S37 
 
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY 
 
 BULLETIN No. 15 
 
 Reforesting Pennsylvania's Waste Land 
 What and How to Plant 
 
 BY 
 
 W. GARDINER CONKLIN. 
 
 In CbarcTc of the Bureau of Silviculture and Mensuration 
 
 Issued by Direction of the Commissioner of Forestry 
 
 HAKRISBURG, PA.: 
 
 WM. STANLEY RAY, STATE PRINTER. 
 
 1916 
 
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY 
 
 BULLETIN No. 15 
 
 Reforesting Pennsylvania's Waste Land 
 What and How to Plant 
 
 BY 
 
 W. GARDINER CONKLIN, 
 
 In Charge of the Bureau of Silviculture and Mensuration 
 
 Issued by Direction of the Commissioner of Forestry 
 
 HARRISBURG, PA.; 
 
 WM. STANLEY RAY, STATE PRINTER. 
 
 1916 
 

 p. of D. 
 
 JUN T. 1917 
 
 (2) 
 
PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY. 
 
 Robert S. Conklin, 
 Commissioner of Forestry. 
 
 Irvin C. Williams, 
 Deputy Commissioner of Forestry. 
 
 STATE FORESTRY RESERVATION COMMISSION. 
 
 Robert S. Conklin, 
 President. 
 
 S. B. Elliott, 
 Wm. P. Stevenson, 
 J. M. Hoffman, 
 George B. Lewis. 
 
 BUREAU OF SILVICULTURE AND MENSURATION. 
 
 W. Gardiner Conklin, in charge. 
 Raymond B. Winter, Assistant. 
 
 (3) 
 
•^ *5»*5»*J»«J'' 
 
 (4) 
 
LETTER OF TRANvSMITTAL. 
 
 Hon. Robert S. Conklin, 
 
 Commissioner of Forestry. 
 
 Dear Sir: 
 
 The many inquiries received from persons tlirougliout the State 
 requesting- information on reforesting waste lands have prompted 
 the preparation of this bulletin, "Reforesting Pennsylvania's Waste 
 Land." It has been written for the purpose of advising interested 
 persons how to reclaim their waste land, where to obtain the plant- 
 ing stock, the species best to plant, and how the planting should be 
 done. 
 
 The information herein contained has been gleaned largely from 
 data obtainable as the result of planting on Pennsylvania's State 
 Forests. This opportunity is taken to thank the field force of for- 
 esters for supplying much of the data. 
 
 Appreciation of the assistance rendered by Prof. J. S. Illick, of 
 the Pennsylvania State Forest Academy, who supplied the habitats 
 of the species suggested for planting is hereby tendered. 
 
 The illustrations given are practically all from the collection 
 belonging to the Pennsylvania Department of Forestry. Except 
 when otherwise noted, the illustrations are from photographs taken 
 by the author. Special mention should be made of those taken in 
 plantations on the Jacob Nolde Estate, Berks county, by District 
 Forester James E. McNeal. 
 
 The bulletin is presented with the hope that it will be published and 
 distributed freely throughout the State. 
 
 Very respectfully yours, 
 
 W. GARDINER CONKLIN, 
 
 In charge of the Bureau of 
 Harrisburg, Pa. Silviculture and Mensuration. 
 
 November 27, 1916. 
 
 (5) 
 

 (6) 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PART ] 
 
 WHAT AND HOW TO PLANT. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Introduction, « , ., 9 
 
 Why waste lands should be refoi-ested, 10 
 
 Classes of land in Pennsylvania which should be reforested, 10 
 
 A plantation defined, 12 
 
 Success or failure of the plantation, 12 
 
 Species to plant, 12 
 
 Purpose of the planting 15 
 
 Light requirements of trees , 16 
 
 Age and size of planting stock to use, 16 
 
 Time to plant, 18 
 
 Care of planting stock , 18 
 
 Preparation before planting, 19 
 
 Spacing, 19 
 
 Mixture of species, 20 
 
 Method of planting, 21 
 
 Digging the hole , 21 
 
 Setting the seedling , 21 
 
 The planting crew , , 21 
 
 Cost of planting, 22 
 
 Rate of growth , 23 
 
 Protection of the plantation, 27 
 
 Fire, 27 
 
 Grazing, 27 
 
 Gnawing animals , 27 
 
 Insects, 27 
 
 Fungi, 28. 
 
 (7) 
 
PAKT II. 
 
 WHERE AND HOW TO OBTAIN PLANTING STOCK. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Planting stock may be furnished by the Department of Forestry, 29 
 
 How to obtain planting stock , , 30 
 
 Advice and examination , 32 
 
 What is required of the recipient, 32 
 
 Nursery stock receipt, , 33 
 
 Nursery cha rge , < • . = 33 
 
 Plantation report for private planting, = .....= 33 
 
 Species usually available for free distribution , o3 
 
 Points to bear in mind , 34 
 
 (s; 
 
REFOKESTINO PENN'SiYLVANIA'S WASTE LAND. 
 WHAT AND HOW TO PLANT. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 Introduction. 
 
 A conservative estimate places Pennsylvania's forest area at ap- 
 proximately 7,500,000 acres, of which 5,000,000 acres are in a non- 
 productive condition. The remaining 2,500,000 acres are producing 
 timber suitable for lumber. These 7,500,000 acres of land are largely 
 mountainous and because of their steepness, rocky condition, and 
 lack of fertility, are not adaptable for any purpose except the pro- 
 duction of lumber. A large proportion of the 5,000,000 acres can 
 be made productive only by the planting of forest trees, and a syste- 
 matic effort should be made by every owner of such land to plant at 
 least a portion of his holdings each year. If this be done, Pennsyl- 
 vania can produce lumber sufficient not only for its own use, but 
 can supply millions of feet annually for use outside of the State. 
 
 Why is this land in its present barren condition? It was once 
 covered with forests, why not now? In brief, because after the orig- 
 inal forests were cut, tlie land was left to take care of itself. Forest 
 fires started and little or no attempt was made to check them unless 
 they endangered mature growth or rural habitations. These fires 
 burned repeatedly over the mountains, destroying all chance of 
 natural regeneration, leaving the lands barren and waste. This con- 
 dition exists particularly throughout the coal districts and the plateau 
 region in the northern part of Penns3dvania. To the layman, the land 
 appears entirely worthless, but not so to the forester. He sees the pos- 
 sibilities of the land when planted to forest trees. He also sees 
 that protection from forest fires is the first necessity. 
 
 It is estimated that, in addition to the 7,500,000 acres of forest land, 
 there are in Pennsylvania 2,000,000 acres of waste farm land. This 
 land was cleared but now proves worthless for agriculture. A por- 
 tion of it, no doubt, is used for grazing purposes, but undoubtedly 
 with little success. Such land should be planted with forest trees. 
 
 (9) 
 
10 
 
 WHY WASTE LANDS SHOULD BE REFORESTED. 
 
 Two of the most substantial reasons for reforesting are the need 
 for protection of water sheds. These in themselves are sufficient 
 but many others may be cited. The essential economic aspects, 
 lumber production and water shed protection, are to be considered 
 here. 
 
 Taxes are being paid annually, or supposedly so, on five million 
 acres of land in the State from which the owners are receiving little 
 or no return. The land represents idle capital — money, — producing 
 no interest on the investment. Every instance of this sort means a 
 direct financial loss to the owner. 
 
 In 1860, Pennsylvania produced more lumber than any other 
 State in the Union. In 1880, she stood second with an annual cut 
 of 1,733,844,000 board feet. In 1915, the reported cut was 657,- 
 853,000 board feet and her standing as a lumber producing State was 
 twentieth. Lumbering in past years was done without apparent 
 thought for the future. Forest fires followed lumbering, completing 
 the destruction of our forests. Now, nearly one-fifth of the State, so 
 far as surface value is concerned, may be classed as unproduc- 
 tive. The only way to reclaim this land is by artificial reforestation, 
 i. e., planting. 
 
 Protection of water sheds is a matter of most vital interest to every 
 resident of the State. A continuous supply of pure water is essen- 
 tial to health and prosperity. Where better can pure water be had 
 than direct from forested areas? It is a fact undeniable that a more 
 uniform flow of water is had from land covered with dense forests 
 than from agricultural lands or waste areas. The humus of the forest 
 floor is a sponge. It holds water, allows it to run ofl' gradually, 
 and thus regulates the supply. Whenever possible, watersheds, par- 
 ticularly the source of drinking water, should be in forest; or, if 
 devoid of tree growth, they should be reforested by planting. Many 
 water companies own or control a portion of the lands which are the 
 source of their water supply. Forests on these lands would not only 
 assure a purer and more uniform flow of water, but would eventually 
 mean an additional source of revenue to the companies. Under 
 proper forest management, timber may be removed without notice- 
 able injury to the protective covering of the water shed. 
 
 CLASSES OF LAND IN PENNSYLVANIA WHICH SHOULD BE RE- 
 FORESTED. 
 
 Practically all types of land in Pennsylvania which should be 
 planted to forest trees may be placed in one of the classes described 
 below. Much of the land given in this classification is now practic- 
 ally barren of commercially valuable species and must be planted to 
 make it productive. 
 
a 
 
 '•u ■'., t\. 
 
 ■^'^lL^^ ,]/ 
 
 Photo by C. S. Bradford. 
 Fig. 1. WASTE AREA. 
 Destructive lumbering followed by forest fires have laid this land waste. It should 
 be protected from fires and planted with trees. 
 
 Photo by Geo. H. Wirt. 
 Fig. 2. SCRUB OAK BARREN. 
 Thousands of acres of this class of land are found in Pennsylvania. The scrub oak 
 should be replaced by planting valuable species. 
 
10 
 
 WHY WASTE LANDS SHOULD BE REFORESTED. 
 
 Two of the most substantial reasons for reforesting are the need 
 for protection of water sheds. These in themselves are sufficient 
 but many others may be cited. The essential economic aspects, 
 lumber production and water shed protection, are to be considered 
 
 ERRATA. 
 
 First and second lines, page 10, should lead, ''Two of the 
 most substantial reasons for leforesting are the need of pro- 
 ducing lumber for future use, and the need for protection of 
 water sheds." 
 
 thought for the future. Forest fires followed lumbering, completing 
 the destruction of our forests. Now, nearly one-fifth of the State, so 
 far as surface value is concerned, may be classed as unproduc- 
 tive. The only way to reclaim this land is by artificial reforestation, 
 i. e., planting. 
 
 Protection of water sheds is a matter of most vital interest to every 
 resident of the State. A continuous supply of pure water is essen- 
 tial to health and prosperity. Where better can pure water be had 
 than direct from forested areas? It is a fact undeniable that a more 
 uniform flow of water is had from land covered with dense forests 
 than from agricultural lands or waste areas. The humus of the forest 
 floor is a sponge. It holds water, allows it to run off gradually, 
 and thus regulates the supply. Whenever possible, watersheds, par- 
 ticularly the source of drinking water, should be in forest; or, if 
 devoid of tree growth, they should be reforested by planting. Many 
 water companies own or control a portion of tlie lands which are the 
 source of their water supply. Forests on these lands would not only 
 assure a purer and more uniform flow of water, but would eventually 
 mean an additional source of revenue to the companies. Under 
 proper forest management, timber may be removed without notice- 
 able injury to the protective covering of the water shed. 
 
 CLASSES OP LAND IN PENNSYLVANIA WHICH SHOULD BE RE- 
 FORESTED. 
 
 Practically all types of land in Pennsylvania which should be 
 planted to forest trees may be placed in one of the classes described 
 below. Much of the land given in this classification is now practic- 
 ally barren of commercially valuable species and must be planted to 
 make it productive. 
 
Photo by C. S. Bradford. 
 
 Fig. 1. WASTE AREA. 
 
 Destructive lumbering: followed by forest fires have laid this land waste. It should 
 be protected from fires and planted with trees. 
 
 Photo by Geo. U. Wirt. 
 Fig. 2. SCRUB OAK BARREN. 
 
 Thousands of acres of this class of land are found in Pennsylvania. The scrub oak 
 should be replaced by planting valuable species. 
 
I'lioto li.v Gio. H. Wirt. 
 
 Fig. 3. AREA OF BRACKEN AND WEEDS. 
 
 Now waste land. It once produced the best of timber. Tliis land should be planted. 
 
 Fig. 4. BRUSH LAND. 
 
 Reproducing nothing of value. The brush was subsequently burne<l and the area 
 
 planted with white pine, Norway spruce, and Scotch pine. 
 
11 
 
 Class I. Areas originally farmed but which have proved unsuit- 
 able for agricultural purposes. Land in this class may be found in 
 all parts of Pennsylvania, especially on steep slopes. 
 
 Class II. Farm woodlots. It frequently occurs that the woodlot 
 contains few species of commercial value, due to improper manage- 
 ment or other cause. These woodlots should be underplanted or 
 reenforced with valuable species. Practically every farm has its 
 woodlot, and many of them are in immediate need of restocking with 
 useful species. 
 
 Class III. Second growth hardwood lands. These are producing 
 some few trees of value but of inferior quality due to decay following 
 injury by fires. Lands of this type are common throughout Pennsyl- 
 vania and comprise a considerable part of the mountainous region 
 in the central and southwestern portion. Much of this class of land 
 should be underplanted with commercially valuable trees. Defec- 
 tive trees ought to be removed either before planting, or after the 
 planted trees have reached a height of ten to twenty feet. They 
 should not be cut at the expense of injury to the planted trees. 
 
 Class IV. Water sheds, particularly the source of water used for 
 drinking purposes. Land in this class may also be included in any 
 of the other classes. 
 
 Class V. Areas covered with bracken and sweet fern. Land of 
 this sort is found throughout the State but more particularly on the 
 plateau regions of the north central and northern portions. It fre- 
 quently is land which originally produced the best of white pine 
 timber, but was left to devastating fires after lumbering and is 
 now entirely or in part, devoid of trees. Such land can be planted 
 and made to produce lumber as good or even better than that cut 
 from the former virgin forest. Considerable areas of this type com- 
 prising State Forests have been planted successfully by the Depart- 
 ment of Forestry. See Figure 3. 
 
 Class VL Coal and oil lands from which the forests have been 
 cut and the surface severely burned. Land of this type is found in 
 the central eastern portion of the State, and throughout the western 
 part beyond the Allegheny Mountains. 
 
 Class VII. Scrub oak barrens, land which formerly produced 
 valuable coniferous and hardwood timber but which was left unpro- 
 tected after the timber was cut. Scrub oak, a non-commercial species 
 and a prolific sprouter, the roots of which are seldom killed by 
 fire, is light demanding and quickly dies out when over-topped. 
 Planting this land is difficult and expensive, and the planted trees 
 grow slowly. However, when they once shade the scrub oak, it quick- 
 ly dies out. This type of land is found in all parts of the State but 
 more especially east of the Allegheny Mountains. 
 
12 
 
 A PLANTATION DEFINED. 
 
 The term plantation, as used in forestry, considers the planting 
 of an aggregation of young trees with the idea of forming a forest 
 or woods. As used by the Department of Forestry, the term implies 
 the contiguous area planted in any one year. In case an immediately 
 adjacent area is planted in other years, that planting is regarded as 
 a separate plantation. This meaning of the term has been adopted 
 simply as an aid in systematizing planting records. A broader use 
 of the word would allow the plantings of separate years to be con- 
 joined as one plantation. 
 
 A plantation may be made either where no trees exist or where they 
 do exist but not in sufficient number to produce the maximum of 
 wood volume per unit of area. The latter is termed a '^reenforcement 
 of natural growth" and the operation that of "under planting." 
 
 Reenforcing is frequently necessary or advisable in established 
 plantations. Not all the trees planted live and if the area planted 
 is to be fully stocked, filling in should be done in the fail spots. 
 
 SUCCESS OR FAILURE OF THE PLANTATION. 
 
 The success or failure of a plantation depends on a great many 
 factors, most of which may be influenced or controlled by human 
 endeavor. Among the more important factors which influence success 
 and Which must be carefully considered before planting, are soil, cli- 
 mate, and existing growth ; also topography, including altitude, angle 
 of slope, and aspect. The species to be j^lanted should be such as are 
 adaptable to the site, that is, to the soil, topography, etc. Adverse 
 conditions of the planting site require more careful selection of the 
 planting stock, both in regard to species and quality of stock, and the 
 degree of care in the planting. 
 
 To the layman the various factors influencing success are not ap- 
 parent or understood, and persons are cautioned not to engage in ex- 
 tensive planting operations Avitliout receiving advice and suggestions 
 from a competent authorit\% such as a trained forester. A forester 
 should make a very careful examination of the planting site and con- 
 sult the owner on the purpose of the planting before designating 
 species to plant. Upon his judgment depends largely the success or 
 failure of the venture. 
 
 SPECIES TO PLANT. 
 
 Any species of tree which grows naturally in a locality may be 
 used, but it is best to choose such species as will produce the most 
 valuable wood, depending, of course, on the purpose for which the 
 plantation is made. It should be remembered that most of our 
 hardwood or broad-leaved trees (oaks, chestnut, maples, etc.) are 
 better capable of being reproduced naturally than are the conifers 
 
13 
 
 or softwood species (pines, spruce, larch, hemlock, etc.). In conse- 
 quence, by far the largest proportion of artificial reforesting is done 
 with evergreen species. Out of a total of 22,045,311 trees planted on 
 Pennsylvania 'State Forests to date, 20,828,775 were conifers. 
 
 Different species require different soil and soil moisture condi- 
 tions to produce normal rate of growth and these factors must be 
 considered in choosing the species to be planted. Among the more 
 valuable trees to plant, and the conditions in which they may be ex- 
 pected to succeed best are : 
 
 CONIFERS OR SOFTWOOD TREES.* 
 
 White pine (Pinus Strobus). — Prefers a fertile, moist, well- 
 drained soil, but will grow^ well on dry sandy soils and gravelly 
 slopes. Common on banks of streams, river flats, in hollows and ra- 
 vines, but rarely found in swamps. Any habitat in its natural range 
 will be favorable to its development except swamps and ridges ex- 
 posed to severe winds. 
 
 Pitch pine (Pinus rigida). — Common on dry burned-over areas, 
 sterile plains, gravelly slopes, rocky cliffs, and sometimes found in 
 swamps. In the glaciated area it is common on rocky glacial soil. 
 
 Bed pine (Pinus resinosa). — Usually found on dry gravelly ridges, 
 mountain tops, and dry sandy plains. Rare on flat lands with wet 
 clay soil. 
 
 Short leaf pine (Pinus echinata). — Common on poor, sandy, or 
 clayey soil. It is a tree of the plains and foothills. Reaches west 
 of the Mississippi. In the east it is usually mixed with hardwoods. 
 
 Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris). — This species is indifferent to soil 
 requirements, water, heat of summer, and cold of winter. It will 
 grow on all classes of soil, even dry, sterile sand. The rate of 
 growth depends more on the physical structure than the chemical 
 composition of the soil. It prefers deep well drained sandy loam. 
 It is very intolerant of shade. 
 
 Norway spruce (Picea Abies). — In Europe it grows in valleys 
 and upon the mountain sloi)es. It prefers rather rich moist soils, 
 in this respect somewhat resembling the white pine. It cannot 
 endure very dry, very sterile, or extremely rich vegetable soil. It 
 is rather tolerant of shade and somewhat susceptible to late frosts. 
 
 European larch (Larix decidua).— Not native to America but 
 planted here with every indication of success. Thrives on well- 
 drained, deep, and moderately fertile and loose soil. Does not thrive 
 in wet situations nor in pure sands. It is decidedly intolerant of 
 shade. Found chieflv in the Alps and Carpathians up to about 
 8,000 feet. 
 
 Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis). — This tree is native to the cen- 
 tral pai-t of Japan, chiefly at high altitudes upon soil of volcanic 
 origin. Makes its best growth in soil rich in lime and in cool to 
 
 •Habitats supplied by Prof. J. S. niick of the Pennsylvania State Forest Academy. 
 
14 
 
 cold climates. In warm climates the tree becomes branchy, the wood 
 coarse-grained and the growth rings wide. Dr. Mays states that it 
 will grow wherever Norway spruce thrives. Grows rapidly in youth. 
 Falls behind the European larch about the 20th year. A specimen 
 near Munich attained a height of 45 feet and a diameter (I). B. H.) 
 of 11 inches in 22 years. The planting of tliis species is still in the 
 experimental stage and not to be too highly recommended. 
 
 Bull pine (Pinus ponderosa). — ^Like Scotch and Jack pine, this 
 tree is not particular to soil, but will reach good development even 
 on arid soils and dry mountain slopes. It is one of the species best 
 suited to dry, sandy and gravelly soils. 
 
 Jack pine (Pinus Banksiana). — Like Scotch pine in its habitat. 
 Thrives on sandy, sterile soil. 
 
 HARDWOODS, OR BROAD-LEAVED TREES.* 
 
 White oak (Quercus alba). — It is tolerant of many soils, growing 
 on sandy plains, gravelly ridges, rich uplands, and moist bottom 
 lands. It reaches its best development in rich moist soil. 
 
 Red oak (Quercus rubra). — Prefers porous sandy or gravelly clay 
 soil. It will not grow in wet soils and is also intolerant of shade, 
 except when young. 
 
 Honey locust (Grieditsia triacantlios). — It develops best in rich 
 soil along moist river bottoms but will grow in any fertile soil which 
 is not too wet. It demands plenty of light. 
 
 Black locust (Robinia Pseudo- Acacia). — Grows vigorously on moist 
 fertile soil, especially on rich bottom lands and along mountain 
 streams. Also grows on rather rocky and sterile mountain slopes. 
 Frequent on abandoned charcoal hearths and mud-dams found near 
 ore mines. 
 
 Sugar maple (Acer saccharum). — It flourishes best on well drained 
 rich soil, but will thrive even when the soil is not rich. It is com- 
 mon on low ridges at the base of the mountains, and along slopes. 
 It reaches its best development in central Nevv' England, New York, 
 northern Pennsylvania, and the Lake States. 
 
 Black walnut (Juglans nigra).- — Prefers rich moist soil. Requires 
 plenty of light and deep soil since it is evidently tap-rooted. 
 
 Black cherry (Prunus serotina). — Thrives best on rich alluvial soil 
 and fertile slopes. It will grow on dry and often rather sterile slopes. 
 On account of its long tap-root it requires loose deep soil. 
 
 Tulip poplar (Liriodendron Tulipifera). — It prefers deep, rather 
 rich, and moist soil. Common along streams, on islands, upon semi- 
 swampy areas, and at the base of mountain slopes. Sometimes 
 found on the top of mountains especially where small streams and 
 springs are prevalent. Usually occurs as scattered individuals mixed 
 with other hardwoods and sometimes white pine and hemlock. Does 
 not thrive on limestone soil. Common along mountain streams 
 until they enter limestone valleys, then disappears. 
 
 •Habitats by Prof. J. S. Illick of the Pennsylvania State Forest Academy. 
 
I) 
 
 White ash (Fraxiniis americana). — ^Prefers fertile, moist soils; 
 very common in rich, moist woods and along streams, lakes, and other 
 bodies of water. Occasionally found on rather dry hillsides. 
 
 Basswood (Tilia americana). — Earely grows in pure stands, but 
 usually mixed with other hardwoods. Prefers rich soils in bottom 
 lands. It can endure considerable shade. It suffers little from 
 windfall but occasionally from windbreak upon exposed situations. 
 
 Sycamore (Platanus occiden talis ).^ — Prefers moist, fertile soil, but 
 will grow in rather dry soil. Best development in the moist valleys 
 of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. It may be grown from cuttings 
 or from seed. 
 
 Shell-bark history (Carya ovata). — Prefers rich moist soil and 
 plenty of light. Common in the valley and in moist hillside woods. 
 Also common along streams, and on the border of swamps. 
 
 Pignut hickory (Carya glabra). — Most common on dry ridges and 
 hillsides. Barer in swampy situations. Commonly scattered amidst 
 our oaks and chestnut. Prefers plenty of sunlight. 
 
 Black birch (Betula lenta). — Usually found in rich soil and on 
 dry slopes but also common on rocky mountain slopes and tops. Com- 
 mon on the rocky ridges of the South Mountains in Pennsylvania. 
 
 Beech (Fagus grandifolia). — Commonly found on rich moist bottom 
 lauds, but also abundaut on gravelly slopes and rich uplands. It 
 endures dense shade and variations of temperature. Bare in the 
 limestone valleys. 
 
 Cucumber tree (Magnolia acuminata). — Uusually found in rich 
 woods close to streams, also inhabits slopes. In West Virginia 
 and in this State it grows well on the soils of the carboniferous for- 
 mation. It is light-demanding. 
 
 PURPOSE OF THE PLANTING. 
 
 It is presupposed that persons desiring to plant trees have a de- 
 finite object in mind. It may be water shed protection alone or 
 only for aesthetic purposes. More often, however, the intention of 
 the owner of the land is to produce wood for one or more of its many 
 uses. If the object in mind is water shed protection alone, practically 
 any species adapted to the site may be used. If for beautifying the 
 landscape, it is usually best to plant a variety of species. But if 
 wood production, lumber, etc., is the main object in mind, the species 
 used must be such as are both adapted to the site and to the use to 
 which the wood is to be put. The following table gives a list of 
 species suitable for different uses. The table includes only those 
 species which it is herein suggested to plant. 
 
i(> 
 
 TABLE NO. 1. USES TO WHICH THE VARIOUS WOODS MAY BE PUT. 
 
 General Lumber. 
 
 Practically all species 
 which have any com- 
 mercial value are used 
 in different forms of 
 rough or finished lum- 
 ber. 
 
 rajjcT Pulp. 
 
 Spruce. 
 
 Pine. 
 
 Larch. 
 
 Yellow poplar. 
 
 Carolina poplar. 
 
 Beech. 
 
 Hemlock. 
 
 Maple. 
 
 Basswood. 
 
 Douglas fir. 
 
 Bull pine. 
 
 Jack pine. 
 
 Sycamore. 
 
 Cooperage Stock. 
 
 Poles and Posts. 
 
 Beech. 
 
 Chestnut. 
 
 Chestnut. 
 
 Honev locust. 
 
 Maple. 
 
 Black locust. 
 
 Birch. 
 
 Red oak. 
 
 Oak. 
 
 Larch. 
 
 Red gum. 
 
 
 Ash. 
 
 
 Elm. 
 
 
 Yellow poplar. 
 
 
 Basswood. 
 
 
 Pine. 
 
 
 Spruce. 
 
 
 Sycamore. 
 
 
 Mine Timbers. 
 
 Oaks. 
 Chestnut. 
 Black locust. 
 Honey locust. 
 Pitch pine. 
 European larch. 
 Bull pine.* 
 Jack pine.* 
 
 Railroad Ties. 
 
 Hardwood Distillation. 
 
 White oak. 
 Red oak. 
 Beech. 
 
 Black locust. 
 Honey locust. 
 Pitch pine. 
 European larch. 
 Bull pine.* 
 Jack pine.* 
 
 Beech. 
 
 Birch. 
 
 Sugar maple. 
 
 Also many other hardwoods. 
 
 *Not durable but sometimes used. 
 
 LIGHT REQUIREMENTS OF TREES. 
 
 Each species of tree lias its particular requirement concerning the 
 amount of light necessary to produce the best rate of growth. Certain 
 species cannot survive shade and are known as intolerant or light- 
 demanding species. Others produce satisfactory results under partial 
 shade and are termed tolerant or shade-enduring species. In general, 
 all the species which are advised as suitable for reforesting in Penn- 
 sylvania are light-demanding species, with the possible exception of 
 white pine, Norway spruce, black birch, and beech. These species 
 will endure a moderate amount of shade on good soil, particularly 
 Norway spruce and beech. 
 
 AGE AND SIZE OF PLANTING STOCK. 
 
 The age and size of plants used depend on the t^'pe of land to be 
 planted and the species selected. Such factors as accessibility to the 
 planting site, distance from the nursery, and the purpose of the 
 planting must also be considered. The rule is, the larger the seed- 
 lings, the greater the planting cost. 
 
 Adverse planting conditions require a larger and stronger pilant 
 than where conditions are more favorable to success. In order that 
 the planting may be done at the lowest possible cost, the smallest 
 
SEEDLINGS USED IN REFORESTING. 
 
 (Arrows point to root collars) 
 
 Fig. 5. Pitch pine (left) aud Scotch pine 
 (right), two years old. 
 
 Fig. 6. Japanese larch 
 (right), two 
 
 (left) and white pine 
 years old. 
 
 i 
 
 20- 
 
 
 13- 
 
 
 '*" ^^ 
 
 in#^Jtoi--iiv 
 
 n- ^^_J^^ 
 
 UHhI' 
 
 lb- mfM 
 
 ^^H^El,:^^ 
 
 IS- '-9H 
 
 ^^^^Ki 
 
 /f- 'W^ 
 
 ^^^^^^~ 
 
 (3- ^^^ 
 
 ^^HP^ 
 
 a- "j 
 
 l^^p^ 
 
 " ~ 
 
 H^^ ~ 
 
 |i 
 
 liH^^^f% > 
 
 - '-M 
 
 wml 
 
 4— ,^lm| 
 
 WT^ 1 
 
 3- \W 
 
 
 2- 
 
 
 
 
 Fig. 7 
 
 Norway 
 (right) 
 
 <pruce (left) and white pine 
 three years old. 
 
 Fig. 8. A buiich of 50 white pine seedlings, 
 two years old, ready for packing and 
 shipping . 
 
Fig. 9. CAKE OF PLANTING STOCK. 
 
 25,000 seedlings "lieeled iu" preparatory to planting 
 
 I'Jiuto lJ.\ Geo. 11. W irt. 
 
 Fig. 10. PREPARATION BEFORE PLANTING. 
 This area was cleared of brush, then planted. It is too expensive to be practical. 
 
17 
 
 seedlings suitable for any particular site should be selected. The 
 layman usually desires quick results and in consequence asks for 
 large plants. Economically considered, this is poor policy because 
 of the increased cost of planting. Also, where too large seedlings are 
 used, the chance of obtaining a good percentage of establishment is 
 lessened unless unusual care is used in the planting. 
 
 Broad-leaved species may usually be planted when one year old. 
 If left more than one year in the nursery, providing proper develop- 
 ment is obtained, long tap roots result and require pruning. Even 
 one year old broad-leaved species may have to be pruned. This 
 increases the cost of the plantation and reduces the chance of ob- 
 taining good establishment. One year old broad-leaved species range 
 in height from G to 12 inches above the collar, and the roots frequently 
 are still longer. In 11)10, a total of 153,010 hardwood seedlings were 
 planted on State Forests and of this number only 12,000 were other 
 than one year old. These were white ash which had been injured by 
 frost while in the nursery and not of sufficient size at one year to 
 warrant placing them in permanent plantation. 
 
 Coniferous plants used for reforesting on State Forests vary in 
 height from 4 to 12 inches and are two or three years old. By far 
 the largest percentage of seedlings used in planting on State Forests 
 have been two year olds. In 1916, a total of 5,339,010 conifers were 
 planted, and of this number 5,255,420 were Iavo year stock. 
 
 It is seldom advisable to plant other than two year old pitch pine, 
 Scotch pine, or European larch. White pine two years old is gen- 
 erally large enough. However, if adverse soil, moisture, and shade 
 conditions must be overcome, three year stock, particularly white 
 pine, had better be used. In this State, experience has demonstrated 
 that three year old Norway spruce should be used, for uniformity in 
 size is seldom had in the nursery beds and if taken from the nursery 
 when two years old, a large percentage of the seedlings will be under- 
 sized and too small to plant out. 
 
 Figures 5, 6, 7, and 8 are from photographs of seedlings two and 
 three years old. Stoclc such as there shown is used for planting by 
 the Department of Forestry. The scale given represents size of 
 seedlings in inches. Arrows indicate the collar of the plant, which 
 is the point marked by the surface of the ground. 
 
 The age of seedlings is reckoned by the number of groviing seasons 
 they have passed in the nursery beds. Occasionally seedlings are 
 transplanted in the nursery when one or two years old and are known 
 as transplants. Their age is given as 1-2 years, 2-1 years, etc. The 
 first numeral indicates the number of years in seed beds and the 
 second the number of years in transplant beds. A 1-2 transplant 
 has passed through three growing seasons in the nursery. 
 
18 
 
 TIME TO PLANT. 
 
 Reforesting may be done either in spring or fall, preferably spring. 
 Experiments with fall planting have been made on State Forests but 
 gave unsatisfactory results. It was found that a large proportion of 
 the small trees were lifted out of the ground by the following spring. 
 The cause of this was freezing and thawing of the ground before the 
 roots could properly grip the soil. Planting in the spring should 
 be done between the time frost is out of the ground and the time when 
 the buds begin to shoot out the new year's growth. The season in 
 the southern part of the State begins about the last week in March 
 and ends about the last week in April. In the northern part of 
 Pennsylvania the planting season is from one to three weeks later, 
 depending upon altitude. 
 
 CARE OF PLANTING STOCK. 
 
 Planting stock from State forest nurseries is given careful at- 
 tention before being shipped. The small trees are lifted from nur- 
 sery beds in such manner as to do the least possible injury to the 
 roots. This is particularly true of conifers since their roots are 
 more susceptible to permanent injury than those of hardwoods. 
 After lifting, they are counted and tied in bunches of 50 or 100, de- 
 pending on their size. (See Fig. 8.) The roots of coniferous seed- 
 lings are then dipped in a "puddle" of thin mud to prevent drying out. 
 The bunches are then packed in boxes in layers, roots toward the cen- 
 ter of the box. Wet sphagnum moss is packed around the roots 
 to keep them moist while in transit. Tops are not moistened. 
 
 Shipments of 2,000 or less seedlings are sent by parcel post in 
 paste board boxes. Large shipments are sent by express either in 
 wooden boxes or crates. 
 
 Seedlings should never be left in the shipping boxes any longer 
 than necessary, but should be unpacked immediately upon receipt 
 and either planted at once or "heeled in" at or near the planting site. 
 
 The number of bundles in the shipment should be counted as re- 
 moved from the packing boxes and the number of seedlings counted 
 in several bunches. This is to check up the number of seedlings re- 
 ceived. 
 
 "Heeling in" is done to prevent the roots from drying out. A 
 trench is dug with a spade or plow, deep enough to take care of the 
 roots without crowding. The bundles of seedlings are then taken 
 from shipping boxes, the string cut, and the seedlings spread out 
 along the side of the trench away from the excavated soil with tops 
 above the surface of the ground. (See Fig. 9.) The soil is then 
 pushed into the trench covering the roots and firmed with the foot. 
 
19 
 
 It is best to dip the roots iu a "puddle" of thin mud before placing 
 them in the trenches, but keep the tops dry. One bundle of seedlings 
 should be given about six inches of space in the trench. 
 
 For "heeling in," select a site close to where the plantation is to 
 be made, and where water is near at hand. It should be partly or 
 wholly under shade but where there is a good circulation of air. The 
 soil should be moist but not wet. 
 
 PREPARATION BEFORE PLANTING. 
 
 Little previous preparation of the area to be planted is necessary 
 in this State. Occasionally where soil conditions allow, the ground 
 is plowed and harrowed. If this can be done at a nominal cost, say 
 |5 per acre, the plantation may still result in producing a fair rate 
 of interest on the investment. However, such preparation of the area 
 is beneficial only to a comparatively small extent. A large percent- 
 age of the planted seedlings may be expected to live and produce a 
 slightly better rate of growth, but this would only be noticeable for 
 a few years after planting. As a rule, it is not advisable. 
 
 In other cases, as on, scrub oak barrens, all or part of the existing 
 growth is removed and burned. Such clearing of land has been ex- 
 perimented with on State Forests to an extent sufficient to warrant 
 advising against it. (See Figs. 4 and 10). First, the cost of clear- 
 ing is very high, reaching as much as |.50 per acre. This, in itself, 
 makes clearing of the area prohibitive if the plantation is to be- 
 come financially profitable. Second, it has been found that sprouts 
 from the stumps grow much faster than the planted trees and pro- 
 duce a much denser growth than before clearing. In consequence, 
 the planted trees suffer from lack of sunlight and frequently die. 
 
 SPACING. 
 
 Various spacing distances for planting are in common use in this 
 State. In most cases an attempt is made to space the seedlings at 
 regular intervals in the rows and the rows are then spaced the same 
 distance apart. This is not always possible, especially in "under- 
 planting," for existing growth prevents regularity. When cleared 
 ground is to be planted, straight rows and regular spacing can be fol- 
 lowed. 
 
 The number of seedlings required per acre for different spacing 
 distances is shown in the following table. 
 
TABLE NO. 2. NUMBER OF SEEDLINGS PER ACRE WITH DIFFERENT 
 
 SPACING DISTANCES. 
 
 
 Spacing. 
 
 Number 
 per Acre. 
 
 3 ft. X .3 ft •. 
 
 4,840 
 
 i ft. X 4 ft 
 
 2,722 
 
 5 ft. X 5 ft 
 
 1,742 
 
 6 ft. X 6 ft 
 
 1,210 
 
 
 
 
 Close spacing of trees in plantation is practiced in order that the 
 crowns of the trees may form a closed canopy over the ground in a 
 minimum number of years. The aim is to shade out and kill the 
 lower branches, causing natural pruning to take place. This results 
 in producing lumber comparatively free of knots, also forces height 
 growth of the tree with a minimum amount of taper. Either 4 ft. x 
 4 ft. or 5 ft. X 5 ft. spacing is recommended for Pennsylvania condi- 
 tions. 
 
 MIXTURE OF SPECIES. 
 
 Plantations may be made pure, that is, using one species only, 
 or in mixture, using two or more species in the same plantation. 
 Several different methods of mixing are followed, viz.: 
 
 Group mixtures. 
 Alternating by rows. 
 Alternating in the rows. 
 
 By the groui> mixture is meant the i)lanting of different species 
 in pure groups, the groups being adjacent to one another, as illus- 
 trated by Fig. 1, Plate I. 
 
 The method of alternating by rows is illustrated by Fig. 2, Plate I, 
 showing how it may be done when either two or three species are 
 mixed. Fig. 3, Plate I, shows two methods of mixing by alternat- 
 ing in the rows. Innumerable other combinations of mixtures are 
 possible but more or less impracticable. The more complicated the 
 mixture, the greater the cost of planting. 
 
 Man}^ factors govern the advisability of planting in mixture. Three 
 of tlie most important to be considered are: 
 
 1. Kind of soil and amount of soil moisture. 
 
 2. Light requirements of the species. 
 
 3. Rate of growth of the species. 
 
 A slow growing intolerant species should not be planted in mixture 
 by the last two described methods, alternate rows or alternating in 
 the rows. But a slow-growing tolerant species may be i>laced with an 
 intolerant one i)roviding botli species are adapted to soil and other con- 
 ditions of the site to be planted. For instance, white pine and Norway 
 
PLATE I 
 AETH0P3 or MIXING SPECIES IN PLANTATIONS. 
 
 O O O © O O O O O O O -i- '^2- 4 -f -4- 4- 4 4' 4 4- 
 OOOOOOOOO 004'4- + 4-4-4-4--l--r4' 
 
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 Fi^.Z. ALTERNATING BT ROWS. 
 
 Using two species. U^in^ three species. 
 
 Fi^.a ALTERNATING IN THE ROW. 
 
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 5ymbols represent <ii(ftrent species. 
 
PLANTING CREWS AT WORK. 
 
 I'lioto by li. G. Conklin. 
 Fig. 15. Planting ou land cleared of brush. 
 
 I'lioto by K. U. Conklin 
 
 Fig. 16. Planting in brush. 
 
21 
 
 spruce may be mixed witli practically all of the species herein ad- 
 vised to plant. Where any particular species is subject to injury or 
 destruction by insects or fungous diseases, it is well to plant such 
 species in mixture with other species not liable to attack by that 
 particular insect or fungus. For example, the white pine weevil is 
 doing considerable damage in this State to white pine. In conse- 
 quence, it is not advisable to plant white pine in pure stands, but it 
 may be mixed with any of the species herein advised to plant. 
 
 METHOD OF PLANTING. 
 
 Digging the Hole. — The method of planting adaptable to 
 Pennsylvania conditions is to plant the trees in holes dug with 
 a mattock or grubbing hoe. The method of digging the holes most 
 commonly followed is shown by Figs. 11 and 12. The digging end of 
 of the mattock only is required. One stroke is usually sufficient 
 to loosen the soil, and one or more additional strokes to draw the 
 loosened soil from the hole, leaving it in a mound at the edge. Where 
 planting is to be done in heavy sod, two parallel cuts, six or eight 
 inches long and about four inches apart, should be made with the 
 cutting end of the mattock. A third stroke with the digging end 
 of the mattock turns back the sod. 
 
 Setting the Seedling. — The tree to be planted is held be- 
 tween the thumb and finger of the left hand at the root collar (See 
 Figs. 5, 6 and 7), and lowered into the hole until the root collar is 
 level with the ground, the roots resting against the side of the hole. 
 The dirt is then drawn back into the hole with the right hand and 
 firmed about the roots either with a planting mallet or stone, or 
 with the foot. (See Figs. 13 and 14.) The following rules should 
 be observed generally in setting the plant. 
 
 1. See that the root collar comes about level with the ground. 
 
 2. Spread out the roots, putting them as nearly as possible m the 
 position they originally had in the nursery. 
 
 3. See that the roots are pointing downward, not bent upward. 
 
 4. Have the stem of the plant as nearly erect as possible. 
 
 5. See that soil and not vegetable matter (grass, dead leaves, 
 etc.) comes into contact with the roots. 
 
 6. Try to bring moist soil into contact with the roots. 
 
 7. Firm the soil well around the roots so that the plant cannot 
 easily be pulled out. 
 
 8. Keep the roots moist until planted. 
 
 The Planting Crew. — The number of men required in the 
 planting crew depends upon the extent of the planting. Experienced 
 men on different classes of land will plant anywhere from 500 to 1,000 
 seedlings in a day. The better the planting conditions, the greater 
 the number which may be planted per man per day. One man can 
 
22 
 
 plant about as fast as another can dig the holes (See Figs. 15 and 16). 
 In consequence the crew is made up of about the same number each 
 of mattock men and planters. As a rule, two experienced men 
 should be provided for each 10,000 seedlings to be planted. If 100,- 
 000 seedlings are to be planted, the crew should include ten mattock 
 men and ten planters. 
 
 In addition to the mattock men and planters, an additional man 
 or boy is sometimes provided for each five planters. It is his duty to 
 carry the seedlings to the planters and to drop one in each hole. The 
 plants are usually carried in buckets partly filled with thin mud, 
 called "puddle." If there are ten planters, two "droppers" or plant 
 distributors should be provided. One foreman to every twenty men 
 should be charged with the duty of seeing that the seedlings are prop- 
 erly planted. 
 
 COST OP PLANTING. 
 
 Planting costs vary widely with the many different soil and growth 
 conditions encountered. Where abandoned farm lands are to be 
 planted, the ground may be plowed and harrowed, making planting 
 easy and usually cheaper. Of course, this preparation of the soil, 
 plowing and harrowing, is an item of expense against the planting, 
 but even with this included, the cost should be less than when plant- 
 ing is done where the soil is stony, or where the existing growth is 
 scrub oak, etc. 
 
 On Pennsylvania State Forests planting has been done under con- 
 ditions many and varied, and usually more or less adverse. In all 
 costs herein given for State forest planting, supervision charges are 
 included. The cost of planting per thousand seedlings has varied 
 widely for the different Forests in different years. The first planting 
 on 'State Forests was done in 1899. Since that time to the end of the 
 year 1915, a total of 16,553,291 seedlings were planted at a cost of 
 $52,919.25, making an average of |3.20 per thousand for planting. 
 For 1915 alone, the average cost was |2.95 per thousand. In that 
 year a total of 4,349,386 seedlings were planted, so this average cost 
 per thousand is a very fair one. The lowest cost was obtained on 
 the Pine Grove Forest where girls and boys were used, the average 
 for planting 141,500 seedlings being |1.28 per M. This was un- 
 usually low and is not a fair criterion of cost. Where small planta- 
 tions, say of only a few thousand seedlings, are made, the cost will 
 run higher than for large ones. 
 
 The cost of planting per acre depends also on the spacing which 
 regulates the number of seedlings required per acre. As a rule, 
 either 4 ft. x 4 ft. or 5 ft. x 5 ft. spacing is recommended. AVhere 4 ft. 
 X 4 ft. spacing is used, 2,722 seedlings are required and the planting 
 cost per acre would be about |8.00. If 5 ft. x 5 ft. spacing is foi- 
 
23 
 
 lowed, lj740 seedlings are used and the cost would average about 
 J7.00. But it should not be overlooked that to produce lumber free 
 of knots close planting of the seedlings is required. 
 
 The cost of planting, of couriae, is a factor reg-ulating the financial 
 returns from the investment and to gain the best possible rate of in- 
 terest on the investment requires the lowest possible cost for making 
 the plantation. However, careful planting must not be sacrificed 
 to keep down the cost a dollar or two per acre. The success of the 
 plantation depends largely on the care given the seedlings before 
 planting and that with which the seedlings are planted. 
 
 RATE OP GROWTH. 
 
 The rate of growth of planted trees varies widely for different 
 species on different soils and on the different classes of land. Slow 
 growth may be expected on poor soils. However, soils considered too 
 poor for agriculture may be good for wood production. Even though 
 the soil be regarded good for forest trees, if the growth present before 
 planting is bracken or scrub oak, slow growth may be expected until 
 the i)lanted trees are able to overtop the weed species and thus get 
 the advantage of more sunlight (see Fig. 17). On the other hand, 
 on the more open sites, as abandoned farm lands usually are, rapid 
 growth may be expected. 
 
 The rate of growth of a number of different species of trees planted 
 on various sites is shown by Tables Nos. 3 to 8 inclusive. These 
 tables were prepared from measurements taken in plantations during 
 the fall of 1916 on Pennsylvania State Forests and on the Jacob 
 Nolde Estate, Berks County, Pa. Average heights are based on 
 measurements of from 100 to 500 trees. 
 
 At the head of each column of heights is given a very brief descrip- 
 tion of the site planted and the age of the planting stock. The 
 ''Age of Trees from Seed," given in the first column, is the number 
 of growing seasons through which the trees have passed, including 
 years in the nursery. 
 
 The reason for presenting these tables is to give the laj^man an idea 
 of the rate of growth which he may expect for his plantations. On 
 very favorable sites, a more rapid rate of growth may be counted on 
 than given in the tables. A slower growth rate may be obtained 
 where the plantation is made under more adverse conditions. It will 
 be noted that very slow growth is usually had in plantations the first 
 three to five years after planting, the trees requiring time to adapt 
 themselves to changed conditions. Frequently no appreciable growth 
 whatever is made during the first year or two. When they once be- 
 come established and overtop brush and weeds, rapid growth, that 
 is, a foot or more a year, may be expected. 
 
24 
 
 TABLE NO. 3. HEIGHT GROWTH OF WHITE PINE (P. STROBUS) 
 FOUR DIFFERENT PLANTATIONS. 
 
 IN 
 
 
 
 
 Description of 
 
 the Plantations. 
 
 
 
 
 Mont Alto State 
 
 Caledonia State 
 
 Greenwood State 
 
 Jacks Mountain 
 
 
 
 Forest. 
 
 Forest. 
 
 Forest. 
 
 State Forest. 
 
 
 
 Soil— Sandy loam. 
 
 Soil— shale and 
 
 Soil— rich sandy 
 
 Soil — dry, very 
 
 
 
 Area originally 
 
 loam. 
 
 loam, heavy 
 
 sandy. 
 
 
 
 cultivated. 
 
 Area originally 
 
 sod. 
 
 Brush land, se- 
 
 
 Trees from 
 
 Altitude 1600' ft. 
 
 cultivated. 
 
 Area originally 
 
 verely burned. 
 
 Seed 
 
 (Years). 
 
 Aspect— S. E. 
 
 Aspect— Western. 
 
 cultivated. 
 
 Altitude 1,500 ft. 
 
 
 
 2 yr. seedlings 
 
 2 yr. seedlings 
 
 Altitude 1,000 ft. 
 
 Aspect — North- 
 
 
 
 planted in 1902, 
 
 planted in 1906, 
 
 Aspect — South- 
 
 ern. 
 
 
 
 spaced 4'x i'. 
 
 spaced 4'x 4'. 
 
 ern. 
 2 yr. seedlings 
 planted in 1909, 
 
 2 yr. seedlings 
 
 planted in 1909, 
 
 spaced 4'x 4'. 
 
 
 
 
 
 spaced 4'x 4'. 
 
 
 
 Average Heights at End of Year 
 
 s Growth 
 
 (feet). 
 
 
 3 
 
 .4 
 
 
 
 
 .2 
 
 4 
 
 .6 
 
 
 i.i 
 
 
 .4 
 
 5 
 
 1.2 
 
 
 1.2 
 
 
 .6 
 
 6 
 
 1.9 
 
 
 1,5 
 
 
 .9 
 
 7 
 
 2.8 
 
 2.2 
 
 2.1 
 
 
 1.0 
 
 g 
 
 4.0 
 
 3.6 
 
 2.8 
 
 
 1.3 
 
 9 
 
 5.3 
 
 5.3 
 
 3.7 
 
 
 1.5 
 
 10 
 
 6.6 
 
 6.7 
 
 5.1 
 
 
 1.8 
 
 11 
 
 7.& 
 
 8.0 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 8.8 
 
 9.6 
 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 10.1 
 
 11.8' 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 11.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 12.3 
 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 13.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 17 
 
 14. 9t 
 
 
 
 
 
 {Average diameter, 41 ft. above ground, in 1916, was 2.4 inches. 
 *Average diameter, 4i ft. above ground, in 1916, was 1.9 inches. 
 
 See Figs. 22, 23, 24 and 25. 
 
 TABLE NO. 4 HEIGHT GROWTH OP SCOTCH PINE (P. SYLVESTRIS) IN 
 FOUR DIFFERENT PLANTATIONS. 
 
 Age of Trees from 
 Seed (Years). 
 
 Description of the Plantations. 
 
 Mont Alto State 
 
 Forest. 
 
 Soil — sandy loam. 
 Area originally 
 
 cultivated. 
 Altitude 90O ft. 
 Aspect— S. E, 
 2 vr. seedlings 
 
 planted in 1909, 
 
 spaced 4'x 4'. 
 
 Stone State For- 
 est. 
 
 Soil — shallow 
 loam. 
 
 Area grown up 
 with sod and 
 brush. 
 
 Altitude 1,200' ft. 
 
 Aspect — N. W. 
 
 2 yr. seedlings 
 
 planted in 1909, 
 spaced 5'x 5'. 
 
 Pennypacker 
 State Forest. 
 
 Soil — blue and 
 red shale. 
 
 Area originally 
 cultivated. 
 
 Altitude— 1,050 ft. 
 
 Aspect— S. E. 
 
 2 yr. seedlings 
 planted in 1909, 
 spaced 4'x 4'. 
 
 Jacks Mountain 
 State Forest. 
 
 Soil — dry, very 
 sandy. 
 
 Brush land, se- 
 verely burned. 
 
 Altitude 1,500 ft. 
 
 Aspect — North- 
 ern. 
 
 2 yr. seedlings 
 panted in 1909, 
 spaced 4'x 4'. 
 
 
 Average 
 
 Heights at 
 
 End of Year's Growth 
 
 (feet). 
 
 
 .7 
 
 
 
 ,6 
 
 
 
 
 .5 
 
 1,0 
 
 
 
 1,0 
 
 
 1.4 
 
 
 .7 
 
 1,6 
 
 
 
 1,7 
 
 
 2,0 
 
 
 1.2 
 
 2,7 
 
 
 
 2,7 
 
 
 3,0 
 
 
 1,5 
 
 4,1 
 
 
 
 3,7 
 
 
 4.4 
 
 
 1.8 
 
 6,1 
 
 
 
 4.9 
 
 
 5,8 
 
 
 2.1 
 
 8,3 
 
 
 
 6.4 
 
 
 7.8 
 
 
 2,6 
 
 10.9 
 
 
 
 7.8 
 
 
 10.3 
 
 
 3,1 
 
25 
 
 TABLE NO. 5. HEIGHT GROWTH OF PITCH PINE, BULL PINE, AND 
 JACK PINE IN PLANTATIONS. 
 
 
 
 Description of 
 
 the Plantations. 
 
 
 
 Pitch Pine ( P. 
 
 Bull Pine (P. ponderosa). 
 
 Jack Pine (P. 
 
 
 rigida). 
 
 
 
 Banksiana). 
 
 
 White Deer State 
 
 Mont Alto State 
 
 Jacob, Nolde Es- 
 
 Jacob Nolde Es- 
 
 
 Forest. 
 
 Forest. 
 
 tate, Reading, 
 
 tate, Reading, 
 
 
 Soil— sandy. 
 
 Soil— sandy. 
 
 Pa. 
 
 Pa. 
 
 
 Scrub oak area. 
 
 Area originally 
 
 Soil— sandy loam. 
 
 Soil— sandy loam. 
 
 
 Altitude 2,000 ft. 
 
 cultivated. 
 
 Area originally 
 
 Area originally 
 
 Age of Trees from 
 
 Practically level. 
 
 Altitude 950 ft. 
 
 cultivated. 
 
 cultivated. 
 
 Seed (Years). 
 
 2 yr. .seedlings 
 
 Aspect— S. E. 
 
 Altitude SOO ft. 
 
 Altitude SOO ft. 
 
 
 planted in 1913, 
 
 2 yr. seedlings 
 
 Practically level. 
 
 Aspect— S. W. 
 
 
 spaced 5'x 5'. 
 
 planted in 1908, 
 
 2 yr. seedliugs 
 
 2 yr. seedlings 
 
 
 
 spaced 5'x 5'. 
 
 planted in 1911, 
 spaced 3i'x 4'. 
 
 planted in 1910, 
 spaced 3'.\ 4'. 
 
 
 Average Heights at 
 
 End of Year's Growth 
 
 (feet). 
 
 
 .6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .9 
 
 
 .4 
 
 
 .4 
 
 
 
 1.5 
 
 
 .7 
 
 
 .7 
 
 
 
 2.0 
 
 
 1.1 
 
 
 1.3 
 
 
 
 2.4 
 
 
 1.3 
 1.8 
 2.4 
 3.0 
 
 3.8 
 4.5 
 5.5 
 
 
 2.1 
 
 3.0 
 4.3 
 5.7* 
 
 
 5.8 
 8.0 
 10. 4t 
 
 *See Fig. 28. 
 
 {Average diameter, 4i ft. above ground, was, in 1916, 1.3 inches. 
 
 See Fig. 27. 
 
 TABLE NO. 6. 
 
 HEIGHT GROWTH OF EUROPEAN LARCH AND JAP- 
 ANESE LARCH IN PLANTATIONS. 
 
 
 
 Description of 
 
 tlie Plantations. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Japanese Larch 
 
 
 European Larch (Lari.x decidua). 
 
 (Larix lepto- 
 
 
 
 
 
 lepis). 
 
 
 Mont Alto State 
 
 Stone State For- 
 
 Austin State For- 
 
 Jacob Nolde Es- 
 
 
 Forest. 
 
 est. 
 
 est. 
 
 tate, Reading, 
 
 Age of Trees from 
 
 Soil — moist. 
 
 Soil— dry, sandy 
 
 Soil— red shale. 
 
 Pa. 
 
 Seed (Years). 
 
 sandy loam. 
 
 loam. 
 
 Brush land clear- 
 
 Soil— deep sandy 
 
 
 Area originally 
 
 Area grown up 
 
 ed previous to 
 
 loam. 
 
 
 cultivated. 
 
 with brush and 
 
 planting. 
 
 Area cleared of 
 
 
 Altitude 90O ft. 
 
 sod. 
 
 Altitude 1,300 ft. 
 
 brush previous 
 
 
 Aspect-S. E. 
 
 Altitude 1,100 ft. 
 
 Aspect-S. W. 
 
 to planting. 
 
 
 2 yr. seedlings 
 
 3 yr. seedlings 
 
 2 yr. seedlings 
 
 Altitude 700 ft. 
 
 
 planted in 1909, 
 
 planted in 1910, 
 
 planted in 1910, 
 
 Aspect— N. E. 
 
 
 spaced 4'x 4'. 
 
 spaced 4'x 4'. 
 
 spaced 4'x 4'. 
 
 2 yr.. seedlings 
 planted in 1909, 
 spaced 3i'x 4'. 
 
 
 
 Average 
 
 Heights at End of Year's Growth (feet). 
 
 
 3 
 
 .5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 .7 
 
 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.4 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 l.S 
 
 
 
 1.7 
 
 1.7 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 2.0 
 
 
 
 2 7 
 
 1.9 
 
 
 
 
 2.8 
 
 
 
 3.8 
 
 2.1 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 4.9 
 
 
 
 6.7 
 
 3.0 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 7.1 
 
 
 
 8.2 
 
 4.6 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 9.6 
 
 
 
 10.4 
 
 6.3 
 
 
 16.9* 
 
 ♦Average diameter, 4J ft. above ground, was, iu 1916, 1.6 inches. 
 
TABLE NO. 7. 
 
 2G 
 
 HEIGHT GROWTH OP NORWAY SPRUCE AND DOUGLAS 
 FIR IN PLANTATIONS. 
 
 
 
 Description of 
 
 the Plantations. 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Douglass Fir 
 
 
 Norway Spruce (Picea Abies). 1 
 
 (Pseudotsuga 
 
 
 
 
 
 taxifolia). 
 
 
 Austin State For- 
 
 Stone State For- 
 
 Jacob Nolde Es- 
 
 Jacob Nolde Es- 
 
 Age of Trees from 
 
 est. 
 
 est. 
 
 tate, Reading, 
 
 tate, Reading, 
 
 Seed (Years). 
 
 Soil— red shale. 
 
 Soil— sandy loam. 
 
 Pa. 
 
 
 
 Site originally 
 
 Brush land. 
 
 Soil— sandy loam. 
 
 Soil— sandy loam. 
 
 
 farmed. Cul- 
 
 Altitude 1,130 ft. 
 
 Brush land, clear- 
 
 Area originally 
 
 
 tivated. 
 
 Aspect — North- 
 
 ed before plant- 
 
 cultivated. 
 
 
 Altitude 1,300 ft. 
 
 ern. 
 
 ing. 
 
 Altitude 750 ft. 
 
 
 Aspect— S. E. 
 
 3 yr. seedlings 
 
 Altitude 70O ft. 
 
 Aspect— N. E. 
 
 
 3 yr. seedlings 
 
 planted in 1910, 
 
 Aspect— Eastern. 
 
 Trees 7 years old 
 
 
 planted in 1910, 
 
 spaced 5'x 5'. 
 
 4 yr. trans- 
 
 transplanted in 
 
 
 spaced 4'x 4'. 
 
 
 plants planted 
 in 1909, spaced 
 3^x4'. 
 
 1915, spaced 
 5'x 5'. 
 
 Average Heights at End of Year's Growth (feet). 
 
 
 
 
 .7 
 
 .3 
 
 
 
 .8 
 
 .3 
 
 
 
 .9 
 
 .3 
 
 1.3 
 
 1.1 
 
 1.3 
 
 .4 
 
 1.7 
 
 1.3 
 
 2.0 
 
 .7 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.7 
 
 3.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 2.4 
 
 2.2 
 
 3.2 - 
 
 1.3 
 
 2.9 
 
 2.9 
 
 3.7* 
 
 2.6 
 
 3.7 
 
 3.9 
 4.9 
 
 
 
 
 5.9t 
 
 
 tSee Fig. 30. 
 •See Fig. 29. 
 
 TABLE NO. 8. HEIGHT GROWTH OF WHITE ASH, BLACK WALNUT, 
 AND BLACK CHERRY IN PLANTATIONS. 
 
 Description of the Plantations. 
 
 Age of Trees from 
 Seed (Years). 
 
 White Xsh (Fraxinus americana). 
 
 Stone State For- 
 est. 
 
 Soil — heavy sandy 
 loam. 
 
 Area originally 
 cultivated. 
 
 Altitude 1,140 ft. 
 
 Aspect — Eastern. 
 
 2 vr.. seedlings 
 planted in 1909, 
 spaced 5'x 5'. 
 
 Mont Alto State 
 
 Forest. 
 Soil — sandy loam 
 Area originally 
 
 cultivated. 
 Altitude 1,000 ft. 
 Aspect — Eastern. 
 1 yr. seedlings 
 
 planted in 1905. 
 
 spaced 4'x 4'. 
 
 Black Walnut 
 (Juglans nigra). 
 
 Mont Alto State 
 
 Forest. 
 Soil — sandy loam. 
 Area originally 
 
 cultivated. 
 Altitude 950 ft. 
 Aspect — Eastern. 
 1 yr. seedlings 
 
 planted in 1907, 
 
 spaced 5'x 5'. 
 
 Black Cherry 
 (Prunus serotina). 
 
 Stone State For- 
 est. 
 
 Soil — dry shallow 
 sandy loam. 
 
 Area covered 
 with brush and 
 sod. 
 
 Altitude— 1,140 ft. 
 
 Aspect — Western. 
 1 yr. seedlings 
 planted in 1910, 
 spaced 4'x 4'. 
 
 Average Heights at End of Year's Growth (feet). 
 
 ♦Average diameter, 4i ft. above ground, was, in 1916, 1.5 inches. 
 

 :?c^ 
 
 l-Ul 
 
 03 O 
 
 5^ 
 
 <-^o o 
 
 :z: 
 
 
 'T3 
 
 ^i 
 
 M'^ 
 
 
 ^H 
 
 1'- 
 
 |3 
 
 -^y. 
 
 HH 
 
 VI 
 
 WH 
 
 
 t— 1 
 
 ■a'tf 
 
 2 
 
 i-S 03 
 
 
 C 1 
 
 w 
 
 tf 
 
 w 
 
 p 
 
 ^ 
 
 rl- 
 
 c 
 
 Qiij 
 
 V\ 
 
 ^ -». 
 
 M 
 
 7i^ 
 
 ^ 
 
■.i^i'VJtmm^ : mfm:' 
 
 a ^ 
 
 
 H 
 
 hi 
 
 tr 
 
 r^ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 1 
 
 5^ 
 
 
 H 
 
 CO 
 
 > 
 
 P 
 
 H 
 
 g :^ 
 
 
 .'JSa&^m0^'^'^'-^:^ ■' ^' ^ 
 
 
 „...^,i/ r-^^-c;..;" ■•■: ^^t7.' 
 
 ^t^.o 
 
 
 
 
 ■•;r .. r:rA;^i^ 
 
 mm 
 
 w;^*:- 
 
 .-'■"■mr;' 
 
 'Z^I^Z^ -: 
 
 'y^f'- - ^ '■ 
 
 ■ :.,:■ 
 
 
 
 ■ /tV:>^ 
 
 1^ 
 
 p^^S' " 
 
 —^^==^.. 
 
 :?.|m*^^3r^ 
 
 . 
 
 
 .. «;--■/ ■.. . < . ':^ ■ 
 
 *,.- ■ ■ -v- 
 
 
 
 -— -— 
 
 --,—-■ 
 
WHITE PINE PLANTATION MADE IN 1902. MONAGHAN FIELD, MONT 
 
 ALTO STATE FOREST. 
 
 li'lioto by t. X. Di-iulih;ir. 
 
 Fig. 22. This picture was taken two years after planting, the trees being four years 
 old from seed. Average height was seven inches. 
 
 Plioto b.v Dr. .1. T. Rothrock. 
 
 Fig. 23. This picture shows the plantation six years after planting. The trees 
 were eight years old. Average height four feet. 
 
WHITE PINE PLANTATION. MONAGHAN FIELD, MONT AI.TO STATE 
 
 FOREST. 
 
 I'lioto by Geo. H. Wirt. 
 
 Fig 24 When this picture was taken tlie trees had been planted nine years and 
 were eleven years old. Average height 7.6 feet. 
 
 Photo by J. S. lUick. 
 
 Fiff 25 This Dicture was taken in the fall of 1916 when the trees were seventeen 
 years old VeaveragVheight of the trees was 14.9 feet and the average diameter. 
 4^ feet above ground, was 2.4 inches. 
 
I'lioto hy J. K. JIcNeal. 
 
 Fig. 26. PLANTATION OF SCOTCH PlNl]. 
 
 Trees nine years old from seed. Average height nine feet. Average diameter 1.2 
 
 inches. Jacob Nolde Estate, Berks County, Pennsylvania. 
 
Photo by J. E. McNeal. 
 
 Fig. 27. PLANTATION OF JACK PINE. 
 
 Trees nine years old. Average height 10.4 feet. Average diameter 1.3 inches. 
 Jacob Nolde Estate, Berks County, Pennsylvania. 
 
I'lioto by J. E. McNeal. 
 
 Fig. 28. PLANTATION OF BULL PINE. 
 
 Trees eight years old. Average heiglit 5.7 feet. Jacob Nolde Estate, Berks 
 
 County, Pennsylvania. 
 
Plioto by .1. E. McNeal. 
 
 Fig. 29. PLANTATION OF DOUGLAS FIK. 
 Trees nine years old. Average height 3.7 feet. Jacob Nolde Estate, Berks County, 
 
 Pennsylvania . 
 
27 
 
 PROTECTION OP THE PLANTATION. 
 The success or failure of the plantation is directly dependent on 
 various external dangers which may injure the trees or destroy them 
 entirely, either as a whole, or in part. Among the factors of danger 
 most to be guarded against are: 
 
 Fire — First and foremost. 
 
 Grazing. 
 
 Gnawing animals. 
 
 Insects. 
 
 Fungi. 
 
 Fire. — No reforestation project should be undertaken unless the 
 planting site be so protected that danger of fire is minimized. One 
 fire running over the surface of the ground, feeding on leaf litter and 
 other inflammable debris, means almost certain destruction of the 
 planted trees. The absolute necessity of providing an adequate sys- 
 tem of protection from fire cannot be too strongly brought to the at- 
 tention of the planter. Space here does not warrant going into de- 
 tails of protective measures. They are too voluminous, and, too, 
 each site has its own particular protective necessities. Such informa- 
 tion may be obtained by addressing the Bureau of Forest Protection, 
 Department of Forestry, Harrisburg, Pa. 
 
 Grazing. — Grazing of cattle over land planted to forejst trees 
 should not be permitted, at least not until the trees have reached a 
 height of fifteen to twenty feet. In young plantations, cattle may 
 either eat or trample down the small trees, resulting in the destruc- 
 tion of all or part of the plantation. 
 
 Gnawing Animals. — Hardwood plantations in this State have 
 occasionally been damaged by rabbits and mice gnawing the bark and 
 frequently girdling the small tree. Such damages are usually preva- 
 lent during severe winters when snow makes other food difficult of ac- 
 cess. In coniferous plantations little damage has been reported from 
 this cause. 
 
 Insects. — Numerous insects do more or less damage in planta- 
 tions of all species, both young and old, some attacking the foliage, 
 while others work in the bark or wood of the stems. The work of 
 certain insects results in death to the tree while others do only 
 temporary injury. Special attention is called to the destructive rav- 
 ages of the white pine weevil (Pissodes strobi) which has been the 
 greatest source of insect damage in white pine plantations in Pennsyl- 
 vania. This insect works particularly on young white pines, although 
 its activities are not confined to them alone. It is quite common on 
 old trees and has been found in several State forest plantations of 
 Scotch pine and to a more limited extent on Norw^ay spruce. 
 
28 
 
 The adult beetle is about I inch in length, of a reddish brown color, 
 and somewhat mottled with white. The female beetle deposits her 
 eggs in the bark, usually of the terminal shoots, in the spring. The 
 eggs develop into grubs during the month of June. The grubs eat 
 their way obliquely toward the center of the shoot and downward into 
 the pith for a half inch or so. A great many eggs are usually de- 
 posited in each shoot and the numerous grubs resulting completely 
 destroy the shoot. Frequently they destroy lateral branches also and 
 sometimes are found in preceding years' growths. 
 
 Trees attacked by the weevil cannot easily be detected until after 
 the first few weeks in July, when the shoots begin to wilt and turn 
 brown. Examination of the shoots, by making longitudinal cuts 
 in the shoot, will reveal the plump white grub. White pine and 
 Scotch pine plantations, particularly, should be carefully searched 
 for signs of the weevil about the middle of July and August. All 
 shoots turning, or turned brown, should be cut close to the last whorl 
 of branches and burned. Grubs and partly matured beetles in the 
 shoots are thereby destroyed and their spread checked. Many birds 
 are natural enemies of insects, destroying great numbers of them. 
 Protect the birds and they will help protect the trees. 
 
 Fungi. — Various fungous diseases are found on certain species of 
 trees which it has been suggested to plant. Some do only temporary 
 damage while others cause speedy death to the attacked tree. No 
 attempt will be made to enter into a discussion of the many possible 
 fungous diseases. However, attention of all persons interested in 
 the planting of white pine is called to the white pine blister rust, a 
 fungus which has been brought from Europe on imported nursery 
 stock. Its spread in this country endangers our white pine, and it 
 has been reported in several parts of Pennsylvania but only as iso- 
 lated infections. A close watch should be kept for this disease to 
 prevent its spread. 
 
 This fungus has two hosts, the five needled pines and wild and cul- 
 tivated currants and gooseberries, upon which it completes its life 
 cycle. On pines, its appearance may be detected by the presence of 
 irregular swellings of the bark. In the spring, from the latter part of 
 April to the middle of June, fruiting bodies appear on these swellings- 
 Whitish blisters, about ^ to :^ of an inch across, first appear, which 
 change to orange color in a few days. By the middle of June, the 
 orange colored postules, which are spores, each one capable of pro- 
 ducing the disease, disappear, leaving small rounded hollows on the 
 infected part of the tree. These spores do not infect pines, but at- 
 tack leaves of currants and gooseberries. Young pines attacked by 
 the blister rust are almost invariably killed, either the first or second 
 year. Old trees may have branches only infected, but usually the in- 
 fection spreads, finally killing the tree. 
 
29 
 
 The spread of this fungus is impossible unless there are currants 
 and gooseberries upon which it can pass a part of its life cycle. There- 
 fore to check its spread, all currants and gooseberries in the vicinity 
 of the plantation of white pines should be destroyed. 
 
 A very complete description of the white pine blister rust is given 
 in Farmers' Bulletin No. 742, U. S. Department of Agriculture. If 
 the presence of the disease is suspected in any part of Pennsylvania, 
 notify the Commissioner of Forestry, Harrisburg, Pa. 
 
 All persons interested in reforestation in Pennsylvania who find 
 destructive agencies, such as insects or fungous diseases, working in 
 trees, are requested to bring the matter to tlie attention of the Com- 
 missioner of Forestry. A description of the character and extent of 
 the damage being done should be given. Where possible, a specimen 
 of the infected part of the tree should accompany this information. 
 
 PART II. 
 
 WHERE AND HOW TO OBTAIN PLANTING STOCK. 
 
 Small trees for forest planting may be obtained from the Pennsyl- 
 vania Department of Forestry. Five large nurseries for the pro- 
 duction of forest tree seedlings and transplants are maintained by 
 the Department. In addition, twentv- of the 'State Forests have small 
 nurseries. Trees from these nurseries, over and above what is needed 
 for State forest planting, are furnished to individuals free of charge 
 for private planting in Pennsylvania. This is provided for by an 
 Act of the legislature approved April 21, 1915, as follows: 
 
 AN ACT 
 
 Authorizing the Department of Forestry to grow and distribute 
 young forest trees, and restricting tbeir use after distribution. 
 
 Section I. Be it enacted, &c., That the Department of Forestry 
 is hereby authorized to grow young forest trees, and to distribute 
 them to those desiring to plant them, in such quantity and under 
 such regulations as may be prescribed by the Department, when the 
 available stock in the forest nurseries shall be in excess of that 
 required by the Department for forest planting. No charge shall be 
 made for the trees so distributed, but the cost of boxing and ship- 
 ping shall be paid by the applicant. The applicant must enter into 
 an agreement with the Department to plant the young trees under 
 such conditions or regrdations as may be made hj the Department, 
 
30 
 
 and to protect and care for them when planted. The Department 
 may render such assistance and instruction in the planting of the 
 trees as it may deem necessary to secure their proper planting. 
 
 Section 2. That all such young forest trees, which shall be dis- 
 tributed as aforesaid, shall not be subject to sale in the hands of the 
 applicant, but shall be properly planted, in accordance with the 
 agreement entered into with the Department. 
 
 Section 3. That all acts and parts of acts inconsistent with or 
 supplied by this act are repealed. 
 
 Approved— The 21st day of April, A. D. 1915. 
 
 MARTIN G. BRUMBAUGH. 
 
 The annual production from State owned nurseries is 6,000,000 to 
 8,000,000 seedlings and transplants. In 1916, a total of 6,946,295 were 
 removed from State nurseries, of which 1,454,275 were given to indivi- 
 duals in the State. 
 
 The stock grown in these nurseries is not suitable for purely or- 
 namental planting, and applications for trees for this purpose will 
 not be granted. They are grown for, and are to be used only for af- 
 forestation, and this only within the State. 
 
 HOW TO OBTAIN PLANTING STOCK. 
 
 Forest tree seedlings and transplants can be furnished from any 
 one of the State owned nurseries. 
 
 Persons who own waste land in Pennsylvania and who desire 
 to reforest it, should report to the Department of Forestry at Harris- 
 burg, or to the nearest State Forester named below. 
 
 James E. McNeal, Distict Forester, No. 616 Washington St., Read- 
 ing, Berks county. Mr. McNeal's district includes Berks, southern 
 Carbon, Lehigh, Northampton, and Schuylkill counties. 
 
 R. Lynn Emerick, District Forester, Coudersport, Potter county. 
 Mr. Emerick's district includes Potter and McKean counties. 
 
 Walter D. Ludwig, District Forester, care of Chamber of Commerce, 
 Johnstown, Cambria county. Mr. Ludwig's territory includes Cam- 
 bria, Blair, and Indiana counties. 
 
 Wm. F. Dague, District Forester, Clearfield, Clearfield county. 
 Mr. Dague has charge of Clearfield county interests. 
 
 John L. Strobeck, District Forester, Analomink R. F. D., Monroe 
 county. Mr. Strobeck's territory includes Monroe, northern Carbon, 
 and parts of Lackawanna and Wayne counties. 
 
 John E. Avery, Notch, Pike county. 
 
 L. G. Barnes, Box 33, Centre Hall, Centre county. 
 
 W. J. Bartschat, Troxelville, Snyder county. 
 
 Ohas. E. Baer, Elimsport, Lycoming county. 
 
 John A. Bastian, Loyalsock, Lycoming county. 
 
 V. M. Bearer, Ligonier, Westmoreland county. 
 
CLEARFIELD STATE FOREST NURSERY. 
 
 Fig. 31. These beds contain thousands of seedlings. European larch, two years old. 
 
 Fig. 32. Pitch pine, two years old. To be removed from tlie beds m the spring 
 and planted in their final location. 
 
31 
 
 Tom O. Bietsch, McAlevysfort R. F. D. No. 1, Huntingdon county. 
 
 Joe R. Blouse, Glen Union, Clinton county. 
 
 A. W. Bodine, Mount Union R. P. D., Huntingdon county. 
 
 H. E. Bryner, New German town, Perry county. 
 
 Wm. L. Byers, Rainsburg, Bedford county. 
 
 Robert G. Conklin, Fayetteville, Franklin county. 
 
 H. F. Critchley, North Bend, Clinton county. 
 
 F. H. Dutlinger, Westport, Clinton county. 
 
 Harry E. Elliott, Sinuamahoning, Cameron county. 
 
 W. B. Evans, 'Sizerville, Cameron county. 
 
 P. Hartman Fox, Austin, Potter county. 
 
 Thos. H. Golden, Crossfork, Potter county. 
 
 Thos. C. Harbeson, Lloyd, Tioga county. 
 
 J. R. Hogentogler, Loganton R. F. D. No. 2, Clinton county. 
 
 W. H. Horning, Kartbaus, Clearfield county. 
 
 J. S. Tllick, Mont Alto, Franklin county. 
 
 John W. Keller, Boalsburg, Centre county. 
 
 Carl L. Kirk, Penfield, Clearfield county. 
 
 Chas. R. Meek, Coburu, Centre county. 
 
 Homer S. Metzger, Loganton R. F. D. No. 1, Clinton county. 
 
 W. E. Montgomery, Spring Mills R. F. D. No. 1, Centre county. 
 
 Howard H. Morgan, Slate Run, Lycoming county. 
 
 T. Roy Morton, Petersbiirg, Huntingdon county. 
 
 Marvin H. Moyer, Slate Run, Lycoming county. 
 
 Paul H. Mulford, Asaph, Tioga county. 
 
 Max E. Mtiller, Hammersleyfork, Clinton county. 
 
 Robert R. Neefe, Waterville, Lycoming county. 
 
 Geo. S. Perry, Aitch, Huntingdon county. 
 
 Geo. A. Retan, Mont Alto, Franklin county. 
 
 Alfred E. Rupp, Fort Loudon, Franklin county. 
 
 J. B. Ryon, Sinnamahoning, Cameron county. 
 
 Geo. W. Sheeler, Snow Shoe, Centre county. 
 
 A. C. Silvius, Laurelton, Union county. 
 
 H. A. Smith, East Waterford, Juniata county. 
 
 Robert W. Stadden, Greentown, Pike county. 
 
 Lewis E. Staley, Mont Alto, Franklin county. 
 
 H. C. Van Horn, Conrad, Potter county. 
 
 D. Kerr Warfield, Milroy, Mifflin county. 
 
 A. B. Wells, Fields Station, Lycoming county. 
 
 John R. Williams, Pine Grove Furnace, Cumberland county. 
 
 Raymond B. Winter, Mifflinburg, R. F. D., Union county. 
 
 Chas. E. Zerby, Medix Run, Elk county. 
 
 Blank forms for making application for seedlings and transplants 
 will, on request, be furnished by tlie Department of Forestry, or by 
 any one of the above named foresters. The application, properly 
 
32 
 
 filled out, must be forwarded to the Department of Forestry, Harris- 
 burg. Foresters and nurserymen are not invested with the right to 
 grant free distribution of planting stock. This may be done only by 
 the Commissioner of Forestry. 
 
 ADVICE AND EXAMINATION. 
 
 Extensive planting operations should not be undertaken by the 
 layman without receiving advice from a competent person trained 
 in the theory and practice of forestry. Reforesting costs money, and 
 a mistake in judgment as to what and how to plant may mean com- 
 plete failure of the plantation and a heavy loss in money and time. 
 A trained forester cannot guarantee the succ-ess of a plantation, for 
 failure sometimes occurs from no apparent cause, or as the result of 
 insect and fungous attacks. However, it is indisputable that reliance 
 on a forester's knowledge presupposes the planting of the best species 
 for the site and, therefore, the best chance of success. 
 
 The Department of Forestry is wdlling to give all possible assistance 
 to individuals in planting operations. Where it is proposed to plant 
 up areas of considerable size, the Dejiartment will make every effort 
 to have one of its foresters make an examination of the area to be 
 planted, and do this free of charge. The forester will then make a 
 report to the Department on his examination, suggest the species it is 
 proposed to plant, and furnish a planting plan to be followed. He 
 will also give the individual w^hat advice he can on how best to plant, 
 the number of men necessary to do the planting, and how to organize 
 the crew. 
 
 Since the Department of Forestry has only a limited number of 
 foresters available for making examinations, application for exami- 
 nations and advice should be made at least three mouths before the 
 planting season. In districts wiiere there is a district forester, he 
 should first be consulted for advice, since the matter will be refer- 
 red to him. 
 
 WHAT IS REQUIRED OF THE RECIPIENT. 
 
 In return for receiving seedlings from the Department of Forestry, 
 all persons are required to pay the cost of packing and transportation, 
 and furnish reports requested of them. The seedlings wall be shipped 
 from one of the State nurseries. About four days previous to ship- 
 ment, the nurseryman will inform the applicant of the date of ship.- 
 ment. On the day of shipping, he will mail tw^o blank forms which 
 must be filled in. One is to be used to acknowledge receipt of the 
 nursery stock (B. of B. & M. Form 52, "Nursery Stock Receipt"). 
 The other is for making report on the planting of the seedlings (B, of 
 S. & M. Form 34-B, 'Tlantation Report for Private Planting"). 
 
~ 38 
 
 Nursery Stock Receipt. — On receiiJt of the shipment, the 
 packing box shonld be examined. Then several bundles of seed- 
 lings should be opened and the number of seedlings in the bundles 
 counted. It will be found that the bundles contain 50, 75, or 100. 
 Occasionally a few extra seedlings of small size are in the bundles. 
 These should not be considered. After determining the number in each 
 bundle, "heel in" all seedlings, counting the number of bundles as this 
 is done. The total number of seedlings received is then known. 
 
 The blank form, "Nursery Stock Receipt", should be filled out im- 
 mediately and mailed to the Commissioner of Forestry, Harrisburg. 
 Make note thereon of the condition of the packing box and the num- 
 ber of seedlings received, and their condition. 
 
 Nursery Cfiarge. — The amq;iint of the charge for packing and 
 shipping will be supplied by the nurseryman. As a rule, the 
 packing and hauling to point of shipment averages about 25c per 
 thousand seedlings. Transportation by mail or express averages 
 about 20c jier thousand. If sent prepaid, this cost will be included 
 in the amount of the charge sent by the nurseryman. This amount is 
 to be remitted to the Commissioner of Forestry and should accom- 
 pany the "Nursery Stock Receipt." Remittance may be made by 
 postage stamps if it amounts to less than 50c. If the charge is 50c or 
 over, remittance should be nmde by check or postal money order. 
 
 PiiANTATioN Report for Private Planting. — Directl}^ after 
 the seedlings are planted, the blank form provided for this pur- 
 pose is to be filled out and mailed to the Commissioner of Forestry, 
 Harrisburg. It is imperative that no delay in planting take place 
 and that the report be submitted promptly. 
 
 The matter of making full and complete report is important and re- 
 quires careful attention. Keep account of all costs incurred, in- 
 cluding drayage from station to planting site, hired labor, and the 
 number of hours devoted to planting by salaried employees. Cal- 
 culate what this time is worth and indicate it in the space provided 
 on the blank. 
 
 Give a description of the plantation as called for on the form. 
 The information conveyed by these reports will be a matter of record 
 at the Department of Forestry. We desire complete and accurate 
 reports. 
 
 SPECIES USUALLY AVAILABLE FOR FREE DISTRIBUTION. 
 
 All species listed under "^Species to Plant" are not grown in State 
 nurseries. The following species are usually available for free distri- 
 bution. 
 
34 
 
 White pine 2 and 3 years old. 
 
 Scotch pine, 2 years old. 
 
 Pitch pine 2 years old. 
 
 Norway spruce, 3 years old. 
 
 European larch, 2 years old. 
 
 The following species are occavsionally available but in more limited 
 numbers. 
 
 Red pine, 2 and 3 years old. 
 
 Japanese larch, 2 years old. 
 
 Bull pine, . 2 years old. 
 
 Sugar maple, 1 and 2 years old. 
 
 White ash, 1 and 2 years old. 
 
 Red oak, 1 and 2 years old. 
 
 Honey locust, 1 and 2 years old. 
 
 Black cherry, 1 and 2 years old. 
 
 POINTS TO BEAR IN MIND. 
 
 1. Trees are furnished for forest planting only, not for shade or 
 
 ornamental purposes. 
 
 2. They are for planting only in Pennsylvania. 
 
 3. Application should be made at least several months before the 
 
 planting season, which begins about the first of April, and 
 no application will be granted after the 31st of March. 
 
 4. Applications must be. filled out in detail. 
 
 5. Notice as to whether or not the application can be granted will 
 
 be given several weeks before trees are shipped. 
 
 6. Acknowledgment of receipt of nursery stock must be made 
 
 promptly. For this, use Form 52, "Nursery Stock Receipt." 
 
 7. Remittance must accompany "Nursery Stock Receipt." 
 
 8. Seedlings must be planted without delay. 
 
 9. Make report to the Department of Forestry on the cost of the 
 
 planting and the conditions under which the plantation was 
 made. For this, use Form 34-B. 
 
 10. Be prepared to make report to the Department of Forestry on 
 
 the condition of the plantation whenever requested to do so. 
 
 11, Fewer than 500 seedlings will not be furnished. 
 
DDOmEESl?!