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HISTORICAL RECORD 
 
 CITY OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 BY F. D. LEE AND J. L. AGNEW. 
 
 SAVANNAH: 
 
 PKINTEU AND PUBLISHED BY J. H. E.STII,L 
 
 MOKNINIi NEWS STE AM-POWKi; I'KRSS, 
 
 1869. 
 

 Entered aocordiug to au act of Congress, iu the year l.%8. 
 
 BV F. D. LEE AND J. L. AGNEW. 
 
 I}i the Clerk's office of the District Court of the United States iai and for tlie 
 
 Soutliern District of Gten?'gia.. 
 
 SOURCE UNKNOW- 
 \'::^ 8 " 1941 
 
TO THE 
 BUSINESS IMEN OF SAVANNAH, 
 
 WHO, FROM THE DAYS OF THE PIONEERS OF BUSINESS TO THE I'RESENT 
 
 TIME, DESPITE THE RUINOUS PROSTRATION OF TRADE 
 
 AND COMMERCE, OCCASIONED BY 
 
 WARS, FIRES, GALES, AKD PESTILENCE, 
 
 HAVE BROUGHT THEIR CITY TO THE PROUD POSITION SHE NOW HOLDS 
 
 IN THE COMMERCIAL WORLD, THE 
 
 HISTORICAL RECORD OF SAVANNAH 
 
 IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 "History," said that emiuent writer, Lord Boliugbroke, '-is 
 philosophy teaching by example." If this assertion be true, either 
 philosophy has been very select in her examples or history not 
 very judicious in her selections or her teachings. Historians, 
 until very recently, have only found illustrations of life and of fact, 
 and examples for teaching philosophy, law, and morals, among 
 Kings and Nobles, Warriors and Statesmen. The People, the 
 foundation of the social fabric, with their interests and rights, 
 their thoughts and feeUngs, their personal toils and domestic life, 
 have only figured in general history as machines for Kings to use 
 or weapons for warriors to employ — the one not caring how soon 
 the machine wore out, the other quite as reckless of the waste 
 of weapons. The pomp of royalty, the problems of philosophers, 
 the shifts and subterfuges of statesmen, and the butcheries of 
 warriors fill the panorama of the world's life as it moves along 
 the pages of the historian. Even here the assertion, as the ma- 
 jority of historians exemplify it, contradicts the facts and teach- 
 ings of all ages — that the histoi-y of the world, as the history 
 of life, is made up of little things. After all that has been written 
 of the eminent and mighty men of ancient and modem times, 
 how little do we know of the inner, personal, and domestic life of 
 communities and nations. Pompeii has revealed more to awaken 
 thought and excite curiosity and disgiist than all the histories of 
 Eome from Remus to Pio Nono. A remark of Erasmus in a letter 
 written by him to a friend concerning the domestic life of England 
 in his time — stating that the floors of the houses are commonly of 
 clay, strewed with rushes, under which lie unmolested a collec- 
 tion of beer, grease, fragments of meat, bones, spittle, excrements 
 of dogs and cats, and of everything that is nauseous — throws more 
 light \ipon the household civilization and social filthiness of the 
 aristocracy than all the tomes of Hume in detailing the pomp 
 and power, the pride and prowess of its Kings, its Statesmen, and 
 
its Warriors. Ouly think of tlie grand and queenly Elizabeth sit- 
 ting on a leathern couch or straw pallet, making a breakfast of 
 salt beef and brewer's beer? Or standing ankle-deep in filthy 
 sti"aw, pulling pieces of roasted ox into bits for her dinner and 
 throwing the refuse to snarling dogs — new accretions from dainty 
 hands to the sweltering mass of filth and putrescence already 
 rotting upon the floor. Until Loi'd Macauley entered into the«e 
 recesses of the inner social life of the former times in England 
 very few of lier population knew from what small and rude begin- 
 nings the present social civilization of their country had grown. 
 All civilization grows up from and out of small centres and 
 humble sources. A man, a house, a settlement, a machine, are the 
 starting points of new and grand developments of social life and 
 national history. The world is full of such records that find illus- 
 tration and culmination in the fame and wealth and power that give 
 success and triumph to personal enterprise and stability and gran- 
 deur to a nation's historj'. These are the memorials of the people — ■ 
 the historic monuments lifting their heads in the sunlight and 
 blazing from foiindation to capstone with the effulgence that time 
 and truth shed on the usefiil and the good. These, whether they 
 come down from the dim and shadowj'' past or have their birth 
 and fruition in the near and still remembered, are the antiquities 
 of a place and a people. In the usual acceptation of the term, our 
 country has no antiquities. Art, science, literature, music, poetry, 
 war, have left no records, given us no monuments. Its physical 
 character, its broad prairies, its long rolling rivers, its vast inland 
 seas, its hidden and exhaustless mineral wealth, its grand old for- 
 ests, its extensive coast line, its glorious and majestic mountains — 
 these are its moniimeuts; but they are monumental of "Eternal 
 power and Godhead." Aside from these — and with these what 
 do we lack for aught that wisdom can employ or skilful labor pro- 
 duce — our only antiquities are Indian life and history, and the 
 wreck and remnants of colonial times. The former, as to its origin 
 and incidents, is involved in mystery and mixed with fable. But 
 it is replete with interest to the curious and gorgeous with thrill- 
 ing tales of field and flood to the workers of fiction. The latter 
 blushes yet in virgin loveliness and beauty, and yet lifts its maiden 
 hands, imploring Old Mortality to decipher its inscriptions, to 
 freshen its facts, to revivify its memorials and hand down to the 
 generations coming and to come "the short and simple annals" 
 of the people who from holy religious principles and love of liberty 
 
settled the lands which their children have enriched as a garden 
 and made to " bloom and blossom as the rose." 
 
 Jamestovm, Croatan, Charleston, Savannah, are the colonial start- 
 ing points of States that have given dignity and fame to American 
 civilization and new elements of truth and power to augment the 
 wealth of the world's history. These names and places, however 
 waste and desolate some of them may now be, are monumental, 
 and historic literature will keep them living and fresh in the 
 memory of ages. 
 
 Of Jamestown, a portion of the tower of its first church and the 
 grave-stones of its forgotten dead are all that time has left of its 
 material history and physical and social fortunes. Croatan is the 
 dv.'elling-place of a small population, who gain a scanty subsist- 
 ence as pilots and fishermen. Charleston, judiciously located at 
 the confluence of two rivers whose tides mingle and are lost in the 
 rushing waves of the Atlantic, perpetuates the good sense of its 
 first settlers. Savannah gi-ew into a city beautiful for situation, the 
 joy of a State and renowned among the cities of our land for its 
 trade, commerce, industry, and enterprise, as well as for its intelli- 
 gence, its wealth, and its refinement. Its history is a souvenir 
 of truth and honor— a memorial of the sagacity and Aforethought 
 that in February, 1733, selected it as the home of the English 
 colonists, the site of a city that now graces the beautiful river 
 on whose side it stands and whose name it bears. The philoso- 
 phy of its foundation and fortunes belong to the examples and 
 facts of historj-. The tents under the four pine trees on the bluff 
 have grown into a city that looketh out over the sea and stretcheth 
 its hands of trade to collect and transmit the wealth of the Empire 
 State of the South. The indians, who gi'eeted and gave a home to 
 those comers from a land over "the great and wide sea," have 
 given place to the guests they welcomed with strange words and 
 uncouth ceremonial. Their wigwams no longer crown the bluft', 
 they no longer paddle the light canoe over the flashing waters of 
 the river: wanior and maiden, with their brave deeds and simple 
 loves, chief and brave, council-tent and home, have all disap- 
 peared. A new day, a new people with the principles and powers 
 of a new life, entered this wilderness when the small vessel, with 
 Oglethoi-pe on its deck_, passed in from the sea and sped its way 
 up the placid river to the village-crowned bluff on its shore. 
 The elegant and luxuriant mansions of the flower-crowned city 
 of to-day are the consximmation and glory of that ' ' day of small 
 
viii PREFACE. 
 
 things." Between these days one hundred and thirty-five years 
 of history, civil and social, personal and domestic, unfold their 
 pages of trial and triumph, progress and pause, toil and suffering, 
 virtue and licentiousness, life and death. Art, science, trade, com- 
 merce, law, literature, festivals and fasts, religion and vice, all 
 await, each with its contribution of glory or shame, to fill the 
 measure of the city's history. The records are brimming full. 
 
 The object of the compilers is to open the long-closed volume, 
 bring things long hidden out into the sunlight, make scenes long 
 lying in darkness and shadow, names long lost amid passing 
 events, voices long silent address us from the graves of the past; 
 let us purchase, sit down and listen, "read, mark, and inwardly 
 digest" the facts to be disclosed and the words to be spoken. 
 
 In placing this humble work before the public, the compilers 
 would state that they claim nothing for it beyond what its name 
 denotes — a brief record of the historical events connected with 
 Savannah from the earliest period of its existence to the present 
 time. They hope that it will be thorough, and constitute a stand- 
 ard book of reference to all who desire to inquire into the his- 
 tory of the city of Savannah. To obtain information necessary 
 to complete this record, much difficulty was experienced, and 
 in many instances it was impossible to gain the desired facts. 
 Especially was it difficult to obtain the names of the soldiers 
 of Savannah who served during the late war. Many of the rolls 
 of companies could not be obtained, and we were compelled to 
 rely upon scraps of rolls, and frequently upon the memories 
 of a few soldiers who cheerfully gave us all assistance in their 
 power. Many of the facts contained herein were condensed or 
 excei-pted from McCall's and Bishop Stevens' Histories of Georgia, 
 White's Historical Collections of Georgia, Colonel C. C. Jones' 
 Record of the Chatham Artillery, and from old records in the 
 possession of the Georgia Historical Society and citizens. To 
 those who have rendered us assistance we tender our grateful 
 thanks. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Chapter I. 
 
 Origin of tlie Settlemeut of Savannah 2 
 
 Departure of the Colonists 3 
 
 Their Arrival at Charleston 3 
 
 Oglethorpe's Visit to Yamacraw 4 
 
 Arrival of the Colonists on the BlulV 4 
 
 Friendly Overtures of the Indians 4 
 
 Oglethorpe's Description of Savannah •■) 
 
 Kindness of South Carolinians 
 
 Treaty with the Indians 7 
 
 Arrival of the First Ship 7 
 
 Laying Out of the Town, and Naming of the Streets, Squares, 
 
 Wards, and Tithings 7 
 
 Arrival of Hebrew Settlers « 
 
 Alligators become Troublesome ii 
 
 Arrival of the Salzburgers 9 
 
 Oglethorpe Goes to England 9 
 
 Appearance of Savannah in 1734 9 
 
 A Judge Acts in a Three-fold Capacity 11 
 
 Wine and Silk Culture 12 
 
 Discontentment 12 
 
 Arrival of Kevs. John and Charles Wesley 13 
 
 Chapter II. 
 
 Savannah in 1736 14 
 
 Its Situation 15 
 
 Houses and People 15 
 
 Laws and Customs 15 
 
 Town Lots and Squares 16 
 
 Public Buildings 17 
 
 Arrival of Rev. George Whitfield and Mr. James Habersham 18 
 
 Burial of Tomichichi 18 
 
 Judge Causton again Introduced 18 
 
 The Inhabitants Puzzled 18 
 
 Building of the Orphan House 19 
 
 Condition of Savannah in 1743 19 
 
 Establishment of the First Conmiercial and Manufacturing Houses. 19 
 
 Hostile Indians in Savannah 20 
 
 Organization of the L^nion Society 25 
 
 M eeting of the First General Assembly of Georgia 25 
 
 First (ieneral Muster 26 
 
 Chapter III. 
 
 Arrival of Governor Reynolds 27 
 
 His Opinion of the Town 27 
 
 Burning of the Filature 28 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Arrival of Governor P^Uis 28 
 
 A Deadly Blow Aimed at Savannah's Commercial Prospects 2S 
 
 Another Treaty with the Indians 29 
 
 Construction of the First Wharf 30 
 
 Arrival of Governor Wright and Departure of Governor Ellis 30 
 
 Establishment of the First Newspaper and Post-office 31 
 
 The Stamp Act Excitement 31 
 
 Arrival of the Stamps 31 
 
 The Liberty Boys Threaten to Destroy them 31 
 
 The Governor Frightened 32 
 
 He is Burnt in EtHgy 32 
 
 Savannah in 1765 32 
 
 South Carolinians Destroy Vessels Bound to Savannah 33 
 
 Savannah Merchants Refuse to Import Goods from England 33 
 
 Increase of the Spirit of Rebellion 33 
 
 Seizure of the King's Magazine 35 
 
 Raising of the First Liberty Pole 35 
 
 Liberal Views of the Citizens 3-) 
 
 Chaptek IY. 
 
 Organization of a Council of Safety 37 
 
 Meeting of the Provincial Congress 37 
 
 Capture of a British Vessel Loaded with Powder 38 
 
 Organization of a Battalion of Troops 38 
 
 Arrival of Two British ]\Ien-of-War oil' Tybee 38 
 
 Gallant Capture of Governor Wright by Major Joseph Habersham 39 
 
 Escape of the Governor 39 
 
 He Advises the People to Furnish Food to his Majesty's Ships. . . 39 
 
 Attempt of the British to Capture Rice Ships in front of the Town. 40 
 The People Resolve to Burn the Houses and Ships before they shall 
 
 fall into the hands of the enemy 40 
 
 Repulse of the British 41 
 
 Reception of the Declaration of Independence and Burial of the 
 
 Political Existence of George III 43 
 
 Adoption of the State Constitution 43 
 
 South Carolina Covets Savannah 43 
 
 Capture of the Town by the British 44 
 
 Chapter V. 
 
 Treatment of the Inhabitants by the British .')0 
 
 Plans of the Americans and French to Recapture the Town 51 
 
 Appearance of the French Troops under Count d'Estaing before the 
 
 Town 51 
 
 Correspondence between Count d'Estaing and General Prevost re- 
 garding the Surrender of the Town .53 
 
 Arrival of the Americans 55 
 
 The British Reinforced 55 
 
 Commencement of Hostilities 56 
 
 Bombardment of the Town by the Allies 57 
 
 Women and Children Killed 58 
 
 Houses Demolished 58 
 
 Progress of the Siege 58 
 
 Unparalleled Act of Heroism 58 
 
 Women and Children not allowed to leave town during the Siege 59 
 
 Assault upon Spring Hill Redoubt by the Besiegers 60 
 
 They are Repulsed with heavy loss 61 
 
 Count Pulaski and Count d'Estaing wounded 62 
 
 Sergeant Jasper mortally wounded while bearing off the Colors 
 
 of his Regiment 62 
 
 Abandonment of the Siege 62 
 
 Death and Burial of Count Pulaski 64 
 
CONTENTS. jjj 
 
 Ohaptek YI. 
 
 Appearance of the Town after tlie Siege 65 
 
 Kiotous Negroes 65 
 
 Skirmishes around tlie Town ef> 
 
 An American Dragoon Killed and his body dragged through the 
 
 streets 66 
 
 Surrender of the Town by the Britisli 67 
 
 Kevival of Business 68 
 
 Organization of the Chatham Artillery 68 
 
 Burial of Major-General Greene 69 
 
 Shipment of the first Bale of Cotton 69 
 
 Incorporation of Savannali as a City 69 
 
 Visit of General Washington 69 
 
 His Account of his Visit and Description of the City 71 
 
 Destructive Fire in 1796 73 
 
 Census of the City in 1798 ;.. 73 
 
 Visit of Vice-President Aaron Burr 73 
 
 Terrific Gale in 1804 73 
 
 Savannah during the War of 1812 74 
 
 Capture of the British I'.rig-of-war F.pervier 75 
 
 Chapter YII. 
 
 Arrival of the Steamship Savannah 7P 
 
 Visit of l'resi<leut Monroe 76 
 
 Terrible Conflagration in 1820 77 
 
 Yellow Fever i a the same Year 77 
 
 . Visit of General Lafayette 77 
 
 Departure of the Irish Jasper Greens for Mexico 78 
 
 Visit of President Filmore 78 
 
 Yellow Fever in 1854 78 
 
 Terrible Gale the same Year 79 
 
 The Secession Movement 79 
 
 Hoisting of the Secession Flag 79 
 
 Election of Delegates to the State Convention 80 
 
 Seizure of Fort Pulaski, Fort Jackson, and Oglethorpe Barracks . 80 
 
 Reassembling of the State Convention SI 
 
 Saluting the Flag of the Confederate States 81 
 
 Departure of the Oglethorpe Light Infantry for Virginia 81 
 
 Burial of General Bartow 81 
 
 Placing Obstructions iu the river 82 
 
 Arrival of General Eobert E. Lee 82 
 
 Reduction of Fort Pulaski 83 
 
 Threatening Demonstrations of the Knemy 85 
 
 Resolution of Council to Defend the City to the last Extremity.. 86 
 General Lawton Ordered to Virginia, and General Mercer placed 
 
 in conniiand of Savannah SO 
 
 Capture of the ironclad Atlanta by the Federals, and capture of 
 
 tlie armed steamer Water Witch by the Confederates 87 
 
 Arrival of General Sherman's army in front of Savannah 87 
 
 Storming of Fort McAlister 87 
 
 Evacuation of Savannah by the Confederate Force 95 
 
 Surrender of Savannah by the Members of Council 95 
 
 Entrance of the Federal Troops 97 
 
 G eneral Sherman's Order 98 
 
 Meeting of the Citizens 99 
 
 A surprise for a " Blockader " 99 
 
 Drowning of Federal Soldiers on Hutchinson's Island 100 
 
 Intrenchments thrown up by the Federals 100 
 
 Destructive Fire and Novel Bombardment 101 
 
 The Wives and Children of Officers of the Confederate Army and 
 
 Navy sent out of the City 105 
 
 r>IiM;i;Al'HirAr. SkUTCH OK Gf.XKRAL OgLETHOK I'K 105 
 
Xii CONTENTS. "- > 
 
 Chaptee VIIT. 
 
 Biographical Sketch of General Francis 8. Bartow 106 
 
 Volunteer Companies of Savanuali 112 
 
 Roll of Honor 119 
 
 San'annah as it is. 
 
 The City 12» 
 
 Temperature 131 
 
 Health 133 
 
 Commercial Interests and Advantages 135 
 
 Development of Eesources 137 
 
 Georgia Central Railroad 140 
 
 Atlantic and Gulf Railroad 145 
 
 Savannah, Seaboard, and Skidaway Railroad 147 
 
 Savannah and Charleston Railroad 149 
 
 Canal 149 
 
 Steamship Lines 149 
 
 Steamboat Lines 150 
 
 City Government 151 
 
 Police Department 152 
 
 Fire Department 163 
 
 Population 154 
 
 Education 155 
 
 Places of Amusement 159 
 
 Exchange 160 
 
 Georgia Historical Society 160 
 
 Water Works 161 
 
 Court-House 162 
 
 PoorHouse and Hospital 163 
 
 Abrahm's Home 163 
 
 Banks 164 
 
 3Iedical College 164 
 
 Jail 166 
 
 Oustom-House 167 
 
 Female Orphan Asylum 167 
 
 Monuments 169 
 
 Churches 170 
 
 Masonic Lodges 182 
 
 Union Society 188 
 
 St. Andrew's Society 185 
 
 Medical Society 180 
 
 Hibernian Society 187 
 
 Odd Fellows Lodges 187 
 
 Irish Union Society 187 
 
 Hebrew Benevolent Society 188 
 
 Ladies' German Benevolent Society 188 
 
 Harmonic Club 188 
 
 Young Men's Library Association 188 
 
 St. George's Society 189 
 
 Joseph Lodge 18!> 
 
 Newspapers 189 
 
 Suburban Resorts 1!*7 
 
s ^ " V A. isr isr xV H 
 
 ■ I walk these ancimt hauiit.-i with reverent tread, 
 Ami seem to gazf iiiion the mighty dead ; 
 Imagination calls u noble train 
 From (liij^t anil darkness back to life again."' 
 
 One huiulied ami Ibirty-five years ago a small tribe of indians 
 occupied the blutl" upon which the city of Savamiah now stands. 
 Then the Indian's canoe, oulj', raffled the placid waters of tlic 
 Savannah ; now steam and sail vessels from every clime, attracted 
 by tlie fniits of Savannah's commerce, plough its bosom, coming 
 <ind going, with keels deeply sunk in the water. Then the smoke 
 curled lazily upward from a few wigwams ; now fiery furnaces 
 ■belch forth volumes of ruddy flame, and on every hand is heaM 
 the din of hammers and bellows, the voices of men echoing from 
 the manufactories, wharves, and places of business, where a numer- 
 ous population are plying the tireless fingers of industry in the 
 creation of substantial wealth. Then the woods resounded with 
 the savage warwhoop ; now the no less discordant, but more 
 civilized, steam-whistle is heard as the heavily-laden trains pass to 
 and fro on tlic iron arms which have been stretched in every 
 dhection, clasping in their embrace some of the choicest regions 
 of the country. On every hand are elegant and luxurious man- 
 sions, gardens teeming with flowers of richest and rarest hue ; 
 churches and humane institutions; colleges and schools; square^s 
 and jiark tlironged with mature and youthful beautj-, making the 
 balmy atmosphere vocal with sounds of human life and joj-^ — all 
 attesting wealth, refinement, piety, benevolence, intelligence, health, 
 :\nd happiness. 
 1 
 
)ii>ri>i;i< Ai. uK<;<'>ni> c>i- savannah. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 «.>iiKiu of the Sctt.loniBnt of Savannah — Departure of the Colonists — Their 
 Arrival at Charleston — Oglethorpe's Visit to Yamacraw — Arrival of the 
 Colonists oa the lilufl — Friendly OTcrtures of the Indians — Oglethorpe'* 
 Description of Savannah — Kindness of South Carolinians — Treaty with 
 th<' Indians— Arrival of the First Ship — Laying Out ot the Town, and 
 Namiti-f of tlse .streets, >S(iuares, Wards, and Tithings — Arrival of Hebrew 
 Settlcr.s — Alligators become Troublesome — Arrival of the Salzburgers — 
 Oglethorpe Goes to England — Appearance of Savannah in 1734 — A Judge 
 Act* in a Tliree-fold Capacity — AVine and Silk Culture — Discontent- 
 iiH-nt — Arrival of Kev^;. John and Charles Wesley. 
 
 About the year 172;>, the sufferings of th<' i)Oor people of England, 
 especially the debtors, Avho, by the laws of the countr.v wliifA 
 gave to the creditor complete control over them, were thrown into 
 ])rison, there to remain in rags and misery the rest of their days, 
 enlisted the sympathy of a number of influential men of London, 
 who visited the debtors' i)risons and adopted measures for their 
 relief. But owing to the existing laws very little good was accom- 
 ))lished, and they .'^ought other means ot relief. 
 
 These gentlemen, -lohn Lord Viscount I'ercival, Edward Digbj, 
 George C'arpeuter. .James Oglethorpe, George lleathcote, John 
 Laroche, James ^'ernon, William Beletha, Stephen Hales, Thomas 
 Towei', llobert More, Robert Hacks, Koger Holland, William 
 Sloper, Francis Eyle;^, .John Burton, liichartl Bandy, Arthur Brad- 
 ford, Samuel Smith, Adam Anderson, and Thomas Coram, peti- 
 tioned the Throne to grant them a charter for a separate and distinct 
 l)rovince from Carolina, between the Savannah and Altamahii 
 rivers, to which they designed sending a number of poor people 
 Avho had neitlier lands nor other means of supporting themselrcrt 
 and families. 
 
 On the nmth of June, 1 732, his Majesty King G«orge the Second 
 granted the charter, in his letters-patent, reciting, among other 
 things, " that many ol his poor subjects were, through misfortunes 
 and want of employment, reduced to gi'eat necessities, and would 
 be glad to be settled in any of his Majesty's provinces in America, 
 where, by cultivating the waste and desolate lands, they might not 
 only gain a comfortable subsistence, but also strengthen his Majes- 
 ty's colonies and increase the trade, navigation, and wealth of his 
 
AUr.l\.VI, OF (Ol.OMSlS A r ( U Vlil-KSl'ON. .. 
 
 Majesty's roalius; and that tlie proviiK-c of Is'orth AmcTicH had 
 been frequently ravaged by iudiun enemies, more especially that of 
 South Carolina, whose southern frontier contiuned unsettled and 
 lay open to the neighboring savages ; and to relieve the wants of 
 Kaid poor people, and to protect his Majesty's suJyects in South 
 Carolina, a regular colony of the said poor people should be settled 
 and established on the southern frontiers of Carolina." 
 
 Acting under the autlun-ity of their charter, the Trustees held 
 their first meeting in July, 17;)-', and made arraugemcnts for cany- 
 ing their designs into execution, iloney was collected and persons 
 selected to be sent over and settled in the new colony, which they 
 resolved should be on the Savannah liver. James Oglethorpe, who 
 had been foremost in these philanthrojiic designs, resolved to 
 accompany the colonists, and used every eflbrt toward obtaining 
 worthy persons. ' No lazy or immoral persons, none who would 
 leave families, none who could obtain subsistence in Englantl, and 
 none who Avere in debt and could not obtain the con.sent of their 
 creditors, were selecteil. By the tGlh of Novembc!-, 1 732, thirtj^- 
 Hve families, numbering in all about one hundred and twenty-five 
 ''sober, moral, and industrious persons," had been selected and 
 embarked on the galley Ann, a vessel of two hundred tons builhen. 
 commanded by Captain John Thomas, then lying in the Thames, a 
 short distance Ijelow London. Here the Trustees visited them, and 
 asked each family if they were satisfied and desired to go, giving 
 them the privilege of remaining behind if they so wished. Only 
 one man, who had left a sick wife at Soulhwark, declined to go. 
 They then bid the colonists farewell, and on the following day, the 
 ! 7th of November, the vessel sailed from Gravesend. Among the 
 emigrants was Rev. Henry Herbert, D. D., who had volunteered 
 to accompany and aid them without any compensation. 
 
 After a weary voyage, during which one delicate infant died, the 
 vessel anived in Rebellion Roads, at Charleston, and cast anchor, 
 on the tath of Januarj', 1733. Oglethorpe immediately landed, 
 and was hospitably received by Governor Johnson and the Conncil 
 of South Carolina, by whose order the King's pilot carried the 
 Yessel into Port Royal, and on the 20th the Colonists were landed 
 ;*t Beaufort and lodged in the new barracks of his IMajesty's Inde- 
 pendent Company. The oflicers of the company, and the people 
 <>f the town, bestowed every attention possil)!*- upon the new- 
 comers. 
 
4 HI8T0U1{-AJ- KKCORD OF SAVANXAK. 
 
 Leaving the Colonists here to resl themselves and recover froiiif 
 the fatigue incident to their long voyage, Oglethorpe, accompanied 
 hy Colonel William Bull, of South Carolina, sailed in a small 
 yessel to the Savannah river, to select a site for the proposed settle- 
 ment. Aniviug in the riv(T, a pine-crowned bluff attracted their 
 attention, and they lauded to insjiect it. They ffiuud on the western 
 end of the bluff a little Indian village called Yamacraw. The chief 
 of the tribe to A\1iich the village belonged was named Tomichichi. 
 In the village was a trading-house owned by a. white man named 
 John Musgi'ove, Jr., \vho had married a half-iireed "woman named 
 Mary. She could speak both the Indian and English languages. 
 
 The top of the bluff was comparatively free from trees, level. 
 a,nd admirably adapted for the establishment of a settlement, and 
 Oglethorpe being well pleased Avith it, appealed to Mary to obtain 
 from the trilje permission for the eniigi-ants to scUle there. The 
 tribe at first refused to grant the request, and threatened to "dig up 
 the hatchet " if the settlers came. After much persuasion on the 
 pari of Maij, a provisional treaty was granted until the whok^ 
 Creek nation could be consulted. Deeming this satisfactory, Ogic- 
 thoipe selected the site, about the centre of the bluff, nan\ed it 
 Savannah, after the river which flowed at its foot, secured the 
 services of Mary as interpreter for the ^vhites in subsequent inter- 
 course with the indians, and left for Beaufort, arriving there on the 
 24th of January. Here he secured a .sloop of seventy tons and five 
 plantation boats, and on the oOlh the colonists embarked for the 
 bluff. 
 
 They arrived here on the first of February and landed on the 
 western end of the bluff, that being the only point from which an 
 ascent could be readily made. The tents and baggage Avere carried 
 up the bluff and along it to four pine trees, under which the four 
 large tents were pitched, one for each tithing, into which nmnicipal 
 clivlsions the colonists had been divided before their arrival. 
 
 The tents had scarcely been pitched, and the baggage and bedding- 
 placed therein, before the indians came to Sidute the c^olonists, froni 
 ^hose presence they expected to reap manj^ benefits. In front ot" 
 the king and queen, who were followed by about twenty of the 
 tribe, came the " medicine-man," advancing witli strange and 
 uncouth antics, having in each hand a spread fan of white feathers, 
 fastened to a rod, hung from top to bottom with little bells, with 
 Tfhich he npproaehe<l Oglethorpe (who liad advanced a short dis- 
 
OOLETHORl'KS DKSCKI ITION OF .SAVANNAIt. 5 
 
 feiiu;c tVoin liis tent to meet them), and related the deeds of their, 
 ancestors, all the while stroking him on each side with the fan, a< 
 an expression of the friendship of the tiibe. The king and queen 
 then welcomed the General, after which the indians partook of au 
 t'literUiinment prepared for them in the General's tent. 
 
 AVork wa8 tlie "order of the day" for several day8 after tli« 
 landing, and, nnder the- sui)ervision of their leader, the men felled 
 trees, liewed timber, cleared the land, and erected palisades. On 
 the "Jth, Oglethorpe and Colonel Bnll marked ont a square, the 
 streets, and forty lots for liovises, and on the same day commencod 
 the first house. 
 
 Tlie following day iicnintl Oglethorpe wrote : 
 
 From tub Cami" sjcau Savanva"*, 
 February 10th, 1733. 
 ■ '('•I the Trusfroi for J-MaMi-ikiiti) the (.'uluivj of Geor/jiri in Aini'iku: 
 
 ♦ iKNTLBMEN : 1 travc you an occotiiit, in my last, of our arrival at Charle5fo». 
 rtii; Governor and Assembly liave iriven iis all i)Ossible encoiiragcmcut. Our 
 IJi'ople arrived at IJeaul'ort on the 20th oC .January, where I lodged thc-tii i» 
 »"<nuc new barracks, bnilt lor the soldiers, while I went jnyselt' to view tlas 
 i^avaiinah river. 1 lixed iijion a healthy (situation, about ten miles IVom the wa. 
 The river here forms a half moon, along the south side of which the banki 
 sire about forty foot high, and on the top tlat, which they call a blntV. Thw 
 jilain hijrh jiround extends into the country live or six mile?, and along ♦!?«. 
 river side about a mile. Ships that draw twelve foot water can ride withia 
 ten yards of the bank. Upon the river side in the centre of this plain I hii»o 
 laid out the town. Opposite to it is an Island of very rich pastnrage, whioii 
 t think shouhl be kept for the Trustee's cattle. The river is pretty wide, the 
 water fresh, and from the Key of the town you see its wliole course to ttic m»., 
 with the Island of 'I'ybee, which forms the mouth of the river; and the other 
 way. you sec the river for about six miles up into the country. The lan-tl 
 .-cape is very agreeable, the stream being wide, and bordered with high wood» 
 mi both siifes. The whole people arrived here on the lirst of February. At 
 night their tents were got up. Till the seventh we were taken up in unload- 
 ing, and making a crane, which I the)i could not get tinished, so took off tlic 
 liaiuls, and set some to the fortilication, and began to fell the woods. I 
 marked out the town and common; half of the former is already cleared, and 
 the first house was begun yesterday in the afternoon. Not being able to get 
 negroes. 1 have taken ten of the inde))endent company to work for us, foi' 
 which I make them an allowance. I send you a copy of the resolutions of 
 the as.scmbly, and the Governor and Council's letter to me. Mr. Whitakcr 
 has given us one hundred head of cattle. Colonel T.ull, Mr. Barlow, Mr. St.- 
 •lulian, and Mr. Woodward, are come up to assist us with some of their owh 
 .servants. 1 am so taken up in looking alter a hundred necessary things, that 
 I write now short, but shall give you a more particular account hiireaftcr. A 
 little Indian nation, the only one within fillty niilo«. U not only at aniity. but 
 1* 
 
C^ 1118T0IMCAL RECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 desires to be subjects of his Majesty, King George, to have lands given them 
 iimon,!? us, and to breed their children at our schools. Their Chief, and hi» 
 beloved man, who is the second man in the nation, desire to be instructed in 
 the Christian religion. 
 I am, gentlemen, your most obedient, humble servant. 
 
 •lAMES OGLETHOKrK. 
 
 Hi; wrote, on the 1 2th : 
 
 Our j)eople still lie in tents; tliere being only two clapboard houses built^ 
 and three sawed houses framed. Our crane, our battery of cannon, our 
 ttiagazine, are finished. This is all we have been able to do, by reason of th* 
 fcmallness of our number, of which many have been sick, and others unused 
 to labour, though 1 thank God they arc now pretty well, and we have not lost 
 one since our arrival. 
 
 During this time the Govcmor, Council, and the people of South 
 Carolina vied with one another in extending aid to the colonistsi, 
 and in proof thereof we cite from the " mss. account of bencfac- 
 lions made by South Carolina to the province of Georgia " the 
 record of individual benefactions, the public ones having been 
 alrcji^ly mentioned : 
 
 February — f'oloucl Bull came to Savannah witti four laborers, ami a'^sirfei* 
 the colony for a month, he himself measuring the scantling and setting out 
 fhi; work for the sawyers, aud giving the i)roportion of tlie bouses. Mr. 
 \Vl>itaki'f and bis friends sent the colony one hundred head of cattle. Mr. 
 St. Julian came to Havannah and staid a month, directing the people i» 
 building their bouses and other work. Mr Hume gave a silver boat and 
 HXK)u for the lirst cliild born in Georgia, which being bom of Mrs. Closv, 
 were given accoidiiigly. Mr. dosci)h Bryan, himself, with four of his saw 
 vers, gave two months work in the colony. The inhabitants of Edisto sent 
 .-ixteen sheep. Mr llauimerton gave a drum. Mrs. Ann Drayton sent two 
 (»air of .sawyers to work in the colony. Colonel Bull and Jlr Bryan came 
 i<> Savannah with twenty servants, whose labor they gave to the colony, 
 ilis Exeellemy Itoliert .Tohnson gave seven horses, valued at £2.'>. Carolina 
 eiivreney. 
 
 Eaily in jVIaj', (Jeneral Oglethorpe made a short trip to Charles- 
 ton, S. C, where he met with a most cordial reception from the 
 Governor aud Legislature and from the people of that State. HLh 
 solicit.itions for assistance were answered by the Assembly, which 
 voted A' 10,000 currency, and the chizens of Charleston subscribed 
 i' 1,000 cun'cncy, X'.'iOO of Avhich were immediately paid down. 
 
 The General, well i>leased with his hospitable reception and the 
 liberal re.'^ponses 1o ]»is request for aid. returned to Savannah on the 
 
Al.'KlVAL OF THE FlUST SHU'. j 
 
 :*Jst of May, just in time to meet the representatives of the nine 
 tribes of the Cheek indians, who had assembled in solemn conncil 
 lo strengthen the provisional treaty which had Iwen made with 
 Tomichichi. 
 
 After the usual forni'ililies, and a distribution of presents by 
 Oen. Oglethoipe. Tomichichi addressed him as follows : 
 
 ilvvv is a little iircbent; I give you a buffalo skin, adonicil on the ia'jid« 
 with the liead and leathers of an eagle, ■which I desire you to acc-ept, because 
 lUe eagle is the emblem of speed and the buffalo of strength; the Englisli 
 Hfe as swift as the bird and strong as the beast: since, like the former, they 
 t!ew over vast seas to the uttermost parts of the earth; and like the latter, 
 they arc so strong that nothing can withstand them; the feathers of the cagl« 
 !<ie soft, and signify love; the buffalo's skivi is warm, and signifies protection; 
 tbi refbre. 1 \\o\w the English will love and ])rotect their little families. 
 
 A treaty was elFected, providing that the indians should pemiil 
 The Trustees to trade in their towns and that they should mak*; 
 lestitution for any injuries done by the colonists to the indiau*. 
 \vho, on their part, further agreed to allow the Trustees' people 
 to make use of and possess all those lands which they had n*) 
 occasion to use: not to molest nor rob any of the English, ami, 
 finally. " to keep the talk in their heads so long as the sun shall 
 ^^hine or the waters nm into the rivers. ''' 
 
 Tini sliip James, Captain Yoaklej-, witli several colonists on 
 board, sailed up the Savannah and unloaded at the town a shon 
 lime after the treaty. Captain Yoakley was given the prize whick 
 the Trustees had offered to the "lirst ship that should sail up the 
 Savannah river and unload at the town." 
 
 By the seventh of July, one hundred and fifty more settlerji 
 anived, a large number of whom came at their own e.vpensc ; a 
 large tract of land was cleared and a number of houses crecte<l, 
 and it was resolved to designate the town, wards, squares, and 
 streets with fomixl ceremonies. Accordingly, on that day the emi- 
 grants assembled in front of Oglethorpe's tent, and after solemn 
 religious ceremonies they proceeded to name the wards and assign 
 the lots. Four wards were marked off and named : lieathcote. 
 after Sir William lieathcote; Percival, after Lord Percival, the: 
 first President of the Trustees ; Derby, after Earl of Derby ; and 
 Decker, after Sir William Decker. These wards were then divided 
 into sixteen tithings, and named Digby, Carpenter, Frederick, Tyr- 
 connel, More. Ilucks, Tower, lieathcote, Eyles. I.i;iroche. Vernon, 
 
,v^ HI8T0KKAL KECOKJD OF SAVANKAH. 
 
 IMethrt, Holland, Sloper, Wilmington, and Jekyll.* The ft^e 
 Htreets which intersected the wards and tithings at right angles were 
 named in honor of the South Carolinians who aided the colony : 
 Dull, Whitaker, Drayton, St. Julian, and Bryan. A square was 
 also laid out, and as a mark of the respect and esteem which the 
 <oloni8ts bore to Governor Johnson, of South Carolina, it wa« 
 named after him. The assignment of the lots was next in order, 
 AvJiich, after a display of considerable tact on the part of Ogle- 
 thorpe to settle amicably the differences which arose In regard to 
 iJie choice of lociility, was accomplished by dinner-time. A boun- 
 teous repast was then partaken of. 
 
 Mter dinner, a town court of record was established, the bailiffs 
 inducted into office, a jury empanneled, and the first court in 
 Georgia held. This court was composed of three bailiffs, a recorder, 
 ;K;ting as clerk, and twelve free-holdere. The members of ths 
 court were ordered to wear, while sitting on the bench, majestcritU 
 .Ljowns, those of the bailiff being purple, edged with fur, and that 
 (or the recorder being black, tufted. Messrs. Samuel Parker, 
 'I'liomas Young, Joseph Cole, John Wright, John West, Timothy 
 Howling, John Milledge, Henry Close, Walter Fo.v, John Grady, 
 .)ameH Carwcll, and Richard Cannon composed the first grand jwtj. 
 
 Four days after these ceremonies a colony of Israelites arriTei 
 ♦lirect from liondon, named as follows : Dr. Nuuis and his mothcT, 
 Mrs. Nunis : Daniel Ptoses Nunis, Sipra Nunis, and Shem Noah, 
 Jhoir sen'ant ; Mr. llenriques and wife, and Shem, their servant ; 
 Mr. and Mrs. Banial : David OUvera; Jacob Olivera, wife, ani3 
 fluec children, David, Isaac, and Leah ; Aaron Depivea ; Benja- 
 uiin Gideon; Jacob Costa; David Depass and wife; Vene Ileal; 
 Molena ; David Moranda ; Jacob Moranda ; David Cohen, wife, 
 and four children, Isaac, Hannah, Abigail, and Grace ; Abrahant 
 Minis and wife, with their two daughters, Leah and Esther ; 
 Simeon JVIinis ; Jacob Yowall ; Benjamin Sheftall and Avife ; and 
 Abraham DeLyoii — all coming at their own expense. 
 
 Some persons in Ergland became offended when the arrival of 
 lliis party was ri'ported, and wrote to the Trustees, stating that they 
 would not conti-ibute money for the support of the colony so long 
 as the Hebrews remained. The Trustees wrote to the commis- 
 
 * Wilmington tithing was named after the Karl t>f Wilmington, and Jckyll 
 'Afte.v .Sir Joseph .Teky)I. Master of the I{(il)s. 
 
(XJLKTIIOKIM-: <i(>r.S T(l F,NGL\N1>. <) 
 
 jiioncrs who had sent them over "to use their eudeavors thai the 
 said Jews be removed from the colony of Georgia." Oglelhoqx' 
 was also written to by the Trustees, who desired him " to use hi.< 
 tindeavors to prevent tlieir settling with any of the givantees." In 
 reply, Oglethorpe praised their good conduct, and especially coin- 
 commeuded the skill and kindness of Dr. Nunis, who, since hif- 
 arrival, had rendered valuable services to the sick colonists. Ogle- 
 thor[X' very -wisely refused to move them, and time has proven 
 that, had he complied with the request of the Trustees, the colony 
 would have lost some of its most moral and industrious citizens. 
 Although Oglethorpe did all he could to make theu' new-fountJ 
 home pleasant and comfortable, yet the civil disabilities under which 
 Ihey labored, the poor condition of the colonj^ and the advantages 
 held out by tlic Charlestonians, induced all but three of the familie.-?. 
 the ISIinises, DeLj'ons, and Sheftalls, to go to Charleston. 
 
 About this period the iiUigators, which hid at first been frightened 
 away by the bustle and noise made in building houses, felling 
 frees, and the like, grew bold, and amused themselves by strolling 
 about town at night, much to the annoyance and teixor of tlu^ 
 inhabitants. And "jNIr. Oglethorpe," says the minutes of the Tnis- 
 tees, " to take off the terror which the people had for aligatoi-s. 
 having wounded and caught sne, twelve feet long, had him broughl 
 «p to the town, and set the boys to beat him with sticks until hi 
 w:is beat to death." 
 
 From this time nothing of particular moment marked the hislori.- 
 of Savannah until the 12th of ]\rarch, 17o+. On this day the 
 Purysburgh arrived, bringing seventy-eight Salzburgcrs, who pre- 
 ferred to forsake their homes and seek new ones in a foreign and 
 almost unknown land rather than give up their religion. Ogle- 
 thorpe established them at a place twenty-four miles from Savan- 
 nah, which they called Ebenezer. 
 
 After seeing the new colony settled, Oglethorpe left for England, 
 carrying with him Tomichichi and one or two other Indian chief-;, 
 in order that they might become impressed with the strength and 
 greatness of the English people, to strengthen the friendship of 
 the Indians, and also to interest the English in them. Tlie colony 
 was now left in charge of the bailiffs. 
 
 ^Tien Oglethorpe departed, there were, including the public 
 bviildings, ninety-one houses in the town, and the inhabitants wer«- 
 in a hcidthy and pro.sperou« condition. The squares, streets, ward". 
 
10 IIISIOKHAI. t:;;((i]il) OK SAVAWAU. 
 
 and tithings laid out aud named, the lots and houses assigned. A 
 comt-house, public mill and oven, a house for strangers, public 
 store, parsonage-house, and guard-house built, a craiK; for hauling 
 goods up the bluff erected, a lort and palisades to prevent an 
 attack by land, and a batteiy on the bluir to prevent the appi-oar it 
 of an enemy by water, established. A map of the lowu wa^ 
 drawn, by Peter Gordon, on the 2itlh of March, I7.U, about a 
 month previous to the Gciieral's departure, which gives an accurate 
 description of the town as it then was. There was then no stre<'t 
 between the river and the houses Avhich were on the same line as 
 those now located on the south side of Bay street. The places of 
 note arc marked on tiie map, and their sites can be readily i>ointed 
 out at this time. 
 
 The four pine trees under Avhich (iie colonists pilched lluir fdui 
 tents and slept tlie fu-st night in Cieorgia were situated nearly on 
 the edge of the bluil', between Bull and Whitaker streets, in front 
 of where Robert Ilabcrsliam & Co.'s commission hou.se now stand.«. 
 
 The Stairs going up (I) were located a little east of the tree.«, 
 about where INIajor 1^. IT. Behn's commission house no\v stands. 
 
 Mr. Oglethorpe's Tent (2) was nearly under the cluster of trees. 
 
 The Crane and Bell {o), the first used to haul goods up the blulf 
 and the other to call the colonists together for wt)rship, Avork, and 
 other purposes, vi'ere situated west of the trees, the crane on the 
 < dge of the bluff and the bell just in the rear of the crane ; both 
 on the site now occupied by the business house of Tj. J. Guilmartin 
 & Co. 
 
 The Tabei-iiacle and C'ourldiouse (1) was ou J hill sl.)-eet, occu;))- 
 ii-ig the groiuid )iow ()c<',ui)i('d hy the I'car portion of the euslom- 
 house. 
 
 The Public Mill (.">; was located ou Bryan streel, where now 
 stands the establishment of U. Cranston. 
 
 The House for Strangers ((!) stood on the site now occupied by 
 the crockeiy and chinaware establishment of E. D. Smythe & Co.. 
 on the south side of St. Julian, second door east of Whitaker street. 
 
 The Pul)lic Oven (7) stood on the northeast corner of CongrcJ^s 
 and Whitaker streets, Avherc now stands the extensive jewelry 
 establishment of S. P. Hamilton. 
 
 The Draw-well (8) was situated in tlie centre of Bull street , 
 where Congress Street lane intersects it. 
 
 The Lot for the Church (;>) was laid out, but no church was Iniill 
 
■^ 
 
A J5AILIIK (' VUSKS TKOLT.LI:. H 
 
 upon it for sevcial yoars afterward, (lirist church occupies tlie. 
 Jot now. 
 
 The Public Store (10) was located where the Stat« b;ink now 
 St a mis. 
 
 The Fort (1 1) was situated on what i^^ now the line of President 
 :*treet, and near Oglethoipe square. 
 
 The Parsonage-house (12) was situated in the middle of what i-^ 
 now Congress street, and on the west side of what is now lleynoldM 
 M|uarc. 
 
 The Palisades (13) Averc erected on a line extending from the 
 blufl, at a point where now stands the business house of Hunter & 
 Gammell, to the centre of what is now the block between Bay lane 
 and Bryan street, and Di'ayton and Aberconi streets. 
 
 The Guard-house (14) and the battery of cannon were situated 
 on the bluff, just at the foot of Drayton street. 
 
 Hutchinson's island (15) is seen on the opposite side of the river. 
 
 As has been stated, the colony Avas left under the charge of the 
 three bailiffs, but one of them, John Causton, usurped all authority 
 and made the other two simply his tools. His conduct was so 
 overbearing that the colonists preferred charges against him, in 
 which it was stated that he was of low origin and had become 
 intoxicated with the powers vested in him, and was proud, haughty, 
 and cruel ; that he had threatened jurors whose verdicts did not 
 correspond with his inclination or humor ; that he had compelled 
 eight freeholders, with an otlieor, to attend at the door of the court - 
 liouse while it was in session, with their guns and bayonets, who 
 had orders to rest their tire-locks as soon as he appeared ; thai 
 he had threatened all, without distinction, who dared to oppose 
 his arbitrary proceedings, or claimed their just rights and privileges, 
 with the jail, stocks, and whipping-post, until he had rendered 
 Jiimself a tciTor to the people, and especially to jurors, who were 
 afraid to act according to their consciences ; that he had misapplied 
 (he pxiblic moneys; that everj-thing had gone to ruin; '"that the 
 Hritish nation was deceived (by him) with the fame of a hapi)y, 
 nourishing colony, and of its being free from that pest and scourge 
 of mankind called lawyers, for the want of whose legal assistance 
 the poor, miserable inhabitants are exposed to a more arbitrary 
 goremment than ever was exercised in Turkey and Muscovy." 
 
 These representations of Causton's conduct caused his removul 
 bv the Tmstees. and Mr. Gordon was sent over to a.ssume the 
 
J2 lII^TOVacAL UECOKI) OK .^AVAXKAir. 
 
 power antl duties of chief magistrate. He possessed considerabla 
 ability and soon bfecame a favorite witli the people, and would 
 )»ave restored order and harmony, had not the cunning of old 
 Caoston pointed out an expedient to remove him. Causton w*?? 
 keeper of the public stores, and refused to allow Gordon eithei 
 money or provisions. Gordon, ha\ing no way to support himself 
 and family, was compelled to return to England six w^eeks after 
 his arrival. His departure and the death of his successor, JMi-. 
 Durn, who died a few daj'S after his appointment, left the field 
 open for Causton to resume his arbitrary rule. 
 
 The impartiahty of Judge Causton is shown in the trial of 
 (,'aptain Joseph Watson. Charges had been preferred against 
 this militia officer by Causton, to the etfect that he had stirred 
 up animosities in the minds of the Indians, and for this he was 
 aiTaigned before the court, in w'hich Causton was judge, witness, 
 and advocate. The jury brought in a verdict that Watson was 
 not guilty of any crime but that of having used some unguarded 
 expressions. This verdict did not suit Causton, who ordered the 
 jury to find another verdict, but they returned with the same ; 
 whereupon Causton again ordered them to retire and find the 
 accused guiltj' and recommend him to the mercy of the court, 
 imagining him to be a lunatic. The jury finally "found the 
 accused guilty of lunacy ;" whereupon Causton ordered him to 
 prison, ■where he remained nearly three years without having 
 sentence pronounced upon him. 
 
 During the absence of Oglethorpe attempts were made to culti- 
 vate gi'ape vines and mulberry trees — to make wine and silk — 
 in the " Trustees' garden," which had been laid out and enclosed 
 at the east end of the town. The ground there was not adapted 
 for the purpose, and those thus employed "found themselves 
 cultivating a poor bit of sand which, in the heat of summer, 
 would have roasted an egg." The trees did not flourish and 
 the vines were parched with heat. The Trustees w'ere notified 
 of this, and another spot was selected. While the gardeners were 
 so unsuccessful, Mr Abram DeLyon, who had been a vigneron 
 in Portugal, cultivated in his garden several varieties of grape, 
 among which were the Oporto and Malaga, to great perfection. 
 
 The inhabitants of Savannah, in common with those of the other 
 settlements, became discontented while Oglethorpe was absent, 
 :ind upon his arrival in February, 1736, he experienced considerable 
 diflBculty in allaying the dissatisfaction. 
 
ARRIVAL OF REVS. JOHN AND CHARLES WESLEY. ^3 
 
 Revs. John and Charles Wesley came over with Oglethorpe, 
 and aided him in restoring harmony. On the Sunday after their 
 a,rrival, Rev. John Wesley* (afterward the founder of Methodism) 
 preached his first sermon in America, his text being from the 
 Epistle of the day — 13th chapter 1st Corinthians — and christian 
 charity his theme. 
 
 * The popularity of this divine was very great with the people of Savan- 
 nah. On one occasion during his stay in the colony a ball and public prayers 
 were announced to take place at the same time. "At the hour appointed," 
 says a chronicler of the times, "the church was full, while the ball-room 
 ■was so empty that the entertainment could not go forward." 
 
 2 
 
24 HISK^UICAL RECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 CAPTER II. 
 
 Savannah in 1736 — Its Situation — Houses and People — Laws and Cus- 
 toms — Town Lots and Squares — Public Buildings — Arrival of Rev. 
 George Wliitfleld and Mr. James Habersham — Burial of Toniichichi — 
 Judge Causton again Introduced — The Inhabitants Puzzled — Building 
 ■of the Orphan House — Condition of Savannah in 1743 — Establishment 
 of the First Commercial and Manufacturing Houses — Hostile Indians in 
 Savannah — Organization of the Union Society — Meeting of the First 
 General Assembly of Georgia — First General Muster. 
 
 Mr. Francis Moore visited the colony in 1736, and wrote an 
 Account* of bis visit, in which he described Savannah as follows : 
 
 Savannah is about a mile and a quarter in circumference; it stands upon 
 the flat of a hill; the bank of the river (which they in barbarous English 
 call a blutf) is steep and about forty-flve feet perpendicular, so that all 
 heavy goods are brought up by a crane, an inconvenience designed to be 
 remedied by a bridge-wharf, and an easy ascent, which, in laying out the 
 town, care ;vas taken to allow room for, there being a very wide strand 
 between the first row of houses and the river. From this strand there is 
 a very pleasant prospect; you can see the river wash the foot of the hill, 
 which is a hard, clear, sandy beach a mile in length; the water is fresh, 
 and the river one thousand foot wide. Eastward you see the river increased 
 by the northern branch which runs around Hutcliinson's island, and the 
 Carolina shore beyond it, and the Avoody islands at the sea, which closes 
 the prospect at ten or twelve miles distance. Over against it is Hutchinson's 
 island, great jiart of which is open ground, where they mow hay for the 
 Trustees' horses and cattle. The rest is woods, in which there are many 
 bay trees eighty foot high. Westward you see the river winding between 
 tlie woods, with little islands in it, for many miles. 
 
 The town of Savannali is built of wood; all tlie houses of the first forty 
 freeholders are of tlie same size witli that Mr. Oglethorpe lives in,t but 
 there are great numbers built since— 1 believe one hundred or one hundred 
 and fifty; many of these are much larger; some of two or three stories high, 
 the boards jilained and painted. Tlie houses stand on large lots, sixty foot 
 in front by ninety foot in depth; each lot has a fore and back street to it; 
 the lots are fenced in with split poles ; some people have palisades of split 
 wood before their doors, but the generality have been wise enough not to 
 throw away their money, which in tliis country, laid out in husbandry, is 
 capable of great improvements. 
 
 There are several people of good substance in the town, who came at 
 
 * The account is published in the ■' Collections of the Georgia Historical 
 Society." 
 t Sixteen by twenty-four feet. 
 
SAVAXN.Ur IN noti. 
 
 15 
 
 their own expense, and also several of those who came over on the Charity 
 are in a very thriving way ; but this is observed, that the most substantial 
 people are the most frugal, and make the least show, and live at the least 
 expense. There are some also who have made but little or bad use of 
 the beneiits they received, idling away their times, whilst they had their 
 provisions from the public store, or else working for hire, earning from 
 two shillings, the price for a laborer, to four or five shillings, the price of 
 a carpenter, per diem, and spending that money in rum and good living, 
 thereby neglecting to improve their lands, so that when their time of 
 receiving their provisions from the public ceased they were in no forward- 
 ness to maintain themselves out of their own lands. As they chose to be 
 hirelings when they might have improved for themselves, the consequence 
 of that folly forces them now to work for their daily bread. These are 
 generally discontented with the country; and if they have run themselves 
 in debt, their creditors will not let them go away till they have paid. Con- 
 sidering the number of people, there are but few of these. The industrious 
 ones liitve throve beyond expectation ; most of them that have been there 
 three years, and many others, have houses in the town, which those that let 
 have for the worst ten pounds per annum, and the best for thirty pounds. 
 Those who have cleared their five-acre lots have made a very great profit 
 out of them by greens, roots, and corn. Several have improved the cattle 
 they had at first, and have now five or six tame cows; others who, to save 
 the trouble of feeding them, let them go into the woods can rarely find 
 them, and when they are brought up, one of them will not give half the 
 quantity of milk which another cow fed near home will give. Their houses arc 
 built at a pretty large distance from one another, for fear of fire ; the streets 
 are very wide, and there are great squares left at proper distances for markets 
 and other conveniences. Near the river side is a guard-house inclosed with 
 palisades a foot thick, where there are iiineteevi or twenty cannons mounted 
 and a continual guard kept by the freeholders. 
 
 The town is governed by three bailiffs, and has a recorder, register, and 
 a town court, which is holden every six weeks, where all matters, civil and 
 criminal, are decided by grand and petit juries, as in England; but there 
 are no lawyers allowed to plead for him; nor no attorneys to take nioneyi 
 but (as in old times in England) every man pleads his own cause. In case 
 it should be an orphan, or one that can not speak for themselves, there arc 
 persons of the best substance in the town appointed by the Trustees to take 
 care of the orphans and to defend the helpless, and that without fee or 
 reward, it being a service that each that is capable must perform in his turn. 
 
 They have some laws and customs that are peculiar to Georgia; one is 
 that all brandies and distilled liquors are prohibited under severe penalties; 
 another is; that no slavery is allowed, nor negroes; a third, that all persons 
 who go among the Indians must give security for their good behavior; 
 because the Indians, if any injury is done to them and they can not kill 
 (!ie man that does it, expect satisfaction from the government, which if not 
 procured they break out into war by killing the first white man they con- 
 veniently can.* No victualler or alehouse-keeper can give any credit, .so 
 
 * All west of JefTerson street from the bluff to the south side of South 
 
Jg HISTORICAL RECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 consequently can not recover any debt. The freeholds have all been entailed^ 
 which has been very fortunate for the place. If people could have sold,, 
 the greatest part, before they knew the value of their lots, would have parted 
 with them for a trifling condition, and there Mere not wanting rich men 
 who emploj^ed agents to monopolize the whole town. 
 
 In order to maintain many people, it was proper that the land should be 
 divided into small portions, and to prevent the uniting them by marriage 
 or purchase. For every time two lots were united the town loses a family, 
 and the inconveniency of this shows itself at Savannah, notwithstanding 
 the care of the Trustees to prevent it. They suffered the moity of the lots to 
 descend to the widows during their lives ; those who remarried to men who 
 had lots of their own, by uniting two lots made one be neglected; for the 
 strength of hands who could take care of one was not sufficient to look to 
 and improve two. These uncleared lots are a nuisance to their neighbors. 
 The trees which grow upon them .shade the lots, the beasts take shelter in 
 them, and for want of clearing the brooks which pass through them the lands 
 above are often prejudiced by floods. To prevent all these inconveniences, 
 the first regulation of the Trustees was a strict Agrarian law, by which all 
 the lands near towns should be divided, 50 acres to each freeholder. The 
 quantity of land by experience seems rather too much, since it is impossible 
 that one poor family can tend so much land. If this allotment is too much, 
 how much more inconvenient would the uniting of two be? To prevent it 
 the Trustees grant the land in tail-male, that on the expiring of a male line 
 they may regrant it to such man, having no other lot, as shall be married to 
 the next female heir of the deceased as is of good character. This manner 
 of dividing prevents, also, the sale of lands, and the rich thereby monopo- 
 lizing the country. 
 
 Each freeholder has a lot in town sixty foot by ninety foot, besides which 
 he has a lot beyond the common of five acres for a garden. Every ten houses 
 make a tithing, and to every tithing there is a mile square, which is divided 
 into twelve lots, besides roads ; each freeholder of the tithing has a lot or 
 farm of forty-five acres there and two lotst are reserved by the Trustees in 
 order to defray the charge of the public. The town is laid out for two hun- 
 dred and forty freeholds ; the quantity of land necessary for that number is 
 twenty-four square miles ; every forty houses in town make a ward, to which 
 four square miles in the country belong; each ward has a constable, and 
 under him four tithing-men. 
 
 Where the town land ends the villages begin; four villages make award 
 out, which depends upon one of the wards within the town. The use of this 
 is, in case a war should happen, the villages without may have places in the 
 town to bring their catties and families into for refuge, and for that purpose 
 there is a square left in every ward big enough for the outwards to encamp 
 in. There is a ground also kept ai-ound about the town ungranted, in order 
 for the fortifications whenever occasion shall require. Beyond the villages 
 
 Broad street, thence to the eastern limits of the city, was the boundary. On 
 the trees at intervals along this boundary line, planks, one side painted white 
 the other red, were nailed to "show the people they could not go over that 
 mark to cut wood, as it belonged to the Indians." 
 t These lots were called " Trust Lots." 
 
PUBLIC BUILDINGS IN 1V38. jy 
 
 commences lots of five huiKlred acres; tliese are granted upon terms of keep- 
 ing the servants, &c. There is near the town to the east a garden belonging 
 to the Trustees consisting of ten acres; the situation is delightful, one half of 
 it upon the top of the hill, the foot of which the Savannah river washes, and 
 from it you see the woody islands in the sea. Tlie remainder of the garden 
 is the side and some plain low ground at the foot of the hill, where several 
 line springs broke out. 
 
 The constant arrival of persons from England and other places, 
 to settle in the various settlements in Georgia, contributed to swell 
 the population of Savannah, many being so well pleased with the 
 town that they refused to go further, and made it their home. Con- 
 sequently, in 1738, we find that the town has been considerably 
 enlarged, new streets, wards, and squares laid out and new houses 
 built. Notwithstanding this manifest improvement in the popula- 
 tion and dimensions in the town, very little if any attention was 
 paid to the public buildings, as will be seen from the following 
 account of them written at that time : 
 
 The public works in this town are: 1. A Court-house, being one handsome 
 room, with a piache on three sides. This likewise serves as a church for 
 divine service, none having been ever built, notwithstanding the Trustees in 
 their public acts acknowledged the receipt of about seven hundred pounds 
 sterling from charitable persons for that express purpose. 
 
 2. Opposite the Court-houSe stands the log house or prison (which is the 
 only one remaining of five or six that have been successively built in Savan- 
 nah), that place of terror and support of absolute power in Georgia. 
 
 3. Nigh thereto is a house built of logs, at a very great charge, as was 
 said, for the Trustees' steward; the foundation below ground is rotten, as the 
 whole fabric must be in a short time, for the roof being flat the rain comes 
 in at all parts of it. 
 
 4. The Storehouse, which has been many times altered and amended at a 
 very great charge, and it now serves as a store for the private benefit of one 
 or two. 
 
 a. The Guard-house, which was first built on the bluff, soon decayed, as did 
 a second, through improper management, this now standing being the third. 
 Several flag-staffs were likewise erected, the last of which, according to com- 
 mon report, cost f -50 sterling. 
 
 6. A Public Mill for grinding corn was first erected, at a considerable 
 expense, in one square of the town, but in about three years time (without 
 doing the least service) it fell to the ground. In another square of the town 
 a second was set up, at a far greater expense, but never finished, and is now 
 erased and converted into a house for entertaining the Indians and other such 
 like uses. 
 
 7. Several of the houses which were built by freeholders, for want of heirs 
 male, are fallen to the Trustees (even to the prejudice of the lawful creditors 
 of the deceased) and are disposed of as the General thinks proper. 
 
jg HISTORICAL RECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 At least two lumdred lots were taken up in Savannah, about one hundred 
 and seventy of which were built upon. 
 
 Rev. George Whitfield, who had seciu-ed from the Trustees a 
 tract of hind near Savannah for the purpose of building an asylum 
 for the poor children, arrived in May, 1737, accompanied by Mr. 
 James Habersham. 
 
 In October of this year a grand council of the chiefs of the four 
 towns of the Creek nation was held in Savannah, and with the 
 assistance of Tomichichi another treaty was arranged, by which 
 the Indians agreed to form a friendly alliance with the English and 
 assist them against their enemies. This was the last opportunity 
 that Tomichichi had to show his friendship to the colonists, who 
 were indebted greatly to him for protection. He died the following 
 October. In compliance with his request that he might be buried 
 among the English, his remains were brought from his place above 
 the town in a canoe, and were met at the bluff by Oglethoipe, the 
 the civil authorities, and the citizens, all of whom, out of respect, 
 assembled to assist in the funeral obsequies. A procession was 
 formed, and the corpse, M'ith Oglethorpe and Colonel Stephens, the 
 President, as pall-bearers, was escorted to Percival * square, minute 
 guns being fired from the Battery the while. As the body was 
 lowered into the earth three volleys of musketry were fired by the 
 militia. 
 
 The close of 1739 introduces John Causton again ; he had con- 
 tinued his arbitrary measures up to this time. William Stephens, 
 Thomas Christie, and Thomas Jones, Esqs., were appointed to 
 examine his accounts, which Avere never satisfactorily settled, 
 and Causton was removed for mal-practice in oflice. This duty 
 was hardly over before the services of Mr. Stephens were again 
 called for. 
 
 The Council of the Trustees had met in London and adopted a 
 series of long resolutions relating to the grants and tenure of lands 
 in Georgia, which were incomprehensible. They were published in 
 the Charleston papers, but as they were not understood Stephens 
 was requested to read and explain them as he went along. This he 
 proceeded to do one day at the court-house, but, though he exerted 
 his utmost abilities, failed to explain them satisfactorily. After 
 he gave up, one of the settlers ludicrously remarked that " the 
 
 * Now Court-house square. 
 
THE FIRST COMMERCIAL HOUSE. 19 
 
 wliole paper cousisted of males and tails* and that all the lawyers 
 in London would not be able to bring the meaning down to his 
 comprehension, and that he understood as little of its meaning then 
 a.s he had when Stephens began" — others wished to "know how 
 often these two words had occurred in the resolutions ; that the 
 number ought to be preserved as a cmiosity ; and that the author 
 of the resolutions ought to be lodged in bedlam for lunacy." . 
 
 The building of the " Orphan House " was commenced in 1740, 
 and located on what was then described to be a sandy bluff", near 
 the sea-shore, and was named Belhesda. The house was con- 
 .structed under the superintendence of Mr. Joseph Habersham, who 
 took a warm interest in the laudable undertaking. An account of 
 this " noble charity" will be found under the head of "Bethesda." 
 
 The invasion of Georgia by the Spaniards from Florida occm-red 
 at this period, and caused many people to leave Savannah, fearing 
 that the enemy would reach it and massacre the inhabitants. 
 Owing to the generalship of Oglethorpe and the bravery of the 
 colonists, who volunteered to defend then homes, the enemy were 
 repulsed before arriving within many miles. This war retarded the 
 settlers from making any improvements, and at its close Savannah 
 was in anything but a flourishing condition, yet under the smiling 
 influences of peace the settlers again went to work and soon 
 placed the town ui30u a better footing than ever before. When 
 Oglethorpe finally left the colony, m 1 743, there were three hundred 
 and fifty-thi-ee houses, exclusive of the public buildings. Anaong 
 these were a number of elegant houses surrounded by large gardens. 
 
 Mr. James Habersham, of whom we have before had occasion 
 to speak, together witli Mr. Charles Harris, established here, in 
 17-1:4, the first commercial house in Georgia. The firm was known 
 as Harris & Habersham,!' and gave great encom-agemeut to the 
 planters, from whom they purchased lumber, hogs, poultry, deer 
 sldns, &c., a cargo of which, valued at f 10, 000, was shipped to 
 England in 1 740. This was the first attempt to comnience a foreign 
 trade. A letter written by Mr. Habersham to a friend in England, 
 expressing his views upon the advantages of agiiculture and com- 
 merce to the colonj'^, fell into the hands of the Trustees, and they 
 were led by it to think seriously upon the subject and to adopt 
 
 * Ill-tail-male. 
 
 t Their place of business was clo.se to the water's edge, and just in rear of 
 Tvhcrc Robert Habersham & Co. 's commission house now stands. 
 
20 HISTORICAL RECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 measures which tended to advance those interests. Previous to 
 this the colonists had become vpeary of attempting to produce silk 
 and wine, for which purpose the colony had been established, 
 and neglected the gardens where the vines and mulberry trees 
 had been planted ; and many of them petitioned the Trustees to 
 abandon the idea of producing silk and wine exclusively and 
 appropriate money for the purposes of agriculture and commerce. 
 Notwithstanding the experience of fourteen years had shown the 
 Trustees that their favorite projects had come to nothing, they 
 refused to grant the requests in the petition, and paid no atten- 
 tion to the subjects mentioned, until they came into the possession 
 of Mr. Habersham's letter.* 
 
 Even then they did not altogether abandon the cherished hope 
 that Georgia was a " silk and wine growing colony," for they 
 made another eflbrt, in 1750, to encourage the growth of silk, 
 offering large bounties to all who would engage in it ; and in the 
 year following a filature, or house for the manufacture of silk, was 
 built on the west side of Reynold's square, on the ground now 
 occupied by " Cassell's Row." 
 
 In our efforts to give the reader an accurate account of the estab- 
 lishment of the first commercial and manufacturing houses in 
 Savannah, and of the first exports from it, we passed over an 
 occurrence which we venture to assert was never forgotten by 
 those of the inhabitants who witnessed it, as for a time they were 
 completely at the mercy of the Indians, who, thirsting for the lands 
 occupied by the whites, assembled in Savannah and demanded a 
 relinquishment of them. 
 
 It will be remembered that through the influence of the half- 
 breed woman, Mary Musgrove, Oglethorpe obtained permission 
 from the Indians to settle upon Yamacraw bluff. After the death 
 of John Musgrove, which occurred three years after the landing of 
 Oglethorpe, Mary married a Captain Mathews, who died in 1 7-12. 
 Shortly after his death Mary married again, Rev. Thomas Bosom- 
 wortli, a clergyman of the Church of England, at the time in 
 the employ of the "Society for the Propagation of Christian 
 Knowledge," being the happy man. Previous to this alliance 
 Mary had been upon the most friendly terms with the colonists. 
 
 * So well pleased were the Trustees with the arguments used in this letter, 
 that they immediately appointed the author a member of the Council in 
 ■Georgia. 
 
HOSTILE INDIANS IN SAVANNAH. 
 
 21 
 
 Her conduct was now entirely the reverse. Before ske stood as a 
 mediatrix between the whites and indians ; now she did all in her 
 power to excite dissension between them. This change was due to 
 Bosomworth. He laid claims to the islands of Ossaba, Sapelo, 
 and St. Catherine, and for a few trifles obtained them from 
 Malatchee, the brother of Mary, and who, because of his fickle 
 temper, was by the Indians compared to the wind- Bosomworth 
 had previously gone through the farce of crowning Malatchee 
 king, and about fifteen other chiefs " head warriors and beloved 
 men"' of seven different towns, all of whom, on the 14th of 
 December, 1747, signed a paper acknowledging Malatchee the 
 right and lawful prince, and pledging themselves to "ratify and 
 confii'ui every act and deed of his." Bosomworth, by his unthrifti- 
 ness, soon became entangled in debt, and to extricate himself, 
 encom'aged his wife to assume the title of an independent empress, 
 which she did and summoned a meeting of the Creeks, before 
 whom, in a violent harrangue, she insisted upon the justice of her 
 pretensions. The Indians were aroi;sed to a high pitch of excite- 
 inent by this speech, and pledged themselves " to stand by her 
 to their last drop of blood." This object being accomplished, 
 Bosomworth became bold and insolent, and in 1 749 he and Mary, 
 with a large body of savages in their train, marched toward 
 Savannah, he having previously sent a messenger to Colonel William 
 Stephens, President of the Council, to inform him " that Maiy had 
 assumed her right of sovereignty over the whole temtoiies of the 
 Upper and Lower Creeks, and to demand that all lands belonging to 
 them be instantly relinquished, for as she was the hereditary and 
 rightful Queen of both nations and could command every man of 
 them to follow her, in case of refusal she had determined to 
 extu'pate the settlement." 
 
 These bold pretentions and threats alarmed the President and 
 Council, but they determined to put the town in the best posture of 
 defence possible, and summoned the militia to place themselves 
 under arms, which was done, but the whole force amounted to only 
 one hundred and seventy men. A messenger was sent to Mary, 
 while several miles distant from town, to ascertain whether she 
 was serious in such wild pretensions, and if possible to make her 
 dismiss her followers and abandon her design. Mary was inflexible 
 and resolute, and the President resolved to receive them with 
 fu'mness. As the indians entered the town, on the 10th of August, 
 
22 
 
 HISTORICAL RRCOKD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 1 719, the militia met them, and Captain Noble Jones, commauding- 
 a troop of horse, halted them and demanded whether they came 
 with hostile or friendly intent; to which the Indians made no 
 satisfactory reply, whereupon he told them that they must leave 
 their arms there, as he had orders not to permit an armed man 
 of them to set his foot within the town. Some further parley 
 ensxied, which resulted in the indians reluctantly grounding their 
 arms. The indians then marched in town to the Parade, Bosom- 
 worth in his canonical robes, with his queen by his side, heading 
 the procession. 
 
 Arriving at the Parade, the militia saluted them i)y firing fifteen 
 I'ounds from cannon and with volleys of musketry. The President 
 then demanded their intentions in visiting the town in so large 
 a body when they had not been sent for by any person in lawful 
 authority. The warriors, in reply, said that they had heard it 
 was the intention of the English to seize Mary and send her 
 captive over the great water ; that they intended no harm, and 
 begged that their anus might be restored to them ; and then, 
 after consulting with Bosomworth and his wife, they would return 
 and settle all public affairs. Theh- muskets were returned, but 
 no ammunition was given them. 
 
 The Council was then dismisstd, to reassemble on the following 
 day. In teiTor and alarm the inhabitants passed the night, only to 
 be more alarmed when morning came, for then the indians, who had 
 been aroused by the private harangues of the queen and Bosom- 
 worth during the night, became very surly and ran in a tumultuous 
 manner up and down the streets, seemingly bent upon mischief. 
 Tlie confusion became very great. The militia were under arms, 
 and therefore away from the houses. The women and children, 
 fearing that if they remained at home they would be butchered, 
 crowded into the streets, thereby increasing the confusion ; during 
 which a false rumor was chculated that the indians had cut off 
 President Stephens' head with a tomahawk. Tlie inhabitants 
 became so exasperated at this that it was with great difficulty the 
 officers prevented them from firing upon the savages. Bosomworth 
 was immediately seized and confined, which made Mary frantic. 
 She threatened vengeance against the magistrates and the colon j, 
 and ordered every white man to depart from her teriitories. She 
 cm'sed Oglethori")e and asserted that his treaties were fraudulent, 
 and, stamping her foot violently upon the ground, swore by her 
 Maker that the whole earth on which she trode was her own. 
 
MALATCHEES SPEECH. 
 
 23 
 
 Observiug that uo peaceable arrangement could be made witli the 
 Indians while under the eye of their pretended queen, President 
 Stephens had her privately arrested and confined with her husband. 
 The chief promoters of the conspiracy being out of the way, nego- 
 tiations were entered into with the Indians. A bounteous feast was 
 prepared, and while the warriors were thus entertained they were 
 informed of the wicked designs of Bosomworth and his wife : " that 
 the foniier was involved in debt and wanted not only their lands 
 but also a large share of the royal bounty to satisfy his creditors, 
 most of whom lived in Carolina ; that the king's presents were 
 intended only for the Indians, on account of their useful services 
 and firm attachment to him during former wars ; that the lands 
 adjoining the town were resei*ved for them to encamp ui^on when 
 they came to visit their beloved friends in Savannah, and the three 
 juaritime islands to hunt upon when they should come to bathe iu 
 the salt waters ; that neither Mary nor her husband had any right 
 to tliose lands which were the common property of the Creek 
 nations ; that the great Idng had ordered the President to defend 
 their right to them, and expected that all his subjects, both white 
 and red, would live together like brethren.'' 
 
 This speech and the kindness of the people had the desired eJect, 
 ■even Malatchee with the other chieftains being convinced ; but in a 
 few hours afterward he, having in the meantime had a talk with 
 Bosomworth and Mary, was seduced and di'awn over again to support 
 their chimerical claims, and while the President was distributing 
 the royal presents, which were intended to further conciliate the 
 indiaus, Malatchee arose and in a violent and excited tone protested 
 ilijit Mary possessed the country before General Oglethorpe, and 
 all the lands belonged to her as ciueen and head of the Creeks ; 
 that it was only by her permission the English were allowed to 
 settle on them ; that her word was the voice of the whole nation, 
 consisting of about three thousand wariiors, and every one would 
 take up the hatchet in defence of her right. He then handed a 
 pai>er to the President which had evidently been written by Bosom- 
 worth. It was substantially the same as the speech made by 
 Malatchee, and discovered in the plainest manner tJie ambitious 
 Tlews and wicked intrigues of Bosomworth. The whole Board was 
 struck with astonishment when the letter was read, and Malatchee, 
 (Observing their uneasiness, begged that it might be returned to him, 
 as he did not know it was bad talk, and promised to return it to the 
 person who had given it to him. 
 
•24 HISTORICAL RECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 It was necessary to remove the impression made by Malatcliee's 
 speech, and the Indians were assembled; the President then 
 addressed them, stating the benefits the Indians and whites had 
 mutually derived from each other, and showing that it would 
 be to their interest to remain in peace and harmony, and not to 
 allow the wicked Bosomworth to interrupt the fraternal relations 
 which then existed. The President was not allowed to finish his 
 speech, for the Indians desired him to stop, stating that their eyes 
 were opened, and though Bosomworth desired to break the chain 
 of friendship they were determined to hold it fast, and begged 
 that all might smoke the pipe of peace. This was done, rum 
 -di'ank, and presents distributed. 
 
 The general joyousness which followed induced the President 
 and Council to believe that all difFerences were amicably settled, 
 and were rejoicing in the restoration of then- former friendly inter. 
 <;ourse with the Creeks, when INIary, ch'unk and disappointed in 
 her views, furiously rushed in the midst of the assemblage and 
 told the President he had nothing to do with the indians, and 
 would be convinced of it to his cost. The President ordered her 
 to cease her remarks ; that if she did not he would again imprison 
 her. This infuriated her, and turning to Malatchee she told him 
 what had been said. Malatchee immediately seized his amis, and 
 calling upon the rest to follow his example, dared any man to touch 
 the queen. In a moment the whole house was a scene of uproar 
 and tumult and all the whites present expected nothmg but 
 instant death. Captain Jones, who commanded the guard, imme- 
 diately interposed and ordered the indians to deliver up their arms, 
 which they reluctantly did. Mary was then conveyed to a private 
 room. A guard was placed over her and all further intercourse 
 with the savages denied her during their stay in Savannah. 
 
 The husband was sent for, in order that he might be reasoned 
 with and convinced of the folly of his pretensions and the danger- 
 ous consequences which might arise if he persisted in them. So 
 soon as he made his appearance before the President and Council 
 he commenced a tirade of abuse against them, and despite the 
 kindness shown him and the arguments used to persuade him into 
 submission, he remained obstinate and contumacious, and pro- 
 tested he would stand forth in vindication of his wife's right to 
 the last extremity, and that Georgia should soon feel the weight of 
 her vengeance. 
 
FIRST GENERAL ASSEMBLY. 25 
 
 The inclians were persuaded to leave town after both of their 
 leaders were confined, thns happily relieving the inhabitants, who 
 were wearied out with constant watching and harassed with fre- 
 quent alarms. Shortly after their dei^artiire Bosomworth and Mary 
 repented of their folly and asked the pardon of the Magistrates and 
 the people. Thus ended, without bloodshed, one of the most formi- 
 dable demonstrations ever made by the Indians in Georgia. This 
 happy resiilt of the difficulty was only obtained by the exercise of 
 the greatest prudence and bravery, without which the people of Sa- 
 vannah would have fallen a sacrifice to the indiscriminate vengeance 
 of the savages.* Bosomworth was afterward given the island of 
 St. Catherine, upon which he and Mai-y lived for several years. 
 
 In 1750 the Union Society, of which further mention will here- 
 iifter be made, was founded by Richard Milledge, an Episcopalian, 
 Peter Tondee, a Catholic, and Benjamin Sheftall, an Israelite; 
 hence the name "Union Society." 
 
 The fii-st General Assembly of Georgia met in Savannah on the 
 15th of January, 1751, sixteen representatives present. Francis 
 Harris, John Milledge, William Francis, and William Russell were 
 from the Savannah district. Francis Harris was chosen speaker. 
 A number of complaints were made by the Assembly (which seems 
 to have had no more power than a grand jury of our day) to the 
 Council, of which Henry Parker was President and James Haber- 
 sham Secretary. The complaints were: 
 
 1st. The want of a proper pilot boat. 
 
 2d. The want of leave to erect a building under the bluft" for the 
 convenience of boat-crew^s, negi-oes, etc. 
 
 3d. The want of standard weights, scales, and measures. 
 
 4th. The want of a survey of the river. 
 
 5th. The want of an order to prevent masters of vessels from 
 heaving ballast, etc., into the river. 
 
 6th. The want of a commissioner for regiilating pilots and pilotage. 
 
 7th. The want of an inspector and sworn packer to inspect the 
 produce of the colonj'. 
 
 8th. The want of a clerk of the market. 
 
 9th. The want of regulations for the guard. 
 
 lOtli. The want of proper officers to command the militia. 
 
 11th. The want of repairs to the court-house. 
 
 * The account of this demonstration was condensed from a work published 
 in London, in 1779, by Dr. Hewitt. 
 3 
 
26 
 
 HISTORICAL KKCORD OF SAVAXXAU. 
 
 The Coiiucil replied that the first should be represented to the 
 Trustees; to the second, a place shall be laid out; to the third, 
 applied for by the Board and may be expected; to the fourth, to be 
 done as soon as a proper person can l)e found ; to the fifth, an order 
 to be published; to the sixth, seventh, eighth, and tenth, to be 
 appointed; to the ninth, to be remedied; eleventh, to be imme- 
 diately done. 
 
 After the adjournment of the Assembly the Council, in pursuance 
 of its promise to that bodj' to organize the militia, issued an order 
 for all who possessed three himdred acres and upward of land 
 to appear well accoutred on horseback as cavalry; and those who 
 owned less property armed as foot. The first general muster took 
 place in Savannah on the 13th of Jime, 1751. There were about 
 two hundred and twenty horse and foot, well armed and equipped; 
 and, says a colonial record, " they behaved well and made a prettj 
 appearance." 
 
AKUn'AL OF (iOVKUNOR REYNOLDS. 27 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Arriral of Governor Ucyuolils — His Opinion of tlie Town — Burning of 
 the Filature — Arrival of Governor Ellis — A Deadly Blow Aimed at Sa- 
 vannah's Commercial Prospects — Another Treaty with the Indians — 
 Construction of the First Wharf — Arrival of Governor Wright and De- 
 parture of Governor Ellis — Establishment of the First Newspaper and 
 Post-office — The Stamp Act Excitement — Arrival of the Stamps — The 
 Liberty Boys Tlireaten to Destroy them — The Governor Frightened — 
 He is Burnt in Effigy — Savannah in 1765 — South Carolinians Destroy 
 Vessels Bound to Savannah — Savannah Merchants Refuse to Import 
 Goods from England — Increase of the Spirit of Rebellion — Scizurs of 
 the King's Magazine — Raising of the First Liberty Pole — Liberal Views 
 of the Citizens. 
 
 On the 29th of October, 1754, there were public and joyous 
 demonstrations of every character in Savannah, caused by the 
 arrival of Governor John Reynolds, who had been appointed 
 Governor of the colony by the English government, to which 
 the Trustees had resigned their charter in 1752. The arrival of 
 the new Governor was totally unexpected. But as he ascended 
 the bhiff he was received with every manifestation of joy. At 
 night there were bonfires and ilhtuiinations. The following day 
 he was duly installed into office, and his commission as Captain- 
 General and Vice-Admiral of the province was read to the militia, 
 who were under arms before the council chamber.* The militia 
 listened with profound attention, and afterward fired several 
 rounds of mtisketry. A public dinner was then given, at which 
 the new Governor was entertained by the council and principal 
 inhabitants. 
 
 The Governor had formed an exaggerated opinion of the state 
 of the colony, especially of its metropolis, but was soon unde- 
 ceived, as is shown by his first letter to the Board of Trade in 
 London, in which he spoke of Savannah as follows : 
 
 Savannah is well situated, and contains about one hundred and fifty houses, 
 iill wooden ones, very small and mostly old. The biggest was used for the 
 
 * The council chamber was situated on the lot where now stands the resi- 
 dence of. Captain T. F. Screven, fronting on Reynolds square. 
 
23 HISTOKICAL RECORD OF .SAVANNAH. 
 
 meeting of the president and assistants, and wlicre I sat in council lor a few 
 days, but one end fell down whilst we were all there, and obliged us to move 
 to a kind of shed, behind the court-house, which being quite unfit, I have 
 given orders, with the advice of the council, to fit up the shell of a house, 
 ■which was lately built for laying up the silk but was never made use of, being 
 Tery ill-calculated for that purpose, but it will make a tolerably good house 
 for the Assembly to meet in and for a few offices besides. The prison, being 
 only a small wooden house, without security, I have also ordered to be 
 mended and some locks and bolts to be put on for the present. 
 
 In 1757 one thousand and fifty pounds of raw silk were received 
 at the filature in Savannah. The following year the filature was 
 burnt. Its contents, a large quantity of silk and seven thoiisand 
 and forty pounds of cocoons, or silk -balls, were consumed. * 
 
 In February of 1757 Henry Ellis, wlib had been appointed 
 Governor of the province, arrived in Savannah. He was appointed 
 as successor to Governor Reynolds, who had been completely ruled 
 by his secretary, William Little. Little made himself very obnox- 
 ious to the people, and amid the bonfires, illuminations, and other 
 demonstrations of joy which marked Governor Ellis' aiTival, he was 
 burnt in effigy " as a tyrant in himself and a promoter of it in his 
 master." A prominent feature of the occasion was the drill of a 
 company of thirty juvenile soldiers, under command of their school- 
 master. They presented to the Governor the following addi-ess : 
 
 Sir — The }'Oungest militia of this province presume, by their captain, to 
 salute your Honor on your arrival. Although we are of too tender years 
 to comprehend the blessing a good Governor is to a province, our parents 
 will doubtless experience it in its utmost extent, and their grateful tale 
 shall fix your name dear in our memories. 
 
 The warm reception and hospitable treatment of the Governor 
 by the people of Savannah was not reciprocated by him. He 
 aimed a deadly blow at her prospects as a commercial town, by 
 endeavoring to have the capital of the colony removed to Hard- 
 wicke, t claimuig that it possessed decided advantages over Savannah 
 because of the depth of water there, its more central position, and 
 its greater distance from Charleston; the proximity of which, he 
 urged, restricted the commerce of Savannah. Fortunately for Sa- 
 
 * The filature was rebuilt and used for the manufacture of silk several 
 years. It was afterward \ised as a city hall and a public house. It was 
 destroyed by fire in 1839. 
 
 t Hardwicke was situated near the mouth of the Ogeechee river in Bryaa 
 county. 
 
GOVERNOR ELLIS' SPEECIL 29 
 
 vauuah, his project, which had been suggested by his predecessor, 
 •ivas not carried into effect, but the agitation of the proposed plan 
 injured the town; the inhabitants, thinking that it was shortly to be 
 deserted, neglected to enlarge and beautify it; the public buildings 
 were not repaired; the filature was in a "tumble-down condition;" 
 the church was so decayed that it would have fallen but for the 
 support rendered by props; and the prison "was shocking to 
 hiimanity." 
 
 The 25th of October, 1757, was another day of note in the 
 history of Savannah. Then a council was held in the town with 
 a large body of chiefs and head men of the Upper and Lower 
 Creek nations for the purpose of defeating the objects of the French, 
 who were intriguing with the Indians and exciting them to hos- 
 tility against the English, whose military force was quadnipled 
 by that of the indians. The Governor intended to impress the 
 iudians with ideas of the strength of the English, and previous 
 to their arrival had the giins in all of the batteries about the 
 towns loaded and flags unfurled over them. The regiment of 
 militia. Colonel Noble Jones commanding, was paraded under arms 
 in toN^Ti. Caijtain John Milledge, with a companj' of rangers, met 
 the indians and acted as an escort for them. When near the 
 town, they were met by Captain Bryan and a large number of 
 citizens, who welcomed them and supplied them with needed 
 refreshment; after which, the inhabitants and guests marched into 
 tov\'n, the citizens on horseback in front. At the forts a salute 
 of thirteen guns were fired. Here the citizens paused and allowed 
 the indians to pass by. They were then received by Colonel Jones 
 at the head of the foot-militia. With drums beating and colors 
 flying, the cavalcade proceeded to the council chamber, passing 
 by the Governors house, where a salute was fired by a battery 
 placed in front, which was followed by the guns in the water- 
 battery and on the ships in the river. At the council chamber 
 another salute v/as fired by the Virginia Blues. The Governor 
 met them here, and with hands extended said: 
 
 My Friends and Brothers — Behold my hands and arms. Our common 
 enemies, the French, have told you they are red to the elbows. View them ; 
 do they speak the truth ? Let your own eyes witness. You see they are 
 white, and could you see my heart you would find it as pure, but v-^ry warm 
 and true to you, my friends. Tlie French tell you, whoever shakes my hands 
 will immediately be struck with disease and die. If you believe this lying, 
 foolish talk, do nt touch_me.;^If you do not, I am ready to embrace you. 
 3* 
 
30 HISTORICAL RECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 The Indians, before the last words of this most appropriate 
 speech were nttered, rushed forward, and shaking the Governor's 
 hands, declared that they had often been deceived by the French, 
 but would not be so again. Other speeches of a friendly character 
 followed, and the council resulted in establishing the utmost 
 harmony and confidence between the two races. 
 
 Up to this period, twenty-six years after the settlement of Savan- 
 nah, there was no wharf built. The few vessels that came here 
 saUed as close to land as the depth of water would permit and 
 threw the lighter articles on the bank, landing the heavier ones 
 in small boats. Feeling the necessity of having a wharf, the 
 subject was discussed, and this year one was constructed by 
 Thomas Eaton, under the direction of John G. William DeBrahm, 
 the Surveyor-General of the soiathern provinces of North America. 
 The builder was advised, which advice he followed, "to drive 
 two rows of piles as far asunder as he desired his wharf to be 
 wide, and as far toward the river as low- water mark ; secure their 
 tops with plates and to trunnel planks within on the piles. This 
 done, then to brace the insides with dry walls of stones inter- 
 mingled with willow twigs. In the same manner to shut up th? 
 ends of the two rows with a like front along the stream, to bulll 
 inside what cellars he had occasion for, then to fill up the remain- 
 der with the sand nearest at hand, out of the bluft" or high shore 
 of the stream lender the bay." This wharf, tradition asserts, 
 was constructed on the river a little west of the steps by which 
 the inhabitants went up and down the bluff — most probably about 
 midway between Bull and Whitaker streets. The plan by which 
 it was constructed was followed several years. The construction 
 of this wharf appears to haA^e benefitted the town, for during the 
 following year forty-one vessels were entered — many more than 
 ever before; and during the year 1766, six years after, one hundred 
 and seventy-one were entered. 
 
 Governor Ellis, by his own request, was removed from office, 
 and was siicceeded by Sir James Wright, who arrived in Savannah 
 in October, 1760, when he was received with the usual formalities. 
 There were not many manifestations of joy, because of the general 
 distress which jirevailed owing to the departure of Governor Ellis, 
 who, by his kind and jl^st administration, had endeared himself 
 not only to the inhabitants of Savannah biit to the whole colony. 
 The Union Society presented him an address and a handsome piece 
 of plate " as a token of the public gratitude of the inhabitants of 
 Savannah." 
 
THE STAMP ACT EXCITEMENT. 31 
 
 On the 20tli of March, 1761, King George III issued an order 
 •conferring upon Governor Wright full executive powers, with the 
 title of Captain-General and Governor-in-Chief, but such was 
 the slow transit between the two countries that it did not reach 
 him until the 28th of January, 17G2, nearly a year after its issue, 
 on which day it was promulgated and made the occasion of a 
 general holiday. Colonel Noble Jones' regiment of militia was 
 drawn up in Johnson square, and after hearing the order read 
 fired a salute, which was answered by the fort and the ships 
 in the river. At night the Governor gave a ball to the ladies, at 
 which, says a chronicler of the time, "there was the most numer- 
 ous and brilliant appearance ever known in the town." Altogether, 
 it was a brilliant affau-, and "there never was an occasion on which 
 the joy and satisfaction of the people were more apparent." 
 
 A printing press, the first in Georgia, was established here early 
 in 1763, and on the seventh of April the " Georgia Gazette " paper 
 was issued; the following year a post-office was also established, 
 and llobert Bolton, Esq. , appointed postmaster. 
 
 The obnoxious Stamp act, which received the Koyal assent in 
 1765, excited all of the colonies to a spirit of resistance, and in 
 response to a circular addressed by the Assembly of Massachusetts, 
 showing the importance of union among the aggi'ieved colonies 
 and soliciting the formation of a general congress, to meet in New 
 York, Alexander Wylly, speaker of the Commons House of Assem- 
 bly, convened the Assembly here on the second of Sei^tember, 
 1765. This body, in reply to the circular, stated that their hearty 
 co-operation in all measures for the support of the rights of the 
 colonies might be relied upon, but that they were unable to send 
 delegates to the proposed congress because of the influence of 
 Governor Wright. From this time forward the people became 
 excited, which was more apparent as the time drew near for the 
 act to go into force. An occasion for the manifestation of this 
 spirit came on the 26th of October, 1765, which was the anni- 
 versarj'' of the accession of his Majesty King George III to the 
 throne of England. In honor thereof the Governor ordered a 
 general muster in Savannah. This caused the assembling of a 
 large number of people, who paraded effigies of obnoxious person- 
 ages through the streets and then burned them. 
 
 The act was to take efl'ect on the first of November, 1765, but 
 the stamps did not arrive until the fifth of December, when they 
 were transferred to Fort Halifax, for fear the "Liberty Boys" 
 
22 HISTORICAL RECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 -would destroy them, as they were pledged to do, and also to force 
 the Agent to resign. The "Liberty Boys," two hundred strong, 
 assembled around Fort Halifax on the second of January, 1766, 
 and threatened to break open the fort and destroy the papers. 
 This demonstration alarmed the Governor, but he determined to 
 save the papers, and mustering the two companies of royal rangers 
 marched to the fort, took out the stiimps, and carried them in a 
 cart to the guard-house. The people looked sullenly on but made 
 no attempt to take the papers. The Governor was so alarmed 
 for his personal safety that he kept a guard of forty men around 
 his house and for four nights did not undress. * The day after the 
 removal of the stamps Mr. Agnus, the stamp distributor, arrived 
 off Tybee, of which, by preconcerted signals, the Governor was 
 notified, and, fearing that the citizens would injure Agnus, had him 
 secretly brought up to his garrisoned mansion, where a fortnight's 
 residence convinced Agnus that his person was not safe, and caused 
 him to leave town. Toward the close of January about six hundred 
 armed men, a large niimber of whom were from Savannah, assem- 
 hled near the town and sent word to the Governor that if the 
 obnoxious papers were not removed they would come into town 
 and destroy them, if they had to storm his house and the fort 
 to accomplish their purpose. The Governor had the i^apers 
 removed to Fort George, on Cockspur island. The next day two 
 or three hundred men assembled on the commons and demanded 
 a redress of their grievances. Governor Wright ordered out his 
 marines and rangers, and for a time a conflict was imminent, biit 
 ihe people dispersed after burning an effigy of the Governor. 
 
 At the time of these troubles Savannah consisted of four hundi'ed 
 dwelling-houses, a church, an independent meeting-house, a coiincil 
 house, a court-house, and a filature. There were twelve streets 
 besides the Bay, six squares, and two suburbs: Yamacraw on the 
 west and the Trustees' garden on the east. The limits of the town 
 on the east was what is now Lincoln street, on the west what is 
 now Jefferson street, and on the south what is now South Broad 
 street. When the stamps arrived there were between sixty and 
 seventy sail in port waiting to be cleared, and the j^eople consented 
 that stamps might be used for this but no other purpose. Thi-i 
 
 * The Governor's house was situated on St. James square, fronting east 
 on the lot where now stands the "Telfair honse," between State and Presi- 
 dent streets. 
 
RETURN OF GOVERNOR WRIGHT. 
 
 33 
 
 was doue uud the i^ort opened, yet all judicial business was siis- 
 pended and the courts closed. 
 
 This act gave great offence to the other colonies, and especially 
 to South Carolina, the people of which colony resolved that no 
 "provisions should be shipped to that infamous colony; that who- 
 soever should traffic with them should be put to death; that every 
 vessel trading there should be burnt;" and as a proof that these 
 were not idle threats, two vessels on their way to Savannah, a short 
 time after these threats were made, were seized before clearing 
 Charleston bar and, with their cargoes, destroyed. 
 
 The repeal of the Stamp act, on the 22d of February, 1766, the 
 announcement of which was received in Savannah on the sixth of 
 July following, restored order and the people resumed their usual 
 avocations and pursuits, which had been interriipted by the recf nt 
 troubles. 
 
 The acts of the British Parliament in regard to duties upon 
 imported goods, which were found "grievous to be borne," was 
 the topic of the day in Savannah as well as everywhere else 
 in the colonies of North America, and on the 16th of September, 
 1769, the merchants of Savannah met at the house of Alexander 
 Creighton and resolved that 
 
 Any person or persons whatsoever importing any of the articles subject 
 to such duties, after having it iu their power to prevent it, ought not only 
 to be treated with contempt, but deemed as an enemy to their counti-y — 
 it being a circiunstance that needs be only mentioned to any person inspired. 
 with the least sense of liberty that it may be detested and abhorred. 
 
 Governor Wright strenuously opposed every measure of the 
 people that was in opposition to those of the British government^ 
 yet every one felt that he had faithfully discharged his duty to his 
 king, and in such manner as to inspire respect and esteem from 
 those who differed iu sentiment; and upon his departure for 
 England, on the tenth of July, 1771, just after dissolving the 
 Assembly, the council, the bench, the merchants, and public officers 
 presented him with addi-esses expressive of then' respect and 
 esteem. After his departure the gubernatorial mantle fell upon 
 the shoulders of Mr. James Habersham, there to remain until 
 the Governor's return, which occurred about the middle of Febru- 
 ary, 1773. During his absence the duties of the office were faith- 
 fully discharged by Mr. Habersham. 
 
 Governor Wright, on his arrival, found that the spirit of rebellion 
 had increased; that the colony, and especially the people of Savan- 
 
34 HISTORICAL KECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 nab, were in common with the rest of the colonists indignant 
 at the closing of the jiort of Boston and divesting it of all com- 
 mercial privileges. On the twentieth of July, 1774, those titie 
 and tried patriots, Noble Wimberly Jones, 'Archibald Bullock, John 
 Houston, and George Walton, published a call in the Georgia 
 Gazette for all persons v,ithin the limits of the province to attend 
 at Tondee's tavern* on the 27th instant, to take \inder consideration 
 the acts of the British Parliament, "which are particularly calcu- 
 lated to deprive the American subjects of their coustihitional 
 rights and liberties as parts of the British empii-e." A large 
 niimber of persons assembled in pursuance of the call, but all of 
 the parishes not being represented it was resolved to meet on 
 the tenth of August, which was done, despite the proclamation 
 of Governor Wright that the people should not assemble, and 
 if they did it would ba "at their peril." The meeting adopted 
 resolutions protesting against the oppressive acts of Parliament 
 and agi'eeing to concur with the sister colonies in every consti- 
 tutional measure to obtain redress of American grievances. The 
 citizens of Savannah who were most zealous in these acts of 
 patriotism were: John Glenn, John Smith, Joseph Clay, John 
 Houston, N. W. Jones, Lyman Hall, William Young, E. Telfair, 
 Samuel Farley, George Walton, Joseph Habersham, Jonathan 
 Bryan, Jonathan Cochrane, George W. Mcintosh, — Sutton, 
 William Gibbons, Benjamin Andrew, John Winn, John Stirk, A. 
 Powell, James Beaven, D. Znbly, H. L. Bourquine, Elisha Butler, 
 William Baker, Parmenus Way, John Baker, John Maun, John 
 Bennefield, John Stacy, and John Morell. 
 
 A provincial congress, upon invitation of a committee of citi- 
 zens of Christ Church parish, assembled in Savannah on the 
 eighteenth of January, 1775, and elected John Glenn chairman. 
 The congress was in session six days, and elected Noble Wimberly 
 Jones, Archibald Bulloch, and John Houston delegates to rejoresent 
 Georgia in the Continental Congress, which assembled in Phila- 
 delphia on the 10th of May following. The delegates did not 
 attend, but sent a letter, written on the 8th of April, 1775, stating 
 that they could not call the proceedings of the congress which 
 elected them the voice of the province, as but five out of twelve 
 parishes were represented; that they found the inhabitants of 
 
 * Tondee's tavern was situated on the northwest corner of Broughton and 
 Whitaker streets. 
 
RAISING OF FIRST LIBERTY POLE. 35 
 
 Savannah not likely soon to give matters a favorable turn; that 
 the importers were mostly against any interruption, and the con- 
 sumers here and elsewhere very much divided; that there were 
 some of the latter virtually for the measures of resistance; others 
 strenuously against them, but more who called themselves neutrals 
 than either ; they (the delegates) therefore did not attend, because 
 the inhabitants of the pro\dnce for which they would have appeared 
 had refused to make any sacrifice to the public cause, and in whose 
 behalf they did not think they could pledge themselves for the 
 execution of any one measure whatsover. 
 
 Thus undecided and ahnost in a state of apathy did the major 
 portion of the inhabitants of Savannah stand, while the people 
 of the towns in other colonies were in a state of almost frantic 
 excitement. But this indecision and apathy was of short duration. 
 The tidings of the affray between the colonists and the British 
 troops at Lexington, Massachusetts, reached Savannah on the 
 night of the 10th of May, 1775, and caused great excitement 
 among all classes, and all ideas of submission to British rule 
 vanished. The following night Noble Wimberly Jones, Edward 
 Telfair, Joseph Habersham, John Milledge, William Gibbons, and 
 Joseph Clay seized the king's magazine, located where the gas- 
 house now stands, and took therefrom five hundred pounds of 
 powder and stored it in their cellars and garrets. The next day 
 the Governor missed the powder, and by advice of the Council 
 £150 reward was oflfered to any one who would give information 
 which would lead to the arrest of those engaged in the seizure. 
 Though all engaged were well known, no one gave the desired 
 information. A large fpiantity of this powder was sent North, 
 and it is asserted was used by the militia in the defence of Bunker 
 Hill. 
 
 On Monday, the 5th day of June, the birthday of his Majesty 
 King George in, the citizens, amid great rejoicing, raised a liberty 
 pole (the first one raised in Georgia) in front of Tondee's public 
 house. A Union flag was hoisted upon the pole and two pieces 
 of artillery placed at the foot. A dinner was given immediately 
 after the pole-raising, at which the first toast was "The King," 
 and the second " American Liberty." 
 
 A meeting of the citizens was held at the residence of Mrs. 
 Cuyler* on the 13th of June, at which were present John MuUryne, 
 
 * Located at the southeast corner of Bull and Broughton streets. 
 
3g HISTORICAL liECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 Josei)h Clay, James Mossman, Rev. J. J. Zubly, John Simpsou, 
 Noble Wimberly Jones, John Jamieson, William Moss, John Glenn, 
 Josiah Tatnall, John Graham, Lewis Johnston, William Young, 
 Eichard Wylly, Andrew McLean, Basil Cowper, Phillip Moore, 
 George Houston, Joseph Butler, James Eead, Thomas Eeid, 
 William Panton, James E. Powell, William Struthers, Alexander 
 McGowan, John C. Lucena, Thomas Sherman, J. N. Faning, Levi 
 S. Sheftall, Charles Hamilton, George Spencer, William Brown, jr., 
 Francis Courvoizie, and James Anderson. John MuUryne was 
 chosen president, and a number of resolutions adopted expressive 
 of their feelings in regard to the existing troubles, among which 
 were: 
 
 That we will use our utmost endeavors to preserve the peace and good 
 -order of this province ; that no person behaving himself peaceably and inof- 
 fensively shall be molested in his personal property, or even in his private 
 sentiments while he expresses them with decency and without any illiberal 
 reflections upon others; that the interest of this province is inseperabl,e from 
 the mother country and the sister colonies, and that to separate ourselves 
 from the latter would be only throwing difficulties in the way of its own 
 relief and that of the other colojies, and justly increasing the resentment of 
 all those to whose distress our disunion might be an addition; that this 
 province ought, and it is hoped will, forthwith join the other provinces 
 3n every just and legal measure to secure and restore the liberties of all 
 America; that these proceedings be laid before the Provincial Congress 
 to meet on the 4th of July. 
 
MEETING OF THE PROVINCIAL CONGRESS. 37 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Organization of a Council of Safety — Meeting of tlie Provincial Congress — 
 Capture of a British Vessel Loaded with Powder — Organization of a 
 Batallion of Troops — Arrival of Two British Men-of-War off Tybee — 
 Gallant Capture of Governor Wright by Major Joseph Habersham — 
 Escape of the Governor — He Advises the People to Furnish Food to his 
 Majesty's Ships — Attempt of the British to Capture Rice Ships in front of 
 the Town — The People Resolve to Burn the Houses and Ships before they 
 shall fall into the hands of the enemy — Repulse of the British — Recep- 
 tion pf the Declaration of Independence and Burial of the Political Ex- 
 istence of George III— Adoption of the State Constitution — South Carolina 
 Covets Savannah — Capture of the Town by the British. 
 
 On the 22cl of June a Council of Safety, consisting of William 
 Ewen, President; Seth John Ciithbert, Secretary; Joseph Haber- 
 sham, Edward Telfair, "WiUiam LeConte, Basil Cowper, Joseph 
 Clay, George Walton, John Glenn, Samnel Elbert, William Young, 
 Elisha Butler, George Hoiiston, John Smith, Francis H. Harris, 
 and John Morel, was appointed. 
 
 The Provincial Congress met in Tondee's Long Eoom on the 
 4th of Julj', of which Archicald Bulloch was elected President and 
 George Walton Secretary. Archicald Bulloch, Noble Wimberly 
 Jones, Joseph Habersham, Jonathan Bryan, Ambrose Wright, 
 William Young, John Glenn, Samiiel Elbert, John Houston, Joseph 
 Beynolds, John Smith, Oliver Bowen, John McChire, Edward 
 Telfair, Thomas Lee, George Houston, William Ewen, John Martin, 
 Rev. Dr. J. J. Zubly, William Bryan, Phillip Box, Philip Allman, 
 William O'Bryan, Joseph Clay, and John Cuthbert were the mem- 
 bers from the town and district of Savannah. After organizing. 
 Congress adjourned to the meeting-house of Eev. Dr. Zubly, 
 ■where he preached a sermon upon the " alarming state of American 
 affairs," based on the words of St. James, ii, 12: "So speak ye, 
 and so do as they that shall be judged by the law of liberty." 
 The Dr. received the thanks of Congress for ' ' the excellent sermon 
 he preached before them. " * 
 
 * Dr. Zubly first espoused the cause of liberty, and being very popular, 
 influenced a very large number to support it. When matters became serious 
 and war seemed inevitable, he changed his sentiments, and while in Philadel- 
 
gg HISTORICAL RECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 Congress being informed that forty armed men in barges, under 
 command of Captains John Barnwell and Joj-ner, had been sent 
 to the mouth of the Savannah river, by South Carolina, to capture 
 a British ship which was on its way to Savannah, laden with powder 
 for the nne of the Royalists, offered them every assistancxe. A 
 schooner was armed and placed under command of Captains Bowen 
 and Joseph Habersham for the purpose of capturing a British 
 armed schooner then in the river near to-mi. On the approach 
 of the Georgia schooner the British schooner put to sea and 
 escaped. The Georgia schooner then laid off Tybee, near which 
 were the two South Carolina barges. On the 10th of Jiily the ship 
 with the powder, commanded by Cajitain Maitland, was descried in 
 the offing, sailing boldly in. Before getting in range of the Georgia 
 schooner Maitland's suspicions were aroused, and he tacked and 
 piit out to sea. He was pursued by the schooner, and with the 
 assistance of the South Carolinians his vessel was captured. On 
 board were sixteen thousand pounds of powder, nine thousand 
 pounds of which fell to Georgia. "This schooner was the first com- 
 missioned American vessel, and made the first capture of the war. 
 
 The- battalion of troops for the protection of Georgia was organ- 
 ized in Savannah on the 7th of January, 1776 bj'^ the appointment 
 of Lachlau Mclnto.sh Colonel, Samixel Elbert Lieutenant-Colonel, 
 and Joseph Habersham Major. These ajjpointments were made by 
 the Council of Safety, which met every Monday at Tondee's Long 
 Boom, at 10 a. m., and at such other times as occasion required. 
 
 On the 12th of January two men-of-war and a transport laden 
 with troops, under command of Majors Maitland and Grant, arrived 
 
 phia attending the Continental Congress as a representative of Georgia, 
 commenced a treasonable correspondence with Governor AVright, posting him 
 in regard to the movements of the Liberty party. This correspondence being 
 discovered, he returned to Savannah and openly took sides against the Liberty 
 party. His conduct was so obnoxious to the people that he was banished 
 from the town in 1777, and half of his estate taken from him. After the 
 capture of the town by the British he returned to his ministerial charge and 
 remained during the siege. He died on the 23d of July, 1781, at the age 
 of fifty-six, broken in heart and broken in fortune, yet nobly struggling 
 against misfortune, aiming to be faithful in the discharge of his ministerial 
 duties and earnestly laboring to enter into that rest which remains for the 
 people of God. Savannah still bears the record of this learned man in 
 the names of two of its streets, "Joachim" and 'Zubly;'" and one of the 
 hamlets was named St. Gall, in honor of his birth-place in Switzerland. — 
 Condensed from the account in the History of Georgia, by Right Reverend William 
 Hacon Sieving, 
 
CAPTURE OF (lOVKIlXOR WRIGHT. on 
 
 Of/ 
 
 off Tybee. A meeting of the Council of Safety was called on the 
 18th, when it was resolved " that the persons of his Excellency Sir 
 James "Wright, Bart., and of John Miillryue, Josiah Tatnall, and 
 Anthony Stokes, Esqs. , be forthwith arrested and secured, and that 
 all non-associates be forthwith disarmed, except those who will 
 give their j^arole, assuring that they M^ill not aid, assist, or comfort 
 any of the persons on board his Majesty's ships-of-war, or take 
 up arms against America in the present imhappy state of aifairs." 
 Major Joseph Habersham, who was then only twenty-four years of 
 age, volunteered to secure the Governor. That evening while the 
 Governor was in consultation with the CoiTncil at his house, Haber- 
 sham proceeded thither alone, passed the sentinels at the door, 
 entered the hall in which the Council was assembled, walked boldly 
 up to the head of the table, and laying his hand upon the Govern- 
 or's shoulder said: "Sir James, you are my prisoner. " This bold 
 act astonished the members of the Council, who, supposing from 
 Habersham's firm manner he had a large force near by, fled pre- 
 cipitately thro\igh the doors and windows. The Governor gave his 
 solemn parole that he would not go out of town or hold any com- 
 munication with the British at Tybee, and was allowed to remain 
 in his house under guard. Here he remained until the 11th of 
 Febniary, when, becoming weary of the confinement, the insults 
 to which he was subjected by thoughtless persons, and also fearing 
 that he would be killed by some of the many musket-balls fired 
 into the hotise by the guards for amusement, he eluded the senti- 
 nels and ran to Bonaventiu-e, escaping from thence in a smaU boat, 
 fiu-nished by John MuUrjnie, to the British ship Scarborough, on 
 board of which he was received at three o'clock on the morning of 
 the 12th. The following day the Governor wrote a letter to the 
 members of his Council, all of whom had given the required parole, 
 desiring it to be laid before the Provincial Congress. In this letter 
 he, among other things, stated : 
 
 Such is my regard for the people of Georgia that I cau not avoid exhorting 
 them to .save themselves and their posterity from the total ruin and destruc- 
 tion which, although they may not, I most clearly see at the threshold of 
 their doors, and I can not leave them without again warning them in the most 
 earnest and friendly manner to desist from their present plans and resolutions. 
 
 * * * * I have the great satisfaction to be able to affirm, from the best 
 authority, that the forces now here will not commit any hostilities against thi.s 
 I'rovince, although fully sufficient to reduce and overcome every opposition 
 iiat could be attempted to be made; and that nothing is meant or wanted 
 but a friendly intercourse and a supply of provisions. This his Majcsty'8 
 
40 HISTORICAL RECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 officers have an undoubted right to effect and what they insist upon, and this 
 I not only solemnly require, in his Majesty's name, but also as (probably) the 
 best friend the people of Georgia have, advise them, without the least hesita- 
 tion, to comply with; or it may not be in my power to insure them the con- 
 tinuance of the peace and quietude they now have, if it may be called so. 
 
 The request for provisions was promptly refused, and Captain 
 Barclay, commanding the British vessels, being very much in need, 
 determined to capture the eleven rice ships which lay under the 
 bluif awaiting an opjDortunity to rim out to sea. Acccordingly, on 
 the last day of February, 1776, the Scarborough, Hinchinbrooke, 
 and St. John, with two transports laden with troops, sailed up to 
 Five-fathom Hole, opposite the point on which Fort Jackson now 
 stands. 
 
 Anticipating a speedy attack, the Council of Safety met on the 
 2d of March and appointed Messrs. Joseph Claj', Joseph Reynolds, 
 John McClure, Joseph Dunlap, and John Glenn a committee ' ' to 
 value and appraise the houses in town and hamlets thereunto 
 belonging, together with the shipping in the port, the proi^erty of 
 or appertaining to the friends of America who have associated and 
 appeared, or who shall appear in the present alarm to defend the 
 same; and also the houses of the widows and orphans, and none 
 others." It was also resolved to defend the town "so long as it 
 was tenable, and that rather than it should be held by the enemy 
 it and the shipping in the port should be burned." The houses 
 of those inimical to the American cause were not valued. "When 
 the resolutions were promulgated, they met the hearty approval 
 of all classes excepting a small number who were friendly to the 
 Boyal caiise. 
 
 After dark on the 2d two of the enemy's vessels sailed up Back 
 river. The Scarboroiigh anchored opposite the town and the 
 Hinchinbrooke attempted to sail around Hutchinson's island with a 
 "view of coming down the Savannah river to the rice vessels. In 
 this effort she ran aground on the west side of the island, and was 
 unable to get off. The eleven rice vessels were laying under the 
 bluff, but that evening, for some reason which was never fully 
 ascertained but it was siipposed that the captains had been bought 
 with British gold, moved over near to the Hutchinson island shore 
 opposite Yamacraw. Eveiy preparation for resisting the enemy 
 was made by Colonel Lachlan Mcintosh, acting under orders of the 
 Council of Safety. Suspecting the captains, and fearing that they 
 might be induced to nm their vessels out to sea, he ordered Captain 
 
ATTEMPT TO CAPTURE KICE SHIPS. 
 
 41 
 
 Eice to go aboard of the vessels early the next morniug and order 
 the rudders and rigging to be sent on shore. The fort on the lower 
 end of the bluff was strengthened and reinforced, and was deemed 
 sufficiently powerful to rei^ulse any attempt of the enemy to advance 
 up the river. Major Habersham was ordered to take two comj^anies 
 of riflemen and proceed up the river opposite to the Hinchinbrooke 
 and be ready to fire upon her at early dawn. 
 
 During the night about three hundred British soldiers landed on 
 Hutchinson's island from the vessels in Back river and marched 
 across and took possession of the rice vessels. This was done so 
 qviietlj^ that the Americans knew nothing of it. Early on the 3d 
 Captain Kice went over in a small boat to deliver the order given 
 him and was taken prisoner. Two sailors were allowed by Majors 
 Maitland and Grant, commanding the troops aboard of the rice 
 vessels, to come over to town to get some clothing which they said 
 had been left, they agreeing to go and return without communi- 
 cating any information regarding the operations on the island side 
 of the river. They were not true to their promise. They not only 
 did not return, but told the Americans that the British had posses- 
 sion of the vessels and had captured Captain Eice. This was 
 astoimding news to the Americans and created intense excitement. 
 All of the males were immediately mustered under arms, and three 
 hundred men under Colonel Mcintosh i^roceeded to Yamacraw and 
 threw up a breastwork and placed three four-pounders in position.* 
 Before this the riflemen under Habersham opened fire upon the 
 Hinchinbrooke, which had floated oft' and was making another 
 attempt to sail down. The tide was low and she made slow 
 progress; besides this, the fire from the riflemen so galled the crew 
 that they were driven below and did not attempt to manage the 
 vessel. She was armed with twenty-eight guns; and at intervals 
 the crew manned them and endeavored, by a free use of grape, 
 to drive off their assailants, but of no avail. The riflemen protected 
 themselves and fired with such accuracy as to kill and wound a 
 number of the crew, and finally caused them to desist from their 
 object. The lack of boats, only, prevented the riflemen from board- 
 ing and capturing her. Only one rifleman was injiired by her fire, 
 a small shot having strack him in the thigh. 
 
 Meanwhile the people and soldiers in to\sTi became clamorous 
 
 * Tradition asserts that "Battle Row," located on the bluflf at the corner 
 of West Broad street, is on the site of this breastwork. 
 4* 
 
42 HISTORICAL REGOKD OF SAVANKAII. 
 
 for the rescue of Rice. Lieuteuant Daniel Roberts, of the St. 
 Johns Eangers, and Mr. Eaymoud Demere (afterward promoted 
 to the rank of Major), of St. Andrew's parish, requested and were 
 granted i^ermission to go oyer and demand the surrender of the 
 captain. They left their weapons and were rowed over by u 
 negro. Thej' landed on one of the vessels, aboard of which were 
 Majors Grant and Maitland and Captain Barclay. They stated 
 the object of their mission. The British officers, without making 
 any reply, placed them under arrest. The Americans awaited 
 nearly an hour for the return of their deputies and then called 
 through trumpets to the British to know why they were de- 
 tained. The British returned insulting replies ; whereupon two 
 cannon-shots were fired at them. This had the effect of making 
 them send a letter over, signed by Roberts and Demere, stating 
 that the enemy "would treat with any two people the Americans 
 confided in." Without waiting for the action of the authorities, 
 Captain Screven, of the St. Johns Eangers, and Captain Baker, of 
 the St. Johns Eiflemen, M-ith about a dozen riflemen, rowed over 
 to the Captain Inglis and peremj^torily demanded the surrender of 
 Eice, Eoberts, and Demere. The officer commanding the vessel 
 made an insulting rei^ly, and received a rifle-shot from Captain 
 Baker. The enemy immediately ojjened upon the boat with cannon 
 and musketry. The riflemen also fired, at the same time hauling 
 off. Their friends on the bluff, observing this attack upon a few 
 men and also the perilous position they were in, opened on the 
 vessels. A general engagement ensued, lasting four hours, during 
 which no one was hurt on the American side, excepting a rifleman 
 in the boat, who was wounded in the shoulder by the first fire from 
 the vessel. At four o'clock the Council of Safety met and resolved 
 to have the vessels across the river burned. Captain Bowen was 
 ordered by Colonel Mcintosh to attend to this duty. He, assisted 
 by Lieutenants James Jackson and John Morel, took the Inverness, 
 which lay on this side of the river laden with rice and deer skins, 
 and set fire to her. She drifted across to the rice vessels and com- 
 municated the fire to some of them. The enemy, however, did not 
 wait for her ajiproach, but left the vessels and ran into the marsh in 
 laughable conftision. The Americans fired upon them and killed 
 and wounded a great number. The crews of two of the vessels 
 remained on board and managed to escape the fii-e-vessel and 
 sailed up the river under protection of the men-of-wai\ Six were 
 destroyed by the fire and three saved fi-om the fliames and brought 
 
rKOrOSED ANXKXATIOX. 
 
 43 
 
 over to tliL' towu side. The BritiHh sailed dowu to Tybee the next 
 dciy, carrying with them Rice, Roberts, and Demere. In order 
 to recover theru, the Council of Safetj' seized all members of the 
 Royal Council then in Savannah and offered them in exchange. 
 The offer was accepted, and on the 27th of March the prisoners 
 were restored to their friends. 
 
 On the 8th of August the Declaration of Independence was 
 received in Savannah, and was promulgated on the 11th by Archi- 
 bald Bulloch, President of the Executive Committee of Georgia, in 
 front of the Assembly Rooms, at the Liberty Pole, and at the 
 batter3^ The troops were paraded and a salute of thirteen guns 
 was tired after each reading. Late in the day a dinner was par- 
 tiiken of by the soldiers and citizens, after which a funeral proces- 
 sion was formed — the soldiers with arms reversed and muffled 
 drums— and marched to the front of the court-house, where the 
 political existence of George III was interred, the following funeral 
 discourse being delivered: 
 
 Forasmuch as George III, of Great Britain, hatli most flagrantly violated 
 liis coronation oath, and trampled upon the constitution of our country 
 and the sacred rights of mankind, wc therefore commit his political existence 
 to the ground — corruption to corruption — tyranny to the grave — and oppres- 
 sion to eternal infamy, in the sure and certain hope that he will never obtain 
 a resurrection to rule again over these United States of America. But, my 
 friends and fellow-citizens, let us not be sorry, as men without hope, for 
 TVKANTs that thus depart — rather let us remember America is free and inde- 
 pendent; that she is, and will be, with the blessing of the Almighty, great 
 among the nations of the earth. Let this encourage us in well-doing, to 
 light for our rights and privileges, for our wives and children, for all that is 
 near and dear unto us. 3Iay God give us his blessing and all the people say 
 Amen'. 
 
 A few days after the celebration a convention met in Savannah to 
 form a State constitution, which was dt)nc. It was adopted on the 
 5th of February, 1777. 
 
 In January of 1777 William H. Drayton, who had been sent by 
 the Assembly of South Carolina to treat with the Georgia Congress 
 of an union between Georgia and South Carolina, which the Assem- 
 bly of the latter province had resolved ' ' would tend effectually to 
 promote their strength, wealth, and dignity, and to secure their 
 liberty, independence, and safety," arrived in Savannah, "and 
 found," as he afterward wrote, " every gentleman in public office 
 was strongly against an union," but a number of "gentlemen of 
 fortune, not in office or convention, who heartily approved the 
 
44 
 
 HISTORICAL RECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 measure." The advantages which would accrue to Savannah were 
 nearly altogether spoken of by the Commissioner before the Con- 
 vention, and led many to believe that the annexation of Savannah 
 with South Carolina was more desired than the rest of the ^jrovince. 
 TJie Commissioner thus spoke: 
 
 Tlie town of Savannah in particular, and the adjacent hinds, would be of 
 much move importance and value, because Savannah river would be imme- 
 ■diately cleared^ a measure that would encourage and occasion an immense 
 increase of agriculture upon all land within reach of its navigation, and 
 heaee an amazing increase of produce and river navigation, all of which 
 ■would centre in Savannah. Thus, in a state of separation from South Caro- 
 lina, Savannah could reasonably expect, and that but by slow degrees, and 
 at a distant day, only the one half of the produce of a well-improved cultiva- 
 tion of the lands on the Savannah river, but by an union she would, in a 
 very short time, receive the whole of that improved cultivation and trade, 
 and her own commerce would be increased almost beyond imagination, 
 although she would lose the scat of government. Finally, I may add, that 
 in a state of separation, in all probability, Savannah will be ruined, because 
 it will be our interest to preserve our trade to our own people. A town will 
 xise on the Carolina side of the Savannah river, which will be sure to preserve 
 our half of the trade of that river, and by being wisely supported it may draw 
 to it the other half also; and let it not be said, we can not find a situation for 
 a town, because it ought to be remembered that history is full of instances of 
 towns having been built and made to flourish in situations that had been 
 •deemed impracticable for such purposes. Rivers and lands make wealthy 
 towns, for these are natural causes; the presence and expense of a few officers 
 of Government are but drops of water in the ocean; these go but a little way 
 toward filling a Government port with loa^led ships. The principal materials 
 for the building of such towns are policy and opulence; I thank God, Caro- 
 lina is not known to be in want of either. 
 
 T!he proposed annexation was refused.* No town has risen to 
 comijete with Savannah, but the trade and commerce which was 
 coveted has increased, the town has prospered, and now ranks the 
 first city in beauty, and in point of wealth, refinement, and com- 
 merce among the first cities of the United States. 
 
 In the fall of 1778 Colonel Mcintosh, who had been left in com- 
 inand of the town after the repulse of the British in March, 1776, 
 notified General Eobert Howe, commander of the American forces 
 in this section, with headquarters at Charleston, that an advance 
 of the enemy upon Savannah was anticipated, and that his small 
 
 * Notwithstanding the refusal, Drayton endeavored, by speeches and other 
 methods, to influence the people in favor of the project. This he continued 
 for some time, when Governor Treutlen oflfered a reward for his apprehension. 
 Fearing an arrest he fled the State. 
 
CAPTURE OF THE TOWN BY THE BRITISH. ^5 
 
 force, two hundred and fifty men, with one hundred for duty, was 
 inadequate to defend the place. General Howe came over and 
 took command. He had about five hiindred regulars and three 
 hundred and fifty militia. He learned that the enemy had planned 
 for Colonel Prevost to advance from Florida and arrive near Savan- 
 nah in time to co-operate with the fleet under Sir Hyde Parker and 
 the troo^js iinder Lieutenant-Colonel Campbell, to be sent from 
 New York. Prevost advanced as far as Sunbury. The Americans 
 made a show of being in strong force and Prevost retreated. 
 Howe then returned to Savannah and ordered all of the troops to 
 assemble there. The town was in an almost defenseless condition, 
 excepting from the water side. The fort on the eastern end of the 
 bluff", where the gas-house now stands, had been considerably 
 enlarged, more guns mounted, and made quite formidable. It was. 
 named Fort Wayne, in honor of General Anthony Wayne. 
 
 By the 27th of December the whole of the British fleet had 
 anchored ofi^ Tj'bee. The vessels composing the armed squadi'on 
 were the Phoenix, forty-four guns; the Eose and Fowey, twenty- 
 four guns each; the Vigilant, twenty-eight guns; and the brig 
 Keppel, the sloop Greenwich, and the galley Comet. The trans- 
 ports brought about thirty-five hundred men. Howe had about, 
 nine hundred men to oppose their force. The British were not at 
 first aware of the weakness of the Americans, and were disposed 
 to wait the arrival of Prevost's command before commencing the 
 assault upon the town. To gain information Colonel Campbell 
 sent a boat's crew ashore to capture some of the inhabitants. The 
 crew landed on Wilmington island and took two men prisoners, 
 who informed them of the exact condition of the Americans. Be- 
 lie'sdug the iufor'mation received to be correct, Campbell decided 
 to attack without delay. On the 28th the squadron sailed up 
 within two miles of town, opposite to Girardeau's plantation, and 
 preparations were made to land early the next morning. 
 
 Howe was not correctly informed concerning the strength of the 
 enemy, and believing he could cope with them, determined to 
 defend the town. Observing this movement of the enemy, he 
 rightly concluded that the troops would land below Brewton hill* 
 and advance upon the town by the great road, now known as- 
 the Thunderbolt road, and Captain John C. Smith, with his com- 
 
 * This hill is about a mile and a half in a direct line below the city, on the 
 plantation of T. F. Screven. 
 
4(5 HISTORICAL RECORD OF SAYAXNAIT. 
 
 pany of South CaroliniauK, was sent to the hill to watch the enemy. 
 The marsh on the east side of the city was then much wider and 
 more difficult to cross than now. On the high ground west of the 
 marsh General Howe placed his command so as to cover the great 
 road, which crossed the marsh by a narrow causeway, and burned 
 the bridge over the rivulet which ran through the centre of the 
 marsh. To present still further obstructions, a deep ditch was dug 
 three hundred yards west of the marsh and filled with v/ater. The 
 army was divided into two brigades; the first, commanded by 
 Colonel Elbert, constit^^ted the left, and the other, under Colonel 
 Huger, the right wing.* Five pieces of cannon were posted in 
 front of the causeway. To the right of the position of the Ameri- 
 cans a small path led through the swamp to the high grounds on 
 the opposite side. This path was pointed out to General Howe by 
 Colonel Walton as a place which should be guarded, but the 
 General, thinking differently, paid no attention to the suggestion. 
 About what is now the corner of Liberty and Bull streets were the 
 New ban-acks. The roads to White Bluff and the Ogeechee river 
 united near the barracks, and CVtlonel Walton, with one hundred 
 militia, Vv^as posted there. 
 
 About dawn of the 29th the British landed on Girardeaii's place. 
 From the point of landing to Brewton's hill ^^•as a narrow cause- 
 way six hundred yards in length. A body of Highlanders, under 
 Captain Cameron, landed first and were thrown forward to secure 
 the hill. Captain Smith ordered his men to reserve their fire until 
 the enemy were close. The Highlanders marched in solid column 
 half-way up the hill, when the Americans opened upon them, 
 killing Captain Cameron and two privates, and wounding five 
 others. The first and second battalions of DeLancy's corps of 
 New York Volunteers and the first battalion of the 71st regiment of 
 foot, all under Lieutenant-Colonel Maitland, had landed imme- 
 diately after the Highlanders, and hearing the firing nished for- 
 ward to particijDate. The Highlanders, who had been thrown into 
 confusion by the effective fire of the Americans, rallied and 
 advanced with their reinforcement. Captain Smith, who had 
 been instructed to retire if attacked by a large force, retreated 
 
 * The exact position of the American line on the soutlieast of tlie city is not 
 known, but it is suppo.sed to liave been stretched across the road to Thunder- 
 bolt, a short distance west of what is now the site of the Atlantic and Gulf 
 Railroad depot. 
 
CAPTURE OF TlIK TOWN BY THE BRITISH. 
 
 47 
 
 to the main body. The entire force of the enemy now landed 
 and formed line-of-battle on top of the hill and there remained, 
 while Colonel Campbell with a small party rode forward to recon- 
 noitre. This done, the light infantry, under Sir James Baird, 
 were thrown forward, supported by DeLancy's New York Volun- 
 teers. Following these came the first battalion of the 71st with 
 two six-i30unders, and Wellworth's battalion of Hessians, with two 
 three-i^ounders. By three o'clock the army arrived within eight 
 hundred yards of the Americans and halted. The advantageous 
 position selected by General Howe was diily noted and appreciated 
 by Colonel Campbell, and he determined that no benefits should 
 be derived from it, and therefore aimed to turn Howe's right 
 flank «r get into his rear. In his reconnoisances he ran across an 
 old negro named Qnanimo Dolly, generally called Quash, who 
 informed him of the private path through the swamp, by which 
 the rear of the American line could be gained. Overjoyed at this 
 discovery, Camjibell returned to his command and ordered Sir 
 James Baird, with the light infantry and the New York Volunteers, 
 to follow the uegro through the swamp and attack the first body of 
 troops found. To deceive the Americans, Colonel Campbell ma- 
 nceiivred his troops in front as if about to attack. This caused 
 the Americans to play upon them with their artillery. The 
 British did not return the fire, but still manoeuvred, waiting to' 
 hear from Baird. He followed the negro through the swamp, 
 coming out at a point near where is now Waringsville, and struck 
 the White Bluff road, down which he advanced, falling siiddenly 
 upon the small force of Walton's. This was swept away after a 
 short but brave resistance, during which Walton was wounded, 
 and the conqueror turned to the right to strike the rear of the 
 American line. The tiring notified Campbell that Baird had 
 accomplished his purpose, and he immediately advanced his line 
 at a rapid pace. The artillery, which had been concealed behind a 
 hill, was piished forv/ard to the top and a rapid fire opened upon 
 the Americans. Sir James Baird also charged from the rear. The 
 Americans were between two fires, and opposed to them was a 
 force much larger and better disciplined. Nothing but a retreat 
 was now left to them. The order was given for Colonel Daniel 
 Roberts, with the artillery, to secure the causeway on the Augusta 
 road leading across Musgrove creek and swamj}, on the west of the 
 town. This he did, and the right flank retreated to it and crossed 
 jn safety. The left flank attempted to retreat by this route, but 
 
4.8 HISTORICAL RECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 liefore their amval the British drove Colonel Roberts across the 
 •can se way and took possession. Colonel Elbert's command, many 
 of whom had been shot and bayonetted as they ran throiigh to^\Ta, 
 finding this avenue of retreat denied them, rushed tln-ough the rice- 
 fields near the river. The tide was up and Musgrove creek full of 
 water. A large number threw away their arms and accoutrements 
 and attempted to swim it. Most of them succeeded, but thirty 
 of the number were drowned. The remainder of the command, 
 two hundred in number, either could not swim or dared not 
 attejnjjt to cross and there stopped, to be captured a few moments 
 after. These were marched back to town, disarmed, and robbed 
 by the Highlanders. Sir James Baird coming up at the time Math 
 others of the Highlanders ' ' mounted himself on a ladder and 
 sounded his bi-ass bugle-horn, which the Highlanders no sooner 
 heard than they all got about him, when he addressed himself to 
 thexa in Highland language, when they all dispersed and finished 
 j)lundering such of the officers and men as had been fortunate 
 enough to escajie the first search. " * 
 
 During the attack hj the army the British fleet was made ready 
 for action, and as soon as it was ascertained that the American line 
 had given way Sir Hyde Parker sailed up the river and passed Fort 
 Wayne, receiving a few shots therefrom, which killed and wounded 
 fi.Ye seamen. The galley Comet was sent fiu-ther up the river and 
 prevented any of the American vessels from escaping; thus securing 
 to the squadi'ou three ships, three brigs, and three smaller vessels, 
 ;and one hundred and twenty-six prisoners. The army captured 
 thirty-eight officers, four hundred and fifteen non-commissioned 
 officers and privates, one stand of colors, forty-eight cannon, 
 twenty-three mortars, six hundred and thirty-seven stand of arms, 
 jainety barrels of powdei', and other munitions of war; all done 
 ■with the loss of only one commissioned officer and three men killed 
 .and one sergeant and fourteen men wounded. The Americans 
 lost eighty-three men killed, thirty drowned, and a large uiimber 
 Tvounded. 
 
 The conduct of the British troops upon entering the town was 
 of such a character as to strike terror to the hearts of all the 
 inhabitants. Before the soldiers could be restrained lawless and 
 brutal acts were committed; women were insulted, citizens who 
 
 * From the account of the capture of Mordecai Sheftall. Deputy Commis- 
 .sary-General of Issues to the Continental troops. 
 
CAPTURE OF TIIK TOWN BY THE BRITISH. 49 
 
 had not been engaged in the tight shot and bayonetted in the 
 streets, and a number seized and carried aboard the ships, where 
 they endiired the most terrible sufferings from lack of food, pure 
 air, and water. Among those thus imprisoned were the Honorable 
 Jonathan Bryan, his son James, Keverend Moses Allen, Mordecai 
 Sheftall, and his son Sheftall Sheftall, Edward Davis, Dr. George 
 Wells, and David Moses Vallaton. 
 
 The remnant of Howe's army retreated ujj the river to Zubly's 
 ferry and crossed into South Carolina. Campbell left Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Innis in command of Savannah and marched to Augusta, 
 shortly after which Brevet Brigadier-General Prevost arrived and 
 relieved Colonel Innis. General Prevost established his head- 
 quarters at the house situated on the north side of Broughton 
 street next east of the Masonic hall. 
 
50 HISTORICAL RECOKl) OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Treatment of the Inhabitants by the British — Plans of the Americans aud 
 French to Recapture the Town — Appearance of the French Troops 
 under Count d'Estaing before the Town— Correspondence between Count 
 d'Estaing and General Prevost regarding the Surrender of the Town — Ar- 
 rival of the Americans — The British Reinforced — Commencement of Hos- 
 tilities — Bombardment of the Town by the Allies — Women and Children 
 
 Killed Houses Demolished — Progress of the Siege — Unparalleled Act 
 
 of Heroism — Women and Children not allowed to leave town during the 
 Siege — Assault upon Spring Hill Redoubt by the Besiegers — They are 
 Kepulsed with heavy loss— Count Pulaski and Count d'Estaing wounded— 
 Sergeant Jasper mortally wounded while bearing off the Colors of his 
 Kegimeut — Abandonment of the Siege — Death and Burial of Count 
 Pulaski. 
 
 The British i-ule was most stringeut and exacting, subjecting the 
 inhabitants to every manner of annoyance. A reward of two 
 guineas was offered for everj' citizen that adhered to the American 
 cause and ten 'guineas for every committeeman or assembljTiian that 
 should be delivered up to the king's ofjficers. All articles of mer- . 
 chandise, country produce, and market vegetables had to be sold 
 at fixed prices, and only by those who had taken the oath of 
 allegiance; if these rules were violated the articles were confis- 
 cated, and if the trader sold to any other than loyal persona he 
 was fined two hundred pounds. Those who remained true to the 
 cause of liberty were, consequently, dependent upon the charity of 
 those who had taken the oath. Their suflerings were almost beyond 
 endurance, but had to be borne uncomplainingly, for the least 
 murmur of complaint was reported to headquarters by spies, and 
 the complainant arrested, subjected to insult, aud in most instances 
 deprived of his property by confiscation.* These persecutions 
 were borne without a hope of relief until the fall of 1779, when 
 the people were overjoyed by the appearance of a French fleet and 
 army and the American army near the to-wu, which they thought 
 would recapture the town and relieve them from the oppressors. 
 
 * A number of ladies who openly avowed their sentiments were confined to 
 their houses under guard, and Mrs. Judy Minis and her mother were ordered 
 to leave town. 
 
FRENCH TROOrS BEFORE THE TOWN. 5J 
 
 General Howe, shortly after his defeat here, was relieved by 
 General Benjamin Lincoln. Early in 1778 a treaty was effected 
 between France and the United States, and common cause was 
 made against the British. The French government sent a large 
 fleet and a small army over, \inder Count d'Estaing, to co-operate 
 with the Americans. A plan for the captiire of the British army in 
 Philadelphia by the combined armies failed, owing to a storm 
 which prevented the fleet from arriving in time. Count d'Estaing 
 then sailed to the West Indies and captured two towns, Grenada 
 and St. Vincent. While there General Lincoln, through the French 
 Consul, solicited his co-operation in a proposed attempt to recap- 
 tiire Savannah. Count d'Estaing agi-eed to the plan, and it was 
 arranged for the combined forces to appear in front of the town on 
 the 17th of September, 1779. 
 
 On the 3d of September Count d'Estaing's fleet arrived oft' Tybee, 
 the fleet consisting of twenty line-of-battle and two fifty-gun 
 ships, eleven frigates, and five small armed vessels, with five 
 thoiisand soldiers. The arrival was utterly unexpected by the 
 British, and a portion of their fleet, under Sir James Wallace (son- 
 in-law of Governor Wright), was captured. Colonel Josejih Haber- 
 sham, who had been instriicted by General Lincoln to meet Count 
 d'Estaing at Tybee and make arrangements for the disembarkation 
 of the French, efiected an interview on the 11th, when it was 
 decided to land the following night. Accordingly, shortly after 
 dark the troops were placed in small vessels and conveyed to 
 Beaulieu (the old seat of President William Stephens), about twelve 
 miles from Savannah, and by the 15th all of the troops were 
 landed at this place and intrenching tools sent ashore at Thun- 
 derbolt. General Lachlan Mcintosh and Count Casimir Pulaski 
 marched from Augusta and swept the enemy's advanced guards 
 out of the waj', capturing and killing some and driving the others 
 into town. General Mcintosh then fell back aboiit three miles 
 from town and Count Pulaski marched to Beaulieu, effecting a 
 jiinction with Count d'Estaing on the 15th. The following day the 
 line of march was taken up for Savannah, in front of which they 
 arrived at noon. 
 
 Meanwhile the British had not been idle. The arrival of the 
 French fleet was communicated to General Prevost on the 4th of 
 September. Anticipating that an attack upon the town was shortly 
 i -tended, he ordered Lientenant-Colonel Criiger, at Sunbury, and 
 Liei^tenant-Colonel Maitland, at Beaiifort, to report with their 
 
52 HISTORICAL KECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 commands. Some old redoubts throwTi ujd as a protection against 
 the indians, but which were considered so worthless and disad- 
 vantageously placed that the Americans fought outside of them 
 when attacked by the British in 1778, had been repaired by the 
 British and twenty-three guns placed in position previous to the 
 arrival of the French fleet. A force of twelve hundred men, three 
 hundred of whom were negroes, were set to work under the direc- 
 tion of Major Moncrief, constructing new works, mounting guns, 
 and making other preparations to resist the apprehended attack. 
 By the sixteenth, a chain of redoubts thirteen in number, mounting 
 seventy-six guns and mortars, a number of which had been taken 
 from the vessels, were thrown Tip. These redoubts extended from 
 the river at a point a little east of what is now East Broad street 
 to the New barracks, * thence diverged to what is now South Broad 
 street, thence to where the Central Railroad depot and workshops 
 now stand. This point was then known as Spring Hill, and was 
 the best fortified position on the lines, and commanded the road 
 to Ebenezer and Augusta. The Musgrove creek and swamp on 
 the west side of the city were almost impassable, and therefore only 
 two small redoubts were thrown xi^ on that side of the town. As a 
 precautionary measure, the Germain was anchored off the mouth 
 of the creek to rake the rice-fields along that stream. Prevost, 
 fearing that the French frigates would sail close up to town and 
 fire into the rear of his lines, simk six vessels, the Fowey, Savan- 
 nah, and foiar transports, across the channel below the town. 
 Several small vessels were siink above the town and a boom laid 
 across the river to prevent fire-rafts from floating down the river 
 among the shipping. On the 10th Colonel Cruger arrived, and 
 with his forces aided in constructing the defences. In addition to 
 the regular soldiers, Prevost had all of the sailors of the armed 
 and merchant vessels posted at the guns; the three hundred 
 negroes were also armed. All of these preparations were com- 
 pleted when d'Estaing arrived; yet Prevost was not satisfied that 
 he could make a successful resistance withotit Maitland's troops, 
 eight hundred in number, who were hoiirly expected, and desired 
 to gain time. 
 
 We left d'Estaing a short distance from town on the 16th. His 
 troops had hardly halted before he sent a pompous demand for 
 the immediate surrender of the town, as follows: 
 
 •■* Near what is now the corner of Liberty and Bull streets. 
 
COKEESPONDENCE REGARDING THE SURRENDER. 
 
 58 
 
 Count d'Estaiug summons liis Excellency General Prevost to surrender to 
 the arms of the King of France. ITe apprises him that he will be personally 
 responsible for all the events and misfortunes that may arise from a defence, 
 which by the superiority of the force that attacks him. both by sea and land, 
 is rendered manifestly vain and of no effect. 
 
 He gives notice to him also, that any resolution he may venture to come to, 
 either before the attack, in the course of it, or at the moment of the assault, 
 of setting fire to the shipping, or small craft belonging to the army, or to the 
 merchants in the river of Savannah, as well as to all the magazines in the 
 town, will be imputable to him only. 
 
 The situation of Hospital hill in the Grenadas, the strength of the three 
 intrenchments and stone redoubts which defended it, and 1h« comparative 
 disposition of the troops before the town of Savannah, with a single detach- 
 ment which carried the Grenadas by assault, should be a lesson to futurity. 
 Humanity obliges the Count d'Estaing to recall this event to his memory; 
 having so done, he has nothing to reproach himself with. 
 
 Lord Macartney had the good fortune to escape from the first transport 
 of troops who entered a town sword in hand, but notwithstanding the most 
 valuable effects were deposited in a place supposed by all the officers and 
 engineers to be impregnable. Count d'Estaing could not have the happiness 
 of preventing their being pillaged. Estaing. 
 
 Camp before Savannah, the 16th of Sejilember, 1779. 
 
 To this pompous demand General Prevost sent the following 
 reply: 
 
 Camp nkak Savannah, September 16, 1779. 
 
 Siu: I am just now honored with your Excellency's letter of this date, 
 containing a summons for me to surrender this town to the arms of his 
 Majesty the King of France; wliicli I had just delayed to answer till I had 
 shown It to the King's civil governor. 
 
 I hope your Excellency will have a better opinion of me, and of British 
 troops, than to think either will surrender on general summons, without any 
 specific terms. 
 
 If you, Sir, have any to propose, that may with honor be accepted of by me, 
 you can mention them, both with regard to civil and military; and I will 
 then give my answer. In the meantime I will promise, upon my honor, that 
 nothing with my consent or knowledge shall be destroyed in either this 
 town or river. 
 
 [Signed] A. Prevost. 
 
 His Excellency Count d'Estaing. French forces, &c., &c. 
 
 To this Count d'Estaing replied: 
 
 Camp befoiie Savankah, September 16th, 1779. 
 Sip.: I have just received your Excellency's answer to the letter I had the 
 honor of writing to you this morning. You are sensible that it is the part 
 of the besieged to propose such terms as they may desire ; and you can not 
 doubt of the satisfaction I .shall have iu consenting to those which I can 
 accept consistently with my duty. 
 
54 HISTORICAL RECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 I am iuformed that you continue iutrenching yourself. It is a matter of 
 very little importance to me; however, for form's sake, I must desire that you 
 will desist during our conferences. 
 
 The different columns which I had ordered to stop will continue their 
 march, but Avithout approaching your posts or recounoitering your situation. 
 
 I have the honor to be, with respect, Sir, your Excellency's most humble 
 and most obedient servant, 
 
 [Signed] Estaing. 
 
 His Excellency General Prevost, Major-Genoral iu the service of his Britannic 
 
 Majesty and Commander-in-Chief at Savannah, in Georgia. 
 
 P. S.— I apprise your Excellency that I have not been able to refuse the 
 army of the United States uniting itself with that of the king. 
 
 The junction will probably be effected this day. If I have not an answer, 
 therefore, immediately, you must confer iu future with General Lincoln 
 and me. 
 
 General Prevost replied: 
 
 Cami- neak Savankah. September 16th, 1779. 
 
 SiK : I am honored with your Excellency's letter in reply to mine of this 
 day. 
 
 The business we have in hand being of importance, there being various 
 interests to discuss, a just time is absolutely necessary to deliberate. I am, 
 therefore, to propose, that a suspension of hostilities shall take place for 
 twenty-four hours from this date; and to request that your Excellency will 
 order your columns to fall back to a greater distance and out of sight of our 
 works, or I shall think myself under the necessity to direct their being fir«d 
 upon. If they did not reconnoitre anything this afternoon they were sure 
 within the distance. 
 
 [Signed] A. Prevost. 
 
 His Excellency Count d"Estaing, &c., &c. 
 
 Count d'Estaing replied as follows, gniutiug the reqiie.st, yet 
 intimuting that he knew the cause of it: 
 
 Camp before Savankah, September 16th, 1779. 
 Sii:: I consent to the truce you ask. It shall continue till the signal for 
 retreat to-morrow night, the 17th, whicli will serve also to announce the 
 recommencement of hostilities. It is unnecessary to observe to your Excel- 
 lency that this suspen.'ion of arms is entirely in your favor, since I can not be 
 certain that you will not make use of it to fortify yourself, at the same time 
 that the propositions you shall make may be inadmissible. 
 
 I mu.st observe to you, also, how important it is that you should be fully 
 aware of your own situation as well as that of the troops under your com- 
 mand. Be assured that I am thoroughly acquainted with it. Your knowledge 
 of military aff'airs will not suffer you to be ignorant that a due examination 
 of that circumstance always precedes the march of the columns; and that 
 this preliminary is not carried into execution by a mere show of troops. 
 
 I have ordered them to withdraw before night comes on, to prevent any 
 cause of complaint on your part I understand that my civility iu tliis respect 
 
THK BRITISH KEIXFOKCED. gg 
 
 has been the occasion tliat the Chevalier dc Cliambis, a lieutenant in the 
 navy, has been made a prisoner of war. 
 
 I propose sending out some small advanced posts to-morrow morning. 
 They will place tliem.selves in such a situation as to have in view the four 
 entrances into the wood, in order to prevent a similar mistake in future. I 
 do not know whether two columns, commanded by the Viscount de Noailles 
 and the Count de Dillon, have shown too much ardor, or whether your 
 cannoniers have not paid a proper respect to the truce subsisting between us; 
 but this I know, that what has Iiappened this night is a proof that matters 
 will soon come to a decision between us one way or another. 
 
 I have the honor to be, with respect, &c., 
 
 [Signed] Estaikg. 
 
 His Excellency General I'revost, Major-Geueral in the service of his Britannic 
 
 JIajesty and Commander-in-Ckief at Savannah, in Georgia. 
 
 The whole day was spent in the interchange of these notes, 
 which resulted in Prevost's obtaining the time he so much desired. 
 The following day General Lincoln arrived and held a council of 
 war with d'Estaing, who informed him of what had transpired. 
 General Lincoln was much displeased at the unseemly haste and 
 lack of courtesy of d'Estaing, and so expressed himself. 
 
 During the interchange of notes between Prevost and d'Estaing 
 Colonel Maitland was making all speed to join Prevost. His com- 
 mand, in small vessels, arrived in the river, during a dense fog. 
 early on the 17th. The French squadron lay a little way up the 
 river. An attempt to pass them would only have caused the 
 destrtiction or cajiture of his command, and Maitland knew not 
 what to do. Fortune and the ignorance of the commander of the 
 French fleet favored him. A negro oystering near by was captured, 
 and in resj)onse to interrogations concerning the channel informed 
 Maitland that he knew of a way of reaching Savannah without 
 passing in range of the guns of the fleet. The negro was pressed 
 into service and piloted the vessels througli Wall's cut* into the river 
 above the hostile squadron. A few more moments and the troops 
 were landed upon the blufl' amid the cheers of the garrison, which 
 now numbered twenty-eight hundred men. There were now one 
 hundred and eighteen guns, including held pieces, in position, the 
 redoubts were in order, the approaches to them protected by 
 abattis, and a sufficient number of men to cope with the enemy. 
 Prevost and his troops, before the arrival of Maitland, were 
 
 * In 1862 the Confederates failed to guard this cut. The Federal gun-boats 
 passed through into the river and cut off communication between Fort 
 I'ulaski and the citv. 
 
gg HISTORICAL RECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 depressed, believing the town wonld have to be surrendered; in 
 fact, the incipient measures to that end had been taken. Now all 
 were hopeful and the commander confident that he could make a 
 successful resistance; and an hour after receiving the reinforce- 
 ment addressed the following note to Coimt d'Estaing: 
 
 Savannah, September 17, 1779, 
 Siu: 111 answer to the letter of your Excellency, which I had the honor to 
 receive about twelve last night, I am to acquaint you that, having laid the 
 whole correspondence before tlie King's civil governor and the military 
 officers of rank assembled in council of war, the unanimous determination 
 has been that, though we can not look upon our post as absolutely inex- 
 pugnable, yet that it may and ought to be defended; therefore, the evening 
 gun to be fired this evening at an hour before sundown shall be the signal for 
 recommencing hostilities, agreeable to your Excellency's proposal. 
 I liave the honor to be A. Pkkvo.st. 
 
 The turn affairs had taken was entirely unanticipated, and the 
 elation it occasioned among the British had a corresponding depres- 
 sing influence among the allied forces. The opportunity^ for taking 
 the town by assault, which could have been easily done on the 16th 
 or early on the 17th, had passed. A siege was determined upon. 
 As it was not anticipated that this would have to be done no 
 preparations had been made for it; consequently, considerable 
 delay ensued in procuring the requisite cannon, mortars, and 
 ammunition from the French fleet. 
 
 A new work was begun by the British, on the night of the 21st, 
 in front of the New barracks for six and nine-pounders. The walls 
 of the barracks were also pulled down to within a few feet of the 
 ground and the bricks thrown in front and on either side. These 
 were covered with sand and dirt and a most formidable work 
 made. This was done during the night. The besiegers, who had 
 observed the biailding up to the night before and pointed it out as 
 a good mark for their gunners, were much surprised tlie next 
 morning not to see any trace of the building and to receive a 
 severe fire of artillery from the sj^ot where it stood only twelve 
 hours before. 
 
 On the night of the 23d both the American and French armies 
 broke ground together, about a mile from the enemj'^'s works, the 
 Americans on the left. On the night of the 24th a sap was piished 
 forward to within three hundred yards of the Spring Hill redoubt. 
 At nine o'clock, a. m., on the 25th, Major Graham, of the 16th 
 regiment, made a sortie for the purpose of reconnoitering the 
 
UNPARALLELED ACT OF HEROISM. 57 
 
 position of the allies. They clashed up to the .saiD and momen- 
 tarily had possession of it. The French immediately dislodged 
 the British and pursued them so ardently that they unexpectedly 
 rushed under the guns of the British redoubts. The artillery was 
 broiaght into play and the French fell back to the main line, with 
 a loss of fifteen killed and thirty-five or forty wounded. The 
 British lost seven killed and fifteen wounded. 
 
 The 25th and 26th were spent in harmless canonading and picket 
 firing. At night on the 27th Major McAi-thur, of the 71st, sallied 
 out to a small advanced work of the French, hoping to spike some 
 cannon. He was discovered, and after firing a few rounds retreated 
 unperceived. The French attempted to gain his left and the 
 Americans his right flank. The advance of each party met, and 
 each thinking the other the British, commenced a brisk fire. 
 About fifty lives were lost before the mistake was discovered. 
 
 On the 28th the French frigate La Trinitie sailed up the Back 
 river and anchored opposite the town. Two galleys at the same 
 time moved up to the sunken vessels and fired upon the towna, 
 being joined by the frigate. The frigate was too far off, and her 
 shots did no execution. The fire from the galleys injured several 
 of the houses. 
 
 General Lachlan Mcintosh on the 29th solicited and obtained 
 permission from General Lincoln to send a flag-of-truce to General 
 Prevost, requesting him to permit Mrs. Mcintosh and children, 
 and such other women and children as desired, to leave town 
 during the siege. Major Jones bore the flag and found Mrs. 
 Mcintosh and children in a cellar, where they had been for six 
 days. All of the cellars were crowded with the women and child- 
 ren. General Prevost, imagining that by retaining the women and 
 children in town the besiegers would be restrained from throwing^ 
 bombs and carcasses into it, refused to aUow any one to leave. 
 
 During the night of the first of October, Colonel John White, 
 with Captains George Melvin and A. G. Elholm and three soldiers, 
 reconnoitred the position of Captain French, who, with five vessels, 
 four of them fully armed, had attempted to sail up the Savannah 
 river and reinforce Prevost, but the presence of the French fleet 
 prevented and he sailed up the Ogeechee, intending to march his 
 force of one hundred and thirty men over land. Arriving at a 
 point about twenty miles from Savannah he ascertained that the 
 Americans and French were between him and town. He concluded 
 to await events and made a descent on shore, posting his men in 
 
58 
 
 HISTORICAL RECORD OF SAYAXNAII. 
 
 an advantageous position, which was luriher protected by the 
 vessels which were stationed so that they coukl aid in repelling an 
 attack. Colonel White fully reconnoitred the position and formed 
 the bold plan of capturing the men and vessels with his small force 
 of five men. "White gives an account of ihe affair in his "Histori- 
 cal Collections of Georgia," from which we extract it: 
 
 The party then built a large number of watch-fires around tlio camp, 
 placing tliem in eucli a position and at such intervals as to induce Captain 
 French and his soldiers to believe that they were absolutely surrounded by 
 a large force. The deception was kept up through the night by White and 
 liis companions, marching from fire to fire with the measured tread and the 
 loud challenge of sentinels, now hailing from the east of the British camp, 
 and then shifting rapidly their position and challenging from the extreme 
 west. Nor was this the only stratagem; each mounted a horse and rode with 
 haste in divers directions, imitating the manner of the staff, and giving orders 
 with a loud voice. The delusion was complete. Captain French suffered 
 himself to be completely trapped. White carried his daring plan forward by 
 dashing boldly and alone to the camp of the British and demanding a con- 
 ference with French. "I am commander, Sir,'' he said, " of the American 
 soldiers in your vicinity. If you will surrender at once to my force, I will 
 see to it that no injury is done to you or your command. If you decline to do 
 this, I must candidly inform you that the feelings of my troops ai-e highly 
 incensed against you, and I can by no means be responsible for any conse- 
 quences that may ensue." French thanked him for his humanity, and said, 
 despondingly, that it was useless to contend with fate or with the large force 
 that he saw was around him, and announced his willingness to surrender his 
 vessels, his arms, his men, and himself to Colonel White. At this instant 
 Captain Elholm came suddenly dashing up at full speed, and saluting White, 
 inquired of him where he should place the artiller}\ " Keep them back, keep 
 them back. Sir," answered White, "the British have surrendered. Move 
 your men off, and send me three guides to conduct them to the American post 
 at Sunbury. " The three guides arrived. The five vessels were burned, and 
 the British, urged by White to keep clear ot his men, and to hasten their 
 departure from the enraged and formidable Americans, pushed on with great 
 celerity, whilst AV'^hite retired with one or two of his associates, stating that 
 he would go to his troops in the rear and restrain them. He now employed 
 himself in collecting the neighborhood militia, with whicli he overtook liis 
 guides and conducted the prisoners iu safety to the Sunbury post. ^^ , 
 
 "The extraordinary address of White," says General Lee in his 
 account of the affair, ' ' was contrasted by the extraordinary folly of 
 Captain French, and both were necessary to produce this wonderful 
 issue. The affair ajiproaches too near the marvelous to have Iteen 
 admitted into these memoirs, had it not been uniformly asserted as 
 uniformly accredited and never contradicted." 
 
 The French frigate and galleys canonaded the left of the enemy's 
 
AON-L'OMBATANTS DETAINED IN TOWN. 
 
 59 
 
 liuc on the third, which, says a British account, "'had no other 
 effect than to point out where to make traverses." At midnight 
 of the same day the batteries of the allies opened fire on the 
 to\s'n, continuing it until two o'clock, then ceasing, only to resume 
 at daybreak, with thirty-seven guns and a number of mortars from 
 the land side and sixteen guns from the frigate. The British 
 batteries responded, and the canonading was kept up at intervals 
 throughout the day, without much damage to the soldiers or works 
 of either armj% but missiles from the besiegers killed several 
 women and childi'en and three or foiir negroes. A young mother 
 with an infant in her arms was lying on the bed in a house in the 
 central part of the town, when a shell passed through, in its course 
 killing both mother and child. 
 
 The fifth was passed in comparative quiet; but on the sixth the 
 besiegers resumed the bombardment, which demolished several 
 houses and burnt one. At eleven o'clock General Prevost sent the 
 following request to Count d'Estaing : 
 
 Camp Savaknah, October 6th, 1779. 
 
 Siu: I am persuaded that your Excellency will do me justice; and that in 
 defending this place, and the army committed to my charge, I fulfil what is 
 due to honor and duty to my prince. Sentiments of a different kind occasion 
 the liberty of now addressing myself to your Excellency; they are those of 
 h-umanity. The houses of Savannah are occupied solely by women and 
 children. Several of them have applied to me, that I might request the favor 
 you would allow them to embark on board a ship or ships, and go down the 
 river under the protection of yours, until this business is decided. If this 
 requisition you are so good as to grant, my wife and children, with a few 
 servants, shall be the first to profit by this indulgence. 
 
 I have the honor to be, &c., &c. A. Prevost. 
 
 As General Prevost had refused to grant a similar request made 
 by the allies on the 29th, they refused to accede to this request, 
 assigning their reasons therefor in the reply, which is as follows : 
 
 Camp before Savannah, October 6th, 1779. 
 Sir: We are persuaded that your Excellency knows all that your duty 
 prescribes; perhaps your zeal has already interfered with your judgment. 
 The Count d'Estaing, in his own name, notified to you that you would be 
 personally and alone responsible for the consequences of your obstinacy. 
 The time which you informed him, in the commencement of the siege, would 
 be necessary for the arrangement of articles, including the different orders of 
 men in your town, had no other object than that of receiving succor. Such 
 conduct. Sir, is sufficient to forbid every intercourse between us which might 
 occasion the least loss of time. Besides, in the present application, latent 
 reasons may again exist, There are military ones, which in frequent instances 
 
go HISTORICAL IlECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 have prevented the indulgence you request. It is with regret we yield to the 
 austerity of our functions; and we deplore the fate of those persons who will 
 be the victims of your conduct and tlie delu.sion which appears to prevail in 
 your mind. 
 We are, with respect, &c., &c., 
 
 [Signed] B Lincoln. 
 
 ESTAING. 
 
 There was no cessation of hostilities during this correspondence ; 
 the bombardment was continued throughout the day, also on the 
 seventh and eighth, neither besiegers nor besieged suffering materi- 
 ally from it. Early on the morning of the eighth, Captain I'Enfant 
 with five men rushed up under a heavy fire to the abattis in front 
 of the British works and attempted to burn it, but failed, owing to 
 the greenness of the wood and the damp air. This was done to 
 remove, if possible, these obstructions preparatory to an assault 
 which had been determined upon. The Spring Hill redoubt was 
 selected as the point to be attacked, and before dawn on the ninth 
 as the time for the assault. On the 8th General Lincoln issued 
 orders for the troops to be supplied with forty rounds of ammu- 
 nition and to parade after miilnight. Count d'Estaing was to lead 
 the attack with the French, followed by Pulaski with his legion, 
 which was ordered to penetrate the enemy's line between the 
 Spring Hill redoubt and the next toward the river, then pass to 
 the left into Yamacraw and secure all parties of the enemy in that 
 quarter. The Americans under command of Colonel Laurens were 
 to follow Pulaski. Count Dillon, with a small body of French, was 
 to attack on the left of the Augusta road. Colonel Huger was to 
 proceed around to the enemy's left with five hundred men and 
 make an attack at four o'clock. This attack was only intended as 
 a feint. Each soldier was forbidden to fire his weapon before the 
 redoubt was carried ; and to distinguish them from the enemy, each 
 was ordered to wear a piece of white paper in his hat. It was also 
 ordered that if the troops were repulsed after taking the Spring 
 Hill redoubt they were to rally in rear of that redoubt; and if 
 repulsed before taking it, to rally at the Jews' burying-ground. * 
 The allies were confident of success and impatiently awaited the 
 order for attack. During the night a sergeant-major of the Ameri- 
 
 * This burying-ground is still to be seen. It is in Eobertaville, about six 
 hundred yards in a southwesterly direction from the Central Railroad shops. 
 Most of the walls are torn down. Another cemetery has been established 
 .about twenty paces distant, in which the Hebrews now inter their dead. 
 
REPULSE OF THE FEENCH AKD AMERICANS. Q1 
 
 can grenadiers deserted to the enemj', carrying a copy of the or'der 
 for the attack. General Prevost had expected an attack, but 
 thought it -would be made upon his left, which was more easily 
 approached than any other portion of his line. Acting upon this 
 information he reinforced the right of his line and assigned Colonel 
 Graham to command there. 
 
 Unaware that their plan of attack was known to the enemy the 
 allies moved forward to the assault, but owing to the darkness 
 failed to reach the positions assigned them until daylight. The 
 British were on the alert, and as soon as they were seen opened 
 a hea%^' iire upon them. This was not anticii^ated, but, nothing 
 daunted, the French pushed forward, followed by the Americans 
 on the left. Both parties reached the redoubt and planted their 
 flags i:pon it, biit in a few moments were driven away, only to 
 press forward again. The 2d South Carolina was foremost in the 
 attack, and its standard was planted upon the work by Lieutenants 
 Bush and Hume. They were almost instantly killed, and the 
 colors fell with them into the ditch. Lieutenant Gray then seized 
 them and once more they floated from the works, bvit he, too, was 
 shot down. At his fall Sergeant Jasper rushed forward and bore 
 them aloft, but human endurance could not withstand the terrific 
 fii'e of the British and the Americans retreated. Sergeant Jasper 
 carrying oft' the colors. * Count Dillon lost his way in Musgrove 
 swamp, and earlj' in the morning foiind himself exposed to the 
 fire of the vessels ofl' Musgrove creek and the redoubts in front. 
 He endeavored to advance, but was speedily driven back. Count 
 d'Estaing succeeded in effecting a lodgment on the left of the 
 Spring Hill redoubt, bvit being wounded twice had to be carried 
 off the field and his troops were thrown into disorder. Count 
 Pulaski broke through the lines, as ordered, and was piishing for- 
 ward, when he heard that d'Estaing was wounded and both the 
 
 * Sergeant Jasper greatly distinguished himself during the bombardment of 
 Fort Moultrie by the British fleet some time previous. During the hottest part 
 of the engagement the flag-statf was cut in two. Jasper caught the flag, seized 
 a sponge-staft", and, tying the flag to it, jiunped upon the rami^arts and held it 
 there until a new stail' was procured. For this brave act he was oftered a com- 
 mission, but modestly refiised to accept it, stating that he could neither read 
 nor write, and therefore did not deem himself worthy ; A short time after, his 
 regiment (the 2d South Carolina) was i^resentod with a stand of colors, beauti- 
 fully embroidered, by Mrs. Elliott. Jasper received them, and swore to protect 
 them with his life. Governor Rutledge at the same time presented him with a 
 sword, and again offered him a commission, which he again refused. 
 G 
 
j[52 HISTOIUOAL RECOKD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 Americans auil Frtuch retreating. He left his command with 
 iColonel Horry and galloped to the front of the retreating troop.s 
 and bade them follow him. Animated by his brave example and 
 c ^leering words, a large number turned and again advanced to the 
 Spiing Hill redoubt. A small cannon-shot struck Pulaski in the 
 groin as he was entering the redoubt, and he fell from his horse. 
 This discouraged the troops and they retreated, leaving Pulaski 
 on the field. Hearing of this a large number of his legion advanced 
 through the terrible fire and bore him to the rear. The British 
 under Major Glasier followed the allies, but their retreat was so 
 well covered by General Lincoln that the enemy took no prisoners 
 and sufiered considerably for their boldness. Colonel Huger made 
 the feint on the left as ordered. The enemy were prepared, and 
 received him with music and musket and cannon balls. He lost 
 twenty-eight men and retreated. 
 
 The allies having lost a large number in killed and wounded 
 were disspirited, and were glad to seek shelter behind their works, 
 leaving the enemy complete masters of the situation. The conflict 
 begun at daybreak and was over by nine o'clock, and at ten Prevost 
 was recpiested to grant a truce to bury the dead and carry off the 
 v.'ounded, who were strewn in and on the works, in the ditch, and 
 in front. Prevost granted a truce of four hours, stipulating that 
 only those some distance from the works should be buried or cared 
 for liy their friends. Those of the dead near were buried by the 
 British, and the wounded, one hiindred and eighteen in niimber, 
 sent over. The British lost over one hundred men during the 
 siege, fifty-seven of whom were killed during the assault.* The 
 combined army numbered four thousand nine hundred and fifty 
 men, and lost in the assault eleven Inindred men killed and wound- 
 ed — six hundred and forty French and four himdred and sixt>' 
 Americans. 
 
 This bloody repulse disheartened the besiegers, but General 
 Lincoln still desired to continue the siege. In this he was opposed 
 by Count d'Estaing, who feared to remain longer with his fleet, 
 lest it should suffer from the autumnal gales. It was therefore 
 determined to retreat. A bold front was shown the enemy Mhile 
 the ordnance and stores were being placed on the ships; and a 
 
 * The euemy buried their dead inside of the redoubt. In 1837 it was cut 
 down to fill up a i^laoe where tlie Central Railroad depot now stands. A number 
 of articU^s of warfare were dug up and are now in the possession of citizens. 
 
DEATH AND BVllI-U. OF COUNT PULASKI. 
 
 (]3 
 
 lev.' clays after the assault the besiegois disappeared, the Americans 
 retreated to Ziibly's ferry, and the French re-embarked at Cans- 
 ton's bhiff. The fleet sailed from Tybee on the 2d of November, 
 encountering a heavy gale, which dispersed the ships. 
 
 Among the more noted personages killed and wounded during 
 the assault ■ were Counts d'Estaing and Pulaski, Major-General 
 (VFontagnes, Chevalier d'Ernonville, Colonel John "White, Majors 
 Pierce Butler and John Jones,* and Sergeant Jasper. 
 
 COrXT CASIMIR PULASKI. 
 
 Count Pulaski fell about the spot now occupied by the Central 
 Railroad dejiot. He was born in the province of Lithuania, Po- 
 land, in the year 1746. He was elected leader of a band of 
 patriots confederated together to relieve their native land from the 
 oppressive rule of Russia. Austrian and Prussian troops were sent 
 to assist the Riissian forces stationed in Poland. Against these 
 
 st-rwhelming odds the little band bravelv contended, but was 
 
 ' Instantly killed by a cannon-shot in front of the Spring Hill batterj'. 
 
Q^ HISTORICAL EECOED OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 overpowered and the most severe pimishments inflicted on those 
 captxared. Pulaski aud other noblemen fled to France. Here he 
 learned of the struggle of the Americans for independence, and 
 tendered his services, which were accepted by Congress and the 
 rartk of Brigadier-General conferred upon him. Owing to the 
 dissatisfaction of the officers under him he resigned, after having 
 distinguished himself in several engagements. He was then em- 
 powered to raise a legion, which was soon after organized. 
 
 The Count, after his removal to the rear and the extraction 
 of the ball from his groin, was placed on a vessel to be sent 
 to Charleston. The vessel had hardly sailed oi;t of the harbor 
 before he died. The body immediatelj' became so offensive that 
 the captain was compelled to consign it to the depths of the sea.* 
 The funeral services were performed in Charleston, where the 
 annoixncement of the death of the brave Pole caiised, as it did 
 throughoixt the American colonies, the most intense grief. 
 
 Of Sergeant Jasper there is much of interest to relate. No 
 braver and truer soldier died for the cause of American liberty. 
 During the assault upon the Spring Hill redoubt he was conspicu- 
 ous for his bravery and coolness. Though mortallj' wounded, he 
 bore off the flag after vainly attempting to plant it inside of the 
 redoubt. After the engagement Colonel Horry called to see him 
 and found his life-blood ebbing fast. He was aware of his con- 
 dition, and in a faint voice requested the Colonel to give the 
 sword presented by Governor Kutledge to his father, and "tell 
 him that I have worn it with honor, and if he should weep, tell 
 him I died in the hope of a better life. Tell Mrs. Elliott I lost my 
 life supporting the colors which she presented to our regiment. If 
 you should ever see Jones, his wife, and son, tell them Jasper is 
 gone, but that the remembrance of the battlef he fought for them 
 brought a secret joy to his heart when it was about to stop its 
 motion forever." He died a few moments after. 
 
 * There is great diversity of opinion in this regard, some asserting that he was 
 buried at Greenwich, three miles from Savannah, and others on an island 
 between here and Charleston. Captain Bentalou, an officer of Pulaski's staff, 
 who was also wounded and on board of the vessel, wrote an account stating that 
 Pulaski died on board and his body was thrown into the water because of its 
 offensiveness, and in absence of other authority this must be accepted as correct. 
 
 t An account of the affair alluded to will be found under the head of Jasper 
 Spring. 
 
RIOTOUS NEGROES. g5 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Appearance of the Town after the Siege — Riotous Ncgroei; — ."^kirmishcs 
 around tlie Town— An American Dragoon Killed — He is scalped, stripped, 
 his body dragged through the streets, and interment refused — Surrender 
 of the Town by the British — Revival of Business — Organization of tlie 
 Chatham Artillery — Burial of Major-General Greene — Shipment of the 
 first Bale of Cotton — Incorporation of Savannah as a City — Visit of 
 General Washington — His Account of his Visit and Description of the 
 City — Destructive Fire in 1796 — Cen.sus of the City in 1V9S — Visit of 
 Vice-President Aaron Burr — Terrific Gale in 1804 — Savannah during the 
 ■\Var of 1812 — Capture of tlio Britisii Brig-of-war Epervier. 
 
 There were about four hundred houses iu Savauuah at the time 
 of the siege * and about seven hundred and fifty inhabitants. A 
 large number of the males were absent in the American army, and 
 a great many families had fled the town to avoid the persecTTtions 
 of the British. The batteries of the allies threw over a thoiisand 
 shot and shell into the town, by which four houses were biirned, 
 several demolished, and a large number injm-ed. The churches 
 and public buildings had been used for hospitals and storehouses, 
 and were not fit to be used for their original purposes. Governor 
 Wright, who had made his appearance after the capture of the 
 town in 1778, endeavored to restore it to its former condition; 
 which he partially accomplished before its evacuation by the 
 British forces. ^Vhile the town was made an object of care and 
 solicitude the inhabitants were not thought of, excejit as objects 
 to impose fresh persecutions upon. Beside the petty tjTamiies 
 of the enemy the inhabitants had to bear the insolence of the 
 negroes, who had first been employed by the enemy as laborers 
 and then armed. This made them bold and overbearing; the 
 females were insulted, and robbery and deeds of violence were 
 committed. The people petitioned and petitioned^Governor Wright 
 to check the negroes; but his majesty allowed it to continue until 
 it became so intolerable, not only to the citizens but to the British 
 officers and soldiers also, that he was compelled to check them, 
 and then found it a difficult matter. 
 
 * One hundred and sixty houses were so much injured by the soldiers and 
 negroes, who had used them as quarters during the siege, as to be uninhabitable. 
 
(JQ HISTOIUCAL RECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 Althoiigh tlie British were left in possession of the town they 
 did not feel secure. They were kept constantly on the alert by 
 small parties of Americans, who would dash up within view of their 
 fortifications, capture all stragglers, pickets, and supplies, and be 
 miles away before pursuit could be given. Among these detach- 
 ments, the one under Captain .John Bilbo * was the most noted. 
 This petty warfare was continued near the town until early in 1782. 
 Then General Wayne, with a small force of cavalry and artillery, 
 was sent to the vicinity and ojierations were conducted on a larger 
 scale, the eneinj' were kept close within the limits of the town, 
 the provisions in the vicinity were destroyed, and when a sortie 
 was made to interrupt the operations of the Americans the sally- 
 ing party was made to sutler terribly. The British had some 
 Indians with them, and on one occasion an American dragoon was 
 .shot by them while charging with his troop near the batteries. 
 General Waj'ne gives an account of the affair under date of the 
 20th of March, 1782, which says: 
 
 When the enemy retreated they bore off the scali> of the, dragoon, with whi h 
 they paraded the streets of Savannah, headed by the Lioiiteuant-Goveruor and 
 other British officers, who gave an entertainment to the indiaus and had a 
 dance on the occasion. Nor did their barbai-ity rest here; they mangled and 
 disfigured the dead body in a manner that none but wretches inured in acts 
 of cruelty would possibly be capable of, iiud ordered it to remain unburied; but 
 the Ethiopian.?, more humanized, stole it away and deposited it into the ground, 
 for the commission of which crime a reward of five guineas is offered for the 
 discovery of any per.'- in or persons coueorued in that act of humanity. 
 
 l)n the 1st of July, 1782, General Wayne received, under a flag 
 ''of truce, a deiratation from the merchants of Savannah, who 
 informed him that General Clarke, commandant of the tov.n, daily 
 expected orders to evacuate it, and they desired to ascertain upon 
 what conditions the British subjects would be j^ermitted to remain 
 should thai happen. General Wayne stated that he ^^'Ould give an 
 answer the next day. He held a conference v,-ith Governor Martin, 
 and when the deputation was presented he assured them that the 
 l^ersons and property of such as chose to remain in Savannah 
 after it should be evacuated would be protected, and a reasonable 
 
 * Captain Bilbo's party, while attacking a party of the enemy a few miles from 
 Savannah, was fired upon from a house, by which the captain was woimded. 
 He was captured and brought to town, and died on the 8th of May, 1780. Hi.^ 
 4eath resulted from rough usage and neglect. 
 
EVACTATION OF SAVANNAH. (57 
 
 time would be allowed them to dispose of their property and 
 settle their peciiuiary aftairs in the State, but that such men as 
 had committed murder or other atrocious offences would be liable 
 to be tried and punished according to the laws of the State. The 
 deputation retui'ued to town and communicated the reply to the 
 inhabitants, who the next day appointed another deputation, with 
 instructions to enter into definite terms and conditions and have 
 them reduced to writing, which was accordingly done. Major 
 John Habersham, a native of Savannah and an officer of the 
 Georgia line, coudiicted the negotiations, which were satisfactory 
 to both parties, especially to the British merchants, a number 
 of whom decided to remain. The orders for the evacuation of the 
 town »came, and preparations were made to leave on the lltli 
 of July and to surrender the town to the Americans the same day. 
 By two o'clock on that day the British troops, twelve hundred in 
 number, five hundred women and children, three hundred Indians, 
 five thousand negroes, and such other " phmder " as could be 
 collected were on board of the vessels.* Two hours thereafter 
 General Wayne issued the following order: 
 
 Headquaeteks, Savannah, 11th July, 1782. 
 
 The light infantry company nuder Cajitain Parker to take post in the centre 
 work in front of the to\\Ti, placing sentinels at the respective gateways and 
 sallyports, to xn-event any person or i^crsous going or entering the lines without 
 written permits, until further orders. 
 
 No insults or depredations to be committed upon the persons or property of 
 the inhabitants on any pretext whatever; the civil authorities only ■will take 
 cognizance of the criminals or defaulters belonging to the State, if any there 
 be.t The merchants and traders are immediately to take out au exact and true 
 invoice of all goods, wares, and merchandise of every species, dry, wet, or hard, 
 respectively belonging to them, or in their possession, with the original invoices, 
 to the commissary, who will select such articles as maybe necessary for the army 
 and the public uses of the State, for which a reasonable profit will be allowed ; 
 no goods or merchandise of any kind whatsoever to be removed, secreted, sold, 
 or disi^osed of until the public and army are first serve*; which will be as soon 
 as possible after the receipt of the invoices, kc. 
 
 N. B. Orders will be left with Captain Parker for the immediate admission of 
 the Honorable Executive Coxxncil and the Honorable members of the Legislature, 
 with their officers aud attendants. 
 
 A committee of British ofHcers untitled General ^Yayne that they 
 
 * The slaves were taken from the Georgia plantations. 
 
 t All of that class took care to get aboard of the British ships, and thus 
 escaped the punishment they richly deserved. 
 
68 
 
 HISTORICAL RECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 were prepared to deliver up the keys, aud formally surrendered the 
 towu. Colonel James Jackson, who had distinguished himself 
 during the advance of the Americans and in the freqiient skirmishes 
 about the town, was selected by General Wayne to receive the 
 surrender. That evening the American troops were i^araded and 
 marched to the principal gate, where the British officers stood with 
 the kej-s. Colonel Jackson received them, and Savannah, which 
 for three years six months and thirteen days had been under 
 British rule, was free and in the possession of her own citizens. lu 
 the evening the British fleet sailed for England. 
 
 vt/. ^<Mtofl„. .J*. Three weeks after, in pur- 
 
 suance of a call bj' Governor 
 Martin for a si^ecial session, 
 the State Legislature met in 
 Savannah, in the house of 
 General Lachlan Mclnto.sh, 
 situated on the north side of 
 South Broad, third door east 
 of Drayton street. 
 
 Soon after the evacuation 
 all hostilities ceased between 
 this and the mother country. 
 The people went to work to 
 repair the ravages of war. In Savannah the work was difficult — 
 more so than elsewhere; the stringent rules of the British had 
 prevented the citizens who remained in town from conducting 
 business, and at the close of the war three fourths of the business 
 houses were owned and controlled by others than natives of the 
 town or of the United States — persons that were not trusted and 
 who threw every obstacle in the way of all new business enter- 
 prises. Indomitable energj^ at last, conquered; old firms were 
 re-established, new ones organized, and a brisk trade was com- 
 me;iced with the neighboring ports. The public and private build- 
 ings were repaired, the streets and squares cleared of the deh'is of 
 war, and the town assumed the beautiful and cleanly appearance it 
 possessed in the " good old colony times." 
 
 On May 1st, 1786, the Chatham Artillery was organized, and on 
 the 20th of June following was called upon to pay the soldier's 
 tribute to the memory of Major-General Nathaniel Greene. This 
 officer won iindying f;\me in the Southern campaigns, and as 
 a mark of appreciation of his services the Georgia Legislature 
 
 BESIDEN< t 
 
 ]MIiVL LVCrfLiN M INTO&H. 
 
VISIT OF GENERAL WASHINGTON. 
 
 69 
 
 granted him a large tract of laud near Savauuali. He settled iipon 
 this tract in 1783, and frequently visited town. On the 12th and 
 13th days of Jnue, 1786, he was in Savannah and returned home 
 on the 14th, on which day he was stricken down by an attack of 
 coup (le soliel, and died on the 19th. His remains were broiight 
 to Savannah the next day and interred with military honors in the 
 old burying-gi'ound on South Broad street. The procession, civic 
 and military, was formed on the Bay and escorted the remains. 
 The Chatham Artillery was in front firing minute-giins and advanc- 
 ing, and also fired a salute of thirteen guns at the grave. * 
 
 The first bale of cotton exported from Georgia was shipped from 
 Savannah in 1788 by Thomas Miller. Mr. Miller was for a long 
 time the only purchaser of cotton in Savannah. He boiaght it in 
 parcels of from twentj'-tive to one hundred pounds, and assorted 
 and packed it with his own hands. His exchisive and earnest 
 attention to this branch of business earned for him the sobriquet, 
 "Cotton" Miller. 
 
 Savannah was made a city by act of legislature in December, 
 1789, and the following year the first Mayor, John Hoiistou, was 
 elected. 
 
 May of the year after was made memorable bj' the visit of 
 Washington to Savannah. The Georgia Gazette of the 19th devotes 
 its entire sj^ace to an account of the visit, and says the President, 
 ■with his committee, his Secretary, Majors Jackson and Butler, Gen. 
 Wayne, and Mr. Baillie embarked at Purysbm-gh between ten and 
 eleven o'clock on the 12th of May, and were rowed down the river 
 by nine American captains, viz : Captains Putnam, Coiu'tier, Rice, 
 Fisher, Huntingdon, Kershaw, Swain, Mclntire, and Morrison, who 
 were dressed in light blue silk jackets, black satin breeches, white 
 silk stockings, and round hats with black ribbons, bearing the 
 words "LONG LIVE THE PRESIDENT" in letters of gold. Ten miles 
 above the city the President and his escort were met by a large 
 number of gentlemen in boats, and as the President passed by them 
 a band played the celebrated song " He comes, the Hero comes," 
 accompanied with several voices. On his approach to the city the 
 ' ' concourse on the bluft' and the crowds which had pressed into 
 the vessels evinced the general joy which had been inspired by the 
 visit of this most beloved of men and the ardent desire of all ranks 
 
 * The vault in which the remains were placed was not designated at the time 
 of interment. .\ search was made for them in 1820, but they could not be found- 
 
jj) HISTORICAL ItECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 an-1 conditions of peox^le to be gratilied at his presence."' He was 
 received at the hxndiug by General Jackson and Colonel Gunn, 
 who introduced him to the Mayor and Aldermen. A procession 
 \vas then formed and the guests were escorted to the quarters 
 provided for them on St. James square. At six o'clock the I*i'esi- 
 dent and suite dined at Brown's coffee-hoirse, on the site now 
 occupied by Stoddard's lower range, at which were present the 
 Mayor of the citj', President of the Cincinnati,* the Judges of the 
 Superior courts of the State and Inferior courts of tho ecvaiity, 
 clergy, member.s of the legislature, members of the Oineiunati, 
 tield officers of the militia, president of the Union society, and the 
 llecorder and Treasurer of the city. The city was illuminated at 
 night. Alderman Scheuber's house was brilliantly illuminated, 
 • ' shewing no less than three hundred lights, arran-red in a beautiful 
 symmetry, with fifteen lights contained in the form of a W in 
 front." 
 
 On the 13th the President partook of a dinner tendered by the 
 Society of the Cincinnati. A ball was given in the long room of 
 the lilatnre at night. At half-past eight o'clock the President 
 honored the company with his presence, and was personally intro- 
 duced by one of the managers to ninety-six ladies, who were 
 ■' elegantly dressed, some of whom displayed iutinite taste in the 
 emblems and devices on their sashes and head-dresses, out of 
 respect to the hajipy occasion. After a few minuets were moved 
 and one country dance led down, the President and his suite 
 retired, about eleven o'clock. At two o'clock the supper-room was 
 opened and the ladies partook of a repast, after which dancing 
 continued until three o'clock." 
 
 On Saturday the President visited the old fortilieations, and after- 
 ward partook of a dinner under an arbor with over tAvo hundred 
 citizens. The Chatham Artillery fired a gun between each toast 
 offered, the last one of which, proposed by Washington, was 
 "The present dexterous corps of artillery."! In the evening there 
 was a handsome exhibition of fircM'orks, and "the amusements 
 of this day of joy and festivity were crowned with a concert. ' 
 
 * The Cincinnati society was composecl of officers of tlie American army. 
 
 t The President, soon after bis visit, sent two brass six pounders as a present 
 to the Chatham Artillery. These were iised by the company until the late wai'. 
 The freqncnt salntes fired by the battery rendered them unser\'iceable, and 
 during the war they were buried. Tliey will in time be exhumed and mingle 
 their brazen voices itpon oecaf-ions of joy wliich will mark the future liistory 
 of Savannah. 
 
WASHINGTON'S DKSCKIPTIOX OF SAVANNAH. 'J I 
 
 Oil yniiclay morniug the President attended divine service iu 
 Christ church and soon after set out on his waj' to Augusta. On 
 taking his leave of the Slayer and committee of the citizens he 
 ■■politely expressed his sense of the attention shewn him by the 
 corporation and every denomination of people during his stay in 
 Savannah." 
 
 The account in the Gazette concludes with copies of the addresses 
 presented to him and his replies to them. The committee, General 
 Lachlan Mcintosh, Colonels Noble Wimberly Jones and Joseph 
 Habersham, and Messrs. John Houston and Joseph Clay, that met 
 him at Purysburgh, T. H. Gibbons (Mayor), in behalf of himself 
 and aldermen, George Houston, Masonic Grand Master of the State 
 of Georgia, and General Anthony Wayne, president of the Cincin- 
 nati society, presented him with an address each. In re^jly to that 
 of the committee, he concludes: "That the city of Savannah 
 may laigelj- partake of every public benefit which our free and 
 equal government can dispense, and that the happiness of its 
 vicinity may reply to the best wishes of its inhabitants, is my 
 sincere prayer." 
 
 Washington kept a diary* during his trip. The following is 
 his account verhnlim et Utendem of his reception in Savannah and 
 his opinion of the city: 
 
 At that place (Purysburgh; 12th of May) I was met by Messrs Jones, Col. 
 Habersham, Mr. John Hou.stou, Geul. Mclutosh and Mr. Clay, a comee. from the 
 city of Savauua to conduct me thither. Boats were also ordered there by them 
 for my accommodation, amou which a handsome 8 oared barge rowed by 8 
 American Captns. attended. In my way doxN-n the River I called upon Blrs. 
 Green, the widow of the deceased Genl. Green (at a place called Mulberry Grove) 
 & asked her how she did. .\t this place (2 miles fi-om Purysburgh) my horses and 
 Carriages were landed, and had 12 miles farther by Land to Savanna. The wind 
 and tide being both agst. us, it was G o'clock before we reached the City, where 
 were received under every demonstration that coiild be given of Joy & respect. 
 We were Seven hoTirs making the passage which is often performed iu 4 tho the 
 computed distance is 2-5 miles — lUums. at night. 
 
 I was conducted by the Jlayor & Wardens to very good lodging which had 
 been provided for the occasion, and partook of a public dinner given by the 
 Citizens at the Coft'ee Room. .\t Purisburgh I parted with Gen. Moultree. 
 
 Friday, 1.3th— Dined with the Members of the Cincinnati at a public dinner 
 given at the same place— and in the evening went to a dancing Assembly 
 at which there was about 100 well dressed & handsome ladies. 
 
 Saturday 14th. A little after 6 o'clock, in Company with Genl. Mcintosh, Genl 
 
 * Mr. Benson J. Lossing has recently published his diaries iu book form, 
 entitled " Wn9hington"'< Private Diaries," from which this account is taken. 
 
y2 HISTORICAL RECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 AVayne, the Mayor, ami many others (principal Gentlemen of the City) I visited 
 the City, and the attack and defence of it in the year 1779, under the combined 
 forces of France and the United States, commanded by Count de Estaing & 
 Gen. Lincoln. — To form an opiuioa of the attack at this distance of time, and 
 the change which has taken place in the appearance of the ground by the 
 cutting away of the woods, «S;c. is hardly to be done with Justice to the subject; 
 especially as there is remaining scarcely any of the defences. 
 
 Dined to day with a number of the Citizens (not less than 200) in an elegant 
 bower erected for the occasion on the Bank of the River below the Town. In 
 the evening there was a tolerable good display of fireworks. 
 
 Sunday loth — After morning service, and receiving a number of visits from 
 the most respectable ladies of the place (as was the case yesterday) I set out for 
 Augusta, Escorted beyd. the limits of the City by most of the Gentlemen in it, 
 and dining at Mulberry Grove the seat of Mrs. Green — lodged at one Spencei-s — 
 distant 15 miles. 
 
 Savanna stands upon what may be called high ground for this Country — It is 
 extremely sandy wch. makes the walking very disagreeable; and the houses 
 very uncomfortable in warm and windy weather, as they are filled with dust 
 whenever these happen. The Town on 3 sides is surrounded with cultivated 
 Rice fields which have a rich and luxuriant appearance. On the Ith or backside 
 it is a fine sand. The harbour is said to be very good & often filled with square 
 rigged vessels, but there is a bar below over which not more than 12 water 
 can be brot. except at sprg tides. The tide does not flow above 12 or 14 miles 
 above the City though the river is swelled by it more than double tliat distance. 
 Rice and Tobacco (the last of wch, is greatly increasing) are the iirincipa! 
 Exports. Lumber and Indigo are also Exjiorted, but the latter is on the decline, 
 and it is supposed by Hcmi) and Cotton. — Ship timber, viz : live oak & cedar, 
 is (and may be more so) valuable in the exptn. 
 
 At the time of Washington's visit there were no houses beyond 
 South Broad street, and only five itpon that street, all being on the 
 north side. The city limits on the east was Lincoln street, and on 
 the west Jefferson street, althoitgh there were a number of houses 
 west of the latter-named street. Of the five houses then stand- 
 ing on South Broad street foiiv remain, viz: "Eppinger's house,"* 
 on the northeast corner of Jefi'erson street, now occupied by Mr. S. 
 Davis; the old frame house between Barnard and Jefferson; the 
 frame house at the northeast corner of Whitaker; and the old 
 brick house the third door east of Drayton street, now occupied by 
 
 * There is a record showing that Eppinger built this house previous to the 
 year 1747. He used it as a public house, and at his death his son occupied it as 
 a residence, and opened a public house in the old brick house on South Broad 
 street — the oldest brick house in Savannah. The room in which the State 
 legislature met previous to the removal of the capitol of the Sfcite to Augusta 
 was known as "Eppinger's Long Room," in which balls and public meetings 
 were held during the week and religious services on Sunday. 
 
TERRIFIC GALE I\ ISOl. 173 
 
 Mr. Johu B. Eobiuson; the fifth house stood where a brick house 
 has just been completed, between Drayton and Abercorn streets. 
 
 The fine and flourishing prospects of this rapidly growing com- 
 mercial city, which had just fully emerged from the ruinous eff'ects 
 of the late war, were totally suspended by a destructive fire on the 
 26th of November, 1798, which destroyed two hundred and twenty- 
 nine buildings, exclusive of out-houses, causing a loss of more 
 than a million of dollars. It broke out in a bake-shop near the 
 market and swept in every direction — some families ha\'ing to 
 move their furniture seven difterent times to avoid the flames. 
 Hundreds of families were rendered houseless and hundreds thrown 
 oiit of employment. The suffering and distress was great, not- 
 withstanding the generous donations of money and provisions 
 from all parts of the State. The people, with that energy which 
 has ever characterized them, strove to retrieve their losses, meeting 
 with that success which always attends well-directed exertion. 
 
 A censiis of the city was taken in 1798, and it was ascertained 
 that there were 6,226 inhabitants, 237 of them negroes; 618 dwell- 
 ing-houses, 415 kitchens, 228 out-houses, stores, and shops. 
 
 Vice-President Aaron Burr visited the city on the 20th of Maj^ 
 1802, coming from Augusta. As he approached he was saluted by 
 the Chatham Artillery, posted on Spring hill, and was escorted 
 into Savannah by the Chatham Kaugers and Savannah Volunteer 
 Guards. He remained three or four days ; but very little attention 
 was paid him — no more than the formal ceremonies his position 
 called for. The paper of that day (the Georgia Gazette) devotes 
 only fifteen lines to an account of the visit, and does not mention 
 his name. 
 
 On the 8th of September, 1801, a storm raged with destnictive 
 fury from 9 a. m. to 10 p. m. None of the inhabitants dared to 
 venture out, excepting those who had to flee to avoid being crushed 
 in the ruins of their own houses. The river rose above the wharves, 
 and covered Hutchinson's island and the rice-plantations around 
 the city. The Gazette says the people who had been kept in the 
 house the day before, their fancies depicting a most woeful scene, 
 found, the next morning, that busy faucj', ever prone to exaggerate, 
 had formed biit an imperfect pictui'e of the dreadful scene of havoc 
 and destruction. A large number of trees in everj' part of the 
 city were blown down, and also several houses, the steeple of 
 the Presbyterian meeting-house, and part of the walls of the 
 Episcopal (Christ) church. The wharves from one end cf the 
 
74 HISTOPilCAL RECOKD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 city to the other were torn up, and iiianj- storehoiiscs erected at 
 the foot of the bluff were either totally destroyed or so much torn 
 to pieces as to render valueless everything within them. Every 
 vessel in the harbor was thrown upon the wharves, except such as 
 v.ere toiallj' destroyed. In the city several persons were injured by 
 falling houses and chimneys, and two of Mr. Green's children 
 were instantly killed. Captain Webb was also killed. Twenty- 
 four hoiises, including the exchange, the filature, jail, and court- 
 house on the bluf}", and tweuty-six business houses under the 
 bluft', were injured and their stocks of goods swejDt away. Eighteen 
 vessels Avere swept ujion the wharves and there remained when the 
 water subsided. Over one hundi-ed negroes were drowned on 
 Hutchinson's island and on the rice-plantations near the city. 
 The steeple of the Presbyterian church (then situated where now 
 stands the large brick liveiy stables on the soi;thwest corner of 
 Whitaker and President streets) which M-as nearly as high as the 
 present steeple of the Independent Presbyterian church, fell in a 
 southwesterly direction, crushing in a house and ciTtting off a 
 portion of a bed on which lay a sick man, fortianately not injuring 
 him. The bell in the steeple A^as found, much to the astonishment 
 of all, unbroken. It was afterward hung in the steeple of the Inde- 
 pendent Presbyterian clmrch, and there remained until aboiit 1821, 
 when a larger bell was ijresented to the congregation. 
 
 During the war of 1812, between the United States and England. 
 Savannah was not attacked, but its proximity to the sea made it 
 liable to assault by the enemj^'s fleets at almost any hour, and thus 
 the people were kept constantly upon the alert until peace was 
 restored in 1815. Fort Wayne was still fortified. Another fort 
 was erected about two and a half miles below the city and named 
 Fort Jackson, after Governor James Jackson. A line of defences 
 was thrown up, extending from the marsh on the east at the foot 
 of Broughton street to the west side of Lafayette square, where 
 the residence of Andrew Low now stands, thence diverging to 
 what is now Liberty Street lane, thence crossing Bull street to 
 Spring hill, where the Central Eailroad depot is now, thence along 
 the high ground east of the Ogeechee canal, and terminating at 
 what is now the foot of Farm street. The line was very irregu- 
 lar and unusually full of salients and re-entering angles. The 
 old volunteer companies,* Chatham Artillery, Savannah Volunteer 
 
 * These companies, with all others of the Confederate army, were disbanded 
 by order of the United States, in 1863, liaving participated in the war between 
 tlie Southern and Northern State-. 
 
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 75 
 
 Gxiards, llcpublioaii Blues, autl Georgia Hussars, aud other com- 
 panies which organized for the war, and of which no record can 
 be found, were constantly on dutj'. Early in the war half of the 
 members of the Savannah Volunteer Guards and the Eepublican 
 Blues were sent on an expedition against St. Augustine, Florida; 
 but before a,rrangements for the assault were made, Florida was 
 purchased by the United States. The only surviving member 
 of the two Savannah companies that i>articipated in this expedition 
 is Mr. Jacob Miller. He and Mr. O. M. Lillibridge are the only 
 living representatives of this city in that war. Both were members 
 of the Republican Blues ; the former is seventy-nine and the latter 
 eights-two years of age. 
 
 In May, ISl-i, the Eper\der, a British brig-of-war, built in 1812, 
 caiiying eighteen guns, was brought into the river by the United 
 States sloop-of-war Peacock, Lewis Warrington commander. The 
 Epervier had on board, when captured, one hundred and ten 
 thoixsand dollars in s^ieeie. which were confiscated and distributed 
 according to law. 
 
Yg HISTORICAL RECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Arrival of the Steamship Savaimali — Visit of President Monroe — Terrible 
 Conflagration in 1820 — Yellow Fever in the same Year — Visit of General 
 Lafayette — Departure of the Irish Jasper Greens for Mexico — Visit of 
 President Filmore — Yellow Fever in 1S5J- — Terrible Gale the same Year — 
 The Secession Movement — Hoisting of the Secession Flag — Election of 
 Delegates to the State Convention — Seizure of Fort Pulaski, Fort Jackson, 
 and Oglethorpe Barracks — Reassembling of the State Convention — Sa- 
 luting the Flag of the Confederate States — Departure of the Oglethorpe 
 Light Infantry for Virginia — Burial of General Bartow— Placing Obstruc- 
 tions in the river — Arrival of General Robert E. Lee — Reduction of Fort 
 Pulaski — Threatening Demonstrations of the Enemy — Resolution of Coun- 
 cil to Defend the City to the last Extremity — General Lawton Ordered to 
 V'irginia, and General Mercer placed in command of Savannah — Capture 
 of the iron-clad Atlanta by the Federals, and capture of the armed steamer 
 Water "Witch by the Confederates — Arrival of General Sherman's army in 
 front of Savannah — Storming of Fort McAlister — Evacuation of Savan- 
 nah by the Confederate Forces — Its Surrender by Members of the Council — 
 Entrance of the Federal Troops — General Sherman's Order — Meeting of 
 the Citizens — A surprise for a " Blockader " — Drowning of Federal Soldiers 
 on Hutchinson's Island — Intrenchments thrown up by the Federals — 
 Destructive Fire and Novel Bombardment — The Wives and Children of 
 Oflicers of the Confederate Army and Navy sent out of the City. 
 
 The first steamship ever built in the United States was projected 
 and owned in this city. It was built North and named Savannah. 
 In April, 1819, it arrived here from New York, and in a few days 
 after sailed for Liverpool, accomplishing the voyage in twenty-two 
 days, the sails being iised only eight days. Vessels i)ropelled by 
 steam were a rarity in those daj^s, and the idea of steam being 
 \ised in connection with sails, and a vessel of that description 
 crossing the ocean, had never been thought of in Great Britain. 
 When the Savannah arrived off Cape Clear she Avas signalled 
 to Liverpool as a vessel on fire, and a cutter was sent from Cork 
 to her relief Great was the ' ' surprise and admiration when she 
 entered the harbor of Liverpool under bare poles, belching forth 
 smoke and fire, yet uninjm-ed." The return voj'age occuined 
 twenty-five days. 
 
 James Monroe, the fifth President of the United States, visited 
 Savannah in May, 1819, and was received with that hospitality 
 for which Savannah has always been noted. 
 
VISIT OF GENERAL LAFAYETTE. 
 
 77 
 
 On the 11th of January, 1820, after a lapse of twenty-four years. 
 Savannah again experienced the horrors of a conflagration, far 
 surpassing in violence and destruction that of 1796. The fire broke 
 out about two o'clock a. m. in the livery stable of Mr. Boon, situated 
 near the market. The wind was high, and before the flames were 
 extinguished four hundred and sixty-three houses, exclusive of 
 out-buildings, were destroyed. With the exception of the State 
 and Planter's banks, the Episcopal church, and three or four other 
 brick buildings, every house between Broughton and Bay streets, 
 from Jeft'erson to Abercorn streets, were destroyed. The loss was 
 estimated at four million dollars. 
 
 The i^eople had barely recovered from the shock caused by this 
 great disaster and commenced to rebuild before pestilence inter- 
 rupted the work and swept many into their graves. On the 5th 
 of September a vessel anived from the West Indies, having the 
 yellow fever on board. A day or two after, several cases were 
 reported in the city. It spread quite rapidly, and before it was 
 checked, on the 6th of November following, two hundred and 
 thirty-nine persons had been stricken down by it. The number of 
 inhabitants at the time it commenced was 7,52.3. The dread of 
 the fever caused manj"^ to flee from the city. A census was taken 
 late in October, when it was ascertained that there were only 1,494 
 persons remaining in the city, and that three hundred and forty- 
 three houses were uninhabited. The loss of life was mostly con- 
 fined to the foreign population who had come the \\'inter previous. 
 
 General Lafayette arrived in Savannah fi'om Charleston on the 
 18th of March, 1825. His arrival was made the occasion of one 
 of the largest and most imposing civic and militarj"- disjilays ever 
 before witnessed in Savannah. He landed at the east end of the 
 bluff, and was received with the usual salutes and ceremonies. At 
 seven o'clock a dinner was served in the Exchange. In the centre 
 window, in the rear of General Lafayette and the Mayor, appeared 
 a transparency of General Lafayette, over which was a scroll 
 inscribed "He Fought for Us." In the opposite window was a 
 transparency of Washington, with the inscription "The Father 
 of his Countrj'." The centre window in fi'ont f)resented an alle- 
 gorical transparency, representing a monument siu-moiinted with 
 a bust of Lafayette — on one side Liberty, on the other History 
 presenting a tablet inscribed with the dates of the general's arrival 
 in America, his appointment as Major-General, his being wounded 
 at Brandy\\'ine, and of the surrender at Yorktown. During the 
 7* 
 
78 HISTORICAL RECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 general's stay in Savannah the corner-stone of the monument 
 to General Greene ' was laid in Johnson square, and one for a 
 monument to General Pulaski in Chippewa square, with the most 
 imposing ceremonies. 
 
 In the year 1846 hostilities between the United States and Mexico 
 commenced, and a call was made upon Georgia for a regiment 
 of soldiers, to be sent to the seat of war. The regiment was 
 promptlj' raised and sent ofi" under Colonel Henry JR. Jackson, and 
 shared the honors won by our soldiers on the Mexican plains. 
 The Irish Jasper Greens, of Savannah, were with the regiment, the 
 following named officers and men composing the company: J. 
 McMahon, Captain; G. Curie tte, D. O'Connor, Lieutenants; John 
 Devaney, M. Carey, P. Martin, Sergeants; Leo Wylly, M. Feery, P. 
 Tierney, T. Bourke, Owen Reilly, Corporals; William Bandy, W. D. 
 Burke, P. Bossu, Francis Camfield, J. Chalmers, P. Clark, P. Cody, 
 John Coftee, William Coffee, James Conlihan, Elijah Condon, Joseph 
 Davis, Dennis Dermond, Michael Downy, Michael Duggan, Franci^i 
 Dutzmer, Charles Farrelly, Thomas Fenton, David Fountain, James 
 Fleeting, James FljTin, William P. Fielding, James Feely, P. 
 Gerrin, Moses Gleason, O. B. Hall, Michael Hoar, Timothy Howard, 
 K. M. Howard, E. W. Irwin, John Keegiu, Humphrey Leary, W. S. 
 Levi, David Lynch, Michael Lynch, L. Mahoney, Henry Marry, 
 John Makin, Bryan Morris, James McFehilly, Hugh Murtagh, 
 Henry Nagle, Daniel Nickels, M. M. Payne, George Perminger, 
 Thomas Pigeon, John Eeagan, Francis Reeves, E. Richardson, J. 
 Uia^iiwt, B. Rodebuck, R, M. Robertson,, J. D. Rj^an, Thomas 
 Ryan, John Sauderlyn, Michael Shea, Peter Suzmel, David Stokes, 
 C. F. E. Smyth, E. L. S. Smith, Patrick Shiels, Patrick Tidings, 
 Daniel F. Fowles, J. W. Warden, James Waters, Michael Weldon, 
 John Whaling, James Waters, jr., Jacob Zimmerman, privates; 
 William Gatehouse, George Gatehouse, musicians. 
 
 On the 22d of April, 1854, President Filmore, accompanied by the 
 Hon. J. P. Kennedy, arrived in Savannah per Central railroad 
 ■and was received by a large concourse of citizens, the Chatham 
 Artillery firing a salute as the train came in. Quarters were pro- 
 vided for the guests at the Pulaski House. A ball was given at 
 St. Andrews Hall, a trip made to Fort Pulaski, and everything that 
 could contribute to the pleasure and comfort of the distinguished 
 guests was cheerfully done during their stay. 
 
 On the 12th of August, 1854, yellow fever made its appearance 
 among the residents of Washington ward. In a short time it 
 
THE SECESSION MOVEMENT. 79 
 
 spread through the city, the mortalitj' reaching its maximum 
 height aboiit the l"2th of September, on which day tifty-one inter- 
 ments were reported. The decline of the sickness commenced 
 about the 20th of September, and on the 29th of October only one 
 interment was reported. The last death by the fever occurred on 
 the 29th of November. Two thirds of the pei-manent white popu- 
 lation left the city when the fever commenced to spread, leaving 
 six thousand persons to brave the disease — a large mrjority of whom 
 were sick. 
 
 On the 8th of September, and during the prevalence of the fever, 
 a severe and destructive storm visited Savannah. Hutchinson 
 and Fig islands were covered with water, and a number of houses 
 washed away and i)ersons drowned. The light-house on the latter 
 island was washed away. The timber in Willink"s ship-yard was 
 floated off and the yard injured. Baldwin's cotton-press and the 
 buildings at A. N. Miller's foundry were unroofed. Nearly all of 
 the trees on South Broad street were blown dou^l. Most of the 
 shipping in the river was driven upon the wharves and sustained 
 considerable damage. The large dry-dock jD'arted from her moor- 
 ings and floated up the river, but was secured after running afoul 
 of and damaging several vessels. The loss sustained was never 
 fully ascertained, but was very heavy. 
 
 Never in the history of Savannah had the hand of aftlictiou 
 fallen so lieavilj"^ upon her as during this epidemic season, when 
 disease wasted the lives and paralyzed the energies of her citizens, 
 and the tempest and tides threatened to complete the general 
 destruction. During these calamities the active sympathy of the 
 benevolent everywhere was enlisted, and contributions of money 
 and provisions poured in fi'om every quarter. Those who extended 
 aid will long be held in gratefiil remembrance by the people of 
 Savannah, who, when in the dispensation of Pro^ddence other 
 communities may be overtaken by misfortune, will be as prompt 
 to extend aid as they were thankful to receive it. 
 
 The Secession movement of the Southern States in 18G0 met 
 the hearty approval of the citizens of Savannah, which was the 
 first city in the State to move in the glorious cause of resistance 
 to Radical rule. The announcement of the secession of South 
 Carolina, in December of this year, was hailed with delight and 
 created the ^^■ildest enthusiasm. A secession flag, bearing the 
 representation of a large rattlesnake, with the inscription ' ' don't 
 TRE.vD ox me." was uufurlcd from the top of the Greene monu- 
 
80 
 
 HISTORICAL RECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 rnent, in Johnson sqnare. Patriotic speeches were made, and 
 every assurance given that the citizens would heartily co-operate 
 with Soiith Carolina. The old volunteer companies, the Chatham 
 Artillery, Savannah Volunteer Guards, Republican Blues, Georgia 
 Hussars, Phasnix Riflemen, Irish Jasper Greens, Oglethol'pe Light 
 Infantry, DeKalb Riflemen, and German Vohmteers, promptly 
 tendered their services for any duty that might be required of 
 them. Their ranks were daily increased by volunteers and numer- 
 ous other companies were organized. 
 
 The call for a State convention to assemble at once and act upon 
 the question of secession originated in Savannah, and met with 
 ready response throughout the State. On the 2d of Janiiary, 1861, 
 an election for delegates to the convention was held. Captain 
 Francis S. Bartow, Captain John W. Anderson, and Colonel A. S. 
 Jones, nominees of the party favoring immediate secession and 
 separate State action, were unanimously elected. 
 
 The citizens of Savannah, after hearing of the evacuation of 
 Fort Moiiltrie and occupation of Fort Sumter by the United States 
 forces under Major Anderson, determined to seize Fort Pulp-ski, 
 being convinced that the policy of the United States government 
 was to provoke a war, and in furtherance of the policy would 
 hold all the forts commanding the harbors of the Southern States. 
 A meeting of the citizens was held in a room in Battersby's 
 buildings, at the southwest comer of Bay and Drayton streets, 
 at v.'hich were present all of the officers and a number of men 
 of the volunteer companies of Savannah. It was determined to 
 seize and occupj' -the fort whether sanctioned by the Governor 
 or not, but as a matter of prudence he was notified and his per- 
 mission asked, which was granted. Accordingly, on the third day 
 of January, 1861, Colonel A. R. Lawton marshalled the Savannah 
 Volunteer Guards, Captain (now Colonel) John Screven; the Ogle- 
 thorpe Light Infantry, Captain Francis S. Bartow (afterward pro- 
 moted to the rank of Brigadier-General, and killed at the battle 
 of Manassas), and two detachments from the Chatham Artillery, 
 Captain (now Colonel) Joseph S. Claghorn, and proceeded to the- 
 fort and took formftl possession of it in the name of the State of 
 Georgia — the small garrison, under command of an ordnance ser- 
 geant, making no resistance. 
 
 The adoption of the ordinance of secession by the State conven- 
 tion at Milledgeville was hailed v,n.th a delight equal to that mani- 
 fested at the secession of South Carolina. All jH-epared for the 
 
BUKIAL OF GENEEAL FRAXCIS S. BARTOW. gj 
 
 conflict ■fliiich they saw was inevitable. General A. R. Lawton 
 was placed in command of this department, and under his orders 
 Fort Jackson and the Oglethorpe barracks were seized and occiipied 
 by Savannah's soldiers. 
 
 The State convention reassembled in Savannah, in the Masonic 
 hall, on the seventh day of March, 1861, and after framing a 
 constitution for the State adjourned on the 23d of March. 
 
 The day after the assembling of the convention the flag of the 
 Confederate States of America was thrown to the breeze from the 
 Custom House stafi^ by Major W. J. Mcintosh. A salute of seven 
 guns — one for each State of the Confederacy — was fired in honor 
 of the occasion. 
 
 The Oglethorpe Light Infantry, Captain Francis S. Bartow, 
 requested, but did not receive permission, * to go to Virginia, and 
 departed without it on the 21st of May, being escorted to the cars 
 by the volunteer companies of the city and a large concourse of 
 citizens, who wished the company God speed, little dreaming that 
 in a few short weeks they would, while rejoicing over a great 
 victory, be also mourning the loss of its late gallant captain and 
 a number of its no less gallant members. But so was it to be. 
 The telegraph, on the 22d of July, 1861, brought the news of the 
 great victory at Manassas, at the same time telling of the deaths of 
 General Francis S. Bartow and a number of his old command, 
 who had fallen in the thickest of the fray. 
 
 The remains of Bartow were brought from the field and forwarded 
 to this city via Charleston, at which place, in honor to his memory, 
 the public buildings were draped in mourning and the remains 
 escorted through the city by the military and the citizens, the 
 whole community vieing with one another in showing respect 
 to the fallen brave. The remains arrived in the night of the 27tli 
 of July, and were escorted from the depot to the Exchange by 
 the Oglethorpe Light Infantry (company B) and detachments from 
 the other city companies, all under command of Captain F. V/. Sims, 
 the Chatham Ai'tillery firing minute-guns as the escort moved. 
 On the 28th the funeral of the deceased took place, and was the 
 most solemn and imposing spectacle ever witnessed in Savannah. 
 At three o'clock p. m. the military escort, consisting of all the 
 city companies and detachments from the troops stationed in 
 
 * General Bartow's communication regarding tlie refusal of Governor 
 Brown to allow his company to go to Virginia, will be found with the 
 biographical sketch of the general. 
 
82 
 
 HISTORICAL RECOKD OF SAVAXXAH. 
 
 the vicinity, formed on the Bay and escorted the remains to Christ 
 church, which was thronged in every part with citizens. The 
 fnneral services were conducted by Eight Reverend Stephen Elliott, 
 Bishop of Georgia; after which the remains were carried to Laurel 
 (xrove cemetery, where with military honors they were consigned to 
 their final resting place. The universal expression of sadness was 
 truly impressive, and proved how sincerely the entire community 
 deplored the loss of one who was not less loved in life than 
 honored in his glorious death. 
 
 The bombardment and capture of Port Royal in Novejuber of 
 1861 occasioned intense excitement in Savannah, as it Avas believed 
 that the large Federal fleet employed there would next attack 
 the city. While all were sensible of the danger that threatened 
 Savannah, yet they did not despair of being able to successfully 
 combat it. The paving-stones on the Bay and along the slips 
 were torn uji and placed on board of vessels, which were towed 
 dow7i the liver and sunk across the channel, and batteries were 
 erected to command the obstructions. All that could be accom- 
 plished was done by General Lawton and the officers and men 
 under his command. 
 
 General Robert E. Lee, then comuirinder-in-chief of the Southern 
 coast defences, arrived in Savannah on the 11th of November, and 
 remained until the February following. He visited all of the 
 fortifications and approved of the measures adopted for the defence 
 of the city. He examined Fort Piilaski and expressed the opinion 
 that its walls would withstand the heaviest cannon. * 
 
 A portion of the enemy's fleet appeared off Tj'bee shortly after 
 the bombardment of Port Royal, but made no general demonstra- 
 tion, the commander apparently contenting himself bj' shelling our 
 batteries and replying to the compliments sent now and then from 
 Commodore Tatnall's little fleet, j'et really preparing for the reduc- 
 tion of Fort Pulaski. This fort, the siege and reduction of which 
 will ever be a memorable event in the history of the late war, 
 is situated on Cockspur island, fourteen miles from the city, and 
 was named after Brigadier-General Count Pulaski. The site of the 
 fort was selected by Major Babcock, United States corps of engi- 
 neers, and the work commenced in 1831, under the superintendence 
 of Captain (now Major-General) Mansfield, United States army. 
 The work was erected to command both channels of the Savannah 
 
 * Rifled cannon of large calibre had not been tested then, and tlieir penetra- 
 tive power was of course unknown. 
 
REnuCXIOX OF FORT PULASKI. 
 
 8.- 
 
 liver iit the bead of the Tybee roads. It was sixteen years in 
 building, and its massive walls contained over thirteen million 
 bricks, and cost about a million of dollars. It has five faces, 
 including the gorge, and casemated on all sides. The M-alls are 
 seven and a half feet thick, rising twenty-five feet above the water. 
 The fort called for an armament of one hundred and forty guns, 
 one tier in embrasure and oiie en barbette. The gorge is covered 
 by an earthwork — it and the main work being surrounded and 
 divided bj' a wide wet-ditch. 
 
 As has been stated, the work was taken possession of on the 
 3d of January, 1861. The captors found that only twenty thirty- 
 two pounders were mounted; that there were no ordnance nor 
 other stores, and everything generally out of order. But with that 
 spirit which ever characterized the troops of Georgia the new 
 garrison went to work, and in a short time placed the fort on 
 a war-footing, having mounted forty-eight serviceable guns, the 
 heaviest being ten-inch columbiads. When the Federals seized 
 and connnenced to fortify Tybee island early in 1862, the fort was 
 considered impregnable to an assault, and as the power of rifled 
 ordnance was then unknown, no one ever dreamed that its walls 
 could be breached. The Federals, under cover of their gunboats, 
 worked day and night erecting batteries. The garrison was also 
 employed in strengthening the defences of the fort. On the 22d 
 of February, 1862, the enemy succeeded in passing their vessels 
 through "Wall's cut and entered the Savannah river above the fort, 
 thus cutting it off from all communication with Savannah. Just 
 previous to this Commodore Tatnall managed with his little fleet, 
 notwithstanding the formidable resistance made by the Federal 
 gunljoats, to effect a passage of the Savannah river, and threw into 
 the fort a six months' supply of provisions. By the 10th of April 
 the Federals had erected eleven sand batteries upon Tybee island. 
 These batteries, distributed along a front of two thousand five 
 hundred and fifty yards, mounted thirty-six hea\'j' guns — ten heavy 
 rifled cannon among them — and a number of mortars. These guns 
 were well protected. The farthest was three tho^lsand four hun- 
 dred, and the nearest one thousand six hundred and fifty yards 
 from the fort. Early on the morning of the tenth Genertil David 
 Hunter, commanding the besieging force, sent, under a flag of 
 truce, an order "for the immediate surrender and restoration of 
 Fort Pulaski to the authority and possession of the United States," 
 to which Colonel C'harles H. Olmstead, commandant of the fort. 
 
gjj. HISTORICAL EECOrvD OF SAVAIN'KAH, 
 
 after acknowledging the receipt of tlie order, heroically and laconi- 
 cally replied: "I am here to defend the fort, not to surrender it." 
 A few minutes after the return of the flag of truce the enemy 
 opened on the fort from battery Halleck, followed by the other 
 batteries, viz: Stanton, Grant, Lyon, Lincoln, Burnside, Sherman, 
 Scott, Sigel, McClellan, and Totten. They continued firing until 
 dark. The fort replied slowly, the gunners having to aim at the 
 puffs of smoke, there being nothing else to indicate the position of 
 the hostile guns. At eleven o'clock at night the firing was resumed 
 by the enemy, and in the morning it became general. At midday 
 all but two of the casemate guns bearing upon Tybee were dis- 
 mounted, and but two of the barbette guns that could bear upon 
 the batteries doing the most damage were left; the outer walls of 
 two of the casemates were shot away, and two adjoining ones were 
 in a crumbling condition; the moat was bridged over by the ruins 
 of the walls; most of the traverses were riddled, and some. of them 
 no longer serviceable, the range of ofiicers' quarters and kitchens 
 was badly damaged, and the north magazine in hourly danger 
 of explosion. The communications \vere so completely cut off 
 that there was no ground for even the shadow of a hope of relief, 
 and for the same reason no line of retreat was left. Under these 
 circumstances Colonel Olmstead rightly considered the fort unten- 
 able, and, believing the lives of his command to be his next care, 
 gave the necessary orders for a surrender', having first conferred 
 with his officers and found them like himself thoroughly impressed 
 with the conviction of the utter hopelessness of a longer struggle. 
 The garrison then numbered about three hundred and sixty-five 
 men and tw^enty-five officers, composed of the following companies: 
 German Volunteers, Captain John H. Stegin; "Washington Volun- 
 teers, Captain John McMahon; Wise Guards, Captain M. J. Mc- 
 Mullen; Oglethorpe Light Infautrj^ (company B), Captain F. W. 
 Sims; Montgomery Guards, Captain L. J. Guilmartin. The field 
 and staft' officers were: Colonel Charles H. Olmstead, Commandant 
 of Post; Major John Foley; W. H. Hopkins, Adjutant; Kobert 
 Ei^win, Quartermaster; Kobert D. Walker, Commissary; T. J. Mc- 
 Farland, Surgeon; Robert H. Lewis, Sergeant-Major; W- C. Craw- 
 ford, Quartermasters Sergeant; Harvey Lewis, Ordnance Sergeant; 
 Edward D. Hopkins, Quartermasters Clerk; E. W. Driimmond, 
 Commissary's Clerk. 
 
 The members of the garrison were sent to Hilton Head and then 
 to New York, where they were confined until a general exchange 
 
THKEATEXIXG DEMONSTKATIOXS OF THE ENEMY. 
 
 8: 
 
 •,Vii!S eftt'Cted. Their conduct during the trying days of the siege, 
 bombardment, and imprisonment was most heroic, and Savannah, 
 of which nearly all are natives, is justly proud of them and their 
 deeds. Only eighteen members of the garrison were wounded — 
 four seriously, the others slightly — although three thousand shot 
 and shell were thrown into the fort. The Federals admitted a loss 
 of several killed and wounded and considerable damage to their 
 guns and works. 
 
 On the second day, when the enemy's lire was hottest, the 
 halyards of the flag of the fort were cut away and the flag fell. 
 Lieutenant Christopher Hussey, * o{ the Montgomery Guards, and 
 •John Latham, of the Washington Volunteers, immediately sprang 
 upon the jmrapet, and seizing the flag carried it to a gun-caii"iage 
 at the northeastern angle of the fort, where they rigged a tempo- 
 rary staff, from which the flag proudly floated imtil the surrender. 
 
 Reverend Father P. Whelan was in the fort during the siege, and 
 bj' his calmness and cheering words did much to encourage the 
 members of the garrison during their severe ordeal. After the 
 surrender he was offered his liberty, but refused to accept the 
 offer, and underwent all the rigors of imprisonment with those 
 he loved and to whom he was endeared. This noble old christian 
 hero, after his release, administered to the wants of the sick and 
 woimded in many localities. He is now in Savannah attending to 
 his clerical duties as far as his feeble health will permit. May his 
 days be long on the earth is the earnest prayer of hundreds of 
 soldiers throiighout the United States, and especially the Catholics 
 of this city and elsewhere. 
 
 Since the war the fort has been considerably repaired, yet thera 
 still remain thousands of marks which speak of the ten-ible power 
 of rifled guns. Travelers going out and coming into the Savannah 
 river can readily observe the battered condition of the walls of 
 Fort Pulaski, and now and then catch a glimpse of the sand 
 batteries, behind which the enemy worked the guns which told 
 .so fearfully upon the fort. 
 
 The reduction of Fort Pulaski and the subsequent movements 
 of the Federals confirmed the opinion that Savannah was to be 
 attacked, but the result has shown that they were only feint.s, 
 intended to distract the attention of our authorities and keep a 
 
 ' Lieutenant Hussey died a few days before General Joseph K. .Jobn.iton'« 
 Hurrender. from the effects of rigorous imprisonment. 
 
86 
 
 HISTOEICAL RECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 large force here while thej' prosecuted hostile operatious elsewhere. 
 The military authorities being couvinced that the city would be 
 attacked, determined to defend it to the last extremity, which 
 d termination met the cordial approval of the citizens, as also 
 did the adojition of the following preamble and resolutions, offered 
 by Alderman Hiram Roberts at a si)ecial meeting of the City 
 Coixncil held on the 29th of April, 1862: 
 
 AVhekea^, a communication has been received from the commanding 
 General, stating tliat lie will defend this city to the last extremity, and 
 wliereas, the members of the Council unanimously approve of the determina- 
 tion ot the commanding General, tlierefore be it 
 
 Resolved, That the Council will render all the aid that is in their power to 
 sustain the Genei'al and to carry out his laudable determination. 
 
 In May, 1862, General Lawton was ordered to report to General 
 Lee in Virginia ynih five thousand men, and departed shortly after 
 the reception of the order. His brigade participated in the many 
 battles fought by the grand old army of northern Virginia and 
 was greatly distinguished for its gallant conduct. After the depart- 
 ure of General Lawton General Hugh W. Mercer was placed in 
 command of this district, and thus remained until Lieutenaut- 
 General W. J. Hardee assumed command in 1864, a short time 
 prior to the evacuation of the city. 
 
 About July, 1863, the ironclad ship Atlanta, on which everj'' 
 effort and all means at command had been used to render her 
 a fonninable vessel, steamed down to Warsaw sotmd to attack the 
 ironclad monitors Weehawken and Nahant, which were awaiting 
 her coming. When within a few hundred yards of them she ran 
 aground, but was immediately backed off, only to run more firmly 
 aground again while sailing toward her opponents. "While in this 
 unfortunate condition, unable to extricate herself or bring her guns 
 to bear, the ironclads opened upon her with fifteen-inch guns at 
 short range. The fire was very effective, and in sixteen minutes 
 after its commencement the iron armor and wood backing of the 
 Atlanta had been seriously damaged and sixteen men wounded — ■ 
 among them, two out of the three pilots. Under these circum- 
 stances her commander, Captain Webb, wisely concluded to sur- 
 render. The Atlanta was ai-med with four superior rifled guns and 
 manned with a fine crew and efiicient officers. Her capture was 
 greatly deplored, as she had been relied upon to protect the harbor 
 from the enemy's ironclads, and her loss left the harbor almost 
 unprotected, excepting by obstructions and land batteries. The 
 
GENERAL SHERMAN'S ARMY IN FRONT OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 87 
 
 AtlantcX was formerly the Fingal, which, under the command 
 of Captain Edward C. Anderson, the present Mayor of the city, 
 had been ran through the blockade of the riyer early in the war, 
 laden with munitions of war and other valuable goods, which were 
 much needed by the government. 
 
 An offset to the capture of the Atlanta was the boarding and 
 capture of the Water Witch by Lieutenant Pelot on the night of 
 the second of Jime, 18G4. The Water Witch formed one of the 
 blockading sqiiadron of the coast of Georgia, and was lying in 
 Ossabaw sound. Lieutenant Pelot, with eighty men, embarked in 
 seven barges and arrived near the Water Witch about half-past one 
 o'clock. A dash for the steamer was immediately made, and after 
 fifteen minutes hand-to-hand conflict (during which, and almost 
 at the moment of victory. Lieutenant Pelot fell, pierced to the 
 heart with a bullet) the crew surrendered. The Confederates lost 
 six killed and twelve wounded. The enemy's crew, eighty-two in 
 niimber, lost two killed and fifteen wounded, the commander, 
 Lieiatenant Prendergast, being among the latter. The captin-e of 
 the steamer, armed with four heavy guns, eighty i^risoners, and 
 her equipment entire, was the result of this bold enterprise. 
 
 Nothing out of the usual line of i^etty skirmishes, reconnois- 
 sances, and the like, occurred around Savannah until the 11th of 
 December, 1864, when Shennan's army arrived in front of the line 
 of defences, his force amounting to sixty thousand infantry, six 
 thousand cavahy, and a full supply of artillery. Along the coast 
 was a large fleet of ironclads and other war vessels, awaiting the 
 establishment of communication with the enemy's land force, to 
 co-operate with it in the siege of the city. To oppose this force 
 Lieutenant-General William J. Hardee had ten thousand men of all 
 arms. 
 
 The movements of the enemy were closely watched by General 
 Hardee, and everything that human foresight could devise to em- 
 barrass and repel their advance was accomplished ; in which eftbrts 
 he was sustained by Generals Hugh W. Mercer, Henry R. Jackson, 
 W. R. Boggs, J. F. Gilmer, George P. Harrison, Colonel J. G. Clarke, 
 and all of the ofl&cers and men under their command. The citizens 
 volunteered their services, and stood in the trenches ready and 
 willing to risk their lives in defence of their loved and beautiful 
 city from the hands of the marauders, whose conduct during their 
 " march to the sea" would have disgi-aced savages.} 
 
 The enemy's first object was to establish communication with 
 the fleet and obtain provisions, of which they stood in sore need. 
 
88 
 
 HISTORICAL RECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 Fort McAllister, wliich was so ably defended in numerous instances 
 by tlie soldiers of Savannah, constituted the right of the outer 
 line of the defences of the city, and was situated on Genesis Point, 
 on the right bank of the Great Ogeechee river, and was intended 
 to dispute a passage up the river and to prevent dejiredations 
 in that \dcinity. This fort, a strong earthwork, was the only 
 barrier in the way of establishing the desired communication, and 
 its capture was determined upon by Sherman. Before relating the 
 account of its capture it would not be amiss to take a retrospective 
 glance and give a brief history of this work, the defence of which 
 reflected the utmost credit upon the garrison, and will send its 
 name down to history with those of Areola, Malakoff, and Donelson. 
 It is situated about sixteen miles from Savannah, and was among 
 the first of the numerous earthworks constracted for the defence of 
 the city, but was not attacked before the 29th of June 1862. Then 
 four gunboats tested the strength of the work and the efficiency of 
 its garrison — the DeKalb Kiflemen, Captain A. L. Hartridge. The 
 first they found to be strong and the latter cool and very accurate 
 in their aim. In this attack two men were wounded. On the 2d 
 of November of the same year the fort was again made a target 
 of by several vessels. Fortunately none of the garrison (the Em- 
 mett rifles, Captain George A. NicoU) were hurt. This attack 
 was followed by another on the 19th of November, during which 
 three men of the garrison (the Emmett Rifles and the Eepublicau 
 Blues, Lieutenant Geo. W. Anderson commanding) were wounded. 
 The 27th of January, 1863, was taken advantage of by the Federals 
 to try the effect of the guns (one fifteen and one eleven-inch) 
 of the ironclad Montauk. The monitor was accompanied by six 
 gunboats, all of which kept up a furious fire, to which the garrison 
 slowly replied. Though the sand of which the work was composed 
 was knocked about considerablj', none of the garrison were injured, 
 nor was the earthwork at all damaged, thiis demonstrating that an 
 earthwork manned by cool and courageous men could not be 
 reduced, no matter what weight of metal was hurled against it. 
 The garrison had little respite, for on the first of February it had 
 to defend the fort from another attack made by the Montauk and 
 five gun and mortar boats. The enemy were again repulsed after a 
 six hours contest, during which Major John B. GuUie* (commandant 
 
 =1- Major Gallic was a native of Scotland, and was fifty-six years of age 
 when killed. He was a gallant soldier and a sincere christian. His loss was 
 deeply deplored. Previous to the war he was in business in Savannah, a 
 partner of the firm of Wilder & Gallie. 
 
STORMINa OF FORT MlALLKTEE. gg 
 
 of the fort) was struck on the head and ixistautly killed, and seven 
 others of the garrison were wonnded. After the death of Major 
 Grallie, which occurred early in the action, the command dev;-lved 
 upon Captain George W. Anderson, who bravely contimred the light 
 with the result stated. Well deserved was the following compli- 
 mentary order from General Beauregard: "The thanks of the 
 country are due to this intrepid garrison, who have thus shown 
 what brave men may withstand and accomplish, despite apparent 
 odds. Fort McAllister will he inscribed on the flags of all the 
 troops engaged in the defence of the battery." 
 
 On the 28th of February the Kattlesnake (formerly the Nash- 
 ville), laden with a large quantity of cotton and rosin, attempted 
 to pass down the Great Ogeechee, in order to run the blockade, 
 but unfortunately ran aground about a mile below the fort. The 
 guns of the Montauk were immediately brought to bear and soon 
 set the vessel on fire, by which she was completely destroyed. 
 The guns of the fort were fired at the Montank, with the hope 
 of driving her off, but the distance was too great and no damage 
 was done. But what the guns fixiled to do was accomplished by a 
 torpedo, over which the Montauk passed and exploded it during 
 the attack upon the Eattlesnake. As she did not take any active 
 part in the attack upon the fort a few days afterward, it was 
 believed that she was injured, which belief was afterward confirmed 
 by Northern accounts. 
 
 But the most formidable attack on the fort was made on the 3d 
 of March, 1863, in comparison to which the others were almost 
 insignificant. Early on that day four ironclads, five gunboats, and 
 two moiiar schooners appeared in front of the fort. From the 
 account of the affair in the Savannah Republican of the 11th of 
 March, 1863, we make the following extracts: 
 
 About a quarter before nine o'clock the fort opened on the Passaic with a 
 rifled gun. tlie eight and ten-inch columbiads following suit, to which the 
 Montauk replied, firing her fin^t gun at nine o'clock. She was followed by 
 her associates in quick succession. The fire on both sides was continued 
 for seven hours and a half, during which the enemy fired two hundred and 
 fifty shot and shell at the fort, amounting to about seventy tons of the most 
 formidable missiles ever invented for the destruction of human life. * * =<■ 
 About midday the carriage of the eight-inch columbiad was shivered to 
 atoms and rendered the gun unserviceable for the remainder of the day. The 
 main traverse wheel of the forty-two-pounder was shot away, but was replaced 
 in twenty minutes. The new wheel was gotten up by Mr. Carroll Hanson, 
 who risked his life to secure it. The wheel of a thirty-two pounder, manned 
 8* 
 
90 HISTORICAL RECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 by a detachment of sharpshooters, under the command of Lieutenant Herman, 
 met with a similar accident, but %va3 worked throughout the engagement. * * 
 A shot from a forty-two-pounder struck the Tassaic and disabled her, causing 
 her to turn tail and run down the river, followed by the other rams. The fort 
 fired the first and last shot. The enemy's mortar boats kept up a fire all night, 
 and it was evidently their intention to renew the fight the next morning, but 
 finding that the damage done to the fort the day before had been fully repaired 
 and the garrison fully prepared to resist, declined. * * * Notwithstanding 
 the heavy fire to which the fort was subjected, only three men were wounded, 
 viz: Thomas W. Rape and W. S. Owens, of the Emmett Rifles, the first on 
 the knee and the latter in the face; James Mims, of Company D, 1st Georgia 
 Battalion Sharpshooters, had his leg crushed and ankle broken by the fall of 
 a piece of timber while remounting a columbiad after the fight. * * * 
 The night previous to the fight Lieutenant E. A. Ellarbe, of the Hardwick 
 Mounted Rifles, Captain J. L. McAllister, with a detachment consisting of 
 Sergeant Harmon and privates Proctor, "VVyatt, Harper, and Cobb, crossed 
 the river and dug a rifle-pit within long rifle range of the rams, and awaited 
 the coming fight. During the hottest part of the engagement an officer, with 
 glass in hand, made his appearance on tlie deck of the Passaic. A Maynard 
 rifle slug soon went whizzing by his ears, which startled and caused him 
 to right-about, when a second slug apparently took eff'ect upon his person, a.-* 
 with both hands he caught hold of the turret for support, and immediately 
 clambered or was dragged into a port-hole. It is believed that the officer was 
 killed. Tlie display on the Pa.ssaic the day following, and the funeral on 
 Ossabaw the Friday following, gave strength to the opinion. As soon as the 
 fatal rifle shot was fired the Passaic turned her guns upon the marsh and 
 literally raked it with grapeshot. The riflemen, however, succeeded iu chang- 
 ing their base in time to avoid the missiles of the enemy. Not one of them 
 was hurt. Too much credit cannot be bestowed on this daring act of a few 
 3)rave men. * * * Captain George W. Anderson, of the Republican 
 Blues, commanded the fort on this trying occasion, and he and his force 
 received, as they deserved, the highest commendations. Captain George A. 
 NicoU, of the Emmett Rifles; Captain J. L. McAllister, Lieutenant "VY. D. 
 Dixon, and Sergeant T. S. Flood [the latter was sick at the hospital when the 
 attack commenced, but left his bed to take part iu the fight] ; Corporal Robert 
 .Smith and his squad from the Republican Blues, which worked the rifle-gun; 
 Lieutenant Quinu, of the Blues; Sergeant Frazier, Lieutenant Rockwell, 
 and Sergeant Cavanagh; Captain Robert Martin and detachment of his com- 
 pany, who successfully worked a mortar-battery; Captain McCrady and 
 •Captain James McAlpiu; were entitled to and received a large share of the 
 honors of the day. 
 
 Brigadier-General Mercer, commanding the district of Georgia, 
 in a general order, complimented the garrison for their heroic 
 defence, stating that under the lire of the most formidable missiles 
 ever concentrated upon a single battery "the brave gunner."?, 
 with the cool, efficient spirit of disciplined soldiers, and with the 
 intrei^id hearts of freemen battling in a just cause, stood undaunted 
 
STORMING OF FORT McALLISTEE. 9 J 
 
 at their posts and proved to the world that the ruost formidable 
 vessels and gnns that moderii iugeuuitj' has been able to produce 
 are powerless against an earthwork manned by patriots to whom 
 honor and liberty are dearer than life." 
 
 General Beam-egard in his general order stated that he "had 
 again a pleasant duty to discharge — to commend to the notice of 
 the country and the emulation of his officers and men the intrepid 
 conduct of the garrison of Fort McAllister and the skill of the 
 officers engaged on the 3d of March, 1863. * * * The colors of 
 all troops engaged will be inscribed with 'Fort McAllister, 3d 
 :■ larch, 1863.'" 
 
 After this engagement the fort was considerably strengthened — 
 especially its rear defences — and its armament increased by the 
 addition of some heavy and several light guns. The latter were 
 so placed as to aid in repulsing any attempt of the enemy to 
 surprise the fort from the land side. 
 
 On the 11th of December, 1864, General Sherman's army envel- 
 oped the western and southern lines of the defences of the city 
 and completely isolated the fort, the garrison then consisting of 
 the Emmett Piifles, Captain George A. Nicoll, twenty-five men for 
 duty; Clinch Light Battery, Captain W. B. Chnch, fifty men for 
 duty; Companies D and E 1st regiment Georgia Keserves, the first 
 company commanded by Captain Henry, twenty-eight men for 
 duty, and the second by Captain Morrison, twenty-seven men for 
 duty. On the 13th of December General Hazen was sent with 
 nine regiments to take the fort. 
 
 Major George W. Anderson was in command of the fort at the 
 time of its capture, and ftirnished a rejiort of the afl:air to Colonel 
 C. C. Jones for publication in his ' ' Historical Sketch of the 
 Chatham Artillery," from which we extract it: 
 
 Hearing incidentally that the Confederate forces on the Cannouchee had 
 evacuated that position and retired across the Great Ogeechee, and learning 
 that a large column of the enemy was approaching in the direction of Fort 
 McAllister, I immediately detached a scouting party, under command of 
 Lieutenant T. O'Xeal, of Clinch's Light Battery, to watch them and acquaint 
 me with their movements. Tliis was absolutely necessarj', as the cavalry pre- 
 viously stationed in Bryan county had been withdrawn and I was thus thrown 
 upon my own resources for all information relating to the strength and 
 designs of the enemy. 
 
 On the morning of the 12th of December, 1884. I accompanied Lieutenant 
 O'Neal on a scout, and found the enemy advancing in force from King's 
 bridge. We were hotly pursued by their cavalry, and had barely time to 
 
92 HISTORICAL RECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 burn thu barns of Jlessrs. Thomas C. Arnold and William Patterson, which 
 were filled with rice. The steamtug]Columbus — lying about three miles above 
 the fort — was also burned. Early the next morning one of my pickets- 
 stationed at the head of the causeway west of the fort — was captured by the 
 enemy, to whom he imparted the fact that the causeway was studded with 
 torpedoes in time to prevent their explosion. He also acquainted them with 
 the strength of the garrison, and the armament of the fort, and the best 
 approaches to it. 
 
 About eight o'clock a. m. desultory firing commenced between the skirmish- 
 ers of the enemy and my sharp-shooters. At ten o'clock the fight became 
 general, the opposing forces extending from the river entirely around to the 
 marsh on the east. The day before, the enemy had established a battery of 
 Parrot guns on the opposite side of the river — distant from the fort a mile and 
 a half— which fired upon us at regular intervals during that day and the 
 ensuing night. Receiving from headquartei's neither orders nor responses to 
 my telegraphic dispatches, I determined, under the circumstances, and notwith- 
 standing the great disparity of numbers, between the garrison and the attack- 
 ing forces, to defend the fort to the last extremity. The guns being en 
 baj-Mte, the detachments serving them wer2 greatly exposed to the fire of the 
 enemy's sharpshooters. To such an extent was this the case, that in one 
 instance, out of a detachment of eight men, three were killed and three more 
 wounded. The Federal skirmish line was very heavy, and the fire so close 
 and rapid that it was at times impossible to work our guns. My sharp.shooters 
 did all in their power, but were entirely too few to suppress this galling fire 
 upon the artillerists. In view of the large force of the enemy — consisting of 
 nine regiments, whose aggregate strength was estimated between three thous- 
 sand five hundred and four thousand muskets, and possessing the ability to 
 increase it at any time should it become necessary — and recollecting the 
 feebleness of the garrison of the fort, numbering one hundred and fifty effec- 
 tive men, it was evident, cut ofl' from all support, and with no po.=sible hope 
 of reinforcements from any quarter, that holding the fort was simply a ques- 
 tion of time. There was but one alternative— death or captivity. Captain 
 Thomas S. AVhite, the engineer in charge, had previously felled the trees in 
 the vicinity of tlie fort, and demolished the mortar magazine which com- 
 manded the fort to a very considerable extent. For lack of the necessary 
 force and time, however, the felled timber and the ruins of the adjacent 
 houses, which had been pulled down, had not been entirely removed. Pro- 
 tected by this cover, the enemy's sharpshooters were enabled to approach 
 quite near, to the great annoyance and injury of the cannoneers. One line 
 of abattis had been constructed by the engineer, and three lines would have 
 been completed around the fort, but for the want of time and material. 
 
 Late in the afternoon the full force of the enemy made a rapid and vigorous 
 charge upon the works, and, succeeding in forcing their way through the 
 abattis, rushed over the parapet of the fort, carrying it by storm, and, by 
 virtue of superior numbers, overpowered the garrison, fighting gallantly to 
 the last. In many instances the Confederates were disarmed by main force. 
 The fori was never surrendered. It tvas captured hy overwhelming numbers. So 
 soon as the enemy opened fire upon the fort from the opposite side of the 
 river, it was evident that two of the magazines were seriously endangered. 
 
STORMINlT OF FORT MCALLISTER. 
 
 93 
 
 and it became necessary to protect tlum from that lire by tlio erection of 
 suitable traverses. Tlie labor expended in their construction, in tlie mounting 
 of guns on the rear of the work, and in removing the debris above referred to, 
 occupied the garrison constantly, night and day, for nearly forty-eight Lours 
 immediately preceding the attack. Consequently, at the time of the assault, 
 the men were greatly fatigued and in bad plight, physically considered, for 
 the contest. I think it not improper to state here that a short time before the 
 approach of the enemy a member of the torpedo department had, in obedience 
 to orders, placed in front of the fort, and along the direct approaches, a con- 
 siderable number of sub terra shells, whose explosions killed quite a number 
 of the enemy while passing over them. 
 
 After the capture of the fort. General Sherman in person ordered my 
 engineer with a detail of sixteen men from the garrison — then prisoners of 
 war— to remove all the torpedoes which had not exploded. This hazardous 
 duty was performed without injury to any one; but it appearing to me to be 
 an unwarrantable and improper treatment of prisoners of war, I have thought 
 it right to refer to it in this report. 
 
 I am pleased to state that in my endeavors to hold the fort, I was nobly 
 seconded by the great majority of officers and men under my command. 
 Many of them had never been under fire before, and quite a number were 
 very young, in fact mere boy.s. Where so many acted gallantly, it would be 
 invidious to discriminate; but I cannot avoid mentioning those who came 
 more particularly under my notice. I would therefore most respectfully call 
 the attention of the General commanding to the gallant conduct of Captain 
 Clinch, who, when summoned to surrender by a Federal Captain, responded 
 by dealing him a severe blow on the head with his sabre. (Captain Clinch 
 had previously received two gun-shot wounds in the arm.) luunediately a 
 hand to hand fight ensued. Federal privates came to tlie assistance of their 
 oflicer, but the fearless Clinch continued the unequal contest until he fell 
 bleeding from eleven wounds (three sabre wounds, six bayonet wounds, and 
 two gun-shot wounds), from which, after severe and protracted suffering, he 
 has barely recovered. His conduct was so conspicuous, and his cool bravery 
 so much admired, as to elicit the praise of the enemy and even of General 
 Sherman himself 
 
 1st Lieutenant William Schirm fought his guns until the enemy had entered 
 the fort, and notvrithstanding a wound in the head, gallantly remained at his 
 post, discharging his duties with a coolness and efficiency worthy of all com- 
 mendation. 
 
 Lieutenant O'Neal, whom I placed in command of the scouting party before 
 mentioned, while in the discharge of that duty, and in Ids subsequent conduct 
 during the attack, merited the honor due to a faithful and gallant oflicer. 
 
 Among those who nobly fell was the gallant Hazzard, whose zeal and activity 
 were worthy of all praise. He died as a true soldier to his post, facing over- 
 whelming odds. Tlie garrison lost seventeen killed and thirty-one wounded. 
 
 A Federal officer in writing an account of the siege of Savannah 
 and storming of Fort McAllister said: 
 
 Those were dark days when the marching was over and the army had settled 
 down in the flooded forests and before the fro^-ning fortifications of Savannah. 
 
94 
 
 HISTORICAL RECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 Notwithstanding the orders to forage upon the enemy on the way, the thirty 
 days' rations were in parts of the army exhausted when it came to the halt, 
 where there was no food except such as the rice-fields afforded. Then for the 
 first time the confident cheerfulness of the chief gave place to deep thought and 
 anxious preoccupation. It required sevei'al days for the army to establish its 
 position. By turning aside the waters of the canal which vinited the swift 
 eiirrent of the Savannah with its sluggish sister, the Ogeechee, the low swamp- 
 lands were covered neck-deep by the treacherous element; and where the raised 
 causeways spanned these forest bogs the enemy had girded them about with 
 fort and bastion. Every attempt in these places to push forward our lines met 
 with the fire of heavy artillery and the blazing sheets of infantry Uame. It was 
 not the city of Savannah our commander coveted in those days of 1854 so much 
 as bread. Sherman'might not with the hapless Queen of France answer the cry 
 for food ■with " Give them bonbons ! " and so he sought for the sea. 
 
 Weeks before, while the army was yet among the hills of Georgia, some 
 soldier, while rumaging among a package of letters which he had found in a 
 house by the road-side, came upon a scrap of thin brown paper, marked with 
 curved lines, which to the ordinary eye would have been meaningless ; but to 
 any intelligent American soldier, who had used pick and shovel, it had interest 
 and significance. The writing on this paper ran something in this way: 
 
 Dear Mother : Here I am in a big fort way off on the Ogeechee river. It is 
 called Fort JIcAllister, which is the name of a plantation hereabouts. It is a big 
 fort with thirty or forty big guns, which we fire at the Yankee vessels whenever 
 they come up the river. They have tried it on with ironclads and all that, but 
 we always beat them oft", and are iserfectly safe behind our tall bomb-proofs. 
 You can't imagine how crooked this river is — a snake ^^Tiggliug is a straight line 
 compared to it. I send you a little drawing which I have made of the bend in 
 the river and the position of the fort. A strong place it is, and the Yanks never 
 can take it so long as they knock at the front door. =? * * We don't have 
 much to eat, and it's right lonely here. ****** 
 
 The soldier gave this bit of paper to his captain, and it so came on through 
 General Howard to General Sherman ; and as he carefully examined it I remem- 
 ber hearing some one say: "Fort McAllister! I never heard of such a place- 
 before. It must be one of the rebel line of sea defences." * * * * 
 
 Hazen's troops, the general carrying in his pocket the slip of brown paper 
 which many months ago the rebel soldier had sent to his mother way up in 
 Georgia, halted not at tangled abattis, they did not heed the torpedoes exploding 
 under their feet, but phinged into the deep ditch, tore away the tough paUsades, 
 mounted to the parapet, and there, then, and within the fort, fought hand to 
 hand with its gallant defenders ; and when the smoke, i^aiufully lifting itself into 
 the heavy air of evening, revealed the flag of our Union planted there, we, 
 envious and impatient lookers-on, knew that victorj- was inscribed all over its 
 beautiful folds. 
 
 To Hazen the capture of Fort McAllister was glory, undying fame. To the 
 Commander-in-chief it meant bread, food, the conquest of Savannah. How 
 swift moved events when the brazen door to the sea was unlocked! And fii'st 
 and most important was the feast of hard tack; and a more welcome feast was 
 never offered to a hungry host since the days the children of Israel found 
 manna in the wilderness. The destructive torisedoes in the river were released 
 from their moorings, and scores of busy, pufling steam-tugs paddled up the 
 
EVACUATION' OF SAVAKNAH. 
 
 95 
 
 stream, loaded with precious freight of bread. There was enough, more than 
 enough, for all. Bread for man and food for beast. Profane fellows, who had 
 well-nigh forgotten how to pray, now offered up grateful thanks. The soldier in 
 his rifle-pit heeded not the mud and water, and patted his ration of hard bread 
 with loving tenderness. As the wagons creaked into camp, groaning mth their 
 cargo of white boxes filled with hard tacli, the eager groups of hungry men 
 surrounded them with cheers of welcome. The army of refugees, crouching in 
 their miserable camps among the bushes, were not forgotten. 
 
 After the fall of Fort McAllister both armies lay comparatively 
 idle, awaiting what was shortly expected to be bloody work. The 
 enemy made numerous feints of storming our works, but hostile 
 operations were mainly confined to petty skirmishes. * The enemy, 
 as was admitted after the surrender by a Colonel of their army, 
 attempted to throw shell into the city, no warning of such inten- 
 tion being given. The Colonel stated that his gunners, in a 
 battery on the west of the city, had their guns double-charged, 
 hoping that the extra load would hurl the shells into the city. 
 One shell fell near the Central Railroad bridge, and another into 
 the river one hundred yards above the upper rice-mill. On the 
 19th of December the enemy placed an army corps on the South 
 Carolina shore with a view of cutting off the Confederate army 
 should they attempt to retreat. All hojje of successfully coping 
 with the powerful force of the enemy was rightly abandoned by 
 General Hardee, and he conchided to evacuate the city and thus 
 save his command to the Confederacy. A pontoon bridge was laid 
 across the river from Anderson's wharf, a few paces west of Bar- 
 nard street, to Hutchinson's island, and another one from thence 
 to the South Carolina shore. Early on the 20th a small force was 
 sent over and dislodged a body of the enemy's trooi^s posted 
 across a ro.id by which the proposed retreat was to be made. At 
 night the Confederates were quietly withdrawn from the intrench- 
 ments, marched through the city, across the pontoon bridges into 
 Soiath Carolina, and safely escaped up the country. All the artillery 
 and stores that could be removed were carried off. A large num- 
 ber of families left during the night in private conveyances, follow- 
 ing the retreating troops. 
 
 The members of the council were notified by the commander of 
 his intention to evacuate the city, and a special meeting was called. 
 
 * It being reported that General Sherman made two demands for the sur- 
 render of Savannah, we wrote repeatedly to the Confederate officers who 
 could have correctly informed us in this regard, but received no reply.— Eds. 
 
<j(J HISTOIUCAL RECORD OF SAVANWAH, 
 
 "While the troops were leaving the city Dr. E. D. Arnold, Mayor, 
 and Aldermen Henry Brigham, J. F. O'Byrne, C. C. Casey, Henry 
 Freeman, Robert Lachlison, Joseph Lippman, J. L. Villalonga, and 
 George W. Wylly met in the Exchange and resolved that the 
 Conncil should repair to the outer defences before daylight, to 
 surrender the city and secure such terms as would ensure protec- 
 tion to the persons and property of the citizens from the soldiers 
 whose previous conduct filled the minds of all with a lively appre- 
 hension that slaiighter and rapine wovild mark their entrance into 
 the city. The council dispersed to assemble at the Exchange at a 
 later hour, where hacks would await to convey the members to the 
 outer works. As they came out of the Exchange a fire was observed 
 in the western part of the city, and, by reqiiest, Messrs. Casey, 
 O'Byrne, and Lachlison went to it with a view of taking measiires 
 for its siippression. The fire was caused by the biirning of a 
 nearly-completed ironclad and a lot of timber near the mouth of 
 the Ogeechee canal which had been fired by the retreating troops. 
 The wind was blowing to the west, and after observing that no 
 danger to the city need be apprehended fi-om the flames these 
 gentlemen returned to the Exchange, where the other members of 
 the Council had assembled and were in a hack prepared to start. 
 They stated that other hacks had been provided, but General 
 Wheeler's cavaLrj' had pressed the horses into service. Mr. O'Byrne 
 procured his horse and buggy and conveyed Mr. Casey to the 
 junction of the Lewisbiirg road with the Augusta road — about 
 half of a mile beyond the Central Eailroad depot — and leaving 
 him there returned for Mr. Lachlison, who had walked in that 
 direction. The party in the hack, meanwhile, had come up to Mr. 
 Casey, and taking him uji drove up the Lewisburg road. Mr. 
 0'Bji-ne met Mr. Lachlison, and with him returned to where Mr. 
 Casey had been left, but not finding any of the party there, con- 
 cluded they had gone up the Aiigusta road, and proceeded up it, 
 hoping to overtake them. They advanced but a short distance 
 when they heard the report of a gun and a minnie ball whistled 
 between them. They halted, and were then ordered by the pickets 
 to turn aroiand (they had unawares passed the enemy's picket and 
 had not heard the command to halt) and come to them. They did 
 as commanded, and after informing the officer of the picket who 
 they were, were conducted to Colonel Barnum, to whom they 
 stated the object of their mission. He then conducted them to 
 General John W. Geary. They told him that the city had been 
 
ENTRANCE OF THE FEDERAL TROOPS. gy 
 
 evacuated, and that they, having started with the Maj^or and 
 Council to surrender it, but became separated from them, would 
 assume the authority of consummating a surrender. General Geary 
 at first did not believe them, and questioned them very closely. 
 After becoming satisfied that they were what they assumed to be, 
 he consented to receive the surrender. The Aldermen then asked 
 that the lives and in-oi^erty of the citizens should be respected 
 and the ladies protected from insult. General Geary promptly 
 replied that the requests shoiild be complied with, and that any 
 soldier detected \'iolatiug the orders which would be given to 
 restrain them should be punished with death. Messrs. Lachlisou 
 and O'BjTne then asked that a detachment shoiald be sent to look 
 after the Mayor and other Aldermen, which was granted. General 
 Geary then put his troops in motion and, with Messrs. O'Byrue 
 and Lachlison acting as guides, advanced toward the city. At the 
 Central Railroad bridge they were met by the Mayor and Aldermen, 
 who had been overtaken by the detachment sent for them and 
 retiuned with it. They, on being introduced to the General and 
 being told of what had been done by Messrs. O'Byi-ne and Lachli- 
 son, confirmed their action. The line of march was then taken up 
 to West Broad street, down that to the Bay, and thence to the 
 Exchange, in front of which the troops were drawn up. The 
 officers and the members of the Council j)roceeded to the porch, 
 from which General Geary addressed the troops, complimenting 
 them upon their past deeds and upon the additional honor they 
 had conferred upon themselves by capturing ' ' this beautiful cit j* 
 of the South." During this speech Colonel Barnum observed a 
 sergeant stej) out of the ranks to the store at the corner of Bull 
 and Baj' streets — now occupied by Messrs. Gazan & Bro. — enter 
 and come out wearing a fireman's hat. On coming down from the 
 porch he called the sergeant to him, and drawing his sword 
 ordered him to hold out the hat, which he did, and the Colonel 
 with one stroke of his sword cut it in half He then stripped the 
 chevrons from the sergeant's arms and reduced him to the ranks. 
 
 After the speech the troops were dispersed in squads throughout 
 the city, and notwithstanding the strict orders they had received 
 committed mauj' depredations; among them the wanton destruc- 
 tion of valuable books and papers in the Exchange and Courthouse 
 belonging to the city and county. General Geary established his 
 headquarters in the Central Eailroad bank and his siibordinate 
 officers in the various unoccupied stores along the Bay. On the 
 
 
;98 HISTOUICAL RECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 ■ 24tli of Deceinbc-r he issued au order regarding the posts and 
 duties of the provost guards, and iustruetiug the civil authorities 
 to resume their official duties. 
 
 General W. T. Sherman arrived in the city on the 25th, and 
 alter telegraphing President Lincoln that he would present him 
 Savannah as a "Christmas gift," promulgated the following order 
 from his headquarters at the Green mansion, opposite Oglethorpe 
 Barracks. The order speaks for itself: 
 
 Headqtj.veters Militaey Division of the Missis.sippi, ) 
 lu the Field, Savannah, Georgia, December 20th, 1864. j 
 Special Field Oiidees. ) 
 >^o. 143. / 
 
 The City of Savannah and surrounding coimtrj- will be held as a Military Post 
 and adapted to future miUtary uses, but as it contains a population of some 
 20,000 people who must be provided for, and as other citizens may come, it is 
 proper to lay down certain general principles, that all within its military juris- 
 diction may understand their relative duties and obligations. 
 
 I. During War, the Military is superior to Civil authoritj-, and where interests 
 clash, the Civil must give way, yet where there is no conflict, every encourage- 
 ment should be given to well-disposed and peaceful inhabitants to resume 
 their usual pursuits. Families should be disturbed as little as possible in 
 their residences, and tradesmen allowed the free use of their shops, tools, &c. 
 Churches, schools, all i^laees of amusement and recreation should be encouraged, 
 .aud streets and roads made perfectly safe to persons in their usual pursuits. 
 Passes should not be exacted within the Une of outer pickets, but if any person 
 shall abuse these privileges by communicating with the enemy, or doing any act 
 £>i hostility to the Government of the United States, he or she -nail be punished 
 with the utmost rigor of the law. 
 
 Commerce with the outer world will be resumed to an extent commensurate 
 with the wants of the citizens, governed by the restrictions and rules of the 
 Treasury Department. 
 
 II. The Chief Quartermaster aud Commissary of the Army may give suitable 
 emplojTiient to the people, white or black, or transport them to such points as 
 they choose, where employment may be had, and may extend temporary relief 
 in the way of provisions and vacant houses to the worthy and needy until such 
 time as they can help themselves. They will select first, the buildings for the 
 necessary uses of the army; next a sufficient number of stores to be turned over 
 to the Treasury Agent for trade stores. All vacant store-houses or dweUings, 
 and all buildings belonging to absent rebels, will be construed and used as 
 belonging to the United States until such times as their titles can be settled by 
 the Courts of the United States. 
 
 III. The Mayor and City Council of Savannah will continue to exercise their 
 functions as such, and will, in concert with the Commanding Officer of the Post 
 and the Chief Quartermaster, see that the Fire Companies are kept in organiza- 
 tion, the streets cleaned and lighted, aud keep up a good understanding between 
 the citizens and soldiers. They will ascei-tain and report to the Chief C. S., as 
 soon as possible, the names and number of worthy families that need assistance 
 and supiiort. 
 
A SURPRISE FOR A BLOCKADER. 
 
 99 
 
 The Mayor will forthwith give public notice that the time has come when aU 
 mnst choose their course, viz : to remain within our Unes and conduct them- 
 selves as good citizens or depart in peace. He will ascertain the names of all 
 ■who choose to leave Savannah, and repoi't their names and residences to the 
 Chief Quartermaster, that measures may be taken to transport them beyond the 
 lines. 
 
 IV. Not more than two Newspapers will be pnblished in Savannah, and their 
 Editors and Proprietors will be held to the strictest accountability, and will be 
 pimished severely in person and, property for any libellous publication, mis- 
 chievous matter, prcmatiu-e news, exaggerated statements, or any comments 
 whatever upon the acts of the constituted authorities; they will be held account- 
 able even for such articles though copied from other papers. 
 
 By Order of Major-General W. T. Sheeman. 
 
 L. M. DRAYTON, Aide-de-Camp. 
 
 A meeting of the citizeiis was lielcl iu the Masonic hall on the 
 28th of December, to ' ' take into consideration matters appertain- 
 ing to the present and future welfare of the city." Dr. E,. D. 
 Arnold presided. The following i^reamble and resolutions were 
 adopted : 
 
 Wheeeas, By the fortunes of war and the surrender of the city by the civil 
 authorities, the city of Savannah passes once more under the authority of the 
 United States ; and whereas, we believe that the interests of the city will be best 
 subserved and promoted by a full and free expression of onr views in relation to 
 our present condition; we, therefore, the People of Savannah in full meeting 
 assembled do hereby resolve : 
 
 That we accept the position, and in the language of the President of the 
 United States, seek to have " peace by laying down our anns and submitting to 
 the National authority under the Constitution, leaving aU questions which 
 remain to be adjusted by the peaceful means of legislation, conference and 
 •votes." 
 
 Resolved, That laying aside all differences, and burying by-gones in the grave 
 of the past, we will use our best endeavors once more to bring back the pros- 
 perity and commerce we once enjoyed. 
 
 Resolved, That we do not put ourselves in the position of a conquered city, 
 asking terms of a conqueror, but we claim the immunities and privileges con- 
 tained in the Proclamation and Message of the President of the United States 
 and in all the legislation of Congress in reference to a people situated as we are, 
 and while we owe on our part a strict obedience to the laws of the United States, 
 we ask the protection over our persons, lives and property recognized by these 
 laws. 
 
 On the night of the 31st of December the blockade-runner 
 Kebecca Hertz, Captain King, "ran the blockade" (as the crev/^ 
 thought, not knowing of the change which had recently taken 
 p'ace in the government of the city) and dropped anchor opposite 
 I'ae gas-house. Daylight revealed the fact that the [stars and 
 
100 
 
 HISTOBICAL RECOED OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 stripes were fluttering at the points from which a short time before 
 floated the stars and bars. This somewhat amazed the blockade- 
 runners, but the situation was taken in at a glance, and Captain 
 King turned his vessel over to the Quartermaster's Department. 
 
 Shortly after this occurrence Sherman started a corps across 
 our pontoon bridges into South Carolina. While a large number 
 of the soldiers were delayed on Hutchinson's island the river rose 
 very rapidly. The troops rushed back for the city, but a number of 
 the men and horses were drowned in attempting to reach the 
 bridge. 
 
 Among the first acts of the Federal troops after their arrival in 
 Savannah was the throwing up of intrenchments to resist any 
 attemi)t of the Confederates to recapture the city. They also 
 threw up intrenchments on the Thunderbolt road, and moiinted 
 guns to bear upon the city. This was intended as a rallying point 
 if they were driven from the other intrenchments. With a heart- 
 lessness for which there is no palliation, not even that of ' ' military 
 necessity," they ran this line of works through the Catholic Ceme- 
 tery, destroying, mutilating, or covering up the monuments and 
 tablets which the hand of affection had placed over the graves of 
 the loved and lost, and in numerous instances dug up the bones 
 and left them scattered about. It was asserted by the officers, 
 when remonstrated with for their inhumanity in desecrating the 
 graves, that the work was necessary, and would not have been 
 done had it not been a "military necessity." There was no more 
 necessity for it than there was for the breaking open of the vaults 
 in the Old Burying-ground and at Bonaventure, in search of 
 valuables which the soldiers supposed were hidden in them. 
 
 The shock occasioned by the fall of Savannah was being rapidly 
 recovered from, under what appeared to be the mild and just 
 administration of affairs by the military, and all hoped for a speedy 
 restoration of quiet and prosperity, even though under military 
 rule. But alas ! these expectations were doomed to meet with 
 disappointment. The mildness and justness which had character- 
 ized the conquerors upon their first arrival were reversed, and a 
 series of unjust acts and petty persecutions commenced. 
 
 When the city was evacuated there were thirty thousand five 
 hundred bales of upland and a little over eight thousand bales of 
 sea island cotton stored in the warehouses, only one thousand 
 bales of which belonged to the Confederate States government. 
 Under the pretence that the cotton belonged to the Confederate 
 
DESTRUCTIVE FIEE AND NOVEL BOMBARDMENT. ^QJ^ 
 
 government, the United States Quartermasters seized all of it (and 
 a large quantity of other property also) and shipped it to New 
 York, where uplands commanded one doUar and twenty-five cents 
 and sea island three dollars per pound, making the total value of 
 the cotton seized about twenty-eight millions of dollars. It was 
 stored in New York, where, in the meaning of General Sherman's 
 order, it remained, to "be construed and used as belonging 
 to the United States until such times as their titles can be 
 settled by the Courts of the United States;" (i. e., what time 
 has sho-wn, after the claimants have spent in court and lawyers' 
 fees the value of the cotton claimed). Citizens were not allowed 
 to pasa through the streets in their daily pursuits without a pass 
 which they had to show at the bidding of every insolent and 
 drunken officer or soldier who, whether on or off duty, felt dis- 
 posed to exercise the power granted him by the bayonet. No 
 one, ladies not excepted, could receive a letter from the postoffice 
 unless he or she had taken the oath. Added to these petty tyran- 
 nies was the unbridled conduct of the negroes and soldiers, which 
 kept the timid in a iDerpetiial state of alarm. 
 
 While thus harassed and depressed the people were called upon 
 to bear another calamity — the fire on the night of the 27th of 
 January, 1865 — which destroyed over a hundred biaildings, and 
 threatened the destruction of the entire city. To the usual horrors 
 of an extensive fire was added the dangers of a terrific bombard- 
 ment. The fire — supposed to have been the work of the soldiers of 
 the 20th United States Army corps,* and the beginning of an 
 organized attempt to set fire to the city, as during the night fire 
 was discovered in St. Andi-ews' hall, in the Exchange, and at other 
 places throughout the city — commenced in a stable in the rear of 
 the old "Granite hall" (located at the corner of West Broad and 
 Zubly streets), which had been used by the Confederate authori- 
 ties as an arsenal for fixed ammunition, and in which there were 
 stored thousands of rounds. The fire spread rapidly. Citizens 
 and soldiers crowded to the scene, and under orders of an United 
 States oflicer, commenced to remove the ammunition and assist in 
 
 * The soldiers of this corps believed that they would be detailed to remain 
 in Savannah when Sherman's army advanced, which occurred on this night. 
 Another corps was detailed, and much ill feeling sprung up between the 
 corps, and it was the belief of the soldiers Of the corps detailed to remain 
 that the other corps attempted to destroy the city to prevent the necessity of 
 their remaining. 
 9* 
 
102 HISTORICAL BECORD OP SAVANNAH. 
 
 working the engines. Before much of the ammunition had been 
 removed the fire was communicated to the jiowder, and explosion 
 after explosion followed in raj^id sviccession, the fragments of shell 
 flying in all directions, killing a negro and wounding two or three 
 citizens. Pieces of shell were picked up near the Pulaski and also 
 the Greene monument, and in the j'ards of citizens li'ving in 
 remote parts of the citj'. The first explosion scattered the crowd 
 and aroused those asleep, many of whom, before realizing the state 
 of affairs, thought the Confederate troops had made a night attack. 
 During this novel bombardment, which put a stop to the working 
 of the engines in the vicinity and allowed the fire full sway, a piece 
 of shell struck the reservoir. A jet of water immediately sprung 
 out, which for novelty and beauty surpassed any fountain, looking 
 in the fiery glare like a sheet of molten silver. Before the flames 
 were arrested over one hundred houses, situated on West Broad 
 between Pine and St. Gaul streets, and a few on Broughton and 
 Congress streets, were destroyed. 
 
 The crowning act of oppression was yet to come — that of remov- 
 ing the families of the officers of the Confederate army and navy 
 out of the city. "When all the other deeds of rapine, murder, and 
 oppression which have been laid at the door of General Sherman 
 have been buried in the dust of oblivion, this will remain a 
 reproach and a disgrace to him who, not many years before, when 
 a lieutenant at Oglethorpe barracks, was hospitably entertained by 
 . j^^ ■••elatives of the ladies who, with their children, he now had torn 
 'w^'av fru'^ their friends and sent into the Confederate lines, know- 
 in" full well that tne^ hiust inevitably suffer from ^\'ant and exposure 
 before meeting again with their lawful protectors. What occa- 
 sioned this action is not known. Perhaps General Sherman* had 
 read of the British sending ladies from Savannah during the Kevo- 
 lutionary war, and did not desire to be outdone by them in cruelty 
 . and oppression. Whatever may have been the occasion, he or his 
 : subordinates never published an order defining his reason?} or notify- 
 ing the ladies publicly that they must leave, but sent word privately 
 by staff officers that it was the intention of the commander to 
 remove them, and that they must register their names by a certain 
 
 * It is stated that Edward M. Stanton, United States Secretary of War, 
 who came to Savannah shortly after its evacuation, ordered that the wives 
 and children of the Confederate officers should he sent out of the city, 
 against which Sherman at first demurred, but afterward consented, and gave 
 the necessary commands to have the order carried out. 
 
OFFICERS FAMILIES SENT FROM THE CITY. J()3 
 
 time. It appears that all did not register, or at least not as many as 
 Brevet Major-Geueral C. Grover, then in command of Savannah, 
 thought should have done so, and he j^ublished the following order, 
 the italics appearing in it: 
 
 [ClKCULAR.] 
 
 Office Provost Mar'sual, District Savannah,) 
 March 28th, 1865. ( 
 
 The wives and families of Confederate officers who have not registered their 
 names at this office will do so at once. 
 
 By order of Brevet Major-General C. Grover, commanding. 
 
 KOBERT P. YORK, 
 Provost Marshal District Savannah, Ga. 
 
 On the 31st of March the ladies and children were placed on 
 board of the steamer Hudson, to be carried under flag of truce to 
 Augusta. Arriving at Sister's ferry, about sixty-four miles from 
 Savannah, the boat stopped and the captain refused to proceed 
 further up the river. General Edward C. Anderson, commanding 
 at that point, had the ladies and children transferred to the shore 
 and transported them to Augusta in w^agons, the only means of 
 conveyance at hand. 
 
 Shortly after this disgraceful affair the armies of Generals Lee and 
 Johnston siirrendered; the loved and honored and saved returned 
 to cheer their old places with their presence; the restrictions upon 
 commerce and business were gradually removed, a partial civil 
 government restored, and under the blessings of a divine provi- 
 dence peace, prosperity, and j)lenty returned. Four years have 
 now elapsed since the capture of the city, and Savannah is larger 
 and more prosperous than before the war. 
 
'■^DBef>TJf. SO. 
 
 JAMES EDWABD OGLEXHOEPE. 
 
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF OGLETHORPE. JQg 
 
 JAMES EDWAKD OGLETHORPE, 
 
 THE FOUNDER OF SAVANNAH, GA., 
 
 Was boru iu London on the 21st of December, 1688. At the age 
 of sixteen he was admitted a student of the Corpiis Christi college, 
 but did not finish his studies — the militaiy profession having more 
 charms for him than literary iDursuits. His first commission was 
 that of ensign. After the death of Queen Anne he entered into the 
 service of Prince Eugene. He entered Parliament at the age of 
 twenty-foiu-, and continued a member thirty-two years. He estab- 
 lished the colony at Savannah in 1733. In 1743 he left for England 
 to answer some charges preferred against him by Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Cook for alleged mismanagement during the war with the 
 Spaniards. A court-martial declared the charges groundless and 
 malicious, and Cook was dismissed from service. In 1744 Ogle- 
 thorpe was appointed one of the field officers under Field Marshal 
 the Earl of Stair, to oppose the expected invasion of the French. 
 Well might a cotemporaneous writer of him say that he "doubts 
 whether the histories of Greece or Eome can produce a greater 
 instance of public spirit than this. To see a gentleman of his rank 
 and fortune visiting a distant and uncultivated land, with no other 
 society but the unfortunate whom he goes to assist, exposing him- 
 self freely to the same hardships to which they are subjected, iu 
 the prime of life, instead of j)ursuing his pleasures or ambition, 
 on an improved and weU-concerted plan from which his country 
 must reap the iDrofits; at his own expense, and without a view or 
 even a possibility of receiving any private advantage from it ; this, 
 too, after having done and expended for what many generous men 
 would think sufficient to have done — to see this, I say, must give 
 every one who has approved and contributed to the undertaking 
 the highest satisfaction; must convince the world of the disin- 
 terested zeal with which the settlement is to be made and entitle 
 him to the highest honor he can gain — the perpetual love and 
 applause of mankind." He died in England on the 1st of July, 
 1785. 
 
lOQ HISTORICAL RECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 CHAPTER YIII. 
 
 Biographical Sketch of General Francis S. Bartow — Brief Historical Records 
 of the Volunteer Companies of Savannah: Chatham Artillery — Georgia 
 Hussars (companies A and B) — Savannah Volunteer Guards (companies 
 A, B, and C) — Republican Blues — Tlioenix Riflemen (companies A, B, and 
 C) — Irish Jasper Greens (companies A and B) — German Volunteers — 
 Oglethorpe Light Infantry (companies A and B) — Irish Volunteers (com- 
 panies A and B) — Washington Volunteers — Blue Cap Cavalry — City 
 Light Guard — Savannah Cadets — Montgomery Guards — Mitchell Volun- 
 teer Guards — DeKalb Eiflemen — Emmett Ritics — Oglethorpe Siege Ar- 
 tillery — Tatnall Guards — Coast Rifles. 
 
 It is meet that the record of the officers and soldiers of Savannah, 
 whose deeds on the many battle-fields of the South illustrated the 
 prowess of Southern chivahy, should commence with a biographical 
 sketch of the life of General Francis S. Bartow, whose heroic and 
 lamented death upon the plains of Manassas caUed for and received 
 the admiration and encomiums of both friends and foes. 
 
 Francis S. Bartow, son of Theodosius Bartow, was born in 
 Savannah on the 6th of September, 1816. He graduated at Franli- 
 lin college, at Athens, Ga., in 1835, with the highest honors of his 
 class. He then became a student in the law office of Messrs. 
 Berrien & Law, of Savannah, and afterward attended the Law 
 school at New Haven, Conn. Here he comj)leted his studies, and 
 shortly afterward was admitted to the bar and became a member of 
 the well-kno'^Ti law firm of Law, Bartow & Lovell, of Savannah. 
 His first forensic effort was in a great bank case, in which he 
 greatly distinguished himself by the logical force and clearness of 
 his argument and the power of his eloquence. 
 
 His political career commenced with the celebrated Harrison 
 campaign in 1840, in which he took an active and influential part 
 in the support of General Harrison, the Whig candidate for Presi- 
 dent. He was afterward elected to the State Senate, and served 
 several times in the House of Eepresentatives. During the later 
 political contests he was not coimected with j)olitical life. In 1860, 
 when the impending storm produced the commotion in the jjolitical 
 atmosphere, teUing of the approaching revolution, his clear-seeing' 
 intellect convinced him that it must be resisted or his State would 
 be crushed, and with that boldness and earnestness characteristic 
 
BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCH OF GENERAL BAKTOW. l^rj 
 
 of him lie placed himself in the very A-augiiard. and there remained 
 until he consecrated his devotion to the new-born Confederacy by a 
 generous outpouring of his life-blood. 
 
 He was the unanimous choice of the people of Chatham county 
 to represent them in the State convention, which carried Georgia 
 out of the Union, and among that body of able and patriotic men 
 none more than he contributed to place his native State in the 
 noble attitude of resistance to Federal thraldom. He was selected 
 by the convention to represent the State in the Confederate Con- 
 gress, which met in Montgomery, Alabama, and chosen chairman 
 of the Military committee. While there, when differences of 
 opinion arose regarding the course of action necessaiy to keep 
 pace with the rapid march of mighty events, he boldly stood 
 forward for firm and immediate action — bold and iindaunted when 
 the time came for him to act ; modest and retiring under all other 
 circumstances. 
 
 During the session of Congress he announced his intention to 
 go to Virginia with his company, the Oglethori^e Light Infiintry, of 
 which he had been elected captain in 1857. He offered the com- 
 l^any's services for the war to the President through Governor 
 Brown, who refused to give his permission for them to leave, and 
 Bartow then offered its services directly to the President, who 
 accepted them. He returned to Savannah, and on the" 21st of 
 May, 1861, with his company, departed for the seat of war. His 
 departure was made the occasion of a most scunrilous attack from 
 Ctovemor Brown (which was published in the papers throughout 
 the State), charging him with disobedience of orders, with unlaw- 
 fully carrying off the muskets belonging to the State, and of 
 unpatriotic motives. Bartow's reply (published in the Savannah 
 Morning News), was made in the following frank, manly, and digni- 
 fied manner, triumphantly vindicating his motives and conduct: 
 
 Camp Defiance, Harper's Feret, ) 
 June 14th, 1861. ) 
 
 To Governor Joseph E. Bhown: 
 
 Sir — I received your letter of the 21st of May ult., while at Richmond. 
 Since the date of its reception I have been so constantly engaged in the duties 
 of the service I have undertaken that I have found no time which could be 
 devoted to an acknowledgment of your communication. I now write amidst 
 tlie liurry and confusion of the camp, being about to march from this point, 
 we trust, to meet the enemy. 
 
 I have little time and less inclination to reply in detail to the insolent 
 missive you thought proper to publish in my absence. Respect, however, for 
 tlie good opinion of the people of Georgia induces me in a few words to set 
 
108 
 
 HISTORICAL RECORD OF SAVANNAH, 
 
 right my conduct, which you have taken so much pains to asperse, and to 
 correct the mis-statements and false imputations with wliich your letter 
 abounds. 
 
 You say tliat I have " commenced my military career by setting at defiance 
 the orders of the officer upon whom the Constitution of my State has coa- 
 lerred the riglit to command me." I am not aware that you have any sucli 
 right, unless I were actually enlisted in the service of the State of Georgia, 
 in a contingency whicli, under the Constitution, would give the State the 
 right to raise and maintain troops. 
 
 I commenced my military career, as you are pleased to term it, under the 
 flag of the Confederate States, and I recognize not you, hut the President of the 
 Confederate States as the officer upon whom the Constitution (to which Georgia 
 is a party) "has conferred the right to command me." It is true that I 
 tendered, under instructions from my company, their services to tlie Con- 
 federate States through you, in the first instance; this, however, was simply 
 because the President had adopted that mode of obtaining troops as a matter 
 of public convenience and not hccaicse there ever was any Constitution or law 
 which required him to appeal to the State Executives ; still less is thei'e any 
 ground for your assertion that the rights of the States are violated by the 
 President receiving troops directly, without the intervention of the Governors. 
 
 You labor, and have constantly labored, under the impression that you are 
 the State of Geoegia. I beg leave to protest against this conclusion, in 
 which I assure you I can never concur. By the Constitution of the Con- 
 federate States, to which Georgia has agreed, the Confederate Government is 
 alone chargeable with questions of peace and war, and has the exclusive 
 right, except in case of invasion, to raise and maintain armies. The Con- 
 gress, and not tlie Governors of the States, are empowered to raise these 
 armies: and as the constitution is broad and unqualified in this grant of 
 power, tlie Congress is unrestricted in the mode in which it shall be exer- 
 cised. Tlie President of tlie Confederate States is the Commander-in-chief 
 of these armies, thus raised for a common cause, and the Governors of States 
 liave not, so far as I am aware, any jurisdiction or power over tliis subject, 
 except so far as patriotism may induce them to co-operate with tlie General 
 Government in times of great emergency and danger. Your conclusion, there- 
 fore, that "the act of Congress under which I go is a palpable encroachment 
 upon the rights of States ' does not in the least disturb me. Neither upon 
 reason nor authority do I consider the opinion of much value. I think most 
 people will prefer tlie judgment of tlie Confederate Congress and the Presi- 
 dent of the Confederate States, who gave the act tlieir deliberate sanction. 
 
 You have fallen into another error upon this subject. You say "that I 
 proceeded to the Confederate Congress, of which I am a member, and, that a 
 bill was passed, you suppose chiefly by my influence, which authorized the 
 President to receive military forces over the head and independent of State 
 authority." You further say that " under this act I was accepted into service 
 without your consent and permitted to leave Savannali and go to Virginia." 
 I assure you, in passing, that I shall never think it necessary to obtain your 
 consent to enter tlie service of my country. God forbid that I should ever 
 fall so low. 
 
 But to your charge. I know not to what act you refer as the one under 
 
BIOGK.U'HICAL SKETCH OF GENERAL BARTOW. JQQ 
 
 which I was accepted into service; but I will inform you that the act under 
 which I serve is entitled " An act to raise additional forces to serve durint; the 
 war." This act, to the best of my remembrance, contains no allusion to State 
 authority, nor does it allude in any part to the Governors of States. It is 
 simply an act authorizing the President to accept the services of volunteers 
 for the war, and to appoint their field ofRcers, and in these two respects alone, 
 it differs from other acts under which volunteers have been accepted. This 
 bill was introduced into Congress by the Hon. Mr. Wigfall, of Texas, without 
 any consultation with me, referred to the Military committee, of which I was 
 chairman, perfected by it and passed by the Congress. It met the approval of 
 the most distinguished leaders of the States Eights school in the Congress, and 
 was regarded by Congress as the best means to raise an efficient army, so abso- 
 lutely required by the wicked invasion set on foot by the North. Mr. Wright, 
 of Georgia, introduced a bill which does authorize the Tresident, without call- 
 ing upon the Governors of the States, to accept the services of volunteers at 
 the times he may prescribe ; but with this bill I had no connection, nor am I in 
 service under its terms, nor had I any agency in procuring its introduction or 
 enactment. 
 
 You go on to say " that I must be presumed to be the leading spirit in isro- 
 curing the passage of this bill, and that I was the first to avail myself of its 
 benefits by accepting a high command under it."' You i-emark "that it is 
 said I am to have a colonel's commission." Now, sir, the facts are, that 
 under the former bill, by which twelve months' volunteers were raised for the 
 war, the President had as much power to accept them directly as he had 
 under this act, lor the war ; and it is a mere matter of discretion with him 
 under both acts whether he will or will not use the intervention of State 
 Executives; and yet, while stepping out of the way to stab me in the back, 
 you seem criminally ignorant of what you ought to know. 
 
 You have also insinuated in this charge and elsewhere in your letter, that I 
 have been misled by motives of personal ambition. The attribution of low 
 motives of conduct to others is most frequently the result of long familiaritj' 
 with such principles of action. It is dangerous for any man to attribute 
 motives, lest he fall under the condemnation of " bearing false witness against 
 his neighbor."' In relation to myself I desire to say but little. I prefer to be 
 judged by my actions. It is not true that I availed myself of the benefits 
 of the act of Congress to which you refer by seeking a high command 
 under it. I offered service and was accepted as captain of my company, with- 
 out any pledge or understanding, directly or indirectly, that I was to have 
 any other commission. My present office of Colonel of this regiment has 
 been conferred upon me through the voluntary confidence of the President, 
 and through the wish, as I have reason to believe, of every officer and private 
 under my command. I have desired no office, prefering, for many reasons, to 
 remain at the head of my company, between which and myself there has 
 existed a deep-seated attachment, and it was only by their consent that I 
 agreed to command tlio regiment. Jly rea.=ons for entering the service are 
 very simple. I had labored as much as any man in Georgia to effect the 
 secession of the State; I had pledged myself to meet all the consequences of 
 secession. 1 am bound, therefore, in honor, and still more strongly by duty, 
 to be among the foremost in accepting tlie bloody consequences which seem to 
 10 
 
110 
 
 HISTORICAL RECORD OF SAVAN^'AH. 
 
 threaten u?. Uy life can bo as well spared as any other mau'<, and I am 
 willing and ready to devote it. You taunt me with deserting my home and 
 the defence of my fireside "to serve the common cause in a more pleasant 
 summer climate." I wish you were here to witness the realities of this service 
 y^u deem so pleasant. It would cure you, I think, of some of your malicious 
 propensities. You taunt me with having imposed upon others the duty of 
 defending the po.-it which I have deserted, and yet when you penned this you 
 knew that you had steadily refused to call the volunteer troops of Savannah 
 into service of any kind, and that you had called " many of our bravest young 
 men from other parts of the State to fill our places " and defend our homes, 
 while we were permitted to rest in inglorious ease. Tlic volunteer troops of 
 Savannah are now in service, not through you, but by the direct order of the 
 Commander-in-chief of the Confederate forces. All that you say upon this sub- 
 ject is Jesuitical, designed to subserve a purpose rather than narrate the truth. 
 1 have the .same right to judge that you have as to the probability of an attack 
 upon Savannah. There is scarcely a seaboard city along the Atlantic coast that 
 has not its representatives here in Virginia. Why should Savannah be an 
 exception? Surely one company could be spared, at least, to show that her 
 heart beat true to the common cause, and that her youth were ready to court 
 danger upon the very frontiers of the war. Such a spirit is not what you have 
 characterized it. It is probably above your comprehension, but the generous 
 and noble-hearted of my native State will know how to appreciate it. 
 
 And now as to my arms. I did not ask you to arm and equip me. I had 
 already received from the late government of the United States, through you, 
 arms and equipments which cost the State of Georgia nothing. They were 
 delivered to me and you took my bond for their safe keeping, unless destroyed 
 in the p!(i?(e service. You liave threatened me with the penalty of that bond. 
 Take it if you can get it. That is your remedy. If I have been wrong in 
 taking the arms away from Georgia, I am a trespasser and of course respon- 
 sible. I think the power you claim to disarm companies once armed and 
 under bonds, at your will, is, to say the least of it, doubtful. As I have 
 already said, in a former letter, I would not make this issue if I could find 
 any way to avoid it. I would rather yield than have a controversy with any 
 man where the public interests are involved. But situated as I was, I prefer 
 disobedience, if you please, rather than to jeopard the honor and safety of 
 one hundred men confided to my cai-e. You seem to think I am arrogant in 
 claiming our humble share in representing the State of Georgia on this field 
 of action. You say that you are not aware of the State authority by which I 
 am called to represent the State of Georgia in Virginia. You make here 
 agair>, your common error, of supposing that you are the State of Georgia, — a 
 mistake in which I do not participate. You will not be permitted to alienate 
 from us the esteem and affection of those we leave behind, and whom we love 
 so dearly. I am sorry that you have undertaken so ungracious a task. 
 
 You say "that at present I am beyond the reach of State authority, and 
 State lines, so far as I am concerned, are obliterated. How long this may 
 remain so," you say, "depends upon the developments of the future." I 
 trust, if God spares my life, I shall set foot again upon the soil of Georgia, 
 and be well assured that I no more fear to meet my enemies at home than I 
 now do to meet the enemies of my country abroad. 
 With due respect, I have the honor to be, your most obedient 
 
 FuANCis S. Baktow. 
 
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF GENERAL BARTOW. HI 
 
 Soon after his arrival iu Virginia he was appointed Colonel of the 
 8th Georgia regiment, and at the first battle of Manassas he was 
 commanding a brigade comiDosed of the 7th, 8th, 9th, and 11th 
 Georgia, and the 1st Kentucky regiments. Diu-ing the engage- 
 ment only the 7th and 8th Georgia regiments were engaged. 
 During the forepart of the battle his command suffered heavily, 
 and at noon, when it became necessary for the left of our army to 
 fall back to its original position, occupied early in the morning, 
 his regiments also retired. During this movement General Bartow 
 rode up to General Beauregard, the general commanding, and said: 
 ' ' What shall now be done ? Tell me, and if human efforts can 
 avail, I will do it. " General Beauregard, jDointing to a battery at 
 the Stone Bridge, replied : ' ' That battery should be silenced. " 
 Seizing the standard of the 7th Georgia regiment, and calling upon 
 the remnants of his command to follow him, he led the van in the 
 charge. A ball woiiuded him slightly and killed his horse under 
 him. Still grasping the standard, and rising again, he mounted 
 another horse, and waving his cap around his head, cheered his 
 troops to come on. They followed. Another ball pierced his 
 heart and he fell to the ground, exclaiming to those who gathered 
 around him, "They have killed me, but never give up the 
 FIELD," and exi^ired. His dying injunction was obeyed. His 
 command proceeded on the charge and silenced the battery under 
 the protection of which the enemy had hurled the missile of death 
 into the heart of one whose fall plunged a struggling nation into 
 mourning. 
 
 The deceased was as marked in character as distinguished for 
 talent. He was ardent in friendships — sincere and ingeniotis in his 
 professions — of a lofty sense of honor — chivalric in the tone of 
 his sentiments — patriotic in his ambition — ^brave by nature and 
 constitution — generous in his impulses — most zealous in his devo- 
 tion to tnith — deeply imbued with the religious sentiment and 
 cherished a reverential regard for all of the institutions of religion. 
 His style of oratory was bold, earnest, and impassioned. As a 
 criminal advocate, his eloquence was of a high, thrilling order; 
 and his efforts in important criminal trials established for him a 
 fame which will live with the memory of his beloved and honored 
 name. He was astute as a lawyer and profound in his legal attain- 
 ments. His literary attainments were varied and extensive, while 
 his familiarity with the classics was intimate. His perception and 
 ]jve for the beautiful in art and nature were keen and warm — his 
 
112 HISTOKICAL KECORD OF SAVAMNAH. 
 
 imagination was rich and glowing, and his thoughts were always 
 fervid. 
 
 In July, 1861, Hon. T. K. R. Cobb, before the Congress of the 
 Confederate States of America, in session in Richmond, Virginia, 
 pronounced an eloquent eulogy upon General Bartow, after which 
 the following resolutions were offered and unanimously adopted: 
 
 Resolved, That Congress has heard with mifeigned sorrow of the death of 
 the Honorable Francis S. Bartow, one of the delegates from the State of 
 Georgia; that the natural exultation for a glorious victory achieved by our 
 arms is checked by the heavj' loss sustained by the Confederacy in the death 
 of one of her most efficient counsellors ; and that, as his colleagues, we feel a 
 peculiar loss to ourselves, in one who had won our esteem and gained our 
 affection. 
 
 Resolved, That with pleasure we record our admiration of his heroic defence 
 on the field of battle of the action of Congress in which he participated so 
 largely, and find some consolation for his death in the conviction that his 
 noble self-sacrifice will serve to establish the work which he so boldly aided 
 to begin. 
 
 Resolved, That we appreciate the loss which Georgia, his native State, has 
 sustained in the death of one of her noblest sons, and that we tender to the 
 bereaved family the sympathy of hearts, to some extent, stricken by the same 
 blow which has crushed their own. 
 
 Resolved, That in testimony of our respect for his memory, the Congress da 
 now adjourn. 
 
 The Chatham Artillery was organized on the 1st of May, 1786, 
 and was included in the .surrender of the Confederate troops by 
 General Josejih E. Johnston. The battery served at Fort Pulaski 
 and other points around Savannah; at Olustee; at Secessionville, 
 Battery Wagner, and other points around Charleston ; and with the 
 Western army until its surrender. The guns of the battery were 
 surrendered on the seventy-ninth anniversary of the organization. 
 The battery at that time consisted of four twelve-pounder Napoleon 
 guns, two of which were Federal guns, captured at the battle of 
 Olustee and given to the battery by the General commanding in 
 token of his appreciation of the distinguished services and gallant 
 conduct of its members during that battle. The following were 
 officers of the battery at various periods fi-om the commence- 
 ment to the close of the war: Captain Joseph S. Claghorn (pro- 
 moted to colonel). Lieutenants C. C. Jones (jjromoted to lieutenant- 
 colonel), Julian Hartridge (elected member of the Confederate Con- 
 gress), William M. Davidson (promoted to captain), B. S. Sanchez, 
 T. A. Askew, John F. Wheaton (in-omoted to captain of the battery 
 early in the war and remained in command until the close), George 
 A. Whitehead, S. B. Palmer and George N. Hendry. 
 
VOLUNTEER COMPANIES OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 113 
 
 The Georgia Hussars were organized in 1790, and went into 
 service at the commencement of the war, and in September, 1861, 
 succeeded in obtaining permission to go to Virginia, and served 
 throughout the war with the army of Northern Virginia. Captain 
 J. F. Waring, the captain at the time of entering service, was pro- 
 moted to colonel of the Jeff. Davis Legion, and Lieutenant David 
 Waldhauer was promoted to captain; Lieutenant W. W. Gordon 
 was promoted to caj^tain on General Mercer's staff; and A. McC. 
 Duncan was promoted to 1st lieutenant, and J. L. McTurner and 
 Robert Saussey elected lieutenants. The second company (known 
 as company B) was organized in November, 1861, under Captain 
 W. H. Wiltberger (promoted to major of the 5th Georgia Cavalry), 
 Lieutenants R. J. Davant (promoted to lieutenant-colonel of the 
 same regiment), M. E. Williams, and F. Williams. In 1862 the 
 company was reorganized under Captain Wiltberger, Lieutenants 
 James A. Zittrouer, E. P. Hill, and Phillip Yonge. Lieutenant 
 Hill resigned, and Fred. H. Blois was elected lieutenant. At the 
 promotion of Captain Wiltberger, Lieutenant Zittrouer became 
 captain. The lieutenants were advanced a grade and John H. 
 Ashe was elected lieutenant. The company was with the 5th 
 Georgia Cavalry, and served around Savannah, on the South Caro- 
 lina coast, in Florida, and with the Western army. 
 
 The Savannah Volunteer Guards were organized in 1802, and 
 until the commencement of the late war were commanded by Cap- 
 tains John Camming, M. D., J. Marshall, F. Fell, Edward F. 
 Tattnall, Joseph W. Jackson, William Robertson, Cosmo P. Rich- 
 ardsone, M. D., James P. Screven, and John Screven — the latter- 
 named officer being in command of the company when it aided in 
 seizing Fort Pulaski on the 3d of January, 1861. The lieutenants 
 then were: A. C. Davenport, W. S. Basinger, and G. C. Rice. 
 Early in 1861, so g;i'eat was the number of volunteers to the com- 
 panj', it became necessary to organize another, the two being 
 respectively known as companies A and B. The officers of com- 
 pany A were: Captain John Screven, Lieiatenants W. S. Basinger, 
 G. C. Rice, and J. C. Habersham; and Ca^itain A. C. Davenport, 
 Lieutenants G. W. Stiles, M. H. Hopkins, and Thomas F. Screven 
 officers of company B. In March, 1862, the coi^ps, numbering 
 three companies, was mustered into service as a battalion for the 
 war. Captain John Screven became Major of the battalion, the 
 companies being officered as follows: Company A, Captain W. S. 
 Basinger, Lieutenants T. F. Screven, William H. King, and Fred. 
 10* 
 
•]^24 HISTORICAL BECORD OF SAVANNAH, 
 
 Tupper. Company B, Captain George W. Stiles, Lieutenants E. 
 Padelford, jr., E. A. Castellaw, and George D. Smith. Company C, 
 Captain G. C. Eice, Lieutenants G. M. Turner, John E. Dillon, and 
 E. Blois. Late in 1862 Major Screven resigned (afterward appointed 
 lieutenant-colonel of local battalion) and Captain Basinger suc- 
 ceeded to the couimand of the battalion. The Lieutenants in com- 
 pany A were advanced a grade and Sergeant P. N. Eaynal elected 
 lieutenant. Lieutenant Padelford, of company B, died in June, 
 1863, and Sergeant W. E. Gue was elected a lieutenant, the other 
 lieutenants having been advanced a grade. In December, 1863, 
 Lieutenant Castellaw, of company B, resigned; the other lieuten- 
 ants were advanced a grade and Sergeant W. D. Grant was elected 
 lieutenant. The battalion officers were: Major W. S. Basinger, 
 Adjutant E. P. Starr, Captain E. H. Footman, A. Q. M., George W. 
 Coxwell, Surgeon. The battalion was known as the 18th Georgia 
 Battalion, and served arotmd Savannah and around Charleston, 
 participating in the defence of Battery Wagner. Li May, 1864, the 
 battalion was ordered to Vu-ginia, and participated in the last 
 battles of the Ai-my of Northern Virginia, being badly cut up at 
 Sailor's Creek, a few days before the surrender of General Lee. 
 
 The Republican Blues were organized in 1808, and served in the 
 late war under Captain John W. Anderson, who resigned and was 
 succeeded by George W. Anderson (afterward promoted to Major 
 in the regular army). Lieutenants George A. Nicoll, W. D. Dixon, 
 T. C. ELkins, F. Willis, and J. M. Theu's. Lieutenant Nicoll was 
 promoted to Captain of the Emmett Rifles and Lieutenant Dixon 
 became captain of the Bkxes. This comj^any served at Fort Mc- 
 Allister and other jjoiuts around Savannah, and with the Western 
 army, being connected with the 1st Georgia regiment. 
 
 The Phcenix Riflemen were organized on the 1st of May, 1830, 
 ■and went into service at the commencement of the war under 
 -Captain George A. Gordon (promoted to colonel of the 63d Georgia 
 regiment), Lieutenants George R. Rlack (promoted to lieutenant- 
 colonel of the same regiment), George Yv''. Lamar (promoted to 
 the rank of captain), Spauiding Mcintosh, George R. Giles (pro- 
 moted to major of the 63d Georgia regiment). The ranks of 
 the company were constantly increased, which necessitated the 
 forming of two other companies. The three companies were 
 organized into a battalion, and afterward, with additional com- 
 -panies, organized into a regiment, known as the 63d Georgia. 
 tTjje three comijanies served around Savannah and in the Western 
 
VOLUNTEER COMPANIES OF SAVANNAH. ]_]^5 
 
 army, under Captain James T. Buckuer, Lieutenants William 
 Lyons, William E. Readick, James Geary, and G. A. Bailey, of the 
 first comiaany ; Captain John H. Lopez, Lieiitenauts L. T. Turner, 
 John Smith, and Eldred Gefckiu, of the second company; Captain 
 William Dixon, Lieiitenants Charles Law and Joseph Keififer, of the 
 third company. 
 
 The Irish Jasper Greens were organized on the 22d of February, 
 1843, and served in the Mexican war. During the late war they 
 were officered by Captain John Flanuery, Lieutenants Thomas 
 Mahoney, J<jhn Greene, and Edmund Flaherty. The ranks of 
 tl.e company were increased above the number allowed, and on 
 the 4th of Febraary, 1862, company B was organized under Captain 
 David O'Connor, Lieutenants James Dooner, John Deacy, Peter 
 Reiley, Michael Goodwin, and Wm. H. Dooner. Captain O'Connor 
 died during service and Lieutenant James Dooner became captain. 
 Both companies were in the 1st Georgia regiment, and shared its 
 Ibrtimes while arovmd Savannah and with the Western army. 
 
 The German Volunteers were organized on the 22d of February, 
 1846, and went into service under Captain John H. Stegin, Lieta- 
 tenants A. Basler, C. Werner, and C. H. A. Umbach. The company 
 was captured at Fort Pulaski, and, when exchanged, reorganized 
 under Captain C. Werner, Lieutenants C. H. A. Umbach, L Fleck, 
 and I. AVolber. Captain Werner was killed and Lieutenant Umbach 
 became captain; the other officers were promoted, and George 
 Murkins became a lieutenant. This company served around Savan- 
 nah, at Battery Wagner, and with the Western army, forming a part 
 of the 1st Georgia regiment. 
 
 The DeKalb Riflemen were organized in 1850, and went into 
 service under the following officers: Ca^jtaiu P. Wetter, Lieutenants 
 A. L. Hartridge, B. H. Hardee, and Henry Herman. The company 
 was reorganized in 1862, ;\nd Lieutenant Hartridge was promoted 
 to captain. The other lieutenants were advanced a grade and T. 
 S. Wayne elected a lieutenant. Captain Hartridge was promoted 
 to Major of Artillery, and Lieutenant Hardee became captain and 
 Robert Wayne was elected a lieutenant. The company served 
 along the coast, and in 1863 was placed in the Georgia Sharp- 
 shooters battalion, and participated in the various battles of the 
 army of the W^est. 
 
 The Oglethorpe Light Infantry were organized on the 8th of 
 January, 1856, the first captain being John N. Lewis. Francis S. 
 Bartow was elected captain in 1S07. and was in command when 
 
Hg HI8T0EICAL EECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 the compraiy assisted iu seizing Fort Pulaski ou the 3d of Jannaiy, 
 1861. The company left for Virginia on the 21st of May, 1861, 
 having been reorganized previous to starting. The lieutenants 
 then were : J. J. West, Hamilton Couper, and A. P. Butler. Captain 
 Bartow was promoted to brigadier-general and killed at Manassas. 
 Lieutenant West became captain, but resigned shortly afterward, 
 and Lieutenant Couper was elected captain. Captain Couper died 
 in 1862, and Lieutenant Butler succeeded to the cajitaincy, remain- 
 ing in that position until the surrender of the comiiany at Appo- 
 mattox Courthouse, Virginia. The lieutenants during ser\'ice were: 
 J. L. Holcombe (promoted to major and killed at Jonesboro), Fred. 
 Bliss, S. W. Branch, P. B. Holmes, E. Starke Law. This company 
 was the fii-st companj' in the South to offer its services for the 
 war, and served in all the battles of the army of Northern Virginia, 
 and was with Longstreet's corps when it made its celebrated 
 circuit of the Confederacy. It formed part of the 8th Georgia 
 regiment, which was so highly complimented by General Beaure- 
 gard for its bravery during the first battle of Manassas. Pre'sdous 
 to the company's departure for Virginia, in 1861, the number of 
 volunteers had increased its ranks beyond the maximum number, 
 and another company, known as the Oglethorpe Light Infantry, 
 company B, Avas organized under Captain F. W. Sims, Lieutenants 
 Henry C. Freeman, Benjamin T. Cole, and James Lachlison. The 
 company was captured at Fort Pulaski, and, on being exchanged, 
 reorganized and served under Captain James Lachlison, jr., Lieu- 
 tenants H. A. Elkins, Joshua C. Bruyn, and James Simmons. 
 Captain Sims, shortly after his exchange, was i^romoted to lieiiten- 
 ant-colonel and assigned to duty in Eichmond, Va. This company 
 formed part of the 1st Georgia regiment, and particiiiated with it 
 in the various battles around Charleston and those fought by the 
 nrmj of the West. 
 
 The 1st Georgia regiment was comi)Osed of the old volunteer 
 companies of Savannah, but was reorganized after hostilities com- 
 menced, with the following companies comjiosing it: Eepiiblica:i 
 Blues, Irish Jas^^er Greens (first and second companies), German 
 Volunteers, Oglethoriae Light Infantry (company B), Washington 
 Volunteers, Tatnall Guards, Coast Rifles, City Light Guard, and 
 Irish Volunteers. The officers of the regiment were: Colonel 
 Charles H. Olmstead, Lieutenant-Colonel W. S. Eockwell, who 
 resigned and Major Martin J. Ford became lieutenant-colonel, 
 Major John Foley, who resigned and Captain S. Yates Levy was 
 
VOLUNTEER COMPANIES OF SAVANNAH. II'J 
 
 appointed major; aud Adjutant M. H. Hopkins. The regiment, or 
 a portion of it, A\'as at Fort Pulaski when it was besieged; also at 
 Battery Wagner, with the army of the West, and at Fort McAllister. 
 
 The City Light Guards were organized on the 4th of March, ISGl, 
 and served under the following officers: Captain S. Yates Le%-j', 
 Lieutenants Kobert H. Elliott, George C. Nichols, C. M. Cunning- 
 ham, Joseph P. White, John J. Tidwell, and Kobert H. Lewis. 
 After the promotion of Captain Levy to major. Lieutenant Ciin- 
 ningham became captain. 
 
 The Washingiou Volunteers were organized in August, 1861, under 
 Captain John McMahon, Lieutenants Francis P. Blair, C. D. Rogers, 
 J. C. Rowland, and A. G. McArthin-. The company was captured 
 at Fort Pulaski, and when exchanged, reorganized under Captain 
 John Cooper, Lieutenants J. C. Rowland, A. G. McArthur, and T. 
 C. Bates. 
 
 The Tattnall Giiards were organized, shortly after the commence- 
 ment of hostilities, iiuder Captain A. C. Davenport, Lieutenants B. 
 H. Cole, John D. Hopkins, and Cjtixs B. Carter. 
 
 The Ii-ish Volunteers were organized early in 1861 (for six 
 months), under Captain Jacob B. Read, Lieutenants Henry Wil- 
 liams, and A. J. J. Blois. At the expiration of this pei-iod the 
 company was disbanded. Previous to this another company, under 
 the same name and the following officers, was organized, and many 
 of the members of the old company joined it: Captain John F. 
 O'Neal, Lieutenants Robert Denver and Henry O'Neal. 
 
 The Coast Rifles were organized early in 1861, under Captain 
 Screven Turner, Lieutenants Thaddeus Fisher, E. A. Castellaw, 
 John Cobiirn, and Charles Webster. Captain Tiirner was killed, 
 and Lieutenant Fisher became captain. 
 
 The Emmett Rifles were organized in August, 1861, under the 
 following officers: Captain A. Bonaud (afterward organized a battal- 
 ion, of which he became major), Lietitenants William E. Long 
 (afterward promoted to captain, A. Q. M.), W. S. Rockwell, and 
 George Dickerson. At the reorganization, in 1862, George A. 
 NicoU was elected captain. Lieutenant Rockwell retained his 
 position, and Edgar M. McDonnell was elected lieutenant. The 
 company served along the coast, and participated in the numerous 
 engagements at Fort McjUlister, and was there captured. 
 
 The Savannah Cadets were organized on the 17th of May, 1816, 
 and served along the coast of Georgia and South Carolina until 
 April, 1864, when they were ordered to the Western army, and 
 
Ug HISTORICAL RECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 shared the fortunes of that army iiutil its surrender, under Captain 
 Walter S. Chisholm (who resigned in 1863 to accept the judgeship 
 of the City Court), Lieutenants John W. Anderson (promoted to 
 captain after Captain Chishohn resigned), H. M. Brunch, C. C. 
 Hunter and P. R. Falligaut. 
 
 The Oglethorpe Siege Artillery was organized early in 1862, and 
 served in the batteries around Savannah and Charleston, and in the 
 Western army after the evacuation of Savannah, under Captain 
 John Lama, Lieutenants Algernon Hartridge, Milton C. Wade, E. 
 E. Eichards, and Alexander Campbell. 
 
 The Blue Cap Cavahy was organized in March, 1861, and served 
 in Georgia, Florida, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, 
 and Virginia, under Captain Isaac M. Marsh, Lieutenants W. F. 
 Walton, Samuel Lewis, and John E. Freyer. 
 
 The Mitchell Volunteer Guards were organized on the -ith of 
 March, 1862, and served around Savannah and Charleston, and in 
 the Western army, under Captain M. J. Doyle (who resigned and 
 was succeeded by Lieutenant B. Connor), Lieutenants P. W. Doyle, 
 and John Joseph Purtell. 
 
 The Montgomery Giiards were organized on the 20th of August, 
 1861, nnder Captain L. J. Gnilmartin, Lieutenants John J. Symons, 
 Christopher Hussey, and Christopher Murphy. The company was 
 captured at Fort Pulaski, and when exchanged reorganized, electing 
 Lieutenant Christopher Hussey captain, and Christopher Miirphy, 
 J. J. Sjanons, and W. V. Apperson lieutenants. The company'- 
 served around Savannah and in the Western army. Captain Hus- 
 sey died just before General Joseph E. Johnston's surrender, and 
 Lieiitenant Murphy was promoted to captain. 
 
 The Savannah Artillery was organized in 1860, under Captain 
 John B. Gallie (promoted to major and killed at Fort McAllister). 
 George L. Cope became captain, and B. Whitehead, E. Knapp, and 
 C W. Hoist lieutenants. The company served around Savannah 
 until 1862, when it was disbanded, and the members volunteered in 
 other comuanies. 
 
SAVANNAH'S ROLL OF HONOR. 
 
 Those markecl thus * were killed; those marked t died in service or since ths 
 war; aud those marked + were wounded. 
 
 MAJOR-GEMERALS 
 
 • J. F. Gilmer, Geo. P. Harrison, Commodore J. Tatnall. 
 
 BRIGADIER-GENERALS 
 
 K. H. Aiidersou, Isaac W. Avery, Ed. C. Anderson, Francis S. Bartow,* J. S. 
 Bowen,* "William R. Boggs, Henrj* E. Jackson, W. W. Kirkland, A. K. Lawtou.t 
 H. W. Mercer, G. Moxley Sorrell. 
 
 Edward C. Anderson, Joseph S. Claghorn, Winder P. Johnson, George A. Gordon, 
 Charles A. L. Lamar,* J. M. Millen,* Charles H. Ohnstead, F. W. ^imms, W. E. 
 Symons, W. T. Thompson, J. F. Waring.t W. M. Wadley, Charlton H. Way, E. 
 A. Wayne, Aaron Wilbur. 
 
 LIEUXENANT-COLONELS 
 
 George E. Black, Eichard J. Davant, Jr., Martin J. Ford, B. B. Ferrill, C. C. 
 Jones, W. E. Pritchard, W. S. Eockwell, John Screven. 
 
 MAJORS 
 
 George W. Anderson, W. S. Basinger,+ P. H. Behu, T. D. Bertody, A. Bonaud. 
 Henry Bryan, John Cunningham, H. N. Davenport, E. W. B. Elliott, John Foley, 
 T. J. Charlton, John M. Guerard, Geo. R. Giles.t Juo. B. Gallic,* E. L. Holcombe, 
 
 A. li. Hartridge, J. L. Holcoiabe,* Charles S. Hardee, B. W. Hardee, J. C. Haber- 
 sham, J. :m. Johnston, W. S. Lawton, S. Yates Levy, J. C. Le Hardy, McPherson 
 
 B. Blillen, D. H. Morrisson, J. T. McFarland, J. B. Read, James T. Stewart, W. F. 
 Shellman, J. G. Thomas, -Joseph C. Thompson, + J. -J. Waring, W. D. Waples, W. 
 H. Wiltberger, J. S. Williams. 
 
 CAPTAINS 
 
 John W. Anderson,! John W. Anderson, Jr., R. F. Aiken, James T. Buckner, A. 
 F. Butler,+ W. H. Bun-oughs, Jr., N. B. Brown, J. McP. Berrien.t A. Easier, 
 George S. Barthelmess, De Witt C. Bruyn, George W. Coxwell, T. M. Cunningham, 
 
 C. AI. Cunningham, S. M. Colding, John Cooper, Walter S. Chisolm, B. Connor, 
 George L. Cope, Hamilton (Jouper.t E. Che\-is,'i- H. C. Cunningham, J. S. Camp- 
 field, Vt'illiam M. Davidson, J. H. Demuud, H. W. Denslow, A. C. Davenport, 
 William Dixon, William D. Dixon, James Dooner, Archibald C. Davenport, 
 George Dickerson, JL J. Doyle, E. W. Drummoud, William Duncan, Robert 
 
120 HISTORICAL RECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 Erwin, W. H. Elliott, R. H. Footman, Joliu Flauuery, Tliaddeus Fisher, F. L. Gue, 
 W. W. Gorcloii, L. J. Guilmartiu, E. L. Gnerard, James B. Grant,! C. R. Goodwin, 
 Thomas B. Goweu, B. H. Hardee, Christopher Hussey,t W. F. Holland, J. D. 
 Hopkins, R. B. Harris, W. D. Harden, C. C. Hardwicke. Juo. Howard, Juo. R. 
 Johnson, J. S. Kennard, Geo. W. Lamar, Jno. H. Lopez, J Jas. LachUsou, Jr.,} Wm- 
 E. Long, W. F. Law, G. B. Lamar, T. B. Lamar, E. P. Lawton,* Jno. Lama, R. E. 
 Lester, J. M. B. Lovell, Spaulding Mcintosh, John McMahon, I. M. Marsh, Chris- 
 topher Mnri^hy, J. W. McAlpin, George A. Mercer, Robert P. Myers, George A. 
 Nicoll, K. J. Nunn, John F. O'Neal, David O'Connor,! D. G. Purse, William H. 
 Patterson,} G. C. Rice,* A. Richardson, A. M. Richards, T. F. Screven, George 
 W. Stiles, John H. Stegin, C. A. Stiles, H. H. Scranton,t F. C. Sollee, A. C. 
 Sorrell, Robert Stiles, John AV. Sutlive, Screven Turner,* J. S. Turner,* J. H. 
 Thomas, H. A. Umbach,} John F. VVheatou, C. H. WyUy, W. L. Walthour, C. J. 
 White, R. D. Walker, David ^^■aldhauer,i C. Werner,* P. Wetter, J. J. West, R. 
 Habersham Wylly. 
 
 LIEUTENANTS 
 
 T. A. Askew, John H. Ashe, A. G. McArthur, W. V. Appersou, Ed. M. Anderson. 
 Frederick H. Blois, E. Blois,* G. A. Bailey, A. Basler, Joshua C. Bruyn, Francis P. 
 Blair, T. C. Bates, A. J. J. Blois, H. M. Branch,} Fred Bliss,* S. M. Branch,} L. C. 
 Berrien, Juo. S. Branch,* John Bilbo, Sam'l P. Bell, Henry Butler, Jno. S. Butler, 
 Edward A. Castellaw,} Benjamin T. Cole, B. H. Cole, Cyrus E. Carter,* 
 John C'oburn, H. A. Crane, A. T. Cunningham, C. M. Cunningham, John R. 
 Dillon,} John Deacey, W. H. Dooner, Robert Denver, P. W. Doyle, George W. 
 Dickerson, R. M. Demere. G. Darling, T. C. Elkins, H. A. Elkins,} Robert H. 
 Elliott, Paul Elkins, Edmund Flaherty, I. Fleck, Henry C. Freeman,} P. R. Falli- 
 gant,} John R. Freyer, J. M. Fleming,* Robert Falligant, C. G. Falligaut, 
 W. E. Gue, W. D. Grant,} James W. Geary, Eldred Gefckin, John Greene, 
 Michael Goodwin, W. E. Guerard, A. H. Gordon, W. R. Gignilliatt, Joseph 
 H. Gnann,* Robert Grant,} William T. Gibson, G. P. Goodwin, Juhan Hartridge, 
 Algernon Hartridge, E. P. Hill, M. H. Hopkins, John D. Hopkins, Henry 
 Herman,* C. C. Hunter,} C. W. Hoist, P. B. Holmes,* F. A. Habersham,* 
 J. T. Howard, James Hunter,} Jr., J. L. Hammond, George N. Hendi-y, 
 James Hunter, G. H. Johnston, W. H. King,* Joseph Kciffer,* E. Knapp, 
 William Lyons, Charles Law,} Robert H. Lewis,} Sanniel Lewis, E. Starke Law,} 
 A. B. Luce, John A. Lewis, A. McC. Duncan, Thomas ?vIahouey, George Murkins, 
 Edgar N. McDonnell, F. J. McCall, Edward Manes, M. Molina,* John L. Martin, 
 T. A. Maddox, J. B. Mcintosh, John Mahoney, L. Y. Mallory, George C. Nichols, 
 Henry O'Neal,* S. P. Norris, E. F. Neufville, John Oliver, S. B. Palmer, E. Padel- 
 ford, Jr.,t John J. PurteU,} C. A. Patillo,} George T; Patten. Charles T. Preston, 
 P. N. Raynal, W. E. Readick,* Peter Reily, C. D. Rogers, J. C. Roland, AV. S. 
 Rockwell, J. A. Rahn, William Rogers, C. B. Richardson, J. C. Roland, W. A. 
 Russell, R. R. Richards, B. S. Sanchez,* Robert Saussy, George D. Smith,} E. P. 
 Starr,} John Smith,} James Simmons, H. B. Saddler, W. P. Schrom, G. P. Screven, 
 H. R. Symons, J. L. McTurner, Fred. Tupper,} Ct. M. Turner,* L. T. Turner,} J. 
 M. Theus,} J. J. Tidwell, George A. Whitehead, M. E. Williams, F. Williams, F. 
 Willis, I. Wolber, Joseph P. White, Henry Williams, Charles Webster, Thomas S. 
 Wayne, Robert Wayne,} W. F. Walton, B. Whitehead, A. A. Ward,* Micliael 
 Walsh, H. K. Washburne. H. Way, Milton C. Wade, Philip Yonge. 
 
ROLL OF HOKOE. 
 
 PRIVATES 
 
 121 
 
 I. Ames.t J. H. Austin, H. Atkinson, J. M. Abrahams,! E. E. Allen, W. C. Avery, 
 B. Abney,* J. G. Ardis, L. B. Andrew, J. J. Abrams, A. Alleoud, A. S. Achord, 
 James L. Aguew, G. S. Appleton, J. H. Ashe, E. W. Adams, J. T. Austin, D. E. 
 Ardis, James Aaron, J. O. Andi-ews, C. Y. Anderson, George Atchison, Eobert 
 Andrews, Joseph Adams, W. L. B. Aikens, William Allen, J. Abramscyk, James 
 M. A8hiield,t William Ashfield, John D. Audas, George E. Anderson, t William 
 Anderson, D. O. Arery,* E. Attaway, D. K. Adams, W. Adams, A. J. Adams, I. T. 
 Adams, William Allison, George Archibald, G. H. Augill, David A. Adams, George 
 F. Allen, L. Aikens, W. Andrews. 
 
 W. T. Borchert,t J. A. Bro^vu, Samuel Brown.t George M. Barnes,t Robert 
 Bren, L. Bevill,t E. J. Bourquin,t Thaddeus W. Bennett, G. D. Baker,t W. H. 
 Bourne,* Berry Bradford, W. B. Bradford,* W. H. Bird, Wm. E. Boyd, C. F. Bor- 
 chert, S. H. Baldie,* W. H. Bennett, E. B. Barnwell,* W. H. Barton, Eobert Q. 
 Baker,+ I. H. Bogart, M. B. Boston,* Willis A. Burney.t George M. Butler,* Jno. 
 A. Belvin,:;; DeWitt C. Bacon, F. W. Baily,t W. S. Bogart, Lewis Bliss, John Bilbo, 
 Alfred Bliss.f Osceola Butler, E. F. Baker, M. O'Byrne, W. C. Bishop, A. M. 
 Bowen, J. S. Bayard, J. H. Bowman, M. Burns, W. E. Q. Baker, Eichard Broderick, 
 Alfred Bishop, A. Bouliueau, J. G. Barnwell, M. J. Bayard, C. J. Barrie, J. H. 
 Butler.t W. J. Bee, M. A. Barrie, L. E. Barrie,* J. C. Bryan,t Hugh Bryan, Gideon 
 Bhss,t J. W. Burroughs, W. H. Bradley, Thos. Byrns, T. P. Bond, M. T. Bruner, 
 W. C. Bennett,* C. Barnwell, H. Baars,t James Bryan,* J. J. Butler,t James 
 Belote,t Henry Bennett, H. H. Black, B. Brady, H. M. Bryan, Isaac Brunner, 
 David Bell, T. J. Bulloch, A. O. Bowie,* P. N. Box, A. M. Barber, Eugene Bee, E. 
 H. Bacon, H. G. Black, J. B. Bennett, John'Blackie, 0. W. Brunner, H. F. Bruen,t 
 A. E. W. Barclay, J. Borrel, O. T. Bacon, H. N. Bryan, W. J. Bessent, A. S. Bacon, 
 J. H. Barton, L. E. Baly, C. W. Bruen, J. T. Baker, E. J. R. Bee, B. Brunner, 
 Geo. E. Black, 8. J. M. Baker, Henry Bryan, A. M. Barbee, C. J. Barilett, John 
 Barrie, J. J. Butler,t J. A. Baker,t E. H. Bacon, A. Barrie, J. S. Bryan,W. H. Bul- 
 loch, T. E. Brannon, F. Bacchus, J. O. Bryin, C. Brukman,* W. Brewer, F. Bier- 
 halter, W. Brooks, J. W. Booth,! D. Brewer, D. Browen, L. Brown, t C. Beckton,$ 
 R. A. F. Blakeley,t H. Black, E. Barrett.W. Backley,t A. Beyard, H. Bridie,t T. A. 
 Batton,W. Baxter, J.Bryant,! J. E. Beasley,W. Beasley, H.Bogardus,W. G. Brace,* 
 J. Brady, J. Bessent, T. Bennett, T. Blessing,W.W. Bradley,! F. S. Battley,! J. E. 
 Browne, J. M. Boyd, A. M. Buford, G. A. Bailie, T. S. Bird, L. Burroughs, S. R. 
 Banks, H. O. Best, J.W. Bieze,T. J. Bransby, C. P. Burkhalter,W.Best, L. A. Butts, 
 James D. Bell, M^ilUam H. Bell.WUliam Best, L. A. Butts,, J. C. Browning,* 
 J. W. Bailey. t C. B. Browning, J. Bro\vn, P. C. Bro^^•n, I. Bell, Wm. Burns, P. 
 Burket, A. P. Boggs, G. A. Blount, G. Burns, S. H. Bowman, John W. Baley, 
 Charles H. Baker, Stephen J. Baker, J. J. Boyd, E. E. Brantly, David H. Bailey, 
 John Barrie, E. W. Brown, H. L. Benniug, George W. Blount, George W. 
 Brownell, Thomas Blitch, William C. Bradley, J. J. Barron,! Henry J. 
 Byrd, L. Bragg,! D. J. Bryant, E. J. G. Blake, William Bray, I. M. Beck, John 
 Brein,! B. Bryant, Charles Berry, Mark Breen, James Brannon, James Bray, Ed. 
 Brady, John Blessing, Michael Black, T. Berryhill, Patrick Barrett, George W. 
 Berry, H. F. Beach, William Box, W. W. Brown, M. Bozmau, Henry C. Bradley, 
 Eobert A. Beasley, Ed. W. Barnwell, William Buruham, William Black, Joseph 
 P. Bell. Robert Barnwell, Lawrence C. Butler, William M. Butler, John Brady, 
 
 11 
 
]^22 HISTORICAL RECORD OF SAVAKNAH. 
 
 J. A. Bessiiigcr, Peter Curket, S. S. Bessinger.i; J. E. Bea-sley, C. A. Barron, J. K. 
 B. Baker, Charles Blaqwe,t O. F. Basefiekl, H. Biugham.t Jolm Baker.t John 
 Berkley, M. Buchanoii, John Brantley, Wni. Butler, Henry Bennar, Richard 
 Burke, t Micliael Barrett.t Thomas Brennau, John Bnisnahan, James Brenuan, 
 James Bent,:!: AViUiam Burns, Michael Bryan, G. Baukmau, James Bai-bour.t 
 C'arles F. Blanche, Charles R. Badger, "Wm. J. Baillie,t y\'m. Barbo\u-,t B. B. 
 Bai!'ie, M. Bishop, James Bishop, John A. Baynes, AVm. H. Bonuer.t Thos. H. 
 Butler, Wm. Bell, Thos. B. Bond, R. F. W. Burroughs,i Franklin Bird,t Barry 
 Byrd,t Heuiy E. Ball, J. W. Biggs, Thomas Ballantyne, W. Baynard,* J. A. 
 Boughau, John A. Britten, t John Burnett, George W. Bockley,t F. Brodbacker 
 (killed by negroes, Dec. 1868, while on patrol duty), L. Brum, J. F. Butler, $ 
 Dominique Brown,J John T, Blatz, H. Bergner, Dennis Boyle. t 
 
 William C. Crawford, Harry A. Carter.t J. J. Crunipler.t Thomas Cuddigan,t Z. 
 Castleberry, W. H. Crane,* I. E. Carolan,* I. B. Chishohn, R. H. Cole, t William 
 Combs,* A. H. Charlton, Charles Cevor, W. B. Corey, R. A. Crawford, Charles 
 Cannoii,t H. R. Christian, Daniel Callahan, James Coleman, James Cooper, Wm. 
 Craven, John Cheisman, Pat. Cashin, W^ J. Cash,t J. M. Cole, W. R. Cooke, G. B. 
 Clarke, N. Corbin, J. Coouer, A. H. Champion, J. B. Crabtree, R. M. Charlton,! 
 L. Connell,+ Isaac Cohen, George A. Cuyler.f C. C. Cushing, D. J. Craft, J. M. 
 Carroljt A. W. Clarke, E. Copeland,t John Chipman, C. Clarke, H. Crook,* J. J. 
 Cornell, S. Coalson, J. Carmody,t H. M. Comstock,t P. Cooney, J. Carroll, B. 
 Coldman, T. J. Crotty, A. Cowper, U. H. Cohen, G. S. H. Clarke, J. G. Cornell, J. 
 Conlan,* John Cooper, J. S. Caruthers, James Chaplin, Ed. Cooper, John Calder, 
 Robert Cessor, John Cooper, W. T. Coleman, A. J. Coleman, Thomas Cobb, Geo. 
 Clark, BaruetCarr, Maurice Crowley, Thos. Carlin, James Clancey.Wm. Condon, 
 Patrick Cnrran , Stephen Clark, E. W. Cribb, Nathan Childre, Richard Crotty, 
 Andrew Collins, E. J. Connell, George Cambeff, F. B. Colson, John Curreu, John 
 G. Cushing, John W. Counts, M. Cohen, Win, H. Cardwell, James Coil, Edward 
 F. Costigan, Martin Connor,* J. A. Calloway, A. R. Cidlens, George Cordes, 
 Theodore Carnis. Washington Cole, Thomas B. Clare, D. L. Cole, Thomas Carro- 
 
 lan, F. B. Cocke, t James C. C'hisolm, A. Chisolm, P. I. Creagan, Mathew Claneey, 
 L. Callahan, Nicholas Cullen,t P. Canipbell,t J. Criumon, Michael Cusick, Garrett 
 Coltor, P. Connahau, P. Condon, f Michael Cleary, Thomas Conghlin,t Luku 
 Carson, Cornelius Crouiu, John Coleman, James Crotty, Thomas Carroll, Richard 
 Crotty, P, CuUen, Michael Cumins, Michael Cash, Jeremiah Crowley, John 
 Cooney, Thomas Cooney, Michael Copps, AVilUam J. Cook, DeWitt C. Cook, Isaac 
 S. Cohen, P. G. Cope.t Joseph J. Cooper, ta. Clittord, Morris Cohen, Pat. Carlis, 
 
 L. J. Connell, John W. Calloway,t Jos. J. Clarke, Hardy Cook, J. C. Connell, L. 
 
 H. Cleuiens,t A. J. Campbell.t Robert Canipbell,t T. B. Chisolm, I. W. C. Clarke, 
 
 Alfred Cuthbert, Michael Clarke, C. N. Clcmons,t Jacob Clemens, J. W. Crew.t 
 
 L, Calahan,t L. Casou,t M. J. Cox,t L. Cox,t John Carter,t R. Carson, C. Christie,! 
 
 C. Campbell, Da\'id Carter. R. Cercopaly, W. Curry, W. A. Couei-y, J. D. Claherty. 
 
 James Cauf&eld, Allen CuUen, T. H. Courier, G. H. Cox, J. W. Connor, G. W. 
 
 Clarke, W. H. Cooper, J. H. Cullen, Floyd Crockett, G. Carswell, E. Clarke, Ben.i. 
 
 Carter,* Arthur Connoway, James L. Crosby, George Cash,* John Crosby, D. 
 
 Wiley Carter, W. W^ Connor, John B. Connor,t R. A. Crawford, Milton Creigh- 
 
 ton, R. Carroll, A. Cowan,t L- M. Cowan, W. W. Cheever, F. B. Cleary, F. A. 
 
 Canuet, G. R. Clarke, C. P. Carey, W. G. Cooper. 
 
 N. J. Darrell, M. Davis.* Thomas Devane. Alfred Davis. B. Dunovan.t S. M. 
 
ROLL OV HONOK. 123 
 
 Dasher. -I- \V. B. Daslier.J Joseph O. Davis.t Htury L. Davis.J Cicorgc Uell, O. 
 Daiivcrsue.t J. H. Demuml, J. G. Deitz, Jacob F. Doe,t H. B. Dumas, Thomas 
 Duun. Johu Dreesen, G. E. Dixon, J. JI. Davis,t R. L- Dixon, H. S. Drees, D. 
 llcDonaUt. J. Darracott.t E. J. Douglass,! B. H. K. Davenport, J. Donahue, J. 
 Dean, M. Dillon, W. C. Daniel, P. D. Davie, H. Duparc, E. W. Davis, C. F. 
 Daniels, H. W. Denslow, J. D. Delanuoi, J. M. Dougherty, J. H. Dews, T. H. 
 Dunham, R. Dinzoy, E. J. Doyle, W. W. Doty, J. B. Davis, Samuel Douse, Chas. 
 Davis,* W. J. Doggett, J. E. Denu-ard,t J. M. Doty, Daniel McDonald, Abner 
 Doba, William Dougherty, John Dooner, Frank Doyle, Timothy Dorney, James 
 Dolan, Barnard Dolan, Patrick Diguou, John J. Derrick, J. B. Davis.t Thomas D. 
 Downing, Dauicl Donahoe, Robert K. Dimond,t Philip J. DeLorge, Jas. Deasy, 
 T. F. Daniel, R. A. Diehl, Richard Dawson,* John Dawson, M. Drury, J. J. Daly, 
 P. F. Dillon, J. Duiguau, Patrick Davis, P. Doyle, W. B. Devine, Thomas Daily, 
 Ed. Dinuon,t Michael Dougherty, Daniel Doyle, John Duggan, M. Dohrman, C. 
 Dreyer, Jacob G. Davis, H. DeDuriug, Thomas H. Dunham.t George W. Dillon,t 
 Raymond M. Demere, M. J. Donnelly, Patrick Dunu, Peter Derst.t John Derst, 
 (ieorgc Dieter, C. Drager, Johu Dunn,* John Dadwilder.t William Daunenfelser 
 W. Domiuey,+ James Daniels.t E. B. Darden, J. T. Daniels, J. Danlorth, M. Dan- 
 lortli, J. B. Davis, ■: R. A. Davis.t Henry Dugger,t John Denmark, Newton Davis, 
 Jasper Davis,?. John J. Davisf, P. Daley, J. Dillon, C. Dalton, J. C. Duke.t H. 
 Demere, J. F. Davis, W. W. Dixon, W. H. Dean. 
 
 John Easter, Lewis Eudres, H. A. Elkins, Lewis L. Eastniead,t J. H. Estill, + R. 
 W. Elliott,t Percival EUiott.t S. EUiott, Jr., J. Eghlen, R. Exum, J. M. Elliott, J. 
 W. Elliott, M. English, Maurice Erwin, Jefferson Espotous, William Elliott, J. S. 
 Eden,t William Eutwistlc, A. Edmonds, J. L. Edmondsou, A. Ehrlich.t George 
 Ergil, F. Euglchart, Nicholas Englehard, G. Erkil, W. R. Evans, Joseph Elarbee, 
 M. Ennis, H. Eady,- William Eppiuger, J. B. Elli.=,* J. J. Eady, T. P. Elkins, J. 
 W. Edmondson,* S. English. 
 
 John H. Forehaud,i James L. Foster, Xoah Folsom, M. E. Flowers, L. T. 
 Flowers,t A. J. Franklin, M. H. Franklin,! Julius A. Ferrill,* Joseph M. Farr, 
 T. C. Farr, L. A. Falligant, R. C. Feagan,t G. C. Freeman, J. T. Freeborn, E. N. 
 Formsby, J. R. Farr, J. H. Frazier.t A. Fairchild, S. C. Freeman, W. H. FarreU, 
 W. H. Ferguson, J. Fender, A. Folker,t M. L. Farris,AV. B. Francis, R.R. Forbes.t 
 J. C. Footman, J. A. Feuger, C. J. Falligant, Johu Fernandez, J. G. Fulton.t D- 
 P. Freeman, F. S. Ferrill, James Freeborn, F. J. Fox, Patrick Flanuery, John 
 Foster, G. C. Fahm, M. F. Foley, Geo. G. Fathers,! Robert C. Fclzer, R. Fetzer,! 
 Wm. Foley, Robt. C. Fetzer, David Farmer, P. H. Ferguson, Thos. Feely, John 
 Fraiu, R. Folliard,t Daniel Foley, Michael Fleming,! James Fleming, William 
 Fowler, J. Fitzpatrick, James Farrell, Thomas H. Farrell, L. Freudenthal, Thos. 
 Fen-ill, L. Feixslenberg, J. S. Fisher, Dougald Ferguson, Joseph C. Faver, T. S. 
 Flood, Wm. Frew,* John H. Fulton,! Fred. Ferrier, Jas. Ferguison.! F. Fisher,! 
 E. B. Forbes, M. Floyd, R. J. Frizell, J. C. Fletcher, B. B. Farmer,! R. A. Flem- 
 ing, A. Fitzpatrick, B. F. Fox, J. D. Ferguson, Robert C. Ferrill,! Lemuel A. 
 Fryor, Richard Flinn, U. C. Frazicr,* P. Fogarty, Wm. Fowler, I. Follard, I. 
 Finn.r B. C. Ferguson,* J. D. Frazier, W. B. Fisher, W. J. Forehand, F. W. 
 Finch, A. J. Franklin, W. H. Farmer, W. C. Flemister, J. M. Farr. 
 
 C. Gassman, J. Giddins, L. L. Graybill,! I. N. Grimes,! I. I. Griffin,! F. G. 
 Goodwin,* R. J. Godfrey,! C. W. Godfrey, C. G. Girardeau,! F. A. Garden, J. B. 
 ' .ludry. A. T. Gray, C. Garrett, J. Gammell, Chas. A. Greiner,! John Golden, AV. 
 
224 HISTORICAL RECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 G. Gray, E. J. Gowdy, N. E. Griffin, A. Goodman, W. J. Grubbs, H. F. Gilliland, 
 John Grose, A. Goodman, S. P. Goodwin, E. L. Graves, B. J. Givoucelly, E. J. 
 Gowdy, J. S. Gans,t E. Gordon, E. L. Gordon.t E. Griffin, B. Green,t R. D. 
 Guerard, C. F. Grant, J. N. Guerard,t J. S. Griggs (di-o-vraed), H. Gallaglier, C. 
 W. Gould, tW. E. Guerard. S. D. Griffin, D. M. Gugel, H. L. GilUland.W. S. Gowan, 
 D. F. Goens, Thos. A. Grace, Jolin Gribbiu, Joseph Gammon, James Glenn, Geo. 
 Grimshaw, Fleming Goldsby, John McGrath, Sr., John McGrath, Jr., August 
 Gerber, M. Garritz, John J. Gallagher, Patrick Gahan, Patrick Gleason, 
 James Golden, G. Geiger, William Gleeman, F. Green, G. Giebelhouse, G. 
 Garey, B. L. Goulding, B. A. Grubbs, J. W. Graves, J. C. Gray, William Guisin- 
 heimer, Fisher Gaskins, James L. Griffin, Benjamin Green, t Robert C. Guerard.t 
 Ed. Gordon, A. W. Graham.t F. R. Goulding, W. J. Grubbs, Frank Godwin, R. 
 Garrison, W. Grimm, Wni. Gardner, John Geigher, S. Green, J John Gaskins, W. 
 B. Gill, Thos. Gibbons, J. H. Geffcken, H. A. Gilbert, James Ginuey,t J. V. Gray, 
 J. N. Gow,t G. T. Gray, B. Gray, JohnT. Glatigny, Joshua Gnann, M. M. GUsson, 
 James Gill, Wm. GiU, Silas H. Graves, R. Grant, T. H. Gibson, Wm. Groover, E. 
 W. Gifford, A. W. Gresham, P. Guerard, A. G. Guerard, J. F. Gowen. 
 
 David Hutchinson,! Robert H. Hutchinsou,t Alexander F. Holmes, + Jesse C. 
 Heidt, E. L. Hacket, J. W. Heidt, R. R. Habersham, A. Holt, James Heery, G. T. 
 Hetterick, A. T. Habersham,t John L. Harden, M. Haggerty, F. E. Hertz, H. P. 
 Horton,t T. R. Hines, A. W. Harmon, Wm. Hays, W. H. Hudson, E. F. Hender- 
 son, M. Hamilton, C. M. Hoist, B. M. Hunter, John Hughes, J. E. Henderson, 
 J. B. Hogg, H. N. Heidt, W. Higgins, S. D. Hamilton, C. Hopkins, W. L. Haupt.F. 
 J. Hunt,t T. Holcombe, F. W. Harriss, J. B. Harriss, J. Hitchcock,W. P. Hunter, 
 S. O. T. Harvey, J. B. Hoist, J. C. Holcombe, S. H. Hopkins,t T. Henderson, J. 
 Harig, Thomas L. Henry, James H. Hull, N. A. Hardee, t J. F. Hamilton, 
 W. R. Holmes, C. S. Harris, G. G. Hendrick, W. B. Hassett, E. R. Hernandez, B. 
 J. Helny, Thomas Hinely,! W. N. Habersham, J W. C. Henges,+ W. T. Ham, 
 Albert Hunt, John Hodge, A. S. Hutchinson, E. B. Hook, W. Hutchinson, t John 
 Hays, Henry Hastedtt, Wm. R. Hutchinson, Charles W. Harper, Henry Hinkins,t 
 James Hourine,* Richard Hunt, W. O. Harper, John Hammond, Isaac Hay, Wm. 
 Hernandez, F. A. Holhday, John Healey, EUjah J. Hall, George W. Hall, John 
 Henry,* Patrick Hays, Stephen Hanlon,t Thos. Haley, J. Harrington, Bernard 
 Horan, Patrick Hayes, Thos. Hymes,t C. Hartmau, C. M. Harden, B. W. Hodgins, 
 
 B. Hess. J. Hennings, D. Harmes, H. Harper, Charles Hennings, H. Hartloge, I. 
 Harmes, H. Hartloe, John F. Hunter, George W. Hendrick, John Hart, J. W. 
 Hendley, Samuel P. Hamilton, R. L. Hearn, T. W. Heyward.t Wm. H. Hewlitt, 
 
 C. C. Hines, Jefferson Hyatt, t Thos. G. Heidt,* John Hess, Frank Hirt, C. Hirt, 
 Wm. Haarer,t Henry Heine, Peter Hildebrandt, Wm. Haskel, S. Hernstadt,t B. 
 Ham, D. Heusler, C. Heuer, Robt. Hurst, 1:, John Howard, t Fred. Heuer,* H. 
 Hicks, J. D. Howard,! James Halpine, L. Hem-iant,t John Hinely,* Chas. Herb, 
 R. M. Harris, James Hamlin, C. F. Hughes, J. Hanley, H. C. Harden,t W. J. 
 Harris, W. J. Hulm, C. Hartman, J. E. Howard,* J. M. Harris, M. L. Harris, B. 
 Horn, W. B. Heath, J. Hagerty,t J. M. Hills, Peter Hogan, James Higgins, t Jas. 
 Hancock, W. S. Hancock, Alfred P. Horton, J. T. Hairgrooves, John Harris,! Jas. 
 Hineley, S. Haughton,t A. Heery, M. Henry, C. H. Hamm, Alexander Hazzard.t 
 Wm. Harden, R. P. Hoyt, T. R. HoUiday, H. Humphreys, W. B. Hedleston, C. J. 
 Hallman, H. M. Heidt, T. C. Harden, R. F. Harrington, J. R. Holtzclaw,* G. 
 Harper, P. F. Hayden, G. H. Henning, J. B. Harrell. 
 
EOLL OF HONOR. 125 
 
 Robt. Ivoy, W. H. Ivey.t S. T. Isler,J Henry lumeu, John lumen, C. F. Irwin, 
 L. lugalls, I. Ivey. 
 
 J. S. Jordan,! S. Jones, t E. 0. Johnson, G. O. Johnson, W. Johnson, J. E. 
 Jones, M. Joiner, J.W. Jaudou, J. Joiner, W. J. Jones, J. A. Johnston, F. P. Jones, 
 A.Johnson, Mitchell Jones, T. Jones, H. B. Josephs, G. E. James,* P. Jordan,! R. 
 Johnson, T. AV. Johnson, B. L. Jones, J. B. Jones, J. Johnson (drowned), W. L. 
 Jackson, i J. E. Jarrell, J. M. Jones, Jacob A. Jones, W. W. Jennings, Thomas 
 Jennings, H. Jones, J. Jennings, F. Jackson, I. Johnson, P. E. Jndiue,t Samuel 
 Jeflfcoat,* Jlathew Jones, Daniel J. Jones, H. H. Jones, Alfred Jones, Wm. A. 
 Jaudon,* Wm. H. Jackson,* J. T. Jones, W. Jones, H. T. Johnson, T. G. Jones, 
 J. H. Jones,? B. F. .Jenkins, J. J. Johnson, O. Shelton Jinks,t J. H. Jackson, + M. 
 Jackson, Wm. Johnson, W. B. Jackson, T. 51. Jenkins, G. W. Johnson, C. Jolly. 
 
 P. Kreiger.t J. F. Krenson,* J. H. King.t M. Kelly, T. Kenny, M. L. King, 
 A. D. Krenson, R. M. C. Kennedy, R. B. King, W. A. Keller,t E. H. Kent, R. 
 King, E. J. Kirkland, T. King, F. Kreeger,t J. F. KoUock, G. J. Kollock, J. F. 
 Kreeger,t J. M. Kreeger, N. B. Knapp, B. F. Keller, P. J. Kirby, J. Kirkland, 
 J. A. M. King, L. Kelly, T. Kirby, E. H. Kennedy, D. S. Kellam, J. T. Knight, 
 P. Kenane, T. Kearney, J. Kennedy,! J. Kinchen, J. A. King, Thos. Kelly, A. 
 Kating, J. Kerns, J. Kavauagh, T. Kirby, Fred. Koch, H. Koch, F. Koch, P. 
 Kelley, F. Krail, P. Koofman, J. Kuhlman, H. Kuck, F. M. Kinsey, B. Kennedy. 
 
 A. Champion Knapp, S. Kraft, t Jacob Klein, George Knerr,t Wylly Knight,? John 
 Kessell, Wm. Krauss, M. Kilner, C. Keller,! N. Kittrell, Wm. Kellnm, James 
 Keyes,+ P. Kelley, E. J. Kennedy, T. Kile. 
 
 D. P. Landershine,! W. J. Lineberger, F. M. Lineberger,! W. N. Lineberger,! 
 
 B. F. Lineberger,! B. F. Lindsey, J. E. M. Lindsey, J. S. Lindsey, Hardy Lovett,t 
 Joshua Lovett, T. J. Liles,! J. R. Lewis, L. W. Landershine, Lewis Lippman.t J. 
 Richard Lewis,* Samuel S. Law (murdered by negroes, on the Ogeechee road, 
 the 3d of November, 1868, while gallantly resisting their advance upon the city), 
 J. S. F. Lancaster, E. S. Lathrop, W. H. Lammon, W. W. Lincoln, William Latti- 
 more, H. H. Linnville, J. W. Lathrop, T. H. Lyon, O. R. Lewis, L. J. Leconte, T. 
 R. Lovell, W. H. Lamon, M. C. Lampe,! L. J. Lee, John Lee,* L. J. La Faucheur, 
 G. W. Lavender, W. B. Lawton, D. F. Lafils, E. L. Lathrop, B. Ledley,! A. M. 
 Lopez,* John Lamb, L. D. Lathrop, T. D. Lany,! G. Leonardy, John N. Lewis, C. 
 A. Long,* O. A. Lavender,! H. M. Lufbiu-row, O. F. Lufburrow, Robt. Lachlison, 
 Jr., Thos. Lyster, T. H. Laird, John Lynch, P. G. Lain, J. E. Lanier, Jesse Lee, 
 T. H. Lane, Thos. McLane, [this soldier, during his imprisonment in Foi-ts 
 Delaware and Columbus, carried around his waist the silk banner presented to his 
 company, Montgomery Guards, by the Sisters of Charity, and brought it safely to 
 Siivaunah when exchanged. He died since the war], Joseph Leonardy, John 
 Laffey, John D. Leigh,t J. Lorch, James Larkin, M. Lannon,! Jeremiah Leary, 
 John Lovitt, Peter Lacy, P. Lenzer, J. Lohson, John T. Lathrop, I. Lenzer, John 
 Leyton,! A. J. Lebey,! J. L. Legett, E. F. Lester, T. H. Lake, J. W. Langley 
 (drowned while attempting to escape from Fort Powhatan), Wm. P. Lake, Daniel 
 J. Lehy, J. Leggett,? James Leonard,? Henry Lindner,? C. Larceu,? Abraham 
 Lane, E. E. Law, John Lj-nch, James L. Leonard, John Lightburn, Charles Lan- 
 ning, James Lynch, J. H. Lee, G. F.Lambach, L. L. Lanier, James F. Lee, A. V, 
 LaEoche, Berry Lane,* M. Lacy, J. M. B. Lesueur, H. C. Lanier,* J. J. Logan, 
 W. W. Lanier, G. C. Lewis, A. B. LaEoche. 
 
 L. A. McCarthy, W. Matthis, J. M. Matthis, M. 0. Messick, Wm. Matthis,? S. 
 11* 
 
12Q HISTORICAL RECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 D. Mabry, John Morrison, John Murphy, T. A. Murp]ay,J N. J. Bloney, George 
 McSneed.t John M. JIurray, L. J. Mcintosh, P. ISIullcr, W. J. Marshall, C. H. 
 Morell, T. D. Morell, J. J. Meldrin, W. H. McDowell, L. J. Miller, W. H. McLeod, 
 J. Maddox (drowned), J. E. Maxwell, W. P. Muller, M. McLaughlin.t C. R. Max- 
 wcll,t J. D. Munnerlyne, J. H. Mcintosh,* A. P. Malloy,* J. P. Mclntyre, J. Me- 
 Cann, S. MUlette, S. H. Manning, G. R. McRae, E. W. Miller, J. S. McDonnell, A. 
 W. Mannell, C. M. MiUer, D. McDonald, V. Martin, R. W. Miller, J. McGrath, A. 
 McAlpine, J. C. Muuuerlyue, W. H. C. Mills, Richard Millen,* J. W. Myddelton,* 
 John Maker,* J. C. McNiilty, Oscar McClusky.t P. H. Minis, S. L. Morton,* E. 
 McComack, S. E. Myddelton, A. McAlpine, R. Mutall, M. Mahon, A. C. Miller, T. 
 P. Miller, R. D. Millen, B. L. McIntosh,t M. McLean,} Geo. F. Mell, A. McHale, 
 L. E. McCarthy, P. J. JluUarky, T. A. Miller, Daniel Moses, Jas. Maxwell, John 
 McCormick,t A. P. Moon, W. F. May, Charles Moore, J. H. Morris,! John Mason, 
 D. Mason, Allen Moody, t H. McMilleh, Chas. Mortimer, H. C. Jlillor, Joseph 
 Mansfield, D. C. Murphy, J. F. McGrath, N. Moore, A. Martin, J. Meaghin, T. 
 MuUigan, W. H. McLeary, J. T. McDnff,* A. McDermott, F. McFeeley, J. N. 
 Moore, A. Meyer, W. Manning, J. Morrison,! J. Masterson, H. Martin, H. Miller, 
 J. R. Minnis, T. H. McGrath, B. McCarthy,! T. McElliue, Francis McCann, T. 
 McGinnis, J. H. McCann, T. McCann, J. McCoUoch, 'r. McKeone, J. McDonald, 
 Ed. McNichols,* Jas. McGowan,} Andrew McGriel,+ Timothy Murray. 
 
 T. D. Neely,! W. P. Newman, B. Newbern,! B. M. Neely, ^y. R. Norris, T. 
 Neasing, T. N. Newall, T. J. Naj-lor, J. Nicholson, Patrick Noon,! Thomas C. 
 Nieny, Frederick Nohr, T. S. Norton, J. H. Ncsmith,! E. L. Nease, Thomas 
 Newton, Henry Nelson, W. T. Nash, John Nicholson, J. R. Norton, S. Newman. 
 
 G. W. Osmond, J. Osmond, jr.,} W. H. Overstreet,! T. O'Neal, H. H. O'Farrell, 
 T. A. Owens, Jas. O'Brien, T. O'Leary, P. O'Leary, M. O'Callahan, Dennis 
 O'Quigley, James O'Connell, Michael O'Connor, Patrick O'Reily, Daniel O'Sul- 
 livan, Thos. O'Hara, O. Owens, Robt. Ornsby, George Outten,! J. H. O'Byrne, M. 
 C. O'Grady, John Obsen, H. D. Ogletree, John W. Osteen, Wm. S. Owen, M. J. 
 O'Brien, Jas. L. O'BjTne, Patrick O'Brien,} M. O'Byrne, Patrick O'Brien. 
 
 II. M. Paruell,} Thomas Purse, Jr.,* B. S. Purse, W. M. Patterson,* P. Prenty, 
 T. G. Pond, J. J. Preudergast,* Clavius Phillips, J. A. Page, Francis Patat, J. E. 
 Page, W. C. Patten, S. J. Perry,! James Partington, Charles B. Patterson, E. A. 
 Parker, E. A. Papi^y ,! C. B. Postell,! P. Pardue,! E. P. Postell,* W. Pope, T. Purse, 
 W. Pearson, Edward Paine, A. E. Patterson, P. D. Phelan,* Ira Pajnie, J. Peal, J. 
 Pyne, C. J. Pratt, John H. Pacetti, M. B. Pindar, B. J. Pacctti, John T. Pacetti, 
 J. F. Padrick, J. H. Polk,} T. P. Peck, C. J. Pratt, J. C. Prendergast, J. M. B. 
 Pajay, M. Peyton, M. G. Preudergast, R. A. Pacetti, Dennis Pacetti, George 
 Sweat, C. A. Patello, F. G. Pacetti, J. H. Polk, N. T. Pinder, J. B. Pinder, T. P. 
 Peck, James Postell, R. A. Pollard, James G. Pournelle, J. A. Parrish,! E. A. 
 Parrish, H. T. Parrish,! H. J. Parrish, Sion H. Pike,! Jno. Paulk,* John Pierce,! 
 Thomas Peel, W. C. Patten, A. Pouce,! J. 11. Peck. 
 
 G. T. Quantock, J. C. Quinn, P. Qiiinau, H. Quinne,* J. Quiuan, H. J. Quautock,! 
 Jasper N. Rogers, Wm, H. Rose,} Bradford Ray,} James L. Rowntree,! Hiram 
 Ray,* J. Robinson, C. J. Ridding, J. C. Rej-nolds, R. W. Rawlston, W. H. 
 Rice,* R. S. Register, J. T. Ray, G. B. Rice, B. J. Rouse,* M. Rowe,! J. B. 
 Roberts, E. F. T. Roland, John Rielly, J. A. Reynolds, F. Rayes, A. M. Richards, 
 J. B. Ripley, G. Robertson, R. R. Richards, J. Rains, J. T. Roland, J. Rosse, E. 
 A. Rohrer, W. R. Roberts, Geo. Rose, Alex. Raymur, George R. Robertson, J. P. 
 Rockley, John Roberts. J. M. Roberts, G. C. Roberts. John G. Rice, Aaron Rice, 
 
ROLL OF HONOK. 
 
 127 
 
 J. A. lUuleraon, E. T. Rogers, F. Rogers, Ed. Rielly.t Francis Roache, M. Red- 
 moud, H. Roberts, 51. Reily, Juo. Reily, AV. R. Ross, O. Roehe,t Jas. Reed.t Jno. 
 Robinson, Paul. Reily, Jas. Rcily, F. Reily, James Redmond, J. F. Rotzer, H. W. 
 Kockner, A. L. Robider,J C. R. Read, Jsoali Roe, W. J. Rickerson, Z. B. Reid, 
 Oscar W. Reid, L. L. Richardson, L. R. Robey, J. W. Rahn,* Daniel Rambo, Thos. 
 Robinson, Mitchell Roberts,t Elisha Roberts,t Hiram Richardson, Da^'id Roos, 
 J. Red, I. Rahn,* M. Ryan, P. Ronrke.t J. Robothams,t H. A. Rawhngs, W. B. 
 Riley, W. G. Rye, J. Rothwcll.t C. D. Rogers, T. C. Reyes, I. Rice, M. Rodgers, S. 
 P. Rape,t S. W. Ryan, R. W. Rice, M. W. Rice, J. C. Robbins, J. M. Roberts, J. T. 
 Rahn, C. W. Rogers, W. H. Roberts, E. S. Remington, J. Richardson, jr., J. H. 
 Rossignoll, C. H. Reid, W. C. Remshart, C. Roberts,t J. Rafferty.t M. Redmoud.t 
 W. C. Shed (drowned), Gilbert H. Sneed, Wm. N. Sneed, James Snllivau, John 
 S'lellman, A. L. Shellman, A. H. Shaw,} Ashley M. Shaw,} Charlton H. Shaw, 
 Peter U, Sineath, Geo. W. Sineath, Joseph J. Singuer,* Fred. Sheahan.t W. D. 
 Sullivan, H. F. Sj'mons, AY. F. Symons,t H. Scrott, L. Salvatere, Eugene Stiles, 
 S. S. Sessions, J. Santrefit, P. H. Santrefit, J. T. Stone, F. R. Sweat,} C. J. Sweat, 
 Geo. Sweat, F. Stanwood, J. A. Santina,* S. Sturtevaut, John Sullivan, John 
 Sheridan,! W. S. Smith,t John Smith,} J. Taylor Smith,} S. Syntis,} D. R. 
 Stevens,t H. Snyder, W. W. Smith, L. H. Shophard, W. E. Skinner, C. Steuart, 
 P. B. Shay, B. Stonin, J. T. Stone, C. Schlatter, G. P. Screven, D. W. C. Spencer, 
 C. A. Stiles, V/. Starr, S. V. Stiles, J. Shaw, W. C. Stayley, G. R. Smith, W. L. 
 Shaffer, W. G. Solomon, A. L. Sammous,} J. S. Spear, J. Sammous,t A. Sajjp,! 
 T. Smith,t J. F. Slade, C. Snbcrait, L. Sheridan, M. Shea, B. Sneed, F. H. Speuce. 
 
 A. M. Smith, J. Stroud,t G. Simpson, G. W. StrouSjf &. F. Seagers, I. Seagers,} 
 
 F. F. Sapp, Lawrence SulUvan, John A. Stevenson, James Saunders, J. Steven- 
 son,! B. Stevenson, E. Scudder, John Schroeder, Thomas Stone,t J. Simiison, B. 
 Starke, J. Shine, R. Simms, Cornehus Sullivan, John Sullivan, J. T. Smith, D. 
 SulUvan, O. SulUvan, James SulUvan, D. P. SulUvan, Hugh Smith, M. Schiue,t 
 Mortimer Shea, Michael Scott, R. J. Smith, E. G. Saussj-,t J. B. Sibley, C. A. 
 Sagurs, S. Sumner, A. C. Sumner, A. Seaman,! A. J. Sammons, E. W. Samnions,! 
 W. Sumner, W. A. Simpson,! John Simpson, G. N. Saussey,} John A. Sullivan, 
 
 E. A. Silva,} J. V. Smith, George M. Salfner, M. O. Scott,* H. H. Sharp, C. 
 Schmanch, W. Stephen, C. Shaler,} P. Shafer, J. Selzer,! L. Snee, H. Sheer, F. 
 Sehreider, H. Schmidt, J. Schmidt, J. Stejjpens, J. C. Stephens, W. Smith,} A. 
 N. Smith, J. Spell, A. Stokes, T. V. Stokes, A. W. Stokes, J. Stokes, P. Stone, A. 
 
 B. Stone, E. M. Stibbs, Wm. Skippen,} H. E. Snider, David Smith, N. H. Saxon, 
 A. B. Saxon, T. B. SulUvant, M. Sullivan, — Speisseger, J. D. Strobhart, James 
 Smith, W. H. Snider, G. W. Shackelford, I. Smith, W. Smith, C. L. Schreck, B. 
 Sanders, E. J. Stone, L. J. Sturdivaut,* John W. Smith, •'• Patrick SulUvan, Wm. 
 Strother,! Benj. Stokes,! W. Shannon,! J. L. Springs,! AY. Snedeker, B. F. SjTiis, 
 
 G. Street,! K. W. Skipper,! ^^'. F. SeweU,* T. Smith, C. S. Smith, M. Smith, J. J. 
 Smith, A. C. Scott, jr., H. M. Stoddard, S. H. Stewart, R. B. Slater, J. J. Shephard, 
 H. M. Stoddard, R. B. Sandiford,} B. J. Strickland,! J. A. Sweat, G. W. Stevens, 
 
 F. A. Sturtevant,} W. B. Sturtevaut,} George P. Snider, J. F. Stone, S. A. SheU, 
 Julius J. Smith, Lewis A. Sessions, Jas. E. Sweat,} Heury Stibbs, Wesley Smith, 
 J. R. Saussy, M. Slammon, C. Smith, J. H. Silva, F. R. Stone, W. G. Spence, J. 
 L. Solomons, R. W. Stiibbs, Lewis Smith, Wm. Sumner, W. H. Sykes, J. S. Silva, 
 A. W. Silva, J. M. Simpson, C. H. Saussy, H. Smith, jr., C. Smith, P. Siney. 
 
 George W. Tennant, Chas. H. Thiot,! L. T. Theus, W. A. Thomas, I. L. Toole, 
 11. Truchelut, G. T. Theus, R. H. Tatem. Josiah TattnaU. H. J. Thomason, L. E. 
 
"1^23 HISTORICAL RECORD OP SAVANNAH. 
 
 Tebeau, W. Taylor, George Taylor.t L. Thomas, I. Tyree, S. L. Templeton, J. B. 
 Thornton, P. Tippens, M. Thornton,! J. M. Thomas,t Patrick Tiernay, Patrick 
 Tracey, Charles H. E. Thorpe, M. Tidwell, H. Tillman, John Triay, Francis B. 
 Tarver, \Vm. Thompson, Juo. Tobin, Francis R. Taylor, S. B. TerriU, P. Terry, 
 P. Tigh, Pat. Tuberty, J. H. Tamm, J. Tyler, B. H. Thens,+ B. Turner, Andrew 
 Teynac, Jno. F. Teynac, J. M. Tuten,t H. Tuten,t W. Tuten,t Henry Turner,* 
 Wm. C. Thomas,i S. B. Torlay.t Roland Terry, James Toole, F. E. Tebeau,t H. 
 J. Templeton, J. H. Theatt, W. Taylor, J. Tant, J. J. Thompson, O. J. Tooles, 
 S. T. Thompson,! J. H. Tooles, T. B. Tutle,* W. P. Tmtt,* J. 8. Turner,* E. J. 
 Trutt, W. A. Templeton, G. J. Thomas, E. Tutle, J. R. Thompson, J. C. Thomp- 
 son, E. B. Thompson,! A. E. Tinsley,! C. H. Thiot,t J. D. Tenbroeek, A. V. Toole, 
 J. Tiernay, A. TomUnson, H. B. Trist, T. N. Theus, W. C. Tuggle, L. W. Thomp- 
 son, J. C. Toler, J. M. J. Thompson, George Turner. 
 
 M. C. Ulmer, G. C. Ulmer, J. D. Underwood,! G. C. Underwood,! Sanchez 
 Usina, Charles Uuus, J. T. Ulmer. 
 
 J. C. Veitch, John Volbcr, J. Vitchen, W. G. Yaughan, Henry VanGieseu, J. R. 
 Valleaii, William Van Horn, John H. Vincent, Jesse Vaughan, W. N. Valleau.t 
 
 James W. Williams, William D. Williams,! Griffin E. Williams, James M. 
 William.s, E. Berney Williams, John F. White, James H. White,! John C. Wright, 
 James E. Wells, t Lewis B. Wells, t D. R. AVillis, J. C. Whittington,! Charles 
 Weaver, J. T. Wells, J. J. Ward, J. Wilborne, A. Watson, F. N. Wilkinson, C. N. 
 West, A. C. Walsh, W. Woodward, H. H. Woodbridge, R. W. Woodbridge, I. 
 Washburne, IT. P. Wade, O. D. Watson,t G. C. Wilson, E. C. Wade.t D. Wells, 
 A. C. Wright, A. P. Wright, Frank WilUs, George Waters,t J. T. Weldon,* C. L. 
 Whiteliurst, H. Waddell, T. C. Whitehurst, J. P. WilUamson, A. M. Wood,* V. 
 Walsh, J. Wylly,t J. M. Wylly,t George Woods, John AVallace, Martin Wall, 
 Thomas Waters, t Edward Wright, James Williams, Lester Wallack, John Welsh, 
 Charles Wood, Thomas Waters,! Alexander Williams, H. White, W. B. Wright, 
 Thomas Walker, Charles Wljite, Wilham Woods, A. Waters, t P. Whitty, P. Walsh, 
 James Willis, J. J. Walsh, t William Walsh, Maurice Walsh, Edward Walsh, 
 Dennis Walsh,! Jeremiah Walsh, Edward Wickham, C. Wigand, G. D. Wigand, 
 Jno. Welsh, Juo. Wiggins,! K. C. Williams, W. D. Weaver, Berrien White, W. W. 
 West, Frank White, E. G. Wilson,! James Wall,t W. W. Waddell, R. K. Walker, 
 J. L. Way, A. E. Waller, E. Wilkerson, — Ward,t L. Werm,! M. Williams,! W. 
 C. Williams, John Waston, S. Wilson, John Ward, L. Watts,t John WilUs,! 
 James Winslow, H. Wise, A. Watson, G. W. Williams,! John Welsh,* Thomas A. 
 Wilson,* T. E. Waldron, C. Whittel, J. P. K. Walker, J. R. Wray,! T. J. AATiite, 
 George W. Williams,! James Welsh, P. Winbern, Hiram Waller,! Thaddeus 
 Waller, William Waller, Thomas Waiters,* T. Welch, E. Williams, G. C. Wood, 
 A. Watson, P. White, A. Williams, H. W. Wise, I. Wood, J. W. Weed, W. B. 
 Woodbridge, R. W. Wall, F. M. Wall, J. M. Waters, J. M. Weatherly,! J. S. 
 Weatherly, H. J. Wade, B. C. Wagner,! E. H. WilUams, T. S. Wilson, M. Wiggins, 
 J. H. Watson, F. M. Willis. E. P. Wait, P. C. Wiggins, J. P. Webb, S. Walls, W. 
 L. Wakelee, John Webb,! John H. Wright,! J. P. Williamson, William E. White, 
 A. M. West, G. W. Wilkes,! G. P. Walker, C. W. West, Joseph Washburn, R. G. 
 Williams, John Wilkes, F. M. Walker, J. N. Wasden, M. J. Williams, Solomon 
 Wilkes, J. J. AVilkes, G. B. Willet, W. B. Wylly, William Wade, W. A. Walker. 
 
 Henry Yo\inge, Frank Yeager, I. Young, D. Yates, William Yokum, WilUam 
 Y'oung, J. P. Young,* A. J. Y'oung, James Yoktim. 
 
 D. Zittrouer, L. H. Zachary, E. S. Zittrouer, G. Zehubauer, G. A. Zittrouer. 
 
SAYANMH AS IT IS. 
 
 Stretching along the southern bank of the Savannah river stands 
 Savannah, the Forest City of the Soiith. A sandy plain, fifty feet 
 above the level of the sea, and about eighteen miles by the course 
 of the river from it, is its site. This plateau, upon which the city 
 rests, is almost a level, being forty-eight feet above the level of the 
 sea at the Pulaski House, fifty feet at the intersection of Mont- 
 gomery and Gwinnett streets, and forty-six feet at the Park ; at this 
 point and level commences a ridge or back-bone of dry pine land, 
 extending due south and aptly marked by the AMiite Bluff' road, 
 which curiously divides the waters of the Ogeechee from the waters 
 of the Vernon rivers. This ground was originally covered with 
 dense forests, which were cleared away very soon after the intro- 
 duction of the Roj'al government in 1752. The city is open and 
 spacious, being divided by numerous and wide streets and lanes 
 intersecting each other at right angles, with large squares at regular 
 distances, adding much to the beaiity and health of the citj'. In 
 addition to the squares there is a large park (Forsyth Place), 
 embracing ten acres of land, laid oft' in the southern part of the 
 city. The city is well supplied with water and lighted with gas. 
 
 The Savannah river, soon after passing the city in its course to 
 the ocean, is divided into numerous channels by small islands of 
 marsh, the beautiful and delicate green of which, interspersed in 
 the waters, affords, when viewed from the northeastern extremity 
 of the bluff on "a summer afternoon, one of the softest scenes 
 imaginable. 
 
 There is an area of country, determined by two measurements — a 
 north and south line of nine to ten miles in length and an east and 
 west line of about the same length — which must be of great future 
 interest to the well-wishers and actual inhabitants of the city of 
 Savannah. This area lies between the Savannah river as a northern 
 limit, the Ogeechee and Vernon rivers, with their tributaries, as a 
 southern limit, the St. Augustine creek and Vernon river as an 
 
230 HISTOKICAX KECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 eastern limit, and the great tide-water swamp stretching duo south 
 from the Savannah to the Ogeechee river as a western limit. The 
 thoroiigh and complete drainage of this Mesopotamia, now in 
 contemplation, would add untold wealth to its people and render 
 their sanitary condition the most enviable in the world. 
 
 This area, on the mid-northern edge of which Savannah rests, is 
 bisected by an elevated piny ridge, upon which run the "White 
 Bluff and Middle Ground roads. All the waters of the eastern 
 slopes of this water-shed empty into the Vernon river, through a 
 swamp about seven miles long and extending from the Catholic 
 cemetery, on the Thunderbolt road, to the tide-water of Vernon 
 river at Hanner's bridge ; and all the waters of the western slopes 
 of this water-shed empty into the Ogeechee river, through a great 
 swamp extending from the dam or back-water of the Si^i-ingfield 
 plantation to this river's channel. Thus this area is drained by 
 two long swamps, whose v.'aters belong severallj' to the Vernon and 
 Ogeechee rivers. 
 
 It is worthy of note that this western swamp, with all its multi- 
 tudinous ramifications, is a tide-water swamp, subject to a greater 
 or less influx and efflux of water at each tide, and stretching from 
 the Savannah river to the Ogeechee. Between these points there 
 is a grachial rise of the land to a summit level three to five feet above 
 mean high-water mark, and about the three-mile stone of the 
 Ogeechee plank roak, from which summit level the waters have a 
 natural tendency to flow north to the Savannah river and south to 
 the Ogeechee. This fact was demonstrated by the inundation of 
 the Springfield plantation at the time of Sherman's advance ui)on 
 the city. The swamp waters were backed up to a level five feet 
 above high-water mark, and would have escaped into the Ogeechee 
 swamp and river but for a dam three feet high erected by the 
 engineer department in a short narrow swamp connecting the two 
 great swamps. This is in striking contrast to the Vernon Kiver 
 swamp, which has a steady rise of fourteen feet' to the Catholic 
 cemetery. This extensive tide-water swamp is uncleared and uncul- 
 tivated in its whole extent, except immediately upon the western 
 edge of the city of Savannah, where before the year 1820 (the date 
 of the dry-culture contract) an extremely valuable rice plantation 
 existed, stretching from the river front to a back-vs'ater dam, built 
 by the original owner, Joseph Stiles, an Oglethorj)e colonist. This 
 dam is parallel with the most extended southern limit of the citj'. 
 Unhappily for Savannah the dry-culture contract caused an entire 
 
TEMPERATURE OF SAVANNAH. J3J 
 
 abandoument of these ouce ciiltivated swamp-lauds, aud iu conse- 
 quence tlie ditches, canals, dams, trunks, and gates have all gone 
 to decay, and the last condition of them is ten-fold worse than the 
 first. To increase the embarrassment, the high embankments of 
 the Central railroad and Ogeechee canal divide this plantation iu 
 two parts, on the line of Liberty street, aud thus permanently ' 
 iuterceiDt the natural lines of drainage. This Springfield planta- 
 tion contains five hundred acres, aud is a narrow belt of low laud 
 three hundred yards wide. 
 
 These obstacles to the drainage of these lands are, however, 
 formidable only because of the cost of culvertiug the canal and rail- 
 road, embankments. The outlet of the water has a descent, at low 
 water, of six feet, aud is, therefore, easy and not involving a great 
 expense. It is a pleasure and encouragement to the despondent 
 in this matter to recall the draining of the Alban lake by Camillus 
 in the early days of Eome A. U. 350, with its wonderful tunnel or 
 Emissary thi'ough the living rock, two and a half miles long, to 
 remember the draining of Lake Velinus into the Nar by Curius 
 Dentatus, A. U. 460, who thiis created the beautiful falls of Terni, 
 one htmdred and forty feet high, aud thus drained thirty square 
 miles of territory; aud the di'ainiug of Lake Fucinus into the Liris 
 by the Emperor Claudius by an Emissary three miles long, and part 
 of it through carnelian rock. The outlet to the water of Spring- 
 field is six feet below the level of the land, aud in contrast it is well 
 to call to mind the draining of Harlem lake, thirty-three miles in 
 circumference, covering forty-five thousand three hiindred acres of 
 land, with a water outlet to the sea twenty feet above the lake — a 
 work begun in 1836 and completed in 1852. 
 
 Being a short distance from the sea, and no barrier intervening, 
 the regular sea breezes easily penetrate to the citj', and are received 
 every day, unless an accidental counter-current of wind prevents 
 it. They are delightful and refreshing at all times during the 
 summer, and, in consequence of the thorough drainage of the last 
 three years to the east aud southeast of the city, can be considered 
 at all times wholesome. These breezes are constant and almost 
 iinremittiug during the day time iu the months of August and 
 September. 
 
 Savannah is iu 32 degrees aud some minutes of latitude, with the 
 Gulf Stream just issuing from the tropics at no great distance to 
 the eastward. It is near the isothermal line of 70 degrees mean 
 temperature, which marks the northern limit of the tropics. The 
 
]^32 HISTORICAL RECORD OF SAVAXXAH. 
 
 mean temperature of Savanuali is G6 degrees, and uearlj- approaches 
 the temperature of Bermuda, 68 degrees; Gibraltar, Spain, 64 
 degrees; Palermo, Sicilj', 66 degrees; Shanghai, China, 66 degrees; 
 Montevideo, S. A., 66 degrees; Cape Town, Africa, 65.8 degrees; 
 Sj^dney, Australia, 64.0 degrees. 
 
 These circumstances, together with the radiating quality of the 
 surface of the soil, rendered it in former times very hot. At the 
 present daj'^ the heats of summer have fallen off to a remarkable 
 degree. It is seldom that the temperature exceeds 85 degi'ees in 
 May, 90 degrees in June, and 92 degrees in Ai;gust and September. 
 It is hardly necessary to remind the reader that the heated term of 
 six weeks north and northwest of the Potomac and Ohio rivers 
 exhibits a temperature from 95 degrees to 105 degrees. The sum- 
 mer comprehends more than one half of the year; it usuallj' 
 commencences in May, and may be said not to terminate until 
 November. For although some cool weather occurs in September 
 and October, it is slight and prevails chiefly during the nights. 
 The cold of winter is not steadilj^ established before the latter 
 part of December or beginning of Januarj'. Before that time it 
 fluctuates very much. It does not continue steadily beyond the 
 month of February; and even in this month the peach tree and 
 jessamine have put forth their blossoms; so that the duration of 
 winter, strictly considering it, does not exceed six weeks. 
 
 The reproach of Savannah is a mild malarial poisoning of the 
 atmosphere existing from April to November. But the intense 
 malaria which formerly made July, August, and September a terror 
 both to strangers and natives, and gave to these months the 
 title "sickly months," has almost totally ceased. High grade 
 bilious fevers are almost unknown, and congestive chills and con- 
 gestive fevers have been extremely rare in the last three years. 
 During this period the very slight mortality of the summer months 
 has been truly remarkable. "With a population of forty-iive thous- 
 and the average number of deaths, whites and colored, was nine- 
 teen for each week of August, 1868, and thirty for each week of Sep- 
 tember, 1868. Measles and scarlet fever have been almost unkno^^^a 
 in the past three years. Tj^phoid fevers were unrecognized in the 
 category of diseases in Savannah before 1850. Since that time 
 they have occasionally occurred. During the recent war this class 
 of disease occurredvery constantly in the experience of physicians. 
 Immediately after the fall of Savannah, and for some mofiths 
 sixbseqtientlj', verj- violent cases of cerebro-spinal meningetis oc- 
 
HEALTH OF SAVANNAH. ]^33 
 
 ciirrecl in the city.* At the present time it may be safely asserted 
 that typhoid fevers are extremely rare. Puerperal fevers and puer- 
 l^eral accidents, so common in the northern cities, are comparatively 
 unknown to oiir female population. Cholera infantum, that scourge 
 of children in the Northern cities, is only known by its exceptional 
 occurrence. Consumption does occasionally originate in Savannah, 
 biit always under the powerftil depressing agency of {not cold as j'n 
 the Xorlh) malaria. It is an accepted fact in the medical world 
 that an equable temperature is as important to the unfortunate con- 
 sumptive as warmth, and in this particular, from the middle of 
 February to the first of December, Savannah recommends itself 
 remarkably; for, during this period of nearly ten months of the 
 year, the ranges of temperature are from 70 degrees to 92 degrees, 
 and this variation of 22 degrees is at all times very easy and gradual. 
 Until the Springfield plantation is drained, however, the prevalence 
 of a mild malarial depression must render Savannah undesirable 
 for the consumptive. 
 
 As each succeeding summer opens upon the city, a vague appre- 
 hension seizes the minds of her peoj^le that an epidemic of yellow 
 fever may be ushered in. Such an apprehension is a misfortune in 
 itself: it argues the belief that this disease has been the constant 
 concomitant of past summers. This belief is erroneous, as a simple 
 and brief record may readily show. Up to 1820 there is no record 
 of the disease. That it may have existed sporadically and unrecog- 
 nized before this date can not be denied. There is extant a letter 
 of Dr. William E. Waring, a well-known physician of Savannah, of 
 date 1819, to the distinguished investigator of yellow fever, Dr. 
 Churvin, in which he expresses the belief that yellow fever is only 
 a high grade bilious fever. Needless to add that this opinion was 
 changed in the very next year, when occurred the eiDidemic of 
 1820. It commenced on the 5th of September and was checked on 
 the 6th of November. The number of deaths were two hundred 
 
 * .After the fall of Savannah Sherman"s army, numbering about seventy-five 
 thousand men and an enormous number of animal.';, remained for a month or 
 two within or near the city limits. During the months of February and 
 March tlie scavenger department, organized by the United States authorities, 
 moved from the interior of the city proper five hundred and sixty -eight dead 
 animals, eight thousand three hundred and eleven cart loads of garbage, and 
 seven thousand two hundred and nineteen loads of manure. To these accu- 
 mulations of deleterious material may be attributed the sickness of that 
 period. 
 
 1-2 
 
-|^r>^ HISTORICAL lUCvOlM) OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 aud thiriy-uiue. Not ;i case is recordetl until the epidemic of 
 1827, which was comparatively trifling. From 1830 to 1839 not a 
 case occiirred in the citJ^ In this year an epidemic occurred in 
 Augusta and Charleston, and a few cases were brought to Savannah. 
 "'he year 1839 was one of the sickliest ever known in Savannah. It 
 IS remembered as the drj^est summer on record, and also a very hot 
 summer. Bilious fevers prevailed in a malignant form, but not 
 yellow fever. In 1840 and 1841 sporadic cases are recorded, but 
 from 1843 to 1852 no more cases. In 1852 and 1853 sporadic cases 
 were noted, and then followed the ei^idemic of 1854, which com- 
 menced on the 3d of August and was checked during the first 
 week of November. The number of deaths were 1040. 
 
 August, whites 235; blacks 22 
 
 September, whites 591; blacks 55 
 
 October, whites 108; blacks 29 
 
 Of the above the following were from yellow fever : 
 
 August, whites 132; blacks 1 
 
 September, whites 381; blacks 9 
 
 October, whites 67; blacks 4 
 
 It is computed that these deaths occurred in a population of six 
 thousand who remained to brave the epdemic. * 
 
 In each succeeding year after this date rare sporadic case.^i 
 occurred until there broke out the epidemic of 1858, which, in 
 comparison with that of 1854. was trifling, there being only one 
 hundi'ed and fifteen deaths from this cause. There were a few 
 cases in 1861, since which date three, or at most four, sporadic 
 cases have been mentioned in medical circles. 
 
 In brief, since the publication of the able work of LeKoche, the 
 ixuiversal belief of the medical fraternity is, that the cause of 
 yellow fever is of local origin, and produced by a poison — the 
 mixed result of the exhalations or emanations of decaying vege- 
 table and animal matters, which separately produce the well-known 
 varieties of malarial and typhoid diseases. 
 
 * A very large number of the deaths <vve set clown as having occurred from 
 Other diseases than yellow fever. A great number of cases of yellow fever 
 resulted fatally, the immediate cause being the development of constitutional 
 and other complications of disease. The physicians, in making their reports, 
 gave the immediate cause of the deaths, without mentioning the attack of 
 fever by which the patient had been prostrated. The systems of persons who 
 have had the fever are very much exposed to the fatal ravages of other dis 
 ea.ses during the tedious and precarious process of recovery. 
 
COMMERCIAL ADVANTAGES OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 135 
 
 It may now saft'ly be predicted that the great expansiou of the 
 city proper, thorough scavenger's work and thorough drainage will 
 in the future prevent yellow fever in Savannah as thoroughly as it 
 has in Philadelphia. 
 
 THE COMMEKCIAl, INTEllESTS AXD ADVANTAGES OF SAVANXAH. 
 
 The harbor of Savannah is capacious and well protected. The 
 bar, outside of the mouth of the river, is about twenty miles from 
 the city, and has on it a greater depth of water than on any on the 
 Southern coast. * The channel is from a half to three quarters of a 
 mile in width. Just inside of the bar is situated Tybee island, 
 abreast of which, about four miles from the bar, is good anchorage 
 in five to six fathoms of water. From this anchorage-ground to 
 Veni;s Point (nine miles from the city) there is a dejith of nine- 
 teen feet, and from the Point to the city seventeen feet of water. 
 
 There is a floating light off ' ' Martin's Industry, " aboiit fifteen 
 miles northeast of Tybee, moored in six fathoms; two light-houses 
 on Tybee island, the principal one of which is on a sti-ucture one 
 hundi'ed and fifty-two feet high, the other is a beacon light fifty-six 
 feet high; a light-house on Cockspur island, five miles inside of 
 the bar, and another on the oyster-beds, six miles inside; and 
 another on the eastern end of Fig island. There are also lights 
 placed at the obstructions in the river, and another iipon the east- 
 em end of the bluflf. 
 
 The limited amount of wharf front to the citj' will in a short time 
 necessitate an increased accommodation to meet the wants of the 
 gi'owing commerce of the city. General Edward C. Anderson, the 
 Mayor of the city, in his annual report, refers to this want, and 
 says that sufficient accommodation can be attained by an extension 
 of the line of wharves below Willink's ship-yard, where the water 
 is deep, or, by means of the powerful di'edge machine now in 
 the river, widening, deepening, and wharfiug the Ogeechee canal 
 from the lock to the Central Railroad bridge, and converting it into 
 a basin for shi^DS. The distance between the two points named is 
 three thousand and seventy-eight feet on either bank, amounting to 
 six thousand one hundred and fifty-six feet in all, or an equivalent 
 
 * About thirty years ago a committee was appointed by the Secretary of the 
 Navy to examine the bars from Charleston, S. C, to St. Marys, Ga., and. reported: 
 " The bar at the mouth of the Savannah river is the deepest and most accessible 
 . . any on the Southern coast. The average depth is nineteen feet at low water; 
 ;.i;uee with a full tide (twenty-five feet) a frigate may pass in safety." 
 
236 HISTOEICAL KECORD OF SAVANNAH, 
 
 of nearly one mile and a qnarter of additional wharf accommodation 
 to the city. The present width of the canal is one hundred and 
 thirty feet, which, without difficulty, could be increased to one 
 hundred and eighty feet, or two hundred feet, and deepened to any 
 extent that might be deemed desirable. The project is suggested 
 for the consideration of capitalists. Judiciously carried out, and 
 with a line of rail track on either side of the basin running up to 
 the railroad bridge from the river, it would afford an admirable 
 location for the Cotton Presses, and doiibtless prove a profitable 
 investment to all parties undertaking it, as well as an essential ac- 
 commodation to the pros2:)ective business interests of Savannah. 
 
 Shortly after the settlement of Savannah she became of consider- 
 able importance along the Atlantic coast, and previous to the Revo- 
 lutionary war her exports became somewhat equal to her natural 
 advantages. Not, however, until the advent of cotton culture was 
 her position assumed, and for many years after its introduction her 
 older rival, Charleston, overshadowed her efforts at advancement, 
 controlling, by her enterprise and wealth, a larger portion of the 
 sea island, and the whole of the Florida trade, and even penetrat- 
 ing through the inland route to the rice lands around Savannah, 
 the products of which were in many instances sent there for sale. 
 Up to the building of the Central railroad. Savannah was behind 
 her more wealthy neighbor, and even long after, but it soon became 
 apparent that the new road was to give Savannah an impetus not 
 to be rivalled if properly fostered. Thus year by year, as road 
 after road was completed, opening \ap the State and pouring its 
 l^roducts into the lap of Savannah, her merchants reaped the reward 
 due them for their foresight, zeal, and enterprise, which have 
 made their city the second cotton port of the country. 
 
 The permanent establishment of the line of steamers from Savan- 
 nah to Liverpool will materially assist iu developing this city and 
 Georgia, and every encouragement should be given to the enter- 
 prise by the merchants and business men in all parts of Georgia, 
 and by our railroads. Another project for which the capitalists of 
 Savannah must bid, is the Southern Pacific railroad, of which some 
 survey is now being made. The northern route is found to be 
 beset with difficulties in winter, and the parties interested in the 
 road are looking toward the establishing gf the southern line with 
 a great degree of interest. Their attention, and that of others 
 interested, is called to the article on the subject under the head of 
 "The Central Railroad." 
 
DEVELOPMENT OF RESOURCES. 137 
 
 DEVELOPMENT OF KESOUKCES. 
 
 The course of Savannah is manifestly onward, and with the exer- 
 cise of that energy the prond rnoauments of which are seen on every 
 hand, will shortly place her in the position to which she is entitled 
 by her fine harbor, her railroads, and the extensive and fertile back 
 country, the products of which must find exit from her harbor. 
 
 The gradual development of the resources of Savannah will be 
 exhibited by the following figures, showing her exports for the 
 years 1749, 1750, 1753, 17G3, 1773, 1786, 1796, 1800, 1818, 1821, 1825 
 1826, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, 1843, 1844, 1845, 1846, 1847, 18-54, 1855, 
 1856, 1857, 1858, 1859, 1860, 1865, 1866, 1867, 1868: 
 
 In 1749, when the first exports from the colony were made, the 
 value was $10,000. 
 
 In 1750, the exports amounted in value to $8,897. 
 
 In 1753, 2,996 barrels of rice, 9,395 pounds of indigo, 268 pounds 
 of silk, which, with the peltry, lumber, and provisions exported, 
 amounted in value to §74,785. 
 
 In 1763, 7,500 barrels of rice, 9,633 pounds of indigo, 5,000 
 bushels of Indian corn, a large quantity of lumber, peltry, and 
 provisions were exjDorted, amounting in value to $193, 395. 
 
 In 1773, the value of exports was $379,422. 
 
 In 1786, the value was $321,377. 
 
 In 1796, $501,383. 
 
 In 1800, $2,155,982. 
 
 In 1818,* $14,183,113. 
 
 In 1821, $6,032,862. 
 
 The following statement shov/s the amount of the staple articles 
 exported to foreign jDorts and coastwise : 
 
 In 1825, 64,906 bags of cotton, and 2,154 tierces of rice, foreign; 
 72,789 bags of cotton, and 5,081 tierces of rice, coastwise. 
 
 In 1826, 1C'S,486 bags of cotton, and 4,978 tierces of rice, foreign; 
 82,092 bags c f cotton, and 6,477 tierces of rice, coastwise.^ 
 
 In 1839, 199,176 bags of cotton, and 21,322 tierces of rice. 
 
 In 1840, 284,249 bags of cotton, and 24,392 tierces of rice. 
 
 * In 1818 the exports were larger and the articles commanded a higher price 
 than at any previous time, and for many years afterward. The large decrease 
 in the number, and consequently the value of the exports in 1821, is due to 
 the yellow fever in the fall of 1820, during which all business was suspended, 
 and from the effects of which tlie business interests of the city did not recover 
 for a year or two. The imports in 1818 were valued at $2 ,976 .257 ,'and in 1821 
 at $865,146. 
 12* 
 
138 HISTORICAL RECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 In 1841, 147,280 bags of cotton, 23.587 tierces of rice, and 14,295,- 
 200 feet lumber. 
 
 In 1842, 142,386 baRS of cotton, 5,933 tierces of rice, and 5,919,- 
 400 feet of lumber, foreign; 79,868 bags of cotton, 16,131 tierces of 
 rice, and 2,471,000 feet of lumber, coastwise. 
 
 In 1843, 193,099 bags of cotton, 10,675 tierces of rice, and 5,532,- 
 750 feet of lumber, foreign; 87,727 bags of cotton, 15,606 tierces of 
 rice, and 1,986,800 feet of lumber, coastwise. 
 
 In 1844, 130,964 bags of cotton, 10,307 tierces of rice, and 3,034,- 
 064 feet of lumber, foreign; 113,611 bags of cotton, 18,236 tierces 
 of rice, and 2,889,187 feet of lumber, coastwise. 
 
 In 1845, 182,073 bags of cotton, 11,712 tierces of rice, and 3,333,- 
 646 feet of lumber, foreign; 122,471 bags of cotton, 17,505 tierces 
 of rice, and 4,936,936 feet of lumber, coastwise. 
 
 In 1846, 77,852 bags of cotton, 5,025 tierces of rice, and 13,365,- 
 968 feet of lumber, foreign; 108,454 bags of cotton, 27,122 tierces 
 of rice, and 5,219,676 feet of lumber, coastwise. 
 
 In 1847, 119,321 bags of cotton, 10,218 tierces of rice, and 48.- 
 886,425 feet of lumber, foreign; 114,830 bags of cotton. 21,521 
 tierces of rice, and 5,844,960 feet of lumber, coastwise. 
 
 In 1854, 98,580 bales of iipland, and 3,861 bales of sea island 
 cotton, foreign; 203,363 bales of upland, and 11,667 bales of sea 
 island cotton, coi^stvise— total value, $15,681,806. 7,654 casks of 
 rice, foreign; 23,094 casks of rice, coastwise — valued at $700,000. 
 27,353,600 feet of lumber, foreign; 22,502,100 feet of lumber, coast- 
 wise— vahied at $500,000. Sundries, such as wheat, flour, wool, 
 manufactures, hides, peltries, copper ore, tallow, beeswax, drugs, 
 &c., exported, were valued at $1,000,000. Grand total value of 
 exjiorts, $17,881,806. Tonnage of vessels cleared and entered, 
 377,876; 131,033 foreign and 246,843 coastwise. 
 
 In 1855, 178,194 bales of upland, and 6,993 bales of sea island 
 -cotton, foreign; 195,714 bales of upland, and 7,474 bales of sea 
 island cotton, coastwise — valued at $17,766,215. 5,149 casks of 
 rice, foreign; 3,071 casks of rice, coastM'ise — valued at $213,798.* 
 19,004,308 feet of lumber, foreign; 6,495,692 feet of lumber, coast- 
 wise — valued at $255, 000. f 423,375 bushels of wheat, coastwise — 
 
 ■^* The crop this year was nearly destroyed by the gale in September, 18&4, 
 hence the small quantity exported in this year. The scarcity, of course, 
 increased its value, consequently the increase in value as compared with 1854. 
 t The yellow fever in the fall of 1854 (occurring at the time when the trade 
 in lumber is extensive) prevented the rafting of lumber to market, henco 
 the decrease of exports of this article, as compared with the year previous, 
 amounting to nearly fifty per cent. 
 
I>EVELOPMENT OF RESOURCES. 13f> 
 
 valued at 5719,737. 31,632 boxes of copper ore, coastwise— valued 
 at $474,480. Sundries— valued at S700,000. Total value of ex- 
 ports, $20,129,230. Tonnage of vessels cleared and entered, 510,- 
 475; 151,136 foreign and 3.59,339 coastwise. 
 
 In 1856, 177,182 bales of upland, and 8,138 bales of sea island cot- 
 ton, foreign; 200,426 bales of upland, and 7,346 bales of sea island 
 cotton coastwise— valued at $19,100,000. 7,880 casks of rice, for- 
 eign; 22,027 casks of rice, coastwise— valued at $780,000. 21,500,- 
 000 feet of lumber, foreign; 13,387,500 feet of lumber, coastwise- 
 valued at $350,000. 325,000 bushels of M-heat, coastwise — valued 
 at $445,000. 23,500 boxes copper ore, coastwise — valued at $352,- 
 500. Sundries- valued at $1,000,000. Total value of exports, 
 $22,027,500. Tonnage of vessels cleared and entered, 448,780; 
 157,088 foreign and 291,692 coastwise. 
 
 In 1857, 152,228 bales of upland, and 6,611 bales of sea island 
 cotton, foreign; 158,791 bales of upland, and 10,028 bales of sea 
 island cotton, coastwise. 6,787 casks of rice, foreign; 20,749 casks 
 of rice, coastwise. 36,752,502 feet of lumber, foreign; 7,990,568 
 feet of lumber, coastwise. 354,333 bushels of wheat, and 11,715 
 boxes of copper ore, coastwise. Total value of all of these exports, 
 including sundi-ies, $22,500,000. 
 
 In 1858, 159,141 bales of upland, and 8,561 bales of sea island 
 cotton, foreign; 117,680 bales of upland, and 7,447 bales of sea 
 i.sland cotton, coastwise. 7,284 casks of rice, foreign; 24,061 casks 
 of rice, coastwise. 19,611,391 feet of lumber, foreign; 8,754,265 
 feet of lumber, coastwise. 326,777 bushels of wheat, coastwise. 
 3,202 boxes of copper ore, coast'wise. 
 
 In 1859, 253,743 bales of upland, and 8,298 bales of sea island 
 cotton, foreign; 198,523 bales of upland, and 8,489 bales of sea 
 island cotton, coastwise. 6,836 casks of rice, foreign; 31,294 casks 
 of rice, coastwise. 29,384,315 feet of lumber, foreign; 9,-543,669 
 feet of lumber, coastwise. 136,484 bushels of wheat. 
 
 In 1860, 307,579 bales of upland, and 6,505 bales of sea island 
 cotton, foreign— valued at $17,210,168. 6,790 tierces of rice, for- 
 eign—valued at $148,300. 20,723,350 feet of lumber, foreign- 
 valued at $400,151. Total value of exports to foreign ports, $17,- 
 798,922. 
 
 In 1861, 1862, 1863, and 186 K the port was blockaded, conse- 
 qiiently there were no exports or imports during these years, except- 
 ing what was run through the blockade, of which no account can 
 be given. 
 
140 HISTORICAL EECOED OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 In 1865 the exportations (the property of the Confederate States 
 and of the citizens of Savannah) was carried on exchisively by the 
 officers and men of the United States governmeni in its ships. 
 United States officers, late in December, 1864, seized all the cotton 
 and numerous other articles (whether the property of the Con- 
 federate government or of the citizens mattered little) and shipj^ed 
 the cotton to New York and the other iiluuder to their northern 
 homes. 
 
 In 1866, commencing July 1st and ending June 30th, 1867, 
 103,317 bales of upland, and 7,676 bales of sea island cotton, 
 foreign; 140,396 bales of upland, and 6,700 bales of sea island 
 cotton, coastwise — valued at $37,495,173. 6,060 casks of rice, coast- 
 wise—valued at $363,300. 19,660,000 feet of lumber, foreign; 15,- 
 496,000 feet of lumber, coastwise— valued at $765,006. 87 tons 
 of manganese (new export) — valued at $2,052. 12,393 bales of 
 domestics — valued at $1,858,950. 1,221 bales of wool — valued at 
 $91,575. 10,801 barrels of naval stores— valued at $129,612. Sun- 
 dries, including junk — valued at $519,821. Total value of exports, 
 $41,225,488. Tonnage of vessels cleared and entered, 820,991; 
 105,401 foreign and 715,590 coastwise. 
 
 In 1868, ending June 30, 256,669 bales of upland, and 6,680 
 bales of sea island cotton, foreign; 234,434 bales of upland, and 
 5,190 bales of sea island cotton, coastwise. 22,844,387 feet of 
 lumber, foreign; 9,152,000 feet of lumber, coastwise. 4,291 casks 
 of rice, coastwise. Value of sundries, foreign, $26,146; value of 
 sundries, coastwise, $43,000. 9,774 bales of domestics, coastwise. 
 981 bales of wool, coastwise. 92,540 bushels of wheat, coastwise. 
 10,593 barrels of flour, coastwise. 70,046 hides, and 12,201 barrels 
 of rosin and turpentine, coastwise. 1,132 hogsheads of clay, coast- 
 wise. 467 rolls of leather, coastwise. Total value of exports, $50,- 
 226,209. 
 
 In 1868, for the quarter ending September 30, the value of exports 
 were, $3,649,812; $382,602 foreign and $3,267,210 coastwise. 
 
 The following accounts of the railroad and steamship and steam- 
 boat lines will give the reader a better idea of the commerci u 
 advantages of Savannah and her future prospects than would Dj 
 furnished by numberless pages of speculative articles. 
 
 THE GEORGIA CENTE-IL KAILEOAD. 
 
 In 1834 an experimental survey was made under the direction of 
 Colonel Cruger, at the request and cost of the city of Savannah, to 
 
1 
 
 CEORGBA CENTRAL 
 
 RAILROAD, 
 
 AND ITS CONNECTIONS. 
 
 [From Applotons' KaUwny Gul<le.l 
 
GEOKGIA CENTRAL RAILROAD. ]^^J 
 
 ascertaiu the most practicable route to Macou. In 1835 the Central 
 Railroad and Banking company of Georgia was organized, and in 
 1836 commenced operations. In May, 1838, sixty-seven miles were 
 graded, and the superstructure laid twenty-six miles from the 
 city, to which point engines were running. In Jiily passenger 
 trains began running regularly, at once yielding an income to the 
 compauj^ On the 13th of May, 18'i3, the track was complete to 
 the depot in Macon, and a train passed over the whole line, one 
 hundred and ninety miles. To the untiring zeal and administrative 
 ability of AV. W. Gordon, Esq. (the president of the road), ably 
 assisted by Thomas Purse, Esq., is the State indebted for the com- 
 pletion of its greatest enterprise. 
 
 The depot of the company in Savannah is situated in the south- 
 western portion of the city, and, with its warehouses and machine- 
 shops, occupies a tract of five acres of land, bestowed upon the 
 comj)any by the City Council of Savannah. The buildings for the 
 accommodation and requii'ements of the road in Savannah are 
 upon the most extensive scale, and second to none, in extent and 
 completeness, in the United States. The road-track, depots, &c., 
 outside of Savannah, were destroyed by Sherman's army, but were 
 replaced soon after the war. 
 
 An examination of the map of Georgia and the contiguous States 
 will show that no internal improvement could be devised for greater 
 general benefit to the commercial world than the Georgia Central 
 railroad, extending, as it vdU eventually, its iron arms to the Pacific 
 ocean. Its present connections and ramifications are from Savan- 
 nah to Macon, one hundred and ninety miles, thence by the South- 
 western and Muscogee railroad to Columbus, one hundred miles, 
 with the Columbus and Opelika railroad to Opelika, on the Mont- 
 gomery and West Point railroad, twenty-eight miles, thence to 
 Montgomery, sixtj^-four miles, where connections are made with 
 steamers at all landings on the Alabama river. Mobile, and New 
 Orleans, or by rail with the Mobile and Montgomery railroad to 
 Mobile, one hundred and eighty-six miles, thence by steamer to New 
 Orleans. A short line of rail between Montgomery and Selma is 
 only needed to complete a continuous railroad line to Vicksburg, 
 Mississippi. At Millen, seventy-nine miles from Savannah, the 
 road connects with the Augusta and Savannah railroad to Augusta, 
 fifty-three miles, thence with the Georgia railroad to Atlanta, one 
 hundred and seventy-one miles, with the Western Atlantic railroad 
 to Chattanooga, Tennessee, one hundred and thirty-eight miles, 
 
142 HISTORICAL RECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 there conuectiug with the Georgia and East Tennessee raih-oatl 
 northward, throtigh Tennessee and Virginia, to New York. The road 
 also connects at Augusta with the South Carolina road, and passen- 
 gers can have the choice of two routes through >South Carolina, 
 North Carolina, and Virginia to Washington, through Maryland, 
 Delaware, and Pennsylvania to New York city. At Chattanooga 
 with the Nashville and Chattanooga railroad to Stevenson, thirty- 
 eight miles, thence by the Memphis and Charleston railroad to 
 Memphis, Tennessee, two hundred and seventy-two miles. At 
 Gordon, one hundred and seventy miles from Savannah, a branch 
 of the Central railroad connects with the Milledgeville and Eaton- 
 ton railroad to Eatontou, thirty-eight miles. At Macon with the 
 Macon and Western railroad to Atlanta, one hundred and three 
 miles, thence with the Georgia railroad northward. At Atlanta 
 with the Atlanta and West Point railroad to West Point, eighty- 
 seven miles, thence with the Montgomery and West Point railroad 
 to Montgomery, eighty-eight miles, thence southward to Mobile. 
 At Macon it also connects with the Georgia railroad to Eufaiila, 
 Alabama, one hundred and forty-three miles, there connecting 
 with steamers on the Chattahoochee river to the Gulf of Mexico. 
 A branch of the Southwestern railroad from Smithville to Albany, 
 twenty-three miles, connects with steamers on the Flint river to 
 the Chattahoochee river and Giilf of Mexico. Another branch of 
 the Southwestern railroad extends from Cuthbert to Fort Gixines, 
 on the Chattahoochee river, twenty miles. Again, at Macon the 
 Central railroad connects with the Brunswick and Macon railroad 
 to Hawkinsville, fifty miles. Another branch of the Southwestern 
 railroad from Columbus, Geoi'gia — the Mobile and Girard railroad — 
 extends to Thomasville, Alabama, sixty-three miles. 
 
 The Central railroad has, as stated, a continuous line, with the 
 exception of a short gap, to Vicksburg, which will most probably 
 be the connecting point of the Southern Pacific route with the roads 
 leading to the Atlantic coast. The President of the Vicksburg and 
 Meridian railroad (which traverses the State of Mississipi due east 
 and west, and is the link connecting on the inland route the Missis- 
 sippi river with the States of Alabama, Georgia, and Florida), in his 
 annual report, speaking of the Southern Pacific route, says that 
 the shortest line from the Mississippi river to the Atlantic ocean 
 is from Vicksburg to Savannah, six hundred and seventy-three 
 miles, and if the passenger trains were run at twenty-five miles an 
 hoiir, the time between these two cities woTild be twenty-seven 
 
CtEorgia ckntkal railroad. Xj.3 
 
 hours, aud for freight trains, runuing at twelve miles au hour, the 
 time v.'oukl be about fifty-six hours. The Montgomery and Selm;^ 
 connection (of forty-four miles) is now the great desideratum for at 
 once securing to this line that valuable passenger business for 
 points east of Selma, and we are gratified to learn that C. J. 
 Pollard, the distinguished and able President of the Montgomery 
 roads, has finally succeeded in making reliable arrangements for 
 the speedy completion of the Montgomery and Selma road. That 
 line must eventually be a portion of the main passenger route 
 for the great travel from Texas and Louisiana, and a large portion 
 of Mississippi, to the States of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South 
 and North Carolina. The Vicksburg, Shreveport, and Texas rail- 
 road starts fi-om the west bank of the Mississippi, opposite Vicks- 
 burg. It passes through Monroe, on the Ouachita, and Shreveport, 
 on the Ked river, and has its terminus at the Texas State line, 
 eighteen miles west of Shreveport. Monroe is seventj^-five miles 
 from Vicksburg, and Shreveport about one hundred and ninety. 
 Previous to the war the road was built, equipped, and in successful 
 operation between Monroe and the Vicksburg terminus, bringing 
 on its trains a considerable amount of valuable business to Vicks- 
 burg and passengers for the Vicksburg and Meridian railroad. 
 The road was built from Shreveport to the Texas line, eighteen 
 miles, at which point the Southern Pacific railroad commences, 
 and from thence runs to Marshall, in Texas. Twenty-four miles 
 of tliat portion of the Southern Pacific road has already been built, 
 equipped, and pvit in operation. With railroad connection estab- 
 lished between Vicksbiirg and Shreveport, there would be at once 
 a great increase of travel and trade seeking exit at Savannah, with 
 the completion of the Montgomeiy and Selma road. 
 
 The time by rail from Shreveport to Vicksburg woiild be about 
 ten hours; and, as a matter of economy, both in time and money, 
 we would get all the New Orleans travel from that direction. A 
 large amount of Texas and Louisiana cotton, of beef cattle, aud 
 also of Texas wheat — the latter forty to sixty days earlier than it is 
 elsewhere ready for market — would be brought to Vicksburg for 
 sale and transhipment. Then the travel from all northern, eastern, 
 and central Texas, going to points east, northeast, and southeast 
 from Vicksburg, would take this route and vice versa. Sooner or 
 later these important eastern connections will be completed, consti- 
 tuting a main trunk line, stretching from the Atlantic, at Savannah, 
 via the Southern Pacific railroad, to San Diego and San Franci-sco 
 
1^^ HISTORICAL RECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 on the PaciJftc, and will eventually become the grand avenue of the 
 world's travel and traffic. This route has been carefully surveyed 
 and foimd to be the shortest, most eligible, and advantageous in 
 every particular, that can be constructed between the two oceans. 
 The shortest distance and time, on this line, from ocean to ocean, 
 will be from San Diego to Savannah, two thousand and seventy- 
 two miles, or one hundred and three hours railroad time, esti- 
 mating the speed at twenty miles an hour. To Charleston, two 
 thousand one hundred and eighty-four miles, one hundred and 
 nine hours; and to Norfolk, two thousand five hundred and thirty- 
 one miles, one hundred and twenty-six hours, railroad time. 
 
 Possessing such superior climatic advantages over the more 
 northern route, being on a latitudinal line between the thirty-second 
 and thirty-third degrees from Savannah to San Diego, with the 
 additional advantage of a shorter distance, must make this the pre- 
 ferred route for travel and traffic between the Pacific and Atlantic 
 seaports. The advantages which will flow from such a continental 
 and latitiidinal line can not be estimated or overestimated, and 
 must be obvious to the most obtuse. 
 
 By the laws of trade, the transportation of merchandise, as well 
 as people, will adopt that route which most fully combines the 
 recommendations of speed, cheapness, safety, and comfort, and 
 this will be the line that will most fully meet those requirements. 
 Ship loads of teas, silks, spices, and other valuable Asiatic articles 
 of commerce destined for Europe, will be shipped via California, 
 and then by rail over this grand continental and always open and 
 available line to Savannah, for reshipment to European ports — 
 making the voyage from Canton, China, to Savannah in about 
 twenty-three daj's ; to New York in twenty-four days ; and to Lon- 
 don in from thirty-five to forty days, against two hundred days 
 from Canton to New York, and aboiit the same time from Canton 
 to Liverpool by sea. 
 
 The comi^letion of the Montgomery and Selma connection of 
 forty-four miles, and about one hundred and ninety miles from 
 Monroe, Louisiana, to Shreveport, would force the early completion 
 of the Southern Pacific railroad, and place at once direct, exi^e- 
 ditious, and ample steamship communications fi'om Savannah to all 
 the important European ports. The establishment of such a direct 
 and speedy intercoui-se between the Chinese ports. Savannah, and 
 New York, via California, would revolutionize the commerce of 
 Europe and America with China ; the soiithern direct lines would 
 
ATLANTIC AND GULF RAILROAD. 
 
 145 
 
 theu be the carriers between the Atlantic and Pacific of the travel 
 and trade from Europe to China, and from China to Europe, which 
 now takes a voyage of months to accomplish. 
 
 The officers of the Central road are : Colonel William M. Wadley, 
 President ; Colonel J. F. Waring, Acting Master of Transportation ; 
 Colonel William M. Wadley, Andrew Low, John E. Wilder, William 
 B. Johnston, General J. F. Gilmer, George W. Wylly, John Cun- 
 ningham, Edward Padelford, and George W. Anderson, Directors. 
 
 ATLANTIC AND GULF EAILEOAD. 
 
 The depot grounds of this road are in the southeastern portion 
 of thef city, fronting on Liberty and East Broad streets, and contain 
 over eighty acres of land, well situated for the purpose and afford- 
 ing ample room for the future requirements of the company. 
 
 This road is the main thoroughfare connecting Savannah with 
 Florida, southern and southwestern Georgia, and eastern Alabama. 
 It extends to Bainbridge, on the Flint river, a distance of two 
 hiindi-ed and thirty-seven miles. Blackshear, in Pierce county, 
 Homersville, in Clinch county, Valdosta, in Lowndes county, Quit- 
 man, in Brooks countj^ and Thomasville, are all thriving centres 
 of local trade, and are the county seats of the respective counties 
 in which they are situated. Bainbridge, the present terminus of 
 the road, bids fair to become a considerable town. A number of 
 steamers are employed in the river trade, and a large part of the 
 business of Columbus, Eiifaula, and Fort Gaines, and of the country 
 lying adjacent to the Flint, Chattahoochee, and Aiialachicola rivers, 
 passes through this jilace to Savannah. 
 
 The system of railroads in Florida is connected with Savannah 
 by a branch road forty-eight miles in length, extending from Law- 
 ton, one hundred and thirty-two miles from Savannah, to Live Oak, 
 on the Pensacola and Georgia raili-oad. Over this route the greater 
 part of the produce of Florida is carried to market, and the facili- 
 ties of communication which it affords have done much to bring 
 into general notice the remarkable advantages of this delightful 
 region, which year by year is becoming more frequented by tourists, 
 invalids, and persons interested in the culture of tropical fruits. 
 
 Another branch road is now being located from Thomasville to 
 Albany, fifty-seven miles, which will be the connecting link between 
 the Southwestern and Atlantic and Gulf railroads. 
 
 The Macon and Biamswick railroad, now under construction, 
 crosses this road at a point fifty-six miles from Savannah. 
 13 
 
146 
 
 HISTORICAL RECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 By examiniug the acconipanj'ing map tlie reader will see how- 
 large an area of country is tributary to this enterprise. A correct 
 estimate of its valiie to Savannah can only be found after a knowl- 
 edge of the motives which led to its construction. 
 
 The first organization was effected in 1853, under the title of the 
 bavannah and Albany railroad. Dr. John P. Screven, who was 
 president, until his death, of the several corporations now merged 
 in the present company, was a prime mover in the project; to his 
 energy and foresight the State of Georgia and the city of Savan- 
 nah are in a great measure indebted for this enduring monument 
 of their public spirit and wisdom. With the name of Dr. Screven 
 must be joined that of Colonel Nelson Tift, the earliest i^rojector of 
 railroads in southwestern Georgia, and the present representa- 
 tive from that part of the, State to the United States Congress. 
 Messrs. John Stoddard, Hfffe Roberts, William Duncan, H. D. 
 Weed, and Dr. E. D. Ai-nold, who were on the Board of Directors 
 as at first organized, are still Directors of the Atlantic and Gulf 
 Railroad company. 
 
 In 1854 the name of the company was changed to the Savannah, 
 Albany, and Gulf Railroad company. The immediate importance 
 to the city of Savannah of securing the business of southern 
 Georgia and Florida was so evident that it was determined to 
 attain this object before completing the grand project at first 
 intended, viz: the construction of an air line from Savannah to 
 Pensacola or Mobile. A subscription of one million dollars was 
 obtained from the city, and from this policy ensued the construction 
 of the present line to Bainbridge. Many difficulties were experi- 
 enced in consequence of the existence of a scheme to build a road 
 from Brunswick through the same country. These difficulties were 
 at length adjusted by leaving the construction of the line west of 
 Screven station, sixty-eight miles from Savannah, to a company 
 organized for the purpose, under the name of the Atlantic and Gulf 
 RaUroad company, for which State aid was obtained, amounting to 
 one million dollars (the city of Savannah also subscribing two hun- 
 dred thousand dollars). The Savannah, Albany, and Gulf Railroad 
 company was consolidated with this company in 1863. 
 
 The beginning of the late war found the road completed to 
 Thomasville, two hundred miles from Savannah, where further 
 progress was arrested until the siimmer of 1867. The work was 
 then resumed and the road opened to Bainbridge in December of 
 that year. 
 
SAVANNAH, SKIDAWAY, AND SEABOARD RAILROAD. J^y 
 
 In these seven years the enterprise passed through many trials. 
 The existence of M'ar prevented the company from deriving any 
 profit from their property, which at the collapse of the Southern 
 Confederacy was almost a ruin. For nearly one third of the 
 length of the road the track was torn up and the depots and 
 bridges burned. The resources of the company thus destroyed, 
 it was with difficulty that the work of reconstruction was com- 
 menced in October, 1865, and the road reopened for business in 
 March, 1866. In 1866 the construction of the Florida branch was 
 resumed and completed in October of that year. 
 
 From this brief statement the reader may judge of the fut"are 
 prospect of this great project — originated by a few thoughtful and 
 public-spii'ited men, solely for the aggi'andizement of the State 
 of Georgia and of its metropolis, carried forward through political 
 and financial difficulties that threatened its very existence, its 
 property rendered useless, and its business disorganized by war 
 and its attendant calamities, yet reviving with the return of peace, 
 to be pressed forward with renewed vigor as the opportunity 
 offered, never failing to serve the purpose for which it was origi- 
 nally intended. 
 
 Extending, as this road does, directly west from the most western 
 Atlantic seaport, its advantages in connection with that great 
 Southern Pacific road, which must be one day built, are obvious 
 at the first glance upon the map. 
 
 From its Florida terminus a line through southern Florida to 
 Tampa will furnish a practicable roiite to Cuba and South America, 
 terminating as it will upon what Colonel Screven has so aptly 
 designated as ' ' the great wharf-head which nature has constructed 
 betv/een the Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico." 
 
 The officers of this road are : John Screven, President ; Henry S. 
 Haines, General Superintendent; D. Macdonald, Treasurer. 
 
 The Board of Directors are : John Screven, Jno. Stoddard, Henry 
 D. Weed, W. H. Wiltberger, Hiram Koberts, William Duncan, R. D. 
 Arnold, Charles Green, E. C. Anderson, Octanis Cohen, J. L. Villa- 
 longa, J. W. Spain, A. T. Mclntyre, B. F. Bruton, C. J. Munnerlyn. 
 
 THE SAVANNAH, SKIDAWAY, AND SEABOAKD RAILROAD. 
 
 On the 20th of December, 1866, the General Assembly of the 
 State of Georgia granted a charter to William E. Symons and James 
 J. Waring, for Skidaway island; George W. Wylly and Joseph S. 
 , laghorn, for the Isle of Hope; George M. Willett and Lemiiel 
 
148 HISTORICAL RECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 Hover, for Montgomery ; Alvin N. Miller and William Neyle Haber- 
 sham, for White Bluflf; Edward J. Purse and Herbert A, Palmer, 
 for the city of Savannah, and snch other individuals as the above- 
 named persons shall associate with them, to incorporate the Savan- 
 nah, Skidaway, and Seaboard Kailroad company, for the purpose 
 of opening a railroad communication from the city of Savannah to 
 the adjacent sea islands. In July, 1868, the Council of Savannah 
 passed an ordinance gi-anting the company the privilege of con- 
 structing a railway through West Broad from Liberty to Bay, 
 through Bay to East Broad, through East Broad to Gaston, and 
 through Whitaker from Bay to Anderson, and through Drayton 
 from Bay to Anderson streets. 
 
 The work of constructing the road to the islands was commenced 
 in the summer of 1868. In a very short period the entire road, 
 including the street railway, will be completed. In the language 
 of the company's circular : "It may with truth be said, that no 
 enterprise, involving so small an amount of capital, promises more 
 beneficial results or pecitniary benefits than the Savannah, Skida- 
 way, and Seaboard railroad. 
 
 ' ' In the present state of the finances of our people, and especi- 
 ally 'those who can't get away,' a raih-oad to the 'salts' will 
 afford an opportunity of reinvigorating their systems by breathing 
 a salt atmosphere and bathing in the salt water — which luxuries 
 can only be indulged in now by the few who are able to own 
 vehicles or pay ten dollars per day for a hack. But when the cost 
 is reduced to twenty-five or fifty cents a ride, the hixury is placed 
 in the reach of every one. Our oldest and best physicians will 
 bear us out in the opinion that there is nothing more invigorating 
 and healthful to the human system than occasional relaxation from 
 business and change of air, and, consequently, it is a blessing to 
 place the means in the possession of every one to enjoy. 
 
 ' ' All railroads develop the country through which they pass, and 
 none more so than those like the one projected, near a city, afford- 
 ing the advantages to the business portion of a city and countiy 
 residence combined, lessening the expense of living while increas- 
 ing the comforts of life. It will place within the means of the 
 most humble a home, and the facilities of getting to and from his 
 business with ease and cheapness, whilst at the same time health 
 is subserved and thrift and economy cultivated. 
 
 ' ' This road will place within the means of our people the oppor- 
 tunity of successfully competing, in all branches of small mami- 
 
STEAMSHIP LINES. 149 
 
 facturiug, with other sections of our country, by lesseuiug the cost 
 of production, which will react in favor of the citj' and its citizens 
 in many ways, by affording them the productions at less cost, by 
 atibrding more employment for labor, and by ease of access and 
 less cost of transportation. 
 
 "Many persons from the interior of Georgia have been long 
 accustomed to resort to our seacoast, during a portion of the sum- 
 mer months, for health and recreation. When proper establish- 
 ments are erected for the accommodation of visitors, it is not 
 unreasonable to suppose that the number of health and pleasure- 
 seekers will be largely increased. Why should we not have a 
 Nahant, a Cape Fear, or a Cape May near our city, in our Skid- 
 away, our White Bluff, our Warsaw, or our Green Island ? 
 
 "It is justly claimed for this road that it will be the beginning 
 of a development which, in years to come, will spread over all the 
 neighboring islands, making pleasant and happy homes for thous- 
 ands; exempting our citizens from the so-called necessity, j^ear 
 after year, of paying tribute to other portions of the country." 
 
 The depot of the company will be located in Dillon Town. The 
 officers of the company are : Colonel Joseph S. Claghorn, President ; 
 Colonel William R. Symons, Superintendent; George W. Wylly, 
 Treasurer. The Board of Directors consists of the above-named 
 officers, Octavus Cohen, J. W. Lathrop, Thomas Holcombe, M. Y. 
 Henderson, A, N. Miller, and W. N. Habersham. 
 
 THE SAVANNAH AND CHARLESTON KAIIBOAD, 
 
 Which was destroyed dimng the late war, is now in course of 
 reconstniction, and when completed will afford daily communica- 
 tion with Charleston and secure to Savannah a fair proportion of 
 the products of the country through which it passes. 
 
 The Savannah and Ogeechee Canal company was organized as 
 the Savannah, Ogeechee, and Altamaha Canal company about thirty 
 years ago. The canal extends from the Savannah river to the 
 Ogeechee river. Large quantaties of lumber and rice are annually 
 brought to Savannah through this canal. Mr. F. Blair is president 
 of the company. 
 
 STEAMSHIP LINES. 
 
 The blockade of the port of Savannah during the late war broke 
 13* 
 
150 HISTORICAL RECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 up the lines of steamship and steamboat communication from 
 Savannah to other ports. Since the war the old lines have been 
 re-established and new ones organized, all of which are now in 
 successful operation. 
 
 The Macgregor line, establishing direct communication between 
 Savannah and Liverpool, will employ ten steamships (with an aver- 
 age capacity each of three thousand bales of cotton), the Sarasota, 
 Saluda, Selma, Savannah, Satilla, Waverly, Leith, Stirling, Riga, 
 and Don. The steamships will ply regularly between Savaimah 
 and Liverpool, and will also employ a number of barks if sufficient 
 inducements are offered. Messrs. W. M. Tunno & Co. are agents. 
 
 The Black Star line, of which Messrs. Octavus Cohen & Co. 
 are agents, has three steamships, the Thames, Montgomery, and 
 Huntsville, each of about twelve hundred tons burthen, which 
 make semi-weekly trips from Savannah to New York. 
 
 The Empire line, of which Messrs. John W. Anderson's Sons & 
 Co. are agents, has two steamships, the San Jacinto, thirteen hun- 
 dred tons, and the San Salvador, nine hundred tons, which make 
 weekly trips between Savannah and New York. 
 
 The Murray Steamship Line, of which Messrs. Hunter & Gaui- 
 mell are agents, has two steamships, the Leo, eight hundred and 
 ninety tons, and the Cleopatra, one thousand and forty-five tons, 
 which make weekly trips between Savannah and New York. 
 
 The Atlantic Mail Coast Steamship company, of which Messrs. 
 Wilder and Fullarton are agents, has two steamships, the Herman 
 Livingston and the General Barnes, about two thousand tons each, 
 which make weekly trips from Savannah to New York. 
 
 The Philadelphia and Southern Mail Steamship company, of 
 which Messrs. Hunter & Gammell are agents, has two steamships, 
 the Wyoming, seven hundred and seventy-nine tons, and the Tona- 
 wanda, eight hundred and forty-four tons, which make weekly trips 
 between Savannah and Philadelphia. 
 
 The Baltimore and Savannah Steamship company, of which 
 Messrs. J. B. West & Co. ai'e agents, has four steamships, the 
 America, eight hundred tons, the North Point, five hundred tons, 
 the General Custar, five hundred tons, and the Fannie, four hun- 
 dred tons, which make regular trips between Savannah and Balti- 
 more. 
 
 STEAMBOAT LINES. 
 
 The steamboat Nick King, Messrs. John W. Anderson's Sons & 
 
CITr GOVERNMENT. 151 
 
 Co. agents, makes weekly trips from Savannah to Palatka, touching 
 at Brunswick, Fernandlna, Jacksonville, and all intermediate points 
 on the coast of Georgia and Florida. 
 
 The Florida and Savannah line, Messrs. Claghorn & Cunningham 
 agents, employs one steamer, the Lizzie Baker, which makes weekly 
 trips to Palatka, Florida, touching at all intermediate points. 
 
 The Charleston and Savannah Steam Packet line, of which Messrs. 
 Claghorn & Cunningham are agents, employ one steamer, the 
 Pilot Bo}% which makes semi-weekly trips between Savannah and 
 Charleston. 
 
 The Charleston, Savannah, and Florida line, of which Messrs. L. 
 J. Guilmartin & Co. are agents, has two steamboats, the Dictator 
 and the City Point, which make semi-weekly trips from Charles- 
 ton, via Savannah, to Palatka. These steamers also touch at all 
 intermediate points. 
 
 The Erwtn & Hardee line, of which Messrs. Erwin & Hardee are 
 agents, employs the iron steamer Charles S. Hardee, which makes 
 regular trips to Hawkinsville and all intermediate landings, touch- 
 ing at Darien. 
 
 The Savannah and Augusta line, of which Mr. M. A. Cohen is 
 agent, emjiloys two steamers, the Katie and the Swan, which run 
 regularly between Savannah and Augusta. 
 
 The steamer H. M. Cool, for which Mr. M. A. Cohen is agent, 
 plys regularly between Savannah and Darien, touching at all inter- 
 mediate points. 
 
 CITY GOVERNMENT. 
 
 Savannah is governed by a Mayor and twelve Aldermen, who, 
 together, are denominated the City Council, and are chosen annu- 
 ally. Savannah is more fortunate than many other cities of the 
 South, in having for her riilers men who are identified with her 
 interests and are the choice of her citizens. The present officers 
 are: 
 
 Mayor. — Edward C. Anderson. 
 
 Ohairman of Council. — Martin J. Ford. 
 
 Aldermen. — Martin J. Ford, Henry Brigham, John L. Villalonga, 
 Frederick W. Sims, William Hunter, Francis L. Gue, Alvin N. 
 Miller, George W. Wylly, William H. Burroughs, James J. Waring, 
 Mathias H. Meyer, Charles C. Millar. 
 
 Clerk of Council. — James Stewart. 
 
 City Treasurer. — John Williamson. 
 
1^2 HISTORICAL RECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 Assista7ii City Treasurer. — Magnus Loweuthal. 
 
 City Marshal. — Thomas S. Wayne. 
 
 City Surveyor. — John B. Hogg. 
 
 Clerk of City Market — Isaac Bruuuer. 
 
 City Printer.— J. Holbrook Estill. 
 
 Messenger of Council. — F. J. CercoiDely. 
 
 Judge of City Court. — Walter S. Chisholm. 
 
 Clerk of City Cbtwt —Phillip M. Russell, Sr. 
 
 City Sheriff-'. — Charles J. White. 
 
 Corporatioii Attorney. — Edward J. Harden. • 
 
 Jaifor.— Waring Russell. 
 
 Keeper of Laurel Grove Cemetery. — A. F. Torlay. 
 
 Keeper of City Dispensary. — James Stoney. 
 
 Keeper of Forsyth Place. — Patrick Scanlau. 
 
 Keqter of Pest House. — J. J. Stokes. 
 
 Keeper' of Powder Magazine. — Henry L. Davis. 
 
 Pump Contractor. — Alfred Kent. 
 
 Measurers and Inspectors of Lumber and Timber. — D. C. Bacon, A. 
 McAlpin, John R. Tebeau, T. B. Wylly, John T. Lineberger, C. H. 
 Weber, William H. Lyon, Z. N. Winkler, John J. Backley, A. F. 
 Bennett, S. B. Dasher, A. B. LaRoche, J. F. O'Byrne. 
 
 Port Tr«r(/ens.— Robert D. Walker, Richai-d T. Turner, William 
 H. Patterson, W. W. Wash, William R. Symons. 
 
 Weighers of Hay. — J. P. Williamson, A. Goeble, Lawrence Cou- 
 ncil, William E. Gue. 
 
 Keeper of City Clock. — F. Brown. 
 
 Chimney Contractors. — Patrick Naughtou, eastern division; Theo- 
 dore Meves, western division. 
 
 POLICE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 This department numbers aboiit one hundred men, who are 
 well disciplined and equipped. Their gallant conduct on the 3d 
 of November, 1868, in preserviiig the peace, increased, if possi- 
 ble, the respect they had previously won. The quiet of the city 
 tells more powerfully than words of the efficiency of the forc^. 
 The officers are : 
 
 Chief. — General Robert H. Anderson. 
 
 1st Lieutenant and Chief of Detective Force. —William Wray. 
 
 1st Lieutenant. — J. T. Howard. 
 
 2d Lieutenant. — Charles H. Bell. 
 
 Sergeants. — James Foley, Martin Houlihan, John Green, James 
 Leonard, William M. Moran, Heniy Ling. 
 
FIKE DEPAKTMENT. 
 
 FIKE DEPABTMENT. 
 
 153 
 
 This departiaeut is complete and efiicieut in orgauizatiou aud 
 well supplied with apparatus. Previous to 1824 there was no regii- 
 larly organized department. The first fire in Savannah occurred in 
 1737, after which the townsmen preferred charges against one Mr. 
 Jones for "standing with his hands in his pockets looking on 
 while his townsmen were working passing buckets of water and 
 using other methods for putting out the fire. " "Whether this primi- 
 tive method of extinguishing fires was in vogue until 1824 cannot 
 be accurately stated. In that j-ear the Savannah Fire company was 
 organized. It had several hand engines under its control, which 
 were worked by negroes. Other companies were formed and 
 worked by the young men of Savannah, but were subject to the 
 control of the Savannah Fire company until the 29th of Januai-y, 
 1867, when the present department was organized. The first and 
 second officers of each company of the department, and the fol- 
 lowing officers, transact all business connected with the dei^art- 
 ment: 
 
 Chief. — James F. Waring. 
 
 1st Assistant Engineer. — Charles Gordon. 
 
 2d Assistant Engineer.- — J. A. Roberts. 
 
 Secretary. — Charles J. White. 
 
 Treasurer. — Thomas F. Butler. 
 
 The following companies are connected with the department : 
 
 The Washington Fire company was organized on the 22d of 
 February, 1847. The company has a first-class steamer, the Wash- 
 ington, and niimbers about seventy members. The officers are: 
 James A. Barron, Foreman; James Kearney, 2d Foreman; S. Hari-i- 
 gan, 3d Foreman; John H. Straus, 4th Foreman; C. C. Wakefield, 
 Secretary; H. J. McDonnell, Treasurer. 
 
 The Oglethorpe Fire company was incorporated in December, 
 1847. The company has a third-class steamer, the John W. Ander- 
 son, and numbers one hundred aud sixty members. The officers 
 are: Philip M. Russell, President; N. Hess, IstFoi-eman; Chas. F. 
 O'Neal, 2d Foreman ; J. B. Sibley, 3d Foreman ; R. Wayne Russell, 
 Secretary; C. L. Lopez, Treasurer; and Dr. R. J. Nunn, Surgeon. 
 
 The Mechanics Hook and Ladder company was organized as the 
 Young America Fire company on the 5th of December, 1848, and 
 under its present name since the war. The apparatus of the com- 
 pany is elegant and admirably adapted for its jDurpose. ' The com- 
 
254 HISTORICAL RECOED OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 pany numbers forty members, with the following officers : Wm. D. 
 Dixon, President; J. J. McKenzie, 1st Foreman; C. C. Blancho, 
 '2d Foreman; H. Bogardus, Secretary; D. Ferguson, Treasurer. 
 
 The Germania Fire company was organized on the 7th of Decem- 
 ber, 1853. The company has a second-class steamer, the J. J. 
 Waver, and a fuU roll. The officers are : John Schwarz, Foreman ; 
 C. Hirtj 2d Foreman; E. B. Borchert, 3d Foreman; P. Schaffer, 4th 
 Foreman; Alfred Kolp, Secretary; M. H. Myers, Ti-easurer. 
 
 The Metropolitan Fire company was organized on the 21st of 
 July, 1865. The company has a third-class steamer, the F. S. Bar- 
 tow, and fifty active members. The officers are : Thomas F. Butler, 
 Pi'esident; Thomas A. Maddox, 1st Vice-President; H. M. Branch, 
 2d Vice-President; J. J. Abrams, Secretary; George C. Lewis, Assis- 
 tant Secretary; John Fernandez, Treasurer. 
 
 The Marshall Hose company was organized on the 19th of June, 
 
 1867, and has a full roll and a full supply of hose and apparatus. 
 The officers are: Charles J. White, President; William 0. Godfrey, 
 1st Foreman; Alfred Bobider, 2d Foreman; W. J. Tomlinson, Secre- 
 tary; and Joseph Fernandez, Treasurer. 
 
 The Screven Hose company was organized on the 1st of June, 
 
 1868, and, having a full supply of hose and apparatus, is attached 
 to the Oglethorpe company. The officers are : Isaac Eussell, Presi- 
 dent; F. M. Tidwell, 1st Foreman; A. Mickler, 2d Foreman; O. B. 
 Johnson, 3d Forman; G. E. Bevans, Secretary; W. A. Sercj', Treas- 
 urer; and Dr. T. C. Harden, Surgeon. 
 
 There are six fire companies under the control of the department 
 worked by colored men. Four of the companies, the Pulaski, 
 Franklin, Columbus, and Tomichichi, have hand engines, and the 
 other two are axe companies. 
 
 The department has a neat and capacious building, located on the 
 corner of South Broad and Abercorn streets, in which the depart- 
 mental meetings are held and all business connected with the 
 department transacted. 
 
 The Savannah Fire company is still an organized body, but has 
 no apparatus. C. C. Casey, Chief Fireman; F. Blair, 2d Fireman; 
 and James L. Haxipt, 3d Fireman. 
 
 POPULATION. 
 
 The population of Savannah is estimated to be about forty-five 
 thousand persons. The first regular census of the city was taken 
 in 1810, when the population was 5,195; in 1820, 7,523; in 1830, 
 
EDUCATION. 155 
 
 7,773; in 18^0, 11,214; in 1850, 14,000; and at the close of the war 
 (1865), 24,000; making the increase, within the past three j^ears, 
 21,000. 
 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 The subject of education has always been of interest to the 
 citizens of Savannah, and all measures for this purpose have met 
 with favor. The first academy in Savannah was iucoriDorated as 
 the Chatham County Academy in 1788, and flourished for many 
 years. A portion of its spacious brick building, on South Broad 
 street, is still used for educational purposes. The fii-st free school, 
 known as the Savannah Free School, was established in 1816. 
 There are at present a number of denominational and private 
 schools. 
 
 The public school system of Savannah is equal to any, and 
 superior to many others, in the United States. About one thousand 
 pupils are instructed in the public schools. The Board of Educa- 
 tion controlling these schools consists of R. D. Arnold, M. D., 
 John Stoddard, Edward C. Anderson, Henry Williams, Solomon 
 Cohen, John C. Ferrill, John L. Villalonga, John Williamson, Eev. 
 D. H. Porter, James B. Eead, M. D. , Rev. S. Landrum, and Barnard 
 Mallon. E. D. Arnold, M. D,, President; John Stoddard, Vice- 
 President; W. H'. Baker, Secretary; John L. ViUalonga, Treasurer. 
 
 The following schools, of which Mr. W. H. Baker is superin- 
 tendent, are under the charge of the Board of Education. The 
 houses are large and well located, and the school-rooms well fur- 
 nished and comfortable : 
 
 Boys' High School, corner of Barnard and Taylor streets. W. H. 
 Baker, Principal ; B. M. Zettler and Miss V. Miller, Assistants. 
 
 Boys' Gi'ammar School, corner of Barnard and Taylor streets. H. 
 F. Train, Principal ; Miss E. Frew, Assistant. 
 
 Obis' High School, corner of Abercorn and Gordon streets. B. 
 Mallon, Principal ; Miss Fannie A. Dorsett and Miss Selina J. Jones, 
 Assistants. 
 
 Girls' Gh-ainmar School, corner of Abercorn and Gordon streets. 
 Miss M. A. McCarter, Principal; Miss Lizzie Miller and Miss M. L. 
 Harris, Assistants. 
 
 Intermediate School, Armory Hall, Wright square. Jos. E. Way, 
 Principal; Miss A. M. Gould and Miss E. F. Bourquin, Assistants. 
 
 Primary School, Armory Hall, Wright square. Miss M. E. Daven- 
 port, Principal; Miss A. N. Harden and M. W. Mallard, Assistants. 
 
256 HISTORICAL RECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 Boys' Intermediate School, iu the Chatham Academy building. 
 Miss Eunice Mallery, Principal. 
 
 Ohis' Grammar School, iu the Chatham Academy building. Miss 
 E. "W. Carter, Principal; Professor H. Elliott, Teacher of French; 
 Professor J. Ne^^^nan, Teacher of Miisic. 
 
 The Catholics have two free schools, one in St. John's parish 
 and the other in St. Patrick's parish. The school building of the 
 former is located on the corner of Perry and Abercorn streets. 
 About two hundred and fiftj'^ pupils attend this school, of which 
 Mr. O'Brien is Principal : Miss A. Robinson and Miss K. McCluskey, 
 Assistants. 
 
 The school of St. Patrick's parish is located in the rear of St. 
 Patrick's church, near the Central Railroad depot. There are 
 about one hundred and seventy-five scholars attending this school, 
 of which Mr. Edward McCort is Principal; Mr. Luke Logan and 
 Miss B. Kirk, Assistants. 
 
 Savannah Hehrew Collegiate Institute. Of all the educational estab- 
 lishments which grace our "Forest City," none stands higher or 
 claims more admiration than this noble institution. Although it is 
 in its infancy, it has already given the most unmistakable proofs 
 of the immense advantages it is destined to confer upon the 
 citizens of Savannah, if not indeed iipon the people of Georgia. 
 Claiming to be of Hebrew origin, and therefore bearing its present 
 name, it has, notwithstanding, thrown its doors open to every sect 
 and creed, and, knowing no distinction of faith, it receives childi-en 
 of everj' denomination within its walls, and, regarding them only 
 as children of the Universal Father, it labors to inculcate in their 
 minds those sublime principles of general religion in which all 
 mankind agree, while at the same time it confers upon them the 
 greatest of all earthly treasures — a thoroiigh and practical educa- 
 tion. Organized for the purpose of advancing the interests of 
 Savannah and enlarging her educational facilities, it very praise- 
 worthily knows no difference between the rich and the poor, but, 
 making respectability its only condition, it admits children of 
 the humbler class and educates them free of charge. The history 
 of the institute, although brief, is very interesting. On the 22d of 
 May, 1867, a meeting of Israelites, convened by the Rev. R. D'C. 
 Lewiu, and presided over by Octavus Cohen, Esq., took place 
 in the synagogue of the "Mickva Israel" congregation. At this 
 meeting the Rev. R. D'C. Le-win submitted his plans and enlisted the 
 full co-operation of the majority of his coreligionists iu Savannah. 
 
EDUCATION. 
 
 157 
 
 The project beiug ctirdially approved of, Messrs. B. Phillips, A. 
 J. Brady, S. Gertsmau, A. Epstein, P. Dzialj'nski, W. Barnett, 
 and Eev. E. D'C. Lewin, -were elected a pro'sdsional council for the 
 purpose of preparing the constitution and by-laws, to be submit- 
 ted at a subsequent meeting. This council, having chosen as its 
 president the Kev. Mr. Lewin, entered with spirit into the work, 
 and on the 28th of May presented to the adjourned meeting the 
 constitution and bj'-laws, which met with general approval. The 
 preliminary steps having thus been taken, the provisional council 
 received authority " to take charge of all further business con- 
 nected with the institute until such time as the permanent council 
 was elected." 
 
 The labors of the provisional cou.ncil now commenced. As yet 
 everything Mas biit in embryo, while the institute itself could 
 hardly be said to be more than an idea. The idea, however, had 
 to become a reality, and no ijains were spared by the council 
 to effect this happy consummation of the hopes of the founder. 
 By dint of untiring perseverance and iinwearied exertions, all 
 the many difficulties which at first impeded the progress of the 
 enterprise were overcome. To understand fully the difficulties 
 of the enterprise would require a perfect knowledge of the plans 
 of the founder, which vvere laid out on a gigantic scale. For, 
 M'hile it was hoped to establish the institute upon the system 
 pursued by European colleges, a very heavy outlay for profes- 
 sors became inevitable. To meet this expenditure a large num- 
 ber of childi'eu vvas needed, but as one of the essential objects 
 in the very formation of the institute was to give gratuitous edu- 
 cation to children whose i>arents were unable to jiaj' the regular 
 tuition fees, and as a very large number of jDaying piipils could 
 hardly be expected at the commencement, the council was com- 
 pelled to have recourse to private aid and to solicit donations 
 from the Jewish public of Savannah. The appeal was readily res- 
 ponded to. and the Eev. Mr. Lewin, in order to facilitate the 
 enterprise, offered his services as the gratuitous superintendent, 
 thereby releasing the institute from the payment of a large salary. 
 Thus, at a general meeting of the members, held on the 27th 
 of October, the provisional council had the gi-atification of report- 
 ing that everything was in readiness to open the institute on the 
 1st of November. The first permanent council was then elected, 
 consisting of Messrs. Octavus Cohen, B. Phillijjs, A. B. Weslow, 
 H. Meinhard, M. Selig, P. Dzialynski, and S. H. Eckuiau, the officer.s 
 U 
 
|5g HLSTOKIOAL KKCORD OK SAVA*rNA.H. 
 
 beiug Octaviis Colien, Esq., piesideut; A. B. Weslow, Treasurer; 
 and 13. Phillii^.s, Secretary. Ou the 1st of November, the institute 
 was opened -nith a professorial staff of the highest rank, and a 
 goodly number of pupils to receive its numerous benefits. 
 
 Vmong the advantages offered by the institute was the delivery of 
 public Ifr-tures, for the amusement and instruction of the imblic. 
 The first course, however, through iinavoidable circumstances, 
 consisted of only two lectures; but the pleasant evenings passed in 
 listening to the eloquent addresses of the Hon. Henry K. Jackson 
 and th^ Hon. Heniy S. Fitch, will not be easily forgotten. 
 
 Thus, \s'hile engaged in the most noble of human employments — 
 the culture of the mind — the fii-st scholastic year passed pleasantly 
 away and the summer vacation broiight the labors of the professors 
 to a close. 
 
 For the second year ample preparations were made to render 
 the institiite still more useful to the public. The fees for tuition 
 were reduced, additional i^rivileges bestowed upon members, and 
 higher studies introduced, so that on the 1st of October, 1868, the 
 institute again set forward on its mission of education, M'ith bright 
 hopes for its future success. On the 27th of October, 1868, the 
 annual meeting of members took place, and the new council was 
 elected, as follows: Hon. Solomon Cohen, Octavus Cohen, Barnet 
 Phillips, Simon Gertsman, Marcus Selig, Henry Meinhard, and S. 
 H. Eckman, the officers being Hon. Solomon Cohen, President; 
 Barnet Phillips, Secretary; and Simon Gertsman, Treasurer. By 
 resolution of the general meeting, the Kev. E. D'C. Lewin, who 
 during the previous year had occupied an ex-officio seat at the 
 council, was declared to be a life member of that body, Mith right 
 to vote on all matters appertaining to the institute. 
 
 The institute embraces: 1st, a high school for boys; 2d, an acad- 
 emy for girls. In both departments there are classes and divisions 
 according to the abilities of the piipils, the studies pursued in 
 these classes being regulated according to the respective grades. 
 
 The branches taught, in addition to the general branches pursued 
 in schools, are geometry, algebra, book-keeping, natural philosophy, 
 together with the French, German, Hebrew, and Latin languages. 
 
 The faculty comprises the following: Rev. E. D'C. Lewin, Super- 
 intendent and Principal of the Theological department ; Charles N. 
 West, Teacher of Belles-Lettres and Mathematics; Prof. Adolph 
 Eiswald, Teacher of Languages; Eev. E. Fischer, Teacher of He- 
 brew and Theology; Edwin Kuapp, Teacher of Book-keeping. 
 
AMUSEMENTS. 
 
 151} 
 
 AMUSEMENTS. 
 
 The love of umiiseuieut is strong amoug the citizens of Biivau- 
 nah, which is evinced by the nnmeroiis litie, boat, and other clubs, 
 in the sports of which old and young engage with the keenest zest. 
 
 The Theatre, situated on the east side of Chippewa square, is 
 the first and most prominent among the places of amusement. It 
 enjoys the reijutation of being the best adapted for its pui-pose 
 of any between Baltimore and New Orleans. 
 
 St. Andrew's Hall is a large brick building, situated on the 
 south side of Broughton at the comer of Jefferson street. The 
 
 ST. ANDREW'S hall. 
 hail was erected and owned by the St. Andi'ew's society of Savan- 
 nah, but was sold to Mr. David E. Dillon dui-ing the late war. It 
 is capacious, and complete iu its aiTangements for the comfort and 
 convenience of audiences. 
 
 The MusEtTM, situated on the northeast coiner of Bull and Taylor 
 ■ Ireets, is well kept, and an hour or two can be delightfully spent 
 nmong the rare curiosities there on exhibition. 
 
1Q0 HISTORICAL RECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 PUBLIC AND SOCIETY BUD^DINGS. 
 
 There are a large number of fine public and society buildings in 
 Savannah, among them the Exchange, Central Railroad Bank, State 
 Bank, Custom House, Hall of the Georgia Historical Society, Medi- 
 cal College, Abrahm's Home, Female Asylum, Masonic Hall, and 
 the three prominent hotels, the Pulaski House, Screven House, and 
 Marshall House. 
 
 The Exchange was built in 1791) by a joint-stock company, in 
 which the city v/as a stockholder to the amount of twenty-five 
 shares. The ground was leased to the company for ninety-nine 
 years. The cost of erection was twenty thousand dollars. The 
 city purchased stock from the inception of the company until 1812, 
 when the building came into the possession of the citj-, and has 
 since been used as a City Hall. A few years since it was enlarged 
 to its present dimensions. The Mayor's court-room — in which the 
 City Council also meets — the offices of the Mayor, Clerk of Council, 
 City Treasurer, Surveyor, and Marshall, are in the u^iper portion 
 of the building. The lower stories, one on a line with the top of 
 the bluff and two beneath, are used as offices by private parties. 
 
 The Georgia Historical Society, upon the petition of Hon. J. M. 
 Berrien, Hon. James M. Wayne, Hon. M. H. McAllister, I. K. Tift, 
 Eight Eev. William Bacon Stevens, George W. Hunter, Henry K. 
 Preston, Colonel William Thorne Williams, Judge Chas. S. Heniy, 
 Judge John C. Nicoll, Judge William Law, Judge Eobert M. Charl- 
 ton, Dr. Eichard D. Arnold, and A. A. Smets, was chartered by the 
 legislature in 1839, " for the purpose of collecting, preserving, and 
 diffusing information relating to the State of Georgia in particular, 
 and of American history generally." The society was formed and 
 a building erected on Bryan street. It is a beautiful edifice, and 
 admirably adapted for the purpose. The society has published 
 several valuable works. There are at present in the library seven 
 thousand five hundred volumes, among them many rare books. 
 There are also a large number of valuable manuscripts. There is, 
 in connection with the society, a Scientific section, the object of 
 which is to investigate and discuss practical questions and subjects 
 in chemistry, mechanics, and kindred branches. The society num- 
 bers two hundred members, with the following officers: Hon. E. J. 
 Harden, President; Dr. W. M. Charters, 1st Vice-President; Gen. 
 A. E. Lawton, 2d Vice-President; Dr. E. D. Arnold, Corresponding 
 Secretary; Dr. Easton Yonge, Eecording Secretary; W. S. Bogart, 
 
m'BLIC AND SOCIETY BUILDINGS. 
 
 161 
 
 GEOKGI4. HISTOKICVL SOCIET\ 
 
 Treasurer; J. S. F. Lancaster, Librarian; W. T. Williams, W. B. 
 Hodgson, H. E. Jackson, William Duncan, B. Phillips, Juriah 
 Han-is, T. M. Norwood, Curators. 
 
 The Presidents of the society, since its organization, are: Hon. 
 J. M. Berrien, Hon. James M. Wayne, Eight Eev. Bishop Stephen 
 Elliott, John Stoddard, and Hon. E. J. Harden. 
 
 The Watee Woeks are located in the outer portion of the city, 
 on the western side of the Ogeechee canal, close to the river, 
 and were erected in 1853, but were not in full operation until 1854. 
 The receiving reservoir is divided into four compartments, each 
 about one hundred and fifty feet square and eight feet deep, so 
 that while the clarified water from one compartment is being 
 I)umped into the city the water in the other basins is in a state 
 14* 
 
Ig2 HISTORICAL KKCORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 of repose aud becoming clear. These basins, -vrhicli are capable of 
 containing six hundred tons of water, and can be kept. full, no 
 matttr how great the demand may be, are filled from the river 
 by means of a canal •«'ith gateways into each basin. The forcing 
 pumps are three in niimber, of Worthington & Baker's direct-action 
 patent. From these the water is forced through two separate 
 lines of pipes to the distributing reservoir. Each of the three 
 engines is capable of delivering into the distributing reservoir one 
 million gallons of water in twelve hours. The engines, pumps, 
 boilers, and lines of i^ipe are duplicated, and a failure of a full 
 supply of water at all times is almost impossible. 
 
 The distributing reservoir is located in Franklin square, about a 
 half-mile di.stant from the receiving reservoir. It is a circular iron 
 tank, thirty feet in diameter and twenty-five feet high, placed upon 
 a massive structure of brick, thirty-five feet in diameter at the 
 iiottom and thirty feet at the top. A hollow shaft of brick work in 
 carried uj) in the centre to the fxiU height. Resting upon the inner 
 and outer walls are oast-iron girders forming the floor upon which 
 the v/rought-iron tank rests. The bottom is on an elevation of fifty 
 feet above the grade of the city at the Exchange. The whole 
 height to which the water is raised by the pumps is one hundred 
 and twenty feet. 
 
 Mr. R. H. Guerard is the Superintendent of the works, aud 
 Messrs. James Holland and William A. Luddington Engineers. 
 
 The CoPKT-HousE, an edifice of brick and stucco, tvo stories in 
 Jieight, was erected in 1833. It is situated on the east side of 
 Wright (formerly Percival) square, more generally known as Court- 
 Housc sqxiare, on which all public out-door demonstrations are 
 -held. The first court-house was erected at the northeast corner 
 of BxiU street and Bay lane. A .short time previous to the lievo- 
 lutiouary war a large brick court-house was built on the site of 
 the present building, and was considei'ably injured by the British 
 troops quartered therein, and also bj' the shells thrown from the 
 American and French batteries during the siege in 1779. After 
 the war it was repaired and devoted to its legitimate uses until 
 1831, when it was torn down. 
 
 Tho Superior court. Judge Schley, and the City court, Judge 
 \Valtor S. Chisholm, hold their regular sessions in the upper story. 
 The lower story is used for the oflices of the Judges, Clerks, Ordi- 
 nary, Sherifis of the city and county, and the Eeceivers and Col- 
 lectors of Taxes. 
 
PIXBLIC AND SOCIETY BUILDINGS. 
 
 163 
 
 The PooK-HousE and Hospit^vl was incorporated iu 1835, upon 
 the application of Joseph Ciunming, S. C. Dunning, R. King, John 
 Gardner, Mathew Hoi>kin.s, "William E. Waring, Charles S. Henry, 
 S. D. Corbett, Samuel Philbrick, N. G. Beard, Francis Sorrell, k 
 D. Ai-nold, and P. M. Kollock. The present commodious struc- 
 ture, located on Gaston, between Drayton and Abercorn streets, was 
 erected by private subscription in 1819, and used for several years 
 altogether as a hospital for sailors. In 1830 $18,000 was left to tho 
 
 -.'\VSS\H POOR Hot SE \Nn HO'<pn \l 
 
 institution by Messrs. James Wallace and Thomas Young. Tho 
 institution is well supported by the hospital fund, the donations of 
 fees by the attending physicians, and the State tax upon auction- 
 eers. The officers are: Dr. William Duncan, President; Dr. K. D. 
 Arnold, Attending Physician ; Dr. W. G. Bulloch, Surgeon ; Dr. Wni. 
 Duncan, medical officer to female ward. 
 
 The Abkahm's Home. On the 8th of April, 182-2, a society was 
 organized by a number of ladies of Savannah for the relief of poor 
 widows with or without children, and destitute families generally 
 in the city. A number of frame tenements, on South Broad street, 
 were and are used by the society as houses for the destitute 
 families. A few years since Mrs. Theodora Abrahms bequeathed a 
 sum of money to be used in building an edifice to be made a 
 home for destitute families. With the money thus contributed, 
 the present Abrahm's Home, situated on the northwest corner of 
 
164 
 
 HISTORICAL RECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 Broughtou and East Broad streets, was erected. It is a large and 
 elegant edifice, admirably adapted for its puiijose, and is iiuder the 
 control of the society organized in 1822. A mimber of aged and 
 indigent females find shelter and comfort in this building. 
 
 The officers of the society are: Mrs. J. J. Jackson, 1st Directress; 
 Mrs. J. H. Burroughs, 2d Directress; Mrs. Wallace Gumming, 
 Secretary; Miss S. C. Tuft'ts, Treasurer. 
 
 The Bank of the State of Geoec4IA is an imposing building. It 
 is located on the eastern side of Johnson square. This bank, 
 
 
 BANK or THE .STATE OF GEORGIA. 
 
 with the Merchants and Planters, Farmers and Mechanics, Plant- 
 ers, Marine, Bank of Commerce, and the Bank of Savannah, all 
 in successful operation previous to and during the war, was com- 
 pelled to suspend operations after the collapse of the Confederacy. 
 
 The banks in Savannah now are: The Central Fiailroad bank, the 
 Savannah National bank, and the Merchants' National bank. 
 
 The Medical College, located at the northwest corner of Tayk>r 
 and Habersham streets, is a fine edifice, which, for solidity, com- 
 modiousness, and i^erfect adaptability for all the purposes of a 
 medical college, challenges a comparison with the best buildings of 
 the kind in the country, and surpasses a large majority of them. 
 
 A charter to establish a medical college in Savannah was granted 
 in 1838, but no active measures were taken to erect a building 
 
PUBLIC AND SOCIETY BUILDINGS. 
 
 165 
 
 until 18o'2, Mheu tlie late J. Gordon Howard, M. D., took the 
 initiatory steps to that end, and Drs. P. M. Kollock, E. D. Arnold, 
 W. G. Bulloch, C. W. West, H. L. Byrd, E. H. Martin, J. Gordon 
 Howard, and J. B. Bead petitioned the Trustees to organize them 
 as a Faculty, they pledging themselves to erect a suitable building 
 and to provide all apparatus necessary for instruction and illustra- 
 tion. The charter was not granted, owing to the opposition of a 
 number of medical gentlemen. Nothing daunted, the gentlemen 
 associated themselves together as a corporation under the name 
 and style of the Savannah Medical Institute, and erected the 
 present building, the corner-stone of which ^\-as laid on the 17th of 
 
 ■i! li Mil i^ 
 
 (?«?, 
 
 SAVANNAH JIEDICAL COLLEGE. 
 
 January, 1853, by Dr. E. D. Arnold, iu his capacity as Master of a 
 Lodge of Free Masons. The following November the first course 
 of lectures was commenced. After the capture of the city by Sher- 
 man's troops the building was used as a United States hospital, 
 from which the United States medical officers carried off the fine 
 apparatus, the valuable collections of minerals, the engravings and 
 paintings for illustration, the anatomical proportions, and patho- 
 logical specimens. 
 
 The members of the Faculty are: Drs. E. D. Arnold, Practice of 
 Medicine; William G. Biilloch, Surgery; W. M. Charters, Chemis- 
 try; Juriah Hams, Physiology; P. M. Kollock, Obstetrics; J. B. 
 Read, Materia Medica; W. R. Waring, Anatomy; William Duncan 
 
Ijjt] HISTORICAL KECORD OV SAVANNAH. 
 
 and Robert P. Myers, Deinonstrators ; Thomas Smith, adjunct io 
 P. M. Kollock; Thomas J. Charltou, adjunct to W. G. Bulloch; J. 
 G. Thomas, adjunct to Juriah Harris ; J. R. Niinn, adjunct to James 
 B. Read; W. H. Elliott, adjunct to W. M. Charters. 
 
 The officers of the Faculty arc: Jnriah Harris, President; W. 11. 
 Waring, Dean; P. M. Kollock, Treasurer; Robt. P. Myers, Curator. 
 
 Chatham County Jail, sitiiated in the soiithern part of the city> 
 is neatly bnilt of brick and stuccoed, and is capable of containing 
 about one hundred prisoners. It was erected in 18-45, and is under 
 the management of Waring Russell, Esq. The first jail was situated 
 at the northwest corner of Bay lane and Bull street, which rotted 
 down, as did five others on the same site. Another building was 
 erected near the site of the in-esent court-house before the Revolu- 
 tionary war, and after the war it was torn down and another built 
 on the site occupied by Mr. A. Low's house. It was used until the 
 present jail was built, Yv'hen it was torn down to make room for 
 dwelling-houses. In former times persons were confined for debt- 
 They were not always actuiilly locked np, but were permitted, upon 
 giving sufficient surety, to go at large within "jail bounds," a 
 certain distance each way fi'om the jail. Should they, on any 
 pretence or by any accident, go beyond these limits, their sureties 
 became liable, and they themselves would be locked up. These 
 boi;nds were designated at suitable intervals by small stones, like 
 the foot-stone of a grave, with the letters " J. B." cut on them.* 
 
 Some years since a gentleman from the North, on a visit to 
 Savannah, was walking out with a resident, when his attention was 
 attracted by one of these stones. "What is that?" said he. "it 
 looks as if it might have come from a graveyard." 
 
 The citizen mischievously told him that it stood at the grave of 
 one James Benton, an old settler, indeed one of the first in the 
 time of Oglethorpe. He went on to relate to his wondering friend 
 how this old man (an entirely fictitious character), being a very 
 eccentric genius, desired to perpetuate his odd whims, even after 
 his death, and therefore left directions for his interment in one of 
 the public squares, specifying the minutest details, even to the 
 size and style of the stone; also l)inding his executors and the 
 town authorities, in consideration of certain vahiable tracts of 
 land which he donated them, never to remove his body nor make 
 any attempt to preserve the grave from being trampled upon, only 
 keeping the stone up. 
 
 * In owe or two of tho sciiarco thc?c «toncs are still to be rocu. 
 
PUBLIC AND sooiKXY uuir.niNa^. 
 
 167 
 
 Much more of the same lauguago did the citizeu pour iuto the 
 willmg cars of the uortherner, relating it with a minuteness of 
 detail and a gra>'ity of countenance which completely deceived the 
 descendant of the Pilgrim fathers. On his return home he pub- 
 lished in the -village ncM-spaper most wonderful accounts of the 
 habits, manners, and customs of the people of the "Forest City." 
 
 The Custom House, a noble fire-proof structure, is built of 
 Quincy granite, and is one hundred and ten feet in length and 
 fifty-two feet deep. It is of three stories, the first used as the poet 
 office, the second devoted to custom hoirse piu-poses, and the third 
 or upper story for United States Court room, with the usual offices. 
 
 CUSTOM HOUSE. 
 
 No record remains to point out to the curious the location of 
 the first house of customs, although there was such a one here in 
 1763. In 1789 Commerce row, west of the exchange, was built 
 and the custom house established therein, wherein its duties were 
 transacted. The customs were then removed to a building on the- 
 site now occupied by the Georgia Historical society, and afterward 
 to the Exchange. In 1850 the present building was erected, and 
 the customs were finally firmly located. 
 
 The Female AsYLtrM of Savannah had a common origin with the 
 Union Society (which was formed in the year 1750) for the care 
 and education of orphan and destitute children in general, who, 
 without distinction of sex, enjoyed the benefits of its charitable 
 appropriations until the 17th of December, 1801, at which period, 
 for the greater benefit of both classes of childi-en, and with a view 
 to those more extensive results which true charity ever aims to 
 
168 
 
 HISTORICAL RECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 secure, it was suggested by the Rev. Heuiy Holcombe, tlieu resi- 
 dent pastor of the Baptist church of Savannah, to several ladies of 
 pietj' and benevolence the propriety of a separation. The sugges- 
 tion was approved and actively carried into eft'ect, and the female 
 asylum, in the year 1801, commenced a distinct and separate 
 existence, under a Board of Directors composed of fourteen ladies, 
 whose names are subjoined: Mrs. Elizabeth Smith, Mrs. Ann Clay, 
 Mrs. Jane Smith; Mrs. Sarah Lamb, Secretary; Mrs. Margaret 
 Hunter, Treasurer; Lady Ann Houston, Mrs. Holcombe, Mrs. Han- 
 nah McAllister, Mrs. Susannah Jenkins, Mrs. Ann Moore, Mrs. 
 Moore, Mrs. Eebecca Newel, Mrs. Mary Wall, Miss Martha Ste- 
 phens, TiTistees, or Managers: Mrs. Lydia Myers, Matron. In 
 
 FEMALE OKPH.VS ASVI.UM. 
 
 1810 the legislature of Georgia granted an act of incorporation, 
 founded on a system of rules for the better government of the 
 institute. In 1838 (past experience having proved the necessity for 
 a larger building and more desirable location than the one occu- 
 pied in the eastern part of the city; but the limited fiinds of 
 the society, at the time, prevented so desirable a change), Mrs. M. 
 Marshall and Mrs. M. Eichardsone volunteered to assist the endeav- 
 ors of the Board of Managers to increase, bj'' a public collection, 
 the available means of the society in the accomplishment of so 
 laudable an object. Their combined efforts happily proved suc- 
 cessful, and the erection of the present handsome and commodious 
 edifice on the corner of Bull and Charlton streets was the result. 
 
 The officers of the society are: Mrs. E. C. Anderson, 1st Direct- 
 ress; Mrs. Landi'um, 2d Directress: Miss Welman, Secretary; Mrs. 
 C. A. Lamar, Treasurer. 
 
MONUMENTS. Jgg 
 
 MONUMENTS. 
 
 The visit of General Lafayette to Savauuuh iu 1825 was made 
 the occasiou of laying the corner-stones of two monuments to be 
 erected, one to the memory of Gen. Nathaniel Greene and the other 
 to the memory of Brigadier-General Count Pulaski. A committee 
 was api^ointed, and under their an-angements the corner-stone of a 
 monument to Greene was laid in Johnson square, and one to 
 Pulaski iu Chippewa square, on the '21st of March, 1825, by General 
 Lafayette and the Masonic lodges. 
 
 Subseqiiently, donations were received from the citizens and 
 others by the committee, for their erection, and in November, 1826, 
 a lottery was granted by the legislature, for the pui^iose of raising 
 the sum of $35,000, to be appropriated to the object. After a few 
 years, the funds not having reached an amount adequate for the 
 erection of both, it was determined to erect one only for the pres- 
 ent; that was placed in Johnson square in 1829, and was called the 
 " Greene and Pulaski Monument." The monument, as seen by the 
 accomi^auying lithograph, is plain and withoiit inscription. It is 
 about fifty feet high. The lottery continued its operations and 
 produced an amount sufficient, with other contributions, to erect 
 
 The Pulaski Monument. This marble memorial to Count Casi- 
 mir Pulaski, who sealed his devotion to the cause of American 
 liberty with his blood, is situated in Monterey square. The corner- 
 stone was laid on the 11th of October, 1853. The military, under 
 command of Colonel A. K. Lawton, the various Masonic lodges, and 
 a large concourse of citizens, were present during the ceremonies. 
 
 The monument is about fifty feet in height, surmounted by a 
 statue of Liberty holding the banner of the "stars and stripes." 
 It is perceived, at a glance, that the monument is intended for a 
 soldier who is losing his life while fighting ; wounded, he falls from 
 his horse, still grasping his sword. The date of the event, October 
 9th, 1779, is recorded above the subject. The coat of arms of 
 Poland and Georgia, surrounded by branches of laurel, ornament 
 the cornice on two sides, or fronts; while the eagle, emblem of 
 liberty, courage, and independence, and the symbolic bird of Poland 
 and America, rests upon both. The cannon reversed on the corners 
 of the die are emblematical ot military loss and mourning, and 
 give the monument a strong militarj' character. The corner-stone 
 laid iu Chippewa square in 1825 was removed iu 1853 and placed 
 alongside of the corner-stone of the present monument. 
 15 
 
170 
 
 HISTORICAL RKCOKD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 The uunibfv and beauty of the chnrt-hes of Savaunah elicit tha 
 admiiMtion of all who visit the city. 
 
 l^hc Episcopal church was established in Savannah by Kevereud 
 Heii'-y Herbert, D. D., in 1733, he having come over with the first 
 settlers. Services were held in Oglethorpe's tent, or in open air, 
 iw the weather permitted, until late in that year, when a court- 
 house was erected on Bull street at what is now the northeast 
 <^orner of Bay lane, in which services were held until 1750. 
 
 OaiasT Chxikch. The lot upon which this church now stands 
 was laid out for an Episcopal church on the 7th of July, 1733, but 
 i\o attempt was made to build upon it until the 11th of June 1740, 
 -when a frame building was commenced. Six years afterM'ard the 
 shingles were placed upon it, and it was finally completed in 1750, 
 on the 7th of July of which year it was dedicated to the worship 
 of God. The fire of 179G reduced it to ashes. It was rebuilt, and 
 was very much damaged by the gale in 1804. The present church, 
 constructed after the Grecian Ionic order of architecture, is one of 
 the most magnificent churches in the city. It was completed in 
 1838. The church records show that the following named minis- 
 ters have been in charge at this clmrch: Eev. Dr. Henry Herbert 
 was the fii'st. He M'as succeeded bj' Rev. S. Quiucy, Mho remained 
 until 17:!5, when Rev. John Wesley became rector. The latter was 
 followed by the Rev. William Norris, who resided alternately in 
 Savannah and at Frederica. Rev. Wm. Metcalf, who was appointed 
 next, died before he entered upon his duties, and his place was 
 filled by Rev. Mr. Orton, who died in 1742. About this period 
 Eev, George Whitfield was in charge. Rev. T. Bosomworth, his 
 liiice6SS0r, was displaced, and Rev. Mr. Zouberbuhler was appointed. 
 He remained in charge until 1763. In 1768, 1771, and 1772, Rev. 
 Mr. Frink was in charge. There is no record to show who were the 
 rectors in charge from 1703 to 1708 and from 1773 to 1810, and from 
 1814 to 1820. From 1810 to 1814, when the church was rebuilt. 
 Rev. John V. Bartow was in charge. Rev. Mr. Cranston became 
 rector in 1820, and was succeeded by Rev. A. Carter, who died in 
 1827. He was followed by Eev. Dr. EdM'ard Neufville, who died in 
 1851, having filled his responsible position for nearly a quarter of 
 a centuiy. He was succeeded by Rev. A. B. Carter, Avho remained 
 only a short time, and Right Rev. Bishop Stephen Elliott, Bishop 
 of the Diocese, became pastor. He resigned the charge of the 
 
CHURCHES. 
 
 171 
 
 i-hnrcL, temporarily, in November, 1850, ami llev. Dr. J. Easter was 
 temporarily in charge, imtil the anival of Rev. Dr. Batch, iu 
 February, 1860. In 1801 Bishop Elliott resumed rectorship), and 
 Rev. Chas. H. Coley was called to assist him. Bishop Elliott died 
 on the 21st of December, 1860. Rev. Mr. Coley remained in 
 charge until the fall of 1868, when he received a call to the West. 
 The church ^vas temporarily supplied for several months by Rev. 
 Dr. Easter, when the present rector, Rev. J. M. Mitchell, was 
 called to the rectorship. The membership of the church is about 
 three hundred and seventy. The Sunday-school of this church has 
 about two hundred scholars — Dr. W. H. Elliott, Superintendent. 
 ^ St. John's Chuech. St. John's parish was organized in 1840, 
 and Services were held in a building on Soiath Broad west of 
 Barnard street. The present building, built iu the English style 
 of Gothic, which prevailed in England from the year 1200 to the 
 year 1300 of the Christian era, is located on the west side of 
 Madison square, and was completed in 1853 and dedicated by the 
 Right Rev. Bishop Elliott. There are about two hundred and 
 thirty communicants iu this church. The Sunday-school, with 
 about one hundred and sixty pupils and twenty teachers, is under 
 the superintendence of J. S. F. Lancaster. 
 
 The Church Wardens and Vestry are: W. S. Bogart and J. R. 
 Johnson, Wardens; William Battersby, Dr. J. A. Wragg, Heniy 
 Brigham, 'Lexi DeWitt, John JsL Guerard, Edward J. Purse, John 
 L. Yillalonga, and William Tison. 
 
 The following Rectors have been in charge of the parish since 
 its organization: Revs. Rufus M. White, George H. Clarke, 0. F. 
 McRixe, and Samiiel Benedict, the present rector. 
 
 Congregation "Mickva Israel." The early history of this con- 
 gregation is so involved in doubt that, after the greatest possible 
 labor and research on the part of the writer of this sketch, the 
 task of ascertaining the exact date of organization was compelled 
 to be abandoned. It is certain, however, that several Jews arrived 
 from England in the year 1733, and that these ])rought with them 
 two scrolls of the Law and the Ark, or receptacle for the same. 
 
 From this fact, it is reasonable to conclude that a congregation 
 was established shortly afterward. Tradition honors a room in 
 the neighborhood of Bay Street lane as the place in which the 
 Hebrews first assembled for the pui"pose of divine worship. Then, 
 : t a later date, this temporary Synagogue was changed to a one- 
 ^,^ory wooden building on Broughton Street lane. Tradition also 
 
1<J2 HISTOBICAL RECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 states that after some years a schism took place among the mem- 
 bers of this small congregation, and doubtless this must have 
 occurred, since the earliest manuscript extant, bearing date Sep- 
 tember 7th, 1762, is a deed of gift of a parcel of land by Mr. 
 Sheftall to all pei'sons professing to he Jews, to be used by them 
 either as a burying-ground or as the site of a synagogue. Now 
 this deed does not allude at all to a congregation. If, therefore, 
 the "Mickva Israel" existed prior to this date, the tradition of a 
 schism must be correct, and the donor of this piece of land must 
 have purposely omitted the name of the congregation. Again, tra- 
 dition asserts that this schism was subseqriently healed, and the 
 congregation reunited. Whatever may have been the real occur- 
 rences which marked the early history of the congregation, it is 
 quite certain that it existed xmder its present name in the year 
 1790, for the old minute book, now in the possession of the con- 
 gregation, contains entries as far back as that year, and the charter 
 of the congregation bears date November 30th, 1790, during the 
 administration of Governor Edward Telfair. 
 
 The congregation, although organized and chartered, had as yet 
 no regular edifice for public worship, and it was not until 1815 that 
 the first Synagogue was erected on the site of the jiresent building, 
 at the northeast corner of Liberty and Whitaker streets. The lot 
 was granted by the City Council for the purpose, and the building 
 itself was only constructed of wood, and was of small dimensions. 
 In 18.32-3 this building was destroyed by fire, but fortimately, it 
 having been insured to the amount of $1500, the congregation was 
 enabled to erect the present building, the difference of outlay 
 between the amount received from the insurance and the actual 
 cost of the new biiilding being obtained by contributions. With 
 all this, however, the congi-egation continued to remain small in 
 numbers, which is to be attributed to the fact that no clergyman 
 was engaged to perform divine worship, and the severe laws of 
 the congregation prevented foreign Jews from becoming members. 
 Time, however, cured all evils, and as soon as these restrictions,, 
 which impeded the progress of the congr-egation, were removed, a 
 new life was infused into it. Thus, in the year 1852, the names of 
 several foreigners were to be found on the list of members, and the 
 first regular minister was appointed, after the "Mickva Israels" 
 had been in existence over one himdred and twenty years. The 
 Rev. Jacob Rosenfeld was the first incumbent, but in 1861 he 
 resigned, and the congregation again continued to be without the 
 
CHURCHEg. IJ3 
 
 services of a minister. This state of things continued during the 
 war, services, however, being performed by a lay-reader. 
 
 In January, 1867, Abraham Einstein, Esq., was called to the 
 presidential chair, and vipon assuming the duties of his office he 
 brought into the congregation about thirty new members. The 
 want of a minister was then for the first time severely felt, and 
 steps were at once taken to secure one. A correspondence was 
 opened with the Rev. E. D'C. Lewin, minister of a congregation in 
 Shreveport, La., and the position in the "Mickva Israel" was ten- 
 dered to him by the Adjunta of that body. The Eev. Mr. Lewin 
 accepted, and arrived in Savannah in March, 1867. Since that 
 time many changes have taken place in the congregation, foremost 
 among which have been the changes produced in synagogue wor- 
 ship and in the forms of the Jewish religion — the Eev. Mr. Lewin 
 being a liberalist, and a progressionist, and belonging to that school 
 of Judaism popularly denominated the reform school. 
 
 The " Mickva Israel "' numbers about fifty members, and if the 
 government of the congregation continues to be conducted in the 
 n&me spirit as it is at present, it must undoubtedly be among the 
 most prosperous in the country. 
 
 CoNGBEGATioN " B'nai Beeith Jacob. " This congregation was 
 founded in September, 1860, after the departure of the Eev. J. 
 Eosenfeld from the "Mickva Israel" congregation. It owes its 
 origin to a society bearing the name of B'nai Eerith, which existed 
 prior to the formation of the congregation, but which resolved 
 itself into the congregation, retaining the original name with the 
 addition of the title "Jacob." In 1861 it was chartered, and com- 
 menced from that time worshipping in Armory Hall. The first 
 president was Mr. Eosenfeld, who also officiated gratuitously as 
 minister until August, 1865, when, leaving Savannah to do b^^si- 
 ness in Tallahassee, Florida, Mr. Simon Gertsman commenced offi- 
 ciating as lay reader gratuitoi;sly. In January, 1867, this gentle- 
 man was elected president, from which date he commenced active 
 measures to encourage the congregation by endeavoring to have a 
 permanent building erected as a place of worship. By dint of 
 great energy and perseverance, and after many trials and obstacles, 
 he succeeded in his praiseworthy designs, and on the 16th of 
 July of the same year the corner-stone of the building was laid 
 by the Eev. E. D'C. Lewin with all the ceremonies and pomp 
 attendant on such occasions. The work of building progressed so 
 rapidlj', under the management of the architects, Messrs. Muller & 
 15* 
 
174 HISTORICAL RECORD OF SAVANNA_H. 
 
 Bruyu, that iu the thuxl month after the laj-ing of the coruer-stoue, 
 ou the 27th of September, 1867, the Synagogue was solemnly dedi- 
 cated to the God of Israel by Eev. R. D'C. Lewin, and the congi-e- 
 gatiou commenced regular worship in the new edifice. In January, 
 18G8, Mr. Gertsman resigned the office of in-esident and ceased 
 officiating as lay reader. He was succeeded in the presidential 
 chair by Mr. A. B. Weslow, and Mr. Kosenfeld, having given up his 
 business in Florida and returned to Savannah, was elected the 
 paid minister of the congregation. The congregation consists of 
 about thirty members, nearly all of whom are natives of Poland. 
 The "Minhag"* of the congregation is Polish, according to the 
 •orthodox form, although some few changes have been introduced. 
 The congregation, though still young, promises to do well, and 
 will doubtless progress as it grows older. 
 
 Lutheran Chukch. There is little if any record remaining of 
 the estiiblishment of the Lutheran religion by the Salzburgers iu 
 Savannah. From the best information that can be gained, it 
 appears that many members of the various colonies of Salzburgers 
 who, during the period between 1736 and 1744, fled to Georgia t.) 
 avoid persecution in their own land on account of their religioii, 
 remained in Savannah and formed the nucleus of a church organi- 
 zation about the year 1744. It was, however, for several years, 
 regarded as a missionary ground, and the members were preached 
 to at intervals by Eevs. John Martin Bolzius and Israel Christian 
 Gronau, of Ebenezer, and Eev. U. Driesler, of Frederica. A small 
 church was built upon the site occupied by the i:)reseut church, on 
 the eastern side of Wright square. Eevs. Ealjenhorst and Wattman 
 officiated in 1759. Eev. Mr. Bergman took charge of the church a 
 short time before the Eevolutionary war, during which the congre- 
 gation, though much scattered, kept up its organization, and in 
 1787 the church was fully organized with a full board of elders 
 and wardens. The services were conducted iu the German lan- 
 guage, of which the yoimger portion of the congregation were 
 ignorant, a want of interest was manifested, the congregation 
 decreased, and finally the church was closed. In 1824 Dr. Bach- 
 man, of Charleston, came over, and finding the families of Mr. 
 Frederick Herb, Mr. Snider, Mr. Haupt, Mr. Spann, Mr. Gougle, 
 Mr. Felt, Mrs. S. Cooper, Mrs. N. Werimau, and Mrs. L. Cooper, 
 still attached to the faith, endeavored to resuscitate the congrega- 
 
 * Meaninpf custom — as in tlie form of ritual and pronunciation of the He 
 brew. 
 
CHITRCHES. 175 
 
 tion, in -n-hich eft'ort he was successful. Rev. Stephen A. Mealy 
 came from Charleston in this year and took charge of the congre- 
 gation, conducting the services in English. He remained until 
 1839, -when he accepted a call to Philadelphia. Rev. N. Aldrich, of 
 €harleston, became pastor in 1840. In 1843 the present building 
 was erected, and was dedicated in the fall by the pastor, aided by 
 Rev. Dr. Bachman. In 1850 Mr. Aldrich was succeeded by Rev. 
 A. J. Karn, who remained until 1859. The church was closed until 
 1861, when Rev. J. Hawkins took charge, but he remained only 
 eight or nine months. On his departure the church was again 
 closed until the 1st of June, 1863, at which time the present pastor. 
 Rev. D. M. Gilbert, took charge. 
 
 The church has about one hundred and thirty communicants, a 
 fine Sunday-school numbering one hundred and seventy-five pupils 
 under the superintendence of Mr. J. T. Thomas, and is in a flour- 
 ishing condition. During the later periods, when the church was 
 closed, the Sunday-school was in fixll operation, and devotional 
 exercises were occasionally held. 
 
 Pkjesbyxeeian. The first Presbyterian society in Savannah w:iA 
 organized about the year 1755, Rev. J. J. Zubly, D. D., pastor. 
 The exact location of the first church is not known, but it was in 
 Decker ward, and was destroyed by the fire of 1796. Another 
 church was erected on the corner of York, President, and ^Vllitaker 
 streets, where a large livery stable now stands. The steeple of 
 this church was blown down and the Vwilding injured during the 
 gale of 1804. It was repaired and used until 1819, when it was 
 taken down, and the congregation removed to the Independent 
 Presbyterian church on Bull street, which is one of the most ele- 
 gant and spacious houses of worship in the country. It was com- 
 menced in 1815 and completed in 1819, when it was dedicated by 
 Rev. Dr. Henry KoUock, who died the following December. Rev. 
 Dr. I. S. K. Axson is the present i^astor of the church. 
 
 The elders since 1800 are : Thomas Young, John Gibbons, John 
 Bolton, Jno. Hunter, Edward Stebbins, Geo. Harrell, Jno. Milieu, 
 John Cnmming, Benjamin BniTOughs, Moses Cleland, George W. 
 Coe, John Lewis, George W. Anderson, James Smith, William Law, 
 William Bee, G. B. Cumming, John Stoddard, G. B. Laiuiir, B. B. 
 Hopkins. 
 
 The pastors who have had charge of the church since its organi- 
 zation are: Revs. John J. Zubly, D. D., Walter Monteith, Robert 
 Smith, Samuel Clarkson, D. D., Henry KoUock. D. D., William D- 
 
-[76 HISTORICAL RECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 Snodgrass, D. D., Samuel B. Hot>% D. D., Daniel Baker, Willard 
 Preston, D. D., and I. S. K. Axson, D. D., the present pastor, who 
 has been in charge since 1856. 
 
 Messrs. George W. Anderson, William Law, George B. Camming, 
 William H. Baker, John D. Hopkins, and Charles H. Ohnstead are 
 Elders, and Francis SoiTel, Anthony Porter, William Duncan, Chas. 
 Green, and Charles F. Miller, Trustees. 
 
 There are three hundred and thirty-five communicants in this 
 church, which has attached to it a fine Sunday-school, numbering 
 one hundred and eighty-five scholars and teachers, under the 
 superintendence of John D. Hoi^kins, Chas. H. Olmstead, Assistant 
 Superintendent. 
 
 The First Pkesbyteeian Chukch of Savannah was formally organ- 
 ized by the Presbytery of Georgia at a called meeting held in tlie 
 old Baptist church on the 6th of June, 1827 — the opening sermon 
 being preached by the moderator, Eev. N. A. Pratt, of Darien. 
 The number of members constituting the church then organized 
 was about fifteen, the names of the following only being now 
 known: James Gumming, Lowell Mason, Mrs. Gardiner, Miss Clif- 
 ton, George G. Faries, W. King, Mrs. Coppee, Miss Burns, Edward 
 Coppee, Miss M. Lavender, and Mrs. Faries. * 
 
 The elders of the church, chosen immediately after its organiza- 
 tion, were: James Cumming. George G. Faries, E. Coppee, and L. 
 Mason. Subsequent elders have been: W. Crabtree, J. J. Maxwell, 
 B. E. Hand, John IngersoU, E. J. Harden, Charles West, H. A. 
 Crane, and J. F. Cann. 
 
 The first church was built upon the north side of Broughtou, 
 between Jefi"erson and Barnard streets, in 1833. Some time after 
 the congregation left it, it was purchased by the Young Men's 
 Christian association and removed to the northwest corner of Ann 
 and Orange streets, where it was used for some time by the associa- 
 tion, and was lately destroyed by fire. The i^resent church edifice, 
 situated on the east side of Monterey square, was commenced in 
 1856, but, ov.'ing to the loss of money and other circumstances 
 beyond the control of the congregation, has not been complete 1. 
 The work upon it, which was stopped at the commencement of 
 the late war, will, it is thought, be soon recommenced, and a 
 spacious and elegant building be erected. There are at present 
 about eighty-five communicants. Judge E. J. Harden is superin- 
 
 * All of the original members, excepting Mr. King and Mrs. Coppee, are 
 dead. 
 
CHURCHES. ^rjrjr 
 
 tendent of the Sunday-school, which uumbers some sixty pupils. 
 Rev. David H. Porter is i^astor, and H. A. Crane, E. J. Harden, 
 and A. M. Sloan, elders. 
 
 The i^astors of the church, with an apiDroximatiou of the dates 
 of their ministry, are named as follows: Kevs: Mr. Boggs, 1828; 
 James C. Stiles, 1829; C. C. Jones, 1830; Mr. Holt, 1832; C. Blodget, 
 1832; J. L. Merrick, 1834; T. F. Scott, 1835; J. L. Jones, 1840— 
 vacancy one year; B. M. Palmer, 1843 — vacancy one year; J. B. 
 Boss, 1853; John Jones, 1854; C. B. King, 1855; David H. Porter 
 (the present pastor), 1855. 
 
 Methodism. The first preacher sent to Savannah to propagate 
 the doctrines of the Methodist Episcopal church was Eev. Beverly 
 Allen, who came in 1785. He was followed by Revs. Hope Hull, 
 Thomas Humphries, John Major, John Crawford, Phillip Mathews, 
 Hezekiah Arnold, Wheeler Grisson, John Bonner, Jonathan Jack- 
 sou, John Garvin, and Samuel Dunwoody, the latter of whom, in 
 1806, succeeded in organizing a Methodist society, and services 
 were conducted in the houses of the Methodists. Rev. Hope Hull, 
 for several years, jDreached in a cabinet-maker's shop belonging to- 
 Mr. Lowry. The society, in 1813, while under the pastoral charga 
 of Eev. James Russell, commenced building a house of worship at 
 the northeast corner of Lincoln and South Broad streets. It was 
 completed in 1816, and dedicated by Rev. Lewis Myers. Thi.'i 
 edifice was called 
 
 The Wesley Chapel. After being enlarged, remodeled, and 
 repaired several times, the chapel was sold to Mr. W. B. Adams, in 
 1866, w^ho converted it into private residences. A Sunday-school 
 and lectiire room was erected next to the church, but was destroyed 
 by fii'e several years since. The congregation then purchased the 
 building at the corner of WajTie and Drayton streets, formerly 
 belonging to the German Lutheran congregation. The congre- 
 gation is under the pastoral charge of Rev. D. D. Cox, and has 
 one hundi'ed and forty members. There is also a good Sunday- 
 school, under the superintendence of Mr. J. H. Newman. The 
 official members are : John Clements, A. C. Miller, W. H. Hubbard, 
 W. H. Burrell, A. G. Base; I. S. Anderson, Secretary of church 
 meeting. The parsonage is located on the northeast corner of 
 State and Habersham streets. 
 
 Tkinity Chuech, a large and commodious brick edifice, and one 
 of the handsomest churches in the city, is located on the west 
 side of St. James square. It was commenced in 1848, during the 
 
[78 
 
 HISTORICAL KECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 pastorate of Rev. Dr. Alfred T. 3Iauu, and completed in JS.jO, 
 under the pastorate of Rev. .1. E. Evans, and the following year 
 was dedicated by Rev. Dr. ]\[ann. The present membership num- 
 bers fom- hundred and twenty-six, Rev. G. G. N. McDonell pastoi'. 
 
 The stewards of the church are: R. D. Walker, John Houston. 
 C. D. Rogers, James Lachlison, AVilliam M. V/eaver, R. Mclntire, 
 C. A. Magill, J. R. Saussy, J. H. Newman, Beujamm Gammon. 
 Rev. E. Heidt, elder, and George Allen, deacon, are local preachers: 
 H. II. Tatem, Secretary of church meeting. The parsonage is 
 located on the east side of Orleans square, and was bequeathed to 
 the church by Mrs. JIary /Vnn Staflbrd in 1 8(50, who also left about 
 $20,000 in negro property for the poor of the church. The Sunday- 
 scliool, with about three hundred and fifty scholars, is under the 
 superintendence of Mr. C. D. Rogers. 
 
 The Andreav Chapel was built for the colored people in ISi.",, 
 through the energetic and persevermg efforts of G. F. Pearce. For 
 twenty years it was supplied with i)astors by the Georgia Annual 
 Conference, and had a large and flourishing membership. After the 
 occupation of Savannah by General Sherman's army the gTeat mass 
 of the members united with the African M. E. Church, and have 
 been supplied with pastors from that body ever since. The property 
 is still held, however, by the trustees of the M. E. Church South, 
 and a few of the old membei's continue faithful to their former 
 church relations. 
 
 The trustees, who hold all pi'opei'ty belonging to the j\I. E. Churc'h 
 South in Savannah, are : Robert D. Walker, E. Heidt, C. A. Magill, 
 J. R. Saussy, Robert 3[clntire, Benjamin Gammon, C. D. Rogers, 
 John Houston. 
 
 The names of all of the Methodist ministers ever stationed in 
 Savannah are appended, many having been appointed here two or 
 more times : Revs. Beverly Allen, Thomas Humphries, John Major, 
 John Crawford, Phillip Mathews, Hope Hull, Ilezekiah Arnold, 
 Wheeler Grisaon, John Bonnei-, Jonathan Jackson, John Garvin, 
 Samuel Dunwoody, Jones II. Mallai'd, John McVean, Irving 
 Cooper, James H. Kogler, Whitman C. Hill, James Russell, Ilemy 
 Ross, Solomon Bryan, AVm. Capers (afterward Bishop), John How- 
 ard, James O. Andrew (afterward Bishop), George Wliite, E. J. 
 Fitzgerald, Thomas L. Wynn, George Hill, Charles Hardy, Elijah 
 Sinclair, Benjamin Pope, Ignatius A. Few, George F. Pierce (after- 
 ward Bishop), Alexander Speer, James R. Evans, James Sewell, 
 Miller H. White, James B. Jackson, Daniel Cun-ie, Joseph Lewis. 
 
CHUUOHKS. , Y{i^ 
 
 Caleb W. Key, A. T. Manu. W . K. Btauhum, Robert Connor, 
 Lo-vick Pierce, Wni. M. Crumley, Joshua S. Payne, Charles F. 
 Cooper, Thomas H. Jordan, G. G. N. Macdonnell, Joseph S. Key, 
 James ]M. Dickie, D. T. Holmes, Lewis B. Payne, W. II. Potter, 
 L. G. R. Wiggings, W. P. Pledger, H. James, R. F. Breedlove, E. 
 W. Speer, J.T. Nonis, J. R. Caldwell, W. S. Baker, Walter Knox» 
 Alexander M. Wynn, John W. Turner, John F. Ellerson, A. J. 
 Corley, and D. D. Cox. 
 
 The Baptist Chuecii. About the year 1 T'.)") a Baptist house of 
 worship was erected on Franklin square m this city, by different 
 denominations both here and in South Carolina. The house, in an 
 unfinished state, was rented for several years to the Presbyterian 
 congregation, theirs having been destroyed by fire. In 1 799, before 
 the expu'ation of the lease, the Rev. Henry Holcombe, of Beaufort, 
 S. C, was chosen pastor of the congregation, then consisting of 
 different denominations. His salaiy was $2,000 per annum. The 
 house of worship was dedicated on the 17th of AprU, 1800, and the 
 church was dedicated on the 2(>th of November, in the same year. 
 The Rev. Henry Holcombe was the pastor. A baptisteiy was 
 placed in the church ui 1 SOO, and the first person baptised was a 
 3Irs. Jones. 
 
 In the year 179."> the coiporation of Savannah conveyed to Iho 
 church, in fee simple, the lot (No. 19) on Franklin square, now oc- 
 cupied by the First African Baptist church. The following persons 
 petitioned the legislatirre of Georgia for the charter of incorporation : 
 Re^-. Henry Holcombe, pastor; George Mosse, W. H Matthers, 
 •John Rose, Elias Robert, Joseph Wiseman, Theodore Carlton, 
 Joseph Davis, Isaac Sibley, and Wm. Parker. 
 
 Worship was continued on Franklin square until the year 183;!, 
 about w^hich time the brick building on Chippewa square in Brown 
 ward was finished. The building Avas enlarged in 1 839, during the 
 ministry of Rev. J. G. Binney. This building cost, in the aggi'egate, 
 about f-to.ooo, and is the one in which the church is now worshij)- 
 ing. 
 
 The following are the pastors of the church from its organization 
 to the present time: Henry Holcombe, D. D., from 1799 to 181 1 ; 
 \S. B. Johnson, D. D., 1811 to 181.'".; Benj. Scriven, 1815 to 1819; 
 Jas. Sweat, 1819 to 1822; Thomas Meredith, 1822 to 1824; Henry 
 O. Wyer, 1825 to 1834; Josiah S. Law, 1834 to 1835; Charles B. 
 Jones, 183r> to 1836 ; J. G. Binney, 183(5 to 1843 ; Henry O. Wyer, 
 1843 to 184;-i; Albert Williams, 184r, to 1847. 
 
2gO HISTORICAL RECOKD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 On the Uli of February, 1847, the church divided, Rev. Albert 
 Williams, pastor. Thenceforward the two branches were popularly 
 known as the First and Second Baptist churches, though the former 
 never changed its corporate name. Those who constituted the Sec- 
 ond Baptist chiu'ch purchased the building then owned by the Uni- 
 tarians on the southwest comer of Bull and York streets, where 
 they contiuued to worship until the (3th of February, 1851t, when they 
 dissolved, and the reunion of the Baptists of Savannah occmred 
 (after a separation of twelve years almost to a day) on the nth of 
 February, 185'J. 
 
 Pastors of the First Church : liev. Albert Williams, a part of 
 1847; Kev. Jos. T. Roberts, from l.s47 to I84t»; Rev. Thomas 
 Rambaut, IS-iy to 1855 ; Rev. J. B. Stiteler, 1855 to 1856 ; Rev. S. 
 G. Daniel, 1856 to 1851). .. .a ~~ 
 
 Pastors of the Second Church: Rev. Henry O. Wyer, from 1847 
 to 184M; Rev. J. P. Tustiu, 184!) to 1854; Rev. Heniy O. Wyer, 
 1854 to 1855; Rev. M. Winston, 1855 to 1851). 
 
 Rev. Sylvanus Landrum (the present pastor) was called to Savan- 
 nah in November, 1851), and settled with the church on the first day 
 of the following month. 
 
 The deacons chosen on the od of March, 185it, were George W. 
 Davis, James E. Hogg, O. M. Lillibridgc, John W. Rabun, William 
 F. Chaplin, and Isaac Brunner, four of whom are still living and in 
 office. 
 
 In 1861 the church constructed the lecture and Sunday-school 
 room in the basement of their building, and in 1 S(J2 purchased the 
 Pastor's Plome, on the corner of Jones and Drayton streets. During 
 the year 18G8, tliey purchased a lot (No. ID) in Loydjvard, comer 
 of Barnard and Gwinnett streets, on which a mission church is to be 
 built. Tlie number of communicants is four hundred and fifteen. 
 
 ^Tlie Sunday-school was organized on the 2'Jth"of April, 1827, and 
 is finely arranged and admirably conducted. Mr. B. M. Zettler is 
 superintendent and C. W. West secretar}^ The number of teachers 
 is thirty-four ; scholars, one hundred and eighty. 
 
 This church has no colored members. There are, however, three 
 colored Baptist churches in the city. The first and second own good 
 buildings and have a veiy large membership. 
 
 The government of the Savannah Baptist church, according to the 
 practice of the denomination, is congregational, or fhdependent. 
 The church transacts her own business, executes her own discipline, 
 and her decisions are final. She, however, holds an associated con- 
 
CHURCHES. 
 
 181 
 
 uection, for benevolent purposes, with the New Buubuiy Association 
 and with the Georgia Baptist Convention. 
 
 The Catholic CmjKcn. The Catholic religion was established 
 in Savannah during the latter part of the last century. The first 
 building was erected in Liberty square, and was taken down in 183iS. 
 There are about eight thousand five hundred members of this church 
 in Savannah, which is divided into two parishes, St. John's and St. 
 Patrick's. The former parish has about five thousand persons in it, 
 who worsliip at the St. John's cathedral, a magnificent and capacious 
 edifice, located on the east side of Drayton, at the corner of Perry 
 street. Right Rev. Bishop A. Verot, and Rev. Fathers W. J. Ham- 
 ilton and P. Whelau officiate in this parish. St. Patrick's parish 
 was organized on the Gth of November, 18Gr>. St. Patrick's chm-ch, 
 in which the members of this parish, three thousand five hundi'ed 
 in number, worship has been used as a church edifice since the 8th 
 of November, 1863. Very Rev. Peter Dufau, Vicar-General of 
 the diocese, and Rev. Father C. C. Prendergast are in charge of this 
 parish. The Sisters of Om- Lady of Mercy have an extensive build- 
 ing situated on Liberty street, in which about two hundred females 
 are instnicted. A large number of them are orphans, under the 
 care of the sisters, and a considerable nuTuber besides receive gra- 
 tuitous instruction. 
 
 The Pknfield Marineks' Church, located on Bay, near Lincoln 
 .street, was erected in 1831 with the money bequeathed for the pur- 
 pose by Rev. Josiah Penfield. 
 
 The church is now under the management of the Savannah Port 
 Societj^ which was organized on the 21st of November, 1843, "for 
 the puipose of f mulshing seamen with regular evangelical ministra- 
 tration of the Gospel, and such other religious instruction as may be 
 found practicable." Messrs. John Lewis, W. W. Wash, Asa Holt, 
 Robert M. Goodwin, John Ingersoll, Wm. Duncan, Robt. A. Lewis, 
 Samuel Philbrick, S. Goodall, Benjamin Snider, J. R. Wilder, Thos. 
 Clark. jMichael Dillon, Charles Green, Rev. P. A. Strobel, Rev. E. 
 F. Neufville, D. D., Rev. W. Preston, D. D., Captain William 
 C'rabtree, Joseph Felt, John Stoddard, Joseph George, Edward 
 Wiley, Green Fleetwood, Edward Padelford, Joseph Cumming, 
 John J. Maxwell, Mathew Hopkins, J. C. Dunning, and D. B. Will- 
 iams, were among the founders. 
 
 The officers of the Society are : J. T. Thomas, President : John 
 I). Hopkins, 1 St Vice-President ; C. D. Rogers. 2d Vice-President ; 
 
182 
 
 HWTOKICAIi KECORD OV SAVANNA-H. 
 
 D. G. Parso. Treasurer; C. H. Ohnstead, Recording Secretary; J. 
 R. Ssiussy, ("{)rre>>poii(ling Secretary; Kev. Kichard Webb, Chaplain. 
 
 HENEVOLKNT SOCIETIES. 
 
 T ic hoeieties in Savannah for the amelioration of the wants of the 
 poor and distressed, and for the purpose of fostering fraternal rela- 
 tions, arc numerous and flourishing. The records of the more 
 prominent ones will l)e found below. 
 
 MA30XIC. There is little else but tradition left regarding the ori- 
 gin of the first [jodge of the brethren of the " mystic tie " in Georgia. 
 It is asseiled that, early in 173;;, a number of Masons under the 
 leadership of General Oglethorpe, while at Sunbury, then a small 
 settlement, organized, under a large oak tree,* a Lodge known after- 
 ward as the Savannah Lodge. This Lodge was chartered, in 1735, 
 as Solomon's Lodge. After 1800, the Union, L'Esiierauce, Hiram, 
 and Oglethorpe Lodges were organized. During the Morgan 
 excitement all the Lodges, excepting Solomon's, wei'c broken up. 
 The first hall erected for the meetings of the Lodges is situated on 
 President street, near St. James square. It is a long two-story 
 frame iMiilding, now used as a private residence. The present hall, 
 iu whicli both the Titasonic and Odd Fellows' Lodges meet, is an ele- 
 gant brick slruolure situated on IJrougliton. at the northeast corner 
 of Bull street. 
 
 The Solomon's ijodge, No. 1, A. F. M. (first known as tlie SaTan- 
 nah Lodge), was organized in 1 733 ;ind chartered in 1 73r). It is the 
 oldest chartered Lodge iu the United States. From 1 77() to 1 78.">, 
 owing to the Revolutionary war, no meetings were held, and the 
 records were lost. The officers are : P. IM. John Nicolson, W. M.; 
 Bros. J. Lachlison, S. W.; Bernard Brady, J. W.; J. C. Biiiyn, 
 Trcas.; J. II. Estill, Sec; John Oliver, S. D.; R. II. Lewis, J. D.; 
 A. G. McAithur, Harmon A. Elkins, Stewards ; De Witt Bruyn, 
 Organist ; John F. Herb, Tyler. 
 
 Georgia Chapter, No. 3, R. A. M., was established in 1818. The 
 following are the officers: P. 11. P. Richard T. Turner. M. E. H. P.; 
 Companions R. J. Nunn, E. K.; Thomas Baleutyne. E. S.; Rev. 
 Sylvanus Landrum, Chaplain; S. P. Hamilton, C. H.; E. W. 
 Marsh, P. S.; C. Ileiusius, R. 4, C; J. H. Dews, M. 3d V.; Chas. 
 
 * A chair was made of a portion of this tree, and now ornaments the Masonio 
 T/Odgc. room in the Masonic Hall. 
 
BKNEV<.>LENT SOOIE'ITIH. |gj{ 
 
 Pratt, M. M V.: J. C. Mc]S[ult3\ jM. 1st V.: J. T. 'SiK.ni.'ss. Treas.; 
 J. H. Estill, See.; M. ]Vr. Eelisario, Senlinol. 
 
 Zerubbabel Lodge, No. !'>, A. F. 31., was chartered on tlic 5tli 
 of November, 1 S4(». The officers are : P. M. L. M. Sliafer, 
 W. M.; Rev, Bro. R. D'C. I-ewin, S. W.; Bro. Simon Hextev, J. W.: 
 P. M. Alfred Haywood, Treas.; J. A. Sullivan, Sec; Jas. Ma)ming, 
 §. D.; WiUiam I). Sullivan, J. D.; Jacob Belsinger, JVIoiitz Kohl, 
 J. Vetsburg, Stewards; I. 11. HoUem, Organist; J. F. Herb, Tyler. 
 
 Clinton Lodge, No. r>i, F. A. M., was chartered on the 27th of 
 October, 1847. The officers are: P. M. C. F. Blancho, W. M.; P. 
 M. 31. M. Belisario, S. W.; Bros. John G. Blitch, J. W.; Wm. M. 
 Davidson, Treas. ; Levy E. By ck. Sec; Lewis Kay ton, S. D.; David 
 Cockshutt, J. D.: John F. Herb, Tyler. 
 
 Ancient Landmark Lodge, No. 2:^1, was chaitered on the loth of 
 November, 185ii. The followmg are the officers: Bros. Rufus E. 
 Lester, W. M.; C. lleinsius, S. W.; E. \Y. Marsh, J. W.; 0. M. 
 Cvmningham, Treas.; F. R. Sweat, Sec; A. A. E. "W. Barclay, 8. 
 D.; E. W. 3[arsh, J. D.; John F. Herb, Tyler. 
 
 Palestine Commaudery, No. 7, K. T., was instituted on the 15th 
 of April, 18()7. The officers are: Theodore B. Marshall, E. C; 
 R. J. Nunn, G.; J. IL Gould, C. G.; E. W. S. Neff, Ti-eas.; J. A. 
 Roberts, P.; Rufus E. Lester, S. W.; S. P. Hamilton, J. W.; L. M. 
 vSliafer, R.; J. H. Estill, John H. Dew, Standard Bearers; John 
 Nicolson, Warden; W. F. Parker, Sentinel. 
 
 The Union Society, whose achievements, to use the language of 
 that gifted divine. Rev. Willard Preston, consist in rescuing the 
 mind from the worst of despotisms — the cruel, degrading, witheiing 
 grasp of ignorance : in training it to effort and to useful enterprise ; 
 in rescuing the child of misfortune from the deep and ovenvhelming, 
 and but too often demoralizing and ruinous, depressions of poverty, 
 and conseriuentl}^ relieving the widow from those burdens which 
 often sink her into an untimely grave, was oi-ganized in 17.50 by five 
 gentlemen of live distinct religious denominations, having for their 
 leading object the education of oii)han children in indigent circum- 
 stances. Tradition has rescued from oblivion only thi'ee of the 
 foimders, viz : Benjamin Shefftall, Peter Tondee, and Richard Mil- 
 iedge. They called themselves the St. George's Society, and held 
 their anniversaries on the 2ad day of April, the calendar day of the 
 ranonization of the tutelar saint of England. The records were de- 
 stroyed by the British when they evacuated the city in 1 782, and 
 
184^" HISTORICAL, RECOBD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 very -little is known of its early history. Among tbe rules was one 
 requiring each member to contribute two pence weekly to carry out 
 the object of the society ; another, that any three of its members 
 should hold regular meetings and celebrate its amiiversaries. Twen- 
 ty-eight yeai's after its organization this rule saved the society from 
 extinction. When Savannah was captured by the British in De- 
 cember, 1778, a large number of citizens (among them a number of 
 members of the Union Society) and soldiers was placed on board of 
 the prison-ships. A few days after, those of the prisoners who held 
 office in the American army were sent, under parole, to Sunbury, a 
 town forty miles distant, on the seacoast. Among these were four 
 members of the society, Mordecai Shefftall, John Martin, John 
 Stirk, and Josiah Powell, who were kept there three years, during 
 which time they observed the meetings and kept the anniversaries 
 of the society, at the first of which, held on the 23d of April, 1 779, 
 under a large oak tree,* the following resolution was adopted : 
 
 By the unhappy fate of war, the members of the Union Society are some- 
 made captives and others drove from the State, and by one of the rules of said 
 society it is ordered and resolved that so long as three members shall be to- 
 gether the Union Society shall exist; and there being now four members 
 present who, being desirous as much as in them lies, notwithstanding they are 
 CAPTIVES, to continue so laudable an institution, have come to the following 
 resolve, to wit: To nominate and appoint officers for said society for the en- 
 suing year as near and as agreeable to the rules of the society as they can 
 recollect, the rules being lost or mislaid. 
 
 Josiah Powell was then elected president, Mordecai Shefl'tall vice- 
 president, and John Martin secretary. An enteitainment was then 
 partaken of, a number of British officers who had furnished it par- 
 ticipating. The sentiments given on the occasion equally express 
 the noble and honorable feelings of both parties. The first, by a 
 member of the society, was "The Union Society;" the second, by 
 a British officer, " General George Washington," which was respon- 
 ded to with equal magnanimity by an American officer, " The King 
 of Great Britain." 
 
 These gentlemen preserved the existence of the society, which in 
 
 * This tree was cut down some years after the meeting, and a beautiful box 
 made of a portion of it. On the one hundredth anniversary (1850) of the society 
 the box was presented to it by Mrs. Perla Sheftall Solomons, a descendant of 
 one of the founders. The records and papers are now kept in this box, which 
 is laid before the president upon every anniversary. 
 
BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES. iy5 
 
 1 786 was iucorporated by the legislatiu'e of the State, with the title 
 of the Union Society. In 1 8,")-!: the Board of Managers of the society 
 purchased one hundred and twenty-five acres of the Bethesda estate 
 and erected buildmgs for the accommodation of the orphans under 
 its charge, and reinoved them thither. There are now twenty-three 
 boys under the charge of the society at Bethesda, which is under 
 the superintendence of Rev. E. P. Brown. 
 
 The officers are : Abraham Minis, president ; G. Moxley Son-ell, 
 vice-president ; John T. Thomas, secretary ; D. G . Purse, treasurer ; 
 Edward Padelford, Andrew Low, Octavus Cohen, W. M. Wadley, 
 C. H. Olmstead, F. W. Sims, R. Morgan. J. L. Yillalonga, J. W. 
 Lathrop, board of managers; Henry Bryan, E. J. ]\Ioses, stewards. 
 
 The following list embraces the presidents of the society so far as 
 known. From 1750 to 1778 there is no record to show who filled 
 the responsible position. In 1770 Josiah Powell was president, in 
 1786 Wm. Stephens, in 1790 Noble Wmiberly Jones, from which 
 year to the present the following have respectively held the position : 
 Joseph Clay, Joseph Habersham, Wm. Stephens, George Jones, 
 James P. Young, Mathew McAllister, Joseph Habersham, Charles 
 Hanis, General David B. Mitchell, Wm. B. Bulloch, Wm. Davies, 
 J. McPherson Bemen, James Johnston, Dr. Moses Sheftall, John 
 Hunter, Richard W. Habersham, Steele White, Thomas Polhill, 
 John C. Nicoll, George W. Anderson, Francis Sorrell, Thomas 
 Purse, Dr. R. D. Arnold, Solomon Cohen, Edward Padelford, Jos. 
 S. Fay, Robert D. Walker, John M. Cooper, WUliam M. Wadley, 
 and Abraham Minis, the present i)resident. 
 
 Robert Habersham, Esq., one of our oldest and most respected 
 )nerchants, has been comiected with the society sixtj'-two years, 
 and attends all of the anniversaries. 
 
 St. Andrew's Society. This society, composed of the sons of 
 old Scotia, was organized about 1 790, its first president being Gene- 
 ral Lachlau Mcintosh, with Sir George Houstoun as vice-president. 
 During the war of 1812 the society seems to have died, as we find 
 no notice of its meetings. About 1819 it was reorganized. In 1849 
 or 1 850 the society purchased the lot on the southwest corner of 
 Broughton and Jefferson streets, a nd erected upon it the present 
 commodious hall. Duiing the war the treasmy became depleted, 
 and the society was forced to dispose of the property. Its decaying 
 fortunes have been revived of late, and the society is now in a 
 flourishing condition. The officers are : John Cunningham, presi- 
 16* 
 
186 HISTORICAL BECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 dent ; Robt Lachlisou, first, aud Wm. Ilogers, second vice-president ; 
 E. A. McGill, secretary and treasurer ; Alexander Irving and A. G. 
 Mc Arthur, stewards. 
 
 The Medical Society. Upon petition, Noble Wimberly Jones. 
 John Irvine, John Grimes, Lemuel Kollock, John Gumming, Jas. 
 Ewell, Moses Sheftall, Joshua E. White, William Parker, Thomas 
 Schley, George Jones, George Vinson Proctor, Hemy Bourquin, 
 Thomas Young, Jr., Peter Ward, William Cocke, James Glenn, 
 and Nicholas S. Bayard, who had associated themselves under the 
 above name "for imi»roving the science of mcdicme and lessenmg 
 the 'fataUty induced by climate and incidental causes," were gi-anted 
 •a charter by the legislature on the 12th of December, 1804. 
 
 At that period rice was cultivated on the low lands adjacent 
 to the city, up to the very door-sills of the houses. This societj' 
 early took the stand that, with our semi-tropical climate, there could 
 fee no worse nor more malignant incidental cause of disease than the 
 stagnant water which remains on the rice fields exposed to an ar- 
 dent summer sun and the subsequent exposure of the satm'aled soil 
 when the water is drained off. As an eff'ort toward the abatement 
 of the evil, the society proposed a plan of dry culture providing that 
 the lands then cultivated in rice, which obligates wet culture, should 
 be cultivated solely in such jiroducts as necessitated drainage aud 
 dry culture. The prohibition of rice culture within a radius of one 
 inile from the city limits was suggested as a remedial measure. But 
 rice lauds were valuable, and the owners of the land lying within 
 the prescribed radius demurred to the project of putting their lauds 
 under dry culture when they were much more valuable under wet 
 culture. The society persevered until, in 1817, the land owners 
 came to terms, and, in consideration of the sum of forty dollars per 
 . acre, agreed to bind their lands for ever from being cultivated in wet 
 culture. Savannah then had a population of about six thousand 
 (about two fifths black) and paid two hundred thousand dollars to 
 carry the project into effect. Well did Dr. R. D. Arnold^ remark, 
 in a lecture delivered before the Medical Society in 1868, that this 
 contribution was "a noble monument to the liberality of lier citi- 
 zens and a high tribute to the estimation in which our profession 
 was held, when a sum so large in proportion to her population was 
 freely given in support of what many still maintained was a mere 
 theoretical idea. But it was a practical idea. Never were more 
 decided results produced from any given cause." 
 
BENKVOLENT SOCIETIES 137 
 
 The officers of the Society are : Juriah Ilanis, president : Jamea 
 B. Read, vice-president ; Joseph C'. Habersham, recordmg secretary ; 
 William 31. Charters, corresponding secretary : Jolm D. Fish, treas- 
 urer ; R. J. Nimn, librarian. 
 
 The Hibernian Society was organized on the 17th of March, 
 1812, by a number of Irish citizens. Among the first members of 
 the society were John Cumming, Zachary Miller, John Dillon, Da- 
 vid Bell, Isaac Minis, T. U. P. Charlton, and James Hunter. Of 
 those who organized the society Mr. David Bell is the only one 
 living. He is now eighty-nine years of age. He was one of the 
 lirst members of the Savannah Volunteer Guards, and was to be 
 found in the ranks of the company upon every parade day imtil a 
 few years ago, when age and infirmity prevented. He was with the 
 Guards on duty in the ti'enches around the citj^ in 1812. 
 
 The society has the following officers : J. J. Kelly, president ; 
 John Mc^SIahon, vice-president ; L. J. Guilmartiu, treasurer ; John 
 R. Dillon, secretary ; P. R. Shiels, standard bearer. 
 
 Odd Fellows. " Quotha, they are odd enoiv in excellence," says 
 an odd plajs and this is confirmed by the six societies in Savannah 
 which ara day by day developmg the holy principles of the order. 
 
 The Oglelhoipe Lodge was instituted in 1 842. The officers are : 
 D. Ferguson, N. G.; F. Kreiger, V. G.; C. Gross, P. and R. S.; J. 
 Oliver, T. 
 
 Live Oak Lodge, No. o, was instituted in 1843. The following 
 are the officers: C. E. Wakefield, N. G.; John Cooper, V. G.; John 
 F. Herb, R. and P. G.; William E. White, T. 
 
 Magnolia Encampment was instituted in 1 S4.'». The officers are : 
 F. D. Jordan, G. P.: J. F. Herb, S.: J. Neal, S. W.i T. H. Bolshaw, 
 J. W.: C. E. Wakefield, II. P. 
 
 De Kalb Lodge was instituted in is4."). The officers are: C. W. 
 West, N. G.; B. T. Cole, V. G.; W. S. Hubbard, P. and R. S. 
 
 Wikbiey Degree Lodge was mstituted in 18G7. The officers are : 
 John Neill, H. P.; T. H. Bolshaw. D. H. P.; Benjamin Cole, Jr., 
 S.; C. E. Wakefield, T. 
 
 Haupt Lodge, No. .57, was instituted on the 14th of January, 1861). 
 The oflicers are : C. F. Blanche, N. G.; Tliomas H. Laird, V. G.; 
 T. W. McNish, P. and R. S.; Jos. B. Sibley, Treasurer. 
 
 The lEisn Union Society was organized on the 17th of March, 
 1847, having for its object the amelioration of the condition of the 
 fellow countrjinen of its members. The first officers were John 
 Murphj^ president, and Philip Kean, vice-president ; John Everard, 
 
188 HISTORICAL BECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 treasurer; Martin Duggan, secretary; Thomas Forde, standard 
 bearer. The officers now are : Judge Dominick A. O'Byrne, pre- 
 sident ; Andrew Flatley, vice-president ; William J. Flynn, secre- 
 tary ; John O'Connell, standard bearer. 
 
 The Hebrew Benevolent Society. The initiatory proceedings 
 for the organization of this society took place on the evening of Sep- 
 tember 32d, 1851, at the house of Rudolph Einstem, Esq., where, at 
 a meeting of Israelites specially convened for the purpose and pre- 
 sided over by Abraham Einstein, Esq., the plans for the establish- 
 ment of the proposed society were discussed and committees 
 appointed to prepare the necessary constitution and enlist the 
 sympathies of the Israelites iu the project. Two evenings afterward 
 a large and influential meeting was held at the house of Abraham 
 Einstein, Solomon Cohen presiding as chairman, on which occasion 
 the society was established, eighty-one gentlemen having enrolled 
 their names as members. Solomon Cohen was elected president of 
 the society, whose object is to minister to the necessities of the in- 
 digent. In addition to the regular officers, a committee of four is 
 appointed, who possess supervisory power over the relief distributed. 
 
 The officers are as follows : Abraham Epstein, president ; Solomon 
 Gardner, vice-president ; S. H. Eckmau, treasurer ; L. W. Stem, 
 secretary; A. J. Brady, E. Ehrlich, S. E. Byck, trustees. The 
 charity committee consists of Rev. R. D'C. Lewin, chairman : L. 
 Lilienthal and J. M. Solomons. 
 
 The Ladies' German Benevolent Society was founded in 185i>. 
 Its object is identical with that of the Hebrew Benevolent Society. 
 The meetings of the society are held quarterly. The officers are : 
 JVIi's. Joseph Lippman, president ; Mrs. S. H. Eckman, treasurer ; 
 Mrs. M. Loewenthal, secretary. 
 
 The Harmonie C'lub. The historj- of this club dates back to 
 1865. It was instituted for social and mental improvement, and 
 made considerable progress under its first president, Mr. Wolf. 
 Renting St. Andrew's Hall for their meetings, the members of t!ie 
 club are enabled to give those pleasant balls and social gathering < 
 which add so much to the winter amusements of the city. The 
 officers are : M. Loewenthal, president ; L. Elsinger, vice-president ; 
 S. Gerstman, treasurer ; J. Vetsburg, secretary. 
 
 The Young Men's Library Association was organized on the 
 24th of June, 18G6> under the auspices of Rev. A. M. Wynn, pastor 
 of Trinity Methodist church, and was composed only of young men 
 
NEWSPAPERS. Jgg 
 
 connected vith that church. On the loth of Jime, 1868, it was 
 reorganized, and thrown ojien to the .young men of all denomina- 
 tions. There are one hundred members connected with the asso- 
 ciation, and about foiir hundred volumes in the library. The 
 officers are : General George P. Harrison, president ; Rev. G. G. N. 
 McDonell, vice-president; F. L. Hale, secretary and treasurer; J. 
 C. Mather, librarian. 
 
 The St. Geoeges Society, organized on the 18th of April, 1868,^ 
 is composed entirely of Englishmen or their descendants, with the 
 following officers: W. T. Smith (British Consul), president; John 
 Oliver, ^'ice-president ; W. C. Cosens, secretary; Alfred Haywood, 
 treasui'er. 
 
 Joseph Lodge, No. 76, I. 0. B. B., was organized on the 3d of 
 June, 1866, for the advancement of the interests of the Jewish 
 religion among its followers and for benevolent pixrposes. The 
 officers are: Simon E. Byck, president; Isaac S. Davidson, vice- 
 president; Isaac S. Cohen, secretary; Solomon Gardner, treasurer; 
 Rev. E. D'G. Lewiu, lecturer ; Philip Dzialynski, assistant monitor : 
 Jacob Cohen, warden; Isaac Cohen, guardian. 
 
 newspapeks. 
 
 The Georgia Gazette was started in Savannah on the 7th of 
 April, 1763, by Mr. James Johnson, making the eighth newspaper 
 then in the Colonies. This paper flourished as a weekly until 1799, 
 when it was sirspended. In the days of this newspaper there was 
 no "local" column, and the only matters published concerning the 
 city affairs were the marriages, deaths, and arrivals of vessels. 
 Intercourse between Savannah and Charleston, in those days, was 
 frequent. The Charleston editor obtained from the citizens of 
 Savamiah all information connected with the "Forest City," and 
 published it. This the Georgia Gazette would copy in its next 
 issue, about two weeks afterward. In the same way did the Savan- 
 nah paper get its information concerning matters in Charleston. 
 
 The Savannah Republican. On the 1st of January, 1802, the 
 lirst number of "The Georgia Republican," a semi-weekly paper, 
 issued Tuesday and Friday, made its appearance in Savannah, Ga. , 
 edited and owned by John F. Everett, under which name it con- 
 tinued until March 10, 1807, when Jno. J. Evans became interested, 
 under the firm name of Everett & Evans. The iiublication was 
 then changed to a tri-weekly afternoon edition, issued l\iesdays, 
 Thursdays, and Saturdays, under the name of "The Republican 
 
290 HISTORICAL UJ'X'ORD OF 8AVA>;KAH. 
 
 aud SaA'iiunah Eveuing Ledger.'' It was pviblished by Everett i\- 
 Evans until the 28th of Jiine, 1810, when John J. Evans continued 
 it alone — no annoi^ncement being made of the withdrawal of Mr. 
 Everett — until the 1st of January, 1814, when Mr. Frederick S. 
 Fell became the editor and proprietor — the motto of the paper 
 "Free Trade and no Iminessmeut." 
 
 On the 11th of March. 1817, Mr. A. Mclntyre was tnken as a 
 copartner into the concern, under the firm name of F. S. Fell & Co. 
 
 On the 17th of October, 1817, the paper was changed to a daily, 
 and continued as such during the fall and winter mouths, and 
 returned, during the summer, to tri-weekly issues. During the 
 winter, besides a daily, a tri-weekly was also issiied, which last ]>ub- 
 lication was for country subscribers. The country, or tri-weekly 
 paper, contained all the matter of the daily, besides the new adver- 
 tisemenis. In both editions the Savannah market appeared weekly. 
 Motto of the paper, " Truth withoiit Fear." It contained a large 
 amount of reading matter, and the advertising columns were well 
 patronized. In order to accommodate its advertising patrons, it 
 was necessary to issue, verj' often, a sui;)plemental sheet. 
 
 On the 30th of October, a fortnight after the paper was changed 
 Itom tri-weekly to daily, it was considerably enlarged. The pages 
 of the former contained Ijut four columns, wliile those of the latter 
 had five columns, printed on a sheet twenty-four by thirty inches. 
 The price of the daily, #8; tri-weekly, »G jier annum — payable in 
 advance. The enlargement of the paper did not do away ^^■ith the 
 necessity of issuing the regular supplemental sheets for advertise- 
 ments, so encouraging was that branch of patronage. 
 
 On the 10th of Febniary, 1818, the Eepublican and Ledger com- 
 menced carrying on the job printing business in connection with 
 the paper, having "emploj'ed one hand and a press" for this 
 branch of their business, exclusively. 
 
 In June, 1818, F. S. Fell again published the paper alone — thc 
 lirm name of F. S. Fell &. Co. having been discontinued. 
 
 On the 21st of August, 1821, James G. Greenhow became asso- 
 ciated with F. S. Fell, under the firm name of Fell & Greenhow,. 
 which continued until March 30th, 1822, when the copartnership 
 was dissolved and Mr. Fell became again sole proprietor and editor. 
 
 On the 29th of May, 1830, Emanuel DeLaMotta took an interest 
 with Mr. Fell, under the firm name of Fell & DeLaMotta, which 
 copartnership was dissolved on the 10th of October, 1831, by the 
 death, after a protracted illness, of Mr. Fell. This was the first 
 
XKWSPAPKR^i. 
 
 191 
 
 death that occiincd to a pioprietor of the paper while iu the active 
 discharge of his duties. Mr. Fell tilled the position of editor and 
 publisher of the Ilepiibiican seventeen years. The columns of the 
 paper were clad in deep mourning for three conseciitive issues 
 after his death. 
 
 Mr. DeLaMotta continued the • publication of the Republican 
 alone from this date until June 1st, 1837, when Mr. I. Cleland 
 became interested with him, under the copartnershi}! name of 
 DeLaMotta & Cleland, which remained in existence until the 11th 
 of June, 1839, when Mr. DeLaMotta withdrew. From this date 
 until February 15, 184:0, Mi'. Cleland was the sole publisher, when 
 he became associated with Mr. William Hogan, ixnder the firm 
 name of Cleland & Hogan. This last copartnership only lasted till 
 the 6th of July of the same year, when ]Mr. Cleland sold out his 
 interest to Mr. Charles Davis, former proprietor of the Brunswick 
 Advocate. Hogan & Davis was the firm name. Motto of the 
 paper: "Union of the Whigs for the sake of the Union." It then 
 became an active advocate of Whig principles, and was imme- 
 diately changed from an afternoon to a morning issue, and con- 
 tinued daily throughout the year, at $10 per annum. 
 
 On the 12th of August, 1840 (the same year). Mi-. Hogan dis- 
 posed of his interest to Josejih L. Locke — firm name Locke &. 
 Davis — Mr. Locke senior editor and Mr. Davis commercial editor 
 and business director. On the 2Gth of the following October the 
 paper was again enlarged — seven columns to the page and length 
 in proportion. This firm contmued until the 30th of June, 1847, 
 when, Mr. Davis' health becoming impaired, necessarily requiring 
 a change of climate, he sold his interest to Mr. Francis J. Winter. 
 Mr. Winter only survived until the following March (1848), being 
 the second proprietor who died while iii possession of an interest 
 in the concern. 
 
 The firm name of Locke & Winter continxied, after the death of 
 Mr. Winter, until June 1st, 184:8, when Mr. Locke became sole 
 proprietor, and on the 17th of the following month (July) Mr. P. 
 W. Alexander took position as associate editor with Mr. Locke — 
 the paper published by J. L. Locke. 
 
 January 22d, 1849, A. K. Moore acquired an interest in the 
 Fiepublican and became its business manager. 
 
 July 1st, 1851, the price of subscription was reduced from $10 
 to $8 per annum. 
 
 On the 1st of January. 1853, Mi-. Locke retired from the Ilepnb- 
 
292 HISTORICAL RECORD OF SAVAJSNAH. 
 
 can, having sold out his interest to his editorial associate, P. W 
 Alexander, who, in connection with Mr. Moore, published it under 
 the firm name of P. W. Alexander & Co. This copartnership 
 continued until the 19th of June, 1855, when Mr. Moore was 
 announced as having retired, and Mr. James K. Sneed became a 
 copartner with Mr. Alexander, under the firm name of Alexander & 
 Sneed. Though Mr. Sneed became interested in the pajier from 
 this date, he did not arrive in Savannah, from Washington, Wilkes 
 county, Ga., until the 21st of August, following, and on the 22d 
 his salutatory appeared, from which time he entered upon the 
 active duties of associate editor with Mr. Alexander. 
 
 On the 1st of July, 1856, Mr. Alexander withdrew from the 
 Republican. His interest, being two thirds, was sold to Mr. James 
 R. Sneed and Mr. F. W. Sims, so as to make them equal owners, 
 and the firm name became that of Sneed & Sims — Mr. Sneed as 
 the principal editor and Mr. Sims commercial editor and business 
 manager. This firm continued until the 1st of January, 1858, 
 when Mr. Sneed disposed of his interest to his copartner, Mr. 
 Sims, but continued as its editor until the capture of Savannah by 
 General Sherman and his army. 
 
 On the 29th of December, 1864, John E. Hayes, war corres- 
 pondent of the New York Tribune, who had been following the 
 army of General Sherman, took possession of the Republican office 
 and its contents, bj' militarj'^ authority, to publish a paper in the 
 interest of the Federal government. He continued in tlie position 
 of its editor and projirietor up to the time of his death, which 
 occurred suddenly on the 16th day of September, 1868. 
 
 Frequent efforts were made by Mr. Sims (who had served in the 
 Confederate armies) to reclaim his office, but unsuccessfully. A 
 compromise was at length agi-eed upon, and his claim submitted 
 to arbitration, when Mr. Sims was awarded about one fourth of 
 its original cost. 
 
 During the administration of Mr. Hayes, the paper was in the 
 interest of the Republican party up to within a short time of his 
 death, when it became a conservative sheet. 
 
 At the death of Mr. Hayes the office went into the hands of his 
 administrator, and was sold at public outcry on the 6th day of 
 October, 1868, when Mr. James R. Sneed, its former editor and 
 proprietor, by whom it is now (January, 1869) owned and con- 
 ducted, became the purchaser. 
 
 Among the associate editors of the Republican since 1845, the 
 
>EWSrAPERS. ]^93 
 
 followiug gi^-atleiuen, each for a time, reuderetl services on tho 
 paper: Messrs. S. T. Chapman, Edwin DeLeon, Thomas H. Harden, 
 and Thomas W. Lane. For awhile before his last illness, the late 
 Dr. William A. Caruthers, a distinguished writer of his time, was 
 one of its regular contributors, and the eloquence of his style and 
 diction gave additional interest to the columns of the paper. 
 
 In the fall of 1845 Mr. Locke made a tour of Europe, and during 
 his sojourn there interested the readers of the Eepublican with a 
 sei-ies of highly interesting and edifying letters, giving glowing 
 and graphic descriptions of each point he visited. This was his 
 first visit across the Atlantic while connected with the paper. He 
 subsequently paid the continent another visit and resumed his 
 correspondence. 
 
 In politics, the lleijublican, throughout its history, has been 
 devoted to conservative views. For the first twenty years of its 
 existence, it took no very active part in the political struggles of 
 the times, though its sympathies were with the then Republican, 
 or Jeftersonian party. It was an ardent advocate of Troup when 
 the party that clustered aroimd him in the State were opposed by 
 Clarke and his political friends, and it warmly siistained General 
 Jackson for the Presidency in the celebrated contest of 1828. Dur- 
 ing the second j^ear of Jackson's administration, alarmed by what 
 it considered the usiirpations and abiises of the Executive, it gave 
 the weight of its influence to the States' Rights party, and subse- 
 quently to the Whigs, with whom it acted throughout the existence 
 of that organization, though it declined to support General Scott, 
 its nominee, for the Presidency. During the contests that resulted 
 in the late civil war between the States, the views of the Eepub- 
 lican were conservative. It opposed the secession of the Southern 
 States as unjustified by any grievance then in existence — that it; 
 would siirely result in a terrible and disastrous war, for which we 
 were wholly unprepared, and that our true policy was to fight our 
 hattles in the Union and under the cnustitiition, at least until the 
 wrongs of our section should become intolerable. When the Con- 
 vention of Georgia took the State out of the Union, the Republican 
 allied itself with her destiny, and was among the foremost in giving 
 encouragement to the arms and councils of the Southern Confed- 
 eracy. At the fall of the city, as jireviously stated, the paper fell 
 into new and .strange hands, and for several years was devoted to 
 the conquerors. Restored to the hands of the gentleman who con- 
 trolled its columns during the war and for five years preceding, it 
 17 
 
194 
 
 HISTORICAL RECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 is uow battling with zeal for the ie,storatio)i of harmony and the 
 Union under the Constitution. 
 
 The Savannah Georgian commenced publication on the 25th of 
 November, 1818, by Dr. John Harney. About two j^ears after, he 
 s 'li the paper and material to I. K. Tefft and Henry Friend, who 
 shortly afterward sold it to George Eobertsou. He subsequently 
 associated with him his brother, William Kobertson. The latter 
 purchased the interest of his brother (George K.) and conducted 
 the paper until the close of the year 1832, when it was disposed of 
 to Dr. K. D. Arnold and William H. Bulloch, who were the joint 
 editors and proprietors iintil 1835, when Mr. Bulloch purchased 
 Dr. A.'s interest in the paper, and in 1840 conveyed it to Henry B. 
 Jackson and Phillip J. Punch, who subsequently admitted S. S. 
 Sibley as a partner. When General Jackson retired K. B. Hilton, 
 of Florida, united himself with Messrs. Punch & Sibley. After 
 several years connection with the paper Colonel Sibley left it, and 
 it was published by Punch & Hilton; Punch, Hilton & Ganahl; 
 P. J. Punch & Co.; Wright & Register; J. G. Wright & Co.; and 
 Ijerhaps one or two others, until the Journal and Courier was 
 merged with it, when it came niider the control of Albert It. 
 Lamar, who revived its waning fortunes for a time, but the changes 
 and unfortunate management had so weakened the paper that it 
 was impossible to regain its ancient standing, and in 185'J its 
 publication was susj)ended, and has never since been resumed. 
 
 The Savannah Museum was started about 1820, as a daily, by 
 Keppel & Bartlett. It was in existeiice several years— how many, 
 ia not definitely known. 
 
 The Savannah Morning News. The publication of this paper 
 was commenced on the l5th day of January, 1850, by John M. 
 Cooper, publisher, and W. T. Thompson, editor. At that time there 
 were but two dailj^ papers in Savannah — the Republican and the 
 Georgian, both political journals — the first the organ of the Whig 
 and the latter of the Democratic partj' of the State. The estab- 
 lishment of the News was projected with a view to furnish Savan- 
 nah, then the rapidly thriving commercial emporium of the State, 
 Avith an independent news and commercial medium, as nearly upon 
 the i^lan of the cheap dailies of the Northern cities as was practi- 
 cable. To furnish a medium for the dissemination of political 
 truth, unbiased by party affiliation and control, was an object not 
 secondary to the general purposes of the proprietors. The News, 
 keeping aloof ft'om party politics, took a decided position on thu 
 
^!E^^8PAPKKS. 
 
 105 
 
 great Kcctioual (iiiCHtious of the day, maintaining that the perpe- 
 tuity of the Union depended upon a strict observance of the com- 
 promises and guarantees of the constitution, as affecting the rights 
 and sovereign character of the States. To this position the paper 
 steadfastly adhered to the close of the struggle which verified its 
 prediction. The News was originally published on a sheet veiy 
 little more than half its present dimensions, at four dollars per 
 annum, or twelve and a half cents per week, payable to the carriers. 
 
 In the nineteen years of its existence, the Morning News has 
 several times changed proprietors, while its present editor, Colonel 
 W. T. Thompson, has been its principal editor all that time, except 
 from the fall of Savannah in December, 1864, to August, 1865, 
 when he resumed his identification with the paper as associate 
 editor, with Mr. S. W. Mason, its late proprietor. 
 
 The following gentlemen have at difterent periods been edi- 
 torially associated with the Savannah Morning News: Major T. A. 
 l?nrke (now of Macon), Mr. E. O. Withington (at one time also a 
 part projirietor), J. N. Cardoza, Es(i., Dr. James S. Jones, and S. W. 
 Mason, Esq., deceased. 
 
 Fi'om the commencement of its publication, in 1850, to March, 
 1855, Mr. John M. Cooper was proprietor, though for a short time 
 other parties were associated M'ith him as publishers. From March, 
 1855, to July, 1858, Colonel Thompson was both proprietor and 
 editor — Mr. Withington being his partner and associate editor for a 
 part of the time. In July, 1858, Messrs. Blois and Desvergers 
 became the proiarietors of the News, which was, in October of 
 the same year, purchased entire by Mr. T. Blois, by whom, with 
 Mr. Cooper and Colonel Aaron Wilbur — the latter of whom pur- 
 chased an interest a few months before the fall of Savannah — as 
 partners, the paper was continued to be published until the occu- 
 pation of the city by the Federal troops. 
 
 Upon the occupation of the city the News establishment was 
 taken possession of by Mr. John E. Hayes, who carried all the 
 moveable material to the Republican ofiice, of which he had also 
 taken possession. Mr. Mason finally getting possession of the 
 News ofiice, brought from Hilton Head the materials with which he 
 had published a small paper called the Palmetto Herald. With 
 this, and the presses remaining in the News office, he commenced 
 tiic publication of the Savannah Herald, subsequently settling the 
 rlnims of the j)revious proprietors of the News establishment, 
 ■ hich were siibmitted to arbitration. The name of the paper was 
 lijen changed to the Daily News and Herald. 
 
196 HISTOBICAL RECORD OP SAVAfTNAH. 
 
 The present proprietor, Mr. J. H. Estill, originally purchased 
 a part interest in the Morning News and entered upon the manage- 
 ment of its business and mechanical department in July, 18G7. 
 A year afterward Mr. Estill purchased Mr. Mason's interest and 
 resumed the original name of the paper, Savannah Morning News. 
 
 The Evening Jouenal was started by J. B. Cubbedge in 1851. The 
 following year the Savannah Daily Courier was started by S. T. 
 Chapman, and the Evening Mirror by W. B. Harrison. The Mirror 
 was suspended soon after its birth, and the Joiirnal and Courier 
 were mei-ged into one paper, known as the Journal and Courier, 
 and published by Messrs. Chapman & Cubbedge until the death of 
 the former, in 1854, when the paper was suspended for a short 
 time, until it was piirchased by Mr. E. B. Hilton. This paper 
 was merged into the Georgian about 1857, and the consolidated 
 papers piablished under the name of the Georgian and Journal. 
 
 The E^'ening Express was started in 1859, by Ambrose Spencer 
 and J. H. Estill. In 1860 its publication was suspended. 
 
 The Daily Advertisee. This paper was started in September, 
 1865, as a free circulating journal (the iirst in the South) by 
 Messrs. Theodore Hamilton and M. J. Divine, the former one of 
 the managers of the Savannah theatre, and the latter a practical 
 printer. They made arrangements with Mr. George N. Nichols 
 for the use of his material. After running the paper a week 
 these gentlemen disposed of their interest to Mr. Nichols, Mr. 
 Hamilton retiring and Mr. Divine remaining as foreman. In the 
 course of the following two months it was twice enlarged, and 
 Mr. E. O. Withington, who had been connected with the paper 
 since its first issue, was installed as editor. After a career of some 
 six months more, a copartnership was formed between Messrs. With- 
 ington, Divine, and George S. Gra}', under the firm name of E. O. 
 Withington & Co., under which the paper continued, still as a free 
 journal, until January 1st, 1868, when it was enlarged, changed to 
 a subscription paper, and S. Yates Levy, Esq., engaged as editor- 
 in-chief. Under his able editorial management the Advertiser at 
 once took rank with the leading journals of the State. Mr. L. was 
 a vigorous and fearless writer, pointing out and condemning abuses 
 wherever discovered. So keen were some of his remarks upon thas 
 tyrannical actions of the military that an order was sent from Gen. 
 Meade to either suppress the paper or moderate the tone of its 
 editorials. Soon after Mr. Levy was obliged, by military pressure. 
 to retire from the editorial chair. 
 
SUBURBAN KES0RT8. 197 
 
 In tho latter part of May arrangements were made by the man- 
 agers to sell out the paper to a gentleman of nn:eh experience iu 
 newspaper life. In order to perfect the changes necessaiy, it was 
 determined to suspend for a month; but before the expiration of 
 that time the gentleman declined to consiimmate the arrangement. 
 
 Nothing further was done until NoA'ember, when Messrs. Edward 
 L. Beard and George G. Kimball, formerly connected with the 
 Savannah Rei^ublican, took charge of the paper, and are now run- 
 ning it again as a free journal. 
 
 The MEKCAXTrLE I>t)ex was started in 1865, by George H. John- 
 stone, Jr., and E. M. Purse, but was suspended after an existence 
 of about six months. 
 
 SCBrRBAN EESOETb'. 
 
 Savannah is fortirnate in her suburban relations. Bethesda. 
 Thunderbolt, White Blufif, Bonaventure, and Jasper Spring, all 
 of easy access from the city, present attractions to the tourist 
 that amplj' repay a visit. Indej^endent of their historical asso- 
 ciations, their intrinsic beauty is then' best commendation. 
 
 Bethesda, signifying a ' ' House of Mercy, " is situated about ten 
 miles from Savannah, where there is an orphan-hoiise under the 
 allspices of the Union Society. 
 
 In 1737 Eev. Geo. Whitfield, whose popularity in England was so 
 great that those who came to hear him preach sometimes numbered 
 twenty thousand, and many who were forced to remain outside 
 prayed only for a sight of "his blessed face," turned his back on 
 fame and fortune and sought what was then the wilds of Georgia, 
 believing that God was calling him to undertake the mission. He 
 labored among the inhabitants with unwonted zeal, and obser\-ing 
 that the poverty of the inhabitants imperatively demanded the 
 establishment of an orphan-house, suggested to him originally by 
 Rev. Charles Wesley, he labored long and diligently in the further- 
 ance of his plan, meeting a ready and willing assistant in James 
 Habersham, who had accompanied him to Georgia, and whom 
 he called his "beloved fellow- traveler. " To further the object, 
 Whitfield returned to England and secured from the Trustees 
 "five hundi'ed acres of any vacant land which he should select." 
 The people of England to whom he preached gave with liberal 
 hands to the charity. On his return to Savannah the ground was 
 selected — the present ground forming part of it — by Mr. Haber- 
 sham, and on the 25th of March, 1740, Whitfield "laid with his 
 17* 9 
 
198 HIOTORICAL RECORD OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 owu hands the first brick of this great house, which he called 
 Bethesda." This charity was never out of the mind of Whitfield, 
 and with a parent's ardor and abiding love he clung to it and 
 labored for it. For thirty years this labor lasted, and in the very 
 year of his death, 1770, when his strength had yielded and his life 
 was fast ebbing away, he projected a plan of a college to be added 
 to the House of Mercy, and preached in the chapel there before the 
 Governor, Council, and Assembly, whom he had invited hither to 
 secure their co-operation. 
 
 Selina, Countess of Hiintingdon, born and reared amid the splen- 
 dor of high rank, beautiful, accomplished, and talented, became a 
 convert to Methodism. She met Whitfield, and having her sym- 
 pathies enlisted in his noble work, gave her money, her counsel, 
 and her countenance to him. The Orphan-House became her 
 work almost as much as his, and when he died his will was found 
 to contain a clause devising Bethesda to her, "and in case she 
 should be called upon to enter upon her glorious rest before my 
 decease, to Hon. James Haber.sham, a merchant of Savannah." 
 She did not falter when this responsibility was thrust upon he;-, 
 but did all that could be done, but its sun of prosperity had set in 
 Whitfield's grave. The buildings were struck by lightning and 
 consumed. They were rebuilt, but disaster followed disaster, and 
 in 1782 the Eoyal troops, previous to their evacuation of the city, 
 destroyed everything of value. Lady Huntingdon, until her death, 
 which occurred in 1791, labored with indomitable perseverance and 
 christian zeal to forward the interests of Bethesda, but with com- 
 paratively little success. At her death the school was discontinued, 
 and the State government reclaimed it and committed its manage- 
 ment to a Board of Trustees. The Board took no active steps 
 toward completing the buildings, nor other necessary measiires for 
 the organization of the school, until 1801. The property was 
 rebuilt and the school reorganized, but in 1805 a fire destroyed one 
 of the wings so that it could not be repaired, and a hurricane 
 destroyed the out-buildings. The Trustees being unable to rebuild, 
 in 1808 they advised the legislature to dispose of tlie property and 
 distribute the proceeds among the benevolent institutions of Sa- 
 vannah. Accordingly, on the 12th of March, 1809, the property 
 was sold. 
 
 In the year 1854 the Board of Managers of the Union Society, 
 an institution similar in purposes and operations to Bethesda, pur- 
 chased one hundred and twenty-five acres of the ancient Bethesda 
 
 f 
 
SUBURBAN RESORTS. jgC) 
 
 estate, which included the original locality of the "Whitfield Orphan- 
 House. They at once erected suitable buildings, and in January, 
 1855, removed the boys under their charge from Savannah to this 
 place. This was purchased by the Union Society at a higher 
 price than that at which some other places might have been 
 obtained, and perhajis above its market value, from the fact that 
 upward of a century ago it had been consecrated to the same noble 
 purpose. 
 
 BoNAVENTUEE, whosc mclaucholy beauty challenges comparison 
 with an}' spot of similar magnitude in the country, is situated 
 i'.bout four miles from Savannah. Originally a cemetery, it con- 
 tains mauj' fine specimens of sei^ultural architecture, which time 
 has invested with hallowed remembrances. Numeroi;s lofty oaks 
 lend their gratefitl shade to the last resting-places of the silent 
 dead, and the character of the foliage presents a unique and almost 
 indescribable appearance, draped as it is with weeping festoons 
 of moss, whose luxuriant growth makes the shade impenetrable 
 to the sun's rays. Nature and the wise neglect of man have made 
 it a peerless combination of the sublime and picturesque. 
 
 Thunderbolt, another of those "lungs of the city" which ren- 
 der a residence in Savannah peculiarly agreeable, is a collection of 
 some two or three hotels and a score or so of private residences, 
 pleasantly situated upon the l^auks of the river to which the village 
 has given its name. Distant about five miles southeast of the city, 
 it is noted more for the splendid di'ive, of which it is the terminus, 
 than for any intrinsic natural beauty. The Savannah race-track, 
 which is contiguous, materially enhances the popiUarity of the 
 place, and the patrons of the turf find ample opportunity during 
 the racing season to test the qualities of their stock. Its name, 
 in the quaint literalness of General Oglethorpe's account of Caro- 
 lina and Georgia, is derived "from the fall of a thunderbolt," and 
 he adds that "a spring thereupon arose in that place, which still 
 smells of the bolt." 
 
 Wnn'E Bluff, situated on the Vernon river, about ten miles from 
 the city, is also a popular place of resort, and the route to it during 
 tine weather is marked by a train of equipages that would do credit 
 to a city of metropolitan standing. The accommodations for visit- 
 ors at present are limited to two hotels, but with the rajiid advance- 
 ment of Savannah others will doubtless be built. A number of 
 summer residences impart an air of importance to this M'ell-known 
 locality. It is deficient in historical reminiscence, and therefore 
 
200 HISTOEICAIi KECOED OF SAVANNAH. 
 
 little can be said on this subject. A small Dntch settlement occu- 
 pied the Bluflf in 1740. 
 
 Jasper Spring, situated on the Augusta road, two miles from 
 Savannah, is noted, as being the scene of the bold exploit of Ser- 
 geants, Jasj^er and Newton previous to the siege of Savannah. 
 Sergeant Jasper, after his exploit at Fort Moiiltrie, was granted a 
 roving commission by Colonel Moultrie, commanding the 2d South 
 Carolina regiment, with the privilege of selecting such men as he 
 pleased. The scouts of Jasper were frequent and productive of 
 much good, on account of the information he broiight.* On one 
 occasion he met, near Ebeuczer, a lady named Mrs. Jones, who 
 was in great distress about her husband. He had taken the oath 
 of allegiance to the British government; afterward joined the 
 American army and was caj^tured by the British, who determined 
 to hang him, with others who were to be carried to Savannah for 
 that i:)ur2")ose the next morning. She appealed to Jasper to rescue 
 him. He was moved by her distress, and promised to do what he 
 could. Sergeant Newton was near by and Jasper consulted him, 
 but they could arrange no plan. They, however, determined to 
 I'oUow the guard the next day, and take advantage of any oppor- 
 tunity that might be offered. Early in the morning a guard, con- 
 sisting of a sergeant, a corporal, and eight men, started with the 
 prisoners in iroi.s. The wives and children of two or three of the 
 prisoners followed, Jasper and Newton also followed closely, and 
 upon coming near the spring, got ahead of the party and hid in 
 the bushes, thinking that the guard would halt to get water, and a 
 a chance to rescue the prisoner's be presented. The guard came 
 up and halted on the roadside. The arms were stacked and two 
 men placed on guard over them and the prisoners near by. The 
 rest of the guard then went to the spring. Jasper and Newton 
 crept up to the two sentinels, shot them down, seized the stack 
 of muskets, and called upon the rest of the astonished guard to 
 siirrender. A momeufs reflection showed that tliej' were com- 
 pletely at the mercy of the two determined men, and a surrender 
 was made. The irons were knocked off of the prisoners and 
 placed upon the soldiers, who were then conducted to the Ameri- 
 can camp at Purysburgh. 
 
 * Jasper at one time came into Savannah and spent several days without 
 discovery, during which time lie collected valuable information concerning 
 the numljers and position of the British forces and furnished it to General 
 Lincoln. 
 
NOTICE. 
 
 It is with pleasure we call the attention of the merchants and 
 planters of the interior of Georgia and Florida to the cards of 
 our advertisers. 
 
 The fact that the merchants and mauufactiareis of Savannah 
 can sell their goods on as reasonable terms, and, in some 
 instances, at lower rates than the merchants of Northern cities, 
 has only become generally known within the last three years. 
 The stoppages here last season of a large number of merchants 
 from the interior of Georgia, in their onward flight to the North, 
 and the purchasing of goods by them at the same rates they 
 had previously paid at the North, is a sufficient attestation of 
 the fact to the most skeptical. In several instances orders for 
 goods from the North were duplicated here at a less cost. Be- 
 sides, by purchasing in Savannah the time and expense of a 
 Northern trij) and the additional freights are saved, thereby 
 enstiring to those who encourage home trade an amount of 
 profit not obtainable by following the old system of running to 
 Northern markets every season. The merchants and manufac- 
 turers of Savannah have the facilities for supplying the demand 
 for all articles needed throiighout this section; they possess a 
 reputation for enterprise and business integrity unsurpassed by 
 those of any community, and it is a source of gratification to 
 chronicle the fact that their eftbrts to establish a home trade 
 are meeting with the encouragement which they richly merit. 
 
INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS. 
 
 Amusements. 
 
 Why is the inodical profession tho most tedious ? St-fi cai-d of paoh 
 THEODOR MEVES. "Mnsenin Garden" 2G 
 
 Attorneys and CounsoHors at Law. 
 
 Why are lovers like armies V See card of 
 
 WM. H. F.ULLOCH 9 
 
 Auction and Commission Merchants, 
 
 Wheu may a ship be said to he ambitiously ii\ love ? See c^rd of 
 WM. W. DANIELS 42 
 
 Why is horse-raciug natural ? See card of 
 ISAAC D. LvEOGHE cV CO 40 
 
 Bankers, Brokers, etc. 
 
 Why is an overworked horse like an umbrella ? See card of 
 HENRY BRYAN 38 
 
 What is the difference betwceu a town and its inhabitants? See card of 
 DAVID R. DILLON 8 
 
 Why is a bald head like heaven y See card of 
 F<ETOHUM & HARTRIDflE 45 
 
 Blank Book ^Manufacturer. 
 
 GEO. N. NICHOLS frunt, of hook. 
 
 Booksellers and Stationers. 
 
 When does the rain appear to be studious ? See card of 
 COOPER, OLCOTT & CO 32 
 
 What is a noiseless and sure revolver ? See card of 
 
 HERMAN L. SCHREINER ;M 
 
 18 
 
206 
 
 INDKX TO ADVKRTrSKMENT.et. 
 
 Boots, Shoes, etc. 
 
 Why can not a leopard bo> caged ? See card i>t 
 MEINHARD BROS, i CO 42 
 
 What is the most diffii'ult feat of surgery? See card of 
 CHAKLES F. CLER id 
 
 Butchers. 
 
 How dni;s a horse regard a niau ? See card of 
 
 FRED. J. CL.UIK 40 
 
 Why are old maids tlic most charming of people y See card of 
 C. T. COOPER •52 
 
 When is a sailor not a sailor V See card of 
 JOS. SMA.LLWOOD 27 
 
 Carpenters and Builders. 
 
 ■arpeuters reallv helievc there is no such a thinf 
 of 
 
 M. C. MURPHY 24 
 
 Why might carpenters really helievc there is no such a thing as a stone * 
 See card of 
 
 Cigars, Tobacco, Snuff, etc. 
 
 Why is an omnibus strap like conscience ? See card of 
 A. FERNANDEZ A- P.RO 2 
 
 What is the palmy season of life ? See card of 
 
 C. p. LOPEZ 12 
 
 Why is the letter O the only vowel sounded ? See card of 
 R. MOLINA 24 
 
 Why would a war between the United States and Great Britain be \ika 
 the melancholy spirit of a woman on the loss of a near relative ? 
 See card of 
 S. SOLOMON. (Mamifaeturei) 11 
 
 Clothiers. 
 
 When do ladies carry tiro V See card of 
 
 L L. FALK & CO 6 
 
 What word is always pronounced ^vrong » See card of 
 GAZAN BROS 20 
 
 When is a turkey like a ghost ? See card of 
 IVES 16 
 
INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENTS. 207 
 
 Crockery, China, and Glassware 
 
 TVliat is the differfiiff bttwciu ;i tuniirl find a sxn'aldug tiurapct ? Re* 
 ciird of 
 BOLSHAW & SILVA 28 
 
 Why is a man who has lost his liinbH in hattlt> forgotten by his fi-iends ? 
 Sec card of 
 E. D. 8MYTHE S: CO 29 
 
 Dentists. 
 
 Why ib the letlei- U the most uncortiiiii ? See oai'd of 
 H. J. EOYALL 2 
 
 Drugs, Chennscals, etc. 
 
 Why arc o!d and infirm men like generals ? Sec card of 
 
 A. A. SOLOMONS & CO 9 
 
 Why is a goutlemaii who is treading on a lady"s dress like a hunter ? Sea 
 card of 
 
 C. M. HILLSMAN 23 
 
 Dry Goods. 
 
 WLj is furling a ship's canvass like a mock auction r Sc<- card of 
 DeWITT & MORGAN 14 
 
 What is the difference between the ladies of the present day and Cleo- 
 patra? Sec card of 
 
 EINSTEIN & ECKMAN 1^5 
 
 When arc skipping lambs like librarj- volumes ? See card of 
 EPSTEIN & EINSTEIN 36 
 
 Why is a newspaper like a cotton bale ? See card of 
 J. EPSTEIN & BRO 22 
 
 Where is beef tea first mentioned in history ? See card of 
 J. W. LATHROP & CO 41 
 
 When is a lawyer strongest ? Sec card of 
 S. M. LEDERER & CO 4t> 
 
 What are the best columns for supporting a fine business ? See card of 
 ORFF. WATKINS & CO 5 
 
 Fancy Goods, Trimmings, etc. 
 
 When does a boat resemble a man under arrest ? See card ot 
 EI). MANES 20 
 
208 
 
 INDEX TO ADVEUTIHKMI.NTS. 
 
 Factors and Commission Merchants. 
 
 Why is the letter A useful to a deaf wdiiiarj ? See cava of 
 J. H. ASHBRIDGE & CO :>S 
 
 What is the best time for reading the book of uature ? See card of 
 P. H. BEHN » 
 
 What in the most lasting document ? Sec card of 
 J. BERRIEN OLIVER '23 
 
 Whv is the letter S likely to prove serious in an argument ? See card of 
 BOIT'cfe McKENZIE ^ ^i> 
 
 Why should we have dates at our finger ends ? See card of 
 HENRY BRYAN 37 
 
 When are young ladies disturbers of the ijeaco ? See card of 
 FERRILL & WESLOW U 
 
 Why is it vulgar to send a telegram ? See card of 
 GUE, PEARCE & CO 2G 
 
 When may a man be considered a poor vehicle for expression ? See card 
 GUERARD & HOLCOMBE 41 
 
 How can the secrets of nature be learned ? See card of 
 M. Y. HENDERSON IS 
 
 Why is life the greatest riddle ? See card of 
 
 J. w. McDonald 14 
 
 Why is a ship load of cotton like a locomotive ? See card of 
 PUliSE & THOMAS 1.4 
 
 What compl&ints do old maids like to be troubled with ? See card of 
 ROBERTS & TILLMAN 4S 
 
 Wliy was Noah aeccused of being the first brewer of beer ? See card of 
 SORREL BROS 41 
 
 What should unmarried ladies with independent resources do ? See 
 card of 
 SLOAN, GROOVER * CO IS 
 
 What is worse tlian raining pitch-forks. See card of 
 T. F. SMITH 4«S 
 
 Why should the ai'dor of lovers v/ho separate at twilight become damp- 
 ened ? See card of 
 GRANTHAM I. TAGGART 45 
 
 What would we be without the dear ladies ? See card of 
 TILLMAN & McRAE H\ 
 
 Who was the first jockey ? See card of 
 TISON X' GORDON 30 
 
 FertiHzers. 
 
 When is a woman a poem to a man ? See card of 
 WILCOX. GIBBS A CO HI 
 
INDEX TO ADVERTISEMIiNTP. 201) 
 
 Foundries and EViachine Shops. 
 
 Whia Iruit does a newly married couple most rcsiinblcV Soo card oi' 
 T. EALLENTYNE & GO ;V. 
 
 Groceries, Liquors, etc. 
 
 Why is the letter V in thf word giving lil;e tlio ii's-c on your fa^'e V Scc 
 card of 
 CHAMPION & FREEMAN 22 
 
 When is a woman not a woman ? See card <'l 
 OONNEKAT & JOHNSON 27 
 
 What is smaller than a mite ? See card of 
 DILLON & STETSON :!(> 
 
 How would yon measure your lover's siacerity V See card of 
 
 M. J. DOYLE 12 
 
 Why do the recrimiuatious of married coiniles resemble the sound of 
 waves on the shore. See card of 
 
 (lUCKENHEIMER ct SELIG 2(i 
 
 Why have poultry no future existence ? See card of 
 HESS, GUTMAN & CO 10 
 
 Why is a mad bull an animal of a convivial disi^osition ? See card of 
 HOLCOMBE & CO 32 
 
 Why are corn and potatoes like the idols of old ? See card of 
 C. J. BEATTY 2(» 
 
 Hats and Caps. 
 
 When is a hat not a hat ? See card of 
 S. M. COLDING 4 
 
 Hay, Grain, etc. 
 
 At what time should a bar-keoiier visit a foundry 'i See card of 
 C. V. HTTTCHINS :W 
 
 Hotels. 
 
 What goes most against a fai-raer's grain ? See card I'f 
 PULASKI HOUSE 47 
 
 Ice Dealers. 
 
 What is the difference between a pretty young lady kuu a dentist ? See 
 card of 
 
 HAYWOOD. GAGE & 00 4 
 
210 
 
 INPEX TO «iOVF:RTISEMENTS. 
 
 Insurance. 
 
 What should a man do when his boots leak ? See card of 
 SO. BE. KNICKERBOCKER INS. CO 39 
 
 What Is a stroke of policy? Sec card of 
 A. McNULTY , 7 
 
 Why are young ladios kissing each other like Christianity ? See card of 
 J. T. TH0MA8 front of book 
 
 Justices of the Peace. 
 
 What guage ia that which most IVcfUKoitly indicatew tht- i!eijt.h« of a 
 man's pocket? See card of 
 PHILLIP M. RUSSELL, Jn 22 
 
 i^iJIIrsery. 
 
 Why ie Sunday the strongest of all days V See curd of 
 MRS. S. PEASE :« 
 
 Newspapers. 
 
 When docK an editor plav queer tricks with grauinirtr? See card of 
 SAVANNAH MORNINd NEVvS 15 
 
 Painters, House and Sign. 
 
 When does a cow becomo real estate ? See card of 
 MURPHY ct CLARK It 
 
 What does every woman alwavs do bi'foro she goes to sleep ? See card of 
 JOHN OLIVER 18 
 
 Paints, Oils, etc. 
 
 What is the difference between oil and a frc-het '! See card of 
 \VM. M. BLRD & CO 1 
 
 Why is Utah a good place for ladies ? Sec card i>f 
 W. D. R. MILLAR 2.''> 
 
 Paper, Envelopes, etc. 
 
 Why is a bhish like a little girl ? See card of 
 R. A. WALLACE 17 
 
 Photographers. 
 
 Why is a washerwoman like Saturday night ? See osud of 
 D. J. RYAN 2 
 
 Public Houses. 
 
 Where in money first mentioned in the bible ? Se<; card of 
 VALENTINE BASLEK 
 
INDEX TO ADVKRTiaEMKNl-g. 211 
 
 Why are balloons in the air like vagrants ? See card of 
 JOS. FERNANDEZ 30 
 
 What roof covers the noisest tenant ? See card of 
 JOHN IMMEN 2G 
 
 Whv is a prosy lecturer like the hub of a wheel? See card of 
 ALEX! IRVING 4 
 
 What is the pawnbroker's favorite time of the vear ? See card of 
 TERENCE NUGENT 40 
 
 What are the features of a cannon ? See card of 
 MIKE T. QUINAN 10 
 
 Why is an old coat like an iron kettle ? See card of 
 ANGEL G. YBANES Sc BRO 27 
 
 Printers. 
 
 Why is a printer hke a girl preparing to meet her lover ? See c>ard of 
 J. H. ESTILL ■ 13 
 
 GEO. N. NICHOLS front of book. 
 
 When mav a ship be said to be madly in love ? See card of 
 CHARLES E. O'SULLIVAN 42 
 
 Why was Mahomet like a man with a bad cold in a, church ? See card ot 
 E. J. PURSE 3ft 
 
 RaiBroads. 
 
 Why is a baby at a foundling hospital like an emetic '! See CArd of 
 ATLANTIC & GULF RAILROAD 44 
 
 Saddlery and Harness Ware. 
 
 When mav mouer be called wet ? See card of 
 W. F. MAY 6 
 
 What is the difference between a honey-comb and a black eye ? See card 
 E. L. NEIDLINGER 14 
 
 Shaving and Hair Cutting Saloon. 
 
 When is ootlon not cotton ? See card of 
 J. M. HAYWOOD 34 
 
 Ship Chandler. 
 
 What ti'adc would you recommend to a short man ? See card of 
 E. H. VAN NESS U 
 
 Sodawater, Bottler and Manufacturer. 
 
 What foreign newspaper does a man resemble when he opens a bottle of 
 wine. See card of 
 JOHN RYAN 21 
 
212 
 
 INDEX TO ADVERTISEMENT^. 
 
 Tailors and Drapers. 
 
 VVhat Tioe is it that both the good and bad shuu alike ? See card of 
 BAILEY & BEADY 47 
 
 What is the difference between a watchmaker and a jailor? See card of 
 OHARLES GASSMAN 22 
 
 Tinware, Roofing, etc. 
 
 Why is a husband like a traveler on a Mississippi steamboat ? See card of 
 JOHN J. MAURICE 43 
 
 Tobacco Commission Merchants. 
 
 What is the military definition of a kiss ? See card of 
 GOODMAN & MYERS.. ..„ 8 
 
 What is the difference between a honey-comb and a honey-moon ? Seo 
 card of 
 
 THAXTON k CREWri 24 
 
 Undertakers and Cabinet Maimers. 
 
 Why is love like a canal boat ? See card of 
 FERGUSON & DIXON 37 
 
 Watches, Jewelry, and Silverware. 
 
 What kind of a machine is an attorney V See card of 
 B. P. HAMILTON 3 
 
 Wliy is a kiss like creation ? See card of 
 F. D. JORDAN Ii3 
 
 When is a lover like a tailor ? See card of 
 
 ADOLPH SACK 4;J 
 
 Wines, Liquors, etc. 
 
 Why are base ball players tb.e greatest cowards ? See card of 
 W. M. DAVIDSON 37 
 
 Why is the letter E lazy and extravagant? See card of 
 T. J. DUNBAR & CO 33 
 
 Why is a spendthrift's purse like a thunder-clmid ? See card of 
 WILLIAM HONE 23 
 
 What is the difference between a candle in a cavoand a dance in an inn ? 
 See card of 
 
 J. LAMA U 
 
WM. M. BIRD & CO., 
 
 IMPORTERS, MAMIFACTURERS, AAD DEALERS IN 
 
 II' 
 
 Colors^ Varnishesji 
 
 Paint Brushes, Window Glass, 
 
 O X IL.S 
 
 OF ALL KINDS 
 
 Proprietors of the favorite brand of 
 
 8RILLIANT PETROLEUM. 
 
 KEROSENE OIL 
 
 Kailroad, Steamboat & Mill Supplies, 
 
 Leather M MM BeltiuE, Steam Packing, Etc. 
 — - — »-♦-• 
 
 HOWE'S STANDARD SCALES 
 
 AND 
 
 MARVIN'S FIRE & BURGLAR-PROOF SAFES 
 
 8 Whitaker Street, Savannah, 6a., 
 
 And 203 East Bay Street, Charleston, S. C. 
 
 Ass: One rises on the water and the other is water on the ri.se. 
 
2 
 
 Cor. Congress & Whitaker sts., 
 
 Stereoscopic Views of Savannah, Bonaven- 
 tura, and Laurel Grove. 
 
 Ans: Because she brings in the close (clothes) of the week. 
 
 A. FERNANDEZ Sz BRO., 
 
 OTill, Iil4gOS, All llf 1 
 i lyii p @ R (J) eij, 
 
 NORTHWEST CORNER OF 
 
 ^uLll ctiacl jE3roTjLe:l':i-ton. streets. 
 
 Alls : Because it is an inward check to the outward man. 
 
 SURGEON DEWTIST, 
 
 Rooms, corner of Bull and Congress Sts., 
 
 Over Liincoln's Drug Store. 
 
 Ans : Because it is always in doubt. 
 
Smmi p. HAMILTON, 
 
 (SUCCESSOE TO WILMOT & EICHMOND), 
 
 ©i^Li^ m 
 
 m 
 
 (^ 
 
 timiumnummiinuuiuunmuumtRnQDUQIinil 
 
 Cor. Whitaker, St. Jnlian & Congress 
 Streets, 
 
 Watches and Jewelry Eepaired. Chronometers rated 
 by transit. 
 
 Ass: A suing (sewing) machine. 
 
ALEX. IRVIlSrG-, Proprietor. 
 
 Corner JefTerson and St. Julian Streets, 
 
 This first-class house is at all times supplied with the finest 
 brands of 
 
 WINES, BRANDIES, LIODORS, SEdARS, ETC. 
 
 THK BEST OF 
 
 Scotch. AIg and. Lond-on JPorter 
 
 Always at command. 
 
 Ans: Because all the fellows around him are tired. 
 
 HAYWOOD, G-AQE & CO., 
 
 WHOIiESAIiE DEALERS IN 
 
 ICE! 
 
 Nos. 196, 198, 200, 202 BAY ST., SAVANNAH, 
 Q- IB O FL Q- I ^^- 
 
 An8 : One attracts, the other extracts. 
 
 s. is/L. ooHiiDinsro, 
 
 WHOLESALE i\D RETAIL DEALER W 
 
 NO. 153 CONGRESS STREET, 
 
 Ans: When it 's felt. 
 
ul m 
 
 ORFF, 
 
 W^ATKINS 
 & 00., 
 
 IMPORTERS, 
 
 111 AND 113 CONGRESS STREET, 
 
 Setesse^c Gec 
 
 Ans : Advertising columns 
 B* 
 
A7^- I^. DVCi^^r, 
 
 Wholesale and 
 
 Retail Dealer io 
 
 AND ALL KINDS OF 
 
 SADDLERY WARE, 
 Oor. "Wliitalier &^ T^r-ysm. Sts., 
 
 Orders for Rubber Beltings Hose, and Packiug, also Stretcht-d 
 Iieatlier Belting, filled promptly. 
 
 Aks : When it is dew in the morning and mist at night. 
 
 1. Ik. wA%^m> # €# 
 
 OUSTE I^'iF^IOE! 
 
 • > 
 
 M 
 
 
 mi m CONGRESS AND 65 ST. JULIAN STREETS. 
 
 A LARGE ASSORTMENT OF 
 
 ALWAYS ON HAND. 
 
 MANUFACTORY, 44 MURKAY STREET, NEW YORK. 
 Gcods made to order at the shortest notice. 
 
 Ans : When they have taper waists and fingers. 
 
A. McNULTY, 
 
 I 
 
 Mi 
 
 I am issuing 
 
 FIRE POLICIES 
 
 In the following Companies at the REGULAR BOARD RATES. 
 
 PUTNAM FIRE INSURANCE COMPANY, 
 
 Of Hartford, Conn. 
 EUFAULA HOME INSURANCE COMPANY, 
 
 Of Eufaiila, Ala. 
 ATLANTIC FIRE & MARINE INS. CO., 
 
 Of Baltimore, Md. 
 
 MARINE AND RIVER RISKS 
 
 TAKEN IN 
 
 PACIFIC MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY, 
 
 Of New York, and 
 
 GREAT WESTERN INSURANCE COMPANY, 
 
 Of New York. 
 
 LIFE AND ACCIDENT RISKS 
 
 TAKEN IN 
 
 NEW ENGLAND MUTUAL LIFE INS. CO., 
 
 Of Boston. 
 
 TRAVELERS' LIFE AND ACCIDENT CO., 
 
 Of Hartford. 
 
 THESE COMPANIES ISSUE ALL KINDS OF LIFE 
 
 AND ENDOWMENT POLICIES. 
 
 I devote my entire time to the Insurance business, and will guar- 
 antee satisfaction to all who favor me with their patronage. 
 
 A. McNULTY, Agent, 
 
 80 BA.Y STREET. 
 
 Aif« : Striking a person ■with an insurance document. 
 
DAVID R. DILLON, 
 
 -4r "Whitalter St., one door* ft'oni 
 the corner of" Bay S^t., 
 
 i?) ^a?®® 
 
 isroTEis iDisooxjnsrTEiiD- 
 Gold, Silver, Bank Bills, and Stocks Purchased, 
 
 m ANY QUANTITY. 
 
 Ans: The town is laid out at the beginning of its existence, and the people 
 at the end of theirs. 
 
 fe» 
 
 01 ® 
 
 ^^r STREET, 
 
 ^m 
 
 Ans : When autumn turns the leaves. 
 
 GOODMAN & MYERS, 
 
 ISG Bay Street, Savannah, 
 
 ARE PAYING 
 
 H16HEST MARKET PRICES FOR HIDES, BEESWAX, ETC. 
 
 Ans: A report at head-quarters. 
 
wa^aisiiiL^ aaw<s s#wi 
 
 A. A. SOLOMONS & CO., 
 
 DIRECT IMPORTERS OF 
 
 DBUGS, MEDICIN[S, CHEMICUS, 
 
 DKALKRS IN 
 
 Paint, Oils, Surgeons' Instruments, G-a.rden Seeds, etc., 
 
 COR. WHITAKER, CONGRESS, AND ST. JULIAN STREETS. 
 Savannali, Gra. 
 
 Ans : Because they travel with a staff. 
 
 WILLIAM H. BULLOCH, 
 
 Attorney-at-Ijia'inr^ 
 
 Office, SorreVs Buildijig, coi^ner Bay and 
 Bull Streets. 
 
 WILLIAM H. BOLLOCH, 
 
 AGENT OF THE 
 
 01 FICK, 
 SorreVs Hiiildhtg, cortier Bay and Bull Streets, 
 
 Savannah, Ga., 1869. 
 Ans: Because they get along well enough until they are engaged. 
 
10 
 
 HESS, GUTMAN & CO., 
 
 WHOLESALE DEALERS IN 
 
 P 
 
 91 /O 
 
 1 
 
 199 BAY STREET, 
 
 Ans : Because they have their necks twirled (next world) in this. 
 
 nvn. T. Q> xjiisr.A.nsr, 
 
 THE ORIGINAL 
 
 
 MMMJ'' 
 
 Cor. Bryan and Whitaker Streets, 
 
 Where he keeps constantly on hand a Good Assortment of 
 AND OYSTERS IN THEIR SEASON. 
 
 Ans: Cannon-moulh, canonize, :ind cannoneers. 
 
11 
 
 CHRIS. MUEPHY. CHARLES CLARK. 
 
 MURPHY & CLARK, 
 
 H$i$f J Sign^ ilif , mi Mmmhmt 
 
 &ILDIN&, QRAINING, MAEBLIHG, GLAZINS, 
 
 We are prepared to sell, at wholesale and retail, 
 
 PAINTS, OILS, GLASS, PUTTY, & VARNISHES, 
 
 MIXED PAINTS. BRUSHES OF EVERY DESCRIPTION. MACHINERY AND 
 HARNESS OIL, AXLE GREASE, ETC.. 
 
 77 Bryan, bet. Bull and Drayton Sts., 
 
 SAW AHKAa^, ^A, 
 
 Ans : When she is turned into a meadow. 
 
 s. scDLOivConsr, 
 CIGAR MANUFACTURER, 
 
 Bryan Street (near the Pulaski House), 
 
 Savannali, GJ-a- 
 
 M 
 
 ALL KINDS OF 
 TOBACCOS, SN UFFS, AND PIPES . 
 
 Aks : Because it would naturally give birth to private tears (privateers). 
 
 J. la.m:a., 
 
 IMPORTER AND WHOLESALE DEALER IN 
 
 WINES, SEaAES & GROCERIES, 
 
 19 1 DB^i^-^ S T? :E=L E E3 T , 
 
 Ak.'*: One is a taper in a cavern and the other a caper in a tavern. 
 
12 
 
 ]S1. J. D O YLE, 
 
 WHOLESALE A.\B RETAIL DEALER L\ 
 
 DRY GOODS, BOOTS AND SHOES, 
 
 Keeps constantly on hand a fine assortment of 
 
 STATIONERY, HARDWARE, TOBACCO AND SE&ARS, 
 
 fM amdl W@o<l Wm®ti Pac^ejf S©e<J8j BCttSj, Qag^Sj &©. 
 
 I also have a large variety of Gentlemen's and Sailors' Furnishing 
 Goods, and in fact any and everythmg that the public may want. 
 Attention also given to the sale of merchandise and the forwarding 
 of goods on consignment. From my long connection with the Cen- 
 tral Railroad, I feel that in this respect I can give satisfaction. Ref- 
 erence can be had from any merchant in this city. 
 
 No. 110 Bryan Street, near the Market, 
 
 Ass : By his sigJis. 
 
 E. H. VAN NESS, 
 
 ^x&m and ^ J^Iuji ^handlnv 
 
 Corner Bay and Abercorn Streets, 
 
 Orders from the Country, Private Families, Steamers, and Sailing Vessels solieite^. 
 
 References: Edmands, Gardnei- & Co., and Charles L. Colby* Co., Sa- 
 vannah, Ga. ; S. L. Merchant & Co., and Carmen & Smith, New York. 
 All letters entrusted to my care will be promptly delivered. 
 
 A»s : Grow sir. 
 
 IA18, fins, liiAcec 
 
 29 BULL STREET, 
 
 Ans: The time of squeezing girls' hands. 
 
l;] 
 
 
 STEAM-rO riEIt 
 
 HOOK, CABO, AHD JOB 
 
 111 iii- if II 
 
 111 Bay St., Savannah, G-a. 
 
 For the most prof- 
 
 ...■f vj- itable results, every 
 
 //j^'^k / / exertion should be 
 
 made to enliven 
 business, and there 
 is no more eflfective 
 means of doing this 
 than in the employ- 
 ment of Printers' 
 ink ; we therefore 
 desire to remind our 
 friends and the pub- 
 lic that this estab- 
 lishment is supplied 
 with the most complete assortment of new and desirablo 
 
 And other Printiug material. Th(> Machinery is of tlie l)est. 
 construction, and includes two of 
 
 l[()E'S LARGE CYLINDER STEAM PRESSES. 
 
 Also, a fine stock of 
 
 J. H. ESTILL, Proprietor. 
 
 Avs: (>ccau.He he always makes up his form before ijoinx to presn. (J 
 
 
1^ 
 
 L. DeWiTI'. l\. MOROAN. 
 
 DE WITT 1^ MORGAN, 
 
 (ESTABLISHEr) 1848), 
 
 Wholesale and Retail Dealers iii 
 
 rORflGHlillODOlSIICDR! GOODS, 
 
 Mourning Goods a Specialty. 
 137 Congress St.^ 
 
 ^^ -^^m 
 
 An8 : Because it 's a taking in sale. 
 
 (Successor to Ecliviji E. Hertas & Co.), 
 
 COTTON FACTOR, 
 SHIPPING & COMMISSION MERCHANT 
 
 Deak in Cotton Varn, Slieetinos. Shirtings, and Osnaburgs, 
 
 Ans ; Because all must give it up. 
 
 El. x_.. xsrEiixDX_ji][sro:B:E=i., 
 
 DEALER IN 
 
 Saddlery Ware, Leather, &c., 
 No. 72 St. Julian and I 05 Bryan streets, 
 
 An.s: One is produced by a laboring bee and the other by a belaboring. 
 
SAVANNAH 
 
 tm§ 
 
 <P4 
 
 The MORNING NKWS is so well known throughout this section of the 
 South that a recapitulation of its opinions or its standing is simply unnecessary. 
 No effort will be spare<l to make the NEWS a comprehensive medium of 
 
 fieiieral, Political, &CoMerclal 
 
 INTELLIGENCE, 
 fei^v Especial attention being paid to 
 
 m: INTERESTS OF OEOROIA i\D FIORIOA. 
 
 It is printed with clear new tyi)C. 
 and on good paper. 
 
 TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. 
 
 Daily Morning News per year, in advance i|10. 
 
 Tri-weekly Morning News " " <>. 
 
 Savannah Weekly News " *' 2. 
 
 Persons wishing the Paper furnished for any time less than one year will 
 have their orders promptly attended to, wlien remitting the amount for the 
 lime desired. No subscriptions received for the Weekly for le.ss than a year. 
 
 THE A^^EEK:LY NEAVS 
 
 Will be lilled with the news of the daily editions, with other interCKting 
 
 READING FOR THE HOME CIRCLE, 
 
 AND A 
 
 WEEKLY MARKET REPORT. 
 
 JCST THE JPAPEIi F O M PLANTKHS 
 
 and others who desire to take a weekly journal. 
 
 TO ADVERTISERS. 
 
 ■ 'I'lie MoKNisG News is one of the best advertising mediums in this .'icction, 
 having the largest circulation of any paper published in the State. It is 
 taken in every city, town, and village in southern Georgia and throughout 
 Florida, besides having a large general circulation. 
 
 llATE.'i OF Advkutisixg. — First insertion, .'?1 per square; each subsequent 
 insertion, 75 cent*. Advertisements running a month or longer inserted at 
 xpicial rates, to be ascertained at the counting room. 
 
 All commuTiications should be addressed to 
 
 J. H. ESTILL, 
 
 J\l'o. Ill Sap street. Savannah, tta. 
 
 Ans: When he declines an article. 
 
16 
 
 A. EINSTEIN. 
 
 S. H. ECKMAN 
 
 EINSTEIN & ECKMAN, 
 
 (Kstablislted 184rj). 
 
 And Wholesale and Retail Dealers in 
 
 151 Congress Street^ 
 
 a. 
 
 Ans : Cleopatra put an adder to her bosom and died. Our ladies put adders 
 to their bosoms and grow the fatter for it. 
 
 Ik 
 
 DEALER IN 
 
 129 Congress St. (opposite the Pulaski House), 
 
 WATCHES AND JEWELRY REPAIRED. 
 
 Ans : Because it is made of nothing and is good. 
 
 I-VIB S^ 
 
 COR. BULL STREET AND BAY LANE, 
 
 SHIRTS, DRAWERS & CLOTHING- TO ORDER. 
 
 H A. T S, 
 
 ALWAYS THE LARGEST SUPPLY IN THE CITV. 
 
 All goods guaranteed as represented. 
 
 Ans: When it 's a goblin'. 
 
17 
 
 R. A. WALLACE, 
 
 lonissiOBi 
 
 3^^ 
 
 188 BAY STREET, 
 
 JONES* BLOOK. UP STAIES, 
 
 I3EI.A.I_iE]FL IIST 
 
 ^etos, ®rapmg, Jetter k %^\t 
 
 A IP H M S 
 
 wni^^i^ii., i^&irim iif#€i^, 
 
 Machinery Waste, etc. 
 
 Ays: Because it becomes a woman. 
 
18 
 
 JOHN OLIVER, 
 
 Alllll % ©MI*"' 
 
 6 Whitaker Street, corner Bay Lane, 
 
 DEALER IN 
 
 Turpentine, Glass, Putty, etc. 
 SASHES, BLINDS, AND DOORS. 
 
 Ans : Shuts her eyes. 
 
 M. Y. HENDERSON, 
 
 i 
 
 o:H]3sr:Er=L^^nL. 
 
 f^ 
 
 1 
 
 Staqtm 
 
 JONES' UPPER BLOCK, 
 
 188 Bay St. (North Side), Savannah, Ga., 
 
 DEALER IN 
 
 TH£ HIGHEST CASH PRICES 
 
 Paid at all times foi" any of the alcove articles- 
 
 Refer to Henry Bkigham, Esq., Pres't Merchants' National Bank. 
 Ak.i : From babbling brooks. 
 
19 
 
 iflTROGEIIlEO SIFElFlOiiFliTE OF LIME. 
 
 GARDNER'S (SAVANNAH) POUDRETTE, 
 
 FURE P£RU¥IiiI« GUAIiO 
 
 (direct impoetation), 
 
 NO. 1 LAND PLASTER, 
 
 (in quantities to suit puechasees), 
 
 FIRE-PROOF SAFES, 
 
 (Manufactured by the Wilder Patent Salamander 
 Safe Company), 
 
 COUNTER, PLATFORM, AND ALL OTHER KINDS OF 
 
 (Manufactured bj' the American Scale Company), 
 
 GOAL 
 
 Of all kinds. Hard and Soft, for Steam and Family Uses. 
 
 A Large Supply of these Articles 
 
 Always on hand, and for sale 
 AT LOWEST MAKKET RATES, 
 
 BY 
 
 PURSE & THOMAS, 
 Cotton Factors and Commission Merchants, 
 
 No. Ill Bay Street, 
 
 Ams : Because it makes the car-go. 
 
20 
 DEALERS IN 
 
 GENTS' FURNISHING GOODS, 
 
 Hats, Caps, Trunks, Valises, I'mkellas. etc., etc., 
 
 SAVANNAH, C A, 
 
 Ans: Wrong, of course. 
 
 DEALER IIV 
 
 I%1J 
 
 AND 
 
 142 Bronghton St., Savannah, G-a. 
 
 All trimmiugs made to order. 
 Ans : "When she needs bailing. 
 
 C J. BE^^TTl^, 
 
 (AGKNT), 
 
 Wholesale and Retail Dealer in Fine 
 VEGETABLES, FRUITS, NUTS, ETC. ALSO, 
 
 LIQUORS, TOBACCO, AND SEaARS 
 
 OF ALL KINDS, 
 
 ,'i(i Whitaker St., bet. BrougJifon and State Streettt, 
 
 An.'*: Because they have ears and hear not, and eyes and see not. 
 
 .'^. GnCKENHKIMKK. M. SeHO. 
 
 GUCKENHEIMER & SELIG, 
 WHOLESALE GROCERS, 
 
 171 & 173 Bay street, Savannah, Ga. 
 
 A large and choice stock of FLOUR, TOBACCO, AND SEGAR8. 
 constantly on hand. 
 
 Orders with Jtemittanceg earefuUy attended to. 
 
 Ans: Because they are the niurniurings of the tied. 
 
21 
 
 BOTTLING & SOOA WATER ESTABLISHMENT, 
 
 soil ' Willi. 
 
 Mcimilactiirt'i' and Bottler of 
 
 lA imi, fill liliRAl Wit 
 PORTER, ALE, CIDER, 
 
 ©Q)ird)lil]t* Lag©!]* ittc*, §|i?wp§» 
 
 BITTERS, ESSENCES, ETC., 
 
 North side of Broughtoii, between 
 Bull and Drayton Streets, 
 
 This is one of the oldest iiiid most reliable bottling- 
 establishments in the coiintiy, having been conducted by 
 its present sole proprietor fiince 1852, in such a way as 
 to give general satisfaction to all its patrons. 
 
 » « ^> « 4 
 
 BRANOH ESTABLISHMENTS 
 In Augusta, Columbus, and Atlanta, G-a. 
 
 Aug : The Cork Examiner. 
 
•22 
 
 CHARLES &ASSMAN, 
 
 DRAPER AND TAILOR, 
 
 Whitaker St., 3d door south of Broughton, 
 
 Savarmali, Gra. 
 
 Made to order at the shortest notice and in the latest style. 
 Ladies' Gavments Cat and Made to Order. 
 
 Ans : One sells the watches and the other watohes the cells. 
 
 CHAMPION k FREEMAN, 
 WHOLESALE GROCERS, 
 
 AND 
 
 3! 
 
 PEA)L,iiis iM wmmwrnm^m^ 
 
 Cor. Bay and Drayton Sts., 
 
 Ans : Because it 's between the I's (eyes). 
 
 Wholesale and Relail Dealers iu 
 
 Dry Goods, Clotbing, Boots aad Shoes, 
 
 AND GENTS' FURNISHING GOODS, 
 
 Southeast cor. Broughton & Whitaker Sts., 
 
 MYMHH^i^ 
 
 Ans : Because it must go to press before it is ready for the market. 
 
 PHILIP M. RUSSELL, Jr., 
 
 i#mitltmtl®m'tl Icttaiy ImMIt 
 
 AND JUSTICE OF THE PEACE, CHATHAM COUNTY, GA. 
 
 Office on Bryan St. , one door east of Bull, 
 
 Special attention given to tlie drawing and executing Deeds ol" 
 Bargain and Sale, Mortgages on Real and Personal Property, Wills, 
 Man-iage Settlements, Deeds of Gift, Bills of Sale, Leases, Agree- 
 ments, etc, Issuing of Attacliments, Garnishments, and to the Col- 
 lection of all Claims. 
 
 Ans: Mortgar/e. 
 
23 
 
 JCslahlinhed 18.50, 
 
 IMPORTER m WHOLESALE DEALER 1^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 SAVANNAH, GA. 
 
 Sole Agents for Georgia and Florida of 
 (iCABTS@Nl'S eiLiBeiATiP PALi ALE, 
 In barrels and half-barrels. 
 Ans : Because it 's always light'ning. 
 
 J. BER.R-IEIV OLIVEI^, 
 
 (Late Editor and Proprietor Tallahassee Sentinel), 
 
 COTTON FACTOK, COMMISSION MERCHANT, 
 
 m GENERAL PI IICHASING A\D FORWARDING AGENT, 
 97 Bay Street (over Wilcox, Gibbs & Co.), 
 
 Cousignmeuts of Cotton, and Country Produce generally, solicited, upon 
 
 which liberal advances will be made when desired. Personal 
 
 attention given to the sale of merchandise. 
 
 Ans: An iron will. 
 
 Wholesale and Retail Dealer in 
 
 DRUGS AND MEDICINES, 
 
 PFJiFiiMERY. fm\ mm, paints, oils, dye stuffs, etc., 
 
 Cor. Bull and Broughton Sts., 
 
 Ans: Because he 's on tlie triiil of a dear. 
 
24 
 
 S. \. THAXTOX, T. .J. CKEVVM, 
 
 AND AGKNTS FOR TIIK SALE OP 
 
 MANUFACTURED TOBACCO, 
 
 163 BAV STREET, SAVANNAB, (JA. 
 
 SPECIAL ATTENTION GIVEN TO THE SALE OF 
 
 WBMM, WHISEi; MTTOI, WMm, STC. 
 
 Ans: One is composed of several little cells and the other is a big sell. 
 
 ^7^ nvr o n. iisr .^ , 
 
 IMPOSTER OF AND DEALER IN 
 
 HAVANA SEGARS, 
 
 AT WHOLESALE AND RETAIL, 
 
 Oorner Bull and Broii»ii(oii sliTcls, under Masonic Hall. No. 1, 
 
 Also, keeps constantly on band a fine stock of 
 Ans : Because all of the other vowels are inaudible. 
 
 m:. o. m:xtri>hy, 
 CARPENTER & BUILDER, 
 
 Bay Lane, bet. Drayton & Abercorn Streets, 
 
 SAVANNAH, GA. 
 
 All work in my line done with neatness and dispatch. 
 
 Ans: Because they never savj it. 
 
2o 
 
 WM. D. R. MILLAR, 
 
 157 Bay St., Sayaimah, 
 
 IMPOETEE & DEALEE IN 
 
 lallf @ad & Sleam' 
 
 Oils^ Axle CrSpeasG^ 
 
 Paints, Varnishes, Leads, Zincs, 
 
 Machinery Oils of all kinds and of the best quality, the finest Signal 
 
 Oil, Sperm, Whale, Lard, Linseed, Tanners', Signal, Neats- 
 
 foot, Tallow, Ex. Engine, Petroleum, and Kerosene 
 
 Oils. Also, Cincinnati Black Lard Oil, 
 
 a superior lubricator. 
 
 Best and Oheapest. Hemp, Soapstone, Piston Sheet Gum and 
 P'ibrous Packing. Solid Braid Packing for Pumps. 
 
 BELTING AT f^ANUFACTUi^ERS' PRICES. 
 
 Best White Lead in the market. Also Cheap Brands. 
 AGENT Koi: 
 
 Ingersoll's Cotton and Hay Presses, Mead Rubber Co., 
 
 National Car Spring Co., Grafton Paint Works, 
 
 Dubreuil Oil Works Co. 
 
 The goods of these companies are sold a( >Ianufacturere' Prices. 
 
 Goods Furnished in any Quantity, and Guaranteed as Kepresented, or no Sale. 
 
 Ass: Because there they can all marry Young. 
 
Fkank L. Gnic. 
 
 26 
 
 Geo. C. Pkarce. 
 
 Ali.en G. Bass. 
 
 GUE, PEARCE & CO.. 
 
 COnON AND PROVISION BBOKERS. 
 
 It* ft 141 illllf, 
 
 3AVANNAH, GA. 
 
 „ ., . « , RETSRBiTCSS. 
 
 Oouti'al Kiiili'Oild BatiK , ■ : , . Savauuah. 
 
 Andrew Low k Co , , " 
 
 William Battersby & Co " 
 
 Charles Green & Sons '' 
 
 ,fohn W. Anderson's Sons & Co ': 
 
 Hening & Fearce No. 7 State street, New York. 
 
 Green Bros No. 132 Pearl street, " 
 
 Klcheson, Able & Co St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 Alfred Moulton New Orleaiw, La. 
 
 Ans: Because it is making use of flash language. 
 
 Wholesale and Retail Dealer in 
 
 pias Alts ^M 
 
 No. 3 Wliitaker t^^treet 
 
 k.iii&: The roof of the mouth. 
 
 Cor. Bull and Taylor streets, 
 
 lu connection with the Mn.seum, which consists of a large variety of 
 
 ANIMALS, BIRDS, ALLIGATORS, ETC., 
 
 There is an 
 
 THEODOK MEVES, Proprietor. 
 
 Ans: Because it requires more patience (patients) than any other. 
 
27 
 
 WINES, LIQUORS. ETC., 
 BtiU street, opposite the Post Ofjioe, 
 
 ANG-EL G-. YBANES & BRO., 
 
 DEAI.KR8 IN 
 
 TOS&CC 
 
 Etc. 
 
 Aks: Becanee it represents hardware. 
 
 CONNERAT & JOHNSON, 
 
 ©©Kiiiesi^ 
 
 mmcs^ifii 
 
 AND WHOLESALE DEALERS IN 
 
 GROCERIES AND PROVISIONS, 
 (.' o r n e r of Ba 1/ a n d B a r n a r d ^ f reefs, 
 
 JOS. V, CON>fERAT. JOHN K. JOHNSON, 
 
 Late ofConnerat, Webster & Palmer. Late ol'Holcombe, Johnson & Co. 
 
 Ans: When she 's a-bed. 
 
 JOS. SMALL WOOD, 
 Stalls 1 and 3 , 
 
 Ans: When he 's a-hoard. 
 
28 
 
 BOLSHAW & SILVA 
 
 68 St, Julian and 101 Bryan Streets 
 
 f Between Whitaker St. k the Market), 
 
 DEALERS IN 
 
 ^ii¥, m 
 
 OX_,^^SS'W ^^I=LEi, 
 
 BRITANNIA & PLATED WARE 
 
 AND 
 
 House Furnishing Goods Generally. 
 
 Crockery Assorted in Crates, or Repacked, to 
 suit Purchasers. 
 
 -♦ «^»~«fc- 
 
 Agents for the NONPAEEIL WASHING MACHINE, 
 
 THE BEST IN THE MARKET. 
 
 «®" © e: TV D F o 1^ jv CI k c u il, a. rs . 
 
 Ans: One is hollowed in and the other hollowed out. 
 
29 
 
 Importers and Jobbers in 
 
 P 
 
 OH:i:]xr_.^. 
 
 ^ tS W 
 
 g 
 
 By the original package or repacked 
 to order. , 
 
 Being the only Crockery House in Savunnah that im- 
 port their ware direct from the English Potteries, we 
 are enabled to sell goods in our line as low as Dealers 
 can buy in any market in the United States. 
 
 140 Congress street 
 
 AND 
 
 57 ST. JULIA.]Sr STREET, 
 
 Axs: Because they can not re-member him. 
 D* 
 
30 
 
 C. V. HUTCHINS, 
 
 §mtXRl €m\\mm HJcrdjaitl, 
 
 WHOLESALE DEALEE IN 
 
 HAY, GRAIN, PRODUCE, 
 
 No. 165 Bay street, 
 
 ORDERS AND CONSIGNMENTS PROMPTLY MD PERSONALLY ATIBDED TO. 
 
 Ans : When he wants a bar maid. 
 
 THE ^^&EIfl^^ 
 
 *>'. W. eorner of 
 
 Drayton. Street and Bay Lane, 
 
 TIIK f llOIOEST WINES, LI(|rOK8, AND SEGARS CONSTAN'TLY ON HAND. 
 LUNCH DAILY. ^OS. ^JeKNANDKZ, 
 
 PROPRIETOR. 
 
 Ans: Because tliey have no 'i'isible means of support. 
 WM. ir. TISON. WM. W. GORDON. 
 
 TISON & GORDON, 
 
 COTTON FACTORS & &ENEEAL COMMISSION MERCHANTS 
 
 No. 96 BAY STREET, SAVANNAH, GA. 
 
 BAGGING and ROPE or IRON TIES advanced on crops. 
 
 LIBERAL CASH ADVANCES made on consignments for sale in Savan 
 nah, or on shipments to reliable correspondents in Liverpool, New York, 
 Philadelphia, or Baltimore. 
 
 Grateful for liberal patronage in the past, every effort will be made to merit 
 public confidence. 
 
 Ans: Adam, for he was the father of the raoe. 
 
Fov Cotton, TS^heat, Tobacco, etc. 
 
 Imported Direct from McKean's Island, South Pacific Ocean 
 
 WILCOX, GIBBS & CO.'S 
 
 MAlIFiLATlB ilAl© 
 
 Prepared at Savannah and Augusta, Ga., 
 
 FOR SALK BY 
 Mtnportevt of and Itettler* ht 
 
 Gr TJ J^ IST CD : 
 
 No. 97 Bay street, Savannah, Ga. 
 No. 241 Broad street, Augrtt^t^i <»a. 
 
 We also keep a sujyply of Pure No. 1 Peruvian Guano, 
 
 v)hieh we vnll sell at lowest market jvrire 
 
 in Savannah and Augusta. 
 
 ALSO A G E N T S FOR T II J''. 
 
 WILLCOX & GIBBS 
 
 illlll SlWll© MAiHllli, 
 
 Which are sold at manufacturers' prices. 
 
 Ans: When she 'a averse to him. 
 
32 
 
 COOPER, OLOOTT & CO., 
 
 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALERS E 
 
 BOOKS & STATIONERY OF ALL KINDS 
 
 Copying Books, Copying and Seal Presses, 
 
 Coruei- St. Julian and WhUaker sis., 
 ^^ la.rg'e stools o±" I^'eii l^ia.i"\7-es 
 
 Our own importing, and low as the lowest. Wholesale ami retail. 
 NEWS, PRINTING, AND WRAPPING PAPERS. 
 
 A large stock of Printing Inks of all kinds. 
 
 %\.msYL i@@Ks AMP wRBTcece papirs 
 
 In large supply, and ordered as wanted. 
 
 FOREIGN AND AMERICAN BOOKS IMPORTED TO ORDER, 
 
 One book or many , at IVew York rates, and all books sold at publishers' prices. 
 
 (ioi.n PK^k'H .!.>•/» PKjy .ijyu pujycii. ctHJis 
 
 In very large supply. 
 LEGAL AND COMMERCIAL BLANKS. 
 Ans: When it is pouring over a book-store. 
 
 FRED. M. HULL. 
 
 JAS. E. GRADY. 
 
 HOLCOMBE & CO., 
 
 Thos. Eoloonlje, estatlished 1S3S, 
 
 No. 181 Bay street, 
 
 Ans: Because he offers a horn to every one he meets. 
 
 C. T. COOPER, 
 
 m~ 
 
 mm m ii..,i,. Hill IWl ©■i; 
 
 Jllf ii W IP 
 
 StStllS 9 SbTXCX 11, 
 
 SA¥ifflikH MM£W. 
 
 Ans: Because they are matchless. 
 
83 
 
 TJK^S. ,1. DUNBAR. 
 
 ][n:NKY A. STUJ.TS. 
 
 T. J. DUNBAR & CO., 
 
 ImDorters aiiJ Wolesale Dealers in 
 
 BRANDIES, WHISKIES 
 
 ^jEJiMk ml MWMmf 
 
 SEG^RS, ETC., 
 
 No. 147 Bay street, 
 
 RI¥AlfW/4 
 
 Ans: Because it is always to be found in bed and in debt. 
 
34 
 
 B. B. Feekill. a. B. Wk.muow. 
 
 ^^..^OTOIE^S 
 
 Bay street, Savannah, 6a., 
 
 Will sell antl j)urcha,so on com mission Cotton, Timcki:, 
 Pbodcck, and Meechandisk. Consignments respectfully 
 solicited, upon which hberal advances will be made. 
 
 Ans: When tkey blush and weep, for then they raise a hue and ciy. 
 
 HEKMAISTN L. SCHREINEK, 
 
 J.C.SCHREINER & SONS, 
 
 ,^*"h0Cl nnrt ^U.srcUancou.ci gooh.^, stationery . 
 
 5, MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, AND ] 
 
 WHOLtSAI.i; AND EETAIL, 
 
 Oi^jtosife I'nlaski House, 
 
 PIANOS, MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, AND MUSIC, 
 
 WHOLtSAI.i; AND EETAIL, 
 
 Ams: The wheel of Fortune. 
 
 DKAIER IN dfm Fl!RMSHI.\« GOODS, C03iCS, BRUSHES, AND FANCY ARTICLES, 
 
 .sinei-ictni and Imported Perfumery, 
 
 CANES, UMBRELLAS, HAVANA & DOMESTIC SEGAKS, 
 The celebrated "Balm of Savannah" now ready and for sale at his Saloon, 
 
 Coi'iwi' of Hull ai}d livifim sfrccfti. 
 HAIR CUTTING, SHAMPOOING, SHAVING, AND BATH ROOMS. 
 
 TuH')iiy-si:c years established. 
 
 Parents will please not forget his beautiful style of Children's Hair Cutting, 
 
 at the low price of twenty-five cents. 
 
 Ans: When it "s down. 
 
J. JIcDONOUGH. 
 
 T. BALLENTYNE. 
 
 ST. FfllliDRV 
 
 Opposite G-uif Railroad Depot, 
 
 £l,»5- 
 
 iitffi tarn Mimii iftitt 
 
 MADE TO ORDER 
 
 ALL SIZES ON HAND. 
 
 sw€4E mmm ana i@si.ii 
 
 REDUCTIOlNr IN PRICES. 
 
 WE WILL SELL AS FOLLOWS: 
 
 Sugar Mills, 18-mch 
 
 Sugar Mills, 16-incli 70 
 
 Sugar Mills, 14-inch 55 
 
 Sugar Mills, 12-incli 35 
 
 Sugar Boilers, 40 gallons 17 
 
 Sugar Boilers, 50 gallons 22 
 
 Sugar Boilers, 60 gallons 25 
 
 Sugar Boilers, 80 gallons 34 
 
 Sugar Boilers, 100 gallons 45 
 
 OUR MILL SHAFTS arc made out of the best 3-incli wrought 
 iron. JOURNALS -ft-ill be iirade of a standard size. EXTRA 
 BOXES always on hand. 
 
 From our well-known reputation, we solicit a share of public 
 patronage. All work is warranted and delivered at depots and 
 steamboats free of charge. All orders promptly attended to. 
 
 T. BAT.T.ENTYNE & CO. 
 
 Ans: a green pear. 
 
EPSTEIN & EINSTEIN, 
 
 \\l!ol?s;ile ami Retail 'Mm in 
 
 Mil mi, ill MlSfii 
 
 lonMrees ^t3?©Gt, 
 
 Ans: When tlaey are bouudin' sheei). 
 
 El. J". IPXJI^SE], 
 PRIISTTER, BIISTDER, 
 
 ANf) 
 
 BLmi^ BOOK ft^ANJtDFAeTlDRiB^ 
 
 OVEl; .1. AND W. ItrTIlKBlOUl), 
 
 Ans: Because bis coughin' (cofi&n) had to be sixspeuded. 
 
 JNO. R. DILLON. WM. S. STKTSON. 
 
 >\-/'\'t 
 
 IMMl MSS 
 
 V 
 Ko. 101 BAY STREET, 
 
 Ans: Its nioutli. 
 
;^7 
 FERaUSON & DIXON, 
 
 imn^ Waiiitta 
 IBKKBTi 
 
 Bet. Bull & Whitaker, 
 
 SAVANNAH, OA. 
 
 We hnve a fine aud well-selected stock of 
 
 HETALLR'. MAHOGANY. WALNUT, GRAINED, AND STAINED miM- 
 
 Coffin Plates ami Trimmings always on hand. Neatest Hearses and Car 
 riages furnished for Funerals. Ice Cases for Preserving Remains in the 
 warmest weather. Keinains disinterred, boxed, and shipped. Orders from 
 the country promptly attended to. 
 
 Personal attentiougiven to all orders, and can be found at any time at oui' 
 wareroom or residence. 
 
 T>. FERGtTSOlV, W. ». DIXOBf, 
 
 Residence, N. W. eor. President and Price St». President, one door from W. Broad St. 
 
 Aks: Because it is an internal transport. 
 
 WHOLESALE DEALER IN 
 
 Wines, Liquors,Teas, Se§ars,Tobacco, 
 
 ETC. .\LSO SOLE .\GEKT FOR THE STATES OF GEORGIA AND FLORIDA, FOR 
 
 Massey, Huston & Go's Celebrated Philadelphia Ale. 
 
 ESX.BMSHK. 1844. 150 BAY STREET, SAVANNAH, GA. 
 
 Ans: Because they strike and run for home. 
 
 HXSIffRY BRTA.., 
 
 lOI Bay street, Savannah, Ga. 
 
 Ass: Because they grow upon the palniH. 
 
.1. II. ^SilBKlDGF. New Orleans, b. ,1. S. HITM, Ha.on 0. 
 
 E & CO., 
 
 A!*ri) GEi^IillAL PUECHASING AGENTS, 
 
 ASHBRIDG-E, SMITH & CO., 
 
 NEW OELEANS, LA. 
 I would rospectfullj' iuform my Iriends and the public ihut I have 
 resumed my business connection M'itli the above well-known house, 
 ;tnd will be in Liverpool early the coming season, to give my per- 
 sonal attention (o the interests of those who may favor us with a 
 share of their business. 
 
 J. S. HUTTON. 
 
 Ans : Because it makes her hear. 
 
 Brokerage & Exchange Office 
 
 OF 
 
 lOl IBa^v^ Js^ti-eet, 
 
 SAVANNAH. GA. 
 
 Ans : Because it is used up. 
 
 MILLINERY AND STRAW GOODS, 
 
 160 Congress street, Savannah, Ga., 
 
 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL, 
 
 Til great variety, for both Ladies and Childi-eu, Trimmed and Untrimmed; also, 
 SILKS, KIBBONS, CRAPES. BRIDAL WREATHS, FLOWERS. FRENCH 
 BONNET FRAMES, DOTTED NETS, RUCHES, ILLUSIONS, BONNET OR- 
 NAMENT.S, BANDBOXES, etc., etc., and all additional articles, embraciiiR 
 
 A OOiMPLSTE STOCK OP FIEST-CLASS FASHIOHASLE GOODS. 
 Becelvins weekly all the latest novelties direct from the largest importing ami 
 manufacturing houses in the United States. 
 
 MRS, S. PE ASE. 
 
 Ans: Because all of the others &re'week day.«. 
 
3!) 
 
 SOU T H K R N IS R A N C H 
 
 Hi® lasi'Fftat © ®tii;p tmy 
 
 Office No. 91 Bay street, 
 
 mTmMM'AVH, OA» 
 
 AARON WILBUB,, R. D. ARNOLD, 
 
 Manac/er ifonthern Branch. ConsuWvg Physicimt, 
 
 W. U. BoYP, Agent. Kaston Yonge. Ex'g Physician. 
 
 J. J. Abkams, Canva^ing Agent. 
 
 Maj. E. H. Bacon, State Agent for Georyia ami Alahama. 
 
 Wm. O. Price, Jj:., Bnokl^cfprr. 
 
 Jno. L. Howakd, Polky Clerk. 
 
 Jko. H. Cavaxauc.h, Assistant Buokkeepir. 
 
 Over $11,000,000 of insurance effected in this Branch office 
 
 s 1 N c K 1 >^ -J . 
 Policies written and Josses paid here. 
 Dividends a.^ favorable as any other company. 
 
 Local Board of Directors. 
 
 HENRY BKIGHiUr, Esq Pies" t Merchants' Nat. Bank, 
 
 A. A. SOLOMONS, of A. A. Solomons & (V. Druggist. 
 
 OCTAVUS COHEN, Esq Merchant. 
 
 E. A. SOULLARD, Esq 
 
 H. A. CRANE, Esq., of Crane& Craybill 
 
 M. A. COHEN, Esq Sec. and Treas. Home Ins. Co. 
 
 FRED. M. HULL, Esq., of Holcombe & Co Merchant. 
 
 J. D. IIOPKIN S, Esq. , of Andrew Low & Co 
 
 AARON WILBUR, Esq President Home Ins. Co. 
 
 Ans : Take to hi? pump?. 
 
40 
 
 WlfilES, LIQUORS, &SE&ARS. 
 
 Bull street, near the Post-office, 
 WISE'S CORK IRISH WHISKEY, 
 
 AND TIIK 
 
 FINEST BRANDS OF IMPORTED WIXES, MQU0R8, AND 
 SE6ARS CONSTANTLY ON HAND. 
 
 SUPERIOR ALES INBOTTLES AND ON DRAUGHT. 
 
 Ams: Season of Lent. 
 
 BUTCHER AND GREEN GROCER, 
 
 STALLS 1 k I SAVAMAll MAEKIiT. AM 
 
 <Jor. Abercorn <C- llufl sts., SavaundJt, (ro. 
 
 SHIPPINa AND FAMILIES 
 
 SUPPLIED WITH 
 
 FRESH MEATS, VEGETABLES, ETC. 
 
 Ans: As the source of all his woes (whoas) 
 
 ISAAC D. LaROCHE & CO., 
 
 Auction and Commission Merchants, 
 
 p. H. WARD. Auctioneer, 
 TV o . 1 1> Q B a .y s 1 1» e e t . 
 
 Eeal Estate, Bonds, Stocks, and General Merchandise. 
 Liberal advances made on consignments for sale licie or foi' ship- 
 ment. Orders solicited. 
 
 Awe: Because it i.« a matter of course. 
 
41 
 
 LATHROP & CO., 
 
 139 & 141 Oongress Street, Savanuab, Ga., 
 
 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALERS IN 
 
 BOOTS, SHOES, CARPETS, 
 
 mL aLQ'fMiS, iLA\ei; c^i^todnis,, 
 
 WHOLK>^AJLE ROOMS UP STAIRS. 
 
 As«: Wlieu Henry VIII dissolved the Papal Bull. 
 
 v.. M. soinn-L. A. c. sokrel. 
 
 Cotton Factors and Genefal Commission l^^lefchants? 
 
 ISTo. 7'2 Bay Street, 
 savanna'h, G-A. 
 
 •-♦-• 
 
 IJfiual facilities extended, to Planters. 
 
 Aws: Because a kan|;aroo was seen going aboard of the ark with hops. 
 Rdc..\r L. Oltkka}!!!. J^dwaud L. Holcombm. 
 
 G-UEKAKD & HOLCOMBE. 
 
 u 
 
 NO. 5 STODDARD'S LOWER RANGE, BAY STREET, 
 
 Are prepared lo advance liberally on Consignments of Cotton, Produce, and Merchandise. 
 
 Eefekesces. — Robc-rt Habersham & Sons, Hunter k. Gammell, Geo. W. An 
 derson, Duncan & Johnson, Holeombe & Co., Anthony Porter. 
 
 Ans; When he is a little sulky. n* 
 
42 
 
 MEINHARD BROS. & CO., 
 
 WHOLESALE DEALERS IN 
 
 READY-MADE OLOTHINfi, 
 
 
 i g@@BS. 
 
 Ill BROUG-HTOlSr ST., 
 
 SJSi 
 
 1. MEIMARD— Office, 80 and 82 White Stmt, New Vork. 
 
 Ans : Because he can not be confined to one spot. 
 
 CHARLES E. O'SULLIVAN, 
 
 «.l wi I©1 f slut 
 
 ^1 I 
 
 CITY HOTEL BUILDING, 
 ISiry Street, Savaninali, Gra., 
 
 Respectfully solicits your patronage. 
 
 Ans: When she 's 'ankering after a heavy swell. 
 
 Bay Street, Savannah, G-eorgia. 
 
 Ans : When she 's making for a p*«c, 
 
43 
 
 JOHN J. MAURICE, 
 
 WHOLESALE A\D liETAll- MANUFACTURER OF 
 
 liii Tliwir©* Til l.@©tii 
 
 A N D 
 
 MJ.YAIJMB- mm mmmm. 
 
 ETC., 
 
 Bryan St., Northwest of Market Square, 
 
 Aks: Because he never knows when he may be blown up. 
 
 BOOT AND SHOE MAKER, 
 
 South Side of f^ Broughton St., 
 
 (Bet. Bui,r> and Whitaker), 
 
 SAVANNAH, GA. 
 
 Ans: To take the jaw out of a woman. 
 
 WATCHES, JEWEUY^ CLOCKS, SPE(]TACLES, 
 
 NORTHWEST CORNER BRYAN AND V/HITAKER STS., 
 
 (Griffin's Old »)taiid). 
 
 Watches, Clocks, and Jewelry carefully repaired, 
 and wan'auted. 
 
 Ass : When he presses his suit. 
 
44 
 
 Atlantic & Gulf Railroad 
 
 > » ^ I < 
 
 moiM 
 
 FLORIDA, IN 
 
 12 Hours and 30 Minutes, 
 
 BY THE 
 
 Atlantic & Gulf and Pensacola & Georgia Railroads, 
 
 IffO GHAlffQK OF GARS 
 
 Between titose Citieb. 
 PULLMAN, KIMBALL & RAMSEY'S 
 
 Altiiched to all Night Trains running through from Savannali 
 to Jacksonville. 
 
 t:e3:i=ioxjg-:e3: tzokieits 
 
 Yi.v All Rail or Steamships, 
 
 llandbillS) giving' further particular!^, cau lie 
 found at the Hotels. 
 
 Ans: Because it is taken iu to bo brougUt up. 
 
4fi 
 
 lii,ilktl Sf mat® H®ms©t 
 
 BOWLING SALOON, 
 138 Bryan Street, Savannah, G-eorgia. 
 
 VAL0TIN15 CASLER. Proprietor. 
 
 'rixia long and favorably known establishment is always supplied 
 with the finest 
 
 Imported by Ihe Proprietor expressly for his Cnstomers. 
 
 Ads: Where the dove brought the green back to Noah. 
 
 GRANTHAM I. TAGGART^ 
 
 WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALER IN 
 
 ANTHRACITE AND BITUMINOUS COAL, 
 
 liraipp0V©d Parapsj Water FeatitSp attcj goiredl WeHe^ 
 No. 7 Stoddard's Lower Range, 
 
 Ans: Because they can't separate without adieu (a dew). 
 
 M. KkTCIUM. a. ]>. llAr.TIMDOl.. 
 
 KETCHUM & HARTKIDG-E, 
 
 §attfeev^ and Commi.^s^Jon pevduwtot 
 
 Exchange Building, Savannah, Ga. 
 
 Keferences:— Moses Taylor, Prcs't City Bank, Xew i'ork; P. C. Ciilhoun. 
 Pres't Fourth Kational Bank, N. Y. ; John J. Cisco & Son, bankers, N. Y.; 
 Morris Ketchum, banker, N. Y.; J. N. Norris, Cashior First National Bank, 
 Baltimore; M. McMichael, Cashier First National Bank, Philadelphia. 
 
 Ans: Because there 'e no more parting or dying there. 
 
46 
 
 F. TILLMAN, ALKX. C. McRAE, 
 
 Late of Texas. Savannah, Ga.- 
 
 TILLMAN & McRAE, 
 
 General OliomiMsbn 5trc|mrts, 
 
 No. 82 Bay street, 
 
 Umm ADVA?iCFS 0^ C'ONSiGMENT FOR SIORAOE, SALE, OR SHIPME^f. 
 
 Ass: A s<a(7-nation. 
 
 SAM'L M. LEDERER & CO., 
 
 FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC 
 
 113 BROUOHTON STREET, 
 
 No. 209 Greenwich St., New York. 
 
 A»: When he 's/'>e-blest. 
 
 EDAVARD D. BOIl . WM. A McKENZIK. 
 
 B©aaiiil©m Kiiiliamti^ 
 
 BAY STREpyr, 
 
 Ans; Because it turns words into swords. 
 
47 
 
 DAVID BAILEY. 
 
 BEENAKD BRADT. 
 
 BAILEY & BRADY, 
 
 KllflAll lAllili. 
 
 AND DEALERS IN 
 
 12 Whitaker street, Savannah, Ga. 
 
 Ans: Advice. 
 
4s 
 
 ROBERTS & TILL! 
 
 ^'(1 
 
 iBMissi®!. iitieftaftii 
 
 NORTH SIDE BAY STREET, 
 
 Se«ond \)m Sest of the (lity Kxi'han!i;t', 
 
 il^TAl'llAS. mA. 
 
 Aks: Chaps on their lips. 
 
 SLOAN, GROOVER & CO., 
 
 Cotton Factors & Commission Merchants, 
 
 Bay Street, Savannah, Ga. 
 LIBERAL mmm m mm coinsignep to ovu mwim'mmn m 
 
 NEW YORK AND LIVERPOOL. 
 
 A. M. Sloak. ('. F. Stup.b.s, C. E. Ghoovki;, A. T. SIacintyuk, 
 IJorne, Ga. Macon, Ga. Brooks Co., Oa. Thomasville, Ga. 
 
 Ans: Husband thein. 
 
 T. F. SMITH, 
 
 69 BAY ST., SAVANNAH, GA. 
 CONSIONMENTS t^ ORDKllS SOLJCIi'KD. 
 
 Also General Advertising Agent for the Southern Press. 
 
 Awa: Hailing omnibuses. 
 
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