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ORIGIN AND HISTORY 
 
 01<^ TllK 
 
 N A m: E 
 
 OF 
 
 M C) O R K 
 
 WITH 
 
 BIOGRAPHIES OF ALL THE MOST NOTED 
 PERSONS OF THAT NAME. 
 
 AND AN ACCOUNT OF THE ORIGIN oF 
 SURNAAIES AND FORENAMES. 
 
 TOGETHER \YrTH 
 
 OVKR FIVE HUNDRED CHRISTIAN NAMES OF MEN AND WOMEN 
 
 AND THEIR SlCrXIFICAXCT:. 
 
 Cbe Crescent Tamily Record. 
 
 'To live in hearts we lenve behind is not to die.'" 
 
 CHICAGO, ILL.: 
 
 AMERICAN' PT'nLISIIERS' ASSOCIATION. 
 1102. 
 

But strczu his ashes to the wind, 
 
 Whose s-zuord or voice has served mankind, 
 
 And is he dead, whose glorious mind 
 
 Lifts hiui on liighf 
 Jo live in hearts zve leave b hind, 
 
 Is not to die. 
 
PUBLISHERS' NOTE. 
 
 A NUMBER of letters and material have been re- 
 ceived of a genealogical nature, with requests to in- 
 coqDorate the same into this work. It is to be re- 
 gretted that this cannot be done, as the object of this 
 work is simply to preserv^e and perpetuate the names 
 and biographical history of the most notable mem- 
 bers of this family name. 
 
 The preservation of such a record cannot fail to 
 prove invaluable and a source of pride and interest 
 not only to persons of the name but to the world in 
 general ; and this book may prove the foundation upon 
 which a monumental work mav be constructed. 
 
COJNTKiVTS. 
 
 Frontispiece. \'asc of Flowers. 
 
 Introduction, 
 
 Illustration, Coats-of-Arms. 
 
 Origin and TIistor3' of the Family Name, 
 
 The First of the Name in America, 
 
 Principal Branches of the Familv, - . . . 
 
 Historical and Biographical, ----- 33 
 
 Origin of the Surname, 49 
 
 Origin of the Forename, 81 
 
 Genealogy, - - - ... _ . . .93 
 Heraldr\^, ------... 94 
 
 Illustration of Camp-Fire Chats, - - - - 98 
 
 Patriotic Societies of the United States, - - 99 
 Forenames of Men and Their Significance, - - 103 
 Forenames of Women and Their Significance, - 109 
 The Crescent Family Records, - - • - - 113 
 
^ \ I 
 
intkm)dit(;tion. 
 
 Now that we all have surnames, we are apt to for- 
 «j^et that it was not always so. We cannot eas- 
 ily realize the time when John, Thomas and Andrew, 
 Mary and Abii^^ail, were each satisfied with a sin<j^le 
 name, nor refleet that the use of two is not a refine- 
 ment datin<^ from an ol)seure and unknown antiquity, 
 but quite within the reach of record and history. 
 
 Everj'- name, no doubt, oriirinally had a meanintj, 
 or was at first assumed or imposed from its real or 
 supposed fitness, from some accidental circumstance, 
 or from mere caprice. Each individual is distinii^uished 
 from his fellows by his name. But for this system his- 
 tory and biogra])h3' could scarcely exist. 
 
 Our proper name is our individuality; in our own 
 thoughts and in the thoughts of those who know us, 
 they cannot be separated. Our names are uttered, 
 and at once, whether in connection with blame or 
 praise, with threat or entreat}^, with hatred or love, 
 we ourselves are affected by the ideas and feelings 
 expressed. A few trilling words, in no way meant to 
 apply to the man they describe, sufhcc to awaken the 
 recollection of that m^in, his physical peculiarities, his 
 moral character, and the most remarkable acts and 
 events of his life; a few syllables will cause the tear 
 to start afresh from the mother's eye, after ^-ears of 
 consolation and resignation to her loss; they will sum- 
 mon the tell-tale blush to the maiden's cheek, and she 
 immediateh" thinks her secret is discovered; they will 
 make a lover's heart beat more rapidly; rekindle the 
 angry glance in an enem\''s eye; and in a friend sep- 
 arated from his friend, will renew all his past regrets 
 and his fondest hopes. None tlic less rapidh' do our 
 thoughts connect a neime with the idea of the thing to 
 
ii INTRODUCTION. 
 
 which it belongs, be it land of birth, country, town, 
 river, road, valle}'- or hill. Dislike, desire, recollection of 
 pain or pleasure, admiration, jealousy, kind feelings, 
 national hatreds and love of country, one and all may 
 be evoked by a single word, because the word repre- 
 sents to us the very object which has created those 
 emotions within us. Ever^^ person, even the most in- 
 curious observer of -words and things, must have re- 
 marked the great variety that exists in the names of 
 families. He cannot fail to notice that such names are 
 of widely different significations, many being identical 
 with names of places, offices, professions, trades, qual- 
 ities, familiar natural objects and other things. There 
 is probably no person capable of the least degree of re- 
 flection wdio has not often, in idle inoments, ainused 
 himself with some little speculation on the probable 
 origin of his own name. It is not sufficient for a per- 
 son of inquisitive mind that he bears such and such a 
 surname because his father and his grandfather bore 
 it; he will naturally feel desirous of knowing why and 
 when their ancestors acquired it. 
 
 What would the annals of mankind and the rec- 
 ords of biography be if people had never borne any 
 proper names? It would be a mere chaos of unde- 
 fined incidents and an unintelligible mass of facts, with- 
 out sjanmetry or beautj^ and without any interest at 
 all for after ages. Indeed, without names, mankind 
 would have wanted what is perhaps the greatest stim- 
 ulous of which the mind is susceptible — the love of 
 fame; and consequently, many of the mightiest achieve- 
 ments in every department of human endeavor would 
 have been lost to the world. 
 
 Man_v of our ancient and modern institutions are 
 intimately connected with the meaning and continued 
 existence of proper names. It has been w^ell said that 
 hereditary names perpetuate the memory of ancestors 
 
INTRODUCTION. iii 
 
 better than any other nionunicnt, an afTectionate rc- 
 menibriince this, surely, and one which fosters the cause 
 of nioraHty; they tcacli, or at any rate remind sons of 
 their duty to be worthy of their ancestors. 
 
 Though its importance be felt in all phases of our 
 social life, the orisj;in of proper names does not essen- 
 tially belong to a civilized condition. Undoubtedly it 
 is intimately connected with the gift of speech. A man 
 must call his children by a distinctive appellation, either 
 when he speaks to them or when he speaks of them in 
 their absence, and when a gesture and an inflection of 
 the voice are not sullicient to indicate his meaning. 
 The distinctive title which he uses can only be a name 
 exclusively applicable to the individual meant; on the 
 other hand, the father will recognize the name given to 
 him by his children. Again, the domestic animal, man's 
 intelligent companion in his field sports, and the watch- 
 ful guardian of his dwelling; the brook that runs be- 
 neath his home; the tree that shelters or the forest that 
 conceals it; the hill or the vale near which it lies, will 
 soon be named by those who w'ish to distinguish them 
 from similar objects around. If other men come to live 
 near the first family, they will receive a name and give 
 one in return. 
 
 However simple these names be at first, so simple 
 that they express nothing beyond the degree of rela- 
 tionship between father and mother and children, and 
 the order of their birth in the case of the last; be they 
 mere substantives used to point out more specially the 
 dwelling iind all that surrounds it; as the hut, the tree, 
 or the brook — or even supposing that in the common 
 intercourse which may exist between one family and its 
 neighbor the only distinctive terms employed arc we 
 and they, and further, that sun, fire, destruction, or 
 thunder, designate the beneficent or angry deity — still 
 the s\'stem of proper names already exists in embryo, 
 
iv INTRODUCTION. 
 
 and is read\' to be further developed, even to the high- 
 est degree of importance and intricac}^ in proportion 
 as the social principle itself becomes more extended and 
 more complicated in its constitution. 
 
 Add new members to the family; collect several fam- 
 ilies together and form them into one tribe; place a 
 number of tribes holding friendly relations wath one 
 another in a less limited tract of land; then will the 
 spot occupied by each tribe, every village or cluster of 
 inhabitants belonging to the same tribe, every hill and 
 thicket and brook — in a v^ord, the land and the gath- 
 ering of men upon it assume proper names, just as the 
 tribes had alread}^ done before, and the families and 
 the individuals that constituted them. 
 
 From this outline of the first elements of social 
 life, let us remove, in thought, for a moment, and place 
 ourselves in the heart of civilized existence. The names 
 of lands and dwellings have changed into the designa- 
 tions of powerful states and magnificent cities; names 
 which will be familiar for centuries after the grass has 
 grown over and hidden even the ruins of their palaces 
 and their fortresses and obliterated the very traces of 
 their existence, and after political or naturally induced 
 revolutions have depopulated, divided and totally dis- 
 membered the provinces of mighty empires. Here the 
 names of men distinguish the individual members of a 
 great social bod\^, magistrates, princes, chiefs of the 
 great civil and political whole; and among these names, 
 all of them less or more important at present, there 
 arc some which hereafter shall be handed down to his- 
 tory as a rich inheritance, an object of envy to the am- 
 bitious, and a pattern of conduct to the wise. 
 
 \ 
 
inSTOJMCAL AND RKXHiAPlITCAL. 35 
 
 I'lIK XAMK OP MOOliE. 
 
 'riic Kiiyiisli luiiiu's Mooi- or Mooi'c, ami the Scottish Muir, 
 ai-c I'roni a Saxon word iiieaiiiii^' hcaltliy ji:i"ound. It also 
 means (iroat. Tall. 
 
 ^loore. contracted from O'Moi'a. ^lordlia's descendant 
 (Morlia is derived fi'om mor. <ireat). 
 
 As an Aii^lo-Saxon name ]\loore is probably derived Trom 
 -Mar, renowned, famous. 
 
 It iias also I'isen fi'om residence at a bouuy heath or moor. 
 The medieval forms ai'c Atte Mor or ^lore, De Moi'a, Ad 
 Moram. 
 
 TiiK Fiix'ST OF tup: namp: of moore in a:\ierica. 
 
 One of tlie first settlers in New England was Edmund 
 Moore, a pi'oprietor of Newbury, Mass. He deeded land to his 
 son, Edmund, wrth the consent of his son Jonathan. 
 
 P^rancis ^loore was a orojjrietor of C'ambridge, Mass., in 
 l(i38. 
 
 John Moore was an e;;rly settler at Dorchester, where he 
 was a proprietor in 16:31-:?4r. He was also a town officer in 
 1638. 
 
 John ^Nloore was a proprietor of Sudbuiy in 1640. He 
 bought land in 1642; and was also a town officer. In his will 
 he left his property to his eldest son, John, of Lancaster. His 
 sons were William, Jacob, eloseph and Benjamin. 
 
 Richai'd ]Moore settled at I)uxl)ury as a proprietor. He 
 removed to Salem and deeded lauds to his sons, Caleb and 
 Richard. 
 
 Sanniel ]\Ioore was a proprieto)' of Salem, ]\lass.. in 1636. 
 He left two sons, Sanuiel and Remember. 
 
 Thomas .Moore was a proprietor and town officer in 1631- 
 34. in Dorchester. 
 
 Thomas Moore was an early settler of New England, set- 
 tled in Salem; aiul was a proj)riet()r in 1636. He had four 
 sons. Thomas, Benjamin, Nathaniel and Jonathan. 
 
 William ]\loore of Ipswich, ]\Iass., deeded his land to his 
 daughtei-. ^7 .^X. 
 
 coats-()F-ar:\is of the :\iqore fa:\iily. : ^ 
 
 Arms: Argent, on a bend sablf three mascles of the field. 
 Crest: Out of a ducal coronet or, a unicorn's head sable, 
 the horn twisted of the first and second, 
 blotto: Quaerere verum. 
 
 0<7.-'U 
 
36 HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 
 
 THE MOORES IN AMERICA. 
 
 A thoroug'li perusal of the following life sketches of noted 
 Mooi'es, eminent in all walks of life, will reveal the fact that 
 the ^looT-es have been actively and intimately associated with 
 the ecclesiastical, civil, industrial and commercial affairs of 
 America ; and to become conversant with their historj^ will 
 naturally create in our children a source of pride in the name 
 of Moore heretofore unappreciated. 
 
 As builders and merchants they have built cities and 
 illumined the marts of trade; in the field of science and medi- 
 cine they have obtained great prominence; in the arena of 
 statesmanship they have produced men of thought and men 
 of action; while at the bar and in the administration of jus- 
 tice they have shown erudition and wisdom. As clergymen, 
 educators and lecturers they have occupied high places; as 
 musicians, composers and artists they have contributed pro- 
 fusely to social life ; and as authors and poets they are worthy 
 to be crowned with a laurel wreath of fame. Also as heroes 
 of colonial. Revolutionary and later wars they have rendered 
 patriotic service, each one of whom lias added luster to the 
 name of Moore. 
 
 jMOORE, ALFRED, soldier, lawyer, jurist, was born May 
 21, 1755, in Brunswick county, N. C. In 1790 he was elected 
 attorney-general of North Carolina; and was appointed judge 
 in 1798. He was associate judge of the supreme court of the 
 United States in 1755-1805. He died Oct. 15, 1810, in Bel- 
 font, X. C. 
 
 :\I()()RE, ALBERT J., lawyer, was born June 25, 1853, in 
 Greenwich, N. J. He is a successful lawyer of Ely, Minn. ; 
 and has been city attorney. For six years he was president of 
 the school board ; and when the city was incorporated he drew 
 up the city charter. 
 
 MOORE, ANDREW, soldier, lawyer, congressman, United 
 States senator, was born in 1752 in Canniscello, Va. He 
 sei'ved in the revoluticmary army, and the legislature of 
 Virginia made him brigadiei'-genei'al of militia, and major- 
 general in ISOS. He. was a representative in congress from 
 Virginia in 1789-97 and 1803-04 when he Avas appointed to the 
 United States senate. He died April 14, 1821, near Lexing- 
 ton, Va. 
 
 ]\IOORE, ANDREW ]?ARRY, educator, lawyer, jurist, 
 
HISTORICAL AND HIOGRAPIIICAL. 37 
 
 •rovcnioi'. was l)()rii ^Maicli 7. lS()(i, in Spai'laiishui'^, S. ('. lie 
 roiiiovcd to Alal>aiiia in iS'Jii; and was many times in the k'^- 
 islatui'c after 183!). lie was state eircniit jud^c in 181^5-57; 
 and udvcrnnr III' Alaliania in lSr)7-()3. lie dieil Api'il 5, 187i{, 
 in .Mai'idn. Ala. 
 
 MOOin-:. CllAlvld-lS .\LKK'l-:i), mechanical eii-ineer, was 
 born Jan. 81, 1852, in Pittston, Maine. He is a noted meclian- 
 ieal engineer; and foi" many yeai's has l)een ehief enj^ineer of 
 the Sontliern Power Station of the BrooUlyn liapid Ti-ansit 
 CV)mi)anv of Brooklyn, N. V. 
 
 MOOKE, C'lIARLks IIEXRY, physieian. sin-eon, was horn 
 Dee. 7, 1857, in Alhany, N. Y. lie is ophthainiie and aural 
 sur^-eon to tlie Ti'oy City lTos]>ita] ; and to the Alhany City 
 lIosi)ital. lie is assistant instiiietor of the eye and ear in 
 Albany Medieal College. 
 
 .M()()KK, CHARLES HERBERT, educator, author, was 
 lioi-n Api'il 10. 1840, in New Voi'k. He is a professor of art 
 at llaryard uniyersiy. He is the author of Tlie Development 
 and Character of (iothic Architecture ; and Examples for Ele- 
 mentary Practice in Delineation. 
 
 .MOO'RE, CHARLES LEONARD, hnvyer. diplomat, author, 
 poet, was l)t)rn .Mai'cli KJ, 1854, in Philadeli)hia. Was Lnited 
 States consular aj^ent at San Antonio, Brazil. He is the 
 autiior of Poems Anti(pie and ]\lodern; Banquet of Palacios, 
 a ('omiMJy: and A Book of Day Di'eams, a yolume of poems. 
 
 AIOORE, MRS. CLARA JESSI'P, author, poet, was born 
 Feb. 16, 1824, in Philadelphia. She lived nnicli abroad, 
 mainly in Loiulon. She was the author of- ^Master Jacky's 
 Holi(hiys: Fi'ank and Fanny; The Diamond Cross; ^Mabel's 
 Mission; Poems and Stories; On Dangerous Cround, a novel; 
 Gondaline's Lesson; Sensible p]tiquette; Slander and Gossip; 
 Social Ethics; and The AVarden's Tale, and Other Poems. 
 Slie died Jan. 5, 18!)!), in London, England. 
 
 .MOORE, CLARENCE BLOO.MFIELD, arcliaeoloyist, au- 
 tlioi-, was born Jan. 14. 1852, in Philadelphia, Pa. He is the 
 .lutlior of Certain Sand IMounds of the St. John's River, 
 Florida: Certain Al)oriu'inal .Mounds of the Coast of South 
 Carolina : and other similar works. 
 
 .MOORE, CLEMENT CLARKE, educator, author, poet, 
 was l)orn July 15, 1779, in New York City. He was an edu- 
 cator of Ne\y York City and profi^ssor of oriental literatui'e in 
 the General Theological seminary in 1821-G3. He was the 
 author of a Hebrew- p]nglish Lexicon; and a volume of poems; 
 l)ut is moi'e widely known as tlie authoi' of the famous poem, 
 
38 HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 
 
 't"^ 
 
 The Visit, of St. Nicholas. He died July 10, 1863, in New- 
 port, K. I. 
 
 MOORE, EDSON L., educator, was borii .July 26, 1860, in 
 Wethersiield, N. Y. He is a noted educator of Nichols, N. Y. ; 
 and is principal of schools in Nichols, N. Y. 
 
 iMOORE, EDWARD SYME, physician, surgeon, orator, 
 was born April 7, 1852, in New York City. He has been pres- 
 ident of the board of education of Bay Shore, N. Y. ; was a 
 ineniber of the first board of medical examiners of the state; 
 and has for a number of years been coroner of the county. He 
 is a member of a number of societies and associations; and is 
 a noted orator and parliamentarian. 
 
 MOORE, ELY, journalist, congressman. He was a repre- 
 sentative in congress from New York in 1835-39. He was ap- 
 pointed Indian agent in Kansas territory and at the time of 
 his death was register of a land office in Kansas. He died 
 Jan. 26, 1860. 
 
 MOORE, E.^IERSON V., soldier, lawyer, was born Feb. 
 14, 1868, in Shelby county, Ohio. In 1897-98 he was supreme 
 chief of the Knights of the Golden Eagle. During the Span- 
 ish-American war he was lieutenant and recruiting officer on 
 the staff of Brig.-Gen. Rush T. Lincoln, lie is a prominent 
 lawyer of Sidney, Ohio; and in 1901 he was mayor of his 
 city. 
 
 IMOORE, ERAS]MUS DARWIN, clergyman, author, was 
 born Sept. 30, 1802, in Winsted, Conn. He was a congrega- 
 tional minister and editor of Boston. He was the author of 
 Life Scenes in Mission Fields; and The New Heart. He died 
 in 1889 in Boston, Mass. 
 
 MOORE, FLAVEL SHURTLEFF, physician, surgeon, 
 was born Sept. 7, 1852, in Hanson, Mass. Since 1891 he has 
 been physician to Gordon Rest Sanitarium of Hanson, Mass. ; 
 and town physician since 1879. In 1883 he was lecturer on 
 comparative anatomy at the college for physicians and sur- 
 geons of Boston, Mass. He was one of the founders of Ma- 
 quan Sanitarium. He is the author of scores of medical arti- 
 cles, which have l)een a valuable acquisition to medical liter- 
 ature. 
 
 MOOKE, FRANK, author, was born Dec. 17, 1828, in Con- 
 cord, N. H. He is a writer of New York City, and has edited 
 a Cycloijedia of American P^loquence; and The Rebellion Rec- 
 oi-d, and oilier compihitions. He is the author of AVomen of 
 the War. 
 
 MOORE, (JAliRlEL, congressman, governor, United 
 
lllSTOiaCAL AND BIOCIKAPIIICAL. 39 
 
 States senator, was hoi-ii about 17!j(), in Stokes county, N. C. 
 He was a rej)reseiitative in con^i-css from Alabama in 1822-29; 
 j^ovcrnor of tlic state 1S2!I-."U; and rnited States senator in 
 1831-37. He died June 9, 18-14, in Caddo, Texas. 
 
 MOOlUv (iKOliCK FOOT, educator, author, was born Oct, 
 15, 18r)l. in West CMu'ster, Pa. From 1883 to 1902 he was 
 professor of llebi-ew in Anih)ver Tlie()U)gical seminary; since 
 1902 professor in llarxard uiiixcrsity, Cambrid^;e, ^lass. He 
 is the author of Connnentary on Judj,'es; The Book of Judges; 
 The Book of Judires in llel)rew; and other similar works. 
 
 MOOKF, (iKOKOF IIFXKY, author was born April 20, 
 1823, in Concord, N. 11. lie was the superintendent of the 
 Lenox library of New York City in 1872-92. He was the 
 author of History of the Jurispi-udence of New York; Treason 
 of Charles Lee; Notes on the History of Slavery in ]\lassa- 
 chusetts; AVashington as an Angler; and P^mploynient of 
 Negroes in the revolutionary army. He died May 5, 1892, in 
 New York City. 
 
 ]M()OHE, CEOKGE R., banker, was born ;\Iarch 16, 1849, 
 in Barnet, Vt. He is president of the First National Bank 
 of Jackson, ^Minn. ; president of the Bank of Alpha, Minn. ; 
 and a tlirector in the Banker's Casualty Company of Des 
 Moines, Iowa, and in other corporations. He takes an active 
 part in the financial and public affairs of his city, county and 
 state. 
 
 iMOORE, (iEORGE. WIXFIELD, educator, was born July 
 31, 1859. in (Juthrieville, Pa. He is a prominent educator of 
 Pennsylvania ; and superintendent of public schools of Ches- 
 ter county. He resides in Ercildonn, Pa.: and contributes 
 extensively to educational literature. 
 
 MOOliE, HARRY C, dentist, druggist, was boru Feb. 1, 
 1867, near Newark, Del. He is the proprietor of a drug store 
 in Wilmington, Del. ; and also practices dentistry. He is 
 active in business and pul)lic affairs; and has filled several 
 positions of trust. 
 
 MOORE, IIEMAN ALLlilN, lawyer, congressman, was 
 born in 1810 in Plainfield, Vt. He was appointed adjutant- 
 general of the Ohio state militia ; and Avas a representative in 
 congress in 1843-44 He died April 3, 1844, in Columbus, 0. 
 
 MOORE, HENRY, governor, was born, in 1713, in Jamaica, 
 W. I. He was the only native colonist that was ever governor 
 of New York. He died Sept. 11, 1769, in New York City. 
 
 MOORE, HENRY' D., merchant, congressman, was boru 
 
40 HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 
 
 April 17, 1817, in Goshen, N. Y. He was a representative 
 in congress from Pennsylvania in 1849-53 ; and for several 
 years after leaving congress was treasurer of Pennsylvania. 
 MOORE, HENRY MILES, soldier, lawyer, legislator, jur- 
 ist was born Sept. 2, 1826, in Brockport, N. Y. He was sec- 
 retary of Leavenworth, and gave the place its name. In 1854 
 he was elected attorney-general under the Topeka constitu- 
 tion; and served two terms in the Kansas state legislature. 
 For twenty-five years he was secretary of the democratic state 
 central committee ; for four years was United States commis- 
 sioner of Kansas ; for four years was United States adjutant- 
 general of Kansas ; and served three years in the union army 
 as captain, lieutenant and colonel. He is now judge of the 
 city court of Leavenworth, Kan. 
 
 MOORE, HOMER H., clergyman, was born March 10, 1820, 
 in JMantua, Ohio. He is an eminent clergyman of Chautauqua, 
 N. Y. ; and prominent in educational and religious affairs. 
 
 MOORE, HORACE L., soldier, merchant, congressman, 
 was born Feb. 25, 1837, in Mantua, Ohio. He enlisted as a 
 private soldier in the second Kansas infantry in 1861 ; and 
 served continuously until 1865, when he was nuistered out of 
 the service as lieutenant-colonel of the fourth Arkansas cav- 
 alry. He commanded the eighteenth and nineteenth regi- 
 ments of Kansas cavalry in the United service, serving 
 against the Indians on the plains in 1867-68. He was elected 
 to the fifty third congress. He is now engaged in compiling 
 a genealogy of the Moore family. 
 
 MOORE, HORATIO NEWTON, author, was born in 1814 
 in New Jersey. He was the author of Orlando, a tragedy; 
 The Regicide, a drama; Memoir of the Duanes; Mary Morris, 
 a novel; and Lives of Marion and Wayne. He died Aug. 26, 
 1859, in Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 MOORE, J. HARVEY, physician, surgeon, ophthalmolo- 
 gist. In 1882 he graduated from the Jefferson Medical Col- 
 lege of Philadelphia, Pa. ; and subsequently for ten years took 
 up a systematic study of the eyes. In 1894-99 he practiced in 
 Atlanta, (Ja. Since 1899 he has been professor of ophthalmol- 
 ogy in the American Medical College of St. Louis, j\Io. He is 
 editor of the eye department of American Medical Journal; 
 and is a f reciuent contributor to current medical literature. 
 
 MOORE, J. I'ERCY, educator, zoologist, was born in Wil- 
 liamsport. Pa., .May 17, 1869. Since 1892 he has been instruc- 
 tor in zoology in the University of i'ennsylvania. He has 
 published numerous papers on zoological subjects; and has 
 
lllSTOincAL AM) l'.l()(i|{AIMII(Ali. II 
 
 made spcciiil iii\ csl iiiat Ions I'nr ('. S. l<'isli ( "oiiuiiissioM. 
 
 MOOK'I':. -lACOU KAILKV. .jonnialist. author, was born 
 Oct. '■'>]. 171)7, in Atidovor, N. II. IIi' was poslinastur 
 of Sail FraiU'isiMt in 184!)-;'):?. He was the author of 
 liaws ol Trade in tlic Initcd States; (ia/etleer of New Ilairip- 
 shire; and Annals of ('oneoi'd. New Ilaiii[)shire. lie died 
 Sept. 1. IS.");^. in Bellows Kalis. N. V. 
 
 MOOKl'l. JA.MKS, ;^()\eiii()r, was itorii about KJ-iO in Ire- 
 land, lie emigrated to America about Kiti'); settled in 
 Charleston. S. ('. : and in ITttO was governor of the state. IIo 
 died in IT'.^;) in ("harleston. S. V. 
 
 MOOKK. .lA.MKS. soldier, was born in 17.S7, in Xew Han- 
 over. X. ('. He served in the revolutionary war; and was 
 proiiiotetl briuadier-general. lie was made eonnnauder-in- 
 ehief of the southern department; and received the thanks of 
 eon«:ii'ss. He died -Ian. 15, 1777, in Wilmington, N. C. 
 
 .MOOKK. .lAMES A., eleruyman. He is jin eminent divino 
 of Ohio, and now tills a pastorate in St. James" Chureh of 
 Wvominir, Ohio. 
 
 'MOOKE. JA.MKS T.. lawyer, was born in 1845. In 1875 
 he was admitted to the bar: and now lias a lar^^'e pi'aetice in 
 Missouri. He is promiiu-nt in the business and publie all'airs 
 of Lebanon. Mo.; and has filled a number of positions of trust 
 and honor. 
 
 MOOKE. .lA.MKS \V.. educator, i)hysician. author, was born 
 at Kaston. I'a., .Iiiiie 14. 1S44. He is the author of Elements 
 of Natural I'hilosophy ; and nuiiierous lectures, addresses and 
 papers on physics. 
 
 AlOOKE, .1AM ES Z., lawyer, jurist, was born in Owens- 
 boi'o, Ky. He is a prominent lawyer and counselor of AVash- 
 ington at Spokane. He was a member of the constitutional 
 convention which fi-amed the constitution under which Wash- 
 ington was admitted into tlie union. He has served with dis- 
 tinction as judue of the superior court; has been pro.seeuting 
 attorney; and is now a member of the Board of Regents of 
 the Universitv of Washiimton. 
 
 :\l()OHE. JEIIIEL TTTTLE, phy.sician, .surgeon, lecturer, 
 college president, was born Oct. 4, 1S48. in Ontario, Canada. 
 For thirteen years he was dean of the Minneapolis college of 
 physicians and surgeons, now medical department of Ham- 
 liiii' university; lecturei- on theory and pi'aetice fen* the past 
 nineteen vears; and its president since 18*J7. 
 
 MOOKE. JESSE HALE, soldier, educator, clergyman, 
 contrressman, was born .\pril L'2. 1S17. in St. Clair county, III. 
 
42 HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 
 
 He served in the civil war; and was breveted a brigadier-gen- 
 eral. After the war he re-entered the pnlpit, and was pre- 
 siding elder at Decatur. He was a representative from Illi- 
 nois to the forty-first and forty-second congresses. 
 
 MOOKE, JOHN, state senator, congressman, was born in 
 1788, in Berkeley county, Va. In 1825 he was a member of 
 the Louisiana state legislature; and also served several years 
 in the state senate. He was a representative in congress from 
 Louisiana in 1841-43, and in 1851-53. He died in June, 1867, 
 in Louisiana. 
 
 MOORE, JOHN, Roman Catholic bishop, was born Jnne 
 27, 1835, in Ireland. In 1877 he ^vas consecrated second 
 bishop of St. Augustine, Fla. 
 
 MOORE, JOHN I., lawyer, banker. He is president Peo- 
 ples Savings Bank and Trust Company of Helena, Ark.; and 
 is prominent in the business and public affairs of his city, 
 county and state. 
 
 ]\IOORE, JOSEPH B., lawyer, jurist, state senator, was 
 born Nov. 3, 1845, in Commerce, Mich. From 1868 he prac- 
 ticed law in Lapeer, ]\licli., until elected circuit judge. For 
 eight years he served as judge of the sixth judicial circuit. 
 He has been mayor of Lapeer, and Avas state senator in 1878-80. 
 He is justice of the sui^reme court of Michigan for term 
 1896-1906. 
 
 i\IOORE, JOSEPH EUGENE, lawyer, legislator, was born 
 March 14, 1841, in Lisbon, Maine. He is one of the foremost 
 lawyers of New England at Thomaston, Maine. He served 
 for three terms as a member of the Maine state legislature; 
 and in 1883 was on the commission to revise the statutes of 
 Maine. In 1887-91 and 1895-99 he was collector of customs; 
 and has filled a number of positions of trust and honor. 
 
 MOORE, JOSEPH WEST, author. He is the author of 
 Picturesque Washington; The American Congress; and A 
 History of National Legislation and Political Events. 
 
 MOORE, LABAN T., soldier, lawyer, congressman, was 
 born Jan. 13, 1829, in Cabell county, Va. He was elected a 
 representative from Kentucky to the thirty-sixth congress. 
 He served as colonel in the aruiv during the civil war. 
 
 MOOIiE, LITTLETON WILDE, soldier, jurist, congress- 
 man, was born in 1835 in Alabama. He was elected to the 
 coustitutional eoiiveution of Texas in 1875; and was district 
 judge in 1876-85. lie was elected to the fiftieth, fifty-first 
 and fifty-second congresses as a democrat. 
 
 :\I()()RE, LUMAN G., physician, surgeon. In 1873 he 
 
 
IIISTOUICAL AND I'.lOdKAPlIK^AL. 43 
 
 ^r}i(iua1i'<l I'roin llir Ijoii^ Ishiiid ("ollf'^c lluspilal ol" Hi'oitU- 
 lyii. N. \'. Ill' lias hccii pi'i'sidciit of llic hoard ol" cdm-ation 
 nf Kinsman. Oliin; and t icasufci' and linistt'L' of Kinsman 
 township, lie has hccii president ol" Ihe 'rnimhull County 
 Medical Soeiet y ; Tnited States pension examiner; and viee- 
 presiilent of the Kinsman iJankiiif^' ('omi)any. II(.' is a j)roni- 
 inent Mason; and active in the husiness and puhiie all'airs of 
 his city, eoiinty ami stale. 
 
 M()()KE, MAKSllALIi F.. <:ovei-nor. was horn in New 
 York. He moved to Oiiio; anil was appointed from that statu 
 jrovernor of the territory of Washin^'ton. residing at Olympia. 
 
 MOORE. :\IAHTIN. eler-ryman. journalist, author, was 
 horn April 'J2. ITIK), in Sterliui;. .Mass. lie edited the lioston 
 Keeorder twenty yeai's; and in ISUl-tiG was a vicc-presidenl 
 of the New En<,dand historic-genealogical society. He was the 
 author of a History of Natiek; and Ijifo of John Eliot. He 
 died March 12, 18Gt). in Cainhridge, Mass. 
 
 ^l(.)Ol\E, ^IILPjS C. hajdcer, governor, was horn April 17, 
 1845, in Rix Mills, Ohio. Since 1863 he has resided in the 
 state of AVashington ; and is now president of the Baker-Boyer 
 National Bank of Walla Walla. He was the last territorial 
 governor of Washington, serving until its statehood. 
 
 ^lOORE, NATHANIEL F., college president, author, was 
 horn Dec. 'l^y, 1782, in Newton, L. I. In 1842-4!) he was presi- 
 dent of Columbia college, lie was the author of Ancient Min- 
 eralogy ; Lectures on Creek Language and Literature; An 
 Introduction to LTniversal Grammar; and a Historical Sketch 
 of Columbia (\)llege. He died April 7, 1872, in The High- 
 lands (tn the Hud.son. 
 
 MOOKE, NICHOLAS R., congressman. He was a repre- 
 sentative in congress from ^Maryland in 1803-11 ami 1813-1(). 
 He died in 181 (i in Baltimore. 
 
 ^lOOJxE, OlxKEN C, journalist, legislator, congn-ssman, 
 was born Aug. 10, 1839, in New Hampton, N. II. He estab- 
 lished the Nashua Daily Telegraph in 18()9. He served six 
 terms in the lower branch of the New Hampshire legislature, 
 and one term in the upper branch. He was elected to tlie 
 fifty-first congress as a republican. 
 
 MOORE, OSCAR F., congressman, was born in Ohio. He 
 was a ?-e|)resentative in congivss fi-om Ohio in 1855-57. 
 
 M(JORE. ]i. L., educator, college president, was born in 
 (ilol)e, N. C. He is a prominent educator of North Carolina; 
 and is president :\[ars Hill College of Mars Hill, N. C. 
 
 MOOHK. KMCIIAIM) CIIANNINC clei--yman, bishop. 
 
44 HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 
 
 was horn Aug. 21, 1762, in New York City. He accepted a 
 call to St. Andrew's of Richmond, N. Y., which he held for 
 twenty-one years. In 1808 he was a clerical deputy to the 
 general convention of his church in Baltimore, Md., and was 
 chairman of the committee on additions to its hymnal. In 
 1809 he accepted the rectorship of St. Stephen's, New York 
 City, where he remained for five years. He was consecrated 
 bishop of Virginia in 1814. He died Nov. 11, 1841, in New 
 York Citv. 
 
 MOORE, RICHARD CHANNING, physician, surgeon, was 
 born Nov. 25, 1841, in Quincy, 111. He graduated from Chi- 
 cago Medical College, 111. ; and is now a prominent physician 
 of Omaha, Neb. In 1864 he was acting assistant surgeon in 
 the United States army. In 1876 he was city physician of 
 Omaha, Neb. In 1887 he was president of the Nebraska State 
 Medical Society ; and in 1901 was elected president of the 
 Medical Society of the Missouri Valley. 
 
 MOORE, RICHARD FRANCIS, clergyman, founder, was 
 born July 26, 1858, in Hartford, Conn. As a church builder 
 and organizer he is well known in New England; and in his 
 diocese he has organized three parishes and equipped them 
 with costly edifices. He is rector of St. Joseph's Church of 
 New Britain, Conn. ; and contributes extensively to religious 
 literature. 
 
 MOORE, RICHARD M., physician, surgeon. In 1873 he 
 graduated from the University of Buffalo, N. Y. ; and is now 
 a prominent physician of Rochester, N. Y. He was commis- 
 sioner of board of health of that city. 
 
 ]\IOORE, ROBERT, congressman, was born in Washington 
 county, Pa. He was a representative in congress from Penn- 
 sylvania in 1817-21. 
 
 ' MOORE, ROBERT A., manufacturer, was born May 11, 
 1846. He is the manager of the Moore Manufacturing Com- 
 pany of Springfield, Mo. He is known throughout the United 
 States as a successful manufacturer of church, school and 
 opera furnishings. 
 
 MOORE, ROBERT ELLIS, physician, surgeon, was born 
 March 17, 1848, in Sumner county, Tenn. In 1868 he grad- 
 uated from the medical department of the University of 
 Nashville, Tenn. He has attained success in the practice of 
 medicine in Orlinda, Tenn.; and has filled a number of posi- 
 tions of tru.st and honor. 
 
 MOORE, S. ]\IcD., soldier, congressman, was born in Vir- 
 ginia. He was a I'cpresentative in congress from Virginia in 
 
IllSTOHirAL AND IUOf!l{Anil(!AL. 45 
 
 188.S-85; aiul scr-\f(| in tlir (Miiifcdcriilf ;ii-iiiy tliirin^' llio civil 
 war. 
 
 .M<)()I\I-]. SA.Mrilli. physician. coiiirrossniaTi, was ])orn Feb. 
 \K IT'.Hi. in riiiladflpliia. Ta. In IS^.")-:}:? he was a incnihcr of 
 the Vir^'inia l('<rislatui'('; and was a rcprcsontative in congress 
 ill 1S;};^.'{^). lie dii'd Scpl. it, ISTf). in Lcxiiij^tdii. \'a. 
 
 MOOUMv STHWAirr LKSIJl-:. railroad iiiaiia-rcr, was horn 
 F('l). (i, IS.");}, in l*]fii'. I*a. In 1S7I> In- eiilcri'd railway service 
 with tile Northern I'acilir Kailwav Company; and since 1887 
 has been jrenei-al IriM^dil a^'cnt of that corporation, witli head- 
 (|iiart('i's at St. Paul. Minn. 
 
 .MOOKK. SVI)I-:N1I.\.M Iv. soldici-, lawyer, jurist, congres,s- 
 nian, was horn in Kiitin'rl'ord county, Tcnii. For six years he 
 was jud^e t>i' the county court of (Jrcene county, Ala.; and for 
 a short time also of llie circuit court of that state. lie re- 
 signed his judp'ship. and went to Mexico as cai)tain of a 
 volunteer company. On his return home he was elected brif^a- 
 dier-<;eneral of militia. lie was a member of the thirty-fifth 
 and thirty-sixth eonirresses. lie also took ]inrt in the civil war 
 as a colonel. 
 
 ]\IO()RE, TlIO^l AS, eon<iTessnuin. lie was a representative 
 in conjxrcss from South Carolina in 1801-18 and 1815-17. 
 
 MOOHK, TIKXAIAS J., planter, state senator, Avas born 
 Api'il 1'!), 184:i in Spartanburg' county, S. C. He is a success- 
 ful planti'r in his native county; and for twenty years was 
 chairman of the board of commissioners of the state institu- 
 tion for the education of deaf and blind, lie has served as a 
 member of the South C'arolina house of representatives; and as 
 a member of the state* senate. He has been president of the 
 state a«j;ricultural and mechanical society; and is a prominent 
 leader in the industi-ial advancement of his county and state. 
 
 .MOOK'K, THOMAS OVEKTOX. planter, «,^)vernor. was 
 born in North Carolina. He settled in Rapides Parish as a 
 cotton planter: in 1856 was elected to the state senate of 
 Louisiana: and in 18fi{)-()4 was (^lect(Ml frovernor. lie died in 
 June, I87t), in Rapide Parish, La. 
 
 MOOHE, THOMAS PATRICK, soldier, diplomat, congress- 
 man, was born in 1797, in Charlotte county, Va. He was a 
 member of con<rress in lS2.'?-2!> from Kentucky: and was min- 
 ister to the rcpul)lic of Colombia in 182!>. He was lieutenant- 
 colonel in the regular army during the war with. ^Mexico; and 
 his last public position was that of a member of the conven- 
 tion for revising the constitution of Kentucky. He died July 
 21. 1858, in llarrodsburg, Kv. 
 
46 ITISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 
 
 ]\IOOKE, THOMAS S., congressman, was born in Jefferson 
 county, Va. He was a rei)resentative in congress from Vir- 
 ginia "in 1820-2;i 
 
 :M00RE, TII0:\IAS VERNON, clergyman, author, was 
 born Eeb. 1, 1818, in Newville, Pa. He was a presbyterian 
 minister of Nashville in 1868-71. He was the author of Last 
 Words of Jesus; God's University, or the AA^orld a School; 
 The Culdee Church ; Corporate Life of the Church ; and The 
 Last Days of Jesus. He died Aug. 5, 1871, in Nashville, Tenn. 
 
 ]\IOORE, THOMAS WATSON, soldier, banker, legislator, 
 was born March 22, 1825, in Allegheny county. Pa. During 
 the civil war he attained the rank of colonel. He is a success- 
 ful real estate dealer and banker of Marietta, Ohio, in which 
 city he is vice-president of the Fii*st National Bank. He has 
 served two terms in the Ohio state legislature; and has filled 
 a number of positions of trust and honor. 
 
 JNIOORE, WILLIAIM, lawyer, jurist, congressman, was 
 born Dec. 25, 1810, in Montgomery county, Pa. He was twice 
 elected a .judge of the court of common pleas for Atlantic 
 county, N. J., serving in all ten years. He was elected a repre- 
 sentative from New Jersey to the fortieth and forty-first 
 
 congresses. 
 
 ]\IOORE, WILLIAM EVES, clergyman, author, was born 
 April 1, 1823, in Strasburg, Pa. He was a Presbyterian 
 clergyman of Columbus, Ohio from 1872 ; and for forty years 
 was a prominent leader in his church. He was the author of 
 New Digest of the General Assembly; and The Presbyterian 
 Digest. He died June 5, 1899, in Columbus, Ohio. 
 
 1\I00RE, WILLIAM HAYES, clergyman, was born April 
 19, 1861, in Colora, Md. His family settled before the revo- 
 lution in Cecil county, Md. He has attained eminence as a 
 Presbyterian divine. He has filled pastorates in New London, 
 Doylestown, Pa. ; at Denver, Colo. ; and now fills a pastorate in 
 the Presbyterian Church at Sante Fe, N. M. 
 
 MOORE, WILLIAM OLIVER, physician, surgeon, was 
 born Dec. 8, 1851, in Newtown, N. Y. In 1872 he graduated 
 from the college of physicians and surgeons of New York 
 City. In 1883-89 he was professor of diseases of the eye and 
 ear in the medical department of the University of Vermont; 
 and in 1887-92 filled the same chair in the Woman's Medical 
 College of the New York Infirmary. Since 1885 he has been 
 visiting ophthalmic surgeon to several institutions in New 
 York City. He is the author of nuiiuM'ous papers, which have 
 been a valuable acquisition to medical literature. 
 
IIIS'l'oUh'AL AM) l;l<»<ii;Arill( AL. 47 
 
 MOOlvi:. WILLIAM li()hl':in\ incrcliaul, conf,'rossmaii. 
 Miitliof, piK't. was 1)1)111 Mai-cli "JS. 1S:?(). in Iliintsvillc, Ala. 
 lie was I'li'c'lt'd a rcprcst'iitativc from 'rfiuiesscc to the forty- 
 si'ViMith congress as a it'puljlican. lie is the author of Com- 
 mon Sense and ("ominoii Honesty; The Fakir lioy; Christmas 
 ( 'ai'ol ; and other works. 
 
 MOOHK. \V1LLL\.M S.. .journalist, conirressman, was born 
 Nov. 18, 1S22. in Hethk'liem. Ta. He was elected to the forty- 
 third eoJi^ress from Pennsylvania as a republiean. 
 
 .MOORL. \VnjJA:\r. TH():\1AS, elerL'yman. journalist, 
 author, was horn An^'. 27, LS;{'J, in Henry eounty. Ky. He 
 is the author of Views of Life; and Living Pulpit of the 
 ( 'hristian Chnreh. 
 
 MOOHH. WH.LIS LUTH EK.. journalist, metooroloirist. was 
 born Jan. 18. 18r)(), in Scranton, Pa. During the eivil war 
 he joined his father with Grant's army, and sold papers to 
 the troops in the fi(>ld. lie became a printer, and subsequently 
 was a journalist on the Pnrliiigton TTawkeye of Towa. In 
 187(i he entered the United States signal corps; and ten years 
 later was promoted to the grade of observer sergeant in recog- 
 nition of his skill in devising new mechanical appliances. In 
 1892 he was appointed h^-al forecast official in chai-ge of the 
 meteorological oflice in ]Milwauki»e, Wis.; and in 181)8 became 
 professor of meteorology in the United States AVeather 
 Bureau. In 1894-96 he was forecast official for the upper 
 lakes at Chicago: and since 1895 has been chief of the weather 
 bureau at "Washington. D. C. 
 
 .MOOHE. ZUIXOLIUS, educator, college president, minis- 
 ter of Church of Christ, was born in 1862, in Belmont county, 
 Ohio. He was raisc^d on a farm •, and was (^Incated at Bethany, 
 W. \'a. He is a prominent educator of ^lissouri; and is presi- 
 dent of the Central Christian College of Albany, Mo. 
 
ORIGIN OF rilE SURNAME. tO 
 
 All proper nruiics had oris^inallv a peculiar and 
 appropriate meaning. Some persons mii^lit feel dis- 
 posed to argue that there is nothing in the ordinary 
 course of things to prevent the giving of names from 
 sheer whim and without any meaning; but it is ([uitc 
 as dilhjult to imagine the absence of motive and of 
 fixed guiding principles in the choice of a name as it 
 is in any other matter. It would be contrary to Man's 
 nature to denote the object of his thoughts by sounds 
 which produce no impression upon his memory, no 
 representative idea in his mind. If the principle 
 asserted, then, hold good in the matter of common 
 nouns, much more must it be true with regard to the 
 proper name, whose characteristic is, as we have said, 
 that it places under our very eyes as it were, the 
 individual object to which it is applied. 
 
 That some definite idea should belong to the name 
 when uttered, is so much needed by men in general 
 that the natives of North America are in the habit of 
 giving a name selected from their own language to 
 any stranger deemed worthy of ^their especial notice. 
 To them his own name does not sufiijiently describe 
 him, because it probably conveys no idea connected 
 with his physical appearance. An anecdote is related 
 of the Imaum of Muscat who when about to appoint 
 a private phvsician asked his name. " Vincenzo," was 
 the physician's reply. Not understanding it, the prince 
 requested that its meaning should be explained in 
 Arabic. The Italian gave the meaning, as Mansour, 
 or Victorious, and the prince delighted with the hapj^y 
 omen offered by the name, ever after called him 
 "Sheik Mansour." 
 
 If we glance next at the records of travellers in 
 distant countries, we shall find that whether they l)e 
 piivate individuals or men engaged in scientific in- 
 (|uiry, they never give a name to a people, a country, 
 
50 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 
 
 an island, or an unknown rock, without some deft 
 nite reason. Some allusion is made in it to physical 
 conformation, to dress, to customs, to external pecu- 
 liarities, or to certain circumstances which made the 
 discovery a remarkable one. This natural habit has 
 rarely been deviated from except when a desire has 
 been felt to erect some geographical monument on 
 distant shores, in honor of some denizen of the heavens; 
 or to record, in a lasting form, some contemporary 
 event, or the name of some contemporary character 
 of distinction; or, lastly, to perpetuate the memory 
 of a benefactor of his kind, and to testify of a na- 
 tion's gratitude to a fellow-countryman of great pre- 
 eminence. The long catalogue of proper names, with 
 a meaning, which may yet be found among our older 
 nations, in spite of mixture and corruption of races; 
 and the longer catalogue disclosed by etymological 
 inquiry, fully bear out these remarks. Schegel, a very 
 learned philosopher, has traced descriptive epithets in 
 almost all Hindoo names. So marked was the exist- 
 ence of these meanings among the Hebrews, that 
 their literature is strangely tinged by their influence. 
 The older names among the Arabs, and those since 
 introduced into general use, are highly significative; 
 the face is acknowledged in the case of Grecian names, 
 and the remark is equally true of all names derived 
 from Teutonic origin. The most distant nations in 
 our own more immediate circle of civilization exhibit 
 no difference in this respect. Most of the natives of 
 North America are named after some animal; during 
 their lifetime they receive another title when they 
 have earned it by some deed of daring, which it ex- 
 plains and of which it is the token. The name of a 
 most powerful chief in one of the Marquesas Islands, 
 contains an allusion to the shape of a canoe, in the 
 management of which he excelled. Thunder is the 
 
ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 51 
 
 name of the King of the Chenooks, a warlike tril)e 
 who hve on the left Ijank of the river Columbia. The 
 Kamtehadales, Koriakes, and Kuriles, have all of 
 them significant names. 
 
 SURNAMES. 
 
 In the first ages of the world a single name was 
 suffieient for each individual; and that name was 
 generally invented for the person, in alhision to the 
 circumstances attending his birth, or to some personal 
 quality he possessed, or which his parents fondl}' 
 hoped he might in future possess. 
 
 Christian names being given in infancy, and by 
 friends and relatives, cannot, as a general rule, have 
 bad significations, or be associated with crime or mis- 
 fortune. It is otherwise, however, with surnames. 
 These will be found to be of all shades, from the best 
 to the worst, the most pleasing to the most ridiculous. 
 They originated later in life, after the character and 
 habits of the individual had been formed, and after 
 he had engaged in some permanent occupation, trade, 
 or pursuit. They were given by the community in 
 which he dwelt — by enemies as well as by friends. 
 
 The first approach to the modern s\'stem of 
 nomenclature is found in the assumption of the name 
 of One's Sire in addition to his own proper name ; 
 as Caleb the son of Jephunneh. Sometimes the adjunct 
 expressed the country or profession of the bearer ; 
 sometimes some excellence or blemish ; as Diogenes 
 the C\'nic ; or Dionysius the Tyrant. 
 
 A mother's name, that of a parent, or of some 
 remoter ancestor more illustrious than the father, 
 have in the same wav been used to form new names. 
 A like attention has been paid to sentiments of friend- 
 ship and gratitude. Sometimes the wife's name be- 
 came the husband's surname. The name of the tribe 
 
52 ORIGIN OP THE SURNAME. 
 
 or people to which a man belonged might also be- 
 come a surname. If an3^ particular name described 
 the locality of a man's residence or propert3', it may 
 serve the same purpose. Personal acts and qualities 
 have given rise to a great variety of surnames. 
 
 Surnames are traceable to several chief sources. 
 There will be seen evidences in physical and political 
 geographj^ that the designations of countries, moun- 
 tains, rivers, districts, towns, villages, hamlets, are all 
 associated with the names of persons whom w^e daily 
 meet, suggesting to the thoughtful mind most inter- 
 esting topics regarding the histories of families and 
 places. 
 
 Though the majority of our ancient family names 
 are territorial, we have many large classes of excep- 
 tions, and the origin of most of them is not at all 
 doubtful. 
 
 Surnames can scarcely be said to have been per- 
 manently settled before the era of the Reformation. 
 The keeping of parish registers was probably more 
 instrumental than anything else in settling them; for 
 if a person were entered under one name at baptism, 
 it is not likel3' he would be married under another 
 and buried under a third ; in some instances, prior to 
 the keeping of parish registers, persons were recorded 
 as having different names at different periods of their 
 life. As to the derivations of surnames, it should be 
 remembered, that places were named before families. 
 You have only to examine any of those names which 
 serve for lands and also for persons, to see this plainly. 
 If you found the name of Cruickshanks, or Prettj-- 
 man, Black-mantle, or Great-head, 3'ou would not 
 hesitate. These are evidentlv coined for persons, and 
 you find no such names of land, or for the double 
 purpose. But then 3^ou can have as little doubt that 
 names like Church-hill, Green-hill, Hazel-wood, Sandi- 
 
OR mix OF THE SFRXAMU. 53 
 
 l.'inds, wcvQ first <:[ivcn in jilaccs ; and when \-on find 
 tlicni borne both by land and jx'rsons, yon will con- 
 chule the persons took them Ironi the territories. In 
 general then, when a jilaee and a family have the 
 same name it is the plaee that f^ves the name to the 
 people, not the family to the place. This nik-, which 
 will not be dispnted by any one who has bestowed 
 some study or thoui^ht on the subject, has very few 
 exeej^tions. 
 
 There is a class of fables, the invention of a set 
 of bunglin.i2^ genealogists, who, by a process like that 
 which heralds call canting — catching at a sound — pre- 
 tend that the Douglases had their name from a Gaelic 
 word, said to mean a dark gray man, but which 
 never could be descriptive of a man at all; that the 
 Forbeses were at first called For beast, because they 
 killed a great bear; that Dalyell is from a Gaelic 
 word, meaning "I dare;" that the Guthries were so 
 called from the homely origin of gutting three had- 
 docks for King David the Second's entertainment, 
 when he landed very hungry on the Brae of Bervie 
 from his French voyage. These clumsy inventions of 
 a late age, if they were really meant to be seriously 
 credited, disappear wdien we find from record that 
 there were verv ancient territories, and even parishes, 
 of Douglas, Forbes, Dalvell, and Guthrie, long before 
 the names came into use as family-- surnames. 
 
 It was formerly customary to receive names from 
 ancestors by compounding their name with a word 
 indicating filial relationship. Names so compounded 
 were termed patrom-mics, from Pater: father, and 
 Onoma : a name — father being used in the sense of 
 ancestor. When personal names merged into family 
 appellations, patron^-mics became obsolete; or, more 
 correctly, ceased to be formed. Before this change 
 was cftccted, in case a man was called Dennis: bom 
 
54 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME, 
 
 on* the Day of St. Dennis, sometimes his eldest son 
 would be called Dennison, which in some cases, be- 
 came Tennyson; and a man from a village in which 
 was a church dedicated to St. Dennis ^.vas called 
 Dennistoun. After the period in which descriptive 
 names flourished, each of his children, whether male 
 or female, would be called Dennis, so that this be- 
 came literally a patronj^mic, inasmuch as it was a 
 name received from a father. Howbeit, only those 
 names that were taken from a parent when such 
 was not the rule are called patronymics. Personal 
 names lead the van as to all others, and are the 
 basis of half their successors. Long after personal 
 names were almost as widely diffused as persons, we 
 find patronj^mics coming into use, the offspring of 
 necessity arising out of lTlultiplicit3^ 
 
 But when we come to realize that nearly one- 
 third of Englishmen were known either by the name 
 of William or John about the year 1300, it will be 
 seen that the pet name and nick form were no freak, 
 but a necessity. We dare not attempt a category, 
 but the surnames of to-daA^ tell us much. Will was 
 quite a distinct 3'outh from Willot, Willot from Wil- 
 mot, Wilmot from Wilkin, and Wilkin from Wilcock. 
 There might be half a dozen Johns about the farm- 
 stead, but it mattered little so long as one was called 
 Jack, another Jenning, a third Jenkin, a fourth Jack- 
 cock (now Jacox as a surname), a fifth Brownjohn, 
 and sixth Micklejohn, or Littlejohn, or Properjohn 
 (i.e., well-built or handsome). 
 
 The first name looking like a patronymic is ante- 
 diluvian, viz., Tubal-Cain: flowing out from Cain, as 
 though O'Cain, given to intimate pride in relation- 
 ship to Cain. During the Israelitish theocracy Gentile 
 patronymics Avere in common use, as Hittites from 
 Heth, but those personal came in later. As soon, 
 
56 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 
 
 however, as the New Testament opens we meet with 
 Bar-Jonah, Bar-Abbas, names received from fathers in 
 the conventional patronymical sense. It is, therefore, 
 manifest that the chronology of patronymics, the 
 period of their formation, lies about midway between 
 primitive ages and time current. 
 
 The Saxons sometimes bestowed honorable appel- 
 lations on those who had signalized themselves by 
 the performance of any gallant action, like the Ro- 
 man Cognomina. Every person conversant wnth the 
 history of those times wnll call to mind that England 
 was much infested with wolves, and that large re- 
 wards w^ere given to such as were able by force or 
 stratagem, to subdue them. To kill a wolf was to 
 destroy' a dangerous enemy, and to confer a benefit 
 on societ3^ Hence several Saxon proper names, ending 
 in ulph and wolf, as Biddulph, the wolf-killer, or 
 more properly 'Svolf-compeller," and some others; 
 but these, among the common people at least, did 
 not descend from father to son in the manner of 
 modem surnames. 
 
 Another early species of surname adjunct is the 
 epithet Great, as Alexander the Great; with words 
 expressive of other qualities, as Edmund Iron-side, 
 Harold Hare -foot ; and among the kings of Norway 
 there w^as a Bare-foot. France had monarchs named 
 Charles the Bald, Louis the Stutterer, and Philip the 
 Fair. 
 
 As society advanced more in refinement, partly for 
 euphony, and partly for the sake of distinction, other 
 names came into common use. 
 
 Modern nations have adopted various methods of 
 distinguishing families. The Highlanders of Scotland 
 emplo3'ed the sirename with Mac, and hence our Mac- 
 donalds and Macartys, meaning respectively the son 
 of Dontdd and of Arthur. 
 
OR mix or Tin- sfRXAMi:. 57 
 
 it would, however, be prejiostcrous t(^ iiiui;^inc 
 that surnanies universally prevailed so early as the 
 eleventh century. We have overwhelming evidence 
 that they did not; and must admit that although the 
 Norman Conquest did much to introiluce the i>ractice 
 of using them, it was long before they became very 
 common. The occasional use of surnames in England 
 dates beyond the ingress of the Normans. Surnames 
 were taken up in a very gradual manner by the great, 
 (both of Saxon and Norman descent) during the ele- 
 venth, twelfth, and thirteenth centuries. 63^ the mid- 
 dle of the tw^elfth, however, it appears that they were 
 (in the estimation of some) necessary a])pcndages to 
 families of rank, to distinguish them from those of 
 meaner extraction. 
 
 The unsettled state of surnames in those early 
 times renders it a difficult matter to trace the pedi- 
 gree of any famih- be\'ond the thirteenth century. In 
 Cheshire, a count}^ remarkable for the number of its 
 resident families of great antiquit3', it was ver}- usual 
 for younger branches of the famih', laying aside the 
 name of their father, to take their name from the 
 place of their residences, and thus in three descents 
 as man\' surn^imes are found in the same famih'. 
 This remark ma3^ be forcibl^^ illustrated by reference 
 to the earlv pedigree of the famih' of Fitz-Hugh, 
 which name did not settle down as a fixed appellative 
 until the time of Edward III. 
 
 Although most towns have borrow-ed their names 
 from their situation and other respects, yet with some 
 apt termination have derived their names from men; 
 as Edwardston and Alfredstone. But these were from 
 forenames or christian names, and not from sire 
 names; and even almost to the ]icriod of the con- 
 quest forenames of men were generally given as names 
 of places. 
 
58 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 
 
 The Normans are thought to have been the first 
 to introduce the practice of fixed surnames among us; 
 and certain^ a Httle while before the conquest, some 
 of these adventurers had taken family names from 
 their chateaux in Normandy, "Neither is there any 
 village in Normandy," says Camden, "that gave not 
 denomination to some familj^ in England." The French 
 names introduced into England at the conquest may 
 generally be known by the prefixes de, du, des, de, la, 
 St.; and by the suffixes font, ers, fant, deau, age, 
 mont, ard, aux, bois, ly, eux, et, val, court, vaux, 
 lay, fort, ot, champ, and dille, most of which are 
 component parts of proj^er names of places, as every 
 one may convince himself by the slightest glance at 
 the map of Northern France. But that these Norman 
 surnames had not been of long standing is very cer- 
 tain, for at the Conquest it was only one hundred 
 and sixty years since the first band of Northmen 
 row^ed up the Seine, under their leader Hrolf, whom 
 our history books honor with the theatrical name of 
 Rollo, but who w^as known among his people as 
 "Hrolf the Ganger." 
 
 But whether in imitation of the Norman lords, or 
 from the great convenience of the distinction, the use 
 of fixed surnames arose in France about the year 
 1000; came into England sixty years later, or with 
 the Norman Conquest; and reached Scotland, speak- 
 ing roundly, about the year 1100. 
 
 The first example of fixed surnames in any num- 
 ber in England, are to be found in the Conqueror's 
 Valuation Book called Domesday. "Yet in England," 
 again to quote the judicious Camden, "certain it is, 
 that as the better sort, even from the Conquest, by 
 little and little took surnames, so they were not set- 
 tled among the common people fully until about the 
 time of Edward the Second." 
 
ORIGIN OF run surname. 59 
 
 Those dasliinsj: Norman adventurers introdueed to 
 the British Isle the custom of chivalry and the sur- 
 names thev had adopted from their paternal castles 
 across the channel. They made a ra^e for kni^dit- 
 hood and turned the ladies' heads. An En^^lish prin- 
 cess declined to marry a suitor who "had not two 
 names." Henrv I wished to marry his natural son 
 Robert to Alabel, one of the heiresses of Fitz-IIamon. 
 The lad\' demurred : 
 
 *' It were to me a great shame 
 To have a lord withouten his twa name." 
 
 Wherevipon King Henr3^ gave him the surname of 
 Fitzro}', which means son of a king. 
 
 The era of fixed surnames does not rest only on 
 the authority' of Camden. It can be proved by a 
 thousand records, English and Scotch. It is almost 
 sufficiently proved when it can be shown the race of 
 Stuart — alread}^ first of Scotch families in opulence 
 and power, distinguished by no surnames for several 
 generations after the Norman Conquest. Much later 
 the ancestors of the princely line of Hamilton were 
 known as Walter Fitz-Gilbert, and Gilbert Fitz-Walter, 
 before it occurred to them to assume the name their 
 kinsmen had borne in England. But surnames were 
 undoubtedly first used in the twelfth century, and 
 came into general use in the following one. 
 
 THE SAXON PATRONYMIC 
 
 Was formed b}' adding ing to the ancestor's name, as 
 ^Ifreding, which means Alfred's son ; the plural for 
 which is yElfredingas. 
 
 THE ENGLISH PATRONYMIC, 
 
 Which is exceedingly common, is generally indicated by 
 afiixing son to the name of a progenitor, and is in- 
 
60 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 
 
 capable of being used in a plural form or in the gen- 
 eric sense. For instance, Gibson, a son of Gibbs, a 
 contraction for Gilbert. Munson, a son of Munn, a 
 contraction of Edmund. 
 
 DE AND MAC 
 
 Are from the Latin word De, which means of. This is 
 a Patronymical sign common to French, Italian, and 
 even German names. Thus Deluc, \vhich means of 
 Luke. Dwight means of Wight; and De Foe means 
 of the Faith. 
 
 FITZ. 
 
 Fitz stands for Filius, a son, and received through 
 the Normans. 
 
 VAN AND YON. 
 
 Corresponding more or less closely with de, ac, is 
 the Dutch van, and usually applied with the force of 
 the, as Vandersteen, which means of the stone, hill, 
 froin wdiich have sprung Folli, Fell, Knox. Vander- 
 velde means of the field ; Van Meter means living on 
 hired land; and Vandeveer means of the ferry. 
 
 THE WELSH PATRONYMIC 
 
 Is a form of the Celtic ineans mac, which the Cam- 
 brian people made Mab or Map, and shortening it to 
 a letter b, p, or its cognate f, gave it work to do as a 
 patron3^mical prefix. Thus, Probart, son of Robert ; 
 Probyn, son of Robin ; Blake, son of Lake ; Bowen, 
 son of Owen ; Price, son of Rice or Rheese ; Priddle, 
 son of Riddle; and Prichard, son of Richard. 
 
 MILESIAN PATRONYMIC. 
 
 The Highlanders, Irish and Welsh hold mac in 
 common. The Welsh delight to have it in the forms 
 of mab, map, ap, hop, b, p, f. In Irish names mac 
 
ORIGIN OP rilE SURNAME. ''^ 
 
 tends toward mng\ ma, and c. But Scotland took 
 most lovin<^ly to mac. The Milesians found a greater 
 charm in Eoj^han : a son, Ibrmiui^ iin, and that used 
 as O in the sense oi eldest son, lor he only was al- 
 lowed to use it. The Irish developed a patronymic 
 out of their Erse treasifi'v more elastic and poetic 
 than the Gaelic tunc. The Celtic for young, offspring 
 son, is, as above given, coj^hnn, whence Egan for 
 Hugh, cogluin : son of Plugli; and also Flanegan, son 
 of Elan. 
 
 THE GALLIC PATRONYMIC 
 
 Is nine, meaning a son; and O from eogban, for a fir«t- 
 born son. The Gaels also had a ])atronymical affix 
 derived from eoghnn, known as ncli, och, tlie sou/ce 
 of our ock, as seen in hillock, which means little hill. 
 
 THE SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE PATRONYxMIC 
 
 Is formed b^' nz, or ez affixed. The two \vords are vari- 
 ations of the tail Filius, a son ; as Alvarez, son of 
 Alva ; and Enriquez, son of HenrN'. 
 
 THE ITALIAN PATRONYMIC 
 
 Was sometimes formed bv placing the name of a son 
 before the name of his father, as Galileo Galilei, which 
 means Galileo, the son of Galilei ; Speron Speroni, 
 which means Speron, the son of Speroni, 
 
 THE RUSSIAN PATRONYMIC 
 
 Is itch for a son ; and of, cf or if for a grandson or 
 descendant. Romanovitch Jouriff: son of Romain, 
 grandson of Jour\- ; and Romanoff, descended from 
 Romain, son of Rome. 
 
62 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 
 
 THE MODERN GREEK PATRONYMIC 
 
 Assumes the forms pulos, soula, as in the name Nicol- 
 opulos, son of Nicholas. 
 
 THE GERMAN, DUTCH, SWEDISH, AND LAPLAND PA- 
 TRONYMIC 
 
 Are sohn, zen, sen, son, zoon, and dotter, such as Men- 
 delssohn, son of Mendel; Thorwaldsen, son of Thor- 
 wald ; and Larsdotter, son of Lars. 
 
 LITHUANIAN PATRONYMIC 
 
 Is aitis, ait or at, used as affix, thus, Adomaitis, mean- 
 ing a son of Adam. 
 
 THE HINDOSTANEE PATRONYMICS 
 
 Is putra, added as an affix ; as occurs in Rajaputra, 
 son of a king. 
 
 THE CHINESE PATRONYMIC 
 
 Is tse, or se, used as an affix, as Kung-fut-se, which 
 means Kung, the son of Fo ; and Yang-tse-Kiang. 
 river, son of the ocean. 
 
 THE LATIN PATRONYMIC 
 
 Is ilius, as Hostilius, son of Hostis. 
 
 THE GREEK PATRONYMIC 
 
 Is idas, modified to Ida, ides, id, i, od. For instance, 
 Aristides, son of Ariston. 
 
 THE HEBREW PATRONYMIC 
 
 Proper is ben, from the word Eben, a stone. The Chal- 
 dees used Bar in the sense of lofty, elevated, superior, 
 which was primarily applied to eminence, and is iden- 
 tical with our Barr. As Barzillai, son of Zillai; Ben- 
 Joseph, son of Joseph. 
 
ORIGIN OF Tin: SURNAME. 0:5 
 
 KIM. 
 
 The primary sense ot kin seems to have been rela- 
 tionship: from thence family'- or otTsprinij. 
 
 The next meanin.L!^ acquired by kin was child, or 
 "3'oan<T^ one." We still speak in a diminutive sense 
 of a manikin, kiUlerkin, pipkin, lambkin, jerkin, mini- 
 kin (little Minion), or Doitkin. 
 
 Terminations in kin were slightly going down in 
 popular estimation when the Hebrew invasion made 
 a clean sweep of them. They found shelter in Wales, 
 however, and directories preserve in their list of sur- 
 names their memorial forever. 
 
 In proof of the popularity of kin are the surnames 
 of Simpkinson, Hopkins, Dickens, Dickinson, Watkins, 
 Hawkins, Jenkinson, Atkinson, and all the rest. The 
 patronymics ending in kins got abbreviated into kiss, 
 kes, and ks. Hence the origin of our Perkes, Purkiss, 
 Hawkes, and Hawks, Dawks, Jenks, Juckes, and Jukes 
 (Judkins). 
 
 IN OR ON. 
 
 This diminutive, to judge from the Paris Director}', 
 must have been enormously popular with the French. 
 England's connection with Normand^^ and France 
 generally brought the fashion to the English Court, 
 and in habits of this kind the English folk quickly 
 copied. Terminations in kin and cock were confined 
 to the lower orders first and last. Terminations in 
 on or in and ot or ct, were the introduction of fash- 
 ion, and being under patronage of the highest families 
 in the land, naturally obtained a much wider popu- 
 larit}'. 
 
 OT AND ET. 
 
 These are the tenninations that ran first in favor for 
 many generations. 
 
64 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 
 
 This diminutive ot et is found in the Enghsh lan- 
 guage in such words as poppet, jacket, lancet, ballot, 
 gibbet, target, gigot, chariot, latchet, pocket, ballet. 
 In the same waj^ a little page became a paget, and 
 hence among our surnames Smallpage, Littlepage, 
 and Paget. 
 
 Coming to baptism, we find scarcel3^ a single 
 name of any pretentions to popularitj^ that did not 
 take to itself this desinence. The two favorite girl- 
 names in Yorkshire previous to the Reformation were 
 Matilda and Emma. Two of the commonest sur- 
 names there to-da}" are Emmott and Tillot, with such 
 variations as Emmett and Tillett, Emmotson and 
 Tillotson. 
 
 Of other girl-names we may mention Mabel, which 
 from Mab became Mabbott; Douce became Doucett 
 and Dowsett; Gillian or Julian, from Gill or Jill 
 (whence Jack and Jill), became Gillot, Juliet, and 
 Jowett; Margaret became Margett and Margott, and 
 in the north Magot. 
 
 NAMES DERIVED FROM OCCUPATIONS AND PURSUITS. 
 
 After these local names "the most in number have 
 been derived from Occupations or Professions." 
 
 The practice of borrowing names from the various 
 avocations of life is of high antiquity. Thus the Ro- 
 mans had among them many persons, and those too 
 of the highest rank, who bore such names as Figulus, 
 Pictor, and Fabritius, answering to the Potters and 
 Pa^mters, of our own times. These names became 
 hereditary, next in order after the local names, about 
 the eleventh and twelfth centuries. As local names 
 generally had the prefix de or at, so these frequently 
 had k, as Stephen le Spicer, and Walter le Boucher. 
 
ORKux or Tin: .svt.v.i.u/;. 65 
 
 KA.MHS 1)1:K1VI:I) I-KOM DIC.NITIICS, civil. AND KCCl-KSI- 
 
 astical; and from officks. 
 
 The same jirinciplc which introduced surnames l)or- 
 rowed from trades and occupations led to the a(h)p- 
 tit)n of the names of di^^nities and offices, wliich also 
 became hereditary; as Emperor, King, Prince, Duke, 
 Earle, Pope, Bishop, Cardinal, etc. 
 
 SURNAMES DERIVED FROM PERSONAL AND MENTAL 
 
 QUALITIES. 
 
 These seem to form one of the most obvious sources 
 of surnames, and a prolific source it has been. Noth- 
 ing would be more natural at the first assumption 
 of surnames, than for a person of dark complexion 
 to take the name of Black or Blackman, a tawny 
 one that of Browne, and a pale one that of White 
 or Whiteman. But it was not from the head alone 
 that names of this description were taken, for we 
 have, in respect of other personal qualities, our Longs 
 and our Shorts, our Strongs and our Weaklys, and 
 our Lightfoots and our Heavisides, with many more 
 whose meaning is less obvious. Among the names 
 indicative of mental or moral qualities, we have our 
 Hardys and Cowards, our Livelys and our Sullens, 
 our Brisks and our Doolittles; and Brainliead, which 
 later became Brainerd. 
 
 SURNAMES DERIVED FROM CHRISTIAN NAMES. 
 
 Evervbodv must have remarked the great number 
 of names of this kind. Who does not immediately 
 call to mind some score or two of the name of Ed- 
 wards, Johnson, Stevens, and Harrison, in the circle 
 of his acquaintance. Many of the christian forenames 
 of our ancestors were taken up without any addi- 
 
66 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 
 
 tion or change, as Antlion}^ Andrew, Abel, Baldwin, 
 Donald, etc. Others have been corrupted in various 
 ways, as Bennet from Benedict, Cutbeard from Cuth- 
 bert, Stace from Ustace. 
 
 • NAMES FROM MANORS AND SMALLER ESTATES. 
 
 The surnames from these sources are almost in- 
 numerable. There is scarcely a city, town, village, 
 manor, hamlet, or estate, in England, that has not 
 lent its name to swell the nomenclature of English- 
 men. 
 
 SURNAMES FROM VARIOUS THINGS. 
 
 We find the names of the heavenly bodies, beasts, 
 birds, fishes, insects, plants, fruits, flowers, metals, 
 etc., very frequently borne as surnames; as Sun, 
 Moon, Star, Bear, Buck, Chicken, Raven, Crab, Cod, 
 Bee, Fly, Lily, Primrose, Orange, Lemon, Gold, 
 Silver, etc. 
 
 SURNAMES FROM THE SOCIAL RELATIONS, PERIODS OF 
 
 AGE, TIME, ETC. 
 
 There are several surnames derived from consan- 
 guinity, alliance, and from other social relations, orig- 
 inating, from there having been two or more persons 
 bearing the same christian name in the same neigh- 
 borhood; as Fader, Brothers, Cousins, Husbands; and 
 closely connected with the foregoing are the names 
 derived from periods of age, as Young, Younger, Eld, 
 Senior. From periods of time we have several names, 
 as Spring, Summer, Winter. The following surnames 
 may also find a place here: Soone, Later, Latter, 
 Last, Quickly. 
 
 A CABINET OF ODDITIES. 
 
 There are a good inany surnames which seem to 
 have originated in sheer caprice, as no satisfactory 
 
ORicix or run scrxami-:. 67 
 
 reason for their assumption can be assigned. It is 
 doubtful, indeed, if they were ever assumed at all, for 
 they have very mueh the appearance of what, in these 
 days, we are accustomed to call nicknames or sobri- 
 quets, and were probal)ly ^iven by others to the per- 
 sons who were first known by them, and so identified 
 \Yith those persons that neither they nor their im- 
 mediate posterity could well avoid them. To this 
 family belon«^ the names borrowed from parts of the 
 human fi^in-c, which are somewhat numerous; as 
 Pate, Skull, Cheek, Neck, Side, Nailcs, Ileele, etc. 
 Then there is another set of names not much less 
 ridiculous, namely those borrowed from coins, and 
 denominations of money, as Farthing, Monc}-, Pen- 
 ny. Besides these we have from the weather. Frost, 
 Tempest, and Fogg; from sports, Bowles, Cards; from 
 vessels and their parts, Forecastle, Ship; from mea- 
 sures. Peck, Inches; from numbers. Six, Ten. 
 
 It is really remarkable that many surnames ex- 
 pressive of bodih' deformity or moral turpitude should 
 have descended to the posterity of those who perhaps 
 well deserved and so could not escape them, when 
 we reflect how easiW such names might have been 
 avoided in almost every state of society by the simple 
 adoption of others; for although in our day it is con- 
 sidered an act of villain^-, or at least a "suspicious 
 aftair," to change one's name unless in compliance 
 with the will of a deceased friend, when an act of 
 the senate or the royal sign-manual is required, the 
 case was widelv different four or five centuries airo, 
 and we know from ancient records that names were 
 frequently changed at the caprice of the owners. 
 Names of this kind are very numerous, such as. Bad, 
 Silly, Outlaw, Trasli, etc. 
 
68 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 
 
 NAMES DERIVED FROM VIRTUES AND OTHER ABSTRACT 
 
 IDEAS. 
 
 To account for such names as Justice, Virtue, Pru- 
 dence, Wisdom, Liberty, Hope, Peace, Joy, Anguish, 
 Comfort, Want, Pride, Grace, Laughter, Luck, Peace, 
 Power, Warr, Ramson, Love, Verity, Vice, Patience, 
 etc., they undoubtedly originated in the allegorical 
 characters w^ho performed on the ancient mysteries or 
 moralities; a specie of dramatics pieces, which before 
 the rise of the genuine drama served to amuse under 
 the pretext of instructing the play -goers of the "old- 
 en t3ane." 
 
 FOREIGN NAMES NATURALIZED IN ENGLAND. 
 
 Various causes might be assigned for the variety 
 that exists in the nomenclature of Englishmen. Pro- 
 bably the principal cause is to be found in the pecu- 
 liar facilities which that island had for many ages 
 presented to the settlement of foreigners. War, ro3^al 
 matches with foreign princesses, the introduction of 
 manufactures from the continent, and the patronage 
 which that country has always extended to every 
 kind of foreign talent — all have of course tended to 
 introduction of new names. 
 
 CHANGED SURNAMES, 
 
 The practice of altering one's name upon the oc- 
 currence of any remarkable event in one's personal 
 history, seems to have been known in times of very 
 remote antiquity. The substitution of Abraham for 
 Abram, Sarah for Sarai, etc., are matters of sacred 
 histor3^ In France it was formerl3^ customary for 
 eldest sons to take their father's surnames, while the 
 younger branches assumed the names of the states 
 allotted them. This plan also prevailed in England 
 sometime after the Norman Conquest. 
 
ORIGIN OF THE SCRXAMIC. 69 
 
 In the llnitcd States they carry this systein of 
 corruptin;^ or contractiii<^ names to a ridicukjus ex- 
 tent, Barnhain is Harnuni; Farnham (fern <^roun(l) 
 Fanium; Killhani (kihi house or home), KiHum; Birk- 
 ham (bireh house) Birkum, and so forth with similar 
 names. Pohoek beeomes Polk; Col(|uhoun l)ecomcs 
 Calhoun; and Al'Candisii beeomes M'Candless. 
 
 HISTORICAL SrKNA.MKS. 
 
 By an historical surname is meant a name which 
 has an illusion to some circumstance in the life of the 
 person who primaril3' bore it. Thus Sans-terrc or 
 Lack-land, the by-name of King John, as having rela- 
 tion to one incident in that monarch's life, might be 
 designated an historical surname. To this class of 
 surniimes also, belongs that of Nestling, ])orne by a 
 Saxon earl, who in his infancy, according to Vcrstegan, 
 had been rescued from an eagle's nest. 
 
 TRANSLATED NAMES. 
 
 During the middle ages the Latin language was 
 the language of literature and politics; accordingly 
 in history- and in the public records proper names had 
 to assume a Latin form. The change was not al- 
 ways a happ\' one. Authors were obliged to change 
 their own names as well as the names of the persons 
 they celebrated in either prose or verse. The history 
 of France was still written in Latin in the seventeenth 
 centurv, all names consequently recorded in Latin. 
 In the sixteenth century the Germans used to trans- 
 late them into Greek. The absurdity which it en- 
 tailed undoubtedly hastened the disappearance of the 
 custom. 
 
 The chiefs of an American tribe in North America 
 receive a new name when they have earned it l)y 
 their exploits. 
 
70 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 
 
 A similar practice prevails in various negro tribes. 
 
 The Greeks, in olden times, used to change their 
 names on the smallest pretense, and with the greatest 
 indifference. 
 
 The emperors of Japan and those of China after 
 their death receive a new name. 
 
 ON THE CHANGING OF NAMES. 
 
 With us a woman changes her name when she 
 marries; among the Caribs of the Antilles it was the 
 custom for husband and wife to exchange names. 
 In some formerly, and at the present day in Cape 
 Yerd Islands, a liberated slave takes the name of his 
 old master; the adopted person substitutes the name 
 of the person who adopts him for his own; the law 
 allows that a donor or testator may require that 
 his name should be taken by the person benefited. 
 
 In 1568 Philip enacted a law that the Moors 
 who lived in Spain should abandon the use of their 
 peculiar idiom, and of their national names and sur- 
 names, and substitute in their stead Spanish idioms 
 and Spanish names. He hoped to make new men of 
 them, to denationalize them, if we may use the term, 
 and to merge them into his own people. He had a 
 keen appreciation of the value of proper names, but 
 like all despotic sovereigns, he was blind to the in- 
 fluence of time, which can alone produce the gradual 
 fusion of a conquering with a conquered people, more 
 especially when differences in religion add their over- 
 whelming weight to one side of the balance. 
 
 The Moors obej^ed, but still retained their nation- 
 al feelings and religious beliefs; later, however, when 
 they were compelled to choose between exile on the 
 one hand, and apostac3^ on the other, they returned 
 to their old country, £ind carried back with them a 
 number of Spanish names. Accordingly', in several 
 
ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 71 
 
 Mauritanian families descended from tlic Andalusian 
 Mussulmans, we still llnd the names of IVre/., Santi- 
 ago, Valeneiano, Aragon, etc., names which have 
 sometimes led European authors into error, and made 
 them fancy they saw apostates from Christianity 
 among the descendants of the martyrs ot Islamism. 
 
 The robbers w hose trade it was to carry men 
 away and sell them as slaves, needed no legal com- 
 pulsion to change the names of their slaves. The 
 precaution which they naturally took in this matter 
 baffled the researches of disconsolate parents, who 
 could onlv endeavor to recover their lost children bv 
 a description which w^as alwavs imperfect and alwavs 
 uncertain. 
 
 In modern times the same system has been 
 adopted, although it has not been dictated by equally' 
 prudential motives. The laws of Christian Europe 
 have even in our own times legalized the sale of 
 slaves. As soon as a negro had landed in the colo- 
 nies it was usual for his purchaser to give hin a new 
 name . 
 
 HEREDITARY NAMES. 
 
 In England the middle classes acquired a decidedly 
 important political influence as early as the year 
 1258, or not later than 1264, the quarrels of the 
 nobles and the king having opened the road to Par- 
 liament for the representatives of the commons. More- 
 over, an act that no tax should be levied without 
 the consent of their representatives was passed before 
 the year 1300, and accordingly, soon after that date, 
 we And hereditary names commonb' used in the mid- 
 dle classes. 
 
 For a contrary reason the change cannot have 
 taken place in German}' until a much later period. 
 In order to prove this, an instance is given which 
 
72 
 
 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 
 
 will be all the more conclusive from its being con- 
 nected with an intermediate point between that coun- 
 try and France. In the town of Metz, which in idiom 
 and by union with the dominions of the descendants 
 of Clovis and Charlemagne, was decidedly French, 
 but which for thirty years had been Germanized in 
 consequence of its political position, you might have 
 noticed at the close of the thirteenth century that its 
 chief magistrates, who were all knights, bore without 
 exception individual or derived surnames instead of 
 family surnames. Whenw^e say derived, we mean either 
 from the place in which they lived, or from the post 
 which their military duties obliged them to occupy. 
 It w^as not until the close of the latter half of the 
 fourteenth century that hereditary names became 
 common among men who were high in office, so that 
 among their inferiors it is only fair to infer that they 
 were rarer still. 
 
 The etj^mology of hereditary names in England 
 and in German}^ is generally the same as in France 
 and Ital3^ The following remarks Avill embod3^ the 
 inferences to be drawn from their examination, for 
 the use of philologists. In languages of Teutonic or- 
 igin, when descent is implied merely, the word son is 
 placed after the father's name; such is the derivation 
 of all the family names in the languages of Sweden, 
 Denmark, German3% and England, which terminate in 
 this way. There are some exceptions, such as Fergu- 
 son and Owenson, which serve to corroborate the 
 statement as to the possibility of the union of two 
 languages to form one and the same proper name; 
 in the instances quoted above, a Saxon termination 
 is joined to a Caledonian or a Welsh name. 
 
 Attention has already been drawn to the custom 
 of giving the father's name, in the genitive case, to 
 the son as a surname. The addition of a final s in 
 
ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 73 
 
 English, and of the syllable ex in Spain, sufficed to 
 change Christian pnenomina into surnames, and 
 afterwards into family names; Peters, Williams, 
 Richards, Ilcnriquez, Lopez, Fernandez, literally (son) 
 of Peter, of William, of Richard, of Henry, of Lope 
 (or Wolf), of Fernando or Ferdinand, 
 
 D'Andre, Dejean, Depierre, have probably become 
 family names in France in a similar wa^'. The name 
 of the writer who w^as perhaps the keenest apprecia- 
 tor of the genius of the immortal Dante that ever 
 lived, Giuseppe di Cesare, shows that a similar form 
 was not foreign to Italian customs. 
 
 As in Italv, so also in the greater part of Europe, 
 the practice of drawing up deeds and charters in 
 Latin was almost universal, and in these the son 
 was designated by his father's name in the genitive 
 case, hence we must attribute all the names which 
 are characterized b^^ such a termination to this cus- 
 tom. Such names, for instance, as Fabri, Jacobi, 
 Simonis, Johannis, etc., names w^hich would be mul- 
 tiplied without end if other languages had retained 
 the old Latin termination like the Italian. The coun- 
 tries where the greatest number will be found will be 
 those (it ma}' be quite safeh' conjectured ) where the 
 custom of writing legal documents in Latin prevailed 
 the longest. 
 
 Somewhat similar in Wales, the sign of descent, 
 or rather of sonship, led to the formation of sur- 
 names, which kiter again became hereditary names. 
 The word "ab," when placed between two names, 
 expresses descent, Rhys ab Evan (Rhj-s, the son of 
 Evan); the vowel is gradually lost in common use, 
 and the name becomes Rhys Evan, and, according to 
 the same rule, successively takes the form of the fol- 
 lowing patronymics, Bowen, Pruderrech, Price. 
 
 It is still the same theory, only more simply car- 
 
74 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 
 
 ried out, \vhich regulated the formation of family 
 names in Ireland and in Scotland. As soon as the 
 head of a clan had adopted some hereditary name, 
 that name was given to all his vassals, whatever 
 rank the}^ might happen to occupy, and however re- 
 motely connected they might be by ties of kindred 
 with the head of the clan, and further, even though 
 they had only entered it by enfranchisement or by 
 adoption. The feeling of pride which suggested such 
 a system is by no means an offensive one; we excuse 
 it on the ground of its similarity to the old patri- 
 archal customs; the head of the clan who is so pow- 
 erful, and such an object of reverence, is but the eld- 
 est brother of a large family, and the name which he 
 takes belongs to all its members. 
 
 It will not be quite so easy to discover a reason 
 for the feeling of vanity which in Spain and in Por- 
 tugal led to such a tedious multiplicity of names. 
 Birthplace, or the customary home, are not considered 
 sufficient for a full description of a lordly title; alli- 
 ances, adoptions, and the like, were all dragged in to 
 increase the number of names. An ignorant phase of 
 devotional feeling added to its proportionate share 
 to their Christian pr^nomia; it may, therefore, be 
 easily inferred what needless confusion must have 
 arisen in the ordinary transactions of life through 
 this two-fold prodigality of n^-mes. 
 
 As the nobles in Sweden had not adopted heredi- 
 tary names before the close of the sixteenth century, 
 it followed as a matter of course that the middle 
 classes did not use them until a still later period. 
 The choice of names which this latter class made is 
 worthy of notice. We know many names in France 
 ■v\rhich indicate occupations, such as Draper, Miller, 
 Barber, Maker, Slater, Turner,* etc. The same may 
 
 ♦Mercier, Meunier, Barbier, Boulanger, Couvreur, Tourneur. 
 
ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 75 
 
 be found in England, but not in the same quantity; 
 the oldest English eoninioners were freeholders of 
 land rather than either merehants or nianufaeturers. 
 There are few if any sueh, in Sweden; the greater 
 part of their names arc the names of properties, or 
 of farms, or of forests, and were of that character 
 because they were selected by a class who wished to 
 approximate to the nobles by imitating their ways, 
 and consequently not because they were the I'csult of 
 a need for distinctive signs — a need which is totally 
 distinct from any individual wish or caprice. 
 
 In Holstein and in Courland there are still many 
 families who have no names peculiarly their own. 
 In this instance, again, the scourge of feudalism is 
 felt in all its severity. 
 
 ORIGIN OF OUR FAMILY. 
 
 Whatever concerns the origin of our family— from 
 whom proceeded the sturdy men that planted our in- 
 fant states has for all of us an especial charm, not only 
 from what we know, but for what we hope to ascertain. 
 
 Our ancestors, tracing back their lineage to Pict 
 and Dane, to the legionaries of Rome, or to the sea 
 kings of the Baltic, had gained strength from the 
 fusion in their nature of various and opposing ele- 
 ments, and combined what was best of many races. 
 
 That our ancestors were fond of fighting when 
 provoked, regardless of personal safetj^ or private 
 advantage, cannot be denied. For the five centuries 
 following the conquest, wars at home and abroad 
 succeeded with little cessation. IMilitar3^ duty was 
 incumbent on all who could bear arms. Personal en- 
 counters between knight and squire in mail with lance 
 and battle axe, the rest in quilted doublets, with pike 
 and bow, made men indifterent to danger, and induced 
 htdjits of hardihood and daring. 
 
ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 
 
 According to some authorities the histor^^ of man- 
 kind began with Adam and Eve about six thousand 
 years ago ; and that their decendants spread over 
 Asia first, then over Africa, and then over Europe, 
 But science clearW points that the ^world and its in- 
 habitants in some form must have existed for milHons 
 of years. 
 
 It took primitive man four thousand years to learn 
 how to make a hole in a stone, insert a stick in it, 
 and use it for a weapon. Then he became master of 
 the forest, with power readily to provide himself with 
 meat-food. From fisherman and hunter man developed 
 into a herder of flocks, a tiller of the soil, a cultivator 
 of grain. Then came attachment to the family and 
 the growth of the family into clans and nations. 
 
 The first historical record is dated about three 
 thousand seven hundred years ago, when a man b^' 
 the name of Inachus led a very large company of emi- 
 grants from Egypt into Greece. These found that 
 country inhabited by savages, who no doubt, were 
 the descendants of those who had wandered there 
 from Asia. 
 
 Inachus and his companies established themselves 
 in Greece, and from that point of time Europe gradu- 
 ally became occupied 133- civilized people. 
 
 Thus three quarters of the globe, Asia Africa and 
 Europe, were settled. But America was separated 
 from Asia b}' the Pacific Ocean, almost ten thousand 
 miles across; and from Europe and Africa bj^ the At- 
 lantic, about three thousand miles across. Of America 
 in ancient times people knew nothing. 
 
 The ships in olden times were small and feeble; 
 and navigators seldom dared to stretch forth upon 
 the boundless sea. Even the mariner's compass, that 
 m3'sterious but steadfast friend of the sailor was not 
 used by the Europeans until 1250. 
 
78 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 
 
 THE FIRST SETTLEMENTS. 
 
 It was in the j^ear 1607 that the first emigrants, 
 to successfully form a permanent colonj'-, landed in 
 Virginia. For twelve years after its settlement it 
 languished under the government of Sir Thomas 
 Smith, Treasurer of the Virginia Company in Eng- 
 land. The Colony was ruled during that period by 
 laws written in blood; and its history shows us how 
 the narrov^ selfishness of such a despotic power would 
 counteract the very best efforts of benevolence. The 
 colonist suffered an extremity of distress too horrible 
 to be described. 
 
 Of the thousands of emigrants who had been 
 sent to Virginia at great cost, not one in twenty 
 remained alive in April, 1619, when Sir George 
 Yeardley arrived. He bought certain commissions 
 and instructions from the company for the "Better 
 establishing of a commonwealth here," and the pros- 
 perit3^ of Virginia began from this time, v^hen it 
 received, as a commonwealth, the freedom to make 
 laws for itself. The first meeting was held July 30, 
 1619 — more than a year before the Mayflower, wath 
 the pilgrims, left the harbor of Southampton. 
 
 The first colony established by the Plymouth Com- 
 pany in 1607, on the coast of Maine, was a lament- 
 able failure. 
 
 The permanent settlement of New England began 
 with the arrival of a body of Separatists in the May- 
 flower in 1620, who founded the colony of Plymouth. 
 
 The Separatists' migration from England was 
 followed in a few years by a great exodus of Puri- 
 tans, who planted towns along the coast to the 
 North of Plymouth, and obtained a charter of gov- 
 ernment and a great strip of land, and founded the 
 colony of Massachusetts Ba3^ 
 
ORIGIN OF THE SCKXAME. 70 
 
 Religious disputes drove R«),<4cr Williams and Anne 
 Hutehinson out of Massachusetts and led to the 
 foundhig ot Rhode Island in 1036. 
 
 Other church rangles led to an emigration from 
 Massachusetts to the Connecticut valley, where a 
 little confederacy of towns was created and called 
 Connecticut. 
 
 Some settlers from England went to Long Island 
 Sound and there founded four towns which, in their 
 turn, joined in a federal union called the New Haven 
 Colony. 
 
 In time New Haven was joined to Connecticut, 
 and Plymouth and Maine to Massachusetts; New 
 Hampshire was made a roN-al colony; and the four 
 New England colonies Massachusetts, New Hampshire, 
 Rhode Island and Connecticut — were definitely estab- 
 lished. The territory of Alassachusetts and Connecti- 
 cut stretched across the continent to the "South Sea" 
 or Pacific Ocean. 
 
 The Mar3'land colon}' was founded by Lord Bal- 
 timore, a Roman Catholic, who was influenced in his 
 attempts of colonization b}- a desire to found a refuge 
 for people of his own faith ; and the first settlement 
 was made in 1634 at St. Mary's. Annapolis was 
 founded about 1683, and Baltimore in 1729. 
 
 Aleantime Henry Hudson in the employ of the 
 Dutch, discovered the Delaware and Hudson Rivers in 
 1609; and the Dutch, ignoring the claims of England, 
 planted colonies on these rivers and called the coun- 
 try- New Netherlands. 
 
 Then a Swedish company began to colonize the 
 Delaware Ba\^ and River coast of Virginia, which 
 the\' called New Sweden. 
 
 Conflicts between the Dutch and the Swedes fol- 
 lowed, and in 1655 New Sweden was made a part of 
 New Netherkmds. 
 
80 ORIGIN OF THE SURNAME. 
 
 The English seized New Netherlands in 1664, giv- 
 ing it to the Duke of York; and the Duke, after es- 
 tablishing the province of New York, gave New Jersey 
 to two of his friends, and sold the three counties on 
 the Delaware to William Penn. Meanwhile the king 
 granted Penn what is now Pennsylvania in 1681. 
 
 The Carolinas were first chartered as one proprie- 
 tary colony but were sold back to the king and final- 
 ly separated in 1729. 
 
 Georgia, the last of the thirteen English colonies, 
 was granted to Oglethorpe and others; as a refuge 
 for poor debtors, in 1732. 
 
 In 1774 General Gage became governor of Mass- 
 achusetts; and seeing that the people w:ere gathering 
 stores and cannon, he attempted to destroy the 
 stores, and so brought on the battle of Lexington 
 and Concord, which opened the war for Independence. 
 The English army was surrounded at Yorktown by 
 Washington and the French fleet and forced to sur- 
 render. A convention at Philadelphia framed the 
 Constitution of the United States. 
 
 NATIONS THAT HAVE OWNED OUR SOIL. 
 
 Before the United States became a nation, six 
 European powers owned, or claimed to own, various 
 portions of the territory now contained within its 
 boundar\^ England claimed the Atlantic coast from 
 Maine to Florida. Spain once held Florida, Texas, 
 California and all the territory south and west of 
 Colorado. France in days gone by ruled the Missis- 
 sippi valley. Holland once owned New Jersey, Dela- 
 ware and the valley of the Hudson in New York and 
 claimed as far eastward as the Connecticut River. 
 The Swedes had settlements on the Delaware. Alaska 
 was a Russian possession. 
 
ORIGIX OP TUB FORE-XAME. 81 
 
 F()rvM>isrA]srEs. 
 
 CHRISTIAN names arc so called from havinp^ orig- 
 inally been given to converts at baptism as sub- 
 stitutes tor their former pasi^an ai)pellatives, many of 
 which were borrowed from the names of their gods, 
 and therefore rejected as profane. After the general 
 introduction of Christianity, the epithet was still re- 
 tained, because the imposition of names was ever 
 connected with the earliest of its sacred rites. It is, 
 nevertheless, most incorrect; since the majority of the 
 personal names of modem times are borrowed from 
 sources unconnected with Christianity. With what 
 propriet\'' can we call Hercules and Diana, Augustus 
 and Julia, or even Henry and Caroline, Christian 
 names? They should be called forenames (that is 
 lirst names), a term much more preferable to the 
 other. Perhaps the word name, without any ad- 
 junct, would be better still. We should then use the 
 name and surname as distinctive Avords; whereas \ve 
 now often regard them synonyms. 
 
 From the earliest times, names to distinguish one 
 person from another have been in use. The names in 
 the Old Testament are mostly original and generjdly 
 given at the birth, in accordance with some circum- 
 stance connected with that event, or from some 
 ])ious sentiment of the father or mother. The Jewish 
 child received his name at the time of circumcision. 
 This practice is still adopted amongst the Jews, and 
 has been followed by the Christian Church giving a 
 name at baptism. 
 
 The ancient Greeks used only one name, which 
 was given on the ninth da\' after birth, and was 
 
82 ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 
 
 chosen by the father, who also possessed the right 
 of altering it. These names generally expressed some 
 great quality — as bravery, wisdom, or skill. Thus 
 Callienachus means excellent fighter; and Sophron 
 means wise. In later times many names were derived 
 from those of their gods — as Apollodorus, the Gift of 
 Apollo. The eldest son usually bore the name of his 
 paternal grandfather, to which was sometimes added 
 the father's name, or the occupation, place of birth, 
 or a nickname. 
 
 The Romans at a very early date used two 
 names, and later on each Roman citizen had three. 
 The prjenomen was, like our Christian name, per- 
 sonal to the individual; as Caius and Marcus; in 
 writing, the initials only were generally used. In 
 early times it was given at puberty, but afterwards 
 on the ninth day after birth. Women took no pree- 
 nomen until marriage, when they adopted the femi- 
 nine form of their husband's name. Every Roman 
 citizen belonged to a gens and to a familia included 
 in it. The nomen gentilicum (the second name) 
 usually ended in ius, cius, or aius. The third name 
 was the hereditary cognomen borne by the family, to 
 which was sometimes a second cognomen called 
 agnomen, was added. The cognomen was often de- 
 rived from some event in the family history, or from 
 some personal defect. In common intercourse the 
 praenomen and cognomen only -were used, as C. 
 Caesar, for C. Julius Caesar. Many of the Roman 
 names were of a much less dignified origin than the 
 Greek, as Cicero (Vetchgrower), Crassus (Fat), Naso 
 (Longnosed). 
 
 The Celtic and Teutonic names were originally 
 very significant. Many were derived from "God," as 
 Gottfried, Godwin, and others from genii or elves, as 
 Alfred Elfric (Elf King). Personal prowess, wisdom. 
 
ORIGIN OF THE l(JRI>XAMI-. 83 
 
 and nobility of l)irtli, were the origin ol" inrmv names 
 still in use, as Hiklcrbrand (the War lirand), Arnold 
 (Valiant Eaij^lc) Oshorn (God bear). After the intro- 
 duetion ot" Christianity many of the old names were 
 su])erseded Ijy those taken from the Seriptures. These 
 names in eonrsc of time beeame mueh .altered; as for 
 example, Owen, Evan, and Ho;.(han are different 
 forms of Johann or John. A ehan.sj^e of name was 
 sometimes made at confirmation, and amongst 
 Roman Catholics an additional name is given at the 
 first communion. Sir Edward Coke tells us: "If a 
 man l)e baptized by the name of Thomas, and after 
 at his confirmation by the bishop he is named John, 
 he may purchase by the name of his confirmation. 
 And this was tlie case of Sir Francis Gawdye, late 
 Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas, whose 
 name of baptism was Thomas, and his name of con- 
 firmation Francis; and th.at the name of Francis by 
 the advice of all the judges in anno 3G, Henry VIII, 
 he did bear, and often used in all his purchases and 
 grants." Another instance is that of Henry HI of 
 France, who, being the godson of Edward VI of Eng- 
 land, was named Edward Alexander at his baptism 
 in 1551; but at his confirmation in 15G5 these 
 names were changed to Henri. 
 
 In Germany the names are mosth' of Teutonic origin, 
 or connected with the early history of Christianity-. 
 
 Double Christian names Avere not mueh in vogue 
 before the nineteenth centur}-. A very early instance 
 is that of "John Thomas Jones," a runaway thief, 
 mentioned in a collection of autograph letters from 
 Cecil, Earl of Salisbury, and his son (1601); Charles 
 George Cook, Judge of the Admiralty in 1665; and- 
 Henry Frederick Thynne, brother to Lord Wey- 
 mouth, 16S2, are other examples, which might 
 easily be extended. 
 
84 ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 
 
 In France and Germany when surnames became 
 universal, the prefix of De or von to a common ple- 
 beian name was considered as a mark of nobility. 
 In Britain the De was not considered the test for no- 
 bilit3^, for the names of some of the best families were 
 not territorial; as Butler, Stewart and Spenser. 
 
 SCRIPTURAL NAMES ALREADY IN USE AT THE REFOR- 
 MATION. 
 
 It now remains simply to consider the state of 
 nomenclature in England at the eve of the Reforma- 
 tion in relation to the Bible. Four classes may be 
 mentioned. 
 
 MYSTERY NAMES. 
 
 The leading incidents of Bible narrative were 
 familiarized to the English lower orders -by the per- 
 formance of sacred plays, or mysteries, rendered un- 
 der the supervision of the Church. To these pla3^s is 
 owed the early popularity of Adam and Eve, Noah, 
 Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph, Sara, Daniel, Samp- 
 son, Susanna, Judith, Hanna or Anna, and Hester. 
 But the Apocryphal names w^ere not frequently used 
 until about 1500. Scarcely any diminutives are 
 found of them. On the other hand, Adam became 
 Adcock and Adkin; Eve became Evott and Evett; 
 Isaac became Hickin, Higgin, Higgott and Higgett; 
 Joseph became Joskin; and Daniel became Dankin and 
 Dannet. 
 
 CRUSADE NAMES. 
 
 The Crusaders gave several prominent names. To 
 them we are indebted for Baptist, Ellis and Jordan; and 
 John received a great stimulus. The sacred water, 
 brought in the leathern bottle, was used for baptis- 
 mal purposes. The Jordan commemorated John the 
 
ORIGIN OF THE FORE-XAMH:. 85 
 
 Baptist, the second Hlias, the lureruniier and l)ai)- 
 tizer of Jesus Christ. Chikh'en were styled hy these 
 incidents. Jordan became popular throu<j^hout Western 
 Europe. It gave to Hn,!^land, as already observed, 
 Judd, Judkin, Judson. Jordan and Jordanson, Ivlias, 
 as Ellis, took about the eighth place of frequenc}-, 
 and John for a while the first. 
 
 THE saint's calendar. 
 
 The legends of the saints were carefully taught 
 by the priesthood, and the day was as religiously ob- 
 served. All children born on these holy days re- 
 ceived the name of the saint commemorated. St. 
 James's Da}-, or St. Nicholas's Da}-, or St. Thonuis's 
 Day, saw a small batch of Jameses, Nicholases, and 
 Thomases received into the fold of the church. In 
 other cases the gossip had some favorite saint, and 
 placed the child under his or her protection. Of 
 course, it bore the patron's name. A large number 
 of these hagiological names were extra-Biblical — such 
 as Cecilia, Catherine, or Theobald. All the apostles, 
 save Judas, became household names; John, Simon, 
 Peter, Bartholomew, Matthew, James, Thomas and 
 Philip being the favorites. Paul and Timothy were 
 also utilized, the former being always found as Pol. 
 
 FESTIVAL NAMES, 
 
 If a child was born at Whitsuntide or Easter, 
 Christmas or Ei)iphan\', like Robinson Crusoe's man 
 Friday, he received the name of the day. Hence our 
 once familiar names of Noel or Nowcll, I'ask or Pas- 
 cal, Easter, Pentecost, and Ej)iphany or Tiffany. 
 
 It will be observed that all these imply no direct 
 or personal acquaintance with the Scriptures. All 
 came through the Church. All, too, were in full tide 
 
86 ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 
 
 of prosperity — with the single exception of Jordan, 
 which was nearl}^ obsolete — when the Bible, printed 
 into English and set up in the churches, became an 
 institution. The immediate result was that the old 
 Scripture names of Bartholomew, Peter, Philip, and 
 Nicholas received a blow much deadlier than that 
 received by such Teutonic names as Robert, Richard, 
 Roger and Ralph. 
 
 The subject of the influence of the Bible upon 
 English nomenclature is not uninteresting. It may 
 be said of the "Vulgar Tongue" Bible that it revolu- 
 tionized the nomenclature within the space of forty 
 years, or a little over a generation. No such crisis, 
 surely, ever visited a nation's register before, nor can 
 such possibly happen again. Every home felt the 
 efifect. 
 
 THE DECAY OF SINGLE PATRONYMICS IN BAPTISM. 
 
 The introduction of double baptismal names pro- 
 duced a revolution as immediate as it was uninten- 
 tional. It put a stop to what bade fair to become a 
 universal adoption of patron3^mics as single baptis- 
 mal names. This practice took its rise about the year 
 1580. It became customary in highly placed families 
 to christen the eldest son b3'^ the name of the landed 
 estate to which he was heir. Especially was it com- 
 mon when the son succeeded to property through his 
 mother; then the mother's surname was his Chris- 
 tian name. With the introduction of second baptis- 
 mal names, this custom ceased; and the boy or girl, 
 as the case might be, after a first orthodox name of 
 Robert or Cecilia, received as a second the patronymic 
 that before was given alone Instead of Neville Clarke 
 the name would be Charles Neville Clarke. From the 
 year 1700 this has been a growing custom, and half 
 the present list of treble names are thus formed. 
 
88 ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 
 
 Until about the commencement of the seventeenth 
 centun', no material change in the designations of 
 Englishmen had occurred since the days of the earlier 
 Edwards, when surnames \vere generally' adopted. 
 John de la Barre, it is true, had become plain John 
 Barr, and Roger atte H\'lle had softened to Roger 
 Hill, but still the principle of a single Christian name 
 and a single surname had been maintained through- 
 out. About the period alluded to, the innovation of 
 a second personal name occurs, though but ver3' rareh'. 
 The practice was imported to Great Britain from the 
 Continent, where it seems to have originated among 
 the literati in imitation of the trianomina of antiquit3^ 
 The accession of the many-named house of Brunswick 
 may be said to have rendered it somewhat fashion- 
 able; and during the last centurj^ it has become every 
 year more common. Should the fashion continue, it 
 is probable that at the dawn of the twentieth centu- 
 ry it will be as difficult to find a hinominated person 
 in America, as it is in France at the present dsiy. 
 
 Another innovation belongs to the seventeenth cen- 
 tury; that of the use of some family name as a bap- 
 tismal appellation,, as Gouldsmith Hodgson, Boscawen 
 Lower, Cloudsley Shovel. This practice as well as the 
 other is highly to be commended, as serving to iden- 
 t\fy the individual with the designation. The genealo- 
 gist will at once see its utility; and it is suggested to 
 parents the desirability of inserting the maternal fami- 
 ly name between the proper name of baptism and the 
 surname, as James Morton Wilson, Henrv Smith Brad- 
 ley. Indeed it would be well to go further and add 
 the maiden family name of the wife to the surname 
 of the husband ; thus if a Charles Harrison married a 
 Mary Bradshawe, thc}^ should thereupon write them- 
 selves respectively Charles Bradshawe Harrison and 
 Mary Bradshawe Harrison. If Vanity unites in the 
 
OR mix or Tin; rnR^-XA^fT■. 89 
 
 same os^cutchcoii the anus of the wife with those of 
 her lord, ought not Afleetion in like manner to blend 
 tlieir names? This usage is voluntarily followed at 
 Geneva and in many provinces in France; and it serves 
 to distinguish the bachelor from the married man. 
 
 In some districts, where a family name was orig- 
 inally applied at the font instead of the usual James, 
 Peter, or John, that family name has come to be re- 
 garded as a regular christian name. For example: 
 about Lewes, Trayton is fully as common as Samuel, 
 Nicholas, Alfred, or any name occupying the second 
 rank in point of frequency, and only less usual than 
 Henry, William and John. In the sixteenth century a 
 family of this name, from Cheshire, settled in Lewes, 
 and continued to reside there for several successive 
 generations, during the latter i)art of which period 
 they became so p, pular that a host of children re- 
 ceived the baptismal name of Trayton in compliment 
 to them. The spirit of imitation succeeded; and there 
 are at the present day scores of Traytons, who have 
 neither any idea of the origin of their name, nor any 
 doubt of its being as orthodox as the ver\- common 
 appellatives alluded to. 
 
 We have seen that the Christian name, once im- 
 posed, cannot be. altered at the option of the bearer, 
 as the surname may; at least not without the sanc- 
 tion of episcopal authority. Towards the close of the 
 eighteenth century. Sir William Bridges exchanged the 
 name of William for that of Brooke, by license from the 
 Archbishop of Canterbury; but this is almost asolitar3' 
 instance in modern times, as the occasion for it rarelv 
 arises. Before the Reformation, the unauthorized change 
 of a Christian name was a grave offence. It is recorded 
 in the consistorial acts of the Bishop of Rochester, that 
 on Oct. 15, 1515, one Agnes Sharpe appeared and con- 
 fessed that she had "of her own motion and consent, 
 
90 ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 
 
 voluntarily changed, at confirmation, the name of her 
 infant son to Edward, who when baptized was named 
 Henry, for which she submitted to penance. " The 
 penance enjoined was to make a pilgrimage to the 
 famous Rood of Grace, at the neighboring abbey of 
 Boxley, and to carry in procession on five Lord's days, 
 a lighted taper w^hich she was to offer to the image 
 of the Blessed Virgin. 
 
 THE PAUCITY OF NAMES. 
 
 There were no Scripture names in England when 
 the Conqueror took possession; even in Normandy 
 they had appeared but a generation or two before 
 William came over. If any are found in the old Eng- 
 lish period, they w^ere undoubtedly ecclesiastical titles, 
 adopted at ordination. Greek and Latin saints were 
 equally unnoticed. 
 
 Before many generations had passed, Bartholo- 
 mew, Simon, Peter, Philip, Thomas, Nicholas, John 
 and Elias, had engrossed a third of the male popula- 
 tion; yet Domesday Book has no Philip, no Thomas, 
 only one Nicholas; and but a springling of Johns. It 
 was riot long before Jack and Jill took the place of 
 Godric and Godgivu as representative of the English 
 sexes, 3'et Jack w^as from the bible and Jill from the 
 saintly calendar. 
 
 Without entering into a deep discussion, it may 
 be said that the great mass of the old English names 
 had gone down before the year 1200 had Ijcen reached. 
 Those that survived only held on for bare existence. 
 From the moment of William's edvent, the names of 
 the Normans began to prevail. He brought in Bible 
 names. Saint names, and his own Teutonic names. 
 The old English names bowed to them, and disap- 
 peared. 
 
 A curious result quickly followed. From the year 
 
ORIGIN OF Tin: rnRE-XAMi:. 91 
 
 1150 U) 1550, four huiulrcd years in round nuuil)c'rs, 
 there was a vcr}-- much smaller dictionary' of Hni^lisli 
 personal names than there had been for four hundred 
 3'ears before, and than there has been in the four hun- 
 dred years since. The Norman list was really a small 
 one, and yet it took possession of" the whole of Great 
 Britain. 
 
 A consequence of this was the Pet-name Epoch . 
 In every communit}- of one hundred Englishmen about 
 the year 1300, there would be cin Jiverage of twenty 
 Johns and fifteen Williams; then would follow Thomas, 
 Bartholomew, Nicholas, Philip, Simon, Peter and Isaac 
 from the Scriptures; and Richard, Robert, Walter, (niy, 
 Henry, Roger and Baldwin from the Teutonic list. 
 Of female names, Matilda, Isabella and Emma were 
 first favorites; and Cecilia, Catharine, Margaret and 
 Gillian came closely upon their heels. Behind these, 
 again, followed a fairly familiar number of names of 
 either sex, some from the Teuton, some from the Pie- 
 brew, some from the Greek and Latin Church, but, 
 when all told, not a large category. 
 
 This is not enough, for in common parlance it was 
 not likely the full name would be used. Besides, there 
 might be two, or even three Johns in the same family. 
 So late as March, 154-5, the will of John Parnell de 
 Gyrton runs: 
 
 "Alice, my \vife, and Old John, my son, to occupy 
 my farm together, till Old John marries; Young John, 
 my son, shall have Brenlay's land plowed and sowed 
 at Old John's cost." 
 
 The register of Raby, Leicestershire, has this entry : 
 
 "1559. Item: 29th day of August was John, 
 and John Picke, the children of Xtopher jind Anne, 
 baptized. 
 
 "Item: the 31st of August the same John and 
 John were buried." 
 
92 ORIGIN OF THE FORE-NAME. 
 
 Mr, Burns, who quotes these mstances in his "His- 
 tory of Parish Registers, ' ' adds that at this same 
 time "one John Barker had three sons named John 
 Barker, and two daughters named Margaret Barker." 
 
 If the same family had but one name for the house- 
 hokl we may imagine the difficulty when this one name 
 was also popular throughout the village. The diffi- 
 culty was naturally solved b3% firsth-, the adoption 
 of nick forms; secondh', the addition of pet desinences. 
 Thus Emma became b^- the one practice simple Emm, 
 by the other Emmott; and any number of boys in a 
 small communit}^ might be entered in a register as 
 Bartholomew, and 3'et preserve their individuality in 
 work-a-day life by bearing such names as Bat, Bate, 
 Batt^', Bartle, Bartelot, Batcock, Batkin, and Tolly, 
 or Tholly. In a Avord, these several forms of Bar- 
 tholomew were treated as so nian\^ separate proper 
 names. 
 
 It was, of course, impossible for Englishmen and 
 English women to maintain their individuality on 
 these terms. Various methods to secure a personality 
 arose. The surname was adopted, and there were 
 John Atte-wood, John the Wheelwright, John the Bigg, 
 and John Richard's son, in every community. Among 
 the middle and lower classes these did not become 
 hereditary until so late as 1450 or 1500. 
 
 This is easily proved. In the Avardrobe accounts 
 for Edward IV, 1480, occur the following items : 
 
 "John Poyntmaker, for pointing of XI dozen 
 points of silk pointed \vith agelettes laton. 
 
 "Jehn Carter, for carriage awaj'- of a grete loode 
 of robeux that was left in the strete. 
 
 "To a laborer called Rychard Gardyner for work- 
 ing in the ganhme. 
 
 "To Alice Shapster for making and Avashing xxiiii 
 sherts, and xxiii stomachers." Shapster is a feminine 
 
GENEALOGY. 93 
 
 form of Shappcr or Simper — one who shriped or eut 
 out eloths for '^anuenls. 
 
 All these several iiulividuals, havin<4" no parLicular 
 surname, took or reecived one from the oecupation 
 they temporarily followed. 
 
 GENEALOGY. 
 
 None of the sciences is less generally studied than 
 that of Genealogy. Like all the others, though dry 
 and repellant at fu'st, when perseveringly followed out 
 it becomes, in the research, full of interest, and pro- 
 ductive of great results. 
 
 An account of the origin, descent and relations of 
 families is often a principal auxiliary to the true ap- 
 preciation of histor3'. In treating of persons who 
 have distinguished themselves in their country's an- 
 nals, not onlv are all those actions of their lives which 
 have a bearing upon the character of the age in which 
 they Hved, or the well-being of the nation and com- 
 munity to which they belonged, to be considered, but 
 their own family- and personal extraction, standing 
 and descent. 
 
 The genealogist confines himself to tracing famil}' 
 hneasres. or the course of succession in particular fanii- 
 hes. That is his peculiar department. He leaves to 
 the annalist the chronicling of events in the order of 
 their occurrence, and to the historian the filling up of 
 the details and circumstances to which these dry facts 
 refer, and the description of the causes from which 
 thev S])ring, as well as the consequences to which they 
 lead. The sole purpose and pursuit of the historian 
 is to be able to show "Who is Who" and to distinguish 
 those who are somebody from those who are nobody. 
 
 The principal nomenclature of genealogy is as 
 follows : 
 
94 HERALDRY. 
 
 All persons descended from a common ancestor con- 
 stitute a family. 
 
 A series of persons so descended is called a line. 
 
 A line is either direct or collateral. 
 
 The direct line is divided into the ascending and 
 descending. 
 
 The projenitors are father, grandfather, etc. ; the 
 other ascendants not in a direct line are called ancestors. 
 
 The descendants are son, grandson, etc. ; the other 
 descendants not in a direct line are generally termed 
 Posterity. 
 
 The Collateral comprehended all those which unite 
 in a common projenitor. 
 
 Some affect to hold in contempt the study of suc- 
 cession of families. Others undervalue it, without being 
 fully aware of the importance of genealogical research. 
 
 There are some people, says Dr. Lindsay Alexan- 
 der, in his "Life of Dr. Wardlaw, " who say they 
 attach no importance to a man's descent, or to family 
 honors, and despise those who do. Perhaps they may 
 be sincere, but their judgment in this matter is cer- 
 tainly erroneous, and their feeling unnatural. "The 
 glor\^ of children, " says the Avisest of men, "are their 
 fathers;" and a honorable descent should be highly 
 valued. 
 
 HERALDRY. 
 
 Heraldic devices, truly so called, made their first 
 appearance in Europe in the middle of the twelfth 
 century ; and about one hundred j^ears later Heraldry 
 became a science in high repute, without being able to 
 trace its intermediate progress, or discover the names 
 of those who first laid down its laws, or subsequently 
 promulgated them. The earliest Heraldic document of 
 which even a copy has come down to us is a roll of 
 
HERALDRY. Or, 
 
 arms, that is to say, a catalogue of the armorial bear- 
 ings of the king of England, and the principal barons, 
 knights, etc., in the reign of Ilcnry 111; and, from in- 
 ternal evidence, supposed to have been origin<illy com- 
 piled between the years 124-0-1 24-5. This transcript 
 was made b}^ Glover, Somerset Herald, in 15.S6, and 
 is preserved in the College of Arms. Other rolls are 
 to be found both there and in the British Museum, of 
 nearly the same date, but none earlier; and no work 
 explanatory of the science has been yet discovered of 
 a period anterior to the reign of Edward III. In the 
 reign of Henry HI, armorial ensigns had become hered- 
 itary, marks of cadency distinguished the various 
 members of a family, and the majority of the present 
 Heraldic terms were already in existence. 
 
 THE USE OF ARMS 
 
 At that period was to distinguish persons and prop- 
 erty, and record descent and alliance, and no modern 
 invention has yet been found to supersede it. For this 
 reason alone, as we Ifave remarked elsewhere, of all 
 ancient usages it is one of the least likely to become 
 obsolete. Hundreds of persons ma^' be entitled to the 
 same initials, may possess preciselv the same name ; 
 but only the members of a particular family can law- 
 fully bear certain armorial ensigns, and the various 
 branches of that family have their separate differences 
 to distinguish one from the other. After the lapse of 
 centuries, the date of a building or the name of its 
 founder or ancient possessor, ina3' be ascertained at 
 the present day, through the accident<'d i)reservation 
 of a sculptured coat of arms or heraldic encaustic tile; 
 and the careful study of early rolls of arms enables 
 the historian to discover matrimonial alliances and 
 familv connections, of which no written record has 
 been found ; and thereb}' not only to complete the 
 
96 HERALDRY. 
 
 verj^ imperfect genealogies of main- of the bravest and 
 Avisest of English nobility and gentr\', but also to ac. 
 count for sundrj^ acts, both public and private, the 
 motives for which have been misunderstood, or alto- 
 gether unknown to the biographer or the historian. 
 
 VARIOUS SORTS OF ARMS . 
 
 Arms are not onh- granted to individuals and fam- 
 ilies, but also to cities, corporate bodies, and learned 
 societies. 
 
 Arms of Dominion or Sovereignty are properly the 
 arms of the kings or sovereigns of the territories they 
 govern, which are also regarded as the arms of the 
 State. Thus the Lions of England and the Russian 
 Eagle are the arms of the Kings of England and the 
 Emperors of Russia, and cannot be properly altered 
 by a change of dynasty. 
 
 Arms^ of Pretension are those of kingdoms, prov- 
 inces, or territories to which a. prince or lord has some 
 claim, and which he adds to his own, though the king- 
 doms or territories are governed by a foreign king or 
 lord ; thus the Kings of England for many ages cj[uar- 
 tered the arms of France in their escutcheon as the 
 descendants of Edward III, who claimed that king- 
 dom, in right of his mother, a French princess. 
 
 Arms of Concession are arms granted b}- sovereigns 
 as the reward of virtue, valor or extraordinarv ser- 
 vice. All arms granted to subjects were originally 
 conceded by the Sovereign. 
 
 Arms of Community are those of bishoprics, cities, 
 universities, academies, societies and corporate bodies. 
 
 Arms of patronage are such as governors of prov- 
 inces, lords of manors, etc., add to their family arms 
 as a token of their superiorit3', right jurisdiction. 
 
HERALDRY. 97 
 
 Arms of Family, or patcrn.-il arms, arc such as are 
 hereditary and belong to one particular family, which 
 none others have a right to assume, nor can they do 
 so without rendering themselves guilty of a breacii of 
 the laws of honor, punishalile b^' the Earl Marshal 
 and the Kings-at-Arms. The assumption of arms has, 
 however, become so common that little notice is taken 
 of it at the present time. 
 
 Arms of Alliance are those gained by marriage. 
 
 Arms of Succession are such as are taken up by 
 those who inherit certain estates by bequest, entail, 
 or donation. 
 
 THE SHIELD. 
 
 The shield contains the field or ground whereon 
 are represented the charges or figures that form a coat 
 of arms. 
 
PATRIOTIC SOCIETIES 99 
 
 PATRIOTIC SOCIETIEvS IX THE UNITED STATEvS. 
 
 Within the past few years there has been a remark- 
 able movement in the United States, whieh lias re- 
 sulted in the formation of many ])atriotie hereditary 
 soeieties of large membership, with ehapters in every 
 State in the Union. Those only £ire eligil)le to mem- 
 bership who ean prove their deseent from an ancestor 
 of Colonial or Revolutionarv times, Irom an offieer or 
 soldier or seaman of the various wars, from a pilgrim 
 in the Ma^-flower, an earh- Huguenot emigrant, etc. 
 These societies bring men and women of like traditions 
 together, and organize them in an effective way for 
 acrion. The action contemplated is patriotic — never 
 religious or related to part}^ politics. The general so- 
 ciety from its headquarters issues charters to branch 
 societies in the different States. Each State society 
 forms an organized group of persons well known to 
 each other, by name at least, and often jjersonally. 
 
 Certain of these soeieties have l)een very active in 
 preserving old monuments, buildings, kmdmarks and 
 historic documents, or in erecting tablets and monu- 
 ments at historic places, or in marking the sites of 
 battles or the graves of Revolutionary soldiers. Others 
 have founded prizes to be given annually to school 
 children for essa3'S on events in American history. 
 Others, again, formally celebrate the nation's anni- 
 versaries. All of them foster patriotism and historical 
 research, and teach organization — the sinking of indi- 
 vidual desire in a common loyalty. There are proba- 
 bly too many such organizations at present, and more 
 are forming. The weaker societies will, however, die; 
 and those that remain will represent some real aspir- 
 ation of their members. 
 
100 PATRIOTIC SOCIETIES. 
 
 As the entrance to such societies is through descent 
 from some ancestor, geneaology has been powerfully 
 stimulated, and thousands of family records have been 
 examined and summarized in print. Our Colonial and 
 Revolutionary history has been studied in its details, 
 which is the only way to fully realize it. The men of 
 to-day have been connected with Colonial and Revo- 
 lutionary times. The children of the coming century 
 will find their ancestral records all prepared for them, 
 and they will be face to face with high standards of 
 duty and effort. 
 
 THE SOCIETY OF COLONIAL WARS, 
 
 Instituted in 1892, is open to lineal male descendants 
 of civil or military officers, or of soldiers, who served 
 the colonies between May 13, 1607 (Jamestown) and 
 April 19, 1775 (Lexington). 
 
 THE SOCIETY OF AJMERICAN WARS, 
 
 Founded in 1897, includes the lineal male descendants 
 of soldiers or civil officers from 1607 to 1783, and of 
 officers of the War of 1812, of the War with Mexico, 
 and of the Civil War. 
 
 THE ORDER OF THE FOUNDERS AND PATRIOTS OF 
 
 AMERICA , 
 
 Founded in 1896, is open to any male citizen of the 
 United States who is llneallj^ descended in the male 
 line of either parent from an ancestor who settled in 
 any of the colonies between 1607 and 1657, and whose 
 intermediate ancestors adhered as patriots to the cause 
 of the colonists throughout the War of the Revolution. 
 
PATRIOTIC SOCIETIES. 101 
 
 THE SOCIETY OF THE CINCINNATI, 
 
 Instituted in 17S3 is composed of descendants of offi- 
 cers of the Revolutionary ami}-, usually the eldest male 
 direct descendant. 
 
 THE AZTEC CLUn, 
 
 Founded in 1847, is open to the descendants of offi- 
 cers of the army who served in Mexico, usually the eld- 
 est male direct descendant. 
 
 THE MILITARY ORDER OF THE LOYAL LEGION OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES, 
 
 Founded in 1865, is composed of officers who served in 
 the War of the Rebellion, and of their eldest direct male 
 lineal descendants, 
 
 THE SOCIETY OF THE WAR OF 1812, ORGANIZED IN 1814, 
 
 Is composed of lineal male descendants of soldiers or 
 sailors of the War of 1812. 
 
 THE NAVAL ORDER OF THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 Instituted in 1890, is open to officers of the navy who 
 have served in war, and to their male descendants, etc.; 
 and also to enlisted men who have received a Medal 
 of Honor from the United States for braver3\ 
 
 THE SONS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, 
 
 Instituted in 1875, must prove their descent froma Rev- 
 olutionary ancestor. The Sons of the Revolution (1876) 
 is organized on the same basis. It is expected that 
 these two large societies will be consolidated. 
 
 THE HOLLAND SOCIETY, 
 
 Incorporated in 1775, is composed of the direct male 
 descendants of Hollanders resident in America before 
 1675. 
 
102 PATRIOTIC SOCIETIES. 
 
 THE HUGUENOT SOCIETY OF AMERICA, 
 
 Organized in 1883, admits descendants of Huguenots 
 who came to America before 1787. 
 
 THE SOCIETY OF COLONIAL DAMES OF AMERICA, 
 
 Organized in 1891, is composed of women descended 
 from an ancestor who held an office of importance in 
 the colonies previous to 1750. 
 
 There are various other societies for women, of 
 which the most important are Daughters of the Am- 
 erican Revolution, founded in 1890; and Daughters of 
 the Revolution, founded in 1891 ; and there is also a 
 societj^ of Children of the American Revolution, founded 
 in 1895. 
 
 THE SOCIETY OF "MAYFLOWER" DESCENDANTS, 
 
 Organized in 1894, includes male and female descend- 
 ants of the passengers of the Mayflower (1620). 
 
 MEDAL OF HONOR LEGION. 
 
 The one decoration that is given by the government 
 of the United States is the Medal of Honor, which was 
 authorized b\^ acts of Congress of 1862 and 1863 to 
 be awarded to officers and enlisted men of the army for 
 "gallantry in action and soldier-like qualities during the 
 present insurrection." It has been bestowed onl^^ for 
 conspicuous services. For example the Twent^^-seventh 
 Regiment of Maine Infantry was present on the field 
 where the battle of Gett^^sburg was fought, and its term 
 of service had expired. The entire regiment, to a man, 
 volunteered to remain on the field and fight the battle; 
 and for this gallant conduct a medal was awarded to 
 each officer and man. A Naval Medal of Honor is also 
 awarded by the government and it is highly prized. 
 
rORIS-NAMES OF MEN 
 
 103 
 
 FORE-N^VJSIES OF MEN. 
 
 AND THEIR SK^.XIPICAN'CB. 
 
 Aaron : Lofty ; inspired. 
 Abdiel ; The servant of God. 
 Abel : Breath, vanity. 
 Abiathar: Father of plenty. 
 Abiel: Father of strength. 
 Abiezer: Father of help. 
 Abijah: To whom Jehovah is a 
 
 'ather. 
 Abner: Father of light. 
 Abraham: Father of a multitude. 
 Abram: Father of elevation. 
 Absalom: Father of peace. 
 Adam: Man; earth-man; red earth. 
 Adiel: The ornament of God. 
 Adin, or Adino: Tender; delicate; 
 
 soft. 
 Adolph or Adolphus: Noble wolf; 
 
 i.e., noble hero. 
 Adoniram: Lord of height. 
 Alaric: All-rich; or, noble ruler. 
 Albert: Nobly bright, illustrious. 
 Alexander: A defender of men. 
 
 Alfred: Elf in council; good coun- 
 sellor. 
 
 Algernon: With whiskers. 
 
 Allan: Corruption of .Elienus. 
 
 Almon: Hidden. 
 
 Alonzo: Same as Alphonso. 
 
 Alpheus: Exchange. 
 
 Alphonso: All-ready; willing. 
 
 Alvah, or Alvan; Iniquity. 
 
 Alvin or Alwin: Beloved by all. 
 
 Amariah: Whom Jehovah prom- 
 ised. 
 
 Amasa: A burden. 
 
 Ambrose: Immortal; divine. 
 
 Ammi: My people. 
 
 Amos: Strong; courageous. 
 
 Andrew: Strong, manly. 
 
 Andronicus: A conqueror of men 
 Anselm, or Ansel: Protection of 
 
 man. 
 Anthony or Antony: Priceless; 
 
 praiseworthy. 
 Apollos: Of Apollo. 
 Archelaus: Ruler of the people. 
 Archibald: Extremely bold; or, 
 
 holy prince. 
 Ariel: Lion of God; valiant for 
 
 God. 
 Aristarchus: A good prince. 
 Arnold: Strong as an eagle. 
 Artemas: Gift of Artemis, or 
 
 Minerva. 
 Arthur: High, noble. 
 Asa: Healer; physician. 
 Asahel : Made of God. 
 Asaph: A collector. 
 Asarelah: Upright to God. 
 Ashbel: Fire of Bel. 
 Asher: Happy, fortunate. 
 Ashur: Black, blackness. 
 Athanasius: Immortal. 
 Athelstan: Noble stone. 
 Aubrey: Ruler of spirits. 
 Augustin, Augustine, or Austin: 
 
 Belonging to Augustus. 
 Augustus: Exalted, imperial. 
 Aurelius: Golden. 
 Azariah: Helped of the Lord. 
 
 Baldwin : Bold, courageous friend. 
 
 Baptist: A baptizer; purifier. 
 
 Barachias: Whom Jehovah has 
 blessed. 
 
 Bardolph: A distinguished helper. 
 
 Barnabas or Barnaby: Son of con- 
 solation. 
 
104 
 
 FORE-NAMES OF MEN. 
 
 Bartholomew: A warlike son. 
 Barzillai; Iron of the Lord; firm 
 
 true. 
 Basil: Kingly; royal. 
 Benedict: Blessed. 
 Benjamin: Son of the right hand 
 Benoni: Son of grief or trouble. 
 Beriah: In calamity. 
 Bernard: Bold as a bear. 
 Bertram: Bright raven. 
 Bethuel: Man of God. 
 Bezaleel: In the shadow of God 
 Boniface: A benefactor. 
 Brian: Strong. 
 Bruno: Brown. 
 
 Cadwallader: Battle-arranger. 
 
 Caesar: Hairy; or blue-eyed. 
 
 Cain: Gotten, or acquired. 
 
 Caleb: A dog, 
 
 Calvin: Bald. 
 
 Cecil: Dim-sighted. 
 
 Cephas: A stone. 
 
 Charles: Strong; manly; noble- 
 spirited. 
 
 Christian: A believer in Christ, 
 
 Christopher: Bearing Christ. 
 
 Clarence: Illustrious. 
 
 Claudius, or Claude: Lame. 
 
 Clement: Mild-tempered, merciful. 
 
 Conrad: Bold in council; resolute. 
 
 Constant: Firm, faithful. 
 
 Constantine: Resolute, firm. 
 
 Cornelius: Horn, 
 
 Crispin. Crispus, or Crispian: Hav- 
 ing curly hair. 
 
 Cuthbert: Noted splendor. 
 
 Cyprian: Of Cyprus. 
 
 Cyril: Lordly. 
 
 Cyrus: The sun. 
 
 Dan: A judge. 
 
 Daniel: A divine judge, 
 
 Darius: Perserver. 
 
 David: Beloved. 
 ; Demetrius: Belonging to Ceres. 
 Denis, or Dennis: Same Dionyslus, 
 Dexter: The right hand. 
 Dionyslus: Belonging to Dionysos, 
 
 or Bacchus the god of wine. 
 Donald: Proud chief. 
 Duncan: Brown chief, 
 
 Eben: A stone. 
 
 Ebenezer: The stone of help. 
 • Edgar: A javelin (or protector) of 
 property. 
 
 Edmund: Defender of property. 
 
 Edward: Guardian of property. 
 
 Edwin: Gainer of property. 
 
 Egbert: The sword's brightness; 
 famous with the sword. 
 
 Elbert: Same as Albert. 
 
 Eldred: Terrible. 
 
 Eleazer: To whom God Is a help. 
 
 Eli: .V foster son, 
 
 Eliab: God is his father. 
 
 Eliakim: Whom God sets up. 
 
 Elias: The same as Elijah. 
 Elihu: God the Lord, 
 Elijah: Jehovah is my God. 
 Ehphalet: God of salvation. 
 Elisha: God my salvation. 
 Elizur: God Is my rock. 
 Ellis: A variation of Elisha, 
 Elmer: Noble, excellent. 
 Elnathan: God gave. 
 Emmanuel: God with us, 
 Emery, Emmery or Emory: Pow- 
 
 ful, rich. 
 Eneas: Praised, commended, 
 Enoch: Consecrated, dedicated. 
 Enos: Man. 
 
 Ephraim: Very fruitful. 
 Erasmus: Lovely; worthy to be 
 
 loved. 
 Erastus: Lovely, amiable. 
 
FOKE-NAAJES OF MEN. 
 
 10; 
 
 Eric: Rich, brave, powerful. 
 Kriiest, Ernestus: Earnest. 
 Esau: Covered with hair. 
 Ethan: Firmness, strength. 
 Eugene: Well-born ; noble. 
 EusebiuS: Pious, godly. 
 Eustace: Healthy, strong; standing 
 
 firm. 
 Evan: Same as John. 
 Everard: Strong as a wild boar. 
 Ezekiel: Strength of God. 
 Ezra: Help. 
 
 Felix: Happy; prosperous, 
 Ferdinand or Fernando: Brave, 
 
 valiant. 
 Festus: Joyful, glad. 
 Francis: Free. 
 Frank, Franklin: Contraction of 
 
 Francis. 
 Frederic or Frederick: Abounding 
 
 in peace, peaceful ruler. 
 
 Gabriel: Man of God. 
 Gad: A troop, or company. 
 Gaius: Rejoiced. 
 Gamaliel: Recompense of God. 
 Geoffrey: vSame as Godfrey. 
 George: A landholder, husband- 
 man. 
 Gerald: Strong \vith the spear, 
 Gershom: An exile. 
 Gideon: A destroyer. 
 Gilbert: Yellow-bright; famous. 
 Giles: A kid. 
 Given: Gift of God, 
 Goddard: Pious, virtuous. 
 Godfrey: At peace with God. 
 Godwin: Good in war. 
 Gregory: Watchful, 
 GrifTilh: Having great faith. 
 Gu^tavus: A warrior, hero. 
 Quy: A leader. 
 
 Hannibal: Grace of Baal. 
 
 Harold: A champion; general of 
 an arm v. 
 
 Heman: Faithful. 
 
 Henry: The head or chief of a 
 house. 
 
 Herbert: Glory of the army. 
 
 Hercules; Lordly fame. 
 
 Herman: A warrior. 
 
 Hezekiah: Strength of the Lord. 
 
 Hilary: Cheerful, merry, 
 
 Hillef: Praise. 
 
 Hiram: Most noble. 
 
 Homer: A pledge, security. 
 
 Horace, Horatio: Oak wood; or 
 worthy to be loved. 
 
 Hosea: Salvation. 
 
 Howell: Sound, whole. 
 
 Hubert: Bright in spirit; soul- 
 bright. 
 
 Hugh, or Hugo: Mind, spirit, soul. 
 
 Humphrey: Protector of the home. 
 
 Ichabod: The glory is departed. 
 Ignatius: Ardent, fiery. 
 Immanuel: Same as Emmanuel. 
 Increase: Increase of faith. 
 Ingram: Raven, 
 Inigo: Same as Ignatius (Spanish 
 
 -form). 
 Ira: Watchful. 
 Isaac: Laughter. 
 Isaian: Salvation of the Lord. 
 Israel: A soldier of God. 
 Ishmael: Afflicted her. 
 Ithiel: God is with me, 
 Ivan: Same as John (Russian 
 
 form). 
 
 Jabez: He will cause pain. 
 Jacob: A supplanter. 
 Jairus: He will enlighten. 
 James: Same as Jacob. 
 
106 
 
 FORE-NAMES OF MEN. 
 
 Japheth: Enlargement. 
 Jared: Descent. 
 _ason: A healer. 
 Jasper: Treasure master. 
 Javan: Clay, supple. 
 Jedediah: Beloved of the Lord. 
 Jeffrey: Same as Godfrey. 
 Jeremiah, Jeremias, or Jerome: 
 
 Exalted of the Lord. 
 Jerome: Holy name. 
 Jesse: Wealth. 
 Jesus: Same as Joshua. 
 Joab: Jehovah is his father. 
 Job: Afflicted, persecuted. 
 Joel: The Lord is God. 
 John: The gracious gift of God. 
 Jonah, or Jonas: A dove. 
 Jonathan: Gift of Jehovah. 
 Joseph: He shall add. 
 "oshua: The Lord is welfare. 
 Josiah or Josias: Given of the 
 
 Lord, 
 fotham: The Lord is upright. 
 Judah: Praised, 
 Julian: Sprung from, or belonging 
 
 to Julius. 
 Julius: Soft-haired. 
 Justin, or Justus: Just. 
 
 Kenelm: A defender of his kindred. 
 Kenneth: A leader, commander. 
 
 Laban: White. 
 
 Lambert: Illustrious with landed 
 possessions. 
 
 Lancelot: A little angel; other- 
 wise a little lance or warrior; or 
 a servant. 
 
 Laurence or Lawrence: Crowned 
 with laurel. 
 
 Lazarus: God will help, 
 
 Leander: Lion man. 
 
 Lebbeus: Praise, 
 
 Lemuel: Created by God, 
 
 Leonard: Strong, or brave as a 
 lion. 
 
 Leonidas: Lion-like, 
 
 Leopold: Bold for the people, 
 
 Levi: Adhesion. 
 
 Lewis: Bold warrior. 
 
 Linus: Flaxen-haired, 
 
 Lionel: Young lion. 
 
 Lewellyn: Lightning. 
 
 Loammi: Not my people. 
 
 Lodowic: Same as Ludovic or 
 Lewis. 
 
 Lorenzo: same as Laurence (Span- 
 ish and Italian form). 
 
 Lot: A veil, covering. 
 
 Louis: Same as Lewis. 
 
 Lubin: Beloved friend. 
 
 Lucian: Belonging to or sprung 
 from Lucius. 
 
 Lucius: Born at break of day. 
 
 Ludovic: Same as Lewis. 
 
 Luke: Light-giving, 
 
 Luther: Illustrious warrior, 
 
 Lycurgus: Wolf-driver. 
 
 Madoc: Good, beneficent. 
 
 Malachi: Messenger of the Lord. 
 
 Manasseh: Forgetfulness, 
 
 Marcellus: Diminutive of Marcus] 
 
 Marcius: Same as Marcus. 
 
 Marcus or Mark: A hammer, other- 
 wise, a male, or sprung from 
 Mars. 
 
 MarmaJuke: A mighty noble, 
 
 Martin: Of Mars; warlike. 
 
 Matthew: Gift of Jehovah. 
 
 Matthias: Gift of the Lord. 
 
 Maurice: Corruption of Amabuc. 
 (himmelreich); the kingdom of 
 heaven. 
 
 Maximillian: The greatest Aemili- 
 anus. 
 
FO RE-NAMES OF MEN. 
 
 107 
 
 Meredith: Sea-protector. 
 Micali: Who is like the Lord? 
 Michael: Who is like to God? 
 Miles: A soldier. 
 Morgan: A seaman, a dweller on 
 
 the sea. 
 Moses: Drawn out of the water. 
 
 Naaman: Pleasantness. 
 Nahuni: Consolation, 
 Napoleon: Lion of the forest-dell. 
 Nathan: Given, a gift. 
 Nathanael, or Nathaniel: The gift 
 
 of God. 
 Neal or Neil: Dark, swarthy, 
 
 otherwise (Celtic) chief. 
 Nehemiah: Comfort of the Lord. 
 Nicholas or Nicolas: Victory of 
 
 the people. 
 Noah: Rest, comfort. 
 Noel: (Dies Natalis) Christmas; 
 
 Born on Christmas Day. 
 Norman: A Northman, native of 
 
 Normandy. 
 
 Obadiah: Servant of the Lord. 
 
 Obed: Serving God. 
 
 Octavius or Octavus: The eighth- 
 born. 
 
 Oliver: An olive tree. 
 
 Orestes: A mountaineer. 
 
 Orlando: Same as Rowland. 
 
 Oscar: Bounding warrior. 
 
 Osmond or Osmund: Protection 
 of God. 
 
 Oswald or Oswold: Power of God. 
 
 Owen: Lamb, otherwise, young 
 warrior. 
 
 Ozias: Strength of the Lord. 
 
 Patrick; Noble; a patrician. 
 Paul, Paulinus, or Paulus: Little- 
 Peleg: Division. 
 Peregrine: A stranger. 
 
 Peter: A rock. 
 Philander: A lover of men. 
 Philemon: Loving, friendly. 
 Philip: A lover of horses. 
 Phineas, or Phinehas: Mount of 
 
 brass. 
 Pius: Pious, dutiful. 
 Polycarp: Much fruit. 
 Ptolemy: Mighty in war. 
 
 Quintin: The fifth. 
 
 Ralph: Same as Rodolphus. 
 Randal: House-wolf. 
 Raphael: The healing of God. 
 Raymond, or Raymiind: Wise pro 
 
 tection. 
 Reginald: Strong ruler. 
 Reuben: Behold, a son. 
 Reuel: Friend of God. 
 Reynold: Same as Reginald. 
 Richard: Rich-hearted, powerful. 
 Robert: bright in fame. 
 Roderic or Roderick: Rich in 
 
 fame. 
 Rodolph or Rodolphus: Famous 
 
 wolf or hero. 
 Roger: Famous with the spear. 
 Roland or Rowland: Fame of the 
 
 land, 
 Rudolph or Rudolphus: Variations 
 
 of Rodolphus, 
 Rufus; Red, red-haired. 
 Rupert: Same as Robert. 
 
 Salmon: Shady. 
 
 Samson, or Sampson: Splendid 
 
 sun, great joy and felicity. 
 Samuel: Heard of God; asked for 
 
 of God. 
 Saul: Asked for. 
 Seba: Eminent. 
 
 Sebastian: Venerable, reverend. 
 Septimus: The seventh born. 
 
lOS 
 
 FORE-NAMES OF MEN. 
 
 Sereno or Serenus: Calm, peace- 
 ful. 
 
 Seth: Appointed. 
 
 Shadrach: Rejoicing in the way. 
 
 Sigismund: Conquering, protec- 
 tion. 
 
 Silas: A contraction of Silvanus. 
 
 Silvanus: Living in a wood. 
 
 Silvester: Bred in the country 
 rustic. 
 
 Simeon, Simon: Hearing with ac- 
 ceptance. 
 
 Solomon: Peaceable. 
 
 Stephen: A crown. 
 
 Swithin: Strong friend. 
 
 Sjlvanus: Same as Silvanus. 
 
 Sylvester: Same as Silvester. 
 
 Tertius: the third born. 
 
 Thaddeus: The wise, 
 
 Theobald: Bold for the people. 
 
 Theodore: The gift of God. 
 
 Theodoric: Powerful among the 
 people. 
 
 Theophilus: A lover of God. 
 
 Theron: A hunter. 
 
 Thomas: A twin, 
 
 Timothy: Fearing God. 
 
 Titus: Honorable. 
 
 Tobiah or Tobias: Distinguished 
 of the Lord. 
 
 Tristram: Grave, pensive, melan- 
 choly, sorrowful, sad. 
 
 Tybalt: Same as Theobald. 
 
 Ulysses: A hater. 
 
 Urban: Of the town; courteous; 
 
 polished. 
 Uriah: Light of the Lord. 
 Urian: A husbandman. 
 Uriel: Light of God. 
 
 Valentine: Strong, healthy, pow- 
 erful. 
 Vicesimus: The twentieth born. 
 Victor: A conqueror. 
 Vincent: Conquering. 
 Vivian: Lively. 
 
 Walter: Ruling the roast. 
 
 William: Resolute helmet, or hel- 
 met of resolution; defence; pro- 
 tector. 
 
 Winfred: Win-peace. 
 
 Zabdiel: Gift of God. 
 
 Zaccheus: Innocent, pure. 
 
 Zachariah, or Zachery: Remem- 
 bered of the Lord. 
 
 Zadok: Just. 
 
 Zebediah or Zebedee: Gift of the 
 Lord. 
 
 Zebina: Bought. 
 
 Zebulon: Dwelling. 
 
 Zedekiah: Justice of the Lord. 
 
 Zelotes: A zealot. 
 
 Zer.as: Gift of Jupiter. 
 
 Zephaniah: Hid of the Lore!. 
 
FORE-NAAfHS OF WoMHX. lof) 
 
 FORE-N^VJNIJ^S Ol^ WOMlCISr. 
 
 AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE. 
 
 Abigail: My father's joy. Belinda: From Bella, Isabella, Eliz- 
 
 Achsa: Anklet. abeth. 
 
 Ada: The same as Edith. Benedicta; Femhiine of Benedic- 
 Adela, Adelaide, or Adeline: Of tus. 
 
 noble birtli, a princess. Bertha: Bright ; beautiful. 
 Agatha: Good, kind. Betsey: A corruption of Elizabeth. 
 Agnes: Chaste, pure. Blanch, or Blanche: White. 
 Alberta: Feminine of Albert. Bona: Good. 
 Alethea: Truth. Bridget: Strength. 
 Alexandra, or Alexandrina: Femi- 
 nine of Alexander. Camilla: Attendant at a sacrifice 
 Alice, or Alicia: Same as Adeline. Caroline: Feminine of Carolus or 
 Almira: Lofty; a princess, Charles. 
 
 Althea: A healer. Cassandra- One who inflames with 
 
 Amabel: Loveable. love. 
 
 Amanda: Worthy to be loved. Catharina,Catharine,or Catherine 
 
 Amelia: Busy, energetic. Pure. 
 
 Amy: Beloved. Cecilia or Cecily: Feminine oi 
 
 Angelica, Angelina: Lovelj-, an- Cecil. 
 
 gelic. Celestine: Heavenly. 
 
 Ann, Anna, or Anne: Grace. Celia: Feminine of Coelus. 
 
 Annabella: Feminine of Hannibal. Charlotte: Feminine of Charles. 
 
 Annette: Variation of Anne. Chloe: A green herb; blooming. 
 
 Antoinette: Diminutive of Anto- Christiana, or Christina: Feminine 
 
 nia. of Christianus. 
 
 Antonia,or Antonina: Inestimable. Cicely: A variation of Celia. 
 
 Arabella: A fair altar; otherwise, Clara: Bright, illustrious. 
 
 corruption of Orabllia, a praying Clarice, or Clarissa: A variation of 
 
 woman. Clara. 
 
 Ariana: A corruption of Ariadne. Claudia: Feminine of Claudius. 
 
 Augusta: Feminine of Augustus. Clementina, or Clementine ; Mild, 
 
 Aurelia: Feminine of Aurelius. gentle. 
 
 Aurora: Morning redness; fresh; Constance: Firm, constant. 
 
 brilliant. Cora: Maiden; a form of Corinna. 
 
 Azubah; Deserted. Cornelia: Feminine of Cornelius. 
 
 Cynthia: Belonging to Mount 
 
 Barbara: Foreign ; strange. Cynthus. 
 Beatrice,6r Beatrix : Making happy. 
 
110 
 
 FORE-NAMES OF WOMEN. 
 
 Deborah: A bee. 
 
 Delia: of Delos. 
 
 Diana: Goddess, 
 
 Diantha: Flower of Jove; a pink. 
 
 Dinah: Judged. 
 
 Dora: A variation of Dorothea. 
 
 Dorcas: A gazelle. 
 
 Dorinda: Same as Dorothea. 
 
 Dorothea, or Dorothy: Gift of 
 
 God. 
 Drusilla: Dew vv^atered. 
 
 Edith: Happiness; otherwise rich 
 gift. 
 
 Edna: Pleasure. 
 
 Eleanor, or Elinor: Light; same as 
 Helen. 
 
 Elisabeth, Elizabeth, or Eli/a: Wor- 
 shiper of God; consecrated to 
 God. 
 
 Ella: A contraction of Eleanor. 
 
 Ellen: A diminutive of Eleanor. 
 
 Elvira: White. 
 
 Emeline, or Emmeline: Energetic, 
 industrious. 
 
 Emily, or Emma: Same as Erne- 
 line. 
 
 Ernestine: feminine and diminu- 
 tive. 
 
 Esther: A star; good fortune. 
 
 Ethelind, or Ethelinda: Noble 
 snake. 
 
 Eudora: Good gift. 
 
 Eugenia, or Eugenie: Feminine of 
 Eugene. 
 
 Eulalia: Fair speed. 
 
 Eunice: Happy victory. 
 
 Euphemia: Of good report. 
 
 Eva: Same as Eve. 
 
 Evangeline: Bringing glad news. 
 
 Eve: Life. 
 
 Evelina, or Eveline: Diminutive 
 uf Eva. 
 
 Fanny: Diminutive of Frances, 
 
 Faustina: Fortunate; lucky. 
 
 Felicia: Happiness. 
 
 Fidelia: Faithful. 
 
 Flora: Flowers; goddess of flowers 
 
 and spring. 
 Florence: Blooming; flourishing. 
 Frances: Feminine of Francis. 
 Frederica: Feminine of Frederick 
 
 Georgiana, or Georgina: Feminine 
 
 of George. 
 Geraldine: Feminine of Gerald. 
 Gertrude: Spear-maiden. 
 Grace or Gratia: Grace, favor. 
 Griselda: Stone; heroine. 
 
 Hannah: Same as Anna. 
 
 Harriet, or Harriot: Feminine ol 
 
 Henry. 
 Helen, or Helena: Light. 
 Henrietta: Feminine diminutive 
 
 of Henry. 
 Hephzibah: My delight is in her. 
 Heiter, or Hestha: Same as Esther. 
 Hilaria: Feminine of Hilary. 
 Honora, or Honorfa: Honorable. 
 Hortensia: A lady gardener. 
 Huldah: A weasel. 
 
 Ida: Happy. 
 Inez: Same as Agnes. 
 Irene: Peaceful. 
 
 Isabel, or Isabella: Same as Eliza- 
 beth. 
 
 Jane, or Janet: Feminine of John. 
 Jaqueline, Feminine of James. 
 Jean, Jeanne, or Jeannette: Same 
 
 as Jane or Joan. 
 Jemima: A dove. 
 Jerusha: Possessed, married. 
 Joan, Joanna, Johanna: Feminine 
 
 of John. 
 
FORE-NAMES OF WOMEN. 
 
 Ill 
 
 Josepha, or Josephine: Feminine 
 
 of Joseph. 
 Joyce: Sportive 
 Judith: Praised. 
 Julia: Feminine of Julius. 
 Juliana: Feminine of Julian. 
 Juliet: Diminutive of Julia. 
 Justina: Feminine of Justin. 
 
 Katharine, or Katharine: Same as 
 
 Catharine. 
 Keturah: Incense. 
 Keziah: Cassia. 
 
 Laura: A. laurel. 
 
 Laurinda: A variation of Laura. 
 
 Lavinia: Of Latium. 
 
 Leonora: Same as Eleanor. 
 
 Letitia: Happiness. 
 
 Leitice: A variation of LeMtia. 
 
 Lillian, or Lily: A lily. 
 
 Lois: Good; desirable. 
 
 Lorinda: A variation of Laurinda. 
 
 Louisa, or Louise: Feminine of 
 Louis. 
 
 Lucia: Same as Lucy. 
 
 Lucinda: Same as Lucy. 
 
 Lucrece. or Lucretia: Gain; other- 
 wise, light. 
 
 Lucy: Feminine of Lucius. 
 
 Lydia: A native of Lj'dia. 
 
 Mabel: A contraction of Amabel. 
 Madeline: French form of Magde- 
 
 lene. 
 Magdalene: A native of Magdala. 
 Marcella: Feminine of Marcellus. 
 Marcia: Feminine of Marcius. 
 Margaret: A pearl. 
 Maria: Same as Mary. 
 Marianne: A compound of Mary 
 
 and Anne. 
 
 Marion: A French form of Mary. 
 
 Martha: The ruler of the house; 
 other wise, sorrow ful,melancholy. 
 
 Mary: Bitter; otherwise, their re- 
 bellion ; or, star of the east. 
 
 Mathilda, or Matilda: Mighty bat- 
 tle-maid ; heroine. 
 
 Maud: A contraction of Matilda; 
 or Madalene. 
 
 May: Month of May; or Mary. 
 
 Mehetabel, Mehilabel: Benefited 
 of God. 
 
 Melicent: Sweet-singer; otherwise 
 working strength. 
 
 Melissa: A bee, 
 
 Mildred: Mild threatener. 
 
 Miranda: Admirable. 
 
 Miriam: Same as Mary. 
 
 Myra: She who weeps or laments. 
 
 Nancy: A familiar form of Anne. 
 Nora: A contraction of Helenora; 
 Honora; and of Leonora. 
 
 Octavia: Feminine of Octavius. 
 Olive, or Olivia: An olive. 
 Ophelia: A serpent. 
 Olympia: Heavenly. 
 
 Paula, Paulina, or Pauline: Femi- 
 nine of Paulus or Paul. 
 Penelope: A weaver. 
 Persis: A Persian woman. 
 Phebe, or Phoebe: Pure, radiant_ 
 Philippa: Feminine of Philip. 
 Phillis, Phyllis: A green bough. 
 Polly: A diminutive of Mary. 
 Priscilla: Advanced in years. 
 Prudence: In Latin Prudentia. 
 
 Rachel: An ewe. 
 
 Rebecca, or Rebekah: of enchant- 
 ing beauty. 
 Rhoda: A rose. 
 Rosa: A rose. 
 
112 FORE-NAMES OF WOMEN. 
 
 Rosabel, or Rosabella: A fair rose. Tabitha: A gazelle. 
 
 Rosalia, or Rosalie: Little and Theodora: Feminine of Theodore. 
 
 blooming rose. Theodosia: The gift of God. 
 
 Rosalind: Beautiful as a rose. Theresa: Carrying ears of corn. 
 
 Rosamond: Horse protection; or Thomasa, or Thomasine: Femi- 
 
 famous protection, nine of Thomas. 
 
 Roxana: Dawn of day. Tryphena: Delicate; luxurious. 
 
 Ruth: Beauty. Tryphosa: Luxurious, dainty. 
 
 Sabina: A Sabine woman. Ulica: Rich. 
 
 Sabrina: The river Severn. Urania: Heavenly. 
 
 Salome: Peaceful. Ursula: She-bear. 
 
 Salva: Safe. 
 
 Sara, or Sarah, A princess. Valeria: Feminine of Valerius. 
 
 Selina: Parsley; otherwise moon Victoria: Victory, or feminine of 
 
 Serina: Feminine of Serenus, or Victor. 
 
 Sereno. . Viola: A violet. 
 
 Sibyl, or Sibylla: A prophetess. Virginia: Virgin; pure. 
 
 Sophia: Wisdom. Vivian: Lively ; cheerful. 
 
 Sophnonia Of a sound mind. Wilhelmina: Feminine of Wilhelm 
 Stella: A star. German form of William. 
 
 Stephana: Feminine of Stephen. Winifred: A lover of peace. 
 
 Susan, Susanna, or Susannah: A Zenobia: Having life from Jupiter. 
 
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A. 
 
 PATERNAL HEAD [ ai^p matkhnai, ] qI' 'rill«: HOi 
 
 Mit full name is: 
 
 Si:il( •' ,1). 
 
 Plarc of mil birth : 
 
 Date of tnu birth : 
 
 School attended : 
 
 Residence : 
 
 Occupation: 
 
 Positions held, traits of character, etc. : 
 
 
 *S~ Information of my forefathers ifiven on pajres B, D, F. 
 
 Place of mu marriage: Date of my marriage. 
 
 Full maiden name of my wife: 
 
 Place of her birth . 
 
 Date of her birth . 
 
 School attended: 
 
 Her attainments, traits of character, etc.: 
 
 j9S~ Information of her forefathers given on padres C, E, G. 
 
 Christian Names of Our Children: 
 
 1st Child: 
 
 Born: 
 
 Born: 
 
 Died: 
 
 Date of marriape: 
 
 3rd Child: 
 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: 
 
 Died : 
 
 Date of marriaire: 
 
 2ndChild 
 Born: 
 
 Srdphild 
 
 Born: 
 
 ithChiifj 
 
 Bom • 
 
 SthChild 
 
 Born : 
 
 6th Child 
 
 D'od: 
 
 Full Names to Whom Married : 
 
 .Married tu: 
 
 Date of marriaee: 
 
 .Uarrifd to. 
 
 .Married to: 
 
 PifH: 
 
 Date of marriaire: 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Died: 
 
 Date of marriaire : 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: 
 
 Died: Dale of marriape: 
 
 jK» 'When married further informalioa given on pages H.I.J. 
 
B. 
 
 MY PARENTS. 
 
 My father^ s full name is: 
 
 Place of his birth : 
 
 
 Date of his birth : 
 
 Residence: 
 
 
 Occupation : 
 
 Positions held, traits of character, etc. : 
 
 
 Place of his death. 
 
 , 
 
 Date of his death: 
 
 jBQS" laformatioa of his forefathers g-iven on page D. 
 
 Place of their marriage : Date of their marriage : 
 
 Full maiden name 
 
 of his wife: 
 
 
 Place of her birth : 
 
 
 Date of her birth : 
 
 Her attainments, traits of character, etc.: 
 
 
 Place of her death 
 
 
 Pate of her death : 
 
 
 SS' Information of her 
 
 forefathers given on page F. 
 
 Christian Names of Their Children: 
 
 1st Child: 
 
 Full Names to Whom IVIarricd: 
 
 Married to : 
 
 
 Died: 
 
 Date of niarriag-e: 
 
 2nd Child: 
 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: 
 
 Died: 
 
 Date of marriag-e: 
 
 3rd Child: 
 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: 
 
 Died: 
 
 Date of marriage: 
 
 4M Child: 
 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: 
 
 Died: 
 
 Date of marriage: 
 
 5th Child: 
 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: 
 
 Died: 
 
 Date of marriage: 
 
 6th Child: 
 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: 
 
 Died: 
 
 Dite of marriage: 
 
c. 
 
 MY WIFK'S PARKNTS. 
 
 liii wife's father's full name is: 
 
 Rii[dence: Occupation: 
 Positions held, traits of character, etc. : 
 
 ?}.9.9!?..9fAkJ.f.^.t!}.L Date of his death : 
 
 OST luformatiua of his forefathers ^iven on page E. 
 
 Place of their marriage: Date of their marriage: 
 Full maiden name of his wife: 
 
 Place of her birth : Date of her birth : 
 Her attainments, traits of character, etc.: 
 
 Place of her death : Date of her death : 
 
 OS' Information of her forefathers g-iven on pae'e G. 
 
 Christian Names of Their Children: Full Names to Whom Married: 
 
 2st Child: Married to: 
 
 Born: Died: Date of marriage: 
 
 2nd Child: ^^JZi^Al^:.. 
 
 Born: Died: Date of marriape: 
 
 3rd Child: !^3.U.'E'^..h:. 
 
 Born: Died: Date of marriatre: 
 
 Ath Child: M.9JJMJ.^.:. 
 
 Born: Died: Date of marriajre: 
 
 5th Child: ^^UM.^Jf^l. 
 
 Born: Died: Date of marriajre: 
 
 6th Child: Married to: 
 
 Born: Died: Date of marriaire: 
 
D. 
 
 MY FATHER'S PARENTS. 
 
 My Father's father's full name is: 
 
 Place of his 
 
 birth: 
 
 Date of his birth: 
 
 
 Residence: 
 
 
 Occupation: 
 
 
 His father s 
 
 full name was : 
 
 
 
 His mother^ 
 
 9 full maiden name was: 
 
 
 
 Place of his 
 
 death: 
 
 Date of his death: 
 
 
 Place of their jriarriage: 
 
 Date of their marriage : 
 
 
 Full maiden 
 
 name of his wife: 
 
 
 
 Place of her birth : 
 
 Date of her birth : 
 
 
 Her father's 
 
 full name was: 
 
 
 
 Her mother'' s full maiden name was: 
 
 Place of her death : 
 
 Date of her death : 
 
 
 
 Christ! 
 
 1st Child: 
 
 ian Names of Their Children: 
 
 Full Names to Whom Married: 
 
 Mn Tried to: 
 
 
 Born: 
 
 Dird: 
 
 Date of marriatre: 
 
 
 2nd Child: 
 
 
 Mn Tried to: 
 
 
 Born: 
 
 Died: 
 
 Date of marriace: 
 
 
 3rd Child: 
 
 
 Miirrii'd 1o: 
 
 
 Born: 
 
 Died: 
 
 Date of marriace: 
 
 
 Mh Child: 
 
 
 Married to: 
 
 
 Born: 
 
 Dind: 
 
 Date of marriaere: 
 
 
 5th Child: 
 
 
 Morri'd lo: 
 
 
 Born: 
 
 Died: 
 
 Date of ninrriaL'o: 
 
 
 6th Child: 
 
 
 .Carried to: 
 
 
 Born: 
 
 Died: 
 
 Dnte of niarriaire: 
 
 
E. 
 
 MV WIFE'S IWTIIER'S 1?ARKNTS. 
 
 Mil wife's Father's father's full name is: 
 
 Place of his l)irth : 
 
 
 Date of his tiirlh: 
 
 Residence: 
 
 
 Occupation : 
 
 His father's full name iras: 
 
 If is mother's full maiden name was: 
 
 Place of his death : 
 
 
 Date of his death: 
 
 Place of their marriane: 
 
 
 Date of their marriage: 
 
 Full maiden name of his wife: 
 
 Place of her birth : 
 
 
 Date of her birth: 
 
 Her father's full name was: 
 
 Her mother's full maiden name was: 
 
 Place of her death: 
 
 
 Date of her death : 
 
 
 Christian Names of Their Children: 
 
 1st Child: 
 
 Full Names to Whom Married: 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: 
 
 Dipd: 
 
 Date of marriape: 
 
 2nd Child: 
 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: 
 
 Died: 
 
 Date of marriape: 
 
 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: 
 
 Died: 
 
 Date of marriaire: 
 
 4th Child: . 
 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born : 
 
 Died: 
 
 Date of marriaK-e: 
 
 5th Child: 
 
 
 Married to : 
 
 Born: 
 
 Cth Child: 
 
 Born: 
 
 Died: 
 
 Date of marriaire: 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Died: Date of niarriape: 
 
F. 
 
 MY MOTHER'S PARENTS. 
 
 My Mother's father'' s full name is: 
 
 ^}.9S19f!}.yj!'S3.i Doie of his birth : 
 
 ?.^:f}dence: Occupation: 
 
 His father's full name was: 
 
 His mothers full maiden name was: 
 
 ?h!^L?.t..¥.L^.f.?:!:^:. ^^'^^^ "/ ^"' (^eaih : 
 
 Place of their marriage : Da te of their marriage : 
 
 Full maiden name of his wife: 
 
 Place of her birth : Date of her birth : 
 
 Her father's full name ivas : 
 
 Her mothers full maiden name was: 
 
 Place of her death : Bate of her death : 
 
 Christian Names of Their Children : Full Names to Whom Married : 
 
 1st Child: Married to: 
 
 Born: Died: Date of niarriaere: 
 
 2nd Child: Married to: 
 
 Born: Died: Date of marriagre: 
 
 3rd Child: Married to: 
 
 Born: Died: Date of marriag-e: 
 
 ith Child: Married to: 
 
 Born: Died: Date of marriage: 
 
 5th Child : Married to: 
 
 Born: Died: Date of marriag-e: 
 
 6th Child: Married to: 
 
 Born: Died: Date of marriafre: 
 
G. 
 
 MY WIFE'S ISrOTJIKK'S ]»ARKNTS. 
 
 Ml/ irife's Mot/icrs father'' s full name is: 
 
 Plare of his birth : 
 
 Date of his f/irth: 
 
 Residence: 
 
 Occupation: 
 
 His father s full name iras : 
 
 His mother's full maiden name iras: 
 
 Place of his death: 
 
 J)(ite of his death: 
 
 
 Date of their marriage: 
 
 Full maiden name of his wife: 
 
 
 Date of her birth : 
 
 Her father's full name was: 
 
 
 Place of her death : 
 
 Date of her death: 
 
 
 1st Child: 
 
 Full Names io Whom Married: 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: Died: 
 
 Date of marriage: 
 
 2nd Child: 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: Died: 
 
 Date of marriag^e: 
 
 3rd Child: 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: Died: 
 
 Date of marriaere: 
 
 4th Child: 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: Died: 
 
 Date of marriage : 
 
 5th Child: 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: Died: 
 
 Date of marriage: 
 
 6fh Child: 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: Died: 
 
 Date of marriage: 
 
RECORD Ol^ MY - 
 
 Mil th Child's full name is: 
 
 H. 
 
 -TH CHILD'S MARRIAGE. 
 
 Flace ofhirth: 
 
 
 Date of birth : 
 
 School attended: 
 
 Residence : 
 
 
 Occupation: 
 
 Traits of character, etc : 
 
 Place of maTriage : 
 
 
 Date of marriage: 
 
 Full name to whom married: 
 
 Place of birth : 
 
 
 Date of birth: 
 
 School attended: 
 
 Residence: 
 
 
 Occupation: 
 
 Traits of character, etc. : 
 
 Fathers full name : 
 
 Mother's full maiden name: 
 
 
 Christian Names of Thi 
 1st Child: 
 
 elr Children: 
 
 Full Names to Whom Married : 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: 
 
 Died: 
 
 Date of marriag-e: 
 
 2nd Child: 
 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: 
 
 Died: 
 
 Date of marriage: 
 
 3rd Child: 
 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: 
 
 Died: 
 
 Date of marriag-e: 
 
 4th Child: 
 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: 
 
 Died: 
 
 Date of marriage: 
 
 5th Child: 
 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: 
 
 Died: 
 
 Date of marriage: 
 
 6th Child: 
 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: 
 
 Died: 
 
 Date of marriage: 
 
I. 
 
 RKCORD OF MY 
 
 Mn th Ch UcCs fu 11 n a m o is 
 
 Til CIIII.D'S .MAUUMA(;i< 
 
 I 
 
 Flace ofhiTth: 
 
 nate of birth: 
 
 
 School attended: 
 
 Residence: 
 
 Occupation : 
 
 
 
 Place of marriage : 
 
 Date of r/iarr/(ii/e: 
 
 
 
 Place of birth : 
 
 Date of birth: 
 
 
 
 Residence: 
 
 Occupation: 
 
 
 
 Father's full name: 
 
 
 
 Christian Names of Their Children: 
 1st Child: 
 
 Full Names to Whom Married: 
 Married to: 
 
 
 Born: Died: 
 
 Date of marriape: 
 
 
 2nd Child: 
 
 Married to: 
 
 
 
 Date of marriape: 
 
 
 3rd Child: 
 
 Married to: 
 
 
 Born: Died: 
 
 Date of marriatre: 
 
 
 4th Child: 
 
 Married to: 
 
 
 Born: Died: 
 
 Date of marriatre: 
 
 
 5th Child: 
 
 Married to: 
 
 
 Born: Died: 
 
 Date of marriage: 
 
 
 
 Married to: 
 
 
 Born: 
 
 Died: 
 
 Pate of niarriape: 
 
RECORD OF MY - 
 
 My ill Child's full name is. 
 
 J. 
 
 -TH CHILD'S MARRIAGE. 
 
 Place of ¥uth : 
 
 Date of birth: 
 
 
 School attended : 
 
 Residence : 
 
 Occupation : 
 
 
 Traits of character, etc.: 
 
 Place of marriage : 
 
 Date of marriage: 
 
 
 Full name to whom married: 
 
 Place of birth : 
 
 Date of birth: 
 
 
 School attended: 
 
 Residence : 
 
 Occupation: 
 
 
 Traits of character, etc. : 
 
 Father's full name: 
 
 Mother's full maiden name: 
 
 
 Christian Names of Their Children: 
 1st Child: 
 
 Full Names to Whom 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Married: 
 
 
 Date of marrinire: 
 
 
 2nd Child: 
 
 Married to: 
 
 
 Born: Died: 
 
 Date of raarriag-e: 
 
 
 3rd Child: 
 
 Married to: 
 
 
 Born: Died: 
 
 Date of marriae-e: 
 
 
 4th Child: 
 
 Married to: 
 
 
 Born: Died: 
 
 Date of marriape: 
 
 
 5th Child: 
 
 Married to: 
 
 
 Born: Died: 
 
 Date of niarriaire: 
 
 
 6th Child: 
 
 Married to: 
 
 
 Born: Died: 
 
 Date of niarriapre: 
 
 
K. 
 
 RECORD OF MY Til CHILD'S M A Iv' K* I ACiE. 
 
 My ..th Child's full name is: 
 
 Place of birth. • 
 School attended : 
 
 Date of tnrth . 
 
 Residence: ■ 
 
 Occupation: 
 
 Traits of character, etc.. 
 
 Place of marriage: 
 
 Date of marriage: 
 
 Full name to whom married : 
 
 Place of birth : 
 
 Date of birth: 
 
 School attended: 
 
 Residence: 
 
 Occupation: 
 
 Traits of character, etc. : 
 
 Father's full name: 
 
 Mother's full maiden name: 
 
 
 Uhristian Names of Their Children: 
 
 1st Child: 
 
 Full Names to Whom Married : 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: Died: 
 
 Date of marriage: ' 
 
 2nd Child: 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: Died: 
 
 Date of marriajre: 
 
 3rd Child: 
 
 Married to: 
 
 
 Date of niarriatre: 
 
 4th Child: 
 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born: 
 
 Died : 
 
 Date of marriape: 
 
 5th Child: 
 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Born : 
 
 Died: 
 
 Date of marriape: 
 
 6th Child: 
 
 Born: 
 
 Married to: 
 
 Date of marriape: 
 
 Died: 
 
NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF RELATIVES 
 
 OK OTHER FACTS WHICH SHOULD BE RECORDED. 
 
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iSKn^f; CONOR™ 
 
 021 549 779 3 
 
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