E178 .1 .A5465 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS DDDDSTTHbEb W) A-' *l O •?•♦ >^ 0^ .-^^^^^'^c <> ♦-TVT« ,0 ** oO---» '^^ ^^^^%"^^. c^\.s;..^^-o .^\.i^>.--e ....* /JiK\ \,./ :«^". %.** .*S« • «5^^ o ^0^ • MO* ^0* ». ' • V*<»*» * o Frcm S. 8. Eandall, Esq., Superintendent of Public Schools, JS. Y. City. I have cra-efully examined Anderson's Introductory, Common School, and Pictorial History of the United States, and cheer- fully commend the three works to the favorable regard of teachers and school officers generally, as well adapted to the purposes of instruction in this branch of study, and as an excel- lent and comprehensive as well as discriminating compendium of the leading events of American History. From Henry Kiddle, Esq., Assistant Superentendeni of Public Schools, New York City. The series of School Histories of the United States, by John J. Anderson, Esq., have been in use in the Common Schools of this city from the date of their publication, and, as far as I know, have given the highest degree of satisfaction. They are written in a clear, concise style, are unusually accurate, and abound in exercises which only a practical teacher could have constructed, and which make them invaluable Class Manuals. They can scarcely fail to prove acceptable wherever practically tried. From J. W. Bulkley, Esq., Superintendent of Public Schools, Brookljpu This is to certify that I have examined Anderson's Histories of the United States with great satisfaction, and give them my unqualified recommendation. For class-room instruction they are well adapted, and are highly spoken of by those who use them. At a meeting of the Teachers' Association of the City of Brooklyn, the following resolution was unanimously adopted : — " Resolved, That the Association recommend to the Text-Book Com- mittee of the Board of Education Anderson's Histories of the United btates, and ask to have said books placed on the list in place of those now there. ' The books are now used in all the Brooklyn schools. All the Grammar-School Masters of Cambridge, Mass., having petitioned for Anderson's History, the Committee, by a unani- mous vote, ordered that it be put into the Grammar Schools in place of the history then used. AN INTRODUCTOEY SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES, AREANGED ON THE CATECHETICAL PLAN ; TO "WHICH ARE ADDED, THB DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, AND THK CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES WITH QUESTIONS AND EXPI.ANATIONS. BY JOHN j.^ Anderson, Pai.vciPAL OF Grammar School No. 31, New York City. ■^ NE-W T'OT^J?-; - CLARK & MAYNARD, PUBLISHERS, No. 5 BARCLAY STREET. 1808. Entered according to Act of Congress, In tlie year 1865, By JOHN J. ANDERSON, In the Clerk's office of the District Court of the United States for the Soulbern District of New York. Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1866, by JOHN J. ANDERSON, In the Clerk's office of the District Court of the United States for the Sopihera District of New York. SCHOOL HISTORIES OF THE UNTFED STATES, BY JOHN J. ANDERSON, LATE PRINCIPAL OF GRAMMAR SCHOOL No. 81, NEW TOBK cmr. of tb6 t^ired ! I, Anderson's Introductory History of tb6 Uiiired States, arranged on the Catechetical plan; fully illustrated with maps; to which are added the Declars- tion of Independence, and the Constitution of the United States with questions and explanations. 16mo, 160 pages. The above work is intended for Primary Classes, and those teachers thai wish the whole Ilistory in a condensed shape. 3. Anderson's Soliool History of tlie United States, on the Catechetical plan; with over 20 illustrating maps; to which are added the Declaration of Inde- pendence, and the Constitution of the United States with questions and explanations. 16mo. 320 pages. 3. Anderson's .School History, Part T., being the history of the United States to the close of the E.evelijiti*n. il6n\a . 18C|pages. ■ " ^"^ I \ " l" Tills hook is particulari^l in^klldeiii^Xor (Ti/w,6KGlasses in lat'ffe^yrad^ Schools. 4. Anderson's Pictorial History of the United States; to which gra added the Declaration of lEiflepeiid#rf0 portraits, vignettes, &c. 12nio. 352 pages. The above work is prepared on the object-lessons plan for Grammar and High Schools. Published by CLARK & MAYNARD, No. 5 Barclay Street, New York. PREFACE. This little work lias been prepared at the suggestion of a number of teachers. Although the School History, one of the series already put forth by the author, is deemed to be well calculated for class-room instruction, it was thought that a history dealing in less detail would be more acceptable as a first book. This, therefore, is not designed to take the place of the School His- tory, but to be, as its title indicates, an introductory thereto. Ttie system of maps and map questions, combin- ing the geography with the chrorology of the nar- rative, has been fully preserved, together with the plan of review questions. These, the distinctive features of the author's previous histories, having been extensively tried and approved, need not here be commended to notice. After seventeen years' experience as Principal of Q . PREFACE. one of the large Grammar Schools in the city of New York, and, during that time, being constantly eno-ao-ed in teaching history, the author feels that he can offer this little work to instructors in the con- fident belief that wherever it is used with thor- oughness, and in conformity with its plan, it will pi-oduce satisfactory results. TO IUU5TRATE 1«T SECTION DISCOVERIES HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. SECTION I. Discoveries and Explorations. EXTENDING FROM THE DISCOYERT OF AMERICA, IN 1492, TO THE SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA IN 1G07. Map Questions. "Where are the Bahama Islands? (See map, page 8.) In wliat direction is Guana- hani, or Cat Island, from Cuba? Labrador from Cuba? Florida from Porto Rico? Carolina from St. Domingo? Yucatan from Cuba? Tampa Bay from Cuba? The Mississippi from Tampa Bay? Newfoundland from Nova Scotia? Describe the St. Laurence River. "Where is New Brunswick ? Port Eoyal entrance.? St. Jolm's River? Albemarle Sound ? Pamlico Sound ? Wliat island between the two sounds? Wliere are the West Indies ? Where is the Kennebec River ? Cape Cod ? Wlien, and hy whom, was America discovered ? America was discovered in 1492 by Christopher Columbus, a native of Genoa (jen'-o-a), Italy. What prompted Goluinbus to make a wyage westward f Columbus believed the earth to be round, and that by sail- ing westward he would sooner reach India than by taking the usual route by way of Egypt and the Red Sea. By whom was he assisted in liis undertaldng ? After vainly seeking aid from the people of Genoa and the monarchs of England and Portugal, he was assisted by Isa- bella, Queen of Spain. What land did he first discover? The first land discovered by him was one of the Bahama 1* 10 DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. Islands, called by the natives Guanabani [giuah-nah-hali-ne). He gave it the name of San Salvador.- It is now sometimes known as Cat Island. What fjoyages and discoveries did Columbus afterward make? He made three other voyages to the New World, in the first of which his discoveries were confined to the islands be- tween North and South America. In his next, made in 1498, he discovered the mainland at the mouth of the river Orinoco. And in his last, he examined the coast of Darien ; but he never knew that he had discovered a new continent. What 'coy ages did Amerigo Vespucci maTce ? In 1499, Amerigo Vespucci {a-md-re' -go ves-poot'-che)^ a Florentine gentleman, visited the eastern coast of South America; and, in 1501, he made a second voyage to the same regions. Why was the name of America given to the New World ? Vespucci prepared accounts of the two voyages made by him, in which he claimed to be the first European that had landed on the western continent. In consequence of this claim, as well as from the fact that his were the first published accounts of the newly discovered country, it was called America. What discoveries and explorations were made hy the Gabots ? In 1497, John Cabot [kab'-bot)^ and his son Sebastian, while Bailing under a commission from Henry VII. of England, dis- covered the coast of Labrador, and thus were the first to dis- cover the continent of America. In a second voyage, made by Sebastian Cabot in 1498, the coast from Labrador to Chesa- peake Bay was explored. What visionary enterprise was undertaken hy Ponce de Leon ? Ponce de Leon (pon'-thd da Id-dn'), an aged Spaniard, sailed DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 11 from Porto Rico (re'-co) in search of a wonderful fountain, which, it was said, existed in one of the Bahama Islands, and would impart immortal youth to ail who might drink of its waters. What can you state of a discovery made by him ? After visiting several islands, he discovered, in 1612, an un- known land. From the abundance of flowers with which its forests were adorned, and because the discovery happened on Easter Sunday, which the Spaniards call Pascua Florida [pah'- scoo-ah Jlo-re-dah), it received the name of Florida. His search for the fountain was, of course, unsuccessful. What further can you state in relation to Be Leon ? Several years after, he went again to Florida, this time to make a settlement ; but in an attack made by the natives he was mortally wounded, and his followers were killed or driven back to their ships. What expedition in the mean time had been made to Carolina ? Two expeditions were made to Caroliua by De Ayllon {Ja ile-yonc) ; the first, in 1520, haviug for its object the seizure of natives to work the plantations and mines of St. Domingo; the second, to conquer the country. Both were unsuccessful. What can you state of the discovery and conquest of Mexico ? In 1517, Cordova (kor'-do-va) discovered Mexico, and ex- plored the northern coast of Yucatan. Afterward, Cortez, who had been sent by the governor of Cuba, succeeded in con- quering the Mexicans; and their country, in 1521, became a province of Spain. What expedition was undertaken by Narvaez ? Narvaez {nar-vah' -eth)^ believing Florida to be a land of great wealth, sailed from Cuba in 1528 to conquer and possess it. The attempt proved disastrous; for of the three hundred 12 DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. men who penetrated the wild regions, only four, after years of wandering, succeeded in reaching a Spanish settlement in Mexico. What statement did the four men make, and with what result ? The four men asserted that Florida was the richest country in the world, a statement which the people of Spain generally believed, among them Ferdinand de Soto [da so'-to). Give an account of the commencement of Be Soto's expedition. With a fleet of ten vessels, and a gay company of six hun- dred armed men, De Soto sailed for Cuba, whence he pro- ceeded to Florida. He landed on the shores of Tampa Bay, and, in the summer of 1539, commenced his march into the interior. Give a further account. After wandering for nearly three years, during which, in 1541, the Mississippi was discovered, he sickened and died. To conceal his death from the natives, who regarded him with fear, his body was sunk beneath the waters of the great river which he had discovered. What became of De Soto's followers f After vainly trying to reach Mexico through the forests, the remnant of his followers built seven frail barks, sailed down the Mississippi, and along the coast of Mexico, until they reached a Spanish settlement. What did Verrazzani accomplish ? In 1524, Verrazzani {ver-rat-tsah'-ne)^ a Florentine navigator sailing in the service of France, explored the coast of America from the Carolinas to Newfoundland {new' -fund-land). To the whole region thus explored he gave the name of New France, a name which was afterward restricted to the territory of Canada. DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 13 Wnat did Cartier accomplisTi f In 1534, and the following year, James Cartier {car-te-a') rtirtde two voyages, discovered the river St. Lawrence, explored its banks, and took possession of the whole country in the name of the king of France. Afterward the territory now in- cluded in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and adjacent islands, was called Acadia. What attempts at settlement were made ly the Huguenots f The Huguenots, or French Protestants, actuated by a desire to establish in America a place of refuge for their people, made two settlements, one at Port Royal entrance, Carolina, in 1562 ; and the other on the banks of the St. John's River, Florida, in 1564. What can you state of the settlemerit at Port BoyaZ entrance ? A fort was built by the settlers of 1562, and twenty-six men were left to keep possession of the country, while the others, with John Ribault {re-bo'), their commander, returned to France for reinforcements. The promised aid not arriving, the colonists, in despair, embarked for their native land. What can you state of the settlement on the St. John's River ? The Huguenots, on the St. John's, were surprised by a Spanish force under Melendez (md-len'-deth), and massacred. Sow was the massacre of the Huguenots avenged? In a little more than two years after, De Gourges [du-goorg)^ of France, surprised two Spanish forts on the St. John's, and hung two hundred captives upon the trees. Whxit can you state of Gilbert's expedition in 1583 ? In 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert sailed from England under a patent granted by Queen Elizabeth. He landed at New- foundland, but made no attempt at settlement. While return- ing to England, his ship foundered, and he was drowned. 14 DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. What expedition did Raleigh send in 1584 ? Sir Walter Raleigh {raw'-le)^ not disheartened by the sad fate of his step-brother, Gilbert, obtained from Elizabeth an ample patent, and, in 1584, sent two vessels, under the com- mand of Amidas and Barlow. What was the result f The voyagers arrived on the coast of Carolina, visited the islands in Pamlico and Albemarle sounds, took possession of the country in the name of their sovereign, and, after traffick- ing with the natives, returned to England. Hoio did their account affect the queen 1 So glowing an account did they give of the country, that Elizabeth declared the event to be the most glorious in her reign, and, in memorial of her unmarried state, named the region Virginia. What was afterward done ly Raleigh to plant a colony in America ? Raleigh made two attempts to plant a colony on Roanoke Island; one, under Ralph Lane, in 1585, and the other, under John White, in 1587. What account can you give of the first f The colonists, under Lane, after a year of distress at Roan- oke, embarked for England with Sir Francis Drake, who bad stopped at the island on his way from the West Indies. WJiat account can you give of the second attempt? White did not remain long at Roanoke. He went to En- gland for supplies ; but when he returned, after an absence of nearly three years, none of the colonists could be found. What division of America was made by King James in 1606 ? In 1606, James L, of England, divided tha,t portion of America between the thirty-fourth and forty-fifth degrees of north latitude into two divisions. The northern, called J^orth DISCOYERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 16 Virginia, he granted to the Plymouth Company; and the southern, called South Virginia, to the London Company. What attempt did the Plymouth Co. make to form a settlement ? In 160Y the Plymouth Company sent a number of planters, who began a settlement at the mouth of the Kennebec ; but a series of disasters discouraged them, and they returned to England. What success did the London Company have f The London Company were successful. They sent more than a hundred persons, in a fleet commanded by Christopher Newport. The design of the colonists was to settle on Roan- oke, but a storm carried the vessels further north. Sailing up a large stream, which they named the James River, they se- lected a place for a settlement, and called it Jamestown. EEVIEW QUESTIONS. 1. Give .in account of Colnmbus and liis discoveries. (8ee pp. 9, 10.)— 2 Of Vespucci and his voyages. (10.) — 3. Of the Cabots and their voyanres. — 4. Of De Leon and his voyacres. (10, 11.)— 6. Of De Ayllon and his voy- ages. (11.)— 7. Of Narvaez's expedition. (11, 12.)— 8. Of De Soto's expedition. (12.) — 9. Of Verrazzani's explorations. — 10. Of Cartier's discoveries and explorations. (13.)— 11. Of the Huguenot settlement at Port Koyal en- trance. — 12. Of the one in Florida. — 13. "Which is the oldest settlement in the United States ? Ans. St. Augustine, Florida, settled by the Span- iards in 1565. — 14. Give an account of the voyage made by Amidas and Barlow. (14.)— 15. Of the first attempt to settle Roanoke Island.— 15. OX the second attempt. — 16. Of the attempt to plant a colony at the mouth of the Kennebec. (14, 15.) — 17. Of the success of the London Company. (15.) — 18. Did Columbus ever know he had discovered America? (10.) — 19. What land did he believe he had discovered? (9.) — 20. Why was not this country called Columbus, or Columbia? (10.)— 21. When was Labra- dor discovered?— 22. By whom?— 23. The Mississippi River ? (12.)— 24. By whom?— 25. The St. Lawrence ? (13.)— 26. By whom ?— 27. Florida (11.)— 28. By whom?— 29. Mexico?— 80. By whom? IG COLONIAL HISTORY. SECTION II. Colonial History. fiXl'ENDING FROM THE SETTLEMENT OF VmGmiA, IN 1607, TO THB COMMENCEMENT OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR, IN 1754. Map Questions. How is Jamestown situated? What two capes at the entrance of Chesapeake Bay? What two rivers flow into Chesapeake Bay? In what direction from James- town are the Bermuda Islands? (See map, p. 83.) When and where was Virginia first settled ? The first settlement in Virginin was made at Jamestown, in 1607, under the direction of the London Company. COLONIAL HISTORY". 17 How was the colony at first goxerned ? The colony was governed under a charter granted by James I., the supreme government being vested in a council resident in England, and the local government in a colonial council of seven persons appointed by the king. How did the colony succeed ? At first the colony did not prosper. The scarcity of pro- visions, the hostility of the natives, the want of industrial habits among the settlers, and sickness, which carried to the grave fifty men in less than four months, proved nearly fatal to its existence. Among those who died was Bartholomew Gosnold, the discoverer of Cape Cod. What is stated 0/ President Wingfield? Wingfield, the president of the council, having embezzled the public stores, and become concerned in a plot to abandon the settlement, was expelled from the council. By whom was Wingfield succeeded in tlie presidency ? He was succeeded in office by Ratcliflfe, who, in consequence of inefficiency, was in turn succeeded by Captain John Smith, the most enterprising and sagacious man in the colony. What can you state of tJie efforts of Smith ? To the eff'orts of the new president the salvation of the in- fant colony was owing. He explored Chesapeake Bay, as well as the James and other rivers, and often returned with sup- plies of corn. WJiat befell him in one of his expeditions ? On one occasion he was surprised by a large body of In- dians, and, after a desperate struggle, was captured, and con- ducted to Powhatan (pow-hat-tan'), the principal chief. The warriors met in council, and determined that Smith should be put to death. 18 COLONIAL HISTORY. State how lie was saved. He was bound, and his head placed upon a large stone ; but just as the savages were raising their clubs to dash out his brains, Po-ca-hou'-tas, the beloved daughter of Powhatan, rushed forward, clasped the captive's head in hei- arms, and begged that his life might be saved. Her generous and heroic conduct touched her father's heart, and the sentence was re- voked. What change in the affairs of Jamestown took place in 1609 ? The London Company, not having realized their expecta- tions of profit from the Jamestown colony, sought and obtained a second charter in 1609; and conferred upon Lord Dela- ware, a nobleman distinguished for his virtues, the appoint- ment of governor for life. WTio were sent to America hefore Delaware ? Three commissioners, Newport, Gates, and Somers, who had been appointed to administer the affairs of the colony till the arrival of Delaware, were dippatched to America with a fleet of nine vessels, and more than five hundred emigrants. What befell the fleet? While on the passage a severe storm dispersed the fleet. One of the vessels (that bearing the commissioners) was wrecked on the Bermuda Islands, and another foundered : the others reached the James River in safety. What did Smith do upon the arrival of the seven vessels ? Considering that no person had yet arrived t<» supersede him, Smith maintained his position as president, until, having been severely injured by an explosion of gunpowder, he re- turned to England for surgical aid. What miseries folhnvcd his departure? No sooner had he departed than the colonists gave them COLONIAL HISTORY. 19 selves up to idleness and vice. Famine ensued, and in le?s than six months the colony was reduced to sixty persons. This period, extending over the first half of 1610, was long remembered as the " starving time." Upon what course did the colonists finally determine ? In consequence of their destitution and gloomy prospects, the colonists determined to see> safety among the English fishermen at Newfoundland ; bat as they drew near the mouih of the river, Lord Delaware appeared with emigrants and supplies, and persuaded them to return. What can you state of the new administration ? The new administration was a wise one, and under it the colony prospered ; but in consequence of ill-health, Delaware was soon compelled to return to England. He was succeeded in ofljce by Sir Thomas Gates. What can you state of the third Virginia charter? In 1612, the London Company obtained a third charter, which allowed that body to hold meetings for the transactioD of business, thus giving it a democratic form of government. What can you state in relation to Pocahontas ? Pocahontas was married at Jamestown, in 1613, to John Rolfe (rolf), an Englishman. Three years after, she accom- panied her husband to England, where she died, leaving a son, from whom are descended some well-known families in Vir- ginia. How was slavery introduced info the colonies f The commencement of negro slavery in the English colonies dates from its introduction into Virginia. In 1620, a Dutch trading vessel entered the James Iliver with negroes, twenty of whom were landed and sold into perpetual slavery. What otJier important event occurred about the same time ? 20 COLONIAL HISTORY. In the same year, about a hundred women of good reputa- tion arrived from England, and were married to the planters, each man giving for his wife one hundred and twenty pounds of tobacco, the price of her passage to America. What account can you give of the Indian troubles in Virginia f The Indians, having conspired to exterminate the colonists, attacked them at mid day, on the 1st of April, 1622 ; and, in an hour, massacred about three hundred and fifty men, women, and children. In 1644 they made a second attack, killing about three hundred. Their hostility continued until 1646, when a treaty was made. What can you state of the celebrated "Navigation Act V The "Navigation Act," passed by Parliament in 1651, ^^e- cured to English shipping the monopoly of the carrying trade with England. Though it was not at first enforced against Virginia, yet after its re-enactment, in 1660, with new pro- visions, it was vigorously executed, notwithstanding the remon- strances of the people. What act of the king augmented the people's dissatisfaction ? By a grant made by Charles II., of England, in 1673, "All the dominion of land and water called Virginia," was ceded to Lord Culpepper and the Earl of Arlington for the term of thirty-one years. Did the people have any other causes-of complaint f The people were restricted in the elective franchise, were required to conform to the doctrines and rituals of the Church of England, and the taxes levied wore unequal and oppressive. To ichat did the oppressive measures lead f A spirit of rebellion in consequence broke out among the " common people," who wanted but an excuse for appearing in COLONIAL HISTORY. 21 arms ; and it was soon found in an invasion made by the Siis- quchannah Indians. Give a further account of the commencement of the rebellion. The measures for defence, adopted by Berkeley, the gov- ernor of Virginia, being inefficient, the people demanded per- mission to arm and protect themselves. This being refused, a struggle for popular liberty broke out in 1676, known as Bacon's Ri':bellion. What further can you state of the rebellion? Five hundred men under arms, with Nathaniel Bacon as leader, marched against the Indians, whom they defeated. The people recovered for a time the rights which they formerly enjoyed ; but in the midst of their successes Bacon suddenly died. What aftei^ard occurred ? Berkeley then caused twenty -two of the insurgents to be hanged ; and fines, imprisonments, and confiscations disgraced his administration until he was recalled by the king. WJiat can you state of the subsequent history of the colony ? Upon the recall of Berkeley, in 1677, Virginia became a proprietary government, with Lord Culpepper as governor. Culj)epper ruled till 1684, when, in consequence of his mis- management, the king revoked the grant which had been made to him and Arlington, in 1673, and deprived him of his office. Virginia then became a royal province [igain, and so -remained till the Revolution. 22 COLONIAL HISTORY. MASSACHUSETTS. PllOM ITS SETTLEMENT, IN 1620, TO THE UNION OF NEW ENGLAND COLONIES, IN 1643. MASSACHUSETTS BAY Map Questions. ITow is Cape Cod situated? Plymouth? Salem? Boston? Dover? Describe the Merrimac River. What States are on the south of Massachusetts? Where is Portsmouth ? What can you state of Capt. Smith'' s second voyage to America ? Captain John Smith, who had performed so creditable a part in the settlement of Virginia, set sail from London in 1614, for the purpose of trade and discovery in the region of Cape Cod. COLONIAL HISTORY. 23 What did Smith accomiilish ? He examined the shores from the Penobscot River to Cape Cod, and prepared a map of the country, to which he gave the iiame of New England. What grant of land was made 'by King James in 1G20? The orii*inal Plymouth Company having been superseded by another, called the Council of Plymouth, King James granted to the latter, in 1620, all the territory between the fortieth and forty-eighth parallels of north latitude, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific. By whom, was tJie first permanent New England settlement made? It was not under the direction of the Council of Plymouth, nor with the aid of the king, that the first permanent settlement was made in New England, but by a small band of Pilgrims, dissenters from the Church of England, who had fled from their own country to find an asylum from religious persecution. They were known in England as Puritans. To what place did the Pilgrims first go after leaving England? They at first went to Amsterdam, in Holland, whence they removed to Leyden (ll'-den), where, under the pastoral care of John Robinson, they lived for eleven years. Give a further history of their movements. From various causes they became dissatisfied with their residence in Holland, and obtained a grant of land from the London Company. A goodly number then went to South- ampton, England, where they were joined by other Pilgrims from London. What step did tliey next take ? They had procured two vessels, the Speedwell and the May flower ; but the former proving unseaworthy, the Mayflower sailed alone from Plymouth, with one hundred and one per- 24 COLONIAL HISTORY. sons, the most prominent of whom were Carver, Brewster, Standish, Bradford, and Winslow. What further can you state of the Pilgrims ? After a boisterous passage they reached Cape Cod Bay^ where, in the cabin of the Mayflower, they agreed to a solemn compact for their government, and unanimously elected Carver governor for one year. At what place did they land ? On the 21st of December, 1620, they landed at Plymouth, Massachusetts, and there made their settlement — the first in New England. What is said of thsir sufferings at Plymouth ? The winter was severe, and in less than five months nearly half of that Pilgrim band died from the effects of exposure and privations, Carver and his wife being among the number. William Bradford was the second governor. What treaty was formed xcrith the Indians ? In 1621 a treaty of friendship was made with Massasoit (mas-sa-soit^), chief of the Wampanoatrs [wom-pa-no'-ogs)^ which was sacredly kept for more than thirty years. Canoni- cus, chief of the Narragansetts, kept the colonists in fear for awhile, but the decisive course of Bradford eventually com- pelled him to sue for peace. Wliat colony in Massachusetts was planted next after Plymouth ? A company of persons interested in the fisheries of New England, having purchased a tract of land, sent a hundred persons, under the charge of Endicott. These settled at Salem, in 1628, thus laying the foundation of the Massachu- setts Bay Colony. The colony grew rapidly by the addition of new settlements, especially by the one at Boston, com* menced in 1630. COLONIAL HISTORY. 25 XEW HAMPSHIEE PORTSMOUTH AND VICINITY. What can you state of the first settling of New Hampshire ? The first settlements in New Hampshire were made at Little Harbor and Dover in 1623, under a grant which Ferdinand Gorges [gor'-jez) and John Mason had ob- tained from the Council of Ply mouth. What can you state of the claims of WJieelwright and Mason. Although the grant to Gorges and Mason included all the territory between the Merrimac and the Kennebec, the Rev. John Wheelwright, in 1629, purchased of the Indians a por- tion of the same territory. In the same year Mason obtained from Gorges a grant, in his own name alone, of the country which Wheelwright had purchased, and to this he gave the name of New Hampshire. What land controversy afterward took place ? After the death of Mason a vexatious controversy took place, in consequence of the land claims which his heirs made; and it was not terminated until they relinquished all the un- occupied portions of the province. WJiat was the political connection beticeen N. Hampshire and Mass f The district of New Hampshire was several times connected with Massachusetts, but in 1741 it became a separate province, and so continued till the Revolution. 26 COLONIAL HISTORr. CONNECTICUT Map Questions. WliatVodyof water on the sonth of Connecticut? What rivers flow into L.on^ Island Sound ? How is "Windsor situated ? New Haven ? Suybrook ? Hartford ? What can you state of the settling of Connecticut ? Three colonies were planted within the limits of Connecti- cut. The first at Windsor, in 1633, by Captain Holmes and a company from Plymouth ; the second at Saybrook, in 1635 : and the third at New Haven, in 1638. What further history can you give of the first colony? The Dutch, to assert their claim to territory, had built a fort on the Connecticut, which menaced Holmes and his com- COLONIAL HISTORY, 27 pany as they passed up the river ; but the threat was un heeded. Can you gite any further history of the colony f The colony on the Connecticut, called the Connecticut Colony, received important additions from Massachusetts in 1635 ; and, in the following year, other additions by a second emigration from the same place, conducted by the Rev. Thomas Hooker. What troubles did the colonists have with the Indians? The Pequods, a tribe of Indians inhabiting the southeast part of Connecticut, having committed many acts of hostility, war was declared against them in 1637. What account can you give of the expedition against the Pequods ? Captain John Mason, with a force of colonists and friendly Indians, proceeded against the Pequods, burned their fort and wigwams, killed more than six hundred of their number, and completely broke them up as a tribe. How were the three colonies of Connecticut united f The colony of Say brook maintained its separate existence until 1644. By its annexation in that year to the Connecticut Colony, only two colonies remained, which were united in 1665, under a liberal royal charter granted by King Charles IL, of England. What attempt was made to deprive Connecticut of her charter ? Andres, who had been appointed royal governor of New England, in 168*7 appeared before the Connecticut Assembly, m session at Hartford, and demanded the surrender of the charter ; but, during the discussion that arose, it was carried off and hid in the hollow of a tree. 28 COLONIAL HISTORY. EHODE ISLAND. Map Questions. What State between Massachusetts and Connecticnt? (See map, p. 22.) In what direction from Plymouth is Providence? In what direction is Newport from Provi- dence? How is Providence situated? On what island is Newport? Ans. Khode I.sland. JB^ wJiom was RJiode Island settled f Rhode Island was settled by Roger Williams, who had been banished from Massachusetts because of his denunciation of the religious intolerance practiced there, as well as for certain opinions touching civil matters. Wlien and where did Williams settle ? The settlement was made in 1636 at Providence, on lands purchased of the Indians, and so called by Williams to com- memorate "God's merciful providence to him in his distress?" What caused the colony to grow rapidly f The great freedom in religious matters enjoyed at Provi- dence, and the demociatic government of the colony, caused immio-rants to flock thither in laro^e numbers. What second settlement was made in Rhode Island? In 1637, William Coddington, who had been subjected to religious persecution in Boston, accepted an invitation from Williams, purchased from the Indians the island of Rhode Island, and settled there. When icere the two settlements united? Rather than admit a claim of jurisdiction set up by Plymouth, W^illiams went to England, and obtained a charter whereby the two settlements of Rhode Island were united in 1644, under one government, as the Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. COLONIAL HISTORY. 2D MASSACHUSETTS. FROM THE UNION OF THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES, IN 1G43, TO "THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR." Map Questions. In what direction from Swanzoy is Plymouth ? (See map, p. 22.) Annapolis from Boston ? (See map, p. 50.) How is Annapolis situated ? On what is Louisburg» What colonial union was made in 1643 1 Mas.«acljusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven formed a union in 1643, for mutual protection against the Dutch, French, and Indians. This union lasted nearly fifty yeais. Why did not Rhode Island join the confederacy? Rhode Island was refused admittance into the union, because she would not consent to be incorporated with Plymouth, and lose her separate existence. What trouble commenced in 1656 ? In 1G56 a serious trouble commenced, growing out of the arrival in that year of a number of Quakers from England. They had been represented as a people of peculiar opinions and conduct, and consequently they were persecuted. Many were banished, four were executed, and others were whipped or cast into prison. Sow were the troubles hr ought to an end? The great severity of the measures against them caused a general feeling of condemnation ; and, after five years of trouble, they were allowed to come and enjoy their opinions in peace. How did King Philip's tear commence ? In 1675 an Indian war broke out by an attack made by King Philip, a son and successor of Massasoit, upon the town of Swanzev. 30 COLONIAL HISTORY. WJuit had prompted Philip to make war? A converted Indian, who had been sent as a missionary among his people, made known the fact that Philip was con- cerned in a plot for the extermination of the colonists. This man was afterward found murdered. The execution by the whites of three Indians, convicted of the murder, may be con- sidered as the immediate cause of the war. What can you state of the further conduct of the Indians ? Although a treaty of peace had been made with the Narra- gansetts, they proved unfaithful, and became the allies of Philip, carrying death and destruction throughout the country for miles around. What can you state of the closing scenes of the war ? A strong force was sent against the Indians, and, in an im- mense swamp in the southern part of Rhode Island, they were defeated with great loss. Yet they continued their depreda- tions till the death of Philip, which occurred in 1676, he being shot by one of his own tribe. What intelligence from England caused rejoicings in Boston f The news of the English revolution, in which James 11. had been driven from the throne, and William of Orange declared king, caused great rejoicings among the people of Boston. How did the people treat the royal officers of the colony? They seized Governor Audros and his officers, who had made themselves obnoxious by their unjust and oppressive measures, and sent them to England. What war grew out of the dethronement of King James? James having fled to France, the monarch of that country espoused his cause. This, princlpall}', led to a contest between the two powers, known as King William's War, in which the respective colonists became involved. COLONIAL HISTORY. 31 What tcere tJie principal events of the war in America ? An expedition, fitted out by Massachusetts, and commanded by Sir William Pliipps, captured Port Royal, and secured a large amount of booty. A second expedition, also commanded by riiipps, for the conquest of Canada, proved a failure. What was the length of the war f The war lasted from 1689 to the peace of Ryswick [riz'- wick), in 1697, a period of about eight years. What had the king done in reference to the government of Mass. ? . During the war, King William, refusing to restore to Massachusetts the charter which James II. had taken away. in consequence of the opposition showed by the colony to the " Navigation Act," granted a new charter, which united Plymouth, Massachusetts, Maine, and Nova Scotia in one royal government. Of what unwise measure was the new government guilty ? Oi:e of the first acts under the new government was the formation, in 1692, of a court to try certain persons who were accused of witchcraft, the belief in which, at the time, pre- vailed among the pt^ople of Salem and the neighboring towns. What farther account can you give of the delusion f Twenty persons were put to death, more tlian fifty were tor- tured or frightened into a confession, and many suffered im- prisonment. The delusion lasted more than six months. How was the next war after King William's brought about f Upon the death of James II., which occurred in France, the French monarch acknowle<]o;cd his son as kinsr of Engrland. This tended to produce a spirit of resentment in England, where the crown had been settled upon Anne («w), the second daughter of James. What was the coiisequence f 32 COLONIAL HISTORY. A war followed between England on tlie one side, and France and Spain on the other, known, in America, as Qu]:en Anne's War; in Europe, as The War of the Spanish Suc- cession. WTiat was the most important event of the war in America f The capture of Port Royal, in 1710, by a force from Massa- chusetts, after an unsuccessful attempt three years before, was the most important event of the war. The name of the place was changed to Annapolis, in honor of the English queen, and Acadia was permanently annexed to the British realm. t, What was the length of the war f The war continued about eleven years, hostilities having commenced in 1702, and being terminated by the treaty of Utrecht {u-trekt) in 1713. now long did peace last ? A peace of nearly thirty years followed, which was broken by King George's War, commenced in 1744. What was the origin of th-e war ? The war had its origin in disputes relating to the kiugdom of Austria, and was therefore known in Europe as The Wui of the Austrian Succession. What was the most important event of the war f Its most important event was the capture of Louisburg by a force, mostly of New England troops, under William Pep- perill, aided by an English fleet commanded by Commodore Warren. Sow long did the war continue ? The contest was terminated by the treaty of Aix la Chapelle (akes la sha-pel'), in 1748, by which all acquisitions of terri- tory, made during the war, were mutually restored. COLOJ^lAL HISTORY. 33 ]^EW YOEK. Map Questions. What States on the east of New York State? What large city at the mouth ol the Hudson River? How is Albany situated? Schenectady? Describe the Mo- hawk River. When, andhy wliom, was the Hudson River discoxered? The Hudson River was discovered in 1609 by Ileniy Hud- son, an English navigator, then sailing in the service of " The Dutch East India Company." What eccploration did Hudson make ? His object was to find a north-west passage to the Pacific Ocean : in pursuance of which he sailed up the river to the 2* 34: COLONIAL HISTORY. head of ship imvigation, and continued his explorations in a small boat some miles further. What measures were taken by the Dutch to settle the country 1 In 16] 4, the Dutch built a fort on Manhattan, or New York Island ; and, in the following year, erected another at Albany, which was called Fort Orange. What settlements were afterward made ? The actual colonization of the country did not take place nntil 1623. In that year two settlements were made; one at Fort Orange, the site of Albany ; and the other on Manhattan Island, to which the name of New Amsterdam was given. What extent of territory was claimed by the Dutch ? The territory claimed by the Dutch included the whole region from Cape Cod to the southern shore of Delaware Bay ; this they called New Netherlands — a name generally applied only to that part actually in their possession. Who were the successive Dutch governors f The first Dutch governor was Peter Minnits; the second, Wouter Van Twiller ; the third, Sir William Kicft {keeft)\ and the fourth and last, Peter Stuyvesant (sti'-ve-sani). What did the English do to get possession of New Netherlands? In 1664, Charles IL, king of England, disregarding l.he claims of the Dutch, granted to his brother, the Duke of York, the whole region from the Connecticut River to Dela- ware Bay ; and a fleet, under Colonel Nicolls, was sent to take possession. What can you say of the surrender of the -place ? When Nicolls appeared before New Amsterdam, the people, hoping to enjoy more freedom under English rule, determined at once to surrender ; but Stuyvesant held out until the town was actually in the possession of Nicolls. COLONIAL HISTORY. 35 WJiat changes then took 2:>lace ? Nicolls was the first English governor. New Amsterdam was called JN'ew York ; and Fort Orange received the name oi Albany. Was New Netherlands ever again in possession of the Dutch f In ]673, during a war between England and Holland, the Dutch regained their former possessions ; but after a period of only fifteen months, returned them to the English. Sir Ed- mund Andros, the tyrant, was then appointed governor. What can you say of the " Negro Plot V In 1741, several incendiary fires occurred in the city of New York, and a house was robbed by slaves. Witnesses testified that the negroes had conspired to burn the city, mur- der the inhabitants, and set up a government of their own. What followed^ An intense excitement followed, and before it was allayed more than thirty persons, condemned as having been engaged m the alleged plot, were executed, and others ^vere transported to foreign parts. NEW JEESEY Map Questions. ITow IS New Jersey situated ? (See map, p. 88.) What river is on tlie west of the tate ? What water on the east ? "Where is the city of Elizabeth ? (See map, p. 60.) What can you state of the settlement of New Jersey? The Dutch, who included New Jersey in the province of New NetherlaniJs, formed a trading settlement at Bergen, and also built a fort on the Delaware ; but the settlement of Eliz-i- 36 COLONIAL HISTORY. betlitown, now Elizabeth, in 1664, is considered hs the begin- ning of colonization in New Jersey. Who became the proprietors of New Jersey in 1GG4? Iji 1G64, before the settlement of Elizabethtown, the Duke of York, to whom the king of England had granted New Netherlands, sold New Jersey to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. How did New Jersey thrive under Berkeley and Cartaret ? - The liberal offers at first made to emigrants induced many to settle. After the Dutch had, for the, second time, relin- quished possession of New Netherlands, Andros was appointed governor, and he repeatedly interfered with the rights of Berkeley and Carteret. What disposition was afterward made of Neio Jersey f Berkeley sold his interest in New Jersey to an English Quakei ; and, in 1682, the whole territory became, by pur- chase, the property of William Penn and other Quakers. What can you state of the subsequent colonial history of JSf. Jersey? In 1702, the proprietors surrendered their powers of govern- ment to the crown, when New Jersey became a royal province united to New York. In 1738, the connection was severed, and from that time to the Revolution, New Jersey was a sepa- rate province. MAEYLAl^D. Map Questions. What larje bay divides Maryland? (See map, p. IC.) What State on the east o Maryland? On the west? On the north? Wliere was St. Mary's situated? Of what colony was Maryland once ajtart? ]>y the second charter granted to the Loiidon Company, the COLONIAL HISTORY. . 37 limits of Yii'giiiia embraced all the territory wliich afterward formed the States of Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina. What can you say of a license granted hy the king ? lu 1631, William Clay borne obtained a license from Charles I. to traffic with the Indians ; and under this authority a trad- ing post was established on an island in Chesapeake Bay, and another at the month of the Susquehanna. What grant wis afterward made of Maryland ? The territory of Maryland was afterward granted to Cecil [se'-dl) Calvert, a Roman Catholic nobleman, whose title was Lord Baltimore. The grant thus made was the most liberal one that had been allowed ; for by it equality in religious rights and civil freedom was guaranteed to all emigranls. V/hen and ichere was the first settlement made f The first settlement was made in 1C34, at St. Mary's, by a.bcnit two hundred emigrants, mostly Roman Catholics; and Leonard Calvert, brother of the proprietor, v/as the first gov- ernor. What can you say of Glayhorne's rebellion ? Claybornc, who had refused to submit to the authority of the governor, in 1845 incited a rebellion, and compelled Ccilvert to seek safety for a time in Virginia. Who, after Cecil Gahert, was the proprietor of Maryland f After the death of Cecil Calvert, his son, Charles, became the proprietor of the province, of which he retained possession until deprived of it by King William, in 1691. Lionel Copley war- then appointed royal governor. What can you state of the further history of Maryland ? In l7l5 the proprietor's rights were restored to his infant heir, the fourth Lord Baltimore, and Maryland remained a pro- prietary govern lucnt iVom that tiine till the Revolution. 38 COLONIAL HISTORY. PENNSYLYANIA. EW JERSEY PHiLADELPHSA ^ Map Questions. What river separates Now Jersey from Pennsylvania? IIow Is Philaflel[)l)ia situ- ated? How is Delaware situated? In which part of Delaware is Wilmington .situ- ated? (See map, p. 16) What can you state of a grant made to Penn ? Actuated by a desire to found a colony where civil and re- ligions liberty would be enjoyed, and where the people might dwell together in the bonds of peace, William Penn obtained from Charles 11. a grant of all the territory within the present limits of Pennsylvania. What (idditio7ial grant did Penn receive ? COLONIAL HISTORY. 39 From the Duke of York, Penn also obtained a grant of Delaware, then called "" The Territories," or " The Three Lower Counties on the Delaware." When and hy wlurni was Pemisylxania settled ? The permanent settlement of Pennsylvania dates from the founding of Philadelphia in 1GS2, by Penn; though small settlements of Swedes had b^en previously made both m l*ennsylvania and Delaware. What imporUiit meeting did Penn Jiave with the Indians ? Penn met the Indians beneath a wide-spreading elm, at a place now called Kensington, a suburb of Philadelphia, and paid them for their lands. Wliat can you state of the prosperity of Penn's colony ? The wisdom of his course toward the Indians, as well as of his government generally, was soon apparent, for the colony had a more rapid and peaceful growth than any other in America. What further can you relate of the history of Pennsylmnia? Upon the death of Penn, which occurred in 1718, he left his American possessions to his sons. They administered the government, most of the time by deputies, until the Revolu- tion, when their claims were purchased by the commonwealth of Pennsylvania. DELAWAEE What can you say of the settlement of Bdaware ? Delaware was settled in 1638, on Christiana Creek, near Wilmington, by a company of Swedes. What iras the extent of the terntoiyi of the Swedes? 40 COLONIAL HISTORY. The settlers purchased of the Indians all the territory from Cape Henlopen to the falls of the Delaware, calling it New Sweden. What lefeU the Swedish colony 1 Governor Stuyvesant, of New Netherlands, regarding the Swedish settlements as intrusions upon the territory of the Dutch colony, in 1655 proceeded against them, and subjected the Swedes to the authority of Holland. What further can you state of the history of Delaware ? The Dutch retained possession until 1664. From that time till 1682, Delaware was a part of the province of New York. What further still can you state of the history of Delaware J By the grant to Penn, in 1682, Delaware was united to Pennsylvania, and, although the settlers in " The Territories" became dissatisfied with Penn's government, and were granted an assembly of their own, Pennsylvania and Delaware con- tinued under one governor until the Revolution. IsrOKTH AISTD SOUTH CAEOLIE-A. What can you state of the settlement of North Carolina f About the year 1650 emigrants from Virginia made a settle- ment upon the Chowan River, calling it ''The Albemarle County Colony. What extensive grant was afterward made hy Charles II. ? Charles 11. afterward granted the whole region from Vir- ginia to the middle of Florida, and known as Carolina, to Lord Clarendon and seven other noblemen of England. Wha^ second settlement was made i'% Carolina? In 1665 a company of planters from Barbadoes made a COLONIAL HISTORY. 4J Map Qtiestioiis. Wliat State is ou the south of Virginia? On the sonth of North Carolina? On the south of South Carolina? Describe the Chowan Eiver. How is Edenton situ- ated? Wilmington? Charleston? Savannah? settlement near V/iimington, calling it " The Clarendon County Colony." What third settlement teas made in Carolina? In 1670, a colony, knov/n as " The Carteret County Colony," was planted on tlie western bank of the Ashley River ; this, i;i cunsequence of not being well located for commercial fa- (.iiitivs, was removed, ten years after, to the junction of tlie Cooper and Ashley rivers, and thus the foundation of Charles- ton was laid. What took place in 1729 ? In 1729, Carolina was sold to the king of England, and 42 COLONIAL HISTORY. separated into North and South Carolina. From that time till the Revolution they were royal provinces. GEOKGIA. What grant of Georgia was made to a corporation? To a corporation, consisiing of James Oglethorpe {o' -gl-thorp) and twenty other trustees, George II., of England, granted, for twenty-one years, all the country between the Savannah and the Altaraaha. What was the olject of the corporation ? The object of Oglethorpe and his associates was to provide an asylum in America for the destitute of England, the grant being " in trust for the poor." When and where was the first settlement made? The first settlement was made in 1733, the year after the grant, at Savannah. What can you say of the growth of the colony ? The colony made rapid increase in numbers, but owing to the poverty and idle habits of the settlers, as also to the im- [lolitic regulations of the trustees, it did not grow much in wealth. What trouUes were had icith a neighboring colony ? Georgia being claimed by Spain as a part of Florida, hos- tilities took place between the English settlers and their Spanish neighbors, which, owing to the bravery and skill Oi Oglethorpe, terminated to the advantage of the English. When and 7ioiv did Georgia hccome a royal jJronnce ? The trustees governed till 1752, when, wearied with their troublesome chavge, they surrendered their charter to the crown, and Georgia became a royal province. REVIEW QUESTIONS. 43 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 1. Give an account of tlie settlement of Virginia. (See page 16.) — 2. What can you state of the government of the colony ? (17.) — 3. Wliy did not the colony prosper at first ? — 4. By whom was Cape Cod discovered ? — 5. When did Gosnold make the discovery ? Aiis. In 1602.— 6. What can you state of Wingfield ?— 7. Of Ratcliffe ?— 8. Of Smith's character? — 9. Of his capture, and escape from death 'i (17, 18.) — 10. In relation to the second Virginia charter? — 11. What circumstances induced Smith to remain in office? — 12. What further account can you give of Smith ? (18, 33, 34.) — 13. Give an account of the "starving time." (18, 19.) — 14. What can you state of Lord Delaware? (18, 19.)— 15. Of Sir Thomas Gates ? (18, 19.)— 16. How many charters were granted to the London Company ? (14, 15, 18, 19.) — 17. State all you can in relation to Pocahontas. (18, 19.) — 18. In relation to the commencement of negro slavery in America. (19.) — 19. In relation to Indian troubles in Virginia. (20.) — 20. In rela- tion to the " Navigation Act." (20,31.) — 21. In relation to Culpi'p- por's connection with Virginia. (20, 21.) — 22. Give an account of Bacon's Rebellion. (20, 21.) — 23. What grant was made to the Council of Plymouth? (23.) — 24. By whom was New England settled ? — 25. Give an account of the movements of the Pilgrims be- fore they reached America. (23, 24.) — 26. W^hat solemn act took place j ust before they landed ? (24.) — 27. State all you can of Car- ver.— 28. Of Bradford.- 28. Of Massasoit.— 29. Of Canonicus.— SO. Of the early history of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. — 31. Of the settlement of New Hampshire. (25.) — 32. What conflicting claims to New Hampshire lands occurred ? — 33. How many and what colo- nies were planted in Connecticut ? (26.) — 34. State all you can of the Connecticut colony. (26, 27.) — 35. Give an account of the Pe- quod War. (27.) — 36. State what you can of the Saybrook colony. (26, 27.)— 37. Of the New Haven co:ony. (26, 27.)— 38. Of Andros. (27, 30, 35, 36.)— 89. Of Roger WiUiams. (28.)— 40. Of W^illiam Coddington. — 41. Of the union of the two Rhode Island settlements. (28.)— 42. Of the union formed in 1643. (29.)— 43. Of the persecu- tion of tlie Quakers.— 44. Of King Philip's War. (20, 30.) — 45. Give an i!ce;)mit of King William's War. (30. 31 .)— K;. Of tlie " Salem 44 REVIEW QUESTIONS. Witcncraft." (31)— 47. Of Queen Anne's War. (31, 82.)— 49. State wliat you can of Henry Hudson. (33, 34.) — 50. Of the settlement on Manhattan Island. (34, 35.)— 51. Of the settlement at Albany. (34, 35.)— 52. Of Peter Stuyvesant. (34.)— 53. Of Colonel Nicolls. (34, 35.) — 54. Give the whole account of the " Negro Plot." (35.)— 55. Of the settlement of New Jersey. (35, 36.)— 56. Of the Duke of York's connection with New Jersey. (36.) — 57. Of William Penn's. — 58. Of Clayborne's with Maryland. (37.) — 59. Give an account of the settlement of Maryland. — 60. What grant of land was made to Penn ? (38.) — 61. What was Penn's object in accei^ting the grant ? — 62. What can you say of the settlement of Pennsylvania ? (39.) — 63. How did Peun make the title to his lands perfect ? — 64. When and by whom was Delaware first settled? — 05. How were the Swedes of Delaware subjected to the rule of the Dutch? (40.) — 66. Give the feubsequcnt colonial history of Delaware. (40.)— 67. What three colonies were established in North and South Carolina ? (40, 41.) — 68. What can you state of the Albemarle County colony? —60. Of the Clarendon County colony ? (41.)— 70. Of the Carteret County colony ? — 71. What can you state of the subsequent colonial history of North and South Carolina? (41, 42)— 72. Eow did the Georgia colony originate ? (42.)— 73. State all you can of Oglethorpe. (42.)— 74. What settlement was made in 1733?— 75. When was Georgia settled ? — 76. Why did not the colony grow in wealth as well as numbers ? (42.)— 77. Vvhat claim to Georgia territory was made ? — 78. V>'hat can you state of the hostilities that occurred ? — 70. What change took place in 1752 ? — 80. How is Savannah situ- ated? (See map, p. 41.) — 81. Into what body of water does the Savannah River liow ? — 82. What town is situated at the mouth of the Chowan River ? — S3. Into wliat body of water does the Chowan tlow ? — 83. On what river is Wilmington situated ? Ans. Cape Fear liiver. — 84. Into v.hat body of water does Cape Fear River flow? — 85. Vrhicli of the colonies was settled in 1607? (16.)— 86. Which in 1014? (34.)— 87. In 1620? (24.)— 88. In 1623? (25.)— 89. In 1638? (26.)— 90. In 1634? (37.)— 91. In 1636? (28.)- 92. In 1638 ? (39.)— 93. In 1050? (40.)— 94. In 1664? (3G.)— 95. In 1670? (41.) —96. In 1682 ? (39.)— 97. In 1733 ? (42.)— 98. When was Georgia settled ? (42.)— 99 South Carohna ? (41.)— 100. North Carolina ? (40.) FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 45 SH0WI^5GTHi LOCATJOfJ MOST !MPOR.TA?,'T rvSfsTS OT TJn3 FRENCH & INDIAN WAR I -^ Xox]r 4G FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. SECTION III. The French and Indian War. Map Questions. (See map, p. 45.) "Where is tho St. Lawrence Eiver ? The Ohio ? Describe the Alleghany Eiver. The Monongahela. How was Fort Duqiiesne situated ? Fort Necessity f Fort Os- wego? Fort William Henry? Fort Kdward? Fort FroMtenac? Fort Niagara? Fcrt Ticonderosa ? Kittanning? Where is Williamsburg ? Lake George? Crown Point? Louisburg? (See map, page 50.) Quebec? Plains of Abraham ? Isle of Orleans ? Nova Scotia? What territory in North America did the English claim? The English, basing their title upon the discoveries made by the Cabots, laid claim to all the territory from Newfound- land to Florida, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific. What claim did the French set iipf The French claimed all the interior portion adjacent to the rivers St. Lawrence and Mississippi, and their tributaries; and, the better to secure this claim, they erected forts at various places through the region. To what did the conjlicting claims lead f In consequence of these conflicting claims a war broke out between England and her colonies on the one side, and France and her colonies, largely aided by the Indians, on the other, which is known as " The French and Indian War." EVENTS OF 1753. What can you state of the formation of the Ohio Company? At the time of the breaking out of the war, there was m existence an organization, known as the Ohio Company, which had obtained from the king of England a grant of land on and near the Ohio River, lor the purpose of carrying on the fur trade with the Indians, and of settling the country. What message teas sent to the French ? The French having' seized three British traders, and also FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 47 built forts on the land of the Ohio Company, Governor Din- widdie, of the Virginia Colony, sent a letter to the French commander, remonstrating against these aggressive acts. What further account can you give of the message f George Washington, the bearer of the letter, set out on his mission on the last day of (3ctober, 1753; and after an ab- sence of eleven weeks, during which he encountered severe hardships, amid snow, icy fiooJs, and hostile Indians, he re- turned to Williamsburg, liaving accomplished his object. EVENTS OF 1754. What reply did Washington bring to Dimciddie's letter ? The reply of St. Pierre (jje-dre'), the French commander, was unsatisfactory. In his letter he stated that he was acting under orders, and that he could not leave the territory. What measures were then taken against the French ? At the confluence of the Alleghany and Monongaliela rivers the Ohio Company commenced the construction of a fort; and a body of troops, commanded by Washington, was sent to protect the works. Did the Ohio Company complete the fort? Before Washington had time to reach the place, a party of French and Indians suddenly appeared and took possession. The works were then completed, and called Fort Duquesne {doo-kane'). What course did Washington then pursue ? Receiving intelligence of the disaster, and tbat a strong force was marching to intercept him, Washington fell back, and took a position at a place called the Great Meadows. Give an account of the contest that took place soon after. With the determination of forestalling the hostile design of an advanced detachment of the French, he came upon them 48 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. by surprise, and, in the contest that followed, 28th of May. 1754, killed or captured all but one. What battle afterward took place ? In little more than a month after, a force of fifteen hundred French and Indians, commanded by De Villiers (yil-lc-are'), made an attack upon a small fort which Washington had con structed, and named Fort Necessity. What account can you give of the tattle ? Washington made a brave defense of ten hours, but. on the morning of the 4th of July, was compelled to surrender, though upon condition that he and the garrison should be permitted to return to Virginia. EVENTS OF 1755. What expeditions were planned for 1755 ? Four expeditions, on the part of the English, were planned for 1755 ; namely, against Nova Scotia, Crown Point, Niagara, and Fort Duquesne. Q-'im an account of the first. The expedition against Nova Scotia was commanded by Col. Monckton {monk'-iun). Two forts were captured in June, and a beautiful and fertile country was reduced to a solitude. Give an account of the expedition against Fort Duquesne. Gen. Braddock, who had been sent to America as com mander-in-chief, headed the expedition against Duquesne. Disregarding the suggestions of Washington, who was acting as aid-de-camp, he fell into an ambush of French and Indians, July the 9th, and w^as defeated with great loss, lie, himself, being mortally wounded. What can, you say of the expedition against Niagara ? The defeat of Braddock paralyzed the expedition against Niagara; and, after troops had been delayed at Oswego for Aoorths, the design was abandoned. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 49 UoiD loas the expedition against Crown Point undertaken? Gen. Johnson, commanding the expedition against Crown Point, proceeded as far as the head of Lake George, where, Sept. 8, he was attacked by Baron Dieskau {de-es-ko') ; the timely arrival of Gen. Lyman from Fort Edward gave the victory to the English, and the French commander was incur- ably wounded, and made a prisoner. What was afterward done hy Johnson ? Johnson, after erecting Fort AVilliam Henry, retired to Al- bany. As a reward for his services the British government gave him a baronetcy and £5,000. EVENTS OF 1756. What did the French accomplish in 1756 ? The Marquis de Montcalm [mont-kam') ^ Dieskau's successor, in August, 1756, made an attack upon Oswego, and compelled the English, numbering fourteen hundred men, to surrender. A large amount of stores and money also fell into the hands of the victor. Bid the English accomplish any thing in 1756 f Incited by French emissaries, the Indians of the Ohio committed great desolation ; but Col. Armstrong, after a long and perilous march, reached Kittanning (kit-ta7i,'-nin(/)j their chief town, and destroyed it by firo EVENTS OP 1757. What was the principal military operation of 1757 ? With nine thousand men Montcalm laid siege to Fort Wil- liam Henry. For six days its commander^ Col. Monroe, kept 3 oO FPvENCH AND INDIAN WAK. up a vigorous defence, but, at last, surrendered, capitulating tliat the garrison should have a safe escort to Fort Edward. Was the stipulation observed ? ■ Just as the English had left, August 9, iVoY, the Indian allies of Montcalm, incited by the hope of plunder, attacked them and massacred a large number. EVENTS OF 1758. Map Questions. How is Annapolis situated? Hiilifax? Lotiisbiirg? Quebec? Portsmouth? Boston ? Into what water does the St. Lawrence flow ? The Kennebec ? ^ tiO^A SCOTIA, NEVy B RyNSWICK TTCISTITr WTio, up to 1758, were tlie successive English commanders? Upon the death bf Braddock, which occurred four da_; FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 51 after his defeat in 1755, the general command devolved upon Governor Shirley. Shirley was soon succeeded by Loid Loudon, and he, in turn, by Gen. Abercrombie. What expeditions were plaimed for 1758 ? Three expeditions were planned for 1758; one, under Gen. Amherst, against Louisburg; another, under Abercrombie, against Fort Ticonderoga; and a third, under Gen. Forbes, against Fort Duquesne. What account can you give of the expedition against Louisburg ? On the 2Cth of July Louisburg surrendered, after a des perate resistance of more than forty days, during which two officers, Wolfe and Montgomery, greatly distinguished them- selves by their bravery. Give an account of the expedition under Abercrombie. In the expedition against Ticonderoga, a conllict took place between advanced bodies of the contending parties, in which Lord Howe, an English officer greatly beloved, was slain. What further account can you give f Two days after, July 8th, an unsuccessful assault upon the fort was made in full force, the assailants losing nearly two thousand men in killed and wounded. How was the failure against Ticonderoga relieved f An expedition, under Col. Bradstrect, who commanded a detachment of Abercrombie's army, was afterward undertaken with decided success. Fort Frontenac, situated where Kingston now stands, was captured ; and, with the fort, a vast amount of military stores and a number of vessels fell into the hands of the victors. Give an account of the expedition under Gen. Forbes. Though Major Grant, commanding the van of Forbes's army, sustained a defeat, the French set fire to Fort Duquesne upon the approach of the English, and retreated down the Ohio. 52 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. EVENTS OF 1759. WMt plan of operations was adopted for 1759 ? The great object of the campaign of 1759 was the reduc- tion of Canada. Gen. Wolfe was to lay siege to Quebec; Amherst, who had succeeded Abercrombie as commander-in- chief, was to reduce Ticonderoga and Crown Point ; and Gen. Prideaux (prid'-o) was to go against Niagara. W7iat cart you state of the expedition against Niagara ? Prideaux reached Niagara in July, but during the siege of the place was killed. Sir William Johnson, having succeeded to the command, defeated a relief force of French and Indians, and compelled the besieged to surrender. WJiat account can you give of A7nJiersfs expedition ? Amherst having reached the vicinity of Ticonderoga, the French abandoned both it and Crown Point without striking a blow. Give an account of Wolfe's operations. With eight thousand men Wolfe ascended the St. Lav/rence and landed his army upon the Isle of Orleans. On the 31st of July he made a daring though unsuccessful attempt upon the French intrcnchments before Quebec. Gidc a further account of Wolfe's operations. Not discouraged by the disaster, the English eflfected a land- ing at night about two miles above the city, and climbing the steep banks of the river, by daybreak, on the following jiorning, September 13th, stood on the Plains of Abraham in battle array. WJmtfolloiced? Montcalm, surprised at the advantage gained by the English, left his strong position, and at once attacked them. A fierce and bloody b'ittU followed which resulted in the defeat of the FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 63 French. Wolfe fell in the moment of victory. Montcalm,' mortally wounded, on being told of his condition, replied : "So much the better; I shall not live to see the suirender ol Quebec." EVENTS OF 17G0, AND CLOSE OF THE WAR. Did the French undertake to rjecover Quebec? Quebec having fallen into the hands of the English, De Levi, the successor of Montcalm, made an attempt to recover the place on the 28th of April, IVSO. Give an account of the contest. The contest took place about three miles above the city. The English, after losing a thousand men, fell back ; and the opportune arrival of a British fleet, some days after, compelled the French to retreat. What measures completed the conquest of Gdnada ? Amherst, having invested Montreal, the governor signed a capitulation, by which not only that city but the whole of Canada was surrendered to the English. When was the war brought to a close f On the 10th of February, 1763, a treaty of peace was signed at Paris, by which France ceded to Great Britain all her American possessions east of the Mississippi. REVIEW QUESTIONS. 1. What claim did the discoveries of the Cabots give to the Eng- lish? (46.) — 2. How is Newfoundland situated? (See map, p. 8.) — 3. Where is Florida? — 4. What territory did the French claim? (46.) — 5. "SVhy did the French lav claim to that territory ? Ans. Because they occupied it. 6. What precaution was taken by the Frcncii to secure their claim ? (46.) — 7. What was the origin of the French and Indian War ? — 8. State all you can of the Ohio Co. (46, 47,J 64 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 9- When and where was Washington boru ? Ans. On the 22d of Febru- ary, 1732, in Westmoreland County, Virginia. — 10. On what mission was he sent in 1753 ? (47.) — II. How old was Washington at that time? — 12. Where was Fort Duquesne situated? (Map, p. 45.) — 13. Why was it called Fort Duquesne? Afis. In honor of the Marquis Du Quesne, the com- mander-in-chief of the French forces in America. — 14. How did the French get possession of the fort?; -15. What was the first battle of :he French and Indian War? Ans. Battle of the Great Meadows. — Wh^re did it take place? (Map, p. 45.) — 17. Give an account of it. (47, 48.) — 18. By whom was Washington attacked at Fort Necessity? (48.) — 19. Where was the fort situated? (Map, p. 45.) — 20. Give an account of the battle. (48.)— 21. Of the success of the English in Nova Scotia, in 1755.— 22. Wliej-e did Braddock's defeat occur? (Map, p. 45.) — 23. Give an account of his defeat. (48.)— 24. What further can you state of Braddock ? (50, 51.) — 25. At what place did Dieskau attack Gen. Johnson? (49.)— 26. What fort was afterward built on the battle-ground? — 27. Who built the fort? — 28. What was the result of Dieskau's attack ? — 29. Johnson, upon retiring to Albany, stopped at Fort Edward: in what direction did he go? (Map, p. 45.) — .30. Give an account of Montcalm's success at Oswego. (49.) — 31. Of Armstrong's, at Kittanning. — 32. Of Montcalm's, at Fort William Henry. (49,50.) — 33. What massacre took place near the fort ? (50.) — 84. How is Louisburg situated? (Map, p. 50.)— 35. Give an account of Amherst's suc- cess there in 1758. (51.) — 36. What can you state of the fate of Lord Howe ? — 37. Of the result of Abercrombie's expedition ?— 38. How was Fort Frontenac situated ? (Map, p. 45.) — 39. What city now occupies tlie site of the old fort? (Map, p. 25.) — 40. What success did Bradstreet have at Fort Frontenac? (51.)— 41. Give the history of Fort Duquesne. (47,48, 51.) — 42. What part did Prideaux take in the war ? (52.) — 43. Give an account of Johnson s success at Niagara.— 44. Was the fort situated in New York or Caiuida? (Map, p. 45.)— 45. What two forts fell into the hands of Am- herst? — 46. Which of those two forts was more north than the other? (Map, p. 45.)— 47. In sailing up the St. Lawrence, wliat island near Quebec do you come to ? (Map, p. 50.) — 43. How did Wolfe commence operations against Quebec? (52.)- -49. When was the battle of the Plains of Abra- ham fought? — 50. Are the Plains above or below Quebec? (Map, p. 50.) — 51. Give an account of the battle. (52, 53.) — 52. When did Quebec surren- der to the English ? Ans. September 18th. — 53. What efforts did the French make to recover Quebec ? (53.)— 54. Wliat final success did the English acliieve in Canada? — 55. By what treaty was the war brougiit to a close? — o<]. V>'iio, at the beginning of the war, was in the cliief command of the French? An^. Du Quesne. — 57. Who succeeded Du Quesne? ^ns. Dieskau. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 55 SKCTION IV. THE AMEKICAK EEYOLUTION. How did the French and Indian war affect Great Britain ? The expenses of the French and Indian war greatly increased the national debt of Great Britain, which the ministry proposed to reduce by taxing the colonies. What reply did the colonists make to this proposition f It was maintained by the colonists that they could only be justly taxed by a legislature in wkich they were represented; and as they were not allowed to seild representatives to the British Parliament, that body had no right to tax them. HoiD was the proposition attempted to he carried out f Notwithstanding the remonstrance of the colonists, the Stamp Act was passed by Parliament in 1765. By its pro- visions all instruments in writing, such as deeds, bonds, and notes, as well as printed pamphlets, newspapers, &c,, were to be executed on stamped paper, to b.e purchased from the agent of the British government. How was the news of the passage of this act received in America ? The news of the passage of this act- produced intense indig- nation. Tiie first burst of opposition appeared in the legisla- ture of Virginia, where Patrick Henry distinguished himself by his bold eloquence. Afterward, a more formidable oppo- sition was shown, when, upon the recommendation of the z\ssembly of Massachusetts, a Colonial Congress was held in New York W/iat was accomplished hy the Congress at New York ? Nine colonies were represented in the Congress. Timothy 66 ■ THE AMERICAN DEVOLUTION. Ruggles, of Massachusetts, was elected president ; and a Declaration of Rights, a Petition to the King, and a Memorial to Parliament were adopted. Was the Stamp Act allowed to go into operation ? "When the day came on which the Stamp Act was to go into eifect, there were no officials courageous enough to carry it into execution ; and, beside, all the stamped paper had been destroyed or concealed. By what ofher measures was tlie repeal of tlie Act lirouglit about ? As business, with a slight interruption, continued to be con- ducted without stamps, and the colonial merchants agreed to import no more goods while the obnoxious Act remained a law, a change in the British ministry occurring, the Act .was repealed in 1766. What was soon afterward done ly the British Parliament ? Parliament, still claiming the right to tax the colonies, passed a bill, in I'Ze'?, for levying duties on glass, paper, painters' colors, and tea. How did this Act of Parliament affect the colonists ? The news of this and other obnoxious Acts of Parliament produced a revival of the feelings which had been caused by the passage of the Stamp Act ; and non-importation associations were formed. Wliat milita/ry measure was adopted in behalf of Parliament f The opposition of the people of Boston being particularly bold, two regiments were ordered by Gen. Gage from Halifax to overawe them. What was the effect of the movement ? The presence of the troops exasperated the people ; and affrays ensued, in one of which, called the " Boston Massacre," occurring on the 5th of March, 1770, the soldiers fired upon tlie populace, killing three men and wounding others. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION". 57 What concession was made ty Parliament ?■ The opposition to the revenue measures induced Parliament to revoke all tlie duties laid in 17G7, except that of three pence per pound on tea ; but as the people were contending against the prmciple of "taxation without representation," and not against the amount of taxes imposed, the concession was not satisfactory. What was done with the tea trought to America f The tea for New York and Philadelphia was sent back ; that for Charleston was stored in cellars, where it spoiled At Boston a party of men, disguised as Indians, boarded the ships on a moonlight night in December, 1773, broke open the chests of tea, and emptied their contents into the water. What retaliatory measures did Parliament adopt against Boston ? In retaliation for this destruction of the tea, the Boston Port Bill, designed to destroy the commerce of that city, was passed by Parliament. What convention was held ly the colonies ? A general cono;ress, "The First Continental ConcTress," with Peyton Randolph, of Virginia, as president, met at Philadel- phia, in September, 1774. What action was taken hy the Congress f After due deliberation, a declaration of rights was made ; the suspension of all commercial intercourse with Great Britain recommended ; and addresses were voted to the king and the people of Great Britain and Canada. EVENTS OF 1775. What was Gage's first important measure against the Americans? Gage, who had become the governor of Massachusetts, se- cretly dispatched eight hundred men, under Col. Smith and M^jor Pitcairn, to destroy the military stores at Concord. 58 THE AMERICAN iiEVOLUTION. State loJi at followed. The alarm was given, and when tlie British reached Lex- ington, on the morning of the 19th of April, iVVo, about seventy of the militia were drawn up under arms. The king' troops iired upon them, killing and wounding several. What took place at Concord ? At Concord some of the stores were destroyed ; but tlie militia beginning to assemble, a skirmish took place, in which several were killed on both sides. Gke an account of the retreat. On their way back to Boston, the British were reinforced at Lexington, but during their entire retreat the Americans pur- sued, keeping up a constant and destructive lire upon them. The loss of the British during the day was over two hundred ; that of the patriots was about ninety. What icas the effect of the battle ? When the news of the day's contest spread, the militia from all parts of New England hastened to join those of Massa- chusetts in forming a camp near Boston. WJiat success did the Amencans Jiave on Lake Ghamplain? - It being deemed important to possess Ticonderoga and Crown Point, both places were captured in May by Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold, and a large supply of stores se- cured for the patriots. What proclamation icas issued by the British commander ? Upon the arrival of reinforcements from England, under Generals Howe, Burgoyne, ;ind Sir Henry Clinton, Gage issued a proclamation declaring all Americans in arms rebels and traitors, but oftering pardon to those w^ho should return to their allegiance. John Hancock and Saniiiel Adams were ex- cepted from this offer. What d^fcnsice measures were taken by the Americans? THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 59 It becomino- evident that the British meditated offensivo operations, Col. Prescott was sent on the evening of the 16th of June, llloy with a detachment of one thousand men to fortify Bunker Hill ; but, on attaining the heights, he con- cluded to fortify Breed's Hill. instead, this being nearer to Boston. Map Questions. In what direction is Concord from Boston? (See map, p. *22.) Lexington from Boston? How is Boston situated ? Where is Charlestown ? How could you go from Boston to Breed's Hill? From Boston to Bunker Hill ? From Boston to Dorchester Heights ? From Boston to Cambridge? IIow is Fort Chambly situated? (See map, p. 60.) St. John's? Montreal ? Quel-ec ? (See map, p. 50.) Ticomleroga? (Soe map, p. 45.) Crown Point? What then icas done f When the British, on the following morning, discovered the redoubt which the Americans had constructed during the night, they commenced a cannonade upon it. This failing, three thousand men, under Howe, were sent to dislodge the patriot*;. Gice an account of the tattle. Twice did the British approach within a few rods of the re- doubt, but they were each time repulsed with heavy loss. Clinton arrivinir, the third cliarcre was more successful ; and the Americans, their ammunition being exhausted, were forced to re I r eat. What losses icere sustained by each party in the tattle ? 60 THE AMERICAN" REVOLUTION. The British lost in killed and wounded more than a thou sand men ; the Americans, less than half that number, though among their slain was the distinguished patriot, Joseph Warren. What, in the mean time, was dons ty Congress? The Second Continental Congress having convened at Phila- delphia, a vote was passed to raise an army of twenty thou- sand men, and, on the lotu of June, George Washington was unanimously elected commander-in-chief. What difficulties did the Virginians have uith their governor ? Lord Dunmore, the Governor of Virginia, took a decided course against the patriots; but, owing to the activity of Patrick Henry and others, he was compelled to make com pensation for some powder which he had seized, and a force of tories and -negroes sent by him, was afterward defeated. In revenge, he reduced the town of Norfolk to ashes. W7iat plan of action against Canada icas adopted ? To prevent the use of Canada by the British as a place of rendezvous and supply, an invasion, by two forces, was deter- mined upon. x\ccordingly. Gen. Schuyler, commanding one, was sent by the way of Lake Champlain ; v/hile the other, under Gen. Arnold, took the route by the Kennebec River. Whut was accomplished hy the force that icent J)y Lake Champlain? Schuyler proceeded but a short dis- tance when sickness compelling him to return, the next in command. Gen. Mont- gomery, gained possession of Foit Chambly (sham'-ble), St. John's, and Montreal, and then moved against Quebec. Give a further account of the operations. Arnold, having performed a tedious man h through the LtiPrttific PART OF TUE SOKEL lUVKE. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 61 wilderness, effected a junction of his force with that of Mont- gomery's, and Quebec was besieged for three weeks. Give an account of the battle that followed. Finally, at dawn, on the last day of 1775, and during a vio lent snow storm, the American army, in four columns, ad- vanced to assail the city ; but the attempt was unsuccessful. Montgomery was among the first who fell, and Arnold was severely wounded. Mow was the design against Canada terminated ? Arnold, though wounded, took command of the troops that had effected a retreat; but, by the middle of June, 1776, the Americans had abandoned one place after another and entirely evacuated Canada. EVENTS OF 1776. What was the first aim of Washington after his appointment? AVashington, who had arrived at Cambridge about three weeks after his appointment as commander-in-chief, and had there taken command of the army, determined to drive the British from Boston. What 7neans did he adopt to accomplish his object? In one night he erected a line of fortifications on Dorches- ter Heights, which completely commanded the .ity and its h. arbor. What agreem.ent was made between the tico parties ? Gen. Howe, who had succeeded Gage in the command, being unable to dislodge the Americans, agreed to evacuate the city without setting fire to it, upon condition that, while doing so, his army should not be molested from the batteries on the Heights. What can you state of the departure of the British ? 62. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. Accordingly, on the lYth of March, 1 7*76, the British troop?, accompanied' by fifteen hundred families of loyalists, embarked on board the ships in the harbor, and sailed for Halifax. What can you state of an expedition against New York? Surmising that an expedition, conducted by Clinton, which had been previously sent from Boston, was destined to attack New York, Washington sent Gen. Charles Lee to protect that city. What was then done ty Clinton ? Foiled in his attempt against New York, Clinton sailed to the South, and was joined by Sir Peter Parker's fleet from England, when the united forces proceeded against Chailestoii. TiClNJlTOE HARLESTON Map Questions. In what direction is Charles- ton from Savannah? (Seo map, p. 41.) Between what two rivers is Cliarleston situ- ated? (62.) How is Sallivan'? lelarid situated ? Wliat foit is on Sullivan's Island? What other forts are in Charleston Harbor? What strait con- nects New York Bay with the Atlantic Ocean ? (See map, p. 64.) What island on the west of the Narrows ? On the east? Ans. Lons; Island. How is Brooklyn situated? White Plains? (See map, p. 26.) North Castle? Fort Washington ? Fort Lee ? Were the people of Charleston prepared ? The people of Charleston had made preparations against an attack, by erecting a fort of palmetto wood on Sullivan's Island, which commanded the channel leading to the town. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 63 Tills was garrisoned by five hundred men, under Col. Moultrie {mole'-tre) Give an account of the tnttU tMre. On the morning of the 2Stli of June, the ficet approached Sullivan's Island ; but, after a conflict of nine hours, during which Clinton was defeated in an attempt to reach the place, the ships, much shattered, drew off, and afterv/ard sailed to the North. What icas Congress doing in the mean time? In the mean time, Congress was preparing to declare a sepa- ration of the political relations existing between Great Britain and the colonies. A resolution to that effect, having been offered by Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, on the 7th of June, was passed by a large majority on the 2d of July. What took place two days later ? Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, in behalf of a committee of five members, presented a document which he had prepared; and, orn the 4th of July, this document, the Declaration of Independence, was unanimously adopted by Congress. Where was a large force of the enemy now concentrating? In the beginning of July, Gen. Howe took possession ot Staten Island, at the entrance of New York Bay. Here he was joined by liis brother, Admiral Lord Howe, by Clinton, and by a large body of Hessians. HoiD many men did the British and American armies then count? Howe soon had an army of thirty-five thousand men; wdiile Washington's efi"ective force, in New York and vicinity, did not exceed seventeen thousand men. What m^ovements did the British make against the Americans? Howe's troops were landed on the western end of Long Island, and, in three divisions, by three different roads, 64 THE AMERICAN KEVOLUTION. advanced toward tlie American camp at Brooklyn, then in command of Gen. Putnam. Give an account of the battle tJiat followed. While two of the divisions, Angnst 27, were engaging the Americans, the third, under Clinton, having taken a circuitous route, fell upon their rear. Some of the patriots cut their way through the host of foes, but nearly two thousand were killed, wounded, or taken prisoners. The British lost less than four hundred. What can you state of Washington's masterly retreat to New York ? On the 29th, while a heavy fog was hanging over Brooklyn, Wash- ington succeeded in getting his troops to New York, thus accom- plishing one of the most signal achievements of ihe war. What course did Washington then adopt ? Influenced by his officers, he retreated to the northern part of New York island, and then to White Plains. Here a par- tial engagement, to the disadvantage of the Americans, took place on the 28th of October, when they withdrew to North Castle. What course did Washington soon after pursue ? Leaving one detachment, under Lee, at North Castle, and another, under Col. Magaw, at Fort Washington, Washington crossed the Hudson, and entered New Jersey. What account can you give of the attack on Fort Washington ? On the 16th of November, the British attacked the fort, and although they were successful, the victory cost them a thousand men. WhAt did the British next do ? KKW YORK BAT. THE AMERICAN KEVOLUTION-. 65 To ihc number of six thousand, with Lord Cornwallis in command, they crossed the Hudson, and took possession of Fort Lee, which the Americans had abandoned on their ap- proach. WTiat can you state of WasJiington's retreat ? Pursued by Cornwallis, Washington retreated through New Jersey, and, early in December, crossed the Delaware. Con- gress, then in session at Philadelphia, soon adjourned to Balti- moie. How did tlie Americans break their train of disasters? A feeling of despondency, occasioned by the many disasters, prevailed among the patriots. This was dispelled by a bold enterprise accomplished by Washington. Gids an account of it. On the night of the 25th of December, Washington crossed the Delaware, and, on the morning of the 26th, attacked a body of Hessians stationed at Trenton. Rahl, their com- mander, was mortally wounded, about thirty were slain, and nearly a thousand taken prisoners. The Americans lost only four men. What did Wasliington then resolve upon ? Washington recrossed the Delaware with his prisoners, but, finding his army strengthened by recent recruits, he again crossed the river, and took post at Trenton, resolved to act on the offensive. EVENTS OF 1777. What was Washington's force at Trenton in the beginning o/1777t After being joined by troops under Generals Mifflin and Cadwallader, Washington's whole force at Trenton, on the Isl of January, 1777, did not exceed five thousand men. What tookjplace there on the following day ? THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION", CENTRAL PAKT OF NEW JERSEY. Map Qnestions. Toward the evening of the How is Trenton situated? In what c\^ r^ ii- t -i m direction is it from Princeton? From ^d, ComwaHlS reached J rcnton, Monmouth? Middietinvu ? Morris- and made Several unsiiccesful town? Springfield? attempts to cross the stream which runs through the town. He then concluded to defer hos- tilities till morning. Deserve the situation in which Washington icas placed. To retreat across the Dela- ware, then obstructed by float- ing ice, or to remain and risk a k^ battle with a superior force, a}> peared to Washington dangerous. In that situation what scheme was adopted? A bold expedient was adopted. Leaving his camp-fires burning, he marched by a circuitous route toward Princeton, intending to surprise the enemy at that place. Sow did he succeed f At sunrise, January 3d, the van of his forces encountered, near Princeton, a division of the British troops already on their march to join Cornwallis. At first the American miHtia gave w^ay ; but Washington coming up wdth a select corps, turned the tide of battle and routed the enemy. What losses were sustained hy each painty f The loss of the British in killed, wounded, and prisoners, was about four hundred men ; that of the Americans did not ex- ceed thirty, but Geu. Mercer was among their mortally wounded. What efforts were made to secure the aid of France? Early in 1776 Congress sent Silas Deane to France to solicit aid. Deane was afterward joined by Dr. Franklin and Arthni Lee. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION". 67 Wiih what success tcere the efforts attended ? Though France hesitated to extend the aid solicited, the Marquis de Lafayette and other citizens of that country acted generously. At his own expense Lafayette fitted out a vessel, and, in the spring of 1777, arrived in America. He joined the army as a volunteer without pay, but was soon after ap- pointed a major-general. What can you state of Try on' s first expedition against Connecticut ? Towards the close of April, Gen, Tryon, late royal governor of New York, proceeded against Danbury, and after destroying the stores there, burned the town. On his retreat back to his shipping, he was harassed by the militia, losing nearly three hundred men. How did the Americans offset Tryon' s wantonness? Two small expeditions on the part of the Americans were successful. Col. Meigs, at the Map Questions. 1 ^ t? J i J i.^ ry 'i. Into -niiiit water does the Elk River head ot one, destroyed the Brit- « , .. , • n . ^ ^vu ' J flow? IJrandywine Creek? A\ here js isb stores and shipping at Sagg Chad's Ford? Philadelphia? Paoh TT 1 1 r^ ) T> J i Valley Forge ? Gerinantown ? Fort Harbor; and Col. Larton, at Mifflin? Fort Mercer? Ked Bank? the head of the other, captured Gen. Prescott, the commander at Rhode Island. What scheme didRoice endeavor to carry out in New Jersey ? Washington's army had been encamped at Morristown during the first month of 1777; but in the spring he removed to Middlebrook. Howe having tailed to draw Washington from this latter place, withdrew his troops to Staten Island. What course did Howe then pursue ? PHILADKLPHIA AND VICINITY. 68 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION". The British were then embarked on board the fleet of Lord Howe, and, sailing up Chesapeake Bay, were landed at a point on the Elk River, their destination being against Philadelphia. In what way did Washington endeavor to protect Philadelphia ? As soon as Washington heard of the approach of the British, he took a position at Chad's Ford, on Brandywine Creek, where, on the 11th of September, a battle was fought. Give an account of the "battle. The enemy advanced in two divisions, and while one made a direct attack upon the left wing of the Americans, the other crossed the stream above, and unexpectedly fell upon their right, forcing them to give way. What losses were sustained hy each party ? The loss of the Americans in killed, wounded, and prisoners, amounted to twelve hundred men; that of the British to about five hundred. Among the wounded was Lafayette. Bid the British succeed in getting possession of Philadelphia ? Washington in vain endeavored to save Philadelphia. On the 20th of September, Gen. Wayne was defeated at Paoli by a detachment of the enemy; and on the 26th, Howe entered the city ; but the main body of his army encamped for the winter at Germantown, four miles distant. What took place, not many days after, at Germantown f LearniniT that a strono; detachment of the British had left for the reduction of Forts Mifflin and Mercer, Washington attacked the force remaining at Germantown, October 4 ; but after one of the bloodiest and most obstinate conflicts of the war, the patriots were repulsed, with a loss of a thousand men. Give an account of the operations against Forts Mifflin and Mercer. On the 22d of October the two forts on the Delaware were attacked ; Mercer, by two thousand Hessians, under Count Doncp ; and Mifflin, by a naval force. But, in both cases, the THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 69 British were repulsed with heavy loss ; Donop was mortally wounded. What second attempt to reduce the forts was raade? On the 10th of November a second attempt to reduce Fort Mifflin was commenced. After a heroic defence of five days, daring which the British kept up a destructive fire from a battery and also from their ships, the garrison evacuat.^d the fort, and crossed to Red Bank. A force appearing before Fort Mercer soon after, it, too, was abandoned. What can you state of Washington's army during the winter f During the winter of 1777-78, Washington's troops were quartered in huts at Valley Forge, where they suffered greatly lor want of food and clothing, and many of the officers resigned in consequence of not receiving their pay. BURGOYNE'S INVASION. What army of invasion was gathered in 1777 at the JVorth ? During the early part of the summer of 1777, an army of ten thousand men, British and German troops, Canadians and Indians, was fitted out in Canada for the invasion of the United States. What was the object of the invading army f The design of Gen. Burgoyne, the commander of this large force, was to effect a junction of his own army with that of another from New York, and thus cut off Wasbington's com- munication with the Eastern States. What place did Burgoyne first proceed against ? After taking possession of Crown Point, Burgoyne pro- ceeded to invest Fort Ticonderoga, then garrisoned by three thousand men under Gen. St. Clair. How did Burgoyne succeed ? St. Clair had determined upon a resolute defence, but, dis- 70 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. Map Qtiestions. How Is Crown Puint situate'! comleroira ? Mnunt Defiance? hardtop ? Fort E.lward ? Albany ? Bennington ? Ti- Hub- Saratoga ? nto w" at river does the Mohawk empty? "Wh is Plattsburg ? covering, to liis dismay, that the enemy had erected battei'ies on Mount Defiance, so as to command the fort, he made a hasty retreat. WJiat disaster hcfell the Ameri- cans on tlie retreat ? On the mornii:ig of the Yth ot July, the rear division of the re- treating army was overtaken at Hubbard ton, and routed witk considerable loss. The ammu- nition and stores, which had been sent by water, were also overtaken, and were destroyed. What further retreat and advance were made f Gen. Schuyler (ski'-ler)^ who was then in command of the American forces at the north, gradually fell back to the islands at the mouth of the Mohawk. Bnrgoyne's march from the head of Lake Champlain to Fort Ed- ward was also slov%', because Schuyler had destroyed the bridges and felled the trees across the roads. What expedition had Burgoyne prenously sent westwar'd ? Burgoyne, before leaving Can- ada, had sent an exp-^dition, un- der St. Leger, to capture Fort Schuyler. Finding the fort resolutely defended, St. Leger determined upon a siege. On Schfinedaiij- . ^ ALBANY^ SAKATOGA AND VICINITY. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 71 the 6tli of August, Gen. Herkimer, while advancing to the re- lief of the place, fell into an ambuscade and was defeated, he being mortally wounded. How was the siege Irought to a dose f The Indian allies of St. Leger, hearing that Arnold was ap- proaching with a large army, fled in great liaste, and the siege was consequently abandoned. What difficulty did Burgoyne experience while at Fort Edward f Bnrgoyne, having arrived at Fort Edward, and finding him- self in want of supplies, sent five hundred men, under CoL Baum, to seize the stores which the Americans had collected at Bennington. What was the result of Baum'' s expedition? Baum was met near Bennington by the New Hampshire militia, under Gen. Stark, and defeated ; and on the same day, August 16th, a detachment which had been sent to the aid of Baum, was also defeated. Eow did the reverses of the British affect them ? The reverses experienced by the British at Fort Schuyler and Bennington embarrassed the movements of Burgoyne, and ^veakened and dispirited his army. What admnce movements were made by the two armies ? Gen. Gates, who had been appointed to succeed Schuyler in the command, advanced to Bemis Heights, near Stillwater, and Burgoyne crossed the Hudson. What took place on the following day? On the lOth of September was fought the battle of Bemis Heio-hts, sometimes called the first battle of Stillwater, in which Arnold displayed great bravery ; and, though the British occu- pied the battle field at the close of the conflict, their progress toward Albany was efi'ectually checked. What disposition was then made of the two armies ? 72 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. The two armies reniained iu sight of each other for moro than two weeks ; Burgoyne, in the mean time, strengthening his position, to await the co-operation of Clinton from New York. What did Burgoyne afterward determine upon f Despairing of aid, the British commander determined, if possible, to cut his way through the American lines. This brought on, October 'Zth, the battle of Saratoga, or the second of Stillwater. Gite an account of the tattle. After a fierce conflict of several hours, in which the loss of the British was severe, they were compelled to give way. Arnold again distinguished himself, though fighting without any assigned command, and was severely wounded. WhaZ can you state of Burgoyne' s final movements ? Burgoyne retired to Saratoga, where, finding himself so sur- rounded by the Americans that all chance of retreat was cut oflf, and being without provisions, on the 17th of October he surrendered his whole army, numbering more than five thou- sand men, prisoners of war. What had Glinton teen doing in the mean time ? Clinton, in the mean time, had captured Forts Clinton and Montgomery ; but instead of hastening to the co-operation of Burgoyne, he sent an expedition to devastate the country. What did the British do on hearing of Burgoyne' s surrender ? The British, on the northern frontiers, upon hearing of their disaster at Saratoga, abandoned Ticonderoga and other forts ; and Clinton's expedition, after burning Kingston, returned to New York. EVENTS OF 1778. What effect did news of Burgoyne' s surrender have in England? In England the news of Burgoyue's surrender produced THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 73 great alarm, and commisssioners were sent to America to ne- gotiate a restoration of peace. How did Gongress receive the commissioners? Congress refused to treat with them until Great Britain should withdraw her fleets and armies, or acknowledge the independence of the United States. What effect did the newsof Burgoyne's surrender have in France ? In consequence of the success of the Americans at Saratoga, France acknowledged the independence of the United States ; a treaty of alliance was concluded between the two countries; and a squadron, commanded by D'Estaing {des-taing')^ was at once sent to America. What instructions were sent to the British commanders f The British government, fearing for the safety of their fleet in the Delaware, and of their main army at Philadelphia, or- dered both forces to proceed to New York. What occurred during the retreat of the army ? On the 18th of June, Clinton, who had succeeded Howe in the command, evacuated Philadelphia, and commenced his march through New Jersey to New York. Washington gave pursuit ; and at Monmouth, on the 28th, a severely contested battle was fought. What can you state of the battle f In the early part of the conflict, Washington came up just as Lee's division was in full retreat : he rebuked Lee, and di- rected him to assist in further operations. How did the battle result ? Though, at the close of the day, the result of the engage- ment was indecisive, the advantage was with the Americans, and they slept on their arms, intending to renew the contest on the following morning ; but Clinton silently departed be- fore dawn. i 74 THE AMERICAN" REVOLUTION. What losses were sustained hy the two armies ? The loss of the British in the battle and by desertions during the march, amounted to fifteen hundred men. The Americans lost more than two hundred, many of whom fell from the ex- cessive heat and ftitigue of the day. WJiat offensive course did Lee afterward take toward Washington f Lee's pride having been wounded by the rebuke which he bad received, he addressed two disrespectful letters to Wash- ington, and, at his own request, was tried by a court-martial. After' a tedious investigation he was sentenced to be suspended from all command for a year. What enterprise did Washington and D'Estaing decide vpon f A combined attack by D'Estaing and Gen. Sullivan was planned for the expulsion of the British from Rhode Island, where, under Gen. Pigot, they had established a military depot. What diverted D' Estaing from his object? Tempted by the hope of a victory, D'Estaing sailed out to meet Lord Howe ; but a furious storm having disabled the two fleets just as they were about to engage, he returned to New- port, and soon after departed for Boston to repair his ships. What can you state of Sullivan's movements ? Sullivan, finding himself thus deserted, withdrew to the northern part of the island ; and, being followed by Pigot, an engagement took place, August 29, resulting in a loss of over two hundred to each side, and in the repulse of the British. What movement did Sullivan tlien make? Learning that a fleet with troops was coming to the aid of Pigot, Sullivan gained the mainland just in time to avoid being intercepted by Clinton. What acts of the enemy were particularly atrocious ? An expedition, commanded ])y Gen. Grey, commitied great THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION". 75 destruction at New Bedlbrd and other places ; but no acts of the enemy were more atrocious than those of which they were guilty at Wyoming and Cherry Valley. Oive an account of the "Massacre of Wyoming." Early in July a large force of tories and Indians, under Col. John Butler, entered the valley of AVyoming, spread desolation in every direction, and slaughtered a body of the inhabitants who had marched against them. What account can you give of the enemy's doings at Cherry Valley? In November a party of the same mixed character fell upon the settlement of Cherry Valley, in New York, and killed 01" carried into captivity many of the settlers. What expedition was sent against Georgia ? Toward the close of the year Clinton sent an expedition of two thousand men to invade Georgia. Col. Campbell, its commander, proceeded against Savannah, then defended by a small force, under Gen. Robert Howe, WJiat did Clinton accomplish f A battle took place on the 29th December, in which the Americans were defeated with much loss ; and, in consequence, Savannah fell into the hands of the British. EVENTS OF 1779. What loss did the Americans sustain after that of Savannah ? At the beginning of 1779 only one post in Georgia, that of Sunbury, remained in possession of the Americans. This was captured on the 9th of January by Gen. Prevost, who, there- upon, assumed the command of the British forces in the south. What took place at Kettle Creek ? A band of tories, while marching to join Prevost, committed o-reat devastations and cruelties. On the 14th of February 76 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. tliey were attacked by a body of Carolina militia, and utterly defeated ; Boyd, their commander, being among the slain. Oive an account of the disaster at Brier Creek. At Brier Creek, Gen. Ashe, who had been sent to drive the British from Augusta, was surprised by Prevost on the 3d of March, and defeated with the loss of nearly his whole army. Give an account of the defeat at Stono Ferry. On the 20th of June, Gen. Lincoln, the commander of the American forces at the south, made an attack upon a body of the enemy at Stono Ferry, a position which menaced Charles- ton, but he was repulsed. What did Lincoln and D'Estaing undertake at a later period? On the 9th of October, after Lincoln and D'Estaing had be- sieged Savannah three weeks, the two commanders made a combined assault, but were repulsed with the loss of nearly a thousand men. What losses had the Americans sustained at the north meantime ? In the mean time, Tryon had made two more expeditions against Connecticut, and Clinton had captured Stony and Ver- planck's points. jyid Stony Point remain in the hands of the British? Washington, desiring to recapture Stony Point, planned an attack under Wayne. At midnight, on the. 15th of July, the Americans, in two columns, forced their way into the fort from opposite sides, and, meeting in the centre of the works, the garrison surrendered at discretion. What losses did each party sustain ? The entire loss of the Americans in thib brilliant success, achieved at the point of the bayonet, and without firing a gun, was fifteen killed and eighty-three wounded. The enemy lost upward of six hundred in killed and prisoners. By what gallant exploit was that of Wayne soon followed? THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION". T7 On the 19tli July, four clays after, the British post at Paul us [Paw'-lus) Hook was surprised by Major Lee, and one hun- dred and fifty of the garrison were made prisoners. What can you state of Sullimn's expedition f Sullivan, who had been sent against the Indians of Western New York to check their depredations and avenge the " Mas- sacre of \yyoming," was completely successful. He defeated a body of Indians and tories in the battle of the Chemung, August 29th, and then destroyed forty Indian villages, and a vast amount of corn. What remarkalle naval battle tooTc place tliis year? In September an obstinate engagement took place off Flam- borough Head, England, between a small squadron of French and American vessels, commanded by Paul Jones, and two British frigates. It lasted from seven till ten at night, when both frigates surrendered. EVENTS OF 1780. How were the operations of 1780 commenced? Clinton, with a fleet commanded by Arbuthnot, proceeded against Charleston, then defended by Lincoln, and, on the 1st of April, ] 780, commenced a regular siege. Whal misfortune befell the Americans at a place near CJiarleston ? An American force, stationed at Monk's Corners to keep open a communication between the city and the interior, was surprised by Tarleton, April 14, and put to flight. Give an account of the surrender of Charleston. On the 12th of May, Lincoln, unable to hold out any longer, made an unconditional surrender, and every man in Charleston became a piisoncr of war. Wliat other disasters to the Americans followed soon after? The Americans were also unfortunate in losing the post of 78 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. Map Questions. TIow is SavanriBh situated ? In what direction is Sunbury from Savannnli ? Ncir what large city is Stono Ferry? How is Augusta situated? Monk's Corner? Ninety-Six? Kocky Mount? Hanging Rock? Camden? King's Mountain ? Cow- pens? Guilford Court-House? Hobkirk's Hill ? Eutaw Springs? Into what river does Brier Creek flow? Sanders Creek? Catawba River? Yadkin Eiver? Dan River? How is Leavenworth situated? (See map, p. 116.) Matamoras? Moa- iere.y(2)? Sitvaiman. Sunburyj^- Ninetj-Six ; and again at Waxliaw Creek, where Tarleton overtook a body of four hundred patriots, and, giving no quarters, massacred nearly every man. At this stage icJiat course did Clinton pursue f Clinton, believing South Carolina to be subdued, sailed for New York, leaving Cornwallis to carry the war into North Carolina and Virginia; but Generals Sumter and Marion (ma-re-un), by their partisan warfare, still kept alive the spirit of freedom at the south. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 79 "What can you state of Sumtefs doings ? Although Sumter met with a repulse at Eocky Mount, yet at Hanging Rock, only a week after, he gained a decided vic- tory. What can you state of a tattle that took place in Avgust ? On the 16th of August occurred the battle of Sanders Creek. Gen. Gates, who had been appointed by Congress to succeed Lincoln in the command at the south, advanced against the British, and was met by Cornwallis a short distance from Camden. Give an account of the tattle. After a desperate contest, the American regulars, being de- serted by the militia, were forced to retreat, with a loss of about a thousand men. De Kalb, mortally wounded, was taken prisoner. What disaster was a sequel to that of Sanders Greek ? Gates's defeat let loose the enemy against Sumter, who, at Fishing Creek, two days after, was surprised by Tarleton, and routed with great slaughter. How did Gornioallis proceed after the two successes to his arms ? Believing South Carolina to be at last subdued, Cornwallis proceeded to overrun North Carolina, detaching Major Fer- guson to precede him. Large numbers of tories joined the detachment during its march. What can you state of Ferguson's career f The excesses of which Ferguson's troops were guilty so ex- asperated the inhabitants, that a hastily-formed force, under Col. Campbell, attacked them at King's Mountain, October 7th, and killed Ferguson and one hundred and fifty ot his men. The remainder, numbering more than eight hundred, Rurren- dered. The loss of the Americans was only twenty. Fm' what is the year 1780 particularly memorable ? 80 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. Map Questions. How is "West Point situ- ated? Stony Point? Ver- planclc's Point? Fort Clinton? Fort Montgomery ? Fort In- depen ce ? Tarry town ? The 3'Car 1780 is particularly mem- orable for the "Treason of Arnold." Hoio teas ArnoM led to take the step in treason f In 1778, after the British had p2 evacuated Philadelphia, Arnold was put in command of that city. Here he lived at an expense beyond his in- come, and, to meet the demands of his creditors, appropriated public funds to his own use. What followed f Charges were preferred agaiust bim, and, in conformity with the de- cision of the court, he was repri- manded by Washington. He felt tbe disgrace, and determined to wreak his vengeance. In what way did he proceed ? Having secured tbe command of West Point, he offered to betray it into the bands of Clinton. Major Andre, aid-de- camp to Clinton, met Arnold at a point six miles below West Point ; and the treasonable bargain was completed. How was Arnold's design frustrated f Andre, Avhile on his way back to New York, was arrested by three militiamen, Paulding, Williams, and Van Wart ; and in his boots were found papers in Arnold's own handwriting. What further can you state of Arnold and Andre ? The captive was taken to Col. Jameson, who stupidly wrote to Arnold of the arrest ; and thus the traitor was enabled to escape to New York. Andre was executed as a spy. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 81 EVENTS OF 1781, AND TO THE BEGINNING OF WASH- INGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. What event marked the opening of 1781 ? For want of pay, clothing, and provisions, the army d Washington suffered greatly at Morristown during the winter of iVSO-l. Believing that Congress was at fault, thirteen Iiundred troops of the Pennsylvania line, on the 1st of January, 1781, left their camp to seek redress of that body. What occurred during the march of the troops ? On the march they were overtaken by two emissaries oi Clinton, but these they seized and conducted to Gen. Wayne," to be treated as spies. They were afterward met by a committee of Congress, who satisfied their pressing wants, and thus sup- pressed the revolt. What was done by Congress soon after the revolt ? This and other manifestations of discontent among the troops quickened Congress to act for their relief The Bank of North America was established ; and Robert Morris, its } "resident, by the financial aid which he rendered, enabled the government to prosecute the war. What appointment did Greene receive, and what was his first move ? Gates, in consequence of his defeat at Sanders Creek, was superseded in the command by Gen. Greene, who at once sent Gen.. Morgan t^ check the devastations of the British in South Carolina. Gi€e an account of the battle that soon occurred. At the Cowpens, on the l7th of January, Tarelton overtook Morgan ; but, after a severe battle, the British were completely routed, losing about eight hundred men, while the loss of the Americans did not exceed thirty. What rmnarkahU retreat afterward oc-curredf 4* 82 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. Morgan, after his victory, hurried off in a northeasterly di- rection ; and Cornwallis, on hearing of Tarleton's defeat, started in pursuit. Just as the Americans had succeeded in fording the Catawba and the Yadkin, they were favored by rain storms on both occasions, which rendered the rivers, for a time, im- passable. After they crossed the Dan, Cornwallis gave up the pursuit. What movement and tattle soon after took place? Greene, who had arrived at the Catawba and commanded Morgan's retreating division from that phice, recrossed the Dan, and, on the loth of ^larch, was attacked at Guilford {ghil'-furd) Court-House. The result, though unfavorable to the Amercans, left Cornwallis in such a disabled condition that he was compelled to retreat from the iield of victory. What bold movement did Greene then make ? Greene rallied his forces, and for several days pursued Corn- wallis; but not being able to overtake him, he re-entered South Carolina to attack the enemy at Camden. x\t Hobkirk's Hill, two miles from that place, Lord Rawdon partly surprised him on the 25th of April. The struggle was waged with varied fortune, but at leno-th a reo-iment of the Americans breakinj^ the patriots were forced to retreat. Wliat account can you give of the last hattle fougJit in Carolina? The battle of Eutaw {u'-taiv) Springs, fought on the 8th of September, between Greene and Stuart, closed the contest in the Carolinas. This was a desperate engagement, and at one time victory seemed certain for the Americans ; but the Brit- ish rallying, Greene drew off his troops, taking with him about nve hundred prisoners. What^ in the mean time, had taken place in Virginia ? In the mean time, Arnold, acting in the royal service, bad invaded Virginia, and effected great destruction of property. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 83 A plan for his capture miscarried, because a French fleet failed to co-operate with Lafayette. WJiat else had taken place in Virginia f Cornwallis, too, had entered Virginia; and as New Yort was menaced by Washington, he took post at Yorktown, that he might readily send reinforcements there to Clinton. What change in Washington's movements took place f The arrival of a French fleet in Chesapeake Bay, induced Washington to proceed against Cornwallis, but at the same time to continue preparations as if against New York ; consequently, before Clinton became aware of the real intentions of Wash- ington, that commander was well on his way to \' irginia. What counterplot did Clinton put into execution? It being too late to adopt any direct measures for the aid of Cornwallis, Clinton undertook to recall Washington, by luirry- ing off" an expedition under Arnold against New London. Give an account of Arnold's expedition. Fort Griswokl, near New London, made new lonoon and a brave defence, but was finally carried by assault. Col. Ledyard, its commander, was murdered with his own sword, after yielding it up, and many of the garrison were also slaughtered. The town was reduced to ashes. Was the main object of Arnold's expedition effected ? Arnold's expedition failed to recall Washington, and soon Yorktown was invested with a large force of French and American troops, while the French fleet, commanded by Count de Grasse, blockaded the York and James rivers. With wlmt success did the 'besiegers proceed ? On the 9th of October, the allied armies commenced a can- 84 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, nonadc so lieavy tliat in a day oi two most of the works of the British were demoh'shed. Vi^hat was the result of the operations against YorMown ? At length, on the 19th of October, finding his position un- enable, and seeing no prospect of relief, Cornwallis surren- dered Yorktown, with more than seven thousand soldiers, to Washington, and his shipping and seamen to De Grasse. What effect did the surrender of Cornwallis produce ? Cornwaiiis's surrender caused great rejoicing throughout the United States, and in England it made the war so unpopular that negotiations were entered into for the establishment of peace. Wliat icere the steps taken for the establishment of peace? On the 30th of November, 1782, a preliminary treaty was signed at Paris by commissioners from the two governments, those from the United States being John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, and Henry Laurens. On the 19th of April, 1783, a cessation of hostilities was proclaimed in the American army; and on the 3d of September following, a definitive treaty was signed at Paris. What did the treaty secure to the United States ? By the terms of the treaty Great Britain acknowledged the independence of the United States, and allowed boundaries extending to the great lakes on the north and the Mississippi ?n the west. Florida, at the same time, was restored to Spain. In ichat condition did the close of the loar find the national finances ? x\t the close of the war the government was unable to meet the just claims of its creditors, and the consequence was iron eral discontent, particularly among the officers and privates of the army. How were the trouUes with the army healed f Through the influence of AVashington the ill-feeling in the THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. bo army Avas allayed; and Congress afterward granted five years' whole pay to the officers, instead of, as by resolution passed in 1780, half-pay for life. Four months' whole pay was granted to the privates. Name some of the closing scenes of the war. By order of Congress the army was disbanded on the 3d of November, 1*783 : on the 25th of the same month New York was evacuated by the British ; and in December following, Washington, " with a heart full of love and gratitude," took leave of his officers at that city. What did Washington afterward do ? He then repaired to Annapolis ; and there, on the 23d of December, in a simple and impressive address, resigned to Congress his commission as commander-in-chief. On the fol- lowing day he reached his home at Mount Vernon. Peace heing established, what etnbarrassments beset Congress ? It was found that by the Articles of Confederation, un- der which the United States had existed since 1781, Congress had no power to raise money and pay the debts incurred by the war. What was done in this condition of things? The individual states were therefore called upon for funds; and their responsive efforts, made by direct taxation, produced great opposition, especially in Massachusetts, where it grew to an open insurrection, known as Shays's Rebellion. It was sup- pressed in 1787. To what measure did the outbreak lead? This rebellion, and other causes, convinced the people that a more powerful general government was needed. Accord- ingly, a national convention was held at Philadelphia, with Washington as president, and after four months' deliberation, the Constitution was adopted. 86 REVIEW QUESTIONS. What farther can you say of the Constitution? After being ratified by the requisite number of States, though not without opposition, it went into operation on the 4th of March, 1789. REVIEW QUESTION. 1. What connection did the French and Indian Wars have with the American Revolution? (55.) — 2. Wliat principle in relation to taxation did the Americans assert? — 3. Why had Parliament no right to tax the colo- nists ? — 4. When was the Stamp Act passed? — 5. What was the Stamp Act? — 6. How did Patrick Henry distinguish himself? — 7. How came a Colonial Congress to be held ? — 8. Where was it held ? — 9, How many colonies were represented in it? — 10. Who was chosen its president? (56.) — 11. What did it accomplish? — 12. Why did not the Stamp Act go into effect? — 13. How was the repeal of the Stamp Act brought about? — 14. When was the act repealed? — 15. What right did Parliament still claim? — 16. How was this claim made manifest? — 17. What associations were formed?— 18. How did the people of Boston behave? — 19. What was the consequence? — 20. Give an account of the "Boston Massacre." — 21. What change was made in the revenue law of 1767 ? (57.) — 22. What duty still remained on tea? — 23. Why were not the colonists satisfied? — 24. What became of the tea sent to New York 1—25. That sent to Philadelphia? — 26. That sent to Boston ?— 27. What can you say of the Boston Port Bill ? — 28. Where did "The First Continental Congress" sneer.?— 29. When ?— 30. Who was president? — 31. What was accomplished by the Congress ? — 32. Upon what expedition were Smith and Pitcairn sent? — 33. When was tlie battle of Lexington fought ? (58.) — 34. What took place at Lex- ington on the morning of the 19th of April ?— 35. What at Concord ? — 36. What, again, at Lexington? — 37. Give an account of the other events of the day. — 38. At what place did the militia of New England afterward assemble ? — 39. W here was Ticonderoga ? (Map, p. 45.) — 40. Crown Point ? — 41, What can you state of the capture of both places ? (58.) — 42. What generals arrived to the aid of Gage ?— 43. What proclamation did Gage issue ?— 44. When did the battle of Bunker Hill take place ? (59.) — 45. Did the battle take place on Bunker or Breed's Hill? — 46. How did it so hap- pen ?— 47. Give an account of the day's doings. (59, 60.) — 48. When was Washington elected to command the army? (60.) — 49. By whom was he REVIEW QUESTIONS. 87 ck'ctcd ? — 50, W}i-at can you state of Gov. Diuitnore? — 51. Upon what ex- pedition were Schuyler and Arnold sent? — 52. Who succeeded Schuyler ill the eommand ? — 53. Why did Montgomery succeed, him? — 54. What success did Montgomery have ? — 55. How did Arnold succeed ? (60, 61.) — ■ 5kanyt Bennington Brandy>vine ■Bemis Heights Paoii Gerinsmtown Fort Clinton Fort Montgomery. Saratoga Fort Mercer. Fort Mifflin Fort Mifflin Monmouth ... Wyoinins Rllode Island. Savannah Kettle Cre.di.... Brier Creek Stono Feny Stony Point .... Penobscot Pan Ins Hook ... C'heumng Flatiiboro' Head Savannah Monk's Corner. .. Charleston . . Waxhaw Springfield Rocky Mount Hanging Uock... San fers" Creek ... Fishing Creek ... King's Mountain. Cowpens Guilford C. H.... H,d;kirk's Hill.., Fort Griswold... Eutuw Springst.. Yorktown COMMANDEKS. Parker I'rescott .. Monig(uiu Moultrie* .. Putnam MeDougall . Magaw Wa'shington* Washington*., Warner , Herkimer ., Stark* Wasiiington.., Gates* r Wayne , Wasliington... Jas, Clinton. ( Gov. Clinton ) Giites* Col. Greene*. Col. Smith* . Ma,jor Thayer Wasliiniiton* Col. Z. Butler Sullivan* .... Robert Hon-e Pirkens* . A>-he Lincoln .. Wayne*.. Lovell.... Major Lee* Sullivan* . Paul Jones Lincoln .. Hu-er... Lincoln . Buford . . Greene* . Sumter . Sumter*. Gates . . . Sumter. . Campljeli Briti.bell* .. MEN EN6AOED. Am'ncu I British. .."ido 90(1 400 10,000 l,6ii0 3.000 2.400 3,000 700 1,000 2,000 11.000 2,500 1,500 ll,t;00 600 8,000 450 400 400 12,000 400 5,000 900 Boyd Prevo.st'.. Mai tl and". Johnson .. McLean-^^ . Sutlierhin(' Brant Pearson . . Prevost*. . 300 1,200 SOO 1,200 900 350 4,000 squadr'n 4,500 Tarleton* Clinton* Tarleton* Knvphausen. Tui-nbull* . . . Brown Oornwallis*., Tarleton* Ferguson MorfT^n* I Tarleton . . . Greene j Coriiwallis' Greene . . . l Rawdon* . . Ledyard i Eyre* Greene Stuart Washiu^ion*. .. Cornwallis, 300 8,700 400 8,000 600 600 3,000 700 900 900 4,400 1,200 150 2,000 16,000 1,700 3,000 1,200 4,000 20,000 2,000 5,000 1,000 1,800 1,200 ],500 1,200 18,000 3,000 8,000 15,000 3,000 4,500 2,000 Mi.\ed. Mi.xed. 11,000 1,100 5,000 2.000 700 l.SilO 1,200 600 3,000 2.^,0 1.500 2 ve.'^seia 2,900 COO 9,00(] 70C 5,0n0 50G 500 2.200 35C 1,10(. 1,100 2,40C 90^ SO 2,SC 7,50 90 Washington's administration. Slasca ftiicf Koclilsln nd Bm-Tiiigtoi Mcitilsoit'^ / /'Jfanvoo ; " COLDMBDS-,® •ffOTAN'APOLIS'Cl-l 21, \P-'"Ticy /Si-N Blooniuitjtcm. j rLaTayettc^Gn'-eeiivn Itiun'iljaL / S?\ -/^ / y 'J Xli I sl^ 3FIEED / ■''"^'^ — "— ® . ;, lXeo'^\ ^ ilia.-V^'l /^ ^ CcaiiijtWyv OT^ro ji5f ^^^^V* Glasgow ^.\T.laj:lTsyiJJe. Bar-Ssvillx; ^4r\aMasUA'°-^t2lo<-« ^ \ ,7 . .A^"*^4r J)aT^j,ega-^ yi^\ 'S Lci Coll =-T?C)UsesP Gen. Bi 's command crossed the Niaaj- ara, and took Fort Erie without a struggle. Give an account of the tattle of Chippewa. The American army pushed forward, Gen. Riall. The British were defeated with a loss of five hnii- ired men, and compelled to retreat across the Chippewa. SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 103 Oim an account of the tattle of Lundy's Lane. On the 25th, the battle of Lundy's Lane, the most obstinate of the war, occurred. Scott, who led the advance, bravely contended against superior numbers, until the arrival of Brown. In the mean time the British were reinforced by Gen. Drum- mond, who took the command. What heroic deed, during the tattle, was performed ? It soon becoming evident that a battery which the enemy held on a height, and which swept all parts of the field, must be captured or the Americans defeated. Col. Miller was asked if he could take it. lie promptly answered, "I'll try, sir." What then occurred ? He did try, and was successful. Three times the British attempted to regain their lost battery, but were repulsed at every assault. Finally, at midnight, after a contest of six hours, they withdrew, each party losing about eight hundred men. What movement was then made ty the Americans? Brown and Scott being severely wounded. Gen. Ripley con- ducted the army to Fort Erie, where Gen. Gaines soon after took command. What was the next movement of the British ? On the 4th of August, Drummond laid siege to Fort Eric ; and on the loth, in attempting to carry the place by assault, he was repulsed with the loss of more than a thousand men. What occurred about a month later? On the l7th of September, Brown being then in command of the fort, the Americans made a sortie, destroying the works of the besiegers, and killing or capturing seven hundred ol their number. How was the siege brought to a close ? Drummond, on being informed that Izard was approach in/:;, 104: SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. retired nortbward ; and, in November, the Americans destroyed the fort and crossed over to New York. Who, after Izard, held the command at Lake Champlain ? Izard, when he started for the relief of Fort Erie, left Gen. Macomb {ma-koom') in command at Plattsburg with only a f3w hundred men. What forces threatened the army and fleet at Plattsinirgf In September, Sir George Prevost, at the head of fourteen thousand men, marched against Macomb, and, at the same time, the British fleet on Lake Champlain, commanded by Commodore Downie {down'-e)^ sailed to attack the American fleet under Commodore MacDonough [mac-don' -o). What account can you give of the two tattles that followed? The battle of Plattsburg and of Lake Cham|)lain took place on the 11th of September. While the British, from their bat- teries, commenced the one on the land, their fleet engaged MacDonough's vessels which were at anchor in the bay of Plattsburg. Oive a further account of the battles. In two hours and a quarter MacDonough gained a complete victory ; the fire from the land batteries then slackened, and, at nightfall, Prevost made a hasty retreat, having lost in kill-ed, wounded, and desertions, about twenty-five hundred men. What operations in the mean time had begun at the south ? In the mean time. Gen. Ross had sailed into Chesapeake Bay and up the Patuxent, with the design of marching against he national capital. What can you state of his progress ? He reached Washington on the 24th of August, having met with but slight resistance at Bladensburg. After burning the capitol, president's house, and other buildings, he made a hasty retreat to the shipping. SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 105 Where, at the same time, icas an- other part of the BHtish busy? A division of the enemy's fleet, at the same time, ascended the Potomac to Alexandria, the inhabitants of which town, to save it from bombardment, sur- rendered their merchandise and shipping. What further can you state of Ross's expedition ? Ross next proceeded against I3altimore. On the 12th of September he landed his troops at North Point, fom'teen miles from the city, while a fleet sailed up the Patapsco to bombard Fort McHenry. What success did they meet with ? On his march Ross was killed ^^p Q'^estions. 1- • 1 /-.^.i t> L^ ^\ How is Washington situated ? Ak-.\- m a skirmish (12th Ol bept.) ; andria? Baltimore? Bladensbarg? and the proo-ress of the troops ^^''t McHenry? North Point? Into ^ ^ ^ -svliat water does the Patapsco Eiver was then disputed, for more flow? ThoPatuxent? than an hour, by a body of militia under Gen. Strieker. On the following day the enemy encamped near the defences of the city, to await the movements of the fleet. WMt movements did the fleet make ? The bombardment of Fort McHenry commenced on the morning of the 13th, and continued till near the following morning, but without making any impression. Gen. Brooke, Ross's successor, seeing no prospect of success, embarked his troops, and the whole force of the enemy withdrew. 106 SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. What cause of complaint teas given hy certain Spanish officials ? During the summQr an expedition against Fort Bowycr {ho'-yer)^ now Fort Morgan, was fitted out at Pensacola, Florida, by the British, Florida, at the time, being a Spanish possession. What counter measures were consequently adopted ? Although the expedition proved unsuc- cei5sful,Gen. Jackson marched against Pen- sacola, and compelled the British to leave. MOBiLK AND VICINITY. What dangcrs threatened the Americans in another quarter f Toward the middle of December, a British squadron entered Lake l^orgne (horn), carrying twelve thousand troops, com- manded by Sir P^dward Pakenham, the object of the expedition being to capture New Orleans. WJiat were the first events of the expedition? On the 14th a flotilla of American gunboats was compelled to surrender, and, on the 23d, Jackson made a spirited though ineffectual attack upon an encampment of the enemy's van- guard ; but, on the 28th, and again on the first day of the new year, the British were unsuccessful in cannonading the intrenchments wliich Jackson had thrown up four miles from the city. Give an account of the battle of New Orleans. On the 8th of January, 1815, the British made a general advance against the American intrenchments; but volley after volley was poured upon them with such terrible effect, that they were compelled to flee. I akenham was slain, and two thousand of his men were killed, wounded, or taken prisoners. The Americans lost only seven killed and six wounded.. What can you state of the naval events of 1814 ? SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. lOY Altliough during 1814 the Americans were generally vic- torious on the ocean, yet the frigate Essex, Captain Porter, alter a successful cruise, was attacked in the harbor of Valpa- raiso, March 28, by two British vessels, and forced to surrender. The conflict was one of the most desperate of the war. WTien did hostilities between England and the United States cease ? In February, 1815, the joyful tidings reached the United States that a treaty of peace had been signed at Ghent on the 24th of December, 1814. In what respect was the treaty incomplete ? The two great points of dispute — the encroachments upon American commerce and the impressment of American sea- men — weie left untouched by the treaty. What rendered the omission of no consequence? This was not important, inasmuch as, by the termination of the European war, all encroachments upon American commerce ceased ; and, by the great success of tlie American navy, the impressment question was effectually disposed of. Upon what expedition was Decatur soon after sent ? The war with England being ended, Decatur was sent against the Algerines, who had resumed their old practice of seizing American vessels and enslaving the crews thereof. What success did Decatur meet with ? In June, 1815, he captured two frigates; and, in the same year, he made satisfactory treaties with Algiers, Tunis (too'-nis), and Tripoli. 108 SECOND WAE WITH ENGLAND. PEINCIPAL NAYAL BATTLES OF THE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND • The asterisk indicates the Euccessful party. 1812. Aug. 13, Aug. 19, Oct. 18, Oct 25, Dec. 29, 1S13. Feb. 24, June 1, Aug. 14, Sept. 5, Sept. 10, 1814. March 28, April 29, June 28, Sept. 1, Sept. 11, Dec. 14, 1815. Jan. 15, Feb. 20, March 23, WUKRE FOtJGllT. Off Newfoundland j Off Massachusetts < Off N'orth Carolina.... | Near Canary Islands . . -| Off San Salvador -j Off Demarara < Massachusetts Bay -j British Channel | Off coast of Maine \ Lake Eri Harbor of Valparaiso Off coast of Florida.. Near British Channel. ^■1 Near Africa Lake Chainplain Lake Borgne Am. Frig. Essex Br. Sloop Alert Am. Frig. Constitution.. Br. Frig. Guerriere Am. Sloop Wasp Br. Brig Frolic Am. Frig. United States. Br. Frig. Macedonian Am. Frig. Constitution . . Br. Frigr Java Am. Sloop Hornet Br. Brig Peacock Am. Frig. Chesapeake. Br. Frig. Shannon Am. Brig Arirus Br. Sloop Pelican . Am. Brig Enterprise. . . Br. Brig Boxer Am. 9 Vessels, 54 guns. Br. 6 vessels, 63 guns.. Am. Friff. Essex Br. Brig^Plioei.e Br. Sloop Cherub Am. Sloop Peacock Br. Brig Eper vier Am. Sloop Wasp Br. Sloop Reindeer Am. Sloop Wasp. Br. Sloop Avon Am. 14 vessels, 86 guns. Br. 17 vessels, 95 guns.. Am. 5 gunboats ^ Br. 40 bartres /-.ff xr„.„ T„.o,„ i ' Am. Fri2. President... Off New Jersey ^ | ^^ (Squadron) \ j Am.Frig. Cotisiitution Off Island of Madeira. Off Brazil Br. Ship Cyane ... Br. Ship Levant... Am. Sloop Hornet Br. Brig Penguin . COMilANDERS. Porter.* Laugiiarne. Hulk* Dacres. Jones.* Whinyates. Decatur.* Garden. Bainbridge.^ Lambert. Lawrence.* Peake. Lawrence. Broke.* Allen. Maples.* Burrows.* Blyth. Pwrry.* Barclay. Porter. Hillyar.* Tucker. Warrmgton.* Wales. Blakely.* Manners. Blakely.* Arbutiinot. McDonough.' Downie. Jones. Lockyer.* Decatur. Hayes.* Stewart.* Falcon. Douglass. Biddle.* Dickenson. SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. 109 riilNCIPAL LAND BATTLES OF THE SECOND WAE WITH ENGLAND. ♦ The asterisk indicates the successful party. DATtS. BATTLES. COMMANDKKS. MEN ENGAGED. American. British. Am'ricn British. 1S12. Aug. 5, Aug. 9, -j Oct. 13, lSi3. Jan. 22, Aj.ril 27, Mav 5, Ma> 29, Aug. 2, Oct. 5, Nov. 11, 1^14 March 30, July 5, July 25, Aug. 15, Aug. 24, Sept. 11, Sept. 12, Sept. 13, Sei.t 15, Sept. 17., Dec. 23, 1815. Jan. 8, Brownstown Maguaga, or 2d ol Brownstown Queenstown Van Horn .... i Miller* Van Rensselaer Tecumseh* Tecumseh Brock* 200 600 1,200 600 900 2,500 Frenchtowu York Win<.-hesler... Pike* Clay* Brown* Croghan* Harrison* Boyd Proctor* Sheaflfe Proctor Prevost Proctor Proctor Morrison 800 1.700 1,200 1,0U0 150 2,500 1.200 1,500 1.500 2,000 1,000 1,300 2,000 2,000 Fort Meigs Sackett's Harbor... Fort Stephenson... . Chrysler s Field LaColieMill Wilkinson.... Brown* Brown* Gaines* Winder Macomb* Strieker Arinistead* . . . Lawrence* . . . Brown* Jackstjn Hancock* Kiall Drummond. .. Drummond... Boss* Prevost Brooke* Cochrane NichoUs Drummond... Keane 4.000 1,9U0 3,500 2,500 3,500 3,000 2,000 1,000 120 2,500 2,000 2,000 2.100 5,000 5,000 6,000 14,000 5,000 16 ships. Mixed. 3.500 2,500 Lumiy's Lane Fort Erie (assault). Bladensburg North Point Fort McHenry Fort Bowyer Fort Erie (sortie) .. 9 miles from N. O... New Orleans Jackson* Pakenbam.... 6,000 12,000 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 1. When was Washington inaugurated president ? (91.) — 2. Where did the ceremony take place? — 3. Who was vice-president under Washington? — 4. What took place in 1790? — 5. Give an account of the three expe- ditions against the Indians. — 6. Give an account of the troubles with France. (92.)— 7. Of the Whisky Insurrection.— 8. Of "Jay's Treaty."— 9. When was John Adams inaugurated president ? — 10. When did tlie death of Washington occur? — 11. When did the city of Washington be- come the national capital ? (92, 93.) —12. How long had Philadelphia been the capital? — 13. When was Jefferson inaugurated president? (93.)— 14. Wiien was Ohio admitted into the Union ? — 15. How was Louisiana ac- quired by the United States ?— 16. Of what advantage was the acquisition of the Louisiana territory ? — 17. Upon what expedition was Treble scut ? 110 REVIEW QUESTIONS. — IS. Give an account of the loss and destrnction of tlie frigate Philadel- pliia. — 19. Of Eaton's success. (93, 94.) — 20. What sad affair took place in ]bd4?(94.) — 21. What further can you state of Burr? — 22. What oi "orders" and "decrees" of England and France? — 23. What of tlie " right of search ?" — 24. Give an account of the affair of the Chesapeake. — 25. When was Madison inaugurated president? — 26. Give an account of the affair between the Little Belt and President. (95.) — 27. What can you ptate of an Indian confederacy? — 28. Give an account of the battle of Tippecanoe. — 29. Who was president when the " War of 1812" com- menced? ^715. James Madison. — 30. What were the causes of that war ? (95.)— 31. When was war declared?— 82. What hostile act did Gen. Hull commit? — 33. What took place five days after? — 34. What took place near Brownstown ? (96.)— 35. What disaster befell Hull's army ?— 36, When did Hull surrender ? Ans. August 16, 1812. — 37. What sentence was passed upon Hull ? Ans. A court martial pronounced him guilty of cowardice, and sentenced him to be shot; but he was pardoned by President Madison. — 38. Give an account of the battle of Queenstown. (96, 97.)-— 39. Of the actioii between the Essex and the Aleit. (97.) — 40. Wasp and Frolic. (97, 108.) — 41. United States and Macedonian. — 42. Constitution and Java. (97, 98, 108.)— 43. Give an account of the battle of Winchester. (98.j— 44. Of the siege of Fort Meigs, — 45. Of Clay's operations. — 46. Of Proctor's operations at Fort Stephenson. (99,)— 47. Of the battle of Lake Erie.— 48. Of the battle of the Thames. (99, 100.)— 49. Massacre at Fort Minis. (100.) 50. Give a further account of the Creek War. — 51. Give an account of the battle of York,— 52, What did Dearborn accomplish ? (101.)— 53, Give an account of the battle of Sackett's Harbor. — 54. What battle took place on the 11th of November, 1813? Ans. Chrysler's Field. — 55. Give an ac- count of it. (101.) — 56, Of the action between the Hornet and Peacock. (101, 108.)— 57. Chesapeake and Shannon. (101, 102.)— 58. Argus and Peli- can. (102, 108.)— 59. Boxer and Enterprise.— 60. Battle of La Colle. (102.) —61, Capture of Fort Erie.— 62. Battle of Chippewa. (102, 109.) — 63. What battle soon followed ? (103)— 64, Give a full account of it.— 65. Of Drummond's operations. — 66, Of the sortie from Fort Erie. — 67, How did operations at Fort Erie cease? (103, 104.)--68. At Avhat place was Macomb left in command ? (104.) — 69. What movement did Prevost make? — 70, What, Commodore Downie? — 71. Give a full account of the two battles that followed. — 72, What movement did Ross make? — 73. What destruc- tion did Eoss effect? — 74. What took place at Alexandria? (105,) — 75. What movement did Ross then make? — 76, What was Ross's fate ? — 77. Give an account of the battle that followed. — 78. How did the fleet sue- eeed ? — 79. What followed ? — 80. Give an account of the attempt against- REVIEW QLTESTIONS. Ill Fort Bowyer. (106.)— 81. What was done by Gen. Jackson? — 82. What expedition proceeded against New Orleans ? — S3. What look place before tlie 8th of January, 1815? — 84. Give an account of what took place then. — 85. What can you say of the cruise and capture of the Essex? (107.) — 85, When and where was a treaty of peace signed ? — 87. What were the defects of the treaty? — 88. Why were tlie defects unimportant? — 89. What did Decatur accomplish in the Mediterranean? — t'O. Name tlie land battles of 1812. (109.) — 91. Of 1813. — 92. Of 1814.— 93. Of 1815. 94. In which battles of the war were the Americans successful ? — 95. In which were the British successful ? — 9f5. Which of the battles took place in Canada? — 97. Which in the United States? — 98. Name the naval battles of 1812, giving the dates, names of commanders, with vessels, &c. (108.)— 99. Same of 1813.— 100. Same of 1814.— 101. Same of 1815.-102. Wliat officer was killed at the battle of York ? (100.)— 103. At the battle of New Orleans ? (106.)— 104, At the battle of Queenstown ? GENERAL REVIEW QUESTIONS. 1. Name in order the principal events from 1492 to 1607. (p. 148.) — 2. The events from 1607 to 163S.— 3. From 1638 to 16S9.— 4. From 1(1.^9 to 1732.-5. From 1732 to 1754.-6. From 1754 to 1763.-7. From 1763 to 1775. (148, 149.)— 8. Of 1775. (129.) — 9. Of 1776. — 10. Of 1777. —11. Of 1778.-12. Of 1779.— 13. Of 1780.— 14. Of 1781.- 15. Of 1782. (149, 150.) 16. From 1783 to 1801. (150.)— 17. From 1801 to 1812.— 18. Of 1812.-19. Of 1813.-20. Of 1814.-21. From 1815 to 1829. (151.)— 22. From 1S29 to 1846.— 23. Of 1846.— 24. Of 1847.-25. From 1848 to 1860.-26. From 1860 to 1861.-27. Of 1861.— 28. What account can you give of George Washington ? (54, 47, 48, 60, 61, 64, 65, 66, 68, 73, 83, 84, 85, 91, 92.)— 29. Of Lafayette? (67, 68, 82, S3, 113.)— 30. Of Arnold ? (58, 60, 61, 71, 72, 80, 82, 83.)-31. Of Gates? (71, 72, 89, 79, 81.)— 32. Of Greene ? (81, 82, 89.) —33. Of Sullivan ? (74, 77, 89.)— 34. Of Wayne? (68, 76, 89, 91.)— 35. What important events occurred in the city of New York? (34, 35, 55, 64, 85, 91.)— 36. Philadelphia ? (39, 57, 60, 65, 68, 73, 92, 93.)— 37. Boston ? (24, 30, 56,57, 61.)— 38. Charleston? (41, 57, 62, 63, 77.)— 39. Savannah ? (42, 75, 76.) — 40. Name the presidents in tlie order of their succession. (153.) — 41. Name the presidents that served eight years. — 42. Name those that served four years. — 43. Name those that served a less time. — 44. Name the States, conimencing with Vermont, in the order of admission. — 45 Name the tliirteen original States in the order of their settlement. 112 SECTION VI. FROM THE BEGINNING OF MONEOE'S ADMINISTRATION. IN 1817, TO THE CLOSE OF PIERCE'S, IN 1857. WTien, and ly whom, was Madison succeeded in office f James Monroe, Madison's successor in the presidency, was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1817 ; and, like three of his predecessors, he served two terms, or eight years. What troubles broke out during Monroe's first year in office? Toward the close of 1817, the Seminoles of Florida, joined by other Indians, commenced depredations on the frontier settlements of Georgia and Alabama. At first Gen. Gaines, and, afterward. Gen. Jackson, was sent against them. What did Jackson accomplish ? Being convinced that the Indians had been instigated to hostilities by persons in Florida, Jackson marched into that province, though, at the time, it belonged to Spain, and, among other acts, hung two men, both of whom were subjects of Great Britain. How and when did Florida become United States territory? In 1819, Florida was ceded to the United States ; but it was not till July, 1821, that Spain surrendered possession of the territory. What new States were made lohile Monroe was president ? Five States were admitted to the Union during Monroe's administration; Mississippi, in 1817; Illinois, in 1818; Ala- bama, in 1819; Maine, in 1820; and Missouri, in 1821. State the circumstances attending the admission of Missouri ? The admission of Missouri was preceded by violent debates i.i Congress and throughout the country, on the question whether slavery should exist in the new State. At length 11.3 Congress passed the bill known as the "Missouri Compromise of 1820," and the agitation thereupon subsided. What can you state of the visit of a distinguislied person? In the summer of 1824, Lafayette arrived on a visit to this country ; and his tour through the States was everywhere sig- nalized by tokens of respect from a grateful people. What can you state of Mom^oe's successor in office ? John Quincy Adams, Monroe's successor in the presidency, was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1825. His administra- tion of four years was one of wisdom and peace. By whom was John Qalncy Adams succeeded in office f He was succeeded by Andrew Jackson, on the 4th of March, 1829; and the new president at once commenced a series of vigorous measures, which he carried out for eight years. What course did Jackson pursue toward the National Bank ? The bill for rechartering the United States Bank was passed by Congress, but vetoed by the president. The institution, accordingly, ceased to be a national one. What serious trouble Jyroke oui in 1833 ? The tariff act, passed by Congress in 1832, gave dissatis- faction to the cotton-growing States, especially to South Caro- lina, where the people in convention proclaimed that if any attempts were made to collect the duties the State would se- cede from the Union. What further accounts can you give of the trouMes? Jackson acted with promptitude and firmness ; and a " Cora- promise Act," passed by Congress, averted the threatened danger. WTiat Indian troubles commenced three years after? Toward tlio close of 1835, the Seminoles became hostile, in consequence of an attempt to remove tliem to lands west of the Mississippi. This was done in accordance with a treaty 114 Jackson's administration. PAET OF FLORIDA. which bad been made with some of the chiefs, but which others did not consider binding. How icas the leading man among the Seminoles dealt with ? Osceola {os-e-o'-la)^ their most noted chief, was placed in irons by Gen. Thompson, the government agent, but by promising to recommend obedience to his tribe, he soon obtained his liberty. Did Osceola do as he had promised ? On the 28th of December, Osceola, resolved upon ven- geance, approached a house in which Thompson and some friends were dining, and, making a sudden attack, killed fi-ve of the party, including Thompson. What other disaster occurred on the same day f On the same day, Major Dade, while marching with more tlian a hundred men to join Gen. Clinch, at Fort Drane, was attacked, and, with his whole force except four men, was mas- sacred. What further account can you give of the war ? A number of battles were fought during the following year; but in none could the Americans claim a decided victory. What afterward occurred to Osceola ? In October, 1837, Osceola appeared in the American camp with a flag of truce, when Gen. Jessup seized the chief, and sent him to Fort Moultrie, v^here, about three months after, he died. What important battle took place after the seizure of Osceola ? In December, 1837, Col. Taylor, afterward president of the WAR WITH MEXICO. 115 United States, defeated the Indians near Lake Okeechobee, in the most desperate battle of the war. What dosing account of the war can you give ? Though the Seminoles continued their hostilities, they never again rallied in large force. Peace was finally secured with them in 1842. Who succeeded Jackson as president of the United States ? Martin Van Buren, the next president of the United States, was in office one term, from the 4th of March, 1837, to the 4th of March, 1841. Name, in order, the three presidents who succeeded Van Buren? He was succeeded by William Henry Harrison ; but Har- rison died after being only a month in office; whereupon John Tyler, the vice-president, became president ; and he was suc- ceeded, March 4, 1845, by James K. Polk. WAE WITH MEXICO. Map Questions. "Where is Leavenworth ? (See map, p. 116.) City of Mexico ? Matamoras ? Mon- terey (2)? Sacramento? Bracito? Saltillo? Santa Fc? Vera Cruz ? New Mox Il-o? California? Fort Brown? (See map, p. U7.) Point Isnbel ? Palo Alto? Resaca de la Palma? Buena Vista? Cerro Gordo? (See map, p. 1'20 ) Jalapa? Perote? Puebla? Ayotla? San Augustin? Coutreras? San Antonio? Clmni- busco ? Chapultepec ? HoiD did Congress prepare the way for the annexation of Texas? Three days before the expiration of Tyler's term of office, a bill for the admission of Texas to the Union was passed by Congress; and, on the 4th of July, 1845, Texas became one of the United States. What ean you state of the previous history of Texas ? Texaa had been a province of Mexico, but, in consequencG 116 WAR WITH MEXICO jyJiXJLCO, CALIFORWiA, TEXAS Sec. WAR WITH MEXICO. 117 of the arbitrary policy of the Mexican rulers, the Texaiis re- volted, and, in 1836, set up a government of their own, Wlmt were the consequences of the annexation of Texas f The annexation of 'i^exas to the United States led to a war with Mexico ; for Mexico still claimed Texas as a part of her own territory, and considered the act of annexation a sufficient cause of war. EVENTS OF 1846. What force was sent for the protection of Texas? For the protection of the new State, Gen. IV/lor proceeded, by order of President Polk, to the Eio Grande [re'-o grahn'-dd), oppo- site Matamoras (mai-a- mo'-ras), where he erect- ed a fortress, which was afterward named Fort Brown. Give an acco^.int of the first conflict of the war. Capt. Thornton, with a party of sixty-three dragoons, having been sent up the Rio Grande to reconnoiter, was at- tacked, April 26, 1846, and, after a loss of sixteen men, was compelled to sunender. What movern.ents next took plac£. ? The Mexicans, in large force, having crossed the Rio Grande, Taylor hastened to put the dep-t which he had established at Point Isabel (iz-d-bfil') in a better state of defense; and then set c'lt on his return to Fort Brown. Tjo:x OIL'S CA^^I PA! GM Sca3e 118 War with MEXICO. What occurred during Taylor's return march to Fort Brovm't His piogrcss was disputed at Palo Alto [pah'-lo-ahl'-to) and Resaca de la Palma [rd-sah'-kah da lah pnhl'-mah) by Gen. Arista [ah-rees'-tali) ; but, in both battles, the Mexicans were defeated with severe loss. What account can you gue of the first battle ? In the battle of Palo Alto, fought on the 8tli of May, tht Mexicans numbered six thousand men, while the Americans consisted of but twenty-three hundred. The loss of the former exceeded five hundred, that of the latter was scarcely fifty ; but among their mortally wounded was the brave Major Ring- gold. What account can you give of the second battle f The battle of Resaca de la Palma took place on the fol- lowing day, May 9th. The Mexican guns were liolding the .Americans in check, when Captain May was ordered to silence them. At the head of his dragoons he charged with great fury, killed or dispersed the gunners, and captured Gen. La Vega [lah- ud' -yah). What can you state of Taylor's su^)sequent movements f On the 18th of May, Taylor took possession of Matamoras, and in August he marched to attack Monterey {pion-td-rd')^ a city strong in its natural defences, and then garrisoned by ten thousand troops under Gen. Ampudia [arn-poo' -de-ah). Haw did Taylor succeed against Monterey f After a series of assaults, in which Generals Worth and Quitman rendered brilliant service, Monterey capitulated on the 24th of September, and Taylor agreed to a brief armistice. What can you state of Gen. Kearny's success ? In an expedition which set out from Leavenworth, Gen. I\earny [kar'-nc] gained possession of the whole of New Mex- ico without opposition. With only one hundred men, the WAR WITH MEXICO. 119 main body of Lis army being left at Santa Fe (san-iah fd\ lie then crossed to the Pacific. What did the army that Kearny left at Santa Fe afterward do f Colonel Doniphan, commanding a force of but nine hundred men, started from Santa Fe, met and defeated the enemy at Bracito (brah-se'-to), December 25th, 1846, and again at Sacra- mento {s'fk-ra-men'to), February 28th, 1847, and reached Saltillo, having accomplished a march of more than a thousand miles. What account can you give of Fremont's enterprise? Before the breaking out of the war, John C. Fremont was sent to make western explorations. After suffering great hard- ships, he made his way into California, then a department of Mexico, but, in March, 1846, was opposed bjz Gen. Castro. What further account can you give of the operations in California f The Mexicans were defeated in several skirmishes, and, Commodore Stockton arriving, the whole of California was soon in possession of the Americans. EVENTS OF 1847. WMt can you state of a Tiew plan of operations f A plan of invasion was arranged for Gen. Scott, which not only deprived Taylor of a large number of his best troops, but gave to Scott the chief command, he being the senior officer. How did Taylor dose his campaign in Mexico f Taylor's last engagement in Mexico was the battle of Buena Vista {hwa'-nah vces'-tah)^ fought on the 23d of February, 1S47. His force of less than five thousand men was at- tacked by one nearly four times as large, under Gen. Sant'a Anna; but, after a contest which lasted from morning till night, the Mexicans were driven in disorder from the field. 120 WAR WITH MEXICO. OsaaJi How did Scott commence Ms Mexican campaign ? On the 9th of March, Scott landed his army of twelve thou sand men near Vera Cruz, and, on the 2 2d, he opened so destruc- tive a fire upon the city and the fortress of San Juan de Ulloa (san whahn da ool-yo^-aK), that, on the 27th, both places were compelled to surrender. WJiat was Scott's next move7nent ? On the 8th of April, Scott commenced his march against the en- emy's capital, the city of Mexico, but at Cerro Gordo {thar'-ro gor'-do), a mountain pass, he found Santa Anna, prepared to resist his advance. Give an account of what followed. On the morning of the 18th, a daring assault was made upon the works of the enemy, and, before noon, the whole were in possession of the Americans. Besides losing their artillery, the Mexicans had one thousand of their number killed or wounded. Qixe an account of tlie further march of the Americans, On the next day the Americans entered Jalapa {hah-lah'- pah) , further on they took, without opposition, the strong castle of Perote (pd-ro'-ta), and, on the 15th of May, they oc- cupied the city of Puebla {poo-d'-blah). What did Scott then do f WAK WITH MEXICO. 121 Scott halted at Puebla nearly three months for reinforce- ments, and then resumed his march, reaching Ayothi [uh-yot' lah), a town fifteen miles from the city of Mexico. W7iat change did Scott then determine upon f Finding that the direct route thence was strongly fortified, he turned southward, and encamped at San Augustin {san aw ffits-feen'), about ten miles from the capital. What difficulties were then in Sootfs way ? The approaches to the city of Mexico from San Augustm were guarded by batteries at Contreras (con-tra'-ras) and San Antonio, and by the strong forts of Churubusco (choo-roo-hoos' - co) and Chapultepec {chah-pool-td-pek') . What successes attended the advance of the Americans ? At sunrise, on the 20th of August, the Americans attacked Contreras, and, in less than twenty minutes, carried the bat- teries. They were also successful at San Antonio. How did the Americans follow up their successes? On the same day Churubusco was attacked ; the defense was obstinate, and the conflict bloody, bat, at length, the Mex- icans were driven from the fort and compelled to flee. What effort was then made to hring the Mexicans to terms ? An armistice of several days succeeded, during which Scott endeavored to bring about a peace, but, failing in this, he or- dered Gen. Worth to storm the Molino del Roy (mo-le'-no- del-ra), an outer defense of Chapultepec. Hoio did Worth carry out the order given to him f The attack was made on the 8th of September, and, although the Mexicans defended themselves desperately, inflicting a loss of six hundred > upon their assailants, they were driven from their position. What yet remained to he done ? Chapultepec itself, a strongly fortified castle, situated on a C 122 WAR WITH MEXICO. lofty bill, was yet to be taken before tbe capital could le reached. Glm an account of tlie taking of ChapuUepec. Batteries were erected to bear upon it : from these a fii was opened which made breaches through the stone wall de- fenses, and, on the 13th of September, the place was carried by assault. What were tJie immediate consequences of the mctory ? During the night Santa Anna and his army fled from the capital, and, on the following morning, September 14th, Scott made a triumphant march into it. Whxit last effort for success did Santa Anna make ? After Santa Anna's flight he proceeded to lay siege to Pue- bla : learning, however, that a body of recruits were on their march to reinforce Scott, he attacked them at Huamantia {ivhah-inant' -lah)^ but, as usual, met with defeat. How was the war brought to a close f On tbe 2d of February, 1848, a treaty of peace was signed, by which all the territory north of the Rio Grande, together with the whole of New Mexico and California, was relinquished to the United States. What did the United States agree to do in return ? On the part of the United States, it was agreed that $15,000,000 should be paid for the territory acquired, and that debts due from Mexico to American citizens, amounting to $3,000,000, should be assumed. What excitement with regard to Galifornia soon broke out ? During this month, February, gold began to be found in California. The news at once spread with wonderful rapidity, ana thousands of emigrants from all parts of the world rushed thither. Who next, after Polk, was President of the United States ? Fillmore's administration. 123 Polk was succeeded in the presidency by Gen. Taylor, dis- tinguished in the war with Mexico. The inauguration took place on the 5th of March, 1849, the 4th being Sunday. What dispute, of national importance, soon occurred? In a short time California applied for admission into the Union ; but as the constitution which she had adopted ex- cluded slavery from her territory, a violent dispute commenced in Congress and throughout the United States, which continued several months. What loss did the nation sustain at this time f Before the dispute was settled. Gen. Taylor died, after an administration of only one year, four months, and four days ; and the vice-president, Millard Fillmore, thereupon became president. How was the question in relation to the admission settled ? Other questions, growing out of the subject of slavery, hav- ing been introduced into Congress, five acts were passed by that body, in conformity with the spirit of a compromise offered by Henry Clay. One of these provided for the admis- sion of California as a free Stat'^. When did the slavery question in another shape appear ? During the administiation uf Franklin Pierce, who succeeded to the presidency on the 4th of March, 1853, the controversy between the slavcholding and non-slaveholding sections of the Union was renewed, the one being in favor- of and the other opposed to the extension of slavery into the territories of the United States. What action of Congress gaw shape to the controxiersy ? Congress, in 1854, passed the " Kansas Nebraska Bill." As, by this act, the "Compromise of 1820" was repealed — a com- Dromise which prohibited slavery in the territory of the 124: REVIEW QIjESTIONS. United States north of the southern boundary of Missouri, Missouri excepted — emigrants from both sections began to pour into Kansas, and with such zeal was the strife for su- premacy carried on, that frequent collisions took place. PEINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE WAE WITH MEXICO. (The Americans were successful in every battle.) DATES. BATTLES. COMMANDERS. FOR0K8 ENGAGED. American. Mexican. Amer. Me.x'n. 6,000 5,000 10,01 lO 1,200 1846. May 8, May 9, Sept. 24, Dec. 25, 1847. Feb. 23, Feb. 28, March 27, April 18, Aug. 20, 1 Sept. 8, Sept. 13, Oct. 9, Palo Alto Taylor .... Taylor Taylor .... Doniphan.. Ari.sta 2.300 2,-200 0,600 500 Resaca de la Palma.. Monterey Arista Ampudia Ponce de Leon. Bracito Buena Vista Sacramento Taylor .... Doniphan.. Scott Scott Scott Scott Wortli Scott Lane Santa Anna Trias 4,700 900 12,000 8,500 4,000 8,000 3.500 7,200 500 17,000 4,000 6,000 12,000 7,000 25,000 14,000 25,000 1,000 Vera Cruz .... Morales Santa Anna. .. . Valencia . Santa Anna Cerro Gordo Chiirubusco. Molino del Key Huauiantla Santa Anna REVIEW QUESTIONS. 1. When was Monroe inangnrated president ? (page 112.)— 2. When did he go out of office ? — 8. Give an account of the troubles with the Semi- noles. (112, 113, 114, 115.)-- 4. Give some account of Florida. (11, 13, 53, 84, 112.)— 5. Of the "Missouri Compromise of 1820." (112, 113,)— 6. When did Mississippi become a State? (112.) —7. Illinois?— 8. Alabama?— 9. Maine?— 10. Missouri'?— 11. Give an account of Lafayette's visit. (113.)— 12. When was John Quiucy Adams inaugurated president ?— 13. What can you state of his administration? — 14. When was Jackson inaugurated president?— 15. When did Jackson go out of office?— 16. What can you Btate of the National Bank? (81, 113.)— 17. What troubles broke out in 1832? Ans. The Nullification troubles. — 18. Give an account of them. — 19. What account can you give of Osceola? (114.) — 20. Of Dade's miss- REVIEW QUESTIONS. 125 sacre?~21. Of tlie battle of Okeechobee ? (114, 115.)— 22. Wheu was Van Buren inaugurated president ? (115.) — 23. Harrison ? — 24. Tyler? — 25. Polk ? — 26. Give an account of the admission of Texas to the Union, (115.) —27. Of Texas, previous to the admission. (115, 117.)~28. What was tlia cause of the war with Mexico ? (117.)— 29. What did President Polk order Gen. Taylor to do ?— 80. What fort did Taylor construct ?— 81. What mis- fortune befell Thornton ?— 32. Where did Taylor establish a depot ?— 33. What movement did he make as regards the depot ?-^34. When did the battle of Palo Alto occur? (118.) — 35. Give an account of it.— 36. How came the battle of Eesaca de la Palma to be fought ?— 37. When was it fought ?— 38. Give an account of it.— 39. When did Taylor cross to Mata- moras ? — 40. What city did he next go against ? — 41. How was Monterey prepared for defence ? — 42. How did Taylor succeed against Monterey ?— 43. What march did Kearny make ?— 44. What success did he meet with ? —45. What did Kearny afterward do ? (118, 119.)— 46. What march did Doniphan make ? (119.)— 47. What successes did he have ? — 48. What can you say of Fremont's operations ?— 49. What success did he and Stockton have ?— 50. How was Taylor deprived of men and the chief command ?— 61. Give an account of the battle of Buena Vista.— 52. Of the taking of Vera Cruz. (120.)— 53. What fort protected Vera Cruz ?— 54. When did Scott get possession of the fort ?— 55. How came the battle of Cerro Gordo to be fought?— 56. When was it fought?— 57. Give an account of it.— 58. When did Scott take Jalapa?— 59. Puebla?— 60. Why did he stop at Puebla?(121.)— 61. What was his next movement ?— 62. Why did he not then keep on direct to the city of Mexico ?— 63. What did he do instead ? —64. Give an account of the operations of the 20th of August. — 65. Of the battle of Molino del Eey.— 66. Of the taking of Chapultepec castle.— (121, 122.)— 67. When did Scott take the city of Mexico? (122.)— 68. Wliat had become of Santa Anna ?— 69. Where did he meet his final defeat ?— 70. Wtien was peace made?— 71. What territory did the United States secure ? —72. What can you state of the gold excitement ?— 73. When was Taylor inaugurated president ? (123.)— 74. What dispute, in relation to California, occurred ? — 75. Who succeeded Taylor in the presidency ? — 76. How came Fillmore to succeed him ?— 77. In what connection is Henry Clay spoken of? — 78. When was Pierce inaugurated president? — 79. In what shape was tlie slavery question again introduced?— 80, What can you state ot the "Kansas-Nebraska Bill?" (123, 124.)— 81. Name the principal battles of 1846. (124.)— 82. Of 1S47.— 83. In which did Taylor command ?— 84. In which did Scott command?— 85. In which did Santa Anna command ? — 86. In which did Arista command. 126 THE GREAT REBELLION. THE GEEAT REBELLION. By whom, and lohen, was Pierce succeeded in the presidency ? James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, Pierce's successor as president of the United States, was inaugurated at Washing- ton on the 4th of March, 1S57. What subject of national importance was still discussed ? The slavery question continued to be the prominent topic oi discussion during the four years of his administration; and, at its close, the Kansas strife seemed no nearer a conclu- sion. What can you date of the presidential canvass of 1860 ? As Buchanan's term of office drew toward its close, no less than four candidates were nominated to succeed him ; and, after an exciting canvass, in which the slavery question was the all-absorbing one, the election resulted in the success of Abraham Lincoln. What soonfolloioed? When it became known that the candidate of the Repub- lican party — the party opposed to the further extension of slavery — would be the next president, public meetings were held in South Carolina to bring about a secession of that State from the Union; and, on the 20th of December, 1860, an or- dinance of secession was passed by a State convention. WJmt took place shortly after f Four days after. Major Anderson, commanding at t'ort Moultrie, withdrew his force of but eighty men from that fort, and established himself at Fort Sumter, a place of greater se- curity. THE GREAT KEBELLION. 127 What was the consequence of this viovement? This removal being regarded in South Carolina as a hostile act, the authorities there at once seized the custom-house at Charleston, as well as other property belonging to the general government, and began to make preparations to drive iinder- son from his new position. EYENTS OP 1861. Map Questions. Where is Fort Sumter? (See map, p. 62.) Charleston? Montiromery? (Map, p. 100.) Baltimore? (Map, p. 105.) Harper's Ferry? Norfolk? Washington? Bowling Green, Va. ? Fortress Monroe ? (Map, p. 130.) Big Bethel? Hampton Eoads? Booneville? (Map, p. 128.) Carthage? Wilson's Creek? Lexington, Mo.? St. Louis? Springfield? BullEun? (Map, p. 144.) Hattcras Inlet? (Mnp, p. 78.) Port Eoyal Entrance? (Map, p. 8.) What 2^ Ian did the insurgents frmtrate? A steamer, sent from New York with supplies and reinforce- ments for Fort Sumter, arrived off Charleston ; but, being fired upon by batteries which the rebels, or, as they called them- selves. Confederates, had erected, she was compelled to put back. How rapidly did the secession spirit spread ? During the month of January, 1861, five of the slave states, viz. :— Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, and Louisiana, following the lead, of South Carolina, passed secession ordi- nances, and, on the 1st of February, Texas did the same. What united action did these states then taTcef Delegates from the insurgent states met at Montgomery in the beginning of February, and organized a government, under the nam*e of the "Confederate States of America." On the 18th, Jefferson Davis was inaugurated President of the so-called Con- federacy. 128 THE GKEAT KEBELLION. > A R ^ THE GltEAT ilE13ELLIO:\^. 129 W'icn did Lincoln 'become President of the United States ? In this condition were the affairs of the country when Lin- coln, on the 4th of March, 18G1, entered upon the office of President of the United States. What assurance did Lincoln at once give ? In his inaugural address, he announced that he had "no purpose to interfere with the institution of slavery where it exists ;" further stating that, in his opinion, he had " no right to do soJ' What followed then? The announcement had no effect whatever upon the Southern leaders.. They soon organized an army, and ordered Gen. Beauregard (bo-re-gard) to reduce Fort Sumter. Give an account of Beauregard's success. On the morning of the 12th of April the first shot was fired upon tlie fort. After a bombardment of thirty-four hours, the defence being but feeble in consequence of the sn^allness of tlie garrison and the poor supply of ammunition, Anderson was compelled to capitulate. What effect did this produce f The news of this event produced an almost uncontrollable excitement throughout the country; and the President's proc- lamation, issued on the 15th, calling for troops, was responded to at once by all the free states. What tooTc place in Maryland ? A Massachusetts regiment, while on its way to defend the National capital, was attacked, April 19th, in the streets of Baltimore, by a mob of Southern sympathizers. Two of the soldiers w^ere killed and a number wounded. What events tooh place in Virginia? The Confederates seized Harper's Ferry ; and Norfolk, with its Navy Yard, having been abandoned by the Union oSicers, an 0* 130 THE GREAT KEBELLION. immense quautity of ordinance, shot, and sliell fell into the liands of the insurgents. What measures did the President adopt in consequence? On the 27th of April, the President declared all ports in the slave states sonth of Maryland closed by blockade; but tlie army of the United States did not make a forward movement before the 24th of May. What tooh place then? On that day, Gen. Scott, commanding the army, sent troops into Virginia. A Confederate camp was surprised and routed, June 3d, by Gen. McClellan, who had advanced from Ohio; but, seven days later, a Union force from Fortress Monroe was repulsed at Big Bethel. What^ meanwhile^ was going on in Mis- souri ? The secessionists in Missouri had not been idle. Their first object was to take the state out of the Union. How were they met? Though Gen. Lyon frustrated their plans by his successes at Booneville, Carthage, and other places, yet, in his last encounter, which took place at "Wilson's Creek, on the 10th of August, he was defeated by a superior force and killed. What afterward tooh place in Missouri ? Gen. Mulligan, commanding at Lexington, was attacked by the enemy under Gen. Price, and, after a struggle of four days, was compelled to surrender, September 20th. What further operations took place? Gen. Fremont, then in command of the Western Department, thereupon marched from St. Louis against Price. The pursuit, MAP OF NORFOLK AND VICINITY. THE GUEAT EEEELLION. 331 liowever, was only continued as far as Springfield, when Fre- mont, in compliance with orders, turned his command over to Gen. Hunter. JVhat important movement was made in July f About the middle of July, a large army, commanded by Gen. McDowell, marched to attack the main army of the Confed- erates. A reconnoissance, made on the 18th, showed the enemy to be posted at Bull Eun. Describe what followed. The National forces advanced; and, on the 21st, occurred the first great battle of the rebellion. It lasted ten hours, when the insurgents, being largely reinforced, prevailed, and the Union troops, panic-stricken, fled toward Washington. What forces icere engaged and losses sustained f In this contest, not less than forty thousand men were actually engaged. The Union loss, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, reached nearly three thousand, while that of the enemy did not much exceed half that number. What preparations were made to prosecute the loar? McCiellan was appointed to succeed McDo'A'ell; and Con- gress, in extra session, voted to raise five hundred thousand troops to serve three years or during the war. What ^cas accomplished by the navyf There were two important navy expeditions during the year. In the first, under Com. Stringhara, the two forts at Hatteras Inlet were taken on the 29th of August; and in the second, under Com. Dupont, the two at Port Eoyal harbor, were taken November 7th. What unauthorized act was done by a naval commander t Capt. Wilkes, in command of the frigate San Jacinto, inter- cepted an English steamer, and took from her Messrs. Mason and Slidell, Confederate Commissioners to Europe. 133 THE GF^EAT REBELLION. WTint iDciH done with the Commissioners ? As the seizure thus made was contrary to the doctrine of th« sanctity of a neutral vessel, and the British government re- sented the act, the two prisoners were given up. What unfriendly acts from abroad had previously occurred? This affair tended to make still less amicable the relations of the United States with England ; for the rebellion had hardly- been inaugurated, before Queen Victoria, May 13th, acknowl- edged the South as a belligerent power; and France, soon after, did the same. What can you state of the Confederate privateers? The Confederates fitted out a number of privateers, one of the most successful of them being the steamer Sumter, Capt. Semraes, which ran the blockade of New Orleans on the last day of June. What can you state of the Sumter'' s doings ? The Sumter captured a number of vessels, and then, after being supplied with coal in the British port of Nassau, crossed the Atlantic, and entered the British harbor of Gribraltar. What hecame of her then ? Here slie was found by a United States gunboat, and watched. Finally, she was sold, and her crew went to England, where a faster steamer, the Alabama, was being constructed for the Confederates. What further can you say of Semmes? Semmes, in the Alabama, soon resumed his career of de- struction upon the seas, luring vessels, by hoisting the British flag, and then consigning his prizes to the flames. Wlie7i was Kansas admitted into the Union? In 1861. THE GEEAT REBELLION. 133 EVENTS OF 1862. Map Questions. "Where is CJairo ? (See map, p. 12S.) Columbus? Bowling Green? Fort Henry? Fort Donelsjn ? PeaEidge? New Madrid? Island No. 10? Memphis? Pitts- burg Landing? New Orleans? luka? Corinth? Munfordsville ? Cumberland Gap? (Map. p. 189.) Mill Spring? lioanoke Island? Newbern? Beaufort? Pwichmond? Winchester? York town? Williamsburg? James Eiver? Cedar Mountain? Antietam? Fredericksburg? Into what water does the Potomac flow? The James? Where is Fah- Oaks? (Map, p. 136.) Chantilly? (Map, p. 144.) Fort Pulaski? Ans. Near Savaimah. South Mountain? Ans. In Mary- land, near Harper^'s Ferry. Perryville ? Ans. In Kentucky, south of Frankfort. What was the state of things at the West at the beginning of 1862? From a point on the Mississippi, a few miles below Cairo, the ■whole river to its mouth was in possession of the Confederates, and great preparations were being made by both parties for its mastery. What other advantage did the Confederates possess ? The Confederates had also built a line of forts from the Missis- sippi to Cumberland Gap, the principal ones being at Columbus, Bowling Green, Mill Spring, and Forts Henry and Donelson. Which places first fell into the hands of the Unionists? On the 19th of January, 18G2, Gen. Thomas achieved a victory near Mill Spring, the enemy escaping across the Cumberland ; and, on the 6th of February, Admiral Foote, commanding a fleet of gunboats, reduced Fort Henry. Bowling Green was soon after abandoned. What important victory next occurred ? On the 16th of February, Gen. Grant, with the co-operation of the fleet, effected the important capture of Fort Douelsuu w^ith sixteen thousand prisoners. The enemy thereupon evacu- ated Columbus and Nashville. 134 THE GEEAT KEBELLION. WJiat meanwhile had taJ:en 2yiace eastward? A land and naval expedition, under Gen. Burnside and Cora. Goldsborough had meanwhile, February 8th, captured Roanoke Island. Newbern, Fort Pulaski, andBeaufort were also captured. WTiat two events occurred on the same day in March? On the 8th of March, Gen. Curtis, after three days' hard Sghting, defeated the Confederate Gen. Van Dorn at Pea Ridge ; and, on the same day, the ram Virginia destroyed the U. S. vessels Cumberland and Congress in Hampton Roads. What can you state of the j^revious history of the ram ? This vessel, the Virginia, was formerly the Merrimac, which had been sunk at Norfolk by the Union commander there at the beginning of the war. Give an account of the farther doings of the Virginia. On the following day, March 9th, the Virginia again entered Hampton Roads, but this time she was met by the floating bat- tery Monitor, which had arrived the previous night from New York. What was the result of the encounter ? The contest between the two vessels lasted several hours, when tlie Virginia, in a disabled condition, returned to Norfolk. Do you Inow of anything else that tooJc place in March? Early in March, McClellan ordered an advance toward Rich- mond, and on the 23d, Gen. Shields, commanding a detachment of G^n. Banks's division, gained a victory at Winchester. W?iat occurred in another direction ? The Union forces at the West, under Gen. Pope, were victo- rious on the 14th of the same month, taking New Madrid. Again they were victorious on the 7th of April, co-operating witii Foote's gunboat fleet in the capture of Island No. 10, with six thousand prisoners. What else was accomplished on the Mississippi? THE GKEAT REBELLION. 135 The gunboats descended the Mississippi, defeating the ene- my's fleet near Fort Pillovv^ on the rtlh of June. On the 6th, Com. Davis, Foote's successor, gained a victory over the ene- my's fleet at Memphis, the town in consequence falling into his hands. What occurred in the western part of Tennesfiee ? At Shiloh, near Pittsburg Landing, on the Tennessee, Grant's army was attacked on the 6th of April by Johnston's, and driven toward the river. Here, aided by gun-boats, it suc- ceeded in making a stand. Johnston was killed. What aftericard occurred f The arrival of reinforcements under Buell, enabled Grant to assume the offensive on the following day, and the enemy, commanded by Beauregard, were driven back. What forces and losses were sustained? The forces engaged in this battle, on both sides, numbered more than a hundred thousand men ; and the losses were severe, being not less than twenty thousand. What^ later in the month^ tooh place further south? In Louisiana the Union cause met with a success of great importance. This was the capture of New Orleans on the 25th April, How was the capture effected ? The Union fleet, commanded by Admiral Farragut and Com. Porter, ascended the Mississippi, bombarding and then running- past two forts. The city was reached, and Gen. Butler taking formal possession, placed it under martial law. What successes did the Unionists have in Mississippi ? At luka, September 19th, Gen. Rosecrans {roz -krants) dis- persed the Confederates under Price, and on the 4th of October he gained another victory at Corinth. What important operation tooh place in Yinjlnia ? 136 THE GREAT KEBELLION. In March, McClellan, with eighty-five thousand men, com- menced a movement toward Richmond. Compelling the enemy to retreat from Yorktown, after a mouth's siege, he gained a victory at Williamsburg, May 5th ; and then pushed on to within seven miles of the Confederate capital. What was tJie result of an ex])edition from Fortress Mon- roe? On the 10th of May, Gei.. Wool, proceeding from Fortress Monroe, took possession of Norfolk. This place the Confeder- ates had abandoned. They also, on the 11th, destroyed their iron-clad vessel Virginia. What resistance did McClellan meet with ? At Fair Oaks, McClellan's army was attacked on the 31st of May, the battle being resumed the following day. It was a bloody though indecisive con- test. Who commanded the Confederates at the time ? Johnston, the Confederate general-in-chief, commanded in this battle ; but, in consequence of a severe Vv'ound which he received. Gen. Lee became his successor. What was McClellan'' s next movement ? Believing that the force at his disposal was not sufficient to protect his lines, McClellan transferred his base of operations to the James river. . Did the Confederates attack him again ? While the transfer was in progress, the Confederates fell upon the Union troops, June 25th, and a series of destructive battles took place, lasting through seven days. What army changes took place ? THE GlifciAT liEBELLION. 137 Late iu June, the President ordered the forces of Fremont, Banks, and McDowell to be consolidated, and the command given to Gen. Pope. WTiat movement did Lee make? Lee soon began to menace Washington; but, at Cedar Mountain, August 9th, his advance under General Jackson, was unsuccessful in a conflict with Banks's division. Did Lee continue to move northward ? The Confederates, in full force, advanced, and from the 23d of August to the beginning of the following month the struggle between the two great armies was desperate. Can you give any account of the struggle ? In that part of the struggle known as the Second Battle of Bull Run, Pope was defeated. In its closing part, at Chantilly, though losing Stevens and Kearny, two of his best generals, he was more fortunate. What further progress did Lee malcef Lee, instead of marching to attack the fortifications of Wash- ington, crossed the Potomac into Maryland,where he was pursued by McClellan, who had been ordered from the James. What occurrences followed? At South Mountain, September 14th, the N'ational forces were victorious ; but this success was more than counterbalanced a few hours later by the loss of Harper's Ferry with its munitions of war and large garrison. How was Lee's advance at last effectually checked f On the 17th, the great battle of Antietam {cm-te -tarn) was fought. Lee was defeated, his loss in the battle and during the campaign being not less than twenty-five thousand men. lie Jit once made good his retreat to Virginia. Give the final history of McClellan'' s command. Afler remaining in Maryland till the latter part of October 138 THE GEEAT REBELLION. McOlellan crossed the Potomac, but in November was super- seded in the command by Burnside. What movement was then made f Led by their new commander, the army reached and crossed tlie Rappahannock, the design being to march against Eichmond by the route from Fredericksburg. Did Burnside effect anything ? Fredericksburg was taken, December 12th, but, after a disas- trous attempt to carry the works behind the city, the river was recrossed. What other events tooTc place during the year f The Confederates meanwhile were active in Tennessee and Kentucky. In two battles, one at Richmond, August 30th, and the other at Munfordsville, about a fortnight later, they wert successful ; but at Perryville, October 8th, they met with defeat and fled. When was West Virginia admitted into the Union f In 1862. EVENTS OF 1863. Map Questions. Where '.s Galveston? (See map, p. 123.) Murfreesboro ? Arkansas Post? Vicksburg ? Port Gibson ? Port Hudson ? Gettysburg ? (Map, p. 139.) Chick- amauga? Chattanooga? Knoxville? Into what river does the Eappahannoek fiow ? Where is Chancellorsville ? (Map, p. 144.) What was the first imjjortant event of 1863? On the 1st of January, 1863, President Lincoln issued his memorable proclamation, by which the slaves in the rebellious states not occupied by the National troops, were declared for- ever free. Vyliat other event tool: place at that time? On. the same day the Confederates took the city of Galveston, TilE GREAT liE.BELL102^. iLrntEvi f: tiLTAMANA R, \ \ V m^ 140 THE GKEAT KEBELLION. capturing, destroying, or dispe;sing the land and naval force there. What event was in progress at the same time? The close of 1862 witnessed a fierce struggle at Murfreesboro between the armies of Rosecrans and Bragg. At length, on the 2d of January, 1863, victory decided for the ISTational cause. Where^ further west, teas the Union cause also successful ? Nino days after, the Confederates lost Arkansas Post. It was taken by a land and naval force. Wliat changes in army commanders tooh place ? Burnside having, at his own request, been relieved of the command of the Army of the Potomac, was succeeded by Hooker. When did Hooher commence operations ? Toward the latter part of April, Hooker crossed the Rai)pa- hannock, and, encountering Lee on the 2d and 3d of May at Chancellorsville, sustained a loss of about eleven thousand men. He then recrossed the river. What movement was afterward made ? On the 9th of June, Lee, whose army numbered nearly a hundred thousand men, began a northward movement. Hooker followed the invaders into Maryland, where his command was transferred to Gen. Meade. What can you state of the dattle that tooh place ? At Gettysburg, on the 1st, 2d, and 3d of July, one of the most important conflicts of the war took place. Lee was finally de- feated, and, with his army reduced one-third, he made a rapid retreat. To what end were the operations at the West conducted ? It was the chief object of Gen. Grant, the commander of the Kational forces at the south-west, to open the Mississippi, his first point of attack being Vicksburg. THE GREAT EEBELLION. 141 Was he successful ? Near Port Gibson, May 1st, ho gained a decided victory. Others followed, and finally, on the 4:th of July, the Confederate commander, Pemberton, surrendered Vicksbnrg. Did the capture of VicTcshurg open the Mississippi ? The commander at Port Hudson, on learning the fiite of Yicks- burg, likewise surrendered ; and thus was the Mississippi opened. What further can you state in relation to fhe surrender J The surrender of this last place held by the enemy on the river was made to Banks, Butler's successor. The colored troops in Banks's army were commended for their bravery in the assaults which had been made on the place. What can you state of Rosecrans'^s operations ? After his victory at Murfreesboro, Eosecrans Iiad no impor- tant contest with the enemy until he was attacked by Bragg, near Chickamauga Creek, September 19th and 20th; and, but for the stand made by Thomas, would have been totally de- feated. What then tooh place f He then fell back to Chattanooga. The timely arrival of Hooker and Grant, the latter of whom took the command, ena- bled the Union army to gain a decided victory, November 24th and 25th ; and Bragg was driven back into Georgia. What events toolc place elseichere f At Knoxville, November 29th, Burnside repulsed Longstreet. In Missouri and Kansas, guerilla bands, co-operating with the regular insurgent forces, continued to plunder and destroy. What was done to increase the National forces f By virtue of authority vested in him, the President ordered a draft of three hundred thousand men to recruit the army. How was the order received ? An opposition to the measure was at one© excited, which 142 THE GREA.T KE3ELLT0N. culminated in a riot in the city of New York, coiiimencing July 13th, and lasting four days. What further account can you give of the riot f Before the outbreak was quelled, a number of buildings were sacked and burned, and the most fiendish acts were committed, particularly against the colored population. What can you state of the navy during the year? , The navy of the United States was employed in various service during the year, and was very active. The blockade of the Con- federate ports became so eflTective as to be fully respected by the nations of Europe. EYEJTTS OP 1864 Map Questions. Where is Shreveport ? (See map, p. 12S.) Fort Pillow ? Mobile Bay ? Fort Morgan? FortGuines? Nashville? Franklin? ^tja Near Nashville. Into what river does the Eed Eiver flow? The Eapidan ? (Map, p. 144.) "Where was the battle of the Wilderness fought? Where is Spottsylvania Court House? Atlan- ta? (Map, p. 128.) Monocacy? (Map, p. 139.) Fisher's Hill? Petersburg? Savannah ? Wilmington ? Columbia ? Whaticere the first important military events of 1864? Gen. Sherman, in February, 1864, made a successful expedi- tion into Mississippi ; but this success was more than counter- balanced by a defeat which the Union forces sustained ut Olustee, in Florida, on the 20th of the same month. Where did the Union troops again suffer disaster f An expedition against Shreveport, conducted by Banks with the co-operation of Porter's fleet, failed to accomplish its object. Give a further account in relation to the expedition. The losses were severe ; and the vessels, in consequence of a fall in the waters of the Ked River, were only saved from cap- ture or destruction by the greatest exertion. THE GEEAT PwEBELLION. 143 WJiat indirect misfortujie way he charged to tJie exjjedition ? The absence of troops to aid Banks emboldened the enemy to make a raid into Tennessee and Kentucky. Fort Pillow was carried b J assault; and three hundred of its defenders, mostly colored troops, were massacred. WJiat important military promotion was made ? The services which Gen. Grant had rendered the country, added to his peculiar fitness to command large armies, induced the President to name him for the position of Lieutenant-Gen- eral, and the nomination was confirmed by the Senate on the 3d of March. How was the wisdom of this act soon manifested ? Vast preparations were at once begun for two campaigns: one against Kichmond by the Army of the Potomac, and the other against Atlanta, conducted by Sherman. Give an account of Sherman'' s movements. Sherman, with an army of a hundred thousand men, advanced from Chattanooga early in May. His progress was disputed by Johnston, but in vain. He won battles, out-flanked his opponent, and by the middle of July reached the vicinity of Atlanta. What change in commanders then tools place ? Johnston's " retreating policy " being condemned by the Con federates, he was superseded in the command by Gen. Hood. What then followed ? Several resolute attacks were then made upon the Union lines, but in every case the enemy was repulsed, and finally Hood was compelled to evacuate Atlanta. By whom was the otlier large Union army commanded ? Though Meade commanded the Army of the Potomac, Grant was in the field, and planned its movements, as well as the iDovements of the other armies. When did Meade move^ and what soon followed ? lU THE GREAT REBELLION. nUMOLTTH - ^ ^^ °fKDERICKSBURS^ On the 4th of May, Meade crossed the Rapidau. On the fol- lowing day, he enconntered Lee in a contest, known as the battle of the Wilderness. The slaughter was terrible. At length, on the 7th, the enemy fell back. What further conjiicts toolc. place ? Near Spottsylvania Conrt House, Lee made a stand, and here, during six days, some of the severest fighting of the war took place. The result was again to the advantage of the National arms. What did the Confederates accomplish on the sea f The enemy, by means of English-built privateers, sailing under the Confederate flag, succeeded in pillaging and destroy- ing a large number of American merchantmen. What icas the fate of the Alabama? The most noted of these privateers was the Alabama. This vessel was at last met, June 19th, by the Kearsarge, and, after a short contest, sunk. What invasion itas made hy Gen. Early ? Early, commanding a large detachment of Lee's army, invaded Maryland in July, defeated a Union force at Monocacy {mo-noc- ah-se)^ and then recrossed the Potomac, loaded with plunder. A similar invasion was made soon after. Was anything done to oppose the invaders ? Gen. Sheridan, succeeding Generals Sigel (see'-^^Z) and Hunter gained a complete victory near Winchester, September 19th, and a second, three days after, at Fisher's Hill. "^^ hat further did Sheridan accomplish ? On the 19th of October, he was again victorious, routing tho enemy, who made no other attempt to invade the North by way of tho Shenandoah Valley. THE GREAT KEBELLION. 145 WTiat advance had heen made against Lee ? Butler, co-operating with the Army of the Potomac, seciirod a position on the south side of the James, and thus favored a movement by which the army was transferred to that side of the river. What tooh place near Petersburg ? Petersburg was at once besieged. On the 30th of July a mine was exploded under one of the enemy's forts, but the assault which followed through the gap thus made, was a disastrous failure. How is FarraguVs success in MoMle Bay spoJren of? Of all the achievements of the army or navy of the United States during the war, none were more brilliant than that of Admiral Farragut in Mobile Bay, on the 5th of August. What was his achievement ? He succeeded in passing Forts Morgan and Gaines at the en- trance of the bay, and then gaining a complete victory over the enemy's fleet. The two forts were afterward, captured. What had Sherman been doing meanwhile ? Leaving Thomas in Tennessee to watch Hood, Sherman de- stroyed Atlanta, and, on the 15th of November, commenced his memorable march to the sea-coast. Give an account of his progress. Advancing through Georgia and living upon the country, ho occupied the state capital 'and other large towns ; carried Fort McAllister by assault; and, on the morning of the 21st of De- cember, entered the city of Savannah. How fared it with Thomas during this time? At Franklin, November 30th, a battle took place between the forces of Hood and Thomas, when the Union troops fell back to Nashville. What followed ? 14:6 TFTE GTREIT KEBELLTON. Hood formed a plan to dislodge his opponent, but, before he could put it into execution, Thomas attacked hira, December 15th and 16th, and routed him with very great loss. WTien was Nevada admitted into the Union? In 1864. EVENTS OF 1865. Where did the operations of 1865 legin ? The active operations of 1865 began with the reduction i Fort Fisher, the main defence of "Wilmington. By whom was the reduction achieved ? This was accomplished on the 15th of January, bv a fo ce tinder Gen. Terry, aided by Porter's fleet. Had any previous attempt 'been made to reduce the fort f About a month before, Butler had made a demonstration against the fort, but deeming the works too strong to be cariied by his force, returned to Fortress Monroe. When did Sherman move from SavannaJi? By the 1st of February, 1865, Sherman's army was again In motion; and his capture of Columbia, on the ITth, compelled the Confederates to evacuate Charleston. What further can you state of his progress? Marching through the Carolinas, he encountered and defeated Hardee on the 16th of March, and Johnston four days later. What occurred towa/rd the close of the month ? On the 29th of March the final movement of the National forces, which had gathered around Richmond, commenced, and after ten days' marching and fighting, the campaign was ended. What was accomplished during the time ? On the 3d of April, both Petersburg and Richmond were occu- pied by the nation's victorious troops. The retreating enemy were THE GKKAT KEEELLIOK. 147 liotly pnrsnod by Sheridan, and, on the 9th of April, Lee sur- roiulered to Grant. What is said of siibsequent events ? From this period the history of the war is but a record of National successes in the surrender of the several remaining Confederate commanders. How were tJie peopWs rejoicings turned into sorrow f In less than a week after Lee's surrender, President Lincoln was assassinated by a desperado acting in sympathy with the Confederate cause. He died on the following morning, April 15th. Who tlien 'became President? The Vice-President, Andrew Johnson of Tennessee, thereupon became President, retaining the cabinet of his predecessor. What was the fate of the person who shot Mr. Lincoln? The assassin of the lamented President eluded pursuit until llie 26th, when, having been tracked to his hiding-place and refusing to surrender, he was shot. What important measures icere talcen ty the new President ? President Johnson soon removed restrictions on commerce in the South, following up the work of "reconstructing the Union," by addressing a proclamation of amnesty to the people theru WJiat can you state of Davis? Jefferson Davis, after abandoning Eichmond, fled to Georgia, where he was captured. He was then put in confinement at Portress Monroe. What can you state of the abolition of slavery? A resolution of Congress, proposing the abolition of slavery, having been approved by three-fourths of the states, slavery was declared constitutionally abolished on the 18th of December. 148 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. CIIKONOLOGICAL TABLE OF IMPORTANT EVENTS RELATING TO THE HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES. 1492. America discovered. — 1497. Labrador discovered. — 1512. Florida discovered.— 1520. Carolina visited by De Ayllon. — 1524. Coast of North America explored by Verrazani. — 1528. Narvaez undertook to conquer Florida. — 1541. Mii^sissippi Eiver discovered. — 1562. Colony of Huguenots settled at Port Royal entrance. — 1565. St. Augustine founded. — 15S5. First attempt to form a settlement at Roanoke. — 1602. Cape Cod discovered.— 1607. Jamestown settled. — 1609. Hudson River discovered. — 1614. New York settled.— 1620. Massachusetts settled.— 1621. Treaty made with Mus- sasoit.— 1623. New Hampshire settled. — 1633. Connecticut settled.— 1634. Maryland settUd.— 1636. Rhode Island settled.— 1637. Pequod War.— 1638. Delaware settled. — 1643. Union of New England colonies. — 1645. Clayborne's Rebellion. — 1650. North Carolina settled.— 1651. The "Navi- gation Act" passed. — 1664. New Jersey settled. — 1670. South Carolina settled. — 1675. King Philip's War commenced. — 1676. "Bacon's Rebel- lion."— 1682. Pennsylvania settled.— 1689. King William's War com- menced. — 1690. Port Royal captured by the English. — 1697. King Wil- liam's War terminated. — 1702. Queen Anne's War commenced. — 1710. Port Rvoyal captured by the English. — 1713. Queen Anne's War terminated. — 1732. Washington born. — 1733. Georgia settled. — 1741. "The Negro Plot" in New York. — 1744. King George's War commenced. — 1745. Louis- burg captured by the English. — 174S. King George's War terminated.^ 1754. Battle of the Great Meadows, Battle of Fort Necessity.— 1755 French expelled from Nova Scotia, Braddock and Dieskau defeated.— 1756. Oswego captured by the French. — 1757. Fort William Henry surren- dered to Montcalm. — 1758. Abercrombie defeated at Ticonderoga, Louis- burg taken by Amherst, Fort Frontenac surrendered to Bradstreet. — 1759. Ticonderoga and Crown Point abandoned by the French, Niagara surren dered to the English, Battle of Montmorenci, Battle of the Plains of Abra- ham, Quebec surrendered to the English. — 1760. Battle for the recovery of Quebec, Canada surrendered to the English. — 1763. Peace established between Great Britain and France. — 1765. Stamp Act passed, Colonial Congress met at New Y^'ork. — 1766. Stamp Act repealed. — 1767. Bill im- posing duties on glass, paper, enin- sulu, The President calls for tlu-ec hundred thousand troops, Battle of Cedar Mouu- 152 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. tain, Pope's battles between Manassas and ■Wasliingtou, Battle of Ilichmoiid (Ky.), Lee's inyasion of Maryland, Battle of South Mountain, Harper's Ferry surrendered, Battle of Antietam, of Munforflsville, of luka, of Corinth, of Perryville, of Fred- ericksburg. 18(j3. Emancipation Proclamation issued, Battle of Murfreesboro, of Arkansas Post, of Port Gibson, of Chancellorsvllle, Lee's second invasion of Maryland West Virginia adnnitted. Battle of Gettysburg, Vi -ksburg and Port Hudson surrendered to the Unionists, Ptiot in New York City, Battle of Chickamauga, of Chattanooga, of Knoxville. 18&i. Battle of Olustee, Grant made Lieutenant-General, Expedition ngainst Shreveport, Battle of Fort Pillow, of the Wilderness, of Spottsylvania Court-House Battle between the Kearsarge and Alabama, Early's invasion of Maryland, Battle of Monocacy, Sherman's campaign against Atlanta and to the sea-coast, Meade's against Eichmond, CFnion success in Mobile Bay, Nevada admitted. Battle of Franklin, of Nashville, Savannah surrendered to the Unionists. 1365. Fort Fisher, Columbia, Charleston, Wilmington, Petersburg, siid V.:<:h- nioud captured, Surrender of Lee, President Lincoln assassir.ati^d. Aiuhvw Johi.^oii Inaugurated, Jefferson Davis captured, Slavery declared abolisibcd PRKSIIJENTS. SETTLEMENT OF STATES. 153 rPwESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES NO. PKESIDgMTS. OF WHAT STATE. INjiUGURATED. TICr.-PKSSIDEMS. John Adams. Thomas Jefferson. Aaron Burr. George Clinton. George Clinton. Kibridge Garry. Daniel I). Tompkins. John C. Calhoun. John C. Calhoun. .Martin Van Buren. Richard M. Johnson. John Tyler. George M. Dallas. Millard Fillmore. William R King. John ('. Breckinridge. Hannibal Hamlin. Andrew Johnson. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. (Jeorge Washington.. Virgii.ia Massachusetts. . Virginia April 30, 1789 March 4 1797 Thomas Jefiferson James Madison James Monroe John Q. Adams Andrew Jackson Martin Van Bnren . . . William H. Harrison. March 4, 1801 . . . March 4, 1809... March 4 181? ... :| Virginia Virginia Massachusetts. . Tennessee New York March 4, 1829... March 4 1837 . ■\ Virginia ....... Tennessee Louisiiina New York N. Hampshire . Pennsylvania.. Illinois James K. Polk Zachiiry Ta.vlor .Millard Fillmore Franklin Pierce James Buchanan Abraham Lincoln AudreTT Johnson March 5, 1849 Jniy 10 1850 March 4, 1853 March 4, 1861... April 15. 1S65 i Tennessee SETTLEMENT AND ADMISSION OP THE STATES. Virginia New York Massachusetts . , New Hampahiro Connecticut Maryland Rhode Island . . . Delaware North Carolina. New Jersey South C/arolina. . Pennsylvania . . . Georgia Vermont Kentucky Tennessee Ohio Ijouisiana Indiana Mississippi Illinois , Alabama Maine Missouri , Arkansas , Michigan , Florida Texas Iowa Wisconsin (California Minnesota Oregon . Kansas West Virginia ., Nevada When. 1607 1614 1620 1623 1633 1634 1636 1638 1650 1664 1670 1682 173:5 1724 1775 1757 1788 1699 1730 1716 1J20 1711 16:'5 1764 lGr'5 1670 15(i5 1692 lS:-i3 1669 1769 1845 1811 Where. Jamestown New York Plymouth Liitle Harbor Windsor St. Mary's Providence Wilmington Chowan River Elizabeth Ashley River. . . . , Philadelphia Savannah Fort Dumraer. . .. Boonesboro Fort Loudon , Marietta Iberville Vincennes Natchez Kaskaskia Mobile Bristol St. Louis Arkansas Post Detroit St. Augustine S. A. I)e Bexar .. Burlington Green Bay San Diego St. Paul Astoria By Whom. Knglish Dutch Knglish Knglish Ki'glish Engli..h English Swedes English Dutch English English English English English English English French French French French French French French French French Spaniards .... Spaniards .. . . English French Spaniards .. .. Americans Americans.. .. Americans English Americans Hi* Eh* 1791 1792 1796 1802 1812 1816 1817 1818 1619 1820 1821 1&X6 1^.37 1845 1845 1846 1848 1850 1858 1859 1861 1863 1864 THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. A Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America^ in Congress assembled, July ith, 1776. When, in tlio course of human events, it becomes neces- sary for one people to dissolve the political bpuds which have connected them with another, and to ass irae, among the powers of the earth, the separate and eq\al station to which the laws of nature and of nature's Go . entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of manki .d requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. AVe hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights ; that among these, are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that, whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happi- ness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established, should not be changed for light and transient causes ; and, accordingly, all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are snffer- able, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms , * which they are accustomed. But, when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it 4 DECLARATIOI^ OF INDEPENDENCE. is their right, it is their duty, to throw oflF such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufterance of these colonies, and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their for- mer systems of government. The history of the present king of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usur nations, all having, in direct object, the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these states. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world : — He has refused his assent to laws the most Vv'holesome and 4. tcessary for the public good. He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their opera- tion till his assont should be obtained ; and, when so sus- pended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts o' people, unless those people would relin- quish the right of lepresentation in the legislature ; a right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their pub- lic records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into com- p.liance with his measures. He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for op- posing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected ; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise ; the state remaining, in the mean time, exposed to all the danger of invasion from without, and convulsions within. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these states ; for that purpose, obstructing the laws for naturaliza- tion of foreigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage their '^ration hither, and raising the conditions of new appro- priations of lands. He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refus- ing his assent to 1/ ' f ( " estabhshing judiciary powers. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 5 He hns made judges dependent on his will alono, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of then- sal arias. He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance. He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without the consent of our legislature. He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to, the civil power. He has combined, with others, to subject us to a jurisdic- tion foreign to our constitution, and unacknov.'ledged by our laws ; giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation • For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment,' for any murders which they should commit on the inhabi- tants of these states: For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world : For imposing taxes on us without our consent : For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury : For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offences : For abolishing the free system of English laws in a, neigh- boring province, establishing therein an arbitrary govern- ment, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same ab- solute rule into these colonies : For taking away our charters, abolishing our most val- uable laws, and altering, fundamentally, the powers of our governments : For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring them selves invested with power to legislate for us in all case* whatsoever. He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection, and waging war against us. He has plundered our seas, ravaged orr coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign 6 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. mercenaries to complete the works of death, desoJation, and tyranny, ah'eady begnn, with circumstances of cruelty and {icrfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. lie has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, to bear arms against their countr}'', to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction, of all ages, sexes, and condi- tions. In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned for redress, in the most humble terms ; our repeated peti- tions have been answered only by repeated injury. A prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts made by their legislature to extend an unwarrant- able jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the cii'cumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably inter- rupt our connections and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. Wc must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of man- kind, enemies in war, in peace, friends. We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, in general Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our inten- tions, do, in the name, and by the authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, that these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states ; that they are absolved from all allegi- ance to the British crown, and that all political connectioi. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 7 between them and the state of Great Britain, is, and onglit to be, totally dissolved; and that, as free and independent states, they have full powder to levy war, conclude peace, con- tract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent states may of right do. And, for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other, our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. The foregoing declaration was, by order of Congress, en- grossed, and signed by the following members : JOHN HANCOCK. Neio Hampshire. Josiah Bartlett, William Whipple, Matthew Thornton. Massachusetts Bay, Samuel Adams, John Adams, Robert Treat Paine, Klbridge Gerry. Rhode Island. Stephen Hopkins, William Ellery. Connecticut Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, William Williams, Oliver Wolcott. New York. William Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis Morris. New Jersey. Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkinson, John Hart, Abraham Clark. Pennsylvania. Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John Morton, George Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, George Ross. Delaware. Csesar Rodney, George Read, Thomas M'Kean. Maryland. Samuel Chase, William Faca, Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll, of Car rollton. Virginia. George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jeftersoii, Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, jun., Francis Lighttbot Lee, Carter Braxton. North Carolina. William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn. Sotdh Carolina. Edward Rutledge, Thomas Heyward, jois,; Thomas Lynch, jun., Arthur Middleton. Georgia. Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1. UxnEii what kind of government were the American colonies bef(M-3 ill./ liovolutiun? Jus. The American colonies, prior to the Ecvoiution, were ruled by colonial government. 2. What forms of colonial govern- ment were there ? Ans. There were three forms of colonial government the Provincial or Koyal government, the Proprietary government, and the Charter government. 3. What was the Provincial government? Ans. The Provincial government was that which was under the con- trol of a governor, who, appointed by the king, ruled accoi'ding to in- structions" from his royal master. 4. Which of the colonies were under Provincial government? An-s. The colonies under Provincial govern- ment were New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, North Car- olina, South Carolina, and Georgia. 5. What was the Proprietary gov- ernment? Ajis. Tlie Proprietary governm.ent was that which was under the control of one or more proprietors, by authority of a grant and privi- leges conferred by the king. 6. Which of the colonies were under Pro- prietary government? 4ns. The colonies under Proprietary govern- ment were Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland. 7. What was tLe Charter government? Ans. The Charter government was that wherein certain political rights were secured to the people by royal charter. 8. Which of the colonies were under Charter government? Ans. The colonies under Charter government were Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Con- necticut. 9. When did the colonies throw off their colonial form of govern- ment? Ans. In 1776, upon the recommendation of Congress, most of the colonies declared their political connection with Great Britain at an end, and proceeded to adopt state constitutions. 10. When did the states unite under one government? Ans. The Articles of Confederation, unit- ing the thirteen states under one general government, were adopted by Conoress in 1777 ; but, in consequence of delay on the part of the sever- al sfates to ratify, the Confederation was not complete till_1781._ 11. How long did the Confederation exist? Ans. The Confederation existed from the ratification of the Articles, in 1781, to the time when the Con stitution went into effect, on the 4th of March, 1789 CONSTITUTION" OF THE UNITED STATES. 9 PREAMBLE. We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tran- quillity, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to our- selves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. ARTICLE L THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. SECTION I. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Sen- ate and House of Representatives. SECTION II. 1st Clause. Tlie House of Representatives shall be com posed of members chosen every second year by the peopk of the several states, and the electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the the state legislature. Preamble. — 12. What is the introductory part of the Constitution called ? 15. What is the object of the preamble? Ans, The object of the preamble is to state the purposes of the Constitution. 14. How many and what purposes are stated in the preamble ? 15. By whom was the Constitu- tion ordained and established? 16. Recite the preamble. 17. How many and what departments of government are established under the Consti- tution ? Ans. The Constitution establishes three great departments of government : the legislative, the judicial, and the executive. 18. What is the legislative department ? Ans. The legislative department is the pow- er that enacts the laws. 19. What is the executive department? Ans. The executive department is the power that enforces the laws. 20. What is the judicial department ? Ans. The judicial department is the power that interprets the laws. ARTICLE L THE LEQISLATIVB DEPARTMENT. Sec. 1. — 21. Of what does Article first of the Constitution treat? 22. In whom is the legislative power vested? 23. Of how many and what branches does Congress consist ? Sec. II. — 1st Clatise. — 24. By r bom are the representatives chosen ? 25. How often are they chosen? 26. What qualitications are requisite for electors of representatives? 27. What is an elector? Ans, An elec- tor is one who hm the right to vote in chcDsiuii, an officer. 10 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. Id Clause. No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been ^even years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state in which he shall be chosen. 3c? Clause. Representatives and direct taxes shall be ap- portioned among the several states which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fiftlis of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made with- in three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of teii years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but^ach state shall have at least one repre- sentative ; and until such enumeration shall be made, th.e Ktate of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Khode Island and Providence Planta- tions one, Connecticut five. New York six. New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five. South Carolina five, and Georgia three. Ath Clause. AYhen vacancies happen in the representation M Clause. — 28. How old must a person be before he can be a represent- ative? 29. How lonw must he have been a citizen of the United States? &0. What is the requisite in regard to his habitation V 31. Now name the three qualifications requisite for a representative. Zd Ch.use. — 32. How are representatives and direct taxes apportioned among the states? 83. How are the respective numbers of the representative population of the several states to be determined ? 34. What provision is made in re- gard to Indians? 35. What is meant by "all other persons?" Ans. By *' all other persons" are meant slaves. 36. When was the first census or enumeration to be made ? 37. How often thereafter is the census to be made? 38. How many inhabitants at .feast are required for one repre- sentative ? 39. If a state should not have that number, what is the law ? 40. Was the first representation in Congress based upon the actual pop- ulation of the several states? 41. Which state at first sent the greatest number of representatives ? 42. Which two states sent the smallest num- ber? 43. Of how many members did the first House of Representatives i»nsist? 44. Of how many does the present House consist? Anft. *-:s. A:th Clavse, — 45. H-^'^f are vacancies in the representation of a state tr ">? filled ? CON'STTTUTION" OF THE UNITED STATE6. H from anv state, the executive authority thereof shall issnc writs of election to fill such vacancies. bth Clause. The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other officers ; and shall have the sole power of impeachment. SECTION III. 1st Clause. The Senate of the United States shall be coin- posed of two senators from each state, chosen by the legis- lature thereof, for six years ; and each senator shall have one vote. 2d Clause. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the sena- tors of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of any state, the execu- tive thereof may make temporary ap|)ointments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. hth Clause. — 46. By whom is the speaker of the House of Representa- tives chosen ? 47. By whom are the other officers of the House chosen ? 4.8. What sole power has the House? 49. What is meant by impeach- ment? Ans. An impeachment i:> an accusation against a public officer, charging him with misconduct in the discharge of his official duties. Skc. III. — ist Clause. — 50. Of whom is the'Senate composed? 51. By whom are the senators chosen? 52. For how long a period are they cho- sen? 53. How does the mode of electing a senator dittbr from that of a representative? Ans. A senator of the United States is chosen by the legislature of his state ; a representative is chosen by the people. 54, How do their terms of office differ? A./is. A senator is chosen for six years ; a representative for only two. 55. How many votes is each sen- ator entitled to? 56. Have the large states any more senators than the small ou'^js? 2d Clause. — 57. Into how many classes were the senators at first divided? 58. In what order were their seats of office vacated? 59. What proportion of the Senate is elected every 2d year? 60. How often is one-third elected? 61. When may the executive of a state fill a vacancy in the Senate? 62. For how long a time does a senator so ap{)ointed hold his office? 63. How is the vacancy then filled? 64. Now state ho^ vacancies in the Senate are tilled. 12 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 3c? Clause. No person shall be a senator who shaL n>)t have attained to the age of-thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which he shall be chosen. 4//i Clause. The vice-president of the United States shall be president of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. bth Clause. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president pro tempore, in the absence of the vice- president, or when he shall exercise the office of president of the United States. Qth Clause. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall all be on oath or affirmation. When the president of the United States is tried, the chief-justice shall preside : and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. 1th Clause. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualifica- tion to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit under the United States; but the party convicted shall nev- ertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judg- ment and punishment, according to law. M Giuuse. — 65. How old must a person be before he can be a senator? 66. How long roust he have been a citizen of the United States? 67. What is required of him in regard to residence? 68. Now name the three requisites for a senator. 69. How do they differ from those of a representative? (See page 11.) Uh Clause. — 70. Who is president of the Senate? 71. When only is he entitled to vote? bth Clause. — 72. What officers are chosen by the Senate ? 73. What is meant by a " president pro tempore ?" Ans. A " president pro tempore " is one chosen only for the time being. 74. When does the Senate choose a "president pro tem- pore?" Uh Clause. — 75. What sole power has the Senate? 76. What sole power has the House? (Seepage 10.) 77. Under what solemnity does the Senate sit for the trial of impeachment? 78. When does the chief-justice preside in the Senate? 7y. Who presides when the presi- dent of the United States is tried ? 80. What proportion of the Senate is necessary to a conviction? ^th Clause. — 81. How far may judgment ex- tend in cases of impeachment? S2. To what is the convictedpaity fuj« ther liable ? CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 13 SECTION IV. 1st Clause. The times, places and manner of liokling elec- tions for senators and representatives, shall be prescribed in each state by the legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing senators. 2d Clause. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. SECTION V. 1st Clause. Each house shall be the judge of the elections returns and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business ; but & smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may b( authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, ii such manner, and under such penalties as each hoiise ma} provide. 2d Clause. Each house may determine the rules of its pro ceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. 8d Clause. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceed- ings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house on any ques- tion, shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be en- tered on the journal. Sec. IY. — 1-st Clause. — 83. What is prescribed by each state lep;islature in regard to elections for senators and representatives? 84. What power has Congress over such reguhitions? 2d CUmse. — 85. How often does Congress assemble ? 8ti. ()u what day is it prescribed that the meeting shall take place? 87. May a different day be appointed ? 88. How? Skc. V. — \st Clause. — 89. Of what is each house constituted the judge: 90. What proportion constitutes a quorum ? 91. What is meant by a quorum? Ans. By a quorum is meant a sufficient number to do busi ness. 92. What power do a smaller number possess, as regards ad iouruing? 93. What else may they do, as regards absentees? ^d Chus 9i. What power has each hoiise, over the rules of its proceedings? 9; What power does each house possess for enforcing its rules? 2>d Cl.uusi. 96. What is required of each house, in respect to keeping a journal ? 97 How is publicity given to the proceedings of Congress ? 98. What part (it its journal may either house withhold from publication ? 14 COIsSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. Ath Clause Neither bouse, during tlie session of Congress sliall, witliont the consent of the other, adjonrn for ir.ore tlian three days, nor to any other place than that in vviriciJ the two houses shall be sitting. SECTION VI. \st Clause. The senators and representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall, in all cases, except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to and returnina; from the same ; and for any speech or debate in either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place. 2d Clause. No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil of- fice under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time ; and no person holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office. SECTION VII. \st Clause. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in 99. When sluill the yeas aucl nays be entered on the journal V 4th cL use.— 100. For what' length of time may either house adjourn without the consent of the other? loi. How 's each house restricted as regards the place to which it may adjourn ? Skc. Yh— 1st Clause.— 102. Are Members of Congress compensated foi their services? 103. How is the compensation determined? 104. Arc members of Congres.s paid bv their states, respectively, or by the generiil government? Ans. The senators and representatives in Congress are not compensated for their services by the individual states, but by the general government, out of the treasury of the United States. 105. What pers(!nal privileges are members of Congress entitled to? lOG. What are the three exceptions to the general privilege that tha Consutu- ti')n allows to Congressmen? 107. In what does treason consist? (See pasre 30.) 108. What is felony? Ans. A felony is understood to mean a crime punishable with death."^ lO'J. What is ineant by a breach of the peace? Ans. " A breach of the peace is a violation of the public order. 1 10. For what are members of Congress not to be questioned i 2d Clause. n 1. To what offices cannot members of Congress be elected? 112. Siij)- poae that a person holds an office under the United States, what then ? C02s^STITUTIC N OF THE UNITED STATES. 1''^ the House of Kepresentatives ; but the Senate mar propose or concur with auiendments as on other bills. 2d Claxse. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the president of the United States ; if he approve lie shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his objections to that house in which it shall have orig- inated, who shall enter the o.bjections at large on their jour- nal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsider- ation two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if ap- proved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be de- termined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the president within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a. law\ Sec. VII. — \st Clause. — 113. lu which branch of Conj^rcss must all bills for raising revenue originate ? 114. What power has the Senate over such bills'? 2d Clause. — 115. After a bill has passed both houses of Con- gress, what must be done with it ? 116. What must the president do with the bill? 117. What is the president's act of objecting to a bill called? Ans. The president's act of returning a bill with his objections, is called a veto. 118. Why was the veto power given to the president ? Ans. The veto power was given to the president to enable him to protect the exec- utive department of the government against the encroachments of the legislature ; also with a view to greater security against the enactment of improper laws. 119. When the president vetoes a bill, what is the duty of the house to which it is sent? 120. When is the bill sent to the otiier house? 121. What accompanies the bill to the other house ? 122. Then what does that other house do with the bill? 123. If two-thirds npjn-ove of the bill, what then? 124. Now state how a bill may become a law, notwithstanding the veto of the president ? 125. When the two nouses reconsider a vetoed bill, how do they dettrmiue the votes? 126, Wliat record cf names is imperative? 127. State how a bill may become «. l.uv, even though the president has neither signed nor vetoed it. 128. Id what case does a bill fail to become a law, though it has passed *i »h houses of Congress, and is not vetoed? 16 CONSTITUTION OF THE tlNITED STATES. dd Clause. Every order, resolution, or vote to wliicli tlio concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to the president of the United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. SECTION VIII. The Congress shall liave pov^er 1st Clause. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defence and general welfare of the United States ; but all duties, im- posts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States ; 2d Clause. To borrow money on the credit of the United States; 3(i Clause. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes ; 4th Clause. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, 2,d Clause. — 129. What is necessary to be done with orders, resolutions, and votes, requiring the concurrence of both houses before they can take ell'ect? 130. What is the object of the provision ? Ans. If it were nut for the provision Congress might pass laws, calling them orders or resolu- tions, and thus evade the president's veto. 131. When the president ve- toes an order, resolution, or vote, what course does it take? 132. In what case, requiring the concurrent action of both houses, has the president no veto power ? Sec. VIIL— Is^ Clavse. — 133. What power has Congress in regard to taxes, duties, imposts and excises? 134. What are taxes? Avs. Taxes are contributions of money exacted by government from individuals, for public purposes. 135. How many kinds of taxes are there? Ans. Theie are two kinds of taxes ; direct and indirect. 136. What are direct taxes? Ans. Direct taxes are those laid directly on the person or property of in- dividuals. 137. What are indirect taxes ? Ans. Indirect taxes are those laid on the importation, exportation, and consumption of goods. 138. What are duties? Ans. Duties are taxes on the importation or exporta- tion of goods. 139. What are imposts ? Ans. Imposts are taxes on goods imported. 140. W^hat are excises ? Ans. Excises are taxes on goods produced or manufactured in the country. 2d Clause. — 141. What power has Congress in regard to borrowing money? Zd Clause. — 142. What in regard to regulating commerce? 4^A Clause. — 143. What in regard to a rule of naturalization ? CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 1 7 and iwiform laws on the subject of bankruptcies tlirongliout United States; 5th Clause. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures ; Qth Clause. To provide for the punishment of counter- feiting the securities and current coin of the United States *, *Jth Clause. To establish post-offices and post-roads ; ^th Clause. To promote the progress of science and use- ful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inven- tors the exclusive right to their respective writings and dis- coveries ; 'dth Clause. To constitute tribunals inferior to the su- preme court; \{)th Clause. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and ojffences against the law of nations; 144. What is meant by naturalization ? Arts. Naturalization means the act by which a foreigner becomes a citizen of the United States. 145. Huw' long must a person reside in the United States before he can be naturalized ? Ans. A foreigner is required to reside at least five years in the United States before he can be naturalized. 146. What power has Congress in regard to bankruptcies? 147. What is meant by bankrupt- cies V Ans. A person is a bankrupt when he is unable to pay his just debts, bth Clavse. — 148. What power has Congress in regard to coining money? 149. What, in regard to the value of money? 150. What, in regard to foreign coins ? 151. What, in regard to weights and measures ? Uk Clause. — 152. What power has Congress in regard to counterfeiting ? 1th Clause. — 153. What, in regard to post-offices and post-roads? 8^A Cl.iuse. — 154. In what way may Congress promote the progress of sci- ence and arts ? 155. For how long a time is the author of a book entitled to the exclusive right of publishing it ? Ans. The author of a book is entitled to the exclusive right of publishing it, for the term of twenty- eight years. 156. What is the right called ? Ans. The exclusive right to publish a book is termed a copyright. 157. May a copyright be re- newed ? Ans. At the expiration of the twenty-eight years, tne copyright may be renewed for the further period of fourteen years. 158. For how long a time is the inventor of a machine entitled to the exclusive right of manufacturing it ? Ans. The inventor of a machine is entitled to the ex- clusive right of manufacturing it, for a term of fourteen years. 159 What is the right called ? Ans. The exclusive right to manufacture a machine is termed a patent right. 160. Can a patent right be extended ' Ans. The commissioner of patents is authorized at the end of the four- teen years, to extend the patent right, for the further period of seven years. 9^A Clause. — 161. What power has Congress in regard to judicial tribunals ? lO^A Clause. — 162. What, in regard to piracies, felonies, etc. • 13 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. [\fJt Clause. To declare war, grant letters of marqne an-i reprisal, aud make rules concerning captures on land and water ; ]2ih Clause. To raise and support armies, but no appro- priation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years ; 13/A Clause. To provide and maintain a navy ; \4th Clause. To make rules for the government and regu- lation of the land and naval forces ; 15^/i Clause. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions ; IQth Clause. To provide for organizing, arming, and dis- ciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the states respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress; 11th Clause. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular states, and the ac- ir. 3. What is piracy? ^?<5. Piracy is robbery on the high seas. 164. What is meant by the term " high seas?" A7is. The "high seas" are all the waters of tlie ocean beyond the boundaries of low-watermark, lltk (]UiuM. — ] (i5. What power" has Congress in regard to declaring war ? 1(36- What in regard to " letters of marque and reprisal?" 167. What are letters of marque and reprisal ?" Ana. " Letters of marque and reprisal" sire commissions granted by the government to individuals, authorizing them to seize the persons and property of the citizens or subjects of a na- tion that refuses to make satisfaction for some injury which it has com- mitted. 168. What power has Congress in regard to rules concerning captures? \'Uh CUmse,—Wd. What power has Congress in regard to armies? 17ft. In what way is such power restricted ? lUli Clause.— 171. What power has Congress in regard to a navy ? Uth Clause. — 172. What power in regard to the government of the land and naval forces ? li'dJi Clause.— VJZ. What power, in regard to calling forth the militia, etc.? VMh Clause. — 174. What power, in regard to organizing armies, and dis- ciplining the militia ? 175. What in regard to governing the militia? 176. What reservations are secured to the respective states? Tith Cluw^e. — 177. What power has Congress in regard to the seat of government, and to places purchased for certain pur])Oses set fortli ? l78. What is the disti-ict occupied by the seat of government called ? Anf. Tiie dis- trict occupied by the seat of the national government, is named The DU ij'vH, of Colunibij.. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 19 ceptar.cc of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful build- ings ; — and I8th Clause. To make all laws which shall be necessary and propel- for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof. SECTION IX. 1st Clause. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the states now existing shall think proper to ad- mit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eiglit hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. 2d Clause. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus^ shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion o< invasion the public safety may require it. 171). How large was the District of Columbia originally? Ans. Tlie District of Columbia was originall}^ a tract ten miles square. ISO. From what states had it been derived? Ans. It had been derived by cession, from the states of Maiyland and Virginia. 181. Is the District of Colum- bia at present ten mile's square? Ans. The portion which had been de- rived from Virginia, having been ceded back to that state in ls4ij, tlie District of Columbia is now confined to the Maryland side of the Poto- mac. 182. What consent is requisite before tlie United States can acquire pi operty in a state, for the erection of forts, magazines, etc. ? iSth Claiis( — I'^S. What general powers are conferred upon Congress in regard to mailing laws? Sec. IX. — Ist'Cluuse. — 184. What restriction was imposed upon Con- cress, in regard to the migration or importation of certain persons? 185. Who were meant by " such persons ?" Ans. By " such persons" were meant slaves. 186. What was the great object oi'the clause? Ans. The great object of the clause v/as to enable Congress to j)ut au end to th(» importation of slaves into the United States, after the year 1808. 187. In what way was Congress left to restrain the importation, without actually forbidding it? 188. When was the importation actually prohibited? Ans On the 1st of January, 1808, an act of Congress went into etiect, prohibit i!)g the importation of slaves. 2cZ Clause. — 189. What is said oi'the writ -li liaheas conns? 20 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 3d Clause. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law sLall be passed. 4th Clause. No capitation, or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration here- in before directed to be taken. 5th Clause. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles ex- ported from any state. 6 th Clause. No preference shall be given by any regula- tion of commerce or revenue to the ports of one state over those of another : nor shall vessels bound to, or from, one state, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. 1th Clause. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of appropriations made by law ; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expendi- tures of all public money shall be published from time to time. 8/A Clause. No title of nobility shall be granted by the Unit- ed States : and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, ac 190. What is a writ of habeas corpus? Ans. A writ of habeas corpus is a written command from a judge or other magistrate, directing that the body of a certain person shall be brought before him. lifl. What is the object of the writ i Ans. The object of a writ of habeas corpus is to pro- vide a means of redress for all manner of illegal imprisonment. 192. Ke- peat the clause in relation to the writ of habeas corpus. 193. In what cases may the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus be suspended? Qd Cluuse. — 194. What is said of bills of attainder or ex post facto laws? 195. What is a bill of attainder 1 Ans. A bill of attainder is an act of the legis- lature, iutlicting the punishment of death, without trial, upon persons sup- posed to be guilty of high crimes. 196. What is an ex post facto law I Ans. A law which renders an act punishable in a manner in which it was not punishable at the time of its commission, is an ex post facto law. Ath Clause. — 197. In what way may Congress lay a capitation or other direct tax? 198. What is meant by a capitation ? Ans. A capitation is a duect tax upon individuals. 199. How is the census to be taken ? (See page 10 ) btJi Clause. — 200. What prohibition is imposed upon Congress in relation to articles exported from any state ? Uh Clause. — 201. What preference is forbidden in relation to a regulation of commerce or revenue ? 202. What freedom have vessels that are bound from one state to another? ^itk Clause. — 203. Under what circumstances only can money be drawn from the national treasury? 204. V>^hat publication must be made in regard to receipts and expenditures of all public money ? %th Gkivse. — 205 What is said in the Constitution about titles of nobility? 206. What ig said of office-holders accepting presents etc.? 207. Under what circum- jilances may an office-holder accept a present i CONSTITUTION OF THE UsHTED STATES. 21 cept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. SECTION X. 1st Clause. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation ; grant letters of marqne and reprisal ; coin money; emit bills of credit; make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. 2d Clause. No state shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws : and the net produce of all duties and 'm- posts, laid by any state on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States ; and all snrh laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. 3d Clause. No state shall, without the consent of Con- gress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of wai 208. Repeat the clause relating to titles and presents. Skc. X. — 1st Clause. — 209. What prohibition is placed upon the several states as regards treaties, alliances, or confederations? 210. Wnat, as re- gards letters of marque and reprisal? 211. What, as regards the coin- fng of money? 212. What, as regards bills of credit? 213. Wh-^t is meant by bills of credit ? Ans. Bills of credit, within the meauiik^ of the Constitution, are bills intended to circulate as money among the peo- ple. 214. What is constituted a legal tender in payment of debt? 215 What prohibition is placed upon individual states, in regard to a b-11 of attainder? 216. What, in regard to an ex post facto law? 217. Whr^-., in regard to a law impairing an obligation ? 218. What, in regard ^o a title of nobility? 219. Recite the clause just considered. 2d Clai e. — 220. What prohibition are individual states under, as regards impof s or duties? 221 In what case only, may a state lay any imposts or du ies? 222. What are inspection laws ? Ans. By inspection laws are meant aws requiring certain articles of commerce to be examined by ollicers c lied inspectors. 223. What is the object of inspection laws ? Ans. Th ; ob- ject is to protect the public against fraud or imposition on the part of the producer, and to cause improvement after improvement in the quality of articles produced, 224. What disposition must be made of the net prod- uce of all duties and imposts laid by individuals? 225. What are th© inspection laws of individual states, as regards imports or oxj)orts, sub- ject to? Zd Clavse.—'l'lCi. What prohibition are individuid states under, as to the laying of a duty of tonnage ! 22 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. ill time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with nuotlier state, or witli a fbreijTn power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. ARTICLE 11. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT SECTION I. Is^ Clause. The executive power shall be vested in a president of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together with the vice-president, chosen for the same term, be elected, as follows : 2d Clause. Each state shall appoint, in such manner a?- the legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, 227. What is a duty of tonnage? Ans. A duty of tonnage, or a ton rage duty, is a tax laid on vessels at a certain rate per ton. 228. What prohibition are individual states under as to the keeping of troops? 2-2l\ What, as to the keeping of ships of war? 230. What, as to an agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power? 231. What, us to engaging in war? 232. Under what circumstances then may a state engage in war ? ARTICLE II. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. Skc. I. — \stClauRe, 238. Of what does Article II. of the Constitution treat? — 234. In whom is the executive power of the United States vested ? 2?.."). What is the president's term of office ? 236. How often ma_y a president he re-elected? Ans. The Constitution does not limit the number of ter jus for which a president may be re-elected. 237. Who was the first presi- dent of the United States? (See table, page 132.) 238. For how mnny terms did Washington serve? 239. Why was not Washington elected for a third term ? Ans. At the close of his second term of office, Wash- ington declined to be a candidate for a third term. 240. What has been the effect of his declination? Ans. Washington's example, in declining to be elected for a third term, has become a precedent W which subse- quent presidents have been guided. 241. How many and what presidentvs have served two terms each? (See table, page 182.) 242. Which has tlm longest term of office ; the president, a senator, or a representative ? 243. What term has each? 244. What is the vice-president's term of office? 245. Who was the first vice-president of the United States? (See table, page 132.) 246. By whom are the president and vice-president chosen ? Ans. The president and vice-president are not chosen by the people di- rectly, but by electors. 2d Clause. — 247. In what manner does each state nppoint electors ? CONSTITUTION" OF THE UNITED STATE^3. 23 eqnal to the whole nnrnber of senators and representatives to which the state raay be entitled in the Cono-ress: but no senator or representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector. [The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each ; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of government of the United States, directed to the president of the Senate. The president of the Sen- ate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The per- son having the greatest number of votes shall be the president, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal num- ber of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for president ; and if no person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list, the said House shall in like man- ner choose the president. But in choosing the president, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. In every case after the choice of the president, the person having the greatest number of votes of tlie electors, shall be the vice- president. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, tne Senate shall choose from them by ballot the vice-president.] THE TWELFTH AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION. \st Clause. The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for president and vice-president, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as president, and in distinct ballots the 24S. What number of electors is each state entitled to ? 249. Who are prohibited from being electors? THE TWELFTH AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION, 250. What has been done with the original clause of the Constitution prescribing ihe proceedings to be taken to elect a president and vice-pres- ident ? Ans. The original clause of the Constitution, prescribing the mode in which the president and vice-president were to be elected, has been repealed, and its place supplied by the twelfth amendment to the Consti- tution. 251. Where do the electors for president and vice-president meet? 252. In what way do they vote? 25-3. What is proscribed re- specting one of the persons for whom they shall not vote? 254. How ia it required that their ballots shall be miide out"-' 24 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. person voted for as vice-president, and they shall mako distinct lists of all persons voted for as president, and of all persons voted for as vice-president, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the president of the Senate ; — the pres- ident of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted ; — the person having the great- est number of votes for president, shall be the president, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as president, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the president. But in choosing the president, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of % member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a pres- ident whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the vicc- 255. After voting, what lists are they required to prepare ? 256. Whr.t provision must be complied with, before the lists can pass out of their hands 'i 257. After the lists are signed, certified, and sealed, to whom are they directed ? 258. To what place are they then transmitted ? 259. "What does the president of the Senate do with the certificates? 260. How is it determined who is elected president? 261. Now describe the man- ner in which the electors choose a president. 262. In the event of no choice being made by the electors, by whom is the president chosen? 263. From how many and what candidates must the House of Represen- tatives choose the president? 264. In what way must the choice be made? 265. How are the votes taken in choosing the president? 266. How many votes is each state entitled to ? 267. How many is each enti- tled to, when voting by electors? 268. In choosing the president by the House of Representatives, how many constitute a quorum ? 269. la such case, how many states are necessary to a choice? 270. Whenever the right of choosing a president devolves upon the House of Representa- tives, till what time may the right be exercised? 271. Now describe the manner in which the House of Representatives choose a president? 272. In the event of both the electors and House of Representatives failipr to choose a president, what takes place ? CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 25 president shall act as president, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the president. 2d Clause. The person having the greatest number of votes as vice-president, shall be the vice-president, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors ap- pointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the vice-president ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. ^d Clause. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of president shall be eligible to that of vice- president of the United States. 3c? Clause. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same throughout the United States. 4:th Clause. No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this constitution, shall be eligible to the office of president ; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall 273. How is it determined whom the electors have chosen for vice-pres- ident ? 274. In the event of no person having a majority of electoral votes, by whom is the vice president chosen ? 275. When choosing a vice-pres- ident, how many senators are requisite to a quorum? 27G. How many are necessary to a choice? 277. What is said of the eligibility to the of- fice of president, as compared with that of vice-president? od Clause. — 27S. What power has Congress over the time of choosing the electors ? 279. What as to the day on which the electors shall vote! 280. In the event of Congress determining the day on which the electors shall give their votes, what sameness is prescribed? 281. When are the electors chosen? Ans. The electors are chosen in each state on the Tues- day next after the first Monday, in the last November of each presidential term. 282. Where do the electors meet to give their votes? Ans. The electors meet in their respective states at a place appointed by the leg- islature thereof. 283. What place is usu^ally appointed for their meeting ? Ans. The place usually appointed for their meeting is the capital of their state. 284. When do the electors meet to give their votes? Ans. Tho meeting of electors takes place on the first Wednesday in the lastDecen>- ber of each presidential term. Uh Clause. — 285. What person, as regards his place of biith, cannot be eligible to the oilice of president? 26 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. not have attained to tlie age of thirty-five years, and heen fourteen years a resident within the United States. bth Clause. In case of the removal of the president from office, or of his death, resignation, or inabihty to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall de- volve on the vice-president, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or in- ability, both of the president and vice-president, declaring what officer shall then act as president, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a presi- dent shall be elected. Qth Clause. The president shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensation, which shall neither be in- creased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that pe- riod any other emolument from the United States, or any of them. ^th Clause. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation: — " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully 286, How old must a person be to be eligible to tbat office ? 287. How many years must a person, to be eligible to tbat office, have resided with- in the "United States ? 288. Now state the legal qualifications of a pres- ident. 289. Kecite the clause relating to the qualifications, bth Clause. — 290. In what contingencies does the office of president devolve on the vice-president? 291. What provision is made by the Constitution for the case of removal or death, etc., of the president? 292. What, for the case of removal, etc., of both president and vice-president I 293. In the case of removal, etc., of both president and vice-president, what officer, shall, by law of Congress, act as president ? Ans. In case of the removal, death, resignation, or inability, of both the president and vice-president, the president of the Senate, pro tempore, shall act as president. 294. What is to be done, in case there is no president of the Senate ? Ans. In case there is no president of the Senate, the speaker of the House of Repre- sentatives shall act as president. 295. How long shall such officers, act- ing as president, continue to act? Uh Clause. — 296. What does the Con- stitution provide as regards the compensation to be allowed to the presi- dent? 297. What restriction is imposed, in regard to any other emolu- ment? 298. Eecite the clause relating to the president's compensation. 299. What is the salary of the president ? Ans. The salary of the presi- dent, as fixed by act of Congress, is $25,000 a year, together with the use of the presidential mansion and its furniture. 300. Wliat is the salary of the vice-president? Ans. The vice-president's salary is $8,000 a 3 ear. 'Uh Clause. — 301. What does the president do, jusi before entejipt^ou tiie oxecution of his offif^o 3 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 2*7 execute the office of president of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States." SECTION II. 1st Clause. The president shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the mili- tia of the several states, when called into the actual service of the United States ; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating- to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and par- dons for oftences against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. 2d Clause. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two- thirds of the senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall 302. Repeat the oath or affirmation taken by the president. Skc. II. — 1st Clause. — 803. In what relation does the president stand toward the army and navy ? 304. When only can he command the mili- tia ? 305, Whose opinions may he require in writing ? 306. Upon what subjects may he require the opinions? 307. Is he boimd to be guided by such opinions ? A/is. It is not required of the president that he be guid- ed by the opinions of the members of his cabinet. 308. What executive departments have been established by Congress ? A71S. By various acts of Congress, six executive departments have been established, namely : (1) Department of State, (2) Department of the Navy, (3) Dtpartinent of War, (4) Department of the Treasury, (5) Post-office Depart aient, and (ft) Department of the Interior. 309. For what purpose weie they estab- lished i Arts. They were established for the purpose of aiding the presi- dent in the executive and administrative business of the government. 310. How are the heads of the departments appointed ? Ans. The heads of the departments are appointed by the president, with the advice and consent of the Senate. 311. How is the attorney-general appointed? Ans. The attorney-general of the United States is appointed in like man- ner with the heads of the depaitmexits. 312. Of whom does the presi- dent's cabinet consist? Ans. The president's cabinet consists of the heads of the departments, and the attorney-general of the United states. 313. What power has the president, in relation to reprieves and pardons? 314. What it -j. reprieve? Am. A reprieve is a limited suspension or de- lay of the execution of a sentence in a criminal case. 315. With what exception is the president vested with the power to grant reprieves and pariions? 2d Ckuse.—Sl^. What power has the president relative ia treaties? 317. In v.hom is *.he appointing power vested? 28 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the supreme court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law : but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the president alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. 3^ Clause. The president shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions, which shall expire at the end of their next session. SECTION III. He shall from time to time give to the Congress informa- tion of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient ; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers ; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States. 318. "What is the first step in making an appointment? 319. What oflB- ces are enumerated, for which the president and Senate make appoint- ments? 320. What may Congress do in relation to the appointment of inferior officers? od Clause. — 321. What vacancies can the president fill ? 322. When does such appointment expire ? Sec. III. — 323. What information is the president required to give to Con- gress? 324. What recommendations is he required to make? 325. In what way are the recommendations made? An^. The president's rec- ommendations to Congress are made by means of written messages. 326. Was the reading of written messages always the practice ? Arts. The first two presidents, Washington and Adams, used to meet both houses of Congress, and make their recommendations by verbal addre.sses. 327. Is Congress obliged to adopt the president's recommendations ? Ans. Congress is under no obligation to adopt the recommendations of the president. 328. When may the president convene both Qouses? 329. May he convene only one house ? 330. When V 331. \/hen may the president adjourn Congress? 332. What is the duty of the president respecting ambassadors, etc. ? 333. What is his duty respecting the execution of the laws' 334. What is his duty respecting the granting of jonimitjsions? CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 29 SECTION IV. The president, vice-president, and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. ARTICLE HI. THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. SECTION I. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one supreme court, and in such inferior courts as the Con- gress may from time to time ordain and establish. Tlie judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. SECTION II. 1st Clause. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority; to all cases affecting ambassa- dors, other public ministers, and consuls ; to all cases of Sec. IV. — 335. For what crimes may government officers be removed from office ? 336. How may the removal be effected ? ARTICLE IIL THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMEXT. Sec. L— 337. Of what does Article HI of the Constitution treat? 338. In what is the judicial power of the United States vested ? 339. IIow long do the judges hold their offices ? 340. What is established as to the compensation of the judges ? 341. How can the judges be removed from office? (Seepage 13.) 342. How is the supreme court of the United States organized ? Ans. The supreme court of the United States is com- posed of one chief-justice, and eight associate justices, any five of whom constitute a quorum. 343. What is the salary of the chief-justice? Ans. The salary of the chief-justice is |G,500 a year. 344. What is the salary of each associate justice? Ans. The salary of each associate justice is $0,OuO a year. Sec. ll.— 1.?^ Gkiiise.—SAo. Name the first of the nine subjects in which the United States courts have jurisdiction. 346. Kame the second, con- Ot^rniug ambassadors, etc. 30 CONSTITUTION" OF THE UNITED STATES. admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to co.itroversies to wliich tlie United States shall be a party; to controversies between two or more states ; between a state and citizens of another state; between citizens of different states; be- tween citizens of the same state claiming lands under grants of different states, and between a state, or the citizens there of, and foreign states, citizens or subjects. ^d Clause. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other pub- lic ministers and consuls, and those in which a state shall be party, the supreme court shall have original jurisdiction, [n all the other cases before mentioned, the supreme court- shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations as the Congress shall make. 3(i Clause. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of im peachment, shall be by jury ; and such trial shall be held in the state where the said crimes shall have been committed ; but when not committed within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. SECTION III. \st Clause. Treason against the United States shall con sist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be 347. Name the third, concerning certain jurisdiction. 348. The fourth, concerning controversies with the United States. 349. The fifth, con- cerning controversies between states. S50. The sixth, concerning con- troversies between a state and citizens. 351. The seventh, concerning controversies between citizens. 352. The eighth, concerning controver- sies between citizens claiming lands. 353. What is the last of the niue subjects? 'Id Clause. — 354. In what cases has the supreme court original jurisdiction? 355. What is meant by original jurisdiction? Ans. 'YhQ original jurisdiction of a court is that in which a suit originates or com- mences. 356. What is meant by appellate jurisdiction ? Ans. The ap- pellate jurisdiction of a court is that in which the decision of an inferior court is taken on appeal, od Clause. — 357. Before whom must the "triaj of all crimes" be held? 358. What cases are exceptions to the law? 359. By whom are impeachments tried? (Seepage 12.) 360. Where must the trial of a crime committed within a state be held ? 361. Where, when cot committod within a state ? 362. Repeat the entire clause just consii- *'red. Sec. III.— l«i Clause. — 363. Of how many things does treason agains*: ^he Uni'ed States consist? 3C4 What are the two thinscs? CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITEE STATES. 3 1 convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. Id Clause. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture except during the life of the person attainted. ARTICLE IV. MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. SECTION I. Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state. And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. SECTION II. 1st Clause. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states 2d Clause. A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another state, shall on demand of the executive uutliority of the state from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the crime. 365. What is necessary to a conviction of treason? 2d Clause. — 366. What power has Congress relative to the punishment of treason? 867. What punishment has Congress accordingly declared ? Ans. Congress has declared that the punishment of treason shall be death by hanging. 368. How does the Constitution limit the consequences of attainder? 369. What is meant by attainder? Ans. Attainder means a staining, corrup- tion, or rendering impure. 370. What is meant by corruption of blooQ? Ans. By " corruption of blood" a person is disabled to inherit i,inds from an ancestor ; nor can he either retain those in his possession, orv^ansmit them by descent to his heirs. ARTICLE lY. MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS. Sec. I.— 371. Of what does Article IV. treat? 372. How are the public acts, etc., of the several states, to be tr<}ated in each state? S73. How are they to be proved ? Sec. II. — \st Clause. — 374. What privileges and immunities are the cit- izens of each state entitled to ? 2d Clause.— Zib. What is said of persona charged with crime, fleeing into another state? 32 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 3d Clause. No person held to service or labor in on© state, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, ill consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharg- ed ^ from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. SECTION III. 1st Clause. New states may be admitted by the Congress into this Union ; but no new state shall be formed or eject- ed within the jurisdiction of any other state ; nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, or parts of states, without the consent of the legislatures of the states concerned as well as of the Cono-ress. 2c? Clause. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particu- lar state. SECTION IV. The United States shall guarantee to every state in this Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion ; and on application of tlie legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature can- not be convened), against domestic violence. borl ^^'wtt' ^^^* ^' '^^^ of persons escaping from service or la- bor? 3/7. What persons are referred to in the third clause'? ^/w Tn 7tt ?'. n)^ P'"'"''"' "^ T,"°^ ^^ indentures of apprenticeship. * bEC. ^^-—lliOiause.-SiS. By whom may new states be admitted into the Union? 379. What is said of the formation of new states? 380 Ho v S na?e 10? .ff'^H '^' ^°^^k f *^' '^^^P*^^" ^^ '^' Constitution ? -382 What power has Congress respecting the territory or other prop- erty belonging to the United States ? 383. What construction as to claims ts not to be put upon any part of the Constitution ? fe.EC. IV.— 384. What guarantee ('-es the Constitution make to the sev- ^ral Slates in respect to their form of government? 385. In what two events are the United States bound to protect individual states CONSTITUTION^ OF THE UNITED STATES. 33 ARTICLE V. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Consti- tution, or, on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several states, shall call a convention for proposin 'ife, liberty, and property is given? 421. When only can private property be taken for public use? Uh Article. — 422. What right shall a person accused of crime enjoy? 423. What right, as to the witnesses against him? 424. What right, as to the witnesses in his favor? 425. What right, as to the assistance of counsel ? 1th At ti- de. -i26. In tvhat suits shall the right of trial by jury be preserved^ CO^^STITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 37 shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury s\iaJ' be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States, than aceord ing to the rules of the common law. ARTICLE VIII. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. ARTICLE IX. The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. ARTICLE X. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. ARTICLE XL The judicial power of the United States shall not be con- strued to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced oi prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another state, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state. 427. la what way only shall the re-examination of facts tried by a jury be made ? 8th ArticU. — 428. What is said of bail, fines, and punishments I Uh Article. — 429. What is said of rights retained by the people ? lOth Article. — 4S0. What is said of the powers reserved to 'the states? 11th Ar» ticLe. — 4yi. What is said of the restriction upon the judicial power? 38 OONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. ARTICLE XIII * Section I. — Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Sec. IL — Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. * For the twelfth amendment, see page 23, 13^^ Article. — Section I. — 432. "What is said of slavery and invol- HPtsry servitude ? Sec. II. — What power has Congress with refar- ence to this subject ? W .' .^°'%,. *.' «*".,../% .V * "7* "09 ' **. '^^„,^'2^ air ^» • ^^ 4 ^ "^