the other disk ; and, being pressed against it, the studs enter the holes, when the two disks rotate together. 53. The vertical shaft is made to drive the horizontal one in either direction, as may be desired, by means of the double-clutch and bevel-gears. The gears on the horizontal shaft are loose, and are driven in opposite directions by the third gear ; the double- clutch slides upon a key or feather fixed on the horizontal shaft, which is made to ro- tate either to the right or left, according to the side on which it is engaged. 54. Mangle or star-wheel, for producing an alternating rotary motion. 55. Different velocity given to two gears, A and C, on the same shaft, by the pinion, D. 56. Used for throwing in and out of gear the speed-motion on lathes. On depressing the lever, the shaft of the large wheel is drawn backward by reason of the slot in which it shdes being cut eccentrically to the center or fulcrum of the lever, 57. The small pulley at the top being the driver, the large, internally- toothed gear and the concentric gear within will be driven in opposite directions by the bands, and at the same time will impart motion to the inter- mediate pinion at the bottom, both around its own center and also around the common center of the two concentric gears. 58. For transmitting three different speeds by gearing. The lower part of the band is shown on a loose pulley. The next pulley is fixed on the main shaft, on the other end of which is fixed a small spur-gear. The next pulley is fixed on a hollow shaft run- ning on the main shaft, and there is se- cured to it a second spur-gear, larger than the first. The fourth and last pulley to the left is fixed on another hollow shaft running loosely on the last-named, on the other end of which is fixed the still larger spur-gear nearest to the pulley. As the band is made to traverse from one pulley to another, it transmits three different velocities to the shaft below. 59. For transmitting tv/o speeds by gear- ing. The band is shown on the loose pul- ley — the left-hand one of the lower three. The middle pulley is fix^d on the same shaft as the small pinion, and the pulley to the right on a hollow shaft, on the end of which is fixed the large spur-gear. When the band is on the middle pulley a slow motion is transmitted to the shaft below ; but when it is on the right-hand pulley a quick speed is given, proportionate to the diameter of the gears 20 Mechanical Movements. 64 iAA 68 ^ 65 G7 68 ^^ Mechanical Movements. 21 60. For transmitting two speeds by means of belts. There are four pulleys on the lower shaft, the two outer ones being loose and the two inner ones fast. The band to the left is shown on its loose pulley, the one to the right on its fast one ; a slow motion is consequently transmitted to lower shaft. When band to the right is moved on to its loose pulley, and left-hand one on to its fast pulley, a quicker motion is transmitted. 61. For transmitting two speeds, one a differ- ential motion. The band is shown on a loose pulley on lower shaft. The middle pulley is fast on said shaft, and has a small bevel-gear se- cured to its hub. Pulley on the right, which, like that on the left, is loose on shaft, carries, transversely, another bevel-gear. A third bevel- gear, loose upon the shaft, is held by a friction- band which is weighted at the end. On moving band on middle pulley a simple motion is the re- sult, but when it is moved to right-hand pulley a double speed is given to shaft. The friction- band or curb on the third bevel-gear is to allow it to slip a little on a sudden change of speed. 62. For transmitting two speeds, one of which is a different and variable motion. This is very similar to the last, except in the third bevel-gear being attached to a fourth pulley, at the right of the other three, and driven by a band from a small pulley on shaft above. When left-hand belt is on the pulley carrying the middle bevel- gear, and pulley at 'the right turns in the same direction, the amount of rotation of the third bevel-gear must be deducted from the double speed which the shaft would have if this gear was at rest. If, on the contrary, the right-hand belt be crossed so as to turn the pulley in an op- posite direction, that amount must be added.^ 63. Jumping or intermittent rotary motion, used for meters and revolution-counters. ^ The drop and attached pawl, carried by a spring at the left, are lifted by pins in the disk at the right. Pins escape first from pawl, which drops into next space of the star -wheel. When pin escapes from drop, spring throws down suddenly the drop, the pin on which strikes the pawl, which, by its action on star -wheel, rapidly gives it a por- tion of a revolution. This is repeated as each pin passes. 64. Another arrangement of jumping motion. Motion is communicated to worm-gear, B, by worm or endless screw at the bottom, which is fixed upon the driving-shaft. Upon the shaft carrying the worm-gear works another hollow shaft, on which is fixed cam, A. A short piece of this hollow shaft is half cut away. A pin fixed in worm-gear shaft turns hollow shaft and cam, the spring which presses on cam holding hollow shaft back against the pin until it arrives a little further than shown in the figure, when, the direction of the pressure being changed by the peculiar shape of cam, the latter falls down suddenly, independently of worm-wheel, and re- mains at rest till the pin overtakes it, when the same action is repeated. 65. The left-hand disk or wheel, C, is the driv- ing-wheel, upon which is fixed the tappet, A. The other disk or wheel, D, has a series of equi- distant studs projecting from its face. Every ro- tation of the tappet acting upon one of the studs in the wheel, D, causes the latter wheel to move the distance of one stud. In order that this may not be exceeded, a lever-like stop is arranged on a fixed center. This stop operates in a notch cut in wheel, C, and at the instant tappet. A, strikes a stud, said notch faces the lever. As wheel, D, rotates, the end between studs is thrust out, and the other extremity enters the notch ; but immediately on the tappet leaving stud, the lever is again forced up in front of next stud, and is there held by periphery of C pressing on its other end. 66. A modification of 64 ; a weight, D, attached to an arm secured in the shaft of the worm-gear, being used instead of spring and cam. 67. Another modification of 64 ; a weight or tumbler, E, secured on the hollow shaft, being used instead of spring and cam, and operating in combination with pin, C, in the shaft of worm-gear. 68. The single tooth. A, of the driving-wheel, B, acts in the notches of the wheel, C, and turns the latter the distance of one notch in every revolution of C. No- stop is necessary in this movement, as the driving-wheel, B, serves as^ a lock by fitting into the hollows cut in the cir- cumference of the wheel, C, between its notches. 22 Mechanical Movements. Mechanical Movements. 23 69. B, a small wheel with one tooth, is the driver, and the circumference entering between the teeth of the wheel. A, serves as a lock or stop while the tooth of the small wheel is out of operation. 70. The driving-wheel, C, has a rim, shown in dotted outline, the exterior of which serves as a bearing and stop for the studs on the other wheel. A, when the tappet, B, is out of contact with the studs. An opening in this rim serves to allow one stud to pass in and another to pass out. The tappet is op- posite the middle of this opening. 71. The inner circumference (shown by dotted lines) of the rim of the driving-wheel, B, serves as a lock against which two of the studs in the wheel, C, rest until the tappet, A, striking one of the studs, the next one below passes out from, the guard-rim through the lower notch, and another stud enters the rim through the upper notch. 72. Is a tilt-hammer motion, the revolu- tion of the cam or wiper-wheel, B, lifting the hammer, A, four times in each revolu- tion. 73. To the driving-wheel, D, is secured a bent spring, B ;. another spring, C, is at- I tached to a fixed support. As the wheel, ' D, revolves, the spring, B, passes under the strong spring, C, which presses it into a tooth of the ratchet-wheel. A, which is thus made to rotate. The catch-spring, B, being released on its escape from the strong spring, C, allows the wheel. A, to remain at rest till D has made another revolution. Tiie spring, C, serves as a stop. 74. A uniform intermittent rotary motion in opposite directions is given to the bevel- gears, A and B, by means of the mutilated bevel-gear, C. 75, Reciprocating rectilinear motion of the rod, C, transmits an intermittent circu- lar motion to the wheel. A, by means of the pawl, B, at the end of the vibrating-bar, D. ']6. Is another contrivance for registering or counting revolutions. A tappet, B, sup- ported on the fixed pivot, C, is struck at every revolution of the large wheel (partly represented) by a stud, D, attached to the said wheel. Thir causes the end of the tap- pet next the ratchet-wheel, A, to be hfted, and to turn the wheel the distance of one tooth. The tappet returns by its own weight to its original position after the stud, D, has passed, the end being jointed to permit it to pass the teeth of the ratchet-wheel. 24 Mechanical Movements. Mechanical Movements. 25 ']^. The vibration of the lever, C, on the center or fulcrum, A, produces a rotary movement of the wheel, B, by means of the two pawls, which act alternately. This is almost a continuous movement 78. A modification of 'j'j. 79. Reciprocating rectilinear motion of the rod, B, produces a nearly continuous rotary movement of the ratchet-faced wheel, A, by the pawls attached to the extremities of the vibrating radial arms, C, C. 80. Rectilinear motion is imparted to the. slotted bar, A, by the vibration of the lever, C, through the agency of the two hooked pawls, which drop alternately into the teeth of the slotted rack-bar, A. 81. Alternate rectilinear motion is given to the rack-rod, B, by the coYitinuous revo- lution of the mutilated spur-gear. A, the spiral spring, C, forcing the rod back to its original position on the teeth of the gear. A, quitting the rack. 82. On motion being given to the two treadles, D, a nearly continuous motion is imparted, through the vibrating arms, B, and their attached pawls, to the ratchet-wheel, A. A chain or strap attached to each treadle passes over the pulley, C, and as one treadle is depressed the other is raised. 83, A nearly continuous rotary motion is p:iven to the wheel, D, by two ratchet- toothed arcs, C, one operating on each side of the ratchet-wheel, D. These arcs (only one of which is shown) are fast on the same rock-shaft, B, and have their teeth set op- posite ways. The rock-shaft js worked by giving a reciprocating rectilinear motion to the rod, A. The arcs should have springs apphed to them, so that each may be capable of rising to allow its teeth to slide over those of the wheel in moving one way. 84. The double rack-frame, B, is sus- pended from the rod, A. Continuous rotary motion is given to the cam, D. When the shaft of the cam is midway between the two racks, the cam acts upon neither of them ; but by raising or lowering the rod. A, either the lower or upper rack is brought within range of the cam, and the rack-frame moved to the left or right. This movement has been used in connection with the governor of an engine, the rod, A, being 'connected with the governor, and the rack-frame with the throttle or regulating valve. * 85. Intermittent alternating rectilinear mo- tion is given to the rod. A, by the continu- ous rotation of the shaft carrying the two cams or wipers, which act upon the projec- tion, B, of the rod, and thereby lift it. The rod drops by its own weight. Used for ore- stampers or pulverizers, and for hammers. 26 Mechanical Movements. Mechanical Movements. 27 S6. A method of working a reciprocating pump by rotary motion. A rope^ carrying the pump-rod, is attached to the wheel, A, which runs loosely upon the shaft. The shaft carries a cam, C, and has a continuous rotary motion. At every revolution the cam seizes the hooked catch, B, attached to the wheel, and drags it round, together with the wheel, and raises the rope until, on the ex- tremity of the catch striking the stationary stop above, the catch is released, and the wheel is returned by the weight of the pump- bucket. 87. A contrivance for a self-reversing mo- tion. The bevel-gear between the gears, B and C, is the driver. The gears, B and C, run loose upon the shaft, consequently mo- tion is only communicated when one or other of them is engaged with the clutch-box, D, which slides on a feather on the shaft and is shown in gear with C. The wheel, E, at the right, is driven by bevel-gearing from the shaft on which the ^ears, B, C, and clutch are placed, and is about to strike the bell- crank, G, and produce such a movement thereof as will cause the connecting-rod to carry the weighted lever, F, beyond a per- pendicular position, when the said lever will fall over suddenly to the left, and carry the clutch into gear with B, thereby reversing the motion of the shaft, until the stud in the wheel, E, coming round in the contrary di- rection, brings the weighted lever back past the perpendicular position, and thereby again causes it to reverse the motion. 88. Continuous rotary converted into in- termittent rotary motion. The disk-wheel, B, carrying the stops, C, D, turns on a center eccentric to the cam, A. On con- tinuous rotary motion being given to the cam. A, intermittent rotary motion is im- parted to the wheel, B. The stops free them- selves from the offset of the cam at every half- revolution, the wheel,' B, remaining at rest until the cam has completed its revolution, when the same motion is repeated. 89. An eccentric generally used on the crank-shaft for communicating the recipro- cating rectilinear motion to the valves of steam engines, and sometimes used for pumping. 90. A modification of the above ; an elongated yoke being substituted for the circular strap, to obviate the necessity for any vibrating motion of the rod which works in fixed guides. 91. Triangular eccentric, giving an inter- mittent reciprocating rectihnear motion, used in France for the valve motion of steam engines. 92. Ordinary crank motion. 28 Mechanical Movements, 93 fl ((/ _ W ) I O ^^ 97 95 WMW//// 98 J) an' ))} Mechanical Movements. 29 93. Crank motion, with the crank- wrist working in a slotted yoke, thereby dispens- ing with the oscillating connecting-rod or pitman. 94. Variable crank, two circular plates re- volving on the same center. In one a spiral groove is cut ; in the other a series of slots radiating from the center. On turning one of these plates around its center, the bolt shown near the bottom of the figure, and which passes through the spiral groove and radial slots, is caused to move toward or from the center of the plates. 95. On rotating the upright shaft, recipro- cating rectilinear motion is imparted by the obhque disk to the upright rod resting upon its surface. 96. A heart-cam. Uniform traversing mo- tion is imparted to the horizontal bar by the rotation of the heart-shaped cam. The dotted lines show the mode of striking out the curve of the cam. The length of traverse is divided into any number of parts ; and from the center a series of concentric circles are described through these points. The outside circle is then divided into double the number of these divisions, and lines drawn to the center. The curve is then drawn through the intersections of the con- centric circles and the radiating lines. 97. This is a heart-cam, similar to 96, ex- cept that it is grooved. 98. Irregular vibrating motion is produced by the rotation of the circular disk, in which is fixed a crank-pin working in an endless groove cut in the vibrating arm. 99. Spiral guide attached to the face of a disk ; used for the feed-motion of a drilling machine. 100. Quick return crank motion, applicable to shaping machines. 10 1. Rectilinear motion of horizontal bar, by means of vibrating slotted bar hung from the top. 30 Mechanical Movements. 702 105 (k c:-:^ ?S\ ==^ 108 103 ^ \ 106 109 104 107 no i Mechanical Movements. 31 102. Common screw bolt and nut ; rec- tilinear motion obtained from circular mo- tion. 103. Rectilinear motion of slide produced by the rotation of screw. 104. In this, rotary motion is imparted to the wheel by the rotation of the screw, or rectilinear motion of the sHde by the rota- tion of the wheel. Used in screw-cutting and slide-lathes. 105. Screw stamping-press. Rectilinear motion from circular motion. 106 and 107. Uniform reciprocating rec- tilinear motion, produced by rotary motion of grooved cams. 108. Uniform reciprocating rectilinear mo- tion from uniform rotary motion of a cylin- der, in which are cut reverse threads or grooves, which necessarily intersect twice in every revolution. A point inserted in the groove will traverse the cylinder from end to end. 109. The rotation of the screw at the left- hand side produces a uniform rectihnear movement of a cutter which cuts another screw thread. The pitch of the screw to be cut may be varied by changing the sizes of the wheels at the end of the frame. no. Uniform circular into uniform recti- linear motion ; used in spooling-frames for leading or guiding the thread on to the spools. The roller is divided into two parts, each having a fine screw thread cut upon it, one a right and the other a left hand screw. The spindle parallel with the roller has arms . which carry two half-nuts, fitted to the screws, one over and the other under the roller. When one half-nut !s in, the other is out of gear. By pressing the lever to the right or left, the rod is made to traverse in either direction. 32 Mechanical Movements. //; iu 116 112 f V lis hjTjuu^jijT^yv^rLrirJ"J~^ ^^ //.f 118 Mechanical Movements. 33 111. Micrometer screw. Great power can be obtained by this device. The threads are made of different pitch and run in differ- ent directions, consequently a die or nut fitted to the inner and smaller screw would traverse only the length of the difference be- tween the pitches for every revolution of the outside hollow screw in a nut. 112. Persian drill. The stock of the drill has a very quick thread cut upon it and re- volves freely, supported by the head at the top, which rests against the body. The but- ton or nut shown on the middle of the screw is held firm in the hand, and pulled quickly up and down the stock, thus causing it to revolve to the right and left alternately. 113. Circular into rectihnear motion, or vice versa, by means of rack and pinion. 114. Uniform circular motion into reci- procating rectilinear motion, by means of mutilated pinion, which drives alternately the top and bottom rack. 1 1 5. Rotary motion of the toothed wheels produces rectihnear motion of the double rack and gives equal force and velocity to each side, both wheels being of equal size. 116. A substitute for the crank. Recip- rocating rectilinear motion of the frame car- rying the double rack produces a uniform rotary motion of the pinion-shaft. A sepa- rate pinion is used for each rack, the two racks being in different planes. Both pinions are loose on the shaft. A ratchet-wheel is fast on the shaft outside of each pinion, and a pawl attached to the pinion to engage in it, one ratchet-wheel having its teeth set in one direction and the other having its teeth set in the opposite direction. When the racks move one way, one pinion turns the shaft by means of its pawl and ratchet ; and when the racks move the opposite way, the other pinion acts in the same way, one pinion always turning loosely on the shaft 117. A cam acting between two friction- rollers in a yoke. Has been used to give the movement to the valve of a steam en- gine. 118. A mode of doubling the length of stroke of a piston-rod, or the throw of a crank. A pinion revolving on a spindle at- tached to the connecting-rod or pitman is in gear with a fixed rack. Another rack carried by a guide-rod above, and in gear with the opposite side of the pinion, is free to tra- verse backward and forward. Now, as the connecting-rod communicates to the pinion the full length of stroke, it would cause the top rack to traverse the same distance, if the bottom rack was alike movable ; but as the latter is fixed, the pinion is made to rotate, and consequently the top rack travels double the distance. 34 Mechanical Movements. ^^^ Mechanical Movements. 35 119. Reciprocating rectilinear motion of the bar carrying the oblong endless rack, produced by the uniform rotary motion of the pinion working alternately above and below the rack. The shaft of the pinion moves up and down in, and is guided by, the slotted bar. 120. Each jaw is attached to one of the two segments, one of which has teeth out- ride and the other teeth inside. On turning the shaft carrying the two pinions, one of which gears with one and the other with the other segment, the jaws are brought to- gether with great force. 121. Alternating rectihnear motion of the rod attached to the disk-wheel produces an intermittent rotary motion of the cog-wheel by means of the click attached to the disk- wheel. This motion, which is reversible by throwing over the click, is used for the feed of planing machines and other tools. 122. The rotation of the two spur-gears, with crank-wrists attached, produces a va- riable alternating traverse of the horizontal bar. 123. Intended as a substitute for the crank. Reciprocating rectilinear motion of the double rack gives a continuous rotary motion to the center gear. The teeth on the rack act upon those of the two semi-cir- cular toothed sectors, and the spur-gears at- tached to the sectors operate upon the cen- ter gear. The two stops on the rack shown by dotted lines are caught by the curved piece on the center gear, and lead the toothed sectors alternately into gear with the double rack. T24. Fiddle drill. Reciprocating recti- hnear motion of the bow, the string of which passes around the pulley on the spin- dle carrying the drill, producing alternating rotary motion of the drill. 125. A modification of the motion shown in 122, but of a more complex character. 126. A bell- crank lever, used for changing the direction of any force. 127. Motion used in air-pumps. On vi- brating the lever fixed on the same shaft with the spur-gear, reciprocating rectihnear motion is imparted to the racks on each side, which are attached to the pistons of two pumps, one rack always ascending while the other is descending. 36 ' Mechanical Movements. ^,,^,/.f;f. j>^j^jJ>,,7^,'^>^- ^^>^yr/'.rw///^ Mechanical Movements. 37 128. A continuous rotary motion of the shaft carrying the three wipers produces a reciprocating rectiUnear motion of the rec- tangular frame. The shaft must revolve in the direction of the arrow for the parts to be in the position represented. 129. Chinese windlass. This embraces the same principles as the micrometer screw III. The movement of the pulley in every revolution of the windlass is equal to half the difference between the larger and smaller circumferences of the windlass bar- rel. 130. Shears for cutting iron plates, etc. The jaws are opened by the weight of the long arm of the upper one, and closed by the rotation of the cam. 131. On rotating the disk carrying the crank-pin working in the slotted arm, reci- procating rectilinear motion is imparted to the rack at the bottom by the vibration of the toothed sector. 132. This is a motion which has been used in presses to produce the necessary pressure upon the platen. Horizontal mo- tion is given to the arm of the lever which turns the upper disk. Between the top and bottom disks are two bars which enter holes in the disks. These bars are in ob- lique positions, as shown in the drawing, when the press is not in operation ; but when the top disk is made to rotate, the bars move toward perpendicular positions and force the lower disk down. The top disk must be firmly secured in a stationary position, except as to its revolution. 133. A simple press motion is given through the hand-crank on the pinion-shaft ; the pinion communicating motion to the toothed sector, which acts upon the platen, by means of the rod which connects it there- with. 134. Uniform circular motion into recti- linear by means of a rope or band, which is wound once or more times around the drum. 135. Modification of the triangular eccen- tric 9?, used on the steam engine in the Paris Mint. The circular disk behind car- ries the triangular tappet, which communi- cates an alternate rectilinear motion to the valve-rod. The valve is at rest at the com- pletion of each stroke for an instant, and is pushed quickly across the steam-ports to the end of the next. 136. A cam-wheel — of which a side view is shown — has its rim formed into teeth, or made of any profile form desired. The rod to the right is made to press constantly against the teeth or edge of the rim. On turning the wheel, alternate rectilinear mo- tion is communicated to the rod. The char- acter of this motion may be varied by alter- ing the shape of the teeth or profile of the edge of the rim of the wheel. 38 Mechanical Movements. :^^^^m^M^^^^MmmMmy///// Mechanical Movements. 39 137. Expansion eccentric used in France to work the slide-valve of a steam engine. The eccentric is fixed on the crank-shaft, and communicates motion to the forked vi- brating arm to the bottom of which the valve-rod is attached. 138. On turning the cam at the bottom a | variable alternating rectilinear motion is im- | parted to the rod resting on it. 139. The internal rack, carried by the rectangular frame, is free to shde up and down within it for a certain distance, so that the pinion can gear with either side of the rack. Continuous circular motion of the pinion is made to produce reciprocating rectihnear motion of rectangular frame. 140. The toggle-joint arranged for a punching machine. Lever at the right is made to operate upon the joint of the toggle by means of the horizontal connecting-lmk. 141. Endless-band saw. Continuous ro- tary motion of the pulleys is made to pro- duce continuous rectilinear motion of the straight parts of the saw. 142. Movement used for varying the length of the traversing guide-bar which, in silk machinery, guides the silk on to spools or bobbins. The spur-gear, turning freely on its center, is carried round by the larger circular disk, which turns on a fixed central stud, which has a pinion fast on its end. Upon the spur-gear is bolted a small crank, to which is jointed a connecting-rod attached to traversing guide-bar. On turning the disk, the spur-gear is made to rotate partly upon its center by means of the fixed pinion, and consequently brings crank nearer to center of disk. If the rotation of disk was continued, the spur-gear would make an en- tire revolution. During half a revolution the traverse would have been shortened a certain amount at every revolution of disk, according to the size of spur-gear ; and dur- ing the other half it would have gradually lengthened in the same ratio. 143. Circular motion into alternate rec- tilinear motion. Motion is transmitted through pulley at the left upon the worm- shaft. Worm slides upon shaft, but is made to turn with it by means of a groove cut in shaft, and a key in hub of worm. Worm is carried by a small traversing-frame, which shdes upon a horizontal bar of the fixed frame, and the traversing-frame also carries the toothed wheel into which the worm gears. One end of a connecting-rod is attached to fixed frame at the right and the other end to a v/rist secured in toothed wheel. On turning worm-shaft, rotary motion is trans- mitted by worm to wheel, which, as it re- volves, is forced by connecting-rod to make an alternating traverse motion. 144. A system of crossed levers, termed " Lazy Tongs." A short alternating recti- linear motion of rod at the right will give a similar but much greater motion to rod at the left. It is frequently used in children's toys. It has been applied in France to a machine for raising sunken vessels ; also applied to ships' pumps, three-quarters of a century ago. 145. Reciprocating curvilinear motion of the beam gives a continuous rotary motion to the crank and fly-wheel. The small standard at the left, to which is attached one end of the lever with which the beam is con- nected by the connecting-rod, has a horizon- tal reciprocating rectilinear movement. 40 Mechanical Movements. ■^^mmm^^^mmmmw Mechanical Movements. 41 146. Continuous rotary motion of the disk produces reciprocating rectilinear motion of the yoke-bar, by means of the wrist or crank- pin on the disk working in the groove of the yoke. The groove may be so shaped as to obtain a uniform reciprocating rectihnear motion. 147. Steam engine governor. The oper- ation is as follows : — On engine starting the spindle revolves and carries round the cross-head to which fans are attached, and on which are also fitted two friction-rollers which bear on two circular inclined planes attached securely to the center shaft, the cross-head being loose on the shaft. The cross-head is made heavy, or has a ball or other weight attached, and is driven by the circular incHned planes. As the speed of the center shaft increases, the resistance of the air to the wings tends to retard the rota- tion of the cross-head ; the friction-rollers therefore run up the incHned planes and raise the cross-head, to the upper part of which is connected a lever operating upon the regulating- valve of the engine. 148. Continuous circular motion of the spur-gears produces alternate circular mo- tion of the crank attached to the larger gear. 149. Uniform circular converted, by the cams acting upon the levers, into alternating rectilinear motions of the attached rods. 150. A valve motion for working steam expansively. The series of cams of varying throw are movable lengthwise of the shaft so that either may be made to act upon the lever to which the valve-rod is connected. A greater or less movement of the valve is produced, according as a cam of greater or less throw is opposite the lever. 151. Continuous circular into continuous but much slower rectihnear motion. The worm on the upper shaft, acting on the toothed wheel on the screw-shaft, causes the right and left hand screw-threads to move the nuts upon them toward or from each other according to the direction of rotation. 152. An ellipsograph. The traverse bar (shown in an oblique position) carries two studs which slide in the grooves of the cross- piece. By turning the traverse bar an at- tached pencil is made to describe an ellipse by the rectilinear movement of the studs in the grooves. 153. Circular motion into alternating rec- tilinear motion. The studs on the rotating disk strike the projection on the under side of the horizontal bar, moving it one direc- tion. The return motion is given by means of the bell-crank or elbow-lever, one arm of which is operated upon by the next stud, and the other strikes the stud on the front of the horizontal bar. 1 54. Circular motion into alternating rec- tilinear motion, by the action of the studs on the rotary disk upon one end of the bell- crank, the other end of which has attached to it a weighted cord passing over a pulley. 42 Mechanical Movements. 156 157 158 wmwmwwmmmm 160 162 J63 1 N r-L^ P"j 1 H L , Mechanical Movements. 43 155. Reciprocating rectilinear motion into intermittent circular motion by means of the pawl attached to the elbow-lever, and operating in the toothed wheel. Motion is given to the wheel in either direction accord- ing to the side on which the pawl works. This is used in giving the feed-motion to planing machines and other tools. 156. Circular motion into variable alter- nating rectilinear motion, by the wrist or crank-pin on the rotating disk working in the slot of the bell-crank or elbow-lever. 157. A modification of the movement last described ; a connecting-rod being substi- tuted for the slot in the bell-crank. 158. Reciprocating curvihnear motion of the treadle gives a circular motion to the disk. A crank may be substituted for the disk. 1 59. A modification of 1 58, a cord and pul- ley being substituted for the connecting rod. 160. Alternating curvihnear motion into alternating circular. When the treadle has been depressed, the spring at the top ele- vates it for the next stroke ; the connecting band passes once round the pulley, to which it gives motion. 161. Centrifugal governor for steam en- gines. The central spindle and attached arms and balls are driven from the engine by the bevel-gears at the top, and the balls fly out from the center by centrifugal force. If the speed of the engine increases, the balls fly out further from the center, and so raise the sHde at the bottom and thereby reduce the opening of the regulating-valve which is connected with said slide. A diminution of speed produces an opposite effect. 162. Water-wheel governor acting on the same principle as 161, but by different means. The governor is driven by the top horizontal shaft and bevel-gears, and the lower gears control the rise and fall of the shuttle or gate over or through which the water flows to the wheel. The action is as follows : — The two bevel-gears on the lower part of the center spindle, which are fur- nished with studs, are fitted loosely to the said spindle and remain at rest so long as the governor has a proper velocity ; but im- mediately that the velocity increases, the balls, flying further out, draw up the pin which is attached to a loose sleeve which sHdes up and down the spindle, and this pin, coming in contact with the stud on the upper bevel gear, causes that gear to rotate with the spindle and to give motion to the lower horizontal shaft in such a direction as to make it raise the shutde or gate, and so reduce the quan tity of water passing to the wheel. On the contrary, if the speed of the governor decreases below that required, the pin falls and gives motion to the lower be- vel-gear, which drives the horizontal shaft in the opposite direction and produces a con- i trary effect. | 163. Another arrangement for a water- wheel governor. In this the governor con- trols the shuttle or gate by means of the cranked lever, which acts on the strap or belt in the following manner : — The belt runs on one of three pulleys, the middle one of which is loose on the governor spindle and the upper and lower ones fast. When the governor is running at the proper speed the belt is on the loose pulley, as shown ; but when the speed increases the belt is thrown on the lower pulley, and thereby caused to act upon suitable gearing for raising the gate or shuttle and decreasing the supply of wa- ter. A reduction of the speed of the gover- nor brings the belt on the upper pulley, which acts upon gearing for producing an opposite effect on the shuttle or gate. 44 Mechanical Movements. ^^^^^^^^^ 166 16 7 J69 168 170 171 Mechanical Movements. 45 164. A knee-lever, differing slightly from the toggle-joint shown in 40. It is often used for presses and stamps, as a great force can be obtained by it. The action is by raising or lowering the horizontal lever. 165. Circular into rect'j near motion. The waved-wheel or cam on the upright shaft communicates a rectihnear motion to the upright bar through the oscillating rod. 166. The rotation of the disk carrying the crank pin gives a to-and-fro motion to the connecting-rod, and the slot allows the rod to remain at rest at the termination of each stroke ; it has been used in a brick-press, in which the connecting-rod draws a mold backward and forward, and permits it to rest at the termination of each stroke, that the clay may be deposited in it and the brick extracted. 167. A drum or cylinder having an endless spiral groove extending all around it ; one half of the groove having its pitch in one, and the other half its pitch in the opposite direction. A stud on a reciprocating recti- linearly moving rod works in the groove, and so converts reciprocating into rotary motion. This has been used as a substitute for the crank in a steam engine. 168. The slotted crank at the left hand of the figure is on the main shaft of an engine, and the pitman which connects it with the reciprocating moving power is furnished with a pin which works in the slot of the crank. Intermediate between the first crank and the moving power is a shaft carrying a second crank, of an invariable radius, con- nected with the same pitman. While the first crank moves in a circular orbit, the pin at the end of the pitman is compelled to move in an elliptical orbit, thereby increas- ing the leverage of the main crank at those points which are most favorable for the transmission of power. 169. A modification of 168, in which a link is used to connect the pitman with the main crank, thereby dispensing with the slot in the said crank. 170. Another form of steam engine gov- ernor. Instead of the arms being connected with a slide working on a spindle, they cross each other and are elongated upward beyond the top thereof and connected with the valve- rod by two short links. 171. Valve motion and reversing gear used in oscillating marine engines. The two eccentric rods give an oscillating mo- tion to the slotted link which works the curved slide over the trunnion. Within the slot in the curved sHde is a pin attached to the arm of a rock-shaft which gives motion to the valve. The curve of the slot in the sHde is an arc of a circle described from the center of the trunnion, and as it moves with the cyhnder it does n6t interfere with the stroke of the valve. The two eccentrics and hnk are like those of the link motion I used in locomotives. 46 Mechanical Movements. Mechanical Movements. 47 172. A mode of obtaining an egg-shaped elliptical movement. 173. A movement used in silk machinery for the same pm'pose a^ that described in 142. On the back of a disk or bevel-gear is secured a screw with a tappet-wheel at one extremity. On each revolution of the disk the tappet-wheel comes in contact with a pin or tappet, and thus receives an in- termittent rotary movement. A wrist secured to a nut on the screw enters and works in a slotted bar at the end of the rod which guides the. silk on the bobbins. Each revo- lution of the disk varies the length of stroke of the guide-rod, as the tappet-wheel on the end of the screw turns the screw with it, and the position of the nut on the screw is therefore changed. 174. Carpenters' bench-clamp. By push- ing the clamp between the jaws they are made to turn on the screws and clamp the sides 175. A means of giving one complete re- volution to the crank of an engine to each stroke of the piston. 176 and 177. Contrivance for uncoupling engines. The wrist which is fixed on one arm of the crank (not shown) will communi- cate motion to the arm of the crank which is represented, when the ring on the lat- ter has its slot in the position shown in 176. But when the ring is turned to bring the slot in the position shown in 177, the wrist passes through the slot without turning the crank to which said ring is at- tached. 178. Contrivance for varying the speed of the slide carrying the cutting tool in slotting and shaping machines, etc. The driving- shaft works through an opening in a fixed disk, in which is a circular slot. At the end of the said shaft is a slotted crank. A slide fits in the slot of the crank and in the circu- lar slot ; and to the outward extremity of this slide is attached the connecting-rod which works the slide carrying the cutting tool. When the driving-shaft rotates the crank is carried round, and the slide carry- ing the end of the connecting-rod is guided by the circular slot, which is placed eccen- trically to the shaft ; therefore, as the slide approaches the bottom, the length of the crank is shortened and the speed of the con- necting-rod is diminished. 179. Reversing-gear for a single engine. On raising the eccentric-rod the valve-spin- dle is released. The engine can then be re- versed by working the upright lever, after which the eccentric-rod is let down again. The eccentric in this case is loose upon the shaft and driven by a projection on the shaft acting upon a nearly semi-circular projection on the side of the eccentric, which permits the eccentric to turn half-way round on the shaft on reversing the valves. 180. This only differs from 174 in be- ing composed of a single pivoted clamp operating in connection with a fixed side- piece. 48 Mechanical Movements. Mechanical Movements. 49 i8i and 182. Diagonal catch or hand-gear used in large blowing and pumping engines. In 181 the lower steam- valve and upper eduction-valve are open, while the upper steam-valve and lower eduction-valve are shut; consequently the piston will be as- cending. In the ascent of the piston-rod the lower handle will be struck by the pro- jecting tappet, and, being raised, will be- come engaged by the catch and shut the upper eduction and lower steam valves ; at the same time, the upper handle being dis- engaged from the catch, the back weight will pull the handle up and open the upper steam and lower eduction valves, when the pis- ton will consequently descend. 182 repre- sents the position of the catchers and han- dles when the piston is at the top of the cyHnder. In going down, the tappet of the piston-rod strikes the upper handle and throws the catches and handles to the po- sition, shown in 181. 183 and 184 represent a modification of 181 and 182, the diagonal catches being su- perseded4>y two quadrants. 185. Link-motion valve-gear of a locomo- tive. Two eccentrics are used for one valve, one for the forward and the other for the backward movement of the engine. The extremities of the eccentric-rods are jointed to a curved slotted bar, or, as it is termed, a link^ which can be raised or lowered by an arrangement of levers terminating in a han- dle as shown. In the slot of the link is a sHde and pin connected with an arrangement of levers terminating at the valve-stem. The link, in moving with the action of the eccen- trics, carries with it the shde, and thence motion is communicated to the valve. Sup- pose the Hnk raised so that the shde is in the middle, then the Hnk will oscillate on the pin of the slide, and consequently the valve will be at rest. If the link is moved so that the slide is at one of its extremities, the whole throw of the eccentric"^ connected with that extremity will be given to it, and the valve and steam-ports will be opened to the full, and it will only be toward the end of the stroke that they will be totally shut, consequently the steam will have been ad- mitted to the cyhnder during almost the en- tire length of each stroke. But if the slide is between the middle and the extremity of the slot, as shown in the figure, it receives only a part of the throw of the eccentric, and the steam-ports will only be partially opened, and are quickly closed again, so that the admission of steam ceases some time before the termination of the stroke, and the steam is worked expansivelyc The nearer the shde is to the middle of the slot the greater will be the expansion, and vice versa. 186. Apparatus for disengaging the eccen- tric-rod from the valve-gear. By pulling up the spring handle below until it catches in the notch, a^ the pin is disengaged from the gab in the eccentric-rod. 187 and 188. Modifications of 186. so Mechanical Movements. 189 @^ 190 191 192 194 (AT 196 197 Mechanical Movements. 51 189. Another modification of 186. 190. A screw-clamp. On turning the handle the screw thrusts upward against the holder, which, operating as a lever, holds down the piece of wood or other material placed under it on the other side of its ful- crum. 191. Scroll-gears for obtaining a gradually increasing speed. 192. A variety of what is known as the "mangle-wheel." One variety of this was illustrated by 36. In this one the speed varies in every part of a revolution, the groove, b, d^ in which the pinion-shaft is guided, as well as the series of teeth, being eccentric to the axis of the wheel. 193. Another kind of mangle- wheel with its pinion. With this as well as with that in the preceding figure, although the pinion continues to revolve in one direction, the mangle-wheel will make almost an entire re- volution in one direction and the same in an opposite direction ; but the revolution of the wheel in one direction will be slower than that in the other, owing to the greater radius of the outer circle of teeth. 194. Another mangle-wheel. In this the speed is equal in both directions of motion, only one circle of teeth being provided on the wheel. With all of these mangle-wheels the pinion-shaft is guided and the pinion kept in gear by a groove in the wheel. The said shaft is made with a universal joint, which allows a portion of it to have the vi- bratory motion necessary to keep the pinion in gear. 195. A mode of driving a pair of feed- rolls, the opposite surfaces of which require to move in the same direction. The two wheels are precisely similar, and both gear i into the endless screw which is arranged be- I tween them. Th^ teeth of one wheel only I are visible, those of the other being on the j back or side which is concealed from view. I i 196. The pinion, B, rotates about a fixed axis and gives an irregular vibratory motion to the arm carrying the wheel, A. 197. What is called a ^^mangle-rack." A continuous rotation of the pinion will give a reciprocating motion to the square frame. The pinion-shaft must be free to rise and fall, to pass round the guides at the ends of the rack. This motion may be modified as follows : — If the square frame be fixed, and the pinion be fixed upon a shaft made with a universal joint, the end of the shaft will describe a line, similar to that shown in the drawing, around the rack. 52 Mechanical Movements. ]98 Q Q T^r- 0- 199 G) G) - .0 ^02 kjs^^*^^^^^ 200 203 206 Mechanical Movements. 53 198. A modification of 197. In this the pinion revolves, but does not rise and fall as in the former figure. The portion of the frame carrying the rack is jointed to the main portion of the frame by rods, so that when the pinion arrives, at the end -it lifts the rack by its own movement, and follows on the other side. 199. Another form of mangle-rack. The lantern-pinion revolves continuously in one direction, and gives reciprocating motion to the square frame, which is guided by rollers or grooves. The pinion has only teeth in less than half of its circumference, so that while it engages one side of the rack, the toothless half is directed against the other. The large tooth at the commencement of each rack is made to insure the teeth of the pinion being properly in gear. 200. A mode of obtaining two different speeds on the same shaft from one driving- wheel. , ., 201. A continual rotation of the pinion (obtained through the irregular shaped gear at the left) gives a variable vibrating move- ment to the horizontal arm, and a variable reciprocating movement to the rod, A. 202. Worm or endless screw and worm- wheel. Modification of 30, used when steadiness or great power is required. 203. A regular vibrating movement of the curved slotted arm gives a variable vibration to the straight arm. 204. An illustration of the transmission of rotary motion from one shaft to another, ar- ranged obHquely to it, by means of rolling contact. 205. Represents a wheel driven by a pin- ion of two teeth. The pinion consists in re- ahty of two cams, which gear with two dis- tinct series of teeth on opposite sides of the wheel, the teeth of one series alternating in position with those of the other. 206., A continuous circular movement of the ratchet-wheel, produced by the vibration of the lever carrying two pawls, one of which engages the ratchet-teeth in rising and the other in falling. 54 Mechanical Movements. Mechanical Movements. 55 207. A modification of 195 by means of two worms and worm-wheels. 208. A pin-wheel and slotted pinion, by which three changes of speed can be ob- tained. There are three circles of pins of equal distance on the face of the pin-wheel, and by shifting the slotted pinion along its shaft, to bring it in contact with one or the other of the circles of pins, a continuous ro- tary motion of the wheel is made to produce three changes of speed of the pinion, or vice versa. 209. Represents a mode of obtaining mo- tion from rolling contact. The teeth are for making the motion continuous, or it would cease at the point of contact shown in the figure. The forked catch is to guide the teeth into proper contact. 210. By turning the shaft carrying the curved slotted arm, a rectilinear motion of variable velocity is given to the vertical bar. 211. A continuous rotary motion of the large wheel gives an intermittent rotary mo- tion to the pinion-shaft. The part of the pinion shown next the wheel is cut of the same curve as the plain portion of the cir- cumference of the wheel, and therefore serves as a lock while the wheel makes a part of a revolution, and until the pin upon the wheel strikes the guide-piece upon the pinion, when the pinion-shaft commences another revolution. 212. What is called the "Geneva-stop, used in Swiss watches to Hmit the numbei of revolutions in winding-up ; the convex curved part, a^ b^ of the wheel, B, serving as the stop. 213. Another kind of stop for the same purpose. 214 and 215. Other modifications of the stop, the operations of which will be easily understood by a comparison with 212. 56 Mechanical Movements. 218 219 221 222 223 f^X/Vi 22^ ■Mechanical Movements. 57 2 1 6. The external and internal mutilated cog-wheels work alternately into the pinion, and give slow forward and quick reverse motion. 217 and 218. These are parts of the sam.e movement, which has been used for orivino: the roller motion in wool-combing machines. The roller to which wheel, F (218), is secured is required to make one third a revolution backward, then two thirds of a revolution forward, when it must stop until another length of combed fiber is ready for delivery. This is accomplished by the grooved heart- cam, C, D, B, ^ (217), the stud, A, working in the said groove ; from C to D it moves the roller backward, and from D to e it moves it forward, the motion being trans- mitted through the catch, G, to the notch- whee], F, on the roller-shaft, H. When the stud, A, arrives at the point, e, in the cam, a projection at the back of the wheel which carries the cam strikes the projecting piece on the catch, G, and raises it out of the notch in the wheel, F, so that, while the stud is travehng in the cam from e to C, the catch is passing over the plain surface be- tw^€^i-t4qe two notches in the wheel,. F,_with- out imparting any motion ; but when stud, A, arrives at the part, C, the catch has dropped in another notch, and is again ready to move wheel, F, and roller as required. 219. Variable circular motion by crown- wheel and pinion. The crown-wheel is placed eccentrically to the shaft, therefore the relative radius changes. 220. The two crank-shafts are parallel in direction, but not in line with each other. The revolution of either will communicate motion to the other with a varying velocity, for the wrist of one crank working in the slot of the other is continually changing its distance from the shaft of the latter. 221. Irregular circular motion imparted to wheel, A. C is an elliptical spur-gear rotat- ing round center, D, and is the driver. B is a small pinion with teeth of the same pitch, gearing with C. The center of this pinion is not fixed, but is carried by an arm or frame which vibrates on a center. A, so that as C revolves the frame rises- and falls to enable pinion to remain in gear with it, not- withstanding the variation in its radius of contact. To keep the teeth of C and B in gear to a proper depth, and prevent them trom riding over each other,-wheel, C, has attached to it a plate which extends beyond it and is furnished with a groove, g^ h, of similar elHptical form, for the reception of a pin or small roller attached to the vibrating arm concentric with pinion, B. 222. If for the eccentric wheel described in the last figure an ordinary spur-gear mov- ing'on an eccentric center of motion be sub- stituted, a simple hnk connecting the center of the wheel with that of the pinion with which it gears will maintain proper pitching of teeth in a more- s^imple-4na4uier Jtiian the groove. 223. An arrangement for obtaining vari- able circular motion. The sectors^ are ar- ranged on different planes, and the relative velocity changes according to the respective diameters of the sectors. 224. This represents an expanding pulley. On turning pinion, d^ to the right or left, a similar motion is imparted to wheel, c, which, by means of curved slots cut therein, thrusts the studs fastened to arms of pulley outward or inward, thus augmenting or diminishing the size of the pulley. 58 Mechanical Movements. 225 226 fMsnnzM = F 227 22S 231 229 230 232 r^ 223 Mechanical Movements. 59 225. Intermittent circular motion of the ratchet-wheel from vibratory motion of the arm carrying a pawl. 226. This movement is designed to double the speed by gears of equal diameters and numbers of teeth — a result once generally supposed to be impossible. Six bevel-gears are employed. The gear on the shaft, B, is in gear with two others — one on the shaft, F, and the other on the same hollow shaft with C, which turns loosely on F. The gear, D, is carried by the frame, A, which, being fast on the shaft, F, is made to rotate, and therefore takes round D with it. E is loose on the shaft, F, and gears with D. Now, sup- pose the two gears on the hollow shaft, C, were removed and D. pre vented from turning on its axis ; one revolution given to the gear on B would cause the frame. A, also to re- ceive one revolution, and as this frame car- ries with it the gear, D, gearing with E, one revolution wou^id be imparted to E ; but if the gears on the hollow shaft, C, were re- placed, D would receive also a revolution on its axis during the one revolution of B, and thus would produce two revolutions of E. 227. Represents a chain and chain pulley. The Hnks being in different planes, spaces are left between them for the teeth of the pulley to enter. 228. Another kind of chain and pulley. 229. Another variety. 230. Circular motion into ditto. The con- necting-rods are so arranged that when one pair of connected links is over the dead point, or at the extremity of its stroke, the other is at right angles ; continuous motion is thus insured without a fly-wheel. 231. Drag-hnk motion. Circular motion is transmitted from one crank to the other. 232. Intermittent circular motion is im- parted to the toothed wheel by vibrating the arm, B. When the arm, B, is lifted, the pawl, C, is raised from between the teeth of the wheel, and, traveling backward over the circumference, again drops between two teeth on lowering the arm, and draws with it the wheel. 233. Shows two different kinds of stops for a lantern-wheel. 6o Mechanical Movements. 234 235 236 237 239 240 241 242 Mechanical Movements. 6i 234. Represents a verge escapement. On oscillating the spindle, S, the crown-wheel has an intermittent rotary motion. 235. The oscillation of the tappet-arm pro- duces an intermittent rotary motion of the ratchet-wheel. The small spring at the bot- tom of the tappet-arm keeps the tappet in the -position shown in the drawing as the arm rises, yet allows it to pass the teeth on the return motion. 236. A nearly continuous circular motion is imparted to the ratchet-wheel on vibrating the lever, a^ to which are attached the two pawls', d and c. wheel, and C and B the pallets, A is the axis of the pallets. 239. An arrangement of stops for a spur- gear. 237. A reciprocating circular motion of the top arm makes its attached pawl pro- a u i j • ^ 1 • 4-- ^ It- 242. A brake used m cranes and hoistmg duce an intermittent circular motion of the 1 . ^ w a ^u a c ^\ machmes. By pullmg down the end of the crown-ratchet or rag-wheel. ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ brake-strap are drawn j toward each other, and the strap tightened 238. An escapement. D is the escape- 1 on the brake-wheel. 240. Represents vane ties of slops for a ratchet-wheel. 241. Intermittent circular motion is im- parted to the wheel, A, by the continuous circular motion of the smaller wheel with one tooth. 62 Mechanical Movements. Mechanical Movements. 63 243. Represents a mode of transmitting power from a horizontal shaft to tv/o vertical ones by means of pulleys and a band. 244. A dynamometer, or instrument used for ascertaining the amount of useful effect given out by any motive-power. It is used as follows : — A is a smoothly-turned pulley, secured on a shaft as near as possible to the motive-power. Two blocks of wood are fit- ted to this pulley, or one block of wood and a series of straps fastened to a band or chain, as in the drawing, instead of a com- mon block. The blocks or block and straps are so arranged that they may be made to bite or press upon the pulley by means of the screws and nuts on the top of the lever, D. To estimate the amount of power trans- mitted through the shaft, it is only necessary to ascertain the amount of friction of the drum, A, when it is in motion, and the num- ber of revolutions made. At the end of the lever, D, is hung a scale, B, in which weights are placed. The two stops, C, C, are to maintain the Jjver as nearly as possible in a horizontal position. Now, suppose the shaft to be in motion, the screws are to be tight- ened and weights added in B, until the lever takes the position shown in the drawing at the required number of revolutions. There- fore the useful effect would be equal to the product of the weights multiplied by the ve- locity at which the point of suspensior. of the weights would revolve if the lever were at- tached to the shaft. 245. Bayonet joint. On turning the part, A, it is released from the L-shaped slot in the socket, B, when it can be withdrawn. 246. Represents a pantograph for copying, enlarging, and reducing plans, etc. One arm is attached to and turns on the fixed point, C. B is an ivory tracing-point, and A the pencil. Arranged as shown, if we trace the hues of a plan with the point, B, I the pencil will reproduce it double the size. I By shifting the slide attached to the fixed j point, C, and the slide carrying the pencil I along their respective arms, the proportion ' to which the plan is traced will be varied. 247. A mode of releasing a sounding- I weight. When the piece projecting from I the bottom of the rod strikes the bottom of the sea, it is forced upward relatively to the rod, and withdraws thejcatch from under the weight, which drops off and allows the rod to ! be lifted without it. 248. Union coupling. A is a pipe with a small flange abutting against the pipe, C, with a screwed end ; B a nut which holds them together. 249. Ball-and-socket joint, arranged for tubing. 250. Anti-friction bearing. Instead of a shaft revolving in an ordinary bearing it is sometimes supported on the circumference I of wheels. The friction is thus reduced to I the least amount. 251. Releasing-hook, used in pile-driving machines. When the weight, W, is suffi- ciently raised, the upper ends of the hooks, A, by which it is suspended, are pressed in- ward by the sides of the slot, B, in the top of the frame ; the weight is thus suddenly released, and falls with accumulating force on to the pile-head. 64 Mechanical Movements, 254 ^ Mechanical Movements. 65 252. A and B are two rollers which require to be equally moved to and fro in the slot, C This is accomphshed by moving the piece, D, with obhque slotted arms, up and down. 253. Centrifugal check-hooks, for prevent- ing accidents in case of the breakage of ma- chinery which raises and lowers workmen, ores, etc., in mines. A is a frame-work fixed to the side of the shaft of the mine, and having fixed studs, D, attached. The drum on which the rope is wound is provided with a flange, B, to which the check-hooks are attached. If the drum acquires a dangerous- ly rapid motion, the hooks fly out by centri- fugal force, and one or other or all of them catch hold of the studs, D, and arrest the drum and stop the descent of whatever is attached to the rope. The drum ought be- sides this to have a spring applied to it, otherwise the jerk arising from the sudden stoppage of the rope might produce worse eifects than its rapid motion. 254. A sprocket-wheel to drive or to be driven by a chain. 255. A flanged pulley to drive or be.driven by a flat belt. 256. A plain pulley for a flat belt, 257. A concave-grooved pulley for a round band. 258. A smooth-surface V-grooved pulley for a round band. 259. A V-grooved pulley having its groove notched to increase the adhesion of the band. 260. A diiferential movement. The screw, C, works in a niit secured to the hub of the wheel, E, the nut being free to turn in a bearing in the shorter standard, but prevent- ed by the bearing from any lateral motion. The screw-shaft is secured in the wheel, D. The driving- shaft. A, carries two pinions, F and B. If these pinions were of such size as to turn the two wheels, D and E, with an equal velocity, the screw would re- main at rest ; but the said wheels being driven at unequal velocities, the screw tra- vels accordinor to the difference of velocity. 66 Mechanical Movements. Mechanical Movements. 67 261. A combination movement, in which the weight, W, moves vertically with a reciprocating movement ; the down-stroke being shorter than the up-stroke. B is a revolving disk, carrying a drum which winds round itself the cord, D. An arm, C, is jointed to the disk and to the upper arm, A, so that when the disk revolves the arm, A, moves up and down, vibrating on the point, G. This arm carries with it the pulley, E. Suppose we detach the cord from the drum and tie it to a fixed point, and then move the arm. A, up and down, the weight, W, will move the same distance, and in addition the movement given to it by the cord, that is to say, the movement will be doubled. Now let us attach the cord to the drum and re- volve the disk, B, and the weight will move vertically with the reciprocating motion, in which the down-stroke will be shorter than the up-stroke, because the drum is continu- ally taking up the cord. 262 and 263. The first of these figures is an end view, and the second a side view, of an arrangement of mechanism for obtaining a series of changes of velocity and direction. D is a screw on which is placed eccentrically the cone, B, and C is a friction-roller which is pressed against the cone by a spring or weight. Continuous rotar]^ motion, at a uni- form velocity, of the screw, D, carrying the eccentric cone, gives a series of changes of velor'ty and direction to the roller, C. It will be understood that during every revolu- tion of the cone the roller would press against a different part of the cone, and that it would describe thereon a spiral of the same pitch as the screw, D. The roller,- C, would receive a reciprocating motion, the movement in one direction being shorter than that in the other. I 264. Two worm-wheels of equal diameter, I but one having one tooth more than the I other, both in gear with the same worm. I Suppose the first wheel has 100 teeth and I the second loi, one wheel will gain one re- I volution over the other during the passage i of 100 X loi teeth of either wheel across I the plane of centers, or during 10,100 revo- 1 lutions of the worm. 265. Variable motion. If the conical drum has a regular circular motion, and the fric- tion-roller is made to traverse lengthwise, a variable rotary motion of the friction-roller will be obtained. 266. The shaft has two screws of different pitches cut on it, one screwing into a fixed bearing, and the other into a bearing free to move to and fro. Rotary motion of the shaft gives rectihnear motion to the mova- ble bearing, a distance equal to the difference of pitches, at each revolution. 267. Friction pulley. When the rim turns in the opposite direction to the arrow, it gives motion to the shaft by means of the pivoted eccentric arms ; but when it turns in the direction of the arrow, the arms turn on their pivots and the shaft is at rest. The arms are held to the rim by springs. 268. Circular into reciprocating motion by means of a crank and oscillating rod. 269. Continued rectihnear movement of the frame with mutilated racks gives an alternate rotary motion to the spur-gear. 68 Mechanical Movements. Mechanical Movements. 69 270. Anti-friction bearing for a pulley. 271. On vibrating the lever to which the two pawls are attached, a nearly continuous rectilinear motion is given to the ratchet- bar. 272. Rotary motion of the beveled disk cam gives a reciprocating rectilinear motion to the rod bearing on its circumference. 273. Rectilinear into rectihnear motion. When the rods, A and B, are brought to- gether, the rods, C and D, are thrust further apart, and vice versa, 274. An engine-governor. The rise and fall of the balls, K, are guided by the para- bohc curved arms, B, on which the anti- friction wheels, L, run. The rods, F, con- necting the wheels, L, with the sleeve move it up and down the spindle, C, D. 275. Rotary motion of the worm gives a rectilinear motion to the rack. 276. Continuous rotary motion of the cam gives a reciprocating rectihnear motion to the bar. The cam is of equal diameter in every direction measured across its center. 277. Col. Colt's invention for obtaining the movement of the cylinder of a revolving fire-arm by the act of cocking the hammer. As the hammer is drawn back to cock it, the dog, a, attached to the tumbler, acts on the ratchet, d, on the back of the cylinder. The dog- is held up to the ratchet by a spring, c, 278. C. R. Otis^s safety-stop for the plat- form of a hoisting apparatus. A are the stationary uprights, and B is the upper part of the platform working between them. The rope, a, by which the platform is hoisted, is attached by a pin, d, and spring, c, and the pin is connected by two elbow levers with two pawls, d, which work in ratchets secured to the uprights, A. The weight of the plat- form and the tension of the rope keep the pawls out of gear from the ratchets in hoist- ing or lowering the platform, but in case of the breakage of rope the spring, c, presses down the pin, d, and the attached ends of the levers, and so presses the pawls into the ratchets and stops the descent of the plat- form. 70 Mechanical Movements. Mechanical Movements. 71 279. Crank and slotted cross-head, with Clayton's sHding journal-box appHed to the crank-wrist. This box consists of two ta- per Hning pieces and two taper gibs adjust- able by screws, which serve at the same time to tighten the box on the wrist and to set it out to the slot in the cross-head as the box and wrist wear. 280. A mode of working a windlass. By the alternating motion of the long hand- lever to the right, motion is communicated to the short lever, the end of which is in immediate contact with the rim of the wheel. The short lever has a very limited motion upon a pin, which is fixed in a block of cast-iron, which is made with two jaws, each having a flange projecting inward in contact with the inner surface of the rim of the wheel. By the upward motion of the outward end of the short lever, the rim of the wheel is jammed between the end of the lever and the flanges of the block, so as to cause friction sufficient to turn the wheel by the further upward movement of the lever. The backward movement of the wheel is prevented by a common ratchet-wheel and pawls ; as the short lever is pushed down it frees the wheel and slides freely over it. 281. The revolution of the disk causes the lever at the right to vibrate by the pin mov- ing in the groove in the face of the disk. 282. By the revolution of the disk in wltich is fixed a pin working in a slot in the upright bar which turns on a centei near the bottom, both ends of the bar are made to traverse, the toothed sector producing alternate recti- linear motion in the horizontal bar at the bottom, and also alternate perpendicular motion of the weight. 283. By a vibratory motion of the handle, motion is communicated by the pinion to the racks. This is used in working small air pumps for scientific experiments. 284. Represents a feeding apparatus for the bed of a sawing machine. By the revo- lution of the crank at the lower part of the figure, alternate motion is communicated to the horizontal arm of the bell crank lever whose fulcrum is at a^ near the top left-hand corner of the figure. By this means motion is communicated to the catch attached to the vertical arm of the lever, and the said catch communicates motion to the ratchet-wheel, upon the shaft of which is a toothed pinion, working in the rack attached to the side of the carriage. The feed is varied by a screw in the bell-crank lever. 285. Is the movable head of a turning lathe. By turning the wheel to the right, motion is communicated to the screw, pro- ducing rectihnear motion of the spindle in the end of which the center is fixed. 286. Toe and lifter for working puppet valves in steam engines. The curved toe on the rock-shaft operates on the lifter at- tached to the lifting-rod to raise the valve. 287. Pickering's governor. The balls are attached to springs the upper end of each of which is attached to a collar fixed on the spindle, and the lower end to a collar on the sliding sleeve. The springs yield in a proper degree to the centrifugal force of the balls, and raise the sleeve ; and as the centrifugal force diminishes, they draw the balls toward the spindle and depress the sleeve. ^2 Mechanical Movements. 289 2 91 293 294 295 Mechanical Movements. 73 288 and 289. The former is wha-t is termed a recoil^ and the latter a repose or dead-beat escape- ment for clocks. The same letters of reference indicate like parts in both. The anchor^ H, L, K, is caused, by the oscillation of the pendulum, to vibrate upon the axis, a. Between the two ex- tremities, or pallets, H, K, is placed the escape- wheel, A, the teeth of which come alternately against the outer surface of the pallet, K, and in- ner surface of pallet, H. In 289 these surfaces are cut to a curve concentric to the axis, a ; con- sequently, during the time one of the teeth is against the pallet the wheel remains perfectly at rest. Hence the name repose or dead-beat. In 288 the surfaces are of a differeent form, not ne- cessary to explain, as it can be understood that any form not concentric with the axis, <2, must produce a slight recoil of the wheel during the escape of the tooth, and hence the term recoil es- capement. On the pallets leaving teeth, at each oscillation of the pendulum, the extremities of teeth slide along the surfaces, r, e^ and d^ b, and give suliicient impulse to pendulum. 290. Another kind of pendulum escape- ment. 291. Arnold's chronometer or free escapement, sometimes used in watches. A spring, A, is fix- ed or screwed against the plate of the watch at b. To the under side of this spring is attached a small stop, d, against which rest successively the teeth of the escape-wheel, B ; and on the top of spring is fixed a stud, /, holding a lighter and more flexible spring which passes under a hook, k, at the extremity of A, so that it is free on being depressed, but in rising would lift A. On the axis of the balance is a small stud, is attached to a piston fitted to a cylinder, B, which is connected by a rod, D, with a crank. A, on the rotary driving-shaft. As the cylinder ascends, air entering hole, e, is compressed below piston and lifts hammer. As cylinder descends, air entering hole, ^, is com- pressed above and is stored up to produce the blow by its instant expansion after the crank and connecting-rod turn bottom center. 472. Grimshaw's compressed air hammer. The head of this hammer is attached to a piston, A, which works in a cylinder, B, into which air is admitted — like steam to a steam engine — above and below the piston by a slide-valve on top. The air is received from a reservoir, C, in the framing, supplied by an air pump, D, driven by a crank on the rotary driving-shaft, E. 473. Air-pump of simple construction. Smaller tub inverted in larger one. The latter contains water to upper dotted line, and the pipe from shaft or space to be exhausted passes through it to a few inches above water, terminating with valve opening upward. Upper tub has short pipe and upwardly-opening valve at top, and is suspended by ropes from levers. When upper tub descends, great part of air within is expelled through upper valve, so that, when afterward raised, rarefaction within causes gas or air to ascend through the lower valve. This pump was successfully used for drawing off carbonic acid from a large and deep shaft. 474. ^olipile or Hero's steam toy, described by Hero, of Alexandria, 130 years e.g., and now regarded as the first steam engine, the rotary form of which it may be considered to represent. From the lower vessel, or boiler, rise two pipes conducting steam to globular vessel above, and forming pivots on which the said vessel is caused to revolve in the direction of arrows, by the escape of steam through a number of bent arms. This works on the same principle as Barker's mill, 438 in this table. 114 Mechanical Movements. 415 47S ^ D, il6 i73r7\ er r\ A. \i m§. ^^^^ m^^^. iSl i8^ m Mechanical Movements. IIS 475. Bilge ejector (Brear's patent) for discharging bilge- water froni vessels, or for raising and forcing water under various circumstances. D is a chamber having attached a suction-pipe, B, and discharge-pipe, C, and havmg a steam- pipe entering at one side, with a nozzle directed toward the discharge-pipe. A jet of steam entering through A expels the air from D and C, produces a vacuum in B, and causes water to rise through B, and pass through D and C, in a regular and constant stream. Compressed air may be used as a substitute for steam. 476. Another apparatus operating on the same principle as the foregoing. It is termed a steam siphon pump (Lansdell's patent). A is the jet-pipe ; B, B, are two suc- tion-pipes, having a forked connection with the discharge- pipe, C. The steam jet-pipe entering at the fork offers no obstacle to the upward passage of the water, which moves upward in an unbroken current. 477. Steam trap for shutting in steam, but providing for the escape of water from steam coils and radiators (Hoard & Wiggin's patent). It consists of a box, connected at A with the end 0/ the coil or the waste-pipe, having an outlet at B, and furnished with a hollow valve, D, the bottom of which is composed of a flexible diaphragm. Valve is filled i with liquid, and hermetically sealed, and its diaphragm rests upon a bridge over the outlet-pipe. The presence of steam in the outer box so heats the water in valve that the diaphragm expands and raises valve up to the seat, a, a. Water of condensation accumulatn)g reduces the tempera- ture of valve ; and as the liquid in valve contracts, dia- phragm allows valve to descend and let water off. 478. Another steam trap (Ray's patent). Valve, a, closes and opens by longitudinal expansion and contraction of waste-pipe, A, which terminates in the middle of an at- tached hollow sphere, C. A portion of the pipe is firmly secured to a fixed support, B. Valve consists of a plunger which works in a stufiing-box in the sphere, opposite the end of the pipe, and it is pressed toward the end of the pipe by a loaded elbow lever, D, as far as permitted by a stop-screw, b, and stop, c. When pipe is filled with water, its length is so reduced that valve remains open ; but when filled with steam, it is expanded so that valve closes it. Screw, <5, serves to adjust the action of valve. 479. Gasometer. The open-bottomed vessel. A, is ar- ranged in the tank, B, of water, and partly counterbalanced by weights, C, C. Gas enters the gasometer by one and leaves it by the other of the two pipes inserted through the bottom of the tank. As gas enters, vessel. A, rises, and vice versa. The pressure is regulated by adding to or reducing the weights, C, C, 480, Another kind of gasometer. The vessel, A, has permanently secured within it a central tube, a, which slides on a fixed tube, b^ in the center of the tank. 481. Wet gas meter. The stationary case. A, is filled with water up to above the center. The inner revolving drum is divided into four compartments, B, B, with inlets around the central pipe, a, which introduces the gas through one of the hollow journals of the drum. This pipe is turned up to admit the gas above the water, as indi- cated by the arrow near the center of the figure. As gas enters the compartments, B, B, one after another, it turns the drum in the direction of the arrow shown near its peri- phery, displacing the water from them. As the chambers pass over they fill with water again. The cubic contents of the compartments being known, and the number of the revolutions of the drum being registered by dial-work, the quantity of gas passing through the meter is registered. 482. Gas regulator (Powers's patent) for equalizing the supply of gas to all the burners of a building or apartment, notwithstanding variations in the pressure on the main, or variations produced by turning gas on or off, to or from any number of the burners. The regulator-valve, D, of which a separate outside view is given, is arranged over inlet- pipe, E, and connected by a lever, d, with an inverted cup, H, the lower edges of which, as well as those of valve, dip into channels containing quicksilver. There is no escape of gas around the cup, H, but there are notches, b, in the valve to permit the gas to pass over the surface of the quicksilver. As the pressure of gas increases, it acts upon the inner surface of cup, H, which is larger than valve, and the cup is thereby raised, causing a depression of the valve into the quicksilver, and contracting the opening notches, b, and diminishing the quantity of gas passing through. As the pressure diminishes, an opposite result is produced. The outlet to burners is at F. 483. Dry gas meter. Consists of two bellows-like cham- bers, A, A^ which are alternately filled with gas, and dis- charged through a valve, B, something like the slide-valve of a steam engine, worked by the chambers. A, A^ The capacity of the chambers being known, and the number of times they are filled being registered by dial-work, the quantity of gas passing through the meter is indicated on the dials. ii6 Mechanical Movements. 4^5"^ /186 ll-87 ii^SD 1^92 Mechanical Movements. 117 484. A spiral wound round a cylinder to convert the motion of the wind or a stream of water into rotary motion. 485. Common wind-mill, illustrating the production of circular motion by the direct action of the wind upon the oblique sails. 486. Plan of a vertical wind-mill. The sails are so pivoted as to present their edges in returning toward the wind, but to present their faces to the action of the wind, the direction of which is supposed to be as in- dicated by the arrow. 487. Common paddle-wheel for propelling vessels ; the revolution of the wheel causes the buckets to press backward against the water and so produce the forward move- ment of the vessel. 488. Screw propeller. The blades are sections of a screw-thread, and their revo- lution in the water has the same effect as the working of a screw in a nut, producing motion in the direction of the axis and so propelling the vessel. 489. Vertical bucket paddle-wheel. The buckets, ^, a^ are pivoted into the arms, ^, b^ at equal distances from the shaft. To the pivots are attached cranks, <:, ^, which are pivoted at their ends to the arms of a ring, d^ which is fitted loosely to a stationary ec- centric, e. The revolution of the arms and buckets with the shaft causes the ring, d^ also to rotate upon the eccentric, and the action of this ring on the cranks keeps the buckets always upright, so that they enter the water and leave it edgewise without re- sistance or lift, and while in the water are in the most effective position for propulsion. 490. Ordinary steering apparatus. Plan view. On the shaft of the hand-wheel there is a barrel on which is wound a rope which passes round the guide-pulleys and has its opposite ends attached to the " tiller " or lever on the top of the rudder ; by turning the wheel, one end of the rope is wound on and the other let off, and the tiller is moved in one or the other direction, according to the direction in which the wheel is turned. 491. Capstan. The cable or rope wound on the barrel of the capstan is hauled in by turning the capstan on its axis by means of hand-spikes or bars inserted into holes in the head. The capstan is prevented from turning back by a pawl attached to its lower part and working in a circular ratchet on the base. 492. Boat-detaching hook (Brown & Lev- el's). The upright standard is secured to the boat, and the tongue hinged to its up- per end enters an eye in the level which works on a fulcrum at the middle of the standard. A similar apparatus is applied at each end of the boat. The hooks of the tackles hook into the tongues, which are secure until it is desired to detach the boat, when a rope attached to the lower end of each lever is pulled in such a direction as to slip the eye at the upper end of the lever from off the tongue, which being then liberat- ed slips out of the hook of the tackle and detaches the boat. ii8 Mechanical Movements, L93 kSli. ^5 4.U ^ f^98 0- 6 5 3 2 1 ~o U 4.9S 500 501 %r ^. Mechanical Movements. 119 493. "Lewis." for J^ ft: ng stone in building. It is composed of a central taper pin or wedge, with two wedge-like packing-pieces arranged one on each side of it. The three piece? are inserted together in a hole drilled into the stone, and when the central wedge is hoisted upon it wedges the packing-pieces out so tightly against the sides of the hole as to enable the stone to be lifted. 494. Tongs for lifting stones, etc. The pali on the shackle which connects the two links causes the latter so to act on the upper arms of the tongs as to make their points press them- selves against or into the stone. The greater the weight the harder the tongs bite. 495. Entwistle's patent gearing. Bevel-gear, A, is fixed. B, gearing with A, is fitted to ro- tate on stud, E, secured to shaft, D, and it also gears with bevel-gear, C, loose, on the shaft, D. On rotary motion being given to shaft, D, the gear, E, revolves around A, and also rotates upon its own axis, and so acts upon C in two ways, namely, by its rotation on its own axis and by its revolution around A. With three gears of equal size, the gear, C, makes two revolutions for every one of the shaft, D. This velocity of revolution may, however, be varied by changing the relative sizes of the gears. C is represented with an attached drum, C '. This gearing may be used for steering apparatus, driving screw-pro- pellers, etc. By applying power to C, action may be reversed, and a slow motion ot D obtained. 496. Drawing and twisting in spinning cotton, wool, etc. The front drawing-rolls, B, rotate faster than the back ones. A, and so produce a draught, and draw out the fibers of the sliver or roving passing between them. Roving passes from the front drawing-rolls to throstle, which, by its rotation around the bobbin, twists and winds the yarn on the bobbin. 497. Fan-blower. The casing has circular openings in its sides through which, by the revo- lution of the shaft and attached fan-blades, air is drawn in at the center of the casing, to be forced out under pressure through the spout. 498. Siphon pressure gauge. Lower part of bent tube contains mercury. The leg of the \ tube, against which the scale is marked, is open I at top, the other leg connected with the steam- j boiler or other apparatus on which the pressure I is to be indicated. The pressure on the mer- j cury in the one leg causes it to be depressed in I that and raised in the other until there is an I equilibrium established between the weight of mercury and pressure of steam in one leg, and the weight of mercury and pressure of atmos- phere in the other. This is the most accurate gauge known ; but as high pressure requires so long a tube, it has given place to those which are practically accurate enough, and of more convenient form. 499. Aneroid gauge, known as the " Bourdon gauge," from the name of its inventor, a French- man. B is a bent tube closed at its ends, secured at C, the middle of its length, and having its ends free. Pressure of steam or other fluid ad- mitted to tube tends to straighten it more or less, according to its intensity. The ends of tube are connected with a toothed sector-piece gearing, with a pinion on the spindle of a pointer which indicates the pressure on a diaL 500. Pressure gauge now most commonly used. Sometimes known as the ""Magdeburg gauge," from the name of the place where first manufac- tured. Face view and section. The fluid whose pressure is to be measured acts upon a circular metal disk. A, generally corrugated, and the de- flection of the disk under the pressure giver motion to a toothed sector, e, which gears with i> pinion on the spindle of the pointer. 501. Mercurial barometer. Longer leg o^ bent tube, against which is marked the scale of inches, is closed at top, and shorter one is open to the atmosphere, or merely covered with some porous material. Column of mercury in longer leg, from which the air has been extracted, is j held up by the pressure of air on the surface of that in the shorter leg, and rises or falls as the \ pressure of the atmosphere varies. The old- I fashioned weather-glass is composed of a similar tube attached to the back of a dial, and a float inserted into the shorter leg of the tube, and geared by a rack and pinion, or cord and pulley, with the spindle of the pointer. I20 Mechanical Movements. 502 503 n m^a \ ^ 50i itmnTTTTTinl j H %'n E r jJIC ^ V D 5(?J J(?tf 507 S FiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMTin mTiTinni i- I'liiiMiiiiii inii iiiiiiiiiiiniiiii M Am DJ fr Mechanical Movements. 121 502. An " epicyclic train." Any train of gearing the axes of the wheels of which re- volve around a common center is ptoperly known by this name. The wheel at one end of such a train, if not those at both ends, is always concentric with the revolv- ing frame. C is the frame or train-bearing arm. The center wheel, A, concentric with this frame, gears with a pinion, F, to the same, axle with which is secured a wheel, E, that gears with a wheel, B. If the first wheel, A, be fixed and a motion be given to the frame, C, the train will revolve around the fixed wheel and the relative motion of the frame to the fixed wheel will communi- cate through the train a rotary motio*^. to B on its axis. Or the first wheel as well as the frame may be made to revolve with dif- ferent velocities, with the same result ex- cept as to the velocity of rotation of B upon its axis. In the epicyclic train as thus described only the w^heel at one extremity is concen- tric with the revolving frame ; but if the wheel, E, instead of gearing with B, be made to gear with the wheel, D, which like the wheel, A, is concentric with the frame, we have an epicyclic train of which the wheels at both extremities are concentric with the frame. In this train we may either communicate the driving motion to the arm and one extreme wheel, in order to produce an aggregate rotation of the other extreme wheel, or motion may be given to the two extreme wheels, A and D, of the train, and i the aggregate motion will thus be commu- nicated to the arm. 503. A very simple form of the epicyclic train, in which F, G, is the arm, secured to the central shaft. A, upon which are loosely fitted the bevel-wheels, C, D. The arm is formed into an axle for the bevel-wheel, B, which is fitted to turn freely upon it. Mo- tion may be given to the two wheels, C, D, in order to produce aggregate motion of the arm, or else to the arm and one of said wheels in order to produce aggregate mo- tion of the other wheel. 504. " Ferguson's mechanical paradox," designed to show a curious property of the epicyclic train. The wheel. A, is fixed upon a stationary stud about which the arm, C, D, revolves. In this arm are two pins, M, N, upon one of which is fitted loosely a thick wheel, B, gearing with A, and upon the other are three loose wheels, E, F, G, all gearing with B. When the arm, C, D, is turned round on the stud, motion is given to the three wheels, E, F, G, on their com- mon axis, viz., the pin, N ; the three form- ing with the intermediate wheel, B, and the wheel, A, three distinct epicyclic trains. Sup- pose A to have twenty teeth, F twenty, E twen- ty-one, and G nineteen ; as the arm, E, C, D, is turned round, F will appear not to turn on its axis, as any point in its circumference will always point in one direction, while E will appear to turn slowly in one and G in the other direction, which — an apparent para- dox — ^gave rise to the name of the apparatus. 122 Mechanical Movements, 505. Another simple form of the epicyc- lic train, in which the arm, D, carries a pin- ion, B, which gears both with a spur-wheel, A, and an annular wheel, C, both concentric with the axis of the arm. Either of the wheels, A, C, may be stationary, and the revolution of the arm and pinion will give motion to the other wheel. 506. Another epicyclic train in which nei- ther the first nor last wheel is fixed. ///, n^ is a shaft to which is firmly secured the train-bearing arm, k^ /, which carries the two wheels, d^ e^ secured together, but ro- tating upon the arm itself. The wheels, b and ^, are united and turn together, freely upon the shaft, m^ nj the wheels, f and g^ are also secured together, but turn together freely on the shaft, m^ n. The wheels, ^, d^ e and y, constitute an epicyclic train of which c is the first and f the last wheel. A shaft, A, is employed as a driver, and has firmly secured to it two wheels, a and ^, the first of which gears with the wheel, b^ and thus communicates motion to the first wheel, ^, of the epicyclic train, and the wheel, /?, drives the wheel, g^ which thus gives motion to the last wheel, f. Motion communicated in this way to the two ends of the train produces an aggregate motion of the arm, k^ /, and shaft, m^ n. This train may be modified ; for instance, suppose the wheels, g andy; to be disunited, g to be fixed to the shaft, m^ n, and / only running loose upon it. The driving- shaft, A, will as before communicate motion to the first wheel, c, of the epicyclic train by means of the wheels, a and b, and will also by h cause the wheel, g, the shaft, ;/^, n^ and the train-bearing arm, k^ /, to revolve, and the aggregate rotation will be given to the loose wheel, f. 507. Another form of epicyclic train de- signed for producing a very slow motion. ;;^ is a fixed shaft upon which is loosely fitted a long sleeve, to the lower end of which is fixed a wheel, D, and to the upper end a wheel, E. Upon this long sleeve there is fitted a shorter one which carries at its extremities the wheels, A and H. A wheel, C, gears with both D and A, and a train-bearing arm, m, n^ which revolves freely upon the shaft, 7n^ p, carries upon a stud at n the united wheels, F and G. If A have 10 teeth, C 100, D 10, E 61, F, 49, G 41, and H 51, there will be 25,000 revo- lutions of the train-bearing arm, m^ n, for on'e of the wheel, C. HENRY T. BROWN. EDWARD C. SEWARD, ROBERT B. SEWARD BROWN & SE\A/ARD, SUCCESSORS TO BROWN & HALL. (Established in 1864.) Solicitors of American & Foreip Patents. EXPERTS IJV FAIEJYT CAUSES. Patents and Reissues Obtained. Rejected Applications Prosecuted. Forfeited and Abandoned Applications Renewed. Preliminary Examinations Made, Caveats Filed. Design Patents Obtained. Trade Marks Registered. Copyrights Secured for Prints and Labels. Assignments and Licenses Pre- pared and Recorded. Interferences Conducted. Appeals Attended to. Searches and Opinions as to Novelty, Validity, and Ownership. Copies of Patents and Official Records and Files Furnished. Patents secured in Great Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Austria, Spain and Cuba, Russia, and other European Countries. Canadian, Australian, and other Biitish Colonial Patents obtained. Branch Offices in Washington, D. C, and Agencies in all principal Foreign Cities, HOW TO. SECURE PATENTS, >_ A lisigiiil f iliit Ipiif IN THE UNITED STATES, To obtain a patent is one thing, but to secure that protection which a patent ought to afford is another. Hun- dreds, if not thousands, of patents are granted every year which 'could stand no legal test, simply for the reason that the specifications and claims are not properly drawn. Inventors who intend to take out patents for their inventions should, therefore, be very particular in the selection of their solicitors. The Patent Agency of EROWN & SEWARD is one of the most extensive in the world, and, wh'^tis more impor- tant, the reputation it has obtained and m.aintained during the twenty years of its existence is of the very highest character. It has been the most successful agency in the United States, the number of patents obtained in propor- tion to the number of applications and the importance of the claims of those patents be!ng considered. 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I 21.8.4 I ^^ .^^ .0 o V .^-■ o U ^/ A^ \> . \ ' fi ^ ^^ ' .0^ 0^ --^^. -^ vOo V '\' tV .0 !^ ■ - .^ .^