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THE 
 
 REPUBLIC OF MEXICO 
 
 AND ITS 
 
 AMERICAN CREDITORS. 
 
THE 
 
 REPUBLIC Of MEXICO 
 
 AND ITS 
 
 AMERICAN CREDITORS. 
 
 THE UNFULFILLED OBLIGATIONS OF THE MEXICAN REPUBLIC TO CITI- 
 ZENS OF THE UNITED STATES, FROM WHOM IT OBTAINED 
 MATERIAL AID, ON CREDIT,— THE NATURE 
 AND EXTENT OF THAT AID. 
 
 ^V 
 
 BY HERMAN STURM. 
 
 INDIANAPOLIS: 
 
 D O U O I, A S S it CONNER, P R I N T E K S , 
 
 1869. 
 

 Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive 
 in 2010 with funding from 
 Tine Library of Congress 
 
 Iittp://www.archive.org/details/republicofmexico01stur 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 During the years I865-'66-'67, the Government of the Mexican 
 
 Republic, in the darkest hours of the struggle in which it was then 
 engaged for the recovery of the Independence of that country and 
 the overthrow of the Empire, which the Emperor of the French, 
 taking advantage of the civil war then occupying the entire atten- 
 tion of the Government of the United States, had forced upon the 
 unwilling people of Mexico, sought and obtained from the citizens 
 of this country, and on credit, much valuable and essential material 
 aid for that cause. 
 
 This assistance was rendered that Government because of our 
 sympathy with its cause, and under its solemn pledges to pay ac- 
 cording to contract these creditors for the aid so obtained. These 
 pledges, as the present volume will show, have been violated by 
 the restored Government of the Mexican Republic; and all efforts 
 by these indulgent and liberal creditors to obtain payment of their 
 claims have, up to the present time, been futile. Indeed the Mexi- 
 can Government has so clearly disclosed a deliberate purpose to 
 defraud these creditors, that they cannot longer expect to obtain 
 justice from that Government without the assistance of their own 
 Government. 
 
 To solicit such assistance is the purpose of these creditors ; and 
 the present publication is made with the design of acquainting the 
 people and authorities of the United States with the merits of their 
 case — how and under what promises and pledges the Mexican Gov- 
 ernment sought aid of the citizens of the United States ; how and 
 to what extent they furnished aid to that Government, on credit; 
 and how all efforts to secure a fulfillment of their contracts with 
 that Government have been unavailing. 
 
 At a recent meeting, in New York city, of a large number of the 
 above described creditors, it was resolved to take decisive steps for 
 
11 
 
 the purpose of obtaining satisfaction of their claims against Mexi- 
 co through the intervention of the Congress of the United States. 
 As chairman of that meeting, I was authorized and directed to 
 take such action as was best calculated to secure the object of the 
 meeting. To this end, I recently addressed to General H. Sturm, 
 of Indiana, who was agent of the Mexican Republic in this coun- 
 try, and through whose efforts was obtained for the cause of that 
 Republic the aid for which payment has been so long and fruitlessly 
 sought, the following letter : 
 
 Office of Hermann Boker & Co., ~| 
 
 No. 50 Cliff Street, [■ 
 
 New Toek, November 2, 1869. J 
 
 My Dear General : It is now clear to the minds of impartial men that the treaty 
 (which both you and Mr. Eomero assured us would be the means of bringing about 
 a fair settlement of our claims against Mexico) recently concluded between the 
 Governments of the United States and Mexico is a fraud upon American citizens, 
 and that no creditor whose claim is based upon contract can be beneiited thei-eby. 
 On the contrary, it seems the treaty was drawn (or, at least, is to be so construed) 
 for the special benefit of Mexico, and decidedly against the interests of American 
 citizens; and at a meeting held in this city on the 29th of October, it was resolved 
 to memorialize Congress on the subject of a settlement of our claims against Mexico. 
 
 With this in view, and as you were the agent through whom we (the memorialists) 
 were induced to trust Mexico, we now beg of yoa to write a statement setting forth 
 clearly and fully the powers and authority conferred on you by the Mexican Gov- 
 ernment, under which you acted as its agent; relating also how, and in what manner, 
 and under what promises, you obtained aid from citizens of this country in behalf 
 of Mexico; the nature and value of the aid thus obtained: and also how the Mexican 
 Government has disregax'ded the many lequests for a settlement of its indebtedness 
 to citizens of this country. 
 
 Be pleased to state particularly (if you can do so consistently), the utter des- 
 titution of that Government, both of means and credit ; and especially the many 
 efforts made by it to obtain supplies in this country ; all of which failed until we 
 came to its rescue. 
 
 Please state fully what connection the Mexican Minister, or other Mexican 
 authorities, had with your endeavors to obtain aid for their country here, and how 
 far they urged you on, or approved your acts, etc., etc.; and, finally, how the Mexi- 
 can Minister has since held out to American creditors the idea that all their claims 
 would be arranged by the Commissioners provided for under the treaty. 
 
 At the time you acted as the Agent of the Mexican Government, you repeatedly 
 assured us that you would, at any time, whenever necessary for the interests of your 
 friends, who trusted Mexico only upon your representations, furnish us copies of 
 your authorizations, and such other proofs as might be necessary for a settlement of 
 our claims against that Government, and render us all the aid in your power; and I 
 have no doubt you will do so now. And as you are, yourself, a creditor of 
 Mexico to a large amount, it will be well for you to state how that Government has 
 refused to do justice even to you, 
 
HI 
 
 If the facts, wliich are at present but little known to the public, be published to 
 the world, I have no doubt that our Government will speedily devise means by 
 which full justice shall be done to us all. 
 
 "With kind regards, I remain, 
 
 Yours very truly, HERMAN FUNKE, 
 
 Chairman of Committee. 
 To General H. Sturm, Indianapolis, Indiana. 
 
 To which General Sturm replied : 
 
 Indianapolis, November 6th, 1869. 
 
 My Bear Sir: Your letter of the 2d inst. has been received. Some friends in 
 Cincinnati, who, like yourself and those for whom you speak, are long-suffering 
 creditors of the Mexican Government, having some weeks ago requested me'to pre- 
 pare for publication a recital similar in its character to the one you have suggested, 
 I was engaged in that work and had it nearly completed at the time your letter 
 came to hand. Of the greater portion of this narration, I herewith send you 
 proofs. I hope it will answer your purpose, although written before your request 
 was received. Should it become necessai'y for your interests, I will at any time 
 produce the original documents, letters, etc., referred to by me in the enclosed 
 statement, as well as many others which I have not deemed it necessary to mention 
 therein. 
 
 It has been to me an exceedingly unpleasant task, I confess, to thus accuse of in- 
 gratitude and bad faith a Government to which, as I can truly say, I have been a 
 friend in need, and that I faithfully tried to serve; but I fully agree with you, and 
 your friends, that it is necessary now, and is not only a duty I owe to you, but to 
 the world, that I should publish all the facts in this connection. The Mexican Gov- 
 ernment had it in its power, by faithfully keeping its pledges to citizens of the 
 United States, to contradict the charges so often made, regarding its character for 
 treachery and want of good faith ; but has seen fit to completely prove all the state- 
 ments I and other friends have repeatedly made in its favor to have been errone- 
 ous, and based upon an utter misunderstanding of its true character. 
 
 In regard to the treaty to which you refer, I can only say that in my opinion 
 it is entirely inadequate and decidedly unjust to American citizens. The rules of 
 the Commission appointed under its provisions are especially onerous and difficult, 
 and in many oases impossible to be complied with. 
 
 There is no reason why the Mexican Government should not be compelled to set- 
 tle its just debts to citizens of this country. It is true, that Government is in a 
 state of chronic impoverishment; and equally true, that it will remain so as long 
 as it is allowed to mismanage its affairs to the detriment of its own people and of 
 the whole civilized world. 
 
 "When the Government of the United States, true to its long established principles, 
 interfered in behalf of Republican Mexico, as against the establishment ihere of a 
 Monarchical Government by European powei'S, it, also, at the same time, assumed 
 an important responsibility to the nations of the world, and especially to the 
 just creditors of Mexico; and it is the duty of our Government not only to 
 require that its citizens shall be fairly dealt with by Mexico, but that a Government 
 shall be established there capable enough and honorable enough to turn the 
 immeuBe resources of that country to good account, and especially that will furnish 
 
IV 
 
 the same protection to citizens of this country who may choose to engage in com- 
 mercial enterprises in that country, as is secured to citizens of Mexico in our 
 country. 
 
 The untold wealth of Mexico, both agricultural and mineral, if properly de- 
 veloped by an industrious, energetic people like ours, would in a few years pay off 
 the entire debt of that country, under the direction of a Governoient of sufl5cient 
 capability and honesty of purpose to administer the affairs of that country to the 
 benefit thereof. 
 
 In conclusion, allow me to say, that I will cheerfully co-operate with you in any 
 measure having for its object, the attainment of the results sought by you, as indi- 
 cated ia your letter. 
 
 In haste, yours truly, 
 
 H. STUEM. 
 
 To If. Funke, Bsg., Chairman, etc. 
 
 The statement referred to by General Sturm in the foregoing 
 letter is respectfully submitted in the following pages. 
 
 H. FUNKE. 
 
 New York, November 11th, 1869. 
 
S T A- T E Ivd: :E3 3sr T 
 
 GENERAL HERMAN STURM. 
 
 RELATES THE ORIGIN OF MY CONNECTION WITH THE MEXICAN GOV* 
 ERNMENT, as the agent THEREOF IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 In the month of April, 1865, in the city of "Washington, D. C, I 
 met General Lewis Wallace, of Indiana, who informed me that he 
 had just returned from the Rio Grande, where he had formed the 
 acquaintance of General Jose M. J. Carvajal, Governor of the Mexi- 
 can States of Tamaulipas and San Luis Potosi, who had come to 
 this country with him, clothed with authority to obtain material 
 aid for his government in overthrowing the Empire foisted upon 
 Mexico by the Emperor of the French, and expelling its foreign 
 invaders. 
 
 General Wallace described to me the great need of the Mexican 
 Government of efficient material for conducting the war— General 
 Carvajal having even been reduced to the necessity of training 
 troops with bows and arrows-— especially the want of efficient offi- 
 cers, having a proper knowledge and experience of military duties, 
 of manufacturing munitions and taking care of them; that General 
 Carvajal had solicited his assistance in obtaining, for the Mexican 
 service, American officers possessed of the requisite skill, experience 
 and interest in the cause; and that he (General Wallace), in con- 
 sideration of his knowledge of my antecedents and the character of 
 the services I had rendered my government during the late war in 
 this country, as well as my well-known sympathy with the Mexi- 
 can Government in its endeavors to extirpate the Monarchy sought 
 to be established there by European Dynasties, and so restore the 
 Government of the Mexican people, — had assured General Car- 
 vajal that he would use his best exertions to induce me to aid the 
 Mexican Republic in the manner he desired. 
 
General Wallace assured me that General Carvajal's powers 
 from his Government were ample, the propositions he would make, 
 honorable, and the inducements he would offer, fair and liberal. 
 He then introduced me to that officer, who confirmed what Gene- 
 ral Wallace had said to me, as above stated, and after explaining 
 the necessities and desires of his Government, urged me to accept 
 his propositions; which I, at the time, considered liberal, and agreed 
 to favorably consider. The result was that I expressed my willing- 
 ness to accept his propositions, provided I should succeed in obtain- 
 ing the consent of Governor Morton to my resignation of the posi- 
 tion of Chief of Ordnance for the State of Indiana, on whose staff 
 I was then serving in that capacity. 
 
 General Carvajal then proceeded to unfold more in detail the 
 objects of his mission. His Government desired to obtain the aid 
 of an American auxiliary force of ten thousand men, who would 
 be willing to go to Mexico as emigrants, there to be formed into 
 military organizations, representing the different branches of the 
 service — infantry, artillery, cavalry and engineers — such emigrants 
 to assemble somewhere on the Rio Grande, and thence join the 
 Army of Mexico; and he wished me to take charge of the re- 
 sponsibility of providing all the munitions and supplies for such 
 auxiliary army corps, as well as for whatever Mexican troops might 
 be added to this force; the strength of which force, thus contem- 
 plated to be provided for, it was anticipated would be about as fol- 
 lows: forty thousand infantry, three thousand cavalry, fifteen bat- 
 teries of artillery, and an engineer corps of two thousand men. 
 
 In speaking of these plans and his hopes founded on them. Gene- 
 ral Carvajal expressed the expectation that within the period of 
 three months from that time, we should have obtained the desired 
 number of emigrants, with the munitions for equipping the force, 
 and have the same on Mexican soil. In addition to the duties 
 already entrusted to my performance, and for the simplification of 
 the enterprise — as well as to secure the desired secrecy — Gene- 
 ral Carvajal requested me to take the general charge of providing 
 for all the emigrants that might be engaged, previous to dispatch- 
 ing them to Mexico, to provide means for their transportation there, 
 and on their arrival on Mexican territory, he further desired that I 
 should take charge of the Ordnance Department of his District, and 
 direct the construction there of an extensive arsenal, to be devoted 
 to the manufacture and repair of arms and other munitions ; and 
 
3 
 
 promising that I should permanently retain this position of Chief 
 of Ordnance, with the full rank and pay of Brigadier General after 
 the close of the war. He assured me that the funds necessary for 
 putting these extensive plans into execution would, in a short time, 
 be in readiness, having received what he considered reliable prom- 
 ises that a loan he was authorized to negotiate could be readily 
 placed. 
 
 After communicating with Governor Morton on the subject, I 
 obtained his consent to accept my resignation of the office of Chief 
 of Ordnance for Indiana, whenever it should be necessary for me 
 to relinquish ithat trust ; and, on the 1st of May, 1865, I advised 
 General Carvajal of my readiness to accept his proposition, on the 
 conditions and in consideration of the inducements named by him. 
 
 THE ORIGINAL AGREEMENT OF THE MEXICAN GOVERNMENT WITH 
 
 ME. 
 
 His covenant with me for and on the part of the Mexican Gov- 
 ernment, is as follows: 
 
 " This agreement, made at Washington City, D. C, U. S. of 
 America, this first day of May, 1865, between General Jose M. J. 
 Carvajal, Governor of the States of Tamaulipas and San Luis 
 Potosi, acting for the said States and the United States of Mexico, 
 and General Herman Sturm of Indiana, witnesses: That said Gene- 
 ral Carvajal hereby engages said Sturm as Agent of the Mexican Re- 
 public, for the purchase and shipment of all material necessary for the 
 prosecution of the war against the French ; also as Secret Agent, 
 to raise and transport emigrants from the United States to Mexico ;' 
 and generally to aid the cause of the Mexican Republic, by all 
 means not in violation of the laws of the United States of America. 
 Said General Carvajal agrees to pay to said General Sturm for 
 his said services and personal expenses in and about the same 
 while in the United States, according to written orders to be given 
 him separately, and which are not to exceed, say, twenty thousand 
 dollars, nor be less than ten thousand dollars in United States cur- 
 rency. 
 
 "At the close of the war, said Sturm is to have a position in the 
 Ordnance Department, within the military command of the said 
 General Carvajal, in Mexico, and be charged with the building of 
 arsenals, and the manufacture of ordnance, and everything pertain- 
 
ing thereto, with the rank and pay of Brigadier-General in the 
 Mexican army. 
 
 " General Sturm on his part agrees,' for and in consideration of 
 the above and other covenants and agreements to be kept and per- 
 formed by the said General Carvajal and the Mexican Government, 
 to resign his position as Brigadier-General and Chief of Ordnance of 
 the State of Indiana, and give his whole time and attention to the 
 interests of Mexico, placing himself, for the purpose, under the 
 orders of the said Carvajal and the Supreme Government of the 
 Republic of Mexico. 
 
 " To enable the said Sturm to carry out the plans which may be 
 formed in this connection, he shall select such officers as may be 
 necessary to him in the business ; and to secure their services, the 
 said Sturm is authorized to promise them, in case they emigrate to 
 Mexico, positions and salaries equivalent to those last held by them 
 in the service of the United States Government or the State ser- 
 vice, or held by them at the time of their engagement. 
 
 " Said Carvajal also agrees to furnish, or to place at the dis- 
 posal of said Sturm, all the funds necessary for the fulfillment of 
 his contracts for arms, material, etc., as well as for the inspection 
 and transportation of the same, and of the emigrants he may suc- 
 ceed in engaging, while they remain on duty in the United States, 
 and until their arrival in Mexico. And the better to make the 
 efforts of the said Sturm successful in overcoming all difficulties, 
 the said Carvajal further agrees to place at the disposal of said 
 Sturm the necessary funds, when it shall be in his power so to do ; 
 the same to be in his hands a " Secret Service Fund," to be used 
 at his discretion, to gain sympathy, opinion and action in behalf of 
 the Republic of Mexico, in the United States. 
 
 " It is further mutually agreed between the contracting parties, 
 that this agreement shall be held strictly confidential, never to be 
 shown or exposed unless specifically called for by General Carva- 
 jal, or the Mexican Government; or unless rendered necessary for 
 the protection of said Sturm. 
 
 " In witness whereof, the parties hereto have interchangably set 
 their hands and seals, the day and year above written. [skal.] 
 
 (Signed), "JOSE M. J. CARVAJAL, 
 
 Governor of the States of Tamaulipas and San Luis Potosi, and 
 Agent for the Mexican Republic." 
 
 (Signed,) H. STURM, [seal.] 
 
MY POWER OF AUTHORITY FROM THE MEXICAN GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Since this agreement, for obvious reasons, was of such a nature 
 that it could not judiciously be made public, or produced by me as 
 an evidence of my authority, in my negotiations with others while 
 endeavoring to carry out its objects ; General Carvajal, for the 
 purpose of facilitating my efforts and attesting my authority when- 
 ever necessary, gave me a power of authority, (as he termed it,) 
 which was as follows : 
 
 " To whom it may concern: 
 
 "Being well assured that General Herman Sturm, of Indiana, 
 has all the requisite qualifications to perform the duties herein- 
 below specified, this is to certify, that the undersigned (having full 
 authority so to do, by virtue of certain Supreme Orders, to me 
 issued by Benito Juarez, Citizen President of the Republic of 
 Mexico) has, this first day of March, A. D. 1865, appointed and 
 commissioned the said Herman Sturm my lawful agent, for me, 
 and in my name, place and stead, to do the things following, to-wit: 
 
 First, "To contract for and purchase the Ordnance and Ordnance 
 stores contained in a printed invoice marked "A," and made a part 
 of this instrument. 
 
 Second, " To contract for and purchase Quartermaster's Stores, 
 including transportation, as per printed invoice herewith attached, 
 and marked "A." 
 
 Third, " To contract for and purchase Commissary Stores, as 
 per printed invoice herewith attached, and marked "A." 
 
 Fourth, " To purchase or charter six steamers, at least three of 
 which shall be constructed or altered in such manner as to be able 
 to ply on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, and on the western 
 rivers of the United States. 
 
 Fifth, "As incidental to the foregoing authorities, the said Her- 
 man Sturm is further empowered to appoint all subordinates, offi- 
 cers and agents, and contract with such boat captains and crews as 
 may be necessary, in his opinion, to execute the objects contem- 
 plated ; all of which are well known to him and to the under- 
 signed, and General Lew. Wallace of the United States Army. 
 
 Sixth, "All appointments, contracts and shipments which the 
 said Herman Sturm may make, under and by virtue of this instru- 
 
6 
 
 ment shall, in my absence, be by and with the approval of the said 
 Major General Lew. Wallace. 
 
 Seventh " Said Herman Sturm has full instructions and author- 
 ity to arrange for the payment of such obligations as he may con- 
 tract under the foregoing authority. 
 
 " Soto la Marina, ] 
 
 State of Tamaulipas, Republic of Mexico, > 
 
 Dated March 1st, 1865. ) 
 
 (Signed) "JOSE M. J. CARVAJAL, [seal.] 
 
 Governor of the States of Tamaulipas and San Luis Potosi, acting 
 for said States and the United States of Mexico." 
 
 To this power of authority the Mexican Consul-General at 
 New York subsequently attached the following certificate : 
 
 " The undersigned, Consul-General of the Mexican Republic in 
 the United States of America : 
 
 " I do certify, that the signature authorizing the foregoing docu- 
 ment, is that of General Jose M. J. Carvajal, of the Army of the 
 Mexican Republic, Governor of the States of Tamaulipas and San 
 Luis Potosi, and duly authorized Agent for the Constitutional 
 Government of the Republic, under the Supreme Orders of the 8th 
 and 12th of November, 1864, issued in accordance to law. 
 
 " Done under my hand and seal at my Consular [consular] 
 
 Office, at the city of New "York, this 5th day of June, [seal.] 
 
 1865. (Signed), 
 
 "JUAN N. NAVARRO." 
 
 The authority of General Carvajal was subsequently still fur- 
 ther attested by Senor Don M. Romero, the Mexican Minister 
 Resident in Washington, of whose certificate the following is a true 
 copy : 
 
 Legacion Mexicana " The undersigned, Envoy Extraordinary 
 en los and Minister Plenipotentary from the 
 
 EsTADOs Unidos United Mexican States to the Government 
 de of the United States of America, do hereby 
 
 America. certify that General J. M. J. Carvajal, of 
 
 the Mexican Army, is the Governor of the State of Tamaulipas of 
 Mexico, appointed by the National Government of the Republic; 
 and that he was authorized by his government, under date of No- 
 vember 12, 1864, to make contracts for the purchase of arms and 
 munitions of war and negotiate funds, under the terms and condi- ^ 
 
tions and with the powers therein specified ; and that any contract 
 or purchase that he ivill make in pursuance of and in accordance to 
 said instruction ivill bind the National Government of Mexico and 
 the public faith of the country. 
 
 " Done in the city of Washington, this 7th day of June, in the 
 year 1865. (Signed), 
 
 « M. EOMERO." 
 
 It will be perceived that the foregoing instrument is dated as if 
 issued in Mexico ; the object of so dating it being, as General 
 Carvajal and General Wallace explained, to avoid the possible dif- 
 ficulties or embarrassments that might result, should the existence 
 of such a document, dated in the United States, come to the 
 knowledge of the enemies of the Mexican Republic ; and particu- 
 larly, to avoid embarrassing Senor Romero, who had expressly 
 cautioned General Carvajal to be circumspect on this point. 
 
 The printed schedule "A," referred to in my letters of authority, 
 is too lengthy to be inserted here ; nor is that necessary. It is suf- 
 ficient to remark, that it was a detailed, complete list of the muni- 
 tions and other articles required by General Carvajal, which I had 
 prepared in printed form, and submitted on the first of May, 1866, 
 for his approval, and which list, as will be seen hereafter, he subse- 
 quently returned to me approved and signed. 
 
 WHAT WAS MEANT BY THE FOREGOING AGREEMENT THE QUESTION 
 
 OF MY COMPENSATION, ETC. 
 
 At the time of the execution of the agreement of May 1st, 1865, 
 General Carvajal (as I have before intimated, and which I now 
 refer to more fully ; as it has an important bearing on the question 
 of my compensation for services in behalf of Mexico) told me that 
 it was the intention, which I was expected to accomplish, to have 
 all the needed military stores in readiness for shipment to Mexico 
 within the next three months ; for the accomplishment of which 
 the requisite funds should be provided and placed at my disposal 
 in due season : proceeding to state, that as my rank and pay of 
 Brigadier-General in the Mexican Army could not (by reason of 
 the neutrality laws) commence until after my arrival in Mexico, 
 and as the consummation of this vast work in so brief a period 
 would necessarily involve great expense, he agreed to allow me 
 an adequate sum — not less than ten thousand nor more than twenty 
 
8 
 
 'thousand dollars, — which allowance, as will be seen from the agree- 
 ment, it was distinctly understood was to be in compensation for 
 my personal services and expenses diiring^ the time Itvas expected 
 to be occvpied in the United States — which it was then anticipated 
 would be about three months. I may also mention here, that be- 
 fore entering into the written agreement with General Carvajal, I 
 assured myself that in thus aiding the Mexican Government, I 
 would not be violating any law of my own country, nor acting con- 
 trary to the sympathies of my Government. 
 
 OVER-SANGUINE EXPECTATIONS OF GENERAL CARVAJAL. 
 
 The expectations of General Carvajal and the other Mexican 
 officers about him were so sanguine, and so confident their antici- 
 pations of obtaining without delay the necessary funds to put his 
 designs into immediate and successful execution, that I, who was 
 not familiar with their financial projects, implicitly relied on their 
 representations, convinced as I was of the sufficiency of General 
 Carvajal's authority. 
 
 I BEGIN MY DUTIES AND ENGAGE ASSISTANTS. 
 
 I proceeded at once to the execution of the various duties in- 
 tiusted to me. I engaged the services of a number of agents, whom 
 I sent to different parts of the country, to aid me in carrying out 
 the general plan ; myself visited the principal cities, where I made 
 the requisite arrangements for procuring and shipping supplies to 
 the Mexican authorities, as well as instituting the necessary pre- 
 parations and engagement for transporting to Mexico, via the Mis- 
 sissippi river and Brazos, Texas, such emigrants as might be se- 
 cured. 
 
 SUCCESS. 
 
 Success in the ultimate object had to be preceded by enlisting 
 sympathy in the cause ; and by the first of August in the same 
 year, by the aid of General Wallace and other influential friends, I 
 had been successful in enlisting the friendly interest and influence 
 of many citizens of this country, who had lately been officers in the 
 Army of the United States, to whom I had made the propositions 
 authorized by General Carvajal, and who had expressed their readi- 
 ness to go to Mexico, there to actively engage in the cause of the 
 Bepublic. 
 
ATTENDANT EXPENSES DEFRAYED BY ME. 
 
 The expenses incident to labors of such a description were neces- 
 sarily large, but I raised the money to defray them without hesita- 
 tion or doubt of reimbursement; for I implicitly trusted in the Mex- 
 ican Government, that it would honorably fulfill its pledges made 
 through its authorized representatives, and especially its solemn 
 obligation to remunerate me for my labor and expenditures in a 
 service so intimately affecting the welfare of Mexico. 
 
 GENERAL CARVAJAl's ARRANGEMENTS FOR EFFECTING A MEXICAN LOAN. 
 
 On the 5th of August, I arrived in New York, in obedience to a 
 dispatch from General Carvajal. He assured me that his efforts to 
 obtain funds were progressing fayorably, and in a few days all the 
 means I required would be at my disposal ; which, he incidentally 
 stated, had been promised him by " a very wealthy Company," who 
 had undertaken the negotiation of a loan of ^50,000,000, predicated 
 on the bonds of the Mexican Republic. 
 
 The " wealthy Company " referred to, I ascertained to be, 
 " The United States, European and West Virginia Land and 
 Mining Company," with one Daniel Woodhouse as the purported 
 Secretary thereof, on which concern he gave me two drafts — one 
 for 820,000 in Mexican bonds, to defray certain incidental expenses 
 — such as printing, advertising, etc. ; the other, for ^1,500,000 in 
 United States currency, to reimburse myself for moneys I had ad- 
 vanced, and to meet obligations due or likely to accrue in the im- 
 mediate future. At the same time, he assured me that in a few 
 days another sum should be furnished that would enable me to 
 settle all the contracts I had made. 
 
 UTTER FAILURE OF GENERAL CARVAJAl's FINANCIAL PLAN. 
 
 I presented the drafts at the office of the above named Company, 
 which I soon perceived to be at least an unreliable concern, and which 
 stricter investigation proved to be a bubble corporation- — in short, 
 an unmitigated swindle — its resources fictitious — its pretences a 
 fraud. Tlie names of respectability and influence representing the 
 officers of the pretended company, and so pretentiously paraded in 
 their prospectus and announcements, had been so employed with- 
 out permission or consent; they denied any knowledge of even the 
 existence of such a concern : and it was apparent that General 
 
10 
 
 Carvajal had been made the victim of a parcel of speculative 
 rogues. 
 
 A CRISIS. 
 
 Thus the whole fabric of Mexican credit constructed by General 
 Carvajal, and on which I had been depending, collapsed ; and I 
 perceived that the further prosecution of the designs formed to send 
 assistance to Mexico must be suspended, until reliable arrange- 
 ments could be made for raising funds. The embarrassments of 
 my position it would not be difficult to imagine. Leaving out of 
 the question the funds I and my friends had already advanced to 
 speed the cause — how were engagements already made to be met? 
 How pacify creditors with whom contracts for stores had been 
 made; who had already incurred more or less outlay in preparing 
 their goods for delivery; and who certainly had well grounded 
 claims for damages from me? How dispose of the considerable 
 number of emigrants whom w^e had induced to listen to our pro- 
 positions, and who would expect us to fulfill our promises? In a 
 few words, how preserve my own good name, by meeting the en- 
 gagements I had made ; and how preserve the enterprise from ruin, 
 and the cause from ridicule ? 
 
 Such were the questions pressing me for answers. I, of course, 
 lost no time in explaining to General Carvajal, the true nature of 
 his critical position, and urging the necessity of engaging, if pos- 
 sible, without delay, a responsible house to act as financial agent 
 for his government. Then it was that General Carvajal apprised 
 me fully of the difficulties and embarrassments of his position ; and 
 I was made aware of facts of w^hich 1 hitherto had been ignorant, 
 and which increased the obstacles to success that already seemed 
 well-nigh insurmountable. I now learned to my surprise that Gen- 
 eral Carvajal, in addition to being destitute of Government funds, 
 had long since exhausted his private means; and that, ever since 
 their arrival in this country, he and other Mexicans with 
 him had been supported by means of funds furnished them by 
 General Wallace and, I believe, one other American officer. I 
 also learned that the Mexican Legation in this country was so 
 poor as to be compelled to resort to all sorts of shifts and contri- 
 vances, in order that funds might be obtained to pay even the most 
 necessary expenses connected therewith ; and, further, that the Mexi- 
 can^Government — driven to the furthermost corner of the Republic — 
 was unable to furnish the slightest aid to its refugees in this country, 
 
11 
 
 (prisoners of war lately returned from France), some of whom were 
 then in absolute want of food in New York, and unable to obtain 
 any employment. 
 
 THE EXTREMITIES OF THE MEXICAN GOVERNMENT AND OF ITS AGENTS 
 
 IN THIS COUNTRY. 
 
 This was not all. General Carvajal, fully persuaded that he 
 should be successful in raising funds in this country, had induced 
 a considerable number of ex-officers of the United States Army to 
 accept his propositions to serve in the cause of his country, with 
 whom he had made engagements. These men were, at this time, 
 in New York, Boston, and other places, waiting for transportation 
 to Mexico, and their debts, in the matter of hotel bills and other 
 necessary expenses, already amounted to a large sum : which 
 they expected, of course, to be provided for by General Carvajal, 
 who, owing to the utter failure of his financial plans, had neither 
 funds at his command nor means of raising them. Most of the 
 Mexican officers and refugees then in the United States were de- 
 pendent for their pay on this officer's success in negotiating a loan, 
 which was now badly in arrears, and absolutely necessary for the 
 liquidation of the personal expenses they had incurred. General 
 Carvajal, himself, had necessarily incurred a large indebtedness, in 
 various ways, which, as a matter of course, must be discharged. 
 Indeed, it was perfectly obvious that the Mexican cause in this 
 country was in a lamentable crisis, and that if the existing state of 
 affairs was not speedily remedied, the disagreeable facts would be 
 brought to the knowledge of the public ; when the bubble of Mexi- 
 can credit would burst, and failure and disgrace attend the meas- 
 ures that had been instituted to obtain assistance in the United 
 States. 
 
 now I WAS PRESSED TO ASSIST THE MEXICAN GOVERNMENT. 
 
 That these disclosures were a rude surprise to me who can 
 doubt? That I was much discouraged, and even tempted to 
 abandon what I had undertaken, was natural. But this disposi- 
 tion was only temporary; and when General Carvajal, (in the pres- 
 ence of General Wallace and prominent Mexicans then in New 
 York, nearly all of whom are, to-day, holding important positions of 
 trust and profit in the civil and military service of Mexico,) recount 
 
12 
 
 ed to me his troubles, how he had been deceived and imposed 
 upon by Woodhouse & Co. — the distressful predicament of his 
 people and Government, — his deep affliction at his country's peril 
 and distress at his own embarrassed situation, moved me to strong 
 sympathy : and when he and his Mexican associates implored me 
 not to forsake them, I yielded to their pressing importunities, and 
 resolv^ed, in the full belief that I should ultimately succeed, to haz- 
 zard my means, time, and services in the support of a cause made 
 noble by such defenders as General Carvajal, having all faith that 
 no Government capable of an aspiration for an honorable name 
 among nations could prove so base and contemptible as to violate 
 its solemn pledges to a friend in another land, who, in the crisis of its 
 national life, was risking his all in behalf of a country not his own. 
 Since there was no question regarding General Carvajal's au- 
 thority to represent and act for the Mexican Government, under 
 the commission with which he came to this country — it having 
 been attested by both the Minister and Consul General of his coun- 
 try in the United States — and as most of his countrymen who join- 
 ed with him in endeavoring to induce me to aid their cause had 
 filled some of the highest positions under the Mexican Government, 
 (Senor Zarco, for example, who had been Minister of Foreign Af- 
 fairs,) their assurances that their Government would not only keep 
 its engagements with me, but be eternally grateful besides, were 
 entitled to credence, and I determined to do what in my power lay 
 in behalf of their country. 
 
 EFFORTS IN BEHALF OF THE MEXICAN CAUSE. 
 
 My first efforts, since there was no prospect of soon realizing 
 funds from the sale of bonds, were necessarily directed to appeas- 
 ing those who had been engaged as emigrants, and were now wait- 
 ing for the promised free transportation to Mexico ; to make satis- 
 factory terms with the parties from whom I had purchased muni- 
 tions and stores; and by all available means and instrumentali- 
 ties, first to conceal from public knowledge, and as soon as pos- 
 sible to remedy, the deplorable situation of our enterprises and the 
 Mexican cause, which needed only to come to the knowledge of 
 the enemies of that cause to be employed to its incalculable detri- 
 ment. This result I accomplished with no other pecuniary re- 
 sources than my own means, and such assistance as I could prevail 
 on my friends to afford, 
 
13 
 
 EFFORTS TO MANUFACTURE CREDIT FOR MEXICO. 
 
 I also lost no time, nor spared effort, in striving to enlist the sym- 
 pathy and gain the aid of wealthy citizens of New York in behalf 
 of Mexico; but to so low a state had the credit of that country 
 sunk, so bad its reputation for reliability, so disordered its finances, 
 and dubious its prospects, that I obtained but little sympathy in its . 
 behalf, and no aid. Indeed, I generally received from those I thus 
 approached, at that time, one of two responses: either ridicule of 
 the cause, or unflattering predictions that the present government 
 of Mexico,.like its predecessors, as soon as its supremacy should be 
 restored, would not keep its pledges to me, and that I would in the 
 end receive from it only ingratitude for my services — prophecies 
 which, I regret to admit, time and events have proven true. 
 
 While thus engaged in the work of rescuing the cause from its 
 dilemma, and in endeavoring to establish a financial basis that 
 could be relied upon, I introduced to General Carvajal Messrs. J. 
 W. Corliss & Co., a prominent house in New York city, whose ac- 
 quaintance and confidence I enjoyed, and who had promised to aid 
 me in my efforts; after which, perceiving that nothing further could, 
 for the present, be accomplished in New York city, I proceeded to 
 the West, where, assisted by numerous friends, I. labored to bring 
 the cause into good repute and create a popular interest in its suc- 
 cess. I was thus occupied when, at Indianapolis, on the 28th of 
 August, I received the following letter : 
 
 A DISTINGUISHED MEXICAN STATEMENT OF THE PREDICAMENT OF THE 
 
 MEXICAN CAUSE. 
 
 [Confidential.] "New York City, August 25, 1865. 
 
 '■'■ General: I cannot longer conceal from myself and friends, 
 that the so-called 'United States, European and West Virginia 
 Land and Mining Company' is a fraud, and its agent, Woodhouse, 
 a swindler. Accordingly I have thrown them oft'. 
 
 " My labors and hopes in that direction are, therefore, lost, the 
 cause of my poor country retarded, and new embarrassments 
 thrown around it. Yet I do not despair. In view of the arrange- 
 ments made by you and General Wallace with other parties, I con- 
 sider it only a duty to at once apprise you of the unfortunate and 
 (to me personally) bitter disappointment, that you may take such 
 action as may be necessary to satisfy and appease all with whom 
 you have contracted, or may now be in negotiation. 
 
14 
 
 "J/; is of the highest importance that the good faith and name of 
 viy Government be not brought into contempt and ridicule by public 
 exposure in the courts or newspapers. This new aggravation makes 
 my mission more difficult than ever. That mission, as you know, 
 is to procure material assistance for my country, whose condition 
 is gloomy beyond description. 
 
 " Two facts, alone, almost crush us : our enemy is the most 
 powerful in the world, and actually holds our cities and the forts 
 from which we chiefly derive our revenue; and the head of our 
 Government, with his Cabinet, is in the corner of the most distant 
 State of the Republic, without money, or credit, or army — facts 
 well known to the people of the United States, and calculated to 
 influence every intelligent and prudent man to whom you may ad- 
 dress yourself. 
 
 " My powers are very great — draivn, evidently, in vieiv of the con- 
 dition alluded to. They contemplate a necessity for extraordinary 
 sacrifices, and seem to require them of me rather than fail in my 
 task. The responsibility is terrible. If I make the sacrifices, will 
 the necessity be appreciated by my people ? 1 will trust them, and 
 leave results to God. What are millions, so they purchase the in- 
 dependence of my country ? 
 
 " I am not surprised that you report it difficult to find contracting 
 parties. Certain preliminaries heretofore neglected must now be 
 attended to : thus, the sympathy, voice and influence of the most 
 prominent men in the country must be gained ; the Press must be 
 on our side ; above all, we must enlist in the cause the most active 
 and untiring agents, and if they should at the same time be agents 
 of the United States Government, so much the better. I desire you 
 to proceed to do this at once. General Wallace will advise and 
 co-operate with you. The great advantage of our enemy is that 
 he has money, and is spending it freely, while we have only promises 
 to offer. The sole method of equalization is to use our promises 
 on the most liberal scale. With this view, I have signed, and now 
 send you, the annexed agreement, which is intended to be taken as 
 incidental to the agreement heretofore delivered to you in Wash- 
 ington, under date of May 1, 1865. 
 
 " Your conduct has inspired me with faith that this great trust, 
 in which my name and character and the credit of my Government 
 and people are so deeply involved, will not be betrayed. If, after 
 reading this letter and the agreement, you are in doubt as to their 
 
15 
 
 intent and meaning, come and see me in person : the nature of the 
 business is of a kind that requires explanations to be exclusively 
 verbal. 
 
 [Signed,] "JOSE M. J. CARVAJAL." 
 
 ADDITIONAL AGREEMENT WITH MB BY GENERAL CARVAJAL, ACTING 
 FOR THE MEXICAN REPUBLIC. 
 
 The following agreement, as stated, accompanied the foregoing 
 
 letter : 
 
 "Neav York, August 25, 1865. 
 
 "To vjhom it may concern: 
 
 "Whereas, acting in conformity to my authority, and instructions 
 from my Government, under date of the 8th and 12th of Novem- 
 ber, 1864, the undersigned. Governor of the States of Tamaulipas 
 and San Luis Potosi, and Agent and Commissioner for and in be- 
 half of the General Government of Mexico, is about to contract 
 with the house of J. W. Corliss & Co., of the city of New York, for 
 the negotiation of a national loan of $30,000,000: In view of the 
 funds expected to be raised or realized from the said contract and ne- 
 gotiations, and to enable General Herman Sturm, heretofore (to-wit, 
 on the 1st of May, 1865,) by me duly appointed General Agent of my 
 Government, with specified powers and duties, to successfully and 
 speedily execute certain duties and offices mentioned in the letter 
 of instructions to him directed and bearing even date herewith, 
 the undersigned hereby undertakes and pledges himself officially and 
 in the name of the Mexican Government, to pay to him the sum of 
 Half a Million ('^500,000) Dollars in United States currency, or its 
 equivalent in [bonds of the Mexican Republic at the regular rate; 
 to be used by the said Gen. Sturm as a "Secret Service" fund, and 
 to guaranty any promise, contract, or arrangement which he may 
 have already made, or may hereafter make, with any person or per- 
 sons, in the effort to carry out the authority stated as heretofore 
 given him as General Agent, and so forth : provided, that such 
 promises or contracts shall always be in conformity with my in- 
 structions given to him. 
 
 " It is also understood between the undersigned and the said Gen- 
 eral Sturm, that the sum of Five Hundred Thousand Dollars, herein 
 specified, is exclusive of any sum which may be used or placed at his 
 disposal to buy arms, munitions, transportation, etc.; and that in the 
 disposition of this half a million dollars of "Secret Service" fund, the 
 
16 
 
 said Sturm is to be at liberty to make engagements, either in hia 
 own name or in that of my Government; and that for the dis- 
 bm'semcnt of said fund, or any part thereof, he shall not be held 
 to account by my Government, or by any person acting under its 
 authority, — except to furnish, on my order or that of my Govern- 
 ment, his statement of the amounts contracted by him to be paid 
 under this authority; without any obligation on his part to give 
 any names where important parties aiding the cause of Mexico 
 might be injured. 
 
 ^^And in the event that no funds should be realized from the sale of 
 bonds abovt to be undertaken by Messrs. J. W. Corliss 8f Co., or in 
 the event of a failure to issue bonds of the Mexican Republic, the 
 undersigned hereby agrees to and ivith the said Sturm, that the said 
 Republic of Mexico shall owe and be indebted to, and liable to pay 
 upon the demand of the said Sturm, or his legal representatives, the 
 said sum of Half a Million (8500,000) Dollars in United States 
 currency, as an indemnity to him for his engagements made to and 
 with other persons, as contemplated in the letter of secret instruc- 
 tions of this date, and to secure to all such persons whatever prom- 
 ises and undertakings he may be required to make to and with 
 them : as to which, no account, of proofs or vouchers, shall be re- 
 quired by my Government in the final settlement with said Sturm 
 further than his own statement, as above required. 
 
 " In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my official signature, 
 at New York City, this 25th day of August, 1865. 
 
 .[Signed,] "JOSE M. J. CARVAJAL, 
 
 " Governor of the States of Tamaulipas and San Luis Potosi, 
 and Agent for the Mexican Republic.*' 
 
 This letter and accompanying agreement speak for themselves, 
 and make it unnecessary for me to attempt a description of the 
 cheerless prospects of the Mexican cause, and dismal predicament 
 of its Commissioner in this country at that time. On the same 
 day I received from General Carvajal another letter, also dated 
 August 25, and inclosing the printed schedule "A," (above referred 
 to in his power of authority to me.) of the Ordnance, Quartermas- 
 ter's and Commissary stores it was desired I should procure and 
 ship to Mexico. This letter was as follows : — 
 
17 
 
 I AM DIRECTED TO PURCHASE CERTAIN MILITARY STORES, 
 
 " New York, August 25, 1865. 
 " General H. Sturm, Indianapolis, Indiana : 
 
 " Sir — I herewith return you the schedule of Ordnance, Quarter- 
 master's and Commissary stores, which you, on the 1st of May last, 
 submitted to me for approval. I have approved the same, and now 
 desire you to proceed without delay to make the necessary con- 
 tracts for such articles as are mentioned in this schedule ; and in 
 case you should be unable to obtain the kind of articles mentioned 
 in the schedule, you are hereby instructed to purchase, instead, such 
 other kinds of a similar article as you may be able to obtain ; leav- 
 ing it to your judgment and discretion to get the best and most 
 suitable for the purpose it is intended for — which is fully known 
 to you. 
 
 " You are also authorized to make such arrangements in regard 
 to payment for these articles — either in United States currencey or 
 in Mexican bonds, or in both, according to the verbal instructions 
 I have given you — as may in your opinion be most advantageous 
 for my Government. In case payment is made in bonds, you are, 
 under no consideration, to offer them at a lower rate than the min' 
 inium value of sixty cents on the dollar, in United States currency. 
 A sufficient amount of money, or its equivalent in the bonds of the 
 Republic of Mexico, (at the rate of sixty cents in currency for 
 every dollar in bonds,) will be placed at your disposal whenever re- 
 quired by you for the purpose of promptly paying for all such ar- 
 ticles as you may purchase under my instructions, and for meeting 
 such other expenses as you may incur in the inspection, storage 
 and transportation of articles purchased; and also to pay such 
 agents, workmen, and other help as you may require in the prompt 
 discharge of your duties. 
 
 [Signed,] "JOSE M. J. GARVAJAL, 
 
 "Governor of Tamaulipas and San Luis Potosi, acting for said 
 States and the United States of Mexico." 
 
 THE FINANCIAL CONTRACT BETWEEN THE MEXICAN GOVERNMENT AND 
 J. W. CORLISS & CO., OF NEW YORK. 
 
 Being advised by the last preceding agreement of General Car- 
 vajal with me that he was arranging a contract with the house of 
 Corliss & Co., similar in its objects to the one previously con- 
 cluded with Woodhouse & Co., I returned at once to New York 
 2 
 
18 
 
 to obtain more particular information regarding this new contract, 
 and the prospects of realizing funds thereby. On my arrival in 
 New York, General Carvajal and Messrs. Corliss & Co. explained 
 to me that a contract had been made between them, which was, in 
 substance, that the former, acting for his Government, had author- 
 ized the latter to sell the bonds of the Mexican Republic, and Mr. 
 J. N. Tifft, a member of the firm, had been constituted Financial 
 Agent of the Mexican Government. Messrs. Corliss & Co. ex- 
 pressed the belief that under this new contract, by the aid of their 
 extensive business acquaintance, sufficient funds would be realized 
 in a short time to carry out the contemplated purposes, which had 
 before so disastrously failed. 
 
 MEXICAN ASSURANCES, UNDER THE NEW FINANCIAL ARRANGEMENT. 
 
 I returned to General Carvajal, for cancellation, the two drafts 
 he had previously given me on Woodhouse's concern, and received 
 instead thereof two others, for like sums, on the house of Corliss & 
 Co., dated September 12th, 1865 ; and was promised by Mr. Tifft 
 that these drafts should be paid from the first funds that should 
 come into his possession to the credit of the Mexican Government.* 
 
 I AM DIRECTED TO RESUME MY LABORS MY POWERS FROM THE MEXI- 
 CAN GOVERNMENT. 
 
 After full conference with General Carvajal, General Wallace, 
 Mr. Tiff"t, and several prominent Mexican citizens then in New 
 York, in whose judgment the former had confidence, it was deci- 
 ded that I should resume, with all possible energy, the execution of 
 General CarvajaFs plans, as contemplated in his letter to me of 
 August 2oth, 1865, supra. He directed me to proceed to those 
 duties at once, stating at the same time, to all those present at the 
 conference, that he had given me full instructions and vested me 
 with plenary powers, in addition to my other duties, to act as Se- 
 cret Agent of the Mexican Government, and that he had promised 
 me the requisite funds to meet all the obligations I should incur in 
 the discharge of m^ several duties. 
 
 f-Assurances to the same effect were subsequently repeated to me at many times, and in the pres- 
 ence of various witnesses; and even as late as July and August, ISGG, when— as I shall more par- 
 ticularly describe further on,— I despatched the first three cargoes of military stores to Mexico, 
 Mr. Tifft assured not only me, but those from whom I had obtained credit for goods already de- 
 livered, or with whom I had made contracts, that these drafts would be duly honored. 
 
19 
 
 A LAND GRANT. 
 
 As a reward for the many special extraordinary services of a se- 
 cret nature I had already performed, and as an additional incentive 
 to renewed exertions, General Carvajal, on the 21st of September, 
 1865, for and on the part of the Mexican Government, granted to 
 me and my two brothers, who had been laboring -with me in the 
 cause, a patent for fifty acres of mining lands and one square league 
 of agricultural lands of the public domain of Mexico, in the State 
 of Tamaulipas or San Luis Potosi, and executed in due and bind- 
 ing form. 
 
 I 
 
 ENLISTING PUBLIC SENTIMENT IN BEHALF OF THE MEXICAN CAUSE. 
 
 Induced by these agreements and promises of the Mexican Gov- 
 ernment, I and my agents traveled from point to point, laboring to 
 the best of our ability, and with much success, to awaken an in- 
 terest in the cause of the Mexican people, and using every availa- 
 ble instrumentality in our power to gain the favor and support of 
 the organs of public sentiment^— the newspapers, influential public 
 men, and so forth. 
 
 FAILURE OF THE PROPOSED MEXICAN LOAN — FlfTANCIAL EXTREMITIES OP 
 THE MEXICAN GOVERNMENT. 
 
 In October, 1865, the Financial Agency of the Mexican Republic 
 in New York, was formally opened by Messrs. Corliss & Co., and 
 its bonds offered for sale; and although this house extensively ad- 
 vertised the loan and strove to make it popular, the attempt was a 
 complete failure ; it found no takers ; and success seemed impos- 
 sible. In fact so low had Mexicin credit sunk, and so trifling was 
 the value attached to Mexican bonds at this time, that (as I can 
 substantiate by many witnesses) some of the refugees of that na- 
 tion were refused so paltry an article as a loaf of bread for $500, 
 and even $1,000, in Mexican bonds, which they were constrained 
 to offer, in the extremities to which they had been reduced for food. 
 And during all this time, and up to the period of General Carva- 
 jal's return to his country, in May, 1866, I was obliged, out of my 
 own means or such as I could obtain on my own credit, to provide 
 for much of the personal expenditures of that officer and a number 
 of other citizens of his country then in New York — in several in- 
 stances, even food and clothing, — since no funds had yet been 
 realized through the Financial Agency. 
 
20 
 
 AN EXPRESS rO.V IN FAVOR OF THE MEXICAN RSPUBLrC BY THE INDIANA 
 
 LEGISLATURE. 
 
 I continued my exertions, and in December, 1865, succeeded in 
 obtaining from the Legislature of Indiana an expression, in the 
 form of a concurrent resolution of both Houses, reaffirming the 
 principles of the Monroe Doctrine, and favoring the intervention of 
 the United States in Mexican affairs, to the end that the Maximil- 
 ian Empire might be disestablished, and the government of the 
 people restored. This resolution of the Legislature of my State, 
 vi^ith but one vote in dissent, was, I believe, the first expression of 
 a legislative body in this country, advocating the intervention of 
 the United States in favor of the Republican Government of the 
 people of Mexico, as against the Empire sought to be established 
 there by European Monarchical influences, was the precursor of 
 similar action by other legislative bodies, and had a marked effect 
 in arousing the people of this country from their inattention to a 
 subject of such vital concernment to them as the establishment of 
 an Empire in an adjacent Republic, by a foreign usurper, aided and 
 upheld by foreign bayonets. 
 
 WHAT WAS DONE TO OBTAIN AID FROM THE GOVERNMENT OF TUE UNIThD 
 
 STATES DIRECT. 
 
 After pursuing my labors in various parts of the West I returned 
 to New York in January 1866, for the purpose of carrying out a 
 programme I had proposed to General Carvajal and General Wal- 
 lace as early as August 1865, namely, to endeavor to obtain aid 
 for Mexico directly from the Government of the United States, 
 through Congress. To put this idea into form, the Financial 
 Agent, Mr. TifFt, then suggested the particular plan of obtaining 
 the guaranty of a Mexican loan by the United States; and on the 
 5th January, 1866, I went to Washington, for the purpose of co- 
 operating with Mr. Tift in securing the consummation of this pro- 
 ject, and in obedience to a written direction, as follows: 
 
 "New York, January 5, 1866. 
 " General: 
 
 "As yet no money has been realized from the sale of boiids, a)3d 
 my country being in the utmost need of money and means to de- 
 fend itself against foreign aggression, it becomes necessary for tis 
 to invoke the aid of the American Government, either in the way 
 
21 
 
 of money or the loan of its credit, to enable us to obtain the neces- 
 sary means from the citizens of the United States. 
 
 " I therefore request you to proceed to Washington, as Confi- 
 dential Agent of my Government heretofore appointed, for the 
 purpose of aiding Mr. J. N. Tifft, the Financial Agent of the Re- 
 public of Mexico, in obtaining from the Government of the United 
 States either a direct loan of moneys, or a guaranty of a Mexican 
 loan to the amount of — say, from forty millions to fifty millions 
 dollars. 
 
 " Whatever expenses may be necessary for you to incur in ac- 
 complishing this object will be provided for. 
 
 (Signed), "JOSE M. J. CARVAJAL, 
 
 " Major-General Mexican Army. 
 " General Herman Sturm, 
 
 Confidential Agent of the Republic of Mexico." 
 
 HOW^ AND WHY THE EFFORTS TO OBTAIN DIRECT AID FROM THE AMER- 
 ICAN GOVERNMENT FAILED OF SUCCESS. 
 
 I remained in Washington almost continuously, from January 
 until the close of the session in July, endeavoring by all available 
 agencies to obtain from this Government the wished-for assistance; 
 in aid of which efforts I engaged able counsel, and the co-operation 
 of a large number of influential men of the country. But the 
 Mexican Government was laboring under such a complication of 
 embarrassments, that when one difficulty had been surmounted, 
 fresh ones took its place. It was a most difficult undertaking to 
 get the government or people of this country to involve themselves 
 for the sake of a cause so unpromising, and unrecommended by 
 good faith or credit. The public distrust of Mexican faith, by 
 reason of the unfulfilled obligations of former agents of that Gov- 
 ernment in this country ; the active intrigues of General Ortega, 
 the Chief Justice and Vice President of the Mexican Republic, and 
 claiming to be the de jure President thereof, who was now in this 
 country asserting his claim and embarrassing the efforts in behalf 
 of the de facto government; the machinations of Maximilian's 
 agents; the intrigues of that selfish schemer Santa Anna, who had 
 recently arrived in this country ; the doubtful issue of the contest 
 in Mexico ; the inability to forecast the future of that country, — 
 all these, and other like great obstacles, so destroyed public confi- 
 dence in the stability or reliability of the Mexican Government, 
 
22 
 
 that (although I had the full and hearty co-operation of Mr. Ro- 
 mero) the effort to obtain from the American Congress a guaranty 
 of the proposed Mexican loan proved futile. This Government 
 was too much concerned in the grave problems of Reconstruction 
 and Finance at home, to involve itself in a foreign cause so doubt- 
 ful and so blemished by broken faith. 
 
 DIFFICULTIKS OF OBTAINING ASSISTANCE FROM THK PEOPLE OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 While engaged, as I have been relating, in endeavoring to pro- 
 cure the endorsement by this Government of the Mexican loan, I 
 nevertheless continued, vvithout interruption, my efforts to obtain 
 aid from individual citizens of this country, and to procure supplies 
 for the bonds of Mexico, since they could not be sold for money. 
 But the same influences which disinclined the Government of the 
 United States to aid Mexico had a like effect on its citizens. It 
 was an up-hill business, this laboring to obtain material a.id on a 
 credit that so many influences conspired to destroy. 
 
 Of one other obstacle, different in its character from those I have 
 been describing, and, perhaps, the most serious of all, I must speak 
 in particular. A great majority of the influential journals of this 
 country — mindful of the past history of Mexico as being the the- 
 ater of disorder, revolutions and intestine wars, familiar with the 
 reputation of that nation for treachery and bad faith, and judging 
 of its present and future by its past, — had no confidence in its 
 promises now, and opposed all the plans for obtaining assistance 
 in this country : while others, still more hostile, denied the capacity 
 of the Mexican people for self-government, and warmly advocated 
 the perpetuation of the Empire lately set up in that country, which, 
 if it took from the people that which they called liberty, yet gave 
 them a stable, permanent government, capable of maintaining the 
 peace, order and security of society. And I had also to encounter, 
 without resources, and with promises-to-pay that had no credit, 
 except what my assurances might give them, the industrious oppo- 
 sition of agents of foreign Governments interested in the success 
 of The Empire in Mexico, or at least in the prolongation of the 
 war in that country, and having both money and credit in abund- 
 ance. 
 
 SUCCESS IN SPITE OF OBSTACLES. 
 
 Spite of all these obstacles, I had succeeded by the 1st of May 
 
23 
 
 in obtaining promises, from different parties, for a large quantity of 
 war material, and the ships required for its transportation to 
 Mexico; which success was largely facilitated — as I may state, in 
 justice to that officer — by General Carvajal, whose patriotism, 
 zeal, ready command of our language, and knowledge of our peo- 
 ple (having been educated at Bethany College, Virginia,) enabled 
 him better than any other citizen of his country then in the United 
 States, to enlighten, respecting Mexican affairs, those with whom 
 my negotiations brought him in contact. 
 
 AN INTERVIEW WITH MINISTER ROMERO HOW HE PI-EDGED HIS COUN- 
 TRY TO GOOD FAITH WITH AMERICAN CREDITORS. 
 
 Perceiving my success in obtaining supplies for the Mexican 
 army. General Carvajal was desirous of returning to his own coun- 
 try ; but previous to his departure went to Washington, early in 
 May, in company with the Mexican General Trevino, to confer 
 with the Mexican Minister; and, on the evening of General Car- 
 vajal's departure for New York, I was summoned to attend a con- 
 ference between these gentlemen. At this interview, in the pres- 
 ence of General Trevino and Mr. Tifft, the Financial Agent, Mr. 
 Romero — though expressing himself as exceedingly dubious of my 
 ability to effect any purchases for Mexican bonds, knowing as he 
 did his country's utter want of credit abroad, and the embarrassing 
 complications in which Mexican affairs were involved — declared, 
 both to General Carvajal and myself, his entire satisfaction with all 
 my labors, and then and there assured us that the utmost good 
 faith should be kept with those with whom I had entered, or should 
 hereafter enter, into engagements. How well these pledges have 
 been kept by the Government of which Mr. Romero was at that 
 time the representative in this country, will appear hereafter in this 
 account. 
 
 MY FINAL INSTRUCTIONS FROM GENERAL CARVAJAL. 
 
 May 14th, in obedience to a request by telegraph, I went to New 
 York to receive from General Carvajal ray final instructions, which 
 were inclosed with the following letter handed me by him : 
 
 " New York, May 15, 1866. 
 '■'■General: 
 
 " I am about to return to my Military Department. All your 
 proceedings, contracts, etc., heretofore done conformably to your 
 
24 • 
 
 authorization, given by me, March 1st and August 25th, 1865, 
 which have been approved by me, you are hereby directed to exe- 
 cute and carry out according to the spirit and letter of the said au- 
 thorization : but whatever new engagements or contracts you may 
 make in the future under said authorization, must be in concert 
 with Major General Lew. Wallace and Senor M. Romero, Mexi- 
 can Minister Resident, at Washington. 
 " Very respectfully, 
 [Signed,] " "JOSE M. J. CARVAJAL, 
 
 " Major General Mexican Army. 
 " General H. Sturm." 
 
 General Carvajal returned to Mexico on the 19th of May, 1866, 
 leaving General Wallace as his Military Rep, «tative, Mr. W. 
 F. Stocking, his Private Secretary, and his book-keeper, Mr. W. C. 
 Peckham, in New York, who were to follow him on the first vessel 
 I should dispatch to Matamoras. On the day of his departure, be- 
 ing then in Washington, I received from General Carvajal a com- 
 munication inclosing for my information and benefit translated 
 copies of his letters of authority from his Government, by virtue 
 of which he had entered into the compacts with me hereinbefore 
 related. I first give his communication : 
 
 ^ " New York, May 16, 1866. 
 
 '■^ General H. Sturm: Herewith I transmit to you for your in- 
 formation, copies of my authority from the Republican Government 
 of Mexico, dated 12th of November, 1865, translated into English? 
 empowering me to contract a loan, buy arms, etc., etc., and admit 
 foreign troops into the National service; also, another, dated 8th of 
 November, 1865, naming me Governor and Military Commander 
 of the State of Tamaulipas, with full and legislative powers. 
 
 " My authority as Governor of San Luis Potosi is also authenti- 
 cated, but too lengthy and connected with other irrelevant matter, 
 and is, moreover, unnecessary here. 
 
 " I also send you a copy of translation of a modification of my 
 powers subsequently by the Government, in favor of Senor M. 
 Romero, Minister Plenipotentiary for my Republic at Washington 
 City, requiring his approbation of any future contracts I might 
 make. Respectfully, your friend and obt. servant, 
 
 (Signed,) "JOSE M. J. CARVAJAL, 
 
 Agent for Mexican Republic." 
 
25 
 
 Accompanying the foregoing communication, were the annexed 
 three translations — the first, of General Carvajal's appointment by 
 the Government as Governor and Military Commander of the State 
 of Tamaulipas; the second, of his authorization by his Govern- 
 ment to come to this country to obtain material aid for the Mexi- 
 can army; and the third, of the decree of his Government direct- 
 ing Senor Romero to assume certain responsibilities and powers in 
 concert with General Carvajal under the authorization given the 
 latter. The following is the translation of 
 
 GENERAL CARVAJAl's APPOINTMENT AND POWERS AS GOVERNOR OF 
 
 TAMAULIPAS. 
 
 "Department of War "The Citizen Minister of Foreign Re- 
 AND THE Navy, Repub- lations and Government imparts to me, 
 Lie OF Mexico. Sec 1. under date of to-day, the following: 'With 
 this date, I say to the Citizen General J. M. J. Carvajal, what fol- 
 lows : 
 
 'Having received advices which produce the doubt as to whether 
 the Citizen General Juan N. Cortinas has ceased to exercise the 
 government and military command of the State of Tamaulipas, 
 and desiring to avoid the great evils consequent upon the prolong- 
 ed absence of the first civil and military authority of the said 
 State, the Citizen President of the Republic has thought proper to 
 direct, that if the Citizen General Cortinas should have actually 
 relinquished the exercise of said duties, as soon as you receive this 
 communication, you enter upon the discharge of the same, as Gov- 
 ernor and Military Commander of the State aforesaid : being here- 
 by amply authorized to dispose of all the military forces within the 
 same, of whatever denomination ; to organize and augment as far 
 as possible the forces of the National Guards; to dispose of all 
 revenues connected with the State, as well those properly belong- 
 ing to the same, as those pertaining to the Federal Treasury, and 
 to provide ways and means ; to arbitrate and decree such other im- 
 posts as may be necessary in order to uphold the cause of the in- 
 dependence and the institutions of the Republic. 
 
 ' I have the honor to communicate it to you as relates to the ap- 
 pointment of Governor, and I transcribe the present to the Citizen 
 Minister of War, that he may be pleased to transcribe it to you as 
 far as relates to the military command.' 
 
 "I transcribe it to you with the object aforesaid, and I transcribe 
 
26 
 
 it to you as relates to the appointment of military command, and 
 for the purpose attendant thereupon. 
 " Liberty and Independence. 
 
 " Chihuahua, November 8, 1864. 
 
 "NEGRETE. 
 *' To tlie Citizen General J. M. J. CarvajaV 
 
 " The foregoing is a true copy of translation of my authority as 
 Governor and Military Commander of the State of Tamaulipas. 
 (Signed,) "JOSE M. J. CARVAJAL." 
 
 The authenticity of the above translation and the original thereof 
 is also attested by the certiticate of Juan N. Navarro, at that time 
 the Consul-General of Mexico at New York. 
 
 GENERAL CARVAJAL's AUTHORIZATION AS COMMISSIONER OF MEXICO TO 
 OBTAIN MATERIAL AID AND RAISE FUNDS IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 The following is General Carvajal's Commission, as translated 
 by him for me, from the Mexican Government, which he had come 
 to this country to execute, and under which he had entered into 
 the agreements and covenants with me before mentioned : 
 Ministry for Foreign " Having taken into consideration what 
 Relations and Inter- you formerly proposed at the City of 
 NAL Government; De- Monterey, and what you now further 
 partment for Foreign propose through a commissioner, in refer- 
 Relations, Section of ence to the fact that you can facilitate 
 Chancery. the advent of foreigners to augment the 
 
 forces that are to sustain the cause of the Republic; procuring at 
 the same time arms and munitions of war ; and procuring likewise 
 abroad the pecuniary resources which the realization of both these 
 objects demand: — The Citizen President of the Republic, consider- 
 ing that, by the occupation of Tampico and that which may have 
 been efiected at the port of Matamoras, it is more expedient, under 
 these circumstances, to admit foreigners in order to augment the 
 National forces, having as one of their principal objects the recov- 
 ery of those ports; and confiding in your ability and accredited 
 patriotism, — has thought proper to direct in Cabinet Council, that 
 you be authorized for the aforesaid objects under the following 
 bases : 
 
 ^^First, That the number of foreigners you may engage for the 
 service of the Republic shall be from one thousand to ten thousand. 
 
27 
 
 with the understanding that, by the mere act of entering into the 
 service, they shall be considered as citizens of Mexico, according 
 to the laws now in force, and shall remain in all respects subject to 
 the laws of the Republic. 
 
 ^'■Second, That the foreigners so engaged shall receive, during the 
 term of service, the pay marked out for each class in the respective 
 military tariffs of the Republic; having also a right, in conformity 
 with the law of the 11th August of the present year, to receive the 
 bounty allowed in the same, when their term of service shall have 
 terminated, by having been disabled during the same, or by the 
 actual termination of the foreign war. 
 
 ^^ Third, That you may contract for the purchase, at ordinary 
 prices, of as many as forty thousand rifles or muskets for infantry, 
 and as many as three thousand of the divers arms for cavalry ; as 
 well as some batteries of rifled cannon and light or mountain ar- 
 tillery, and a proportional quantity of munitions of war. 
 
 '■'■Fourth, That in contracting for the purchase of arras and muni- 
 tions, you may assign and obligate for their payment whatever may 
 be necessary of the revenues of the State of Tamaulipas — as well 
 those properly belonging to the State as those of the Federation 
 collected within the same, — and the products of the ports on its 
 coast; allowing to the contractors, if it be necessary, an interest at 
 the rate of six per centum per annum, more or less, until such sums 
 or loans shall have been paid ; having a right also to consign for 
 said payment ['■pudiendo consignardis^ ) the product of duties from 
 customs, with a discount not exceeding the maximum of what is 
 customary in said parties, according to the latest authorization of 
 the Government. 
 
 ^^ Fifth, That under the same obligation and consignment of the 
 public revenues, and with the same concession and discount upon 
 the duties from customs, according to what is expressed in the pre- 
 ceeding bases, you may contract a loan in foreign countries to such 
 an amount as you may consider necessary, according to the num- 
 ber of foreigners that may be engaged, as well for defraying the ex- 
 penses of their transportation to the Republic, as for the payment 
 of their salaries for one or two years : provided, that the authority 
 vested for contracting a loan shall have reference to that respect- 
 ing the engagement.of foreigners ; that there may be a due propor- 
 tion between the number of men engaged and the amount of the 
 loan, in order to guard against the occurrence afterwards of serioua 
 
28 
 
 difficulties for the" maintenance of the forces composed of the 
 former. 
 
 ^' Sixth, That the obligations you may contract in the name of 
 the Republic and of its Government shall be upon condition, that 
 when said arms and munitions shall have actually arrived upon 
 the territory of Mexico, then, and not before, shall such obligations 
 be considered as perfect and obligatory; and when such amounts 
 of said loan shall have actually been received, shall such obliga- 
 tions be esteemed as perfect and binding on the Republic. 
 
 ^^ Seventh, That the foreigners that you may admit to come and 
 render their services shall be incorporated with the forces under 
 your command; the whole of them remaining subject to your 
 orders. 
 
 '■'■Eighth, That in the capacity of Chief of said forces, you shall 
 have all the authority necessary for organizing them, and for con- 
 ferring upon the militia or upon foreigners volunteering to serve, 
 military commissions up to the rank of Colonel, as required by the 
 organization, conferring such degrees as National Guards, or as 
 Auxiliaries of the Army ; and also recognizing in said foreigners 
 the degrees or rank they may have had in other countries; retain- 
 ing or considering them, likewise, as belonging to the National 
 Guards, or in the capacity of volunteers, or auxiliaries in the army 
 — as you may direct at the time of recognizing the same. 
 
 ^'■Ninth, That in all that relates to the command of those forces 
 which you shall have subject to your orders, and to their opera- 
 tions in the field, you shall be subject only to the Supreme Gov- 
 ernment, reporting directly to the same as General-in-Chief of forces 
 in active service; although maintaining — as regards the authority, 
 civil and military, whose territories said forces may pass over, especi- 
 ally of the State of Tamaulipas, should you not be discharging the 
 duties of Governor and Military Commander of the same — the 
 necessary harmony, in conformity with what has been imparted to 
 you in a separate communication. 
 
 '■'■Tenth, That the period of one year, reckoning from this date, 
 shall be the time in which you may, by virtue of the authorizations 
 wherewith you are vested, contract for arms and munitions, as well 
 as a loan, and admit foreigners into the service of the Republic; 
 said especial authorizations now given you, relative to the three 
 points above cited, ceasing to be in force after the expiration of one 
 year : and I communicate it to you, recommending that you will 
 
29 
 
 be pleased to transmit timely reports of what you may transact 
 in view of these authorizations, 
 
 " Liberty and Independence. , 
 
 (Signed), " LERDO BE TEJADA. 
 
 " Chihuahua, November 12th, 1864. 
 
 "To the Citizen General J. M. J. Carvajal, Soto La Marina, or 
 where he may be." 
 
 " The foregoing is a true copy of translation of my authority 
 from Supreme Government, for the purpose therein contained. 
 (Signed), "JOSE M. J. CARVAJAL." 
 
 To which Senor Juan N. Navarro, Consul-General of the Mexican 
 Republic in the United States at that time, attached the annexed 
 certificate : 
 
 " Certifico que la firma anterior del C. Jose M. J. Carvajal es la 
 misma que acostumbra usar en todos sus negocios. 
 
 " NuEVA York, Mayo 16, de 1866. [seal.] 
 
 (Signed), "JUAN N. NAVARRO." 
 
 SENOR ROMERO, MEXICAN MINISTER TO THE UNITED STATES, IS DIRECTED 
 TO EXERCISE CERTAIN POWERS AND AUTHORITI IN THE EXECUTION OF 
 GENERAL CARVAJAL'S COMMISSION. 
 
 The following is an extract from a dispatch addressed by Senor 
 Lerdo de Tejada, Minister of Foreign Relations of the Mexican 
 Republic, to Senor Romero, Minister Plenipotentiary and Envoy 
 
 Extraordinary, at Washington : 
 
 » * * * * * ****** 
 
 " The President has resolved that General Carvajal must proceed 
 in concert with you, and that it is necessary that he may previously 
 obtain your approval to what he may hereafter do in fultillraent of 
 his authorization. With that purpose, besides your conforming 
 yourself to the several instructions that I have communicated to 
 you, or shall hereafter direct, you shall observe the following: 
 
 '■''First. You shall approve what General Carvajal may do in due 
 fulfihment of his authority, if you deem it advantageous to the 
 cause of the Republic, — even should the act of the said General 
 seem more onerous than any other arrangement pending, if the lat- 
 ter have less probability of being realized, without a very injurious 
 delay. 
 
 '■'■ Second. It shall not be your duty to approve whatever General 
 Carvajal might do in fulfillment of all his authorizations, or a part 
 
30 
 
 thereof, in case that there should arise any difficulties in regard to 
 another secret project, which, in your judgment, could have a suf- 
 ficient probability of being performed with greater advantage. 
 
 " Third. The Government relies on your patriotism, capacity and 
 discretion ; and instructs you that, without omitting to try to pro- 
 cure the best, you may choose among those agreements which, in 
 your judgment, may not be absolutely bad, that one which shall 
 offer a greater security, or more probability of being the soonest 
 
 carried out. 
 
 * « * * » * * 
 
 [Signed,] "LERDO de TEJADA. 
 
 «*Chihuahua, July 13, 1865." 
 
 " I certify the foregoing to be a true translation of a part of an 
 official dispatch ixom the Secretary of State of the Republic of 
 Mexico, Senor Lerdo de Tejada, to General Jose M. J. Carvajal, 
 transcribing the last instructions of the Mexican Government to 
 its Minister Plenipotentiary, Senor M. Romero. 
 
 "New York, October 2, 1865. 
 
 [Signed,] "FRANCISCO ZARCO." 
 
 "A true copy of translation. 
 
 [Signed,] " CARVAJAL." 
 
 I ADVISE MR. ROMERO OP MY SUCCESS IN PROCURING MUNITIONS, CHAR- 
 TERING TRANSPORTS, ETC., AND HIS GRATIFICATION THEREAT. 
 
 I proceeded with the work of preparing for shipment to General 
 Carvajal the supplies I had so far obtained ; and on the morning 
 of the 9th of July, advised Mr. Romero that I was now ready to 
 ship to his country the first installment of the munitions I had suc- 
 ceeded in purchasing for Mexican bonds, and had also engaged 
 for their transportation, two steamers, likewise for bonds, and gave 
 him full particulars of the favorable terms on which I had been 
 able to effect these engagements, namely: that I had contracted 
 with two responsible firms in New York City, at fair prices, for all 
 the arras and other Ordnance stores, and with equally reliable es- 
 tablishments for the medical and other stores required by General 
 Carvajal (all of which contracts had already been approved by 
 General Carvajal prior to his departure,) — amounting in the ag- 
 gregate to over -^2,500,000 ; for all of which I had agreed to pay 
 to the said vendors bonds of the Mexican Republic, at the rate of 
 
31 
 
 sixty per centum of their par value, within sixty days after the de- 
 livery of these stores to me in New York, — unless, as General Car- 
 vajal himself had promised the vendors, he should be able to pay 
 the cash for these purchases immediately on their receipt at Mata- 
 moras. 
 
 This information elicited expressions of surprise and gratification 
 from Mr. Romero. My success had evidently been much greater 
 than he had anticipated, for I observed that even then, in spi'e of 
 these assurances of positive appreciable success, he was yet incred- 
 ulous that actual tangible benefits would result from my endeavors 
 to obtain aid on the credit of his country. His surprise increased 
 when I informed him that 1 had effected a partial arrangement for 
 the purchase of a small gunboat, fully equipped, which I believed 
 would be of great service in assisting the recapture of Tampico, 
 and which I had arranged to obtain for bonds at a reasonable price. 
 I explained, that although requested by General Carvajal to pur- 
 chase such a vessel, I nevertheless felt that to send a war-vessel 
 from this country to aid the Mexican Government against its ene- 
 mies, was a delicate transaction, requiring more extraordinary pre- 
 caution than the simple shipment of arms in transports, and I there- 
 fore desired to have his opinion respecting the policy of the pro- 
 posed measure, and, if favorable, his consent. He promised an 
 early answer, and was so pleased w4th the project that he instruct- 
 ed me at once to ascertain the price of the vessel. 
 
 now PERMISSION WAS OBTAINED OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT 
 TO SHIP MUNITIONS TO MEXICO. 
 
 To avoid the possibility of difficulty, and in accordance with my 
 fixed purpose to engage in no enterprise disapproved of by my 
 Government, T requested Mr. Romero to accompany me to a gen- 
 tleman who at that time held a very high rank and position in the 
 Army of the United States, with the object of apprising him of 
 our contemplated enterprise, and, if possible, to obtain through him 
 from our Government a certificate of permission to ship military 
 stores from New York to Mexico, via Texas. Mr. Romero agreed 
 to the propriety of this course, and arranged I should meet him at 
 the office of the gentleman referred to, a few hours later. At this 
 meeting I showed the Mexican Minister a dispatch just received 
 from the owner of the gunboat, stating that he would sell me the 
 vessel for ^88,000, United States currency, payable in Mexican 
 
32 
 
 bonds at the authorized rate. After consulting with the Officer of 
 whom I have been speaking, Mr. Romero directed me to purchase 
 the gunboat, also some torpedoes, and send them to the Mexican 
 Government The Officer then very kindly agreed to obtain from 
 our Government, without delay, the requisite permit for the ship- 
 ment of these purchases to Mexico, via Brownsville, Texas, and 
 at the same time gave me a letter to facilitate my agent at the last 
 named place. 
 
 .1 have gone into these details that I might show how careful I 
 was, in all these transactions, to violate no law of this country ; 
 how fully I acted in accordance with Mr. Romero's instructions; 
 and that he approved of alt I did. 
 
 The promised permit from the Secretary of the Treasury for the 
 shipment of supplies from this country to Mexico was received by 
 me, in New York, July 11th, and was as follows: 
 
 " Treasury Department, 
 Washington, D. C, July 10, 1866. 
 
 "*SiV: Your letter of this date is received, requesting permission 
 to ship from New York to Brownsville, Texas, in transitu, for a 
 foreign market, certain Ordnance and Ordnance Stores, as specified 
 in an invoice enclosed therewith. 
 
 '' In reply, you are respectfully informed that the matter has been 
 duly considered, and in accordance with the determination arrived 
 at on the subject, you are hereby permitted to ship the said articles 
 as requ(>sted by you, of which permission the Collector at New 
 York has been duly notified. 
 
 "Yours very respectfully, 
 (Signed,) ''H. M'CULLOCH, 
 
 Secretary of the Treasury. 
 "iJ. >Stwm, Esq., Neic York:' 
 
 MR. ROMERO IS NOTIFIED THAT I AM RK DY TO SHIP THE FIRST CARGO 
 OF MUMTIOKS to MEXICO. 
 
 On the 14th of July, I notified Mr. Romero, by post, that the 
 steamer "J. W. Everman," one of the two steamers chartered by 
 me, would be ready to sail from New York in a few days, with a 
 cargo of military stores for the Mexican army, and at the same 
 time requested him to notify the Mexican officers whom he desir- 
 ed, as he had stated to me, to take passage on this vessel to report 
 to me without delay. To which Mr. Romero replied, next day ; 
 
33 
 
 " I have received your letter of yesterday. I request the officers 
 who are awaiting transportation to Brownsville to report to you at 
 the time and place appointed. I am glad to hear that matters are 
 going on well, and expect to have a more detailed account of your 
 operations." 
 
 SHIPMENT OF A CARGO OF MUNITIONS TO MATAMORAS. 
 
 In fulfillment of my promise to the Mexican Minister, the steam- 
 er " Everman," on the 26th of July, sailed from the harbor of New 
 York for Mataraoras, with a large and assorted cargo of munitions, 
 and taking out to Mexico Major-General Lewis Wallace, several 
 other citizens of this country — who had been engaged by General 
 Carvajal — and a number of Mexican officers, whom Senor Romero 
 took this means of returning to their country. The ship and cargo, 
 in pursuance of General Carvajal's direction, were in charge of his 
 Private Secretary, Mr. Wilbur F. Stocking, as Supercargo. 
 
 I did not permit this event to transpire without making the most 
 of it. The "Everman" was escorted to sea by two steam tugs, 
 containing a large number of prominent citizens of this country, 
 who cheered the departing ship: to be brief, no means were spared 
 by me to surround this occasion — the first tangible public proof of 
 the success of my efforts, after contending for long months with 
 discouraging obstacles — with all possible eclat. I sent the muni- 
 tions to Mexico to be used against her enemies ; I sought to make 
 capital out of this success in the United States, by arousing pop- 
 ular enthusiasm in behalf of the cause I was striving to aid. 
 
 GRATIFYING INFLUENCE OF THE LAST MENTIONED SUCCESS. 
 
 The successful shipment of this cargo from the chief city of the 
 United States, with all the attendant circumstances of any legiti- 
 mate enterprise, was a blow to the enemies of the cause of the 
 Mexican Republic. The journals of the country proclaimed the 
 event to the people, in all its details, conspicuously, and with edit- 
 orial comments. Many of them declared that Mexican prospects 
 were brightening, and Mexican credit rapidly gaining, and ener- 
 getically advocated the cause; while those who had been hostile 
 from the first did the cause an equally good service, by changing 
 their former tone of ridicule or derision to one of seriousness, and 
 anticipating the despatch of more vessels on similar missions, call- 
 3 
 
34 ^ 
 
 ed upon the Government to interfere and prohibit the event from 
 being followed by others of a like character. 
 
 The shipment of this cargo, by reason of the publicity given the 
 occurrence, had, also, another gratifying influence. The people of 
 the United States, ignorant of the means I had employed to obtain 
 these supplies, and the vessel that bore them, became persuaded 
 that the financial resources of Mexico must be much greater than 
 common report had allowed, and the credit of the Mexican nation 
 suddenly gained largely in the public estimation. I need not say 
 I was very much gratified at this, for it was the resillt I had hoped 
 and labored for from the beginning. It mattered not that the aid 
 had been obtained by all sorts of shifts and expedients, and with 
 no better security for payment than mere promises to deliver Mexi- 
 can promises to pay, sixty days after the sailing of this vessel, in- 
 stead of payment in cash ; the eflect on the public mind was all the 
 same ; the credit of the Mexican Republic was exalted from its 
 previous low estate. 
 
 MR. Romero's gratification at the result or my effokts. 
 
 The departure of the "Everman'' I at once communicated to 
 Senor Romero, and the gratification of that gentleman at this in- 
 telligence can best be shown by the following extract from his let- 
 ter of reply : 
 
 * * * * * * * ***** 
 
 "I have just received your favor of yesterday, by which I am in- 
 formed that, on Thursday last, the steamer 'Everman' left New 
 York for Brazos, with a cargo of arms and munitions for the Mexi- 
 can forces on the Rio Grande. 
 
 "I am glad to have this news that I communicate to my Gov- 
 ernment." 
 
 * »* ** *« «* **» 
 
 THE MEXICAN MINISTER'S SOLICITUDE FOR SUCCESS. 
 
 On the 1st of August, Mr. Romero sent to me another Mexican 
 officer, to be provided with a passage to his country on the next 
 vessel I should dispatch there, the " Suwanee ;" by which vessel 1 
 ^vas expecting to transmit, in a few days, another cargo of muni- 
 tions to General Carvajal, at Matamoras. And on the same day, 
 the Mexican Minister wrote to me as follows: — 
 
35 
 
 " I was sorry to see what the World published day before yes- 
 terday. Will that do any harm ? " 
 
 [The Mexican Minister here refers to the account given in the 
 New York World, of the sailing of the "Evennan;" which was 
 anything but unfriendly in its nature, but which he nevertheless 
 feared might, for other reasons, have a prejudicial effect. I have 
 introduced this, with other extracts from Mr. Romero's correspond- 
 ence, of no particular importance in themselves, to show that the 
 Mexican Minister at that time attached great importance to the 
 enterprises I was engaged in, and was very solicitous for their suc- 
 cess ; although, since the fortunate termination of the war for the 
 overthrow of the Empire, a portion of the Mexican press and the 
 Government of that country seem to have indifferently appreciated 
 the value of the aid I was instrumental in obtaining for their 
 cause]. 
 
 THE GUNBOAT " SHERIDAN" FITTED OUT AND SENT TO MEXICO. 
 
 On the 6th of August, after encountering a variety of difficulties 
 in fitting out that vessel for her voyage, I at length succeeded in 
 dispatching the gunboat " Sheridan" to Brazos, thence to be de- 
 livered to the Mexican Government. The vessel had on board the 
 persons selected by General Carvajal for her officers and crew after 
 her arrival in Mexican waters, and whom he had expressly directed 
 me to send out with the vessel. 
 
 REVIVAL OF OLD OBSTACLES, AND NEW ONES ADDED. 
 
 The success of this enterprise, following so close upon the dis- 
 patch of the cargo of supplies by the " Everman," set the hostile 
 influences to work again ; and as frequently happens v/ith unscru- 
 pulous enemies, they endeavored to effect by stratagem what other 
 means had proven insufficient to accomplish. The chiefs and re- 
 presentatives of the discontented Mexican factions then in this 
 country — such as Ortega and Santa Anna, — in order to defeat our 
 efforts and advance their own selfish aspirations, caused various 
 unfounded rumors to be put into circulation. These malcontents, 
 among other resorts, endeavored to destroy Mexican credit — the 
 little that had been with so much difficulty manufactured — by 
 pointing out the difficulty of determining who were the legally 
 authorized agents of Mexico in this country ; and by disseminat- 
 
36 
 
 ing the false report that there had lately arrived here an agent from 
 the Mexican Government, empowered to make purchases for gold 
 that he had with him; expecting thereby to disable me from obtain- 
 ing on a dubious credit what another had the ready money to pay 
 for. The report was apparently verified by the fact that a person 
 (either Mexican or Spanish) claiming to be such agent had indus- 
 triously busied himself in calling at most of the principal houses 
 dealing in arms in New York city, including some of the houses I 
 was negotiating with, inquiring the prices for munitions, which he 
 said he wanted to purchase for Mexico, and offering the cash for 
 them, and so forth, — causing me no little annoyance; and to satisfy 
 myself I wrote to Mr. Romero, asking to be informed of the truth 
 or falsity of the rumor, and recommending that if Mexico had more 
 than one agent in this country for the purchase of supplies, they 
 should work in concert and not in competition with one another, 
 for a common purpose. To which Mr. Romero replied on the 8th 
 August : — 
 
 " I notice what you say about your steps to make further pur- 
 chases, and the difficulties under which you have to labor. Your 
 letter will be transmitted to the Mexican Government. I know of 
 nobody sent to New York, or any other place in this country, by 
 General Escobedo or any other officer of the Mexican Army ; ivith 
 or ivithout funds. 
 
 " / am sure I should know about it had any agent been sentP 
 
 With this letter from Senor Romero, I at once called on the dif- 
 ferent parties with whom I was negotiating, as also on other deal- 
 ers in arms, and endeavored to convince them that the afore-men- 
 tioned rumor, as well as the pseudo agent, was only a part of the 
 many intrigues of the enemies of the Mexican Government to de- 
 feat the success of the Liberal cause in that country. 
 
 THE CARGO OF THE "SUWANEE." 
 
 On the 14th August, 1866, I notified Mr. Romero that the 
 steamer " Suwanee," one of the vessels engaged by me, in the 
 month of May previous, to carry munitions to General Carvajal, 
 was being loaded with her cargo, and would be ready to sail for 
 Brazos during the following week. 
 
 In the meanwhile I bad effected arrangements in Philadelphia 
 
37 
 
 for the purchase of two batteries of artillery, to be paid for with 
 Mexican bonds, at the authorized rate of sixty per centum of their 
 par value, on the delivery of the artillery to me in that city. 
 
 FINANCIAL TROUBLES. 
 
 But here a new difficulty arose, resulting from that chief source 
 of all my embarrassments in this service — the poverty of financial 
 resources, and the want of Mexican credit. On presenting at the 
 house of Corliss & Co. the drafts of General Carvajal, for the bonds 
 required for the purchase of these batteries, they declined to furnish 
 them to me at that time, assigning two reasons : they had not a 
 sufficient amount in their possession, and some time would be re- 
 quired to get them ready; and, though they could not but acknowl- 
 edge the validity of the drafts, they y&t must decline to dispose, 
 except for cash, of any of the Mexican bonds dated prior to Octo- 
 ber 1st, 1866, since, in their agreement with General Carvajal by 
 which they had become the Agents of the Mexican Government 
 for the sale of its bonds, they had undertaken to guaranty till the 
 above date the interest of all bonds dated prior thereto ; for which 
 guaranty they had expected to secure themselves out of the funds 
 obtained by them from cash sales of bonds, but had not yet been 
 able to realize any money in that way. They refused to deliver, 
 except for money, any bonds of an earlier date than October 1st 
 1866, without additional security for the interest to that time. 
 
 I at once wrote to Mr. Romero, informing him of my success in 
 arranging for the artillery purchases at Philadelphia, and stating 
 the necessity of having the bonds in readiness immediately on the 
 delivery of these purchases ; and not receiving a reply as promptly 
 as I deemed the importance of the subject required, I first ascer- 
 tained by telegraph that Mr. Romero was in Washington, and then 
 hastened there to confer with him. 
 
 On the 18th I had two long interviews with the Mexican Minis- 
 ter, in which I again recapitulated the immense difficulties of pro- 
 curing supplies on Mexican credit. I therefore urged the necessity 
 of prompt and business-like action on our part whenever opportu- 
 nities for making favorable contracts should present themselves ; 
 and argued how great would be the gain to the cause by settling 
 for contracts as fast as made, leaving nothing open, and thus avoid- 
 ing a fruitful source of trouble and detriment to the cause. Mr. 
 
38 
 
 Uomero, in reply, expressed his concurrence in the wisdom of my 
 suggestions, but remarked that, under the circumstances, Messrs. 
 Corliss & Co., by their agreement with General Carvajal, were not 
 bound to deliver, before October 1st, 1866, except for cash, any of 
 the bonds they had been authorized to issue. And though it had 
 been his policy not to interfere in the arrangements of General 
 Carvajal, who had derived his powers from the Mexican Govern- 
 ment direct, y^t, having promised that officer, on his return to Mex- 
 ico, to assist me in carrying out his plans, and seeing the necessity 
 of my being provided with bonds at this time to enable me to make 
 the needed purchases, he would depart from his accustomed policy, 
 and, without waiting for special instructions from his Government, 
 give me an order on Corliss & Co. to furnish me at once the bonds I 
 required : provided that I would promise, as soon as I should have 
 despatched the cargo now being prepared to General Carvajal, to 
 send supplies to such other officers of the Mexican service as he 
 should designate, and in regard to which he would give me his own 
 particular instructions. In reply, I assured Mr. Romero that, as 
 the Agent of the Mexican Republic, I would always be ready to 
 ship such supplies as I might be able to obtain, to whatever point 
 that Government should direct ; that my agreement with General 
 Carvajal, and his instructions to me, did not contemplate that I 
 should provide for that officer only, but for the Republic at large; 
 and I would cheerfully endeavor to procure and ship munitions to 
 whatever place he might designate. Mr. Romero, after expressing 
 his pleasure at what he termed my " readiness to serve his Gov- 
 ernment in all things," said, that as it wanted but six weeks of the 
 first of October, he would order the house of Corliss & Co. to de- 
 liver me now, on the draft I had received from General Carvajal, 
 the bonds required, dated October 1st, 1866, and bearing interest 
 from that time ; hoping, that for the few days' interest on the bonds 
 between the tim.e of their delivery and date, I would be able to 
 satisfactorily arrange with contracting parties. 
 
 FURTHER CALLS PROM MEXICO FOR ASSISTANCE. 
 
 On my return to New York, Senor Don Justo Benitez and General 
 Pedro de Baranda reported to me with letters from Mr. Romero, in- 
 troducing them as Commissioners from General Diaz, Commander 
 of the Eastern Military Division of Mexico, by whom they had been 
 sent here to obtain supplies, and which he desired me to procure and 
 ship as soon as practicable. 
 
39 
 
 These gentlemen explained to me the utter destitution of their 
 country of material of war ; and how greatly the supplies they were 
 here to seek, would contribute to shorten and successfully terminate 
 the war; and urged me to return them home with as large a quan- 
 tity of military stores as I might be able to procure, as soon as 
 possible. 
 
 AN ORDER FOR BONDS. 
 
 On the morning of the 22d August, I received from Mr. Romero 
 this communication : 
 
 " Washington, August 19th, 1866. 
 " General H. Sturm, New York: 
 
 '■'■Dear Sir — I enclose to you, as agreed upon yesterday, an order 
 to Messrs. John W. Corliss & Co., to deliver to you ^100,000 in 
 Mexican bonds. Enclosed you will find your instructions. Please 
 ask Mr. Mariscal, or Mr. Fuentes* (of the Mexican Consulate-Gene- 
 ral at New York) to translate them for you. 
 
 " I am instructed to write all ofRcial letters in Spanish. 
 
 " I also enclose to you General Carvajal's order. 
 
 " Respectfully yours, M. ROMERO." 
 
 INSTRUCTIONS FROM MR. ROMERO CONCERNING THE PURCHASE AND 
 SHIPMENT OF MUNITIONS. 
 
 The instructions inclosed by Mr. Romero in the above communi- 
 cation, were as follow: — 
 
 " Washington, August 19th, 1866. 
 Mexican Legation "After duly considering what you 
 
 IN THE stated to me in the two interviews 
 
 United States of America, which we held yesterday, in rela- 
 tion to the need you feel of having a sum of Mexican bonds to 
 your credit, to make the purchases of articles of war which you 
 propose to send to the Republic, in conformity with your instruc- 
 tions — since many of the vendors are not willing to accept the 
 terms you have offered them, of giving them the bonds sixty days 
 after the arrival out of their goods, and since, at times, the delay of 
 a single day in the delivery might impede the conclusion of advan- 
 
 ■"•■Mr. Mariscal was At tliat time Secretary of the Mexican Logatidii in Washington, and is the 
 prenont Mexican Minister to this country. Mr. FucntoB is at present a member of the Mexican 
 Cougresi. 
 
40 
 
 tageous contracts (as in the case of that of Mr. Jenks, which you 
 referred to,) — I have come to the conclusion to order that one hun- 
 dred thousand dollars in bonds be delivered to you, on account of 
 the million and one half dollars that General Carvajal ordered to 
 be given you, under date of the 12th September, 1865, which draft 
 you showed me yesterday. 
 
 " You will find herein enclosed an order to Messrs. John W. 
 Corliss & Co., holders of the bonds, that they may deliver to you 
 the sum aforesaid. When you may have disposed of said sum, I 
 shall give you an order for another equal sum ; which course I 
 think shall avoid many of those difficulties you have so far en- 
 countered to make your contracts. 
 
 " In setting at your disposal the sum referred to, I think it fit to 
 state in writing the instructions I had previously given you verb- 
 ally, adding some others which my experience of what has hap- 
 pened suggests as necessary, and to which you should bind your- 
 self in the purchases you are about to make. Said instructions 
 are thus : — 
 
 " 1. You shall not buy anything which you have no means of 
 transporting to the Republic, as no goods would be of any use to 
 us if they were to remain in this country. 
 
 " 2. You shall offer for such purchases as you may make only 
 bonds of those signed by General Carvajal, giving them at sixty 
 per centum — nothing less — and when these goods may be bought 
 at market prices. 
 
 " 3. You shall endeavor to your utmost possibility to insert in the 
 contracts you may enter into, the following clause : 
 
 'The shipment shall be made for the port of , in the name of the vendors, 
 
 as their own property, who shall provide for their transport and the rest that may 
 be necessary, till the goods reach their destination and be delivered to a loyal 
 Mexican officer; in which case, and no sooner, they shall become the property of 
 the Mexican Government.' 
 
 "4. You shall give preference to the arms of all classes in the 
 following order : 
 
 " I. Guns, rifled or unrifled. 
 
 "XL Carbines. 
 
 "III. Pistols. 
 
 "IV. Sabers. 
 
 " V. Light Mountain artillery. 
 
 « VI. Field Artillery. 
 
4X 
 
 " 5. You shall endeavor that each remittance be well provided 
 with the greatest possible amount of ammunition suitable to the 
 arms that be then remitted; and in case they may not be attain- 
 able, you shall send at least the powder and lead necessary to make 
 said ammunitions, and the greatest possible number of caps, which 
 are extremely scarce all over the country. 
 
 "6. You may buy any clothes or stuff to make it (meaning by 
 'it' the ' clothes '), provided you may buy it (the 'stuff') here at 
 lower prices than could be obtained in the place of the Republic 
 where they be bound. As a general rule, I tell you that our 
 soldiers are almost entirely clad with light cotton or linen goods. 
 
 "7. The same rule shall apply as to provisions. The base for 
 the feeding of the Mexican soldier is Indian corn, and this is scarce^ 
 only sometimes, along the frontier; it abounds in the interior, and 
 freight would raise it to a fabulous price, if sent from here. 
 
 "8. You shall pay special attention to avoid the purchase of 
 articles which may be considered necessary for the United States 
 army, which would be as articles of luxury for our army — such as 
 camp tents, shoes, stockings, coffee, etc., etc. 
 
 "9. Before signing each contract, you shall send a copy of it for 
 my approval. 
 
 "10. You shall pay preferent attention to fit out a load of arms 
 and ammunitions for the 'East Army Corps.' General Baranda 
 and Mr. Benitez, commissioners from Generals Garcia and Diaz, 
 shall inform you of what is most needed in those States, and also 
 of the place where the ship conveying said goods should be directed. 
 
 "11. When you shall have disposed of the bonds now put at 
 your disposal, you shall forward me the account thereof with the 
 proper vouchers, that I may order to your credit another sum. 
 
 "12. You shall not buy any other ship, without express orders 
 from the Mexican Government. 
 
 "Such are the instructions which I deem sufficient for the pres- 
 ent, and which I shall extend when I deem it convenient. 
 " I remain, truly yours, 
 (Signed,) "M.ROMERO. 
 
 ''To General H. Sturm, New York:' 
 
 AN ORDER FOR BONDS. 
 
 Accompanying these instructions was the annexed order oa 
 
 Messrs. Corliss & Co.: 
 
42 
 
 " Washington, D. C, August 19, 1866. 
 
 ^"Mexican Legation, "Please set at the disjjosal of 
 
 IN thp: General H. Sturm, Commissioner 
 
 United States of America, of General Carvajal, to make pur- 
 chases of arms and articles of war, the amount of One Hundred 
 Thousand Dollars (-'$100,000,) in Mexican bonds, of those which 
 you have in possession, and on account of the Million and'a Half Dol- 
 lars that said General Carvajal drew on you to the order of Gen- 
 eral Sturm, under date af September 12th, 1865. 
 
 " Yours, very truly, 
 [Signed,] "M. ROMERO. 
 
 « To Messrs. J. W. Corliss, Sf Co., 
 
 57 Broadwaij, New York.''^ 
 
 I PROCURE FPOM MR. ROMERO A MODIFICATION OF UIS INSTRUCTIONS. 
 
 Although these instructions, last above given, would have done 
 well enough had I been provided with the cash to" pay for stores 
 immediately on their purchase, they were by no means adapted to 
 existing circumstances — especially clauses three and nine; and 
 knowing that Mr. Romero was unfamiliar with the practical re- 
 quirements of such matters, I called his attention to the inadequa- 
 cies of his instructions, and asked a modification of these two 
 clauses. To which Mr. Romero, under date of August 23d, 1866, 
 
 replied : 
 
 ************ 
 
 "All you state in regard to clause three of my aforesaid instruc- 
 tions seems to me quite reasonable, but I don't deem it sufficient 
 to either omit or alter it. In the first place, / did not make it a 
 binding condition that you should put the stipulation therein mention- 
 ed in all contracts that you may enter into; hut that you should earn- 
 estly endeavor to do so, to your utmost possibility: granting so to 
 your discretion a most ample freedom." * * * * 
 
 " Clause nine of said instructions has also been suggested by my 
 Government, that — with the object of preventing abuses that might 
 find room* in making purchases — is willing that I should interfere 
 in them all. I do not think that I could give any greater proof of 
 my confidence in you than the one of placing at your disposal a 
 
 *An awkward translation, by which is meant, "for the purpose of correcting abunes that might 
 occur," etc. These and otlier lilce incxpiessive or ungrammatical expressions in Mr Komero's cor- 
 regjiou'lsnee which I quote, are due to the errors of the translator, Mr. Fueutes. 
 
43 
 
 considerable amount of money, as I did in bonds. I feel also 
 confident enough of yourself, being assured that in all your pur- 
 chases you shall act with your characteristic good faith and honesty: 
 but as I deem it not convenient to depart from my Government's 
 orders, or setting a precedent that might hereafter be alleged solic- 
 iting alike* proofs of confidence, I do not consider myself author- 
 ized to except you from that requisite. Wishing, however, to facil- 
 itate as much as possible the purchases you are authorized to make, 
 T condescend! ^^ have that clause altered in the following terms: 
 
 'Before signing such contracts, a copy thereof shall be submitted 
 to me for my approval. Whenever, in your judgment, it would 
 not be possible to wait the time necessary for said requisite approv- 
 al, without serious disadvantage to the interest of the Mexican Gov- 
 ernment, you may obtain, instead of my own approbation, that of 
 the Mexican Consul at New York: or, in case he should be absent, 
 that of such person as he may designate.' 
 
 " I think that such addition will remove all difficulties that you 
 have indicated. 
 
 " I am, sir, yours, etc., 
 [Signed,] "M. ROMERO. 
 
 " General H. Sturm, Neiu York^ 
 
 A REQUEST TO SEND MUNITIONS TO THE PACIFIC COAST OF MEXICO. 
 
 These modified instructions were accompanied by the following 
 letter of transmission, which came to hand August 25th. 
 
 " Washington, August 24, 1866. 
 " General H. Sturm, New York : 
 
 " Dear Sir — I received yesterday your letter of the 22d inst. 1 
 suppose the translation of my letter to you of the 19th inst. was 
 not very correct, at least in instruction No. 3, as you will see by 
 reading my oi^ficial reply to your said letter. I did not ask you to 
 insert in all contracts that stipulation, but to do so as far as it 
 was practicable, in your judgment. 
 
 " It would be very desirable to send arms and ammunition to the 
 Pacific Coast. There are several States on that coast which are 
 entirely unprovided, and where arms would be of the greatest use. 
 Any amount of arms of any kind would be very valuable. 
 
 ^MoaninR, "liko proofs," oto. 
 
 tl'ho translator means to say, "I consent," etc. 
 
44 
 
 " Governor J. J. Baz knows very well that coast and the officers 
 who have their head-quarters there. I have requested him, there- 
 fore, to see you and inform you of what is needed, and what is the 
 best way of sending it, and where. 
 
 " Should you be able to make a shipment there, I would be de- 
 lighted. 
 
 " In great hurry, yours, 
 
 «M. ROMERO." 
 
 To proceed with the account of my progress in procuring sup- 
 plies for Mexico. As before stated, the " Suwanee " had been duly 
 fitted out for her voyage, and was being loaded with her cargo of 
 munitions for General Carvajal. I next proceeded with all dili- 
 gence to make the necessary arrangements for dispatching to Gen- 
 eral Diaz the supplies requested by Mr. Romero, and concerning 
 which his Commissioners, before named, had been sent to this 
 country. For this purpose, and in compliance with the instructions 
 of Mr. Romero to secure means of transportation before purchas- 
 ing supplies, I chartered the steamer "Vixen," and had succeeded 
 in contracting for a large quantity of military stores on favorable 
 terms, when information came from Matamoras that arrested my 
 progress, and again imperiled the cause. 
 
 A NEW PERIL MY FIRST CARGO OF STORES SEIZED BY REVOLTERS 
 
 AT MATAMORAS. 
 
 On the date last above mentioned, despatches were received 
 from Brownsville, Texas, by the parties ^vho had furnished the 
 stores taken out by the " Everman," conveying the intelligence that 
 immediately on the delivery of the cargo of that vessel at Mata- 
 moras, the army officers in that city, under the command of Gen- 
 eral Carvajal, had revolted, deposed their commander, — who barely 
 escaped with his life over the frontier into Texas — seized the cargo 
 of the vessel, and refused either to pay for the goods, or furnish a 
 receipt for them. The correspondents further stated that they ver- 
 ily believed the cargo had been thus seized in pursuance of a pre- 
 concerted understanding with the Agent in this country, — a pre- 
 determined plan to swindle the vendors of the goods by concocting 
 a sham revolution, under cover of which the Mexican authorities 
 might appropriate them and yet avoid payment. 
 
45 
 
 MY EFFORTS TO PROTECT THE INTERESTS OF THE MEXICAN GOVERN- 
 MENT IN THE ABOVE CARGO. 
 
 Mr. Stocking, the Supercargo of the "Everman," sent me by 
 telegraph an account of the revolt at Matamoras and seizure of 
 the cargo of that steamer, and asking instructions. As evidence 
 of my solicitude for the success of the cause of the Mexican Re- 
 public, and to show ray endeavors to subserve the interests of the 
 Legitimate Government of that country in the present exigency, I 
 will quote the instructions I sent to Mr. Stocking on the receipt of 
 his message : 
 
 " New York, August 22, 1866. 
 
 ^'■Dear Sir — Your letter dated Brownsville, August lo^i, inform- 
 ing me that you have claimed the protection of the American 
 Consul for the cargo, etc., was received yesterday, and I hasten to 
 reply to it, so you may receive it in time. I am glad you acted as 
 you did, as it is of importance that these goods are not used against 
 Juarez or Carvajal. But under no circumstances do anythino- 
 without written orders from General Carvajal ; and above all, 
 get a full receipt from him for everything, as this is the only way 
 to insure prompt payment to the parties who sold the goods. 
 
 " You say Canales assured you that he would carry out any ar- 
 rangements made with General Carvajal, and would pay for these 
 goods or return them. Unless General Carvajal orders you to do 
 this, have nothing' to do ivith Canales. He has placed himself in 
 antagonism to the lawful authority. The arms, etc., sent out by me 
 are the property of the Mexican Government, and I have no rio-ht 
 to sell them to any one, especially to a person who has usurped 
 authority, and who, as I verily believe, is in league with Orteo-a 
 and others, and is, at all events, a traitor to his Government. 
 
 " If the arms are taken by force, or kept by Canales in such a 
 way that you can not recover them, you must take written affida- 
 vits of this fact, signed and attested by the American Consul, and 
 other American officers of prominence there, but above all, by Gen- 
 eral Carvajal, who is the only lawful authority there, and who. al- 
 though at present forcibly removed, is still recognized by the Gov- 
 ernment as such. 
 
 ******* 
 
 " Yours in haste, 
 
 "H. STURM. 
 " W. F. Stocking, Esq., Supercargo, etc., Brownsville, Texas.''' 
 
46 
 
 EFFORTS TO RESTORE CONFIDENCE IN MEXICAN CREDIT. 
 
 Foreseeing how this occurrence and the construction that had 
 been given it, if not at once contradicted, would bring tlie Mexican 
 cause into dishonor in this country, and utterly destroy its credit, I 
 hastened to see those of whom I had made purchases and with 
 whom I was negotiating for supplies, to counteract the effects of the 
 damaging impression that Mexico had never intended to keep faith 
 with her creditors, and that General Carvajal's obligations would 
 be repudiated. I labored to convince them that the affair at Mata- 
 moras was a real local sedition against the authority of the Mexi- 
 can Government, not a premeditated procedure suggested or con- 
 nived at by that Government ; and that the obligations of that gov- 
 ernment to its creditors in this country, incurred under General 
 Carvajal's authority, would be honorably observed. 
 
 I lost no time in communicating to Mr. Romero the intelligence 
 I had received of the Matamoras aflkir, and the prejudicial inter- 
 pretation that had been given it ; admonishing him of the ruinous 
 effect it would have on our undertakings, if not immediately and 
 authoritatively contradicted, and urging him — if the "Suwanee's" 
 cargo was to be completed, if the partial arrangements already 
 made to send supplies to General Diaz were to proceed any further, 
 if, in short, what had already been done was not to be wholly lost, 
 and future efforts to obtain assistance in this country for Mexico, 
 rendered wholly impossible, — to promptly furnish me, over his own 
 name, and for his Government, an emphatic assurance that the 
 Mexican Government would inviolably fulfill all its obligations in- 
 curred by General Carvajal and myself, under our authority. 
 
 MINISTER Romero's written pledge of his government's deter- 
 mination TO KEEP strict GOOD FAITH WITH AMERICAN CREDITORS. 
 
 Mr. Romero replied under date of the 26th August, saying: — 
 
 " I regret very much that events have occurred there which are 
 calculated to disturb the confidence the merchants, who are willing 
 to sell you articles of war for the Mexican Government, ought to 
 have in our ability to fulfill our contracts. I look upon the late 
 occurrences at Matamoras as of a very transitory nature, and which 
 will be remedied as soon as the Mexican Government will be able 
 to come to Monterey; which I have no doubt will soon be done. I 
 
47 
 
 think it is unnecessary for me to tell you that you may infor7n all 
 interested parties, that any contract that you have entered into or you 
 may hereafter enter into, as agent of General Carvajal for the pur- 
 chase of supplies, and ivhich has been approved, or ivill be approved, 
 by me, 2vUl be binding upon the Mexican Government, and ivill be 
 faithfully carried out on our part, as Ave do not mean to bind our- 
 selves to anything that we are not sure we have the ability to 
 fulfill. 
 
 LOST GROUND PARTIALLY REGAIM'-D. 
 
 Adding to this reassuring pled.ge of the Mexican Minister my 
 own protestations of unqualified reliance in the good faith of the 
 Mexican Government, I succeeded to a considerable extent in re- 
 storing the confidence that had been so nearly destroyed by the 
 tidings that came from Mataraoras. 
 
 FURTHER CALLS FOR AID FROM MEXICO. 
 
 On the 28th August Governor Baz, another Commissioner sent 
 to this country by the Mexican Government in quest of supplies, 
 reported to me with a letter from Mr. Romero introducing him and 
 acquainting me with his mission, which was to obtain a cargo of 
 arms and other munitions for the army in the " Southern part of 
 Mexico, bordering on the Pacific." Mr. Romero closed his letter 
 introducing Governor Baz with this expression : " I hope you may 
 be able to send there a large cargo, notwithstanding the recent 
 diflSculties."* 
 
 THK KXTREMITIES OF THE MEXICAN CAUSE. 
 
 I explained to Governor Baz, who, as I had been informed by 
 Mr. Romero, was a former Governor of the State of Michoacan, 
 and one of the most prominent citizens of his country, the manifold 
 difficulties of obtaining supplies on Mexican credit. On which he 
 depicted the utter destitution of his country in respect of arms and 
 other munitions — especially of powder — the precarious condition 
 of President Juarez and the Mexican Republic, and urged me to 
 spare no efforts to obtain and send 1o his country the aid of which 
 it was in such pressing need. 
 
 'Beferriiig to the afTuir at MatuniornB, aud \\n damage* toMexiciin credit jd this couDtry. 
 
48 
 
 THE OBSTACLES TO S^UCCESS. 
 
 These solicitations I strove to gratify ; but opposing difficulties 
 were more numerous and discouraging than before. The affair at 
 Matamoras was an opportunity not neglected by the enemies of 
 the cause, to discourage the citizens of this country from furnish- 
 ing assistance on the unsafe security of Mexican bonds ; and the 
 factious chiefs, inimical to President Juarez, then in the United 
 States, eagerly seized this opportunity to defeat the measures for 
 aiding the Republic, and issued proposals for loans in the interest 
 of their own ambitious projects, — of whom may be mentioned the 
 mischievous Santa Anna, who issued bonds and tried to negotiate 
 them ; a fresh attempt to sell the old issues by General Ochoa; and 
 the unprincipled Woodhouse concern, who threw their unauthor- 
 ized bonds on the market. The spies of these unscrupulous oppo- 
 nents assiduously advised themselves of my operations, and would 
 seek these of whom they had ascertained I was trying to obtain 
 supplies, and work upon their suspicions to defeat my negotiations. 
 The facts about the condition and prospects of the Republic were 
 an almost insurmountable barrier to my efforts ; but the enemies of 
 Mexico sought to make the obstructions impassable by exaggera- 
 ting the truth and inventing falsehoods. Nevertheless, by the aid of 
 numerous influential acquaintances, formed during the late war, 
 and by an unsparing use of my own private means, I succeeded in 
 inducing quite a number of persons to furnish me supplies on Mex- 
 ican credit. 
 
 A FRESH SOURCE OF HINDRANCE AND VEXATION. 
 
 But the road to success in my labors was to be waylaid with dif- 
 ficulties to the end; I overcame one frustrating agency to presently 
 come upon others. Knowing how precarious was Mexican credit; 
 how favorable contracts for goods undelivered and unpaid for 
 might at any moment be broken by unfavorable reports and the 
 persistent eflforts of intriguing enemies, — I went to the office of the 
 Mexican Consul in New York to have my recent contracts approv- 
 ed, as Mr. Romero had authorized, whenever time might be too im- 
 portant to permit, without prejudice to the cause, the delay of 
 waiting for such approval by himself. But the Consul declined to 
 take such responsibility, for the want of what he called the requi- 
 site "information " from Mr. Romero — meaning direct instructions. 
 
49 
 
 And when I proposed that he telegraph the Mexican Minister for 
 the authority to do what was so urgently required, I was informed 
 that Mr. Romero had left Washington as one of the Presidential 
 party that had gone on an excursion to Chicago, to participate in 
 the ceremonies of laying the corner-stone of the Douglas monu- 
 ment. The Consul, not seeming to appreciate the danger of delay 
 as I did, advised me to await the Minister's return. But I was 
 apprehensive of the consequences of delay, and so endeavored to 
 communicate with Mr. Romero by sending telegraphic messages to 
 his address at several places in the programme of the Excursionists. 
 Finally, on September 4th, at Cleveland, Ohio, Mr. Romero sent 
 me a telegram, saying: 
 
 " As I was so much engaged before I left Washington, I could 
 not communicate to Doctor Navarro* the instructions I gave you 
 about the participation he might have in your purchases. I beg 
 of you to show him the two letters of instruction that I gave you 
 in August last, and that will be all that is required." 
 
 I took this message and the instructions referred to therein to 
 the Consul ; who still declined to assume the requested responsi- 
 bility, until he should be furnished a direct order from Mr. Romero 
 securing him in the assumption of a duty not appertaining to the 
 functions of a Consul, but of a Minister. At this interview a num- 
 ber of officials of high position and influence in the Mexican Gov- 
 ernment advised me to close the contracts, without awaiting the 
 formality of the Minister's approval ; as they felt sure he would 
 sanction this course on his return, since the contracts were on 
 favorable terms, in pursuance of Mr. Romero's instructions, de- 
 signed to obtain for Mexico the aid so greatly needed, and since 
 embarrassments might at any moment arise, making further pur-^ 
 chases still more diflicult if not impossible. 
 
 But as this indisposition of the Mexican Consul and other offi^- 
 cials of that country to interest themselves in the importance of 
 the exigency that had arisen, or take any responsibility in behalf 
 of the cause, impressed me unfavorably, I was more than ever be- 
 fore disinclined to exceed my instructions; proposing that respon-- 
 sibility for the consequences that might ensue should rest where 
 it properly belonged. 
 
 «The Mexican Consul-Gc'Dcral at Nov Yorl:. 
 
50 
 
 I however again communicated with Mr. Romero about the 
 approval of contracts, and on the 7th September, he replied from 
 Chicago, stating he would leave there that evening for Washing- 
 ton, where he expected to arrive in a few days. 
 
 THE EFFECTS OF THE DELAY OF THE MEXICAN AUTHORITIES IN THE 
 APPROVAL OF CONTRACTS. 
 
 The result of this delay was, that nearly every pending engage- 
 ment for supplies was lost — twenty-eight different contracts, drawn 
 up in triplicate, on very favorable terms, and wanting only the Min- 
 ister's approval to be binding on the vendors : and the departure of 
 the two steamers then under charter, and waiting for the cargoes 
 these contracts were intended to supply, was still further delayed, 
 
 TERMINATION OF GENERAL CARVAJAl'S' COMMISSION IN THIS COUN- 
 TRY MINISTER ROMERO SUCCEEDS TO ALL OF GENERAL CARVAJAL's* 
 
 POWERS AND DUTIES UNDER THE LATTEr's COMMISSION. 
 
 On the receipt of Mr. Romero's dispatch of the 7th, I wrote to 
 him, describing in full what had occurred, and once more urging 
 the necessity of prompt action in regard of contracts. September 
 12th, I received from Jvlr. Romero a letter, dated on the 10th of that 
 month, inclosing to me a copy of an official communication he had 
 just received from Senor Lerdo de Tejada, the Mexican Minister 
 of Foreign Afi'airs, informing him that General Carvajal had in- 
 curred the displeasure of his Government, was to be tried for al- 
 leged official misconduct, and had " Ceased not only in his capacity 
 of Governor and Military Commander of The State of Tamauli- 
 pas, but also in the commission and authorizations that had been 
 previously granted him, and gave occasion to his going to the Uni- 
 ted States, where he entered into engagements of which" Mr. Ro- 
 mero was aware. Senor Lerdo's note directed Mr. Romero "there- 
 fore, to make this resolution known to such parties as General Car- 
 vajal may have left something pending with in regard to public 
 .business," and concluded as follows: 
 
 ■" In conformity to the other resolutions, which have been com- 
 municated to you at the proper time, everything that General Car- 
 vajal might have done in fuliillmeiit of his commission and author- 
 izations should be submitted for your approval ; but now, and by vir- 
 tue of this new resolution, and since he is no longer able to inter- 
 
51 
 
 fere in what may be done, you alone should interfere in what may 
 have been left unfinished, in accordance with authorizations and 
 insti'uctions from this Government." 
 
 APPROVAL OF CONTRACTS — LETTER FROM SEVOR ROMERO 
 
 Under date of September 11th, Mr. Romero wrote to me, that 
 he had just sent to the Mexican Consul General at New York in- 
 structions, empowering him to approve the contracts I might there- 
 after have occasion to present to him for that purpose ; and also 
 instructed me " to stop all purchases or remittances of goods for 
 Matamoras " until further orders should be received from his Gov- 
 ernment. Mr. Romero also, in this communication, advised me of 
 his action with regard to some contracts I had sent to him for his 
 approval. I quote from his letter : 
 
 " As to the three contracts that you sent me with your official 
 note of the 1st inst, I tell you that I approve, in all its parts, the 
 one you signed on the 31st of August with Messrs. Fitch & Co., of 
 the city of New York, for the purchase of 20,000 Enfield rifles, and 
 other arms, ammunition, and military equipments referred to there- 
 in, to the amount of ^714,750 00. 
 
 " The conditions I set to my approval are — 
 
 " 1st. That said goods be precisely for the States of the Eastern 
 and Southern lines of the Republic; to which effect, you shall agree 
 as to their remittance and distribution with Mr. J. J. Baz, General 
 P. Baranda, and Don Justo Benitez. 
 
 " 2d. That said goods shall be shortly sent to such points as the 
 above gentlemen shall designate. 
 
 "As regards the other two contracts, one for the purchase of coal 
 and the other of rations, as they refer to goods intended for Mata- 
 moras, I can not approve them till I receive instructions from my 
 Government." 
 
 « 
 
 MY REPLY TO MK. ROMERO. 
 
 I immediately replied to Mr. Romero, acknowledging the receipt 
 of his communication of September 10th, inclosing his copy of the 
 official communication of the Mexican Minister of Foreign Af- 
 fairs, and assuring hini of my r(;adiness to net in accordance wiih 
 the instructions therein ccHitaiiied. 
 
52 
 
 MORE TllOUBLE FROM AN OLD CAUSE, 
 
 Owing to the delay that had ensued, the gentleman whose con- 
 tract Mr. Romero had approved, as above related, became disgusted 
 and revoked his engagement, (a repetition of what had occurred 
 rather frequently of late, on account of the delay in the appro- 
 val of contracts.) Fortunately, I soon found another party who 
 agreed to furnish me with a large quantity of stores, on favorable 
 terms ; but when I took my contract with him to the Mexican Con- 
 sul for his approval, I was greatly disappointed to learn that he 
 ' was still without the required instructions from the Mexican Min- 
 ister. Again I communicated with Mr. Romero (this time by tele- 
 graph) on this vexatious subject of the approval of contracts : and 
 on the 14th I received his reply, stating that the desired instructions 
 had been mailed to the Consul at New York, on the 12th j which 
 the latter official failed to receive, as he informed me, until the 17th 
 of that month. 
 
 I AM REQUESTED BY MINISTER ROMERO TO SEND MUNITIONS TO 
 
 MICHOACAN. 
 
 September 19th, Mr. Romero wrote to me : 
 
 " I inclose you a list of stores which Mr. Baz has sent me, sta- 
 ting that those are the goods wanted for the State of Michoacan. 
 If you can make these purchases according to my instructions, and 
 send the articles in conformity with Mr. Baz's suggestions, you are 
 authorized to do it. These goods will be bought, besides those 
 referred to in your last contract approved by me, in case the latter 
 are not sufficient to cover the demand of the three gentlemen I 
 have refeiTcd you to, viz : General Baranda, Mr. Benitez and Mr. 
 Baz. My object is to provide the States represented by these gen- 
 tlemen, with your last contract, and if this is not sufficient, with 
 an additional one." , 
 
 The contract here referred to by the Mexican Minister, as though 
 it were an assured success, had been lost some time before, as I 
 have shown ; the owner of the goods having changed his mind 
 during the long delay about the approval of the contract, and re- 
 voked his engagement, although the negotiation had already cost 
 him several thousand dollars, — a loss which he preferred to sustain 
 
53 
 
 rather than adhere to a contract the long deferred approval of which 
 had inspired him with distrust. 
 
 THE SEIZURE OF THE " EVERMAN's " CARGO THE STATEMENTS OF THE 
 
 RETURNED PASSENGERS OF THAT VESSEL. 
 
 At this stage, September 18th, 1866, the steamer "JEverman " re- 
 turned to New York, with all those who had gone out on that ves- 
 sel to Mexico, save General Wallace and Mr. Stocking. These 
 returned passengers, as well as letters received from several other 
 distinguished and credible gentlemen, who were witnesses whereof 
 they wrote, furnished a graphic account of the outrage at Mata- 
 moras, and the shameful treatment they had received there. These 
 several narratives, spoken and written, corroborated each other in 
 all material particulars, and established clearly that General Car- 
 vajal had acted a strictly honorable part in regard of the passen- 
 gers and cargo of the " Everman," but in this had been unsup- 
 ported, as the almost generaLfeeling of his associates and subordi- 
 nates was one intense hostility to citizens of the United States; 
 that the news of the coming of the vessel and cargo had preceded 
 them at Matamoras ; that a revolt against the authority of Gen- 
 eral Carvajal had been planned to take place immediately on the 
 arrival of the " Everman," and which contemplated the seizure of 
 her cargo ; that the programme was carried out ; and while Gen- 
 eral Carvajal, ignorant of the plot, was proceeding with the dis- 
 charge of the cargo, and when but a part thereof had been stored 
 in the Government warehouse, the officers and soldiers under his 
 command suddenly rose in revolt against their commander — whom 
 they would have killed had he not barely escaped across the Rio 
 Grande, — seized the stores that had just been landed from the 
 ■" Everman," threw into prison the American citizens who had come 
 to them as friends to aid their country, and who were only released 
 through the intercession of the American Consul at that port. It 
 also appeared that General Wallace had at once gone to Chihua- 
 hua to report to President Juarez what had occurred ; and that 
 Mr. Stocking had faithfully remained to discharge his trusts, by 
 protecting the interests of the legitimate Government of Mexico, 
 and of all other parties concerned in the cargo. 
 
 The above is the substance of the true story of the affair at Mat- 
 amoras, and which shall be related more in detail, toward the close 
 of this statement, in Mr. Stocking's report. And I ought to 
 
54 
 
 add in this connection, that the returned passengers of the " Ever- 
 man " freely expressed the belief that the revolt had been procur- 
 ed and put into effect by the leading military authorities of Mex- 
 ico, with the privity and connivance of the Mexican Government 
 itself, with the design of deposing General Carvajal; and purposely 
 executed on the arrival of the "Everman," that the Mexican au- 
 thorities might possess themselves of her cargo, and yet be in a 
 position to refuse payment therefor, under the plea that the stores 
 had been seized by revolters, and had not been delivered to the 
 legitimate authorities. 
 
 MY ENDEAVORS TO PREVENT THE SEIZED CARGO FROM BEING MIS- 
 APPROPRIATED. 
 
 I again directed Mr. Stocking, by telegraph and by post, to use 
 all efforts to protect the interests of the Mexican Government in 
 the cargo of the " Everman," and not permit it, if possible, to be 
 appropriated or wasted by the traitors. Subsequently, I again tel- 
 egraphed him, pursuant to Mr. Romero's direction, to deliver all 
 the goods he had been able to preserve from spoliation to General 
 Tapia — who had been appointed to succeed General Carvajal as 
 Governor and Military Commander of Tamaulipasv 
 
 THE EFFECT OF THE MATAMORAS OUTRAGE ON THE MEXICAN CAUSE 
 
 IN THIS COUNTRY. 
 
 The true story of the Matamoras outrage had the natural effect 
 of retarding the efforts being made to obtain aid in this country for 
 Mexico, by deepening and widening the feeling of distrust in the 
 ability of that Government to overcome its foreign enemies, to 
 compel the obedience and submission of its own citizens, and to 
 keep its obligations with foreign creditors : and nearly every pend- 
 ing arrangement for supplies yet undelivered was defeated. I re- 
 ported the existing state of affairs to Mr. Romero, and urged him 
 to assist me in re-establishing the confidence that had been lost, by 
 promptly settling all the accounts relating to the shipments by the 
 " Everman," which would be no less an act of justice than good 
 policy. 
 
55 
 
 AN UNSATISFACTORY LETTER FROM MR. ROMERO. 
 
 Mr. Romero replied on the 20th, saying : — 
 
 " When you have transmitted to me the detailed information you 
 promised about matters on the frontier, I may possibly suggest 
 something for the security of the Mexican interests. In the mean 
 time, I repeat to you, that when General Tapia will have assumed 
 the commandment of Matamoras, all will be right." 
 
 Such vague and unemphatic generalities as those last above 
 quoted could have no effect in allaying or removing popular dis- 
 trust of Mexican credit and the apprehensions of bad faith on the 
 part of that country, but would serve to increase them rather. If 
 the accredited Representative of that Government in this country 
 seemed distrustful of his Government's intentions, by thus evading 
 effectual and explicit assurances of its purpose to settle with cred- 
 itors, surely the people of this country could have little confidence 
 in his Government. 
 
 I HAVE AN INTERVIEW WITH MR. ROMERO, AND SUCCEED IN PER- 
 SUADING HIM TO ADOPT A MORE SATISFACTORY COURSE. 
 
 I therefore resolved to see Mr. Romero in person ; and on the 
 evening of the day his reply last above given came to hand, I left 
 for Washington, where, on the 23d of September, I had a full confer- 
 ence with him. The Minister spoke of the complications that had 
 sprung up from the unfortunate occurrence at Matamoras, in con- 
 sequence of which he could not empower me, for the present, to 
 deliver the bonds to creditors on account of the " Everman's " car- 
 go, and remarked, that although large authority had been conferred 
 upon him by his Government, he was averse to exchanging the 
 bonds of his Government for the goods embraced in this cargo, un- 
 til they had been delivered to, and duly receipted by, some loyal 
 Mexican official of competent authority ; which course, he added, 
 was in pursuance of his resolve from the first, to avoid involvement 
 in the transactions of General Carvajal and the other Mexican of- 
 ficials who had been sent to this country on like missions, unless 
 some inexorable necessity should arise requiring his intervention, 
 or unless his Government should specially direct such intervention. 
 He promised, however, to send his Government a full description 
 
56 
 
 of existing embarrassments, arising from the troubles on the Rio 
 Grande, and had no doubt — especially since General Wallace was 
 at the Court of the Mexican Republic to inform the Government 
 of these troubles, and seek a satisfactory remedy therefor — that he 
 would be speedily furnished with instructions to settle with the 
 creditors whose goods had composed the cargo of the "Everman." 
 And he bes:2:ed me to assure these creditors that his Government 
 would not forget or break its faith with the citizens of the United 
 States who had sympathized with the cause of the Republic, and 
 had taken its promises in exchange for valuable aid ; but, in conse- 
 quence of the various exaggerated and conflicting reports that had 
 reached his Government about the transactions of its different 
 agents in this country, and the alleged swindling artifices of Amer- 
 can speculators to defraud that Government, time would be re- 
 quired before the truth could be ascertained there, the facts elimi- 
 nated from the misrepresentations, and full justice done to those 
 who had just demands. Mr. Romero urged me to resume my ef- 
 forts, that no time might be lost in dispatching to Mexico the sup- 
 plies which General Baranda had come here to procure. I prom- 
 ised to use all my powers to attain the wished-for consummation ; 
 and again sought to impress upon him the importance of promptly 
 making the long-deferred settlements with those who had already 
 furnished goods, and had received neither cash nor bonds therefor ; 
 that the way to facilitate efforts to obtain present and future aid 
 was to gain sympathy and credit by doing justice to the creditors 
 of the past; and that the interests of Mexico were now suffering, 
 and the departures of the " Suwanee" and "Vixen" with cargoes of 
 munitions beingdelayed, on account of his Government's unfulfilled 
 pledges and unbusiness-like delays. 
 
 These suarsfestions were at first ineffectual to induce Mr. Romero 
 to adopt the prompt and decisive course I recommended : he only 
 replied that I was not so familiar as he with the nature of his peo- 
 ple, no;- so fully aware of all his embarrassments; and again as- 
 sured me he would not spare endeavors to induce his Government 
 to promptly settle, according to contract, with its creditors in this 
 country. 
 
 But it was expecting too much, that supplies could longer be 
 obtained without money, and without even bonds to secure the 
 vendors. I had succeeded in despatching to Mexico one cargo ob- 
 tained in that way, but the experience of those who had been in- 
 
57 
 
 duced to furnish me the goods comprising that cargo had been 
 such as to warn others from pursuing a like course. What nation, 
 with a recognized credit, could expect to succeed in procuring from 
 another people, no matter how sympathetic, articles of value, on 
 empty, unsecured promises ? A nation could hardly expect so 
 much from its own people. And how could Mexico hope to suc- 
 ceed in this country by such means? Looking back at my efforts 
 and success in obtaining munitions for Mexico, with neither money 
 nor bonds, but only on representations and promises, I wonder at 
 such success, or that I should have even hoped or tried to gain it. 
 I. argued to Mr. Romero, that Mexican credit, always at a low 
 state in this country, had become so thoroughly impaired by recent 
 events, by the intrigues of its enemies, and especially by the affair 
 of the " Everman," that it would be impossible to make further 
 purchases without paying for them with bonds, on their delivery ; 
 that a business-like, reliable course must be adopted, and hence- 
 forth pursued ; that he should fix upon a certain maximum price 
 for every article on the list of supplies he desired to be purchased, 
 and place at ray disposal the bonds I might need in making such 
 purchases: and thus I would be enabled to procure, here and there, 
 at this place and that, in small or large quantities, as opportunity 
 presented, the full amount of munitions required. I assured him 
 that verbal promises to deliver proraises-to-pay in the future would 
 no longer serve our purpose. Finally, at an interview with Mr. 
 Romero on the next day, he stated that after full deliberation he 
 concurred in my propositions: and then agreed to enable me to 
 furnish vendors with the requisite bonds immediately on the deliv- 
 ery of their goods to me ; thus obviating the necessity of formal 
 written contracts — a formality which, as has been show^n, was al- 
 ways involving delays detrimental to the cause. 
 
 EXPIRED STEAMSHIP CHARTERS RENEWED GRATIFICATION OF MR. 
 
 ROMERO. 
 
 About this time the charter of the " Suwanee" expired, and on 
 informing Mr. Romero of this fact, he requested me to endeavor to 
 effect a re-engagement of this vessel for ninety days. I succeeded 
 in having the charter extended for the desired period; a result that 
 greatly encouraged the Mexican Minister, and constrained him 
 to express the belief that prospects were again brightening, and 
 the hope that I might be equally successful in obtaining supplies 
 to complete the cargoes of the vessels now under charter. 
 
58 
 
 SOLICITATIONS OF THE MEXICAN MINISTER. 
 
 Before leaving Washington, after the interview just related, Mr. 
 Romero urged me to endeavor, in particular, to obtain the greatest 
 possible amount of powder and other ammunition, of which the 
 Mexican army was in especial and pressing need. 
 
 EXTRAORDINARY EFFORTS TO MANUFACTURE CREDIT FOR MEXICAN 
 
 BONDS. 
 
 I returned to New York and energetically renewed exertions to 
 purchase supplies with bonds ; but found it a difficult work : for 
 many who would have been willing to exchange their goods for 
 Mexican securities, if they could have had reliable assurance that 
 the interest would be paid as it accrued, found, on inquiry at the 
 house of Corliss & Co., that their guaranty of the interest on the 
 bonds they had been authorized to issue would expire October 1st, 
 1866, and that there was no other security or guaranty of such in- 
 terest. A grave doubt thus arose in the minds of those who would 
 have been willing to invest in Mexican Securities, content to wait 
 the reasonable convenience of that Government in respect of the 
 principal, if the payment of the interest, as it should fall due, were 
 assured. And here, in my great desire to serve the Mexican Gov- 
 ernment, I used my own private resources, as I had often done be- 
 fore, for the benefit of the cause. The bonds of Mexico had no 
 credit, it was of the first importance that they should, it was what 
 the Government must earnestly desire, and so I resorted to an ex- 
 traordinary expedient to give them a value. It was not to be sup- 
 posed the Mexican Goverument would be unappreciative of such 
 a service. I arranged with certain brokers in New York City, to 
 guaranty to all whom I should refer to them for that purpose, the 
 interest on these bonds for six months or one year: and to secure 
 these brokers for their guaranty, I deposited with them a sufficient 
 sum in gold. I also authorized them, if they could thereby strength- 
 en confidence in the bonds, to anticipate the first payment of inter- 
 est, by purchasing the coupons in advance of their maturity, at a 
 slight discount — say, not to exceed two per centum, — which dis- 
 count I asrreed to allow them for their services.* 
 
 *In view of the Mexican Government's subsequent violation of Its pledges to its creditors in this 
 country, there may be some vfho will be disposed to attribute to me unworthy motives for having 
 assisted that Government to impose (as the sequel shows) on the confidence of citizens of the Uni- 
 
59 
 
 SUCCESSFUL NEGOTIATIONS FOR MUNITIONS. 
 
 • 
 
 I was also successful, about this time, in obtaining from a highly 
 respectable and influential firm in New York, who had furnished 
 my State with extensive supplies of arms during the late war in 
 this country, a large quantity of munitions, in exchange for Mex- 
 ican bonds. 
 
 SUCCESS OVER GREAT DIFFICULTIES, IN PROCURING POWDER. 
 
 In my endeavors to procure powder, and other ammunition, I 
 encountered great difficulties. The responsible manufacturers of 
 these articles had little or no reliance in Mexican credit ; many of 
 them having suffered from the bad faith and want of integrity of 
 past Mexican administrations. But I finally succeeded in this, 
 also. Influential friends in Philadelphia obtained favor for me 
 with the senior member of a prominent powder manufacturing 
 company in Wilmington, Delaware, who, I found, was acquainted 
 with me by reputation, and through previous business transactions, 
 having furnished large quantities of powder to my orders, while I 
 was Chief of Ordnance for Indiana; and who agreed to furnish 
 me, in exchange for Mexican bonds at sixty joer centum of their par 
 value, five hundred barrels of powder, at the same price he had re- 
 ceived for similar qualities from the Government of the United 
 States: — provided, that the Mexican Government would agree to 
 pay an old claim he held for powder furnished that country many 
 years ago ; which claim had been duly acknowledged and approved 
 by Mr. Mata, the Mexican Minister at Washington at that time. 
 Of this favorable opportunity to obtain a kind of aid so much 
 
 ted States, by the extraordinary efforts I employed to induce them to furnish materia] aid to the 
 Mexican cause on credit. I think all such will relieve me from any blame in the premises when 
 they reflect that I employed my own means freely and to a large extent in behalf of that cause, 
 and that I am in the same category with the other creditors of the Mexican Government in this 
 country. I think I have proven the rectitude of ray motives, and my sincere confidence at that 
 time that the Mexican Government would fulfill its obligations to creditors in the United States — 
 that the Government of Mexico was then composed of honorable men, who would never even think 
 of repudiating debts for the very means of gaining the independence of that country: otherwise I 
 should have avoided involving myself. And should any one feel like inquiring why I should have 
 thus involved myself for the benefit of a Government that had neither evinced the ability of itself 
 to inspire confidence in its bonds, nor acted in a prompt, business-like manner with those who trust- 
 ed it, a satisfactory answer wo<ild be no hard matter. I would reply that I attributed, at that 
 time, all these short-comings, to the reasons solemnly given me therefor by Senor Romero and other 
 Mexican officials, namely, that the members of his Government wore compelled by the necessities 
 of the war to be constantly changing the scat of government, and the momentous character of the 
 struggle they were engaged in absorbed almost their entire attention, rendering sommualcation 
 with their Minister in this country difficult and tedious. 
 
60 
 
 needed by Mexico, I at once informed Mr. Romero by mail, and 
 afterward more fully at a personal interview. He apprised me that 
 he had for some time been aware of the old claim against his country 
 held by the Wilmington gentleman, and said it was just, and urged 
 me to accept that gentleman's terms. The powder was thus ob- 
 tained on a pledge by the Mexican Minister, which his Government 
 afterward saw fit to violate; but the aid thereby secured was timely, 
 and went far toward making up the supply of that species of mu- 
 nitions Senors Benitez and Baranda had been sent here by their 
 Government to procure. 
 
 By ways like these, I at length succeeded in obtaining the sup- 
 ply of military stores required b}^ the three Mexican Commission- 
 ers sent to me for that purpose, and all this I effected in strict con- 
 formity to Mr. Romero's instructions. 
 
 I SHIP A SECOND CARGO OF MUNITIONS TO MEXICO. 
 
 On the 11th November, I despatched to Minititlan, Mexico, the 
 steamship "Vixen," with a full cargo of first class munitions, also 
 with Senors Baranda and Benitez and several other Mexicans as 
 passengers, and with my eldest brother as Supercargo. Another 
 brother. Captain Sturm, went out with this vessel to aid Mexico 
 in the artillery service. 
 
 SHIPMENT OF THE THIRD CARGO. 
 
 On the 27th November, the steamer " Suwanee,'' whose depar- 
 ture had been so long delayed, finally took sea for Tampico, Mex- 
 ico, loaded with munitions, in charge of Governor Baz, and having 
 on board a considerable number of Mexican officers. 
 
 I INFORM MR. ROMERO THAT A MORE PROMPT AND BUSINESS-LIKE 
 
 COURSE MUST BE PURSUED HIS LETTER OF EXPLANATION AND 
 
 APOLOGY. 
 
 Of the dispatch of these two steamers and cargoes I promptly 
 informed Mr. Romero. But while engaged in the details of pre- 
 paring these vessels for sea, and in the negotiations for the pur- 
 chase of the stores comprising their cargoes, I had encountered so 
 many difficulties which I considered might have been largely ob- 
 viated by a more decisive policy, and thorough co-operation on the 
 part of the representatives of the Mexican Government in this 
 
61 
 
 country, that I had become weary of a service in which I had re- 
 ceived such inadequate support, and had come to the conclusion 
 that I must either be better assisted and sustained, or discontinue 
 efforts in behalf of a cause in which I had been serving to the ab- 
 solute neglect of private interests, and in which I had incurred 
 such large outlays of ray own resources. I considered that the 
 difficulties in the way of obtaining material aid on credit, in this 
 country, for Mexico were largely attributable to the unbusiness-like 
 and dilatory policy pursued by that Government; a policy neces- 
 sarily reflected in the course of its representatives here. I was 
 then disposed to blame them for much of what I now ktiow should 
 be charged to the fault of their Government. They could not be 
 decisive, and hearty, and straight-forward, and explicit, when they 
 were serving a Government who might censure, instead of reward 
 them for their course, and refuse to ratify their acts. But the effect 
 on me was the same, whether it proceeded from the fault of the 
 Government, or its individual representatives here. I had not been 
 adequately supported; and had lately come to have especial cause 
 for complaint of a want of promptness and energetic action on 
 the part of the Mexican officials in this country. The Minister 
 seemed to me to be laboring under restraint, and fearful of exer- 
 cising the necessary responsibility. The Mexican Consul at New- 
 York manifested no ^ctive interest in my efforts, and was frequent- 
 ly absent from his office whole days, so that I could not find him 
 when it was of the highest importance to have his official signa- 
 ture to documents; and I finally resolved to inform Mr. Romero 
 of these and the other like reasons which impelled me to discon- 
 tinue this service, unless the remediable hindrances of which I 
 complained could be removed. I accordingly wrote him to this 
 effect on the 17th of November, 1866; and T can best do Mr. Romero 
 the justice I desire — for my present purpose is not to complain of 
 him, but of his Government — by quoting the material portions of 
 
 his reply, written under date of the 19th of November: 
 
 * ******* » 
 
 "/ am fully avjare of your energy and activity, and I am persuaded 
 
 that without you we could not have sent any arms or ammunition 
 
 home. I am also satisfied of your integrity, and as proofs of this 
 
 I have placed large amounts of money at your disposal. But I have 
 
 not been disposed to second every thought and plan of yours, for 
 
 fear that success will not crown our efforts, as so far as I am actinar 
 
62 
 
 under my own responsibility, having' no instructions from my Gov- 
 ernment authorizing' me to send arms or supplies. I have been 
 expecting to liear by every mail on this subject, but so far I have 
 got nothing. By last mail 1 heard that General Wallace was at 
 Chihuahua, and that he gave some information about the cargo of 
 the " Everman." I hope that will be the occasion for my Govern- 
 ment to send me instructions on this important subject. _ This ex- 
 plains why I have been sometimes inclined to postpone matters, 
 and at others unwilling to do certain things. 
 
 "About things that I was willing to have done, I never hesitate 
 or delay them with " red tape." There were several directions 
 from my Government that I have to comply with, and I tried to 
 do so " * * * * * * * 
 
 "When I see success like the sailing of the " Vixen," I rejoice as 
 much as you do. 
 
 " I am not prepared to approve the plan you suggest in your 
 letter of yesterday. If, as I expect, I receive this week my instruc- 
 tions on the subject, I will be prepared to give at once a definite 
 answer." 
 
 " Governor Baz was here yesterday; he left this morning, and we 
 have changed the place where he is going to land with his expedi- 
 tion, as he will inform you. Please send him if possible during this 
 iveek.^'' 
 
 It is clear from the general tenor of the communication just 
 cited, as I can now see in the light of experience, that Mr. Romero, 
 anxious to retain the approval of his government, and familiar with 
 the temper of his nation, was fearful of exercising even salutary 
 and necessary responsibilities, lest his conduct should subject hiim 
 to censure. He seems to have been laboring under a sense of fear 
 that he might incur the displeasure of his Government, in even 
 taking upon himself the responsibility to do what would be for the 
 welfare of his country, The passages printed in italics I have thus 
 marked for the purpose of necessary comment thereon. 
 
 When he says, "I have placed large sums of money at your dis- 
 posal," he means only the bonds issued from the house of Corliss 
 & Co. That these were anything but equivalent to money, I think 
 I have pretty clearly shown. The only appreciable credit they ever 
 had was what I contrived to give them. But the Mexican Minis- 
 ter may be excused for thus flattering the credit of his Government. 
 
63 
 
 In what Mr. Homero has to say about having never been 
 instructed by his Government to purchase arms in this country 
 and ship them to Mexico, he doubtless means specific instructions 
 as to details ; for he certainly had the amplest au hority in general 
 terms, as has been shown by documentary proof. 
 
 Mr. Romero's letter, last quoted, expressed such decided approval 
 and appreciation of my services in behalf of his country, disclosed 
 so many difficulties that he had to contend with, and manifested 
 so strong an anxiety on his part to aid his country and give me the 
 needed support, that I relented in my purpose to resign, and de- 
 termined to continue my efforts in the cause which had had my 
 deep sympathy from the first; hoping that the dilatory and uncer- 
 tain policy that had hindered me' so much would give way to 
 promptness and decision, as the success of the armies of the Re- 
 public should enable the legitimate Government to permanently 
 re-establish its seat, and freely and uninterruptedly communicate 
 with its representatives in the United States. 
 
 FURTHER PURCHASES OF MILITARY STORES. 
 
 Directly the "Suwanee" had beqn dispatched to Mexico, I left 
 New York for Hartford, Springfield, Boston and other places, to 
 procure, if possible, the supplies needed to complete the amounts 
 which General Baranda and Governor Baz had been sent to this 
 country to obtain ; two cargoes of which I had already succeeded 
 in purchasing and sending to Mexico. While on this journey, I 
 engaged with a number of prominent Massachusetts manufacturers 
 to accept in exchange for a large quantity of military stores Mexi- 
 can bonds at the rate of sixty per centum of their nominal value. 
 These engagements were subsequently approved by the Mexican 
 Consul at New York, in accordance with Mr. Romero's direction, 
 and the goods delivered to my order by the month of March, 1867. 
 The munitions were direct from the manufacturers' hands, new, of 
 the most approved descriptions known to the service, strictly of the 
 first-class in all respects. 
 
 LOSS OF THE " SUWANEE " AND CARGO 
 
 On my return to New York, on the 8th of Deccml)er, I learned 
 by a letter from Mr. Romero, that the "Suwanee" liad been 
 lost at sea: which disast(>r T sliortly ascertained hud occurred on 
 
64 
 
 the 4th of that month, off the Coast of South Carolina, during a 
 heavy gale, which had been very disastrous to shipping in general, 
 and by which the "Sawanee" and cargo had gone to the bottom. 
 This disaster resulted from no carelessness or want of prudence 
 on my part; but was simply one of those unavoidable occur- 
 ences, not possible to be foreseen or prevented by human wisdom. 
 The vessel had been duly inspected before her departure by the 
 proper United States officers, as well as by my own private inspec- 
 tors (whose certificates of such inspection I at once transmitted to 
 Mr. Romero:) and in addition to these, the owners of the " Suwa- 
 nee," men of high standing and reputation in the business circles 
 of Philadelphia, attested the entire sea-worthiness of their ship at 
 the time she was sent to sea on this expedition.* 
 
 RETURN OF THE STEAMER " VIXEN." 
 
 Toward the close of the month of December, 1866, the steamer 
 " Vixen " returned to New York, with information of the safe ar- 
 rival of that vessel at her destination, and the delivery of her cargo 
 to the proper Mexican authorities. 
 
 AN INTERVIEW WITH MR. ROMERO TOUCHING MY COMPENSATION — I 
 URGE A PROMPT FULFILLMENT OF THE CONTRACTS WITH THE OTHER 
 CREDITORS. 
 
 Shortly after this, I had an interview with Mr. Romero at Wash- 
 ington, during which he recurred to the question of my compensa- 
 tion for services in behalf of his country, about which he had writ- 
 ten me a few days before : and he now requested me to name the 
 sum in Mexican bonds I would be willing to accept in full settle- 
 ment for such services. In reply, I remarked that the promises I 
 had already received from his Government were quite as binding as 
 any other form of Mexican promises, including the bonds; which 
 owed, as I conceived, most of the value they had obtained in this 
 country to my efforts to give them credit. 1 put in a plea for those 
 whom I had induced to furnish military stores for Mexican bonds, 
 that his Government should accord them the prompt payment their 
 
 <-I did not insure this cargo, for the reason that I had not been instructed by Mr. Eomero to in- 
 cur the expense of bo doing — a precaution I had taken in respect of the cargoes of the "Everman" 
 and other vessels, and which I had not been encouraged by Mr. Komero to repeat. But after this 
 disaster, by Mr Roraero'sdirection, all cargoesof munitions sent to Mexico were insured ; the means 
 for which insurance, I may add, were provided by myself. 
 
65 
 
 confidence in its pledges, and valuable assistance of its cause, en- 
 titled them to receive. And as regarded my own compensation, I 
 expressed my willingness to leave that to his Government's sense 
 of justice ; desiring to be classed, in this respect, with Messrs. Cor- 
 liss & Co., who had entered into engagements with his Govern- 
 ment shortly after myself, and, though in a different way, to assist 
 in the success of the same cause. Mr. Romero expressed himself 
 much gratified at what he was then pleased to call my " generous 
 disposition ; " and again assured me that, so far as he was concern- 
 ed, (and he doubted not his disposition, in this respect, was shared 
 by his countrymen generally,) no means should be omitted to im- 
 press the Mexican Government with a fitting sense of the extent 
 and importance of my services, and that strict justice should be 
 accorded the friends who had so valuably aided me in behalf of his 
 country. I also took occasion to remind him of the unsettled 
 status of the contracts connected with the cargo of the "Everman" — 
 none of the stores sent out on that vessel having been paid for, — 
 and of the unsatisfied contracts for the charters of the " Everman" 
 and " Suwanee ; " and urged the great benefit that would result to 
 the credit and good name of his country, by according to these 
 creditors the justice that had so long been deferred. But I could 
 not indues him to comply with these recommendations: he was 
 still averse, in the absence of special instructions, to taking any 
 responsibility respecting the early contracts made under the author- 
 ity of General Carvajal. However, he agreed to, and subsequently 
 did, settle for the charter of the " Vixen," and that part of the cargo 
 of the '' Everman " which had been receipted for by the lawful 
 Mexican authorities ; promising to do similar justice in regard of 
 the remaining unsettled contracts so soon as he should receive the 
 requisite authority from his Government, for which, as he stated, 
 he had repeatedly written, and which he was daily expecting to 
 receive. 
 
 PURCHASES FOR BONDS ORDERED TO BE DISCONTINUED. PARTIAL 
 
 FULFILLMENT OF CONTRACTS. THREATENED TROUBLE. 
 
 About this time, Mr. Romero received from his Government 
 directions to make no further purchases for bonds ; and at 
 his request, I rendered him a detailed statement of the stores I had 
 on hand for the Mexican Government. On which, Mr. Romero 
 promptly furnished the bonds necessary for meeting the contracts 
 5 
 
made under his own exclusive instruclions; which bonds I at once 
 delivered to the proper persons. But in regard of the contract 
 with the Powder Manufacturing Company before described, he 
 only provided for fulfilling that portion relating to the powder ob- 
 tained in pursuance thereof, and declined to liquidate, according to 
 agreement, the old claim held by that Company, until possessed of 
 the necessary authority from his Government; the receipt of which 
 he was daily expecting. But Messrs. Dupont de Nemours & Co., 
 who had been induced to furnish the powder under the solemn 
 agreement that their old claim should be promptly settled along 
 with the new debt, and having previously formed an unfavorable 
 opinion of Mexican integrity from their inability to obtain pay- 
 ment of the old claim aforesaid, regarded the present proposition 
 to still further postpone the settlement of a long over-due obliga- 
 tion, as a fresh proof that further bad faith was contemplated, and 
 would consent to receive no less than the entire satisfaction of their 
 contract with the Mexican Government. They refused to receive 
 the bonds tendered for the powder, unless the long dishonored 
 claim held by them was paid at the same time; and they declined 
 to deliver the remainder of the powder yet due under their contract, 
 for the same reason. 
 
 HOW I ADVANCED FUNDS TO MAINTAIN MEXICAN CREDIT. 
 
 I acquainted Mr. Romero with the resolution of Messrs Dupont, 
 De Nemours & Co., which was both natural and just, and urged 
 him, if he did not feel at liberty to take the responsibility of settling 
 this old claim, according to contract, until instructed so to do by 
 his Government, to furnish me the requisite amount of bonds for 
 that purpose, and charge them to my account, and I would on my 
 own responsibility take up the claim; trusting to the Mexican Gov- 
 ernment for its approval of so manifest an act of justice, and 
 so necessary for the preservation of his country's credit and 
 honor. I represented that this would be politic as well as just; 
 that the company had been liberal in its dealings with his Govern- 
 ment, had trusted in its pledges with a generous confidence, and 
 being men of prominence and influence, it was important to have 
 their good-will and confidence in the future. To this Mr. Romero 
 replied that he would be glad to accede to my request, and if he 
 should not shortly receive the expected instructions from his Gov- 
 
67 
 
 ernment, he would give to me, on his " own responsibility," the 
 bonds required to "settle the old credit", referred to. But consid- 
 ering it highly damaging to the cause to wait longer for the un- 
 certain arrival of these instructions (which indeed Mr. Romero 
 never did receive,) and deeming it of the utmost importance to 
 maintain the little credit already gained for Mexico, and as ray own 
 reputation was involved, since it had been largely on the strength 
 of my own assurances and pledges that the engagements in question 
 had been brought about, I again urged upon Mr. Romero, at an 
 interview with him in Washington, to take the necessary responsi- 
 bility. But the Mexican minister, although admitting the justice of 
 the claim and that good policy called for its immediate settlement, 
 and reiterating his confidence that his Government would speedily 
 authorize its liquidation, was nevertheless opposed to either assum- 
 ing the responsibility of anticipating the expected instructions, in 
 the ways I had proposed, or to charging to my account the neces- 
 sary bonds for that purpose. He proceeded to explain that his 
 Government had expressly charged him to refrain from issuing any 
 more bonds than could be avoided ; and he was of opinion that his 
 Government had it in contemplation to settle its remaining debts in 
 this country by other means than bonds. 
 
 I replied that whatever general financial measures his Govern- 
 ment might be contemplating, the claim in question should be met 
 now, by a full satisfaction of the agreement, and not by fresh prom- 
 ises of future satisfaction; that the present case involved his 
 country's and my own honor, and that to preserve these — since he 
 was unauthorized by his Government to exercise the necessary 
 authority in this particular instance, — I would, with his approval, 
 raise the money on my own individual responsibility, and so take 
 up the drafts that had so long been dishonored, and rely on his 
 Government for re-imbursement for the advance thus made to pre- 
 serve its credit. 
 
 Mr. Romero feelingly expressed his pleasure at this proposition, 
 saying that he would be careful to represent my conduct in its true 
 and favorable light to his Government; which he felt assured would 
 not only be duly grateful, but would properly reward me for " this 
 new evidence" of my " good disposition " toward his country. I 
 accordingly obtained on my own credit the necessary funds, took 
 up the old claim that had caused me so much anxiety and annoy- 
 ance, settled for the powder according to contract, received the 
 
68 
 
 company's receipts in full of all demands against the Mexican Gov- 
 ernment, and promptly apprised Mr. Romero of my success. 
 
 RETURN OF THE SUPERCARGO OF THE "eVERMAN." 
 
 February the 24th, 1867, in company with Mr, Stocking, former- 
 ly General Carvajal's private secretary, I went to Washington 
 for the purpose of a conference with the Mexican minister. Mr. 
 Stocking had just returned from Matamoras, where he had been 
 sent, as I have related, as the Supercargo of the " Everman," and 
 had remained there until recently to attend to the interests of the 
 Mexican Government in the cargo of that vessel; and my present 
 purpose was, that he might give the Mexican minister a full verbal 
 narrative of what had transpired at Matamoras, and the troubles 
 that had grown out of the revolt resulting in the seizure of the 
 cargo of that vessel, in addition to the report he had sent by 
 mail, and which I had previously transmitted to Mr. Romero. 
 
 MR. stocking's account OF THE SEIZURE OF THE " EVERMAN's" CAR- 
 GO, AND HIS EFFORTS TO PRESERVE IT FROM MISAPPROPRIATION. 
 
 Mr. Stocking's account, which was fully corroborated by other 
 reports brought to this country on the return of the "Everman," 
 and by additional authentic testimony, was in substance as fol- 
 lows : 
 
 "When the arrival of that vessel at Brazos was announced to 
 General Carvajal, at Matamoras, he sent his agent in a steamer, 
 with orders to Mr. Stocking and General Wallace to deliver the 
 cargo to this agent, and report at once with the passengers to him- 
 self at Matamoras. The cargo was accordingly delivered to the 
 agent and loaded on the steamer sent to Brazos for the purpose,which 
 proceeded to Matamoras with the party that had come out in the 
 "Everman" and arrived there on the 11th of August, 1866. Gen- 
 eral Carvajal set a strong force of laborers to discharging the 
 cargo, which was accomplished early the next morning: and about 
 12 o'clock of that day, when the greater part of these munitions 
 had been deposited in the Government warehouses — the remain- 
 der, consisting mainly of ammunition, being on the wharf ready 
 for storage, — the officers and troops under General Carvajal sud- 
 denly instituted a preconcerted revolt, arrested and imprisoned all 
 American citizens who had gone out in the "Everman," and at- 
 
69 
 
 tempted to assassinate General Carvajal, who only saved his life 
 by fleeing across the river to Brownsville. Through the inter- 
 cession of the American Vice- Consul at that place, General Wal- 
 lace, Mr. Stocking and fellow Americans were soon released. The 
 revolters took possession, of the stores brought by the " Everman," 
 pillaging, scattering, or appropriating them to their own uses. In 
 this dilemma, Mr. Stocking, for the purpose of saving for the Mex- 
 ican Government as large a portion as possible of these munitions, 
 or at least of preventing them from being used against that Gov- 
 ernment, claimed them as the property of himself and other Am- 
 erican citizens, and by a variety of expedients endeavored to regain 
 possession of the cargo. In this, however, he failed of success until 
 the 18th of August, when he obtained of General Canales (the 
 chief who had been elevated by the revolters to the authority for- 
 merly exercised by General Carvajal ) permission to remove to 
 Brownsville, on the American side of the Rio Grande, whatever 
 part of the cargo had not been appropriated or destroyed ; Canales 
 refusing to deliver such of the goods as had been pillaged by his 
 troops. During all this time the ammunition and some of the 
 other stores had remained upon the landing place, exposed to the 
 heavy rains which had fallen — that being the rainy season there, — 
 and was in consequence greatly damaged, the ammunition in par- 
 ticular. Meanwhile the resources of Mr. Stocking and the other 
 citizens of this country with him (they had no funds of the Mex- 
 ican Government ) having been exhausted, he took the responsi- 
 bility of borrowing the necessary means to enable him to transfer 
 the goods to the American side ; for which he engaged storage-room 
 in Brownsville, and after several days arduous labor, and at the 
 risk of his life, succeeded in transferring to that place and there 
 storing, though in a damaged condition, the largest portion of the 
 munitions. He then sent messengers to General Escobedo and 
 various other Mexican officials in different parts of that country 
 to apprise them of the details of the outrage at Matamoras, and what 
 had been done by him for the interest of the legitimate Govern- 
 ment, and urging them to authorize some loyal officer of their 
 Government to receive and receipt to him for the stores. 
 
 General Wallace, directly the outrage had been committed, went 
 to Monterey to see General Escobedo, the Mexican Generalissimo^ 
 io report what had occurred at Matamoras, and to solicit his inter- 
 ference for the recovery of the cargo. Failing to obtain satisfaction 
 
70 
 
 from General Escobedo, General Wallace, next proceeded, for the 
 same purpose, to Chihuahua, the seat of the Mexican Govern" 
 ment at that time, to confer with the President and other chie* 
 authorities. 
 
 Finding however, that there was no early prospect of delivering 
 the stores, since he could find no officer of competent authority or 
 honesty to receive them, Mr. Stocking ordered the "Everman" to 
 return to New York with the citizens of this country who had sail- 
 ed in that vessel, remaining himself at his post to fulfill the duties 
 entrusted to him and to await further directions. Hardly was the 
 " Everman " out of sight, when various merchants from Matamoras, 
 Brownsville, and neighboring places, fell upon Mr. Stocking with 
 claims for moneys due them from General Carvajal, attached the 
 munitions as the property of the latter officer, and threatened to 
 have them sold for payment of their pretended claims. The own- 
 ers of the steamer that had delivered the goods at Matamoras also 
 presented a demand for over $3,000 in specie, which was the 
 amount General Carvajal had contracted to pay them for trans- 
 porting the cargo from Brazos to Matamoras. Other charges for 
 storage, protection, packing, unpacking, et cetera had also accum- 
 lated. 
 
 Mr. Stocking held these beseigers at bay as best he could : but 
 perceiving that he could not long maintain such an unequal con- 
 test ; that the combination of claimants formed would, with 
 their charges and pretences of charges, entirely consume the cargo 
 in a short time, having received not a word of assurance or promise 
 of relief from the Mexican Minister or any other legitimate repre- 
 sentative of that Government ( though several such were in the 
 vicinity, taking no concern in the matter;) and seeing that he was 
 every day becoming involved more and more in pecuniary embarrass- 
 ments, resolved to sell a portion of the goods to release the rest. 
 In this he was partially successfully, and after a- long period of per- 
 plexity and annoyances, and many a vain effort to find a loyal 
 Mexican officer authorized to receive and receipt for the goods, he fin- 
 ally succeeded in delivering to duly authorized Commissioners of 
 the Mexican Government, that portion of the cargo which he had 
 saved from out the spoliation at Matamoras, and from the clutch- 
 es of remorseless creditors. It should here be added, that Mr. 
 Stocking, before being permitted to transfer the stores from Mata- 
 moras to Brownsville, had also been compelled, in addition to the 
 
71 
 
 I 
 other claims, to pay the charges incurred under General CarvajaPs 
 
 orders, in the first instance, in discharging the goods from the 
 tjteamer and removing them to the Government warehouse ; pay- 
 ment of which was extorted from him, at the peril of his life, by 
 gangs of ruffian laborers, vt^ith arms in their hands, and threatening 
 Xo use them, too, if their clamorous demands were not at once 
 gratified ; in which they were encouraged and sustained by the 
 Revolutionary officials at Matamoras, whose interest it was to 
 defeat Mr. Stocking's endeavors. 
 
 Such is the substance of the account Mr. Stocking gave to the 
 Mexican Minister. 
 
 BHOKEN CONTtlACTS AND DISAPPOINTED CREDITORS. 
 
 Mr. Romero promised to immediately communicate these details 
 to his Government: and agreed to deliver to the appropriate persons 
 the bonds due for that portion of the cargo ivhich Mr. Stock- 
 ing had succeeded in delivering to the Mexican authorities, and for 
 ivhich he had received their receipts: further than this he declined 
 to do until specially instructed by his Government. Not being 
 able to induce Mr. Romero to settle in full for the cargo of the 
 " Everman," the charter of that vessel and of the " Suwanee," and 
 for the purchase of the gunboat " Sheridan," the several interested 
 creditors themselves demanded of Mr. Romero the settlement of 
 their claims according to contract; but to this day they have failed 
 in their attempts to obtain justice from the Mexican Government. 
 I pass over the history of the effi3rts of these creditors to secure a 
 settlement of their demands, their pressure on the Mexican Minis- 
 ter as well as myself (for having induced them to trust the 
 Mexican Government, they naturally looked to me to aid them in 
 their attempts to obtain relief;) to resist which pressure, the Mexi- 
 can Minister, fearful of incurring the displeasure of his Govern- 
 ment and people, had to resort to many expedients, which must 
 have been as unpleasant and embarrassing to himself as unjust to 
 the importunate creditors. I omit, I say, an account of these trans, 
 actions, because, though interesting in themselves, they are not so 
 specially connected with my present object as to justify me in 
 extending this statement beyond reasonable limits. 
 
72 
 
 I COMPLAIN TO MR. ROMERO OP BROKEN PLEDGES — HE PROPOSES 
 THAT I ACCOMPANY HIM TO MEXICO TO EFFECT A SETTLEMENT OF 
 THE CLAIMS OF AMERICAN CREDITORS. 
 
 Suffice it to say that the vain attempts of these creditors to ob- 
 tain justice, and the policy that the Mexican Government had dis- 
 closed to evade its obligations to those who had trusted it, involving 
 as it did my own reputation and the continued good opinion of 
 valued friends, had inspired me with indignation and a desire to have 
 nothing more to do with that Government; and I determined to 
 go to Washington and have an interview with Mr. Romero touch- 
 ing these matters. But at this interview the Mexican Minister 
 spoke so feelingly and frankly of the embarrassments he had to 
 contend with, and of the pressing solicitations and demands made 
 upon him by the creditors of his nation to settle their claims at 
 once, — demands that it was absolutely out of his power to gratify, 
 however strongly he might desire that justice should promptly be 
 done them, — that my feelings changed from indignation to sympa- 
 thy for Mr. Romero ; whose disagreeable situation at that time no 
 one can deny. He urgently requested me, not for his own sake 
 alone, but for the interest of the creditors, to urge the latter to wait 
 until he had time to hear from his Government in regard to their 
 claims. He mentioned the many impediments, by reason of the 
 war then going on in Mexico, to the interchange of communica- 
 tions with his Government: and expressed the hope that, by the 
 aid of the assistance I had been instrumental in sending to his 
 Country, the war would soon be terminated in favor of the cause 
 of the Republic ; when he hoped to be able to give full satisfaction 
 to all the creditors of Mexico in the United States. He had thought, 
 he said, when this triumphant consummation should be gained, of 
 asking me to go with him to his country and there aid him in effect- 
 ing an honorable settlement with these creditors. 
 
 Fully persuaded at that time, from the earnest and ingenuous 
 manner of his conversation, that he was entirely sincere in his pro- 
 fessions ; believing that Mr. Romero's unsatisfactory policy in the 
 matters of which I have been writing had been controlled by strin- 
 gent instructions from his Government, rendered necessary by its 
 inability to communicate, except at infrequent intervals, with 
 him, by reason of the vicissitudes of the war which compelled 
 the President and Cabinet to emigrate from place to place ; having 
 
73 
 
 also strong confidence in the alleged inflexible integrity of Presi- 
 dent Juarez, of which I had heard so much ; and deeming it best 
 for all concerned, that the course suggested by Mr. E-omero should 
 be pursued, I acceded to his request, and agreed to accompany him 
 to Mexico for the purpose he had proposed. 
 
 MORE MILITARY STORES WANTED INABILITY TO OBTAIN THEM FOR 
 
 MEXICAN BONDS. 
 
 But I have been anticipating matters a little out of their chrono- 
 logical sequence ; and T will now return to the narrative of my 
 transactions immediately relating to the shipment of munitions to 
 Mexico. 
 
 In the month of February, 1867, Mr. Romero introduced to me, 
 by letter. Colonel Don Enrique A. Mexia, as a commissioner from 
 General Pavon, Commander of the Northern line of the State of 
 Vera Cruz, who had come to this country for supplies of munitions; 
 and in regard to whose mission he would soon write me at length. 
 A few days later, the Mexican Minister wrote desiring me to pro- 
 cure a large assortment of munitions for the army under the com- 
 mand of General Diaz, to aid that officer in bringing the war to a 
 speedy and successful close. 
 
 I endeavored to obtain the requested supplies, but it was no 
 longer possible to do so with Mexican bonds. The little credit I 
 had manufactured for them had been lost, — partly attributable to 
 the fact that no provision was made, or being made, for the pay- 
 ment of their interest ; and, in a larger sense, due also to the un- 
 fulfilled contracts with former creditors. 
 
 I SHIP MILITARY STORES ON PRIVATE ACCOUNT, AT THE REQUEST OF 
 
 MR. ROIVIERO. 
 
 About this time came a request from General Diaz that a sup- 
 ply of artillery and other arms might be sent to Alvarado, Mexico, 
 to assist in the capture of Vera Cruz ; and for the payment of 
 which the money was represented to be in readiness at that place. 
 Also, Colonel Mexia and other Mexican officers assured me that 
 there were sufficient funds at Tampico and vicinity to pay for mu- 
 nitions on their delivery. And after consulting with Mr. Romero, 
 who promised to afford me every possible facility, I concluded to 
 ship to Mexico some arms and other munitions, as a private ven- 
 ture, but under the auspices and protection of the Mexican Gov* 
 
74 
 
 ernment. I agreed, with Mr. Romero, that I would convey to 
 Tampico, free of all charges for passage and freight, Colo'nel Mexia 
 and his companions, together with such portions of the stores on 
 hand that had been procured for his Government as he might de- 
 sire : — provided, that the vessel and that portion of the cargo so 
 taken out on private account should be free of all taxes or duties? 
 as well as the proceeds of this cargo when sold : to which Mr. Ro- 
 mero gave his consent and approval. 
 
 With this understanding, I procured from several Massachusetts 
 manufacturers such supplies as were required; to which were added 
 others, obtained from friends of mine; and on the 31st March, I 
 dispatched the steamer "General McCallum" to Tampico, in 
 charge of Mr. Stocking, as Supercargo, with a large cargo of mu- 
 nitions, partly belonging to the Mexican Government, and the lar- 
 ger portion taken out as a private commercial enterprise. Colonel 
 Mexia and eight other Mexican citizens (whose effects amounted 
 to about fifty tons) were passengers on this vessel. 
 
 Before the departure of the " McCallum," information of the in- 
 tended expedition was sent to the authorities at Tampico ; and 
 Mr. Romero sent me, by mail, the letters (written in Spanish) 
 to officials in Mexico, which had been promised as a means of 
 obtaining from the Mexican authorities the special privileges that 
 had induced me to embark in this enterprise. In his communica- 
 tion inclosing these letters, Mr. Romero says : 
 
 " I inclose you one letter for General A. Gomez, and another for 
 Mr. Chase,* which will enable Mr, Stocking to do his business. I 
 can not specify the facilities they might give you there ; but I gen- 
 erally recommend them to extend you as many as they conveniently 
 can. If you do not succeed in the disposal of the goods at Tam- 
 pico, I would suggest to take them to Alvarado, or Matan^oras." 
 
 MORE CALLS FOR MILITARY STORES. 
 
 Under date of April 8th, 1867, Mr. Romero wrote to me : — 
 
 "General Berriozabal wishes me to send to Matamoras such part 
 of the goods purchased from Mr. f as are intended for him. 
 
 -■■ The Consul-General of the United States to Mexico ; then having his office at Tampico. 
 f The name of this gentleman, who is one of the largest manufactiirera of arras in this country, 
 i« omitted because permission to use it in this connection has not been obtaiued. 
 
75 
 
 He would pay the freight at Matamoras on receipt of the goods. 
 Do you think it possible to send them under such terms? The 
 balance of the goods are intended for General Diaz, and I would 
 prefer to have them sent to Alvarado. As you know, General 
 Garcia and General Benavides are now there blockading Vera 
 Cruz. They lack heavy artillery; and I doubt very much whether 
 they can take the place unless they are supplied with heavy artil- 
 lery and the necessary ammunition. As the capture of Vera Cruz 
 is of very great importance, I have no doubt that they would be 
 willing to pay well for any artillery that any enterprising party 
 might take to Alvarado. Should you be willing to have any of 
 your friends undertake this, let me know it ; I can then send all 
 goods for General Diaz. General Baranda will be at the head- 
 quarters of Generals Garcia and Benavides." 
 
 I lost no time in endeavoring to put these wishes into execution, 
 made the necessary arrangements, and dispatched, by the schooner 
 "Veto," the desired supplies to General Berriozabal, I proceeded 
 to arrange for sending a supply of artillery and other arms to assist 
 in the capture of Vera Cruz; but before these could be shipped, 
 news was received of the surrender of that place to the army of 
 the Mexican Republic. 
 
 A PARALLEL CASE TO THE OUTRAGE AT MATAMORAS, BEFORE RELA- 
 TED. 
 
 On the 31st of May, the steamer "General McCallum" returned, 
 and I learned from Mr. Stocking that indignities had been put 
 upon him and the other officers of the vessel, by the authorities at 
 Tampico, and outrages committed touching the rights of American 
 citizens in the cargo, quite as discreditable to the Mexican Gov- 
 ernment as the treachery and faithlessness that had previously led 
 to the seizure and partial misappropriation of the cargo of the 
 steamer " Everman," at Matamoras. He and his fellow Americans, 
 although they had come to Mexico with valuable aid for that coun- 
 try, and with promises of extraordinary privileges and courtesies, 
 had nevertheless been treated like enemies. The Mexican com- 
 mandant at that place, General Gomez, previously advised of the 
 coming of the vessel with so valuable a cargo, had usurped an ab- 
 solute, irresponsible control of the port, and immediately on the 
 arrival of the " McCallum," seized ship and cargo; which wore only 
 
76 
 
 released by the prompt and gallant action of the late Captain Max- 
 well, commanding the United States ship-of-war, "Yantic." The 
 vessel was thus freed from the clutches of the greedy usurper; who 
 next subjected the officers to further annoyance and expense, by 
 requiring them to proceed about seventy miles up the river and there 
 discharge that portion of the cargo which I had purchased with 
 the bonds of Mexico. The ship was then allowed to return to 
 Tampico. But during the enforced voyage up the river, owing to 
 its tortuous course and swift current, the "McCallum" ran ashore 
 and sustained damages, as the owners claim, to the extent of sev- 
 eral thousand dollars; for which loss they have held me responsible. 
 And on the return of the steamer to Tampico, Gomez would not 
 permit her to go to sea again ; but then and there compelled the 
 discharge of the remaining and principal portion of the cargo, the 
 property of American citizens (assigning as a pretense for this 
 exaction the circumstance that the vessel had originally cleared 
 for that port,) and insisted on the immediate payment of all the 
 duties ordinarily imposed on merchant vessels — decidedly rigorous 
 treatment, it muyt be said, of the citizens of the United States, 
 who had been induced to undertake this enterprise under the prom- 
 ises of extraordinary courtesies and privileges ; and wantonly 
 outrageous when it is considered that the cargo was composed of the 
 very means of success so essential to the Mexican army. And now 
 Mr. Stocking had returned to inform me of all this atrocious treat- 
 ment from an official of a Government for which I had done so 
 much; having left my brother behind at Tampico to protect, as 
 best he might, individual interests in the cargo. But concerned 
 as I was, and mortified and indignant, I could but wait for affairs 
 to take their course. 
 
 FINAL SHIPMENTS OF STORES. 
 
 This last outrage increased my desire to bring my engagement 
 with the Mexican Government to a close; and I exerted myself 
 to ship to Mexico the remainder of the military stores on hand, 
 and so close accounts. Accordingly, I engaged the necessary ves- 
 sels, and before my journey to Mexico that autumn had sent to 
 the Mexican Government all these munitions. 
 
77 
 
 I RENDER MR. ROMERO A FINAL REPORT OF MY TRANSACTIONS. 
 
 How the struggle terminated in the triumph of the cause of the 
 Republic, the extermination of the foreign Empire, the capture and 
 execution of Maximilian, and the expulsion of the foreign inva- 
 ders, are matters of history I have no need to repeat here. There 
 was now no further need of the services I had for two years been 
 engaged in performing, and which I think I have shown had much 
 to do with securing the triumph that finally crowned the struggle 
 of the Mexican people for independence ; and now that Mr. Romero 
 was about to terminate his embassadorial services, and was prepar- 
 ing to return to his country, I submitted to him, on the 23d of 
 August, 1867, a final report of my transactions as the Agent of his 
 Government, with summary statements of accounts of the arms 
 and other munitions I had purchased and shipped, the vessels char- 
 tered, &c. ; the vouchers for which, as well as detailed statements 
 of the same, T had already furnished him from time to time, as 
 occasion required. 
 
 AN INTERVIEW WITH MR. REMERO, TOUCHING MY OWN CLAIMS AND 
 THOSE OF THE OTHER CREDITORS. 
 
 Shortly prior to rendering the foregoing report, at an interview 
 with Mr. Romero, in New York, the subject of my projected visit 
 to Mexico with him, for the purpose of effecting settlements with 
 his Government of my claims and those of the citizens of this 
 country who had been induced to aid his cause, was introduced 
 and discussed. I stated to Mr. Romero that my first ol)ject, and 
 chief concern, was to bring about an early and satisfactory settle- 
 ment in behalf of the creditors in this country who had furnished 
 material aid for the Mexican cause through my solicitations. These 
 creditors, I urged, would quite naturally look to him and myself as 
 being obligated to industriously endeavor to effect an early settle- 
 ment of their claims; for it had been through our agency and prom- 
 ises that they had been induced to trust his Government: most of 
 whom had not even received the bonds that had been promised 
 them as a guaranty of payment; and the others, to whom Mexican 
 bonds had been delivered, had never been paid any of the accrued 
 interest thereon, which was now much in arrears: — strict justice for 
 these creditors, I said to Mr. Romero, was my first desire. In 
 respect to the remuneration for myself and the friends who had 
 
78 
 
 co-operated with me in effecting the results I had attained, as 
 Agent for his Government, a liberal latitude would be allowed. 
 
 I reminded the Mexican Minister of what had passed between 
 us, when at a former interview he had brought up this subject ; 
 how I had then expressed my entire confidence that the Mexican 
 Government would fully compensate and reimburse me and my 
 friends for all our services and expenditures in its behalf; and how 
 I had then preferred to let this subject remain yet awhile longer 
 in statu quo; since his Government was not at that time in full pos- 
 session of the territory of Mexico and its revenues, and I could not 
 then tell in what manner my compensation and remuneration might 
 most conveniently be made; audit was not possible at that time 
 to foresee how long the war might be prolonged, or what addition- 
 al services I might be called on to perform. But now that the war 
 had triumphantly ended, and I was to accompany him to Mexico, 
 to effect a settlement with his Government, and as he was more 
 familiar than I with the financial condition of his Country, I 
 desired his opinion as to the probable manner in which remuneration 
 for my services, and satisfaction of his Government's agreements 
 with me generally, would most probably be made. I remarked 
 that he was fully cognizant of the nature and extent of the services 
 I had rendered, and valuable influences I had enlisted in the ac- 
 tive behalf of his Country. I further observed that it was natural 
 that his Government's finances should have become disordered and 
 the Treasury depleted by the war, and that, in consequence, it might 
 be inconvenient, if not difficult, to remunerate in ready money myself 
 and the friends who had assisted and co-operated with me in my 
 labors: for which reasons, it would probably be more convenient for his 
 Government to put our compensation in some other form less 
 onerous for itself, and equally valuable to us. I reminded him that 
 at a former conversation he had spoken to me of the vast unde- 
 veloped sources of natural wealth his country possessed; its great 
 need of public improvements, internal and coast- wise ; the needed de- 
 velopment of its mines, improvement of its harbors, construction of 
 public highways, etc.; in some of which services he had desired me to 
 engage, on account of what he was pleased to term my enterprise, pub- 
 lic spirit, and determination, and in which I might profit myself while 
 benefiting Mexico: and I now asked him what inducements, special 
 privileges, and franchises, in regard of these, his Government would 
 probably be willing to confer on me and friends, as compensation 
 
79 
 
 for the services we had rendered under the agreements of that Gov- 
 ernment with me. I remarked that it was in the power of his Gov- 
 ernment to grant special favors in these respects, that would cost the 
 treasury nothing — but would benefit it instead — and which I would 
 quite prefer to any form of proraises-to-pay, whether in the shape 
 of bonds or otherwise. That is to say, in respect of our services 
 to his Government in the procurement and shipment of arms, and 
 in a political capacity — including the outlays of money in the latter 
 service — I and the influential friends to whom I was indebted on 
 account of the aid and influences they had given me, would be 
 willing to receive, as full compensation, special privileges, grants, or 
 franchises, as above stated: but as to the outlay from my own pri- 
 vate means I had incurred in meeting the expenditures necessary 
 to effect the purchase of arms, and to provide for their shipment, to 
 Mexico — under which head I include the money I advanced to 
 liquidate old claims against Mexico, the gold I furnished to an- 
 ticipate the interest on Mexican bonds, expenses of clerk hire, and 
 the like, — for such outlays, I should expect re-imbursement in 
 kind. 
 
 MY DESIRE TO ESTABLISH MORE INTIMATE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE 
 
 UNITED STATES AND MEXICO. HOW A WELL-MEANT DESIGN WAS 
 
 FRUSTRATED. 
 
 In reply, Mr. Romero said that he could not, of course, in advance 
 of his return to Mexico, state particularly what his Government 
 would do; yet I could not but obtain great favor in its estimation 
 for the sympathy, consideration, and generous disposition I had 
 showm ; that his country w^as in especial need of American capital 
 for developing its resources, and improving its natural advantages: 
 and he had no doubt that if I would accompany him on his return, 
 all would be arranged to the satisfaction of myself and friends, and 
 the other creditors spoken of; especially since I was willing to 
 allow his Government so wide a latitude in settling, without re- 
 quiring a satisfaction in cash of its agreements with me. 
 
 Ascertaining from Mr. Romero that he had formed the design of 
 returning home some time in the following September, via Havana, 
 in either the English or French steamer, I suggested to him that it 
 might result in benefit to both countries, if he would invite some 
 of our distinguished and influential public men to accompany him, 
 that they might learn something of the resources and condition of 
 
80 
 
 Mexico; which would be of especial advantage to the latter country, 
 if — as was at that time anticipated — it should require further assis- 
 tance from the Government or people of the United States. And, 
 should this proposition meet with his concurrence, I further pro- 
 posed to charter and furnish, at my own expense, a vessel to convey 
 himself and family, and invited guests, to Mexico, and return the 
 latter on the expiration of their visit. 
 
 The Mexican Minister, aware of my desire to establish a more 
 thorough amity and intimate relationship between the two countries, 
 at once agreed to the suggestion and accepted my offer. I pro- 
 ceeded to put the design into execution, and, after considerable 
 pains to secure a comfortable vessel, obtained a fast sailing and 
 desirable steamer, the " Chicamauga," then lying at Baltimore; 
 which I caused to be overhauled, refitted, and furnished for my 
 purpose. But, after I had spent considerable time, and incurred an 
 expense of several thousand dollars in fitting out this vessel in 
 becoming style, Mr. Romero changed his mind, and, early in Octo- 
 ber, informed me that he had just received and accepted the offer 
 of an United States Revenue Cutter, the "Wilderness," for the 
 purpose for which I had engaged the " Chicamauga." 
 
 Mr. Romero's acceptance of this offer, (evidently estimating at a 
 high value the compliment it signified, and the favorable impression, 
 as regarded himself, it would make on his Government,) defeated 
 the chief object that I had in view in the engagement of the "Chic- 
 amauga" ; for the " Wilderness " was a small vessel, scarcely suffi- 
 cient to carry Mr. Romero, his family, and suite, leaving no room 
 for the proposed invited guests: and so I was compelled to abandon 
 the design to which I had attached such considerable importance, 
 and in which I had expended no little time, pains, and money. 
 
 I GO TO MEXICO TO OBTAIN AN EQUITABLE SETTLEMENT OF THE 
 CLAIMS OF MYSELF AND OTHER a:\IEKICAN CREDITORS. 
 
 The " Chicamauga" had to be discharged, and in company with 
 Mr. Tifft, the financial agent, who, as well as myself, had been re- 
 quested by Mr. Romero to go to Mexico, and a few friends who had 
 materially aided the Mexican Government, I took passage for 
 Mexico in the regular steamer. This affair of the "Chicamauga" 
 (for the expenses of which, I of course, never intended, nor now 
 propose, to claim re-imbursement from' the Mexican Government,) 
 
81 
 
 I should have excluded from the present statement, but for the 
 consideration that it serves to illustrate the motive that actu- 
 ated me, namely, to show to the Mexican Government and people 
 the interest taken in their welfare by leading citizens of the United 
 States, in doing the minister of that country the honor of accom- 
 panying him on his return; and thus to bring about the friendly 
 relationship of which I have spoken. 
 
 WE ARE ASSAILED, INSTEAD OF WELCOMED, BY THE MEXICAN PRESS. 
 
 Our arrival in Mexico was the signal for the press of that country 
 to open hostilities against American citizens in general, and our- 
 selves in particular. Our services and sacrifices for the cause of 
 their country were belittled, our motives disparaged, and it would 
 have appeared to one unfamiliar with the facts that we had come 
 to solicit favors of an unwilling people, rather than to obtain a sat- 
 isfactory settlement for important services rendered and aid fur- 
 nished that country — aid and services which had contributed so 
 largely to the recovery of the lost liberties of the Mexican people. 
 
 At this juncture Mr. Romero, for the purpose of public infor- 
 mation and correcting all manner of ridiculous and unfounded 
 impressions that had obtained belief, published in the official news- 
 paper of his Government a series of official communications or 
 reports, giving a detailed account of what had been done in the 
 United States under the auspices of himself and other Commis- 
 sioners, in relation to procuring material aid for the cause of the 
 Mexican Republic. Of my own share in these transactions Mr. 
 Romero has the following to say in one of those communications: 
 ************* 
 
 "General Herman Sturm, Chief of Ordnance of the State of Indiana, had been 
 appointed by General Carvajal agent for the purchase of munitions of war for 
 Mexico. 
 
 Notwithstanding I regarded with natural distrust all the persons whom General 
 Carvajal bad brought around him, because as a general thing they inspired me 
 with no confidence, I received such good recommendations of General Sturm, and 
 he manifested such good sense when he addressed me about the purchase of arms, 
 that I thought I ought to retain him in the character given to him by General Car- 
 vajal, giving him instructions that would prevent any abuse in his position as such. 
 Thariks to the untiring energy and activity of this general, arms and munitions of 
 war were purchased with bonds, and even their transportation in steamers to the 
 Republic, was paid with them. 
 
 The first retnission was made under the auspices of General Carvajal. General 
 Sturm contracted in his ©"wn name for a whole cargo, which was to have been paid 
 
 6 
 
82 
 
 in gold at reasonable prices, on arriving at Matamoras; consideriHg the danger o? 
 the operation, and in case the payment should not be thus verified, it was to be paid 
 in bonds at sixty per cent, which was the market price. The cargo left New York 
 greatly "to my surprise (for I did not believe the operation could be made,) on 
 board the Steamer "Everman"' which arrived safe at Matamoras. Unfortunately 
 when General Carvajal received the effects, the revolution of Servando Canales 
 broke out, which prevented the effects from being used immediately. The agent 
 sent by General Sturm with them, succeeded in saving the greatest part of them; 
 which were at length handed over to Generals Escobedo and Viezca, and wbich 
 well served both gentlemen in giving a death-blow to the traitors. Said effects not 
 having been paid in gold in Matamoras, I paid in bonds that part of them which 
 fell into the hands of the national forces. Satisfied that General Sturm could pur- 
 chase munitions of war with bonds at fair prices, I commissioned him to procure 
 those needed by General Pedro de Baranda, an agent from General Alejandro Gar- 
 cia, second in command of the Eastern line. He bought what he could, and they 
 weBB sent on board the Steamer "Vixen" to Minatitlan. Fortunately they arrived 
 safe and did good service. General Diaz used them in taking Puebla. Mr. Juan 
 Jose Baz had been commissioned by General Eegules to procure arms and munitions 
 of war. The cargo of the "Vixen" having been sent, I recommended to Oeneriil 
 Sturm the purchase of effects a&ked for by Mr. Baz, for General Regules. Another 
 cargo was purchased ; but in procuring a vessel to take it to the Pacific, great dif- 
 ficulties were experienced on account of the great distance and long time employed 
 in arriving at the point of designation. For this reason, I determined to send said 
 arms to Tampico or Tuxpam, and that Mr. Baz, whom I commissioned to take them, 
 should deliver a part of them to the patriots of the Huastcea and State of Mexico, 
 and the other part to General Diaz. 
 
 Mr. Jose Ferrer who had bought arms for the troops of General Alatorre, put 
 them aboard the "Suwanee" which was the same steamer in which Mr. Baz was 
 bringing those arms. Unfortunately this Steamer foundered on the coast of South 
 Carolina and all was lost. This disaster and the favorable aspect the affairs of the 
 Kepublic were assuming, made me determine to forward no more armament. A 
 short time after I received instructions from the Government to suspend all pur- 
 chases. General Sturm, nevertheless, to supply the demands made by Messrs. Beni- 
 tez, Baz, and General Baranda, had made contracts which placed at our disposition 
 other effects. Of these, some were sent to General Berriozabal at Matamoras, at 
 the time he was in a difficult situation in that city, and when they were of great 
 utility in keeping that city subservient to the authority of the Government. 
 Another portion was sent to General Pavon at Tampico, on board the Steamer 
 {'General McCallum," when he was besieging the insurrectionists headed by As- 
 cencion Gomez ; and the receipt of these arms contributed to their capitulation. 
 The remainder of said effects was sent to Vera Cruz, to the order of General Diaz, 
 who having the command of only a division, placed them at the disposition of the 
 Supreme Government. 
 
 When General Carvajal was ready to start to go to take charge of the govern- 
 ment of the State of Tamaulipas, he recommended me to send him a steamer to block- 
 ade Matamoras. When this city should be occupied, she would be of service to 
 take Tampico, which was yet in the power of the traitors. I was told by General 
 Sturm that they had proposed to sell him one, which answered our purposes, at a 
 very reasonable price. After mature deliberation, I determined to buy it for sixtj- 
 
83 
 
 six thousand dollars. Unfortunately she arrived at Matamoras when General Car- 
 vajal had been displaced by the rebellion of Canales. No legitimate authority was 
 found to whom to deliver her and she remained at Brazos de Santijigo. When 
 General Escobedo occupied Matamoras he was told that the steamer was at his dis- 
 posal, but not having any instructions on this matter, he declined to receive it. 
 General Berriozabal received her at last, after having layed idle about a year at 
 Brazos de Santiago, and armed her in order to blockade Vera Cruz after the French 
 left, and going to that port she sunk on the coast of Tamaulipas. 
 
 Among the instructions I gave General Sturm to purchase arms, there was one 
 by which it was expressly agreed that each contract he would make should require 
 my approval for its validity, with the view of satisfying myself that he purchased 
 only those articles which were wanted, and that their prices were reasonable. Having 
 manifested to me that in these proceedings he often lost the opportunity of making 
 purchases, because persons that one day were ready to sell their goods for bonds, 
 changed their minds on the nex', I determined to authorize the Citizen Juan N. 
 Navarro, Consul of the Republic in New York, in whose integrity and patriotism I 
 had the purest confidence, to approve of the purchases whenever he thought their 
 prices reasonable. This was so much more convenient, for as he lived in New York 
 it would be easier for him than for me to know the market prices of the goods pur- 
 chased. With the exception of two or three cases, in which I approved of the 
 contracts of General Sturm, all the rest were ratified by Mr. Navarro; and once 
 approved, I had nothing to do but to draw on the firm of Messrs. Corliss & Co. for 
 the amount of bonds wanted by General Sturm to pay for them. 
 
 As for^the prices of the goods bought, I must say here, that considering the want 
 we had of them, and the circumstances and manner in which the purchase was 
 made, they were very fair. Could we have had money to have bought them for 
 cash, undoubtedly we could have gotten them at lower prices; but we must recol- 
 lect that we paid in bonds issued by a Government that was not established, and 
 much less consolidated ; and whose success was so doubtful that, therefore, the 
 holders of such bonds did run the risk, in case that our enemies would triumph, 
 that they would not be recognized by them, or, at least, if we should triumph, of 
 not being paid with the interests, as it hses happened. If we take into consideration 
 all these matters, and yet, that the Government of the United States, with an ex- 
 cellent credit, had to sell its dollars at thirty cents, and that the Confederates gave 
 a bale of cotton for each gun, we will come to the conclusion that the price of six- 
 teen dollars in bonds we paid for Enfield and Springfield rifles was not so high. 
 
 When we reflect that we bought at the time when each gun was ot inestimable 
 value to us, and when our credit neither was, nor could be very high, and we reflect 
 that the arms were sent under circumstances that were necessarily very urgent, to 
 Generals Carvajal, Escobedo, Viezca, Diaz, Garcia, Berriozabal, Pavop, and others, 
 the good service which they have rendered, the moral effect which the news of the 
 issuing of the bonds and the purchase of arms produced in the Republic, discourag- 
 ing our enemies, including Napoleon, and encouraging our friends, which I had an 
 opportunity to know by the great number of commissions sent tome from all parts 
 at Washington; and when we consider that all this was accomplished with less than 
 two millions of dollars in bonds, which at their market price can now be bought 
 up for two hundred thousand dollars, — I think that nobody will believe that there 
 was any bad management, or that the Republic was unjustly brought in debt. 
 
 In many other nations, it will be believed, on the contrary, that prodigies had 
 been efi'ected, with an amount relatively insignificant. 
 
84 
 
 The power the Givernment gave me to procure means was very ample. Wot 
 expecting to obtain those means, I made use of my authority to approve or disap- 
 prove of the arra-'gements of other Commissioners, and to authorize the purchase 
 of articles of war." * 
 
 FAILURE OF MY VISIT TO MEXICO BASENESS AND TREACHERY OF 
 
 THAT GOVERNMENT TO ITS AMERICAN CREDITORS. 
 
 I remained at the Mexican Capital for more than three months, 
 vainly endeavoring to effect the object of my journey, namely, to 
 obtain from the Mexican Government satisfactory settlements of the 
 claims of myself and of the other citizens of the United States who 
 had furnished material aid to the Republic of Mexico, according to 
 our contracts with that Government. It must not be understood 
 that I went there to make unreasonable demands — to ask of the 
 Mexican Government that which it was not able to grant. I did not 
 ask immediate cash payment of my claims or those of the other 
 American creditors whom I was representing. All that I requested 
 was an honorable fulfillment by that Goverement of its agreements 
 with myself and the creditors I represented. For myself, I asked 
 only reimbursement for the moneys I had incidentally expended 
 in the purchase and shipment of arms to Mexico, and in liquidat- 
 ing old claims against that Government which stood in the way of 
 obtaining credit for military stores in this Country; and for all my 
 other expenditures in the service of that Government, as well as 
 for compensation for my services and for those who had co- 
 operated with me in effecting the success I had attained, I asked 
 only an equitable fulfillment of the Mexican Government's 
 agreement with me. I did not demand in behalf of the other 
 creditors I represented, nor did they expect, payment at that 
 time of their claims against Mexico. "What I asked in behalf of 
 these was, an equitable fulfillment of the contracts under which 
 tltey had furnished the Mexican Government material of war, etc., 
 — security for their claims — iiayment in bonds for those who had not 
 received them as had been promised — and some provision for paying- 
 the overdue interest on that comparatively small portion of bounds that 
 had been delivered to these creditors. But the Mexican Govern- 
 ment studiously avoided, during all that time, any encouragement 
 of my mission, or apparent entertainment of my more than gener- 
 
 * This extract is from a literal translatioa of Mr. Bosaero's coinmuDication, fttrnishcii by him i» 
 an Enslish newspaper in tlie City of Mexico, and publisbed therein ssmnUaiieousiy witb its pnbli* 
 cation, in tbo Mexican vernacnlav, in the official newspaper of lliat coontrj . 
 
85 
 
 ous propositions; carefully refraining from making any proposition 
 even looking to a settlement, or so much as acknowledging the 
 validity of the claims for which I was seeking satisfaction, or mani- 
 festing the slightest show of gratitude for the assistance that had 
 been so generously furnished the cause of Mexican Independence 
 by citizens of the United States. 
 
 Finally, convinced that I had been laboring under a delusion in 
 expecting that the Mexican Government would act an honorable 
 part toward myself and fellow creditors, and satisfied from my own 
 treatment and the shameful outrages I had seen perpetrated on 
 American citizens, under the very eyes of the Mexican Government, 
 that I could not hope to accomplish the objects of my journey, I 
 prepared to return home. For this purpose I proceeded to make 
 the necessary preparations. But information of these preparations 
 coming to the knowledge of Mr. Romero, that gentleman — evident- 
 ly apprehensive of the unpleasant effects that might ensue on my 
 return to the United States with information of the treatment I had 
 received — called on me, just before the time of my intended depart- 
 ure for home, saying, that he had labored, ever since my arrival in 
 his Country, to induce the Secretary of Foreign Affairs, Mr. Lerdo, 
 to equitably settle with me and the other American creditors, but 
 had failed to effect that result: and now he was come to announce 
 that he had been authorized by Mr. Lerdo to make a proposition. 
 What was this proposition so tardily made? It entirely ig- 
 nored the claims of the creditors I represented. As for myself, it 
 offered me, as a full settlement, the sum of f 41.000, in specie, as re- 
 imbursement (but without interest) for that portion of my inciden- 
 tal expenses, relating to the purchase and shipment of arras, and to 
 the liquidation of long overdue claims against the Mexican Govern- 
 ment, of which I have heretofore made mention in this statement, 
 and ^11.000, in cash, as payment for all my services and those of 
 the friends to whom I was obligated for their assistance ; which offer 
 I was given to understand, was the best the Mexican Government 
 chose to make, and which I might acceptor not, as I preferred — thus 
 utterly ignoring, as I have said, the claims of the citizens of this 
 Country who had been for the past few years so generously aiding 
 and trusting that Government; appreciating the services of my 
 friends at nothing, and my own at next to nothing; ignoring over 
 two-thirds of my expenditures in behalf of the cause of the Mexi- 
 ran Republic; and disregarding the grants and other rewards, 
 
86 
 
 solemnly pledged to me, by the duly authorized Commissioner of 
 the Government of that Republic. 
 
 A proposition so dishonorable to the Mexican Government, and 
 so outrageously inadequate, excited in me mingled astonishment 
 and indignation. I promptly refused to accept it ; and recalled to 
 Mr. Romero's mind the promises and pledges made by his Gov- 
 ernment to the citizens of the United States, under which they had 
 been induced to become the creditors of Mexico ; toward whom a 
 huge and glaring breach of faith was now proposed by his Gov- 
 ernment. I recapitulated the solemn obligations of the Mexican 
 Government with myself, the services I had performed and induced 
 others to perform for the cause of his country, the outlays of money 
 I had incurred, and my obligations to others for co-operation and 
 assistance ; all of which I had done, under the firm conviction that 
 his Government would, like an honorable nation, keep its pledges. 
 I repeated to him that I had not come to ask a rigid satisfaction of 
 the claims of myself and friends and the body of American cred- 
 itors I was representing. All I desired was an equitable fulfillment 
 of the pledges of his Government. I wanted to know what pre- 
 vented his Government from confirming my title to the land grant 
 executed to me by General Carvajal, acting for the Mexican Gov- 
 ernment, and which I had already pledged, in part, to others for 
 valuable assistance in behalf of his country. And I inquired what 
 there was to hinder his Government from granting me some of the 
 special privileges or franchises, about which we had spoken in the 
 United States, and which I had proposed to accept, as substitutes 
 for money, in compensation for my services and remuneration for 
 my expenditures, except the sums I had expended in the purchase 
 and shipment of arms. 
 
 To all of which, Mr. Romero only answered by shrugging his 
 shoulders, and saying that his Government was opposed to con- 
 cessions of these kinds to foreigners, and especially to Americans, 
 and that Senor Lerdo de Tejada did not deem it "convenient'' to 
 grant to foreigners any of the concessions of which I had spo- 
 ken. (By all of which it appears, I think, that "inconvenience" 
 is a Mexican term for indisposition to pay debts in any manner 
 Vv^hatever.) I energetically remonstrated with Mr. Romero against 
 the faithless course his Government seemed to have resolved to 
 pursue toward its deserving creditors ; and assured him that his 
 country could not but be the loser in the end by such conduct ; and 
 
8.7 
 
 spoke of the position I was now placed in of being compelled, 
 when confronted by the citizens of the United States whom I had 
 induced to trust" his country, to contradict the very assurances 1 
 had made them. On which, Mr. Romero more than intimated that 
 I was taking too much concern about these creditors. Mr. Lerdo 
 did not consider it " convenient " to settle with them at present ; 
 and regarded their demands as mere claims against his Govern- 
 ment, which, at some indefinite time in the future, might be prose- 
 cuted under a treaty between the two Governments. Of this " New 
 Way to Pay Old Debts " I think I need not attempt to show the in- 
 tent and insufficiency, as both are sufficiently transparent without 
 explanation or comment. 
 
 Mr. Romero assured me with much earnestness that he was now, 
 and had always been, anxious for just settlements of the claims of 
 American creditors against his Government ; but most especially 
 had he wished and labored to obtain for me appropriate recompense 
 for the valuable aid he admitted that I had rendered his country. 
 But he had been unable to secure the approval or co-operation of 
 the other members of his Government in the fulfillment of his de- 
 sire ; and especially had he found Mr. Lerdo, the Foreign Secre- 
 tary, opposed to taking the prompt and satisfactory action neces- 
 sary in the premises. He had also unsuccessfully labored to this 
 end with President Juarez. He was still greatly desirous that I, at 
 least, should be fittingly compensated and remunerated, and there- 
 fore, urged me to accept Mr. Lerdo's proposition, for the present ; 
 adding that by so doing I would make an agreeable impression on 
 his Government ; and he himself, as a member of the Mexican Cab- 
 inet, would be in a position to advocate my claims for further and 
 more complete compensation. As further proof of his solicitude 
 that I should not be unrecompensed by his Government, he then 
 suggested certain methods by means of which he would be able, 
 as Secretary of the Mexican Treasury, to benefit me financially. 
 But these plans — though doubtless well intended by Mr. Romero — 
 were of such a nature that I could not, under the peculiar circum- 
 stances of the case, consent to be connected with them. 
 
 I RETURN HOMK, AFTKR AN UNSUCCESSFUL JOURNEY. 
 
 Such was the treatment I received, and such the unblushingly 
 declared faithlessness of the Mexican Government; and finding 
 that I had nothing more to expect, I finally, on the eve of my de- 
 
parture for home, accepted and received the partial re-imbursement 
 tendered me by Mr. Lerdo, as so much credit on account; but declined 
 to receive the other offered sum of f 11,000, as satisfaction for my 
 services and general expenditures, or as a quid pro quo for the 
 rewards and compensations for which 1 held, and yet hold, the ob- 
 ligations of his Government: — postponing till a future time my 
 demands on the Mexican Government for a full and final settle- 
 ment; fully satisfied that I could do no better at that time; and 
 thoroughly persuaded that it was the purpose of that Government 
 to evade, if possible, the payment of its obligations with me and 
 the other creditors in the United States. 
 
 FEELING OF THE DISAPPOINTED CREDITORS 1 URGE PATIENCE, AND 
 
 SUGGEST THE PLAN OF A TREATY. 
 
 On my return to the United States, in the month of March, 1868, 
 I found the creditors of the Mexican Government anxious, of course, 
 to learn the result of my journey. I need not describe their indig- 
 nation at the faithlessness of that Government. Nearly all of 
 them were in favor of at once exposing, through the Press and 
 other publications, the treachery of the Mexican Government, and 
 violation of its obligations; and proposed that they organize 
 without delay for the purpose of bringing influences to bear on 
 that Government which would have the effect to enforce an early 
 payment of their just demands. But T was still in favor of giving 
 the Mexican Government the amplest time to fulfill its obligations 
 with myself and these creditors ; and so reasoned with them to be 
 patient and wait yet a while longer; and leave strong language and 
 compulsory procedures as a last resort, when there should no longer 
 be ground for hope that the Mexican Government intended to 
 accord to them a just settlement of their claims. I can best, per- 
 haps, show my disposition at that time and views as to the proper 
 course to be pursued in the premises, by quoting from a letter, 
 written by me May 6th, 1868, to some of the leading creditors of 
 Mexico, in response to their request for my opinion as to the proper 
 action to be taken by Mexican creditors in this county. In this 
 letter I said, after enumerating the embarrassments of the Mexican 
 
 Govern.ment, resulting from the exhausting war just ended: — 
 
 ****** * * » 
 
 " While it is true that the nature of your claims are such as to 
 have entitled you and them to early attention and the most satis- 
 
89 
 
 factory settlement, there may be some excuse to be made from the 
 circumstances I have spoken of; and I yet believe that that Gov- 
 ernment will, after giving the matter the proper thought, be dis- 
 posed to render that justice which you demand. 
 
 " There have been, as you know, many claims made upon Mexico, 
 Avhich were either extravagant or fraudulent in their nature, and 
 these claims, urged by unscrupulous persons, have met with a 
 readier support, because the tardiness of Mexico to acknowledge 
 her just indebtedness, has created a feeling of distrust and the 
 belief that the fault of all delay was in the unwillingness of that 
 Government to pay anything to foreigners. 
 
 " The true way to adjust this matter, is, in my opinion, to secure 
 a careful revision of all claims now held against Mexico, obtain an 
 official declaration as to the equity and legality of that portion 
 which will stand the test of a close and impartial investigation, 
 and thus enlist the sympathy of our citizens and command the 
 respect at least of the Mexican Government. It seems to me that 
 this is not only the most just but the readiest way to approach a 
 final settlement of all claims, and although it is true as you say 
 that the nature of your claims are such as to demand the imme- 
 diate and grateful attention of the Mexican Government, there are 
 many excuses to be made for this neglect, and it seems to me that 
 this course is more dignified and will be attended with happier if 
 not more speedy results. A commission composed of good reputa- 
 ble business men, the members of which shall be appointed one half 
 by each Government, respectively, viz., the United States and the 
 Republic of Mexico, could, I think, be secured, and, after carefully 
 weeding out the fraudulent or extravagant from the just and equit- 
 able claims, easily arrange for a speedy settlement of the latter. I 
 believe the plan to be feasible and practicable, as well as eminently 
 just to Mexico. For the immediate adjustment of your claims? 
 which, from their nature, you demand should have preference in 
 attention, this plan might not perhaps secure all that you are justly 
 entitled to, in point of time at least; but I think it preferable to the 
 coercive measures advocated by some of your friends and a portion 
 of the Press. We have an undoubted right to demand of the Mex- 
 ican Government that it shall settle its accounts, and it has the 
 same right to demand the same of us, but I think that all that is 
 desired can be gained by arbitration, not of the sword, but of 
 honest and disinterested men. 
 
90 
 
 <'For these reasons I repeat, that in any proper way I am not 
 only willing, but feel it my duty to aid you by any means within 
 my power. I believe that the course proposed by me will lead to 
 much greater and more important results, and eventually secure the 
 object for which I have so long labored, viz : a treaty by which the 
 commercial interests of both countries may be advanced and made 
 reciprocally advantageous.'' 
 
 The plan recommended by me in the above extract found favor 
 with those to whom it was addressed ; and at a meeting of a num- 
 ber of the creditors of the Mexican Government, held in New York 
 on the 5th May, 1868, resolutions were adopted endorsing this plan, 
 and appointing a committee composed of influential merchants of 
 New York City, who were creditors of Mexico, to take such steps 
 as they might deem best calculated to secure the ratification of the 
 proposed measure by the Governments of the United States and 
 Mexico, 
 
 MR. ROMERO COMES TO THE UNITED STATES TO PROVIDE FOR A 
 SETTLEMENT OF THE CLAIMS OF AMERICAN CREDITORS OF HIS 
 GOVERNMENT, BY MEANS OF A TREATY. 
 
 Accounts of the proceedings and action of this meeting were 
 published in the newspapers of the day, and in due course of time 
 came to the knowledge of the Mexican Government. The effect 
 of these proceedings was, that Mr. Romero was sent to this coun- 
 try fully authorized by his Government (as it subsequently trans- 
 pired) to conclude a treaty with the United States for a settlement 
 of the claims of citizens of either country against the Government 
 of the other. 
 
 At an interview with Mr. Romero in the month of June, he pro- 
 fessed his regrets that I should have of late been acting with the 
 " enemies " of his country : by which term he only meant the cred- 
 itors of Mexico, who were using the only conciliatory means left 
 them to secure from his Government satisfaction of their claims ; 
 and my alleged inimical conduct, which had thus caused him pain, 
 was nothing worse than my co-operation with the other American 
 creditors of Mexico in their endeavors to obtain justice. 
 
 I observed to Mr. Romero that the action of these creditors was 
 a very reasonable and justifiable procedure, in view of his Govern- 
 ment's unfulfilled contracts with them ; and urged upon him the 
 
91 
 
 importance of speedily concluding a treaty of the character 
 proposed by these creditors. After arguing to him at some length 
 the considerations of justice and expediency which equally dictated 
 the consent of his Government to the plan proposed — to which he 
 could not but agree, — Mr. B/Oraero promised that he would endeav- 
 or to effect the conclusion of the desired treaty. 
 
 He accordingly proceeded to Washington for the professed 
 purpose of carrying out the understanding between him and 
 the creditors of Mexico in this country : and on the 4th July, 1868, 
 a treaty was concluded and signed by Mr. Seward and Mr. Rom- 
 ero, and was subsequently ratified by their respective Governments. 
 
 MR. Romero's construction of the treaty. 
 
 This treaty, which was not promulgated until the formal exchange 
 of its ratification by the two Governments, I was assured by Mr. 
 Romero, and it was so generally understood, comprehended the 
 settlement of all classes of claims of citizens of either country 
 against the Government of the other: and months after its ratifica- 
 tion by the United States Senate, Mr. Romero again assured me of 
 its sufficiency, in a letter dated at the City of Mexico, October 24, 
 1868, in which he says : 
 
 " My desire is to settle in good faith the claims of all Americans 
 who helped us in any way during the war with the French. One 
 of my principal objects in going to Washington last summer was 
 to come to an understanding with the Government of the United 
 States about this. Fortunately we succeeded in this, and you know 
 the treaty which was signed, and which is almost the same you pro- 
 posed at the meeting at the Fifth Avenue Hotel." 
 
 I MAKE A SECOND FRUITLESS VISIT TO MEXICO. 
 
 While the negotiation of this treaty was being effected, Mr. 
 Romero, in a conversation, stated to me that his Government would 
 much prefer to settle directly, and without recourse to the remedy 
 provided by that treaty, with the American creditors who had 
 claims for material aid furnished the Mexican Republic during the 
 late war in that country. 
 
 As I was already contemplating a visit to Mexico to attend to 
 various unsettled accounts for military stores that 1 had furnished 
 
92 
 
 different local authorities of that country, Mr. Romero's assurance 
 of the desire of his Government to settle with its American creditors, 
 was an additional incentive to a second journey to that country, 
 and I again arrived at the City of Mexico in the month of Novem- 
 ber, 1868. 
 
 But I found the Mexican Government no more ready or willing 
 to settle with its American creditors than on the occasion of my 
 former visit: on the contrary it was more indifferent, in this regard 
 than before, and seemed to be determined to avail itself of the 
 full privileges of the delay incident to a settlement under the forms 
 of the treaty recently negotiated with the United States. The only 
 benefit I realized from this second visit was to obtain, through the 
 efforts of Mr. Romero, a further payment of ^2,500 on my claims 
 against his Government. 
 
 MEXICAN TREACHERY AND DISHONESTY FURTHER ILLUSTRATED. 
 
 Concerning the result of this visit, and in relation to my efforts 
 to obtain payment for military stores furnished several Mexican 
 officials, on private account, I will add a few words, to show that 
 the treacherous and faithless conduct of the (jrovernment was but 
 a manifestation or specimen of the utter disregard of honor or 
 principle that seems to characterize alike the high and low, federal 
 and state, officials now governing- Mexico— with here and there, as 
 a matter of course, an occasional honorable exception. 
 
 I have heretofore described how, during my connection with the 
 Mexican Government as its Agent in this country, when it was no 
 longer possible to obtain credit for Mexican bonds, I induced a 
 number of dealers in military stores, at the suggestion of Com- 
 missioners of the Mexican Government, and under promises of 
 liberal concessions and facilities on the part of that Government, 
 to ship a cargo of munitions to Tampico, there to be sold to the 
 Mexican authorities; how I was then assured that the money for 
 their payment was in readiness at that port; how the revolutionary 
 Commandant, Gomez, compelled the discharge of the cargo there; 
 and how the owners of that cargo were disappointed and wronged 
 in the transaction. On my first visit to Mexico, in the autumn of 
 1867, I endeavored to effect a settlement in behalf of the owners 
 of this cargo ; and failing in this object, authorized a responsible 
 firm in the city of Mexico to dispose of these munitions to such of 
 the Mexican authorities as might be disposed to purchase them. 
 
93 
 
 In pursuance of this authority, my Agents sold a large portion of 
 the cargo, to.diifereut State Governments of that country, for which 
 payment was pledged to be made as soon as the purchasers should 
 be presented with the receipts of the officials authorized to receive 
 the purchases. But these State officials afterward failed to observe 
 their contracts with my Agents; and on the occasion of my second 
 visit to Mexico, in 1868, I fruitlessly Endeavored, also, to effect a 
 fulfillment of these contracts. Among others, I demanded payment 
 of the Governor of Puebla, who was one of these debtors and 
 chanced at that time to be in the city of Mexico. To which he 
 answered that the money for the liquidation of his contract with 
 my Agents was at that time in the Custom House at Vera Cruz ; 
 and having been advised by Mr. Romero of my presence in that 
 country, and requested to settle this claim, he had instructed the 
 Custom House officials at the above named port, to deliver to me 
 the money in payment of this debt on my demand. But as this gen- 
 tleman had before violated his promises to my Agents more than a 
 score of times (a literal truth,) I was not disposed, on the present 
 occasion, to repOse entire confidence in his assurance; and so sent 
 a messenger to Vera Cruz to find out if the Governor's statement 
 was correct. As I had apprehended, it turned out that his story 
 touching the funds to his credit in the Custom House at Vera Cruz 
 was without the slightest foundation in truth. Thereupon, my 
 Agent called on that gentleman and remonstrated against such a 
 flagrant deception ; on which the latter, with exquisite humor, 
 accompanied by gay gestures and facial expression, admitted that 
 he had no money at Vera Ci^uz, and was aware of that fact when 
 he so informed me; that he had only resorted to this deception to 
 get rid of me, and would not have done so had he thought I would 
 send a messenger to Vera Cruz to ascertain the truth of his state- 
 ment, instead of going there myself — ^rightly thinking that I would 
 not return to further solicit him, after having reached Vera Cru25 
 on my way home. 
 
 INSUFFICIKNCY OF THE TREATY. 
 
 The Mexican Government has not since improved in its disposi- 
 tion or course toward myself and the other American creditors 
 whose claims I have been relating. Justice for myself and these, 
 from that Government, remains to be sought by other and more 
 effectual mea.ns than any to which we have yet had recourse. For 
 
94 
 
 the treaty, above mentioned, which was looked to as a comprehen- 
 sive and satisfactory maasure of relief turns out to be no remedy 
 at all. Its jurisdiction is stated in obscure or ambiguous language, 
 of which the Mexican Government will doubtless take full advan- 
 tage. The rules of the Commission appointed to pass upon claims 
 presented for settlement, under this treaty, are arbitrary, oppressive, 
 and difficult to be complied with, and seem to have been contrived 
 for the express purpose of preventing American claimants from 
 deriving any benefit from the treaty. Some other remedy must, 
 therefore, be sought. 
 
 CONCLUSION. 
 
 And now I have brought to a close this statement, (which has 
 necessarily exceeded the limits originally intended;) in which I have 
 aimed to describe my connection with the Government of Mexico 
 as its Agent in this country; and the truth of which, in every par- 
 ticular, I can substantiate by documentary proof in my possession, 
 and the testimony of many living witnesses of good repute in this 
 country. 
 
 I have confined myself strictly to facts; and have sought to 
 present to the public an intelligible statement of the promises and 
 pledges, by means of which the Government of the Mexican Re- 
 public was successful in obtaining material aid in behalf of its 
 cause from citizens of the United States; the extent and impor- 
 tance of that aid; and the violation by that Government of its 
 obligations to its creditors in this country for the aid so obtained. 
 
 I think I have demonstrated that the present Government of 
 Mexico, of which so much was expected, and which was at one 
 time so highly extolled, is no more worthy of confidence, or actua- 
 ted by just motives, than the average of its predecessors ; and that 
 no citizen of this country can hope to receive voluntarily accorded 
 justice from that Government. 
 
 American creditors of the Mexican Government have, therefore, 
 but one reliance for redress left them — the Government of the Uni- 
 ted States. 
 
 H. STURM. 
 
 Indianapolis, 15th November, 1869. 
 
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