EFFERSON COUNTY 
 IN THE WORLD WAR 
 
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 Book ^li:l_ 
 
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JEFFERSON COUNTY 
 IN THE WORLD WAR 
 
 An Historical and Sociological Study 
 of One Indiana County 
 During the IVar ^Period 
 
 igij-igiS 
 
 BY 
 
 GEORGE S. COTTMAN 
 
 WRITTEN FOR 
 
 THE INDIANA HISTORICAI^ COMMISSION 
 
 under authority of the 
 
 jefferson county council of defense 
 
 published by 
 The Jefferson County Historical Society 
 
 madison, indiana 
 1920 
 
.ITJ4 
 
 DEDICATION 
 
 TO those patriotic people of JeflFerson Count}^ 
 Men, Women and Children, who, when the call 
 came, gave themselves freely to their country's 
 cause, on the field, in camp or at home, this 
 book is offered as a modest memorial of their 
 services. All of these "did their bit" in the 
 fight to save Democracy. 
 
 1> 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 I The First Patriotic Outbreak . . . .3 
 
 MIUTARY ACTIVITIES : 
 
 II Organization. Militar\' Beginnings. Company I . 7 
 
 III Battery E n 
 
 IV Company K. Liberty Guards. Hanover S. A. T. C. 15 
 V Work of the Draft Board 19 
 
 CIVILIAN ACTIVITIES: 
 
 VI The Council of Defense : Food Production and 
 Conservation; Woman's Section C. D.; Food and 
 
 Fuel Administrations ..... 24 
 
 VII Raising Money for the War: The Government; 
 
 Auxiliary Agencies ...... 37 
 
 VIII Red Cross War Work . . . . 53 
 
 IX Red Cross Workers 58 
 
 X Business Effects ...... 62 
 
 XI Additional Matter 66 
 
 XII Soldiers' Letters: Letters From Camp; From 
 
 Overseas ........ 75 
 
 MILITARY ROLL OF HONOR: 
 
 The Gold Star List; Company I; General Roster; 
 Company K; Liberty Guards . . . . 107 
 
PRELIMINARY NOTE— In preparing this history of 
 Jefferson county in the World War the first consideration of 
 the Historical Commission and of the author has been to pre- 
 serve in some permanent form as detailed and intimate a re- 
 cord as possible of this community's part in the great con- 
 flict. If to any reader there may seem to be many inconse- 
 quential particulars in the narrative he should bear in mind 
 that, from their personal character, all those particulars are 
 of interest to one or another, and that a generation hence they 
 will have a value that can scarcely be appreciated now. In 
 gathering the data there have been many handicaps. Records 
 had not been preserved, and but for the accommodations kind- 
 ly extended by the two Madison newspapers, the Courier and 
 Herald, the work could hardly have been done. As it is there 
 will inevitably be mistakes and omissions, but the author has 
 done his best in the attempt at completeness and accuracy. 
 
 The Jefferson County Historical Society has co-operated 
 to the extent of publishing the history, thus making available 
 to the general reader what otherwise would lie in the State 
 archives along with the data from other counties. Owing to 
 lack of funds and the high cost of printing, the work could be 
 done but in modest form, and is made possible by first pub- 
 lishing the imatter in the columns of The Courier, the type 
 there used to be loaned for makiner ur) into bonk form 
 
Jefferson County in the World War 
 
 INTRODUCTORY 
 
 The history of the American community as participating 
 in the World War from the sixth day of April, 1917, to the 
 eleventh of November 1918, is something unique in American 
 experience. Other wars there have been, with their appeals 
 to patriotism, with their stirring of the nation in every fibre, 
 with their talk of a free democracy, jealous for its principles ; 
 but never before were those tests so searching and drastic. 
 
 This World War, suddenly fastening on civilization with 
 fang and claw like a tiger leaping, unexpected, from the 
 dark of the jungle, meant things undreamed of in our own 
 great war of half a century ago. The devilish art of destruc- 
 tion had developed and broadened and reached out until from 
 the old idea of armed men contending on the battlefield, all 
 the civilian forces of the nation were involved as well. It was 
 in a new and larger sense nation against nation, soldier 
 against soldier, civilian against civilian; grandsires, women 
 and youth, to the very children, all bending their efforts by 
 manifold methods to "help win the war." The added produc- 
 tion of food stuffs, the knitting of garments for the men at 
 the front, thrift, conservation, self-denial — all were in order 
 and few escaped the demand to render service of some kind. 
 
 Moreover there were money demands as never before. 
 To meet the unexampled situation unprecedented sums had 
 to be raised, land the nation began to talk, not in millions, but 
 in billions. As there were no other nations to turn to for 
 loans, the source of these billions was our own people, and so 
 "Liberty loans" and "War Saving Stamp" drives, in addition 
 to the customary war taxes, combed the country for revenue, 
 drawing from all but the poorest. 
 
 Again, new ethical forces had been developing apace in 
 
Jefferson County in the World War. 
 
 recent years and these became factors in the war situation. 
 A concern for the soldiers' morale and moral welfare as well 
 as physical comforts while at the front became a conspicuous 
 sentiment, being fanned and fed by various- humanitarian 
 agencies ; and thus the histories of the Red Cross, the Young 
 Men's Christian Association, the Salvation Army, the 
 Knights of Columbus, and the War Camp Community Ser- 
 vice and other organizations became so many chapters in the 
 great war history. These demanding great sums of money 
 for their work, drew upon the people for support, and so, in 
 addition to the government "drives" for funds, there were 
 numerous whirlwind campaigns conducted by these semi- 
 private agencies for the purpose of meliorating the condition 
 of the man who had to fight the battles for the country. 
 
 Then there were the universal conscription, the call to do 
 battle in foreign lands contrary to our time-honored tradi- 
 tions, and numerous other factors that made this war, for 
 us, unlike any other, and all in all it marked an epoch in the 
 life ;0f each and every American community, for in a sense 
 the community is an epitome of the nation at large. Hence, 
 an intensive study of the community under the stress of these 
 new and complex forces is a contribution to national history ; 
 and with that thought in mind this study of Jefferson county 
 in the World War is undertaken. 
 
THE FIRST PATRIOTIC OUTBREAK. 
 
 On the evening of April 2, 1917, President Wilson form- 
 ally asked /the Congress of the United States to declare that 
 a state of war existed between this country and Germany. 
 He stigm.atized the atrocious submarine policy of Germany as 
 a "warfare against mankind." He recounted the repeated 
 outrages against the property and lives of neutrals including 
 America, and declared that in the presence of Germany's 
 autocratic power there could be no assured security for the 
 democratic governments of the world. "The world," he said, 
 "must be made safe for democracy." 
 
 It was announced in The Courier that afternoon that the 
 president would address congress that evening and that an 
 edition of the paper containing this address would be printed 
 as soon as the speech was made. 
 
 From seven o'clock until after the address was giv- 
 en to the public, the streets were thronged with people anx- 
 iously awaiting the nev/s and the crowds at the Courier office 
 and in that vicinity were larger than the bulletin boards 
 could accommodate. 
 
 As the president's speech was received it was read to 
 those gathered at the office but the desire to read and under- 
 stand it was not satisfied and the dem-and for papers was 
 greater than the capacity of the printing press. 
 
 Soon after the paper was printed the Elks club headed 
 by the Elks band, took the center of Main street and aroused 
 all within hearing. The fire bells sounded the tocsin and the 
 people came, citizens who had gone to bed hustling into their 
 clothes again to join the growing crowd. A motley parade 
 composed of all kinds from small boys to old men miarched in 
 double column to and fro from Walnut street to Broadway to 
 the stirring strains of m.artial music, the procession led by 
 Mayor Crozier and James White, the latter a Civil War vet- 
 
JeCerson County in the World War. 
 
 eran who carried a huge American flag. Other marchers 
 bore flags and each Elk was decorated with a small one. Wil- 
 liam Ogden, who was to do patriotic service later as chair- 
 man of the County Council of Defense, acted as marshal of 
 the occasion. 
 
 The first body to formally take action apropos to the sit- 
 uation was the Elks lodge, v;hich on April 4 adopted these 
 resolutions : 
 
 *'Be it resolved by the Madison, Indiana, lodge No. 524, 
 of the Benevolent and Protective order of Elks, in meeting 
 assembled this April 4th, 1917, 
 
 "First — That we emphatically approve and endorse the 
 action of the President of the United States in recommending 
 that Congress declare a state of war exists between our coun- 
 try and the imperial German government. 
 
 ''Second — That we favor preparedness and active par- 
 ticipation in the v/ar on the side of the entente allies as set 
 out and recommended in the President's message to Congress. 
 
 ^ "Third — That as men and loyal American citizens we 
 plecfge the President our full support. 
 
 "Fourth — That copies of these resolutions be printed in 
 the local papers and that copies be sent to President Wood- 
 row Wilson and to our senators and congressmen." 
 
 In addition to this a telegram was sent to President Wil- 
 son to the effect that resolutions had been passed by the Mad- 
 ison, Indiana, lodge of Elks supporting his policies in the 
 present critical situation. 
 
 On April 6th, war was declared and that evening the 
 Commercial Club adopted the following resolutions, submit- 
 ted by Edv/ard M. Prenatt: 
 
 "Be it resolved by the members of the Commercial Club 
 of Madison, Indiana, that we heartily endorse the action of 
 our President and members of our national congress in de- 
 claring that a state of war exists between our government 
 and that of Germany. 
 
The First Pairiotic Outbreak. 
 
 "That we hereby tender all our resources that can be 
 utilized or which will be required for the successful prosecu- 
 tion of the contest and pledge the aid of the club to the ut- 
 most in that behalf. 
 
 "Be it resolved that a copy of these resolutions be sent 
 to the President, to each of our United Spates senators and 
 our representatives in Congress; and that the same be also 
 published in the Madison newspapers." 
 
 The Madison high school, v/ide awake and forehanded, 
 staged the first patriotic demonstration (next to the initial 
 parade above described) by presenting a special and appro- 
 priate program in the school auditorium and advertising the 
 same to the public by a picturesque display of Old Glorj^- from 
 the windows. Hard on the heels of this, a boy's organization, 
 enigm.atically called the "P. G. M. Club," (interpreted to the 
 writer as the "Pigs, Goats and Mules Club"), composed of 
 Haven Sherlock, James Hargan, Garrett Donlan, Charles 
 Creamer, George Patton, Alois Beerck, Ben Hunger, Herman 
 Kasper and John Scott, armied them.selves with some old rifles 
 from Hargan's hardware store and with young Sherlock|for 
 captain and John Scott as drummer, put on a spirited military 
 drill m the streets that caught the popular fancy. 
 
 In response to a State-v/ide call from Governor Goodrich 
 steps were at once taken to effect agricultural mobilization 
 with a view to increased efficiency fn food production, and at 
 a called meeting held at the court house on April 7th, an or- 
 ganization was effected with J. H. Hanna, president; Glenn 
 Culbertson, vice president; George Sherlock, secretary, and 
 F. H. Austin, treasurer. This took the name of "The j3-fer- 
 son County Patriotic Society." 
 
 Patriotic flag raisings began early and followed each 
 other in rapid succession. Within two or three days after the 
 declaration of war the stars and stripes wore conspicuous in 
 Madison, stores, residences, factories, schools and public 
 uildings flying the nation's emblem, the biggest one of all 
 being displayed at the high school, where it reached from the 
 
Jefferson County in the World War. 
 
 second story window almost to the ground. North Madison, 
 Canaan, Dupont and Brooksburg emerged into the local lime 
 light almost simultaneously, with speech making and other 
 demonstrations as accompaniments to the hoisting of the col- 
 ors. At North Madison, on April 7th, a feature of these dem- 
 onstrations was the tooting of steam whistles and rousing 
 cheers. At Canaan an 8x12 flag run up a huge pole that tow- 
 ered a hundred feet in the air, looked over the surrounding 
 country and challenged the eye from points miles away. Han- 
 over, Wirt, Manville, the Big Creek neighborhood, Kent, the 
 Tower Manufacturing Company of Madison, and the "Lower 
 Seminary" of that place, all followed suit, while the Madison 
 schools collectively, mustering twelve hundred pupils, shared 
 in a demonstration at the high school building where Old 
 Glory was hoisted on a newiy installed fifty foot pole to the 
 music of "The Star Spangled Banner" sung zestfully by 
 twelve hundred fresh young voices. 
 
 The flag sentiment also expressed itself in individual dis- 
 plays, as was evidenced by the quick exhausting of a supply 
 of small emblems put on sale by the Madison Herald. The 
 Current Events Club, composed of women, carried the senti- 
 ment a step further by asking the managers of the moving 
 picture houses to have the "Star Spangled Banner" and 
 "America" played at every performance, the audience to 
 stand. 
 
 At the various flag demonstrations those of oratorical 
 talent were drawn upon for patriotic addresses, conspicuous 
 among the speakers being Judge P. E. Bear, Hon. M. R. Sul- 
 zer and Capt. A. D. Vanosdol. The pulpit echoed this patriot- 
 ism, the Rev. J. W. Turner, of Trinity Church, for example, 
 speaking to the text, "He that has no sword, let him sell his 
 diamond and buy one." 
 
 The John Paul chapter, D. A. R., sent a resolution to 
 President Wilson pledging its loyalty and willingness to help 
 in the war and in return received from him a card of thanks. 
 
II. 
 
 ORGANIZATION. MILITARY BEGINNINGS. 
 THE LOCAL VOLUNTEER COMPANY. 
 
 The formal declaration of war meant the committing of 
 the nation to a tremendous undertaking, and the first step, 
 of course, was the organizing of the country to that end. 
 This organization was partly military and partly civilian; 
 partly under the direction and authority of the government 
 and partly under the direction of volunteer citizens and 
 agencies. 
 
 First there was the enormous governnxntal task of lay- 
 ing the hand of authority on every man in the nation of pre- 
 scribed age, of selecting the fit from the unfit and of placing, 
 so far as might be, the fit where their various capacities would 
 count for most. The problem was to mobilize and send across 
 seas a vast efficient army at the earliest possible moment to 
 meet the critical situation in Europe which threatened all 
 that democracy held dear. To do this unprecedented sums of 
 money had to be raised with celerity, and this also was the 
 government's task. Again, the part that the civilian popu- 
 lation played in promoting the efficiency that is made neces- 
 sary by the developments of modern warfare called for sepa- 
 rate organizations, other than military, on an extensive scale ; 
 and so the work as a whole was, undoubtedly, the greatest 
 concerted effort that had ever been made in this country. To 
 better comprehend the separate activities in their relation to 
 the whole we will broadly group them as Military and Civilian, 
 and consider them as they developed in Jefferson County. 
 
 The first step in the direction of military activity in this 
 county seems to have been that taken by Hanover College, in 
 mid-April of 1917, when it decided upon a course of military 
 training and instruction in nursing. This was a full month 
 before the passage of the conscription law, and by latter 
 April sixty-five men were drilling every afternoon on the col- 
 
Jefferson County in the World War. 
 
 lege athletic field under the direction of Mr. George L. Rider, 
 the athletic director, assisted by Lieutenant H. H. Cope and 
 Dr. Carl Henning, both of whom had had experience in the 
 National Guard. An incentive offered by the college was a 
 full time credit to any man who enlisted in the army or navy. 
 At this time a number of young women students were learn- 
 ing the essentials of nursing under Miss Esther Wray, of the 
 senior class, who had taken the Red Cross training at Indian- 
 apolis. The object of this group was to qualify for Red Cross 
 service. 
 
 Am.ong the first Jefferson County men to seek entrance 
 into the military service through the Fort Harrison officers 
 training camp were Charles Klein, Richard Heck, Charles C. 
 Davidson, Thomas Turner, William Johnson, Cliff Snyder, 
 Chester Vernon, John L. Sample, George H. Simpson, Herman 
 H. Potter, Fred Flynn, Robert Millar, Will Dow and 0. A. 
 Turner. These names were published May 10 and there is 
 allusion to "numerous other young Madison men and Hano- 
 ver college students," but we find no specific record of them. 
 As early as April 18, Roy Inskeep, Howard Downton and 
 Lindsay Lyle left Madison to enter the regular army. 
 
 Under date of May 9, 1917, Capt. Horace 0. Woolford, 
 of Madison, received from Adjutant-General Smith the fol- 
 lowing communication: 
 
 "From the Adjutant General, State of Indiana, 
 "To Capt. Horace O. Vv^oolford, Madison, Ind. 
 "Subject: Organization of Infantry Company. 
 
 "1. You are hereby authorized to proceed with the or- 
 ganization of an infantry company at Madison, Ind. 
 
 "2. The minimum strength will be 65 enlisted men and 
 three officers. The company will require the minimum of 
 strength after the elimination of all applicants who fail to 
 pass the physical examination. 
 
 "HARRY B. SMITH, 
 
 "The Adjutant General." 
 
 8 
 
Military Beginnings. 
 
 Pursuant to this authorization an appeal was made 
 through the local papers to the young men of the community 
 to at >once fill out this company, the special argument being 
 that all would have to face the chances of conscription later. 
 In such case those elected to serve would be widely scattered 
 throughout many units, whereas in this volunteer unit all 
 would remain together under officers known to them. Daily 
 publicity in the newspapers followed ; one of the rooms of the 
 Commercial Club was utilized as a recruiting office each even- 
 ing, and, thus stimulated, the enrollment ran up to 62 within 
 a week. This, however, did not suffice as the minimum num- 
 ber for the company was 65 and an uncertain percentage of 
 elimination was to be counted on. 
 
 To round out the desired number of enlistments a pub- 
 lic demonstration was held on the evening of May 19, the fea- 
 tures being the Elks band, a parade and speeches by the Hon. 
 Joseph M. Cravens and Judge Perry E. Bear. 
 
 The recruiting went on with the aid of a spirited drum 
 corps composed of John C. White, Samuel Medlicott , John 
 Kalb and Edwin Hunger with 0. A. Welling as fifer, and by 
 June 6th there was an enrollment of 97, but elimination cut 
 the number down to 43 accepted men. Up to June 23 most of 
 the recruits were Madison men, and, by way of stirring up 
 the rural districts, the military committee of the Commercial 
 Club, consisting of Messrs. Curtis Marshall, W. H. MiTTer and 
 Charles S. Dibler inaugurated a country campaign, and evi- 
 dently a vigorous one, for soon thereafter the men began to 
 come in from the outlying townships, particularly Madison, 
 Monroe, Milton and Saluda. Finally after four weeks of act- 
 ive campaigning, the goal of 65 acceptable men was reached, 
 and exceeded, for when the company was mustered in, on 
 July 10th, there was an enrollment of 78 names. 
 
 This organization, which was Company I of the 4th In- 
 fantry regiment, had, it may be said, an especially warm 
 place in the hearts of Madisonians for the reason that it was 
 the one volunteer home unit that left here. Between the form- 
 
Jefferson County in the World War. 
 
 ing of the company and its departure from Madison nearly 
 two months intervened and during that interval there was 
 enthusiastic and repeated expression of public affection. A 
 movement was started to raise a company fund which should 
 contribute to the comfort of the men in camp or in the field. 
 Jo that end the fraternities of Modern Woodmen and Jun- 
 Jal^ Tribe of Red Men gave benefit dances; St. Margaret's 
 Guild held a market for the sale of pies, cakes and other del- 
 icacies; Stony Point Grange, out on the Graham road, raised 
 a sum, and many individuals contributed. As a result a snug 
 little gift of $694 was handed to Captain Woolford for the 
 company at the final demonstration in their honor. The la- 
 dies of Kent and Manville, representing the Red Cross organ- 
 izations at those places, vied with each other in tendering 
 chicken dinners to the boys, these repasts being further grac- 
 ed ,by ice cream, cake and "smokes" donated by Fred Glass, 
 Frank Schnaitter, George Gertz, Charles Gertz and R. L. Ire- 
 land. Meanwhile the grounds of the country club, at the 
 west end of Madison, were used as a camping ground, the 
 temporary city of tents going by the name of Camp Madison. 
 On August 13 the town turned out to do special honor to the 
 company before its departure, and made a parade that for size 
 and spectacular effect surpassed anything that Madison had 
 seen for years. Main street from the railroad bridge to the 
 court house seethed with life, as the band of men in khaki, 
 the center of interest in the moving multitude, marched up 
 from Camp Madison. Veterans of the Civil war, Knights of 
 Pythias in their natty uniforms; "Red Men" garbed in their 
 Indian regalia ; the Elks lodge. Red Cross nurses bearing their 
 familiar insignia, musicians and school children, all headed 
 by the four Madison fire companies with their outfits, flowed 
 down the street, an animated current between the living 
 walls of spectators, while torches, red lights, Roman candles 
 and sparklers filled the thoroughfare with meteoric brilliance. 
 The Elks band, the Hanover band and two drum corps furn- 
 
Military Beginnings. 
 
 ished the music to march by and the populace shouted their 
 enthusiastic, appreciation of it all. At the Middleton soldiers' 
 monument by the court house, where the speakers' stand was 
 erected, the Hon. Marcus Sulzer and Judge Bear addressed 
 the soldiers and the great crowd as befitted the occasion. AH 
 in all it was one of the most imposing events in the history 
 of the city. 
 
 A few days later a great crowd of friends gathered at 
 the station to bid the men good bye and God speed as they 
 entrained for Fort Benjamin Harrison, and the fact that war 
 with its horrors lay before them lent solemnity and impress- 
 iveness to the occasion. 
 
 The further history of Company I, which later became 
 Battery E of the 139th regiment of field artillery, will be 
 taken up in another chapter. 
 
 in. 
 
 BATTERY E. 
 
 Company I left Madison for Fort Benjamin Harrison on 
 the morning of September 13, 1917. Arriving at its destina- 
 tion about noon, the men were met by the band of their reg- 
 iment, the Fourth Infantry, and escorted gaily into camp to 
 the lively strains of "Good bye Broadway, Hello, France!" 
 which of course they were at liberty to construe as Broad- 
 way, Madison. They were comfortably quartered in good 
 large tents, not far from the fort barracks, and a letter five 
 days later reported the boys as becoming rapidly initiated 
 in the larger camp life and enjoying themselves in spite of 
 rain and "acres of mud." Says this letter: "All are doing 
 their utmost to make Company I a credit to the city of Madi- 
 son and JeflTerson county." 
 
 September 25th the Fourth infantry, including Company 
 I, entrained at Fort Harrison for Camp Shelby, Mississippi, 
 and here the Madison boys remained for a little more than a 
 year, when a part of the unit was sent overseas. Said in- 
 
 11 
 
Jefferson County in the World War. 
 
 fantry regiment had been a unit of the National Guard, ante- 
 dating the war, but with the change of military organization 
 •it was merged into the new system, about October 1st, and 
 Company I became Battery E, of the 139th regiment of field 
 artillery, 38th division. With this change the unit ceased 
 to be solidly of Jefferson County men, others being added to 
 it, though the old Company I roster remained intact. The 
 only available history we have of Battery E during its camp 
 service is in the letters of Will E. Rogers, special correspond- 
 ent to the Madison Courier, supplemented by an occasional 
 private letter. 
 
 From these communications we gather that the monot- 
 ony, routine and hard work of camp life were leavened with 
 all the jollity that the omni-present sense of humor and fel- 
 lowship could devise. On Thanksgiving day everybody was 
 treated to a royal spread of ''turkey and fixings," and those 
 who were artistically inclined extended themselves in decor- 
 ating the mess hall with holly, lilies and branches of pine and 
 oak, along with cane stalks, shrubs and wreaths. On Christ- 
 mas day there was another banquet, with the accompaniment 
 of little gifts from home that added cheeriness to a rainy, 
 gloomy day in a land which, according to Private Otis Nay, 
 had originally belonged to the devil but had been turned over 
 !to the army because the devil had no use for it. ; That the 
 "eats" were appreciated to the full by the boys was indicated 
 by the encomiums bestowed upon the kitchen force, Vander- 
 smith, McDaniel, Cox, Smith and Dehl. Indeed these knights 
 of the trenchers were even extolled in verse, the conclusion 
 of which was: 
 
 "Oh, folks at home, take off your hats 
 
 To the cooks of Battery E. 
 They're on the job, they always are 
 They suit me to a tee." 
 
 The letters have much zestful gossip about life at Camp 
 Shelby. They tell of long hikes, of trench digging, and of 
 
 12 
 
Military Beginnings. 
 
 pioneer work in clearing up ground for the improvement of 
 the camp ; but they also tell of basball games, of social times 
 at the "Y" and of the never-failing joke whenever anything 
 could possibly inspire one. As the correspondent says: 'The 
 boy^ want the folks back home to realize that there is a sun- 
 ny side to the life of the soldier, that it is up to him to adapt 
 himself to all conditions, and that he can do so if he desires." 
 There are repeated testimonials as to the popularity of the 
 officers of the battery and their conscientious sense of duty 
 toward the men under them. Captain Woolford is spoken of 
 as "one of the hardest working officers in the regiment," be- 
 ing not only battery commander but also president of the 
 Regimental Special Court and of the post exchange council^ 
 besides attending to other duties. Lieutenants H. H. Cope 
 and John Driggs also came in for their share of apprecia- 
 tion, but to the regret of all, the former was relieved from 
 duty with Battery E on account of ill health. 
 
 As has been said Battery E was but partially made up 
 of Jefferson County men and its solidarity as an home unit 
 was still further impaired in May, 1918, when fifty-eight of 
 its members were sent overseas to be used as replacement 
 troopSj and their places in camp taken by other men; so the 
 hope of all remaining together throughout the service was 
 at least partially frustrated. 
 
 On September 19th the regiment entrained from Camp 
 Shelby in the midst of dismal rain, but hilarious as school 
 boys at the prospect of at last getting into the big fight. The 
 long trip from Mississippi to Camp Upton, Long Island, was 
 a prolonged joy ride with debarkations and parades at the 
 principal cities. At Upton they remained until October 6thy 
 and on that date boarded the English transport, Cedric, for 
 overseas. ' 
 
 By the time Battery E got across the war was nearly 
 over and it did not get on the battle front. After remaining 
 a few days 'at Camp Codford, in England, it was ordered to 
 France, and for an account of its experiences there, we can 
 
 13 
 
Jefiferson County in the World War. 
 
 not do better than quote from Correspondent Rogers: 
 
 "After crossing the channel," says Mr. Rogers, "we land- 
 ed at Cherbourg, and after three days departed thence for 
 we knew not where, riding aboard box cars. * * * 
 We traveled, or rather rambled and bumped eastward toward 
 Paris, passing through Alencon, thence to Le Mans, Laval 
 and Ploermal, at which latter place we staid for a couple of 
 weeks. Then we took a long hike with heavy packs to Camp 
 De Meucon where we were when the news of the armistice 
 reached us * * * 
 
 "On November 30 the regiment began moving toward 
 Brest, the port of embarkation, being again loaded into cattle 
 cars. After arriving at Brest we stumbled about in the mud, 
 rain and darkness till we finally found some barracks. * * 
 
 "We were at the rest camp, so-called, for almost two 
 weeks. Each day almost the whole battery was got out to help 
 unload ships, work in the sawmill, or at anything that the camp 
 commander wanted done. 
 
 "On December 13 we acted as guard of honor to President 
 Wilson and party upon his arrival at Brest, and of course felt 
 quite dignified about it. The next day we embarked upon the 
 President's ship, the George Washington, and Sunday evening 
 at 2:15 sailed out of the harbor of Brest for home." 
 
 The George Washington, according to Sergeant Hayden 
 Bear, made dock at Hoboken on Christmas eve. Thence Bat- 
 tery E., with the rest of its regiment, went to Camp Merritt, 
 N. J., where it remained about two weeks, thence to Fort Ben- 
 jamin Harrison, where the men were discharged January 16, 
 1919. The next day they reached Madison in a body and were 
 given a joyful ovation, including a big chicken dinner at the 
 armory; and thns erf'^ed the history of our home companv as a 
 unit in the "World War. 
 
 M 
 
IV. 
 
 THE HOME GUARDS: COMPANY K. LIBERTY GUARDS. 
 
 HANOVER STUDENT ARMY TRAINING CORPS. 
 
 On September 12, 1917, William Ogden, then acting 
 chairman of the Council of Defense, called a meeting at the 
 court house for the purpose of organizing a company of home 
 guards for local militia service. Mr. Ogden, Capt. A. D. Van- 
 osdol and Sheriff George Monroe were the committee having 
 the movement in charge. The call was well responded to and 
 at the meeting twenty-eight volunteers signed the following 
 enlistment agreement: 
 
 "We, the undersigned residents of Jefferson County, in 
 the State of Indiana, and not being subject to the selective 
 conscription lav/s of the United States now in force because 
 of our age or legal exemptions therefrom, do hereby enlist in, 
 and become members of the Jefferson County Home Guard, 
 in said county, and subject to service within the boundary 
 of said county only, and not elsewhere, in defense of persons 
 and property in said county, and the enforcement of law 
 and order therein, subject to the call of the sheriff of this 
 county, or other lawful authority for and within said county. 
 
 "We pledge ourselves to loyally support the government 
 of the United States of America, and the State of Indiana 
 and the lawfully constituted authorities thereof in all efforts 
 to bring to a speedy and successi*ul termination the present 
 war against the German Empire and its allies. 
 
 "This the 12th day of September, 1917." 
 
 R. F. Stanton was chosen captain of the organization. 
 
 With further publicity the list of volunteers slowly in- 
 creased in numbers and drilling was carried on at. the arm- 
 ory for about two months. The question of equipment for 
 the company was a leading problem and Captain Stanton vis- 
 ited the Attoi-ney General's office to solicit aid toward such 
 equipment but found that it could not be given. However, 
 he was informed that the organization of ten State militia 
 
 15 
 
Jefferson County in the World War. 
 
 companies had been decided upon and it was suggested that 
 Jefferson County form one of these. In that case a full equip- 
 ment of rifles, ammunition, uniforms, etc., would be furnish- 
 ed by the State. The difference between such a militia com- 
 pany and the "Home Guards" was that the former would be 
 subject to State-wide service and to State regulations. The 
 local quota would be seventy-five men, and those under and 
 over the draft age limits would be eligible to enlistment. 
 
 At a meeting in the high school building on November 
 16th, the change proposed was discussed and after some fur- 
 ther agitation. Col. Charles A. Garrard, of the Adjutant- 
 General's office, visited Madison, on November 28th, and 
 mustered in the new company to take the place of the old 
 one, with a roster of fifty-six men and R. F. Stanton as cap- 
 tain. The company was assigned to the 2nd regiment, 3rd 
 battalion, Indiana State Militia, as Company K., other com- 
 panies in the battalion being from Shelbyville, Lebanon and 
 Anderson. Aick- W I ^ J ^ 
 
 Septownbcr ^, 101 9; /^Lieutenant Frank J. Pritchard was 
 promoted to the captaincy, R. F. Stanton resigning, and on 
 November 10th, Melvin W. Blackard was commissioned 2nd 
 lieutenant to fill the vacancy caused by Lieutenant Yunker 
 entering the regular army. After Mr. Yunker's return home 
 he was commissioned first lieutenant of the home company. 
 
 October 16, 1919, Captain Pritchard with Company K 
 was ordered to report to Adjutant General Harry B. Smith 
 at Indiana Harbor, Ind., for duty during the steel strike at 
 that place, and they were in service there seventeen days. 
 
 April 22, 1920 Company K was mustered out of service 
 by Major Earl McKee, a member of the staff of Adjutant- 
 General Harry B. Smith. In dismissing the men, Major 
 McKee complimented them on their patriotic service and ad- 
 vocated the organization of a new Madison company as a 
 unit in the National Guard system that will replace the 
 State Militia. 
 
 IS 
 
Military Beginnings. 
 
 THE LIBERTY GUARDS. 
 
 The Liberty Guards company, of IVIiddlefork, Jefferson 
 County, was an organization foiined in response to a procla- 
 mation by (jiovernor Goodrich calling into State militia service 
 men between the ages of eighteen and forty-five years. This 
 was classed as the "sedentary militia," and was to serve as 
 a home guard. Tiie service was voluntary and the prelim- 
 inary step toward a local organization was a petition signed 
 by not less than fifty citizens of the community stating their 
 desire to form a unit of the Liberty Guard, with assurance 
 that such unit would maintain an interest in the work lor 
 the period of the war. 
 
 The IVIiddlefork neighborhood was, we believe, the only 
 one in this county to take steps conformable to the governor'^ 
 appeal and on February 9, 1919, the recruits assembled at the 
 Middlefork church for the purpose of organization and physi- 
 cal examination. 
 
 The officers chosen were: John Smith, captain; Ed Wil- 
 son, first lieutenant ; Ralph E. Craig, second lieutenant. 
 
 The physical examination, conducted by Dr. Vincent 
 Shepherd and Dr. J. F. Lewis, eliminated some of the appli- 
 cants, but we are told that "54 came through all right." 
 
 HANOVER S. A. T. C. 
 
 Reference has already been made to military organiza- 
 tion in the student body of Hanover College very soon after 
 the declaration of war. At our solicitation. Dr. W. A. Millis, 
 president of the college, has submitted the following suc- 
 cinct statement which puts in a nutshell the part the school 
 played in the program for preparedness. 
 
 "The plans for the 1919 campaign, then thought by the 
 military authorities as necessary to the winning of the war, 
 revealed a shortage of 150,000 line officers. The results se- 
 cured by the intensive training of college men had been so 
 satisfactory that the War Department turned again to the 
 colleges and universities for this complement of officer can- 
 
 17 
 
Jefferson County in the World War. 
 
 rlidates. Standard colleges willing to serve their country in 
 this emergency and possessing the necessary facilities were 
 selected and reorganized to give an intensive training prelim- 
 inary to the regular officers training in the camps. Only 
 volunteer soldiers qualified for college entrance were accept- 
 ed. As rapidly as these men demonstrated the possession of 
 proper academic and personal qualifications they were to be 
 transferred to the camp schools. 
 
 "Hanover College promptly accepted the call to service 
 and entered into contract with the Government for the hous- 
 ing, subsistence and instruction of soldiers. October first, 
 1018, the Fanovr^r Unit of S, A. T. C. was formally estab- 
 lished under command of Lieut. Henry E. Dodd, with Presi- 
 dent W. A. Millis as director of academic activities, and Dr. 
 S. A. Whitsitt as medical officer. One hundred twenty-five 
 soldiers were admitted to the "unit." The men were discharg- 
 ed December 21, following the signing of the armistice, and 
 by mutual agreement and satisfactory adjustment of costs 
 by the Government the contract between the College and the 
 Armory was annulled. 
 
 "The enterprise was pronounced eminently successful 
 by the military inspectors, and if the war had continued a 
 large percentage of the men would have been accepted as of- 
 ficers." 
 
 18 
 
V. 
 
 WORK OF THE DRAFT BOARD. 
 
 The conscription law making all male citizens of the 
 United States between the ages of 21 and 31 subject to the 
 call for military duty, passed Congress May 18, 1917. This 
 opened the way to a tremendous task — the biggest of the 
 kind that America had ever attempted. Not only did it mean 
 a complete registration of the millions of men throughout the 
 country between the ages specified, but there had to be a 
 vast separating and classifying process — first the separation 
 of the physically fit from the unfit and then the classing of 
 the fit in accordance with an elaborate scheme that aimed at 
 the greatest possible military efficiency. For every actual 
 fighting man on the firing line at least two or three men 
 were required in other capacities and the plan was to select 
 accordingly. Some men, by reason of the necessity of their 
 vocations, were more useful at home than in the field and 
 there were various grounds for exemption. 
 
 The machinery essential to the accomplishment of this 
 work was local registration and draft boards acting in con- 
 junction with and under the instructions of the State and 
 Federal authorities. In Indiana Governor Goodrich took 
 steps toward organization as early as April 28th, three weeks 
 before Congress passed the law, by appointing commission- 
 ers of three in each county to take charge of the arrange- 
 ments for registration. These commissions were to consist 
 of the clerk of the court, the sheriff and a third citizen of 
 prominence. The three in Jefferson County were County 
 Clerk Edward M. Prenatt, Sheriff George Monroe and ex- 
 Representative Hiram Foster, and they on May 2nd, an- 
 nounced their selections of registrars for the various pre- 
 cincts in the county. The list was: 
 City of Madison: 
 
 First ward — Precincts: 1, George T. Mayfield; 2, Robert 
 E. Manville; 3, Nicholas Robinus. 
 
 19 
 
Jefferson County in the World War. 
 
 Second ward — Precincts: 1, George H. Simpson; 2, How- 
 ard W. Graham; 3, William Ogden. 
 
 Third ward — Precincts: 1, Simeon E. Leland; 2, Joseph 
 F. McKenna ; 3, John F. Hammell. 
 
 Graham Township — Precincts: 1, Middleton Robertson; 
 2, Frank P. Wilson. 
 
 Hanover Township — Precincts: 1, Glenn Culbertson; 2, 
 Henry M. Lee. 
 
 Lancaster Township — Precincts: 1, John L. Hammond; 
 2, Green B .Giltner. 
 
 Madison Township — Precincts: 1, Robert H. Wood; 2, 
 George E. Sherlock; 3, William T. Seburn; 4, Samuel Wal- 
 lace; 5, James Cornwall. 
 
 MilLo]'. Township— Precincts: 1, Evan Miller; 2, Albert E. 
 Rogers; 3, W. W. Lane. 
 
 Monroe Township — Precincts: 1, W. L. Denny; 2, Avery 
 Jordan. 
 
 Republican Township — William Kloepfer. 
 
 Saluda Township — Precincts 1, Daniel S. Mills; 2, Dr. 
 R. A. J. McKeand. 
 
 Shelby Township — Precincts: 1, John F. Todd; 2, Lucius 
 T. Lee. 
 
 Smyrna Township — James W. Banta. 
 
 It should be said that although provision had been made 
 for salaries for registrars those in Indiana contributed their 
 services as a patriotic duty. It was estimated that if this 
 volunteer work done in Jefferson County had been paid for, 
 it would have cost at least five hundred dollars. 
 
 June 5, 1917, was the first registration day. It was 
 rather anticipated that there would be some trouble owing to 
 opposition to conscription, but the day passed off pretty much 
 as an ordinary election does, the registrations being taken 
 at the thirty-one voting precincts of the county. But few 
 failed to obey the law. The figures of the Provost Marshal 
 General Crowder to the Secretary of War show that the total 
 
 20 
 
The Draft Board. 
 
 number of registrants in our county was 1,299. Subsequent 
 fuuircs increased this to 1,306. Our gross quota under the 
 first call was 171, but we were credited with 77 volunteer en- 
 listments, thus leaving but 94 subject to the draft. 
 
 The next step to be taken was the elimination of the un- 
 fit and those otherwise entitled to exemption from those not 
 exempt, through the agency of a local draft exemption 
 board, appointed by Federal authority. Our local board first 
 consisted of Dr. H. S. Hatch, Dr. 0. A. Turner and Mr. George 
 W. Miles, but afterwards County Clerk Edward M. Prenatt 
 took the place of Mr. Miles. Dr. Hatch was president. 
 
 The task of this board was by no means a light one, in- 
 volving as it did the physical examination of hundreds of 
 men, the passing on claims for exemption, the compiling of 
 data and the keeping pace with innumerable new rulings from 
 headquarters touching the minutiae of the business. The 
 tabulated results of their work following this first registra- 
 tion are of interest. They called for examination 518 men, 
 of whom only 12 failed to appear; 311 were accepted as 
 physically fit and 195 were rejected. Exemption was claim- 
 ed by 225 and 186 of these were allowed, leaving 125 to be 
 certified to the district board as eligible for military service. 
 This 125 as a military residuum out of 518 after the elimJn- 
 ations, will give an idea of the sifting process that went with 
 the selective draft. 
 
 Other figures show that out of 518, all but two v/ere na- 
 tive citizens, and of the 1,299 registered 682 were married 
 and 617 single. The total cost of this draft varied in differ- 
 ent State, the average being $4.93 for each man that was 
 certified for service by the local boards. The cost in Indi- 
 ana was $3.57 per man. This cost increased with the exten 
 sion of the selective draft and by October 1, 1918, it amount- 
 ed to $5.84 in Indiana with $7.90 for an average of all the oth- 
 er States. 
 
 In 1918 three other registrations were taken, the dates 
 
 21. 
 
Jefferson County in the World War. 
 
 being June 5, August 24 and September 12. The first two 
 were lor getiing mose who had reached the age of 21 since 
 June 5, 1917. The third, in accordance with an enlarged pro- 
 gram and an increased demand for man power, conformed to 
 a new law which included in the draft men between 18 and 21 
 and between 32 and 45. The June and August total was only 
 laG, but the extension of the age limits added 2,054, making 
 3,516 for the county's grand total. 
 
 At the end of the first month the board was commend- 
 ed for the efficiency of its service. There had been examined 
 482 men, but this and the attendant clerical work took prac- 
 tically all the time of the two physicians and clerk, besides 
 that of an assistant, Mrs. Clara Bear. Later the work was 
 lightened by a change of method which reduced the num- 
 ber of registranis lo be examined by first sending oat ques- 
 tionnaires to them, the answers to these questionnaires, 
 when returned, showing a certain percentage whom it was not 
 necessary to call for examination at all. This but partially 
 simplified the problem, however, for so many of the regis- 
 trants were puzzled by the questionnaires that the board at 
 times was swamped by seekers after information. 
 
 As the civilian population honored the county's volun- 
 teer body, Company I, by various demonstrations, as here- 
 tofore mentioned, so did it rally to show its appreciation of 
 the drafted men and of the important task that lay ahead of 
 them. Acting on a suggestion from the State Council of De- 
 fense arrangements were made for a great patriotic meeting 
 to be held at Neavill's Grove, a picnicing spot, near Volga, at 
 the approximate center of the county. To show their good 
 will toward the country people, who were the promoters of 
 the rally, as well as towards the soldiers, forty-nine of the 
 leading business firms of Madison publicly announced their 
 intentions of helping in every way possible to make the af- 
 fair a success. The demonstration came off September 5th, 
 with Dr. George B. Grosse, president of DePauw University, 
 
 2^- > I 
 
The Council of Defense. 
 
 as the chief speaker, and with an attendance of perhaps three 
 thousand people, six or eight hundred of whom were from 
 Madison. 
 
 This was in the nature of a general compliment to the 
 draftees, about the time the first ones were called, but there- 
 after their induction by small groups from time to time mili- 
 tated against further demonstrations except in the form of 
 farewells and dances tendered by personal friends of the men. 
 
 ENTRAINMENTS. 
 
 The first drafted men to enter military service from 
 Jefferson County were William Levi Tilford, Howard Lock- 
 ridge and Joseph Skidmore, who left Madison September 6, 
 1917, entrained for Camp Taylor. These were followed in a 
 day or so by Rayburn Young, of North Madison, and Floyd 
 Mouser. 
 
 Between September 20, 1917 and October 15, 1918, ap- 
 proximately thirty-five quotas were entrained from Madison, 
 these quotas running in number from a single man to groups 
 of thirty or forty. The majority of them went to Camp Tay- 
 lor, but some were scattered over the country to various 
 camps and training schools. 
 
 Practically all of these men were photographed, when 
 they entrained, by Mr. Louis Cohen, who by virtue of his act- 
 ive interest in this work was appointed official photographer 
 of the county. To Mr. Cohen, before as well as after this ap- 
 pointment, the county is indebted for a pictorial record of 
 our soldiers and of war-time scenes in Madison. The collec- 
 tion consists of more than fifty pictures, a complete set of 
 which is preserved by the Historical Commission. The names 
 of the men entrained and dates of entrainment are preserv- 
 ed by the county historical society. 
 
 23. 
 
VI. 
 
 THE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE. 
 
 To convey an idea of the function of the County Council 
 of Defense and its relations to the larger system, we repro- 
 duce in full a communication from the State Council of De- 
 fense to .Judge F. M. Griffith, of the Jefferson County Circuit 
 Court. It read: 
 
 "State Council of Defense, May 28, 1917. 
 
 "Dear Judge: 
 
 "No doubt you are advised of the organization, under 
 the direction of the Federal Government, of the State Coun- 
 cil oT Defense, operating in connection with the National 
 Council of Defense. In line with the Department's wishes 
 the Governor has organized such a State Council of Defense 
 for Indiana, which has opened headquarters in the State 
 House and is preparing to do such services as is possible for 
 it to perform until the close of the war. 
 
 "In line with the Government's wishes and the sugges- 
 tions of the National Council of Defense and the War De- 
 partment, steps were taken Friday to organize county coun- 
 cils of defense. To that end a resolution was passed that the 
 judges of the Circuit Courts be requested to name seven per- 
 sons in each county in his circuit. A copy of the resolution 
 passed by the State Council of Defense is enclosed. We will 
 appreciate very much if you will read this carefully and act 
 accordingly, and as soon as the council has been appointed by 
 you, will see that the name of the chairman is sent to us. 
 
 "The purpose of the State Council of Defense, in brief, 
 is to co-operate with the Federal Government in organizing 
 and directing the resources of the State in men and mater- 
 ials to make them effective for National use. 
 
 "The government is going about this matter in a very 
 careful and comprehensive manner. They are very anxious 
 that the States co-operate by the organization of the State 
 
 ...,._....«4l^ 24. . . . ,.-,,. 
 
The Council of Defense. 
 
 Councils. Necessarily, and because it is a national matter, 
 the Secretary of War suggests, of course, that the general 
 direction of the whole matter will be in Washington, but he 
 says that the strength of their organization will depend upon 
 the efficiency with which the organization of the several 
 States and smaller political divisions is carried out. He says 
 that while they can make no forecast as to the length of the 
 war, every consideration of intelligence and prudence directs 
 us to enter it as though it Vv'ere going to be long and to equip 
 ourselves to do our task from the very beginning in the larg- 
 est and most effective way; that this means the mobilization 
 of the energy and strength of the country in an industrial 
 as well as a military way, and to preserve, as far as possible, 
 the country from unnecessary dislocations of its industrial, 
 commercial, agricultural and community life; that the max- 
 imum of co-operation is the essential measure of the efficien- 
 cy of the whole matter. 
 
 "We will very much appreciate your co-operation in this 
 matter." 
 
 More specifically the function of the County Council of 
 Defense as a part of a nation-wide system, was to impose 
 upon the people of its county whatever measures were deemed 
 necessary to war efficiency. "Win the War" was the national 
 slogan, and the civilian contribution to that end needed di- 
 rection under authority. Duly invested with such authority 
 the local council, acting in close cooperation (in this county, 
 at least) with the food and fuel administrators, concerned it- 
 self with the production and conservation of food stuffs, with 
 the fuel situation, with cases of disloyalty, and, in short, with 
 whatever might help or hinder in the great task before the 
 country. "" ^^"^ 
 
 Pursuant to the appeal from the State Council, Judge 
 Griffith appointed as members of a county council H. O. 
 Woolford. chairman; Mrs. M. C. Garber. Nicholas Robinus 
 f\nr\ J. R. Tnglis, all of Madison; James T. Green, of North 
 Madi-^on : Russell Fewell, of Hanover Township, and John J. 
 
 25. 
 
Jefferson County in the World War. 
 
 Denny, of Monroe Township. Subsequently Mr. Woolford re- 
 signed on account of military activities, and was succeeded 
 by William Ogden, who continued as chairman until the coun- 
 cil was officially mustered out of service by the governor of 
 the State. 
 
 Owing, perhaps, to the fact that the whole scheme was 
 too much of an innovation to easily get under way, the coun- 
 ty councils generally seem not to have made much of a show- 
 ing until further stimulus was applied. On July 14th, 1917, 
 Prof. W. O. Mills, of Purdue University, representing the food 
 committee of the State Council of Defense, came to Jeft'er- 
 son County and attempted to perfect the organization and to 
 get it into working shape, and the following September the 
 national council sent out speakers to stir up the local coun- 
 cil and the people. Madison was visited September 26th by 
 three of these representatives — R. W. Jinnett, C. C. Whitlock 
 and A. R. Sills, Jr. The burden of their addresses was, the 
 seriousness of the situation, the part that the civil popula- 
 tion would have to take in the world war, and the pressing 
 need for the conservation and production of food stuffs. 
 
 At that time our council was re-organized for business 
 with the following committees supplementing the seven 
 members above named, who constituted the council proper: 
 
 Finance: J. Wilbur Cornett, chairman; Charles Cravens, 
 Robert T. Banner. 
 
 Food Production, Stimulation and Conservation: Joseph 
 M. Cravens, chairman; Mrs. J. L. Fuelling, Charles E. Irwin, 
 J. C. F. Schmidlap, Levi Banner. 
 
 Four Minute Men: Prof. Homer Long, chairman. 
 
 Enrollment of Men in Military Service: Capt. A. D. Van- 
 osdol, chairman; Edward M. Prenatt, Walter Caplinger. 
 
 Jefferson County Guard: Capt. A. D. Vanosdol, chair- 
 man; Sheriff George A. Monroe, R. F. Stanton (captain of 
 Madison company). 
 
 Committee on Public Health: W. G. Rogers, chairman; 
 
 26. 
 
The Council of Defense. 
 
 jjrs. U. A. Turner, Iviaaison; Vincent Shepherd, Dupont; S. 
 A. VVhitsitt, kenc; U. F. Harwood, Brooksburg; C. W. Den- 
 ny, Belieview. 
 
 Women's Activities: Mrs. M. C. Garber, chairman; Mes- 
 dames S. G. Boyd, K. W. Cochran, Edward Eggleston, R. L. 
 iieiana, jjavia jonnson, Vv . U. McLelland, J. W. Miliigan, Wm. 
 wfeuen, r^uward i:.. roweii, \\ . G. Rogers, Elmer Scott, Marcus 
 K3Ulzer, J. Vv. 'ievis, and Miss Mayme Horuit'. 
 
 iownship Secretaries: Graham, Mrs. Hiram Foster; 
 Hanover, Mrs. r'ranlt Craig; Madison, Mrs. G. F. Crozier; 
 Republican, Mrs. W. A. Crosby; Saluda, Mrs. Evelyn Wells; 
 Shelby, Miss Agnes Bishop ; Smyrna, Mrs. Walter A. Ritchie. 
 
 Boys' Working Reserve : Miss Etta Hoff stadt, chairman. 
 
 But the Council of Defense could not do its vi^ork prop- 
 erly without funds and the county commissioners were twice 
 asked for an appropriation. The first time the request was 
 refused on the ground that such appropriation was not au- 
 thorized by law, there being no legislative provision for such 
 emergency. Nevertheless, in this general emergency most 
 of the counties had made appropriations, though the pro- 
 ceeding was somewhat irregular, and after a second appeal 
 made by a committee consisting of Messrs. Marcus Sulzer, 
 P. E. Bear, John McGregor, A. D. Vanosdol, G. M. Daily and 
 A. C. Greiner, our commissioners followed the precedent. 
 There was no appropriation for 1917 ; that for 1918 was $1,- 
 092.75, and that for 1919 was $1,000. 
 
 Meanwhile a number of patriotic citizens who were most 
 active in the work of "helping win the war" gave not only 
 of their time but of their money for incidental expenses. The 
 duties of Food Administrator Harper, for example, necessi- 
 tated much stenographic work; the same was true of Fuel 
 Administrator Seburn and of William Ogden, the Council of 
 Defense chairman. All of these and others — more, in fact, 
 than the chronicler could definitely trace — saw their tasks 
 through at personal expense when the situation '^'^manded 
 
 27. 
 
Jefferson County in the World War. 
 
 it and said nothing further about it. Senator J. M. Cravens, 
 to cite one more instance, himself rented and furnished an 
 office room for the clerical work of filling out questionnaires. 
 
 This filling of questionnaires as a first step in the select- 
 ive scheme was one of the tedious, time-consuming tasks 
 that demanded faithful volunteer service, and there were per- 
 iods when those who had the work in hand virtually laid aside 
 their private business. This applied to pretty much every at- 
 torney of Madison. The machinery for accomplishing this 
 work consisted of a legal advisory board of three members 
 who appointed as associate members or assistants other local 
 attorneys. The members of the advisory board were Messrs. 
 J. M. Cravens, John McGregor and E. S. Roberts, and the as- 
 sociates Messrs. Hiram Francisco, A. D. Vanosdol, S. E. Le- 
 land, M. R. Sulzer, W. O. Ford, Emerson Lemen, S. J. Bear, 
 Curtis Marshall, T. B. McGregor, H. J. Zearing, Nicholas 
 Harper, B. F. Mouser, Harry Lemen, Charles O. McBride, 
 P. E. Bear and Benjamin Noell. 
 
 In addition to the above those who had a recognized tal- 
 ent for public speaking were pressed into service as "four 
 minute men" to spread the propaganda of conservation, 
 thrift and patriotic duty by numerous brief speeches at the 
 nicture theatres, at the factories and elsewhere as opportun- 
 ity offered. 
 
 FOOD PRODUCTION AND CONSERVATION. 
 
 Immediately after the declaration of war, Indiana took 
 steps toward agricultural mobilization and the conserving of 
 food stuffs. This stimulus reached to the various counties 
 and on April 7, 1917, agricultural organization was effected 
 at the court house in Madison with J. H. Hanna, president: 
 Glenn Culbertson, vice president; George Sherlock, secretary, 
 and F. H. Austin, treasurer. 
 
 This took the name of "The Jefferson County Patriotic 
 Agricultural Society." A feature of the general plan was the 
 promoting of township organizations by the county societies, 
 
 28. ; 
 
The Council oi Defense. 
 
 uius aisseniiiiaiiiig ilie interest throughout the rural dis- 
 LiicLS, and pursuant to ihis -The Manville Patriotic Agricul- 
 tural bov^ieiy" was iormed at a raUy held at Manville, Milton 
 lownship, on April ioth. The officers of this branch were: 
 victor Vernon, prosiuenc; Charles Martin, vice president; 
 VViiliaiu Moore, treasurer, and Albert Scott, secretary. 
 
 In September, li>i7, the State Council of Defense urged, 
 through Mr. Ogden, the local chairman, an increased acreage 
 of wheat and rye, the apportionment for Jefferson County 
 being, for wheat, 24,000 and for rye 1,000 acres. As a result 
 of this appeal the acreage for wheat, as estimated by the W. 
 Trow milling company in October, was 20,000 to 24,000 acres 
 as against 10,000 to 15,000 acres for the preceding year, and 
 in 1918, there was a banner crop of this grain. 
 
 In the spring of 1918 the idea was conceived of organ- 
 izing for farm work the drafted men who remained at home 
 by reason of deferred classification. These to the number of 
 950, were notified to meet at the Court House for the purpose 
 of perfecting a working society. There was a good response ; 
 the meeting was addressed by Dr. W. A. Millis, president of 
 Hanover College, who emphasized the importance of a vig- 
 orous food program, and the result was an organization with 
 branches reaching into each township which, according to a 
 subsequent report of the county agent, "proved a valuable 
 asset to the promotion of agricultural work." To quote this 
 report further "It was through this organization that a large 
 number of farmers were interested in using pulverized lime- 
 stone. Also through its channels a 25% increase in the acre- 
 age of wheat was obtained. Furthermore this organization 
 assisted in getting over 500 farmers to field-select their seed 
 corn, and fifty-three farmers to erect fifty-three new silos, 
 and they have made numerous surveys for the department." 
 
 Food production and food conservation were promoted 
 in many ways. Ministers from their pulpits spoke on this 
 subject; there were talks addressed to the school children, 
 
 29. 
 
Jefferson County in the World War. 
 
 and merchants were asked to make window displays illus- 
 trating methods of conservation. A Hoosier pledge card 
 campaign and "conservation week" was conducted between 
 the dates of October 28 and November 4, 1917. 
 
 Steps were also taken in August, 1917, toward organiz- 
 ing throughout the county a "Boys' Working Reserve," the 
 purpose of which was to enlist in agricultural work boys from 
 16 to 20 years of age. Miss Etta M. Ho(ffstadt, who had tak- 
 en a course in food conservation at Purdue University, was 
 the local director representing this movement, and through 
 her twenty-two bronze badges were awarded to Jefferson 
 County boys by the federal authority. The recipients of this 
 honor were William A. Reidel, Howard B. Kuppler, Oliver 
 P. James, Thomas L. Schrieber, Delbert O. Ackerman, Harry 
 D. Linenweber, Geo. V. Reul, Stanley H. Reidel, Harry E. 
 Walker, Richard R Davis, and Glenn F. Hewitt, all of Mad- 
 ison; Delbert E. Peacock, Deputy; Earl G. Palmer, Edwin V. 
 O'Neel, Waldo A. Judkins, Harley S. Graston and Charles J. 
 Nichols, of Dupont; Osmer Richmond, Wray R. Waters and 
 Ralph B. Green, of North Madison; Harold C. Voris, Hano- 
 ver; Roy E. Langdon, Kosmosdale. 
 
 In Jefferson County, as elsewhere, however, the people 
 awakened but slowly to the urgency of the things preached, 
 and by way of an extra stimulus a big "war conference" was 
 held in Madison on February 11, 1918. This consisted of 
 three sessions broken up into various sectional meetings 
 held at the Grand Opera House, the court House, the high 
 school building and Trinity Church, where the questions of 
 civilian war duties were discussed from every angle by the aid 
 of visiting speakers, among whom were C. V. Stansbury, of 
 the National Food Administration ; H. A. Stevens, of Purdue 
 University; Mrs. Grace Julian Clarke, of Indianapolis, and 
 Lieutenant Hector McQuarrie. of the British army. 
 
 0, 
 
The Council of Defense. 
 
 WOMAN'S SECTION COUNCIL OF DEFENSE. 
 
 The local Council of Defense was greatly aided in its 
 work by the zeal and faithfulness of the women, organized 
 as the "Woman's Section," with Mrs. M. C. Garber, as chair- 
 man. This virtually separated the council into two cooper- 
 ating parts and calls for a separate consideration of the wom- 
 en's work. The Woman's Section not only distinguished it- 
 self by energy and initiative but kept the fullest and most 
 methodical records that have fallen into the hands of the 
 present writer, and the account here presented of the organ- 
 ization and its activities is but an abridged form of an his- 
 torical sketch written by Mrs. Garber, the chairman. 
 
 The Woman's Section of Jefferson County began its spe- 
 cific duties, independently, says Mrs. Garber, "responding to 
 instructions from the Woman's Section of the State Council 
 for its work. 
 
 "The first assignment of duty was the quota of socks 
 for the gift of 4,000 pairs to the first Indiana regiment to go 
 to the front. Forty-seven pairs were asked of Jefferson 
 County, to be completed and delivered by September 1. Six- 
 ty pairs were done and delivered by August 25. 
 
 "To carry on this work the county was organized by the 
 appointment of a chairman in each of the ten townships, as 
 follows : Graham, Miss Lucy Robertson ; Hanover, Mrs. Frank 
 Craig; Lancaster, Miss Mary Lewis; Madison, Mrs. David 
 Johnson ; Milton, Mrs, William Dow ; Monroe, Mrs. Charles W. 
 Denny; Republican, Mrs. W. A. Crosby; Saluda, Miss Hazel 
 Gorrell; Shelby, Miss Agnes Bishop; Smyrna, Mrs. Walter 
 Ritchie. 
 
 "A meeting of these chairmen for organization was held 
 July 24 with a good attendance. The work to which they 
 were called was fully outlined and assignment made of the 
 knitting — five pairs of socks to each township. The quotas 
 were completed one week ahead of schedule time. The coun- 
 ty went over the top in amount also, one-third more pairs of 
 
 31. 
 
Jefferson County in the World War. 
 
 socks being sent than was asked for. 
 
 "August 9 a second called meeting was held at the head- 
 quarters. The subject to be discussed was the conservation 
 of the food products of the county for supplying the local de- 
 mands for the ensuing winter, but the requirements of the 
 pure food laws, such as printed tables with the name of 
 person submitting each article, ingredients, etc., proved an 
 insurmountable obstacle to the project. 
 
 "Simultaneously with the organization of the county a 
 city committee, consisting of representatives of the churches 
 and clubs was appointed. These were the women of executive 
 ability and wide influence from the several wards of the city, 
 the purpose being to reach all parts and^ all people. Following 
 is the committee: 
 
 "Mrs. M. C. Garber, chairman; Mrs. W. G. Rogers, vice 
 chairman; Mesdames Edward Eggleston, R. L, Ireland, W. O. 
 McLelland, J. W. Milligan, Edward Powell, Marcus Sulzer, 
 R. W. Cochran, W. D. Ogden, David Johnson, John W. Tevis, 
 E. R. Trovv', Elmer E. Scott, E. B. Sheldon, and Misses Mary 
 Iloruff and Carolyn Ford. 
 
 "Through the city and county organizations the State 
 registration of women v/as effected by means of the first 
 and second food card campaigns. During a two months' ab- 
 sence from the county of the chairman of the Woman's Sec- 
 tion, the vice chairman, Mrs. W. G. Rogers, discharged the 
 duties of the chairman through that period (October and 
 November, 1917) with great efficiency. The second food card 
 campaign was under Mrs. Rogers' administration, and was 
 a notable success. 
 
 "On November 12 instruction was issued by the State 
 chairman, Mrs. Carlisle, for an extension of county organi- 
 zation along the lines adopted by the national committee call- 
 ing for division chairmen to whom the several departments 
 of work should be entrusted. The following appointments 
 were submitted to the State chairman and endorsed: 
 
 32. 
 
The Council of Defense. 
 
 "Enrollment, Mrs. M. C. Garber. Food Production, Mrs. 
 R. W. Cochran. Home Economics, Mrs. M. R. Sulzer. Child 
 Welfare, Mrs. V/. 0. McLelland. Health and Recreation, 
 Mrs. W. D. Ogden. Food Conservation, Mrs. W. G. Rogers. 
 Liberty Loan, Mrs. J. W. Tevis. Red Cross, Mrs. E. R. Trow. 
 Allied Relief, Miss Carolyn Ford. Social Service, Mrs. W. O. 
 McLelland. Education, Mrs. E. B. Sheldon. Women in In- 
 dustry, Miss Ella Wade. Publicity, Mrs. E. E. Scott. In- 
 struction for this work was sent by the State chairman De- 
 cember 3d. The appointments were made at once and tho 
 department work begun. 
 
 "The Jefferson County war conference was held Febru- 
 ary 11, 1918, and was in every respect a great success. The 
 session of the Women's Section was held in Trinity Church, 
 a martial character being imparted by the soldierly bearing 
 of the uniformed Boy Scouts who acted as ushers and page.s. 
 The program was as follows: 
 
 "Outline of proposed work, Mrs. M. C. Garber, chair- 
 man. General discussion, by division and township chair* 
 men. Address, Mrs. Grace Julian Clarke, chairman Stato 
 fourteen-minute women. Conference of county fourteen- 
 minute women, conducted by chairman of State committee. 
 
 "Registration with the national card was begun March 
 23rd by the appointment of registrars covering all territory 
 in town and county, the former on the block system and the 
 latter by school districts. Registration classes for instruction 
 of registrars and registrants were held in every township ex- 
 cept two, whose organizations met with that of a neighbor- 
 ing township. The first was in Madison, April 5th, the last 
 in Hanover the week proceeding the registration drive. A 
 committee of assistants accompanied the chairman of each 
 class and aided in registering all women present. The num- 
 ber of women in each township, according to the census of 
 1910, was given to the township chairman, and she was ex- 
 pected to register 100 per cent. As a matter of fact, while 
 
 33. 
 
Jefferson County in the World War. 
 
 the census gave 4,085 women for the county, 4,447 were reg- 
 istered. 
 
 "The withdrawal ,bf Mrs. Rogers, vice chairman and 
 food conservation chairman, left vacant these offices and 
 Mrs. R. W. Clements was appointed to fill the vacancies April 
 10, 1918. She accompanied the registration committee on 
 its township visitations, instituting throughout the county 
 food clubs under the direction of the State food administra- 
 tion. 
 
 "Through Professor Christie, the head of the State ag- 
 ricultural bureau, Mrs. Clements secured a course of food 
 demonstrations by Miss Reba Smith, a food demonstrator 
 from Purdue University. Six demonstrations were given, 
 from May 13 to 18, before women of each township, neigh* 
 boring townships combining their meetings when possible. 
 
 "The year for which the County Council was appointed 
 expired May 31st, and the appointments for the ensuing 
 year were : W. D. Ogden, chairman ; B. H. Doddridge, County 
 Agent, Secretary; J. W. Cornett, Treasurer; Nicholas Har- 
 per, Food Administrator; W. T. Seburn, Fuel Administrator; 
 Iv/Tvc.. iv[, c. Garbor, Voman Member; Jam^es Green, Labor 
 Member, 
 
 "The Student Nurse Reserve Campaign was at once op- 
 ened in connection with the Red Cross. The committee from 
 the council was Mrs. E. R. Trow, R. C. chairman; Miss Car- 
 olyn Ford, vice R. C. chairman, and Mrs. S. G. Boyd, chair- 
 man Student Nurse Course, K. D. H. Thorough work was 
 done by the committee and their many aides throughout the 
 county, but it was not possible to fill the quota. A fair per- 
 centage were enrolled, however. Under the direction of 
 the State chairman regular monthly meetings were in- 
 stituted, the first being held August 15th, in the Coun- 
 cil of Defense headquarters in the Masonic Temple. Full 
 reports from all chairmen were given at these meetings 
 and three copies of the minutes, typewritten, were prepared 
 
 Si. ■ 
 
The Council of Defense. 
 
 by the secretary, one for the records, one for the report to 
 the State chairman and one for the county chairman. Full 
 reports of all called and regular meetings were forwarded to 
 the State chairman by the first of each month. 
 
 *The influenza ban closed all meetings through the late 
 fall and early winter and seriously interrupted activities. In- 
 dividual work, however, was continued in all departments, in 
 the interest of reconstructive measures, after November 
 11th. 
 
 "To this it should be added that the following group of 
 'fourteen-minute women' were chosen to speak before the 
 women of the county on such subjects as registration of wom- 
 en, liberty loans, thrift stamps, Red Cross, food conserva- 
 tion, etc. ; Mrs. Eliza B. Sheldon, Mrs. Elias J. Scott and Mrs. 
 Gaylord Crozier, for Madison Township; Mrs. Corda M. Eld- 
 ridge, for Saluda; Mrs. Wm. O'Neal, for Lancaster, Graham 
 and Smyrna; Miss Eloise Millis, for Hanover; Mrs. Charles 
 Irwin, for Monroe; Miss Mary Hensler, for Republican; Mrs. 
 Jesse Salyers, for Shelby ; Mrs. Howard Coleman, for Milton. 
 Miss Ella Porter Grif!ith was chairman of the organization." 
 
 The Woman's Council had its own motor corps in ac- 
 cordance with a State-wide scheme. It was rather late be- 
 fore this corps was formally organized, but prior to that th? 
 women used their own machines and drove them, donating 
 time and service as well as cars. But for them the drives 
 could not have been carried out. 
 
 The same may be said regarding the volunteer service 
 of the men's section of the Council. 
 
 FOOD AND FUEL ADMINISTRATIONS. 
 
 The food and fuel adminstrations of Jefferson County 
 were so closely allied with the Council of Defense that they 
 may be regarded as auxiliary to that branch of the war work. 
 Virtually the administrators were officers of the law em- 
 powered to enforce the various regulations whereby the gov- 
 
 Z5. 
 
Jefferson County in the World War. 
 
 ernment sought to promote food and fuel conservation. In 
 ioous uie policy was to resirict sales on certain articles of con- 
 buiiipuoii, sucii as lats, iiour and sugar; to lessen the demand 
 OL tne scarcer articles Dy the use of substitutes, as corn meal 
 .or iiour; to reauce meat consumption by the observance of 
 certain "meatless aays," and so on. In fuel the aim was to 
 protect the coiiaumer and relieve, as much as possible, the 
 hardships arising from the abnormal situation by the fixing 
 of prices and the restricting of coal consumption where in the 
 juagment of tne administration it was unnecessary and at the 
 expense of the necessities of the community. 
 
 Mr. Nicholas Harper was appointed food administrator 
 for Jefferson county by Herbert Hoover, November 24, 1917, 
 and served in that capacity throughout the war , administer- 
 ing his oft-times unpleasant duties without fear or favor, as 
 the files of the local newspapers during that period amply tes- 
 tify. In addition to regulating the use of foods he exercised 
 authority in the threshing of wheat through the county, pre- 
 venting unnecessary delays ; in the prompt moving of wheat to 
 market, and in the unloading of food-stuffs from cars, while 
 the rationing of sugar was one of his most vexatious problems. 
 Mr. Harper was one of those who gave of his time without sal- 
 ary and at the expense of his private business, and toward the 
 end of his services was commended by Mr. Hoover in an appre- 
 ciative message sent through Mr. Barnard, the State food ad- 
 ministrator. Mr. Harper's duties ceased December 7, 1919^ 
 
 The Rev. William T. Seburn, of North Madison, was ap- 
 pointed fuel administrator for this county November 2, 1917, 
 and was honorably discharged from the office February 28, 
 1919, throughout which period he served without pay. The 
 source material at hand gives a very inadequate idea of Mr. 
 Seburn's exact work, and when requested by the historian to 
 supply a written sketch of the same he submitted the follow- 
 ing very concise statement as to his activities : 
 
 "Fixed prices ; distributed coal ; procured coal ; enforced 
 heatless days, lightless nights and gasless Sundays ; provided 
 
 36. 
 
The Council of Defense. 
 
 wood stations; maintained coal supplies for industries and 
 schools; scattered war propaganda; served as chairman of 
 four-minute men." 
 
 As a matter of fact the shortage of the coal supply during 
 the severe winter of 1917-18 caused much suffering and a debt 
 of gratitude is due Mr. Seburn for his earnest efforts to 
 relieve that suffering by controlling so far as possible the 
 fuel distribution and increasing so far as he could the fuel 
 supply. 
 
 VII. ' " 
 
 RAISING MONEY FOR THE WAR. 
 
 The Liberty Loans, Victory Loan and War Saving Stamps 
 drives, with which every citizen is familiar, was the govern- 
 ment's method of raising directly from the American people 
 the vast sums of money necessary to finance our part in the 
 world war. All told there were six of these government cam- 
 paigns for what was known as the First, Second, Third, Fourth 
 and Victory loans, and the War Saving Stamps drive. 
 
 The first Liberty Loan raised the sum then reouired with 
 little trouble and in Jefferson County there was no demonstra- 
 tion and nothing that could properly be called a "drive." 
 
 Second Liberty Loan. 
 
 This drive was pushed in October, 1917. The sum sot for 
 this county to raise was $355,000. One method of securing 
 publicity was by the services of volunteer "four minute men" 
 who spoke briefly on the subject at churches, at the pic- 
 ture theatres, and wherever opportunity offered, thus educat- 
 ing the people to the immediate need. Among these speakers 
 we find mention of Rev. M. L. Guthneck, Rev. J. W. Turner, 
 ,Prof. W. Guy Pender, Prof. Homer Long, E. E. Scott, R. L. 
 trdand *jid Jo.^. Golf »t^ Mr. Scotfe raised %%1M fey i^ersf^nal 
 
JefiFerson County in the World War. 
 
 solicitation, and $6,650 were subscribed by the employes of 
 the Southeastern Hospital. J. W. Tevis was chairman of the 
 Liberty Loan Committee. 
 
 (Third Liberty Loan. 
 
 Was promoted in April, 1918, with J. W. Tevis as director 
 of the campaign in Jefferson County, the quota for the county 
 this time being $393,500. For obvious reasons these drives, 
 making successive demands upon the people at short intervals 
 increased the difficulty of raising funds and necessitated a 
 corresponding increase of pressure. For the third drive a 
 "Women's Department of the Jefferson County Liberty Loan" 
 was organized with Mrs. J. W. Tevis as chairman, assisted by 
 the following ladies in the various parts of the county : 
 
 City of Madison : Mrs. W. G. Rogers, Mrs. David Johnson, 
 Miss Frances Ross, Mrs. T. B. McGregor and Mrs. Oliver H. 
 Roe. Graham township, Mrs. Hiram Foster, Deputy. Han- 
 over township. Miss Carrie Craig, Hanover. Lancaster town- 
 ship, Mrs. Mattie A. Richardson, Dupont. Monroe township, 
 Mrs. Chas. E. Irwin, Route 4, Madison. Milton township, Mrs. 
 Clifford A. McKay, Brooksburg. Madison township, Mrs. 
 John Ledgerwood, R. F.D., Madison. Republican township, 
 Miss Mary Hensler, Kent. Smyrna township, Mrs. Walter A. 
 Ritchie, Route 6, Madison. Shelby township, Mrs. Jesse F. 
 Salyers, Canaan. Saluda township, Mrs. Cordie Monroe Eld- 
 ridge, Route 1, Hanover. 
 
 As part of a nation-wide plan preparations were made 
 for opening the drive by a demonstration in Madison of ex- 
 ceptional magnitude, and this came off on the sixth of April, 
 1918. The cardinal feature was one of the biggest parades 
 ever held in the city, which marched and counter-marched the 
 length of Main street to the music of the Elks and Hanover 
 bands. The Home Guards militia, the fraternal orders, the 
 Red Cross, the schools and other organizations were represent- 
 ed. The school children sang patriotic songs in front of the 
 court house and after the parade there was a meeting in the 
 
 38. 
 
Raising Money for the War. 
 
 court room with speakers and a musical program. 
 
 Elsewhere in the county there were meetings and Liberty 
 Loan adresses, and the campaign was given unusual publicity 
 by a series of full page ads, contributed by the following firms 
 and individuals : J. E. C. F. Harper & Co., The Courier Co., The 
 Herald Co., Marks & Benson Co., Madison Light & Railway 
 Co., W. H. Miller & Sons, John Knoebel & Son, Daily & Roth 
 Co., V/. Trow Co., Madison Safe Deposit & Trust Co., Mrs. 
 E. E. Powell, Madison Telephone Co., J. W. Cornett, N. Hor- 
 uff & Sons, National Branch Bank, and First National Bank. 
 
 The city of Madison put, $31,500 of its sinking fund into 
 the bonds. Juniata Tribe No. 24, L 0. R. M., invested $500, 
 and individual members of that order subscribed to the 
 amxount of $10,800. The drive continued throughout the 
 month of April, closing May 5th, with a subscription of about 
 $500,000, every bank in the county exceeding its quota. 
 
 Fourth Liberty Loan. 
 
 This drive opened in Jefferson County at Canaan, Shelby 
 Township, on Sunday, September 29th, with Rev. W. VV. Lo- 
 gan, J. W. Cornett, E. B. Scott and Jesse Salyers as speakers, 
 supplemented by the Elks band for music. It called for $640, 
 000 as the county quota — nearly twice that of the third loan, 
 and this was subscribed in full after strenuous work by the 
 campaign organization, of which J. W. Cornett was chairman, 
 with the following assistants: 
 
 District chairman, R. A. McKinley, Jeff ersonville ; vice 
 chairman, H. S. Moffett; director of publicity, Walter Cap- 
 linger; director of speakers, M. R. Sulzer; director of women, 
 Mrs. John W. Tevis ; director of sales, W. H. Miller ; director 
 of bankers, John W. Tevis. 
 
 Executive Committee: H. S. Moffett, Elmer E. Scott, 
 W. H. Miller, Walter Caplinger and Mrs. John W. Tevis. 
 
 Township Chairmen — men's committee: Graham, Hiram 
 Foster; Hanover, Chas. Schmidlap; Lancaster, S. E. O'Neel; 
 Madison, Dr. Jas. W. Milligan, Frazier Hitz, W. H. Smith; 
 
 35- 
 
Jefferson County in the World War. 
 
 Milton, Clifford McKay; Monroe, James Miles; Republican 
 Dr. S. A. Whitsitt ; Saluda, Ckas. E. Dean ; Shelby, Jesse Sal- 
 yers; Smyrna, Mrs. Walter Ritchie. 
 
 Township Chairmen — women's committee: Graham, 
 Mrs. Hiram Foster; Hanover, Miss Carrie Craig; Lancaster, 
 Mrs. Officer ; Madison, Mrs. E. G. Philips ; Milton, Miss Lula 
 Salyers; Monroe, Mrs. Chas. E. Irwin; Republican, Mrs. Ora 
 Fuellino: ; Saluda, Mrs. W. D. Wells ; Shelby, Mrs. Jesse Sal- 
 ersy ; Smyrna, Mrs. Walter Ritchie. 
 
 Woman's Committee, city of Madison : Mrs. Oliver Roe, 
 Miss Mary Glass, Mrs. Marcus Sulzer, Mrs. W. T. Hafley, Mrs. 
 David Johnson, Mrs. J. J. Rapp, Mrs. Champ Kahn, Miss 
 Jeanette Wilson and Mrs. H. W. Graham (for D. A. R.). 
 
 As in the third loan, the merchants of Madison liberally 
 contributed advertising space in the papers, the donors be- 
 ing: Dustin Ely, Lotz Bros., Wm. A. Beerck, R. L. Ireland, 
 Sulzer Bros., Chas. Fischer, George Gertz, Peter Petrokos, 
 M. Ernst & Co., Jos. Steinhardt, Lodge Hardware Co., C. H. 
 Rousch & Co., Cofield-Barber Grocery Co., C. A. Stanton's 
 Sons, Madison Insurance Co., Rogers Drug Store, George C. 
 Vail & Sons, Inglis Drug Store, F. E. Zepf & Co., Henry 
 Schanauer, I^auer Bros., Fred Glass, John Mersdorff, Jacob 
 Lucht, Levi Danner, Oscar C. Bear, The Herald Co., Patrick 
 Lowry, F. W. Pfortner, F. W. Schneider, The Courier Co. 
 
 Victory Loan. 
 
 The fifth government loan, known as the "Victory 
 Loan," the drive for which was pushed in April 1910, was 
 made necessary by the aftermath of the war. Though the 
 actual fighting was over the expenses were not, by any 
 means, and large sums were still required. This time Jeffer- 
 son Countv was called upon for S480,000. which amount was 
 raised with little trouble through the various banks. 
 
 War Savings Stamps. 
 
 Another method employed by the United States to 
 
Raising Money for the War. 
 
 raise war funds was by the sale of "War Savings Stamps," 
 whereby the small investors could contribute to the financial 
 support of the nation. These stamps, which were to be re- 
 deemed at the end of five years with accrued interest at the 
 rate of 4%, per annum, could be paid for if desired, in 25 
 cent instalments, and by this plan it was deemed subscrip- 
 tions could be secured from large numbers who could not 
 invest in liberty bonds. 
 
 The Jefferson County quota was $409,660, equalling $20 
 for every man, woman and child in the county. The cam- 
 paign for the first issue was to run for a year, and the news- 
 papers were asked to contribute space for publicity during 
 that time. A "War Savings Committee" was appointed 
 with Senator J. M. Cravens as chairman. Subsequently it 
 was re-organized with Prof. W. Guy Pender, the county sup- 
 erintendent of schools, as chairman. The various commit- 
 tee chairmen were: Joseph M. Cravens, John W. Tevis, E. E. 
 Scott, John B. Lawler, E. S. Roberts, Charles Dickerson and 
 Homer Long, and their assistants were, Wilbur Cornett, 
 Russel K. Wyatt, Thomas McGregor, Charles Dibler, Mrs. 
 Florence Wooten and Miss Gertrude Gibson, besides many 
 )thers in the different townships whose names the writer 
 has been unable to learn. There was a vigorous sub-drive 
 for a smaller quota of $51,000, and this ended June 5, over- 
 subscribed, Saluda township, under the management of 
 Clyde Hutsell, leading the others with $5,656.50. It was es- 
 timated that the effort ran the subscriptions up to approx- 
 imately $100,000, but this was still far short of the total 
 nuota. After a brief interval another drive was launched 
 by a method more drastic, perhaps, than anything ever at- 
 tempted in this country. What this method was can best 
 be shown by the following letter received by Professor Pen- 
 der, the county chairman. 
 
 "June 8, 1918. 
 "Mv dear Mr. Pender: 
 
 "The plan for the National W. S. Drive on June 28th 
 
Jefferson County in the World War. , 
 
 provides that a list of all tax payers and wage earners in 
 each county must be prepared so that they can be oificially 
 notified to attend meetings that are forecast in the procla- 
 mation of the President. Your county, other than incor- 
 porated towns and cities, should be divided into school dis- 
 tricts, and a list of all tax payers and wage-earners, with 
 their addresses, immediately prepared. In the cities the 
 names should be listed by wards or precincts. These names 
 can be obtained from tax assessment sheets, poll books or 
 perhaps through employers of labor. The preparation and 
 assembling of these lists is made mandatory by a ruling of 
 the Treasury Department. 
 
 "As explained at length at the conference in your dis- 
 trict, every tax payer and wage earner is expected to pledge 
 himself to buy as many stamps as he can pay for during 
 the remaining months of the year 1918. All those invited 
 by your representative who do not attend the meeting to be 
 held the evening of the 28th of June, or if in attendance fail 
 to buy stamps or sign the pledge to buy, and do not give a 
 satisfactory reason for their failure to do so, which must 
 be noted on a pledge card, must immediately be reported by 
 you to me, and, under instructions, I shall forward such in- 
 formation to the Federal Government. 
 
 "To state the bald truth the Government intends to 
 sell, either by direct sale or by pledge, the full quota of 
 stamps assigned to the State of Indiana during the course 
 of the drive that will terminate on June 28 and, in addition, 
 will use the National W. S. S. Drive to determine definitely 
 those who are slackers. You may understand that this 
 elaborate machinery for ascertaining who are 100% Ameri- 
 cans and who are not, has not been constructed without a 
 serious end in view. 
 
 "Will you, with the assistance of your committee, im- 
 mediately make the necessary preparations to secure these 
 lists so that the preliminary work may be speedily complet- 
 ed and you will be able, without delay, to send post cards 
 
 '42. 
 
Raising Money for the War. 
 
 (which we furnish) notifying your tax payers and wage 
 earners of the time and place and purpose of the meeting 
 the evening of June 28th. 
 
 "Cordially yours, 
 ** (Signed) FRANK E. HERING, 
 
 "Vice-Director." 
 
 Whatever disapproval there may have been of this co- 
 ercive experiment the concentrated drive which was carried 
 out June 28 resulted in an over-subscription, running the 
 total up to about $425,000, as stated by Chairman Pender. 
 
 War Library Campaign. 
 
 In September, 1917, a drive was made for a "War Li- 
 brary" fund, to provide reading matter for the soldiers. 
 Jefferson County's quota was $400 and a committee consist- 
 ing of W. 0. Ford, Curtis Marshall, W. H. Miller and J. W. 
 Cornett was appointed by the Madison Library Board to so- 
 licit money for this purpose. On September 26 they report- 
 ed having raised $148 from thirty-eight subscribers. 
 
 NOTE — In all these campaigns service of one kind or 
 another was rendered by so many that it is not possible to 
 secure a full list of those who deserve to be mentioned. 
 
 DRIVES FOR AUXILIARY AGENCIES. 
 
 A distinguishing development of the world war was the 
 active cooperation of a number of civilian agencies, acting 
 on their own initiative, that applied their energies to keep- 
 ing up the morale of the soldiers by making easier the hard 
 conditions of life in camp and in the field. 
 
 Of these agencies the ones publicly recognized were, the 
 Red Cross, Young Men's Christian Association, Young Wo- 
 men's Christian Association, Salvation Army, Knights of 
 Columbus, Jewish Welfare League, War Camp Community 
 Service and American Library Association. 
 
 While these over-lapped more or less in their functions, 
 
 43. 
 
Jefferson County in the World War. 
 
 each aimed to occi«py a distinct field. The services of the 
 Red Cross on the battlefield and its work throughout the 
 land contributed to by women everywhere, are familiar to 
 all. The Y. M. C. A is well known for its *'huts" established 
 in every camp as a home-like social center for the men. The 
 Knights of Columbus and the Jewish Welfare League main- 
 tained the same kinds of centers primarily for the benefit 
 of Catholics and Jews. The Library Association established 
 attractive and comfortable reading rooms and libraries in 
 the cantonments. The Salvation Army gained a warm place 
 in the hearts of the soldiers by catering to their physical 
 comforts at the front. The Y. W. C. A. also provided rooms 
 and comforts. The Camp Community Service had for one 
 of its aims the establishment of social relations between the 
 soldiers in camp and the citizens of adjacent towns, thus 
 relieving the irksomeness and the temptations that accom- 
 pany camp life. This, it should be said, is but an approxi- 
 mate description of their aims and activities. 
 
 The United War Drive. 
 
 The "United JVar Drive" was for funds to be divided 
 among all of the agencies named with the exception of the Red 
 Cross, which preferred to depend upon its own financial cam- 
 paigns. It fixed a quota of something like $26,000 for Jeffer- 
 son County and set its canvass for November 11, 1918, the plan 
 being to "go over the top" in one day's drive, if possible, and to 
 that end a county-wide organization was formed with Elmer 
 E. Scott as county chairman. Mr. Scott's assistants, appoint- 
 ed by him, were : Jos. R. Colgate, director of city canvass ; W. 
 H. Miller, chairman special committee ; W. Guy Pender, chair- 
 man rural campaign; C. G. Dickerson, publicity director; 
 Robert Yunker, publicity department ; Mrs. Walter Caplinger, 
 director of women's organization ; Graham Ross, director of 
 transportation ; M. R. Sulzer, speakers' bureau ; J. W. Cornett, 
 treasurer; Joe L. Schofield and John C» Finch, directors ef faG'= 
 
 14; 
 
Raising Money for the War. 
 
 tory canvass ; Mrs. E. B. Sheldon, director of Victory Girls ; 
 liarry H. ISiodgill, director of Victory Boys. 
 
 Mr. Colgate as city chairman appointed the following 
 chairmen to serve in the respective wards: First ward: pre- 
 cinct 1, Kichard Johnson; precinct 2, I. L. Stern and George T. 
 Mayf ield ; precinct 3, J. J. Kasper. Second ward : precinct 1, 
 Mrs. Champ Kahn, Miss Kronenberger ; precinct 2, Miss Geor- 
 gme' I'unker; precinct 3, Miss Jeanette Wilson, Mrs. F. M. 
 Harper. Third ward : precinct 1, Mrs. W. O. McLelland ; pre- 
 cinct 2, Earl Miller; precinct 3, George Austermuhl. 
 
 Prof. V/. G. Pender named the following chairmen in the 
 various townships: Graham, Hiram Foster; Hanover, Frank 
 Craig; Lancaster, F. 0. Hoyt; Madison, Earl Storms and Geo. 
 Sherlocke ; Monroe, John Paugh ; Milton, Frank Tevis and Al- 
 bert Rogers; Republican, O. P. Temperly; Saluda, Dr. R. A. J. 
 McKeand; Smyrna, Waiter Ritchie and David Judkins; Shel- 
 by, Jesse Salyers. 
 
 Preliminary meetings to stir the people up were held over 
 the county, and Prof. Horace Ellis, State Superintendent of 
 Public Instructions, visited Madison and gave an address at 
 Trinity church, but Jefferson was one of the counties that 
 failed to "go over the top" in one day's drive. The signing of 
 the armistice and the prevailing feeling that "the war was 
 over" and there was no further urgent need for funds, un- 
 doubtedly made the task more difficult. 
 
 Another effort was put forth. Those having the work in 
 hand reinforced by Rev. W. T. Seburn, Nicholas Harper, B. H. 
 Doddridge, Earl Storm, Rev. W. W. Logan, William Ogden. 
 James Green, H. H. Stodgill, W. H. Miller and Rev. S. R. 
 McAlpin pushed the campaign desperately and reached the 
 goal on November 27th. 
 
 Knights of CoIambHs Drives. 
 
 Before the attempt was made to raise a general fund by 
 the plan of the United War Drive, three of the agencies in that 
 combination, the Knights of Columbus, the Y. M. C. A., and 
 
 45. 
 
Jefiferson County in the World War. 
 
 the Y. W. C. A., conducted their separate campaigns in Jef- 
 ferson County. 
 
 Madison Council 934, Knights of Columbus, made can- 
 vasses in July of 1917 and in May of 1918. The first of these 
 was conducted with but little publicity and $500 was raised 
 by pulpit appeals in tho' four Catholic parishes of the county. 
 The working committee on that occasion consisted of Joseph 
 Steinhardt, J. J. Kasper, William H. Horuff and F. J. Schram. 
 The second drive, during the week of May 6-14, aimed to se- 
 cure $2000 and there was a fuller organization than before. 
 The committee workers, as given by Mr. Joseph Steinhardt, 
 Grand Knight of the order, were: 
 
 General Committee — Joseph Steinhardt, chairman; Wm. 
 H. Horuif, J. J. Kasper, H. V. Keller, John L. Voll, Geo. A. 
 Zepf, Wm. R. Zepf, Wm. A. Beerck, C. G. Hunger, H. G. 
 Schneider, G. J. Hummell. 
 
 Campaign Committee — J. J. Kasper, chairman; Wm. H. 
 Horuff, Wm. A. Beerck, F. J. Schram, H. G. Schneider, Jos. 
 Kennison. 
 
 Publicity Committee — J. B. Niesse, chairman; Leo B. 
 Schroeder, Wm. H. Zepf. 
 
 Committee on Lists and Quotas — Charles N. Horuff, 
 chairman; Wm. A. Beerck, H. V. Keller. 
 
 Preliminary Gifts Committee — Rev. M. L. Guthneck, 
 chairman; J. J. Kasper, Wm. H. Horuff, Rev. Chas. Bilger, 
 Rev. Chas. Gerdon. 
 
 Parish Team — St. Mary's and St. Anthony's Churches: 
 Geo. A. Zepf, chairman; John L. Voll, Henry G. Schneider. 
 
 Parish Team— St. Michael's and St. Patrick's Churches: 
 F. J. Schram, chairman; Geo. J. Hummel, Jos. Kennison. 
 
 "Madison Council 934 Knights of Columbus," says Mr, 
 Steinhardt, "had taken liberty bonds and assisted in every 
 drive that was made in the city of Madison and Jefferson 
 County." 
 
 ;46. 
 
Raising Money for the War. 
 
 Y. M, C. A. Drives. 
 
 The Young Men's Christian Association was one of the 
 agencies that organized for war work soon after hostilities 
 began. On May 18, 1917, a meeting was held at the Madison 
 city hall, addressed by Thomas E. Davidson, a visiting organ- 
 izer. The object was a "whirlwind campaign" to raise in the 
 county $1,200 for Y. M. C. A. work. The personnel of the 
 local organization resulting from this meeting was as fol- 
 lows: 
 
 Press Committee — M. C. Garber, chairman ; John Niesse, 
 Curtis Marshall, Frank M. Harper, H. W. Graham. 
 
 Pulpit Committee — Rev. B. E. Antrobus, chairman; 
 Father M. L. Guthneck, Rev. J. W. Turner, Rev. Broadwell, 
 Dr. W. A. Millis, Rev. J. W. Moody, Rev. B. Arends. 
 
 Executive Committee — Robt. F. Stanton, chairman; J. 
 W. Tevis, Elmer E. Scott, James E. Crozier, Robt. L. Ireland, 
 Jos. M. Cravens, John McGregor, J. W. Cornett, Chas. N. 
 Horuff, Charles Cravens, Dr. H. S. Hatch, John B. Lawler. 
 
 Dr. J. W. Milligan was permanent chairman of the or- 
 ganization; James Atwell, secretary and J. W. Cornett, treas- 
 urer. 
 
 The campaign was launched by a "flying squadron" tour- 
 ing the county in automobiles and giving addresses at the 
 rural churches. The speakers, as published in the papers, 
 were Messrs. M. C. Garber, W. 0. Ford. H. H. Cope, Joseph 
 M. Cravens, P. E. Bear, Homer Long, M. D. Wilson, E. E. 
 Scott, Curtis Marshall, John McGregor, John Matthews, R. L. 
 Ireland and Byron Mouser, and the churches from which 
 contributions were secured, as reported by the treasurer, 
 were : 
 
 Olive Branch, $5.85; Hopewell Baptist, $11.47; North 
 Madison, Baptist, $1.95; Kent M. E., $21.85; Wirt Baptist, 
 $17.20; Jefferson Presbyterian, $7.81; Canaan M. E., $3.19; 
 Mt. Zion M. E., $35.60; Rykers Ridge Baptist, $34.25; Lib- 
 erty (Republican Township), $6.61; North Madison Chris- 
 
 47. 
 
Jefferson County in the World War. 
 
 tian (sum not reported) ; Monroe Presbyterian, $8.30 ; Car* 
 mel United Presbyterian, $10.50; Mt. Zion, Paynesville, $5.00; 
 Pisgah M. E., $6.50; Dupont M. E. and Baptist (partial), 
 $92.40; Hebron Baptist, $31.80; Brooksburg M. E., $8.00; 
 Home M. E., 80 cents ; Morris Chapel, $6.00 ; Smyrna Presby- 
 terian, $19.73; Kent Baptist, $10.65; Trinity M. E., Madison, 
 $45.65; Grace M .E., Madison, $17.00; First Presbyterian, 
 Madison, $92.35; Second Presbyterian, Madison, $50.00; 
 Canaan Baptist (sum not reported) ; Hanover M. E., $6.00 ; 
 Caledonia United Presbyterian (sum not reported). The total 
 receipts of the drive were reported as $1,262.56. 
 
 During the week beginning November 11, 1917, the Y. 
 M. C. A. pushed another campaign for funds, the quota for 
 Jefferson County this time being $5,000. An initial meeting 
 at Trinity Church, Madison, Sunday, November 11, was ad- 
 dressed by Lieutenant William Cochran and L. W. Bellamy, 
 and one held at the city hall the following evening for the 
 purpose of launching the drive had for the chief speaker J. 
 W. Lilly, of Indianapolis. Elmer E. Scott was made chairman, 
 Joseph R. Colgate, secretary and J. W. Cornett treasurer 
 of the county organization, and these with the addition of 
 Curtis Marshall and W. H. Miller constituted the executive 
 committee. The township chairmen were: Graham, Hon. 
 Hiram Foster; Hanover, Dr. W. A. Millis; Lancaster, Rev. 
 W. C. Marshall; Milton, H. S. Merrill; Monroe, John Paugh 
 and John S. Murphy; Republican, Rev. Joseph Cooper and 
 Dr. S. A. Whitsett; Saluda, Mrs. Cordie M. Eldridge; Shelby, 
 Jesse Salyers; Smyrna, V. K. Officer. Rykers Ridge was 
 represented by R. H. Wood and North Madison by C. G. 
 Boerner. 
 
 As before, meetings were held all over the county, with a 
 large local working group in each township. The campaign 
 lasted a month instead of a week, but it closed before mid- 
 December over-subscribed by more than a thousand dollars, 
 the total sum raised being $6,157.95. 
 
 , 48. 
 
Raising Money for the War. 
 
 Y. W. C. A. Drive. 
 
 In the early part of December 1917, the Young Women's 
 Christian Association launched a drive for funds, the quota 
 for Jetferson County being $600. Comparatively little pub- 
 licity was given it, and it took longer than the time set to ac- 
 complish the end sought, but the campaign closed with $005.55 
 raised. It was a work of women for women. Those who 
 participated were — Mrs. Elias Scott, county chairman; Mrs. 
 Elmer Scott, vice-chairman, and Mrs. Homer Long, county 
 secretary, with the following township chairmen: Graham, 
 Miss Lucy Robertson; Hanover, Mrs. J. H. LaBach; Lancas- 
 ter, Mrs. W. C. Marshall ; Madison, Mrs. R. H. Wood ; Milton, 
 Mrs. Clillord McKay; Monroe, Mrs. Geo. Mickel; Republican, 
 Mrs. Ora Fuelling; Saluda, Mrs. Cordie Eldridge; Smyrna, 
 Mrs. Walter Ritchie; Shelby, Mrs. Jesse Salyers. 
 
 The war work of the Y. W. C. A., is set forth in a publish- 
 ed statement, which we quote: 
 
 "A few of the specific things for which the Y. W. C. A., 
 will use its funds are hostess houses in military cantonments 
 and for centers where girls are enlisted in special war indus- 
 tries, many of these having no local association. A bureau 
 of social morality is to be established. A^feature of the Y. 
 W. C. A. war work is to maintain a staff of the ablest women 
 physicians to cooperate with a committee on social morality, 
 to give instructions to mothers and girls in sex education, and 
 to aid them in holding to safe moral standards in war time. 
 Attention is also to be given to over-worked and under-fed 
 women of France and other allied nations, and social centers 
 and comforts will be established for the American nurses in 
 the base hospitals of France." 
 
 Red Cross Drives. 
 
 Of the various auxiliary agencies that "helped win the 
 war" by civilian service the Red Cross was far and away the 
 most active and the most important one in Jefferson County, 
 and it was the one most liberally contributed to by our people, 
 
 49. 
 
Jefferson County in the World War. 
 
 both in money and free service. 
 
 Its beginning in Madison dates back to November, 1914, 
 when the John Paul chapter of the D. A. R. took the initiative 
 in assuming Red Cross work for the aid of European war suf- 
 ferers, and through that organization considerable service was 
 rendered. Soon after our entrance ,into the war the ques- 
 tion of establishing a Red Cross chapter here came to the fore 
 and a charter was secured from the national organization. 
 The parties instrumental in getting the charter were, Mrs. 
 George E. Trow, Miss Mary Hill, Wm. L. Hill, Rev. M. L. Guth- 
 neck, Judge Griffith, Clifford McKay, Dr. Milligan, M. C. Gar- 
 ber, John W. Tevis, M. R. Sulzer, Richard Johnson and Miss 
 Caroline Blankinship, the first two circulating the necessary 
 petition and the others being signers to it. 
 
 On June 16, 1917, the first campaign for members was 
 launched by a meeting atJ the court house where Governor 
 Goodrich was the main speaker. One of the Red Cross meth- 
 ods of raising funds was by a membership renewed annually, 
 with a fee of one dollar, and this first drive was for 7,000 mem- 
 bers in this county. The publicity and the appeals were more 
 persistent and varied than those of any of the other agencies. 
 None other claimed as much space in the daily papers through- 
 out the war period ; churches and moving picture theatres 
 were utilized as speaking places ; there were lawn fetes, enter- 
 tainments and other "benefits," too numerous to specify. 
 Meetings were held in the outlying townships and on August 9 
 the streets of Madison were enlivened by a Red Cross parade 
 in which the familiar snow-white uniform with the scarlet 
 svmbol was varied by the khaki of Companv I. marching in 
 military array, and by floats and decorated autos and fire 
 trucks. The D. A. R., Kings Pan crh tors. Current Events Cinb 
 and Sunday-school pupils partioinatod in this d^rvionptratioTi, 
 f»s did delegations from branch orn-anizations at Kent, Pleasant 
 Ridp-p. Manville and North Madison. 
 
 The result of this drive was far short of the 7,000 aimed 
 
 50. 
 
Raising Money for the War. 
 
 at, and in January of 1918, a second drive was launched with 
 the more modest quota of 4,500 set as the goal. Among oth- 
 er features of this campaign speaking committees visited 
 all the factories and other establishments employing num- 
 bers of workmen in the effort to make them "solid Red Cross," 
 and the Junior Red Cross was organized in the schools, with 
 a fee of twenty-five cents per juvenile member. 
 
 This particular drive waned to a finish after much stren- 
 uous pushing about January 12, having attained a total mem- 
 bership of something like 5,000. In February another source 
 of revenue was tapped by the conducting of a "tobacco drive" 
 by a score or so of ladies captained by Miss Georgine Yunker. 
 These solicited "sticks" of tobacco as donations from tobacco 
 growers as the latter came to the warehouses with their pro- 
 duction. This sub-campaign lasted for some time and result- 
 ed in the raising of $1,945.99 from the sale of the tobacco 
 thus given. 
 
 In May there was another drive and in September a big 
 fair was held in the Farmers' Tobacco Warehouse, at Madison, 
 in which the various townships participated, and where live- 
 stock, vegetables, canned goods and other articles were auc- 
 tioned off. The returns from this enterprise was the neat 
 5um of $4,665.42. 
 
 FINANCIAL (RESUME AND ANALYSIS. 
 
 In the matter of financial tax this community was, dur- 
 ing the war period, subjected to a strain wholly unprecedent- 
 ed. Jefferson is one of the poorer counties, the ratio of prop- 
 erty values to local expenditures for government making a 
 tax rate at or near the maximum limit ; and it is not a com- 
 munity of many wealthy individuals. Moreover it is a con- 
 servative population, not easily persuaded to expend money 
 for untried things ; yet under the stress of the times and of 
 vigorous campaigning this population of 20,000 parted with 
 at least $54,000 in clear gifts and loaned to the government 
 for war purposes more than $2,000,000, This money was 
 distributed as follows: 
 
 51. 
 
Jefferson County in the World War. 
 
 Second Liberty Loan, $355,000; Third Loan, $393,000; 
 Fourth Loan, $640,000 ; Victory Loan, $439,000 ; War Saving 
 Stamps, $425,000; War Library fund, $148; Knights of Col- 
 umbus, $2,600 ; Y. M. C. A., $7,420 ; Y. W. C. A., $605 ; United 
 War Drive, $26,599; Red Cross, $16,87L64. 
 
 This is but an approximate estimate of the money con- 
 tributed by the community. The returns as reported in the 
 newspapers make it this much, and there were numerous 
 minor enterprises — suppers, dances, entertainments and 
 what not, that were not part of any of the activities above 
 classed. And the strain, both in the matter of money and of 
 personal service, was a drastic test. Scarce was one solicita- 
 tion over with than another followed and sometimes two or 
 three drives were all appealing at once. In spite of the in- 
 numerable speeches that were supposed to illuminate the 
 various phases of the situation, it seems probable that very 
 many never understood clearly just why there should be so 
 many appeals. Why, for example, there should be so many 
 auxiliary organizations in the field, some of them doing the 
 same things. The note struck so frequently by all of them 
 that they were for the purpose of increasing and keeping up 
 the morale of the army in the field was rather abstract for 
 popular appreciation. Whether the slogan, "give till it quits 
 hurting" worked out, or whether the public became somewhat 
 educated to the standards and the moral vision of the Red 
 Cross and other auxiliaries, it would be hard to say, but as 
 a matter of fact as the end of the war came in sight, though 
 the moral obligations to our men remained just as binding, 
 the difficulties of raising funds steadily increased. This dif- 
 ficulty was true of the United War Drive, the Victory Loan 
 and the later campaigns of the Red Cross. 
 
 52. 
 
• VIII. 
 
 RED CROSS WAR WORK. 
 
 The Red Cross "chapter" which was the local organiza- 
 tion in each county, carried on two lines of work — the war 
 work and the "Home Service." The first meant the activities 
 in which so many women throughout the land were engaged 
 — the preparing of surgical supplies and the making of gar- 
 ments and other articles for the comfort and convenience of 
 the men at the front or in the hospitals. The other was, as 
 the name adopted indicated, a service to those at home, and 
 concerned itself with the families of the soldiers and sailors. 
 
 The first war work done, as said before, was prior to our 
 entering the war, when several boxes of clothing, a barrel of 
 "comfort bags," and other articles were made and donated 
 by the women of Madison. Also, French orphans were adopt- 
 ed by the following persons and groups: 
 
 Kings Daughters Circle, North Madison, one orphan for 
 2 years; Mrs. Edward E. Powell, two for 2 years; Daily & 
 Roth clerks, one for 3 years ; First Presbyterian Church mis- 
 sionary society, one for 1 year; Second Presbyterian Church 
 missionary society, one for 2 years ; Mrs. Elizabeth R. Trow, 
 one for 2 years; Miss Frances Ross, one for 1 year; Mrs. 
 Jennie V. Johnson, one for 1 year; John Paul chapter, D. A. R., 
 one for 2 years ; Madison Lodge No, 21, Knights of Pythias, 
 one for indefinite period ; J. W. Cornett and Miss Agnes Cor- 
 
 nett, three for ; Twelve Friends, one for 2 years ; Child- 
 
 ren of public schools of Madison (sale of tin-foil) one for 2 
 years; Camp Fire Girls, two for 2 years; Friends, three for 
 2 years. 
 
 The authority to form a Red Cross chapter was granted 
 May 1, 1917, the organization to be known as "The Jefferson 
 County (Ind.) Chapter," and to have for its jurisdiction the 
 whole county. 
 
 Branches and auxiliaries established at different times 
 throughout the county to make the work county-wide, were 
 
 \ 53. 
 
Jeflferson County in the World War. 
 
 Manville, Hanover and Kent, July 1917 ; Deputy and Brooks- 
 burg, September 1917; Cragmont, November 1917; Bryants- 
 burg, January 1918; Dupont, Saluda and Home Chapel, Feb- 
 ruary 1918; Canaan, March 1918; Monroe church and Mid- 
 dlefork. May 1918; Smyrna, June 1918; Wirt, September 
 1918; Pleasant Ridge, Mt. Pleasant Church, North Madison 
 and Rykers Ridge, dates not ascertained. 
 
 The report covering the work accomplished from June 
 1917, to April 1919, i& as follows: 
 
 Knitted articles sent to Cleveland divisional headquar- 
 ters: Sweaters, 808; socks, 1,880 pairs; mufflers, 83; wrist- 
 lets, 156 pairs ; helmets, 55. 
 
 Knitted articles sent to Camp Shelby and Camp Zachary 
 Taylor, for Jefferson County soldiers: Sweaters, 68; socks, 
 109 pairs; helmets, 91; wristlets, 82 pairs. 
 
 Other articles shipped: Surgical dressings, 73,545; hos- 
 pital supplies, 10,838; filled comfort kits, 75; refugee gar- 
 ments, 1,397; layettes, 43; linen shower, 810 articles. 
 
 In three drives for old clothes for refugees, under Mrs. 
 Margaret Stapp and Miss Leah Kronenberger, the results 
 were: First drive, three large boxes; second drive, 1980 
 pounds; third drive, 890 pounds. 
 
 It must be remembered that this output was contributed 
 by the branches over the county as well as by the central 
 organization in Madison. The records show returns from 
 Rykers Ridge, Hanover, Manville, Deputy, North Madison, 
 Brooksburg, Dupont, Kent, Pleasant Ridge, Mt. Pleasant 
 Church, Home Church, Bryantsburg, Saluda, Canaan, Monroe 
 Church, Middlefork and Cragmont, the seven first named be- 
 ing in the lead. 
 
 School children, also, with Miss Mary Frances Hargan 
 as director, sent in much sewing of the simpler kind in 1919, 
 and later an attempt to organize the Junior Red Cross result- 
 ed in contributions, chiefly from the Madison and Dupont 
 schools. 
 
 54. 
 
The Red Cross. 
 
 HOME SERVICE SECTION. 
 
 The Home Service department of the Red Cross had for 
 its aim, as before said, the amelioration of the hardships 
 frequently suffered by families of soldiers and sailors by reas- 
 on of the men being called into the service. The situation 
 thus created, common to all wars, was made much more com- 
 plicated than ever before in this country by policies or meth- 
 ods hitherto untried. For example, the government for the 
 first time assumed a jurisdiction over its men as to their 
 family responsibilities. If a man was married the support 
 of his family was made compulsory, and this was accomplish- 
 ed by withholding a part of his monthly pay as an "allot- 
 ment." If he had other dependents, such as parents, they 
 would be provided for in the same way if he chose. In addi- 
 tion to this allotment out of his wages he could apply for an 
 "allowance," which was a clear gift of money from the gov- 
 ernment, to be added to the allotment. The government sim- 
 plified the matter for the soldier by paying him his wage less 
 the amounts deducted and forwarding to his dependents what 
 was due them. The system was complicated by a varying 
 schedule of the sums that could be drawn by dependents of 
 different classes. 
 
 There was also a system of life insurance and compen- 
 sation for disabilities, the latter with its sliding schedule, 
 and a plan for rehabilitation and vocational training of men 
 injured in the service, all of which added vastly to the enor- 
 mous bulk of business assumed by the government. When 
 these several systems came to be worked out in practice with 
 an army that numbered into the millions, some in this coun- 
 try, some across the ocean, and all in a state of flux and 
 change, the task proved truly herculean; and when in addi- 
 tion the vastly increased army of government employes in 
 the clerical work was of necessity a large percentage ineffic- 
 ient the difficulties seemed insuperable. 
 
 The chief and most acute trouble that ensued was the 
 frequent failure of dependents to receive their allotments and 
 
 55. 
 
Jefferson County in the World War. 
 
 allowances with anything like promptness and in many an 
 instance a wife and children went for months without in- 
 come. Had there been no relief agency it is obvious that in 
 very many cases these families would simply have been de- 
 pendent upon charity until their money would finally come. 
 Also, insurance, compensation and other phases of business 
 had their difficulties of adjustment. 
 
 Thus the Red Cross, wise enough to foresee these con- 
 tingencies, established its branch of "Home Service" for the 
 primary purpose of seeing to it that the dependents of sol- 
 diers and sailors should not suffer, whatever the contingon- 
 cy. Its argument was that not only was this in accordance 
 with the higher standard of justice to which we had grown, 
 but that relief to the men from family worries would be the 
 greatest of all factors in keeping up morale. The real and 
 direct usefulness of the Red Cross in its Home Service, as 
 well as in its other functions, to the government is implied by 
 the close inter-working of the two, this agency receiving gov- 
 ernmental recognition accorded to no other. 
 
 The work of the Home Service Section did not cease with 
 the signing of the armistice nor even with the return of the 
 men to their families, for not only did the same troubles con- 
 tinue during the period of demobilization, but questions of 
 compensation, bonuses, liberty bonds and other matters that 
 were bewildering to a great many of the men have had to be 
 dealt with up to the present time, and it is only fair to say 
 that much of the confusion would never be straightened out 
 but for the services of the Red Cross. 
 
 As stated elsewhere the Home Service was organized in 
 February of 1918 with Mrs. W. O. McLclland as chairman 
 and Mrs. Elizabeth Rea as secretary. The records show that 
 between April, 1918, and November, 1919, about 964 cases 
 were handled and money relief had been given to the amount 
 of $759.58. The services rendered have been: Helping to ad- 
 just allotments and allowances: Tracing liberty bonds; Re- 
 bates from the government; Requests for clothing (uni- 
 
 56. 
 
The Red Cross. 
 
 forms, equipments, etc.) ; Requests for men's discharge from 
 service ; Insurance (collecting and re-insuring) ; Applications 
 for vocational training; Hospital treatment; Information, 
 investigation and other assistance usually given by Home 
 Service. , ' 11 ^ 
 
 The work is still carried on and instead of decreasing it 
 now requires the full time of a trained and paid secretary, 
 Miss Cora Mullen, who since November 18, 1919, has occupied 
 the position. Prior to that Miss Mullen had also served as 
 volunteer corresponding secretary. 
 
 This organization also was instrumental in establishing 
 the canteen service and a Red Cross hospital in the Elks' 
 Home in November of 1918, during the influenza epidemic. 
 In this hospital 165 patients were cared for. 
 
 RED CROSS CANTEEN. 
 
 The Red Cross Canteen was organized in September, 
 1918, by young women of Madison, all members of the Emma 
 Scott Circle of Kings Daughters. The purpose of this group 
 was to "do its bit" by cheerful little services to the home 
 soldiers as opportunity offered. Those boys who entrained 
 after the above date have sunny recollections of the Re J 
 Cross "bunch" in their smart, tidy uniforms, who served 
 them, without money and without price, with chocolate and 
 fruits, and also with stamped postcards and pencils as remind- 
 ers to drop word back to their folks as soon as they arrived at 
 their destination. When Battery E., after the war, returned 
 in a body, the Red Cross girls were among the Urst to welcome 
 them. 
 
 The Canteen continued its work until early 1919, and 
 on its disbandment turned into the Red Cross about twenty- 
 five dollars which it had made by selling paper shopping 
 bags. The girls furnished their own uniforms. 
 
 57. 
 
IX. 
 
 RED CROSS WORKERS. 
 
 Those who contributed personal volunteer service to the 
 Red Cross were so numerous that to mention all by name is 
 impossible and if in the following lists there are omissions 
 they are unintentional. 
 
 The original chapter officers were: Chairman, Rev. J. 
 W. Turner; vice-chairman, Rev. M. L. Guthneck; secretary, 
 Miss Cora Mullen; treasurer, J. W. Cornett; directors. Dr. J, 
 W. Turner, J. W. Cornett, Curtis Marshall, Mrs. W. 0. McLel- 
 land, Mrs. E. B. Sheldon, M. C. Garber, W. A. Guthrie, Rev. 
 M. L. Guthneck, Dr. W. A. Millis, Dr. J. M. Milligan, Mrs. 
 Elizabeth Trow, Miss Cora Mullen, Clifford McKay, W. L. 
 Hill, Edward Roberts, Mrs. Ora Fuelling, Charles HorulF, Jas. 
 E. Crozier, Richard Johnson, Miss A. Almond and Mrs. Eliz- 
 abeth Rea. Subsequent changes in the board of directors in- 
 cluded in that body Rev. W. W. Logan, J. L. Schafield, Jesse 
 Salyers, E. E. Scott, Prof. Guy Pender and Miss Carolyn 
 Ford. In January, 1919, Rev. W. W. Logan succeeded Rev. 
 J. W. Turner as chairman of the chapter, and Miss Carolyn 
 Ford was elected secretary succeeding Miss Mullen, resigned. 
 Later Herbert Lyon became treasurer in place of J. W. Cor- 
 nett, resigned. 
 
 The Home Service branch of the chapter was formed in 
 February, 1918, with Mrs. W. 0. McLelland chairman and 
 Mrs. Elizabeth Rea executive secretary. J. W. Cornett, Dr. 
 Geo. E. Denny, H. H. Cope and Joseph Schofield completed 
 the committee. 
 
 The committee in charge of shops prior to our entrance 
 into the war consisted of Mrs. Elizabeth Trow, Miss Mary 
 Hill and Mrs. Samuel M. Ford. After June, 1917, Mrs. Trow 
 was chairman with Miss Margaret Harper as secretary and 
 Miss Agnes Cornett treasurer. 
 
 The Surgical Dressings work had for supervisor Mrs. G. 
 W. Rains, instructors being Mrs. J. L. Schofield, Mrs. W. L. 
 
 58. 
 
The Red Cross. 
 
 Luckett, Mrs. A. W. Glauber, Miss Mary Hill, Miss Carolyn 
 Ford, Miss Agnes Cornett, Miss Emma Stanley, and Miss 
 Caroline Blankinship, with Mrs. Ora B. Fuelling, instructor 
 for the Kent branch. Chairmen of knitting committees were, 
 Mrs. S. M. Ford and Mrs. M. C. Garber. 
 
 Three drives for old clothing for refugees were conduct- 
 ed by Mrs. Margaret Stapp and Miss Leah Kronenber- 
 ger, and a "linen shower" by Mrs. A. M. Graham. 
 
 The personnel of the sewing and garment shop was: 
 Chairman, Mrs. Margaret M. Stapp ; vice-chairman, Mrs. Geo. 
 Gabel ; cutting committee, Mrs. Emma Middleton, Mrs. Frank 
 Eckert, Mrs. Clarence Oliver, Miss Barbara Keller and Miss 
 Margaret Mullen. Miss Mary Horuff had charge of the sew- 
 ing room and Miss Sallie Gallagher was chairman for the snip 
 pillow work. 
 
 Mrs. Nicholas Harper was chairman of the committee 
 that took in hand the influenza situation, and Miss Helen 
 Lauer was chairman of the canteen service, with the follow- 
 ing co-workers: Miss Bess Davison, Miss Anne Harper, Mrs. 
 M. H. Cochrane, Jr., Miss Gladys Grayson, Mrs, Glen Forry, 
 Mrs. Melvin Blackard, Miss Agnes Donlan, Mrs. Alvin Hol- 
 sclaw. Miss Antoinette Keller, Miss Lillian Shaughnessy, Miss 
 Gertrude Rousch and Miss Frieda Lotz. Other members of 
 the Emma Scott Circle of the Kings Daughters also aided in 
 the canteen work. 
 
 Miss Katherine Mullen, Miss Georgine Yunker, Mrs. Wm. 
 G. Rogers, Mrs. Champ Kahn, Miss Leah Kronenberger, Mrs. 
 H. B. Foster, Miss Mary Pitcher and the Kings Daughters 
 contributed in various ways to the entertainments and other 
 enterprises for the benefit of the Red Cross. Mrs. Charles 
 Hillabold, Miss Mary Hill, Mrs. Frank Eckert, Mrs. John In- 
 glis, Mrs. A. M. Graham, Mrs. Elias J. Scott, Mrs. J. R. Col- 
 gate, Mrs. John W. Tevis, and Miss Mabel Housefield conduct- 
 ed a Red Cross booth at the Chautauqua grounds, August 5 
 to 12, 1917, and in the "tobacco drive" of February, 1918, 
 previously referred to, were Miss Georgine Yunker, Mrs. W.- 
 
 59. 
 
Jeflferson County in the World War. 
 
 G. Rogers, Miss Helen Johnson, Miss Corinne Johnson, Miss 
 Madeline Laidley, Mrs. R. W. Cochran, Mrs. H. W. Graham, 
 Mrs. Fred Herbst, Mrs. Samuel Boyd, Mrs. W. Luckett, Miss 
 Agnes Cornett, Miss Frances Ross, Miss Adelaide Jones, Mrs. 
 Chas. Hillabold, Mrs. Thomas McGregor, Mrs. Chas. Craw- 
 ford, Mrs. Oliver Roe, Mrs. Elmer E. Scott, Mrs. Otto Rott, 
 Miss Lide White, Mrs. J. J. Rapp,. Mrs. W. O. McLelland, Mrs. 
 John Clements, Mrs. G. E. Simpson and Mrs. Gale Crozier. 
 
 The fifteen Red Cross branches and auxiliaries through- 
 out the county were organized as follows: 
 
 Brooksburg: Chairman, Mrs. Armetta B. Calvert; vice- 
 chairman, Miss Nancy McKay; treasurer, Clifford McKay; 
 secretary, Mrs. Lulie A. Brooks. 
 
 Bryantsburg: Chairman, Miss Hallie Royce; treasurer, 
 Miss Mayme Chambers; secretary, Mrs. John S. Murphy. 
 
 Canaan : Chairman, Mrs. Marion Wilkins ; vice-chairman, 
 Mrs. Lydia Land; treasurer, Thomas Buchanan; secretary, 
 Mrs. B. 0. Cornwall. 
 
 Cragmont: Chairman, Dr. Frances G. Hankins; treasur- 
 er, Harry A. Fries; secretary, Mrs. J. M. Milligan. 
 
 Deputy: Chairman, Mrs. Dell Robertson; vice-chairman, 
 Mrs. Hiram Foster; treasurer, F. A. Anderson; secretary, 
 Merle Hord. 
 
 Dupont: Chairman, Mrs. W. M. O'Neel; vice-chairman, 
 Mrs. Mattie Richardson; treasurer, Miss Agnes E. Wilson; 
 secretary, Mrs. Vincent Shepherd. 
 
 Hanover: Chairman, H. M. Rogers; vice-chairman, Mrs. 
 Chas. Schmidlapp; treasurer, Dr. Carl Henning; secretary. 
 Miss Jennie G. Lee. 
 
 Home Chapel: Chairman, Mrs. Minnie Brooks; treasur- 
 er, Mrs. Christine Demaree; secretary, Stanley Demaree. 
 
 Kent: Chairman, Mrs. Jessie G. Crosby; vice-chairman, 
 Mrs. Ora Fuelling; treasurer, Miss Ada Mount; secretary. 
 Miss Mary Hensler. 
 
 Manville: Chairman, Mrs. Thomas Pomanel*ehn; treas- 
 ijirer, Mrs. Martin Brown; secretary, Mrs. James Sheets. 
 
 s 
 
 60. 
 
The Red Cross. 
 
 Middlefork: Chairman, Mrs. Ethel Craig; treasurer, 
 George H. Dryden ; secretary, Miss Edith Harrell. 
 
 Monroe Church: Chairman, Mrs, Emma Nicklaus; treas- 
 urer, Mrs. Rose Wilson ; secretary, Mrs. Beatrice Elliott. 
 
 Saluda: Chairman, Mrs. Eva B. Wells; treasurer, Mrs. 
 Mabelle Mills ; secretary. Miss Ora Hearn. 
 
 Smyrna : Chairman, Mrs. E. Jeffries ; vice-chairman, Mrs. 
 J. Underwood ; treasurer, Mrs. J. Borcherding ; secretary. Miss 
 Mary Officer. 
 
 Wirt: Chairman, Mrs. J. D. Bramwell; vice-chairman, 
 Mrs. John Corya; treasurer, C. B. Hoefling; secretary, Miss 
 Hazel Black. 
 
 In the various Red Cross drives many men and women 
 gave freely of their time as speakers and canvassers and in 
 other capacities. To secure a complete list of them is now 
 impossible, but it would include the following: 
 
 Elmer E. Scott, chairman of the various drives; Rev. J. 
 W. Turner, Rev. W. W. Logan, Nicholas Harper, Chas. N. 
 Horuff, L. E. Hitz, Richard Johnson, Geo. Schwab, Geo. A. 
 Monroe, Robt. Yunker, Graham Ross, Howard Graham, W. 
 G. Rogers, R. L. Ireland, Walter Caplinger, Edward Reed, 
 Jas. Wood, Wilbur Bear, Geo. W. Frank, Earl Miller and Geo. 
 Austermuhle, all of Madison. 
 
 In the drive of January, 1918, township canvassers were: 
 Graham, Mrs. Hiram Foster ; Hanover, Miss Jennie Lee ; Lan- 
 caster, Miss Agnes Wilson; Madison, Howard Douglas and 
 C. G. Boerner; Milton, Albert Rogers and Clifford McKay; 
 Monroe, John Paugh ; Republican, Mrs. Ora Fuelling ; Saluda, 
 Dr. Robt. A. J. McKeand; Shelby, Jesse Salyers; Smyrna, 
 Mrs. Walter Ritchie. 
 
 "' \ 
 
X. 
 
 BUSINESS EFFECTS. 
 
 Not the least interesting phase of the great war was its 
 effects upon the industries and prosperity of the community. 
 These effects were too complex and too far-reaching to be 
 traced with anything like thoroughness, but the obvious, 
 more immediate results may be noted. 
 
 Conspicuous among the war industries and of especial 
 interest at the time because the money involved was directly 
 distributed to local workers was the government sewing for 
 the Jeffersonville station. According to a report of the Com- 
 mercial Club, to Mr. J. E. Crozier, the mayor of Madison, 
 belonged "the credit for the splendid new enterprise." Mr. 
 Crozier secured the work from the depot quartermaster and 
 the material and garments were for some time hauled back 
 and forth by trucks between Jeffersonville and Madison. The 
 advantage offered by this sewing was that women could take 
 it to their own homes and work at their convenience. 
 
 There was some trouble at first in getting as many work- 
 ers as were wanted, especially in the city of Madison and at 
 Milton, across the river, but in time these increased to over 
 two thousand, partly due to Mayor Crozier's soliciting. The 
 headquarters at the city hall became one of the busiest places 
 in the city with its daily throngs receiving material or deliv- 
 ering finished garments. The output of these sewers amount- 
 ed to many thousands of articles, and the wages paid out 
 averaged, in 1917, $8,512, and in 1918, $13,209.17 per month. 
 The papers have frequent notices of huge truck loads of fin- 
 ished goods shipped to Jeffersonville, and we have an account 
 of the steamboat Catherine, "loaded to the guards" with ap- 
 proximately 3,000 bundles of garments. 
 
 In March, 1918, through the efforts of Mr. Crozier back- 
 ed by the Commercial Club a sub-station was established at 
 Madison which facilitated the industry. The report on which 
 we draw for the above affirms that "as a business proposition 
 
 §2. 
 
Business Effects. 
 
 the government sub-station was one of the biggest things 
 brought to Madison in recent years." 
 
 The annual reports of the Commercial Club throw further 
 light on the business conditions of the community. Much 
 money found its way into the county and merchants reported 
 trade as active throughout the war period, while factories 
 were running full capacity, a number of them stimulated by 
 war orders. The large demand for food stuffs and the con- 
 sequent high prices enhanced land values and created a brisk 
 real estate trade in farms. The agricultural propaganda re- 
 sulted, for one thing, in a banner wheat crop for 1918, and 
 the phenomenal prices for tobacco caused a great expansion 
 in the crop that found its way to the Madison warehouses. An 
 estimated value of the sales for 1918 put it at more than $2,- 
 000,000, and this was duplicated in 1919. It is stated that in 
 1917 the aggregate deposits of the local banks and trust com- 
 panies increased several hundred thousands of dollars, and 
 this evidence of prosperity has continued. 
 
 On the other hand there were certain social and indus- 
 trial detriments arising from the war conditions. Along with 
 the increased business and the removal from the county of 
 approximately 700 young men for military service went a 
 scarcity of labor. From the beginning to the present the cost 
 of living has steadily increased to the hardship of many whose 
 incomes have not correspondingly increased. 
 
 The interference with the normal coal trade worked hard- 
 ships alike on dealers and consumers, and, so far as can be 
 seen, had no compensating features. On account of the high 
 price of materials and the diverting of energy to the "essen- 
 tial" industries building was virtually suspended and road 
 improvement much retarded. 
 
 In the way of industrial stimulus, several businesses se- 
 cured war orders. The Bear Brothers' Lumber Company re- 
 ceived an order for 3,000,000 tent pegs and other orders for 
 tree nails, or locust pins, used in ship building, to the number 
 of eight or ten millions, these war orders affording employ- 
 es. 
 
Jefiferson County in the World War. 
 
 ment to about four times as many men as the pre-war work. 
 
 The Schofield Woolen mill filled orders aggregating 40,- 
 000 army blankets. As the pre-war work was discontinued 
 this did not involve an increase of the working force. 
 
 The flour mill of the W. Trow Company furnished flour 
 to the United States Food Administration to the amount of 
 58 car loads, or 21,000 barrels. The Taylor-Hitz Flouring 
 Company supplied 2,850 barrels. The statement of these Arms 
 is that while the government restriction of prices was a hand- 
 icap to business the war period was, on the whole, one of pros- 
 perity. 
 
 The wholesale groceries of Cofield-Barber and The E. E. 
 Scott Company agree in the statement that on account of the 
 government regulation of prices their business suffered. 
 They were restricted to 10 '^ margin on the commodities hand- 
 led; it took Sy2% to conduct the business, and this left 1V^% 
 net profit. On sugar the profit was 25 cents per hundred- 
 weight. 
 
 The Tower Manufacturing tack factory was devoted to 
 the making of hob nails for shoes, first for the French gov- 
 ernment, then, after April, 1917, for the United States. After 
 the latter date the factory ran thirteen and one-half hours 
 per day, producing each day eighteen to twenty thousand 
 nails, the aggregrate output being about 3,000 tons. The 
 cessation of war activities left them with two carloads of nails 
 on hand and something like 300 tons of hobnail plate — enough 
 to supply their normal demand for sixty years. Fortunate- 
 ly for them the steel strike made a market for this overplus. 
 There was little increase in the number of employes, the nor- 
 mal domestic work being suspended during the war work. 
 
 The Columbus Handle and Tool Company supplied the 
 sawed material for tree-nails or ship pins of hickory and lo- 
 cust to the amount of about 60 carloads. The normal work 
 was suspended, and there was little increase of the working 
 force. 
 
 The Thomas Graham Company spoke factory filled order* 
 
 64. 
 
Business Effects. 
 
 for spokes and felloes for artillery carriages and escort wag- 
 ons to the number of about 29,000 wheels. For 18 months 
 the business was 95?' government work, and the number of 
 employes was practically doubled. 
 
 The Geo. J. Hummell and Ben. Schroeder saddle-tree 
 factories both filled government orders for saddle-trees, both 
 direct and by sub-contracts. The Hummells made 8,000 or 
 10,000 altogether during the war, most of which went to 
 Louisville, where they were made up into saddles. The in- 
 crease of employes over pre-war times was to 25 as against 
 15. The Schroeder factory made between 4,000 and 5,000 
 trees, and the working force was increased from 5 to 15 men. 
 
 ECONOIMIC AFTBRMATir. 
 
 The economic aftermath of the war has been so phenom- 
 enal that it calls for comment, although the causes are so in- 
 tangible that any analysis of the situation must be colored 
 largely by individual opinion with which others might not 
 agree. 
 
 Briefly, the facts seem to be that the unprecedented 
 disturbance arising from the withdrawal of such vast num- 
 bers of men from industrial pursuits and the substituting of 
 war industries for those that make for the maintenance of 
 life, has disarranged economic laws as never before, and the 
 disturbance has been so profound that now, after the armies 
 of soldiers have returned to the pursuits of peace the eco- 
 nomic world seems running in purposeless chaos like a wild 
 sea after the lashing of the tempest. 
 
 Everything is in a state of reaction. The sublime hero- 
 ism to which the nation was keyed up when aroused by the 
 outrages of the unspeakable Hun — the stupendous outpour- 
 ing of money and of personal service given without stint, is 
 followed by a universal scramble for money in which the 
 thought for others is, apparently, wholly swallowed up by 
 the thought of self. The conspicuous sin of the day is the 
 one known as "profiteering" or the wringing of gain to the 
 
 65 
 
Jefferson County in the 'World War. 
 
 uttermost from every opportunity. A curious psychological 
 element has been a feeder to this profiteering tendency, and 
 it is this: 
 
 The abnormal conditions created by the war educated 
 people to demands of many kinds that seemed extortionate, 
 until they virtually ceased to protest because to protest was 
 useless. Those whose first business was to make a profit off 
 their fellows were quick to take advantage of this enforced 
 acquiescence and exploit it to the utmost with an ever-in- 
 creasing pressure of the screw. The public to the present day 
 is bled white for the necessities of life, and only those escape 
 the hardship of it who can profiteer in' turn. Hence all along 
 the line, from the unskilled laborer to the expert and special- 
 ist the situation is worked for all it will yield. Money comes 
 easy and goes easy, the extravagance of all classes is a mat- 
 ter of common note, and the pendulum has not yet turned f"' 
 the backward stroke. 
 
 In these nation-wide conditions the extremes are not 
 found in a ouiet section like Jefferson Countv. but the eddies 
 of the swirling waters reach here and one need not go abroad 
 to find, at least in the milder forms, the evils of a society 
 thrown out of equilibrium. 
 
 XL 
 ADDITIONAL MATTER. 
 
 VICTORY CELEBRATIONS. 
 
 When the news came of the signing of the armistice, 
 November 11, 1918, a spirit of jubilation took possession of 
 the people. In Madison the Council of Defense chairman, 
 William Ogden, proceeded at once to make arrangements for 
 a big victory parade. Manufacturers and merchants were 
 isked to arrange floats, and fraternal organizations to turn 
 out in full regalia. Company K was called together by Cap- 
 tain Stanton to head the parade, the Elks band supplement- 
 
 66, 
 
Additional Matter. 
 
 ed by the various drum corps were pressed into service, and 
 the outlying townships were notified to attend the coming 
 event. The program went off as per schedule that evening 
 with everybody in town and much of the countryside pres- 
 ent, flying flags innumerable and every kind of noise-making 
 device that could be procured, lending animation to the event. 
 
 Dupont, not to be outdone by Madison, staged its own 
 demonstration. All business ceased at noon and the after- 
 noon was given over to hilarious celebration, parading the 
 town to the melody of a "saw-mill band," consisting of two 
 circular saws and four men beating them with hammers. 
 Blending with this in unique orchestration were the inter- 
 mingled contributions of drums, horns, bells, horse fiddles 
 and sundry other suggestions of Bedlam. Says the news- 
 paper account: "Those who could not play (?) an instrument 
 sang, and those who could not sing made a joyful noise by 
 yelling." 
 
 And thus ended in an orgy of joy what the people con- 
 sidered their direct participation in the World War; the joy 
 being the measure of their relief from an incubus that had 
 weighed increasingly upon them for the better part of two 
 years. 
 
 A NOTABLE SOLDIER— CAPTAIN SAMUElL W©ODFILL. 
 
 The most notable Jefferson County soldier, as measured 
 by his recorded performances, was Capt. Samuel Woodfill, a 
 native of Monroe Township and a regular army veteran. 
 Prior to the World War he served in the far west, on the 
 Mexican border, in Alaska and in the Philippines. In the 
 European war he was several times cited for conspicuous 
 bravery and at least four medals were conferred upon him 
 by the United States and by the French government, the 
 latter bestowing the Croix de Guerre and the Cross of the 
 Legion of Honor. The United States government conferred 
 the Congressional Medal of Honor and the Distinguished 
 Service Medal. 
 
 «7, 
 
Jefferson County in the World War. 
 
 The official citation upon which the Congressional Med- 
 al of Honor was conferred was as follows: 
 
 "At Cunel, France, October 12, 1918, while Lieutenant 
 VVoodfill was leading his company against the enemy his line 
 came under heavy machine gun fire, which threatened to 
 hold up the advance. 
 
 "Followed by two soldiers at twenty-five yards this offic- 
 er went out ahead of his first line toward a machine gun 
 nest and worked his way around its flank, leaving the two 
 soldiers in front. When he got within ten yards of the gun 
 it ceased firing and four of the enemy appeared, three of 
 whom were shot by Lieutenant Woodfill. 
 
 "The fourth, an officer, rushed at Lieutenant Woodfill, 
 who attempted to club the oflficer with his rifle. After a 
 hand-to-hand struggle Lieutenant Woodfill killed the officer 
 with his pistol. His company thereupon continued to ad- 
 vance until shortly afterward another machine gun nect 
 was encountered. 
 
 "Calling upon his men to follow, Lieutenant Woodfill 
 rushed ahead of his line in the face of heavy fire from the 
 nest, and when several of the enemy appeared above the 
 nest he shot them, capturing three other members of the 
 crew and silencing the gun. 
 
 "A few minutes later this oflUcer for a third time demon- 
 strated conspicuous daring by charging another machine 
 gun pit with his rifle. He then drew his revolver and started 
 to jump into the pit when two other gunners only a few yards 
 away turned their gun on him. 
 
 "Failing to kill them with his revolver he grabbed a 
 pick lying near by and killed both of them. Inspired by the 
 exceptional courage displayed by this officer his men pressed 
 on to their objective under severe shell and machine gun 
 fire." 
 
 When asked by an interviewer how he was able to over- 
 come so many opponents unaided. Captain Woodfill replied: 
 "By markmanship and knowledge of woodcraft. I have 
 
 68 
 
Additional Matter. 
 
 been an expert rifleman, since 1906 and have hunted all kinds 
 of big game in Alaska. I used the same tactics upon the 
 Germans I employed in hunting wild animals in Alaska." 
 
 A fuller sketch of Captain Woodfill may be found in the 
 Madison Courier for August 4, 1919. 
 
 GEORGE H. SIMPSON CITED FOR BiRAVERY. 
 
 For extraordinary courage and initiative Captain 
 George H. Simpson, a son of Jefferson County, received this 
 honor: 
 "Headquarters 35th Division, A. E. F., 17th October 1918. 
 "General orders No. 83. 
 
 "The division commander takes great pleasure in citing 
 in general orders the courage and devotion to duty, in the 
 face of the enemy, of the following named officers and enlist- 
 ed men of this division. 
 
 "* * * First Lieutenant George H. Simpson, adjutant, 
 first battalion, 140th infantry, for courage and devotion to 
 duty during the six days battle from September 26th to Octo- 
 ber 1st, 1918. On the morning of September 29th, Lieuten- 
 ant Simpson voluntarily gathered together and took com- 
 mand of a disorganized platoon and resolutely pushed for- 
 ward in the attack on Exermont, assisted in its capture and 
 aided in the consolidation of the position west of that town, 
 which position was held until the order to retire was given. 
 This advance was made under heavy artillery and machine 
 gun fire and required great courage and resolution to cause 
 a forward movement. * * * 
 
 "By command of Major General Traub." 
 
 "H. S. HAWKINS." 
 
 HERMAN BOWMAN AND THE SECOND DIVISION. 
 
 In a letter from France dated October 17, 1918, Herman 
 Bowman, of the 97th Company, 6th Regular U. S. Marines, 
 A. E. F., inserts this modest and incidental paragraph: 
 
 69. 
 
Jeflferson County in the World War. 
 
 "I send a copy of the last citation we received. I have 
 nothing else to write and that will help fill the envelope, and 
 you might be interested in reading a military citation." 
 
 Here is the citation: 
 "Headquarters Second Div., Regular A. E. F., Oct. 17, 1918 
 "Officers and men of the Second Division: 
 
 "It is beyond • ny power of expression to describe fitly 
 my admiration for your heroism. You attacked magnificent- 
 ly and you seized Blanc Mont Ridge, the keystone of the 
 arch constituting the enemy's positions. 
 
 "You advanced beyond the ridge breaking the enemy's 
 lines, and you held the ground gained with a tenacity which 
 is unsurpassed in the annals of war. 
 
 "As a direct result of your victory, the German armies 
 east and west of Rheims are in full retreat, and by drawing 
 on yourselves several divisions from other parts of the front 
 you greatly assisted the victorious advance of the allied 
 armies between Cambrai and St. Quentin. 
 
 "Your heroism, and the heroism of the comrades who 
 died on the battlefield, will live in history forever and will be 
 imitated by the young men of our country for generations 
 to come. 
 
 "To be able to say when this war is finished, 'I belong 
 to the second division ; I fought with it at the battle of Blanc 
 Mont Ridge,' will be the highest honor that can come to any 
 man. 
 
 "JOHN A. LAJEUNE, 
 "Major-general, U. S. M. C. Commanding." 
 
 "FIRST MEN." 
 
 Lieutenant John L. Niesse, of Madison, was, it is believ- 
 ed, the first commissioned officer to be sent overseas from 
 the first officers' training camp at Fort Benjamin Harrison. 
 This was in September, 1917. 
 
 Walter Carl Mundt was probably the very first Jeffer- 
 son County man to be called into service after our entrance 
 
 TO, 
 
Additional Matter. 
 
 into the war. Mr. Mundt had enlisted in the navy in 1915 
 and was home, subject to recall. War was declared April 6 
 and he was recalled April 8, leaving Madison on thai; date. 
 He was sent to the Philadelphia Navy Yard and was assign- 
 ed to the battleship Vermont. 
 
 WO'MEiN IN THE SERVICE. 
 
 Miss Rachel E. Hoffstadt, of Madison, a graduate from 
 Hanover College and the University of Chicago, was among 
 the first women to enter the U. S. service. At Base Hospital, 
 Camp Sevier, S. C, she was for seven months head bacteriol- 
 ogist in the laboratory, and also taught chemistry and bac- 
 teriology to nurses at the Army Nurses' School. She en- 
 tered the service June 14, 1918, and was 'honorably discharg- 
 ed February 7, 1919. 
 
 Miss Mary A. Shipman, one of whose letters from abroad 
 we publish elsewhere, went with Base Hospital No. 25 to 
 France in July, 1918, and served there as a nurse until July 
 1919. Miss Shipman was a graduate of Christ Hospital, 
 Cincinnati, and first went into Red Cross service on the Mex- 
 ican border in February of 1917. After that she was chief 
 nurse at Fort Thomas, Ky., then went to Camp Dix, N. J., 
 where she was trained for foreign service. In France she was 
 attached to Base Hospital 25 but also did detached service in 
 hospitals 26 and 91. 
 
 THE D. A. iR. AND WAR WORK. 
 
 The John Paul Chapter of the D. A. R. seems to have 
 been the first organized group in Jefferson County to actively 
 engage in war work. It knitted, sewed and raised money be- 
 fore the Red Cross was in the local field, making surgical 
 supplies as early as January 1917, and after the Red Cross 
 chapter was formed much work done by or in the name of 
 the D. A. R. was merged with it. A report to the national 
 society, covering the period from April 22, 1917, to April 
 1, 1918, submitted by Miss Caroline Blankinship, regent, pre- 
 sents the following statement: 
 
 71. 
 
Jefiferson County in the World War. 
 
 For the army, through Red Cross — number of knitted 
 garments, 245; comfort bags, 10; scrap books, 20; "comfort 
 fund," Company I and navy, $39.50; Indiana D. A. K. ambu- 
 lance, $69.70 ; knitted garments for individual soldiers, 8. 
 
 For the Navy (Battleship "Indiana") — Knitted gar- 
 ments 60 ; comfort bags 1. 
 
 Y. M. C. A., $55.00 ; Y. W. C. A., $37.00. 
 
 For France — Support of French orphan;?. 15 members 
 contributing; large Christmas box of clothing and toys for 
 French orphans; amount contributed to Tilloloy, $41. 
 
 To Third liberty loan, $10; chocolate for soldiers, $5. 
 
 VOLUNTEER DENTAL SERVICE, 
 
 A group of men whose services should not be overlooked 
 was the Jefferson County Dental Association. As part of the 
 national organization, "The Preparedness League of Ameri- 
 can Dentists," our county association was appealed to for 
 free service in "making conscripted men dentally fit." A 
 letter from Dr. C. D. Lucas, director for Indiana, to Dr. J. J. 
 Rapp, district chairman, included these instructions: 
 
 "Find out how many dentists in your district will agree 
 to work at least one-half day each week in this service. Di- 
 vide the number of conscripted men by the number of den- 
 tists who have volunteered their services for this worthy 
 cause to find out how many conscripts each dentist will have 
 to take care of. After you find out the number of conscripts 
 each dentist will have to take care of you should address 
 cards to the conscripts ordering them to go directly to the 
 dentists whom you have appointed to make the examination 
 and do the work for them at the time you will indicate upon 
 the card. * * * j^ ^jjj necessarily require some of your 
 time to take care of this work, but I feel sure you will not 
 hesitate to volunteer that tim^e for this cause." 
 
 The response to the appeal for this service was more 
 liberal than asked for, work being given freely, and in excess 
 of the half-day per week until the cam.ps were equipped with 
 
Additional Matter. 
 
 adequate dental outfits. The conscripts were about evenly 
 divided between seven dentists, namely: Drs. J. J. Rapp, W. 
 
 A. Hanna, H. P. McKeand, P. N. Kestner, G. N. Wyman, E. 
 
 B. Fewell and W. Fewell. A letter of appreciation from Dr. 
 Lucas paid this compliment : 
 
 "If the fellows all over the State would come across like 
 you fellows did in Madison, I feel sure that the new National 
 army would be physically fit. So far as I can see you have 
 carried your work out to a complete success." 
 
 JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL AND COMPANY I. 
 
 The making of writing kits for the men of Company I 
 was a task executed by the pupils of the Junior High School, 
 under the direction of Mrs. Florence Wooten, the public 
 school art instructor. The idea was suggested to Mrs. Woot- 
 en when visiting "Camp Madison" by the spectacle of sol- 
 diers trying to write letters with almost no facilities for doing 
 so; the pupils of the school mentioned took it up with a will 
 and the result was a neat portfolio for each man, made by the 
 pupils, conveniently equipped with writing material and let- 
 tered with the name of the recipient. These portfolios did 
 service in camp and abroad. This labor of love on the part 
 of the children paved the way for subsequent interest in the 
 Junior Red Cross. 
 
 ADDITIONAL RED CROSS MATTBR. 
 
 The money results of the Red Cross drives were as fol- 
 lows: First, $3,500; second, $7,000; third, $16,000. 
 
 In February 1917, the Madison Lodge B. P. 0. Elks offer- 
 ed their home for a Red Cross shop, and it was continuously 
 used for that purpose until after the end of the war. The 
 Elks donated the use of the second floor. By June 1917 the 
 quarters became too confined for all the work and after that 
 the surgical dressing department occupied the sewing room 
 in the present Junior High School building. After the opening 
 of the city schools, the work in preparing dressings was 
 
 73; 
 
Jefferson County in the World War. 
 
 clone at the Eggleston School where a storage room was also 
 donated, still filled with the supplies used by the public health 
 nurse. Mr. Charles Cravens donated the electric cutting 
 machine to the Red Cross. 
 
 To the list, on page 10, of those who raised a fund for 
 Company I when that organization left Madison, should be 
 added the Red Cross, which contributed $34.50. 
 
 74- 
 
XII. 
 SOLDIERS' LETTEIRS. 
 
 To some it may seem that this war history of Jefferson 
 County" IS a civilian rather than a mihtary history. If so it 
 should be borne in mind that, as stated in the beginning, the 
 civilian contribution to the war was of quite new importance 
 as compared with wars of the past. Again, it is possible to 
 trace the civilian history while to follow the movements and 
 fortunes of those who went into military service with any- 
 thing like coherence and accuracy is not possible. Of our 
 soldiers only one group — Company I, afterwards Battery E — 
 left here as an organized unit that might be trailed as such. 
 All the others were entrained in squads from day to day, go- 
 ing to various camps, the individuals to be distributed among 
 many units. They were engulfed as in the waters of a 
 mighty ocean, and the only evidences of their individual ex- 
 istence until they returned home are the private letters to 
 their families that found their way into the Madison news- 
 papers from time to time. To the editors of both these pap- 
 ers much credit is due for soliciting personal letters and put- 
 ting them into print, and also to Mr. John R. Inglis, wlio 
 stimulated correspondence with the soldiers in camp and field 
 by securing and compiling a list of their addresses which he 
 kept for public reference at his drug store, at the same time 
 urging friends not to be negligent about writing letters. Mr. 
 Inglis himself made it his business to drop friendly greetings 
 to the boys, and some of the letters here quoted from were 
 in response to his interest. 
 
 Of the half-thousand or more young men who entered 
 the service directly from Jeflferson County the great major- 
 ity, it is safe to say, had known at first-hand only the quiet 
 rural or semi-rural life of southern Indiana, and their disper- 
 sion to camps throughout the country, to England, to France 
 and to ships in the navy, and their introduction to not only 
 military training and the battle-front but to industries of 
 
 75. 
 
Jefferson County in the World War. 
 
 many kinds opened up a great field of experience that, gen- 
 erally speaking, seemed to be relished to the full. 
 
 It has been affirmed by some observers that this was not 
 a popular war — that the conscription and coercive service, 
 the discipline and the petty tyrannies of small officers left 
 the rank and file more or less embittered and with a decided 
 disrelish for the whole business. 
 
 The letters before us, to the number of two hundred or 
 more, do not bear this out. Complaints and criticisms, doubt- 
 less, would not have got past the censor, but there is little 
 evidence of dissatisfaction or down-heartedness. On the con- 
 trary there is a prevailing cheerfulness and a zestfulness in 
 the great adventure, even in the midst of hardships and 
 dreary camp routine. Read in a mass as a composite record 
 they reveal the spirit of the men and the various educative 
 and stimulating effects wrought by the demands upon them. 
 
 It is regrettable that more of them could not be included 
 here and that we are obliged to husband space by present- 
 ing only fragmentary excerpts. The aim is to preserve all 
 that are avai^abl^. in full, in the archives of the county his- 
 torical society. 
 
 LETTERS FROM CAMP. 
 
 HAROLD MORROW. 
 
 The following from Harold Morrow when at Camp Baker, 
 down on the Mexican border is so typical of the earlier camp 
 letters that we reprint it in full. 
 
 "Dear Mother and Father: This is the first time I have 
 had time to write since my last letter. We were in Head 
 Springs for about four weeks and it rained every day we were 
 there and some days it rained all day. We lived in small pup 
 tents, not large enough for one to stand up in. I will send 
 you some pictures that were taken on our hike as soon as I 
 can get some printed. 
 
 "Our hike back from Head Springs was very much enjoy- 
 
 76. 
 
Soldiers' Letters. 
 
 ed by everybody. The boys were all singing and so happy 
 to get out of the rain, mud and hard work. The first day we 
 traveled to Mouscoulero, a small Indian settlement just at the 
 edge of the Indian reservation there in the mountains. Af- 
 ter reaching there we pitched camp, attended to our horses 
 and went up in the town. A lot of boys who had cameras took 
 some pictures of the Indian tents, or tepees as they call them. 
 There was no show there and no place to go so we returned 
 early to our bunks, which consisted of our blankets and the 
 hard ground. This was our bunk for seven days. 
 
 "The first call was sounded at 4:30. We had chow and 
 were on the road at six. We traveled 32 miles to a small 
 town, Tularosa. The people there were Mexicans. I stayed 
 up in the town rather late that night getting a hair-cut and 
 shave and I also got an ice cream soda, the first I had had for 
 six weeks. I retired and was awakened rather early the next 
 morning by the sound of the bugle. The trip we made that 
 day was to La Las, forty miles from Tularosa and quite a 
 hike for one day, but we had to make it on account of getting 
 water for the horses. There was nothing there but a store 
 and railroad station. A train went through about 9 :45 so we 
 stayed up to talk to the passengers who were awake. Then 
 we went to our pup tents and it rained about two o'clock that 
 night, one of the hardest rains I have ever been in. All our 
 equipment was soaked and the next morning we had quite a 
 time to get things in place to move out. It was a short hike 
 to Alamozota. This is a place about the size of Madison and 
 the people there gave a dance for us. 
 
 ^'Monday we pulled out for Alamo and the girl was there 
 to bid us goodbye. She gave me some fine sandwiches and 
 they sure went fine out on the white sand. We traveled to 
 Salt Wells and they are only 38 miles from Alamozota. There 
 was nothing there but a ranch house so we did all the sleep- 
 ing we could to make up for the night before. 
 
 "Tuesday we had stew for breakfast and a small sand- 
 
 77. 
 
Jefferson County in the World War. 
 
 wich for dinner. That day we traveled 42 miles, the longest 
 day's hike of the trip, so you can guess we went for the beans 
 when we got them for supper. We camped at Twin Mills and 
 Wednesday we headed for Toban, 18 miles from Camp Baker. 
 Thursday we rolled into the old camp bright and early and 
 after attending to the horses we were at liberty for the day. 
 •The first thing was to go to my locker and get some clean 
 clothes, take a bath and I sure did sleep some that afternoon. 
 Supper and chow woke me up and supper that night was fine. 
 Today, Sunday, we had turkey, ice cream, corn on the cob 
 and other good things, so you can see we are getting back to 
 real life agoin. 
 
 "Good-bye, with love, 
 
 "HAROLD." 
 ROBERT L. KING. 
 
 From Camp Cody, N. M., Corporal King writes thus: 
 
 "Since coming here have been assigned to a machine 
 gun company. We drill here in squads. There are right 
 men to a squad, including the corporal. I have been acting 
 as corporal ever since I landed here. Every corporal has to 
 give the commands for his squad; that is not a very easy 
 thing for me to do but even at that I like it. 
 
 "We are being taught now how to kill the Germans and 
 we sure ought to get some of them with these machine 
 guns, for they shoot 600 times a minute. It takes two men 
 to feed in the bullets. We are not supposed to get in the 
 trenches with the infantry but slightly to the rear, for we 
 shoot over the infantry's heads. We are stationed at both 
 ends of the trenches. 
 
 "I don't think I could have gotten into any part of the 
 army that I would have liked better than this. We do not 
 have rifles but will have a pistol and large knife to defend 
 ourselves in hand to hand fighting. 
 
 "There are thirty thousand soldiers here and only a 
 few of them have guns, the rest have clubs, which they use 
 
Soldiers' Letters. 
 
 to kill jack rabbits. When the boys are off duty they form 
 a large circle and make a drive for jack rabbits. They get 
 as many as forty and fifty at a time, and it sure is lots of fun. 
 
 "We are well taken care of in this camp, there is no 
 need to worry about me for I never had such an appetite 
 as I have now, and they sure do feed us well and it all tastes 
 good and plenty of it. 
 
 "For supper we had roast beef, sweet potatoes, gravy, 
 rice pudding, prunes, blackberry jam, bread and cocoa. 
 Sometimes we have oyster soup and cranberry sauce and 
 sometimes more than this to eat. No one needs to go hun- 
 gry. I never expected to get such meals in the army. 
 
 "As I know of nothing more to write you this time will 
 close and hope to receive some mail from you soon. 
 
 "As ever your son, 
 
 "ROBERT." 
 
 CORPORAL HERMAN E. BOWMAN. 
 
 Corporal Bowman of the 97th Co., 6th Regt., stationed 
 at Quantico, Va., writes under date of October 11, 1917: 
 "Dear Folks :— 
 
 "Received your letter all 0. K. We are still here at the 
 same old place. Expected to leave before this, but some- 
 thing turned up and our departure was delayed, but we ex- 
 pect to leave in a few days. 
 
 "You wished to know about my officers. Well, we have 
 several and it would take some time to write about them. 
 We have two captains and four lieutenants. Our senior cap- 
 tain's name is Voeth. He is an old marine captain, and our 
 junior captain's name is Mucleston. He is a new man. My 
 platoon commander's name is Skeldon. They are all fine 
 fellows. 
 
 "As for the bomb throwing, I like it very well. Went 
 to Baltimore last week. Had a fine time. You wrote in your 
 letter about the boys overstaying liberty. We have a little 
 trouble with that, but not much. The penalty is very severe. 
 
 79. 
 
Jefferson County in the World War. 
 
 If we over-stay one hour we are liable to from 3 to 10 years' 
 hard labor. 
 
 "Had presentation of colors yesterday, both national 
 and regimental. 
 
 "We were out hiking several times lately, marching 12 
 miles, with G8 pounds on our back. It is not what I call play. 
 Had a sham battle after we got out in the country. We won 
 the fight without losing a man. At least that is what the 
 major said. 
 
 "We are practicmg charging trenches in waves. The 
 first wave is composed of bombers and bayonet men in the 
 front, and the machine guns and riflemen following about 
 30 yards behind. The fun of it is that the movements are 
 all made at double time, and an hour of that kind of drill over 
 brush heaps, logs and trenches, as* well, the commander 
 doesn't have to tell us to fall out and rest but once. We hear 
 him the first time. 
 
 "Well, I guess that is about all, except we have Swedish 
 exercises every morning. There are about a thousand dif- 
 ferent moves and we have to go through all of them. John 
 and I are both feeling fine. Will leave here next week if 
 nothing happens. 
 
 "As ever, 
 CORPORAL HERMAN E. BOWMAN, 
 
 "97th Co., 6th Reg." 
 CHARLES C. TANDY. 
 
 Initiation into the use of the gas mask is thus described 
 by Private Tandy : 
 
 "Well, we had our gas lessons last week and are done 
 with it now. A gas mask is a funny looking thing. We had 
 to carry them with us all the time for a week. Some officers 
 from the artillery gave us our lessons and we had to take 
 them out of the bag and put them on in six seconds. They 
 took us over to the gas house and turned the gas on. Some 
 of the boys were pretty badly scared and one fellow fainted 
 before he got inside. 
 
 80. 
 
i Soldiers' Letters. 
 
 "We could not smell the gas at all with the mask on. 
 We were left in there about ten minutes. 
 
 "After that lesson, we were put back in and they turned 
 on what they call the 'tear gas,' that won't kill you but hurts 
 your eyes and we had to take our masks off in that. Believe 
 me, I was not long in getting mine back on. As our company 
 went in company A and B stood out in front and sang 'God 
 Be with You Till We Meet Again," and when they went in 
 our company sang 'Nearer My God to Thee.' 
 
 "We have been naving it pretty easy of late as we have 
 been going out to the hills and divide the men up into 
 bunches and send messages by semaphore and wig wag like 
 I showed you when I was at home. We stay out most all day, 
 only come in for dinner. 
 
 "I received a box of candy from Jesse for my birthday. 
 Haven't eaten it all yet. Will have to wait till a lot of these 
 nuts go to sleep to keep from giving it all away. Had some 
 big birthday. Was 24 years old. Had a letter from Aunt 
 Pink and she sent me a dollar and with the one you sent I 
 am quite flush. We are in quarantine and can't get out to 
 spend it though. It sure pays to have birthdays. Aunt Pink 
 sent me a lot of clippings from The Madison Courier and I 
 was tickled to death to get them and found so much news that 
 no one thinks to tell me when they write. I am dolled up 
 today. They gave me a new uniform. Well, write soon. 
 
 "CHARLIE C. TANDY, 
 "Co. C, 319 Field Signal Bn., Camp Sherman, 0." 
 
 CHARLES JACOBS. 
 
 Private Jacobs, of the 135th field artillery, Co. D., writ- 
 ing from Camp Upton, N. Y., tells, among other things, of the 
 gentle art of testing steel helmets when first worn into the 
 barracks. "There were," he says, "three fellows behind the 
 door. One had a poker, one an axe, and the other a big club. 
 All hit us on the heads very hard, but we could only feel the 
 jar." V 
 
 81. 
 
Jefferson County in the World War. 
 
 ERNEST HAYCOX. 
 
 Writing from Newport, R. I., naval station, Ernest Hay- 
 cox tells of his experience on the rifle range. 
 
 "I have been to Wakefield, Mass., at the naval rifle 
 range. Had a great time there and good luck also. I quali- 
 fied as expert rifleman, that is higher than sharpshooter on 
 the expert team. After I had qualified I made a record of 
 the range of getting 19 straight bulls eyes (a bulls eye 
 counts 5) and 4 out of twenty shots at 500 yards. That 
 gave me a score of 99 out of a possible 100. Then we had to 
 shoot 20 shots in change position fire. 
 
 "In change position you put in a clip of five shells and 
 get ready. Then the target is up five seconds and out of 
 sight five seconds, and in the meantime you have to shoot, 
 throw a new shell into your gun and change position, viz., 
 first shot prone, second kneeling, third squatting, fourth 
 standing, and the fifth prone again, and go over that four 
 times to get the twenty shots. I got 91 out of that, which 
 gave me a score on the match of 190 out of a possible 200. 
 The highest ever made on that range before was 187, by a 
 marine a year ago. 
 
 "Altogether I made $8.50 in prizes — $1.00 in the marks- 
 man course, $2.00 on sharpshooters course, $3.00 on expert 
 rifleman course, $1.00 on expert team match, $1.50 getting 
 the highest score on machine gun." 
 
 DAVID G. KAHN. 
 
 Pvt. Kahn, of the Marine Corps, writing from Paris Is- 
 land, S. C, thus describes the rigid drilling practiced in that 
 famous arm of the service: 
 "Dear Mother:— 
 
 "I am now going on three months in the marine corps 
 and the longer I stay the better I like it. I have just about 
 what they call boat training and am now on the rifle range. 
 I will try to give you a description of training as far as I 
 have gone. 
 
 82. 
 
Soldiers* Letters. 
 
 "First we have the drill movements, such as squads 
 right, and left, squads right about and left about to the rear, 
 column left and right, column left and right about, or right 
 in the line, right front in the line. Platoon movements, com- 
 pany movements and numerous others. 
 
 "Then we start drilling with light marching order which 
 weighs about twenty pounds. Next we draw our drill rifles 
 and bayonets Rifle weighs nine pounds, three ounces, and 
 bayonet weighs one pound two ounces. 
 
 "We had two to three weeks like that at the maneuver 
 grounds. Then we packed up and came to the main training 
 camp, carrying a heavy marching order, weighing about fifty 
 pounds, which consists of bacon can, econdamon can, mess 
 gear, toilet kit, poncho, shelter half, one heavy blanket, pair 
 shoes, pair trousers, shirt, suit of underwear, three pair sox, 
 shelter half pole, and five stakes. 
 
 "After reaching the main training camp we drill from 
 seven until eleven thirty. Then come in for dinner or chow 
 as we call it. After dinner we have bayonet practice, which 
 is very interesting. To know the offensive and defensive 
 thrusts with the cold steel will help out over there. 
 
 "Then we go in the trenches and practice going around 
 the corners, making a thrust at a dummy just as if it were 
 a real Hun. Then pass on as quick ^s lightning to get an- 
 other. 
 
 "Coming out of the trenches and going over the top is 
 also very interesting, and I don't believe all Germany could 
 stop a regiment of marines in hand to hand fighting. 
 
 "After bayonet drill we have a Swedish bath and take 
 boxing and wrestling lessons. 
 
 "Then we have supper. After supper we drill again for 
 one hour and a half. Then we come in and wash clothes and 
 believe me you have every piece inspected and if its not 
 clean you wash it over. 
 
 "Two days out of the week we have parade where every 
 
 83. 
 
Jefferson County in the World War. 
 
 movement must be just so, and this is one of the prettiest 
 sights one ever saw. Six battalions on the parade grounds 
 moving as one man. 
 
 "Our chow is well cooked and very seldom j^ou hear any 
 one say he doesn't get enough. Breakfast consists of bacon 
 and eggs or bacon and potatoes, or hash and jam with plenty 
 bread and coffee. Dinner roast beef, potatoes, navy beans 
 or butter beans, hash, peas, gravy, soup, and bread and water 
 or the equivalent. Supper salmon, tomatoes, gravy, rice or 
 pudding, bread and iced tea. No cake, pie, ice cream or pas- 
 tries of any kind. 
 
 "Now we come to the time when we change our Enfield 
 rifles for a Springfield, the one we carry over there and the 
 ^ind that will kill many a Hun if they are only seen by a 
 marine. 
 
 "Then we go on the rifle range where we learn an alto- 
 gether new way to shoot. The only way after you get the 
 position, which is very hard to get, and you swear the coach 
 is going to break your arm, but he don't, and you laugh at 
 yourself after you get it. 
 
 "I will soon finish my range and let you know if I go to 
 France or stay here, , for if you are not a good shot in the 
 marine corps you are out of luck for going to France. I will 
 let you know in two weeks if I go to France or stay here on 
 the island but it's the desire of every marine to go across, so 
 that's my whole desire, and if hard working would get you 
 there I will not be left behind. 
 
 TOM LUCKETT. 
 
 Tom Luckett, of the aviation service, tells of the thrills 
 of his first ride in a hydroplane. 
 
 "My first flight, about a month ago, was a very inter- 
 esting experience. We went up about four o'clock in the eve- 
 ning, Lieut. Forbes driving. We glided along the water for 
 about two hundred feet, when we began to rise. My first 
 
 84. • 
 
Soldiers* Letters. 
 
 feeling was that of being in an elevator, that same sinkfng 
 feeling. That soon left me, and I enjoyed the rest of the 
 ride immensely. We were not up very long, probably 35 min- 
 utes in all. 
 
 "You would imagine that flying is the very smoothest 
 kind of riding. Such is not the case. You receive some 
 bumps equal to those you receive in an old 'Ford,' due to the 
 pockets in the air. When the pilot hits one of these pockets, 
 the machine sometimes drops from five to fifteen feet, before 
 the wings catch the heavy air again. 
 
 "We both wore helmets with telephones attached. It is 
 impossible to talk without these phones, because of the great 
 noise of the motor. Flying is very fascinating and I enjoyed 
 my air journey very much." 
 
 RAYMOND FRANCISCO. 
 
 Corp. Raymond Francisco gives a picture of the novelties 
 to be found about Camp Shelby, Miss. 
 
 "We have crossed the swamp since we've been here. In 
 some places you can poke a stick down in the mud or muck 
 four or five feet. Have seen some wild turkey. Quail are 
 very plentiful. I went hunting with another fellow one day 
 for squirrel. There were seven or eight in one tree but as the 
 pine trees were so high with the gun he had he could not 
 shoot them out. 
 
 *T find the people down here still use oxen to work with. 
 There's a plantation in a half mile of camp that uses the old 
 way of grinding their cane and corn, which is two large 
 rock with holes in for a pole, and then they hitch the oxen to 
 this pole and do the grinding that way. 
 
 "I go quite often to a little town by the name of McLaur- 
 en. It reminds me of some of the western scenes in the 
 movies, as the stores are frame with porches in front and a 
 place for horses to be hitched and the men ride into town in 
 bunches of twenty or thirty. I often see bucking bronchoes. 
 The postoffice looks like Champ Kahn's old slaughter house 
 
 S5« 
 
Jefferson County in the World War. 
 
 used to look and what they call roads are merely paths thru 
 the woods. I think nearly every house has eight or nine 
 dogs. 
 
 "Life at Camp Shelby is sure a busy one. Things never 
 get a chance to stand still for the program is changed every 
 week. Monday, this week, we got up at six a. m., took our 
 exercise by running about a mile, breakfast at seven, drill 
 from seven-thirty to eight, skirmish drill from 8:30 to 10:15, 
 and sighting drill from 10:30 to 11:45. 
 
 "Then dinner. At one we go over to a large cleared 
 ring back of the hospital and take lessons in riding. We are 
 taught to ride bare back, then with saddles and then with 
 the harness on. This lasts until about 3 o'clock and the rest 
 of the time is taken up until 5:30 by signal and artillery 
 drill. This schedule is changed every week, with Wednesday 
 "^ri RahiHflv nfternoons and all day Sunday off." 
 
 OTIS E. NAY. 
 
 Private Nay recites with gusto the list of good things — 
 "turkey, mashed spuds, oyster dressing, olives, oranges, 
 mince and pumpkin pies, fruit cake and good old black cof- 
 fee," served as a feast to the boys of Camp Shelby on Thanks- 
 giving day, 1917 ; the mess hall being decorated "with all the 
 glorious beauty of the southern woods." 
 
 WILBUR F. GRAHAM. 
 
 As a companion picture to this, from the same camp, 
 Corporal Graham describes the preparations for a merry 
 Christmas, in 1918. 
 
 "We are planning a great big good time for Christmas 
 day. The chief mechanic has been decorating the mess hall 
 for several days now and has it about complete. It is a beau- 
 tiful place, has crepe paper decorations along sides and 
 streamers from the center down the sides. At regular inter- 
 vals along the wall are big rosettes. At one end of the mess 
 hall is an imitation of a big fireplace and holly and mistletoQ 
 
Soldiers' Letters. 
 
 and evergreens, hung around a plenty, All the men are to be 
 given a small Christmas tree by Santa Claus, who will come 
 down the chimney in regulation style. We have a splendid 
 dinner planned including plum pudding and all the trimmings. 
 Immediately following the dinner a program will be rendered 
 by members of the battery. According to the Indianapolis 
 Star I'm on for a lecture! I haven't had time to get any- 
 thing ready yet, but will do something. We have piano rented 
 for Christmas week and a jazz band to play any time. We 
 will have it pretty lively, I think." 
 
 CHAPLAIN WM. HEILMAN. 
 
 As before said, most of these letters show our solders to 
 have been cheerful and zestful, and inspired with the deter- 
 mination to do their part, though it can not be denied that 
 we get occasional glimpses of despondency and homesickne'=!S, 
 and here is where the Y. M. C. A., and those other agencies 
 that concerned themselves with the morale of the soldiers 
 proved their right to exist. Chaplain Wm. Heilman, of Camp 
 Custer, Mich., sallied forth one rainy, dismal night on a 
 cheering-up expedition among the men in the barracks. 
 
 "The first man visited," he says, "was lying on his bunk, 
 the picture of dejection. Tied to the iron leg of the cot was 
 a playful bull pup, whose antics could not provoke a smile 
 from his owner. The good humor in the quarters was mon- 
 opolized by the company mascot. 
 
 " Too busy to go to church,' the boy said, and as he mov- 
 ed languidly he let one hand dangle over a side of the cot, and 
 the playful pup nibbled at his fingers. *I have to work all the 
 time,' he continued, 'and I want to see something different.' 
 
 " 'You don't need church at this time,' I said to him. 
 'What you should do is to spend an afternoon with us at the 
 club house in Battle Creek.' 
 
 "After a description of a few of the parties at the club 
 house the bull pup was formally introduced. His pedigree 
 was repeated. When I left a cheerful voice called after me, 
 
Jefferson County in the World War. 
 
 'So long, Reverend, I am going to come to see that club house 
 and you may look for me at service.' " 
 
 ELMER MARSHALL. 
 
 Concerning the Y. M. C. A. Elmer Marshall, writing from 
 Fort Sheridan, 111., has this to say: 
 
 "Without the Y. army life would be a lot more dreary, 
 unpleasant, lonesome. After supper (mess) you can go down 
 there to the movie at the Y. if there are movies on. If no 
 movies are on you can write either to home or to your dear 
 ones. 
 
 "Most of the time if nothing else is doing they have 
 speaking at the Y. You get all of your paper and envelopes 
 for helping yourself. To make a long story short you can go 
 there and make yourself at home. 
 
 "I want to say who ever refuses to donate for the Y. M. 
 C. A. or any other thing that will help to comfort the boys 
 in the army and navy ought to be put down as a slacker. 
 
 "Good American boys are giving up their lives every day 
 and bearing hardships while some tight wad at home is mak- 
 ing and saving all he can. There should be something done 
 to make him come across. 
 
 "Remember we are going (over there) to make the world 
 safe for democracy and we all expect you folks back home to 
 do your part, which I think most of you will." 
 
 MARK HAMER. 
 
 The spirit of real patriotism that prevailed among our 
 boys, and which crops out in casual sentences in many of the 
 letters, is reflected more at length in one from Mark Hamer, 
 written from Camp Taylor, September 16, 1917, which we 
 reprint in full. 
 "Dear Mother: 
 
 "Through all your unhappiness over seeing your boys 
 going to war you must remember that the great possibility 
 is that all of them will come back, and that although people 
 
Soldiers' Letters. 
 
 may not realize it now, the fellow who could possibly join in 
 this war and doesn't, had better beyond a doubt die upon a 
 battlefield. It is my own opinion there never was a more 
 just war waged. None ever was more necessary if homes 
 like the one that equipped me for life are not to vanish from 
 the earth. I have no interest in going to war. I would rath- 
 er not go ; but while men exist who believe it is given to them 
 to dominate other men, some men must fight, not because 
 they want to, but exactly because they do not want to. 
 
 "If America responds greatly enough to the demands 
 made on her by this war it will be the last great war of the 
 world's history. I have little hope that America's part will 
 be so well done as that. Probably in another seventy-five or 
 one hundred years it will all have to be done over again sim- 
 ply because it was not done quite honestly this time. 
 
 "But it is possible and even probable that with the spir- 
 it which as yet dominates American purpose this war will be 
 fought out to the finish and the peace that shall come will be 
 so justly arranged that never again will a nation be able to 
 believe that it has a right to- and can better direct the affairs 
 of another nation than that other itself. And men may then 
 rapidly come to see that they create their own greatest happi- 
 ness by creating the most happiness about them. 
 
 "But even if the war is not so great a thing as it could 
 be, it will still be a great contribution, and that man who fails 
 to do his part now must live among men who will be at least 
 somewhat advanced in their understanding of other men, 
 and they will have little use — I mean they will find it possible 
 to use very little — the man who shirks now. 
 
 "MARK HAMER." 
 
 LETTERS FROM OVERSEAS. 
 
 The larger part of the letters from overseas did not be- 
 gin to arrive until the war was nearing its end, but some 
 were written in the earlier part of 1918. Lieutenant E, H. 
 
 89. 
 
Jefferson County in the World War. 
 
 Phillips, Carroll Eaglin and Wm. Ramsey Heberhart were the 
 first to be heard from. Mr. Heberhart tells of his first taste 
 of war when he witnessed an air raid on Paris. He writes: 
 
 "I guess I told you of the air raid we had the last of 
 January. It was quite exciting and I haven't forgotten it in 
 a hurry. The 'alert' was given at eleven-thirty p. m. and 
 all the lights of Paris went out. The sirens screamed and 
 the guns boomed forth their warnings. The sky was full of 
 the colored lights of moving airplanes and the star rockets 
 fell. The sky was one mass of colors. You could hear the 
 guns roar and roar but couldn't see them fire. 
 
 "I dined at the Hotel Ritz that evening with friends 
 who were leaving for America the next day, so I went out to 
 Place Vendome and watched it for a long time. Later I 
 went to the garden of the Tuilleries. I went later to Place 
 de la Concorde, where two French machines fell and the men 
 were taken to the Hotel Crillion. President Poincare arrived 
 the same time I did with his staff. All the guests were in 
 pajamas and dressing gowns as most every one goes to bed 
 at eleven o'clock these days. 
 
 "A motley gowned crowd to meet the president of 
 France! Such is war." 
 
 E. C. DENNY. 
 
 E. C. Denny, writing from "Somewhere in France," un- 
 der date of April 15, 1918, thus describes an air fight: 
 
 "This afternoon a boche machine was shot down with- 
 in sight. We watched the shells bursting around it for over 
 a half hour. It is pretty hard to get a plane up 5,000 or 10,- 
 000 feet with shells. The shrapnel must hit the gasoline 
 tank or the driver. 
 
 "The machine got over our lines through a cloud. It 
 was sure interesting to watch the machine circling, chang- 
 ing height, etc., to keep us from getting the range. He 
 made several attempts to beat it back to the German lines 
 and safety. But always our guns shot ahead of him and 
 turned him back. 
 
Soldiers* Letters. 
 
 "I knew where one 3-inch was hid that was taking part 
 in the conversation. Occasionally a machine gun would get 
 the range and let off ten or a dozen shots in quick succession, 
 faster than you could count. Through it all the boche flew 
 unharmed. But at last an allied plane got above him, the 
 guns ceased, and it was 'finished boche," as the French say 
 to us. 
 
 "I recall an incident of the first air fight I saw. (They 
 are all alike, only sometimes the Hun gets away.) We were 
 at work, doing a job in a hurry. Some French soldiers were 
 working next to us. We heard a gun and a few seconds 
 later heard the shell explode. Then we saw the white smoke 
 and near it a plane. 
 
 "Several French were carrying a big stone, but at the 
 sound of the first shell they all ripped out a stream of French 
 about as long as your arm, dropped the stone, and made dou- 
 ble time for a dugout. I noticed the Americans did almost 
 the opposite. 
 
 "Not minding the shrapnel falling from the shells, 
 everybody, even the sick, rush out to see the battle. But 
 when the shells explode overhead, then we curb our curiosity 
 
 EARL SNYDER. 
 
 Of these air battles Earl Snyder writes : 
 
 "Since we have been having beautiful weather air bat- 
 tles are an every day sight overhead. Just a few minutes 
 ago I witnessed a battle with an enemy plane which the 
 American aviators brought down. It was an interesting 
 sight to see the plane catch fire and the tanks explode and 
 fall to the earth burning." 
 
 CLARENCE SEHRT. 
 
 Private Sehrt, with a machine gun battalion "some- 
 where in France," gives us these glimpses of his daily ex- 
 periences: 
 
 91. 
 
Jefferson County in the World War. 
 
 "I have heard and read a great deal about open warfare 
 and now I am going through it, you can't imagine how aw- 
 ful it is. 
 
 "We were in a large woods a short time ago and our 
 artillery was all around us. The boches shelled the woods 
 night and day. We dug in, every man had his own dugout, 
 protection against shrapnel. You could scarcely take two 
 steps for fear of falling head first into a dugout. 
 
 "I am sitting out in frout of my dugout writing this 
 letter and old Fritz is sending five inch shells over in front 
 of us about fifty yards from here. If he lowers his eleva- 
 tion I will do the ground-hog stunt. 
 
 "You read in the newspapers how the French people 
 are driven from their homes on short notice. Well, as we 
 were moving up to this front we passed family after family 
 running from the danger zone, and believe me it was simply 
 awful to see them go by. Not only forty or fifty but hun- 
 dreds of them. Some in motor trucks, some in wagons with 
 their children, with probably only enough clothing and food 
 to last them a few days. 
 
 "The less fortunate ones were pulling their wagons, 
 carrying stuff on their backs and on wheelbarrows. I saw 
 one old woman have a wheelbarrow loaded with some pro- 
 visions lying by the roadside. The poor soul had given out. 
 It made my heart ache. Another case, an old man and a 
 dog were pulling a spring wagon and an old woman push- 
 ing it. I don't know how they made it up grades. They 
 left their homes and all they had. They will probably come 
 back some day but o^ilv to see their homes all destroyed." 
 
 CARROLL D. EAGLIN. 
 
 Carroll Eaglin, of the 103d Aero Pursuit Squadron, La- 
 fayette Escadrille, writes in a similar vein. 
 
 ***** The other day a little French soldier wander- 
 ed into our camp and told us what had happened to his fam- 
 ily. He is fifteen years old, very small, and has been in the 
 
 92< 
 
Soldiers' Letters. 
 
 trenches for thirty months. The Huns killed his mother 
 and a little five-year old brother, and he was with his 
 father who was a lieutenant, until he was killed. He went 
 "over the top" with his dad, and was wounded at the same 
 time his dad was killed. "We are going to keep him and now 
 have him dressed in an American uniform. He sure is liv- 
 ing the life of Raleigh. All he can say in English is 'under 
 your bunk,' and 'good morning.' 'Under the bunk' is a say- 
 ing the boys here use when there are German airplanes 
 about, ready to drop shells on us. This is done mostly at 
 night and sure makes you a little nervous.'* 
 
 DANA VAIL. 
 
 Dana Vail, in the ambulance service, tells of the little 
 unpleasantnesses of that work. 
 "Dearest Dad: 
 
 "Just had a letter from Grandma Vail and Aunt Fanny, 
 wiuch puts me in mind that I ought to write. We're having 
 kind oi an easy time now, back on 'repos,' but take it from 
 me wherever there is a scrap of any kind, we are right in 
 the worst of it. 
 
 "You can't imagine how awful it is. We thought we 
 knew about war when we were in that other sector, but as 
 we took in different parts of the front, our first few months 
 seemed more of a picnic than anything else. It is no fun 
 traveling around with an attacking division. 
 
 "We are back in a place where we can get hold of baths 
 again. My, that was good news! And we've gotten very 
 good quarters, too. It's a little better than sleeping in an 
 old, rickety barn, on mouldy straw, with lice, mice, and rats 
 running over you, bombs, shells, bullets bursting within ten 
 to fifty feet from you, and waking up in the middle of the 
 night to put on your gas mask. We have been through all 
 that and the memories aren't very pleasant." 
 
 CHARLES WAINSCOTT. 
 
 Here we have a graphic picture of the battle front in 
 
 93. 
 
Jefiferson County in the World War. 
 
 July, 1918, plus some other things, including sarcastic opin- 
 ion of the Hun, as expressed by an American doughboy, 
 Charles Wainscott, of Co. C, Hq. Bn. 
 
 "I suppose you will be reading in a day or two about the 
 battle that is now raging along sixty miles of the western 
 front. All last night we could hear the big guns and see the 
 flash, sometimes lighting up the sky like a great flash of 
 lightning ; and sometimes it would be a pencil of flame shoot- 
 ing up into the sky. 
 
 "These were from the 'heavies' placed farther back and 
 nearer us, and all the time the continuous rumble like far off 
 thunder on a summer evening. 
 
 "There were plenty of other fireworks, too, rockets, and 
 star shells — and the Germans didn't accomplish a thing ex- 
 cept to give us an opportunity of ridding the world of several 
 thousand more squareheads. 
 
 "We had an air raid, too, but nothing came of it. I mean 
 no damage was done and no one was hurt. As an air raider 
 Fritzie is the most successful joke that could be imposed up- 
 on a scrap-seeking Yank. Why, he has gotten so nervous 
 since we came over that he can't even hit a cathedi'al any 
 more." 
 
 And this from the same writer, under date of August 14 : 
 
 "It doesn't seem possible that a nation that professes to 
 be civilized could act in the manner of these retreating Ger- 
 mans are acting. Such unnecessary destruction of property 
 that could in no way be of any use to the advancing troops! 
 I could understand the destruction of grain or anything that 
 could be of use to us, but they do not stop at that. I have 
 seen houses which they had used in their brief stay and there 
 wasn't a thing that remained uninjured. Curtains and 
 hangings were slashed, pictures smashed, furniture hacked 
 with bayonets, floors torn up, windows broken and everything 
 that could be done to show their contempt for all laws of de- 
 cency was done, — and I must say most thoroughly. 
 
 94. 
 
( Soldiers' Letters. 
 
 "Nor do they stop at the aestruction of property. The 
 inhabitants of this reconquered territory who were unable to 
 escape the rush of the Huns are in much the same condition 
 as their property ; battered and maimed but a living proof of 
 the barbarism with which the Hohenzollerns hoped to rule 
 the world. 
 
 "I tell you, dear parents there can be no peace until this 
 menace to civilization is so utterly destroyed that it can 
 never endanger the peace of the world again, and any man 
 who fails to do his part in bringing this about can only be 
 classed with the advocates of Kultur." 
 
 JACOB THENES. 
 
 This from Private Jacob Thenes, Co. 6., 47th Infantry; 
 written August 20, 1918. 
 '■Dear Folks; 
 
 '1 guess you think I have kicked but I am still alive and 
 feeling fine. 
 
 "The reason I didn't write sooner was because we have 
 been chasing the Huns for the last two weeks. We took part 
 in the big drive. I know you heard about it before now. 
 We took part in two of the largest battles the Americans 
 have fought yet.. I was sure lucky and came out without a 
 scratch. It is real interesting at the front. Something 
 doing all the time. When we got the Dutch started it was 
 some job to keep up with them. The boches sure can travel 
 some. We are taking a rest now and having a good time. 
 We have plenty to eat, lots of cigarettes and more money than 
 I can find a place to( spend. We are close to a little town and 
 can buy eggs and fruit. I am learning to talk French a little. 
 I would like to tell you more about the war if I could. If I 
 could tell you where we fought you could tell by the papers 
 that we sure made them get a move on. They are not 
 so much on the fight as they say they are. I know one thing 
 they won't let the dough boys get very close to them and they 
 are very careful about coming out in the open, for if they do 
 
 95. 
 
Jefferson County in the World War. 
 
 the Yanks are pretty good shots and they seem to know it." 
 
 R. C. HUFFOKD. 
 
 Graphic, also, is this description of the battle front from 
 behind the batteries by Sergeant Maj., R. C. Hufford, of the 
 F. A., written to Dr. W. A. Millis, of Hanover College Septem- 
 ber 25, 1918: 
 
 "All in all there is something about the artillery game 
 that makes it the most interesting and the most fascinating 
 of all." 
 
 "For instance one can stand beside a convenient hole 
 
 (for safety's sake) and watch the various operations and get 
 
 an impression of how wonderful, and at the same time how 
 
 devilish, are the forces at play. Oif to the front are flares 
 
 and search lights with darting stars beneath and between." 
 
 "There are the infantry and close up organizations ; back 
 of them around and behind are the intermingled flashes and 
 roars of the various sized heavier pieces, mixed with these are 
 the whispers of the shells sent Hun-ward and the growing 
 tone of the arrivals that are bursting everywhere. 
 
 "Over all of this one hears the various typos of planes, 
 with their machine guns cutting and slashing a" each other 
 or darting slivers of death at the crowded trendies below. 
 
 "A growler comes over, someone yells gas, you adjust 
 your mask, and have not missed a bit of the great activity. 
 Messengers are darting hither and thither, linemen are go- 
 ing out, ambulances are pushing forward, trucks are crowd- 
 ing forward and to the guns with the needed supplies, for 
 communication must be kept, the wounded cared for, the 
 fighters fed, and supplies kept up all the time that the Mas- 
 ter Dealer is shuffling the deck and dealing each man his 
 card — and to many of each side he deals the marked card, 
 death. 
 
 "Gradually the noise dies down and only the distant in- 
 termittent spatof the rifle or pistol is heard. The battle is 
 over, day breaks, and the work of repair and burial follows." 
 
 96. 
 
Soldiers' Letters. 
 
 SAMUEL VAUGHN. 
 
 ' According to Private Vaughn * * * * "Its wonderful 
 the way the American soldier fights. The minute he smells 
 powder or hears a gun, why, each and every man is just a 
 fighting demon. They dont give a damn for anything — just 
 up and at them, and away goes the Germans." 
 
 To show, however, that the American soldier is not all 
 raw beef and gunpowder he tells of "one poor little kid," a 
 French lad, whose mother and father were dead and his broth- 
 er a prisoner. 
 
 "When we first came here," says the letter, "he was sell- 
 ing papers for his meals and sleeping wherever he could, but 
 now my comrades and myself are taking care of him. We 
 bought him shoes and a whole new outfit and keep him in eats 
 and got him a room with some French lady to sleep in. He is 
 the happiest kid in France now and will do anything for us. 
 We call him Humpy, for he is a little hunch back and 15 years 
 old. 
 
 "He stays in at nights and reads and is learning to speak 
 English real good and understands a lot more than he can 
 speak. My comrade says he is going to take him back to the 
 States and put him on his father's ranch. My buddy lives in 
 the west and is the best hearted fellow I ever knew. He has 
 been in the army for five or six years." 
 
 JOHN W. BUCHANAN. 
 
 Says Pvt. Buchanan, of Machine Gun Company, 59th 
 Infantry: ' ^i^ ""^ 
 
 "I have been through four campaigns and in three of the 
 fiercest battles fought. The Huns have always beat it 
 though. Its surely hell, but we enjoy it just the same .1 
 haven't gotten a scratch but a fellow don't know when his 
 time is coming. 
 
 "One letter I wrote you was while on Hill No. 201. I 
 suppose you remember something about it. There surely 
 had been some fierce battles on it. Every inch of dirt seem- 
 
 97. 
 
Jefferson County in the World War. 
 
 ed to have been turned over by shell fire, but the Yanks soon 
 histed them off." 
 
 THOMAS LUCKETT. 
 
 Apropos to German atrocities, Private Luckett has 
 this to say: 
 
 "On the road to the city of St. Julian the other day, I 
 saw an old lady who lost her mind. Her home is between 
 the camp and Pauillac and she roams around the country all 
 the day long. She lost her two sons in the war and was 
 taken prisioner by the Germans. As a punishment to her 
 they cut off her breast and turned her away to suffer. Is it 
 any wonder her mind is gone? 
 
 "There are so many of the same kind of cases in this 
 country. It is wonderful how cheerful the French people 
 are with all their loss." 
 
 GUY HOAGLAND. 
 
 Private Hoagland, who received a severe gassing from 
 which he has never fully received, writes of his experience. 
 
 "Dear Mother: 
 
 "Well I just got word that the war is over. I am still in 
 hospital but I am well enough to come home and that kind of 
 news is enough to make anybody well. They keep us in the 
 hospital until we get good and well since the war is over. 
 
 "I will tell you things that will make you feel proud of 
 me. I wouldn't tell you before. Ever since July I have been 
 exposed to shell fire and have been in the battle, over the top, 
 and seen some hot times. I have hiked all over France with 
 my heavy pack and have sure suffered . 
 
 "I will be proud of my wound stripe. The kind of gas I 
 got was mustard gas. It burns on the inside and outside. 
 I was blind for four days but my eyes are perfectly well now. 
 As soon as my lungs get a little better I will be all O. K. It 
 is just like a cold works, but I am well enough to come home 
 any time. 
 
 98. 
 
Soldiers' Letters. 
 
 "I have lost lots of my friends over here but with the 
 help of God I have had good luck, living through it all, and 
 now I expect to meet you soon . 
 
 "I don't know yet whether I will get back to my company 
 or not. It is according to how long I remain in the hospital. 
 Don't worry about me being in the hospital. I am better off 
 here, good and warm and not exposed to any bad weather . 
 
 •'You know how father used to tell how he had to do in 
 the civil war. We have hiked from eight o'clock p. m. till 
 six a. m. in a down pour of rain. Then laid down on the wet 
 ground and went to sleep. Some life. Then next morning 
 hiked further and dug a hole in the ground to keep from get- 
 ting hit with shrapnel. At night, looked up in the sky, 
 expecting a big shell to hit you and wondering if it will tear 
 you up. I thought about my feather-bed at home and it 
 almost made tears roll down my cheeks". 
 
 LESTER T. LEE. 
 
 A variation from the experience of field and camp is that 
 of Lester T. Lee, of the navy, who was in the mine-laying 
 service. He says: 
 
 "We laid a barrage of mines Qtf the Norway coast to Scot- 
 land with from five to eight ships abreast, each dropping a 
 mine from every five to twelve seconds so you see a sub would 
 have but little chance of getting through. Also after the main 
 barrage we laid two wings reaching out into the North sea. 
 
 "At first it was excitement but soon became real work; 
 loading mines, steaming, watch, then coal ship each time put- 
 ting on from 300 to 550 tons of coal, and in the bunkers the 
 dust so thick you had to put a handkerchief over your mouth 
 to get your breath; you could not tell your mate working by 
 your side nor see an electric light ten feet away. 
 
 "Then was turn to clean ship, work and more work. 
 Believe me we realized we were not at home. 
 
 "Our only danger was torpedoes, German mines laid by 
 subs in front of us, or our own mines becoming loosed from 
 
 99. 
 
Jefferson County in the World War. 
 
 anchor and floating in our path , or collisions in the fog. 
 
 "One trip we kept the after searchlight burning in day- 
 light to keep the ship back of us from ramming us. One trip 
 the Roanoke, the senior ship of one division, ran on a rock 
 and two boys were killed by falling timber, some ships not 
 making port that night, but the Dizzy Quinne as our ship 
 was called always made good. 
 
 "We also had rough windy weather, for which the North 
 sea is noted and cruised about for two days and nights 
 for calmer weather to drop our mines. 
 
 "It seemed Providence was with us and never failed us. 
 On one occasion coming through a channel at the Orkney 
 islands in the roughest weather we encountered, our steam- 
 ing apparatus broke and for a short time old Quinne was in 
 fair shape to be dashed against the rocks, but we made to a 
 nook of calm water, and was left behind to our own self with 
 one destroyer as convoy, but we were only four hours repair- 
 ing and made Inverness without a halt. 
 
 "Of course it is impossible to relate all, am just giving a 
 few incidents. Now that it is all over we are pleased for it was 
 real work." 
 
 MISS MARY A. SHIPMAN. 
 
 Here we have an interesting glimpse of hospital exper- 
 ience at the front as told by Miss Mary A. Shipman, a nurse 
 in Base Hospital No 25, France. Says Miss Shipman writ- 
 ing under date of August 17, 1918: 
 
 "And last night, the biggest drive of all was started, so 
 an officer told us today. That means more work for us but 
 we don't mind a little extra work. I'm glad to do for the 
 boys, they are splendid. I love to hear them talk to each 
 other of their work at the front, their trips out into No Man's 
 Land, or of how some brave lad risked all, to go back for his 
 'Buddy' (chum) and have him cared for, and of how they 
 went 'over the top.' The more serious their condition, the 
 more cheerful they seem to be and they love a joke. 
 
 100. 
 
Soldiers' Letters. 
 
 "My first day in the ward, I was fixing them up for the 
 night, rubbing their backs and making the beds up, brushing 
 out crumbs and smoothing the sheets. I came to one boy 
 down near the end of the ward where we usually have up pat- 
 ients, and I asked him if he could sit up in bed to have his 
 back rubbed. 
 
 "He smiled and said, 'Oh yes, I'm about all right, now, 
 can do most anything but play golf.' I rubbed his back but 
 when I went to straighten the sheets, I found his left leg 
 was in splints and he had been in the hospital but two days. 
 
 "When our last hospital train came in one patient receiv- 
 ed in our ward was a sergeant with both arms broken, a piece 
 of shrapnel, in one side of his head and a bullet hole through 
 his right side. In caring for him I asked the ward master 
 to help lift the patient. The sergeant looked up, laughed and 
 said, 'Oh, I can sit up alone,' and he would have tried it, too 
 had I let him. 
 
 "All the boys seem to get on so well. We have the best 
 surgeons and doctors and they do wonders saving the boys' 
 legs and arms and getting them well in much less time than 
 wo o'«'"r did back in the states. 
 
 "I am well, happy and busy. Two weeks ago today, I 
 ate my first meal in camp. I've been shopping in Allery. 
 With an English-French dictionary and many gesticulations 
 I made myself understood and it was lots of fun." 
 
 BOYCE R. MORROW. 
 
 Several letters describing the close of hostilities are of 
 interest. Says Lieut. Boyce R. Morrow, of the Q. M. Corps, 
 writing a few days after the memorable 11th of November: 
 
 "Of course you have read the glad and welcome news long 
 ago. You can't imagine the celebration such as the French 
 are putting on. I say 'are putting on' for they have just one 
 fete after another. No one knows how long they are going 
 to celebrate and I don't think anyone cares. They surely 
 have a right to all their gladness for there is hardly a family 
 
 101. 
 
Jefferson County in the World War. " " 
 
 that has not been in some way affected by the war. They 
 were greatly excited and glad when the big news arrived. I 
 went in a store on the afternoon of the big day and the mad- 
 am said that was very necessary that she be embraced on 
 the occasion of our allied victory. She was pretty good look- 
 ing and not very old so naturally a fellow could not refuse." 
 
 GUS HOWARD HYATT. 
 
 In a very similar vein is this one from Gus Howard 
 Hyatt : 
 
 "Today is Sunday and a very pretty day. I have been 
 sleeping most all morning. Read a little while after dinner and 
 just happened to think of writing a letter to you, as there is 
 Fuch good news to tell you, and that is that the war is all over. 
 They quit fighting Monday. 
 
 "I had a fine time when we heard that the war was over. 
 I was on pass that day in a little town near our camp. I and 
 three more soldier boys were the first to ring the church bells 
 in the town and the French people nearly went wild. 
 
 "We rang the bells till we got so tired we couldn't ring 
 them. Everybody was in the streets by that time and we 
 paraded all over the town, men, women, kids and everything 
 else that could follow. 
 
 "That night they gave a big dance. Of course I and the 
 three other soldiers went and of all the good times of my life 
 I never had any to beat that one. There was nothing too 
 good for us boys. We danced with the French 'demozelles' 
 till we were dizzy. 
 
 "Well, I don't think there is any one that didn't enjoy 
 such good news as that unless it' was old Bill. I would have 
 liked to see them celebrating in the States. I guess they 
 had a time also, didn't they?" 
 
 HARRY F. SHADDAY. 
 
 Private Shadday writes that "On the 10th of November 
 we were called to the front to make a big drive if the armis- 
 tice wasn't signed. 
 
 102. 
 
Soldiers* Letters. 
 
 "On the morning of the 11th we were in the front lines at 
 a town called Saul, ready to go over the top with the infantry, 
 when we received the message of the signing of the armistice. 
 
 "At 11 a. m. every gun ceased firing and we were out of 
 danger once again. Some boys and myself went over that 
 night and talked with the Dutchmen, ate bread and drank 
 coffee with them. They seemed very glad the war was over. 
 
 "We have been working some lately but the work doesn't 
 seem bad when it isn't under shell fire." 
 
 Before closing this chapter it should be said that many 
 of the over-seas letters contain animated descriptions of Eng- 
 land and France and of life on the ocean, full of keen interest, 
 and revealing the educational side of the "great adventure." 
 Some are so well written that it is regrettable they can not all 
 be reproduced here, but lack of space forbids. 
 
 TOM LUCKETT tells of Brest, France, "certainly a beau- 
 tiful place, * * * built on a high hill overlooking the water, 
 which is dotted for miles with ships of all kinds and shapes 
 — sailboats, battle ships, schooners, transports and many other 
 kinds." "I am," he adds," seeing a great deal of the country, 
 and it is all very, very interesting." 
 
 JAY SIPE is enamored of England, which he affirms to 
 be "the most beautiful country I ever expect to see,"with its 
 hedge fences and stone walls, its green lawns and spacious 
 parks. 
 
 CHARLES WAINSCOTT wields an eloquent pen in ap- 
 preciation of the wonders and inspirations of Paris and the 
 scenic beauties of southern France, where the blue Mediter- 
 ranean and the French Alps vied in their fascinations. 
 
 ROBERT E. WILLIAMS gives an account of his trip up 
 the Mediterranean to a beautiful, quaint old town "somewhere 
 in Italy," and of the ovation that awaited them there. When 
 the troops debarked several Americans met them, their child- 
 ren bearing baskets of red, white and blue button-hole bou- 
 
 103. 
 
Jefferson County in the World War. 
 
 quets for the visitors, and Italian troops were drawn up at 
 "present arms" as guard of honor, and between these the 
 American troops marched. 
 
 "The streets were narrow and crooked," says the writer, 
 "so we only had room to march four abreast and the crowding 
 people sometimes made that impossible. Every balcony 
 and housetop was crowded and we were simply showered with 
 flowers. We literally walked on roses. Cries of Viva V 
 America,' 'viva Wilson' and 'viva I'soldati' rang out on every 
 side and one woman cried as she; thrust out a rose, 'viva 1' 
 Yankee". And these people didn't know we were coming until 
 we arrived. 
 
 "I have seen parades in the States where enthusiasm 
 ran high, but our reception here was the most spontaneous 
 expression of good will and welcome that I have ever seen." 
 
 RICHARD C. HECK'S account of a Fourth of July dem- 
 onstration in London (which certainly seems rather anoma- 
 lous) makes such sprightly reading that we copy the most of 
 it as a finishing feature to this series of letters. 
 
 This particular Fourth, 1918, says Mr. Heck, "the sun 
 rose in a clear blue sky, and everything gave promise of a per- 
 fect day. Reveille at 5:15, mess at 6:15, then we all dolled up 
 and beat it to town. That is most of us went. About thirty of 
 the boys had C. B. on the fourth and were out of luck. 
 
 "Reached the Eagle Hut which was the center of activity 
 about 8 o'clock and events followed in quick succession. First 
 there was a band concert followed by a' "flag raising" dur- 
 ing which the band played the national anthem and we all 
 stood at attention and saluted. 
 
 "Burton Holmes himself took movies of the event and if 
 you watch the Holmes Travelogues closely, you will see my 
 shining face (talcum is scarce in England) just in back of the 
 flag staff. 
 
 "Ten o'clock saw us loaded on large busses, or sight-see- 
 ing wagons, ready for a tour of the city. There were about 
 
 104. 
 
Soldiers' Letters. 
 
 forty of the busses all filled with yelling Yanks. 
 A battery of Fritz's forty-two centimeter guns in full action 
 could not make half the noise that we Yanks made as we pass- 
 ed through the principal parts of town. Passed through 
 Charing Cross, the Strand, Aldwich, Kingsway, Mark Lane, 
 Mansion House, Cheapside, Holborn, in fact, through all the 
 principal parts of London, even taking in Petticoat Lane. 
 
 "During the entire trip we yelled, cheered and sang in 
 true Yankee style and we were told that London had seldom, 
 if ever seen such a noisy, enthusiastic crowd. Each of us 
 would try to out yell his partner, and to say that we made 
 some' noise is putting it rather mildly. 
 
 "Twelve o'clock saw us at the Baltic Y. M. in High Hol- 
 born, where we enjoyed a delightful luncheon, after which we 
 assembled in the busses and resumed our tour. Went through 
 St. James and Hyde Parks. Buckingham Palace is in the 
 former, and as we passed the palace the king and queen 
 stood out on the balcony and greeted us, while we made the 
 air ring with our cheers. 
 
 "At three-fifteen we arrived at Chelsea athletic grounds, 
 where a great army-navy ball game was scheduled to start at 
 three-thirty. This park has a seating capacity of sixty- 
 thousand, and it was crowded at that. It is a very nice stad- 
 ium, where all the great English cricket and foot ball matches 
 are played. 
 
 "Promptly at three-thirty the king walked out into the 
 field amid a battery of movie machines and handed the ball to 
 the umpire. Amid the cheers of the vast crowd, the game be- 
 gan, and I may add that it was the best game I have ever seen. 
 And it all ended too soon, with the score two to one in favor of 
 the navy. During the game I yelled and cheered so much that 
 I lost my voice entirely and could not speak above a whisper. 
 
 "The game over, we all fell in the busses again, and were 
 driven to Kensington Gardens, where we were to be entertain- 
 ed at tea by the lord mayor of Kensington. On arriving here 
 
 105. 
 
Jefferson County in the World War. 
 
 we started a snake dance, led by an old man dressed as Uncle 
 Sam ; this snake dance furnished amusement to the thousands 
 of people who were watching the performance. They had nev- 
 er seen anything as utterly foolish and amusing as the spec- 
 tacle of hundreds of fellows in single file writhing and twist- 
 ing their way over the field. 
 
 "We had just finished this when Her Royal Highness the 
 Princess Louise, was seen coming across the park, in company 
 of the lord mayor of Kensington, and several dukes and lords. 
 The band played 'God save the King' and we all stood at at- 
 tention as the royal party approached. As the Princess 
 drew nearer, we all saluted, and just as she was passing me, 
 she stopped and walking over to me, said: 'How do you do, 
 I suppose you played in the ball game this afternoon.* 
 
 "It was quite embarrassing to me as I could only answer 
 her in a whisper. Happily one of the fellows explained that 
 although I had not played in the game, I had yelled so much 
 that I had lost my voice, and could only speak in a whisper. 
 She expressed her sympathy for me, and trusted I would re- 
 cover my, voice in a few days ; which was very kind of her. 
 She is very interesting and democratic and is a daughter of 
 her royal highness, the late Queen Victoria. 
 
 "Well we had tea, during which the princess and lord 
 mayor made short speeches, and after we had finished an all 
 round good time, we marched to Kensington town hall where 
 we were booked for an entertainment. 
 
 "In the hike over the 372nd led all the other squadrons 
 and I was No. one in the first squad. The No. one rear rank 
 man and I carried a large flag stretched between us and we 
 made quite an appearance as we hiked along. At Kensing- 
 ton hall we were royally entertained for several hours by 
 artists from the different London theatres. 
 
 "The programme ended about eleven o'clock and after 
 three cheers for the lord mayor, we beat it, and came strag- 
 gling into camp about twelve-thirty or one o'clock. Thi* 
 ended the happiest fourth I have ever spent." 
 
 106. 
 
MILITARY HONOR ROLL. 
 
 Author's Note — In compiling this "Honor Roll" I have been guid- 
 ed by the official record of the "Committee on Enrollment" — a body 
 authorized by the Council of Defense and consisting of Messrs A. D. 
 Vanosdol, Edward M. Prenatt and Walter Caplinger. I am informed 
 that it was not possible to make the roster complete because a number 
 of men -who belonged to Jefferson county entered the service from 
 other places or were already in the regular army and could not be 
 traced. The total number of names in the record mentioned, together 
 with some I have added, is about 560. It is estimated that the coun- 
 ty furnished! something like 700 men in addition to the Home Guard 
 units, but this does not pretend to accuracy. The record in type- 
 written form and substantially bound in a book includes additional 
 data with each name and the whole is given into the permanent cus- 
 tody of the county historical society and is available to any one who 
 desires fuller information. The separate roster of Company I is ac- 
 cording to arrangement of the record. Company K and the Liberty 
 Guards are not in the record and were secured separately. The mem_ 
 bers of Hanovei* S. A. T. C. who are residents of Jefferson County are 
 included in the general roster. The Gold Star list was completed only 
 after diligent inquiry, and the accompanying sketches were, for the 
 most part, secured by personal interviews with the families of the men. 
 
THE COLD STAR LIST. 
 
 "The muffled drum's sad roll has beat 
 
 The soldiers last tattoo; 
 No more on Life's parade shall meet 
 
 That brave and fallen few. 
 On Fame's eternal camping-ground 
 
 Their silent tents are spread, 
 And Glory guards, with solemn round, 
 
 Thei bivouac of the dead." 
 
 HARRISON B. BUCKNER. ^ 
 
 Of the 804th Pioneer Infantry. Took sick on shipboard 
 going over and died in France, of pneumonia, October 3, 1918, 
 ten days after landing. On board ship Han-ison made 
 friends with another man, Charles Browdie, and each agreed 
 that if the other died the survivor would write to his friend's 
 people. Browdie kept this promise. 
 
 WILLIAM BUCKNER. 
 Died of pneumonia on shipboard when on his way to 
 France, and was buried at sea. His brother, Harrison Buck- 
 ner, died of the same disease, also contracted on shipboard, on 
 another vessel, and( their deaths were three days apart. A 
 letter from Private Buckner before shipping gave his address 
 as Co. E, 809th Pioneer Infantry, Camp Dodge, Iowa. His 
 mother had no further information about him. The Buck- 
 ner brothers were residents of Madison. 
 
 CARL J. COOTS. 
 
 Born in CarroU county, Ky. Was a resident of Madison, 
 Ind., for three or four years before entering the service, liv- 
 ing with his grandfather, James Coots. He managed to get 
 mto the service when but seventeen years old, contrary to the 
 wishes of his grandfather, and left his home without warning 
 never to be seen alive again by his family. His letters from 
 camp breathe of patriotic ardor, and in his last one he wrote 
 that the camp life was "making a man" of him. After six 
 weeks of this life he died of pneumonia, on April 15, 1919, in 
 the hospital at Douglass, Arizona, 
 
 108. 
 
Honor Roll. 
 
 GEORGE CRANK. 
 
 Lived for some years near Dupont. Died at Base Hos- 
 pital, Camp Taylor, of influenza, Oct. 11, 1918. He was in 
 the 12th Battalion, 159th Regiment, Depot Brigade, after- 
 wards Battery B, 17th Battalion, F. A. R. D. 
 
 EARL GLOVER. 
 
 Born and reared in Madison, Ind. Was in Company M, 
 334th regiment of infantry. He died October 5, 1918, of 
 pneumonia, in France, though the exact place of death is un- 
 known to his family. A picture of his grave was sent 
 through the Red Cross. The marker is designated "K- 
 1268" and by the figures 3531329, but his family does not 
 know where it is. 
 
 ALFRED HOUSEFIELD 
 
 Private Housefield, a resident of Monroe township, and 
 a volunteer from that locality, was killed in battle at Chateau- 
 Thierry August 9, 1918. The particulars were never known 
 to the family. His mother states that up to the time of his 
 death he was a faithful member of the Liberty Christian 
 church, at Belleview, Jefferson County. 
 
 CHRISTOPHER M. HERBIG. 
 
 Private Herbig was born, reared and educated in Madi- 
 son. He was a graduate of the Madison high school and is 
 said to be the only boy from that school to die. on the field of 
 battle. His mother died three days before he entered the 
 service. He was a member of Co. E, 47th Infantry. The 
 only record we have of his death is that he was killed in action 
 August 9, 1918. At the time of his enlistment he was a resi- 
 dent of Indianapolis. 
 
 RAYMOND D. HERNER. 
 Private Herner, volunteer, was so anxious to join the 
 colors that he managed to do so when 18 years old, contrary to 
 the wishes of his parents. He was a member of Battery C, 
 
 109. 
 
Jefferson County in the World War. 
 
 17th Field Artillery; was sent to France in December, 1918, 
 and saw considerable service on the front, as gathered from 
 his letters, but his parents have little information as to his 
 battles other than that he was at Chateau-Thierry. He died 
 of pneumonia at Coblenz, Germany, February 13, 1919. 
 Subsequently his body was brought home and on August 
 1, 1920, was buried in Springdale cemetery, Madison, with 
 military honors. 
 
 FREDRICK J. HALL. 
 Was born and reared in Jefferson County and consider- 
 ed Kent as his home. At the time of his enlistment he was 
 fitting himself at Taylor University, Grant Co., for teaching. 
 Though past the age limit set by the first draft he volunteer- 
 ed and went into the ambulance service. He had passed the 
 examination and, expected to shortly enter the officer's train- 
 ing camp at Camp Taylor. He died July 17, 1918, at Camp 
 Shelby, from accident, being thrown from an ambulance. 
 
 PAUL STANLEY JACKSON. 
 Died of pneumonia at Hattiesburg, Miss., February 14, 
 1918. His home was North Madison, from which place he 
 volunteered July 28, 1917, and went into the 4th Infantry. 
 Afterwards he was transferred to the 139th Field Artillery. 
 He was a staunch member of the Baptist church, and is des- 
 cribed by his pastor as "a young man who could be trusted 
 with anything." 
 
 ELZIE LEWIS. 
 Killed in action May 23, 1918. Soon after the breaking 
 out of the war he volunteered, but failed to pass the physical 
 examination. Subsequently he volunteered at Elk City, 
 Okla., and was put into the 9th regiment of infantry, Co. L. 
 In February, 1918, he shipped for France. The ship (name 
 not remembered by our informant) was torpedoed off the 
 Irish coast. He wrote his mother afterward that he was in 
 the water three hours before being rescued. Further infer- 
 no. 
 
Honor Roll. 
 
 mation as to his military experience is meagre and his family 
 does not know where he was killed nor where buried. 
 
 CLARENCE McKINLEY LITTREL. 
 
 Of Lancaster Township. Enlisted December 1, 1917 
 and died January 31, 1918, of pneumonia, at Great Lakes 
 camp. He w^as buried in the college cemetery at Lancaster. 
 
 LOUIS LITTRELL. 
 
 Half-brother to Clarence Littrel, enlisted in Canada and 
 was killed in France fighting with Canadian troops. 
 
 FRANK MORGAN. 
 
 Died of pneumonia at Columbus Barracks, March 26, 
 1918, two weeks after entering the service. He was in the 
 coast artillery. He spent most of his life in Jefferson 
 County. 
 
 WILLIAM S. NICHOLS. 
 Lieutenant William S. Nichols lost his life by accident at 
 Ft. Oglethorpe, June 21, 1918. He was riding horseback, 
 with one of the nurses of the camp when the animal she rode 
 took fright and ran away. In the endeavor to stop her horse 
 his own slipped and threw him against a tree, breaking his 
 neck. He was a graduate of Hanover College and of a med- 
 ical school at Cleveland, O. Graduating from the latter 
 with the highest honors, he remained there in service for sev- 
 eral years. By his associates he was spoken of as unusually 
 thorough and reliable. He was in the medical branch of the 
 service. 
 
 ULYS E. RICKETTS. 
 
 A Switzerland County boy, but also identified with Jef- 
 ferson County. Soon after the declaration of war he endeav- 
 ored to get, first into the military, then the naval service, 
 but was not accepted. A later attempt to volunteer was 
 successful. He was mortally wounded at Soissons, July 21, 
 
 111. 
 
Jefferson County in the World War. 
 
 1918, and died the same day, but his parents never received 
 more specific information 
 
 CHARLES HENRY RITCHEY. 
 Died at Ft. Oglethorpe, Ga., January 24, 1918, of scarlet 
 lever and pneumonia. He spent most of his life in Jefferson 
 County and was educated at Wirt, North Madison and Hanover 
 College. Was working his way through Hanover by alter- 
 nately teaching and attending school, and was taking the 
 normal course when he volunteered, entering the medical ser- 
 vice. It was stated by the local papers that he was the 
 first Jefferson County soldier to die in service. 
 
 MORRIS P. SAPPINGTON. 
 Born and reared in Madison. Was one of three men 
 selected from that place to enter the engineers' corps at Ft. 
 Harrison. Subsequently he was put in the 336th regiment 
 of Infantry, then in the 337th Infantry. He went to France 
 and was on the front, but just where his family does not 
 know. He was wounded in the foot Nov. 3, 1918. He wrote 
 to his wife that he was "hit in the foot," but was "getting along 
 fine," and subsequent letters made light of the wound. 
 Nevertheless the foot was amputated and blood poisoning 
 followed, from the effects of which he died four months later, 
 on March 29, 1919. He left a widow with an infant child. 
 
 MERRILL NORWOOD SELIG. 
 Died November 1, 1918, of wounds received on the 
 battlefield, though place of death and name of battle are un- 
 known to his family ; nor do they know any particulars of his 
 services abroad. His parents have a testimonial of their 
 son's bravery, signed by General Pershing, and also a bronze 
 medal which, as shown by the inscription, was "presented by 
 the people of Carnegie, Pa., for Patriotic Services." He had 
 been employed in a munition factory at Carnegie. He join- 
 ed Company I, 145th Infantry, A. E. F. Selig was born and 
 
 112. 
 
Honor Roll. 
 
 reared in Madison and left school to go to work when fourteen 
 years old. He is described by one who knew him as "a boy 
 of few words but who thought a lot." 
 
 ROBERT SHEPHERD. 
 
 Of Madison Township enlisted in the regular army in 
 July of 1916, and was in a cavalry regiment. He died at 
 Fort Worth, Texas, and was buried at Brushy Fork cemetery, 
 this county, June 11, 1918. 
 
 EARL VINCENT SLATER. 
 
 Entered the service from Indianapolis, but was a Madi- 
 son boy. He was inducted June 5, 1917, and was assigned to 
 Company D, Limited Service regiment. He died of influenza 
 at Camp Grant, 111., September 30, 1918. 
 
 EZRA GALE STEVENSON. 
 
 A resident of Jefferson County for about ten years. In 
 1907 he joined the regular army, served in the Philippines 
 two years and was on the Mexican border about four years. 
 In 1917 he went to France, where he was in the motor truck 
 service, with the rank of sergeant. He died of pneumonia 
 February 21, 1919, but his family have never learned where 
 he died or where he is buried. He left a widow but no chil- 
 dren. I ^ 
 
 WILLIAM G. SMITH. 
 
 Died of pneumonia, at Camp Taylor, March 29, 1918. 
 His mother, who was with him in his illness states that when 
 his regiment left camp for overseas, as he lay sick, his disap- 
 pointment at being left behind was so keen that he cried. W^il- 
 liam was born, reared and educated in Madison. He was in 
 the 336th Infantry. 
 
 JOHN WARREN. 
 
 Of Company H, 28th Infantry, was killed in action in 
 France, May 30, 1918, but beyond that his family have no 
 specific information. A newspaper notice of his death 
 states that he was the first man from Madison to fall in bat- 
 tle. He was reared in Jefferson County. 
 
 113, 
 
Jefferson County in the World War. 
 
 NICHOLAS JOHN WEBER. 
 Was killed in action June 14, 1918, in France, though his 
 family have been unable to learn just where. Nicholas was 
 born and reared in Madison. At the age of 13 he left school 
 and went to work in the cotton factory. When the United 
 States declared war he was so anxious to join the army, 
 though but seventeen years old, that his father, contrary to 
 his own wishes, gave his consent. He was in service in 
 France a little more than a year, and one of his last letters 
 intimates that for three months he participated in much 
 fighting, though he does not indicate where. 
 
 BENJAMIN DILLARD WHITHAM. 
 
 We have little information about Private Whitham other 
 than that he died of pneumonia at Base Hospital No. 10, in 
 France, October 11, 1918. His home was Shelby Township. 
 
 EVERETT CORBETT WYNE. 
 Died at Camp Colt, Gettysburg, Pa., October 6, 1918, of 
 bronchial pneumonia. He was in the motor transport ser- 
 vice, and was a volunteer. He was one of Jefferson County's 
 selected men and was in the tank corps, having taken training 
 at Valparaiso, Ind., and at Carnegie Institute. When sick in 
 the hospital he professed religion and died happy, with his 
 parents at his bedside. He was buried at Deputy with mili- 
 tary honors. 
 
 JOHN W. WYNE. 
 Died of Typhoid fever in France, Feb. 10, 1919. Born 
 July 28, 1895. We have been unable to learn more of him. 
 
 CHAUNCEY LAND. 
 
 Of Shelby Township. Died at Camp Grant, Rockf ord, III., 
 October 9, 1918, of pneumonia, and was buried at West Fork 
 Church, east of Bryantsburg. Of Chauncey and Walter H. 
 Land, brothers,, we were unable to learn further facts, 
 
 114. 
 
Honor Roll. 
 
 WALTER H. LAND. 
 Of Shelby Township, one of Jefferson County's selected 
 men died in France, November 15, 1918. from wounds receiv- 
 ed in an accident. We have been unable to learn further 
 particulars, beyond the fact that he had been overseas for 
 several months. 
 
 Summary : Total, Thirty. Nine died of wounds ; eigh- 
 teen of disease and three from accident. 
 
 CORRECTIONS. 
 WILLIAM BUCKNER was not buried at sea, as at first 
 reported. Since our sketch of him printed on page 108 the 
 body was returned to the family at Madison. 
 
 MORRIS SAPPINGTON was not born in Madison but 
 spent much of his life there. He enlisted in the 22d engin- 
 eers corps, was trained at Fort Benjamin Harrison, then was 
 sent to Camp Merritt, where he was transferred to the 336th 
 infantry. He went overseas with the 84th division, then 
 was transferred to the 90th division. He saw much hard 
 service and was shot through the foot while fighting in the 
 Argonne forest. 
 
 OMISSION. 
 Among the speakers who assisted in the various Red Cross and 
 government drives should be mentioned the Rev. G. W. Pearce, whose 
 name was unintentionally omitted from the proper place. 
 
 WILUAM CURTIS WARNER. 
 Son of A. L. and Belle Bare Warner; born April 6, 1892, Stark 
 County, 111. Family moved to Jeflferson County in June, 1892. 
 Farmer. Entered service July 21, 1918, Madison, Ind. Was sent 
 to Camp Taylor, Ky, Transferred to Camp McClellan, Ala., and 
 assigned to 12th Trench Mortar Battery as bugler. Died January 
 22, 1919, of pneumonia, at Camp McClellan, Ala. Buried at Mt. 
 Zion cemetery, Saluda Township, Jefferson County. 
 
Jefferson County in the World War. 
 
 COMPANY I. 
 
 Arbuckle, Corbett 
 Anger, Charles Howard 
 Barrett, Mike 
 Bear, Hayden H. 
 Blake, Charles W. 
 Brinson, Clifford 
 Brinson, George 
 Brinson, John 
 Brown, Edward E. 
 Cole, Philip S. 
 
 Cope, Harry H. 
 
 First Lieutenant 
 Copeland, Edward 
 Cowlam, George Sanxay 
 Creamer, Charles R. 
 Dalgleish, John 
 Davis, Fred. 
 Demaree, Howard N. 
 Dillinder, Bert 
 DilTinder, Henry 
 Dillinder, John 
 Driggs, John W., 
 
 Second ^Lieutenant 
 Eaglin, Romaine 
 Farmer, Francis 
 Faulconer, Lyman 
 Ferris, Lawrence 
 Francisco, Raymond 
 Fritzler, Bryan 
 Fritzler, iEdward 
 Garlinghouse, Fred B. 
 Gordon, Robt. C. 
 Greenwood, Howard 
 Gunnell, Arthur T. 
 Haak, Harry G. 
 Hall, Perry E. 
 Hertz, Edward P. 
 Hoffman, Chas. A. 
 Jackson, John S. 
 Jackson, Paul E. 
 Jones, Bernard 
 Jones, Chas. H. 
 
 Jones, Daniel W. 
 Jones, Hal G. 
 Jones, Wayne M. 
 Klein, Chas. R. 
 Kloepfer, Herman J. 
 Kurtz, Ansel 
 Lawson, Hallie H. 
 Long, Barney 
 Moore, Lawson 
 McDaniel, Clarence. 
 McKay, Huey 
 Mires, Peter F. 
 Nay, Elmer 
 Nay, Otis E. 
 Officer, Wm. I. 
 O'Loughlin, Louis 
 O'Loughlin, William 
 Potter, William 
 Reed, Harry 
 Richards, Chas. L. 
 Rogers, William E. 
 Sandifar, Otis R. 
 Schreiber, Robt. J. 
 Schwab, John B. 
 Scott, Robert 
 Smith, Elmer 
 Spicer, William 
 Steigerwald, Samuel A. 
 Swan, Allyn F. 
 Tarpy, Edward 
 Thompson, Lloyd 
 Watts, Albert H. 
 Wells, Harry E. 
 Wells, Orlando J. 
 Willick, Clarence N. 
 Wolfschlag, Carl 
 Wood, Durward B. 
 Woolford, Horace O. 
 
 Captain. 
 Wykoff, Charles J. 
 Wyne, Earnest 
 Z earing, Harvey J. 
 
 116. 
 
Honor Roll. 
 
 GENERAL ROSTER. 
 
 (Field service not including Company I.) 
 
 Aich. (Stephen Gus 
 Albee, Edward 
 Aldridge, Ernest 
 Arbuckle, Frank Allen 
 Ashby, Clarence 
 Ashley, Harold 
 Ballard, Harry 
 Banta, Oliver Guy 
 Bare, Earl Lesley 
 Barnes, Dent Thane 
 Barnes, Oscar 
 Barton, Alve Earl 
 Bayless, George Wilbur 
 Bear, Wayne 
 Bellamy, Harry 
 Bennett, A. Roy 
 Bennett, Elmer 
 Bennett, John R. 
 Bersch, William E. 
 Bishop, Howard 
 Black, Roy 
 Black, Roy Denzil 
 Bland, Louis I. 
 Boardman, Clarence A. 
 Botts, Andy 
 Bowman, Herman E. 
 Bowman, William C. 
 Branham, Charles N. 
 Brock, Ray 
 Bruther, Ervin Dale 
 Buchanan, John W. 
 Buckner, Harrison B. 
 Buckner, William 
 Bumen, Howard E. 
 Burress, William 
 Cain, Earl A. 
 Campbell, Major 
 Campbell, Ray 
 Carver, Samuel 
 Cassidy, Frank 
 Cavett, Jesse W. 
 
 Chambers, Clarence D. 
 Chandler, Christopher C. 
 Chapman, James C. 
 Chasteen, Grover 
 Christman, Charles H. 
 Christman, Stanley 
 Clarke, William E. 
 Clarkson, Frank 
 Clashman, Ernest W. 
 Clashman, Harley E. 
 Cleek, Ralph A. 
 Clegg, William 
 Clements, Thomas G. 
 Cline, Chenault W. 
 Cochran. James F. 
 Cochran, William T. 
 Cochrane, James C. 
 Cochrane, Stanley W. 
 Cole, Andrew L. 
 Coleman, Elmer 
 Colgate, Joseph R. 
 Colling, James H. 
 Connor, Louis G. 
 Consley, Lonas J. 
 Cook, Benjamin H. 
 Cooley, Dora H. 
 Coots, Carl J. 
 
 Copeland, Charles 
 
 Copeland, George 
 
 Copeland, William W. 
 
 Corbin, Jesse 
 
 Gorman, Arthur T. 
 
 Gorman, Melvin L. 
 
 Corrie, Ernest C. 
 
 Cowan, John R. 
 
 Cox, David C. 
 
 Craig, John C. 
 
 Craig, John H. 
 
 Crank, George 
 
 Crozier, Raymond L. 
 
 Cruft, Malcolm M. 
 
 117. 
 
Jefferson County in the World War, 
 
 Culbertson, John A. 
 Dean, Argus 
 Debanto, Wilbur 
 Denny, Emerson 
 Denny, Thomas F. 
 Denny, Wesley J. 
 Denton, Carl J. 
 Denton, Howard H. 
 Demaree, Stanley S. 
 Devar, Frank 
 Donat, Alfred S. 
 Driskell, Robert Lee 
 Duncan, Carl G. 
 Dunham, Edward 
 Dunham, Robert E. 
 Dunlap, Carl F. 
 Eads, John Wesley 
 Eaglin, Burton G. 
 Earhart, Isaac W. 
 Earles, Fred L. 
 Easton, Guy 
 Elder, Joseph R. 
 Eldridge, Orlando H. 
 Elston, Edgar L. 
 Ernst, Robert S. 
 Etherton, Everett. 
 Fagan, John R. 
 Fancher, Cortland 
 Fenn, James W. 
 Ferguson, Elmer 
 Fewell, Paul E. 
 Fewell, Robert D. 
 Fitch, Hiram W. 
 Fitzsimmons, John R. 
 Flynn, Charles F. 
 Ford, John C. 
 Forister, Lyman H. 
 Francis, Gale 
 Francisco, Van E. 
 Froh, George L. 
 Gaines, William L. 
 Gans, John H. S. 
 Gassert, Leroy C. 
 Gassert, Stanley F. 
 
 Geisler, Louis E. 
 Center, Francis A. 
 Gentrup, William 
 George, Eugene C. 
 Gibbs, Herbert 
 Gibson, Edward H. 
 Gibson, Gilbert R. 
 Glore, Fred H. 
 Glore, John W. 
 Glover, Earl 
 Golay, Clarence E. 
 Gordon, Howard W. 
 Gray, Ansel H. 
 Gray, James 
 Grebe, Clarence L. 
 Green, John R. 
 Green, William J. 
 Griffith, Clyde T. 
 Grossman, Carl H. 
 Gudgel, Gale L. 
 Hafley, Walter L. 
 Hall, Charles E. 
 Hall, Fredrick J. 
 Hall, Lester O. 
 Hall, Oscar E. 
 Halterbaum, Orion 
 Hamilton, Otis 
 Hammond, Bruff 
 Hammonds, Angus B. 
 Handlow, Leslie 
 Hankins, Elmer 
 Hanna, Reed L. 
 Hans, John C. 
 Hardy, Claude H. 
 Hargan, James 
 Harn, Hervey D. 
 Harr, George B. 
 Harrell, Rollie Everett 
 Harrod, Lawrence B. 
 Hartman, Ernest R. 
 Haskell, Harvey 
 Hassfurder, Walter R. 
 Hastings, Henry G. 
 Heaton, Ernest 
 
 118. 
 
Honor Roll. 
 
 Heck, Charles D. 
 Heck, Richard C. 
 Hennessy, William D. 
 Henry, Amos L. 
 HerBig, Christopher 
 Herbig, Henry Thomas 
 Herndon, Curt G. 
 Herner, Edward C. 
 Herner, Raymond D. 
 Hewitt, Glenn F. 
 Hilbert, Theodore P. 
 Hill, James C. 
 Hill, John N. 
 Hill, Joseph F. 
 Hoffman, Curtis 
 Hoffstadt, Rachel E. 
 
 Army Nurse. 
 Hollis, Charles E. 
 Holtzhauer, Joseph A. 
 Holtzman, Edward 
 Hood, Maurice R. 
 Hooker, Verna R. 
 Hopkins, James M. 
 Horton, Ronald N. 
 Housefield, Alfred 
 Hughes, Bayard 
 Hughes, ,^lifford 
 Hughes, Clinton G. 
 Hughes, Robert C. 
 Hughes, Roger 
 Hummel, Albert G. 
 Humphreys, Dora 
 Humphreys, Leroy 
 Humphreys, Howard P. 
 Hunger, Oscar C. 
 Hunter, Clarence B. 
 Hutchings, Thomas 
 Hyatt, Gus H. 
 Iddings, Frank W. 
 Iddings, Harrry Guy 
 Jacobs, Charles E. 
 Jackson, Paul S. 
 Janes, Edgar 
 Janes, Herbert H. 
 
 Jenkins, Herman 
 Johann, Albert N. 
 Johnson, Albert C. 
 Johnson, David W. 
 Johnson, James Samuel 
 Johnson, William J. 
 Jones, Howard 
 Jordan, Frank 
 Kasper, August M. 
 Kegerice, Oliver A. 
 Keller, Julian Jacob 
 Kernen, Joseph C. 
 Kessler, William H. 
 Klein, Charles R. 
 Klein, Nicholas, Jr. 
 Kleopfer, Charles R. 
 Kleopfer, Fredrick H. 
 Knox, George C. 
 Kreeger, John Frederick 
 Kremer, William J. 
 Krue, Edward J. 
 Kurtz, Roy E. 
 Land, Chauncy H . 
 Land, Walter H. 
 Lanham, Clifford 
 Lawler, George F. 
 Lawrence, James E. 
 Layton, James E. 
 Lee, Clifford 
 Lee, Lawrence M. 
 Lee, Lester T. 
 Leep, George W. 
 Leland, Simeon E. 
 Leonard, William E. 
 Lewis, Elzie 
 Littrell, Clarence M. 
 Littrell, Louis 
 Lochard, Raymond E. 
 Lockridge, Robert E. 
 Lotz, Bernhardt C, 
 Lotz, Fred W. 
 Lotz, Harold, B. 
 Lotz, John B. 
 Lovings, Thomas 
 
 119. 
 
JeCferson County in the World War. 
 
 V 
 
 Luckett, Thomas K. 
 Lustenberger, Frank J. 
 Lustig, Charles J. 
 Lyle, Daniel 
 Lyon, Edwin F. 
 Lyon, Elmer J. 
 Mackin, Lewis E. 
 Mahoney, Wilbur 0. 
 Manaugh, Hursel C. 
 Marsh, Dewie 
 Matthews, John S. 
 Matthews, Vinton H. 
 Mayfield, Jeptha O. 
 McCarty, Walter 
 McClelland, John D. 
 McCormick, Orie L. 
 McFadden, Frank D. 
 McGannon, Frank 
 McGee, Earl 
 Mclntire, Larrel 
 McKay, Laclair 
 McKeand, Wallace O. 
 McLaughlin, John W. 
 McNeely, Garrett, J. 
 McNutt, Ernest C. 
 McQuitha, Irl 
 Metzger, Herbert B. 
 Millar, Robert J. 
 Moffett, Clinton 
 Monroe, Charles L. 
 Montague, Edward C. 
 Moore, Earl O. 
 Moore, Harry E. 
 Moore, Roy E. 
 Morgan, Frank 
 Morgason, Lonard 
 Morrison, Charles 
 Morrow, Boyce R. 
 Mount, Cult 
 Mount, William [A. 
 Mouser, Floyd 
 Mundt, Walter C. 
 Neal, Roscoe E. 
 Negley, Roy 
 
 Newman, Albert S. 
 Nichols, Charles A. 
 Nichols, William S. 
 Nicklaus, William E. 
 Niesse, John L. 
 Niesse, William C. 
 Noell, Benjamin W. 
 Nugent, Vincent 
 O'Loughlin, Willie 
 Parker, William E. 
 Parks, Odus W. 
 Patton, George S. 
 Patton, William D. 
 Peddie, Frederick 
 Pender, Archie M. 
 Perry, Earl 
 Perry, Harley M. 
 Perry, Lewis D. 
 Perry, Robert A. 
 Phillips, Albert C. 
 Phillips, Clyde 0. 
 Phillips Everett H. 
 Phillips, James M. 
 Phillips, Raymond A. 
 Pinder, Richard L. 
 Plessinger, Richard 
 Polk, Clyde 
 Pratt, Campbell S. 
 Pratt, Ralph M. 
 Prenatt, Francis 
 Quaite, Charles E. 
 Quirin, Charles M. 
 Rahe, Bernard E. 
 Rahe, Ferdinand F. 
 Rahe, John S. 
 Ralston, Crawford 
 Rankin, Andrew P. 
 Rawlings, Harold C. 
 Rea, Earl 
 Reed, Fallis 
 Renschler, Clarence 
 Richardson, Alva A. 
 Ricketts, Ulys E. 
 Riedel, Wiley M. 
 
 120. 
 
Honor Roll. 
 
 Ringwald, Arthur J. 
 Ringwald, Chester 
 Risk, Jesse E. 
 Risk, Ray R. 
 Ritchie, John C. 
 Ritchie, Charles H. 
 Roberts, Harley 
 Robertson, Melville 
 Robertson, Merrill H. 
 Robertson, Percy M. 
 Robertson, Raymond M. 
 Rodgers, Graham R. 
 Rogers, Earl R. 
 Rogers, Ernest E. 
 Rohrabaugh, Cecil R. 
 Rose, Claude J. 
 Roulett, Raymond 
 Ruediger, Chester L. 
 Rusk, Joseph G. 
 Ryker, Clarence E. 
 
 Sanders, John 
 Sanders, Oscar 
 Sandifar, Clifford C. 
 Sappington, Morris 
 Saunders, Orin 
 Sauer, Earl E. 
 Sauer, John H. 
 Schad, Herman 
 Schafer, Charles F. 
 Schnaitter, Marion R. 
 Schneider, Harry M. 
 Schofield, Howard H. 
 Schofield, Louis B. 
 Schultz, Bernard 
 Scott, Chauncy E. 
 Scott, Lee D. 
 Seibenthal, Louis B. 
 Seiferman, Edward J. 
 Selig, Merrill N. 
 Server, John W. 
 Server, Roy H. 
 Shaughnessy, Harry B. 
 Shaughnessy, John 
 Shepherd, Frank 
 
 Shepherd, Robert 
 Sherlock, Haven K. 
 Shipman, Mary A. 
 
 Army Nurse. 
 Shockley, Harry A. 
 Shoots, G. B., Jr. 
 Sipe, William L. 
 Skeldon, Golden P. 
 Skidmore, Joseph 
 Skinner, Robert B. 
 Slater, Earl Vincent 
 Smart, George T. 
 Smith Earnest H. 
 Smith, Joseph 
 Smith, Sim L. 
 Smith, William G. 
 Smitha, John J. 
 Snyder, Earl 
 Spann, Jesse W. W 
 Spencer, Carroll C. 
 Spry, Hervey R. 
 Stanton, Robert H. 
 Steadman, Herald C. 
 Stearnes, George E. 
 Stephanus, Frank A. 
 Stephanus, Peter D. 
 Stephenson, C. 
 Stevason, Carl C. 
 Stevenson, Ezra G. 
 Still, Walter 
 Stillhammer, Clyde 
 Stites, Olin D. 
 Stucker, Albert E. 
 Sutherland, Clarence E. 
 Sutherland, Floyd S. 
 Sutherland, Russell B. 
 Swann, Earl T. 
 Taff, Clarence A. 
 Tarpy, James E. 
 Taylor, Emmett 
 Thacker, Frank M. 
 Thenes, Jacob 
 Thevenow, James 
 Thomas, Wren C, 
 
 ■ts£?ss 
 
 121. 
 
Jefferson County in the World War. 
 
 Thompson, Charles 
 Thompson, Harry E. 
 Thompson, Jesse 
 Thorne, Roy H. 
 Tilford, William Levi 
 Tingle, Roy 
 Torrance, William C. 
 Tull, Roy P. 
 Turner, Martin E. 
 Turner, Orville 
 Turner, Thomas A. 
 Tuttle, Robert H. 
 Van Antwerp, James 
 Van Antwerp,. Jesse 0. 
 Van Wye, Frank 
 Vawter, Rhoydon F. 
 Vernon, Chester 
 Vernon, Glenn 
 Vernon, Glenn D. 
 Vest, Amos 
 Vestile, Ross 
 Wahlman, William 
 Wainscott, Charles 
 Wainscott, George 
 Wakefield, Walter C. 
 Walker, George S. 
 Walker, John L. 
 Wallace, John 
 
 Walp, Lewis M. 
 Walters, George 
 Walters, Hayden 
 Warner, William C. 
 Warren, John 
 Watts, Chester R. 
 Watts, Fredrick C. 
 Weber, George 
 Weber, Nicholas J. 
 Wells, William E. 
 Werning, William H. 
 White, James H. 
 Whitham, Ben D. 
 Whitsett, Graham A. 
 Whitsitt, Hiram 
 Williams, Robert E. 
 Wilson, Oscar A. 
 Winscott, Ransome 
 Wolf, Carl 
 Wolf, Charles E. 
 Wooley, Russell C. 
 Wykoff, Lee H. 
 Wyne, Everett C. 
 Wyne, John W. 
 Young, Raebern T. 
 Yunker, Leo J. 
 Zearing, Wallace H. 
 Zepf, Herman 
 
 COMPANY K. 
 
 (As submitted by Captain J. Prichard.) 
 
 OFFICERS. 
 
 Stanton, Robt. F., 
 
 Captain. 
 Prichard, Frank J. 
 
 Captain. 
 Yunker, Leo J. 
 
 Lieutenant. 
 Blackard, Melvin 
 
 Lieutenant. 
 
 Sergeants — ■ 
 Crozier, Elmer L. 
 
 Davis, Edward G. 
 Furnish, Clarence E. 
 Hall, Jesse 
 Hill, George 
 Johnson, Wm. J. 
 Kremer, Wm. B. 
 Monroe, Archie H. 
 Morrow, Harold 
 Otter, Clarence. 
 
 Underwood, Kennith K. 
 Willick, Clarence D, 
 
 12Z. 
 
Honor Roll. 
 
 Dorsey, Redford 
 Douglas, William 
 Duncan, Carl 
 Dunn, Charles E. 
 Eads, James H. 
 Elliott, John Edgar 
 Elliott, Wm. F. 
 Fagan, J. R. 
 Fagg, James M. 
 Flora, Erwin 
 Francisco, Lloyd M. 
 Center, Frederick E. 
 Glore, Gilbert 
 Gray, Harvey B. 
 Grebe, Clarence L. 
 Green, Ralph 
 Gurley, Ralph L. 
 Hanlon, Roy 
 Hargan, James 
 Hammond, Marion 
 Hassfurder, Walter R. 
 Helt, Frank S. 
 Hennessy, Daniel 
 Hoffman, Edward H. 
 Honchell, Steve 
 Huck, Carl 
 Huck, Edward P. 
 Hufford, Francis G. 
 Hunger, Robert Edwin 
 Hylcord, Edwin C. 
 Jackson, Wallace 
 Jessup, Raymond A. 
 Johnson, Albert Charles 
 Jones, Edward 
 Kasper, Herman 
 Katterjohn, Cecil 
 King, Peter N. 
 King, Robert N. 
 Knoebel, Ralph T. 
 Kramer, John F. 
 Kramer, Louis 
 Kramer, Robert F. 
 Lawson, Robert 
 
 Corporals — 
 
 Augustine, William A. 
 Benson, Harry L. 
 Breitenbach, Chas. J. 
 Darosett, Jos. C. 
 Denny, Fred C. 
 Eckert, Henry Dale. 
 Garb^er, David James 
 Harper, John F. 
 Jeffries, Newton. 
 Pender, Archie M. 
 Schnaitter, Marion R. 
 Taff, A. M. Jr. 
 Thojnas, Homer. 
 Waters, Wray 
 Walker, Robt. N. 
 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 Arbuckle, Frank A. 
 Ashby, Clarence 
 Ashby, Raymond 
 Barnett, Raymond 
 Barton, Henry 
 Barton, John W. 
 Bear, Leslie S. 
 Bear, Wayne 
 Bear, Wesley R. 
 Bird, John Howard 
 Black, John (W. 
 Black, Roy 
 Bumen, Howard E. 
 Bumen, Maurice 
 Carson, Paul E. 
 Cox, Raymond 
 Crawford, Wm. E. 
 Curry, Harry* 
 Danner, Albert C. 
 Danner, Lloyd 
 Danner, Roy S. 
 Davis, Floyd R. 
 Davis, George 
 Dawson, Roy H. 
 Donlan, Garrett 
 
 123. 
 
Jefferson County in the World War. 
 
 Leland, J. Stanley 
 Lochard, James G. 
 Lockwood, Charlie 
 Lotz, Bernard C. 
 Lotz, Harold B. 
 Lyon, Edwin F. 
 Manaugh, Hinsel C. 
 Marsh, Dewey 
 Matthews, Bryan 
 McFadden, Frank D. 
 McGuire, John 
 Mclntyre, Oliver 
 McKay, Thomas L. 
 Michael, Alfred 
 Mickel, Wilbur W. 
 Montgomery, Allen 
 Morrow, Clarence D. 
 Naill, John A. 
 Overton, Bryan 
 Oakley, Howard 
 Paddock, Frank 
 Patterson, Roy 
 Perry, Lewis R. 
 Perry, Raymond 
 Raisor, Edwin Lewis 
 Reed, Dell 
 Reed, Lawrence F. 
 Ritchey, Albert C. 
 Robinson, George W. 
 Rogers, Henry Carter 
 Rogers, John 
 Rogers, John H. 
 Rose, Alfred 
 
 Sauley, Walter 
 Schelke, Robert 
 Schmidlapp, Robt. 
 Schofield, Howard H. 
 Schlichter, Russell W. 
 Schoolcraft, James M. 
 Schoolcraft, James S. 
 Schoolcraft, Henry 
 Schoolcraft, William H. 
 Schram, Joe 
 Scott, Alvis 
 Scott, Cecil 
 Shepard, Fred 
 Sherlock, Haven K. 
 Smith, Elmer 
 Spivey, Clarence 
 Stewart, Harold A. 
 Strong, Roy B. 
 Taylor, Graham 
 Tharp, Aldred 
 Thorn, Dale F. 
 Thornton, Alonzo B. 
 Turner, Louis 
 Vaughn, Joseph 
 Walker, Harry 
 Wallace, Paul C. 
 Washer, Jesse L. 
 Watts, Chester R. 
 Weber, Theodore 
 Wheatley, John B. 
 Whitehead, Goebel T. 
 Yunker, Howard J. 
 Z earing, Herman 
 
 LIBERTY GUARDS. 
 
 (Formed at Middlefork, Jefferson County. Roster as published 
 
 by Madison Courier.) 
 
 Bland, Marion 
 Brown, Everett 
 Corya, Bert 
 Corya, Charles L, 
 Corya, John B^ 
 
 Abbott, Herbert 
 Austin, George 
 Austin, Shellie 
 Bayless, George W. 
 Bland, George W. 
 
 J24, 
 
Honor Roll. 
 
 Craig, J. Garfield 
 Davis, Rufus 
 Disbro, Stephen 
 Downey, J. C. 
 Dryden, Earl C. 
 Dryden, George H. 
 Elliott, Ayres L. 
 Facemeir J, C. 
 Foltz, George E. 
 Green, Otis M. 
 Hall, Francis H. 
 Hall, Lester 0. 
 Harrell, Sol. 
 Hash, James 
 Heaton, Alfred L. 
 Heaton, Ernest 
 Heaton, Everett 
 Hinds, Howard W. 
 Hubbard, James 
 Humphreys, Elgin 
 Jeffries, Charles 
 Jeffries, John T. 
 Jeffries, Will T. 
 Kinnear, John T. 
 Riser, Frank O. 
 Lockridge, Perry 
 Lockridge, Ray D. 
 Lockridge, W. N. 
 McFadden, John 
 Mclntyre, William 
 
 McNutt, Proctor K. 
 Neal, Robert 
 Neal, Roscoe 
 Owens, Harry 
 Page, William 
 Parks, Odus W. 
 Phillips, Arthur 
 Pritchard, Milford 
 Riggle, George W. 
 Shinness, Clarence A. 
 Singer, P. N. 
 Smith, Herbert 
 Smith, John G. 
 Smitha, Leslie T. 
 Spurgeon, Roy A. 
 Stites, Graham 
 Stout, Alfred L. 
 Straub, Harvey J. 
 Terwilger, George A. 
 Thom, Dale 
 Thom, Roy N. 
 Wahlman, J. W. 
 Wainscott, Charles L. 
 Weber, Charles W. 
 Weber, George 
 Wharton, James W. 
 Williams, Isaac N. 
 Wilson, C. H. 
 Wilson, Edward P. 
 Yost, George R. 
 
 125. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Agricultural mobilization, 5, 28. 
 
 Agriculture — drafted men organ- 
 ized for work, 29; increased 
 acreage 29; society at Manville, 
 29. 
 
 Attorneys, volunteer services of, 
 
 28. 
 Auxiliary agencies, 2, 4 3-5 2. 
 
 Battery E. 11-14. 
 
 Boys' Working Reserve, 30. 
 
 Business effects of war. 62-65. 
 
 "Camp Madison," 10. 
 
 Canteen, Red Cross, 57. 
 
 Celebrations and demonstrations, 
 
 3-6, 10, 22, 38, 50, 66. 
 Company I — organization of etc., 
 
 8-11; Letters from camp, 12- 
 
 14; roster of, 115. 
 
 Company K — organization o f, 
 15, 16; roster of, 116. 
 
 Council of Defense for county — 
 origin and character of, 24, 25; 
 personnel of, 25, 27; appro- 
 priation for, 27. 
 
 D. A. R. and war work, 50, 71. 
 
 Demonstrations — see "Celebra- 
 tions." 
 
 Dentists, volunteer service of, 72. 
 
 Draft Board, personnel of, 19; 
 
 precinct registrars, 20; work 
 
 of, 21. 
 
 Economic effects of war, 65. 
 Entrainments of soldiers, 23. 
 
 iFinances-moneyis contributed,51. 
 
 Financial campaigns, 37, 52; re- 
 sults of, 51. 
 
 First men in military service. 8, 
 23, 70. 
 
 Flag raisings, 5, 6. 
 
 Food Administrator, duties of,36. 
 
 Food demonstrations, 34. 
 
 Food production and conservation, 
 28. 
 
 Frencli orphans adopted, 53. 
 
 Fuel Administrator, duties of, 36. 
 
 Gold Star list, 108-114. 
 
 Hanover College S. A. T. C., 7, 17. 
 "Home Service," 53; character of 
 work, 55. 
 
 Home Guards, 15, 16. 
 
 Honors conferred, 67, 70. 
 
 Honor Roll, 108. 
 
 Industries affected by war, 62-65. 
 
 Influenza ban, 35. 
 
 Jefferson County Patriotic Society, 
 
 28. 
 Junior High School and Company 
 
 I. 73. 
 
 King's Daughters, 57. 
 Knights of Columbus, personnel 
 of committees. 46. 
 
 Letters from Soldiers: H. Morrow, 
 76; R. L. King, 78; H. E. Bow- 
 man, 79; C. C. Tandy, 80; C. 
 Jacolbs, 81; E. Haycox, 82; D. 
 C. Kahn, 82; T. Luckett, 84, 98, 
 103; R. Francisco, 85; O. E. 
 Nay, 86; W. F. Graham, 86: C. 
 W. Heilman, 87; E. Marshall, 
 88; M. Hamer, 88; E, C. 
 Denny, 90; E. Snyder, 91; 
 
 C. Sehrt, 91; C. D. Eaglin, 92; 
 
 D. Vail, 93; C. Wainscott, 93, 
 103; J. Thenes, 95; R. C. Huf- 
 ford, 96; S. Vaughn, 97; J. W. 
 Buchanan,! 97; G. Hoaglandf 
 98; L. T. Lee, 99; Miss M. A. 
 Shipman, 100; B. R. Morrow, 
 101; G. H. Hyatt, 102; H. F. 
 Shadday, 102; Jay Sipe, 103; 
 R. E. Williams, 103; R. C. Heck, 
 104. 
 
 Letters to Courier, by W. E. 
 
 Rogers, 29. 
 Liberty Guards, 17; roster of, 124'. 
 Liberty and Victory Loans-per- 
 
 sonneils of organizations, 37- 
 
 40. 
 Manville Patriotic Agricultural 
 
 Society, 29. 
 Military life, in camp and on the 
 
 field — ^see "Soldiers' Letters." 
 
 and "Company I." 
 Money contributed by commun- 
 
 ity,51. _ 
 
Index. 
 
 Motor Corps, 35. 
 
 Photographs of soldiers, etc., 23. 
 
 Prairteering foViowing the war, 
 65. 
 
 Questionnaires — volunteer ser- 
 vices of attorneys, 28. 
 
 Red Cross — local begininng of, 
 50, 53; drives and demonstra- 
 tions of, 50, 51, 73; character 
 of work, 53, 73; workers, 58, 
 61; canteen, 57. 
 
 Registration of women, 33. 
 
 Rogers W. E., letters of, 12-14. 
 
 Rosters of soldiers: Gold Star, 
 108; Company I, 115; general, 
 116; Company K, ? Liberty 
 Guards? 
 
 Student Nurse Reserve, 34 
 
 United War Drive — personnels 
 of organization, 44, 45. 
 
 Victory celebrations, 66. 
 
 War conference at Madison, 30. 
 
 War declared — demonstrations, 
 in Jefferson County, 3-6. 
 
 War library campaign, 43. 
 
 War Saving Stamps — drastic cam- 
 paign, 40 — 42. 
 
 Woman's Section, Council of De- 
 fense, 27; report of, 31-35. 
 
 Women in the service, 71. 
 
 Woodfill, Samuel, notable soldier, 
 67. 
 
 World War, distinctive character 
 of, 1. 
 
 y. M. C. A., 43; drives and com- 
 mittees, 47, 48. 
 
 Y. W. C. A., drive, 49; character 
 of Work, 49. 
 
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