LB 
 
 POSTER WORK 
 in Kindergarten 
 
 lS||S|lal|5iiil|5l|5ia^ AND I5i[BH5H5i[i3iiq|[DiyE 
 
 Primary Grades 
 
Class ^-C> I ^^"'^ 
 
 Book 
 
 Copyright N"_ 
 
 Tl 
 
 COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 
 
POSTER WORK 
 
 IN 
 
 Kindergarten and 
 Primary Grades 
 
 BY JOHANNA HOLM 
 
V 
 
 Copyright 1914 
 
 By Johanna Holm 
 
 All Rights Reserved, 
 
 JWL -9/9/4 
 
 ©CI,A376G27 
 
Introduction 
 
 THE poster as a form of art work originated with German artists and was popu- 
 lar for advertising purposes. Because of its simplicity of form and of numer- 
 ous possibilities for illustration it offers, a phase of this art has gradually been intro- 
 duced into the educational field. 
 
 One of the serious problems for the primary teacher is how to find material 
 which will serve to keep the little ones busy, and, at the same time, have a real 
 educative value. Poster work is a means that serves both of these purposes. Work 
 with the hands has come to be considered essential to a child's complete education. 
 Poster work is hand work. Its correlation with, and application to language work 
 greatly increases its value. 
 
 The posters in the following pages have been successfully developed by Miss 
 Holm in her work with primary children. They will prove invaluable aids to the 
 primary teacher. 
 
 C. J. BREWER, 
 Chippewa Falls, Wis. Supt. of Schools 
 
Author's Preface 
 
 THE orginals of the posters, the prints of which appear in this 
 book, were made by the pupils in the Kindergarten and First 
 Grade under the supervision of the author. The pleasure the children 
 experienced in making the posters did not exceed the enjoyment they 
 found in studying the finished borders. 
 
 With the pleasure they revealed in mind, the articles and pos- 
 ters were published each month in the Primary Education so that 
 other teachers could use them in their schools. The success of this 
 venture has encouraged the author to offer this book "Poster Work in 
 Kindergarten and Primary Grades" to the teachers hoping that they 
 will receive practical and helpful suggestions therefrom and that they 
 will be convinced that only as the handwork is correlated with the 
 language and nature lessons does it attain its highest educational 
 value. 
 
 AUTHOR 
 
A YEAR'S CALENDAR 
 
 Whatever the weather may be. says he. 
 
 Whatever the weather may he. 
 
 It's the song ye sing. 
 
 And the smiles ye wear. 
 
 That's a-making the 
 
 Sunshine everywhere. — James Whitcomb Riley 
 
 Page Six 
 
A Year's Calendar 
 
 THIS calendar represents the twelve months of the 
 year. It takes but little board space and compen- 
 sates the teacher for her work in its value as a 
 time saver. It is valuable in the information which 
 can be imparted to the child; not only can the weather 
 of the days of one month be compared, but the relative 
 changes observed in the different months and seasons 
 can be discussed. 
 
 This calendar consists of ten concentric circles. 
 Draw the ten circles, using a piece of white crayon 
 attached to a piece of twine 25 in. long. The first 
 circle has a diameter of 50 in. or the height of the 
 board. The second circle has a radius 1 ' j in. shorter 
 than that of the outside circle of 23' j. The third has 
 a radius -h in. shorter than the radius of the second; 
 the fourth I's in. shorter than that of the third. Make 
 the radius of each of the next five circles 1^4 in. short- 
 er than that of the one preceding. The small circle 
 has a 3 in. radius. 
 
 With the radius of the second circle divide the sec- 
 ond circle into six equal parts and than divide each 
 arc thus made into two equal parts. Now draw dia- 
 meter from "A," which is a space and a half from the 
 point directly above the center through the center of 
 circle to the outside circumference. Then counting four 
 points from "A" inclusive, to point "C," place the yard 
 stick from this point through center of the circle and 
 draw a second diameter. This divides the outside 
 circle into four equal parts. In the space between 
 circles 1 and 2 and midway between diameters, write 
 or print names of the seasons, with winter in space 
 above, with spring and autumn at right and left re- 
 spectfully, and summer opposite winter, below the 
 center. 
 
 Now with radius extending from second circle, draw 
 lines dividing the circle into twelve equal parts. In the 
 space between the second and third circle write or 
 print the names of the months with January directly 
 above the center of the circle and February next 
 space to the right and the following months in their 
 order around the circle. 
 
 Divide the twelve sections of the third circle into 
 seven equal parts (each part in this size calendar 
 
 measured l'^ in), and connect these points to the 
 center of the circle, thus dividing each month into 
 thirty-five spaces. In each section, in the spaces be- 
 tween the third and fourth circles, write or print the 
 first letter of the name of the days of the week, begin- 
 ing with "S" for Sunday and to the left to "S" for 
 Saturday. Now between the inner 6 in. circle and the 
 circle next to it, erase the radii, leaving only the dia- 
 meters which divide the outside circle into quarters. 
 Thus we have a space for the illustration of the seasons. 
 
 In this calendar one scene has been illustrated in the 
 four seasons. Any illustration with this idea in mind 
 can be used. Colored chalk was used to make the 
 background, the sky, grass, water, house and trees. As 
 it is difficult to make the details of a picture distinct 
 on the smooth surface of the background with colored, 
 chalk, pictures of children were cut out of magazines 
 colored and mounted in position. Thus in the winter 
 scene the boy with the huge snowball is an advertis- 
 ment brought by the children for the purpose. The 
 boy flying the kite in the Spring scene was cut out of 
 one of the back numbers of the Primary Education. 
 All pictures suitable to the seasons may be used. 
 
 In the center 6 in. circle write the years to be repre- 
 sented, and your calendar is completed and ready for 
 use. The characters used for each month to represent 
 the weather, can be prepared by the children under the 
 supervision of the teacher. 
 
 To represent the kinds of weather yellow was used 
 for sunny days, gray for cloudy, black for rain, and 
 white for snow. Each month had some object or 
 form characteristic of it in any of these colors. These 
 characters must be not more than 1 in. in diameter. 
 
 Thus September, the month of fairs and street carni- 
 vals, the toy balloon was used to illustrate the kinds of 
 weather. For instance, circles were cut out of these 
 different colors of paper, and if the weather were sunny 
 on the first day of school a yellow circle is mounted in 
 its space and the teacher adds a little line with a piece 
 of crayon to represent the string or stick attached to 
 the balloon. 
 
 October, the month of brownies, witches and goblins, 
 is represented with yellow Jack-o'-lanterns and black 
 
 Page Scr&n 
 
witches for rain; gray pumpkin heads for clouds, and 
 white crayon massed in behind a gray circle to repre- 
 sent the snow. 
 
 November has the yellow pumpkins and gray, black 
 or white turkeys. 
 
 December is represented with the Christmas tree in 
 gray or white and stars in yellow. 
 
 January is represented with different forms of snow 
 crystals cut out of the different colors. 
 
 February, with hatchets of yellow, and folded Wash, 
 ington hats of gray and white. 
 
 March is represented with squares of paper of differ- 
 ent colors folded into a form commonly called wind- 
 mills. 
 
 April, with a conventional buttercup in yellow and 
 birds in gray and black. June, with the same as 
 May and April. 
 
 George Washington's picture was mounted on the 
 day on which his birthday came. Also pictures of 
 other persons of whom the children had learned were 
 placed on the calendar. These pictures were obtained 
 from the educational magazines. The children's birth- 
 days were commemorated with a red cross over the 
 character representing the weather. This personal ele- 
 ment makes each individual have an added interest 
 in it. 
 
 Any kindergartner or teacher after using this calen- 
 dar will be better able to estimate its value to herself 
 as well as to the child. It decorates, as well as being 
 a source of information, and its growth from day to 
 day is thoroughly appreciated and enjoyed by the 
 children. 
 
Poster Work 
 
 GENERAL 
 A great deal of cutting to line, freehand cutting, pa- 
 -^^ per tearing, paper folding, and so forth is done in the 
 lower grades. These occupations are necessary in im- 
 parting skill and dexterity, in aiding the child in discern- 
 ing the form and outline of objects and also in develop- 
 ing the muscles of the fingers and hand. 
 
 What to do with this material which accumulates so 
 quickly is a problem to all primary teachers. Poster 
 Work is a form of mounting this material. Making a 
 simple background and mounting these crude forms in 
 place is a great pleasure for the child. He has accom- 
 plished something worth while. Ask him what he has 
 
 REMARKS 
 
 contributed to the poster. No, that is not necessary. 
 He will tell you that anyway with a great deal of pride. 
 The poster is often very crude. Children enjoy a 
 work of art drawn upon the blackboard by the teacher. 
 Yes, certainly! But place the poster made by the child- 
 ren near it and see which will attract their attention 
 more. Each have had a hand in making this. The very 
 crudeness of it appeals to him as no finished piece of 
 art can. He is in that stage of development where 
 whatever appeals to his imagination, interests him and 
 it is a stage of growth which we as teachers can not 
 ignore. 
 
 CORRELATION OF MANUAL WORK WITH LANGUAGE WORK 
 
 /CORRELATION of manual work with language work 
 ^^ is the basis upon which this book and posters is 
 planned. The language lessons consists of nature work, 
 geography, myths, fairy tales, and so forth. On these 
 lessons are based all their occupation lessons. This 
 correlation adds interest to the language work and aids 
 in impressing important facts upon their minds which 
 if abstractly taught would soon be forgotton. 
 
 For example we will cite the Thanksgiving story as 
 illustrated in the poster. The story of the Indians, 
 Dutch and Pilgrims will interest the children. They 
 would not understand it clearly however and the im- 
 pression made would not be permanent. Children liv- 
 ing in the city can not picture mentally the wilderness 
 with only trees in which these Indians lived. They have 
 probably never seen more than three or four trees in a 
 group. 
 
 The poster with the trees, and no house but the crude 
 log church built by the Pilgrims, and the tents made of 
 the skins of wild animals would aid in portraying the 
 background in which the people, the children are to 
 study, are to be placed. They can give the Pilgrims 
 the right environment and so better understand the 
 hardships they had to put up with because of their 
 faith. The illustration of the large expanse of water 
 which they crossed in sail boats gives them a faint idea 
 of the j»recariousness of their journey. 
 
 The occupation lessons, when correlated with the lan- 
 guage lessons, also become connected, and there would 
 always be an object for each lesson. The children soon 
 notice this and a more daring one will say, "What are 
 we going to use this for?" referring to the lesson planned 
 for that day. 
 
 Page Nine 
 
CARE OF MATERIAL 
 
 TT'VERYTHING a child does should be collected and 
 -^^ the best results preserved. Don't send home the 
 worst results of their best efforts. This sounds incon- 
 cistent. But do you think parents as a rule, appreciate 
 these crude pieces of work? Some parents thoughtless- 
 ly destroy them before the child. This is not an incen- 
 
 tive to better efforts. The work done the first month 
 is very crude. Collect the material, mount some of it 
 in a little book. Have a lesson the last month and 
 mount these in the same booklet. Now the parents 
 will appreciate what the year's work has done for their 
 child. 
 
 THE FIRST EFFORTS IN POSTER WORK 
 
 f I ■'HE first efforts in Poster Work must necessarily be 
 very simple. During the first half of the year the 
 best efforts of the majority of the children will be crude. 
 A simple individual poster for September for beginners 
 is a house, the siding of which the children have first 
 colored, then cut to line and mounted. Use the com- 
 mon drawing paper and water-wash, or color with col- 
 ored crayons. The teacher then draws lines on the 
 other side of the paper about one-half inch apart. Dur- 
 ing the occupation period the children cut on these 
 
 lines and mount the so-called siding on a house, out- 
 lined by the teacher, beginning from the foundation 
 line and working up as the carpenter does. Another 
 individual poster is a brick house or fireplace made in 
 like manner. For Christmas, a box cut like a fireplace 
 may be covered with bricks which each child has made 
 one or more of. The balloon border is appropriate for 
 the month of September also and is simple enough to 
 result in a successful poster. 
 
 THE PURPOSES OF POSTER WORK AS PLANNED IN THIS BOOK 
 
 rriO unfy the work in the lower grades, the occupa- 
 tion work is based on the language, nature study, 
 reading and so forth. This is done to attain unity of 
 thought, to add interest to the language work and make 
 the abstract facts real to him. This subject is discussed 
 more fully under the topic Correlation of Poster Work 
 and Manual Work. 
 
 Another aim is to use the material made by the 
 children and put it into a form at once pleasing to the 
 eye and also a source of information to him. To bring 
 into his school life outside interests and make him as 
 
 happy in his work as possible is another purpose the 
 teacher must have in mind. This is especially true the 
 first month of the school year. The fairs usually occur 
 at this time and with this to interest him, the simple 
 Balloon poster is most appropriate, others, equally 
 simple and interesting, can be planned. 
 
 There is nothing better than Poster Work to awaken 
 the power observation. Siding the house, laying the 
 bricks, suggestive posters mentioned above, will tend to 
 cause the child to watch them whenever he sees car- 
 penters or bricklayers at work. He notices the birds. 
 
 Page Ten 
 
how the telephone post is made, the trees, the flowers, 
 everything which he has endeavored to picture in the 
 posters. Nothing now escapes his observing eye. 
 
 The manual work necessary in making these posters 
 develops the muscles of the fingers and hand and with 
 the constant use of these he soon attains great skill 
 and dexterity. His sense of beauty is developed. His 
 first attempts are necessarily crude. But the compar- 
 ing of his own work with that of others which is better, 
 he soon becomes self-critical. As his hands become 
 more skillful in manipulating the tools and his eye is 
 
 gradually becoming trained also, his work will be 
 proportionately better. Neatness is essential to good 
 results. So this attainment is absolutely necessary be- 
 fore the children can hope to do good work. Thepaste- 
 ing lessons will develop this as nothing else can. A 
 careful child will soon attain this virtue; but the care- 
 less child will have to learn to be careful as well as neat. 
 After the children become skillful in the use of the 
 scissors, the cutting-to-line lessons can be used as seat 
 work. Tracing can also be done undirected after sever- 
 al lessons under the direction of the teacher. 
 
 THINGS TO AVOID IN POSTER WORK 
 
 TO make the posters too elaborate and expensive 
 should be avoided. Use inexpensive materials 
 which you have on hand. With water colors, tint 
 the drawing paper you have, if the tinted paper is not 
 furnished. 
 
 It is a temptation to permit the children, who do the 
 good work, to make the greater part of the poster. It 
 is an incentive to the best effort however to allow the 
 children who get the best results mount theirs on the 
 poster. The teacher should be careful in judging this. 
 If a child used his best effort and the result is crude, 
 use it. Too accurate work should not be expected of 
 the little people. The children should do the tracing. 
 
 cutting, and pasteing and, under the supervision of the 
 teacher, the placing of the object upon the poster. 
 
 Do not neglect to emphasize the object in making 
 the poster if directly correlated with the language 
 work. Constant reference to the subject to be illus- 
 trated should be made during the occupation lesson. 
 
 Do not have all group posters. Permit the children 
 to make individual posters also. 
 
 Avoid colors which are not in harmony with each 
 other in the poster itself. If unable to get good colors 
 in paper, make the silhouette posters entirely. Avoid 
 mounting paper which does not harmonize with the 
 general coloring of the room. 
 
 COLOR COMBINATIONS IN POSTER WORK 
 
 THE most effective combinations for two-toned 
 Poster work are the silhouette colors, black on 
 white or white on black background. 
 
 The three-toned posters are made of black, white 
 or gray. The gray is used for the background usually 
 but either of the other colors can be used. 
 
 Other strong contrasting colors for two-toned posters 
 are black with red, black with orange, cream with 
 brown, and blue with white. 
 
 For the three-toned posters, black, red and white as 
 in the Japanese poster, or blue, gray and white as in 
 the Eskimo poster make very good combinations. 
 
 Any color may be used effectively on black, hence 
 the blackboard always makes a good background. 
 Brown is also a good color for mounting. 
 
 For night scenes the black is used for the back- 
 ground, the white for the objects on the poster. These 
 
 objects if painted should be in faint colors as the 
 night subdues the coloring of everything. The black 
 background with the colored brownies in the foreground 
 is very effective. The Hallowe'en poster illustrated in 
 this book was mounted on an orange background with 
 the brownies and witches in silhouette. 
 
 These are colors appropriate for the different seasons: 
 The autumn colors are decided in tone as orange, red, 
 brown and bright yellows. 
 
 The colors in the winter are blue, violet, white and 
 grays. Spring contains subdued tints of all the colors 
 in green, red, yellow and violet. 
 
 When the objects in the posters are colored and the 
 natural coloring carried out in detail as in the Thanks- 
 giving posters, the coloring should be as nearly natural 
 as it is possible with paoer. Use the water colors or 
 crayons if necessary to tone the coloring to the proper 
 shade. 
 
 Page Eleven 
 
BALOON POSTER 
 
 Balloon Poster 
 
 "Please, Mr. Balloon Man, give me three! 
 
 For my sister Susan, and Baby and me!" 
 
 The first weeks of school are usually devoted to water 
 washes in drawing. To make something attractive to 
 the children and still use the material necessary to the 
 first steps in drawing, I planned this poster. 
 
 Water is applied to the drawing paper with a brush, 
 then painted with the color desired. In this poster the 
 red and the blue washes were used. The patterns of 
 the boys and girls were hektographed on the tinted 
 paper and cut out by the children. The man selling 
 the balloons, is colored with brown crayon. 
 
 The balloons are 1 in. circles cut out of the six 
 standard colors, or parquetry circles can be used if 
 desired. A black line represents the string on the 
 balloon. A picket fence in brown forms the back- 
 ground. The whole is mounted on brown oatmeal wall 
 paper and the result is an attractive poster enjoyed by 
 each child because of his share in making it. Size of 
 poster 18 in. by 50 in. 
 
 Chicken Little 
 
 Chicken Little is a nonsense story familiar to all 
 children. It lends itself readily to dramatization. A 
 simple poster like the one shown below will interest 
 the children greatly. 
 
 This is a three-toned poster in gray, black and white. 
 The background is gray. Hen Pen, Turkey Lurkey, 
 Foxy Loxy and the den is cut to line from black coat- 
 
 ed papers. Chicken Little, Duck Luck and Goosey 
 Loosey are cut out of white paper. 
 
 Chicken Little is mounted facing Hen Pen, Duck 
 Luck, Goose Loose, Turkey Lurkey and Foxy Loxy, to 
 each of whom she told her story. The right hand of 
 the poster shows where they all turned and fled with 
 Foxy Loxy into his den. Size of poster 18 in. by 50 in. 
 
 Page Twelve 
 
 CHICKEN LITTLE 
 
■•■-^ "15' -^ -- -^T 
 
 Si 
 
 
 4 
 
 ^ 
 
 SOAP BUBBLE POSTER 
 
 Soap Bubble Poster 
 
 "Blow, blow, blow your shining bubbles, 
 Float, float, float you fairy things. 
 Filling all the air with rainbows. 
 Floating on your sunbeam wings," 
 
 Soims of the Child WorlH. 
 
 Children love color. The teacher must begin early 
 to train the color sense. The distinct, bright primary 
 colors appeal to him most. Gradually color blending 
 is taught and this is taught more successfully with 
 water colors. Through conversational lessons lead the 
 children to see and tell about the colors about them. 
 Study the rainbow. Show the children the color cast 
 upon the floor and wall through the prisms hung in 
 the window. The most effective lesson is the soap 
 bubble lesson. After the soap bubble party the child- 
 ren will have their usual painting lesson. 
 
 Paint soap pubbles, water wash a soap bubble or 
 
 circle on the drawing paper. Then with a delicate 
 color of paint on the brush, paint with a rotary move- 
 ment the different colors on the water-washed surface. 
 
 Transfer the children shown in the poster, from the 
 pattern sheet on drawing paper. During another occu- 
 pation period these children are either colored with 
 water colors or crayons. Mount them in place on the 
 background of brown oatmeal wall paper or the black- 
 board on which the lines representing the boards in 
 the floor and wainscoting have been drawn. 
 
 Then cut out the soap bubbles and mount them in 
 position also, placing the smaller ones in the distance. 
 
 r 
 
 CHICKEN LITTLE 
 
 Page Thirteen 
 
THE WITCHES 
 
 Hallowe'en Poster 
 
 "The night wind howls about the house 
 
 And strangest lights are seen; 
 
 Bad children better keep inside for this is Hallowe'en 
 
 And fairies watch you now from o'er the hill. 
 
 The woods are full of goblins 
 
 And the most of them are bad 
 
 They chase the witches flying thru the air, 
 
 And should a black witch catch you 
 
 While she's riding on a broom 
 
 Your folks would never find you anywhere.' 
 
 This poster is made in black and orange. Everything 
 suggestive of Hallowe'en is found in it; the witches on 
 their broomsticks in the air, and others brewing in 
 their kettles, the Brownies, the owls in the trees, the 
 Jack-o'-lanterns, the black cats, and the laughing moon. 
 These are hektographed and cut from black coated pa- 
 per and mounted on orange. 
 
 The background of trees is torn by the children, giv- 
 ing the rough appearance of bark and also disclosing 
 the white, giving the effect of reflection of moonbeams. 
 The larger Brownies are mounted in front, the smaller 
 ones in the background among the trees. The fire is 
 torn from a lighter shade of orange than the color of 
 the mounting boards, and the logs are torn from black- 
 coated paper and piled beneath. The sky line is drawn 
 with charcoal. 
 
 This when completed makes a very effective border 
 for decorating and is greatly enjoyed by the children. 
 The size of this poster is 12 ft. by 15 in. 
 
 Page Fourteen 
 
THE BROWNIES 
 
 Hallowe en on the Sand Table 
 
 Place the sandtable in the corner of the room. 
 Directly over the table from one wall to the other fasten 
 a taut string. Suspend other strings of graduated lengths 
 so that the largest witches will be hanging from the 
 lowest string and the smallest witches are fastened to 
 the shortest strings. Mount the moon on the black- 
 board in the rear of the table. 
 
 Plant trees made of branches in the sandtable. Place 
 the smaller brownies in the rear among the trees. In 
 the front of the table place the larger brownies and the 
 witches. Place two twigs, with crotches on the top as 
 in the poster, about four inches apart. Place a five 
 inch stick across in the crotches of these sticks. Sus- 
 pend a tin toy kettle from this stick with a string. A 
 kettle can be made of black paper by rolling a strip 
 about six inches long and two inches wide and pasteing 
 the two ends that meet together like a napkin ring. 
 No bottom is necessary for the effect. Fasten the two 
 ends of a four inch string to opposite side of the kettle 
 and hang it from the stick above. Under this kettle 
 pile twigs and under and between these sticks place 
 pieces of orange and black paper to represent fire. 
 
 The owl, which is cut out of black paper is pasted 
 with a strip of paper on the back of it and over a twig 
 of the so-called trees so that the owl will keep an up- 
 right position. (See chapter: "Those patterns for the 
 Sand Table" in the back of this book.) 
 
 To carry out the effect further, darken the room- 
 Cover an electric light bulb with orange paper and 
 with black crayon put in the shadows of the moon. 
 Make the paper appear as nearly round as possible. 
 Fasten the bulb to the string from which the witches 
 are suspended and turn on the light. This can be done 
 with a small oil lantern but is not a safe thing to do. 
 Small individual search-lights can be used for this 
 purpose beautifully and are inexpensive and there is no 
 danger of causing a fire. 
 
 Page Fifteen 
 
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 tmm 
 
 LANDING OF THE PILGRIMS 
 
 There were men with hoary hair 
 
 Amidst that pilgrim band; 
 Why had they come to wither there, 
 
 Away from their childhood's land? 
 
 There was woman's fearless eyes, 
 
 Lit by her deep love's truth; 
 There was manhood's brow serenely high, 
 
 And the fiery heart of youth. 
 
 What sought they thus afar? 
 
 Bright jewels of tne mine? 
 The wealth of seas, the spoils of war?— 
 
 They sought a faith's pure shrine! 
 
 Ay, call it holy ground 
 
 The soil where first they trod; 
 They have left unstained what there they found,- 
 
 Freedom to worship God. 
 
 Thanksgiving Poster 
 
 The above poster illustrates the language lessons for 
 the month of November. The Dutch people are cut from 
 the Manila paper and colored by the children, following 
 a language lesson on the costumes of the people of Hol- 
 land. The windmills and one-story houses with thatch- 
 ed roofs are illustrated next. Not any of this work is 
 mounted until the subject of Holland is exhausted. On 
 the day on which it is reviewed the material is mounted 
 on the border. 
 
 The background in this entire border is a strip of blue 
 "oatmeal" wall paper the length desired. The above 
 border is twenty feet long. For the foreground, illustra- 
 ting Holland and America, brown "oatmeal ' wall paper 
 is used. Then the border is tacked in place with thumb 
 tacks on the wainscoting in the room and is ready for 
 mounting, The children paste and under direction of 
 teacher mount all they have made. 
 
 Now the journey across the ocean is illustrated. 
 These boats are folded from 4x4 Prang paper. The 
 brown coated paper is used in this border. Any simple 
 boat fold can be used. To mount these boats cut or tear 
 rough lines or slits in the blue paper illustrating the 
 
 ocean about three inches long. Insert a boat into each 
 of these and touch the ragged edges with white chalk, 
 making the appearance of white caps. 
 
 A large rock is torn from the brown paper and in- 
 serted into a hole torn in the blue paper near the coast, 
 illustrating America. This is Plymouth Rock. The torn 
 edge is touched with white chalk also. 
 
 Next the Indians were cut out and colored and 
 mounted. Then the Pilgrims going to church. A log 
 church torn from the brown paper is darkened and is 
 placed near the little stream which separates the Indi- 
 ans from the home of the white people. A background 
 of trees is torn from green paper and mounted at the 
 extreme edge of the brown paper. Tree trunks torn 
 from brown paper and darkened with colored crayons 
 are mounted in the foreground. The Indian tents are 
 cut and colored also and mounted in place. 
 
 This completes the Thanksgiving Poster, a border 
 rich in information and of interest to the children for 
 months after its completion. Size of poster is 5 yds. 
 by 18 in 
 
 Page Sixteen 
 
THE PILGRIMS (Dutch Scene) 
 
 First Boat Fold 
 
 Directions for folding No. 1. Placing the 4x4 square 
 of paper directly before you fold the front edge to the 
 back edge. Open the fold. Now place the paper with 
 diameter of this square vertically on the desk. Now fold 
 front edge to the back edge. Place brown side of 
 paper on desk. Fold corners a and b to center. Fig 2. 
 
 Turning the paper thus folded with white side on 
 desk, fold c and d to center. Fold x to center and a 
 brown boat with white sails is the result. 
 Second Boat Fold 
 
 Fold 16 square fold of 4 in. paper. Place brown 
 
 side on desk. Fold front edge to diameter. Fig 11. 
 
 Fold back a and b on their diagonals. Fig III. Then 
 cut oft" squares x, z, y and k, leaving the large center 
 square m n. Fig IV. Now fold this large square on 
 diagonal placing point m on n folding so that the white 
 surface is exposed as in Fig V. 
 
 Third Boat Fold 
 
 Fold as in second boat to Fig III. . Cut on line y x. 
 Fold corner z to x and corner y to a, exposing the white 
 side of the paper. The result is Fig IV. 
 
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 Page Seventeen 
 

 hiawavtha'S boyhood 
 
 Hiawatha's Boyhood (Illustrated) 
 
 "Then the little Hiawatha 
 Learned of every bird its language, 
 Learned their names and all their secrets, 
 How they built their nests in Summer 
 Where they hid themselves in Winter, 
 Talked with them whene'er he met them, 
 Called them 'Hiawatha's Chickens.' 
 
 Of all beasts he learned the language, 
 Learned their names and all their secrets. 
 How the beavers built their lodges. 
 Where the squirrels hid Jheir acorns. 
 How the reindeer ran so swiftly. 
 Why the rabbit was so timid. 
 Talked with them whene'er he met them 
 Called them 'Hiawatha's Brothers.' " 
 
 Hiawatha Poster 
 
 Preceding the study of the Pilgrims the children are 
 taught the habits and customs of the Indians. Selec- 
 tions from Hiawatha's Childhood are introduced and 
 some committed to memory. 
 
 The first poster illustrates Hiawatha among the beasts 
 and birds of the forest. (Lines 144 to 150) (and 151 to 
 158). The sky and water are made of blue paper, the 
 foreground of brown. The trees in the rear of the pos- 
 ter are cut from green paper or colored with colored 
 crayons. A rainbow (lines 127 to 135) is painted be- 
 hind and above the trees, with a reflection of it to the 
 right. Here the color lessons may be introduced. 
 
 The tree trunks are torn out of brown paper and 
 shaded with dark brown crayon. The flowers and plants 
 in the foreground are colored with crayons. At this 
 time of the year, the birds are leaving for the south. 
 As they emigrate they can be studied, and painted and 
 mounted in place on the poster. Hiawatha is the cen- 
 
 tral flgure in this poster. He is mounted just behind 
 the trees in the foreground and is preparing to shoot 
 the deer which stands alert farther up the brook. (Lines 
 210 to 222.) 
 
 A Hiawatha book should be made in connection with 
 this poster. After a lesson en birds and selecting the 
 best ones for the poster, have each child mount the birds 
 they have made on the first page of this book. Paint 
 a sky picture with the rainbow for the next page. On 
 another page mount lagoo and Nokomis (lines 159 to 
 172) sitting by the campfire talking. Paint a blue sky 
 with a lake and ground or grass in the foreground. Tear 
 some trees of paper or paint these with water colors or 
 crayons. In and near the water mount the leaves and 
 water lilies, mount the rabbits, the squirrels and deer 
 among the trees. 
 
 Hiawatha with bow (lines 210 to 222) which lagoo 
 had given him ready to shoot the deer near the brook 
 is mounted on the last page. 
 
 Page Eighteen 
 
HIAWATHAS BOYHOOD (Night Scene) 
 
 Hiawatha's Boyhood ( Continued ) 
 
 "Many things Nokomis taught him 
 
 Of the stars that shine in heaven; 
 
 Showed him Ishkoodab, the comet, 
 
 Ishkoodab with fiery tresses; 
 
 Showed the Death-Dance of the spirits 
 
 Warriors with their plumes and war-clubs, 
 
 Flaring far away to northward 
 
 In the frosty nights of winter; 
 
 Showed the broad white road in heaven, 
 
 Pathway of the ghosts, the shadows, 
 
 Running straight across the heavens. 
 
 Crowded with the ghosts, the shadows." 
 
 "When he heard the owls at midnight, 
 Hooting, laughing in the forest, 
 'What is that? he cried in terror, 
 'What is that," he said, 'Nokomis?' 
 And the good Nokomis answered: 
 'That is but the owl and owlet, 
 Talking in their native language, 
 Talking scolding at each other.' 
 
 Hiawatha Poster (Night Scene) 
 
 The second poster is a night scene depicting Nokomis 
 teaching Hiawatha the secrets of the night (line 86 to 
 97), the moon with its shadows (lines 117 to 1 26) 
 the stars, the comet, northern lights, milky way (lines 
 86 to 97) and the owls in the tree above their tent 
 (lines 136 to 143.) 
 
 This poster is mounted in black, the northern lights, 
 stars, comet, and so forth, in the sky, are colored with 
 white chalk. Cut the moon out of white paper and 
 darken the shadows with black crayon. 
 
 The foreground is shaded with chalk. The trees, owls, 
 Hiawatha and Nokomis are cut from black coated pa- 
 per. The tent is cut out of white paper. The rushes 
 and grasses are painted with white chalk. The size of 
 these two posters are fifty-one inches by twenty inches. 
 
 (Footnote: -'I'he lines referred lo in the de^rriptiun above, designate where tliese quotations are lound in "The Song of Hiawatha'", which 
 the different jiarls of these posters illustrate.) 
 
 Page Nineteen 
 
SANTA CLAUS AND THE BROWNIES 
 
 Santa's Helpers 
 
 The fairies and brownies on last Christmas tide 
 Decided to open their hearts very wide. 
 
 And spend extra time throughout the whole year 
 In helping their grandfather, Santa Claus, dear. 
 
 Then bravely they all went to work with a will 
 And soon all was quiet in workshop and mill, 
 
 For Old Santa said, "Enough and well done, 
 We've toys enough now to make all kinds of fun." 
 
 — From'Primary School. 
 
 Christmas Poster 
 
 These two posters illustrate Santa Claus preparing for 
 his journey from the northland and on his way to the 
 children of our country. The posters are both mounted 
 on black paper. The trees, hills and background are 
 torn to line from the black paper also. The reindeer 
 are cut from white paper; the cutters from red; Santa 
 Claus and Brownies and toys are colored with crayola 
 by the children and then cut out. The house is made 
 of black paper, the roof and window ledge being torn 
 to represent the uneven surface of snow. Orange color- 
 ed paper, to represent candle light, is mounted behind 
 window and open door. 
 
 The Brownies carry the toys and help Santa Claus 
 fill the bag and sleigh with the toys. 
 
 The second poster represents Santa on his journey 
 with the laughing moon, which is cut out of white pa- 
 per with slits cut to represent the shadows in it, com- 
 ing up behind the distant trees and housetops. 
 
 The introduction of the Brownies again in the first 
 poster pleases the children greatly and adds interest, if 
 that is possible, to the oft-repeated story of Santa Claus 
 on his journey as illustrated in the second poster. The 
 size of these posters are both four feet by sixteen inches. 
 
 Page Tiventu 
 
SANTA CLAUS ON HIS WAY 
 
 "Now swift over the snow, 
 
 The tiny reindeer 
 Are trotting and bringing, 
 
 Good Santa Claus here." 
 
 The Ski Tournament Poster 
 
 Every child enjoys out-of-door sports. But what ap- 
 peals to a boy more than ski-ing! 
 
 This poster is made on a background of blue 'oat- 
 meal" wall paper. The hills are drawn and shaded with 
 white chalk; the trees are torn from blue paper by the 
 children; the men on skiis are cut to line from gray 
 drawing paper; the scaffolding and audience are cut 
 out of black-coated paper. 
 
 When the poster below was completed and ready to 
 be hung in its place, one lad, at noon, brought a penny 
 flag and told us we had forgotten to put a flag at the 
 head of the scaffolding. So with this addition this sim- 
 ple poster was hung in our room and remained with us 
 until March brought promises of spring. The size of 
 this poster is six feet by twenty-five inches. 
 
 A SKI TOURNAMENT 
 
 Page Twentv-one 
 
THE SHEPHERDS 
 
 "A wond'rous light beamed thro' the night, 
 
 Fear bent the shepherds low, 
 
 Till angels caroled fear away, 
 
 By telling Christ was born that day 
 
 In Bethlehem." 
 
 The Shepherds and the Wise Men 
 
 The children love the beautiful Christmas story. The 
 shepherds watching their sheep at night, discover the 
 beautiful star of Bethlehem just above the city. At the 
 right of the poster, the Three Wise Men are coming to 
 bring gifts to the Christ Child and to worship Him. 
 They are following the star which has illumined their 
 path on their journey from their far away home. 
 
 The background is black-coated paper The hills, the 
 outline of the city, the rays of the stars, and the road 
 are outlined and shaded with white crayon. The white, 
 in water-color paints, can be used and makes a more 
 durable poster. The star, sheep. Shepherds, and Wise 
 Men are cut out of white paper and mounted. 
 
 This is a very effective, though simple poster. It 
 measures eight feet by twenty inches. 
 
 Page Twentii-iu>o 
 
THE WISE MEN 
 
 "A-down the vale that silent hour 
 Heartstrong as well bent low. 
 In land, to them all strange and wild 
 Three Wise Men sought the Promised Child, 
 In Bethlehem." 
 
 A Christmas Sand Table 
 
 For Christmas Santa Claus and the Brownies could 
 be arranged upon the sand table. This, with the second 
 poster and The Shepherds and The Wise Men poster, 
 would decorate the room very effectively. 
 
 Pile the sand into a gradual rise from about eight 
 inches from the front of the table to the back, the high- 
 est part being in the rear. Now, by digging out a little 
 sand in this bluff about every foot or more, the effect 
 will be a range of hills in the distance. Plant little ever- 
 green boughs among the hills arranging the largest trees 
 in the front. Plant branches of other trees also. Build a 
 house of blocks on the sand table to the right near the 
 front. 
 
 Color and cut out the figures and mount them on 
 heavier paper. (Proceed as directed under "These Pat- 
 terns for the Sand Table.) To make the cutter proceed 
 as follows cut two sides of red cardboard like the 
 pattern of the cutter. Take a spool box and paste the 
 sides of the cutter on this box. Cut a piece of card- 
 board the width of the box and height of the cutter 
 
 back and mount on the back end of the box. Paint 
 the box red. Arrange a seat in the cutter; cut a piece 
 of cardboard half an inch wide and a half inch longer 
 than the box is wide. Bend the two ends of this piece 
 a quarter of an inch from each end and paste the laps 
 so made on the inside of the cutter near the front. 
 
 Now arrange the brownies, reindeer and Santa Claus 
 toward the front of the sand table as in the picture of 
 the poster. The moon can be suspended with black 
 string in the rear of the house, the moon can be arrang- 
 ed in the same way as suggested in the October Sand- 
 table lesson. 
 
 Make the windows and doors of orange paper with 
 black shadows on it and paste on the block house with 
 a little paste applied to each corner. 
 
 This lesson, when completed is as effective as the 
 poster for the teacher who is so fortunate as to possess 
 a sandtable. It lends a variety to the Christmas work 
 which adds pleasure to its development. 
 
 Paye Twentf^-ihrcc 
 
ESKIMO POSTER 
 
 Eskimo Poster 
 
 "By the North Pole dwells, we know, 
 Chilly little Eskimo 
 On the fields of ice and snow 
 stands his house of turf and snow; 
 Sheet of ice for window pane 
 Would not you and I complain? 
 
 Wrapped in furry clothes yon go, 
 Clever little Eskimo. 
 Up above you icebergs rise 
 Northern lights are in the skies; 
 Winter is as dark as night 
 But yon stars are very bright." 
 
 Our language lessons for January were based upon 
 the people of the Northland, their habits and their cus- 
 toms. These we illustrated during our occupation per- 
 iod making the border shown above. 
 
 Blue "oatmeal" wall paper is used for the background 
 in this border. The foreground is drawn in with white 
 chalk and shaded to give the appearance of snow, the 
 blue of the paper underneath the chalk giving the effect 
 of the reflection of the sky. The block of ice is drawn 
 with white chalk and blue crayola. The white clouds and 
 the icebergs near the skyline are cut from white paper. 
 The clouds are shaded lightly with blue crayon. The 
 skyline is drawn with blue crayon. 
 
 A large whale is cut from black coated paper and 
 inserted in the cleft cut in that part of the border 
 representing the ocean. The rough edge of this cleft is 
 touched with white chalk to represent white foam on 
 the water. Near the whale are two boats, containing 
 Eskimos with harpoons, in the act of throwing these to 
 kill the whale and bear. A seal is seen sticking his 
 head just above the surface of the water near the 
 block of ice. Another seal is sunning himself near by. 
 A white bear has captured a young seal and is in the 
 act of devouring it. A large walrus, a white bear and 
 a large seal are lying near the shore on the part of 
 poster representing the land. The bears are made of 
 
 white sheet wadding and the walrus and seals of dark 
 gray to represent their woolly coats. 
 
 The Eskimos are dressed in gray sheet wadding 
 costumes. The child has a white bear skin (sheet 
 wadding) suit with a gray robe. The sled and dogs are 
 cut from light gray paper. 
 
 The igloos or Eskimo houses are cut from white 
 paper and shaded with blue crayon. The second igloo 
 is shown in the process of construction, the large 
 blocks of ice or snow being cut and ready to be lifted 
 to another Eskimo who stands ready to put them in 
 place. 
 
 The third igloo is cut double, the upper part, show- 
 ing the exterior of the home when completed, is like 
 the first igloo, and when this is raised the interior is 
 shown as pictured on the right-hand side of the poster. 
 In the center of the room is a large block upon which 
 rests their oil lamp, over which hangs a large kettle 
 suspended from the ceiling. The dogs are sleeping to 
 the left of the fire: the mother, with her child strapped 
 to her back, is watching the kettle, and the father is 
 crawling through the entrance. The Eskimo on the 
 sled with her six dogs portrays some of the joys of 
 cl i dhood in this northern country. 
 
 This border is suitable for decoration throughout the 
 winter months, and is ever a source of pleasure to the 
 children. The size of this poster is 4 yds. by 18 in. 
 
 Paae Ticent^-four 
 
THE ESKIMO 
 
 Japanese Poster 
 
 This poster is mounted on black and the Japanese 
 figures are cut out of red paper and markings sketched 
 in with white, and if elaboration is desired, with gilt 
 paint. These figures may also be painted or colored 
 with colored crayons. 
 
 The lanterns are painted with water colors orcrayonr, 
 and the birds are cut out of white paper. 
 
 This makes a very effective border for decoration 
 The size of this poster is five feet by eighteen inches. 
 
 JAPANESE POSTER 
 
 Page Tiventv-five 
 
LITTLE VETERANS 
 
 Marching Song 
 
 Bring the comb and play upon it! 
 
 Marching, here we come! 
 WilHe cocks his highland bonnet, 
 
 Johnnie beats his drum. 
 
 Mary Jane commands the party, 
 
 Peter leads the rear; 
 Feet in time, alert and hearty, 
 
 Each a grenadier. 
 
 All in the most martial manner. 
 
 Marching double-quick; 
 While the napkin, like a banner, 
 
 Waves upon the stick! 
 
 Here's enough of fame and pillage. 
 
 Great commander Jane! 
 Now that we've been round the village, 
 
 Let's go home again. 
 
 February Poster 
 
 February is the month of birthdays of national in- 
 terest. All children love to imitate the deeds of others 
 and every boy enjoys playing soldier like George 
 Washington or Abraham Lincoln. 
 
 The posters illustrating the Young Veterans on 
 Parade appeals strongly to boy nature. The pictures 
 are colored either with colored crayons or water colors 
 and mounted on the blackboard or on dark paper. 
 This poster is also appropriate for May. However, 
 the game itself, with the children taking active part, is 
 of more interest to them then. This poster is two 
 yards long and ten inches wide. It can be made any 
 length desired. 
 
 -R. L. Stevenson. 
 
 Page Twentv-six 
 
THE 
 
 MARCH 
 
 '■ WhiclK'ViT \v;i\' 
 Sniiu- lH';irt is ui;i 
 Thi-n l.lo\\ it iMSt 
 TPiL- wind tlirit 1)1. 
 
 Thf winds are associateJ with the month of Marrh and the 
 language lessons are hased more or less on this subjert. The above 
 poster is an illustration of a poem appropriate for this month, 
 "The Song of the wind." 
 
 Booklets to illustrate this song were very effei'tive. In tlie grades 
 where children can write, the cou|ilets can be written under the 
 illustrations. For each figure an extra figure can be made by some 
 one in the class, to be mounlpd on the poster. 
 The poem can be illustrated in thi^ manner: 
 
 Decorate the cover ol the booklet with any conventional design 
 and write the name ol the poem on it. 
 
 On the first page write the the first stanza as follows: 
 1 :mi :i .uijitit si r<ni^- ;mk1 Itohl. 
 Siicti i()l\es I iil;i\- (HI \-oiini; and old ; 
 Hot I wnrli liurd from sun to sun 
 .\nd one must liave a little fun. 
 On the second page mount the picture of the boy chasing his 
 hat with thiscou|>let written at the bottom of the page: 
 .■^oMift im(.-.s I tjiance a tiov to meet. 
 I Mow liis liat airo.sst lie street. 
 The boy flying his kite is mounted on the third page, ami written 
 underneath is the verse: 
 
 Then toss liis kite ni> in 11u' sli> . 
 Mount the cloliiesline with the woman lianging up clothes on the 
 fourth page with the words: 
 
 And lielj) his mamiiurs clotlie.s to (lr\'. 
 The girl with the pin wheel is mounted on the fifth page with a 
 boy holding a flag if desired. (The same bov holding a fish pole 
 can be used for this purpose.) This coujdet is written underneath: 
 
 Tlir tlatLS i w.ave. tin- pin u liri Is torn. 
 I lu- lilacksmilli's lire 1 li. 1[. 1o Imrn. 
 
 On the next page mount the boy holding the umbrella and un- 
 derneath write the couplet: 
 
 WIND 
 
 POSTERS 
 
 tin.- win.l ilulli l.Iuw. 
 
 id to li;i\c It >n - 
 
 r l.luu il \\r.<t. 
 
 .s, lli;i( u in<! IS licst." 
 
 TIk'ti \\ lirii it r;iiiis I frisk :ili<iut. 
 And turn 1 lit- u mhrrlhis inside out. 
 On tlie st.'vt'iilh page mount the windmill with the rouplet: _ 
 I in;d\L' llir niilk-r's whet 1 i^o ruinid. 
 Hy which the cuni and oats are uroniid. "^ 
 
 The next pa^e can be colored with a blue background to repre- 
 sent the sea and several boats mounted in place: or the little; boy 
 with his toy paper boat ran be used. This illustrates the last 
 stanza ol the poem, which is: 
 
 And when 1 u." far ont at sea 
 Where man >■ 1 mats still wait fur me ; 
 Ami wlicii the e\eiiint; sk>' is red 
 I take the tisliernieii home to l)ed. 
 The above will cover about two week's occupation periods/jTlie 
 story of "The Wind and the Sun" was lcd<l next and illustrated. 
 This can also be mounted in the booklet. 
 
 Cut out and mount a larjie tree as illuslrated in the first poster 
 with a man with overcoat and cap on and hands in his pockets and 
 the sun smiling behind the wind clouds. On the next page mount 
 a tree with the smiling sun in the rear and the man. wjth overcoat 
 and cap removed, sitting under the tree. 
 
 The second poster is a dirert contrast to that of the hrst. The 
 attitude of the children in their play, of the man under the tree, 
 and also the effect on the trees and the i-lothes, emphasize the dif- 
 lerence in the con(htions caused by the wind and the sun. 
 
 This month. Nature, after lying dormant so long, begins to assert 
 herself. The children begin to observe the changes in everything 
 about them. The two great powers mentioned above are very in- 
 lluenlial in aiiling Nature in her work- The children must be 
 taught this. The fart stated means nothing to them, but with the 
 aid oi illustrations asgi\en here, it creates an interest which im- 
 presses these fads upon their growing minds. The size ol posters 
 are hve feet bv fourteen inches. 
 
 THE SUN 
 
 "Clod semis his hri^lit Sprin^usnu 
 To melt the ice and snow. 
 To start 1 he yreen lent buds. 
 Antl make the flowers Mro'vw" 
 
 Paffe Trv<nii)-secen 
 
BIRD POSTER 
 
 BIRDS HAVE COME AGAIN 
 
 The birds have all come again 
 
 Yes, they have come again, 
 
 Bluebird, and robin, and wren; 
 
 With musical hushes 
 
 Croon linnets and thrushes 
 
 And blackbirds pipe greetings amain. 
 
 Oh, gay are the grasses 
 
 When over them passes 
 
 The shadow of home-coming wings; 
 
 The eager wings tarry 
 
 The message to carry 
 
 When the wild bird its rapture outflings. 
 
 -Oli' 
 
 E. Da 
 
 Bird Poster 
 
 Hand in hand with the study of the spring flowers, 
 comes the study of the birds as they arrive from the 
 south. 
 
 An interesting way of keeping a bird calendar is by 
 drawing the telephone wires, as in the poster below, on 
 the upper part of the blackboard or on dark paper and 
 hung above the board. 
 
 As the children report the arrival of a bird, with the 
 aid of Prang pictures used as patterns, hektograph the 
 birds and let each child paint one for himself. Take 
 the one made by the child who made the report, or if 
 two or more saw the birds, mount these birds on the 
 wire after they have been cut out by the children. 
 The birds painted by the other children can be kept 
 for a bird book. The date of report of seeing the bird 
 is written under the bird on the poster. 
 
 Soon all the birds familiar to the children will be 
 mounted on the border. Two or three posts make the 
 poster more effective. This illustration shows only a 
 portion of the border. This poster is made any length 
 desired and if mounted on paper should be fourteen 
 inches wide. 
 
 Page Twenlv-eight 
 
EASTER POSTER 
 
 Easter Poster ( liiiistrated ) 
 
 "HERR OSTER HASE" 
 
 This poster illustrates the German legend, "Mr. 
 Easter Rabbit." To appreciate the poster one must 
 know the story. This is a brief review of it. 
 
 There was a famine in a far-off cnintry; the grass 
 dried up under the sun's merci'ess rays: no rain fell, so 
 that few of the seeds which were planted sprouted and 
 the hardy ones which did peep their heads above the 
 parched earth were soon burned to the ground. Every- 
 thing was dead. There were no flowers, no fruit, no 
 grain. And in the fall, as a consequence, the granaries 
 were empty. 
 
 Such unhappiness! No, the children were not un- 
 happy. Their parents protected them from the know- 
 ledge of their anxiety. They always had something to 
 eat because of the economy and care their parents 
 took of the previous year's crops. 
 
 For Christmas they had no presents. But in this 
 country Easter is the holiday which is celebrated and 
 the time when gifts are given. So they did not miss 
 them. 
 
 As Easter drew near the fathers and mothers were 
 very sad. They wondered and wondered what they 
 could do. It was hard to get even coarse bread now. 
 The hens, however, had begun to lay and at one of the 
 meetings the mothers had, eggs were suggested. But 
 these would not be a treat, as the children had them 
 every day. So they went to their separate homes as 
 unhappy as ever, deciding that Easter Sunday must 
 come and go as any other Sunday. 
 
 One mother, when she came home, overheard her 
 boy and girl talking expectantly about the coming 
 festival, and it made her very sad to think of the dis- 
 appointment awaiting them. After going to bed she 
 lay awake and wondered what she could do to give her 
 little ones a happy surprise. All at once she thought of 
 something and could hardly wait until morning to tell 
 
 the neighbors about it. Before night all the parents 
 knew and were happy. 
 
 Wlien Easter Sunday came, all the good mothers, 
 fathers and children went to church. After services, 
 instead or going home, the older people suggested go- 
 ing to the woods Ijack of the church, for they said they 
 thought the early spring flowers might be in bloom. 
 
 The chl'dren ran in and out among the trees. Shouts 
 were heard from all sides: 
 
 "See what I have found!" 
 
 "Red ones!" 
 
 "Green ones!" 
 
 "I have found a who'.e nest full!" 
 
 All was excitement. They ran to their mothers dis- 
 playi;'.g the many colored eggs and asked who had laid 
 them there. 
 
 "They could not be birds' eggs," they said, "for they 
 were to large. Nor hens' eggs, for whoever has seen 
 red eggs'?" 
 
 Just then a large ra'ibit. startled from its shelter, 
 jumped just in front of them and one of the children 
 called: 
 
 "It must be the rabbit laid the eggs!" And a mother 
 replied, "Yes, it must have been the '(Jster Hase'i" 
 
 And all the children, cheered and called, "Hurrah for 
 the Easter Rabbit!" And both mothers and children 
 were very happy. 
 
 This is the story which the above poster illustrates. 
 The rabbits are cut out of white paper. The eggs are 
 colored and cut out by the children. This is freehand 
 work. The other figures are hektographed, colored and 
 then cut to line and mounted. The trees are torn free- 
 hand. The background for the above poster is brown 
 "oatmeal" wall paper or the border may be mounted 
 on the blackboard. The size of this poster is five feet 
 by eighteen inches. 
 
 Pape Tiuenfp-nine 
 
TULIPS 
 
 "Gold and crimson tulips 
 Lift your bright heads up 
 Catch the shining dewdrop 
 In your dainty cups. 
 If the birdies see you, 
 When they're flying by, 
 They will think a sunset 
 Dropped from out the sky." 
 
 —Songs of the Child World 
 
 Gardening Poster 
 
 The spring work in painting has now begun. The 
 children paint flowers— tulips, crocuses, etc. An effect- 
 ive way of using this material is to cut the flowers out 
 and mount in the form of a bed. Then cut out several 
 sunbonnet and overall children and mount as in the 
 poster illustrated. 
 
 The children enjoy this very much and if, when 
 giving the painting lessons, this idea is suggested, it 
 will be an incentive to better work from the children. 
 Size is flfty-six inches long by twenty-two inches wide. 
 
 Page Thirtij 
 
MAY POLE DANCE 
 
 May Pole Dance Poster 
 
 "Who shall be the Queen of May? 
 
 Not the prettiest one, not the wittiest one! 
 
 Nor she with the gown most gay! 
 
 But she that is pleasantest all the day through, 
 
 With the pleasantest things to say and do. 
 
 She shall be the Queen of May." 
 
 This an effective and simple border for decoration. 
 The poster consists of a background of brown "oatmeal" 
 wall paper, the trees are torn from a lighter shade and 
 mounted in place. 
 
 A pole, cut from white paper, is placed in position, 
 the real baby ribbon, strips of cloth, paper ribbons or 
 painted ones are draped from top of pole to the fairies' 
 extended hands, the fairies having first been mounted 
 in the form of a circle as shown above. 
 
 The fairies are colored in delicate tints of blue, pink, 
 yellow, green and lavendar, with brown acorn cups for 
 caps. The wings are touched in spots with silver or 
 gold paint, if desired, or cut from silver or gold paper. 
 The white wings, however, are just as pretty without 
 any other decoration. 
 
 Children enjoy the fairy stories. Brownie myths, 
 stories of the giants, anything which appeals to their 
 imagination. The story of the brownie is not associated 
 with the quiet, mysterious awakening of Nature how- 
 ever. The fairies, with their graceful dancing in the 
 woodland and clothed in the delicate tinting of spring- 
 time, are more appropriate. The size of this poster is 
 fifty-seven inches by twenty-four inches. 
 
 Page Thirty-one 
 
CIRCUS PARADE 
 
 The Circus Parade 
 
 Oh, The Circus-Day parade! How the bugles played and played! 
 And how the glossy horses tossed their flossy manes and neighed, 
 As the rattle and the rhyme of the tenor-drummer's time 
 Filled all the hungry hearts of us with melody sublime! 
 
 How the grand band-wagon shone with a splendor all its own, 
 And glittered with a glory that our hearts had never known! 
 And how the boys behind, high and low of every kind, 
 Marched in unconscious capture, with a rapture undefined! 
 
 How the horsemen, two by two, with their plumes of white and blue, 
 And crimson, gold and purple, nodding by at me and you. 
 Waved the banners that they bore, as the Knights in days of yore. 
 Till our glad eyes gleamed and glistened like the spangles that they wore! 
 
 How the grace-less, graceful stride of the elephant was eyed, 
 And the capers of the little horse that cantered at his side! 
 How the shambling camels, tame to plaudits of their fame. 
 With listless eyes came silent, masticating as they came. 
 
 How the cages jolted past, with each wagon battoned fast, 
 And the mystery within it only hinted of at last 
 From the little grated square in the rear, and nosing there 
 The snout of some strange animal that sniffed the outer air! 
 
 Page ThirCn-two 
 
 CIRCUS PARADE 
 
CIRCUS PARADE 
 
 And last of all, The Clown, making mirth for all the town. 
 With his lips curved ever upward, and his eyebrows ever down, 
 And his chief attention paid to the little mule that played 
 A tatto on the dashboard with his heels, in the parade. 
 
 Oh! the Circus Day parade! How the bugles played and played! 
 
 And how the glossy horses tossed their flossy manes and neighed, 
 
 As the rattle and the rhyme of the tenor drummer's time 
 
 Filled all the hungry hearts of us with melody sublime!— James Whitiomb Riley 
 
 June Poster 
 
 CIRCUS PARADE 
 
 "The Circus is coming!" The excitement throughout 
 the child world is paramount. What can we do to 
 bring the children's minds back into the at-that-time 
 uninteresting routine of school work! In the upper 
 grades, of course, this must be done. 
 
 It is not so easy to command interested attention in 
 the lower grades. Why do we try to do it? Why not 
 make use of the circus in our language work? Why 
 not permit the children to talk about what interests 
 them so vitally? The circus furnishes a fund of useful 
 information. We have studied animals of this region 
 and their winter homes previously. Now the animals of 
 other climates come to visit us and a very interesting 
 and impressive lesson can be given on them and their 
 native homes. 
 
 The occupation, being based on the language work 
 nothing pleases the children more than making a par- 
 ade of their own that will remain in sight as long as they 
 desire. The parade may consist of lessons in cardboard 
 modeling and the animals made with standards and set 
 in order on a shelf; or all the figures may be mounted 
 on the surface in the form of a poster border. 
 
 The background of buildings and streets is drawn by 
 the teacher. The children will bring pictures from fas- 
 hion books and automobile magazines. For busy work 
 cut out these figures and during an occupation period 
 
 mount them in place on the sidewalks and side streets 
 If the parade is to be cardboard modeling then this 
 background is hung against the wall at the rear of the 
 long shelf, which might consist of a long board hung 
 in place at the top of wainscoting or blackboard. 
 
 To make the animals stand, cut duplicate legs of tag 
 board and fasten on the lower part of the bodies. The 
 animals in the wagons are fastened against the front of 
 the cage with a little paste. The drivers are fastened 
 in place with little extensions on their shoulders which 
 are inserted in corresponding slits in the front of the 
 wagon. 
 
 The animal wagon consists of a sixteen-square fold 
 of heavy paper 22x22 inches. If the decoration on top 
 is desired it is cut out separately and mounted. 
 
 Fold the square piece of paper into sixteen squares 
 as in Fig. I. (See illustration next page.) Cut on full 
 lines. Fold on dotted lines. 
 
 Measure on the sides x and y, from the right hand 
 side, spaces ' j in., then '4 in. and '2 in. and ^4 in. 
 alternately across the entire length and -'4 in. from top 
 and bottom. Cut out the spaces (after corresponding 
 dots have been connected) measuring '4 in. wide and 
 the bars in the wagon will be ' l> in. wide. 
 (Contin led on next page) 
 
 Page Thirtij three 
 
/ 
 
 J. - 
 
 1.1 
 
 lllll 
 
 ^ 
 
 i 
 
 Fiq r. 
 
 i7 
 
 I 
 
 F.vJ 
 
 shown in the poster. The 
 
 Now fold squares a and 
 c on their diameters as 
 indicated in Fig. I. Paste 
 b and d together. Paste 
 the inner halves of a and 
 c to the wagon and the 
 outside half of square a 
 to the outside half of 
 square c. This forms the 
 d r i V e r's seat. Paste 
 squares e, f, g and h one 
 upon the other to form 
 the closed back of the 
 wagon. The result is Fig. 
 II. 
 
 Fasten the wheels on 
 with brads, or collar but- 
 tons which can be ob- 
 tained at laundries. The 
 band-wagon consists of a 
 spool box to each side of 
 which is pasted the band 
 and outside of wagon as 
 back and front are two 
 
 straight nieces of paper of the same color. The wheels 
 are fastened the same as on the animal wagons. 
 
 The background of the poster and the cardboard 
 modeling parade is mounted on brown oatmeal wall 
 paper. It is twenty-one feet long. The animals are 
 hektographed on Manila paper and colored with color- 
 ed crayons or water-colors. The figures may be cut 
 from colored papers if desired. The elephants are a 
 dark gray color; the horses are tan or brown; the donk- 
 eys, white or black; the giraffe is a yellowish brown, 
 spotted with a darker shade; the monkeys are brown 
 with red suits; the camels, a light brown. 
 
 The large animal and band-wagon are red with 
 yellow wheels. The leading man with the megaphone 
 is dressed in black; the drivers in tan, and the rest of 
 troupe, except the clowns, are dressed in red. The 
 clowns have white suits with large red or yellow polka 
 dots. 
 
 When all the above figures are mounted on the 
 street in front of the waiting people, the result is a 
 very interesting and attractive poster. 
 
 Page Thirtv-four 
 
HOW TO USE PATTERNS 
 
 f I ^HE patterns with no detail and which are used for 
 the silhouette posters, as the Hallowe'en Poster 
 patterns, can be pasted on heavy paper and then cut 
 out. The children or teacher can then trace around 
 them. The patterns having detail as the Thanksgiving 
 Poster patterns should be used with carbon paper if the 
 
 teacher it not so fortunate as to possess a hektograph. 
 Several copies can be traced at a time with the carbon 
 paper however, the number depending on the quality 
 of the carbon paper and the weight of the paper on 
 which the pattern is to be transferred. 
 
 HOW TO PRESERVE THESE PATTERNS FOR FUTURE USE 
 
 £^ ET a good sized book containing blank pages. Af- 
 ^-^ ter transferring the pattern on another sheet 
 mount the original patterns in this book. Now you 
 
 have the patterns preserved so that, if constant tracing 
 destroys the sheet on which you have transferred the 
 patterns in use, you still have the original for future use. 
 
 THE USE OF THESE PATTERNS 
 
 1. For outline cutting. These patterns are made to 
 aid the teacher in making the poster, the prints of 
 which are found in this book. 
 
 2. Free Hand Cutting. The cutting need not neces- 
 sarily be cutting to line. In the more advanced classes 
 the patterns may be cut out and temporarily mounted 
 
 on the blackboard with the application of water on the 
 back of the pattern. Now with this pattern before 
 them, the children may cut out the object free hand. 
 Very good results may be attained by this method of 
 procedure and is very valuable in the training of the 
 eye and hand. 
 
 A great many of these patterns can be used for 
 -^^ Sand table and table-top lessons. The object 
 should be cut out of heavier paper. Standards, which 
 are made by repeating the lower half of the object you 
 wish to stand erect, are pasted to the middle of the 
 object. Thus, with a horse as an example; cut the 
 
 THESE PATTERNS FOR THE SAND TABLE 
 
 lower half of the horse out of stiff paper same as the 
 
 pattern. Paste this to the middle of the horse which 
 
 has already been cut out of heavy paper. Bend back 
 
 the standard slightly and set the horse in position on 
 the sand table. 
 
 Page Thirlp-five 
 
MATERIALS USED FOR POSTER WORK 
 
 ^ I ^HE oatmeal wall paper seems to be the only 
 accessible material for mounting' We hope that 
 in time other more durable papers will be placed on 
 the market for this purpose. One roll of sky blue and 
 one roll of brown wall paper is all that is necessary 
 for this work for several years. If the brown paper is 
 coated, not double faced, the under side is of a lighter 
 color and can be used for the trees. But if this can 
 not be gotten the trees can be touched with a hght 
 brown crayon to distinguish them from the back- 
 ground. These papers can be procured at any wall- 
 paper establishment for forty or fifty cents a roll. 
 
 Other paper used is the tinted drawing paper in 
 beautiful shades of green, brown, grays and so forth. 
 The common papers can be substituted for these, how- 
 ever, tinting it with water colors or colored crayons. 
 
 The black coated paper is five cents a sheet and can 
 be obtained at any book and stationary store or at the 
 School Supply houses advertised in the Educational 
 magazines. 
 
 The orange card board as mentioned in the October 
 poster can be obtained at the printing office. This 
 material is also five cents a sheet. 
 
 Library paste is very expensive. A very little is 
 necessary however in proportion to the amount of 
 pasting done if done correctly. Do not cover the en- 
 tire surface with paste. A little paste applied down 
 the center of the objecfs is all that is necessary. If 
 pasted around the edgeo, the objects will not lie 
 smoothly upon the background. A good inexpensive 
 recipe for library paste is given below. 
 
 Recipe for Library Paste 
 
 2 cups water ' d w ^ *u 
 
 1 , tablespoon alum \ ^oil together 
 
 1 cup flour 
 
 I 
 
 Stir ten minutes 
 
 ■% cup cold water \ 
 Pour boiling alum water on flour paste so stirred 
 and boil 10 or 15 minutes. 
 Add 20 drops oil of cloves. Bottle hot in airtight jars. 
 
 Page Thlrte-six 
 
Price List of Patterns 
 
 Baloon Poster Patterns 
 
 Soap Bubble Poster Patterns - - - 25c 
 Hallowe'en Poster Patterns - - - 25c 
 Hiawatha Poster Patterns - - - 25c 
 Thanksgiving (Historical) Poster Patterns 25c 
 Santa Claus and His Helpers Patterns 
 Santa Claus on His Way Patterns - - 25c 
 The Shepherds and The Wise Men Poster 
 
 Patterns ----- 25c 
 Ski Tournament Poster Patterns - - 25c 
 Eskimo Poster Patterns - - - 25c 
 The Little Veterans (for February Poster) 
 
 Patterns 
 Chicken Little (Illustrated Border) 
 
 Patterns 25c 
 
 Japanese Poster Patterns - - - 25c 
 
 Song of the Wind (Illustrated) Patterns 
 The Wind and the Sun (Illustrated) 
 
 Patterns 25c 
 
 Story of the Easter Rabbit (Illustrated 
 
 Patterns 
 Gardening Poster Patterns - - 25c 
 
 Bird Poster (Telephone post pattern only) 
 May Pole Dance Poster Patterns - - - 25c 
 Circus Parade Poster Patterns - - - 25c 
 Background for Circus Parade Patterns - 25c 
 Entire Set of Patterns for - - $3.25 
 
 (Stamps Not Accepted) 
 Address— 
 
 JOHANNA HOLM, 
 
 Chippewa Falls, 
 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Page Thirtp-seoen 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 Year's Calendar . _ _ - 6 
 
 Poster Work 9 
 
 General Remarks - _ - 
 
 Correlation of Manuel Work with Language Work 
 
 Care of Material 10 
 
 The First Efforts in Poster Work 10 
 
 The Purposes of Poster Work as Planned in this Book 10 
 
 Things to Avoid in Poster Work _ 11 
 
 Color Combinations in Poster Work 11 
 
 Balloon Poster 12 
 
 Chicken Little Poster No. 1 12 
 
 Soap Bubble Poster 13 
 
 Chicken Little Poster No. 2 13 
 
 Hallowe'en Poster The Witches 14 
 
 Hallowe'en on the Sand Table The Brownies 15 
 
 Thanksgiving Poster Landing of the Pilgrims No. 1 16 
 
 Boat Folding Landing of the Pilgrims No. 2 17 
 
 Hiawatha Poster Hiawatha's Boyhood (Illustrated) 18 
 
 Hiawatha Poster Hiawatha's Boyhood (Continued) 19 
 
 Christmas Poster Santa Claus and the Brownies 20 
 
 Christmas Poster- Santa Claus on his way 21 
 
 Ski Tournament Poster 21 
 
 The Shepherds' Poster 22 
 
 The Wise Men Poster-Christmas Sand Table 23 
 
 Eskimo Poster No. 1 24 
 
 Eskimo Poster No. 2 25 
 
 Japanese Poster . _ . 25 
 
 Little Veterans Poster 26 
 
 February Poster 26 
 
 March Poster— The Wind . _ 27 
 
 March Poster— The Sun 27 
 
 Bird Poster 28 
 
 Easter Poster 29 
 
 Gardening Poster— Tulips 30 
 
 May Pole Dance Poster 31 
 
 Circus Parade Poster No. 1 and 2 32 
 
 Circus Parade Poster No. 3 33 
 
 June poster 33 
 
 General Information 35-36 
 
 How to use Patterns 
 
 How to Preserve these Patterns for Future use 
 
 The use of these Patterns 
 
 These Patterns for the Sand Table 
 
 Materials Used for Poster Work 
 
 Price List of Patterns 37 
 
G. a H CO. 
 
 CHIPPEWA FALLS 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
 019 821 814