H - 
 
 ''-^ ■ *Y 
 
 l^. 
 
 
 
 li^i^^^ 
 
 t*' 
 
Class 
 
 "liook ^r\S3 
 
 I'RKSHXTKll liY 
 
Dry Goads Commission Merchants. 
 
 COTTOtM YARD'S. 
 
 YARNS, 
 
 Glass TS \5 5Q 
 Book A5i__ 
 
 PRESENTED BV 
 
 ALL yp^nwii^B. 
 
 PLAIN AND FACCy. 
 
 WOVEN SPECIALTIES. 
 
 NEW YORK, 
 
 PHILADELPHIA. 
 

 •^f^JlJl-^ 
 
 LvJ 
 
 ■--^ n f^: ^^T •« 
 
 riu^ 
 
% 
 
 230 and 232 Chestnut St. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, PA. 
 
 Ill 
 
 -IN- 
 
 GOTTO]^ Y fl H N s 
 
 Of flll Deseriptions and 
 
 Fop flU Put^poses. 
 
 ^ •* * J 
 
 ^J>^* 
 
 > J > , 
 
 3 > 
 
 J 3 3 ' 
 
 .,' r'> 
 
 GORRESPONDENGE SOLIGlTED 
 
 FROM ALL SOUTHERN MILLS. 
 
V<)Vfe></(tA<AfeV</Vfc\</\</(t/VtAtoU/V</U/Vto»<Ab>fe»tM<A</ 
 
 Wilson 8c Bradbury, 
 
 Commission Merchants. 
 
 >H 
 
 COTTON GOODS 
 
 COTTON YARNS 
 
 Consignments Solicited. 
 
 
 .♦!♦ • • ••! r 
 
 • • ••• .* r ••• •.* : ;..• 
 
 PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 No. 90 Franklin Street. 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 (f>(fMfMf\(fy(f>(f>(f>(f>(fy(f\(f>(f>(fMf>(fy(fMf\(fMfy(fy(fy(fv 
 
Buckingham, 
 
 Paulson & Co 
 
 Commission Merchants. 
 
 IIP w w 'Ill' 'III IN' ''h i|i'-'iiii"- -"i|ir -Tiiii-^ 'nip-'iiii' iir "iiii •WW r ''iii"' v 
 
 No. 83 Leonard St. 
 New York. 
 
 No. 120 Chestnut St. No. 230 Fifth Avenue, 
 
 Philadelphia. Chicago. 
 
 COTTON YARNS AND WARPS 
 
 OF ALL DESCRIPTIONS. :X :X 
 
 Consignments and Correspondence Solicited. 
 
CA TLIN & CO. 
 
 Commission Merchants. 
 
 216 Church Street, 67 Chauncy Street, 
 
 NEW YORK. BOSTON. 
 
 206 Chestnut Street, 
 
 PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 COTTON YARNS 
 
 ALL NUMBERS, 
 
 SINGLE, OR TWISTED, SKEINS, CHAINS, BEAMS, 
 BALLS, SPOOLS, COPS, CONES OR TUBES. 
 
 CARDED OR COMBED. 
 
 flME^IGAfl PEEbEl^S, 
 
 Sea Island, Peruvian and Egyptian, 
 
^$mB^^B^^^mm^-^m^^>^^i^^^^^^^^m 
 
 Geo. E. Tillinghast, Treas. 
 
 J. P. Eddy, Jr.. Sec. and Asst. Treas. 
 
 The TilliDjiliast-^tiles Co. 
 
 X^-^AllSStoi] Ht^^liSlQ'iS 
 
 YARNS AND 
 WARPS. 
 
 INDUSTRIAL TRUST CO. BUILDI.vJG, 
 ROOMS 418, 419, 420, 421. jr ^ 
 
 PROVIDENCE, R. L 
 
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^s^^^m^^^^^^^^ 
 
Richard A. Blythe, 
 
 Commission 
 
 Merchant 
 
 ^ 
 
 Of Every Description. 
 
 ^ 
 
 114 Chestnut Street, 
 
 PHILADELPHIA. 
 
CONTENTvS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Constitution ^5 
 
 By-Laws ^° 
 
 Order of Business ^3 
 
 Officers (Elected May loth, 1900) 24 
 
 Officers (Past and Present) 25 
 
 Honorary Members 26 
 
 Active Members 2° 
 
 Associate Members 3^ 
 
 Membership 35 
 
 Relative Growth of Membership 3^ 
 
 rNext Annual Meeting. 37 
 
 Proceedings 3° 
 
 Address of President McAden 3^ 
 
 Report of Ways and Means Committee 4^ 
 
 Address of Theodore C. Search 46 
 
 Address of Arthur H. Lowe 54 
 
 Report of Secretary and Treasurer 63 
 
 Address of Geo. Otis Draper 7f 
 
 Address of Sidney H. Paine ^5 
 
 Address of D. A. Tompkins i"8 
 
 Address of Arnold B. Sanford 120 
 
 Address of Leonard Paulson ^^27 
 
 Address of Hon. John Barrett ^35 
 
 Banquet ^45 
 
 Address of Richard H Edmonds I49 
 
 Southern Cotton Spinners' Association History I77 
 
 Speeches at Banquet, May 11, 1899 18*' 
 
 Address of S. Wittkowsky lS<J 
 
 Address of T. C. Powell 200 
 
 Remarks by Mr. Tompkins 204 
 
 Meetings Board of Governors 1900-190 1 207 
 
 Cotton Goods Exports 210 
 
 Special Notice 213 
 
 Errata 213 
 
 INDEX TO ADVERTISERS. 
 
 PACE 
 
 Harding, Whitman & Co Cover 2 
 
 P.M.Thompson " 3 
 
 A.H.Washburn " 4 
 
 W. M. & F. W. Sharpies ^ 
 
 William D'Olier & Co 2 
 
 Schell, Taylor & Longstreth 3 
 
 Wilson & Bradbury 4 
 
PACK 
 
 Buckingham, Paulson & Co '. 5 
 
 Catlin & Co 6 
 
 The Tillinghast-Stiles Co 7 
 
 Richard A. Blythe 8 
 
 Jenkins, Kreer & Co 9 
 
 Merchants and Farmers National Bank lo 
 
 The Dodge M'f 'g Co 214-215 
 
 Loom Picker Co 216 
 
 Saco & Pettee Machine Shops 217 
 
 Garland Air Moistener Co 218 
 
 Holland & Webb , 219 
 
 The D. A. Tompkins Co 220 
 
 General Electric Co 221 
 
 American Machine Co., L't'd 232 
 
 American Moistening Co 223 
 
 Sanders, Orr & Co 224 
 
 J. H. Sloan 225 
 
 John Van Landingham 226 
 
 Leonard & Ellis 227 
 
 Charlotte National Bank , 228 
 
 T. B Wood's Sons 229 
 
 The Draper Co 230 
 
 The Cohoes Iron Foundry and Machine Co 231 
 
 Charlotte Supply Co 232 
 
 Abegg & Rusch 233 
 
 Oscar D . Loeb 234 
 
 Newburger Cotton Co 235 
 
 American Card Clothing Co 236 
 
 Geo. B. Hiss 237 
 
 John Corbett & Sons 238 
 
 Heath-Reid Jobbing and Commission Co 239 
 
 Commercial National Bank 240 
 
 O. A. Robbins. 241 
 
 Universal Winding Co 242 
 
 Charlotte Bonded Warehouse 243 
 
 The Pairpoint Corporation 244 
 
 vSouthern Electric Co 245 
 
 Central Hotel 24b 
 
 Mason Machine Works 247 
 
 Globe Machine Works 248 
 
 King Paint M'f'g Co 249 
 
 Plymouth Cordage Co 250 
 
 The American Cotton Co 251 
 
 William Firth Co 252 
 
 Evan Arthur Leigh 253 
 
 The A. T. Atherton Machine Co 254 
 
 Lowell Machine Shop 255 
 
 The Geo B. Hiss Oil Co 256 
 
<>< ><><><>00<>0<><X>0<K><><>0<>0<K><H>0<><><><>00<>^^ 
 
 Established 1880. 
 
 T. R. JENKINS. J- J- KREER. 
 
 J. E. JENKINS. C. T. DOWNS. 
 
 oooooo 
 
 Jenkins, Kreer & Co,, 
 
 207-209-211 Jackson Boulevard, 
 
 CHICAGO. 
 
 NEW YORK OFFICE: 55 Franklin Street. 
 
 oooooo 
 
 Cotton Goods. 
 
 Commission House. 
 
 Corpcspondcncc Solicited. 
 
 oooooo 
 
 R. G. Dunn & Co. 
 
 Rmeflean Trust & Savings Bank, Cbicago. 
 
 oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo 
 
The Merchants and 
 Farmers National 
 Bank. 
 
 35 East Trade Street, Charlotte, N. C. 
 
 CAPTIAL, $200,000. 
 
 SURPLUS AND PROFITS, $70,000, 
 
 PROMPT AND INTP:LI,IGBNT 
 ATTENTION TO AI^L BUSINESS 
 INTRUSTED TO US. 
 
 WE NEED SEVERAL MORE 
 MTLL ACCOUNTS TO FURNISH 
 ^ US NORTHERN EXCHANGE 
 
 ^ 
 
 ::^ 
 
 7m^ AND CAN OFFER INDUCE. 
 
 MENTS TO GOOD MILLS. 
 
 Correspondence Invited. 
 
 Dr. J. H. MCADEN, H. G. SPRINGS, 
 
 President. Vice-Prest. 
 
 JNO. M. MILLER, Jr., 
 Cashier. 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY 
 PUBLICATION ^ '^ ^ 
 
 The Southern Cotton Spinners^ 
 
 \V 
 
 Association* 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 . 1 ) ) > 
 
 .^ t £-,■*.-* 
 
 1901 
 
 CHARLOTTE, N. C. 
 
 Observer Printing House. 
 
 1901. 
 
''b \55d 
 
 f\53 
 
 '^c c c cc c 
 
 C C C < 1 t 
 
 4 
 
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 (o^^ 
 
CONSXIXUXION AND BY-LAWS 
 
 OF 
 
 The Southern Cotton Spinners' Association. 
 
 Adopted at 
 
 CHARLOTTE. N. C. 
 
 United States of A merica. 
 
 June lotli, i8q7. 
 
 Revised at 
 
 CHARLOTTE, IM. C. 
 
 United States of America. 
 
 May iitli, iSgg. 
 
 Amended at 
 
 Annutil Meeting, 
 
 May lotli, iQoo. 
 
Conetitiition. 
 
 ARTICLE I. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 Section i. This Association shall be called THE 
 SOUTHERN COTTON SPINNERS' ASSOCIATION. 
 
 Sec. 2. May have a common seal, reading "The 
 Southern Cotton Spinners' Association, Incorporated." 
 
 ARTICLE H. 
 
 OBJECT. 
 
 Section i. To increase intercourse of the Southern 
 Cotton Manufacturers with each other. 
 
 Sec. 2. To assist in eliminating evils of the manu- 
 facturing interests, both in relation of mills to each other, 
 and the commission houses with which they deal. 
 
 ARTICLE III. 
 
 MEMBERSHIP. 
 
 Section i. Active Membership. — "Any person who 
 is a stockholder to the extent of $1000 in a Southern cot- 
 ton mill, and who is actively engaged as president, agent, 
 manager or superintendent, in the manufacture, printing 
 or finishing of cottons, shall be eligible for active member- 
 ship, but each mill shall have only one vote. 
 
 Sec. 2. All nominations for membership shall be con- 
 sidered by the Board of Governors, and reported to the 
 meeting, favorably, or adversely, for the action of the Asso- 
 ciation, provided, that in case the Board should decide to 
 
1 6 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 report adversely upon any nomination, the member who 
 shall have made it shall be informed of the intention so to 
 report in order that he may have opportunity to withdraw 
 the name. Upon favorable report, active members may be 
 admitted if they obtain a majority of votes of the members 
 present, and voting therefore, by acceptance in writing and 
 paying an admission fee of $5.00 and maintain their mem- 
 bership dues each and every year. Any mer"ber failing 
 to pay his dues within thirty days after date upon which 
 they may be called, shall cease to be a member. Any mem- 
 ber may withdraw from the Association upon payment of 
 arreaiages, first giving notice of his intention so to do in 
 writing to the Secretary, and the Board of Government may 
 accept such resignation, and any member may be expelled 
 for cause at any regular meeting, two-thirds of the members 
 present voting therefor. 
 
 Sec. 3. Associate Members. — Persons engaged in the 
 manufacture or sale of textile machinery, or anything kin- 
 dred to cotton manufactures, superintendents of, or stock- 
 holders in textile plants, may become associate members of 
 the Association. The methods of application, nomination, 
 election and withdrawal from the Association shall be under 
 the same conditions as those provided for active members, 
 Article III, Sec. 2, excepting that this class of membership 
 does not carry with it the privilege of voting or speaking, 
 except by permission of the Board of Governors, or a vote 
 of the Association to allow permission. The initiation fee 
 for the associate members shall be ^5.00, and the annual 
 dues shall be $5.00, payable as provided in Article III, Sec. 
 I, for active members. Associate members may be expelled 
 by a majority vote of the Board of Government. 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 17 
 
 Sec. 4. Honorary Members. — Honorary members may 
 be elected when recommended by the Board of Government 
 at any regular meeting of the Association and participate ini 
 its proceedings without the right to vote. They should not 
 be subject to admission fee assessments. Any person active- 
 ly engaged in Cotton Manufacture shall not be eligible to 
 honorary membership. 
 
 Sec. 5. It shall be the duty of all members of the 
 Association to make returns to the Secretary of such statis- 
 tics as may be called for by him under the direction of any- 
 committee duly appointed for the collection of statistics 
 when not incompatible with private interest. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. 
 OFFICERS. 
 
 Section i. Shall consist of a President, Vice-President, 
 Secretary and Treasurer, and a Board of Nine Governors, to 
 be elected by the members at their regular Annual Meeting. 
 After the election of the Board, there shall be determined 
 by lot, three members, whose teriii of office shall be one 
 year, three others for two years, and the remaining three for 
 three years, and each succeeding year three members of 
 the Board shall be elected in place of those retiring. 
 
 ARTICLE V. 
 Section i. This Constitution may be altered at any 
 regular or call meeting of the Association by a vote of two- 
 thirds of those present. 
 
:fi5^*Xaw9. 
 
 ARTICLE I. 
 
 ACTIVE HEriBERSHIP. 
 
 Sfxtion I. Any person who is actively engaged as 
 President, Treasurer, Agent or Manager in the manufacture, 
 printing or finishing of cottons, shall be eligible for active 
 membership, but each mill shall have only one vote. 
 
 Sec. 2. All nominations for membership shall be con- 
 sidered by the Board of Governors and reported to the 
 meeting favorably or adversely for the action of the Asso- 
 ciation, provided that in case the Board should decide to 
 report adversely upon any nomination the member v^ho 
 shall have made it shall be informed of the intention so to 
 report in order that he may have opportunity to withdraw 
 the name. Upon favorable report active members may be 
 admitted if they obtain a majority of votes of the members 
 present and voting therefore by acceptance in writing and 
 paying an admission fee of $5.00 and maintain their mem- 
 bership dues of $5.00 each and every year. Any member 
 failing to pay his dues within thirty days after date upon 
 which they may be called shall cease to be a member. Any 
 member may withdraw from the Association upon payment 
 of arrearges, first giving notice of his intention so to do in 
 writing so the Secretary and the Board of Government may 
 accept such resignation and any member may be expelled 
 for cause at any regular meeting, two-thirds of the members 
 present voting therefor. 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBI^ICATION. 1 9 
 
 ASSOCIATE MEHBERS. 
 
 Sec, 3. Persons engaged in the manufacture or sale of 
 Textile Machinery or anything kindred to cotton manufac- 
 ture or superintendents of, or stockholders in Textile plants, 
 may become associate members of the Association. The 
 methods of application, nomination, election and withdrawal 
 from the Association shall be under the same conditions as 
 those provided for active members, Article I, Section 2, ex- 
 cepting that this class of membership does not carry with it 
 the privilege of voting or speaking except by permission of 
 the Board of Governors, or a vote of the Association to al- 
 low permission. The initiation for the associate members 
 shall be $5 00 and the annual dues shall be $5.00 payable 
 as provided in Article I., Section 2, for active members. 
 Associate members may be expelled by a majority vote of 
 the Board of Government. 
 
 HONORARY MEMBERS. 
 
 Sec. 4. Honorary members may be elected when 
 recommended by the Board of Government at any regular 
 meeting of the Association and participate in its proceedings 
 without the right to vote. They should not be subject to 
 admission fee assessments. Any persons actively engaged 
 in cotton manufacture shall not be eligible to honorary 
 membership. 
 
 Sec. 5. It shall be the duty of all members of the 
 Association to make returns to the Secretary of such statistics 
 as may be called for by him under the direction of any 
 committee duly appointed for the collection of statistics 
 when not incompatible with private interest. 
 
20 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 ARTICLE II. 
 HEETINOS. 
 
 Section i. Annual meetings shall be held on the sec- 
 ond Thursday of the month of May in each and every year 
 for the purpose of electing officers and such other busines, 
 as may come before the Association. 
 
 Sec. 2. At the annual meetings officers shall make 
 their reports. 
 
 Sec. 3. The President and Board of Governors, or a 
 majority of those present, may call a general meeting of 
 the Association at any time, at least five days' written 
 notice being given by the Secretary and Treasurer, 
 
 Sec. 4. The President and four of the Board of Gov- 
 ernors shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of 
 business. 
 
 Sec. 5. At regular and special meetings of the Associ- 
 ation, one-third of the members of the Association shall 
 constitute a quorum for the transaction of business. 
 
 ARTICLE III. 
 ELECTIONS. 
 
 Si CTIOn I. At the annual meetings there shall be an 
 election for the selection of a President, Vice-President 
 and Secretary and Treasurer, each of whom shall hold 
 their office for one year or until their successors are 
 elected. There shall also be an election of three members to 
 serve on the Board of Governors, each of whose terms shall 
 be for three years or until their successors are appointed. 
 
 Sec. 2. Any vacancy occurring by death, resignation, 
 or otherwise, shall be filled by the officers and Board of 
 Governors. 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 21 
 
 ARTICLE IV. 
 DUTY OF OFFICERS. 
 
 Section i. The President shall preside at all meetings 
 of the Association and Board of Governors ; he shall ap- 
 point all committees, not otherwise ordered ; submit to the 
 Board of Governors, for their consideration and discussion, 
 all matters which, in his opinion, the interest of the 
 Association may require, shall have full power to call a 
 meeting of the Board of Governors at any time when in 
 his opinion it may be necessary. 
 
 Sec. 2. In the absence of the President, the Vice-Presi- 
 dent shall attend to all his duties. 
 
 Sec. 3. It shall be the duty of the Secretary and Treas- 
 urer to record the proceedings of the meetings of the Asso- 
 ciation and the Board of Governors. He shall receive all 
 dues and other monies due the Association from members 
 or other sources. He shall provide all books necessary and 
 keep a correct account of all receipts and disbursements. 
 In case of death or removal from office, his books and 
 papers shall be subject to the control of the Board of Gov- 
 ernors. He shall pay all orders authorized by the Presi- 
 dent or Board of Governors. 
 
 Sec. 4. The Board of Governors, together with the 
 President and Vice-President, shall form the Council of 
 Administration. 
 
 Sec. 5. In the absence of both the President and Vice- 
 President at meeting, the Chairman of the Board of Gov- 
 ernors shall be the presiding officer. 
 
 Sec. 6. In the absence of the Secretary and Treasurer, 
 the President shall appoint some qualified person to perform 
 his duties. 
 
22 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 ARTICLE V. 
 COMMITTEES. 
 
 Section i. Finance. — To consist of three members of 
 the Board of Governors, who shall have general supervision 
 of the finances of the Association. 
 
 Sec. 2. Ways and Means. — To consist of three mem- 
 bers of the Board of Governors, who shall have supervision 
 over all matters pertaining to the Association which may 
 be referred to them. 
 
 ARTICLE VL 
 nEHBERSHIP FEES AND DUES. 
 
 Section i. Membership fee shall be $5.00 per year, 
 which amount covers all dues and financial obliofations. 
 
 ARTICLE VII. 
 AMENDHENT. 
 
 Section i. These By-Laws may be altered or amended 
 by a vote of two-thirds of the whole number of the Board 
 of Governors. 
 
^/A 
 
 Qv^cv of a5u9tne06. 
 
 Prayer. 
 
 Address of President. 
 
 Report of Secretary and Treasurer. 
 
 Report of Committee on Finance. 
 
 Report of Committee on Ways and Means. 
 
 Report of Special Committees. 
 
 New Business. 
 
 Election of Officers. 
 Adjournment. 
 
 ^m 
 
©fficere. 
 
 (Elected May loth, 1900.) 
 
 PRESIDENT. 
 
 DR. JNO. H. McADEN, Charlotte, N. C. 
 
 VICE=PRESIDENT. 
 
 J. P. VERDERY, Augusta, Ga. 
 
 SECRETARY AND TREASURER. 
 
 GEO. B. HISS, Charlotte, N. C. 
 
 BOARD OF GOVERNORS. 
 
 D. A. TOMPKINS, Chairman, Charlotte, N. C. 
 
 A. C. MILLER, Shelby, N. C. R. K. RAY, McAdensville, N. C. 
 J. C. SMITH, Newton, N. C. "W. C. HEATH, Monioe, N. C. 
 R. S. REINHARDT, Lincolnton, N. C. A. P. RHYNE, Mt. Holly, N. C. 
 
 B. E. WILLINGHAM, Macon, Ga. LEROY SPRINGS, Lancaster, S. C. 
 
 OFFICE OF THE ASSOCIATION. 
 
 No. 41 South College Street, 
 
 Charlotte, N. C. 
 
 U. S. A. 
 
©fficcre of tbe aeeoctatton. 
 
 (Past and Present.) 
 
 PRESIDENTS. 
 
 COL. J. T. ANTHONY, 1897-98. D. A. TOMPKINS. 1898-9 9 
 
 DR. JOHN H. McADEN, 1899-1901. 
 
 VICE=PRESIDENTS. 
 
 A. P. RHYNE, 1897-99. J. P. VERDERY, 1899-1901. 
 
 BOARD OF GOVERNORS. 
 
 A. A. Shuford, 1897-98. P. M. Brown, 1897-99, 
 
 R. J. Stough, 1897-98. A. M. Price, 1897-98. 
 
 R. S Reinhardt, 1897-1901.* D. R. Julian, 1897-98. 
 
 A. C. Miller, 1898-1902.* R. R. Ray, 1898-1903.* 
 
 J. T. Anthony, 1898-1900.* J. C. Smith, 1898-1901.* 
 
 W. C. Heath, 1899-1901.* D. A. Tompkins, 1899-1902.* 
 
 Col. lyeroy Springs, 1899-1902.* A. P. Rhyne, 1899-1903.* 
 B. E. Willingham, 1900-1903.* 
 
 SECRETARY AND TREASURER. 
 
 GEO. B. HISS, 1897-1901.* 
 
 *Terni expires. 
 
flDembers of Hesociatton. 
 
 January ist, 1901. 
 
 Members of the Association are respectfully requested 
 to report to the Secretary any inaccuracy in the follow- 
 ing lists: 
 
 HONORARY MEMBERS. 
 
 Col.J.T, Anthony (ist Pres.,) Charlotte, N. C. 
 
 ACTIVE MEMBERS. 
 
 Abernathy, J. A., Pres. & Treas. Lincoln Cotton Mills, Lincolnton, N.C. 
 Aderholt, D. W., Sec. & Treas. Vivian Cotton Mills, Cherryville, N. C. 
 Ashe, John R., Sec. & Treas. York Cotton Mills, Yorkville, S. C. 
 Amory, Arthur, Pres. Indian Head Mills in Alabama, Boston, Mass. 
 Acree, I., Sec. Jonesboro Cotton Mill Co., Jonesboro, N. C. 
 Arnold, H. C, Prest. Wahoo Manufacturing Co., Newnan, Georgia. 
 
 Beaty, J. M., Sec. Atherton Mills, Charlotte, N. C. 
 
 Barron, J. R., Pres. & Treas. Manchester Cotton Mills, Rock Hill, S. C. 
 
 Brown, Geo. H., Sec. & Treas. Long Island Cotton Mills, Statesville, 
 N. C. 
 
 Bryant, S., Treas. Naomi Falls Manufacturing Co., Randleman, N. C. 
 
 Beach, E. C, Agt. Massachusetts Mills in Georgia, Lindale, Ga. 
 
 Blythe, T. Ashby, Prop. Ashby Cotton Mills, Marion, S. C. 
 
 Bruce, W. R., Treas. & Mgr. Toccoa Cotton Mills, Toccoa, Ga. 
 
 Bemis, Judson S., vSec. & Treas. Home Cotton Mills, St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 Baker, P. S., Sec. & Treas. Crowder's Mountain Mills, King's Moun- 
 tain, N. C. 
 
 Battle, Thos. H , Treas. Rocky Mount Mills, Rocky Mount, N. C. 
 
 Carpenter, L. A., Treas. Mai len Cotton Mills, Maiden, N. C. 
 Carpenter, D. M., Sec, Treas. & Supt Providence Cotton Mills, 
 Maiden, N.C. 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 27 
 
 Clark, D , Sec & Treas. Ada Manufacturing Co., Charlotte, N. C. 
 Crowley, John, Prop. Crowley Mills, Charlotte, N. C. 
 Clemens, E N. , Sec. & Treas. Eagle & Phcenix Mills, Columbus, Ga. 
 Cone, Csesar, Pres. Proximity Manufacturing Co., Greensboro, N. C. 
 Cheswell, W. E., Pres. & Treas Cheswell Cotton Mills, Westminster, 
 
 S. C. 
 Chafee, John W., Pres. Sibley Manufacturing Co., Augusta, Ga. 
 Cooper, D. J., Pres. Anderson Cotton Mills, Anderson, S. C. 
 Clark, l/ouis W., Pres Hucomuga Mills, Greensboro, N. C. 
 Cooper, D Y., Pres. Henderson Cotton Mills, Henderson, N. C. 
 Chatham, H. G , Sec. & Treas. Chatham Manuf 'g Co., Elkin, N. C. 
 
 Dootson, Jas. H., Agt. Athens Manufacturing Co., Athens, Ga. 
 Dustin, W. H., Prop. Eagle Mills, Lawrenceburg, Tenn. 
 Billing, Freno, Pres. Billing Cotton Mills, King's Mountain, N. C. 
 Bixon, J. K., Sec. &. Treas, Trenton Cotton Mills, Gastonia, N. C. 
 Bevenish, B. G., Sec. & Treas. Asheville Cotton Mills, Asheville, N.C. 
 Buncan, T. C, Pres. & Treas. Union Cotton Mills, Union, S. C. 
 
 Edwards, L,. F. , Pres. & Treas. Malison Braided Cord Co , Athens, Ga. 
 Everett, W. N., Sec. Great Falls Manufact'g Co., Rockingham, N. C. 
 
 Fries, John W., F. & H. Fries, Winston, N. C. 
 
 Fairley, A. M , Treas. & Supt. Tarboro Cotton Mills, Tarboro, N. C. 
 
 Fountain, W. E., Pres. Four tain Cotton Mills, Tarboro, N. C. 
 
 Gregory, Jas. G., Sec. & Treas., Elizabeth City Cotton Mills, Eliza- 
 beth City, N. C. 
 
 Gooding, J. B., Treas. Anniston Manufacturing Co., Anniston, Ala. 
 
 Goodwin, Geo. C, Sec. & Treas. Mooresville Cotton Mills, Moores- 
 ville, N. C. 
 
 Glynn, Martin P., R. A. Blythe, Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 Heath, B. B., Pres. Manetta Mills, Lando, S. C. 
 Heath, W. C. , Sec. & Treas. Monroe Cotton Mills, Monroe, N. C. 
 Hawke, J. W., Sec. Coosa Manufacturing Co., Piedmont Ala. 
 Hickman, T. I., Pres. & Treas. Graniteville Manufg Co., Augusta, Ga. 
 Hutchison, C. E., Sec. Nims Manufacturing Co., Mt. Holly, N. C. 
 Howell, Geo. A., Treas. Reidsville Cotton Mills, Charlotte, N. C. 
 Hardison, W. C, Sec. Wadesboro Cotton Mills, Wadesboro, N. C. 
 Holt, Eugene, Gen'l Manager Aurora Cotton Mills, Burlington, N. C. 
 
28 TWENTIEJTH CKNTURY PUBIvICATlON, 
 
 Hardaway, J. R., Gen. Mgr. Opelika Cotton Mills, Opelika, Ala. 
 Hough, James D., Gen. Mgr. Manchester Manufg Co., Macon, Ga. 
 Ho'.t, R. Iv , Sec. & Treas. Glenco & Elmira Mills, Burlington, N. C. 
 Holt, E. C, Pres. Delgado Mills, Wilmington, N. C. 
 Hunt, B. W., Pres. Middle Georgia Cotton Mills, Eatonton, Ga. 
 Hiss, Geo. B , Pres. Rhodhiss Manufacturing Co., Granite Falls, N. C, 
 (Charlotte, N. C.) 
 
 James, A. N., Supt. W. R. Kindley Cotton Mills Co., Mt. Pleasant, N. C. 
 
 Joiner, G. A., Sec. & Treas. Talladega Cotton Factory, Talladega, Ala. 
 
 Jordan, W. T., Mgr. Mountain Island Cotton Mills, Mt. Holly, N. C. 
 
 Johnston, C. W., Sec. & Treas. Highland Park Manufacturing, Co., 
 
 Charlotte, N. C. 
 
 Jones, P. P., Sec. & Supt , Cherry Cotton Mills, Florence, Ala. 
 
 Jones, Arthur L., Asst Sec. & Treas. Peoples' Cotton Factory, Mont- 
 gomery, Ala. 
 
 Lineberger, A. C, Treas, & Supt., Tuckaseege Manufacturing Co., Mt. 
 
 Holly, N. C. 
 Lillard, Thos. J., Sec. & Treas. Elkin Manufacturing Co., Elkin, N.C. 
 Ledbetter, T. B., Sec. Ledbetter Manufact'g Co., Rockingham, N. C. 
 Lattimore, T. D., Pres Buffalo Manufacturing Co., Stubbs, N. C. 
 Ivatta, C. G., Pres. Raleigh Cotton Mills, Raleigh, N. C. 
 London, John R., Pres. & Treas. Victoria Cotton Mills, Rock HiU, S. C. 
 Leak, Jas. P., Pres. & Treas. Leak- Wall & McRae, Rockingham, N. C. 
 Love, Edgar, Treas. Daniel Manufacturing Co., Lincolnton, N. C. 
 
 Moore, J. D., Sec. Modena Cotton Mills, Gastonia, N. C. 
 
 McAden, J. H., Pres. McAden Mills, McAdensville, N. C. (Charlotte, 
 
 N. C.) 
 Miller, A. C, Prop. Belmont Cotton Mills, Shelby, N. C. 
 McLendon, W. J., Pres. Wadesboro Cotton Mills, Wadesboro, N. C. 
 Miller, R. B., Mgr. Lauraglenn Cotton Mills, Shelby, N. C. 
 
 Miller, R. M., Jr., , Charlotte, N. C. 
 
 Mallonee, J. N., Sec. & Treas. Red Bluff Mills, Clio, S. C. 
 Monroe, Dr. J. P., Pres. Linden Manufacturing Co., Davidson, N. C. 
 Mebane, B. Frank, Pres. Leaksville Cotton Mills, Spray, N. C. 
 Mauney, W. A., Sec. & Treas. Long Shoals Cotton Mills, Long Shoals, 
 
 N. C. 
 Maginnis, A A., Pres. Maginnis Cotton Mills, New Orleans, La. 
 
TWKNTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 29. 
 
 McColl, D D., Pres. Bennettsville Manuf'g Co , Benrettsville, S. C. 
 Morrison, J. G , Prop. Mariposa Cotton Mills, INlariposa, N. C. 
 McAlister, J. \V\.rib, Sec. & Treas. Worth Manufactiug Co , Wortb- 
 
 ville, N. C. 
 Mauney, J S, Mgr King's Mountain Manufacturing Co., King's 
 
 Mountain, N. C. 
 McKinnon, A. J., Pres. Maxton Cotton Mills, Maxton, N. C. 
 Marrs Paul J., Sec. i!\: Treas. Henderson Cotton Mills, Henderson, Ky 
 Moses, Altamont, Sec. Sumter Cotton Mills, Sumter, S. C. 
 Morton, John W. , Agt. S.ar Thread Mills, Athens, Ga. 
 MacRae, Donald, Tieas Wilmington Cotton Mills, Wilmington, N C. 
 ]\IcCrary, Pres. & Treas (T J.) Newberry Cotton Mills, Newberry, S C. 
 Moore, J. S., Sec & Treas Richland Mills, Cclumbia, S. C. 
 Mauney, S. A., Sec. 6c Treas. King's Mountain Manufact'g Co., King's 
 
 Mountain, N. C. 
 Moore, J. S , Sec. & Treas. Richland Cotton Mills, Columbia, S. C. 
 Neave, E, B., Sec & Treas. Vance Cotton Mills, Salisbury, N. C. 
 Nesbit, W. C , Sec. & Treas. Cedar Falls Mills, Cedrus, S. C. 
 Newlin, S. G., Sec. & Treas. Randleman Mfg. Co., Randleman, N. C. 
 Nichols, Wm. G., Springstien Mills, Chester, S. C. 
 Neisler, C. E., Supt. King's Mountain Manufacturing Co., King's 
 
 Mountain, N. C. 
 
 Orr, Jas. L., Pres. Piedmont Mills, Greenville, S. C. 
 
 Pegram, E. L., Sec. Stanley Creek Cotton Mills, Stanley Creek, N C. 
 
 Phinizy, Stewart, Sec. Augusta Factory, Augusta, Ga. 
 
 Pratt, T. W., Pres. &. Sec. West Huntsville Cotton Mills, Hunts- 
 
 ville, Ala. 
 Price, A. M., Pres. Eureka Mills, Chester, S. C. 
 Pipes, D. W., Pres. Clinton Mills, Clinton, La 
 
 Reinhardt, R. S., Sec. & Treas. Elm Grove Cotton Mills, Lincoln- 
 ton, N. C. 
 Ray, R. R., Sec. & Treas. McAden Mills, McAdensville, N. C 
 Rhyne, A. P., Pres. Mt. Holly Cotton Mills, Mt. Holly, N. C. 
 Rankin, John C, Supt. Spencer Mountain Mills, Lowell, N C. 
 Rhodes, J. M., Sec. & Tres. Gaston Mfg. Co., Cherryville, N. C. 
 Ragsdale, J. S., Sec Oakdale Cotton Mills, Jamestown, N. C. 
 Rosenau, D. L., Sec. Tuscaloosa Mills, Tuscaloosa, Ala. 
 
30 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBI^ICATION. 
 
 Rennie, T. H., Supt. Granite Mfg. Co , Graniteville, S. C. 
 Ragan, Geo. W , Arlington Cotton Mills, Gastonia, N. C. 
 Robertson, C. H., General Manager Waynman Cotton Mills, Wayn- 
 manville, Ga 
 
 Shuford, A. A., Sec & Treas. Granite Falls Manufacturing Co., 
 
 Hickory, N C. 
 Steele, S. W., Supt. Great Falls Mfg. Co , Rockingham, N. C. 
 Springs, Leroy, Pres. Lancaster Cotton Mills, Lancaster, S. C. 
 Smith, J. A., Pres American Spinning Co., Denison, Tex. 
 Smith, E. A., Pres. & Treas. Chadwick Mills, Charlotte, N. C. 
 Sitton, August J., Treas. J. Snow Hardware Co., Tuscaloosa, Ala. 
 Stribling, S. Y,, Pres. & Treas. Roswell Mfg Co., Roswell, Ga. 
 Sexton, J. L., Sec. O. A. Robbins Co., Charlotte, N. C. 
 Smith, J. C, Sec. & Treas. Newton Cotton Mills, Newton, N. C. 
 Swift, Thos. M., Pres. Pearl Cotton Mills, Elberton, Ga. 
 Steele, Robert L., Pres. & Treas. Steele's Mills, Rockingham, N. C. 
 Schenck, H. F. Pres. Cleveland Cotton Mills, Lawndale, N. C. 
 Schenck, John F., Manager Cleveland Cotton Mills, Lawndale, N. C. 
 Sherrill, J. B., Sec. Lippard Yarn Mill, Concord, N. C. 
 Swift, E. W., Pres. Muscogee Mfg. Co , Columbus, Ga. 
 Stephens, S. F., General Fire Equipment Co., Charlotte, N. C. 
 Smith, W. A , Pres Eldorado Cotton Milk, Ansonville, N. C. 
 Summerville, A. C, Manager Magnolia Webbing Co., Charlotte, N. C. 
 Steele, Wm. L., Sec. & Treas. Wadesboro Cotton Mills, Wades- 
 
 boro, N C. 
 Stough, P A , Sec. & Treas. Cornelius Cotton Mills, Cornelius, N. C. 
 Sunderland, D. G., Treas. Pelhara Mills, Pelham, S. C. 
 Strang, Jas., Agent The Metallic Ding Roll Co , Indian Orchard, Mass. 
 Sanders, J. W., J. Snow Hardware Co., Tuscaloosa, Ala. 
 
 Tompkins, D. A., Pres. Atherton Mills, Charlotte, N. C. 
 Taylor, J. F., Sec. Kinston Cotton Mills, Kinston, N. C. 
 Tanner, S. B., Treas. Henrietta Mills, Henrietta, N. C. 
 Tuley, Philip, Pres. Louisville Cotton Mill Co , Louisville, Ky. 
 Taylor, J. P. V., Pres. Hariet Cotton Mills, Anderson, S. C. 
 Turner, C L., Sec. Monbo Cotton Mills, Monbo, N. C. 
 
 Verdery, J. P., Pres. Enterprise Mfg. Co., Augusta, Ga. 
 
 Villipique, P. V., Pres. & Treas. Camden Cotton Mills, Camden, S. C. 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBI^ICATION. 3 1 
 
 Wilson, Geo. E., Pres. Victor Cotton Mills, Charlotte, N. C. 
 Williams, J. W., Sec. & Treas. Union Cotton Mills, Maiden, N. C. 
 Wilson, E. L., Sec. & Treas. Dallas Cotton Mills, Dallas, N. C. 
 Wilson, J. P., Sec. & Treas. Dover Yarn Mill, Pineville, N. C. (Char- 
 lotte ) Pres. Louise Mills, Charlotte, N. C. 
 Webb, Chas. J., Eureka Cotton Mills, of Chester, S. C. (Philadelphia.) 
 Webb, Jas., Jr., Sec. & Treas. Eno Cotton Mills, Hillsboro, N. C. 
 Wagner, R. D., Sec. & Treas. Yocona Mills, Water Valley, Miss. 
 Willingham, B. E., Supt. Willingham Cotton Mills, Macon, Ga. 
 Whittier, W. R B., Agent Whittier Cotton Mills, Chattahoochee, Ga. 
 Wheat, H. L , Gaffney Mfg. Co., Gaffney, S. C. 
 
 Williamson, Wm. H., Agent & Supt. Pilot Cotton Mills, Raleigh, N. C. 
 Williamson, Jas. N., Jr., Manager Ossipee Mills, Elon College, N. C. 
 Whaley, W. Smith, Pres. Olympia Cotton Mills, Columbia, S. C. 
 
 ASSOCIATE MEMBERS. 
 
 Alexander, S. B.,Jr., S. B. Alexander, Jr., Elect. Co., Charlotte, N. C. 
 Buchanan, Geo A., Supt. Arcada Cotton Mills, Rock Hill, S. C. 
 Brinckerhoff, M. V. B., J. H. Lane & Co , no Worth St.. New York. 
 Booth, James, American Card Clothing Co., Charlotte, N. C. 
 Brem, Walter, Gen'l Agent Traveler's Ins. Co., Charlotte, N. C. 
 Bryant, C. B., Mgr. J H. Sloan, Charlotte, N. C. 
 Barringer, Osmond L., Commercial Printing Co , Charlotte, N. C. 
 Bradley, J. J., Supt. Ashby Cotton Mills, Marion, S. C. 
 Baxter, A. J., Supt. High Shoals Mfg. Co., High Shoals, Ga. 
 Battles. Jas. P., Tr. & Agt , Lewiston Machine Co., Lewiston, Me. 
 Bradlee, A. T.. Manager, Yarn Dept., Harding, Whitman & Co., Bos- 
 ton, Mass. 
 
 Card, Byron F., Southern Representative, Harding, Whitman & Co., 
 
 Charlotte, N. C. 
 Cramer, Stewart W., Charlotte, N. C. 
 Cochran, J. H., Charlotte, N. C. 
 Cloutman, J. D., Draper Co., Atlanta, Ga. 
 Cocker, Geo. B., Globe Machine Works, Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Corbett, John, Jno. Corbett & Sons, Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Chambers, J. L., Liddell Co., Charlotte, N. C. 
 Crampton, A. J., Textile Mill Supply Co., Charlotte, N. C. 
 Conway, J. W., Dept. Agt. Gen, Fire Exting. Co., Atlanta, Ga. 
 Clark, W. C, Pres. Charlotte Supply Co., Charlotte, N. C. 
 
32 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 Chappell, E. American Machine Co., Pautucket, R. I. 
 Corbett, Jas, E., Jno. Corbett & Sons, Philadelphia, Pa. 
 D'Olier, Wm , Wm. D'Olier & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Dixon, E. B., Abegg & Rusch, New York City. 
 D'Olier, Franklin, Wm. D'Olier & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Dow, P. E. W , So. Agent American Mfg. Co , Atlanta. Ga. 
 
 Eddy, H. M., Treas. Charlotte Supply Co., Charlotte, N. C. 
 
 Findley, S G., Spattanburg, S. C. 
 
 Fairbanks, H. W., Supt. Dallas Cotton Mills, Dallas, Texas. 
 
 Grimes, P. M , Sec. and Supt. York Cotton Mills, Yorkville, S. C. 
 Grant, T. Henry, Jr., Mercantile Mutual Fire Ins. Co., Providence, 
 
 R. I. 
 Gilligan, Jno., Supt. Asheville Cotton Mill, Asheville, N. C. 
 Guion, Louis I., Supt. Bennettsville Mfg. Co , Bennettsville, S. C. 
 Gist, Nathaniel, Charlotte, N. C. 
 
 Gormley, Herbert S., So. Electric Co., Charlotte, N. C. 
 Glynn, Martin P., R. A. Blythe, Philadelphia. Pa. 
 Goff, J., Charlotte Supply Co., Charlotte, N. C. 
 Garland, H. P., I.oom Picker Co., Biddeford, Me. 
 
 Hyde. E S., Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 Hoffman, M P , Chas. J. Webb & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 Hoffman, Beverly, Chas. J. Webb & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 Jamison, Jos. B., Abegg & Rusch, New York City. 
 
 Jones, A. W., Sales. Mgr. Henry A. vVorthington. Atlanta, Ga. 
 
 Krieble, S. C , Leonard & Ellis, Charlott-, N. C. 
 
 Kennett, Geo. T., Willingham Cotton Mills, Macon, Ga. 
 
 Kenny, Jno. B , Charlotte, N. C. 
 
 Lee, R. A., R. A Lt e & Co., Charlotte, N. C. 
 
 Leob, Oscar D , Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 LooTiis, Laurus, Catlin & Co., New York City. 
 
 Leisel, Julius, Charlotte, N. C. 
 
 Lincoln, J. T., Kilburn Lincoln Co , Fall River, Mass. 
 
 Leeper, W. J., R. A. Blythe, Philadelphia, la. 
 
 Long, J A.. Roxboro Cotton Mills, Roxboro, N. C. 
 
 McAdet, Menry M., Piedmont Life Ins. Co., Charlotte, N. C. 
 Mayes, J. H., Whiiin Machine Co., Charlotte, N. C. 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 33 
 
 Mooring, E. W., Geo. B. Hiss Oil Co., Charlotte, N. C. 
 
 Miller, Jno. M., Jr. , Cashier Merchants & Farmers National Bank, 
 
 Charlotte, N. C. 
 Mitchell, Jas. E., J. E. Mitchell & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Murrill, H. A., Queen City Printing Co., Charlotte, N. C. 
 Manly, J. W., Supt. Edna Cotton Mills, Reidsville, N. C. 
 Meikleham, Henry P., Aiken Mfg. Co.. Bath, S- C. 
 McMillan, J. A., So. Card Clothing Co., Charlotte, N. C. 
 Metzel, Olin, Salesman Red "C" Oil Co., Baltimore, Md. 
 Meadows, H. H., Agent Babcock & Wilcox Co., Atlanta, Ga. 
 Milstead, F. D., Asst. Supt. Tallassee Falls Mach. Co., Tallassee, Ala. 
 
 Orr, H. H., Saunders, Orr & Co., Charlotte, N. C. 
 
 Paulson, Leonard, Buckingham & Paulson, New York City. 
 Parvin, Jos. H., Chas. J. Webb & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
 Patterson, John h., Southside Mfg. Co., Winston, N. C. 
 Porter, E. W., Porter, Denning & Co., Memphis, Tenn. 
 Paine, Sidney B. , Gen'l Electric Co., Boston, Mass. 
 Parkinson, Arthur, Agent Arobal Mfg. Co., New York City. 
 Parker, Henry C, Brown Bros. Co, Providence, R. I. 
 Peirce, Chas. W., Southern Agent, Universal Winding Co., Charlotte, 
 N. C. 
 
 Rose, W. H. C, Textile Mill Supply Co., Charlotte, N. C. 
 Robbins, O. A., Pres. Sexton & Robbins Co., Charlotte, N. C. 
 Reid, E. S., Heath-Reid Jobbing &Com. Co., Charlotte, N. C. 
 Rhodes, D, P., Gaston Mfg. Co. Cherry ville, N. C. 
 
 Rhodes, Peleg A., Sp'cl Inspector Mutual Fire Ins. Co., Columbia, 
 S. C. 
 
 Sharpies, Wm. M., Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 Sanford, Arnold B., American Cotton Yarn Exchange, Boston, Mass. 
 
 Spellissay, W. A., Wm. D'Olier & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 Sampson, Chas. E., Catlin & Co., Boston, Mass. 
 
 Street, Jno. F., Eddy & Street, Providence, R. I. 
 
 Seving, Henry F., Hooper, Seving & Co,, Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 Stephens, S. F., Charlotte, N. C. 
 
 Steel, Phil. S., W. M. &. F. W. Sharpies, Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 Schell, Taylor & Longstreth, Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 Shafer, Daniel, A. H. Washburn, Charlotte, N. C. 
 
34 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 Speir, Morgan B., So. Bell Telephone Co., Charlotte, N. C. 
 Stratton, W. II., Factory Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn. 
 Thompson, E. W., D. A. Tompkins Co., Charlotte, N. C. 
 Tate, R. A., Charlotte Supply Co., Charlotte, N. C. 
 Tillinghast, Geo. U., Tr. Tillinghast, Stiles Co., Providence, R. I. 
 
 Van Landingham, Jno. , Cotton Factor, Charlotte, N. C. 
 
 Wittkowsky, S., Charlotte, N. C. 
 
 Washburn, A. H., Saco-Pettee Co., Charlotte, N. C. 
 
 Washburn, U. S , Charlotte, N. C. 
 
 Ward, W. W., Charlotte, N. C. 
 
 Whittam, Arthur, Charlotte, N. C. 
 
 White, Jas. F., New York City. 
 
 Wattles, Arthur S., L. R. Wattles & Co., Canton Junction, Mass. 
 
 Watters, Jno. S., Standard Oil Co., Wilmington, N. C. 
 
 Watters, Washington, Standard Oil Co., Charlotte, N. C. 
 
 Wells, G. M., Green's Fuel Economizer, Atlanta, Ga. 
 
 Williams, Chas. A., Williams & Shelton Co., Charlotte, N. C. 
 
 Whitworth, Chas, E.. American Card Clothing Co., Charlotte, N. 
 
 Ware, Justin A., Crompton, Knowles Loom Co., Worcester, Mass. 
 
 Wood, Thos. M., F. B Wood & Sons, Chambersburg, Pa. 
 
 Winston, Geo. T., Pres. A. & M Textile School, Raleigh, N. C. 
 
 Wilson, Henry M., A. & M. Textile School, Raleigh, N. C. 
 
 Wood, T. Irving, Sec'y Davison Publishing Co., New York City. 
 
^^^ 
 
 ^ ->^»>^^^— 
 
 MEMBERSHIP. 
 
 NUMBER. 
 
 HONORARY MEMBERS i 
 
 ACTIVE MEMBERS i6i 
 
 ASSOCIATE MEMBERS 114 
 
 TOTAL 276 
 
 
RELATIVE GROWTH OF MEMBERSHIP. 
 
 1897 
 
 1898 
 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 
Mfj^ 
 
 Next Annual Meeting will be held in 
 Charlotte, North Carolina, Thursday, 
 May 9th, 1901. 
 
 ^'P 
 
proceeMnge. 
 
 The Southern Cotton Spinners' Association in Annual 
 Convention May loth, 1900, at 10 o'clock A. M. in the 
 Mecklenburg County Court Room, Charlotte, N. C. 
 
 Called to order by President J. H. McAden. 
 
 Opened with prayer by Rev. Dr. J. W. Stagg. 
 
 A. C. Miller moved that visitors in the city who are 
 directly or indirectly associated with Cotton Spinners be 
 invited to take a seat on the floor of the convention. Sec- 
 onded — D. A. Tompkins. Adopted. 
 
 D. A. Tompkins — -The newspaper correspondents have 
 requested that a register be prepared, and all those who 
 are in attendance at this meeting be requested to register 
 their names and the business they represent, as a conven- 
 ience to the newspapers and that we may know who are 
 here. 
 
 President — In accordance with the above take due notice 
 and register your names accordingly. 
 
 Address by President, Dr. J. H. McAden. 
 
 Gentlemen of the Southern Cottofi Spmners' Association: 
 
 I congratulate you on so large an attendance upon this 
 Convention. The occasion is an interesting one. The 
 eye is unusually bright, the countenance gives evidence of 
 a joyous heart, all is light and gay. 
 
 A long period of depression is at an end, every industry 
 is prospering, every man who can work and will work can 
 find employment at good wages, money is easy, the finances 
 of the country are on a sound and safe basis, confidence is 
 restored, a bright future a\\'aits us, and we may confidently 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 39 
 
 look for a period of industrial development unequaled in 
 the history of this country. [Applause.] 
 
 We have with us representatives of the manufacturing 
 interests in cotton and other fabrics from all over our 
 broad land, and it gives us great pleasure to give them a 
 most cordial welcome at all our meetings. There will be no 
 division of territory, no Mason and Dixon's line with man- 
 ufacturers ; we are all together in one common interest and 
 one common cause. [Great Applause.] 
 
 We are exceedingly glad to have representatives here 
 with us from that time-honored institution. The New Eng- 
 land Manufacturers' Association, and especially to have 
 one of its distinguished ex-Presidents to address us during 
 the sitting of this Convention, on the subject of the manu- 
 facturing of Cotton Goods. I have long wanted to go a 
 step further than this, and see a joint meeting of this Asso- 
 ciation with the New England Association, at some central 
 point, where we could meet together and discuss questions 
 of great interest on industrial developments. [Renewed 
 Applause.] 
 
 Gentlemen, it is good for us to come together in touch 
 with each other. It broadens our views and brings us into 
 more intimate business relations. 
 
 The increased development in manufacturing in the 
 South in the last few years is wonderful. More than two 
 and one-half millions of spindles have been placed in the 
 mills in the last year. Plants are going up all along its 
 great avenues of trade, and latent energy of its magnificent 
 water powers is being equipped with the latest develop- 
 ment, and is transmitted by electricity to its cities, giving 
 employment to our labor, thus harnessing the offerings of 
 nature to the chariot of utility. The additional capital 
 invested in mills will amount to more than sixty millions 
 of dollars in the last year. 
 
 We are endeavoring to convert the raw material into 
 manufactured products, and to find a good market in foreign 
 
40 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 countries. Our export trade alone with the Empire of 
 China, without any organized efforts on our part, will 
 exceed twenty-five millions of dollars. 
 
 We should favor and urge a permanent and vigorous pol- 
 icy on the part of our general government in favor of the 
 " Open Door Policy " with the Empire of China, and we 
 should hold and govern the Philippine Islands, which are 
 destined to become the distributing centre of the Eastern 
 World, and make our country the centre of Eastern Civili- 
 zation. [Applause.] 
 
 I hope to see this Association take decided action on this 
 great question of public policy. While the Cotton Spinners 
 are only indirectly interested, as only a limited amount of 
 yarns is exported, yet every pound of yarns goes into vari- 
 ous fabrics, which must find a market either here or in for- 
 eign countries. 
 
 We have with us at this meeting, invited here by your 
 Board of Governors, the President of the National Manu- 
 facturers' Association, Mr, Theodore C. Search, who will 
 address you on the very great and important point and 
 explain to you the necessity of building warehouses to store 
 and exhibit our products in foreign lands. [Applause.] 
 
 The National Manufacturers' Association is diligently 
 laboring in every possible way to extend our trade and has 
 accomplished great good. The great hope of the South is 
 in its manufactures. This is the real road that leads 
 surely to industrial upbuilding, to wealth and to power. 
 We ask for no class legislation. With extended commer- 
 cial relation with foreign countries, new territory opened 
 up before us, we can plant our products wherever our flag 
 floats, and successfully compete with the world. [Great 
 applause.] 
 
 This country produces nearly three-fourths of the cotton 
 in the world, a large portion of which is of the very finest 
 and best grades. We have the most intelligent labor and 
 operate the most improved machinery. We must exert 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 4 1 
 
 ourselves to extend our trade with other countries. Gentle- 
 men, I speak candidly to you when I say we must look to 
 the future if we continue in our prog^ressive work in indus- 
 trial developement. The great problem of over production 
 must be met and the only rational solution is in the build- 
 ing up of our foreign trade. The time will come when we 
 shall need it, and we must recognize the necessity and act 
 for the future. 
 
 Your Board of Governors had introduced in a called 
 meeting of this Association a series of resolutions declaring 
 in favor of the " Open Door Policy " with China, building 
 of the Nicaragua Canal, laying the Pacific Cable, and plac- 
 ing us in direct communication with the great Orient, 
 brinorinsf us in trade relations with nine hundred millions 
 of people. 
 
 These resolutions were passed unanimously. I would 
 recommend that these resolutions be considered by a full 
 meeting of the Association. The House of Representatives 
 of your National Congress has passed the bill for the build- 
 ing of the Canal by a very large majority. It now needs 
 the concurrence of the Senate. The people are almost a 
 unit for it ; they are ahead of their representatives. [Re- 
 newed applause.] 
 
 Now, gentlemen, I desire to make a few suggestions in 
 regard to matters that are of especial importance to our 
 Southern States. We should give strong expressions in 
 favor of a liberal appropriation on the part of the State 
 Governments for building and maintaining Textile Schools, 
 which will educate our operatives in textile science as well 
 as in its practice. It is due to them that we do it, and we 
 should most willingly bear our proportion of the taxation 
 to accomplish this great work. We should also favor a 
 liberal appropriation by the State government for common 
 school system and supplement this fund by a liberal appro- 
 priation on the part of the mill corporation to educate the 
 children of our operatives free from any cost to them. 
 [Applause.] 
 
42 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 It will be a good investment for us, and be of lasting 
 benefit to the rising generation. Its like casting bread 
 upon the waters ; it will come again. There are many- 
 things we could do which we ought to do for their personal 
 comfort — make the tenement houses comfortable, adopt 
 improved system of ventilation and sanitary regulations, 
 build churches, school houses, provide libraries. They 
 learn rapidly and improve their condition by contact. 
 
 We should do all in our power to erect a high standard 
 of morals, and elevate and dignify labor ; make them feel 
 that each one has a personal interest in the plant and its 
 success. 
 
 The operatives are nearly all our own people. They 
 come from the agricultural districts along the foot-hills of 
 the Piedmont belt. Their condition is much improved by 
 the change. They have better educational and church 
 privileges. They are happy, contented and loyal to our 
 interests. 
 
 The crowning glory of cotton factories of the South is 
 that they make the women of our rural districts wage 
 earners and self-supporting, and enable them to care for 
 and comfortably support their aged and infirm parents in 
 the decline of life. 
 
 In order that the ideas and intentions of this Association 
 may be constantly kept before the minds of the members, I 
 deem it wise that at this meeting we take some action looking 
 to the establishment of weekly or monthly publication which 
 shall honestly and earnestly aid in fostering the objects for 
 which this Association has been organized. That the mem- 
 bers of this Association may have the benefit of the most 
 reliable and authentic market quotations of the raw mater- 
 ial which they buy, the manufactured products which they 
 sell ; a publication such as would commend itself, not only 
 to every manufacturer of cotton goods, but one which 
 would commend itself to the man who produces the cotton, 
 the workman who manufactures the cotton, the 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 43 
 
 stockholder who has money invested in cotton manu- 
 facturing plants, the commission merchant who markets 
 the manufactured product, and in fact to every one who is 
 directly or indirectly interested in the cotton manufactur- 
 ing business. By the means of such a medium as this our 
 export trade could be greatJy enlarged, and through such 
 a medium the members of our Association could aid and 
 assist in having adopted such national laws as would 
 improve our facilities for securing an increased export busi- 
 ness. I have only time here to enumerate a few of the 
 many ways in which such a publication would be of advan- 
 tage to our great and growing industry. Every one inter- 
 ested will thus be in possession of the most reliable inform- 
 ation obtainable regarding the cotton trade, and by the 
 establishment of this publication the members of this 
 Association may be themselves posted, in order that they 
 may be thoroughly competent to educate and to do what 
 is best for those who are employed by them. 
 
 I desire, therefore, to lay stress upon the fact that I view 
 this matter most favorably, and sincerely hope that it will 
 be put in proper form, so that it can come before this Asso- 
 ciation, and the proper steps taken looking to the establish- 
 ment and publishing of a magazine or periodical such as 
 would meet the requirements of this Association, and in 
 connection with this publication, I further desire to suggest 
 that arrangements be made whereby the policy to be pur- 
 sued in connection with this publication be very closely 
 under the control and guidance of the officers and the 
 Board of Governors of our Association. 
 
 Your Board of Governors have very wisely adopted the 
 course of inviting distinguished men from all over this 
 country to make addresses before this convention of manu- 
 facturers on important subjects directly connected with 
 cotton mill industry. 
 
 The program embraces such distinguished men as Syd- 
 ney Paine, of New England, on "Electric Power Trans- 
 
44 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 mission ; " Geo. Otis Draper, of Massachusetts, on " Im- 
 provements in Cotton Mill Machinery ; " Arnold B. San- 
 ford, of Boston, on " Manufacture of Fine Cotton in the 
 South ; " our own Mr. Tompkins, of Charlotte, on " Steam 
 Power ; its Economy ; " the distinguished Arthur Lowe, of 
 Massachusetts, former President of the New England Man- 
 ufacturers' Association, on " The Production of Finer Cot- 
 ton Goods by American Manufacturers ; " Leonard Paulson, 
 of New York, on " Sale of Cotton Yarns ; " the " Develop- 
 ment of American Shipping," by that great friend of the 
 South, and who has done more for the Southern develop- 
 ment than any man in this Union, Mr. R. H. Edmonds, 
 editor of the Manufacturers' Record, of Baltimore. 
 [Applause.] 
 
 We will also have an address by the Hon. John Barrett, 
 former minister to Siam, whose long residence in that 
 country and his great familiarity with the Orient and its 
 trade will be of great interest to us. [Applause.] 
 
 This is a most happy selection of distinguished speakers. 
 
 The experience with cotton manufacturers for a long 
 number of years has convinced us that it is like the ebbing 
 and flowing of the tide. We have our period of depression 
 and our times of active business. We have gone through 
 with the depression for a number of years ; we are now on 
 the high tide. [Applause.] 
 
 The wave of prosperity is exhibiting itself in every branch 
 of business. We need have no fear for the future ; diversify 
 your products, make good yarns and cloth, stand to your 
 contracts and require the same good faith on the part of 
 those who purchase your products, out of your earnings 
 pay fair dividends to stockholders, expend whatever is nec- 
 essary to put your plant in first-class condition, put the 
 balance to surplus, as you may need it to keep your labor 
 employed in dull times, and to tide over periods of depres- 
 sion. 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 45 
 
 Keep in touch with your commission merchant by going 
 into the market where your product is sold. Your factor 
 will always be glad to welcome you and give you all the 
 information in his power. The expense of your trip is noth- 
 ing compared to the benefit you will receive. 
 
 Now, gentlemen, my term as your presiding officer will 
 expire this day. It has been a great pleasure to me to be 
 a member of this Association, and a distinguished honor to 
 preside over its deliberations. By your kindness and 
 courtesy you have aided me very much, for which I am 
 profoundly grateful. 
 
 I am of you and with you, and my parting message to you 
 is to set your face to the morning and keep step with the 
 progress and development of the age. All will be well 
 with you. 
 
 Ex-President of the New England Manufacturers' Asso- 
 ciation, Mr. A. H. Lowe invited to take a seat on the rost- 
 rum with President J. H. McAden. 
 
 President McAden— All applications for membership 
 will be submitted to the Secretary. All parties who make 
 application for active membership now, will be allowed 
 privilege of discussion on the floor. 
 
 Secretary Hiss— Application blanks are now on the 
 Secretary's table and all who wish to join the Association 
 may have these blanks— fill them out and accompany same 
 with $5.00, and then the application will be acted upon by 
 a committee ; a suspension of rules can take place, and any 
 gentleman in the room that desires to become a member 
 can do so in this way. Fill blanks out and accompany 
 with $5.00 and this will cover all dues to xApril ist, iqoi, 
 which is the end of our fiscal year. Those who desire 
 membership as active members will then have all privileges 
 
46 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 of discussion as active members on this floor. Associate 
 members are not allowed this privilege unless so ordered 
 by the Board of Governors. 
 
 Geo. E. Wilson — Would it not be a good idea for the 
 Secretary to read the revision as suggested in reference to 
 membership in the Association. 
 
 Secretary ordered to read the revision. 
 
 Secretary reads: 
 
 "report of committee on ways and means." 
 It is suggested that Article 3, Sec, i, be changed so as to 
 read, "Any person who is a stockholder to the extent of 
 $1,000 in a Southern Cotton Mill, and who is actively 
 engaged as President, Treasurer, Agent, Manager or Super- 
 intendent, in the manufacture, printing or finishing of cot- 
 tons, shall be eligible for active membership, but each mill 
 shall have only one vote." 
 
 D. A. Tompkins moves that the amendment as prepared 
 by W^ays and Means Committee and acted upon by the 
 Board of Governors, be put before the Association and 
 voted upon. 
 
 Seconded by R. S. Reinhardt. Unanimously adopted. 
 
 Secretary reads the qualifications of Associate members. 
 
 R. R. Ray moved that an intermission of five minutes 
 be granted so as to allow time to act upon application. 
 Seconded by A. C. Miller. Adopted. 
 
 Convention called to order again and addressed by Mr. 
 Theo. C. Search, of Philadelphia, President National Man- 
 ufacturers' Association. Subject: "Foreign Markets for 
 American Goods and the Way to Develop Them." 
 
 Address by Theodore C. Search. 
 There is probably no branch of American industry to 
 which are presented such possibilities of expansion as are 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 47 
 
 offered to the cotton goods manufacturers of the United 
 States in the opportunities for developing their trade in 
 foreign markets. And to this statement should be coupled 
 the fact that none of our great industries have fallen so 
 short of the realization of these possibilities as has the 
 cotton goods trade. The present is hardly a time when 
 export trade is likely to be a very captivating subject to 
 discuss with the cotton manufacturers of the United States/ 
 except with those who are willing to look some distance 
 into the future and to forget for the moment the conditions 
 which immediately surround us. 
 
 With such a demand in the home market at prices which 
 cannot be obtained elsewhere, it is not suprising that cot- 
 ton manufacturers, like all other producers, feel disposed to 
 devote all their energies towards making the most of pres- 
 ent opportunities, leaving consideration of what may follow 
 until there is less urgency in current business. Four years 
 ago when we were in the depths of business depression 
 every manufacturer was ready to give instant attention to 
 any proposition that offered to bring orders for his goods, 
 and those who turned their efforts towards finding foreign 
 outlets for their products found relief which the depressed 
 and congested home market could not afford. 
 
 It is strange how quickly the lessons of adversity are 
 forgotten in the flush of prosperity, how deaf are many 
 manufacturers to admonitions to look out for a repetition 
 in the future of the dismal experiences of the past. If 
 there be any one lesson which I would impress upon you 
 more strongly than another at this time, it is the necessity 
 for making provision now for this reaction which must 
 surely follow this era of great prosperity. 
 
 Now, above all times, is the opportunity to develop 
 foreign markets, or at least to lay the foundations for a 
 great trade in all our manufactured products in foreign 
 countries. Never can our manufacturers afford so well as 
 
48 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 now to spend a little of their time, money and energy in 
 this work. 
 
 Foreign trade does not wait, ready-made, for whoever 
 comes to seek it. It can be had only by patient and continued 
 effort ; and, too, many of our manufacturers are ignoring 
 this fact and expect to "look into the matter when business 
 slacks oflf at home." The manufacturer who follows this 
 policy will pay heavy penalty when the next period of 
 depression comes along. 
 
 The United States is the greatest cotton growing coun- 
 in the world, producing twice as much as all the other 
 countries combined. There is present here every condition 
 necessary to make this the greatest cotton manufacturing 
 country. We have two-thirds of the world's raw cotton 
 right here in the South, water-power to drive enough spin- 
 dles to spin every pound of cotton we grow, or if steam 
 power be preferred there is the cheapest coal in the world. 
 Labor is abundant and cheap, capital is not lacking for any 
 legitimate enterprise, climatic conditions are all that is 
 required, and when the goods are made they can be carried 
 to the seaboard for shipment to a foreign market at lower 
 transportation charges than are imposed in any other coun- 
 try for similar distances. 
 
 And yet in spite of all these advantages only 32 per cent, 
 of the cotton grown in the United States is spun and woven 
 here, 68 per cent, of the raw fibre being shipped to other 
 countries — none of which enjoy the advantages we have — 
 to be manufactured into yarn, cloth and thread and distrib- 
 uted throughout the world. In the calendar year 1899 ^^^ 
 exports of raw cotton from the United States amounted to 
 $191,167,342, while the exports of cotton cloths were only 
 $19,968,475 in value. For every dollars' worth of cotton 
 cloth exported last year ten dollar's worth of raw cotton 
 was furnished to manufacturers in Great Britain and on 
 the Continent of Europe, and by them made into goods 
 which could just as well be manufactured here. 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 49 
 
 These conditions ought to be reversed. The exports 
 from the United States should show nine-tenths cotton 
 goods and one-tenth raw cotton. 
 
 The most striking evidence of the insignificance of the 
 United States in the cotton goods export trade of the world 
 is found in a comparison of the exports from the principal 
 countries. The appended table shows the figures for 1897, 
 including cotton yarns, thread and piece goods of all kinds : 
 
 Great Britain 1310,270,994 
 
 Germany 47,297,204 
 
 France 23,030,304 
 
 Switzerland 23,879,691 
 
 United States 21,037,678 
 
 British India 17,837,560 
 
 Holland 16,923,798 
 
 Spain 11,942,261 
 
 Japan 6,718,117 
 
 Belgium 4,317,410 
 
 Austria Hungary 2,793,285 
 
 Total 1486,048,302 
 
 From these figures it will be seen that Great Britain, 
 without a pound of homegrown cotton, controls 63.6 per 
 cent, of the export trade of the world in manufactures of 
 cotton, while the United States producing two-thirds of 
 the world's supply of raw cotton, does only 4.3 per cent, of 
 the export trade in the various manufactured cotton pro- 
 ducts. Germany, France and Switzerland each lead the 
 United States in exports of cotton goods, and it is only 
 within a few years that we have passed Holland and Japan 
 in this trade. 
 
 Until within the past five years the position of the Uni- 
 ted States in the export trade in cotton manufactures has 
 undergone but slight change. In 1877 the exports first 
 reached a value of $10,000,000, and it was not until 1896 
 that the figures passed $15,000,000, the total for that year 
 being $16,837,396. Since then the increase has been more 
 rapid, and the exports during the year ended June 30, 1899, 
 were the largest on record, amounting to $23,566,914. 
 
50 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 Consideration of these facts naturally leads one to ask 
 why the United States has so small a share and progresses 
 so slowly in the world's trade in manufactures of cotton. 
 Some of the reasons can be cited with little difficulty. One 
 of the principal causes is found in the peculiar conditions 
 which govern the sale of the products of the cotton mills, 
 conditions which are not generally found outside of the 
 textile industries. Very few cotton mills do their own sel- 
 ling, but dispose of their product entirely through com- 
 mission merchants, who are given exclusive con- 
 trol of the sale of the output. The mill, therefore, does 
 not come directly into touch with the purchasers, either at 
 home or abroad, and knows of trade conditions, require- 
 ments and possibilities only at second-hand. 
 
 The number of middlemen who take profits at various 
 stages between the mill and the foreign consumer tends 
 also either to reduce the proceeds for the manufacturer or 
 to increase the cost to the buyer. In many cases, in the 
 China trade for example, the mill passes its goods through 
 its regular commission house, thence through a broker, 
 thence through a commission export house in New York 
 to the importing merchant in China or elsewhere. 
 
 In such a procession as this no one of the intermediaries 
 has any particular interest in the trade beyond the profits 
 of his own part in the transaction. Where the goods come 
 from or to whom they are going finally is of little moment. 
 Some methods of handling the export trade in cotton goods 
 are too cumbersome to permit of very rapid growth, and 
 the mill and the consumer must get closer together if larger 
 trade is to result. 
 
 If I am pardoned for saying it, I will venture the opinion 
 that the conservative policy of American commission 
 houses, and manufacturers as well, has been something of 
 a determent influence. Both have manifested reluctance to 
 conform to the requirements of the foreign buyer. I know 
 of one instance in which a commission house declined a 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 5 1 
 
 sample order for about $2,000 worth of brown sheetings 
 which were wanted by a very heavy buyer in the Levant, 
 and the only reason for the refusal was the buyer's request 
 for an extra label in characters which the commission mer- 
 chant said he could not understand. 
 
 In another instance a sample order for about 1200 pounds 
 of yarn, with prospects of a large and regular trade, was 
 refused by a southern mill on the ground that the bales 
 required by the buyer were different in size from those 
 usually packed by the mill. It was suggested by the mill 
 that if the buyer would order 200,000 pounds the yarn 
 would be baled as stipulated. It is needless to say, how- 
 ever, that the buyer did not take the hint. 
 
 The requirements of the various foreign markets in mat- 
 ters of width, length and finish of goods, assortments of 
 colors, size and style of packing, marks, labels, etc., and 
 finally the terms of payment, are all important factors in 
 development of foreign trade. Unwillingness to comply 
 with these requirements is responsible for the loss of a vast 
 amount of trade which should have come to American 
 mills. 
 
 It is attention to these details that gives Great Britain 
 over $400,000,000 worth of this trade, annually, and with- 
 out compliance with these requirements American manu- 
 facturers never can secure the share of this business to 
 which they are properly entitled by virtue of their natural 
 advantages and their mechanical and commercial ability. 
 
 The difficulties which are encountered in the develop- 
 ment of foreign trade are less serious than they appear when 
 first viewed by a manufacturer whose whole business life has 
 been devoted to the production of goods for a market imme- 
 diately at hand among his own people. There is no obstacle 
 to the opening of foreign outlets which will not vanish 
 quickly before the determined effort of the American man- 
 ufacturer. There is nothing in the requirements of the 
 foreign buyer of cotton goods which our manufacturers 
 
52 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBI^ICATION, 
 
 cannot meet just as easily and just as readily as their Eng- 
 lish and European competitors. 
 
 When asked to change his methods to meet the wants of 
 the foreign buyer the manufacturer often hesitates and then 
 declines because he doubts whether it will pay to depart 
 from his long established methods. There is in the Uni- 
 ted States much of a disposition to wait for foreign trade 
 before preparing to care for it, a policy that practically 
 guarantees that the trade will not come. 
 
 It is gratifying to note, however, that many cotton man- 
 ufacturers are equipping themselves to handle export trade, 
 are preparing to meet foreign requirements to the fullest 
 degree, and are reaching out for direct connections with 
 large buyers abroad. Within the past three days I have 
 received a letter from one of the largest cotton manufac- 
 turing corporations in the United States asking me to sug- 
 gest a man competent to locate in China as their resident 
 selling agent. This is but an indication of a policy that is 
 becoming more and more general as interest in the export 
 trade grows and assumes practical form. 
 
 No American industry has so much at stake in the future 
 of the Orient as the manufacture of cotton goods. China 
 has always been the largest market for American cotton 
 goods, having taken in the calendar year 1899, $10,273,487 
 out of a total of $19,698,471 worth of exports of piece 
 goods. In the same period Great Britain exported to China 
 $25,548,141 worth of similar goods. When we consider^ 
 however, that there are 400,000,000 people in China, most 
 of whom are clothed wholly in cotton fabrics, it can be 
 seen that our present trade there is trifling in comparison 
 with the possibilities of that market. 
 
 The China trade in American cottons is of longstanding 
 and American brands are probably better known than in 
 other foreign country. The advantage is distinctly on our 
 side in that market, and most of the trade that England 
 now controls there would probably be ours, were it not for 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBI.ICATION. 53 
 
 the predominance of British influence in the commerce of 
 China and the almost entire absence of American mer- 
 chants in that country. 
 
 It is a striking feature of the situation that the bulk of 
 the American cotton goods sold in China are handled by 
 British merchants. It is easy to see that the establishment 
 of strong American houses in China would very largely 
 increase the sale of our goods there. 
 
 It was with this end in view that the National Associa- 
 tion of Manufacturers undertook the establishment of a 
 sample warehouse in Shanghai which is now receiving the y 
 first shipment of samples from the United States. About 
 seventy of the largest manufacturers of the United States are 
 represented in this warehouse, and the showing of the goods 
 under such favorable auspices cannot fail to give great 
 impetus to American trade in China. 
 
 The last letter received from the manager of this ware- 
 house refers with much emphasis to the possibilities of 
 the cotton goods trade in China, and mentions an Eng- 
 lish salesman who has just gone home with orders for piece 
 goods amounting to $200,000. 
 
 This whole subject of foreign trade in cotton goods is so 
 inviting, so interesting and so expensive that one might 
 talk for hours without more than introducing the topic. It 
 is the one matter above all others which the cotton manu- 
 facturers of the United States must consider with much 
 c^re and thought. Just at this moment there is little need 
 of additional outlets for the products of their mills, but the 
 conditions of two and three years ago will surely return, 
 and in even more serious and oppressive form. 
 
 The building of new mills continues at a rapid rate and 
 when another era of depression shall appear — as it wi 1 
 without possible doubt — the discrepancy between supply 
 and demand in the home market will be more alarming 
 than ever. To guard against such disaster either there 
 must be a stoppage of new construction and a curtailment 
 
54 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 of production, or new outlets must be created for the large 
 surplus of goods which the home market cannot absorb. 
 
 This is an era of expansion and no progressive manufac- 
 turer will undertake to argue that no more mills should be 
 built or that the production of existing plants should be 
 restricted. The proper course is that which will broaden 
 the industry and extend its trade. There need be no fear 
 that we shall ever have too many cotton mills in the United 
 States ; the only danger is that we shall have a market too 
 small and too limited to dispose of their output. 
 
 Foreign trade offers a ready solution of the whole prob- 
 lem. I believe we should build all the mills we can and 
 run them day and night if necessary ; but look abroad for 
 new markets, instead of allowing surplus stocks to accu- 
 mulate and prices to decline because of a glutted market. 
 
 Pursuit of such a policy will enable cotton manufactur- 
 ers of the United vStates to run their mills continuously 
 and at a profit, and will permit indefinite expansion of the 
 industry. This is the only course which good business 
 judgment and progressive ideas can sanction. [Much 
 applause.] 
 
 Address by Mr. Arthur H. Lowe, of Fitchburg, Mass., 
 ex-President of the New England Manufacturers' Associa- 
 tion, 
 
 Address of Mr. Arthur H. Lowe. 
 
 Mr. President and Members of the Soitthern Cotton 
 Spinners Association : — I assure you that I appreciate 
 more than I can express, your invitation to attend this 
 convention and speak at this meeting. 
 
 I shall never forget or fail to appreciate, the royal 
 reception, hospitable welcome, and entertainment that our 
 New England Cotton Manufacturers Association, of which 
 I was at one time an officer, received from you Southern 
 Manufacturers here in Charlotte, and in the other cities 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 55 
 
 that we visited when we attended the exposition at Atlanta 
 in 1895, and I would be ungrateful indeed if I did not 
 renew my thanks at this time, which I do most sincerely, 
 and bring the congratulations and good wishes of the New 
 England Association. 
 
 When I contrast the condition of cotton manufacturing: 
 here as I saw it, upon my first visit, in 1886, with the con- 
 ditions as they exist now, I congratulate you most heartily 
 and assure you that I cherish for you the highest admira- 
 tion. 
 
 After my return North from that first visit, I had con- 
 siderable to say among Northern manufacturers, about 
 your facilities and advantages for cotton manufacturing 
 here in the South, and predicted that your enterprise 
 would grasp and develop the opportunities, and that you 
 would soon become a great factor in the cotton manufact- 
 uring of the woild. 
 
 It was said by some of my friends in criticism that I 
 was overstating the case, but I submit that the 
 results as they exist to-day more than justify my prophecies. 
 
 You gentlemen by your enterprise and sagacity have 
 made a conspicuous reputation, known and read the world 
 over, for yourselves and your section, and deserves highest 
 credit for your achievments. 
 
 You cotton manufacturers have done the South more 
 good, than the representatives of any other industry, 
 because your mills and benefits, are more scattered and 
 come nearer to the needs of the people. 
 
 You will remember that Emerson said : 
 
 "Give fools their gold and knaves their power, 
 
 Let fortunes bubbles rise and fall, 
 Who herds a field or trains a flower, 
 
 Or builds a mill is more than all. 
 
 It would seem as if Emerson referred to the great need 
 of vour section when he wrote that last line. 
 
56 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 I congratulate you upon the harmonious and co-opera- 
 tive spirit that has existed among you manufacturers and 
 your employees. 
 
 I congratulate you upon the encouragement and loyal 
 support that your enterprises have received from State, 
 county and city governments. 
 
 And while I believe some National legislation would be 
 beneficial, may you never suffer from the adverse and 
 hampering laws existing in our section. I congratulate 
 you upon the untiring and persistent support that you 
 have had from the public press, especially would I mention 
 the The Mamifactiirers^ Record^ The Textile Excelsior^ and 
 of similar textile and mechanical papers, which have been 
 and are, conspicuous instrumentalities of your success. 
 
 I congratulate you manufacturers upon the establish- 
 ment in your section of textile schools. 
 
 All honor to one of your members, who has done such 
 noble work in this cause. 
 
 Their value in years to come will be inestimable. 
 
 I believe that your advantages, and past experiences in 
 cotton manufacturing, your present successes and your 
 preparations for the future, are fitting you to meet success- 
 fully any competition of the future, except possibly your 
 own over-production. 
 
 Gentlemen, I would like to continue complimenting and 
 congratulating you upon your splendid achievements; upon 
 the marvelous increase in the quantity of your product, 
 and the improvement of its quality; upon your enlarged 
 and promising export business, which you must retain at 
 all hazards; upon the confidence that you have inspired by 
 your successes, and upon the active and vastly profitable 
 condition of your industry in these McKinley times, but I 
 am reminded that your Board of Governors through your 
 secretary, invited me to deliver an address upon the sub- 
 ject, "The Production of Fine Goods by American Manu- 
 facturers." 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 57 
 
 I accepted the invitation and consented to speak upon 
 this subject, because I know so little about it, and of course 
 you know that a man usually speaks most willingly about 
 those things that he knows the least about. 
 
 I did decide, however, that my remarks should have the 
 merit of brevity. 
 
 I am afraid you will be disappointed if you expect me to 
 give you any suggestions of scientific, mechanical or 
 statistical value. My remarks will be simple assertions, 
 and repetitions of well known ideas which it is well to 
 consider occasionally. 
 
 In the first place I could find no scientific formula that 
 determined between course and fine cotton goods, and I 
 don't believe you care to have me go into a dissertation 
 about the number of yarns to be used, or the picks per 
 inch required to make fine goods; to discuss the use of 
 Jacquards, Dobbys, Leno or Lappet motions or recommend 
 any machinery. 
 
 This could only be done interestingly and intelligently 
 with samples of goods before us. 
 
 Neither can I give you any idea as to the number of 
 spindles or looms producing fine goods, nor any idea as to 
 the yards or value of fine good produced or marketed in 
 this country. 
 
 This depends very much upon where the line is drawn 
 between course and fine goods, and the general business 
 conditions prevailing in the country. 
 
 However, there are several interesting and important 
 problems to consider in connection with the production of 
 fine cotton goods. xA-u American manufacturer who would 
 produce fine goods, should have a good deal of courage, 
 consider carefully first of all, what the product shall be, 
 its degree of fineness and its market and the greatest of 
 these is the market. 
 
 He must decide if tlie product will be fine yarns, or fine 
 plain cloths for printing, or converting, or fine fancy 
 
58 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 cloths in fancy weaves or fancy colorings and stick to it. 
 He cannot jump from course to fine at will. 
 
 As you are to have an address upon the subject of fine 
 yarns by one who is better qualified than I am to speak 
 upon the subject, I will confine my remarks to the produc- 
 tion of fine finished colored goods, and the market and sale 
 of such goods. I hope that the gentlemen, who speaks to 
 you upon the manufacture of fine yarns, will not fail to 
 discuss and emphasize the importance to spinners of fine 
 yarns, who sell their production in yarns establishing a 
 reputation for the quality of their product, and the necessity 
 of maintaining that reputation. 
 
 Put the name of your mill upon your products and 
 require your agents to sell the goods as from your mill. 
 Let the buyer know that you make good yarns and merit 
 his trade. The domestic comsumption of fine cotton goods 
 as compared with coarse cotton goods is limited, and the 
 possibilities of exporting such goods is very remote. The 
 millions consume the cheaper and more durable goods. 
 The few wear the delicate and more perishable fabrics. 
 The value of fine goods depends more and more, as the 
 cost advances, upon their attractiveness in texture, coloring, 
 and finish, and more or less upon the taste, appreciation 
 and caprice of the buyers. 
 
 The risks in making finished fine cotton goods ready for 
 consumption, are many fold more than the risks upon the 
 coarser and staplier goods. 
 
 The percentages of depreciation when sold under pres- 
 sure are larger. The guarantee 80x88 -40s worth 6}4, 
 to 634. Sold after printing and finishing at 5c. 
 
 The very fine high cost fancy cotton goods, cost so much 
 to make that buyers easily pass to silk, worsted, or fine 
 woolen fabrics. So much of the cost of fine goods is labor 
 that the American manufacturer of such goods cannot com- 
 pete with the foreign, unless he has a reasonable tariff 
 sufficient to encourage and protect him. 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 59 
 
 And, gentlemen, you Southern cotton manufacturers 
 ought to give help and support to such a tariff. 
 
 The American manufacturer of fine goods is terribly- 
 handicapped by the prejudice of buyers against domestic^ 
 and in favor of foreign made goods. I am afraid our wives 
 and daughters are not quilters. Just as meritorious cotton 
 goods are made by American manufacturers, as can be 
 made anywhere in the world, and will be if the x\merican 
 manufacturers can have the support of the buyers, and 
 consumers of America. 
 
 At your mills, we examine and test thoroughly, all the 
 different foreign, and many of the domestic made goods, of 
 which we can obtain samples that compete with our goods^ 
 and we find that the American made goods of similar classes 
 are equal in fabrication, as fast in colors, more durable, 
 and ffir better value to the consumer, than the foreign made 
 goods. 
 
 The American designers are producing as artistic and 
 beautiful patterns and effects as any of the foreign products. 
 
 When the American consumers realize this, and will be 
 loyal to our home products, the foreign goods will be 
 driven out of the market. Now the manufacturers of fine 
 yarns for weaving or the manufacturers of fine goods for 
 convfiting, must be made to realize the importance of their 
 part, in producing the perfect finished products. 
 
 That we cannot make a silk purse out of a sow's ear is 
 just as true now as it ever was, consequently the selection 
 of the material is all important, whether it be the selection 
 of cotton for the production of fine yarns, or the selection 
 of fine yarn for the production of fine cloth. 
 
 Buy your cotton of reputable concerns, and always buy 
 a little better quality than you seem to require. Buy your 
 yarns of spinners, who have established reputations, and 
 who furnish just what they agree to, or a little better. 
 Having determined to make fine finished goods, the 
 utmost care must be taken to procure an organization of 
 
6o TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBIvICATION. 
 
 management and overseers, who by nature and training 
 have the taste and skill to produce the desired results. 
 
 The most important factor in the production of fine 
 -goods successfully, is brains and skill in the organization. 
 The desire and ambition to make the best goods of their 
 class, must permeate both principals and subordinates. 
 The taste, skill, patience and perseverence required to make 
 fine goods, is of slow growth. 
 
 Some have said that it must be inherited. 
 
 You will bear in mind that we are considering the pro- 
 duction of goods that require something more than mere 
 mechanical ability. The manufacture of such goods as 
 we are considering, depends more upon brains and taste 
 than upon bricks and mortar and machinery. Here is 
 where the training of the textile school becomes of great 
 value, and almost a necessity. 
 
 The manufacture of such goods, is a fine art, and 
 requires an experience, taste, and skill almost unknown to 
 the production of the coarse staple goods. 
 
 The simplest part of the whole matter is to carefully 
 select the location, get good engineering ability to plan 
 and arrange the mill; buy the best up-to-date machinery, 
 and start it up. The successful manufacture of fine goods 
 does not depend upon any of these conditions, for I have 
 seen beautiful fine goods that were made in not the best 
 location, nor in the best built or best arranged mill, nor 
 upon the latest or best machinery, still the better condi- 
 tions are all important, and will assist in producing the 
 desired results. I believe that the external conditions 
 about the mill, such as pleasant homes for the help, shade 
 trees, well kept lawns, shrubs, flowers, clubs and reading 
 rooms for employees. The best club I have ever seen in 
 connection with a cotton mill is at the Eagle and Phoenix 
 mill here in Georgia. Cleanlin.ss and order and good 
 discipline in the mill are absolute necessities. 
 
 The spirit of cleanliness that is next to Godliness is 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 6r 
 
 what is wanted. Clean operatives with clean hands, clean 
 machinery, clean floors, and clean windows are required if 
 you will make clean, attractive goods. 
 
 Good light must be had at all times, whether natural or 
 artificial. I believe that the one story saw-tooth building 
 with the North light is the best for weaving fine goods. 
 
 Steady speed and proper humidity are necessary. 
 
 All these conditions are important in the manufacture 
 of the coarser grade of goods, but they are more needful 
 in the production of the finer goods. 
 
 I have had no experience in the bleaching or printing of 
 fine cotton cloths, but I know, that that branch of the 
 industry requires educated and refined ability in the design- 
 ing departments, high prices and skillful workmen in the 
 printing department and very expensive and perfect 
 machinery. 
 
 In the dye house and in the coloring of fine yarns I can 
 tell you from experience, that eternal vigilance is the 
 price of success. Utmost care must always be taken to 
 prevent broken or snarled yarn and the waste of expensive 
 dye stufTs, you cannot afford to waste high priced yarns or 
 dye stuff purchased by the ounce. 
 
 Knowledge and experience of a high order are required 
 to produce shade, brilliancy, delicacy and always absolutely 
 fast colors. A whole address could be delivered upon this 
 branch of the manufacture of fine goods. 
 
 Now with the proper materials, beautifully colored 
 printed or woven into fabrics, designed and dele mined 
 with the greatest amount of foresight and taste that it is 
 possible to display, we come to the finish of the fabrics, 
 which is so important that the whole effort will be a fail- 
 ure if the finish and put up are not exactly right. So 
 important is this part of the manufacture of fine goods to 
 the handling and sale of such goods, that it must not be 
 overlooked. 
 
 The appearance of the goods in bands and tickets ready 
 
•62 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 for sale, must be so pleasing that the most critical buyer 
 will be convinced of their merit and value. 
 
 The sample cards showing the goods in their various 
 combinations and colorings and fancy weave effects, must 
 be made with great care and attractiveness, and in many 
 cases in such expensive shape and quantities as to add 
 greatly to the selling expense. 
 
 The goods we have been considering are made for and 
 are only sold in seasons, some lines having sale in only one 
 season in the year, and some lines having sale in two or 
 more seasons. 
 
 The carrying of these goods from one season to another 
 is an important feature, involving much capital, insurance, 
 storage, and other expenses. And now, gentlemen, in con- 
 clusion I will tell you in confidence, that the profits on 
 such goods as we have been considering are not as large as 
 they should be, when you consider all that has been in- 
 volved of work and worry and risk in their manufacture 
 and sale. 
 
 I hope that I have not discouraged any one, who is 
 ambitious to make fancy colored cotton goods, by what I 
 have said; it was far from my intention to do so. 
 
 I have simply blazed the way through some of the 
 experiences and difficulties that will certainly be 
 encountered by any one who undertakes the enterprise. 
 ■itt Simply mentioned some of the chafed and sore spots 
 
 of one who has had these experiences. 
 
 D. A. Tompkins — I wish to report a communication 
 sent Mr. Search from Mr. D. M. Thomson, President of the 
 New England Manufacturers' x'Vssociation, expressing his 
 regret not being able to attend. 
 
 Secretary read letters from the Queen City Telephone 
 Co., also the Bell Telephone Co., inviting the members of 
 ■of the Southern Cotton Spinners' Association to use — free 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 63 
 
 of charge — the lines of these companies. Moved and sec- 
 onded vote of thanks be tendered. Adopted. 
 Adjourned until 2:30 P. M. 
 
 Called to order at 2:30 P. M., May loth, 1900, by Presi- 
 dent McAden. 
 
 R. B. Miller moved that reading of minutes of last 
 convention be dispensed with as there was considerable 
 business of importance to be attended to. vSeconded — R. 
 S. Reinhardt. Adopted. 
 
 Secretary Hiss — Mr. President, we have names here of 
 several gentlemen who have made application for member- 
 ship and these cannot be elected without a suspension of 
 rules. 
 
 A. C. Miller moved that rules be suspended and the 
 applications read and elected members of the Association, 
 Seconded — R. S. Reinhardt. Adopted. 
 
 President — The next in order of business is the reading 
 of the report of the Secretary and Treasurer. 
 
 Report of Secretary and Treasurer. 
 
 Mr. President.^ Members of the Association^ Gentlejnen: 
 — In submitting to you for your consideration report of the 
 Secretary and Treasurer, beg to advise that it has been 
 thought best to make a statement at this meeting of the 
 finances of the Association, from its organization until and 
 including the fifth day of May, 1900. You will please, 
 therefore, bear in mind that the figures set forth in this 
 report are not the result of twelve months' work, so far as 
 they bear upon the finances of the Association, but cover 
 all moneys and di.- bursements from the beginning of the 
 Association. But touching simply upon the last twelve 
 months, beg to advise that since our last annual meeting, 
 
64 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 held in this building on the nth of May, 1899, there has 
 been held eight meetings of our Board of Governors, held as 
 follows: June loth, 1899, a meeting was held in this city; 
 August 30th, 1899, a meeting was held in this city ; Sept. 
 22nd, 1899, a meeting was held in the City of Philadelphia, 
 at which meeting there were some twenty odd members of 
 the Association gathered, including the officers and mem- 
 bers of the Board of Governors; October 6th, 1899, a 
 meeting was held in this city ; November 2nd, 1899. a 
 meeting was held in this city ; March 7th, 1900, a meeting 
 was held in this city ; March 31st, 1900, a meeting was 
 held in this city ; May 9th, 1900, the last meeting was held 
 in this city. 
 
 The attendance of these meetings was wonderfully good 
 in point of numbers. In fact since the organization of 
 this Association the attendance of the officers and Board of 
 Governors has been almost without parallel from point of 
 attendance. 
 
 At a meeting of this Association two years ago, there 
 was a trifle over one hundred thousand spindles represented 
 in the Association. At our meeting of one year ago, the 
 Association represented about five hundred thousand 
 spindles, and this year we have represented over two 
 million spindles (this taking in the members elected today). 
 Thus, can easily be seen the growth of this organization, 
 which was organized in this city on the 15th of May, 1897,. 
 and will, therefore, not be three yearsold until the 15th day 
 of May, 1900. This grand result has been brought about by 
 the united interest taken in the work of the x\ssociation by 
 those who have become its members, and thereby realized 
 the great results that could be accomplished for good by 
 supporting such an organization. The wonderful success 
 thus far achieved is not the work of any one man or any 
 set of men, but it is the united work and effort of every 
 member of the Association. Therefore, every member of 
 this Association has an equal right to feel that he is aiding 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 65 
 
 and abetting the growth of this organization and is entitled 
 to as much credit as anyone else for the grand success 
 attained. 
 
 During the past year, there has been prepared and issued 
 a copy of our Constitution and By-Laws, together with a 
 list of the officers of the Association, past and present, as 
 well as a list of the members. Copies of this issue have 
 been mailed to every President, Secretary and Treasurer, 
 and superintendent of all cotton mills in the South, besides 
 sending a copy to each member of the Association. This 
 work was accomplished without drawing on the treasury 
 of the Association for one cent of money ; on the other 
 hand, in view of the fact that advertisers took advantage 
 of the offer, made to them to advertise, there was gathered 
 into the treasury about $ii6. The number of circular 
 letters, circulars, and individual letters which have passed 
 through the office of Secretary and Treasurer during the 
 past twelve months, will number several thousand, and 
 with each year's growth of the Association, this work must 
 constantly increase. Secretary Hiss then read report of 
 the financial condition of the Association. 
 
66 TWENTIETH CKNTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 Receipts and disbursements of the Southern Cotton 
 Spinners' Association, year ending May 5th, 1900. 
 
 Receipts. 
 
 Advertising $ 677 50 
 
 Postage .06 
 
 Dues Active Members 1,050.89 
 
 Dues Associate Members 831 84 
 
 Banquet Fund 702.00 
 
 $3,262.29 
 
 Disbursements. 
 
 Publishing Constitution and By-Laws $ 561 21 
 
 Stenographers 223 30 
 
 Postage 125.75 
 
 Traveling Expenses 4S 85 
 
 Notices and Stationary 193 80 
 
 Telegrams 30.65 
 
 Rent 6.00 
 
 Exchange on Checks 4.30 
 
 General Expenses 74 01 
 
 Meeting Expenses, (Banquet May '99, etc) 550. 25 
 
 Board of Governors, Item 5.00 
 
 P'urniture and Fixtures 29.00 
 
 Express 3.25 
 
 Cash on Hand $ 5.03 
 
 Cash in Mer. & Far. Nat'l Bank 1,401.89 1,406.92 
 
 $ 3.262.29 
 Charlotte, N. C. 
 
 May 5th, 1900. 
 
 R. B. Miller moves that report of the Secretaiy and 
 Treasurer be accepted. Seconded — R. S. Reinhardt. 
 Adopted. 
 
 Next in order of business is the report of Committee on 
 "Ways and Means." 
 
 Mr. R. R. Ray — Mr. President, as chairman of the com- 
 mittee on Ways and Means, I have no report to make. 
 
 Report of "Committee on Finance." 
 
 Mr. President — The undersigned have made an examina- 
 tion of the books of the Secretary and Treasurer regarding 
 receipts and expendituies since the organization of this 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBI^ICATION. 67 
 
 Association. We have rev^iewed item by item the report 
 made by the Secretary and Treasurer and find that the 
 statements set forth by the Secretary and Treasurer are 
 correct and accurate. We find that the books have been 
 opened and each member properly credited with the amount 
 of dues they have paid and taking it all together, we feel 
 that there is no suggestion that we could make in the way 
 of improvements so far as the bookkeeping is concerned. 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 R. S. Reinhardt, Chairman. 
 
 A. P. Rhyne. 
 
 Accepted. 
 
 Reports of Special Committees. None. 
 
 Next in order is New Business. 
 
 R. B. Miller— Mr. President. From the report of 
 the Secretray and Treasurer we learn that the Board 
 of Governors have met here a number of times and they have 
 defrayed all their expenses — hotel bills, etc., and I must 
 confess that I thought that their accounts were being paid 
 and that they were drawing on the treasury for their 
 expenses, and it is very gratifying to me as a member this 
 Association, that they have been so generous of their time 
 and means. I am inclined to believe that their expenses 
 amounted to some $800. Now the Board of Governors are 
 unwilling to receive any compensation for their services, 
 — they have so reported to the Secretary and Treasurer and 
 I, as a member of this Association, think we owe them a debt 
 of great proportions for their good services and think that 
 in the future the expenses of the Board of Governors 
 should be defrayed from the treasury of this Association. 
 Furthermore, I wish to offer a resolution that their travel- 
 ing expenses shall be audited by the Secretary and Treas- 
 
68 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 urei, and signed by the President and they shall draw from 
 the treasury for their expenses in the future. I feel this is 
 due them and make first this motion, to return thanks to 
 them for their past services and for their liberality of hun- 
 dreds of dollars which they have paid out of their own 
 pockets. I make that first as a motion and hope it will be 
 seconded and passed by acclamation. 
 
 J. G. Morrison — Mr. President. Inasmuch as the 
 Secretary and Treasurer does more work than any member 
 of the Association, I think he should receive some compen- 
 sation. 
 
 R. B. Miller — Mr. President, I, of course, meant to 
 include the Secretary and Treasurer in my motion, and 
 I therefore make a motion to pay the Secretary and Treas- 
 urer a yearly salary for his services. Seconded by J. G. 
 Morrison. 
 
 Secretary and Treasurer, Geo. B. Hiss — Mr. President. 
 With all due respect to the gentleman that made the 
 motion and to his second, I wish to say that the condition 
 of the Association will not warrant such a step as has b^en 
 proposed at present. The work was taken up by the 
 gentlemen that started this Association without expec- 
 tations of any compensation. The work has been an 
 ardous one at times, but it has been a work — if you will 
 allow me to say, of pleasure. I hope that the gentlemen 
 will withdraw the motion and the matter will not be voted 
 upon. While a candidate for another year I must advise, 
 if the ofiEice carries with it a salary, I cannot consider it. 
 
 R. B. Miller withdraws the motion and requests that it 
 be referred to the Board of Governors. 
 
 R. B. Miller — Mr. President, I wish to call attention to 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 69 
 
 the motion I made a few minutes ago in reference to pay- 
 ing the expenses of the Board of Governors. Motion 
 seconded by J. G. Morrison. Adopted, Referred to Board 
 of Governors. 
 
 Dr. J. H. McAden, Pres. — Next in order of business is 
 the election of officers. 
 
 A. C. Miller — The time having arrived for the election 
 of officers for the ensuing year, it is not necessary for me to 
 introduce to vou this gentleman whom we wish for Presi- 
 dent of this association. His name is known to all here — 
 Dr. J. H. McAden. I thereby move that he be elected 
 President of the Association by acclamation. Seconded — 
 R. S. Reinhardt. Elected. 
 
 President McAden makes a short address of thanks. 
 
 A. C. Miller moves that Mr. J. P. Verdery be re-elected as 
 Vice-Preiident of the Association. Seconded by R. B. 
 Miller. Elected. 
 
 Mr. R. R. Ray, moves that Mr. Geo. B. Hiss be re-elected 
 Secretary and Treasurer. Seconded — R. S. Reinhardt. 
 Elected. 
 
 R. S. Reinhardt nominates A. P. Rhyne, R. R. Ray and 
 J. C. Willingham for Governors. Seconded — W. C. Hardi- 
 son. Elected. 
 
 President reads telegram from Atlanta Business Men's 
 League, Atlanta, Ga.: "Atlanta Business Men's League 
 extends cordial invitation to the Southern Cotton Spinners' 
 Association Convention for next year, royal welcome and 
 good time guaranteed." 
 
 R. B. Miller moves that we return thanks fo'- the kind 
 invitation and the matter be referred to the Board of 
 Governors. Seconded — R. S. Reinhardt. Adopted. 
 
70 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 Secretary reads program for meeting at Young Men's 
 Christian Association building to-night. 
 Adjourned. 
 
 Young Men's Christian Association. 
 At 8 o'clock, P. M., President J. H. McAden introduced 
 Mr. Geo. Otis Draper, Secretary of Draper Co., Hopedale, 
 Mass., who made an address. Subject: "Improvement in 
 American Cotton Machinery. 
 
 Address of Geo. Otis Draper. 
 
 A subject so comprehensive must not expect elaborate 
 treatment in detail, within the limited time afforded to an 
 address of this nature. Whole volumes have been written 
 with reference to certain separate cotton machines alone, 
 and thousands of ingenious inventions have been patented 
 by American inventors in this line, the greater part of 
 which might well deserve at least a passing comment. The 
 restriction of the subject to American improvements alone, 
 necessitates distinction by comparison with improvements 
 not of home origin. Cotton machinery was first developed 
 from former crude hand processes, b}- English genius, 
 entire mill equipments of semi-automatic machinery having 
 been devised and used across the water, before American 
 inventors attempted competition. As later improvements 
 have been largely confined to modifications of the basic 
 ideas furnished by the early English inventors, it cannot 
 be properly said that Americans have actually originated 
 any one broad class of cotton mill machines. If we are al- 
 lowed to go outside the mill, we shall, of course, take pride 
 in the cotton gin, sewing machine, and the new baling ma- 
 chines, entirely American in character. The term ''Cotton 
 Machinery," however, is not usually interpreted as includ- 
 ing anything not found in the cotton mill proper. We 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 7 1 
 
 must be willing, then, to credit the outside world with all 
 the fundamental principles shown in the conceptions of 
 Arkwright, Hargreaves, Paul, Kay, Cartwright, Crompton, 
 Jacquard, Roberts, Heilman, and others, but it is undoubt- 
 edly true that the greater part of the important later modifi- 
 cations have been made by American inventors, especially 
 during the last 50 years. In fact, the marvelous quicken- 
 ing of American inventive genius in every line of mechan- 
 ics has proved to many a marked superiority for the Ameri- 
 can type of mind. As a matter of fact, however, it is some- 
 what questionable as to whether artificial conditions are not 
 largely responsible for this showing. The English patent 
 system, for instance, denies their inventors the same pro- 
 tection awarded by our own government, and Englisli cap- 
 italists are more conservative in backing new enterprises. 
 The fact that the most important of our modern textile 
 improvements was developed from the ideas of a trans- 
 planted Englishman, Mr. James H. Northrop, and the most A 
 recent possibility by a Frenchman, Mr. Victor Belanger, 
 shows that we must not be too sure of our superiority in 
 mechanical evolution. 
 
 If we take the various departments of the mill in turn, 
 we enter at the picker room, to find that American inven- 
 tion has been shown in recent improvements on automatic 
 feeding machinery,and the automatic eveners used on pick- 
 ers and lappers, are understood to have been of American 
 origin. 
 
 Passing to the card room, we must acknowledge that 
 America has made but slight change in the machinery here 
 included, for English cards, drawing frames, and slubbers, 
 are still imported, showing that no American inventions 
 are sufficiently important to absolutely guide the purchaser 
 toward the American product. The English revolving-flat 
 card has driven out the older American type with the 
 Woodman and Wellman stripper, also the ingenious under- 
 flat card of Foss and Pevey. While revolving-flat cards are 
 
72 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 built by many American builders, their general features are 
 palpable copies of original English construction. That 
 purely American idea, the railway head, with theevenerof 
 Hayden, has also been largely replaced by the English 
 coiler system. Drawing frames are also English in design, 
 -/ although the change to metallic fluted rolls on these ma- 
 chines and roving frames as well, is due the American in- 
 vention of Dunham and McKemmie. While x\merican 
 roving machinery is certainly equal, or superior, to that of 
 any outside builder, the American improvements are large- 
 ly in design, or modifications of a character that furnishes 
 no basis for patent protection. 
 
 It is in the next department, namely : the spinning 
 room, that America has not only held her own, but led the 
 world. Leaving the English mule out of the question, we 
 find its competitor, the ring frame, American in every de- 
 tail, save the original drawing rolls of Arkwright. Here is 
 one instance where England has come to us for knowledge, 
 they being glad to copy our spindles, rings, separators,guide 
 wires, travellers, and general details. The original idea of 
 spinning with a ring and traveller, appears in the American 
 patent of John Thorpe, in the year 1828, being contempor- 
 ary with the invention of cap spinning, by Danforth, in 
 1829. The latter idea gained greater headway at the start, 
 but the ring and traveler gradually came into prominence) 
 being well established for use in spinning warp yarns by 
 the 6o's. The double spinning ring of Carroll, invented in 
 1864, is the oldest invention of its kind, to continue in un- 
 changed form to the present day. This idea made no real 
 change in principle, but won its place by cheapening the 
 cost. The wonderful inventions, by which the speed of the 
 spindle has been increased, due to the genius of Pearl, 
 Sawyer, Rabbeth, Sherman, Atwood, Taft, Woodmancy, 
 and various Drapers, have been largel} responsible for the 
 continued encroachment of this method of spinning upon 
 the territory formerly monopolized by the mule. The 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION, 73 
 
 modern spindle is undoubtedly one of the most peculiar 
 and original mechanical novelties known to science. No 
 one has > et satisfactorily explained how a necessarily im- 
 perfect mechanical structure can attain absolute concen- 
 tricity in revolution, being- independent of changes in 
 speed, and other serious variations in uniformity of affect- 
 ing conditions. Pearl reduced size and weight, to lessen 
 vibration, Sawyer provided a steadying upper bearing with- 
 in the load, Rabbeth discovered the vital principle of a 
 yielding bolster, Atwood made the whole structure yield, 
 to meet the peculiar conditions of silk spinning; Sherman, 
 Taft, and Woodmancy made important changes in design, 
 and the various Drapers, and inventors under their charge, 
 have perfected many important details. The speed of the 
 old spinning frame was absolutely limited by the jar of the 
 spindle above 6,000 turns per minute, while with the 
 modern structure I have seen a spindle turn at 40,000 turns 
 per minute, with absolute perfection, which is, of course, 
 much higher than we now ever expect that the rest of the 
 frame can run. The change of speed from the common 
 type to the Rabbeth type, not only increased production, 
 but it attained this gain without proportionate increase of 
 labor cost, power, or wear. The saving to the world by 
 these inventions, has been figured as worth $50,000,000.00 
 in benefit to this country alone, and it has also been figured 
 that the modern high speed spindle enables one operative 
 to equal the product of 10,000, or more, spinsters, using 
 the olden spinning wheels of the type well known within 
 the lives of many here present. It hardly seems possible 
 to realize that the inventions of one century have lessened 
 human labor in one line at the ratio of 10,000 to i ; but 
 the facts are actually understated in this extraordinary 
 assertion. 
 
 The increase of the speed involved a necessity for 
 separating appliances between the spindles, the earlier 
 trade type being invented by Doyle, and those now being 
 
V 
 
 74 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 introduced, by Chandler, Rhoades, and Owen. Within the 
 last 12 months, certain startling experiments with revolv- 
 ing rings are knoYt^n to have been carried on, which point 
 to great gains in speed by overcoming the former difficulty 
 with the wearing out of travellers, and the breaking down 
 of ends, if present limits were stretched. This line of in- 
 vention was started by a man who had never seen a spin- 
 ning frame before his first attempt at its improvement, 
 namely : the Mr. Belanger, before mentioned, who became 
 interested in the problem after certain discussions arising 
 from consideration of other mechanical devices, about 
 which I had advised with him. While every great change 
 demands a certain length of time in which to master de- 
 tails of construction, etc., I have great confidence that we 
 shall soon see practical application of his ideas. Like the 
 high speed spindle, this new ring idea involves another 
 new principle in mechanics, it being found that a ring, 
 allowed proper freedom of movement, can be revolved by 
 its traveller at enormous speed, without frictional contact 
 in its surrounding casing. It is theorized that a current 
 of air is induced, which may prevent friction. It certainly 
 prevents heat. This idea, like that of the spindle, trans- 
 fers the limit of speed to some other part of the frame, and 
 no one can prophesy where the end shall be found. The 
 difficulty of piecing up ends, at high speed, has already 
 been anticipated by the invention of a roving clamp, to hold 
 the end of roving from delivery, if the yarn is broken. 
 While more than a dozen devices of this nature are known 
 in the state of the art, the most practical construction, to 
 my mind, is embodied in a recent idea devised by Northrop, 
 the loom expert. 
 
 The spinning frame has practically ended the use of 
 the mule on warp yarns, in this country at least. It has 
 also more than held its own, in recent years, particularly, 
 in the field of filling yarn. This change is largely due to 
 the persistent efforts of the late George Draper, whose 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 75. 
 
 vigorous crusade encountered a most discouraging con- 
 servatism and prejudice. While the modern filling frame 
 owes little to any special invention not formerly used on 
 warp spinning, it is undoubtedly by the persistent trial of 
 certain inventions, that the fact of success was practically 
 demonstrated. Twisters, also, have been benefited from 
 the inventions made originally for the warp frame, as they 
 use similar spindles, rings, and travellers. The simplest 
 and most efficient twister stop motion was designed by Mr. 
 T. H. Smith, an American mill manager. 
 
 Coming to the spooler, we also find certain of the spin- 
 dle inventions employed, also the American bobbin holder 
 of Wade, the guide developed by Laflin, Northrop, and 
 others, and certain modern novelties in knot tyers, spool 
 lifters steel construction, etc. I have recently seen a new 
 design of belt spooler, adapted for the recent Clark bobbin 
 holder, which drops an empty bobbin automatically to the 
 belt, without necessity for the operative to remove the same 
 by hand. I have also seen very promising experiments 
 with a machine in which the spools are revolved by pres- 
 sure against a travelling belt, which secures uniform surface 
 speed, and therefore a higher average speed, enabling less 
 spindles to be used, with less space to be covered by the 
 operative, and less floor space consumed. 
 
 In warpers, we have the stop motions of Walmsly, and 
 others, the cone drive of Hicks, the beam doffer of Rhoades, 
 and many important modifications for different uses, by 
 Clark, Entwistle, Straw, Walcott, Denn, and others. Colored 
 yarn demands extra processes, in which the chain dyeing 
 system of Straw, as modified from the ideas of Gildard and 
 Scrimgeour, has met with unvaried success. For colored 
 filling yarn, the chain quilling machines, devised by Straw 
 and Pratt, respectively, have gone into extended use. Yarn 
 used for hosiery and other similar purposes, is now wound 
 in cones or cylinders, on machinery of American origin, 
 including ideas of Wardwell, Foster, and others. 
 
N<{ 
 
 76 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 We thus find that the entire manufacture of yarn, from 
 the roving to the cloth, has profited greatly by the attention 
 of American minds. 
 
 Passing by the slasher, a purely English machine, we 
 now come to the weave room, which, like the spinning 
 room, can fairly claim to include nearly all its modern in- 
 novations under American ownership. The cotton power 
 loom, of English origin, received its first change at Ameri- 
 can hands, by introduction of the self-acting temple, by Ira 
 Draper, who made his first invention in this class in 1816. 
 From this idea started a business which has grown into the 
 present Draper Company. Before the development of this 
 device, cloth was held stretched after being formed in front 
 of the reed, by clamps, which had to be continually moved 
 forward by the operative. The self-acting temple immedi- 
 ately allowed the weaver to turn two looms, instead of one, 
 thus making a gain equal at the time, in proportionate re- 
 sult, to the present gain of the Northrop loom. This tem- 
 ple was later improved by George Draper, by a form which 
 is still largely used to-day, and still later by Warren W. 
 Dutcher, who supplied the reciprocating feature, and also 
 developed a remarkable system of automatic machinery for 
 producing the parts. The filling stop motion is another 
 important improvement claimed for America, although it is 
 only fair to say that the English dispute this point. The 
 first parallel picker motion was invented by the same 
 Dutcher whose name appears on all our modern temples. 
 The first automatic let-ofT was devised by Erastus B. Bigelow, 
 the well known inventor of the first carpet looms. It was 
 modified later by Bartlett, in the form now used by nearly 
 every American loom builder. Other types of American 
 let-off inventions are shown in patents to Shepard, Cottrell, 
 George Draper, Thompson, Morton, and others. General 
 Draper has recently effected a combination of principles, 
 aided by another well known inventor,Mr. Charles F. Roper, 
 which seems to make this class of device absolutely uniform 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 77- 
 
 in operation, from the full to the empty beam, never need- 
 ing the slightest change in adjustment. Apart from these 
 special features, however, the cotton loom, as a whole, has 
 received no vital change in principle for several generations. 
 In fact, many of us know of looms built over 30 years ago, 
 which are still running in various mills, turning out a fair 
 rate of product. In the line of fancy looms, however, there 
 has been continual advancement, due to the inventions of 
 Crompton, Knowles, Wyman, Hutchins, Stafford, and 
 others. I do not pretend an intimate knowledge of this 
 special class, and cannot, therefore, attempt to specify in 
 detail in regard to the various ideas developed. It is per- 
 haps sufficient to say that foreign loom builders have recog- 
 nized the novelty of American ideas in these lines,by paying 
 large royalties to their owners. 
 
 Returning to the common loom, it will, of course, be 
 expected that I shall refer to the Northrop improvements 
 which have, of late, met with such remarkable success. In 
 the limited time at my disposal I can hardly do the subject 
 sufficient justice, and refer those interested in the details to 
 a 100 page book which I have recently compiled, copies of 
 which will be supplied on demand to those interested. These 
 important novelties, which have led to a sale of more than 
 60,000 looms since 1895, cover the first successful use of an 
 automatic filling changer, the first successful use of a warp 
 stop motion adaptable for general cotton weaving, and the 
 first successful device for matching the pick, and making 
 absolutely perfect cloth. The filling changer has more than 
 halved the weaver's labor, the warp stop motion has pro- 
 tected the cloth from warp faults, and the mis-pick device 
 prevents faults in the filling on such goods as demand that 
 grade of perfection. To illustrate the futility of attempting 
 definite explanation, it is only necessary to state that there 
 are over 200 patents already granted to our own inventors, 
 to cover the detail of these combinations. Broadly speak- 
 ing, the filling changer is an apparatus for supplying cops 
 
78 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 or bobbins of filling yarn to the running shuttle in a loom, 
 whenever necessary, to keep the operation of weaving con- 
 tinuous. The warp stop motion definitely prevents the 
 weaving of cloth after any one warp end has broken, and 
 the mis-pick arrangement, in its perfected form, supplies 
 new filling to the shuttle just before the former supply is 
 exhausted, so that no short end or empty shed shall be 
 shown in the cloth. Since the introduction of these special 
 changes, many other radical improvements in loom con- 
 struction have been introduced by the builders of the North- 
 rop looms. Such include the high roll take-up, which 
 engages the cloth practically as soon as it is woven, to pre- 
 vent shrinkage or wrinkling, and which allows the winding 
 of a larger roll of cloth than usual, underneath. Also the 
 change in construction, by which looms can be built all of 
 one hand, instead of in rights and lefts, as formerly. One 
 of the latest warp stop ideas does away with the former 
 necessity for lease rods, but placing the detectors in a proper 
 position to do the leasing themselves. Other loom builders 
 have also brought out interesting recent features, such as 
 the new Wyman shedding motion, of which we use a modi- 
 fication, known as the Lacey fo^'m. Also a certain novel 
 combination of picking and shuttle box devices, invented 
 by Charles F. Perham, have enabled experimental looms 
 to vary remarkably in speed, without banging off. There 
 are also many recent attempts to revive the often abandoned 
 principle of shuttle changing,on which we ourselves wasted 
 much earlier energy. Of course, no inventions that have 
 not been tested by continuous running under practical mill 
 conditions, in large quantities, can be deemed sufficiently 
 advanced for the practical mill man to take interest in them. 
 To illustrate the process by which inventions are del 
 veloped, I will refer briefly to the progress of the Northrop 
 loom, as an example. Our former firm of George Draper 
 & Sons, having brought the high speed spindle to a point 
 where further attention to detail seemed unnecessary, plan- 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 79 
 
 ned a new field of effort by selecting the loom as an example 
 of cotton machine still requiring many hand operations, 
 and set an inventor definitely at work in the field of auto- 
 matic shuttle changers. This was en Dec. lo, 1898. Dozens 
 of inventors, mainly in English localities, had reached the 
 point of patenting similar devices, but all former attempts 
 were unsuccessful, if judged by the test of practical use. 
 Our attempt was noticed by Mr. James H. Northrop, a man 
 who had formerly been employed by us as an inventor, but 
 who left our works to engage in farming, for a several 
 years' relaxation, returning to employment as a member of 
 our tool-room force. He began to give his evening thought 
 to solution of the same problem, and after having made a 
 few crude home experiments, approached me with the 
 startling proposition that if given a chance, he could apply 
 a shuttle changer within a week, that could be made in 
 quantities for the cost of a dollar each. By invitation I 
 visited his farm, to inspect a wooden model which was on 
 exhibition in his hen house, and was sufficiently impressed 
 to secure permission from the firm to get a loom, and see 
 what he could do. The anticipated weekly period length- 
 ened into several months, but a very fairly acting mechan- 
 ism, (hardly within the $1.00 class, however) was ready in 
 July, 1889. Experiments were continued with this first 
 device at the Seaconnet Mills, at Fall River, on several 
 small lots of looms. During this trial, Northrop had the 
 inspiration of changing the filling within the shuttle itself, 
 and threading the shuttle automatically, by the movement 
 of the loom. This started so favorably that the shuttle \ 
 changing principle was dropped, and Seaconnet looms were 
 changed over to adopt this new idea. The history of the 
 next six years of experiment, outlines a record of patient 
 perseverance, and undying faith, fit to parallel with many 
 a more widely heralded endeavor. i\t no time within that 
 period could success be definitely guaranteed, and the ex- 
 pense incurred was way beyond the limits usually allowed 
 
8o TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 in such ventures. Mr. Northrop worked over his machine 
 days, nights, and Sundays, and General Draper and I, who 
 had charge of the campaign, lived in his experiment room 
 for a good part of our working time. Other Hopedale in- 
 ventive talent was also brought to bear on the various 
 problems, with the result that looms were actually sold and 
 running in a mill, by the spring of 1895. (For convenient 
 reference, and use in possible litigation, I have prepared a 
 printed record of these experiments, which, for the period 
 mentioned, includes over r, 000 pages of largesized volumes, 
 to properly note down the detail of the evolution.) Apart 
 from the outside trials at the Seaconnet and Pacific Mills^ 
 we equipped and ran a weave room of 80 looms, in our own 
 works, for over a year, giving a public exhibition of the 
 advantages of the new system, before accepting orders. 
 Even then, the conditions that might defeat our ends, when 
 attempting to start looms in mills, weie necessarily more 
 or less problematical. We had sufficient faith, however, to 
 accept orders for several thousand looms, before we had 
 run any of the recent model in an outside mill, increase our 
 plant, and risk, as has been conservatively figured, over one 
 million dollars in the entire venture, before we were sure 
 of success. Even with the splendid records made by these 
 earlier sales of looms, we were by no means relieved from 
 further anxiety. Different uses required different styles? 
 different weights, different modifications, and different at- 
 tachments. Continual improvements in detail caused us 
 to make extensive changes in the loom construction, making 
 hundreds of expensive patterns, and special jigs, etc., worth- 
 less. After the first rush, orders came in more slowly, and 
 as it was necessary to employ large forces of extra drafts- 
 men, pattern makers, inventors, and experts, the expenses, 
 on the whole, nearly over balanced the profits. It was 
 certainly somewhat disconcerting to find that, after labor- 
 ing for several years to develop a new machine, returns 
 figured less, in the first few years of introduction, than if 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 8 1 
 
 we had simply used our tools to make some standard trade 
 machine, taking the regular trade profit. The tide, how- 
 ever, commenced to turn last year, and success came so 
 suddenly that it has even proved embarrassing. We have 
 been forced by excess of orders, to provide for the employ- 
 ment of at least 2,000 extra men, to be employed on looms 
 alone; and even then, the end may not be reached. 
 
 Such is the record of the development of one American 
 cotton machine improvement, and it could be paralleled in 
 modified detail by many another instance. It must not be 
 forgotten that a complete machine of this nature involves 
 the combination of dozens of separate inventions, each of 
 which, like links in a chain, must do their part satisfactorily. 
 In the development of each separate device, the failures 
 mount up to incredible figures, we having in our museum 
 180 separate models of the shuttle, alone. Not only must 
 the machine itself be brought to practical perfection, but 
 the protection of each new idea by proper patents, demands 
 an almost equal attention to detail. The success of a com- 
 petitive machine stimulates keen competition from many 
 others with inventive talents, who look upon a patent as a 
 challenge to their power of evasion or substitution. It often 
 happens that the profits of an introducer on the one hand, 
 are more than balanced by the losses of the unsuccessful 
 promoters, on the other hand, and courts of law usually 
 claim a certain share of capital from either. While the 
 American patent system has, as before stated, been of great 
 value in protecting our inventors, it by no means affords an 
 absolute guarantee of monopoly. The fact that patents may 
 sometimes be evaded, actually stimulates a wider range of 
 inventive effort. To illustrate the extent of which this 
 faculty may be cultivated, it is only necessary to say that the 
 Sawyer Spindle Company alone has owned about 500 patents 
 which ring the changes on a small piece of mechanism, 
 weighing hardly a pound, and composed of but four or five 
 primal elements. Speaking as a manufacturer, I can affirm 
 
82 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 that without the protection of patents, such as it is, it would 
 be folly to invent improvements in a trade machine; for the 
 expense of the necessary experimenting and changes, would 
 be a burden easily escaped by a competitor who simply 
 copied the result. It certainly would be easier and simpler 
 to stick to old patterns, if improvements were simply a form 
 of altruism. 
 
 The general subject of improvements, brings up a 
 question which has never /et been definitely settled, namely: 
 how much credit is due the inventor, how much to the 
 practical designer, and how much to the introducer. The 
 inventor is usually the only one that receives any public 
 attention, as his name associates with the idea, no matter 
 how much it may have been modified by others. The prac- 
 tical minds that guide the inventor's talent, or lick his crude 
 idea into shape, remain unknown to fame; while the bus- 
 iness ability that forces use of the new idea, is not usually 
 considered as adding anything of great value to the com- 
 l)ination. Of course many an inventor works his idea into 
 prati-'al shape himself, and some even continue their as- 
 sociation by introducing their novelty, by their own 
 efforts. The general run of such men, however, usually 
 depend more or less upon the assistance of a designer and 
 business associate. Should we judge of the three by com- 
 mercial standards, it will be found that the introducer 
 generally takes the larger share of the profits, which would 
 seem to prove that talent in this department was rarer than 
 in the other two lines. F'or instance, in cotton machinery 
 there are hundreds of inventors to each machine builder, 
 :and few builders that care to handle their products. As 
 some of the most wonderful ideas in mechanics have come 
 to men by a flash of intuition, it seems perhaps unfair to 
 credit them too highly, as against the years of toil devoted 
 to the perfection of the new principle, or the nerve that 
 risks largely in attempting to make the public appreciate 
 the benefit that may be derived from it. The Whitney 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBI,ICATlON. 83 
 
 cotton gin, even after its first development and introdnction, 
 only had a prodnct of 70 pounds of cotton per day. A 
 modern gin often runs through over 4,000 pounds per day. 
 How many can name the men whose efforts have thus 
 multiplied this original capacity ? The original spinning 
 ring and traveller was merely thought of as patent office 
 freak for years, before it gradually met with appreciation. 
 Cartwright showed a warp-stop motion in his patent of 
 1786; and yet an English writer in 1895, referred to such 
 devices as representing a still unsolved problem. To-day 
 wehave 10,000 warp-stop motions running in one mill alone. 
 Many excellent ideas appear before their time; others lack 
 the practical element, which remains to be furnished by a 
 less creative, but more experienced mind. Certain others 
 are simply the logical results of conditions forced by other 
 innovations. The separator would have been useless before 
 the advent of the high speed spindle, likewise the revolv- 
 ing ring. 
 
 There are many curious facts connected with the his- 
 tory of cotton machinery impro\'ements, which, of course, 
 only fall within the knowledge of those behind the scenes. 
 One of the most ingenious devices of the kind, was kept 
 hidden for years, (not by my company, however) waiting 
 for certain patents to expire. Certain clever ideas, of possi- 
 ble practical value, have often been shelved, because their 
 use would upset trade conditions, and disturb uniformity 
 of product. Many a good little idea is not taken up, be- 
 cause the trouble of introduction cannot be repaid by the 
 possible profits. Many a good big idea, suffers by reason 
 of its demand on large sources of capital, by which to develop 
 and introduce it 
 
 The subject of cotton machinery improvements cannot 
 be considered as complete, without some reference to certain 
 difficulties with which the introducer of such improvements 
 has to deal. Labor-saving machinery always meets with a 
 more or less stubborn resistance by a narrow-minded class 
 
84 TWKNTIKTH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 of help, and expensive changes are often less openly, but 
 still as persistently opposed by the ultra conservative mill 
 owner. Those, therefore, who thus endeavor to aid the 
 world to progress, instead of being received with open arms, 
 as it were, more often have the door shut in their face. Not 
 that they should be unduly admired for their generous im- 
 pulses, as, like other humanity, they are not afraid of a 
 profit; but careful consideration of their more reasonable 
 assertions is always wise. In the early history of cotton 
 manufacture, in England, mobs actually broke into mills, 
 and destroyed new machinery. Even more recently, a 
 public parade was held, in which the model of a slasher, 
 then a novel machine, was carried through the streets, to 
 be buried with certain formal obsequies. In this country 
 antagonism to new ideas has been less open in character, 
 but still formidable enough at times to make the process of 
 introduction quite a serious hazard. I am pleased, however, 
 to relate that such exhibitions of prejudice have not been 
 manifested by this immediate section of our country, the 
 South having shown a readiness to adopt improvements, 
 that encourages our trust in human nature. I find it re- 
 corded in the New England Cotton Manufacturers' records, 
 that in Nov. 1881, my grandfather, George Draper, made 
 a very similar statement in the following words: "I want 
 to bear testimony to this fact, that all those Southern people 
 connected with manufacturing, are terribly in earnest. They 
 are bound to learn everything that they can about manu- 
 facturing, or anything that they undertake. They seem 
 like new converts, so to speak." An address on the subject 
 of improvements, therefore, seems rather out of place in this 
 present environment, for Southern manufacturers have 
 already made themselves fully acquainted with all the 
 modern improvements known to the manufacturing world. 
 More new and improved cotton machinery is shipped South 
 to-day, than is required by Northern demands, and the 
 general proportion of mill equipment in this section, is cer- 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 85 
 
 tainly more np-to-date than in the older Northern mills. 
 Certain economists of high standing, have figured that the 
 principal advantage which has produced the rapid growth 
 of the Southern cotton mill industry, is principally to be 
 found in this use of newer processes; and it certainly is not 
 for me to dispute any such contention. No improvement 
 can be forced on intelligent men, unless its use is profitable. 
 Many, however, let their chances go by, waiting, in the 
 hope of enhancing that profit. Men still postpone their 
 trip to Europe, hoping that a bridge will be built within 
 their time. 
 
 We are all working toward one definite end, namely: 
 to cheapen and better the production of American cotton 
 goods, and make our exports of cotton in rolls of cloth, 
 rather than in bales of fibre. This present gathering proves 
 that mill men are willing to let each other profit by all 
 sources of general knowledge, and the man with the ma- 
 chine stands ready to unite his mechanical skill with your 
 business ability, in a common onslaught on cost of produc- 
 tion. The way to improve, is to use improved methods. 
 
 President McAden introduced Mr. Sidney H. Paine, 
 electrical engineer, Boston, Mass. Address — " The Devel- 
 opment of Electric Driving." (Illustrated with stereopti- 
 can views which are reproduced here, through the courtesy 
 of General Electric Co.) 
 
 ADDRESS OF MR. SIDNEY H. PAINE. 
 
 To a Southern manufacturer belongs the honor of 
 having been the first to adopt the subdivided system of 
 electric driving now in most general use. I use the word 
 " honor " advisedly, for had ]\lr. C. K. Oliver, of Columbia, 
 been a man of less courage, had he been content to merely 
 follow in the paths marked out by his predecessors, the 
 growth and development of the system would have been 
 

 c 
 
 
 •^ 
 
 G 
 
T\VE;nTIETH century PUBIvICATION. 
 
 87 
 
 greatly retarded, and it could not have occupied the posi- 
 tion which it does to-day. Mr. Oliver, however, was 
 imbued with the spirit of the age, which is pre-eminently 
 a spirit of progress. 
 
 The standards of yesterday are not necessarily consid- 
 ered the standards for to-day. Scientific inventions, if 
 shown to be of practical value, are immediately adopted. 
 This has been especially true in the department of elec- 
 tricity. The telephone is of comparatively recent origin, 
 yet it has already become a necessity; it would now be 
 
 An Inverted Lid ud ion Motor. 
 
 impossible to carry on business without its assistance. 
 There is in this country hardly a town of 5,000 inhabi- 
 tants whose streets are not illuminated, in part at least, by 
 the arc lamp, yet at the Centennial Exposition in 1876 it 
 was shown as a laboratory experiment. A little over 
 twenty years ago Hdison suggested the possibility of sub- 
 dividing the electric current by using incandescent lamps. 
 Now over 100,000 lamps are manufactured daily in the 
 various lamp factories of the United States alone. The 
 first successful attempt to solve the problem of transporta- 
 
88 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 tion of passengers by the electric street railway was made 
 about fourteen years ago. To-day 95 per cent, of the 
 mileage on street railroads in this country is operated by 
 electric motors, and it is now no longer a question as to 
 which system shall be adopted. It is universally con- 
 ceded that the electric railroad system, although more 
 expensive in first cost, yields far greater returns and 
 affords much more satisfactory means of transportation 
 than the old horse car. 
 
 A year ago, at the meeting of the New England Cotton 
 Manufacturers' Association, I stated that there were about 
 13,000 H. P. of electric motors in use in textile mills. 
 Within the past year this use has increased to such an ex- 
 tent that to-day there are nearly 30,000 H. P. of motors in 
 operation in textile mills, or under contract. Adopted at 
 the Columbia Mills as furnishing the most feasible solution 
 of a very difficult problem, the electric drive has steadily 
 risen in the estimation of manufacturers, until it bids fair 
 to supplant the best mechanical methods. It is the pur- 
 pose of this paper to rapidly sketch the growth of this 
 application of electricity and to briefly mention some of the 
 plants where special features are found. Similar cases will 
 be grouped together, although installed at different periods. 
 
 The early applications of this system were made for the 
 purpose of supplementing existing powers. They at first 
 were confined entirely to conveying the power from under- 
 loaded, or otherwise unused, water wheels. 
 
 The Ponemah Mills, of Taftville, Conn., was the first 
 textile manufacturing company to use the electric system 
 on a considerable scale. The shortage of power at Taft- 
 ville suggested the possibility of utilizing a finely devel- 
 oped water power at Baltic, 4 ' i miles away. The plant 
 was started in January, 1894, and consists of two 350 H. 
 P., three-phase, alternating current generators at Baltic 
 and two similar machines at Taftville. The latter are 
 used as synchronous motors and deliver power to the 
 

 
90 
 
 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 two main line shafts in the basement. This plant has 
 been in successful operation, without interruption, for 
 more than six years. A similar plant was installed at the 
 Boston Duck Company, Bondsville, Mass. About half a 
 mile below the mill an unused, and but partially devel- 
 oped, water power afforded an opportunity of dispensing 
 with two steam engines at the mill. This plant was 
 installed in 1896, and consists of one 600 H. P. generator 
 and a similar machine used as a synchronous motor. This 
 plant has operated so successfully that the saving in fuel, 
 obtained by discontinuing the use of the engines, has 
 repaid the investment in the electrical apparatus. 
 
 Dam and Pozvcr Ho7cse, Pelzer Mfg. Co. 
 
 The next step in the development of the electric drive 
 was at the Columbia Mills, at Columbia, S. C. A canal 
 had been built originally to permit boats to pass around 
 the rapids in the Congaree River. This use of the canal 
 had long been discontinued, and only a portion within the 
 city limits had been kept in repair. The canal was 
 between the river and the mill site, and either a very costly 
 tail race would have to be built under the canal, or else 
 the mill would have to be driven by a long and expensive 
 rope drive. The electric system was brought to the 
 attention of the engineers, Lockwood, Greene & Co. 
 Previous to that time this system was practically untried 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 91 
 
 for this purpose, as the Ponemah Mills had not yet been 
 started. Realizing this, the engineers and owners of the 
 mill finally decided to place their sole dependence upon 
 what was then but a theory. The results obtained, during 
 the six years this mill has been in operation, have entirely 
 justified their judgment. This is the first textile mill in 
 the world to rely entirely upon motors driven by generators 
 upon the premises, and also the first textile mill to adopt 
 the subdivided system of driving. This system is now 
 used almost universally in all new mills where the electric 
 drive is adopted. 
 
 
 i]i4^miiniii;iipi3|iiiiiii]iiii 
 
 iiiiiiiiiniiniiiii; 
 m 1 ., 
 
 .^-Jf! iiilt 
 
 All// Xo. 4, Pc/zcr Mfg. Co. 
 
 The success at Columbia led to the next step in the 
 development of the electric system. The Pelzer Manufac- 
 turing Co., of Pelzer, S. C, decided to erect their No. 4 
 mill. No water power was available within nearly three 
 miles. A dam and power house were erected at this point, 
 and the new mill was erected near the mill village. Over 
 3,000 H. P. is carried electrically from the dam to the 
 mills. Many new and unexpected problems were encoun- 
 tered and solved, and to-day the mill is operating as suc- 
 cessfully as any of the later installations. 
 
 The success of the Columbia Mills further induced the 
 Columbia Water Power Company (owners of the canal 
 
^ 
 •^ 
 
 ■^ 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 93 
 
 supplying water to the Columbia Mills power house) to 
 erect a large power house of their own, capable of ultimately 
 accommodating eight generators, each of i,ooo H. P. and 
 direct connected to water wheels. Three generators have 
 been installed. From these are driven the Gran by Mills, 
 lyi miles or more away, and using over i,8oo H. P. in 
 motors. The Palmetto Mills have also been equipped with 
 200 H. P. in motors, which receive their current from the 
 Columbia Water Power Company's generators. 
 
 -if- 
 
 
 spinning Room , Pelzcr Mjg . Co. 
 
 In numerous older plants, the distance between the 
 prime mover and the machinery to be driven was too great 
 to permit the use of mechanical methods, and in some 
 case.'S, as at Columbia, for other reasons the mechanical 
 method was impracticable. The results obtained at 
 Columbia and Pelzer fully established the electric drive as 
 a successful competitor with its older rival, and proved its 
 value even on distances within reach of the mechanical 
 system. In quick succession plants were installed by the 
 Hadley Thread Co., Holyoke, Mass.; the Jackson Co., 
 
94 
 
 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 Nashua, N. H.; the Amoskeag Co., Manchester, N. H.; 
 the Washington Mills, Lawrence, Mass.; the Wamsutta 
 Mills, New Bedford, Mass., and at other places. In all 
 these, mechanical systems were displaced and great bene- 
 fits derived. 
 
 The Anderson Cotton Mills, of Anderson, S. C , through 
 their engineer, Mr. C. R. Makepeace, were the leaders in 
 the adoption of the next step in the development of this 
 system. It was decided to drive the spinning room in 
 their new mill by means of small motors, each motor being 
 placed between two spinning frames and direct connected 
 
 Power House, Cohinibia Water Power Co. 
 
 on either side to the frame by means of a friction clutch. 
 This dispensed entirely with the use of all belting for 
 driving the spinning room. The current is received from 
 the Anderson Electric Light Company's station at Port- 
 mann Shoals, ten miles distant. Between the water ivheel 
 and the spinning frame there is not a single belt or auxil- 
 iary shajt. The increase in quality and production 
 obtained by the omission of belting has been very marked 
 over mechanically driven frames. I have made many tests 
 on this latter system, and find that there is a very large 
 loss in speed on the frames, due to the slipping of the 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 95 
 
 various belts between the engine or wheel and the frame. 
 This is not dependent upon the speed of engine or wheel. 
 In one case reported to the New England Association last 
 year, I found that the speed on the front rolls in one room 
 varied from 103 to 120 revolutions. A direct connected 
 motor installed on one of the frames in this room showed a 
 range in speed, during a week's run, of from 120 to 122 
 revolutions on the front roll. The generator supplying 
 current to this motor was operated by the same engine 
 which drove the other frames. The belts on all the frames 
 in the room operating mechanically, were taken up and 
 
 Gran by Mills. 
 
 the speed rose from 103 as a minimum to 113. This 
 showed the loss of speed due to slipping of the belt. The 
 difference between the 113 revolutions and 120 revolutions 
 was accounted for by the fact that it is impracticable to 
 make the various pulleys the exact diameter required, and 
 is also due to a small extent to the fact that as the belts 
 stretch they become thinner, so that the belt speed is re- 
 duced. In another mill where the manufacturer claimed 
 that he did not lose i per cent, in speed, he admitted to 
 

 
 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 97 
 
 me after a test that he found a variation of at least 9 per 
 cent, on his frames. In still another mill I found a varia- 
 tion of over 15 per cent, between the various frames in the 
 same room, all of which were supposed to run at the same 
 speed. By tlie use of tJie electric system it is possible to 
 maintain the sp2ed much more nearly at the theoretical' 
 maximum than on the mechanical system. The experience- 
 at Anderson has been very satisfactory. 
 
 Within the last two years, however, the greatest advance 
 has been made in the use of the electric system. I have 
 
 Engine Room, Lancaster Mills. 
 
 stated that, heretofore, the motive power was obtained 
 mainly from water wheels. The Metropolitan Water 
 Board, of Boston and vicinity, condemned the water power 
 on the Nashua River, at Clinton, as it was necessary to 
 draw upon this source for supplying the city of Boston and 
 suburban towns with water. After a long controversy, 
 damages were paid to the Lancaster Mills for the water 
 power which was taken by the Metropolitan Water Board. 
 The engineer of the mill, Mr. Stephen Greene, had had 
 experience with the electric drive at Columbia and Pelzer, 
 
98 
 
 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 and his attention was turned to that system as the best 
 method of driving the mills. Only a few years ago the 
 mechanical system would have been perpetuated in this 
 mill. Mr. Greene, however, after careful study of the 
 problem, recommended to the owners that their large new 
 engine, which was to take the place of the water wheels, 
 should be placed at some distance from the mill, and that 
 it should drive the mill through the medium of generators 
 
 Generating Set of the American Woolen Co. 
 
 -and motors. This suggestion was finally adopted by the 
 •owners of the mill. Aside from the generating plant, the 
 system adopted in the Lancaster Mills is very similar to 
 that in use at Columbia, Pelzer and all the other large in- 
 stallations. A year later, the agent of the mill, Mr. 
 Charles H. Richardson, found it desirable to displace the 
 old engines which had been retained. So successful had 
 been the results with the electric drive, in point of produc- 
 
TWENTIETH CKNTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 90 
 
 tion and reliability, that a second engine of 2,200 H. P. 
 was contracted for, which is to be direct connected to a 
 generator, and additional motors are now being placed in 
 the mill. When this plant is completed, it will aggregate 
 nearly 4,000 H. P., and the electric system will be used 
 throughout the mill. 
 
 The accompanying illustration shows the 2,700 H. P. 
 generator and engine which will be used in the plant just 
 contracted for by the American Woolen Company, for the 
 Washington Mills at Lawrence, Mass. 
 
 Referring again to the Granby Mills, of Columbia, a 
 careful log was kept in this mill for two years, and com- 
 
 
 
 ..jJiSt;- 
 
 Olympia Mills. 
 
 parison was made with a similar log kept at the Richland 
 Mills, also in Columbia. The former is driven by motors 
 receiving their current from the generators in the Colum- 
 bia Water Power Company's power house. The latter 
 mill is driven by an engine. These two mills were built 
 and operated by Mr. W. B. Smith Whaley, who became 
 very much interested in the electric drive as a result of 
 this comparison. So much was the result in favor of the 
 electric system that when Mr. Whaley designed the 
 Olympia Mills, now being erected in Columbia, he decided 
 to drive it throughout by motors. Three generators, each 
 of 1,700 H. P. capacity, will be direct connected to vertical 
 cross compound engines. These generators will not only 
 
 L.cfC. 
 

 
 I 
 
 J 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. lOI 
 
 supply power to the mill through the subdivided motor 
 drive, but will also supply current to operate the street 
 railway and the lighting system in the city of Columbia. 
 Current will also be supplied to operate the Capital City 
 Mills, now being erected in that city. The Olympia Mills 
 is unique in several respects. When completed, it will be 
 the largest single mill (measured in spindle capacity) in 
 this country. Other corporations have more spindles, but 
 their present capacity is the result of additions to the orig- 
 inal plant by means of extending the older buildings or 
 the erection of new buildings. The Olympia Mills is 
 the first mill in the country to be especially designed and 
 built for the use of the electric system, where the gener- 
 ators are to be driven by steam engines. 
 
 The following list shows this latest step in the develop- 
 ment of the electric system. All of these generators will 
 be driven by steam engines, to which they are direct con- 
 nected. Five of the leading mill engineers of the country 
 are represented in this list. Those marked with a star are 
 new mills now in process of erection : 
 
 Lancaster Mills, Clinton, Mass 
 
 Lancaster Mills, Clinton, Mass 
 
 *01ympia Mills, Columbia, S. C 
 
 ♦Buffalo Cotton Mills, Union, S. C 
 
 *Ludlow Mfg. Co., Ludlow, Mass 
 
 American Thread Co., Holyoke, Mass 
 
 American Woolen Co., Lawrence, Mass .... 
 
 *DeKalb Cotton Mills, Camden, S. C 
 
 *Seneca Cotton Mills, Seneca, S. C 
 
 It is interesting to note the higher speeds which have 
 been adopted on the later engines. 
 
 I will not go further into a description of these plants ; 
 sufficient has been said to show the large extent and the 
 variety of uses to which the system has been applied. I 
 would now call your attention to some of the reasons which 
 have led manufacturers to adopt the electric drive, operated 
 by steam engines, in these new mills. 
 
 en. H.P. 
 
 Rev. 
 
 I I, 600 
 
 75 
 
 I 2,200 
 
 70.5 
 
 3 each 1,700 
 
 133 
 
 I I , 700 
 
 133 
 
 I 1,000 
 
 120 
 
 I 800 
 
 150 
 
 I 2,700 
 
 120 
 
 I 600 
 
 150 
 
 I 600 
 
 150 
 
I02 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBUCATION. 
 
 The electric system does not increase the orig- 
 inal INVESTMENT BY THE AMOUNT OF MONEY PAID FOR 
 THE ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT. In manv items the first 
 cost is greatly reduced. With the electric drive no belt or 
 rope tower is required. The large main drive is omitted 
 and the shafting is much smaller. Being subdivided into 
 short sections, the shafting may be operated, if desired, at 
 higher speeds, and smaller driving pulleys may be used. 
 This will result in shorter hangers. Subdivision is ob- 
 tained without the use of friction clutches as on the 
 mechanical system. Ordinarily no separate lighting 
 dynamo is required, the current for the electric lights 
 being generally taken from the same generators which 
 supply current to the motors. In a large mill these sav- 
 ings will go very far towards paying the first cost of the 
 electric system. 
 
 As compared with a small mechanically driven mill, 
 where provision is made for subsequent enlargement by 
 extension of the main building, there are many other sav- 
 ings in addition to the above. In such buildings the belt 
 tower must be wide enough for the original building and 
 also the extension. The driving wheel on the engine 
 must have sufficient face for the larger mill. One side of 
 a cross compound engine is sometimes installed at first, the 
 other cylinder being added when the enlargement is made. 
 For the sake of higher economy, as an alternative, half of 
 a double tandem compound engine might be used. The 
 alternative is, however, seldom adopted. The first plan is 
 open to the objection of large fuel consumption, especially 
 as the date of the enlargement is indefinite. Both plans 
 provide a single crank engine, which is objectionable and 
 uneconomical. Still another plan is to install the perma- 
 nent engine complete at the start and operate under reduced 
 steam pressure. No matter 7vhich of these plans is fol- 
 lowed^ the extent of the enlargement^ as well as the char- 
 acter of goods to be mannfactured therein^ must be deter- 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 103 
 
 mined in advance. If the mill is designed for fine goods, 
 it cannot go on to coarse numbers and enlarge to the 
 extent originally contemplated. The same limitations 
 apply to the main shafting, which must be made sufficiently 
 large to carry the subsequent addition as well as the 
 present mill. It may be years before the extension is 
 made, yet the burden of the first cost and uneconomical 
 operation must be borne by the fiist mill. More than 
 that, it may be found that after all the provisions made for 
 enlargement are inadequate. 
 
 How much more simple and reasonable is the solution 
 of this problem in an electrically driven mill. Extend the 
 building and add a second engine and generator with its 
 complement of motors. The extent of the additioji and the 
 character of the goods to be maiitifactnred need not be con- 
 sidered lentil the time when such addition is necessary. 
 Furthermore the first cost of the electrically driven mill 
 will probably be less than that of the mechanically driven 
 mill in which provision for enlargement is made. The 
 cost of the engine and its foundations, for the latter mill, 
 will be considerably higher than that for the mill using 
 the electric system. The shafting in the mechanically 
 driven mill, being much larger than is necessary for the 
 present building, will be very much more expensive than 
 that required in the electrically driven mill. 
 
 If the small mechanically driven mill is erected with a 
 view only to present requirements, additional capacity can 
 only be obtained by the erection of practically independent 
 buildings. If this is done, each department in the first 
 mill must be duplicated in the second, and a double force 
 of comparatively high priced labor must be employed. 
 The first cost of the completed mill buildings would be 
 much higher than if the original plan permitted of addi- 
 tions by extension. 
 
 Especially on mills where the motive power is furnished 
 by water wheels, the cost of the mill foundations is often- 
 
I04 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 times very much less on the electrically driven mill, as an 
 opportunity is afforded to secure a site on firmer ground 
 than if it were necessary to locate the mill adjacent to the 
 power house. 
 
 Important as is the question of first cost, of 
 
 STIEL more importance IS THAT OF ECONOMICAL AND 
 
 FLEXIBLE OPERATION. In this respect the advantages are 
 all on the side of the electrically driven mill, where the 
 subdivided system is used. Briefly stated, the following 
 are some of these advantages : 
 
 Subdivision into independent sections, each driven by 
 its own motor. 
 
 Variations in speed in one section^ due to slipping on 
 such belting as is still retained^ are not comtniinicated to 
 other sections. 
 
 The jnill is riot dependent upon one main drive. There- 
 fore there is less liability of shut-down due to accident within 
 the mill. If the shut-down occurs, it is only partial and 
 local. 
 
 It perjnits the operation of one or more sections overtime.^ 
 without driving the shafting in other sections. 
 
 There is less difficulty in keeping the shaftijig aligned. 
 It therefore follows that there is a saving in labor and less 
 power is wasted. 
 
 Steadiness and uniformity of speed. This is occasioned 
 by omission of many belts, and results in greatly increased 
 production, as shown above, and in less repairs on the ma- 
 chinery, especially on the looms. 
 
 Uniformity in size of shafting. With a properly de- 
 signed subdivision of the electric drive the diameter of the 
 shafting is determined solely by the width of the bay. All 
 pulleys and hangers are therefore of the same bore, except 
 on those lengths of shafting which carry the receiving 
 pulleys. In the Olympia Mills, requiring 3,400 H. P., all 
 the shafting measures 2;>^ inches in diameter, excepting 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 105 
 
 that on those lengths which carry the receiving pulleys, 
 the shafting measures 3 inches. 
 
 Efficiency. On large plants the loss between the prime 
 mover and the shafting driven by the motors will vary 
 from 16 to 18 per cent. In other words, 82 to 84 per 
 cent, of the power delivered by the engine or wheel will 
 be delivered by the motors. Great claims are advanced 
 for the mechanical system on this point. It is impracti- 
 cable, however, to accurately measure the losses where 
 that system is used, for the reason that you cannot deter- 
 mine the friction of the shafting while carrying its load of 
 machinery under full production. The power lost by slip- 
 ping of belts and by increased pressure on bearings cannot 
 be ascertained; except approximately. 
 
 Improved light and ventilation are obtained by removing 
 the power house away from mill^ and by ornission 0/ the 
 belt tower. 
 
 Power iji any section may be augmented^ or addition 
 may be made to the mill without stopping the mill or iiiter- 
 fering with the existing shafting. It not infrequently 
 happens, especially in older mills, that it becomes neces- 
 sary to replace the main engihe. It is either worn out or 
 machinery has been added to such an extent that it is 
 overloaded. On mechanically driven mills it will in such 
 cases be necessary to shut down the mill. This will result 
 in the loss of profits and of fixed charges during the shut- 
 down, and, what is quite as important, the scattering of 
 the employees. With the elecric drive no stoppage would 
 occur as long as the old engine could be operated. A new 
 engine and generator would be installed at any convenient 
 point, and either supplement the old engine or take its 
 place entirely and also carry any additional work that may 
 be desired. 
 
 The power required to operate any section may be read- 
 ily measured. In the Olympia Mills and in the Lancaster 
 Mills this will be continuously indicated by instruments 
 
Io6 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 placed in the engine room. These indicators enable the 
 engineer in charge to detect at a glance any unnecessary 
 consumption of power due to poor alignment of shafting, 
 improper oiling, etc. The actual power consumed by any 
 machine can be measured at any time by separate portable 
 instruments. 
 
 The generating plant may be also subdivided into two or 
 more units. This insures against a complete shut-down in 
 case of accident and also permits economical operation 
 under partial loads. This also allows one or more sections 
 of the mill chosen at will to be operated from either gen- 
 erating unit. All other sections will remain idle. This 
 is not possible with the mechanical system, even though 
 the generating plant may be subdivided. 
 
 Cojicentration of mannfactiiring buildings. As the loca- 
 tion of these buildings is determined without reference to 
 the location of the power house, they may be placed to- 
 gether and so arranged as to facilitate manufacture and 
 reduce the expense of supervision, 
 
 NEW COUNTY COURT HOUSE. 
 
 Convention called to order at ii A. M. May nth by 
 President J. H. McAden, who states, first in order of busi- 
 ness is election of new members. 
 
 Pres. McAden reads a telegram from New Orleans Pro- 
 gressive Union: "To D. A. Tompkins, Southern Cotton 
 Spinners' Association: We present our good wishes and 
 hope you will select New Orleans for next Convention of 
 the Southern Cotton Spinners' Association. Signed: A. R. 
 Blakely, Pres., New Orleans Progressive Union." 
 
 R. B. Miller moves that we extend thanks for this and 
 refer the matter to the Board of Governors. Seconded — R. 
 S. Reinhardt. Adopted. 
 
 Pres. McAden — Before we enter upon the regular line of 
 business [ wish to state that the Board of Governors are 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. lOf 
 
 now arranging the schedule of prices and same will be 
 ready for the Convention about 6 o'clock. 
 
 R. B. Miller — Mr. President, I wish to present the name 
 of Col. J. T. Anthony as an honorary member of this Asso- 
 ciation. You are all familiar with the fact that Col. 
 Anthony is heart and head in sympathy with this work, 
 and he was our honored first President and contributed 
 much of his time and energy to this work to make this 
 Association the power that it is to-day. By virtue of the 
 fact that he is no longer interested directly in manufac- 
 turing, hence he is not eligible for membership in this 
 Association, but as a past officer, and as one who is deeply 
 interested in this movement, I think he should be elected 
 as honorary member of this Association and therefore I 
 present his name to be put upon the roll as an honorary 
 member of this Association. Seconded — A. C. Miller. 
 Adopted. 
 
 Secretary Hiss — A special train has been provided by the 
 Seaboard Air Line to take the members of this Association 
 and their friends to Lincolnton, N. C, to visit the Daniel 
 Manufacturing Co. This is open to members of the Asso- 
 ciation and their friends. The train will leave the Sea- 
 board Air Line depot at 3 o'clock and return at 6 o'clock. 
 Secretary also read letters from Manufacturers and North 
 State Clubs extending courtesies to members and friends. 
 
 R. B. Miller moves that thanks be returned for all favors 
 extended the Convention. Seconded — R. S. Reinhardf 
 Adopted. 
 
 Pres. McAden — Gentlemen, it affords me very great 
 pleasure to introduce to you one of the very first men of 
 this Association, Mr. D. A. Tompkins, of Charlotte, N. C* 
 
Io8 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION, 
 
 Mr. Tompkins addressed the convention. Subject: "The 
 Unification and Enlargement of American Interests." 
 
 Address of Mr. D. A. Tompkins. 
 
 The American Union, as founded by Hancock, Washing- 
 ton, Jefferson and other patriots, was for all practical pur- 
 poses a homogeneous nation of common interests. Up to 
 the time of the war for independence, slavery and other 
 domestic institutions had been distributed over the whole 
 territory, New England having in the early days of the 
 provinces led in promoting the establishment and mainten- 
 ance of the institution. I have had occasion before to point 
 out that slavery flourished more than lOO years in New 
 England before it was tolerated by law upon the soil of 
 Georgia. On the other hand, in the early days of the 
 Republic, the South was the manufacturing end of the 
 New Nation. I have also had frequent occasion to point 
 out that as late as 1810 the manufactured products of Vir- 
 ginia, the Carolinas and Georgia exceeded in quantity, 
 value and variety those of all the New England States. In 
 those early days the strongest advocates of the principle of 
 protection to American Manufactures were amongst the 
 Southern Statesmen, Mr. George Washington being one of 
 these. Even Mr. John C. Calhoun himself, in the early 
 part of his career, was also a protectionist. 
 
 With the development of the production of cotton, the 
 slave became much more valuable to the Southern cotton 
 planter than to the New England farmer. Cotton planting 
 with slave labor became more profitable and pleasant in the 
 South than manufacturing. As a result, the slaves of the 
 North were sold South, and the manufacturing interests 
 of the South moved North. The principle of protection 
 went with the manufacturers, while that of free trade 
 gained adherents amongst the cotton planters. 
 
 Diverging interests brought on the Civil War. This 
 war destroyed the institution of slavery. The passions 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 109 
 
 thus eng-endered led the victors to undertake the impossible 
 experiment of legislating the Negro to be the equal of the 
 white man. The experiment was forced with an intoler- 
 ance that brooked no argument, with an impatience that 
 forbade delay, with an energy that gave opportunity to 
 unprincipled adventurers. North and South, to become 
 vampires upon the people of the South, white and black. 
 
 It is to the eternal credit of the white people of the South 
 that they stood for a period of 30 years against this wave 
 of semi-anarchy and saved Anglo-Saxon civilization in Vir- 
 ginia and the cotton growing States from the fate which 
 has befallen the once proud Spanish civilization in Cuba, 
 South x\merica and the Philippines. 
 
 In the period of about 30 years succeeding the Civil War, 
 all questions of politics, of developing manufactures, of 
 protection or free trade, of currency, and all other questions, 
 save only the one of " White Rule," were held in total 
 abeyance. Nothing was of the slightest importance but 
 the so-called " race problem." There was no question as 
 to refinement of government, but simply the one question 
 of government at all. The race problem is one that is no 
 longer confined to the South as a problem of " white rule," 
 but has become national, under the name of "Anglo-Saxon 
 Supremacy." 
 
 To-day, for the first time in a hundred years ,the institu- 
 tions and interests of the American people are identical 
 and common. Slavery is abolished by law, and wiped out 
 in fact. Manufactures have again extended over the 
 South. A condition is reached in which the interests of 
 Connecticut and North Carolina are identical. It is hard 
 to realize this, but it is nevertheless true. 
 
 In this new situation it behooves us all to study the 
 problems that confront us, and learn in what direction our 
 common interests lie. This done, we may all co-operate 
 to bring about such results as we may determine to be for 
 the advantage of our Agriculture, Manufactures, and Com- 
 
1 lO TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBIvICATlON. 
 
 merce. The means that appear to me most essential for the 
 advancement of these interests are : 
 
 1. Education, 
 
 2. Transportation. 
 
 3. Markets. 
 
 4. Banking. 
 
 I will discuss these briefly in the order named. 
 
 Education. 
 
 There is a certain degree of education that comes to all 
 people by virtue of being brought up in a civilized com- 
 munity. With such a very limited general education, 
 acquired chiefly by contact, our people aie able to spin and 
 weave cotton into the simplest and plainest fabrics. These 
 fabrics are used for the commonest purposes at home, and 
 to sell abroad for similar use in semi-civilized countries, or 
 to semi-civilized people who cannot even do with reasonable 
 economy the simplest operations of spinning and weaving. 
 
 I have often shown to what extent we may increase the 
 value of raw cotton by means of the simplest forms of its 
 manufacture into cloth. I wish now to undertake to show 
 liow, with fuller knowledge and better skill, we may still 
 further increase the value. 
 
 Estimating the crop of North Carolina at 500,000 bales, 
 this as raw cotton, at 6 cents, would yield $15,000,000; as 
 plain white cloth, at 18 cents, it would yield $45, 000,000; 
 as checks and plaids, at 24 cents, it would yield $60,000,- 
 000. 
 
 The people of the State are, as a matter of fact, now 
 utilizing 300,000 bales, and making a product which Mr. 
 Wm. Entwistle, of Rockingham, says will average 20 cents 
 a pound. This would yield $50,000,000 for three-fifths of 
 the crop. 
 
 But these values are by no means the limit of what may 
 be brought to the raw cotton with increased knowledge and 
 skill. 
 
TWENTIKTH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 1 1 I 
 
 This same cotton turned into a fancy gingham or good 
 quality of outing cloth would bring 36 cents a pound and 
 would yield $90,000,000. If made into a fine dress ging- 
 ham like Toile de Nord, made by my friend Mr. A. H. 
 Lowe, a<- Fitchburg, Mass., it would bring 60 cents a pound, 
 which would yield $[50,000,000. 
 
 Takine now some French mull or some mercerized cot- 
 ton stuffs, we find these bringing in the market $1.20 a 
 pound, which would yield $300,000,000. 
 
 Turned into this shape, it is seen that the cotton crop of 
 North Carolina would bring as much money as the entire 
 crop of the South now brings when sold as cotton. These 
 cloths are not so very fine, and it would require but a little 
 step forward in education for our people to become qualified 
 to make them. 
 
 But this is by no means the limit. Take some French 
 nainsook, we find some of it selling in the stores at $6.00 a 
 pound. If manufactured into this stuff, the value of the 
 North Carolina crop would go the amazing sum of $1,500,- 
 000,000. And yet, even this is by no means the limit. 
 Swiss embroidery, the value of which goes to $24.00 a 
 pound, would make the North Carolina crop yield $6,000,- 
 000,000, a sum that is inconceivable beside the paltry 
 $15,000,000 which is the value of our raw cotton. 
 
 This exhibit and the resulting figures could even be car- 
 ried farther, but what's the use? It has long since become 
 plain to me that any State in New England or the South 
 could well afford to issue a half million dollars in bonds to 
 be expended in textile education, with absolute certainty 
 that inside of ten years every dollar's worth of raw cotton 
 could be made worth twenty dollars. Look at the tonnage 
 of France's export. It is one of the richest countries in the 
 world, and yet her export tonnage is very small. Her 
 principal exports are composed of a very small proportion 
 of raw material and a large proportion of knowledge and 
 skill. The Frenchman has not the endurance or staying 
 
112 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 quality of the Anglo-Saxon, but if he were not quicker 
 and better educated for work, he would starve to death. 
 
 Transportation. 
 
 It would be useless to make goods without the means 
 for their economic distribution. The Scientific American 
 has lately published some comparative statistics showing 
 that by means of railroads, the United States handles annu- 
 ally more than 900,000,000 tons of freight. Great Britain 
 handles about half as much ; Germany about one-quarter, 
 France about one-eighth and Russia about one-tenth. Our 
 domestic market is then the best market in the world. 
 This condition is largely the result of our transportation 
 facilities. We have more railroad mileage than that of all 
 the rest of the world put together. We handle about as 
 much freight as England, Germany, France and Russia 
 all together. 
 
 How did we get this system of railroads? I answer by 
 means of subsidies. The national government itself has 
 extended vital aid in the construction of our transconti- 
 nental lines of railway. Amongst the States, cities, towns, 
 counties, and even townships, those would be rare indeed 
 that have not contributed aid to one or more railroads, 
 either by voting bonds to be exchanged for stock, or by 
 guaranteeing railroad bonds. There has been land grants ; 
 ■ grants to railroads for the use of whole streets. And in 
 every other way possible to imagine, subsidies have been 
 given, and freely given, to railroads. It has been argued 
 in opposition, in many instances, that the stock for the 
 proposed issue of bonds would be worthless. The good 
 citizen has invariably answered : " Well, if we get the rail- 
 road, I'm willing to lose the stock if necessary." I doubt 
 if a State, city or county could be found that would be 
 willing to take back its lost money — its subsidy money — 
 and give up the railroads which this money helped to build. 
 
 If a good line of railway was proposed to-day which could 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. II 3, 
 
 be brought to any county seat in the United States for 
 $25,000, or failing in this subsidy, would pass six miles 
 outside the town, the people would with absolute certainty 
 raise the mone}. 
 
 Both the South and West are particularly enterprising 
 in this matter of domestic transportation facilities. All 
 sections of the United States are urgently in need of foreign 
 markets. Yet lavish as our people have been in expendi- 
 tures for domestic transportation facilities, if the subject of 
 a little aid is mentioned for a steamship line to facilitate 
 the exportation of cloth made in American mills, or cotton 
 made in Texas, or flour from wheat made in Dakota, the 
 North Carolinian, the Texan and the Dakotan immediately 
 takes a fit. Republicans and Democrats alike forget the 
 interests of the people, and consider it necessary to sacrifice 
 all else to what they conceive to be party loyalty. Can it 
 be party loyalty to wage a war of politics in the pursuit of 
 office and regardless of the welfare of all the people ? 
 
 We have now reached the condition where we make more 
 manufactured products than our home markets will take. 
 England and Germany are willing enough to send here 
 their subsidised ships to take away our raw cotton, but not 
 our cotton cloth ; to bring us pig iron, but not to take pig 
 iron away ; to bring steel rails and band iron, but not to 
 take articles of our make to their customers. We must 
 find the ultimate markets for these products ourselves, and 
 we must establish ship lines to reach them. I am in favor 
 of whatever expenditure is necessary to create and main- 
 tain as good transportation facilities on the seas as we have 
 on land. We have the best in the world on land, and the 
 best home markets as a consequence. What we have on 
 the seas is hardly worth mentioning and our foreign trade 
 is proportionately small. 
 
 Of 64,000,000 dollars worth of cotton goods going into 
 China, a few years ago, the United States put there 6,000,- 
 000 dollars worth only. 
 
114 twentie;th century pubi.ication. 
 
 I favor an Ishmian ship canal to be built and owned by 
 our general government. I should by preference rather 
 see it controlled by treaties with other nations in a way to 
 keep it freed from the vicissitudes of war. The Hay-Paun- 
 ceforte treaty seems to me to be all right. 
 
 I favor a cable across the Pacific to be laid by the general 
 government, and to be owned and operated by the govern- 
 ment. 
 
 These are facilities that are essential to our manufactur- 
 ino- growth. We can no more handle export trade without 
 transportation facilities than we can prosper at home with- 
 out them, and everybody knows that a town without a 
 railroad is dead till it gets one. 
 
 Markets. 
 
 For raw cotton at 6 cents a pound, England, France and 
 Germany are as good markets as we could desire. When 
 we needed pig iron and cotton ties, they were delighted to 
 send these here in exchange for our cotton, using their 
 ships for all the transportation. 
 
 But if we prosper, we must turn our cotton into cloth, 
 and get 20 cents a pound, instead of 6 cents ; and we have 
 done it in the past. We must stop buying pig iron, and 
 make all we need, with a surplus for export, and we are 
 already doing this. We must seek, develop and protect 
 markets for cotton, oil, wheat and flour, lumber and its 
 products. What I say about all these, applies equally to 
 New England, the North and to the South. 
 
 Indeed in all that I say at all times, I seek for the estab- 
 lishment of no policy for sectional advantage. I seek rather 
 to find out and exhibit those policies which are for the best 
 interests alike of all the people of this country and of the 
 countries we would deal with. 
 
 If we co-operate in the development of manufactures and 
 the fostering of surrounding conditions, there is no such 
 thing as competition between New England and the South. 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. II 5 
 
 I believe that the purchase of Louisiana by Jefferson was 
 a wise and beneficent action. The foreboding of evil 
 which were made as arguments against the action have 
 not come true. 
 
 This is now the chief wheat growing area in the United 
 States. During the Spanish War, it was from the Louisi- 
 ana purchase states that we got our horses and mules. It 
 is now one of the wonderful agricultural and stock raising 
 areas of the world. I believe that the annexation of Texas 
 was equally wise and beneficent, and the forebodings of 
 •evil in that case have failed also. 
 
 This annexed territory is as wonderful as the other in 
 agriculture and stock raising, — cotton and cattle. In it is 
 raised more than one-third the entire cotton crop of the 
 United States. 
 
 The acquisitions of Florida from Spain, of the South 
 Pacific territory from IMexico, of Alaska from Russia, have 
 all been advantageous to us and to the populations that 
 came under our control, with or without their own consent, 
 and the greater advantage has in each case been to the peo- 
 ple of the acquired territory. We have in each case given 
 them law and order, and guaranteed for them the security 
 of life, liberty and property. We have furnished them 
 systems of education, and in infinite ways hastened them 
 forward in the path of civilization. 
 
 The policy of our country, since its foundation, has been, 
 above that of all other countries, one of expansion. We 
 already have Porto Rico and Hawaii. I believe that Cuba 
 will come to us in the natural course of events by annexa- 
 tion. 
 
 I favor keeping the Philippines. Considering modern 
 facilities, the Philippines are more accessible to us now 
 than California was when we acquired it. They are as 
 -accessible now as Alaska is now, and yet who would pro- 
 pose to give up Alaska ? Their value in trade far sur- 
 
Il6 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 passes that of Alaska, and our opportunity for the extension 
 of civilization is greater there than in Alaska. 
 
 The possession of the Philippines is important to us for 
 another reason. There are said to be 800,000,000 people 
 in the country known as the Orient. Christian civilization 
 is beginning to reach these people. Our churches have 
 for years kept missionaries amongst them. 
 
 The works of these missionaries are now beginning to 
 bring some of the results that their supporters here at home 
 have hoped for. Can we now refuse to go ahead with the 
 civilizing work that has begun ? We will of necessity 
 have increasing duties and interests in China. For the 
 advantage of our people at home in their trade with China, 
 and for the advancement of the work of our Christian mis- 
 sionaries, we should insist upon the preservation of our 
 treaty rights with China, and resist the partition of that 
 Empire. Our duty and our interests lie together in these 
 matters. I believe that Democrats and Republicans alike 
 ought to demand of, and support, our government in a vig- 
 orous prosecution of all measures looking to the protection 
 and extension of our interests in what was once the old far 
 Hast, and what is now our new far West. 
 
 Banking. 
 
 In that depressed period commencing with the panic of 
 1893 and lasting until the outbreak of the Spanish war, it 
 became clear to all men that our banking system was seri- 
 ously defective. 
 
 Bank after bank, having ample capital and ample surplus 
 assets, closed doors and were announced as having failed. 
 All because of inability to utilize good assets as a basis 
 upon which to get currency. Cash deposits in banks could 
 not in many cases be drawn out by check, because of the 
 scarcity of currency. It was made manifest that the seri- 
 ous defect of the banking system was was one of inelasticity^ 
 If some means had not been devised for the temporary^ 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBUCATION. II7 
 
 introduction of an elastic feature by which currency could 
 be raised on good assets, every bank in the country in 
 active commercial business would have been compelled to 
 suspend payments. This temporary device was the issue 
 of clearing house certificates. These were in reality bank 
 notes issued on the joint account of a number of associated 
 banks upon selected assets deposited to secure them. The 
 pressing necessity and the perfect safety of this temporary 
 currency saved any questions as to its legality. Through- 
 out this time we had the gold standard in operation, and 
 the trouble was one that had no reference to standards. 
 Agriculture, Commerce and Manufactures suffered alike 
 from this inelastic feature in our banking system. 
 
 The system had other faults, the most serious of which 
 was the redemption in gold, and reissue of the legal tender 
 notes by the government, to be redeemed and reissued 
 again and again. This latter fault, and some other minor 
 ones, have been corrected in the passage of the new bank- 
 ing law by the present Congress. But the most serious 
 deficiency, inelasticity, has not been removed. Under the 
 present law, the quantity of currency is fixed, and in event 
 of a panic, the currency would disappear again as it did 
 before, and we would then have the same hard squeeze that 
 we had before. 
 
 That feature of elasticity which was effected in a crude 
 way, and in a way of doubtful legality, should be conserva- 
 tively and properly incorporated in our banking system, 
 and in a way to serve the national banks in every section 
 alike. This would mean the total abandonment of United 
 States bonds as a basis of note issue, and the substitution 
 of the sound assets of the banks as the basis. These notes 
 issued on assets should be taxed about i per cent, by the 
 government, in return for which tax the government should 
 guarantee the notes. Each bank should be responsible for 
 the redemption of its notes in gold over its own counters, 
 and in some commercial centre. The government guaran- 
 
Il8 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 tee would make all notes of uniform value, and the i per 
 cent, charge would far more than cover any possible losses. 
 The statistics on the subject show that, with proper inspec- 
 tion, as nzv; ] -acticed by the government, one-fifth of i 
 per cent, tax would far more than cover the losses. At i 
 per cent, the government would have no risk, but would 
 get a large income. 
 
 The banking system of Canada is one allowing the issue 
 of notes on assets. The Canadian banks are required to 
 keep a guarantee fund of $5,000,000 deposited with the 
 government to secure notes. When this is deposited, the 
 banks are taxed to make it good. Canada is notably free 
 from the periodic financial squeezes that we have, and when 
 one of these flurries occurs with us, our American deposits 
 go in large sums to Canadian banks for safety. Scotland 
 has a similar feature in her banking system. Her pros- 
 perity and her independence of London as a money centre 
 is conspicuous and notable. The bank of France has the 
 same feature. 
 
 While the bank of England has no such feature, yet it at 
 times practically uses for re-discount the bank of France, 
 which has that feature. It did this in the panic brought 
 about by the failure of the Barings. 
 
 The greatest danger to our manufacturing interests lie in 
 the inelastic feature or our banking system. While in the 
 good times we have lately enjoyed, this deficiency gives us 
 no trouble, it will do so whenever there is an industrial 
 depression, and it will emphasize the depression. 
 
 Conclusion. 
 
 These conditions as to education, transportation, market 
 and banking are as important in one part of our country 
 as another. They are as important in Texas as in Maine, 
 as important in Wisconsin as in North Carolina. Happily 
 also, it has come to pass that the requirements of each sec- 
 tion are identical. The future of spinning and weaving 
 
TWENTIETH CENTUEY PUBLICATION. II9 
 
 lies rather in creating the conditions necessary to develop 
 and foster export trade, than in controversy between New 
 England and the South over a limited domestic trade. We 
 should get together and work together to bring about the 
 conditions favorable to the prosperity of the whole country, 
 and if we do this, I am confident there will be plenty of 
 business and to spare to insure plenty of work for all Amer- 
 ican factories, and ample occupation for American people 
 at fair wages. 
 
 A. C. Miller offers the following resolutions : 
 " Asiatic Commercial Commission." 
 
 " Resolved, That in view of the growing material inter- 
 ests which the South has in the extension of trade with China 
 and Japan, where the sale of American manufactured and 
 raw cotton has grown in ten years from Two Million Dol- 
 lars to Twenty-two Million Dollars, the Southern Cotton 
 Spinners' Association earnestly recommend the passage at 
 this session of the bill before Congress providing for the 
 appointment of a commission to investigate and report 
 upon the commercial, industrial and economic conditions 
 of China, Japan, and other Eastern Asiatic countries, for 
 the purpose of further development of American trade in 
 those lands." 
 
 Seconded — D. A. Tompkins. Adopted. 
 
 D. A. Tompkins offers the following resolution : 
 
 '' Resolved, That the Southern Cotton Spinners' Associ- 
 ation recommend to Congress the enacting of legislation 
 carrying such compensations as will stimulate the develop- 
 ment of American shipping interests under the American 
 flag to an extent necessary to handle American commerce 
 on the high seas in time of peace, and which will provide 
 at the same time such transports and auxiliary service as 
 may be needed in time of war." 
 
 Seconded — J. P. Wilson. Adopted. 
 
I20 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 D. A. Tompkins offers the following resolution : 
 
 " Whereas, It appears that one of the principal difficul- 
 ties lying in the way of the construction of the Nicaraguan 
 Canal seems to be due no doubt as to whether the Canal 
 should be fortified or not, it becomes desirable for those 
 business interests, for the service of which the Canal is pro- 
 posed, to formulate some expression on this subject for the 
 information of our legislators. Therefore, be it 
 
 "Resolved, First, That this Association hereby expresses 
 itself in favor of the construction of the Canal under the 
 provisions of the Hay-Paunceforte treaties and subject to such 
 other treaties as may be desirable to secure the neutrality 
 of the Canal in time of war and to free it as a commercial 
 facility from all vicissitudes of war, but that our govern- 
 ment shall be sole owner and reserve the right to fortify 
 the Canal in event of any violation of those neutralizing 
 treaties. 
 
 " Second, We approve the action of the House of Repre- 
 sentatives in the passage of the Nicaraguan Canal Bill and 
 recommend speedy action on the part of the Senate." 
 
 Seconded — R. B. Miller. Adopted. 
 
 Address by Mr. Arnold B. Sanford, President and Mana- 
 ger of the American Cotton Yarn Exchange, Boston, Mass. 
 Subject : " Fine Cotton Manufacturing in the South." 
 
 Address of Mr. Arnold B. Sanford. 
 
 In discussing this important and very interesting topic, I 
 shall confine myself to the spinning of Fine Yarns, and the 
 long Staple Cottons used in their productions, the "Allen 
 Seed," "Sea Islands," and "Egyptians." It is my desire to 
 treat this subject without any prejudices whatever ; to deal 
 fairly and justly with the conditions as they exist both in our 
 New England and Southern States, and as they appear after 
 twenty years of experience in close touch with the great 
 Cotton industry. North and South. Now, in order to make 
 the discussion practical and lively, we will commence by 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 121 
 
 propounding the following questions, and seeking a true 
 solution to the same later on : 
 
 First. What Are Fine Cotton Yarns, and What 
 Is Necessary for Their Successful Production ? 
 
 Second. Are the Southern Manufacturers Pre- 
 pared TO Produce Them Successfully and Compete 
 Against New England Mills? 
 
 Third. Can They Make as Much Money on Fine 
 Yarns as They Can on the Coarse and Medium 
 Numbers? 
 
 Before taking up the questions, I wish to make a few 
 remarks on the cotton industry. 
 
 The establishing of any great Textile industry, like cot- 
 ton, wool, linen and silk in any country is a very slow pro- 
 cess, and usually takes generations to plant firmly and suc- 
 cessfully. Why ? Because first we must learn to handle it 
 so as to produce goods of the best qualities, with the largest 
 productions, and at the lowest possible cost. This can only 
 be accomplished by skilled labor, capital and experienced 
 management to bring success. This takes years to bring 
 around. The silk industry of Lyons, France, still leads 
 the world in the production of the finest goods, and it was 
 commenced in the fifteenth century. The woolen industry : 
 We turn at once to Leeds, England, for the finest goods and 
 colors ; she leads the world, and it was commenced there 
 in the sixteenth century. 
 
 The cotton industry : Great Britain, with her 46,000,000 
 spindles, leads the world in the great race, and Oldham, 
 Bolton and Manchester are made famous for their fine cot- 
 ton goods and yarns. The manufacture of cottons com- 
 menced ill Manchester in the fifteenth century, and in the 
 year of 1552 an act was passed for the better manufacture 
 of Manchester cottons, which became famous in the year 
 1650. 
 
 The New England States, though engaged for a century 
 in the business, seems quite young compared with old Eng- 
 
122 
 
 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 land, yet she has made her Lowell, Fall River, New Bed- 
 ford and Lawrence famous for her cotton manufacture. 
 
 In this connection the following figures will be of inter- 
 est, showing the growth of the industry for England and 
 United States : 
 
 The total Spindles of Great Britain, estimated Jan. i, 1900, 46,000,000 
 
 " " United States, " " " 21,000,000 
 
 " " New England States, " " " 13,955,000 
 
 " " Southern States, including year 1900.. . 5,250,000 
 
 FOR NEW ENGLAND STATES. 
 
 1840 Number of Spindles 1,597,400 
 
 " 1,800,000 
 
 3,859,000 
 
 5-498,300 
 
 8,632,100 
 
 " 10,836,200 
 
 1850 
 i860 
 1870 
 1880 
 1890 
 August 1899 
 
 13-955.000 
 
 Representing say $280,000,000.00 of capital, this mag- 
 nificent result speaks volumes for the thrift and energy of 
 our New England manufacturers and operatives, which 
 means so much for the prosperity of the New England 
 
 States. 
 
 FOR SOUTHERN STATES. 
 1840 Number of Spindles 
 1850 
 
 For 
 
 i860 
 1870 
 1880 
 2890 
 1900 
 
 180,900 
 
 230,000 
 
 298,600 
 
 327,900 
 
 1,554,000 
 
 3,670,290 
 
 5,250,000 
 
 estimated 
 
 For the fifteen months ending March 31, 1900, projected 
 2,000,000 spindles, a tremendous growth, and the South will 
 have for the end of the year 1900 $125,000,000 invested in 
 the cotton industry — a most magnificent showing for our 
 Southern manufacturers and operatives. This remarkable 
 result is a splendid tribute to the energy and enterprise of 
 the Southern people, and challenges the admiration of the 
 the business world, and some are saying, Soiithzvard the 
 course [not of Empire] but of the cotton industry takes its 
 zvay. 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 1 23 
 
 Let US now take up our questions. 
 
 First. What are Fine Yarns ^ and zvJiat is necessary 
 for their successful manufacture ? 
 
 Fine Yarns in the trade to-day means numbers 8o's to 
 140's, inclusive, and to make this clear to you, note the 
 production per spindle on No. 8o's Yarn running sixty 
 hours per week, which produces only '^ of a pound per 
 spindle, and for No. lOo's only 1-5 of a pound per 
 spindle per week. There are several necessary factors 
 required to produce high grade fine yarns. It is absolutely 
 necessary to have the very best skilled operatives that can 
 be secured. 
 
 The manager should have long practical experience, and 
 be well acquainted direct with the consumer, so as to be 
 able to meet his wants. He requires expert knowledge of 
 the long staple cottons used such as: 
 
 Allen Seed, i38 to lyi inches long. 
 Sea Island, i ^ to 2 " " 
 
 Egyptians, \%i to i Z^^ " " 
 
 Very careful selections must be made so as to secure 
 proper fineness of fibre and uniform lengths of staples "as 
 so much depends upon this." These cottons are very 
 expensive, and the manufacturer should understand this 
 part of the business well, so as to know just what lengths 
 of staples and grades are required for the various kinds of 
 yarns to be made ; if he does, he can save considerable 
 money over one who does not. 
 
 Great care and economy must be exercised in all the 
 various processes of picking, carding, combing, drawing, 
 rovings, spinning, tv\isting, reelings, sizing, etc., in order 
 to produce high grade yarns, and eternal vigilance must be 
 constantly exercised. The Southern manufacturer will find 
 making No. 8o's to lOo's yarns altogether different business 
 than the making of No. 30's and 40's. 
 
 Secondly. Are the Southern manufacturers prepared 
 
124 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 to produce them successfully and cojupete against Neiv 
 England 7ml Is ? 
 
 My answer to this very important question would be, 
 *'To-day they are not," and this conclusion has been most 
 carefully arrived at by a close study of the conditions sur- 
 rounding the industry in the South, and from personal 
 observations. Some of my reasons are as follows : 
 
 The successful production of fine yarns on a large com- 
 mercial scale and with profit, requires experience and most 
 favorable conditions for labor and economical management. 
 
 The South, up to the year 1880, made yarns. No. 30's 
 and below, and did not take up No. 40's until about the 
 year 1885, and to-day has only about 100,000 spindles on 
 No. 40's to No. 50's yarns, and only one mill of 5,000 
 spindles on No. 8o's to loo's, recently started. 
 
 New England waited about fifty years, until the year 
 1880, before her manufacturers thought their conditions 
 would warrant undertaking the fine goods and fine spinning. 
 
 Now, from what I have observed in my travels South, 
 there is not one location in a hundred that I have seen that 
 has the right conditions to prosecute the spinning success- 
 fully of No. 8o's to No. 140's, and, in my opinion, the con- 
 servative manufacturers themselves do not think the condi- 
 tions warrant it. 
 
 Of course I must admit our Southern manufacturers have 
 proved remarkably apt scholars, and in course of time will 
 aspire for the fine goods and yarns — and build some mills — 
 but they will feel their way cautiously and will wait sev- 
 eral years longer before attempting it on a large scale. 
 
 But we do not see how they can in the nature of things 
 compete successfully with the old established mills of New 
 England. Of course I am willing to admit that their advan- 
 tages of longer hours and cheaper labor count much in 
 their favor, but until that labor is educated up to the 
 highest standard of skilled labor they cannot very well 
 compete against New England. 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 1 25 
 
 I have been quite freely quoted as being the pioneer in 
 building mills for spinning fine yarns in the South. 
 Now, that depends altogether on what are called fine num- 
 bers by Southern manufacturers ; but I am willing, how- 
 ever, to admit that I have built the first mills for spinning 
 HIGH GRADE COMBED YARNS for medium numbers, 20's to 
 70's, and feel confident they will prove a profitable invest- 
 ment, and prefer to take my chances on them for the next 
 ten years and leave the field on the finer Nos. 80'sto 140's, 
 for the other fellows. 
 
 Thirdly. Can they make as much money on fine yarns 
 as on coarse and medium numbers ? 
 
 My answer to this question is : From most careful obser- 
 vations, they cannot make as much money spinning fine 
 yarns as they can coarse and medium yarns. Why ? Because 
 their disadvantages will overbalance their advantages. On 
 the latter they can only claim longer hours and cheaper labor, 
 while their disadvantages will be lack of skilled operatives, 
 lack of economy in general management necessary for fine 
 manufacturing, and also lack of intimate expei'tence direct 
 with the consumers. 
 
 The Southern States are naturally adapted to the coarse 
 and medium yarns and goods, say from No. 8's to No. 6o's. 
 These do not require the skill, experience and economy to 
 produce them as do goods and yarns of from No. 8o's to 
 No. 140's. 
 
 They also gain on this class of goods on cotton over their 
 Northern competitors, as they can use staple growing close 
 to their mill doors, and thus save freights. While, on the 
 other hand, it will cost them as much for long staple cotton 
 as our Northern Mills, and for Egyptains fully one half cent 
 per pound more. My advice is for the Southern manufac- 
 turers to stick close to the coarse and medium counts, which 
 they can make with more profit than they can fine. 
 The South has a splendid future before her in this field 
 
126 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 and for the next ten to fifteen years should increase on 
 goods and yarns from No. 40's to 6o's. 
 
 But there is a very serious problem facing the Southern 
 and New England manufacturers, especially the Southern. 
 What are they going to do with the 2,000,000 spindles 
 which are to be added for the year 1900. This product 
 must find a market somewhere. "Where?" It is stated 
 by experts in the cotton industry, zve can noiv produce i)i 
 nine months all zve can consume in tzvelve zvith our '-'Home 
 Market,^' and some predict inside of one year we shall be 
 over-producing again. 
 
 Now, gentlemen of the Southern Cotton Spinners' Asso- 
 ciation, your Association and the New England Cotton 
 Manufacturers should strike hands at once, and immediately 
 arrange to seek export trade. Sell part of your products 
 to the foreign trade ; seek an outlet for at least 25 percent, 
 of your goods, for the home market cannot take care of these 
 2,000,000 additional spindles, and now is the time for bold 
 and aggressive action. The American Cotton Manufac- 
 turers should not ignore any longer the foreign trade, but 
 lay plans for securing markets for their surplus products. 
 Don't delay it any longer than possible, and in order to 
 keep the great cotton industry of the United States in a 
 healthy and prosperous condition our manufacturers should 
 not depend entirely upon the home markets, for if, as has 
 been stated, the cotton mills of this country can produce in 
 nine months all the consumers here can use in tzuelve 
 months^ and the South is now for this year, 1900, to increase 
 her output fully T^y/^ per cent, it certainly looks as though 
 in the near future, we shall be over-producing again. Yon 
 all knozu zvhat that means^ zvhen you have to urge the buyer 
 Jbr orders. 
 
 This can be avoided only in one way ; sell your surplus 
 products to the Foreign trade^ and thereby prevent a glut 
 of your home markets. 
 
 The New England and Southern manufacturers have ar- 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 1 27 
 
 rived at the stage where they should be willing to freely con- 
 sult each other's interest upon broad lines for their mutual 
 protection. They can provide the ways and means, and so 
 regulate the production of their mills that both sections 
 can do a profitable business. 
 
 I hope before this Association adjourns you will pass reso- 
 lutions for the necessary steps to be taken for the American 
 Cotton Manufacturers to create a Foreign Market for a part 
 of the product of their Spindles and Looms. 
 
 OBJECT LESSONS FOR AMERICAN MANUFACTURERS. 
 World's Export Trade Cotton Goods and Yarns for 1899, 1500,658,000 00 
 
 Great Britain's (lion's share) 66 per cent 328,325,000.00 
 
 United States (our share only) 5 per cent 23,566,000.00 
 
 Great Britain exported of Yarns and Threads value for 
 the year 1899, $57,187,000. 
 
 Address by Mr. Leonard Paulson, of Buckingham & 
 Paulson, Yarn Commission Merchants, New York City. 
 
 Address of Mr. Leonard Paulson. 
 
 Mr. President and Geiitlenieti of the Southern Cotton Spin- 
 ners'' Association. 
 
 In addressing you, I cannot refrain from congratulating 
 you upon the changed conditions under which this Con- 
 vention is held, compared with those prevailing a year ago. 
 Then cotton was high, prices of yarn were low, trade dull 
 and the outlook by no means inspiring. To-day, if cotton 
 is still high, yarns are still bringing profitable prices; bus- 
 iness has been and will be good again, and in spite of some 
 doubting "Thomases" the outlook is decidedly encouraging. 
 Towards this improvement, your Association has un- 
 questionably contributed largely. It has consolidated the 
 spinning interests of the South, has removed causes of 
 friction which have existed in the marketing processes, 
 making pleasanter and therefore more advantageous from a 
 
128 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 business point of view, the relationship of the Spinner, the 
 Selling Agent and the Consumer. And in addressing you 
 upon "The Sale of Cotton Yarns" I cannot do better than 
 consider these three interests in the order I have named them. 
 
 First. The duty of the manufacturer is simple; it is 
 to deliver merchantable yarns, fully up to the requirements 
 of the order given to him; also to see that he makes his 
 deliveries according to his contract. If he fulfills these 
 conditions, his obligation ceases. 
 
 Second. When the Agent gives the Spinner an order 
 at a certain price, specifying the quantity and quality he 
 has sold and the deliveries that must be made, he has done 
 his part, for which he is to receive a commission of say five 
 per cent. This commission guarantees the manufacturer 
 one hundred cents on the dollar and covers all charges 
 (except discount for cash, interest on advance and other 
 fixed charges) after the yarns reach their destination. Should 
 the customer conclude that he does NOT want any part of 
 the yarn and decide to cancel all or part of his contract, the 
 Spinner has nothing to do with it; that is a matter entirely 
 with the Selling Agent; and if he allows his customer to 
 cancel an order, it is at his own cost; and he has no right 
 to ask the manufacturer to bear any part of the burden. It 
 has already been decided, that when a commission merchant 
 places an order with the manufacturer, the commission mer- 
 chant receiving a commission for guaranteeing one hundred 
 cents on the dollar, that the manufacturer's obligation ceases 
 after he has made his delivery according to contract. He 
 does not know the customer, and probably doesn't want to. 
 
 I understand, that some claim, when a customer cancels 
 an order, the spinner is responsible, claiming that the com- 
 mission merchant is acting as agent only. In these enlight- 
 ened days that doesn't go, provided the spinner has kept 
 his part of the contract; also providing the agent is receiving 
 a commission for guaranteeing the account. Of course, if 
 the agent is working on a brokerage of one per cent, or two 
 
'rWElNTlETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 1 29 
 
 per cent, and does NOT guarantee, then the spinner has to 
 stand the cancellation; also take the risk of the buyer pay- 
 ing his account in full. But as business is done now, and\ 
 as I understand it and as we do our business, five per cent, 
 commission guarantees everything after the yarn reaches • 
 us. We guarantee one hundred cents on the dollar also that- 
 our customers will stand by their contracts; and to do this^. 
 all we ask of the manufacturer is, that he keeps his part of 
 the contract to the letter. All selling agents should do the 
 same. If they do not do it, it is your place to compel them 
 to do so. It takes two to make a contract; it takes two to 
 cancel it. 
 
 It doesn't require a map to explain what a guarantee 
 means. As an illustration: Suppose an agent should sell 
 for you one hundred thousand pounds of yarn at twenty 
 cents per pound; after he had delivered fifty thousand pounds 
 his customer should fail, leaving fifty thousand pounds of 
 yarn on hand or due him. In the meantime, undoubtedly, 
 you had secured cotton to produce this one hundred thou- 
 sand pounds of yarn, and the price of yarns had declined 
 say five cents per pound. Suppose the customer makes a 
 compromise with his creditors, we will say for fifty cents 
 on the dollar. The selling agent certainly would not look 
 to you to stand this loss, as he has guaranteed it. Now, 
 would it be fair for him to ask you to take the risk of the 
 market on the other fifty thousand pounds ? If he guaranteed 
 part of the contract, he certainly guaranteed it all; and if 
 he asks you to accept fifteen cents per pound for the fifty 
 thousand pounds of yarn that he sold for you at twenty 
 cents, he has just as much right to ask you to accept fifty 
 cents on the dollar for the fifty thousand pounds which he 
 has delivered to his customer. There is only one kind of a 
 guarantee, and that is to guarantee one hundred cents on 
 the dollar on the entire contract. He guarantees all or 
 nothing. "What is sauce for the goose, is sauce for the 
 gander." 
 
130 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBIvICATION. 
 
 Please do not understand me to say, that there cannot 
 be any cancellations, for there are times when you must 
 accept them from your agents. If you do not make your 
 deliveries on time as agreed, and also keep the quality of 
 your yarn fully up to the requirements, the customer has a 
 perfect right to cancel his contract; and you must accept the 
 cancellation from your Selling x^gent. 
 
 At this point, I want to explain something that some 
 Manufacturers do not appear to understand. That is, the 
 three and five per cent. Quite a number have said to me, 
 "You Agents get three and five per cent, or eight per cent, 
 for selling yarns." 
 
 This is NOT the case. The discount of three per cent, for 
 cash in ten days £^oes to the buyer] and is in fact a part of 
 the price, leaving the agent only five per cent, for expense 
 and guaranteeing, which is little enough. I have been in 
 the Yarn business since 1863, and I have never known of a 
 single instance of any Agent making enough money to 
 retire; but I could name quite a number who have failed. 
 
 Time was when the third interests, the Consumers, 
 were regarded by the Spinner as ever on the alert to take 
 undue advantages. That impression, thanks to your associa- 
 tion, is rapidly dying away. You find, that as a class, they 
 are honorable business men and stand by their contracts, as 
 all must do. If they get the worst of it, they take their 
 medicine like men; and if th^y get the best of it^ they ex- 
 pect you to take your medicine and look pleasant. They 
 will do everying they agree to do, and they expect the same 
 treatment from you. Of course they had a hard time when 
 you first advanced; but it might have been worse. They 
 have been getting a fair advance on their production; and 
 if they did not get it, it was their own fault. All of us had 
 contracts at low prices which we were compelled to fill. 
 They also had contracts at low prices which they were wil- 
 ling to fill; and they were also perfectly willing to pay an 
 advance for yarns for their requirements, for the reason. 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. I3I 
 
 they could get an advance for the product of their Looms. 
 There are of course exceptions in every class, and there are 
 buyers who will try to lay down on a contract if it goes 
 against them; but do not let your Selling Agents tell you 
 that theii customers will not take their contracts, and ask 
 you to stand the loss. As I have said already, you have 
 nothing to do with their customers; the responsibility is 
 with your Agents. We are willing to stand by this state- 
 ment and carry it out. I think we have shown in the past 
 that we have done this, and I am willing to stand by every 
 word I have said to-day. 
 
 As to the prices of cotton yarns, I am not prepared to 
 say what the future will be; but I can tell you this, nearly 
 all the Spinners of the South as well as the Spinners of the 
 East, have their product sold several months ahead, some 
 of you being sold until September. Most of the Weavers 
 who consume this yarn are also well sold up; in fact it has 
 been impossible in a great many cases for them to deliver 
 five or ten packages of their fabrics at any price, for prompt 
 delivery. If they (old you they could not afford to pay the 
 prevailing prices for yarns, because they could not obtain 
 a corresponding advance on the product of their Looms, as 
 they were in about the same position as you, unable to fill 
 any orders for prompt delivery, if they sold their production 
 at a loss it was their own fault. A great many Weavers 
 have told me they did tiot want lower prices, as a decline 
 in yarns means a decline in their products. The business 
 of the country was never so good as it has been for the past 
 year. Any line you may take, you will find have been and 
 are now behind on their orders. I do not see the reason for 
 the break, unless it is caused by Spinners pressing for or- 
 ders for future delivery and weak-kneed Selling Agents 
 forcing sales. But the break is here and we must meet it. 
 
 There was an article published in the Neiv York Journal 
 0/ Coffn/ierce on March 17th, headed "The Future Course 
 ^of Prices." It was taken from a circular issued from Boston, 
 
132 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 in which they say "That the Spinner is entitled to a reason- 
 able margin profit on his production. Anything beyond 
 that, is unhealthy and demoralizing both to the Spinners 
 and the Consumers' interests. They said that the prices 
 then ruling were simply prohibitive; and the Consumer 
 could not pay such values and convert the yam into goods 
 and get out whole; and they feared it would curtail the 
 consumption of yarns and the Spinners would want orders."^ 
 I big to disagree with the writer of that article; and claim 
 that the values of yarns at that time were not prohibitive; 
 and I also claim, as I have stated before, that the Consumer 
 could get a sufficient price for his production to warrant 
 him in paying the prevailing prices of yarns, for the reason 
 that he was sold ahead, and on future orders he was not com- 
 pelled to accept, unless he could get a profit on the cost of 
 production. Articles of this kind, do not help sustain the 
 market. If it were true that the advance in the prices of 
 Cotton yarns was unhealthy and demoralizing, then what 
 about Steel Rails which advanced from Fifteen dollars to 
 Thirty-three Dollars per ton, an advance of one Hundred 
 and Twenty per cent? What about Nails, which have ad- 
 vanced from One Dollar and eighty cents to Four dollars 
 and twenty cents per hundred pounds, an advance of One 
 hundred and thirty-three per cent? And what about Cop- 
 per, which advanced from Twelve to Eighteen and a half 
 cents per pound, an advance of Fifty-four per cent? What 
 about Four-yard sheetings^ which advanced from Three and 
 a quarter to Five and three-eights cents per yard, an advance 
 of Sixty-five per cent; and what about Print Cloths, which 
 advanced from One and three-quarter cents to three and a 
 half cents per yard, an advance of One hundred per cent ? 
 The cost of producing all these, has NOT advanced more 
 than the advance in the cost of producing Cotton Yarns. 
 In fact, nearly all manufactured goods advanced from 
 twenty-five to one hundred and thirty-three per cent It 
 appears, for all these products the advance is sound and 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBI.ICATION. 133 
 
 healthy; then pray why is the advance on Gotten yarns 
 ii7iJiealthy and demoralizing / I must confess, I do not know- 
 
 The cost of producing yarns has increased very much in 
 the last year; the loss in waste is much greater; the cost of 
 all supplies has advanced; labor is also higher, and no one 
 can produce yarns at the same cost as they did in May last. 
 The question of the price of cotton or cost of producing does 
 not enter into the price of yarns; supply and demand cover 
 it all. If a consumer can buy yarn at ten per cent, less 
 than cost of production he will not pay any more. While 
 I do not favor killing the "goose that lays the golden Qgg^''"' 
 which is the man who buys the product of your spindles, I 
 think it only fair to get the best price we can for your pro- 
 duction. It does not make any difference to the consumer 
 what price he pays for his yarn, whether it is fifteen cents 
 or twenty-five cents per pound, providing his competitor 
 cannot buy the same yarn for less. If they all have to pay 
 a uniform price for yarn they will get a fair price for their 
 product, consequently, all will make a profit and all be 
 happy. 
 
 Having noticed the three interests in the home trade, I 
 desire to draw your attention to another important question 
 coming rapidly to the front in the "Sale of Cotton Yarns" 
 and that is, the necessity of looking for foreign markets for 
 the near future. The intense activity in Southern Mill 
 building and the increasing stream of projected enterprises) 
 must make this imperative. What the home market has done 
 in the past is no criterion of what it may be able to do in the 
 future with such steady and large expanse of production. 
 
 The South is well qualified to compete for foreign yarn 
 business. Formerly, a great many of the yarns you are 
 now producing, were made by New England Mills only. 
 The Southern Mills on these numbers are now turning out 
 yarns equal not only to those of New England but of old 
 England also, while in coarse yarns the South can beat the 
 world. 
 
I 34 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 There is a large foreign demand for cotton yarns. Last 
 year England exported $40,000,000 worth, while our total 
 exports of all cotton goods manufactured last j^ear were but 
 $19,000,000. We boast of the progress we are making 
 with that branch of our export trade, and yet our total is 
 not fifty per cent, of England's export of yarns alone. 
 There is no reason why that should be so, provided you 
 spinners will be as willing to comply with the demands of 
 foreign markets in reeling, packing, etc., of yarns, as the 
 Cloth Manufacturers are in lengths of Cuts and packing and 
 other requirements of their customers. Believe me, this is 
 a matter which you cannot afford to neglect; and I cannot 
 better close this somewhat crude address, than by advising 
 you to apply yourselves earnestly to the cultivation of for- 
 eign markets. They are an elastic outlet for surplus pro- 
 duction, a safety valve for the home market to support the 
 values in it. 
 
 Prof. Geo. T. Winston, of the Agricultural & Mechanical 
 College, Raleigh, N. C. makes short address on the "Tex- 
 tile Schools and the great need of same." 
 
 R. B. Miller offers following resolutions: 
 Resolved: That this Association views with great satis- 
 faction the establishment of Textile Schools by the City of 
 Philadelphia, States of Massachusetts, South Carolina, Geor- 
 gia and Mississippi, and earnestly recommend similar action 
 to other States,where the Textile industry exists, or may be 
 introduced. The Association considersTextile Schools to be 
 essential to the development of the Textile industry and 
 
 therefore a necessity and profitable investment for all states 
 
 engaged in that industry. 
 
 Seconded — D. A. Tompkins. Adopted. 
 
 Mr. Geo. E. Wilson offers the following resolutions : 
 
 Resolved : That a committee of five members be ap- 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION, 1 35 
 
 pointed by this meeting to attend the next meeting of the 
 New England ■Manufacturers' Association meeting, for the 
 purpose of conference, and to arrange, if possible a joint 
 meeting of the two Associations. 
 
 Seconded — D. A. Tompkins. Adopted. 
 
 Adjourned. 
 
 YOUNG men's CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION BUILDING, 8 P. M. 
 
 ]\Ir. D. A. Tompkins introduces Hon. John Barrett, Ex- 
 United States Minister to Siam who addressed the mem- 
 bers of the Association on the Subject of "Commercial x'Vd- 
 vantages of the Far East." 
 
 Address of Hon. John Barrett. 
 
 China is the South's necessity. The future well being 
 and industrial development of the South depend more on 
 the market of China, than upon those of any undeveloped 
 part of the world. If the demand for the manufactured 
 cotton goods of the South, which is rapidly increasing in 
 China, should be suddenly and permanently closed or lost 
 to the South, the result would be a great industrial depres- 
 sion which would throw this section back where it was 
 before the wonderful progress of the present. 
 
 Too strong terms cannot be employed to emphasizing 
 this point. I may be called an enthusiast by some, but 
 not by those who have studied alike the possibilities of our 
 own Southland and the mighty Empire of China. The 
 potentialities of China are the economic complement of 
 those of the South. Therefore there should be a unanimous 
 sentiment from one end of Dixie to the other in favor not 
 only of the legitimate expansion of trade and commerce 
 in the far East, but of fully preserving and protecting the 
 advantages and interests which we already possess. 
 
 Six years continued study of the industrial and economic 
 conditions of China and other Oriential lands has convinced 
 
136 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 me that the Southern States of America have more vital 
 concern in the development of Asiatic commerce than any 
 other section of the United States, except possibly the 
 Pacific Coast commonwealths of California, Oregon and 
 and Washington, Were I to say this in a casual way or 
 from a passing visit to China, I would not invite your 
 belief and confidence in such a broad statement. My con- 
 clusions are the gradual outcome of thorough investigation. 
 
 You are so familiar with the actual situation of cotton 
 growing and manufacturing in the South that I shall spend 
 no time in discussing that feature of the problem, but shall 
 consider just what is the South's opportunity for the sale 
 of its great staple product in both manufactured and raw 
 form throughout China and adjacent lands. 
 
 What do we see before us? We note in China only one 
 part of a wonderful coast line which reaches from Tas- 
 mania, South of Australia and near the Antarctic circle, 
 right away to Eastern Siberia and the Arctic circle, broken 
 only by narrow straits, but indented everywhere with 
 magnificent harbors upon which are located great and 
 populous trade centres. It reaches for 8,000 miles, opposite 
 our own Pacific shores. It has tributary to its waters a 
 population of over six hundred million (600,000,000). 
 
 It already possesses a foreign trade of nearly two billion 
 ($2,000,000,000), of which America's share at present 
 amounts to only $200,000,000, or barely one-tenth. When 
 we have exploited this immeasurable field of demand and 
 supply as we have other foreign markets and our own 
 home markets, our share should be at least half or $1,000,- 
 000,000 (one billion), including both imports and exports. 
 
 This is a general view of the situation in the far Kast. 
 Now let us glaitce more specifically at China. The immen- 
 sity of the opening almost appals us. There is an Empire 
 of 4,000,000 square miles, or greater than all the United 
 States with even its new dependencies ; a population of 
 four hundred million, or five times that of the United 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBUCATION. 1 37 
 
 States, and only 400 miles of railway, or, not more than 
 enough to lay a single track from Charlotte to Washington. 
 Imagine what must follow railway construction all over 
 China and the opening up of the interior. It will directly 
 affect the demand for manufactured cotton goods as it will 
 that for all classes of foreign manufactured articles, a 
 demand which always follows extended railway construc- 
 tion and consequent building up of new conditions of life 
 in any new country. China may be ancient in religion, 
 philosophy and racial characteristics, but materially she is 
 in her infancy. She has vast virgin resources yet 
 untouched together with all the conditions of population 
 which insure a material and a moral progress in the not 
 too distant future, which will astonish the world. 
 
 China's demand for the manufactured cottons of the 
 South is the most interesting feature of her new commercial 
 life. It is true that this trade is an old one and that long- 
 years ago x'lmerica was exporting manufactured cotton to 
 the Orient, but the rapid strides which have been made in 
 the last few years have opened the eyes of the world to 
 what may yet come. Only six years ago, when I first 
 visited Fowchang, the gateway to Manchuria, American 
 cotton goods made only 15 per cent, of the total imports at 
 this point ; on the occasion of my last visit, about a year 
 ago, x\nierican cotton goods, principally from your Southern 
 mills, were 55 per cent, of the total imports. 
 
 In 1889 the total value of cotton manufactures exported 
 from the United States to the far East were $1,600,000; in 
 1899 they exceeded $10,000,000. The quantity and value 
 of raw cotton exported from the United States to the far 
 East in 1889 amounted to respectively 23,500 pounds and 
 $2,341 ; in 1898 the marvelous increase was measured 
 respectively by 118,000,000 pounds and $7,870,896. The 
 annual average of the quantity and value of raw cotton 
 exported from the United States to the far East from 1889 
 to 1893 amounted respectively to 1,150,000 pounds and 
 
138 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 $105,000 ; the annual average from 1894 to 1898 was 
 respectively 37,000,000 pounds and $2,500,000. 
 
 In all probability, judging from the opinion of the best 
 experts, the United States will sell to the far East during 
 the present year of 1900 manufactured cotton goods valued 
 at over $12,000,000, and, exceeding in bulk 220,000,000 
 pounds. 
 
 The value of raw cotton sold principally to Japan, in 
 contrast to the manufactured goods sold to China, may 
 reach from present prospects for this year $10,000,000. This 
 makes a possible total of $22,000,000 of Southern products 
 sold to the far East, where ten years ago the total did not 
 exceed $2,000,000. If this increase continues during the 
 the next ten years, even at a lesser rate than during the past 
 ten years, the South should sell manufactured and raw cot- 
 ton in the Orient, valued at not less than $50,000,000. 
 These estimates, by a careful study of percentages, will 
 prove that my figures are conservative. 
 
 We do not have to go back far in the records of the 
 Slate Department to find consular reports which said that 
 the Chinese people would never consume large quantities 
 of American manufactured cotton. One consul of acknowl- 
 edged ability predicted that in 1900 the demand would 
 practically cease and that the mills of China and Japan 
 would supply all the Chinese wanted. Now we witness a 
 demand for the product of your Southern mills increasing 
 more rapidly than that for the output of the Japanese mills 
 and even underselling them in the open markets of their 
 own country and China. 
 
 In answer to the inquiry : what of the future? Let me 
 call your attention to the fact that out of China's 400,000,- 
 000 of people you are not now reaching more than 40,000,- 
 000, and then in competition with other countries. Sup- 
 posing that the time comes that America shall sell even 
 the small average of twenty-five cents worth per head of 
 cotton goods to China's entire population, we have an 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 1 39 
 
 annual consninption of $100,000,000. It is often stated 
 that we cannot compete with Europe successfully in all 
 China, for instance, in the Yangste river valley and in the 
 Sekiang river valley, which combined support 
 a population of 200,000,000 and which are at the present 
 practically unexploited by us. This prediction was made 
 in regard to the Northern part of China which contains her 
 other 200,000,000 people, but in the same way that we are 
 becoming masters of the Northern section, we shall eventu- 
 ally control the Southern portion. It is simply a ques- 
 tion of providing what the Chinese want, and of being able 
 to sell it at prices that will compete with the mills of Eng- 
 land and Europe. To-day our field of influence is from 
 Shanghai, the New York of China, north into Manchuria. 
 South of Shanghai, England, the continent of Europe and 
 India are masters of the market. 
 
 The doubt is often expressed that the Chinese have not 
 the money or the sufficient buying capacity to keep up in- 
 creasing imports from foreign lands. I would combat this 
 statement most emphatically. The records of the past sup- 
 port my conclusions. Everything depends upon the open- 
 ing up of the interior, and in reform and improvement of 
 government. Given these two new conditions, and you 
 will find that the Chinese will buy all you have to sell and 
 sell all you want to buy. In other words, if China's mil- 
 lions can develop their resources and get their products to 
 market they will spend their increased earnings in increased 
 purchases. 
 
 In proDf of this assertion, note the wonderful history of 
 the Yangste river valley, one of the most fertile and popu- 
 lous sections of the world. Fifty years ago when the first 
 treaty ports were opened to foreign trade along this river^ 
 the total of $500,000 for one year represented all that the 
 Chinese wanted to buy and sell, while one little side wheel 
 steamer carried up and down from Shanghai, on the coast^ 
 to Hankow, 700 miles in the interior, all the freight and 
 
140 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 passengers to be handled. In 1899 the annual trade of the 
 Yangste valley exceeded $100,000,000, while a larger fleet 
 of ocean and river steamers plied up and down the Yangtse 
 than on the Mississippi, Columbia and Hudson rivers com- 
 bined. Moreover, you can travel from Shanghai to Hankow 
 in steamers as large and magnificent as those which run 
 from New York to Albany on the Hudson, If any of you 
 doubt my statements, I beg of you to seize the first oppor- 
 tunity for a visit to the far East. 
 
 The question of possible Asiatic competition is one that 
 disturbs some who are pessimistic of the future. From 
 careful investigation of Asiatic possibilities of labor, social 
 conditions and considerations of demand and supply, I am 
 convinced beyond issue that the danger of serious compe- 
 tition is too remote to embarrass our present and future 
 plans. It is a fallacy to suppose that there is an over- 
 abundance of cheap labor in Asia. While it is cheap com- 
 pared with ours, it is not cheap compared to conditions of 
 life and extent of population. There is in fact little sur- 
 plus labor in Asia to-day, and that will even be less marked 
 as the material development of Asia pushes ahead. It may 
 surprise you, but it is true, that labor has increased in price 
 in the Chinese ports over 50 per cent, during the last ten 
 years, while in Japan it has increased nearly 100 per cent., 
 and in both sections labor is better organized even than it 
 is in America, in great guilds and societies, and is making 
 imperative demands on capital and employers. Wherever 
 a few hundred men in an Asiatic cotton mill, or other man- 
 ufacturing plant, become skilled, they immediately demand 
 a proportionate increase of wages. Their employers are 
 forced to concede the advance, or delay many months to 
 educate others to equal skill. 
 
 In these days, moreover, mere numbers do not make 
 competition in labor. Considerations of machinery, econ- 
 omy in production and manufacture, material and moral 
 surroundings, and skill based upon advanced education 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 141 
 
 and mentality, are the main influences that decide the great 
 problem of competition. Whenever China and Japan shall 
 have made such marvelous strides that they can success- 
 fully compete with our present conditions, we will in turn 
 have advanced so far that we will always be able to lead 
 them or at least hold our own in the manufacture and 
 export of the great staple products of our own land. I 
 speak of competition for the sale of our product in foreign 
 lands ; the competition for the sale of products in our 
 home markets will be limited to our own producers 
 by a protective tariff in the future as in the past, if 
 necessary. 
 
 It has been advanced in Congress and the public press 
 that the South must look with hesitation upon the acqui- 
 sition of the Philippines because of possible competition in 
 producing and manufacturing cotton. This again is a fal- 
 lacy that can be dispelled by the facts. It is true that 
 there are certain portions of the Philippines in which 
 excellent cotton can be grown, but such area is so limited 
 that its total output will always be insignificant compared 
 to that of the South, and not larger than that of the one 
 State in the South producing the smallest amount. If all 
 the Philippines were planted with cotton their product 
 would not affect the general market, but that time will 
 never come. The Philippines can raise the great staple 
 products of hemp, tobacco, sugar, copra, rice, and many 
 lesser products to far greater profit than they can ever raise 
 cotton. There is, moreover, no more danger in competi- 
 tion for mills that may be established there than from 
 those established already in Japan and China. The Phil- 
 ippines will go on to a magnificent commercial, industrial, 
 and agricultural future ; they will not be occupied in com- 
 petition with us in our home markets, but in helping to 
 supply the vast growing demands of Asia's uncounted mil- 
 lions. Moreover it is well to note that the Filipinos, the 
 more they are educated and brought in contact with the 
 
142 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 foreign world, are a race of people who buy more and more 
 of foreign products. 
 
 One wanders even into wonderland of possibilities, but 
 draws conclusions from legitimate premises when he esti- 
 mates the measure of Asiatic trade in the future from what 
 has been done in the past. To honestly determine what 
 China, for instance, may yet accomplish let us see what 
 Japan has done. The kingdom of the Mikado has devel- 
 oped its foreign commerce from less than $30,000,000, or 
 not quite $1 per head, to nearly $300,000,000, or over $6 
 per head, in thirty years. On the other hand we note that 
 China's foreign trade today is not quite $300,000,000, or 
 less than $1 per head. As an estimate of what China can 
 do in the future, when her interior shall be opened and she 
 has experienced the governmental and educational progress 
 of Japan, let us multiply China's total population of 400,- 
 000,000 by 6, the rate of Japan, and we have a magnificent 
 total, including imports and exports, of $2,400,000,000. 
 Divide this in half to get the imports and we have the 
 large sum of $1,200,000,000. Now if we will look over 
 the list of China's imports we will see that two-thirds, or 
 at least half, of them might be supplied by the United 
 States, giving us an export trade with China alone of 
 $600,000,000. 
 
 This may not come in this generation, but it must as 
 surely result within the next fifty years as it has been true 
 of Japan proportionately during the last thirty years. The 
 student of the resources and the peoples of China and 
 Japan readily acknowledges that under favorable conditions 
 China should even more than duplicate the achievements 
 of Japan. 
 
 If we send to the Orient without delay the proposed 
 Asiatic Commercial Commission we shall learn that long 
 array of fundamental data which are necessary to our man- 
 ufacturers, agriculturists, and general producers, to master 
 this mighty field and hold our own with the rest of the 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 1 43 
 
 world in the competilion which is now developing for its 
 permanent control. Let us moreover foster in every way 
 our merchant marine, that it may carry to Asia and other 
 lands our products under the American flag. If we have 
 been granting local subsidies all these years for railways 
 in states, counties, and towns, in order that we might get 
 the advantage of better transportation facilities, certainly 
 we should support a policy which will allow our govern- 
 to subsidize vessels on the high seas which will put us in 
 touch with the rest of the world as these railways, aided 
 by gifts of counties and towns, have united the whole 
 country. 
 
 Time limit alone forbids my showing what markets 
 there may be in Asia for other Southern products, such as 
 manufactured iron and steel, and the various manufactured 
 and raw products which this section will soon be able to 
 furnish to foreign lands in competition with the rest of the 
 world. The demand will surely not be confined to manu- 
 factured and raw cotton alone. When the Isthmian canal 
 is opened, and great steamers are running direct from your 
 Southern ports to those of Asia, you will marvel at the 
 variety which their cargos will contain. Furthermore I 
 regret that I have not time to discuss the specific oppor- 
 tunity, in a country like Siam, one of the richest and most 
 progressive lands of Asia ; of Korea, which awaits Ameri- 
 can development; of Eastern Siberia, with which already 
 we have a large and growing trade ; of Japan, whose foreign 
 trade has developed from $30,000,000 to $300,000,000 in 
 the last 30 years, even showing an advance which rivals 
 the record of our own country ; of the Philippines, the 
 richest portion of all Asia, whose foreign trade of $33,000,- 
 000, reached under Spanish rule, we shall expand to $150,- 
 000,000 in the next ten years, and which are the geograph- 
 ical, strategical, and commercial centre of the wonderful 
 coast line, above mentioned, that winds in and out from 
 Melbourne in Australia to Vladivostock in Eastern Siberia, 
 
144 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 and which will make us eventually not only the first mater- 
 ial but the first moral power of the Pacific and her adjacent 
 millions of people and trade. 
 
 Before concluding, permit me to say in answer to many 
 inquiries, that there are certain local conditions in China 
 and general conditions in the Pacific upon which the per- 
 manent prosperity and growth of the markets for the pro- 
 ducts of the South in Asia depend. First^ we must pre- 
 serve and protect fully the present field of trade by main- 
 taining the so-called "open door," which means simply the 
 preservation of our treaty rights of trade, for which Secre- 
 tary Hay has recently secured such important and far- 
 reaching concessions from the European powers. Second^ 
 we must use all of our political, moral and material influence 
 to maintain the integrity of the Chinese empire, and thus 
 prevent subdivisions of her vast territory which might, 
 under the sovereign control of competing nations, be event- 
 ually closed against us. Thirds we must exert our states- 
 manship to persuade China to open her entire interior to 
 the free commerce of the world and to make such reforms 
 and improvements in her administration of government 
 as will bring both her and us the greatest good, and with- 
 out which stagnation and even retrogration may result. 
 Fourth^ American capital and enterprise must devote them- 
 selves to building railways and developing the resources 
 of the empire so as to increase both the buying and selling 
 capacity of the people. Fifth^ Congress should authorize 
 without delay the appointment of a Commercial Commis- 
 sion, in accordance with the President's recommendation 
 in his last message, to visit and study thoroughly the 
 economic and industrial conditions of China and adjacent 
 lands for the purpose of better understanding and develop- 
 ing the exchange of trade. Sixth^ and finally, our govern- 
 ment should build without delay the Isthmian canal to 
 connect the Atlantic and the Pacific, lay the trans- 
 Pacific cable to join our Pacific shores with Hawaii, the 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 1 45 
 
 Philippines, Japan and China, and assist in every legitimate 
 way the development of American merchant marine. 
 
 With these ends accomplished the South will enter uporr. 
 the full fruition of her greatest hopes and possibilities. 
 
 At 11:00 o'clock in the rooms of the Chamber of Com- 
 merce and Central Hotel dining room, a banquet was held 
 at which some 325 people were present, representative of 
 the best in prosperity of the North and South. 
 
 The two banqueting rooms were very beautifully and. 
 tastefully decorated. Bush was the floral artist in charge. 
 Flowers, ferns, roses and tall palms were here, there and 
 everywhere in charming arrangement. From end to end 
 of the long dining-room in the hotel electric lights in colors 
 were suspended, this being the courteous favor of the 
 Southern Electrical Company which contributed electrical 
 display. 
 
 There was "Welcome" written over the door of the dining 
 hall, and welcome was the generous, whole-souled keynote 
 of the entire banquet. 
 
 In material matters the credit of the success of the feast 
 is due to the Central Hotel, the caterer. The management 
 of the hotel made ample provision for their guests even 
 to the most minute detail. The menu, as follows, was all 
 that it should be : 
 
146 
 
 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 ... /iDenu ... 
 
 — o — 
 
 Little Neck Clams 
 
 Consomme, Royal 
 Celery 
 
 Sherry 
 
 Broiled Pompano, Maitre d' Hotel 
 Sliced Cucumbers Julienne Potatoes 
 
 Mixed Pickles 
 
 Small Patties, Salpicon 
 Olives 
 
 Salted Almonds 
 
 Fillet of Beef, Larded, with Mushrooms 
 Green Peas 
 
 Punch, a la Francaise 
 
 Turkey, Cranberry Sauce 
 
 Potato Croquettes 
 
 English Wild Duck, Currant Jelly 
 Corn Fritters 
 
 Cold Tongue 
 
 Champagne 
 
 Chicken Salad 
 
 Strawberry Ice Cream 
 
 Macaroons Lady Fingers Kisses 
 
 Chocolate Eclairs Vanilla Wafers 
 
 Raisins Fruits Nuts 
 
 Cheese Crackers 
 
 Cafe Noir 
 
 Cigars 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 1 47 
 
 The first toast, "Our Welcome," was gracefully and hand- 
 somely made by Mr. George E. Wilson. 
 
 Gentlemen : It gives me great pleasure to welcome you 
 to this banquet hall. I have no formal words with which 
 to greet you. Formal addresses, at best, are but cold and 
 are poor vehicles to convey expressions of friendship. 
 
 I want to speak to you as man to man and from our 
 hearts to extend to you our cordial thanks for your pres- 
 ence and a warm welcome to each and all. 
 
 The time of your visit is auspicious. Nature has adorned 
 herself in her youthful garb to greet you, and as this glad- 
 some spring-time is soon to pass into the more glorious 
 summer, so will the deliberations of your convention con- 
 fined now to its own members, but when published to the 
 world, command that increasing respect until the object 
 you have in coming together will have been successfully 
 accomplished. 
 
 The place of your meeting is not without historic inter- 
 est. It may not be known to you, but it is true neverthe- 
 less, that within a stone's throw of this room was promul- 
 gated the first declaration of American independence of 
 British rule, and in the struggle for American liberty that 
 followed, our people won from the British commander the 
 proud distinction of being the Hornet's Nest of American 
 rebellion. 
 
 This place, too, is the centre of the manufacturing inter- 
 est of the South. Within a radius of one hundred miles, 
 are enclosed numberless mills, with hundreds of thousands 
 of spindles, representing millions of capital. 
 
 At the head of these industrial plants are men of ability 
 and experience. And business has been successful and 
 increasing. 
 
 The kindest relations exist between capital and labor, 
 each in turn respecting the rights of the other, and har- 
 mony and good will prevails. 
 
148 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 And now, you must excuse a few words which may seem 
 personal. In looking over your body I see the representa- 
 tives of large corporations and of private enterprises, all 
 engaged in manufactures of some kind. The personel of 
 this convention, as well as the discussions of the various 
 questions that have come before it will compare favorably 
 with any convention of a similar kind ever held. 
 
 In the amount of capital and in the number of industries 
 represented this convention need not blush. It is pre- 
 eminently the first. 
 
 It is with pleasure, then, gentlemen, that I again welcome 
 you to this banquet. We are glad you are here ; we would 
 like to take each by the hand, and feel that if we met as 
 strangers we will part as friends. 
 
 Col. J. T. Anthony, the first president of the Southern 
 Cotton Spinners' Association, gave the toast, "Our Asso- 
 ciation." He said that he was proud of the opportunity to 
 perform a duty so profoundly pleasant to him. Asking 
 pardon for personal reference, he said that prior to the 
 organization of the present association a small group of 
 men met together in the spring of 1897 — a time well remem- 
 bered as one of great financial depression — and sent out 
 communications which resulted in the formation of the 
 association in May, 1898, the honor of the presidency being 
 given to him. 
 
 Col. Anthony stated that he was exceedingly gratified at 
 the very evident growth of the Association. He said that 
 in resigning the presidency he felt that he had shown 
 much wisdom, his successors being men of great ability. 
 He regretted that he had been unable to attend the previous 
 meetings of the association during the present convention, 
 but he was assured that great good had resulted from the 
 eliberations of the spinners. 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 149 
 
 Col. Anthony concluded his speech by urging the neces- 
 sity of continued and strenuous industrial efforts ; and he 
 also emphasized the need for expansion, not only in send- 
 ing goods away from home, but in the development of com- 
 merce in this country. 
 
 President MciVden introduced Mr. R. H. Edmonds, 
 
 Editor Manufacturers' Record, Baltimore, Md., who 
 responded to the toast "The South's Interest in the Devel- 
 opment of American Shipping." 
 
 Address of Richard H. Edmonds. 
 
 Exporting as the United States did in 1899 domestic 
 products to the value of $1,250,000,000, nearly one-third of 
 this, or about $400,000,000, originated in the Southern 
 States. In addition to this the exports of Western products 
 through Southern ports is ever increasing. With our 
 industrial interests only at the beginning of their develop- 
 ment, with less than one-third of the population of the 
 country, and yet providing $400,000,000 of the total of 
 America's export trade, it well becomes the South to look 
 closely into the importance of developing our merchant 
 marine. Of the vast freight represented in these exports 
 of $1,250,000,000, vessels flying the American flag carried 
 but $85,000,000. Great as our country is, standing at the 
 close of the nineteenth century as the central figure in the 
 world's affairs, holding a dominating position alike in the 
 world's political and industrial interests, we are yet depen- 
 dent upon foreign vessels for handling more than 90 per 
 cent, of our exports. As American citizens we may well 
 consider the necessity of how to reverse this condition, and 
 we of the South are more deeply concerned in the solution 
 than the people of any other section. For the time is com- 
 ing when more than one-half of America's exports will pass 
 through Southern ports. 
 
 If I bring to your attention to-night some facts from the 
 
150 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 historical side of the South's effort in behalf of America's 
 merchant marine, presenting the broad view of the ante- 
 bellum South on this question, it will be but to shovv that 
 the men of to-day who are giving their attention to policies 
 looking to the upbuilding of our commercial interests are 
 but reviving the work which the leaders of the South of 
 fifty years ago were vigorously pressing. In recalling the 
 efforts so persistently made half a century ago by the 
 South's great leaders, we may do honor to their memory 
 and find greater inspiration for the work which is now 
 turning their dreams, so sadly interrupted by the war into 
 substantial realities. 
 
 Sixty years ago the South had reached the point where 
 it was a constantly increasing contributor to America's for- 
 eign trade, which was at that time so greatly enriching 
 other parts of our country. Already the South had sent the 
 first steamship which had ever crossed the Atlantic. Earnest 
 men, like Stephen Elliott, of South Carolina, had projected 
 steam railroad lines connecting the Southern seaboard cities 
 with what was then the undeveloped West, and two or three 
 conventions had been held in the cotton States for the pur- 
 pose of arousing an interest in other lines than agriculture 
 dominated by cotton growing. By 1845 conventions 
 designed to build up industry and commerce began to meet 
 more frequently, and in the fifties they were held every year. 
 Unfortunately for the South, these later conventions became 
 for the most part arenas for the discussions of questions 
 which afterward separated the sections. 
 
 A convention of Southern and Western merchants in 
 Augusta in 1838 recommended a speedy adoption of meas- 
 ures for the introduction of commercial education among 
 the youth, so that there might be established "a body of 
 merchants whose entire interest and feeling would be cen- 
 tered in the country which had reared and sustained them." 
 A step in this direction, which was probably the first plan 
 for a professorship of commerce in this country, was drawn 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 151 
 
 by James D. B. De Bow for the University of Louisiana, 
 under an endowment by Col. Maunsel White. In this plan 
 he designated the chair as a professorship of public economy, 
 commerce and statistics, and included in it the application 
 of statistics to commerce, agriculture and manufactures. 
 
 At the Memphis convention of 1845, over which John 
 C. Calhoun presided, resolutions were adopted in favor of 
 the improvement of the navigation of the Ohio and Missis- 
 sippi rivers as objects strictly national, of connecting the 
 Mississippi river with the Northern lakes by a ship canal, 
 of the prompt extension by the government of the telegraph 
 into or through the valley of the Mississippi, of aid by 
 Congress by grants of land for the construction of railroads 
 projected through the public domain, and of a dry dock for 
 repairs and refitting of government vessels at some suitable 
 point on the Gulf of Mexico. The convention took the 
 ground that the railroads and other means of communica- 
 tion between the Mississippi valley and the South Atlantic 
 ports would give "greater facilities to trade, greater dis- 
 patch in traveling and in developing new sources of wealth," 
 and would have a salutary influence, commercial, social and 
 political. 
 
 In 1 85 1 William N. Burwell made a report to the Vir- 
 ginia convention recommending an appeal to Congress to 
 bestow upon a line of mail steamers between Hampton- 
 Roads and European ports "the same mail facilities which 
 are extended to Northern lines." 
 
 The Memphis convention of 1853 regarded the establish- 
 ment of direct communication by steam between Southern 
 ports and Europe, and the encouragement and pro- 
 tection of this system by the national government, connect- 
 ing therewith ample mail facilities, as an essential feature 
 in the commercial independence of the South and West. 
 
 The Charleston convention of 1854 urged Congress to en- 
 couraofe establishment of mail steamers between Southern 
 ports, Brazil and Europe, and also for the improvement of 
 
152 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 the merchant service by encouraging boys to go to sea, and 
 recommend that the Southern States lend their aid by 
 exempting from taxes for a limited time the goods directly 
 imported into them, or by allowing the importers an equiva- 
 lent drawback or bounty. 
 
 In 1856 R. G. Morris brought out at the Richmond con- 
 vention that a Richmond firm had been awarded the con- 
 tract for the engines for two government ocean steamers, 
 having satisfied the government, which had invited propo- 
 sals from all quarters, that "they had made the best offer 
 for these immense engines, both as it regarded cheap- 
 ness and construction." 
 
 It was probably due to the effect of these conventions 
 and to the general discussions following their work that 
 the Legislature of Louisiana passed an act granting a bonus 
 of $5 a ton for every vessel of more than 100 tons burden 
 which should be built in the State, while the Alabama 
 Legislature passed a similar act granting $4 a ton for every 
 steamer, and exempting from every description of State, 
 county or municipal taxation the sale of all goods imported 
 into the State directly from foreign countries. 
 
 At Charleston in 1851 the stock necessary for the organ- 
 ization of the Atlantic Steam Navigation Company was 
 promptly subscribed. 
 
 At that time the Southern States were most liberal in 
 their aid to railroad building with a view to developing 
 trade. A notable example of the general tendency was 
 apparent in the message of Governor Manning, of South 
 Carolina, to the Legislature of 1852-53, recommending a 
 subscription by the State of $1,000,000 to the Blue Ridge 
 road, projected from Anderson to Cincinnati, on the ground 
 that this would secure for Charleston a gigantic foreign 
 commerce. 
 
 Prominent in all these movements, either as a personal 
 participant or as a vigorous writer, was De Bow, the foun- 
 der of the "Commercial Review of the South," which for 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 1 53 
 
 fifteen years before the war was the exponent and chronicler 
 of the South's commercial and industrial undertakings. His 
 speeches were many, but in none of them was a more strik- 
 ing sentence thanin his address at Nashville in 1851, when 
 speaking for railroad construction and State aid to railroads, 
 he said : "God may have given you coal and iron sufficient 
 to work the spindles and navies of the world, but they will 
 sleep in your everlasting hills until the trumpet of Gabriel 
 shall sound unless you can do something better than build 
 turnpikes." 
 
 Stimulated by such leaders as De Bow and others, rail- 
 road building was slowly pushed, with lines gradually 
 reaching from the seaboard towards the interior, others con- 
 necting interior towns, the prevailing idea being to estab- 
 lish great systems connecting Southern ports with the pro- 
 ductive inland markets in order to enlarge both the export 
 and import movement through Southern ports. 
 
 An address calling for a railroad convention of Southern 
 and Western States to meet at New Orleans in 1852 is a 
 splendid summary of the spirit prevailing among the pro- 
 gressive men of that day. A few extracts will indicate their 
 sentiment. Referring to railroads, it said : 
 
 "Is there any necessary reason that the whole commer- 
 cial strength of the nation should concentrate in the cities 
 of the North, whilst New Orleans, Mobile, Charlesiton and 
 Savannah are arrested in their progress, or exhibit at times 
 even the evidences of decay ?" 
 
 "Whilst we have been idle spectators, New York and 
 Boston have been taking away the commerce of the rich 
 and growing States of the Northwest, which once paid 
 tribute to us as it passed to the ocean, but which now avoids 
 our limits and refuses its former wealth. Are the millions 
 of the Northwest more naturallv allied to those of the North 
 than to us, who occupy a part of the same great valley and 
 are nearer of approach, and must we forever abandon the 
 idea of controlling or of sharing their commerce ?" 
 
154 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 ''What then must be done for New Orleans? She must 
 by a wise and liberal stroke of policy regain a part, if not 
 the whole of the trade she has supinely lost and open new 
 sources of opulence and power, which are abundant all 
 around her. She can do this by changing and modifying 
 her laws bearing unequally or hardly upon capital and 
 enterprise, by cheapening her system of government, by 
 affording greater facilities and presenting less restrictions 
 to commerce, by establishing manufactures, opening new 
 steamship lines to Europe and conducting a foreign import 
 trade, and finally, and what is of first importance and should 
 precede every other effort, by munificent appropriations to 
 railroads branching to the West and to the North and the 
 East from a terminus at her center or from termini on such 
 interior streams and rivers which are necessarily tributary 
 to her. Now is the accepted time for action. To-morrow 
 will be too late." 
 
 The wide grasp of the situation is further demonstrated 
 by the recommendation of the convention that there be 
 constructed "the Southwestern National Railroad from 
 Washington city to New Orleans, passing through the States 
 of Virginia, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana, 
 constituting the shortest practicable line of mail and travel 
 transit, and consisting of the following continuous sections 
 now under construction, to-wit, the Richmond & Lynchburg 
 Railroad, the Virginia & Tennessee road, the Georgia & 
 Alabama road, the Alabama & Tennessee River road, the 
 Selma & Jackson road, the New Orleans & Jackson road," 
 and that "a railway and water communication across the 
 Isthmus of Tehauntepec is of national importance, espe- 
 cially so to the whole Southwest." 
 
 Underlying many of the plans of that day was the con- 
 viction that the future of the South in this direction was 
 assured by the fact that cotton and its manufactures had 
 given the great impulse to commerce in the early part of 
 this century, and there is quite a familiar sound in the state- 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION, 1 55 
 
 ment made in the report of the legislature of Alabama 
 about 1838, that it cost Alabama $1,800,000 to get its cot- 
 ton to European markets, and another $1,800,000 to get to 
 Alabama the imports in exchange, and the question is 
 asked, "If this amount must be paid, why should it not be 
 paid to our own citizens ?" 
 
 In the report made by Robert Y. Hayne at one of the 
 earliest Southern commercial conventions at Charleston in 
 1839 it was said that while the Southern and Southwestern 
 States were producing nearly three-quarters of the domestic 
 exports of the Union, they imported scarcely one-tenth of 
 the merchandise received in exchange, and that foreign 
 commerce was causing cities of other States to flourish 
 while Southern cities were falling into decay. 
 
 Bearing particularly upon the relation of cotton manu- 
 facturing to commercial expansion were portions of a pam- 
 phlet published originally in a series of communications to 
 the CJiarleston Courier in 1845. Its author, William 
 Gregg, was a pioneer in cotton mill building in South 
 Carolina, and his pamphlet, based upon experience, obser- 
 vation and judgment, was an argument for the support of 
 industrial and shipping undertakings. Taking Newbury- 
 port, Mass., as an illustration of the benefit of industrial 
 interests and shipping facilities in overcoming a threatened 
 decay of the town, he said: "The wharves are now crowded 
 with shipping, the sound of the hammer is heard in every 
 direction, new houses are being erected and old ones have 
 been remodeled, real estate has not only advanced to its 
 original value, but doubled and quadrupled it, and so it 
 would be with Charleston, Augusta, Columbia and other 
 places at the South." Suggesting that the spinning of 
 cotton yarn might be profitably undertaken by the South, 
 he said : "And there is no good reason why the name of 
 some of our large planters should not be seen on bales of 
 yarn making their way to Europe to supply the markets 
 that are now monopolized by the English spinners. Eng- 
 
156 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 land has for many years been sending millions of dollars' 
 worth of this article to the Continent. Since 1832 she has 
 exported to that part of the world from $16,000,000 to$25,- 
 000,000 worth per annum. And what is to prevent us in 
 Carolina from setting up a claim to a portion of this trade? 
 Are we afraid of Northern competition in this, the simplest 
 of all kinds of manufacture? The South has never failed 
 to supplant the North in this branch of manufactures where- 
 ever the attempt has been made. As we begin to have 
 some practical experience in manufacturing at the South 
 we can now see what an absurdity it would be for us to 
 pack up our cotton and send it to England to be returned 
 as osnaburgs taxed from $60 to $80 per bale, as was the case 
 formerly, when the same can be converted into cloth in the 
 immediate neighborhood of the place in which it grew for 
 one-fourth of the sum. It is equally as absurd in us to send 
 our raw cotton to Europe to be spun into yarn, adding $40 
 to $50 to the value of a bale, which yields the planter of 
 the interior, after paying the expense of transportation, 
 from $12 to $15 only." 
 
 In 1852 J. G. Gamble, in a letter urging the erection in 
 every county in the cotton States of factories to commence 
 with spinning, and afterwards to enter upon the weaving 
 of cloth, wrote : 
 
 "Our Southern factories w M obtain the raw material 
 at least 20 per cent, chea . than those of England, and 
 Southern yarn and cloth would monopolize both the foreign 
 and the home market. Let each county commence with a 
 factory o 1,000 spindles, and let the planters agree to invest 
 annually 10 per cent, of their crops in the extension of such 
 factories, and in a few years they would manufacture the 
 whole crop of the country and export it in the shape of 
 yarn and cloth. Such a course would double the value of 
 our exports, and would add to the prosperity of the coun- 
 try more than the gold mines of California twice told. 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 1 57 
 
 Its effect upon the banking institutions and commercial 
 interests of the country cannot be sufficiently estimated." 
 
 Again, the contention was made that a given number of 
 spindles could be put in operation in Georgia for much less 
 cost than a like number could be put in operation in any 
 of the Northern States, because of the difference in the value 
 of land, water-power and buildings, and that they could be 
 kept in operation for much less because of the difference in 
 the price of labor, provisions, clothing and fuel, aud that this 
 advantage would necessarily give the State a leadership in 
 the markets of the whole world, so that ultimately these 
 factories would supply not only the local demand, but that 
 of foreign markets. And he expected the commerce of 
 India and China to reach the Atlantic through Georo;ia. 
 He had in mind transportation across the country, and 
 urged Georgia to diversify both its crops and its manufac- 
 ture, so as to make the profits of transportation and retrans- 
 portation. 
 
 At that time public opinion was divided between a rail- 
 road from the Mississippi to the Pacific, which was to be 
 built for the full development of the territory of the Uni- 
 ted States, and the route across the Isthmus either by rail 
 or water. It is interesting to note in this connection T. 
 Butler King's report on the proposed Panama Railroad, in 
 which he furnished a comparison of the routes to the Pacific 
 ports by way of Cape Horn and the Isthmus of Panama 
 from Liverpool to New York, and pointed out as one of the 
 great causes of British commercial supremacy that "she 
 not only has the ports of the Continent of Europe as her 
 neighbors, but she is 1,500 miles, or two weeks, nearer than 
 we are to all the other ports of the world, except the x'Vtlan- 
 tic ports of the American continent north of the equator 
 and of the West Indies." This report was quoted in an 
 argument in favor of a railroad or canal across the Isth- 
 mus. Of special importance in connection with this sug- 
 gestion was mentioned the lessening of the distance to the 
 
158 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 Asiatic, Polynesian and other Pacific markets. The figures 
 of population of the Sandwich Islands, Sumatra, Borneo 
 India, the Philippines and China were given, and the ques- 
 tion was asked : 
 
 "Can it be imagined that these vast regions, so densely 
 populated, have already reached the acme of their foreign 
 trade, or is it not plausible, when better systems of inter- 
 course are opened, jealousies removed and civilzation 
 extended, that trade with them will be augmented two or 
 three-fold, reaching, perhaps, in the aggregate, $5,000,000 to 
 $8,000,000? Instead of 2,000 travelers visiting the East 
 per annum, in such a contingency, would not the number 
 reach nearer 20,000, which, at half the present rates of 
 travel, would realize $6,000,000 or $8,000,000?" 
 
 These figures seemed large in that day, but in compari- 
 son with what is already being done in the development of 
 trade with the Orient they are insignificant. They do, how- 
 ever, show that the spirit which prevails to-day of determi- 
 nation on the part of the cotton manufacturers and business 
 men generally of the South to take and hold a dominating 
 position in the development of Oriental trade is but a revi- 
 val of the spirit of the Old South. 
 
 In the Memphis convention of 1849 ^^^ construction of 
 a national railroad from the Mississippi to the Pacific ocean, 
 and also the construction of branch roads connecting the 
 main trunk line with the Northern lakes, the Mississippi 
 river and the Gulf of Mexico, were advocated. The con- 
 vention also favored the construction of a railroad across 
 the Isthmus to facilitate trade while the national road was 
 under way. 
 
 Any review of Southern aspirations of fifty years ago 
 ■would be incomplete, however hasty, without a reference to 
 the inspiring work of Matthew F. Maury, of Virginia. He 
 was not ony the great tracer of the paths of the sea, but dur- 
 ing twenty years a persistent advocate of measures by which 
 new paths for American trade could be opened and the rela- 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 1 59 
 
 tion of the South to that trade be readjusted. By word of 
 mouth, in letters, reports and contributions to periodical 
 literature, he kept to the front the material question, enlight- 
 ening his arguments with the results of scientific attainment, 
 personal experience and the foresight of statesmanship. 
 About 1837 a strong effort had been made to obtain from the 
 Virginia legislature a charter for the Atlantic Steam Naviga- 
 tion Company. The promoters proposed to make Norfolk the 
 terminus of the line, provided the South should take a part 
 of the stock. Maury was acquainted with it, and realized 
 its potentialities. Discussing it ten or fifteen years later 
 he wrote : 
 
 "Had the legislature of Virginia created that ocean steam 
 navigation charter Norfolk would at this day have been 
 the center of steamship enterprise for the United States. 
 
 "The French steamers would have been built there ; they 
 would have been commanded and controlled by Americans. 
 
 "This would have established foundries, machine shops 
 and ship yards at Norfolk, and have placed her ten or fif- 
 teen years ahead of New York in the steamship business. 
 Norfolk would have been enabled to get the contracts from 
 the government for establishing those lines of splendid 
 steamers that are now giving such a tremendous impetus to 
 the trade, business, travel and traffic of New York. The 
 lines of the Isthmus would have belonged to Norfolk. Hers 
 would probably have been the Havre and Bremen lines, and 
 the Old Dominion might have claimed also what is now 
 the Collins Line." 
 
 Lieutenant Maury then told the reasons for the shifting 
 of direct trade from Southern ports to New York as 
 improvements in navigation were made, but expressed the 
 hope that before 1857 he would see the Isthmus pierced 
 with commercial thoroughfares, great national highways 
 across America and the South, regaining in tenfold meas- 
 ure its foreign commerce, its direct trade, its importing 
 
l6o TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 business and commercial prosperity. In discussing this he 
 said : 
 
 "From the Gulf of Mexico all the great commercial mar- 
 kets of the world are downhill. A vessel bound from the 
 Gulf to Europe places herself in the current of the Gulf 
 Stream and drifts along with it at the rate, for part of the 
 wa\-, of 80 or 100 miles a day. If her destination be Rio, 
 or India, or California, her course is the same as far north 
 as the Island of Bermuda. 
 
 "And when there shall be established a commercial 
 thoroughfare across the Isthmus the trade winds of the 
 Pacific will place China, Indiaand all the islands of that ocean 
 downhill also from this sea of ours. In that case the whole 
 of Europe must pass by our very doors on the great high- 
 way to the markets both of the East and West Indies." 
 
 Again and again he reverted to the part to be played by 
 the South in the expansion of American trade through the 
 union of the Atlantic and Pacific, and one of the most com- 
 prehensive papers was devoted to a survey of the possi- 
 bilities of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, 
 which he called the Mediterranean of the West, to be 
 developed by the Isthmian connection. In a most graphic 
 manner he sketched the tremendous importance of the val- 
 leys of the Mississippi and the Amazon as contributors to 
 the commerce of the Gulf ; he showed that the energies of 
 the United States were so great that they required a high- 
 way across the Isthmus to give them full scope and play, 
 and in conclusion said : 
 
 "From all this we are led to the conclusion that the time 
 is rapidly approaching, if it has not already arrived, when 
 the Atlantic and Pacific must join hands across the Isthmus. 
 We have shown that there is no sea in the world which is 
 possessed of such importance as this Southern sea of ours ; 
 that, with its succession of harvests, there is from some one 
 or other of its river basins a crop always on the way to 
 market ; that it has for back country a continent at the 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. l6l 
 
 north and another at the south, and a world both to the 
 east and to the west. We have shown how it is contiguous 
 to the two first and convenient to them all. The three 
 great outlets of commerce, the delta of the Mississippi, the 
 mouths of the Hudson and the Amazon, are all within 
 2,000 miles, ten days' sail, of Darien. It is a barrier that 
 separates us from the markets of 600,000,000 people — 
 three-fourths of the population of the earth. Break it down,, 
 therefore, and this country is placed midway between. 
 Europe and Asia ; this sea becomes the center of the world 
 and the focus of the world's commerce. This is a highway 
 that will give vent to commerce, scope to energy and range 
 to en«-erprise, which in a few years hence will make gay 
 with steam and canvas parts of the ocean that are now 
 unfrequented and almost unknown. Old channels of trade 
 will be broken up and new ones opened. We desire to see 
 our own country the standard bearer in this great work." 
 
 Another dream of ^laury's was the plan of giving to 
 Norfolk or the Hampton Roads basin direct communication 
 with European ports. The idea of the French promoters 
 of 1837 was revived about 1850, and a bill was introduced 
 into Congress to charter a steamship line between Virginia 
 and Antwerp. An argument advanced in its favor was 
 that nearly all the mails of continental Europe passed 
 through England and on to New York ; that the direction 
 of trade ever follows the line of postal communication, and 
 for that reason mainly trade between America and Europe 
 centered at New York. Should direct communication by 
 steamers be established between Norfolk and Antwerp, 
 Norfolk would at once secure the portion of continental 
 mails which passed thrcJugh Belgium, embracing a popular 
 tion of more than 100,000,000 and sweeping over a territory 
 containing some of the finest agricultural and manfactur^ 
 ing districts of Europe. When this was done trade would 
 ne^'cessarily follow, and Virginia's seaport, being the center 
 of commercial intelligence, would become a center of com- 
 
l62 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 merce. A few years later a distinguished Frenchman was 
 planning to arrange a line of steamships from the James 
 river to ports in France. He was acting for the Franco- 
 American Trans-Atlantic Navigation Company, which it 
 was claimed had a capital of 18,000,000 francs, eight steam- 
 ers of 2,000 to 2,500 tons, with a line already operating to 
 Rio, New York and New Orleans. 
 
 In the same period is found the convention at Bristol, 
 Va., appointing Hon. Ballard Preston, formerly Secretary 
 of the Navy, to visit Europe for the purpose of setting forth 
 the financial and industrial condition of Virginia and the 
 advantages to follow the establishment of direct trade con- 
 nections, with special "reference to the speedy establish- 
 ment of a suitable line of steamers between the waters of 
 Virginia and Europe." Mr. Preston was requested also to 
 report whether or not the vessels of the company owning the 
 Great Eastern were likely to promote the objects of the 
 convention. The Great Eastern, then in course of build- 
 ing, was one of the factors involved in the crusade of 
 Ambrose Dudley Mann, a native of Hanover county, Vir- 
 ginia, who had served abroad in commercial diplomacy, 
 and who resigned from office to devote himself to the up- 
 building of Southern trade. In August, 1856, he sent 
 an address to the South proposing the establishment of a 
 of a weekly line of steamers of 20,000 tons capacity be- 
 tween Milford Haven, 120 miles southwest of Liverpool, 
 and the Chesapeake Bay. The plan commended itself 
 to the Southern Commercial Convention, which met at 
 Savannah that year, and in September of the following 
 year a convention at Old Point Comfort, over with ex-Presi- 
 dents Tyler presided, endorsed it. Those in attendance at 
 the convention showed their practical faith in the under- 
 taking by subscriptions to stock. By March 15, 1858, the 
 number of shareholders had grown to several hundred, 
 when the assembly of Virginia incorporated it as the 
 Atlantic Steam Ferry Co., with permission to have a capi- 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBI^ICATION. 1 6 
 
 O 
 
 tal amounting to $50,000,000. Maury saw the immense 
 possibilities in the plan. He wrote a letter dwelling upon 
 the resources for foreign trade of the States behind Virginia 
 and alluding to the near completion of the Covington & 
 Ohio Railway, giving, with the Blue Ridge road and the 
 central connection between the seaboard and the Ohio, said 
 it was "the most direct and favorable route that commerce 
 can possibly have between Western Europe and our West," 
 and added : "In calling the attention of English capitalists 
 to the great physical and natural resources of this part of 
 the country, and in presenting for their consideration your 
 rapidly drawn sketches of its production and present valne, 
 I hope you will be able to give them assurances that the 
 Covington & Ohio Railway is to be pushed forward vigor- 
 ously to completion, and that by the time they can get 
 their ships ready this work will also be ready to fetch and 
 carry for them." 
 
 In advocating the organization of this company Mann 
 gave a most comprehensive outline of the tendency towards 
 railroad construction and extension as a means to convey 
 foi transportation to foreign countries the cotton of the 
 Carolinas, Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Louis- 
 iana, xA.rkansas, Florida and Texas ; the tobacco, wheat and 
 corn of Virginia, Tennessee, IMaryland and Delaware ; the 
 pork and bacon and lard and tobacco of Kentucky and 
 Missouri ; the rice of South Carolina, and the resin and 
 turpentine of the Carolinas. Quoting the estimate of expert 
 judges, he said : "There is a sufficiency of iron and coal 
 in Virginia, Tennessee and Kentucky to supply the wants 
 of the Union for 100 centuries, while copper, lead, gypsum 
 and salt exist in one or more of those States in immense 
 quantities." And outlining the possibilities of freight from 
 the South for foreign export, he said : "Steam or some 
 motive power not yet discovered will be employed hence- 
 forth for propelling vessels in commerce or for belligerent 
 purposes." His proposition looked to the organization of 
 
1 64 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBWCATION. 
 
 a company to start with four vessels of the type and size 
 of the Great Eastern, then under construction, claiming 
 that "the number of such vessels required for the weekly 
 ferry service would inspire the utmost respect for the 
 American flag on the Atlantic," and that "from the mili- 
 tary point of view four such steamships as the Great East- 
 ern would be of inestimable advantage to the United States 
 if they should ever be needed for active service." These 
 vessels, according to his view, in times of peace would be 
 practical naval schools for the attainment of knowledge of 
 steam engineering. The amouut of money required to 
 transform the navy from sail to steam was too great to be 
 to be undertaken, and, therefore, he added : "To obviate 
 this and to render at the same time our position secure we 
 must construct vessels, both for the Atlantic and the Pacific, 
 which, while they will carry the olive branch of commerce 
 in one hand, will carry in the other the sheathed sword." 
 
 These propositions represented the views of the leaders 
 of the South of forty and fifty years ago. They were not 
 idle dreams ; they were broad conceptions born of a com- 
 prehensive grasp of the situation and a desire to give the 
 South its proper place in the commerce and industry of 
 the country. They were enthusiastically endorsed and 
 supported by the foremost business men of that day. They 
 failed of accomplishment solely, I believe, because of the 
 intervention of the war between the States, which made 
 impossible the carrying out of such undertakings. 
 
 My purpose in bringing to your attention the actions of 
 these conventions and the plans of the great leaders of the 
 old South is to show that what the South is now doing along 
 the same line is but the fulfillment of the plans made and 
 pushed with such vigor half a century ago ; that the spirit 
 now dominating the progressive South is no new thing, 
 but simply the spirit of the old South revived, -and with 
 new life and new vigor, because through the economic 
 changes wrought by the war and in spite of the terrible 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 1 65 
 
 strain of that struggle, we are given larger opportunity for 
 development and for taking a commanding position in the 
 world's affairs. Stimulated by a study of what the old 
 South so broadly planned looking to the development of its 
 shipping and commercial interests, we may well press for- 
 ward with renewed energy, determined that the South 
 shall take its rightful place in helping to create for the 
 United States a shipping interest commensurate with 
 our position as the richest nation of earth. Originating, 
 as the South is already doing, about $400,000,000 worth of 
 foreign exports a year, shipped almost exclusively in vessels 
 that fly the British, German and other foreign flags, the 
 South may well be deeply concerned for the upbuilding of 
 a merchant marine because of the magnitude of its present 
 export trade. But what the South is to-day doing in fur- 
 nishing nearly one-third of the total exports of America is 
 but a faint indication of the magnitude of the trade which 
 will be developed within the next ten or twenty years. 
 Many gathered here to-night will live to see the exports 
 from Southern ports exceed in volume the total export 
 trade of the United States at present. 
 
 To-day the South produces on an average 10,000,000 to 
 1 1,000,000 bales of cotton, representing, including the cot- 
 ton seed, a valuation of from $350,000,000 to $400,000,000. 
 This enormous crop is produced on 5 per cent, of the total 
 area of the cotton region. Of the entire cotton growing 
 territory of the South, only 20 per cent, is now in improved 
 land. It is possible, with new land added to the cotton 
 area and with more scientific cultivation, to increase our 
 cotton production to 100,000,000 bales. It will be many 
 years before we can conceive of the production of such a 
 crop, but there is every probability that within the next 
 twenty years the world will be demanding of the South at 
 least 20,000,000 to 25,000,000 bales, and that the South 
 will produce it with as much ease as it is to-day producing 
 its 10,000,000 bales. 
 
1 66 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 The mining of phosphate rock, which forms such an impor- 
 tant element in the foreign trade of the South, now aggre- 
 gates at least 2,000,000 tons a year, and this can be doubled 
 and quadrupled for many years to come, but this generation 
 is not likely to see the exhaustion of the supply which the 
 South can add to the world's commerce in phosphate. 
 
 In naval stores the South holds a monopoly, and of 
 standing limber it has one-half of the total supply of the 
 United States. Mr. B. E. Fernow, the distinguished timber 
 expert, says : "In the South lies the key to the situation of 
 the future lumber market, and according to the manner in 
 which what is left to her of her enormous timber wealth 
 will be managed and exploited she may or may not control 
 the lumber market forever." 
 
 The iron and coal interests of the South, which were 
 making fair progress before the war, were practically swept 
 out of existence, so far as actual work was concerned, by 
 the results of that struggle. When the war had ended the 
 South was too poor to take up this industry, and the iron 
 and coal business had been concentrated in the North. 
 Gradually, as the disorganization which followed the war 
 gave way to law and oider, the work of development com- 
 menced. Birmingham led the way and demonstrated to 
 the world, first, that the South could make iron at a profit ; 
 then that the South could ship iron to the North at a profit, 
 and next — most startling in its world-wide influence — that 
 the South could export iron to Europe at a profit. It was 
 scarcely five years ago when the first foreign shipment of 
 Southern iron was made from Birmingham. It was only 
 250 tons, and was wholly an experiment. The man who 
 made it was a Southern man. Out of that experimental 
 shipment there developed a trade the importance of which 
 can be appreciated by the simple statement that last week 
 Birmingham sold 50,000 tons of iron for export. The suc- 
 cess of the South in exporting pig-iron and the demonstra- 
 tion of its ability to produce iron at a lower cost than any 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 1 67 
 
 other section of the world have marked the beginning of a 
 revolution in the world's trade, the extent of which we can- 
 not now grasp. For many years it has been an accepted 
 axiom that "that country or that section of any country 
 which can produce and market iron at the lowest cost will 
 dominate and control the commerce of the world." That 
 the South is able to produce and market iron at a lower 
 cost than any other section is now universally admitted in 
 America, as well as in Europe. But when we add to the 
 South's rapidly developing power in the iron and steel 
 interests of the world its equally strong position in cotton 
 and cotton goods, we find a situation which has no parallel 
 elsewhere. England's vast shipping interests, owning, as 
 that country does, one-half of the steamship tonnage of the 
 world, have been based on her coal and iron and the man- 
 ufacture of cotton goods. These three great interests cre- 
 ated the financial strength and dominating influence of 
 Great Britain. To-day, the South is pressing its iion and 
 steel interests into all foreign markets in competition with 
 Great Britain ; it is exporting its cotton goods and it cot- 
 ton seed products in competition with the world ; its timber 
 is furnishing an immense foreign export business, and of 
 coal, of which it has a far greater supply than all Europe 
 combined, it is already producing 45,000,000 tons a year, 
 or 3,000,000 tons more than the total output of the United 
 States in 1880. Just twenty years ago the total output of 
 bituminous coal in the United States was 41,000,000 
 tons. Last year it was is 198,000,000. The South's coal 
 production last year was 45,000,000 tons, and there is no 
 good reason why the rate of growth in the coal production 
 of the South during the next twenty years should not be 
 at least equal to the rate of growth in the United States 
 during the last twenty years. Should this prove true, twenty 
 years from now the South will be mining and marketing 
 200,000,000 tons of coal. But for the fact that we have seen 
 the coal trade of the United States grow from 40,000,000 
 
1 68 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 to 198,000,000 tons in twenty years, such an increase would 
 seem impossible. In 1879 the total pig-iron production of 
 the United States was 2,700,000 tons. This year the 
 South's production will be about 2,750,000 to 3,000,000 tons. 
 Thus we are mining more coal and producing more pig-iron 
 than the United States mined of the one and produced of 
 the other twenty years ago. 
 
 Of raw material produced in the South alone we export- 
 ed last year of cotton $191,000,000 worth, notwithstanding 
 the fact of a great decline during that calendar year because 
 of the short purchases of foreign buyers; of cotton oil $12,- 
 000,000, of cotton seed cake and meal $10,000,000, of phos- 
 phates $7,500,000, of naval stores $11,000,000, or $231,- 
 500,000 worth in all. Of products which it has in common 
 with the country at large its exports for the year may be 
 estimated as follows : Mineral oil $25,000,000, tobacco 
 $30,000,000, lumber and limber $17,000,000, pig-iron $3,- 
 000,000, cotton goods $14,000,000, live-stock $10,000,000 
 coal $5,000,000 — a total of $104,000,000. To this should 
 be added the South's share in the exports of fruit, of man- 
 ufactures of iron, steel and wood, of grain, of hides and 
 leather, and of provisions, amounting to not less than $40,- 
 000,000, or an aggregate of over ^375,000,000. 
 
 Twenty years ago the capital invested in manufacturing 
 in the United States was $2,700,000,000. Ten years ago, 
 or in 1890, it had reached the astounding figures of $6,500,- 
 000,000, and to-day it is probably upwards of $10,000,000,- 
 000. Even now we so far out rank any other country on 
 earth in the magnitude of our industrial capital that what 
 the future has in store for us can scarcely be comprehended. 
 The time is rapidly approaching when the export trade of 
 the United States will be double the export trade of 
 all Europe, and the South's proportion will every year 
 steadily enlarge. 
 
 What Maury termed the downhill tendency of a great 
 portion of the outward movement of the country's trade, 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 1 69 
 
 checked when New York, by its canal and railroad, as he 
 phrased it, turned the Mississippi valley upside down, has 
 been renewed and accelerated, as line after line of railroad 
 has been constructed or formed by consolidating minor 
 lines, until from the capes of the Chesapeake to the Rio 
 Grande are magnificent harbors, connected by steel-bound 
 arteries with those portions of the country which must ulti- 
 mately furnish the bulk of American commerce. Stephen 
 Elliott's hope has been more than fulfilled; the suggested 
 line from New Orleans to Washington, as proposed in 1852, 
 is a fact, and while its organization may not have been 
 effected on the identical lines proposed, it follows to a won- 
 derful degree the original direction. There is no canal 
 across Florida, as was then proposed, but at Tampa is a 
 railroad terminus pointing in one direction to Cuba and 
 Latin America and in the other to the narrow strip of land 
 still separating the Atlantic and the Pacific waters and 
 retarding the growth of a line of Gulf ports which in time 
 must become more opulent than the cities of the Medi- 
 terranean. The Covington & Ohio, the Blue Ridge and 
 the Central railroads, formed for the purpose of connecting 
 the Ohio valley with Hampton Roads, are now one line, 
 and have met the proposed steam ferry line to Europe. In 
 1856 an intention to establish such a swift steamship line 
 from a Southern port was regarded in some quarters as a 
 deliberate attempt to weaken the solidarity of the Union. 
 To-day, the union of Norfolk and Newport News with the 
 country beyond the Alleghanies; of Charleston and Savan- 
 nah with the central South and West; of Jacksonville, 
 Pensacola and Mobile with the timber, iron and phosphate 
 regions of the South; of New Orleans with Chicago and the 
 Dakotas beyond; of Port Arthur and Sabine Pass with 
 Kansas City, the center of great grain and cattle trade, and 
 of Galveston with the farther West, presents the spectacle 
 of Northern, Southern, Western and foreign capital work- 
 ing together for the advancement of Southern commerce. 
 
lyo TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 To make this advancement sure other projects must be car- 
 ried out. The Isthmian canal must be constructed, the 
 American merchant marine must be expanded, and the 
 American navy must be in a position to make unnecessary, 
 and, indeed, impossible, any warfare which otherwise might 
 be resorted to as a means of checking America's commer- 
 cial extension. That such a country as the United States, 
 with such abounding wealth and with such a future, should 
 be spending, as we are now doing, ^200,000,000 a year in 
 paying the vessels of other nations to carry our exports to 
 market and to further our exchange of products seems to 
 me to be an unanswerable argument for the support of our 
 own merchant marine and for measures intended to over- 
 come the advantages as shipbuilders and ship owners which 
 other nations now possess. The South has a peculiar in- 
 terest in such measures, for the South already possesses at 
 Newport News a shipbuilding plant representing a cash 
 investment of $12,000,000 and giving employment to 6,000 
 hands, and at Richmond a $2,000,000 shipbuilding com- 
 pany, with 1,200 employes, demonstrating that Richmond 
 cannot only build engines for government vessels, as in 
 1856, but can also compete successfully with older plants 
 for the construction of war vessels themselves; while the 
 dry-dock at Algiers, fulfilling the recommendation of 1845, 
 must ultimately be followed by shipbuilding interests there. 
 Even now English shipbuilders are figuring on the feasi- 
 bility of establishing a great shipbuilding plant at some 
 point on the Gulf. 
 
 There may be some slight difference between the aid 
 given by individual States or individual cities to secure the 
 construction of railroads, as was so generally done in the 
 past, and, as we all admit, to the great profit of the country, 
 as compared with the aid given by the general government 
 to the development of shipping interests, which would 
 benefit the commerce of the South with that of the whole 
 country, but the difference, if any, is one of degree and not 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. IJI 
 
 of kind. The plea advanced in 1838, that if x\labama must 
 pay $3,600,000 a year to exchange its cotton for European 
 products or money it should be paid to Alabama people^ 
 may readily be paraphrased into the simple statement that 
 if this country pays more than $200,000,000 to get its goods 
 to market, the money should be paid to citizens of America, 
 and especially when this $200,000,000 must in the near 
 future be doubled and quadrupled by the growth of our 
 foreign trade. 
 
 We are building what we regard as a great navy, but con- 
 trasted with the navies of the countries which we must 
 meet in world competition it is still small, and few believe 
 that the expenditures will be rapid enough to meet the de- 
 mands of international relations, changed, enlarged and 
 complicated as an outcome of the Spanish-American war, 
 and of our new position as a dominating factor in the 
 world's commerce. The Spanish-American war was but 
 an incident which brought prominently to the front our 
 new position. What has forced us into the world's affairs 
 is not so much the Spanish-xA.merican war as the revolution 
 in our foreign trade conditions. It was but a few years ago 
 when the United States was the dumping-ground for the 
 surplus iron and steel products of Europe, while to-day we 
 are dominating the world in iron and steel, and already are 
 exporting upwards of $100,000,000 a year of iron and steel 
 products. It is a fair statement to say that when the world 
 has readjusted itself to the present higher prices of iron and 
 steel, or when we in this country have caught up with the 
 phenomenal demand of the last twelve months and are 
 again ready to vigorously push into the foreign market, that 
 there will not be an iron bridge or a railroad constructed 
 on the face of the earth for which America will not directly 
 or indirectly set the price. The control of the iron and 
 steel industries of the world has already passed into Ameri- 
 can hands. 
 
 It is difficult to grasp the full meaning of this, and still 
 
I 72 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 more difficult to attempt to soberly portray its influence upon 
 our own country, as well as upon others. Great Britain's 
 supremacy in the world's affairs, its great financial power 
 and its vast shipping interests are largely due to its iron, 
 steel and coal interests. Upon them it founded its com- 
 mercial empire — the greatest that has ever been known. 
 Its ability to produce iron and steel at less cost than any 
 other country gave to Great Britain the power to develop 
 its iron, ship-building and ship-owning interests, and to sup- 
 ply the demands of every country for machinery and of 
 manufactured goods. Without its coal and iron it could 
 not have become the dominating power in the trade and 
 commerce of the world. And now the scepter of its power 
 has departed. We are making nearly double as much iron 
 and steel as Great Britain, and making it at a price that 
 will soon defy competition. We are not only turning out 
 the raw product, but with astonishing rapidity we are push- 
 ing our steel rails, our locomotives, our iron and wood- 
 working machinery into all countries, and now with such 
 help from the national government as first enabled us to 
 develop the making of pig-iron and of steel rails, we should 
 be able to duplicate in shipbuilding our phenomenal 
 record in other branches of metallurgical development. 
 
 Among the nations of the earth, in its resources, in its 
 facilities for their development and in its advantages for 
 commerce, the United States slands pre-eminent and alone. 
 
 With Europe on one siJj and Asia on the other, with 
 resources many times greater for the development of manu- 
 factures and the creation of wealth than all of Europe com- 
 bined, with a coast line of thousands of miles on the Atlan- 
 tic and the Pacific, a strong, virile, homogeneous population 
 of nearly 80,000,000 people, unvexed by the arbitrary 
 regulations of a dozen different governments and different 
 laws and different languages, the United States stands to-day 
 just at the threshhold of its career, and justly commands 
 the wonder of the world. 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 1 73 
 
 A study of business conditions indicates that our country 
 has entered upon a period of great activity and expansion 
 that will probably be without parallel in our history. We 
 have laid a solid foundation for expansion at home and 
 abroad. Our manufactures have been steadily forcing their 
 way into every foreign market; our industrial interests are 
 on a solid basis of economic production that enables us to 
 meet the world's prices on finished products as widely 
 diverse as cotton goods and locomotives. The recent war 
 gave a broadness of view in world affairs which has been 
 an inspiration to business activities, which has quickened 
 our people with a spirit of commercial dominance. No man 
 living has ever seen such a period of advancement as we 
 have entered upon. What the discovery and settlement of 
 America were to the Old World four centuries ago the con- 
 ditions in Cuba, Porto Rica, the Philippines, Asia and 
 Africa will be to America, magnified as many times as pres- 
 ent civilization and commercial facilities exceed those of 
 that period. "A new world is rounding into form." Our 
 land is to be the quickening, energizing influence to advance 
 trade, extend civilization and spread the gospel of freedom. 
 Just as we have entered the political world with a power 
 and influence that have startled Europe, so are we prepar- 
 ing to enter the world of trade and commerce. Since 1865 
 we have been busy developing an empire at home and laying 
 broad foundations for an industrial structure commensurate 
 with our unmatched resources and energy. 
 
 With Asia and Africa being opened up to advancing 
 civilization, to the building of railroads, the development 
 of industrial interests, the utilization of modern improve- 
 ments; with Cuba and the Philippine Islands as fertile 
 fields for trade expansion, for railroad, manufacturing and 
 agricultural advancement; with the building of the Nicara- 
 guan canal practically assured in the near future, we can 
 see that the world is being prepared for an advance in 
 civilization and in trade greater than ever before known in 
 
174 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBI^ICATION. 
 
 the history of the human race. With all of these forces 
 coming into play at a time we are fully able and ready to 
 enter in and control a large share of the work and the wealth 
 to be created, he is a bold man who would attempt to pre- 
 dict the wonderful progress of the United States dur- 
 ing the next decade. And the South is to be the greatest 
 gainer. 
 
 These are not idle dreams. A country which within 
 twenty years can increase its manufacturing capital from 
 less than $3,000,000,000 or over $10,000,000,000, that can 
 increase its bituminous coal production in the same period 
 from 41,000,000 to 198,000,000 tons, its pig-iron from less 
 than 3,000,000 tons to nearly 15,000,000 tons, its cotton 
 spindles from 10,000,000 to 18,000,0000, and which to-day, 
 despite all of this phenomenal growth, is expanding more 
 rapidly than ever before, is a country which may well 
 challenge the world's attention. It becomes us, therefore, 
 as citizens of this country, not only from national pride, but 
 from sound business and economic reasons, and for safety, 
 to lay aside all petty jealousies, whatever they may be, and 
 unite in an effort to develop our shipping interests to a point 
 commensurate with our progress in all other lines of human 
 activities. 
 
 So far as the South is concerned, for fifty years, when 
 unimpeded by the necessity of devoting all of its energies 
 to mere existence, it was vitally interested in the commer- 
 cial growth of the country and in the utilization of the 
 shipping required for that commerce. I took a leading 
 part in advocating the construction of the Isthmian canal, 
 the development of steamsnip lines and the extension of 
 trade with South America and Asia. And having taken 
 up once more the upbuilding of its material interests, having 
 its many ports between the Chesapeake Bay and the Rio 
 Grade equipped with splendid terminal facilities and its 
 railroad lines connecting with the far West, while its own 
 products are seeking a foreign market, the South may 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 1 75 
 
 again justly take the lead in seeking to revive American 
 shipping interests. 
 
 At the conclusion of Mr. Edmonds' address — at 2:30 A. 
 M. — there was great applause and the exceedingly good- 
 humored banqueters called for a number of prominent cot. 
 ton spinners, who responded in brief, timely speeches. 
 Among these were Mr. D. A. Tompkins, who emphasized 
 
 with pleasurable significance the unity between the 
 North and South ; Mr. Theo. C. Search, who spoke of the 
 
 wonderful industrial prosperity to be gained as a result 
 of proper aggressiveness and expansion ; Mr. R. S. Rein- 
 hardt, who spoke briefly and humorously. Mr. John Bar- 
 rett, after paying a pretty compliment to Mr. D. A. Tomp- 
 kins, again adverted to the necessity of keeping the 
 American flag over the Philippine Islands and the concomi- 
 tant importance of expansion. His words brought forth a 
 tumult of applause. There is no room for doubt as to how 
 the Southern Cotton Spinners' Association stands on the 
 question of expansion and the open door policy in the East. 
 At 3 o'clock this morning and afterwards the spinners yelled 
 for Mr. Geo. Otis Draper, and a number of other representa- 
 tive men, who yielded to friendly clamor and spoke pithily 
 and sensibly. 
 
 The last speaker was Mr. H. W. B. Glover, traffic man- 
 ager of the Seaboard Air Line, who spoke in response to 
 repeated calls. He said that he believed in expansion 
 
176 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 — that the Seaboard had typified by construction the 
 practical principles of expansion. 
 
 The banquet ended at 3:20 this morning. In its length 
 and interest it was altogether a fitting conclusion to the 
 greatest convention of mill men ever held in the United 
 States. 
 
 The reading of the following telegram by President Mc- 
 Aden evoked much applause : 
 
 "Boston, Mass. 
 
 "Geo. B. Hiss, Secretary Southern Cotton Spinners' 
 Association, Charlotte : 
 "The New England Cotton Manufacturers' Association 
 send greetings with best wishes for a successful meeting 
 and pleasant banquet. C. J. H. Woodbury, Secretary." 
 
 Motion by R. B. Miller that we return thanks to the 
 Seaboard Air Line for furnishing transportation to Lincoln- 
 ton and return for the members and friends of this Asso- 
 ciation. Adopted. 
 
 Adjourned at 3:15 A. M. 
 
SOUTHERN COTTON SPINNERS' ASSOCIATION. 
 
 Its Organization— Its Wonderful Growth of Membership— Officers 
 Who Have Guided Its Affairs— The Object Sought in Forming 
 the Association— The Advantages of Membership— The Advan- 
 tage of this Association to the Southern Manufacturer and a 
 Glimpse Into Its Future Operations. 
 
 For a number of years past there have existed in all por- 
 tions of the United States or rather those portions of 
 the United States where the manufacturing interests 
 were of sufficient importance, organizations composed 
 of the different manufacturing interests. These Associa- 
 tions have been formed and their existence kept intact from 
 year to year for the purpose of bringing about friendly 
 business intercourse between those engaged in the same 
 kind of manufacturing ; for instance, the iron manufac- 
 turing plants have their organization. The New England 
 Cotton Manufacturers years ago formed the New England 
 Cotton Manufacturers' Association, and the manufacturers 
 of lumber or those engaged in preparing lumber for the 
 market, have their organization, etc. 
 
 Doubtless years ago when the South was largely 
 engaged in manufacturing, associations or organizations 
 existed, but the war which brought about the destruction 
 of the South's manufacturing industries, removed thereby 
 the necessity of industrial organizations. With the renewed 
 efforts that the South is putting forth from an industrial 
 standpoint, awakens the necessity for the organization of 
 associations which will gather together those who are en- 
 gaged in kindred manufacturing. For the greater part those 
 now engaged in the manufacture of iron or cotton in the 
 South are of a different generation from those who engaged 
 
178 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBI.ICATION. 
 
 in these indusiries forty or fifty years ago. Of course there 
 are exceptions, there are people engaged in the manufacture 
 of cotton to-day whose families for several generations past 
 have been engaged in the same industry, but these are the 
 exceptions and form but a small percentage of those engaged 
 in the manufacture of cotton in the South to-day. 
 
 Many of those who have recently entered a cotton man- 
 ufacturing life have taken up this industry with very little 
 knowledge of the manufacturing ability required to profit- 
 ably operate their plant. This situation has in a measure 
 been brought about by the fact that the manufacture of 
 cotton goods has been stated to be somewhat more profitable 
 than some other manufacturing industries ; hence the man 
 who could command the capital, was willing to risk the 
 venture, though he realized his lack of manufacturing 
 ability, but felt that he could employ a capable superinten- 
 dent who would look after the practical part and he operate 
 the financial end. It can be safely stated that a large per- 
 centage of the mills in operation in the South to-day, and 
 a large percentage of those that will be put into operation in 
 the South in the future, have been organized and will be 
 organized upon this basis. The practical man is essential 
 to the successful operation of any kind of a manufacturing 
 plant, but ordinarily speaking, the practical man has his 
 mind fully taken up with proper execution of the orders 
 which are given to him in the line of manufacture, and it 
 is not supposed that he is at all times in a position to advise 
 the financial end as to when and when not to buy cotton, 
 as to when and when not to take orders for the goods that 
 his plant manufactures. Consequently, as happens at vari- 
 ous periods in the history of eveiy kind of manufacturing, 
 there comes periods of depression for which the practical 
 man is not responsible, nor is the financial man responsible, 
 but it is during such periods as these that the executive 
 management of both the practical man and the financial 
 man are put to'a test. During these depressions it is known 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. .179 
 
 to some that there are manufacturing plants which are able 
 to continue to pay their dividends. The plants are, for the 
 most part, operated by men who have a practical knowledge 
 of the business in all its details. The man who manages 
 the financial end is competent to take charge of the man- 
 agement of the mill in the practical part, but these men have 
 been thoroughly schooled into their business long enough 
 to anticipate that there must come times of depression when 
 the profits in the business are not as large as that the earn- 
 ings are neither paid out all together in dividends or 
 expended in extensions. Both of these matters are attended 
 to with proper wisdom and always a sufficient amount is 
 set aside for surplus fund, out of which, if it is necessary 
 dividends could be paid until the period of depression is 
 passed. 
 
 _ It was during one of these periods of depression which 
 had its beginning with the failure of the Barring Bros, in 
 England along in the early 90's, and which depression had 
 continued from year to year with hardly, if any, improve- 
 ment until the fall of '98, the thought was given, by some 
 persons to the manufacturing of cotton goods in the South, 
 and the circumstances surrounding these various cotton 
 manufacturing plants, which elicited the facts depicted in 
 this article. Numbers of men were operating plants, 
 manufacturing cotton into yarn and cloth, who had 
 little knowledge of the business themselves ; it is 
 true they were learning with each year, but of the prac- 
 tical details of cotton manufacturing, they knew little, but 
 were dependent for this knowledge upon the practical man 
 who was their superintendent. The depression continued, 
 those who had not made proper provision for such a long seige 
 of depression, were unable to compete with those who had, 
 it was impossible to earn dividends, the cost of cotton, 
 coupled with the cost of manufacture, exceeded in some 
 instances the selling prices, so that the business had nar- 
 rowed down until it was worse than "swapping dollars.'* 
 
l8o TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 This state of affairs, as is well known, did not apply only 
 to the South, but it applied to the cotton manufacturing- 
 plants in New England as well. 
 
 This situation brought to the minds of a number of man- 
 ufacturers the fact that "Necessity was the mother of in- 
 vention," and in view of the fact that there were few of the 
 more recent manufacturers of cotton goods who knew as 
 many as five of their fellow manufacturers who were man- 
 ufacturing goods similar to their own, there was little 
 opportunity for them to gain knowledge of one another so 
 that they might have the benefit of each other's knowledge 
 and thereby improve the general knowledge of each other. 
 Thus the situation existed in the fall of '96, when there 
 was gathered together a number of manufacturers in the 
 city of Atlanta, Ga., with an object in view of forming what 
 was known at the time as "The Southern Textile Associa- 
 tion." This association was formed, officers duly elected, 
 but it seemed almost impossible to get the members of it 
 to attend the meetings. In the early part of '97, two or 
 three manufacturers, together with the senior editor of this 
 paper, lately deceased, met by appointment and inaugurated 
 plans for the formation of an association of Southern cotton 
 manufacturers, having the idea in mind that the bringing^ 
 together once or twice a year of the different officers of the 
 various cotton manufacturing plants, would enable them to 
 become acquainted with each other and to profit by such 
 acquaintance in a business way as well as socially. The 
 efforts of these gentlemen seemed to meet with very little 
 encouragement, it being stated by those who were approached 
 on the subject, that for some reason Southern manufacturers 
 were very different from those in any other section, that 
 they were, so to speak, somewhat shy of each other, and 
 they really felt that while they were willing to give some 
 information, it might be they would not receive an equal 
 amount in return. Efforts had previously been made to 
 organize such organizations, but had met with dismal fail- 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBI.ICATION. l8l 
 
 tires. It was cited that The Southern Textile Association, 
 which was still in existence, was unable to get a quorum 
 together, and thai while there was no question of doubt that 
 such an organization would prove of benefit to those engaged 
 in the manufacture of cotton goods in the South, that the 
 Toad to travel in perfecting such an organization was strewn 
 with all kinds of obstacles which would make the under- 
 taking most hazardous and discouraging. It was pointed 
 out that the mills were, for the greater part, unable to make 
 both ends meet, that they were unable to stand any extra 
 expense such as would be incurred in gathering at any one 
 point and paying dues to keep up an organization, that 
 there was naturally expense to be incurred in operating 
 such an association, that the officers of the association in 
 part would have to receive salaries, and that taking alto- 
 gether, it was most impracticable to attempt to perfect an 
 organization at that time. Notwithstanding all of these 
 discouraging recommendations, earnest efforts were made 
 to secure a good representation at a meeting which was 
 called to be held in Charlotte, N. C, on the 15th day of 
 May, 1897. To the surprise of a great many people, the 
 efforts that were made brought together, on the 15th day of 
 May, some sixty or seventy manufacturers of cotton yarns 
 and cloth. At that meeting it was proposed, among other 
 things, that the gentlemen present should become members 
 of the Southern Textile Association. This idea was not 
 encouraged, and before this body of manufacturers had ad- 
 journed, they had formed themselves into an association, 
 had elected a President, Vice President, Sec'y- and Treas., 
 and a Board of seven Governors, which officers consisted of 
 the following: Col. J. T. Anthony, President, Charlotte, 
 N. C; A. P. Rhyne, V. P., Mt. Holly, N. C; Geo. B. Hiss, 
 Sec'y. and Treas., Charlotte, N. C; A. A. Shuford, Hickory, 
 N. C; P. M. Brown, Charlotte, N. C.;R. J. Stough, David- 
 son, N. C; A. M. Price, Lincolnton, N. C; R. S. Reinhardt, 
 Lincolnton, N. C; D. R. Julian, Salisbury, N. C. 
 
1 82 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBL,ICATION. 
 
 These last named gentlemen, together with the vice 
 president, forming a Board of Governors. 
 
 These orentlemen became the first officers of "The South- 
 ern Cotton Spinners' Association," which was the name 
 given to the organization. 
 
 The membership fee was fixed at $5.00, and the dues 
 were to be 25c. per 1,000 spindles per annum. Thus a mill 
 which had 5,000 spindles would pay $1.25 per annum as 
 dues. There was no arrangement made as regards to salary 
 for any of the officers, and these entered into office without 
 any salary arrangement, and from that day until this, there 
 has never existed any salary arrangement for any of the 
 officers of the association. The money received into the 
 treasury was used for the purpose of spreading broadcast, as 
 far as possible, the fact that the organization had been per- 
 fected and inviting the various officers of the cotton manu- 
 facturing plants of the South to become members of this 
 organization. 
 
 For the first year the growth of the Association was not 
 very encouraging; still it had been clearly demonstrated 
 that such an organization was beneficial, and those who 
 were members knew best the advantages they were receiv- 
 ing by virtue of their membership in such an organization. 
 
 In view of the limited membership and the necessary 
 expenses incurred in keeping alive the organization, it was 
 necessary to use some financial strategy to prevent the 
 organization from creating a debt, but by the proper guid- 
 ance of the officers of the association there has never been 
 a financial obligation made but what was promptly met. On 
 the loth of June, 1897, The Southern Cotton Spinners^ 
 Association again met in Charlotte and after transacting the 
 business before it, appointed a committee consisting of Col, 
 J. T. Anthony, Pres., Charlotte, N. C; A. P. Rhyne, V. P.; 
 R. S. Reindardt, P. M. Brown, A. M. Price and Geo. B. 
 Hiss, to visit Philadelphia, and confer with the various 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 1 83 
 
 members of the Northern Commission honses. This com- 
 mittee met in Philadelphia, June 30, '97, and at that time 
 met by appointment about twenty members of the repre- 
 sentative Cotton Yarn Commission Houses of the city of 
 Philadelphia. In this meeting it also developed that the 
 Commission Merchants could see no benefit to be derived 
 by an association such as had been formed, and were inclined 
 to discourage the movement. Thus again, where the 
 original promoters had imagined they would receive en- 
 couragement, they found it lacking. Nothing daunted, 
 they returned South and reported the result of their visit 
 and also asserted their determination to increase the mem- 
 bership of the Association. Frequent meetings of the Board 
 of Governors were held, each member responding cheerfully 
 to notices sent them for call meetings, and each one, be it 
 borne in mind, bearing absolutely every dollar of the expense 
 incurred in travelling from his home to the place of meet- 
 ing, etc. 
 
 At the next Annual Meeting, which was held in the city 
 of Charlotte on the 12th day of May, 1898, the following 
 officers were elected: 
 
 D. A. Tompkins, Pres., Charlotte, N. C; A. P. Rhyne, 
 V. P., Mt. Holly, N. C; Geo. B. Hiss, Sec'y. and Treas., 
 Charlotte, N. C; R. R.Ray, McAdenville, N. C; P.M. 
 Brown, Charlotte, N. C; A. C. Miller, Shelby, N. C.;J. T. 
 Anthony, Charlotte, N. C; J. C. Smith, Newton, N. C; R. 
 S. Reinhardt, Lincolnton, N. C. The last six, together 
 with the vice president, forming a Board of Governors. 
 Thus began the second year of this organizatian's growth, 
 and during the year, which had its fiscal ending May nth, 
 1899, the Association more than doubled its membership. 
 
 May nth, 1899, ^^^^ following officers were elected : Dr. 
 John. H. McAden, President, Charlotte, N. C; J. P. Ver- 
 dery, Vice-President,Augusta, Ga.; George B. Hiss, Sec. and 
 Treas., Charlotte, N. C; and Board of Governors, as follows: 
 
1 84 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 D. A. Tompkins, Chairman, Charlotte, N. C; A. C. Miller, 
 Shelby, N. C; J. T. Anthony, Charlotte, N. C; J. C. Smith, 
 Newton, N. C; R. S. Reinhardt, Lincolnton, N. C; R. R. 
 Ray, McAdenville, N. C; W. C. Heath, Monroe, N. C; 
 A. P. Rhyne, Mt. Holly, N. C; Leroy Springs, Lancaster, 
 S. C. 
 
 Since the meeting of May nth, 1899, the membership 
 has increased over 100 per cent. The Board of Governors 
 have held eight meetings, one of which was held in Phila- 
 phia, at which time there were some twenty five members 
 of the Association gathered together, and each and every 
 one of these gentlemen have borne every dollar of expense 
 incurred by virtue of the office which they hold. Now, 
 after three years, this Association will shortly holds its 
 Fourth Annual Convention, and it is predicted by those 
 who are well informed on the subject of cotton manufac- 
 turing that there will be gathered together at this meeting 
 a far greater number of Southern Cotton Manufacturers, and 
 those indirectly connected with the business, than has ever 
 been gathered together before in these United States, and it 
 would be hard to locate to-day the man who would deign 
 to say that The Southern Cotton Spinners' Association has 
 not proven a success as an organization and financially 
 beneficial to every manufacturer of cotton in the South. 
 
 This year, May loth and nth, there will be gathered 
 together by invitation, as the guests of the Association, 
 some of the most eminent men in the United States, who 
 will come here for the purpose of addressing this great body 
 of manufacturers, and to lend by their presence, grandeur 
 to the occasion. What will take place this year at this 
 gathering in the way of a distribution of knowledge, will 
 be a revelation to those who have not kept in touch with 
 the work of this Association and the growth of the greatest 
 manufacturing industry of the South but the work of 
 this Association will not cease with this Annual Meet- 
 ing ; but what will be witnessed here this month at 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. Ig5 
 
 the Annual Meeting of this Association, will hardly be 
 more than a forecast of the great good that will be accom- 
 plished by the increase in the growth of the membership 
 of this iVssociation, and the gathering into this organization 
 of the great intellect which is rapidly manipulating plans 
 for the up-building of a cotton manufacturing industry, 
 such as would never have been dreamed of when Lee sur- 
 rendered at Appomattox. 
 
SPEECHES AT THE BANQUET. 
 
 Talks riade to Cotton Spinners at Southern Cotton Spinners' 
 Association Convention, flay ii, 1899 — fir. Wittkowsky on 
 ♦'The South, Past, Present and Future, Industrially and 
 Financially"— Toasts by fir. Powell and fir. Tompkins. 
 
 Mr. Wittkowsky, responding to the toast, " The South, 
 Past, Present and Future, Industrially and Financially:" 
 
 Gentlemen : 
 
 To me has been assigned the very pleasant task of spin- 
 ning for you a yarn, about the South, its past, present, and 
 its future. 
 
 The theme covered by these three epochs embraces such 
 wide fields for mental exploration, affords such a vast scope 
 for the contemplative mind, is so full of possibilities, capa- 
 ble of such great and inspiring lessons, that while I shall 
 endeavor to perform that very pleasurable task to the best 
 of my ability, yet in all sincerity I would fain have left 
 that task to others better fitted to do such a subject justice. 
 
 But, gentlemen, I give you assurance at the outset that 
 I will make up for my short-comings in handling so weighty 
 a theme by making it as brief as the important subjects 
 under consideration will admit. 
 
 Now, my hearers, what of the past ? I shall not endeavor 
 to resurrect the long dead past. I shall not delve into the 
 long vista of past ages, but shall content myself with "look- 
 ing backward " only to the time within the memory of 
 many within hearing of my voice. My " past " for this 
 occasion begins with that eventful, fateful, and ever mem- 
 orable 9th of April, 1865, when the peerless Lee and his 
 heroic band of followers accepted the inevitable in good 
 faith, laid down their arms and began to march to their 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 1 8/ 
 
 homes. Homes ? " How many of them had homes to go to? 
 What once was their homesteads lay in ashes and their 
 farms in rnin and desolation. All that was left of home 
 was that which they had cherished in the memoiy of happy 
 childhood days, of gleeful sports at the old field school 
 house ; perhaps the memory of the first glance of bright 
 eyes and winning smiles of budding womanhood ; perhaps 
 the memory of the young wife of his bosom and his little 
 prattling babe, or of an old father and a now sainted 
 mother, who in broken accents gave him her blessing as 
 she sent him forth to the field of duty. 
 
 Thither the soldier of the South turned his face, bowed 
 down in grief, broken in spirit, sore of foot, lacerated at 
 heart, despondent, on the verge of despair ; nowhere 
 appeared the slightest sign of a silver lining to the dark 
 cloud hovering around and about him, as he, weary, hun- 
 gry and penniless, wended his way. To him the sun, in 
 his midday effulgence, seemed to have lost his luster; the 
 breaking of day in those spring mornings failed to awaken 
 in the birds their accustomed songs and peans of gladness 
 and praise to the Creator. To him the grass was not as 
 green, nor had the sky its wonted azure, and all nature 
 seemed attuned to his sad feelings. One looks in vain in 
 profane history for a similar condition of things. I find a 
 portrayal only in sacred record comparable to it : the Lam- 
 entations of Jeremiah on the destruction of the temple. 
 
 But the people of the Southern cities were then, and at 
 this day they are still, the purest and least alloyed of that 
 sturdy Anglo-Saxon blood, with all which the term implies. 
 Such a people inured as they had become by four years' hard- 
 ship and self-denial could not long remain in the slough of 
 despondence. They soon began with a will to repair the 
 waste places, and thanks be to the Jehovah in the Highest, 
 who worketh wonders beyond the ken of men, so it came 
 to pass, that which the Southern man considered his 
 greatest calamity, and one which he thought would hamoer 
 
1 88 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 him most in the work of repairing his broken fortunes, 
 namely, " the loss of his slaves," redowned to his greatest 
 benefit, in the up-building of all sections of the South, 
 bringing with it plenty, happiness and prosperity. Now 
 everywhere is heard the sound of the axe, the hammer, the 
 shovel and the pick, the spindle and the loom, the glowing 
 forge and furnace, the result showing a money value of all 
 holdings far, very far, in excess of the former money value 
 of lands and the slaves included. For to pursue the even 
 tenor of his way, with no further aspiration or incentive to 
 develop the native resources which a kind Providence had 
 so lavishly placed within his reach. But owing to the 
 now altered condition of things of necessity, the white man 
 of the South was thrown upon his own resources, with the 
 result that his manhood and determination to succeed 
 began to assert themselves, and hence this wonderful 
 result. 
 
 Many young men of the South, growing to manhood's 
 estate, became restless amid their impoverished environ- 
 ment, and sought homes and employment in more favored 
 sections of our country, returning later to the country of 
 their birth, imbued and inoculated with the push, thrift 
 and experience that characterizes our Northern brethren, 
 and in many instances inducing friends and acquaintances 
 they had made in other fields of their labor to come South, 
 and cast their lot with us, thus arousing and quickening 
 the spirit of industrial pursuits to an extent never before 
 equalled by any country. 
 
 Now, mark the result, and note the " Present South," 
 which can best be illustrated by a few statistical facts to 
 which I now crave your attention. But in order not to tire 
 you I will confine myself chiefly to the comparison of the 
 States of the Piedmont section of the South, with a few of 
 the most prosperous States of New England, and while 
 there are doubtless many gentlemen present who are famil- 
 iar with these facts, yet I opine that the result of the com- 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBWCATION. 1 89 
 
 parison shown here below will be a revelation to many as 
 it has been to me. 
 
 My first subject of comparison will be the increase of 
 population from 1850 to 1890. We find : 
 
 Maine — 
 
 Years. P. C. 
 
 1850-60 7.47 
 
 1860-70 22 
 
 i«7o-8o 3.51 
 
 1880-90 1.87— 13.07 
 
 New Hampshire — 
 
 Years. P. C. 
 
 1850-60 2.55 
 
 1860-70 2.38 
 
 1870-80 9.01 
 
 1880-90 8.51 — 22.45 
 
 Vermont — 
 
 Years. P. C. 
 
 1850-60 31 
 
 1860-70. . . 4.90 
 
 1870-80 52 
 
 1880-90 04 — 5.77 
 
 Rhode Island — 
 
 Years. P. C. 
 
 1850-60 18.35 
 
 1860-70 24.47 
 
 1870-80 27.33 
 
 1880-90 24.09 — 94.24 
 
 Massachusetts — 
 
 Years. P. C. 
 
 1850-60 23 79 
 
 1860-70 1838 
 
 1870-80 22.35 
 
 1880-90 25.57 — 90.09 
 
 Total percentage, increase 225.62 
 
 Alabama — 
 
 Years. P C. 
 
 1850-60 24.96 
 
 1860-70 3.40 
 
 1870-80 2653 
 
 1880-90 19 84 — 74.83 
 
190 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 Georgia — 
 
 Years. P. C. 
 
 1850 60 16.67 
 
 1860-70 12.00 
 
 1870-80 30.24 
 
 1880-90 19- 14 — 78.05 
 
 North Carolina — 
 
 Years. P. C. 
 
 1850-60 14-25 
 
 186070 7.93 
 
 1870-80 30.65 
 
 1880-90 15.59—68.39 
 
 Tennessee — 
 
 Years. P. C. 
 
 1850-60 10 68 
 
 1860-70 13.40 
 
 1870-80 22 55 
 
 1880-90 14.60 — 61.23 
 
 South Carolina — 
 
 Years. P. C. 
 
 1850-60 5.27 
 
 186070 27 
 
 1870-80 41.10 
 
 1880 90 15 63 — 62.27 
 
 Total percentage, increa.«e 344. 77 
 
 INCREASE OF CAPITAL IN THE VARIOUS MANUFACTURES 
 
 FROM 1880 TO 1890. 
 
 Maine — 
 
 Years. P. C. 
 
 Inc. 
 
 1880 $ 49,000,000 
 
 1890 , 80,000,000 — 63 
 
 New Hampshire — 
 
 Years. P. C. 
 
 Inc. 
 
 i8|o $ 51,000,000 
 
 1890 79,000,000—55 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBI^ICATION. 191 
 
 Vermont — 
 
 Years. p. c. 
 
 Inc. 
 18S0 1 23,000,000 
 
 1850 32,000,000 — 39 
 
 Rhode Island — 
 
 Years. p. c 
 
 Inc. 
 1880 I 75,000,000 
 
 1890 126,000,000 — 68 
 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 Years. p. c. 
 
 Inc. 
 1880 $303,000,000 
 
 1890 ... 630,000,000 — 108 
 
 Total average increase, per cent 333 
 
 Alabama — 
 
 Years. p. c. 
 
 Inc. 
 
 1880 f, 9,000,000 
 
 1S90 .... 46,000,000 — 411 
 
 Georgia — 
 
 Years. p. Q, 
 
 Inc. 
 
 1880 1 20,000,000 
 
 1890 56,000,000 — 180 
 
 North Carolina — 
 
 Years. P. c. 
 
 Inc. 
 
 1880 I 13,000,000 
 
 1890 32,000,000 — 145 
 
 Tennessee — 
 
 Years. p. c. 
 
 Inc. 
 
 1880 $ 20,000,000 
 
 1890 51,000,000 — 155 
 
 South Carolina — 
 
 Years. p. c. 
 
 Inc. 
 
 1 880 I II ,000,000 
 
 1890 29,000,000 — 163 
 
 Total average increase, percent 1,054 
 
192 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBI^ICATION. 
 
 COAL— PER CENT. 
 
 Penusylvania — 
 
 Years. Tons. P. C. 
 
 Inc. 
 
 1870 23,000,000 
 
 1890 71,000,000 
 
 1892 91 ,000,000 
 
 Ohio- 
 Years. Tons. P. C. 
 
 Inc. 
 
 1870 2,000,000 
 
 1890 18,000,000 
 
 1892 14,000,000 — 600 
 
 Indiana — 
 
 Years. Tons. P. C. 
 
 Inc. 
 
 1870 347,000 
 
 1880 1,900,000 
 
 1890 3,300,000 
 
 1892 ,, 3,300,000— 655 
 
 Illinois. 
 
 Years. Tons. P. C. 
 
 Inc. 
 
 1870 2,000,000 
 
 1880 4,000,000 
 
 1890 15,000,000 
 
 1892 17,000,000 — 750 
 
 -I 
 
 Iowa- 
 Years. Tons. P. C. 
 
 Inc. 
 
 1870 263,000 
 
 1880 1,700,000 
 
 1890 4,000,000 
 
 1892 3,000,000- 1,040 
 
 Total average increase, per cent 3>34i 
 
 Alabama — 
 
 Years. Tons. P. C. 
 
 Inc. 
 
 1870 10,000 
 
 1892 5,000,000 — 4,900 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 193 
 
 Georgia — 
 
 Years. Tons. P. C. 
 
 Inc. 
 
 1874 40,000 
 
 1893 ••••• 372,000— 830. 
 
 North Carolina — 
 
 Years. Tons. P. C. 
 
 Inc. 
 
 1889 ' 192 
 
 1891 20,000 — 103, 
 
 Tennessee — 
 
 Years. Tons. P. C. 
 
 Inc. 
 
 ^870 133.000 
 
 1892 2,400,000 — 1,704 
 
 Virginia and West Virginia — 
 
 Years. " ' Tons. P. C. 
 
 Inc. 
 
 1870 679,000 
 
 1892 9,000,000 — 1,226 
 
 Total average increase, per cent 8,763 
 
 IRON. 
 
 Pennsylvania — 
 
 Years. • Tons. P. C. 
 
 Inc. 
 
 1850 877,283 
 
 i860 1,354,000 
 
 1870 2,237,286 
 
 1880 :............. 1,951,495 
 
 1890 ....:;......... 1,560,234— 78 
 
 Ohio— 
 
 Years. Tons. P. C. 
 
 Inc, 
 
 1850 140,616 
 
 i8bo 288,977 
 
 1870 ; : 55^,664 
 
 1880 .:...: .; ■ 488,750 
 
 1890 — 254,294— 81 
 
191 
 
 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBI^ICATION. 
 
 Connecticut, Maine and Massachusetts — 
 Years. 
 
 Tons 
 
 P. C. 
 Inc. 
 
 1850 66,266 
 
 i860 69,550 
 
 1870 78,925 
 
 1880 92,549 
 
 1890 88,251 — 
 
 Total average increase, per cent 
 
 33 
 
 192 
 
 SOUTHERN STATES. 
 
 Alabama — 
 Years. 
 
 Tons. 
 
 3.720 
 11,350 
 
 P. C. 
 Inc. 
 
 i860 
 
 1870 
 
 1880 171,139 
 
 1890 1,570,319—4,200 
 
 Georgia and North Carolina- 
 Years. 
 
 i860 
 
 1870 
 
 1880 
 
 1890 258,900 — 949 
 
 Tons. 
 
 2,700 
 
 5,500 
 
 84,000 
 
 P. C. 
 
 Inc. 
 
 Tennessee — 
 Years. 
 
 i860 
 
 1870 
 
 1880 
 
 1890 773,000- 
 
 Tons. 
 
 56,900 
 
 64,900 
 
 9,300 
 
 P. C. 
 Inc. 
 
 731 
 
 Texas- 
 Years. 
 
 i860. 
 1870. 
 i8«o. 
 1890. 
 
 Tons 
 
 3,250 
 
 2,500 
 
 3,200 
 
 13,000- 
 
 P C. 
 
 Inc. 
 
 300 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBUCATION. 1 95 
 
 Virginia and West Virginia — 
 
 Years. Tons. P. C. 
 
 Inc. 
 
 i860 28,000 
 
 1870 84,000 
 
 1S80 217,000 
 
 1890 500,000 — 1,685 
 
 Total average increase, per cent — 7,865 
 
 We now take up our great staple : 
 
 COTTON. 
 
 Bales. 
 We find that in i860, when slavery was at its height, we 
 
 raised 3,849,000 
 
 With free labor, and notwithstanding that the South had 
 
 lost during the Confederate War, by death, disease and 
 
 disability, no less than 300,000 men, she made in 1870 4,347,000 
 
 In 1880 6,600,000 
 
 In 1890 8,674,000 
 
 The Crop of 1897 and 1898 11,999,000 
 
 Now as to its manufacture : 
 
 NEW ENGI.AND STATES. 
 
 Years. Spindles. P. C. 
 
 Inc. 
 
 i860 3,858,900 
 
 1870 5,498,000 
 
 1880 8,630,000 
 
 1890 10,836,000 
 
 1899 13,500,000—250 
 
 Looms. 
 
 93-300 
 114,900 
 184,700 
 250,000 
 350,000- 
 
 P. C. 
 
 Inc. 
 
 275 
 
 SOUTHERN STATES. 
 
 Years. Spindles P. C. 
 
 Inc. 
 
 i860 298,500 
 
 1870 327,800 
 
 1880 542,000 
 
 1890 1,554,000 
 
 1899 3,900,000 — 1,206 
 
 Looms. 
 
 6,780 
 
 6,250 
 
 11,890 
 
 36,250 
 
 110,000- 
 
 P. C. 
 Inc. 
 
 1,522 
 
196 twentie;th ckntury publication. 
 
 While many of those present can readily comprehend 
 the capacity of production from the given number of spin- 
 dles and looms, yet, as this may reach some not conversant 
 with this subject, I take the liberty to give some details. 
 
 If our friend j\Iiss Cleoparta (of Egypt) was living to-day 
 and was still engaged in her favorite pastime of needle- 
 work, and took it into her head to embroider the initials of 
 the name on a handkerchief or a pair of suspenders, as a 
 Christmas present for one of our most prominent bachelor 
 members of this association, and would telephone from 
 Egypt an order to this association for a spool of thread to 
 fit her cambric needle, the spindles now in use in the South 
 could produce a thread reaching from here to Egypt in one 
 minute of time. To spin a thread to reach around the 
 earth, which measures, in round numbers, 25,000 miles, 
 would require only four minutes of time. 
 
 Should we take it in our heads to furnish a belt for Her 
 Ladyship, the earth, we could produce one 36 inches in 
 width in eight working days of 11 hours each, and have 
 plenty left for a nice large double bow knot and two long 
 sash ribbons; for we can produce with our present number 
 of looms in eight working days of 11 hours each, 31,250 
 miles of cloth. Thus I could go on and cite many more 
 examples to show the magnitude of the Southern mill bus- 
 iness, but for my promise at the outset that I would be 
 brief, which promise, I apprehend, I have already broken. 
 
 Such is the succinct statement of the present South. The 
 showing in most gratifying, and exceeds the ambition of 
 the most sangiune of 35 years ago. 
 
 It is our good fortune to live in this, by nature, most 
 favored section of our country, both as to climate and 
 natural resources of every kind. The eyes, not only of the 
 North, East and West, but of the whole civilized world are 
 turning toward the Southern States and I am persuaded to 
 think that, were the sage Horace Greely living to-day, he 
 would not say, "Go West, young man, go West," but with 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBI^ICATION. 1 97 
 
 his clear perception of future posibilities, he himself, ere 
 now, would have come South, and beckoning to you gentle- 
 men of the North and East, would say, "Don't go West, 
 but come South, gentlemen, come South." 
 
 One can make no mistake in going to any of the States 
 of the South, they all have features before them. In this 
 connection, I am reminded of the Irishman, who, while 
 endeavoring to point out to a new arrival from the Emer- 
 ald Isle, the difference between this country and his, said: 
 "Moike, one man in this country is as good as another, and 
 better, too, by jabbers." So, I say one State of the South is 
 as good as another, "and better, too." 
 
 I may be pardoned, of course, for saying that the good 
 old State of North Carolina is as good as any other of the 
 Southern States, "and better, too," and that our city of 
 Charlotte and the country around her is the best city and 
 section of that State, which is as good as any other, "and 
 better, too." 
 
 Yes, in this section one finds the greatest industrial 
 development, especially in the manufacture of cotton. 
 Gentlemen, if you take Charlotte as a central point and 
 draw around it a circle of a hundred miles as the "crow 
 flies," you will find that within that circle are located two 
 million of the 3,900,000 spindles, and 58,000 of 110,000 
 looms of the Southern cotton industry. 
 
 While we enjoy many advantages over the East, yet we 
 labor under some great disadvantages, viz ; Banking facili- 
 ties and cheap interest on money. While our Eastern 
 friends get their money at from 3 to 5 per cent., we 
 of the South have been paying 8 to 15 per cent., and are 
 to-day paying from 6 to 10 per cent., which you all very 
 well know is a great tax on our profits and a great hin- 
 drance to the full development of our country. We ought 
 to put forth our best efforts to bring about a change. 
 
 Bear with me for a little while, and I will present to you 
 a few figures showing the inequality of the circulating 
 
198 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 medium of the South as compared with the East. In 1890 
 we had a banking power in the United States per capita 
 $96.69. The greatest in any one State was Rhode Island, 
 with $371.62 per capita, and the minimum was in Arkan- 
 sas, with $4.63 per capita. Taking it by sections, we find 
 that the six New England States had $252 per capita, 
 while the thirteen Southern States had but $18.70. In view 
 of these conditions, the marvel of our great success becomes 
 the more phenomenal. May we not hope that the party 
 now in power will soon make good its last campaign pledge 
 to give relief in the financial and banking system; in my 
 humble opinion "banks of is>ue" under proper govern- 
 mental supervision is the true remedy. But enough of the 
 present South. Now, what of the future ? 
 
 Who is there bold enough to assert what new develop- 
 ments will take place within the next twenty years? There 
 is no way for mortal man to see into the future. The only 
 guidance we have is the past. Taking that as the basis, 
 ihe contemplative mind soars into the realm of fancy, 
 which at this day may smack of Munchausen ism. And 
 yet who is bold enough now to gainsay what the imagin- 
 ative, speculative mind may indulge in or give expres- 
 sion to ? 
 
 If in the last 20 years (our greatest development dates 
 backs no further) we have with an unestablished credit and 
 our success as a manufacturing country still problematical, 
 with restricted banking facilities, with more or less inex- 
 perienced managers of our industrial establishments, having 
 barely opened the door of the natural resources v/ithin our 
 reach, been able to accomplish such wonderful results, what 
 may we not accomplish in the next 20 years ? 
 
 With electricity yet in its infancy, with the constantly 
 improving machinery and new inventions, with hundreds of 
 thousands of unutilized water powers, is it not safe to say 
 that we shall outstrip the past 20 years many hundred 
 fold ? There is, and can be, no doubt of it. 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 1 99 
 
 Then, my fellow-citizens, let us all, as loyal Americans, 
 true to our country and our dear flag, work together in 
 peace and love and unity. 
 
 Let there be no South, no North, no East and no West. 
 L<et there be no contention of one section against another, 
 but rather let there be emulation as to who can best serve 
 his country's interest and thus serve his own. 
 
 Let us in our peaceful warfare follow the example set us 
 by those brave and heroic men of every section of our 
 country who recently went forth to carry to victory and 
 renown our glorious flag. 
 
 Let us on this festive occasion resolve anew that for us 
 and our latest posterity there is but one country, one flag, 
 now, henceforth and evermore. 
 
200 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 ADDRESS OF MR. T. C. POWELL, GENERAL FREIGHT AGENT 
 
 SOUTHERN RAILWAY. 
 
 Mr. Chairman atid Getttlejuen : 
 
 I am somewhat embarrassed by the chairman's introduc- 
 tion — particularly in his reference to the passenger depart- 
 ment, but riding on trains is something that does not come 
 within my jurisdiction. There are some few special privi- 
 leged persons who do ride on freight trains, but I believe 
 they are persons who accompany stock. 
 
 When I accepted the invitation to come to Charlotte 
 today I did not expect to be placed on the list for a speech. 
 I therefore have not had an opportunity to write out my 
 remarks in detail as I might otherwise have done. The 
 question of transportation facilities is one that interests the 
 Southern shippers, especially the Southern spinners, I 
 think, almost more than any other part of the country. 
 The development of the South, which Mr. Wittkowsky 
 has so fully explained, has to a great extent been due to 
 the development of the transportation facilities of the 
 South. I met a gentleman about a month ago on the train 
 coming from St. Louis who had, when a boy, transported 
 cotton in a wagon drawn by four oxen 145 miles, for which 
 he charged $1 per 100 pounds. He later assisted me in the 
 construction of a railroad between the same points. He 
 became the president of that road. When I met him he 
 had retired from business. In less than one generation the 
 transportation facilities have arisen from the oxen to the 
 railroad. My own experience does not go back that far, 
 but I remember my father telling when he was a boy how 
 he came from New York to Cincinatti by water. Now the 
 Empire State Express from New York to Baltimore holds 
 the record for fast record and regularity of record. The 
 railroads of the South are endeavoring to bring themselves 
 up to the standard that will give the Southern shippers 
 the best service for the least money. It has sometimes 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 20I 
 
 been said that the rates in the South are not as low per mile 
 as the rates in the North — a statement which is entirely true. 
 In the reports made by the Inter-State Commerce Commis- 
 sion, showing the rate per mile of the railroads of the 
 whole country, they have divided the country into five sec- 
 tions, one of which takes in New York, Pennsylvania, and 
 the New England States, and that section is used as lOO 
 per cent, on which to base the others. If any of you have 
 seen the statement you will see that the South section does 
 not reach 50 per cent, of that section. Nevertheless the 
 tendency of the rate is downward. The rate per ton in the 
 South is less than it has ever been before. The address 
 made by Mr. Sanborn as to export trade of the United 
 States was particularly interesting to me because the South 
 is better fixed to export than any other part of the country. 
 It has more available ports than any other section. The 
 Nicaragua Canal, which will undoubtedly be opened some 
 time in the future, will give the South access to the South- 
 ern territories through a shorter route than any othei sec- 
 tion of the country. Taking the ports of export we have 
 available as the farthest Southern port to the north Nor- 
 folk. We have then Wilmington, Charleston, Savannah, 
 Brunswick, Jacksonville, and the newer ports of Miami and 
 Tampa. O^he route via Miami to Havana is only 14 hours, 
 and for that reason has become the most favorable route. 
 The Plant Steamship Line has its boats from Tampa to 
 Havana, so the South has a range of exports greater than 
 any other parts of the country. In addition to that it has 
 the means of reaching Mie Pacific coast quite as easily, and 
 it has as cheap rates as the Northern cities. Under the 
 method of adjusting the rates to the Pacific coast nearly 
 every city in the South has approximately the same rate, 
 the result being that one is just as ready to compete on the 
 Pacific coast as the other. Mr. Richards was to have pre- 
 ceded me and would have furnished some statistics as to 
 the growth of the cotton mill industry in the South, and I 
 
202 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 will take the liberty of reading a few of his figures. In 
 1890 there were 36,000 looms and 1,500,000 spindles in the 
 States traversed by the Southern Railway system. On 
 January ist, 1899, the number of looms had increased to 
 91,000, spindles 3,600,000. These figures I believe have 
 also been given by Mr. Wittkowsky. The increase in the 
 movement of traffic between the States can be gauged from 
 year to year, taking into consideration the crop conditions 
 and the industrial condition. The chance, however, for 
 large development is in the export trade, and it is in the 
 export trade that we desire to become pre-eminent, and we 
 have through the recent acquisition of the South Carolina 
 & Georgia road opened up a new port, so that we now 
 have Charleston, Brunswick, and we reach by a friendly 
 connection Miami and Tampa. I did not intend to refer 
 particularly to the Southern Railway, but as my duties are 
 with that line I am better acquainted with that line than 
 others. There is another point on which I think there has 
 been some misunderstanding in the past. Under the old 
 system of railroading it was customary to give the junction 
 points or competitive points a low scale of rates and to 
 make up the loss that sometimes occurred on that low 
 traffic by what some people thought exorbitant rates on 
 the local traffic. It is not the purpose of the Southern 
 lines to thwart the industries on the local lines by charg- 
 ing exorbitant rates. I think it necessary to refer particu- 
 larly to that because there was at one time a great deal of 
 injustice. It has sometimes been said that corn could be 
 carried from the West to New York by a point and sent 
 back from New York to that point cheaper than it could 
 be shipped to that intermediate point. That condition has 
 been changed. We recognize the competitive condition of 
 the markets. We recognize that in order to get to a large 
 market, such as New York, Chicago, Baltimore or Phila- 
 delphia, 01 to the West, it is necessary to give every point 
 of production practically the same rates. That there has 
 
 til 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 205 
 
 been a reduction in the rates of freight in the South is shown 
 by the reports of the railroads themselves. The reduc- 
 tion of freight has necessitated the consolidation of inter- 
 ests. For the same reason the equipment has been changed. 
 Col. Anthony told me the first car of Tennessee coal came 
 in a car holding only 10 tons. To-day they will hold 30 
 to 40 tons. Not long ago we had application made to 
 us for a flat car which would hold 100,000 for the purpose 
 of carrying a block of marble to Providence, R. L, and the 
 block actually weighed 90,000 within a few pounds. It 
 has been made necessary for us to take into consideration a 
 change in our rates. So far as we have been able to foresee 
 changed conditions we have published our traflfics with the 
 idea which I have just explained. Colonel Anthony calls 
 my attention to this car which carried only 10 tons and 
 cost him delivered, in freight, $8 per ton. To-day the rate 
 is $2.25. Then, at the coal being given away, the rates of 
 freight did not permit the successful handling of coal in 
 Charlotte. 
 
 Gentlemen, when I got up I did not intend to say so- 
 much. I thank you for your kind attention. 
 
204 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 REMARKS BY MR. TOMPKINS. 
 
 Mr. D. A. Tompkins said, in response to the toast, 
 ^'Southern Textile Manufacturing :" 
 
 Gentlemen of the Association : 
 
 I want to repeat at the outset of what I have to say a 
 sentiment that I expressed to-day in the association hall as 
 having been uttered by Mr. Robert Y. Hayne, when he 
 said : "I know of nothing, except the Christian religion, 
 that can be compared with the influence of a free, social 
 and commercial intercourse, for softening asperities, remov- 
 ing prejudices, extending knowledge and promoting human 
 happiness." We have to-day in this meeting the fruits of 
 cultivation of that sort of sentiment which was planted two 
 years ago when a few members of a small association went 
 North to consult with commission men rtbout differences 
 between the producers and the salesmen of yarn. When 
 this committee reached the North, the report was that the 
 committee fought shy of them, and did not see them for 
 two or three days, and that they would not see them until 
 they had invited them to dinner. Now, as we have all got 
 together in one family, I would just like to ask the ques- 
 tion amongst us girls here, who sent that invitation to din- 
 ner, Mr. Rhyne or Mr. Parvin. It still seems to be a ques- 
 tion of who struck Billy Patterson. The dinner was in 
 Philadelphia, and it was a liquid dinner — all liquid. 
 
 It seems to me that we have reached a condition in the 
 United States when it is not a question of competition be- 
 tween the North and South, but when it is rather one of the 
 United States against the rest of the world. We manufacture 
 today in the United States about one-fourth of the cotton that 
 is produced in the United States. If we enter upon a cut- 
 throat competition between the North and South we will 
 continue to manufacture about one-fourth and Germany 
 and England will supply the rest of the world with cotton 
 goods manufactured from American cotton, while we are 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 205 
 
 fighting over a domestic trade for one-fourth of the product 
 of the United States. What we want to do is to accom- 
 plish permanently what we have accomplished here to- 
 night. Hold meetings in North Carolina that are com- 
 posed of citizens of New England, Pennsylvania, Maryland 
 and the Southern States for the purpose of promoting the 
 foreign trade in American-made goods, and let us manu- 
 facture one-half or three-fourths of all the cotton that is 
 made in America instead one-fourth of it. It will require, 
 gentlemen, the very best efforts of the whole of New Eng- 
 land, of the people of the Middle States, and all the people 
 of the Southern States, working together, to accomplish 
 this result. We are set in competition against a people in 
 Germany who are the best educated in the world. We are 
 set in competition in England against a people who have 
 the best training in the world for commercial trade, and 
 we must together establish education in this country by 
 which we can make diversified products that will fit South 
 America, that will fit the Philippine Islands and Cuba and 
 all other countries where cotton goods go, and where the 
 people wear cotton in preference to other goods. It is the 
 consummation of folly for us to talk about competition with 
 New England. There is no such thing. We and they can 
 cut our throats in this domestic market, but in order to 
 prosper we must get that foreign trade to which Mr. San- 
 born referred in his lecture. The means of accomplishing 
 this is to diversify our production. Here in the South we 
 are making too much the same kind of goods. Everybody 
 wants to make a four-yard sheeting, or No. 20's. I want 
 the next generation to be educated to let up on me. I know 
 how to make the plainer goods — it is the business of the 
 younger men to find out how to make the better goods. It 
 is your and my business to provide educational systems by 
 which they can make these better goods. The price of 
 these plainer goods is about three times the price of raw 
 cotton. The price of the goods we make to-day in the 
 
2o6 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBI^ICATION. 
 
 South is about i8 cents a pound on an average, whereas 
 the average price of raw cotton is about 6 cents. In a town 
 not loo miles from here not over two weeks ago, I weighed 
 some very ordinary dress goods that were being purchased 
 by the ladies of that community. It ran up about 64 cents 
 a pound that these people were paying for dress goods, and 
 it is possible that cotton that their parents sold for 5 cents 
 per pound went to make up these goods. Now we 
 want the next generation to provide these goods, and we 
 want the coarser goods left for this generation. I am an 
 advocate of textile education. To have the younger gen- 
 eration instructed in arts that we have had to pick up. I 
 am an advocate of an American merchant marine service, 
 so that we may take the goods of this country to other 
 countries in our own ships. Mr. Sanborn has told you that 
 not 8 per cent, of the goods sent from this country go in 
 American bottoms. 
 
 I think it appropriate that we should not only co-operate 
 with the people of New England and get them to co- 
 operate with us, and with the people of Pennsylvania, but 
 also get them to co-operate with us to bring about the 
 necessary legislation in this country for profitable manu- 
 facture. We ought, also, to be extremely conservative in 
 •our own business methods in this country. It is the cus- 
 tom of Southern manufacturers to issue statements to show 
 how extremely well they are making out. In some few 
 instances this may be true, but in the great majority these 
 statements are made up by book-keeping more than they 
 are made in the mills. Even if it were true that the results 
 are being accomplished, it would be infinitely better that 
 they should be conservatively handled and conservatively 
 published. 
 
 It is extremely late, and I won't detain the convention 
 further than to ask Mr. Parvin which one of those people 
 issued that invitation ? I want to know. 
 
BOARD OF GOVERNORS' MEETINGS. 
 
 Since the last Annual Meetino^, May loth and nth, 1900, 
 the following meetings of the Board of Governors have 
 been held for the purpose of transacting such matters as 
 were of interest to the Association which had been brousfht 
 to their attention by the President. 
 
 The first meeting was held in Charlotte, N. C, June 
 2ist, 1900, and was attended by the following members of 
 the Board of Governors : 
 
 Dr. J. H. McAden, Charlotte, N. C; J. P. Verdery, 
 Augusta, Ga,; Leroy Sgrings, Lancaster, S. C; B. E. Will- 
 ingham, Macon, Ga.; W. C. Heath, Monroe, N. C; A. P. 
 Rhyne, Mt. Holly, N. C; R. S. Reinhardt, Lincolnton, 
 N. C; A. C. Miller, Shelby, N. C; R. R. Ray, McAdens- 
 ville, N. C; J. C. Smith, Newton, N. C.,and Geo. B. Hiss, 
 Secy., Charlotte, N. C. In addition to the members of the 
 Board of Governors, the following gentlemen were present 
 by invitation : Messrs. J. P. Wilson, Charlotte, N. C; Geo. 
 E. Wilson, Charlotte, N. C; J. M. Beatty, Charlotte, N. C; 
 A. J. Abernathy, Lincolnton, N. C, and J. C. Rankin, 
 Spencer Mountain, N. C. 
 
 The second meeting was held at Charlotte, N. C., July 
 i8th, 1900, and was attended by the following members of 
 the Board of Governors : Messrs. R. R. Ray, McAdens- 
 ville, N. C; J. C. Smith, Newton, N. C; R. S. Reinhardt, 
 Lincolnton, N. C; A. P. Rhyne, Mt. Holly, N. C; W. C. 
 Heath, Monroe, N. C ; A. C. Miller, Shelby, N. C; Dr. J. 
 H. McAden, Charlotte, N. C, and Geo. B. Hiss, Secretary. 
 
 The third meeting was held at La Fayette Hotel, Phila- 
 delphia, Pa., Oct. 2nd, 1900, and the following members of 
 the Board of Governors were present . Messrs. W. C. Heath, 
 A. P. Rhyne, D. A. Tompkins, R. S. Reinhardt, A. C. Mil- 
 ler, J. C. Smith, Dr. J. H. McAden and Secretary Hiss. The 
 
208 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 following members of the Association were present by 
 invitation : Capt. Freno Billing, King's Mountain, N. C; 
 J. E. Sherrill, Mooresville, N. C; James Webb, Hillsboro, 
 N. C; J. S. Mauney, King's Mountain, N. C; A. A. 
 Shuford, Hickory, N. C; A. G. Latta, Raleigh, N. C; 
 E. B Neave, Salisbury, N. C; P. S. Baker, King's Moun- 
 tain, N. C; J. K. Dixon, Gastonia, N. C; J. A. Smith, 
 Denison, Tex.; J. D. Sherrill, Concord, N. C; J. D. Moore, 
 Gastonia, N. C; J. R. Ashe, Yorkville, S. C; C. E. Hutch- 
 ison, Mt. Holly, N. C, and J. P. Wilson, Charlotte, N. C. 
 This meeting at Philadelphia, Pa., lasted until Oct. 4th, 
 when it stood adjourned subject to call of President 
 McAden. 
 
 The fourth meeting of the Board of Governors was held 
 Nov. 22nd, 1900, and was attended by the following mem- 
 bers of the Board : Messrs. R. R. Ray, McAdensville, N. C; 
 J. C. Smith, Newton, N. C; Leroy Springs, Lancaster, 
 S. C; R. S. Reinhardt, Lincolnton, N. C; W. C. Heath, 
 Monroe, N. C; A. C. Miller, Shelby, N. C; A. P. Rhyne, 
 Mt. Holly, N. C; President McAden, Charlotte, N. C, 
 and Secretary Hiss. 
 
 The fifth meeting of the Board of Governors, held in 
 Charlotte, N. C, Dec. 13th, 1900, and was attended by the 
 following members of the Board of Governors : President 
 McAden, Charlotte, N. C; B. E. Willingham, Macon, Ga.; 
 J. C. Smith, Newton, N. C; R. S. Reinhardt, Lincolnton, 
 N. C; R. R. Ray, McAdensville, N. C; W. C. Heath, 
 Monroe, N. C; A. P. Rhyne, Mt. Holly, N. C, and Geo. B. 
 Hiss, Secretary The following were present by invitation : 
 Messrs. Jno. P. Yount, Newton, N. C; J. E. Sherrill, 
 Mooresville, N. C; J. G. Morrison, Mariposa, N. C, Jno. M. 
 Scott, Charlotte, N. C; Mr. Rudisill, Cherryville, N. C; 
 Jno. J. Ceorge, Cherryville, N. C, and B. D. Heath, 
 Charlotte, N. C. 
 
 The sixth meeting of the Board of Governors, held in 
 Charlotte, N.-C.-, Jan. 25th, 1901, and was attended by the 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 209 
 
 following members of the Board : Messrs. W. C. Heath, 
 Monroe, N. C; A. P. Rhyne, Mt. Holly, N. C; D. A. 
 Tompkins, Charlotte, N. C; R. R. Ray, McAdensville, 
 N. C; R. S. Reinhart, Lincolnton, N. C; J. C. Smith, 
 Newton, N. C; President McAden and Secretary. Hiss. 
 Those present by invitation were Messrs. B. D. Heath, 
 Charlotte, N. C; J. P. Leak, Rockingham, N. C; Capt. 
 David Clark, Charlotte, N. C. 
 
 Independent of the foregoing mentioned meetings, num- 
 erous informal meetings of members of the Board of 
 Governors and members of the Association were held in 
 Charlotte, N. C, and Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
COTTON GOODS EXPORTS. 
 
 Shipments From the United Kingdom in the Year 1900. 
 
 Washington, January 25. — There are yet "worlds to 
 conquer" for the cotton manufacturers of the United States. 
 True, their exports of cotton cloth have increased from 136 
 million yards in 1890 to 258 million yards in 1900, and 
 would doubtless have been much greater in the last year 
 but for the extremely high price of cotton. Yet when the 
 exports of cotton goods by the United Kingdom for the 
 year 1900 and preceding years are examined it becomes 
 quite apparent that there is still a large opportunity await- 
 ing a people who can plant the factory beside the cotton 
 field and operate it with cheaper coal, better machinery and 
 more skillful and effective labor than that of the nation 
 which transports its cotton many thousand miles, brings its 
 coal from thousands of feet below the surface and yet dis- 
 tributes more than five billion yards of cotton goods to the 
 world every year. 
 
 The "Accounts Relating to the Trade and Navigation of 
 the United Kingdom for the Year 1900," which has just 
 been received by the Treasury Bureau of Statistics, shows 
 the exportation of cotton cloth from the United Kingdom 
 to the various parts of the world for the years 1898, 1899 
 and 1900. It shows that the total exportation of cotton 
 piece goods of all kinds in 1900 was 5,034,250,600 yards, 
 or about twenty times our own exports for the year, despite 
 the fact that four-fifths of the raw cotton from which it was 
 made was produced in the United States. The total impor- 
 tations of raw cotton into the United Kingdom in 1900 
 were 15,736,172 cwts., of which 12,190,169 cwts. were 
 from the United States, 2,789,722 from Egypt, Z2>?)->77^ 
 from India, 270,462 from Brazil and 140,041 cwts. from 
 
TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 211 
 
 Other countries. The total value of the cotton imported 
 into the United Kingdom in 1900 was ^41,027,181, or 
 ^199,659,000, and the total value of cotton manufactures 
 exported from the United Kingdom in that year was ^62,- 
 032,313, or $300,000,000. 
 
 True, the United Kingdom has not materially increased 
 her exportations of cotton goods in the decade during 
 which the United States has more than doubled her exports 
 in that line ; yet she has steadily and sturdily held her own 
 in the markets of the world against the aggressions of other 
 countries. The exports of cotton piece goods from the 
 the United Kingdom in 1890 were $5,124,966,000 yards, 
 and in 1900, as already stated, 5,034,250,000 yards. Ger- 
 many's exports of cotton manufactures, which are stated in 
 official publications in kilograms and not in yards, increased 
 from 28,285,400 kilograms in 1890 to 37,166,000 kilograms 
 in 1899. From France the exports of cotton manufactures 
 in 1890 were 17,286,000 kilos and in 1899 32,003,000 kilos. 
 Thus while the United States has shown a greater percent- 
 age of growth in her exports of cotton manufactures than 
 that of any other nation during the decade, the fact that 
 Europe, although buying most of its cotton from the Uni- 
 ted States, exported in 1900 more than $400,000,000 worth 
 of cotton manufactures while our own manufactures were 
 exporting about $20,000,000 worth, suggests great future 
 possibilities for a people for whom nature has done so 
 much in her supply of the raw cotton and of all the 
 requirements for its manufacture. 
 
 The following table exhibits the exportation of cotton 
 piece goods from the United Kingdom in 1900, showing 
 the total number of yards and the amount to each of the 
 principal countries. More than half of the enormous total 
 of 5,000,000,000 yards exported from the United Kingdom 
 in 1900 went to her colonies and other territory over which 
 she exercises control : 
 
212 TWENTIETH CENTURY PUBLICATION. 
 
 COTTON MANUFACTURES EXPORTED FROM THE UNITED 
 
 KINGDOM IN 1900. 
 
 Countries. Yards. 
 
 British East Indies 2,018,593,800 
 
 China and Hong Kong 456,195,300 
 
 Turkey 299,227,700 
 
 Dutch East Indies 194,342,000 
 
 Egypt 190,473,800 
 
 Australia 177,126,300 
 
 Argentina 131,285,300 
 
 Japan 1 19,470,200 
 
 Brazil 104,937,600 
 
 Chili 98,025,800 
 
 Other countries 1,244,572,800 
 
 Total 5,034,250,600 
 
 — Nezv York Journal of Cojnmerce and Commercial Bul- 
 letin. 
 
 The Philadelphia Commercial Museum^ in the course of 
 its studies of the world's markets, finds that in 1899 the 
 aggregate of the world's exports of manufactures of cotton 
 was $500,658,412, to which total the United States con- 
 tributed $23,566,914. England's exports in this line aggre- 
 gated $328,325,157; Germany's, $S2>^^2>7^7'1^ \ France's, 
 $32,081,095. Even Switzerland outdid us with exports of 
 cotton manufactures worth $25,000,000. 
 

 SPECIAL NOTICE TO SUPERINTENDENTS. 
 
 The attention of Superintendents is respectfully 
 called to Article III. Sec. 1. of the Constution. Article 
 I. Sec. 1. of the By-Laws is reproduced herein without 
 the Amendment in order the Amendment may be ob- 
 served. Any Superintendent now an Associate Mem- 
 ber who Is entitled to Active Membership, will kindly 
 advise the Secretary of our Association in order that 
 his name may be placed upon the Active Membership 
 List. 
 
 ERRATA, 
 
 Price, A. M., page 29 Active Membership list should be on Associate 
 
 list, and read Superintendent Eureka Mills, Chester, S. C 
 Omitted from Associate list, Ross, Jno. B., Jno. B. Ross & Co., 
 
 Charlotte, N. C. 
 Glynn, Martin P., R. A. Blythe & Co., Philadelphia, Pa., on Active 
 
 list, should be on Associate list. 
 Associate list, page 31, Cloutman J. D., should read — Cloudman J. D. 
 Omitted from Associate list, Comins, F. B., Treas. American Moisten 
 
 ing Co., Boston, Mass. 
 Dow, P. E. W. So. Agent American Mfg. Co., Atlanta, Ga., should 
 
 read Dow, C. E. W. So. Agent Amer'n Moistening Co., Atlanta, Ga. 
 Omitted from Associated list, Strang, Jas., Agent Metallic Drawing 
 
 Roll Co., Indian Orchard, Mass. 
 Omitted from Associate list, Putman, Hooker Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 Dixon, E B., Associate list should read Dickson, E B. 
 
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COMPLETE COTTON IVIILL 
 POWER EQUIPMENTS 
 
 THE DODGE MTG GO. 
 
 Engineers 
 Founders 
 Macbinists 
 
 Mibhawaka, Ind. 
 
 CONSISTING OF 
 
 SHAFTING, PULLEYS (Textile Pattern), 
 HANGERS, COUPLINGS, SELF-OILING 
 BEARINGS, CLUTCHES, ETC., 
 
 ATLANTA BRANCH, 
 Prudential B'Id'g 
 
 W. L. DRAPER, 
 Manager. 
 
 CARRIED IN STOCK. SHIPMENTS PROMPT. 
 
 Send for "POWER TRANSMISSION ECO\OniCS,"-a 22=page booklet printed 
 
 upon plate paper. 
 
 Also Patentees and 5ole Manufacturers of the 
 
 THE DODGE AMERICAN SYSTEM ROPE TRANSMISHON. 
 
 Copiously illustrated and described in a 
 i6=page Brochure, sent upon application. 
 
 The following Cotton Mills recently equipped with partial or complete nill 
 Outfits : 
 
 Aragon Mills, Aragon, Qa. 
 
 Olympia Mills, Columbia, S. C. 
 
 Capital City Hills, Columb a, S. C. 
 
 Seneca Hills, Seneca, S. C. 
 
 Eagle and Phenix Mills, Columbus, Qa. 
 
 Louise Mills, Charlotte, N. C. 
 
 Gwinnett Mills, Lawrenceville, Qa. 
 High Shoals M'f'gCo., High Shoals, S.C. 
 Chicopee H'f'gCo., Chicopee, A ass. 
 Nashau H'f'g Co., Nashua, Vt. 
 Jackson H'f'g Co., Nashua, Vt. 
 Bibb Mfg. Co., Macon, Qa. 
 
 All Cotton Mill Superintendents should read "POWER AND 
 TRANSniSSION," a unique publication in trade literature, ex- 
 clusively devoted to flODERN POWER TRANSMISSION EN- 
 GINEEKINQ. Copy upon application. 
 
<<lliOO]V[ HflHNESSESt>^ 
 
 We know of no other Harnesses as good as 
 those we are turning out. They are made of the Best 
 Materials it is possible to buy, and are knit and 
 finished in the most careful manner possible, The 
 eyes are uniform in size, are on a straight line across 
 the harness, and are free from twist. The loops are 
 filled with varnish so the eyes cannot break back or 
 work loose, and the twine is varnished up to the 
 shafts so the harnesses are easy to clean. 
 
 Each Harness receives a most critical 
 inspection in each process of its manufacture, and 
 only those which are free from imperfections in the 
 knitting or the finishing are allowed to go out. It is 
 for this reason that the quality of our work is always 
 the same. 
 
 We also make Rawhide and Leather Loom 
 Pickers, Duck and Ticking Lug Straps, and 
 Tape Picker Loops. 
 
 Loom Picker Company, 
 
 BIDDEFORD. MAINE. 
 
SACO & PETTEE 
 
 MACHINE SHOPS 
 
 BUILDERS OF IMPROVED 
 
 Cotton Macliinery. 
 
 A. H. WASHBURN, 
 
 SOUTHERN AGENT, 
 
 East Fourth St. Charlotte, N. C. 
 
 WE BUILD 
 
 LAPPERS, CARDS, 
 
 RAILWAY HEADS, DRAWING FRAMES, 
 ROVING FRAMES, SPINNING FRAMES, 
 SPOOLERS, REELS. 
 
 WRITE FOR CATALOGUE AND PRICES. 
 
 CORRESPONDENCES SOLICITED. 
 
The Garland System of 
 Moistening the Air . . . 
 
 Produces and maintains any desired relative 
 humidity on every day in the year. 
 
 Uniformly distributes the moisture, so that 
 all parts of the rooms are moistened alike. 
 
 Takes pure air from out of doors and forces it 
 into the rooms under a pressure of 30 pounds 
 per square inch, thus assisting- ventilation by 
 by displacing an equal volume of foul air. 
 
 Requires practically no care, except that 
 necessary for the regulation of humidity. 
 
 Oitr pamphlet describes and illustrates this 
 System as it is now constructed^ contains Rela- 
 tive Humidity and other tables coT??pi led from, 
 the latest JVeather Bureau Reports^ and treats 
 of Air Moistening more thoroughly than any 
 other pamphlet which has ever beeii issued. A 
 copy ivill be sent oji application. 
 
 ^^VCO, IVIAIJVK. 
 
Weston F. M. Webb. Louis H. Lipcold. Fred Moss 
 
 HOhliAND & WEBB, 
 
 Importers & Commission Merchants, 
 
 . . .YARNS . . . 
 
 Principal fJumbeps fliuiays on Har>d. 
 SILK EXCHANGE BUILDING. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA, 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 215 Chestnut St. 
 
 487 Broadway. 
 
 Telephone, 1 105. 
 
 Telephone, 1632 Spring. 
 
[y. 
 
 Ij 
 
 ENGINEERS. MACHINISTS. 
 
 M ConifQct Complete Gotion Mill [qupeois. 
 
 cofupieie coiion seed Oil Mills w m\mi 
 
 
 4 T / = OINC 
 
 I ^ 
 
 £ D.A.TOMPKINS CO 
 
 r 191' 
 
 SHOP ENC'lT^Et-RS" <S CONTRACTORS 
 
 E I t g & 
 
 t^-CHltl€ SHOP 
 
 ''ig^ljll C S *3 K ^ 
 
 I I I i I I 
 
 SUPPLY H0U5E. 
 
 We build Spoolers, Reels. Starch Kettles. Steam Traps, 
 
 Band Machines, etc., Cover Rolls, Make Gears, 
 
 Install Electric Plants, Carry Stock of Pipe 
 
 and Fittings, Mill and Electric Supplies, 
 
 Repair Corliss Engines, &c. 
 
 D. A. TOMPKINS, J. M. BEATY, Q. L. KRUEQER, 
 
 President. Secretary. Treasurer. 
 
 «1THE ATHERTON MILL8I» 
 
 Charlotte, N. C. 
 
 Cotton Yarns, 24-2 to 60-2. Skeins or Warps. 
 
 Wet and Dry Twist. 
 
Electric Equipment 
 
 FOR ALL CLASSES OF TEXTILE MILLS. 
 
 35,000 Horse Power in use or Under Contract, 
 
 LATEST INSTALLATION. 
 
 r.*'" 
 
 uiiiiUii 
 
 -^■*?^5«3 
 
 
 OLYMPIA MILLS, COLUMBIA, S. C. 
 
 The largest single mill building ever erected. 
 
 Power suppllied by three-phase General Electric 1300 
 Kw Generators, direct connected to steam engines. 
 
 Number of Spindles, 104,000. 
 
 Number of Looms, 2,400. 
 
 Every machine in this mill driven by General Electric 
 Induction Motors. 
 
 Estimates furnished on application. 
 
 General QiiiGe, Sdieqectadii, N. Y. 
 
 New York Office, 44- Broad Street. 
 Philadelphia Office, 214 S. Eleventh St. 
 
 Boston Office, 300 Summer St. 
 Atlanta Office, Equitable Building. 
 
<;i,-:^. 
 
 HOWARD& BULLOUGH, 
 
 Tiivslh^^^ 
 
 ^© mo 
 
 We Build. 
 
 Picking Machinery, 
 
 Revolving Flat Cards, 
 Drawing Frames, 
 
 Slubbinq, Intermediate and Roving Frames, 
 Spinning Frames, 
 Twisters, 
 
 Cone Winders. 
 We Invite i«ii 
 
 Your Investigation and Comparison. 
 
"WILLIAM FIRTH, President. FRANK B. COMINS, Treasurer. 
 
 American Moistening Company, 
 
 150 Devonshire St., BOSTON, MASS. 
 
 The '"Drosophore" and "Vortex" Humidifiers 
 
 For Moistening the Air and Maintaining a Proper Condition 
 in the Various Departments of Textile Manufacture. 
 
 Making a Specialty of Humidification, we are prepared to advise as 
 to the best introduction and arrangement of a Moistening System. 
 Our facilities for manufacturing and method of installation enable 
 us to quote the lowest prices consistent with the high standard 
 maintained in all details of our equipment. No pains spared to 
 bring every equipment up to the highest point of efficiency, the 
 desired results being carefully considered in all departments 
 requiring special attention. 
 
 Our System has been adopted in over 150 
 
 SOUTHERN M ILLS~ 
 
 M\ nm 01 oiif Miiiefs ifl Operaii in 
 
 Highest Award on the Recommendation 
 
 of THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE for 
 
 "Simplicity and Originality of Design." 
 
 Legal proceedings will at once be taken against 
 infringers and users of infringements. 
 
 Specifications furnished for any desired equipment. State size 
 and construction of rooms, how heated and lighted, and if the whole 
 or a part of the room is to be moistened, also the nature of the work, 
 and whether the machinery is driven from belts in the room or from 
 below. 
 
 Southern Office, 40 Soutli Forsyth St., Atlanta, Ga. 
 
Sanders, Orr & Co. 
 
 CHARLOTTE, N. C. 
 COLUMBUS, MISS. 
 
 COTTON 
 
 Exporters and Mill Furnishers. 
 
 
 WE HAVE BUYERS IN 
 
 Nortti Carolina, Soutti Carolina, 
 
 Georgia, Alabama and Miississippi. 
 
 Good Staple, 
 Full Weight, 
 Even Running. 
 
 Class and Personal Attention to Mill Business 
 Entrusted to Our Care Are Our Specialties. 
 
J. H. SLOAN, 
 
 Charlotte. N. C. 
 
 Cotton. 
 
 Am prepared to offer most 
 advantageous inducements to 
 
 For Prompt or 
 Future Deliveries. 
 
 Orade to Meet Any Special Requirements. 
 
 Terms and Conditions to meet 
 any Contingencies of the Market. 
 
 Correspondence Solicited. 
 
 J. H. SLOAN, 
 
 Charlotte, N. C. 
 
^mm^m'^^ ^^^mm^^m^^^^m m^m^^^^mi^^^^^ 
 
 John Van Landingham, 
 
 Charlotte, N. C. 
 
 
 ■^^^ 
 
 r^ 
 
 Cotton 
 Commission, 
 
 1 to I169 -*^^9 lie^ -^^f lie^ 1^9 lie^ 1 
 
 ^teiiJl^s £k Si^eoitilt^?'. 
 
 Ofdeps Solicited 
 
 fop All Kinds. 
 
 ^^^^m^^mm^^^>msm;m^^^^^m^^^^^^ 
 
Leonard & Ellis, 
 
 SOLE REFINERS OF 
 
 TRADE MARK. 
 
 YaME 
 
 lUgntetd OctoMr ia,_i2m. 
 
 Cylinder, Engine, Loom 
 and Spindle Oils. 
 
 ALSO 
 
 REFINERS OF HIGH-GRADE ILLUMINATING GILS. 
 
 SOLD DIRECT TO CONSUMERS ONLY 
 UNDER GUARANTEED RESULTS. 
 TRIAIv 0RL3E:RS SOLICITED. 
 
 Charlotte, N. C. Philadelphia, New York, 
 
 OFFICES • J Boston, Cincinnati, St. Louis, 
 
 Chicago, San Francisco, St. Paul, 
 
 London. Paris. Hamburg. 
 
The Charlotte National Bank, 
 
 Charlotte, N. C. 
 
 * ^ ^ 
 Total Assets $946,000. Capital and Surplus $163,000 
 
 ^V ^V ^V 
 
 VIC Vi^ VIC 
 
 With first-class facilities for hand- 
 ling business in all parts of the 
 country, and with assets of nearly.... 
 
 oivK j\j: I Xy i^ I o :iv i> o Xv r^ ^^ rg {^ 
 
 We are well prepared to handle 
 Bank accounts of all kinds. 
 
 We solicit accounts of COTTON 
 MANUFACTURERS especially, to 
 whom we are prepared to oiTer 
 most favorable terms. 
 
 We shall be pleased to have a per- 
 sonal interview or to correspond 
 with manufacturers with a view to 
 business. 
 
 \V W \Ta 
 
 •3*c" •5«S* ";•■;* 
 Vi> ^i> ■^i\ 
 
 B. D. HEATH, W. H. TWITTY, 
 
 President. Cashier. 
 
T. B. WOOD'S SONS, 
 
 I 11 HB 
 
 CHAIMBERSBURG, PA. 
 
 Manufacturers of Shafting 
 
 AND 
 
 Power Transmission Appliances. 
 
 Cotton Mill Work a Specialty* 
 
 Complete equipments of machinery for tlie trans-^ 
 mission of power, including Rope Driving Outfits of 
 any capacity. 
 
 j|@^Send for Catalogue. 
 
 Mention this publication when you write. 
 
Southern Cotton Mills 
 
 Should Spin 
 Their Yarn on 
 
 Draper Spindles 
 
 With the Assistance of 
 
 Our Round Spinning Rings. 
 
 Our New Hopper. 
 
 We also can sell them the very best in Warpers, 
 Spoolers, Twisters, etc. 
 
 As to Looms, it is hardly necessary to mention them, consider- 
 ing the length of our order list. 
 
 The Draper Company, 
 
 Hopedale, M^ass. 
 
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 O^HE^ 
 
 » 
 
 IC 
 
 '•) 
 
 Cohoes, N. Y. 
 
 Manufacturers of 
 
 The Cohoes Slasher. 
 
 >s« 
 
 Size Tanks, Tramways 
 
 And all Slasher^Room Necessities. 
 
 M< 
 
 Correspondence Solicited. 
 
 <><><X><)0<><><><><>00<K><>000<><><><X>0<>0<><>0<>0-<>0<><><^ 
 
H. C. CLARK. 
 
 PRESIDENT. 
 
 JEREMIAH GOFFj H. W. EDDY, 
 
 Vice-President. Treasurer. 
 
 mm c 
 
 GENERAL MILL FDRNISHERS. 
 
 MANUFACTURERS OF 
 
 SOUTHERN AGENTS : 
 
 Lodge & Shipley Engine Lathes, 
 Snow Steam Pumps, 
 Whiton's Improved Gear Cutter, 
 Barnes' Improved Upright Drill, 
 Cincinnati Milling Machines, 
 Cincinnati Crank Shapers, 
 Kay's Roller Covering Tools, 
 American Steel Split Pulley, 
 
 Foskett & Bishop Steam Traps, 
 Star Wall h inish Co.'s Cold Water Paint. 
 
 Piping, Fittings, Valves, Bolts 
 
 and TOOLS OF ALL KINDS. 
 
 Ctiarlotte, IV. O. 
 
 Branch Store at Spartanburg, S. C. 
 
ABEGG & RUSCH, 
 
 Commission Merchants 
 
 90 to 98 Grand Street, 
 
 New York. 
 
 COTTON YARNS. 
 
 For Hosiery and Underwear: 
 
 Carded and Combed Cops, Cones and Skeins. 
 
 In Colors and Mixtures. 
 
 Weaving Yarns : 
 
 All Numbers and Qualities, Single and All 
 Plies, Warps, Tubes and Beams. 
 
 Consignments Solicited. 
 
 Philadelphia OfiQce : 
 240 Chestnut Street 
 
OSCAH D. liOEB 
 
 ^24 & 226 Chestnut St., 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 
 Cotton Warps and Skeins, 
 
 In all Numbers, both Single and Ply 
 of Southern and Eastern Spinning. . 
 
 Consignments Solicited from Spinners, 
 
 Against which Liberal Advances will be Made. 
 
 Of. 
 
 fc — •• — 
 
 CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED 
 
 FROM SPINNERS AND CONSUMERS. 
 
liR n MPi. 
 
 Main Offices: 
 
 Memphis, Tenn. Greenwood, Miss- 
 
 Clarksdale. Miss. 
 
 Grenada, Miss. 
 
 Producers, Buyers and Exporters of 
 
 BEST BODIED 
 
 COTTONS. 
 
 OPERATING AT NINETY TOWNS IN 
 
 MISSISSIPPI, ARKANSAS AND TENNESSEE. 
 
 Buy direct from the planters in only the best staple districts, 
 own Compresses and Warehouses, and are in position to supply 
 Southern Mills any grade or character on the most favorable terms. 
 Our territory is located on railroads having favorable rates to South- 
 ern Mills points. 
 
 Type samples, showing character of our cotton sent on applica- 
 tion, charges prepaid. Highest Mill and Bank references furnished 
 on request. 
 
 Correspondence solicited. 
 
 Address all correspondence to Memphis Office. 
 
SOUTHERN BRANCH Incorporated June 4, 1890. 
 
 American 
 (Eard Slothing Qo. 
 
 NO. 223 SOUTH TRYON ST. 
 
 CHARLOTTE, N. C. 
 
 Manufacturers of Every Description of 
 
 CARD clothing: 
 
 Surface, Side Ground, Plow Ground or Needle Point. 
 
 LATEST AND BEST MACHINERY FOR 
 
 RE-COVERING IRON TOP FLATS, 
 
 FOR REVOLVING FLAT CARDS, 
 
 AND STATIONARY FLAT CARDS, 
 WITH OUR SPECIAL 
 IMPROVED STEEL CLIPS. 
 
 GENERAL OFFICES: 
 
 WORCESTER, MASS. 
 
GEO. B. HISS, 
 
 Stock, Bond and 
 flote Broker- 
 
 Hish^Grade Indastrial 
 
 Stocks, 
 
 Bought and Sold. 
 
 Cot^pcspondence Solicited. 
 
 Charlotte, N. C. 
 
Chain Warps. Skeins. Cops- Cones. 
 
 John Corbett & Sons, 
 
 Sotton Yarns 
 
 FOR 
 
 Hosiery and Weaving. 
 
 Nos. 32-34 Bank Street, 
 
 Philadelphia, Penn. 
 
HEATH-REID 
 
 Jobbing and Commission Co. 
 
 E. S. REID, |vianagei». 
 
 Souttiern Cottons, Wooiens, etc., etc. 
 
 COTTON FACTOf^S. 
 
 CHanlotte, IN. C 
 
 Dealers in all kinds Southern Cotton and Woolen 
 
 Domestics. 
 
 We now have splendid arrangements for the hand'' 
 ling of extra Staple Cotton and through our represen-' 
 tatives in Alabama, Miss., Arkansas and Texas we are 
 able to furnish any staple desired. We also have buy^^ 
 ers in North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. 
 
 We have special arrangements for execution of Spin- 
 ners' order for Cotton, either for immediate shipments 
 or future shipments, guaranteeing the best of service 
 and treatment to all business intrusted with us. 
 
 CoPPespondence Solicited. 
 
> > « < 1 nszi tilt 
 
 (C ommercial ^jj^^ational ^ank 
 
 OF CHARLOTTE, N. C. 
 
 UNITED SXATES DEROSIXARY. 
 
 Capital, .... $175,000. 
 
 Surplus and Undivided Profits, 250,000. 
 
 Loans, .... 800,000. 
 
 Deposits, . . . . 700,000. 
 
 Total Assets - - - 1,350,000. 
 
 OFFICERS: 
 
 J. S. SPENCER, President. A. G. BRENIZER, Cashier. 
 
 DIRECTORS: 
 
 J. S. SPENCER, W. E. HOLT, R. M. MILLER, 
 
 E. C. HOLT, JNO. L. MOREHEAD, R. A. DUNN, 
 
 H. C. ECCLES. R. M. WHITE. FRANK COXE. 
 
 Stanbs dfirst 
 
 On the Honor Roll of the National 
 
 Banks of North Carolina as to 
 
 Strcn^tb- 
 
 Accounts of Merchants, Manufacturers, 
 Capitalists and Others Solicited. 
 
 We Make a Specialty of Handling Cotton Mill Accounts. 
 
(Successor to SEXTON & BOBBINS CO.) 
 
 MACHINERY and EQUIPMENT 
 
 i^oie 
 
 COTTON MILLS. 
 
 Plans and Specifications for Cotton Mills» 
 
 SELLING AGENTS FOR^^-^nss^s* 
 
 Brooks & Doxey, Limited, 
 Providence Machine Company. 
 Faies & Jenks Machine Company. 
 Easton & Burnham Machine Company, 
 Kilburn, Lincoln & Company. 
 
 Cor. Fourth and Tryon Streets. 
 
 LONG DISTANCE PHONES. 
 
 CHARLOTTE, N. C. 
 
Universal Winding Company, 
 
 Boston, Mass. Providence, R. I. 
 
 YO[o Delivers \m cooes or ToDes Wiiiioui Re-Wiodino. 
 High Speed. Increased Product. 
 
 No I^oose Ends, No Cobwebs, No Waste, No Kinking. 
 
 Uniform Tension frotn Start to Finish. 
 
 Economy in Packing Cases. Also Adapted for Tube Winding. 
 
 CHARLES W. PIERCE, Southern Agent, 
 
INCORPORATED UNDER THE LAWS OF NORTH CAROLINA, OCTOBER 29, 1897. 
 
 nr 
 
 01 Boii liiise Co.. 
 
 Charlotte, N. C. 
 
 Our Modern Brick Warehouses Offer Advantages to Manu- 
 facturers for the Storage of 
 
 Cotton Cloth and Yarn. 
 
 Cotton Stored and Insured For 
 
 Fifteen (15c.) Cents a Bale a Month. 
 
 Liberal Advances Obtained on our 
 Receipts at Lowest Rate of Interest. 
 
 Our property being located between the Southern and Sea 
 
 board roads guarantees prompt service to all points 
 
 on both Systems, and also saves our patrons 
 
 Trackage Charges. 
 
 Correspondence Solicited. 
 
 K B. SPRINGS, NATHANIEL GIST, C. B. BRYANT, 
 
 President. Vice-President. Sec. & Treas. 
 
Andrew G. Pierce, Jr., Prest. Clarence A. Cook, Treas. Thos. A. Tripp, Gen'l Manager. 
 
 The Pairpoint Corporation, 
 
 Paper Department. 
 
 (Formerly New Bedford Paper Co.) 
 Makes the Best Quality of 
 
 Paper Tubes 
 
 For all kinds of Textile Machinery. 
 
 Paper Cones, 
 
 Parallel Tubes, 
 
 Taper Tubes, 
 
 Cop Tubes, 
 
 Mailing Tubes, Etc. 
 
 IN ALIv COI.ORS. 
 
 Send for Saiiii)les and Pricfs. 
 
 Paper Mill and Tube Factory, 
 
 New Bedford, Mass. 
 
Southern Electric Co. 
 
 ^ ^ ^ Charlotte, fi- C. 
 
 Electmcal Engineers 
 and ContPactot^s 
 
 Ceiling pans, 
 
 Desk Fans, 
 ^ ^ Bt^aeket Fans. 
 
 Electrical flDacbiner^ 
 an^ Supplies 
 
 special Attention Given to Rewinding Armatures, and General 
 Repairs to Electrical Machinery. 
 
 And information in Regard to Properly 
 Caring for Electrical Plants Cheerfully 
 Given. 
 
Headquarters of Cotton Mill Conventions. 
 
 TDne 
 
 DnHrsiI M(0)ileJ 
 
 9 
 
 Charlotte, N. C. 
 
 ^^ 
 
 7^ 
 
 Under Entirely 
 New Management. 
 
 Centrally liocated- 
 
 We solicit your patronage, assuring you that 
 '"aT* everything that can be done, will be done for 
 your comfort. 
 
 J^ates, $2 to $2.50. 
 
 C, E. Hoopep & Co., 
 
 Propmetops. 
 
MASON MACHINE WORKS 
 
 TAUNTON, MASS. 
 
 BUILDERS OF 
 
 Cotton Mill Machinery. 
 
 CARDS, COMBERS, LAPPERS, 
 
 RAILWAY HEADS, 
 DRAWING FRAMES 
 
 Spinning Frames, Mules 
 
 AND 
 
 LOOMS 
 
 F*lain arid F^^ricy. 
 
The Denn Warping Machinery 
 
 w 
 
 (X 
 
 o!. 
 
 W 
 
 
 Warpers. 
 
 100 TO 3200 ENDS. 
 
 Electrical Stop I^otion Applied to all Creels. 
 
 Globe Machine Works, 
 
 Frankford, Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
ESTABLISHED 1852. 
 
 ^?\r^\.I> IS Wr O F^O^ JEX 
 
 LINSEED OIL PAINTS. 
 
 By Long Use in the COTTON 
 
 STAT:E:S is known as the 
 
 Old Reliable Kettle Boiled. 
 
 SA.TlSFi^A.CTlOIV c3^trA.Fe^^ivTE:E:r>. 
 
 Ready for the Brush when extra Linseed 
 
 Oil is added. 
 
 For color cards, prices and further information, write 
 
 THE GEO. B. HISS OIL COMPANY, 
 
 CHARLOTTE, N. C. 
 
 Distributing Agents for the 
 
 KING PAINT MANUFACTURING CO., 
 
Manila Transmission Rope. 
 
 
 Use only the Best Quality in your drive. We, 
 the Oldest, Largest and Best Equipped Cordage 
 Manufacturers in this country, can furnish it. 
 
 Ask for "Plymouth " Goods in TRANSMIS- 
 
 \V 
 
 SION and BALE ROPES; alf^o CORDAGE "JJ^- 
 
 and TWINES of all descriptions 
 
 PLYMOUTH CORDAGE CO., 
 
 North Plymouth, Mass. 
 
 C. F. HOLMES, Treas* 
 
ml 
 
 III 
 
 III 
 
 "In the Roundlap bale the planter gets pay for all the 
 cotton he brings, and the spinner gets all the cotton he 
 pays for." 
 
 Ill 
 III 
 III 
 
 III! 
 
 Ill Last season again demonstrated the incomparable '" 
 superiority of The American Cotton Company's Round- 
 lap Bale. Demand outran supply. With the additional 
 presses established in the South, the Company expects 
 to meet the increased demand of 1 900-1 901, both for 
 
 III long and short staples. 
 
 Roundlap savings at the mills begin with the unload- 
 ing of the cars and do not cease until the intermediate 
 lapper is reached. 
 
 The more these bales are used the more their advan- 
 
 tages appear. A comparative test of Roundlap and 
 square cotton was recently made by the Massachusetts 
 Cotton Mills, of Lowell, Mass., to determine the relative 
 shrinkage in weight by drying out. The cotton was 
 opened, loosened by hand, placed in new bags, weighed, 
 and allowed to stand 184 hours before being reweighed. 
 The square cotton lost 2.283 P^r cent., the Roundlap 
 cotton 1. 27 1 per cent., a saving in favor of the latter of 
 1.012 per cent., or 5.06 pounds per bale of 500 pounds 
 
 III' 
 
 111 „^f III 
 
 III 
 
 iih 
 
 net. ,„ 
 
 i|] The Boston News Bureau Summary of October 19, 
 1900, published the following: 
 
 "The treasurer of one of the leadirg cotton mills of Massa- 
 III chusetts, says: 
 
 "'We have used during the last twelve months over 30,000 
 Roundlap bales of cotton put up by the American Cotton Com- 
 pany. In our estimation this is the best method of baling cot- 111 
 ton. * * * Xhe economy in the use of Roundlap bales is in 
 the character of the bale which does away with labor in the 
 III picking room at the mill, and the fact that. we get practically 
 100 cents worth of cotton for every dollar paid out. The square 
 bale in its journey from the South to the mill at the North will 
 lose on an average at least 2^4 pounds per bale, as compared 
 with a loss of not over j{ pound in the Roundlap bale. 
 
 " 'On the whole, we believe we derive from 3-16 to '4 cents 
 
 III 
 
 per pound benefit through the use of the Roundlap bale from 111 
 
 the time cotton is shipped until it is turned out as yarn in the '" 
 
 111 niill.'" Ill 
 
 III THE AMERICAN COTTON COMPANY. |j|' 
 
 III Capital, $7,000,000. Ill 
 
 General Offices, 27 William Street, New York City. 
 
 Ill John E. Searles, President, New York. ili 
 
 Wm. C. Lovering, Vice-President, Boston. 
 
 Ill 
 
 jjj WiNTHROP M. TuTTLE, Treasurer, New York. 
 
 Ill George W. Oakley, Secretary, New York. m 
 
 !J! D. C. Ball, General Manager, New York. j|!' 
 
 Ill I 
 
1VILLIAM FIRTH, EDWIN BARNES, JOHN H. NELSON, 
 
 President. Vice-President. Treasurer. 
 
 WILLIAM FIRTH COIVIPANY, 
 
 67 Equitable Building. 150 Devonshire St. 
 
 BOSTON, MASS. 
 
 SOLE IMPORTERS OF 
 
 ASA LEE^ & CO,, Limited. Textile Machinery including Bale Break- 
 ers, Revolving Flat Cards for cotton. Drawing Frames, Slub- 
 bing Frames, Intermediate Frames, Roving Frames, Comb- 
 ers, Ribbon and Comber Lap Machines, Carding Engines for 
 Wool, Wadding and also Condensers, S. A. Mules, &c. 
 
 SOUTHERN AGENTS FOR 
 
 FALL RIVER MACHINE CO., Ring Spinning Frames and Coiler 
 Railway Heads. 
 
 SOLE AGENTS FOR 
 
 WILLIAM TATHAM & CO. Waste Machinery. 
 
 JOSEPH STUBBS. Gassing. Winding and Reeling Machinery for 
 Cotton, Worsted and Silk. 
 
 JOHN PERRY, Limited. Worsted Machinery on French and English 
 Systems. Also Patent Wool Washers and Special Silk 
 Machinery. 
 
 GEORGE ORME & CO.'S Patent Hank Indicators, 
 
 JAMES YATES & SON. Hardened and Tempered Steel Card 
 Clothing for Woolen and Worsted Cards. 
 
 SELLING AGENTS FOR 
 
 JOSEPH SYKES BROS. Hardened and Tempered Steel Card Cloth- 
 ing for cotton. 
 
 DRONSFIELD BROS, Ltd. Emery Wheel Grinders and Emery Fillet. 
 
 YARN TESTING MACHINERY, WRAP REELS, HEDDLES, 
 COMBER PINS, PICK GLASSES, &c. 
 
 SOUTHERN OFFICE-40 S. Forsyth St., ATLANTA, GA. 
 C. E. W. DOW, Representative. 
 
EVAN ARTHUR LEIGH 
 
 Successor to E. A. LEIGH & COMPANY. 
 
 35-36MASON BUILDING 
 BOSTON, MASS., U. S. A. 
 
 IMPORTER OF 
 
 Textile Machinery, Etc. 
 
 Sole Agents for the U. S. and Canada for 
 
 Messrs. PLATT BROS. & CO., Ltd. 
 
 OF OLDHAM. ENGLAND. 
 
 By far the Largest Makers in the World of 
 
 CottoD, Woolen and Worsted Machinery. 
 
 By the use of Piatt's cotton machinery, for either fine 
 or coarse work, a larger poduction of better qualitv 
 can be obtained at less cost. 
 
 Sole Makers of Brown~s Patent Carding Engines for Wool-give 
 woolen yarn a worsted appearance. * 
 
 New Patent Noble Comb -increased production, better work 
 Specia Machinery for making English and French Worsted Yarns 
 bpecial Machinery for making Cotton Waste into Yarns. 
 
 Also Sole Agent for the U. S. and Canada for 
 
 Messrs. MATHER & PLATT, Ltd. 
 
 Salford Iron Works, Manchester, England. 
 
 r.^.S^^i"^,^"'^ Finishing Machinery for Cotton Goods, and Archbutt- 
 Deeley System of softening and purifying hard water, the best system 
 on the market. 
 
 Sole Representative for the U. S. and Canada for 
 
 Messrs. JOSEPH SYKES BROS., 
 
 Acre Mills. Huddersfield, England. 
 
 W. H. Bigelow, Southern Agent Charlotte, N. C. 
 
 CARD CLOTHING. 
 
 Machinery for Gassing and preparing Cotton. Worsted and miv 
 Yarns; Wool Washers and Drying Machines, Dyeing and Finlhie 
 Machinery for Woolens and Worsteds, Jefferson's Bafk washers Hard 
 ings Pins and Circles, Varey's Fallers, Garnett's Machines, etc' 
 
 Dronsfie d's Grinding Machinery and Emery Filletfng- also 
 supplies for the above machinery kept in stock i^^eung, also- 
 
 Special Machinery and Chemicals imported. 
 
BEST 
 
 Material 
 Workmanship 
 
 Results 
 
 ARE COMBINED IN THE 
 
 Picking 
 
 Machinery 
 
 BUILT BY 
 
 The A. T. Atherton 
 Machine Co. 
 
 Pawtucket, R. I. 
 
 WE CAN IMP ROVE YOUR WORK AND SAVE YOU MONEY. 
 Correspondence Solicited. 
 
The Lowell Ring Frame. 
 
 All parts are made on special tools to standard sizes and are inter- 
 changeable. 
 
 The greatest care is taken to have the frames constructed so as to 
 obtain the greatest production with the highest speed. 
 
 All spindles are run in their bearings before being sent out. 
 
 Fluted Rolls are ground to accuracy as to their roundness and 
 diameter, a very important characteristic for high speed. 
 
 We supply the best Separator in the market and provide all our 
 frames with traveller clearers, lifting thread board device, cut gearing, 
 improved roving traverse motion, heavy tin drums that don't break 
 down, and all other parts that go with a first class machine. 
 
 Lowell Machine Shop, 
 
 Lowell, Mass. 
 
1896. 
 
 1901. 
 
 ii 
 
 OLD RELIABLE" 
 
 n 
 
 is iiD mm 
 
 ALSO 
 
 READY-MIXED AND COLD WATER 
 
 PAINTS, 
 
 Linseed Oil, Gas Tar, Belt Dressing, Roof 
 Paint, Tallow, Etc. 
 
 THE GEO. B. HISS OIL CO., 
 
 Charlotte, N. C. 
 
SOUTHr^N ailll, STOCKS 
 
 80UGV unu . 
 
 LOANS 
 
 NFf^0T3ATr-:0. 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
 
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