G B STATES GEULUUICAL SURVEY L M n 1 1 r II Water-Sttpply Paper 239 THE (,)l ALITY OF THE SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS BY W. D. COLLINS WASHINGTON aOVEKNMEN'^ PRINTING OFFICE Gass (JJ370S" Book XBC7. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITKD STATKS (JKC )!.()( i I( A L Sl'RVKY UEOKGK OTIS SMITH. Dirkctok Water- Supply 1»aper 2',i9 rnK yi AIJTV OF THE SniFACE WATFliS OF ILLINOIS BY W. 1). COLLINS WA8HIN(iTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1910 JUN 22 1910 ^.^:;^^ LC Control N\jmber tnip96 026241 t ^^ "S e CONTENTS. IntrtHliirtion 5 Outliiu' of report 5 Neeti of invt'sti^tion fi ProviouH work ♦) CoojK»nitive work 7 Aoknowletl^ments K Physical ft'aturi'S S To|>o^raph y H Hytlrojjraphy 9 Climate 9 Cleology 10 Econ<»mir features 11 Population 11 A^rriiulture 12 M iiies P2 Manufactures 13 Surface water supply 15 Quality of waters 15 Ckjllection of samples 15 Analytical methods 15 Results 17 Detailed investigations 17 Lake Michigan 17 Reservoirs 19 Rock River 20 Illinois River drainage basin 25 General statement 25 Chicago drainage canal 25 Desplaines River 26 Kankakee River 26 Fox River 28 Vermilion River 30 Sangamon River 31 Illinois River 33 Kaskaskia River 38 Muddy River 40 Mississippi River 41 Wabawh River system 49 Wabash River 49 Vermilion River 49 Embarrass River 50 Little Wabash River 51 Cache River 52 Ohio River 53 3 4 CONTENTS. Surface water supply — Continued. Page. Municipal supplies 53 Wells 53 Surface supplies 54 Untreated waters 54 Purification 54 Industrial uses of water 57 General statement 57 Laundry water 57 Steam-boiler water 58 Softening 59 Conclusions 61 Analytical tables 62 Index 91 ILLUSTRATIONS. Plate I. Map of Illinois showing location of sampling stations II: Diagrams showing composition of material carried by Illinois waters . III. Diagrams showing relative amounts of dissolved and suspended material carried by Illinois waters Page. 14 16 18 THE QUAIJTY OF TlIK srHFACK W ATKItS OF ILLINOIS. By W. I). CoiiiNs. INTHODl ( TION. OUTLINE OF REPORT. This report furnishes the means of statin<^ with fair accuracy the quahty of water which may be found at any point alonj^ the hirj^er streams within or horderintij the State of Uhnois. It also includes some explanation of the variations in the (juaiity of the water at difTerent times and places. The natural and economic features which determine the character of the streams are considered in a t^eneral way. The lar^rer drainage divisions are described briefly. A short account of tlie distribution of population and principal indus- tries of the State shows how these are afTected by the streams and how they influence the quality of water in the streams. Methods of collecting anil analyzing sam])les of water are described. The sur- face waters of the State were re])resented by samples taken at 'J7 different points. Each river is discussed in detail with reference to its source, course, discharge, and quality of water. The cities located on it are considered with reference to their use of and their effect on the water. Short chapters on municipal su])])lies and industrial uses of water save needless repetition in discussing the value of the water of each river. It is shown that the only large supplies of water in the State are surface waters. Nearly all the surface waters are so polluted as to be unfit for domestic use without purification. They usually contain such dissolved mineral matter and so much suspended material as to be unsuitable for many manufacturing purposes, ])ut by ])roper treatment they may be rendered safe for drinking and suitable for all industrial uses. The proper purification of surface waters is in the greater part of the State the only way to obtain a large supply of satisfactory water. If in some way the flow of all streams might be regulated and kept more uniform, the increased uniformity in quality of the water would make much easier the prob- lem of proper treatment. The average amount of water used each day in cities of the United States varies from 50 to 150 gallons j)er caj)ita. Of this the amount used for drinking is not much over one-half gallon. It is of the 5 6 QUALITY OF SUEFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. greatest importance that this one-half gallon shall be free from the germs of disease, notably typhoid fever, and shall be reasonably clear and reasonably free from taste. This is all that is required to make this one-half gallon a satisfactory water. For many uses, as sprinkling streets, flushing sewers, etc., almost nothing is required in the way of purity. There is left for consideration a large number of other uses in which the value of the water depends on the amount and kind of mineral matter it contains. For use in laundries, in steam boilers, in textile works, and for the same kind of work at home, the best water is one which is clear, is free from iron, and con- tains only a moderate amount of other mineral matter. NEED OF INVESTIGATION. In time past the attention of those concerned with the quality of water has been directed very largely to the question of its fitness for drinking, but within the last few years corporations and communi- ties have awakened to a realization of the great waste occasioned by the industrial use of unsuitable waters. The railroads of the country are spending thousands of dollars every year in treating their boiler- feed waters so as to render them less injurious to their boilers, the money thus spent being saved many times over in decreased cost of repairs and increased life of locomotive boilers. Many laundries find it profitable to install expensive apparatus for softening water, rather rather soften it with soap. Water must be purified for use in many woolen mills, breweries, and other establishments, while in some cities the whole city supply is softened. In planning a waterworks system for home, factory, or munici- pality, it is not enough to know whether the water is safe for drinking. To determine the best water for all purposes, it is necessary to know the amount and character of the mineral matter it contains. With- out such knowledge, no estimate can be made of the cost of purifying the water and making it suitable for drinking and for industrial uses. For most well waters a single analysis is enough to give a very accurate idea of the water which may be found in a given well, but the quality of the water in a stream varies so much that an opinion based on the results of an examination of a single sample of water from a given river would nearly always be very different from an opinion based on the results of a series of analyses, where the samples were taken regularly for some time. PREVIOUS WORK. A large amount of work had been done on the quality of river waters in Illinois before the beginning of this report. In Water-Sup- ply Paper 194" M. O. Leighton has given a digest of the testimony o Pollution of Illinois and Mississippi rivers by Chicago sewage: Water-Supply Paper U. S. Geol. Survey No. 194, 1907. INTRODUCTION. 7 in the suit of the State of Missouri against the State of Illinois and the sanitary district of Chicago. As evidence in this case, results were presented from several thousand analyses of samples of water from Illinois River and its tributaries, with many analyses of Mis- souri and Mississippi water. The analyses made at that time were not analyses of the mineral constituents, but were mainly determina- tions of the amounts of certain substances present in very small quantities, usually less than 1 per cent of the total material dissolved in the water. These results merely indicated the purity of the water as regards sewage contamination and have little value for deter- mining the value of the water for any use other than for drinking. The Illinois State Water Survey, organized in 1895, has made a great many analyses of Illinois waters, but most of them have been for the purpose of determining the purity of waters for domestic use. Many analyses of the mineral content of waters have been made by the State Water Survey, but these are mainly of well waters. The railroads of the State have made many partial analyses of all sorts of waters in their efforts to obtain for locomotive boilers those that are least injurious. The samples of the river waters are selected usually at random or in the driest seasons. Thus, with a very large number of partial analyses available, it was not possible to learn definitely just what might be expected in the way of water at any point on any river in the State. COOPERATIVE WORK. As part of an investigation" of the quality of surface waters in the United States, the waters of the State of Illinois were studied as one unit. A cooperative agreement for one year was entered into July 1, 1906, between the United States Geological Survey, the State Water Survey of Illinois, the engineering experiment station of the University of Illinois, and the State Geological Survey of Illinois. This agreement called for the investigation of mineral and organic constituents of the surface and ground waters of the State, together with experimental work on the action of waters in steam boilers, the purification of waters for industrial and domestic use, and other similar problems. Edward Bartow, director of the State Water Survey of Illinois, was desig- nated as administrative director of the investigations to be carried on under the agreement. The writer was assigned to the investiga- tion of surf ace waters, and began work in Illinois July 16, 1906. The points for the collection of samples had already been decided by the board of control of the cooperative work, consisting of M. O. Leighton for the United States Geological Survey, Edward Bartow for the State Water Survey, L. P. Breckenridge, Arthur N. Talbot, and Samuel W. Parr for the engineering experiment station, and oDole, R. B., Quality of surface waters in the United States, Part I: Water-Supply Paper U. S. Geol. Survey No. 236, 1909. 8 QUALITY OF SUKFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. H. Foster Bain for the State Geological Survey. Arrangements were made at once for the collection of daily samples at 26 stations on rivers and at reservoirs, Doctor Bartow engaging collectors at the stations in the northern part of the State and the writer arranging for the collections on the rivers in the central and southern parts. Owing to lack of funds the United States Geological Survey was unable to renew the agreement for another year, so that the analytical work after June 30, 1907, was carried on by the other parties to the cooperation. This report gives the results of analyses of these sam- ples of water, together with such other material as is necessary to make the figures of value. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. The analyses of river waters were made in the laboratory of the Illinois State Water Survey by the writer until April 18, after which time they were made by Mr. C. K. Calvert. Other analyses have been obtained from the United States Geological Survey laboratories engaged in similar investigations in 1906-7. In the descriptive matter free use. has been made of various publications of the Weather Bureau and the Bureau of the Census, and especially of the works of Palmer ^ and Leverett ^ on the waters of Illinois. PHYSICAL FEATURES. TOPOGRAPHY. Illinois is a flat State. It is the lowest of the North-Central States, having a mean elevation of 600 feet, whereas that of neighboring States is from 700 to 1,100 feet.^ In general, it slopes from north to south, with no pronounced changes in elevation. The most promi- nent ridge in the State is the Ozark uplift, in the southern part of the State, crossing from a point near Shawneetown, on the Ohio, to Grand Tower, on the Mississippi. This strip of elevated land, hardly 10 miles wide, stands about 300 feet above the neighboring tracts. The main features of the surface over the greater part of the State are due to the deposits of material left by the glaciers which once covered the State nearly to the Ozark uplift. In the lower portion, as far north as St. Louis, the drift is so thin as to exert little influence on the streams, but in the region north from St. Louis nearly all the stream courses are through this glacial drift. The elevations in this section show the amount of cutting which has been done by the streams. a Palmer, A. W., Chemical survey of the waters of Illinois, University of Illinois, 1904. b Leverett, Frank, The Illinois glacial lobe: Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, vol. 38, 1899. c Leverett, Frank, The water resources of Illinois: Seventeenth Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. 2, 1896, p. 703. PHYSICAL FEATURES. 9 HYDROGRAPHY. Except for the run-off of about 6,000 square miles in Wisconsin and about 3,000 square miles in Indiana and water from Lake Michi- gan equivalent to the drainage of 6,000 to 7,000 square miles, the rivers of Illinois carry only water precipitated within the boundaries of the State. Nearly all the drainage of the State is to the west and south into Mississippi River, but a small area is drained by streams flowing to the southeast into Wabash and Ohio rivers. Rock River drains about 5,000 square miles in Wisconsin and a somewhat larger area in the northeastern part of Illinois. It dis- charges into the Mississippi at Rock Island. Illinois River has the largest drainage basin in the State. The Chi- cago drainage canal and Desplaines, Kankakee, Fox, Vermilion, Macki- naw, Spoon, and Sangamon rivers all discharge into the Illinois, which carries into the Mississippi at Grafton the drainage from nearly half the State. The direct drainage into the Mississippi is small. Kaskaskia and Muddy rivers drain the western half of the area from a little above St. Louis to the Ozark uplift. Cache River is the largest stream draining the area below the Ozark ridge. The eastern half of the State, as far north as Cham- paign County, is drained into the Wabash through Vermilion, Embarrass, and Little Wabash rivers. Each of these streams will be considered in detail as regards the amount of flow, the quality of the water, and the value of the stream as a source of supply. Owing to the thorough cultivation of the land, the stream flow throughout the State is highly variable. There is nearly always a period of low water in the heated term, when the evaporation and absorption are greatest. During the winter, when the precipitation is light, the streams have another period of low water. The greatest floods occur in the early spring with the thawing pf the ground, melting snow, and heavy rains. There is often a later flood in June and a slight rise above the normal in the early fall. CLIMATE. On account of the uniform elevation of the State, the climate is very largely determined by the latitude. The mean annual tempera- ture decreases regularly from 58° at Cairo to 48° at Chicago. The mean temperature at Springfield is 52°. The summers are hot and the winters cold, the range of temperature being from about 105° to — 20° F. The average annual rainfall is 36.5 inches. For the south- ern section the average is 39 inches, for the central district 36 inches, and for the northern district 34 inches. The period from August 1, 1906, to July 31, 1907, was one of exceptional rainfall, the average 10 QUALITY OF SUKFACE WATEKS OF ILLINOIS. for the State being 44.2 inches, 7.7 inches more than the mean annual rainfall. In every month of this period, except February, the rain- fall in the State was nearly equal to or greater than the average. Table 1 shows the average temperature and rainfall for each month of the period. Table 1. — Average temperature and precipitation in Illinois, by months, August, 1906, to July, 1907 a Date. 1906 August September October November December 1907 January February March April May June July : Temperature. Average. 'F. 76.3 70.8 54.1 40.4 32.7 31.1 29.8 47.9 44.2 56.7 68.4 75.7 Departure from the mean of sev- eral years. 'F. +2.4 +3.8 - .6 - .1 +2.7 +4.8 +3.3 +8.3 -7.6 -6.1 -3.1 .0 Precipitation. Average. Inches. 4.01 5.10 1.71 3.91 3.09 5.69 .55 3.11 2.76 4.05 4.47 5.75 +7.8 44.20 Departure from the mean of sev- eral years. Inches. +0.85 + 1.86 - .47 +1.28 + .87 +3.22 -1.66 - .27 - .30 + .05 + .38 + 1.89 +7.70 a Monthly Weather Review, U. S. Weather Bureau. GEOLOGY. All except the extreme southern part of Illinois is covered by glacial drift. This mantle varies in thickness from a few feet at the southern extremity to about 200 feet in the northern part of the State. It is made up of clay, gravel, and sand, with bowlders and in some sections layers of soil buried some distance below the surface. Alden," in a study of this material in southern Wisconsin, made many analyses of the pebbles. He collected from 50 to 200 pebbles at random in a given region, divided them into groups according to the different kinds of rock represented, and calculated the percentage of each kind. In nearly every lot he found that over two-thirds of the pebbles were of some form of limestone very high in magnesium. With the exception of the rapid run-off immediately after a rain, the greater part of the water flowing in the rivers of Illinois has come through this glacial drift. The high magnesium content of the drift would account for the fact that the waters flowing in these streams contain a larger proportion of magnesium than do the waters of many other rivers. o Alden, W. C, The Delavan lobe of the Lake Michigan Glacier: Prof. Paper U. S. Geol. Survey No. 34, 1904. ECONOMIC FEATURES. 11 The glacial drift is a source of water supply for many of the inhabit- ants of Illinois. Over large areas in the north-central part of the State deep wells in the drift furnish an abundant supply of water. Beneath the drift the most important geologic division in the State is the Pennsylvanian series. This contains the coal which makes up so large a part of the natural wealth of Illinois. In the coal-bearing portions of the State there is very little underground water. Wells 10 to 20 feet deep furnish individual supplies, but cities have to rely on reservoirs which impound the drainage of small areas. The impor- tant water-bearing rocks are too deep to be easily reached, and where water has been found it has contained so much dissolved mineral mat- ter that it has proved unsatisfactory. In the northern part of the State two water-bearing formations are available as sources of supply — the St. Peter sandstone, of Ordovician age, and the older, deeper-lying Potsdam sandstone. The St. Peter sandstone appears at the surface in southern Wisconsin and dips rapidly to the south. It is a porous bed, and the water reaching it in southern Wisconsin is absorbed and transmitted southward. Where not drawn on too heavily, this water will rise nearly to the surface in Illinois when tapped by wells. Wells obtaining water from the St. Peter sandstone are about 1,000 to 1,500 feet deep, those farthest south being generally the deepest. In the northern part of the State, at depths of 2,000 to 2,500 feet, water is found in the Potsdam sand- stone, which is the surface rock over much of central and northern Wisconsin. The thickness of this sandstone is not known, but it furnishes an abundant supply of water. The various limestone deposits between the St. Peter and Potsdam sandstones and above the St. Peter sandstone are used in only a few places as a source of water supply. As the Potsdam and St. Peter sandstones appear to be shallow-water or shore deposits they contain varying quantities of salts, so that in some places the waters that they, yield are briny. At some places the St. Peter sandstone will furnish better water, while at others the Potsdam will do so. ECONOMIC FEATURES. POPULATION. The distribution of population in Illinois is largely dependent on the surface water supplies. At the time of the census of manufac- tures in Illinois in 1905 all but 1 of 11 cities with 20,000 or more inhabitants were situated on Lake Michigan or on some of the larger rivers of the State. Of 21 cities with populations between 8,000 and 20,000 only 7 were not situated on a large river or the lake. This concentration of population in the cities located on streams and the lake may be due in part to the advantages of such locations 12 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. in the way of cheap transportation and power, but that factor can not be of great importance, for at the present time very Httle water power is utiHzed in the State, and transportation by water is of importance to very few cities. In all these cities, on the other hand, a large amount of water is used for manufacturing purposes, and the abundant supply available in such locations is undoubtedly one of the chief causes of their growth. Supplies of water from sources other than rivers and lakes are usually so small as to limit the population served by them to a low figure, beyond which increase is scarcely possible. This fact will always count strongly in favor of the river and lake cities in the establishment and extension of manufacturing plants and the increase of population necessary for conducting them. AGRICULTURE. On account of the richness of the soil the wealth of Illinois is very largely derived directly or indirectly from agricultural pursuits. The greater part of the State is covered with a rich black loam, which is especially well suited for growing corn. The southern part of the State does not have so rich a soil as the northern and central parts and produces somewhat more varied crops. The climate is favorable for raising cereals. In 1900 Illinois produced nearly 70 per cent of all the corn grown in the United States, 7 per cent of the wheat, and 22 per cent of the oats. This excessive production of corn accounts in some measure for the extent of the distilling industry in the State. The magnitude of the dairy business naturally follows from the great fertility of the soil. Many large dairy farms are necessary to supply Chicago and the other cities with milk and butter. In addition to supplying the demand within the State, the dairies of Illinois produce large quantities of butter and condensed milk, which are shipped to many different points in the United States. MINES. In addition to the wealth derived from the ground by growing plants, Illinois has a large store of mineral wealth under the ground in the form of coal, with smaller amounts of oil and lead and zinc ores and large amounts of undeveloped material, such as clays. Nearly three-fourths of the State is underlain by productive coal measures. The working of the coal mines has, in some places, a very noticeable effect on the streams draining the mining regions. The effect of the mine drainage on streams in Pennsylvania has been care- fully studied by M. O. Leighton." In Illinois there are no such serious a Quality of water in the Susquehanna River drainage basin: Water-Supply Paper U. S. Geol. Survey No. 108, 1904. ECONOMIC FEATURES. 13 changes in the character of the streams. This is in some measure due to the facts that the mine regions of the State have less complete systems of drainage and that no large streams from outside flow through them. The effect of the sulphuric acid from the mine drain- age may easily be seen in the analyses of the water from Muddy River at Murphysboro (Table 37). Here the value of the SO4 radicle varies from 24 to 186 parts per million at different times of the year. The variation in the value of the SO4 radicle in the water of the Mis- sissippi at Chester was from 36 to 81 parts. The great variation in the character of the water coming from mining regions makes such water unsafe to use in steam boilers and very difficult to treat for purification either for drinking or for boiler use. A large amount of limestone is quarried in the State. This industry has no effect 01:1 the water supplies. Recently large amounts of oil have been produced in the south- eastern part of Illinois, and the opening of the oil wells has had the usual effect on the streams. Similar conditions have been studied by Bowman * in the Indiana oil fields. Embarrass River, which drains the oil fields, has been affected by the salt water from the wells. In Indiana some streams have been so polluted by the waste waters from oil wells that they have been abandoned as sources of municipal supply. MANUFACTURES. As a manufacturing State Illinois has many great advantages. Its central location makes easy the procuring of raw materials and the distribution of manufactured products. The transportation facilities of the Great Lakes and Mississippi River are of great value. Additional improvements in river courses may in time greatly in- crease the ease of marketing the output of the factories of the State. Illinois is very well covered by railroads which furnish transporta- tion for raw and manufactured materials. The railroads are so numerous and the State so centrally located that they made the manufacture and repair of cars and general railroad-shop construc- tion the twelfth industry in importance in the State at the census of 1905. As already mentioned, the natural wealth of the soil furnishes material for the manufacture of liquors, dairy products, and a small fraction of the meat products of the State. The largest industry in Illinois is slaughtering and meat packing. In 1905 Illinois produced one-third the total value of meat products of the United States, 85 per cent of this amount being produced in Chicago. The other leading cities in this industry were Peoria and o Bowman, Isaiah, The disposal of strawboard and oil-well wastes: Water-Supply Paper U. S. Geol. Survey No. 113, 1905. 14 QUALITY OF SUEFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. East St. Louis. The nuisance resulting from the slaughtering in- dustry in Chicago was a large factor in bringing about the construc- tion of the Chicago drainage canal, the operation of which has had a marked effect on the amount and quality of water flowing in Illinois River. Next in importance is the iron and steel industry. The extensive supply of coal makes it possible to take advantage of the ease with which iron ore can be procured and to build up the great industrial centers for the manufacture of iron and steel products. The leading cities in this industry were Chicago, East St. Louis, and Joliet. Twenty-seven establishments reported the use of 334 steam engines of 155,348 total horsepower, or an average of 5,743 horsepower for each establishment. To furnish feed water and condenser water for over 5,000 horsepower would require more than the whole supply of many small cities dependent on underground waters. Although there are several other requirements that might be important enough to be determining factors in the location of such plants, the need of water is enough in itself, and in Illinois the necessary supply of water can be obtained only from a large stream or lake. Foundry and machine-shop products are next in value to the iron and steel products. The establishments are located in about the same places as the iron and steel mills, and are the next largest users of steam power. The next industry in importance is the manufacture of distilled and malt liquors. Of eleven distilleries in the State, six are located in Peoria. These six produced in 1905 nearly 78 per cent of all the distilled liquors produced in the State and 32 per cent of the total quantity produced in the United States. The chief product is whisky, made from corn, which is grown in great abundance through- out the State. The manufacture of malt liquors is not so concen- trated, extensive establishments being located in most of the large cities. The waste materials from distilleries and breweries in great part find their way finally to the rivers. In some places they are dis- charged directly into the streams ; in others they are fed to cattle and thus indirectly furnish a large amount of organic matter to the streams. The manufacture of clothing, flour and gristmill products, agri- cultural implements, railroad cars, furniture, and some of the other more important products is less influenced by and has less influence on the waters of the State. U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 239 PLATE I 91 90 89 88" ILLINOIS AND MICHIGAN CANAL CHICAGO DRAINAGE CANAL 20 40 60 MILES 91" 90 63 88" MAP OF ILLINOIS SHOWING SAMPLING STATIONS. QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. 15 SURFACE WATER SUPPLY. QtJALITY OF WATERS. COLLECTION OF SAMPLES. In accordance with the plan outhned on page 7 samples of water were collected daily from 17 rivers and reservoirs at 27 different points in the State. These points of collection are shown on the map (PL I). Four-ounce samples were taken each day for one year, be- ginning August 1, 1906, except at Moline, where the first sample was taken February 1, 1907; at Marion, where none were taken after March 20, 1907; and at other stations where collections were omitted for brief periods. When possible, the 4-ounce sample bottles were rinsed several times and filled from pumps taking water from the river or reservoir. Where there was no pump at the point of collec- tion, water to fill the bottles was dipped from near the surface, or else the bottle was let down with a sinker and filled some distance below the surface. The last method would give the most accurate sample if the bottle were filled at exactly the right point in the cross section of the river, but the samples from pumps represented the water actu- ally obtained in practice and the kind likely to be obtained by other pumps. The 4-ounce samples were sent each day to the laboratory of the Illinois State Water Survey at Urbana. A label on the bottle gave the date, the initials of the collector, the name of the station, and (where the gage height was obtainable) the stage of the river. ANALYTICAL METHODS, When the 4-ounce samples were received in the laboratory, all from one station for ten days were united in a half -gallon bottle. After about November 1 the samples from a station received during each third of a month were united, whether there were more or less than 10. This made all the composites complete for the same periods and sim- plified the handling of the samples. Determinations were made on each composite sample, as follows: Turbidity was determined with the Jackson electric turbidimeter for values over 100 parts per million. For values between 100 parts and 50 parts comparison was made with silica standards in 500 cubic centimeter clear-glass bottles. For values below 50 parts, the stand- ards were kept in bottles of the same kind as those holding the com- posite samples. Suspended matter was determined by filtering from 100 to 500 cubic centimeters through an asbestos mat in a porcelain Gooch cru- cible, drying for an hour at 180°, and weighing. Some of the samples contained finely divided matter which could not be removed by the asbestos mat, thus giving too low a value for the suspended matter. 16 - QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. Dissolved solids were obtained by weighing the residue from the evaporation in platinum of 500 cubic centimeters of filtered water. Silica, iron, and aluminum were separated from the total residue in the usual manner. The silica was weighed and volatiHzed with hydrofluoric acid. As a rule the iron and aluminum precipitate was dissolved in hydrochloric acid and the iron determined colorimetric- ally with potassium sulphocyanide and by comparison with perma- nent standards. Calcium and magnesium were determined in half the filtrate from the iron and aluminum precipitate. The calcium was precipitated as oxalate, dissolved in sulphuric acid, and titrated hot with potassium permanganate. Magnesium was precipitated as ammonium-mag- nesium phosphate; after standing overnight the precipitate was washed and dissolved in dilute nitric acid. This solution was made alkaline to methyl orange with ammonia and nitric acid added to make it barely acid. Sodium acetate was then added and the phos- phoric acid titrated with uranium nitrate, with potassium ferrocya- nide indicator. In some of the early analyses the addition of the phosphate was made in alkaline solution. These precipitates may have contained more phosphate radicle than the amount correspond- ing to ammonium-magnesium phosphate. In such a case titrating the phosphoric acid would give too high a value for the magnesium. Sulphate and alkalies were determined in the other half of the filtrate from the iron and aluminum precipitate. The sulphate was precipitated and weighed as barium sulphate. The sodium and potassium were weighed as chlorides after the removal of magnesium, calcium, and barium by barium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, and ammonium carbonate. Sodium and potassium were not sepa- rated. Nitrate was determined by the phenol-sulphonic acid method. Chlorine was determined by evaporating 100 cubic centimeters of filtered water down to 25 cubic centimeters, adding potassium chromate, and titrating with silver nitrate solution. The strength of silver nitrate solution was such that 1 cubic centimeter represented 5 parts per million of chlorine. Carbonates and bicarbonates were determined by titration with fiftieth-normal acid potassium sulphate solution, using phenolphthal- ein and methyl orange indicators. No sample during the first two months was found to be alkaline to phenolphthalein, so its use was discontinued throughout the rest of the year, except for occasional samples, none of which was found to be alkaline to phenolphthalein. For the first month all the analytical work was done by the writer. After that time assistance was furnished by the State Water Survey. Until April 1, 1907, all the titrations and color comparisons and most y}. Sulphate radicle (SO4.) Calcium (Ca) WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 239 PLATE m Carbonate radicle (CO3) 125 —I 150 =3 Eliver iboro Vermilion River Embarrass River at at Danville Lawrenceville Embarrass River at Charleston Mississippi River at Chester Mississippi River at Quincy Mississippi River at Moline z Little Wabash River at Carmi Cache River at Mounds U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY LEGEND Vermilion River Embarrass River at ^^ Danville Lawrcnceville Embarrass River at Charleston DIAGRAMS SHOWING COMPOSITION OF MATERIAL CARRIED BY ILLINOIS WATERS. I LAKE MICHIGAN. 17 of the weighings were made by the writer. Much of the other work was done by assistants without much knowledge of chemistry, but with considerable skill in manipulation. C. K. Calvert conducted the analytical work from April 20, 1907, till the completion of the analyses of the samples collected July 31, 1907. RESULTS. The results of the analyses are given in Tables 19 to 45, each table containing all the analyses for one station with the averages for the year and average gage readings for stations where gages were main- tained. Table 46 contains the averages for the year for all the stations. Plate II shows graphically the composition of the dry residue from the evaporation of filtered water and Plate III the rela- tive amounts of dissolved and suspended matter. The analytical results are expressed as radicles — that is, elements or combinations of elements which take part in chemical reactions as if they were ele- ments. Although no one can state positively how these radicles are combined in the water, and the general opinion is that to a consider- able extent they are uncombined, nevertheless the metallic or basic radicles, as calcium, magnesium, and sodium must be present in quan- tities equivalent to the total quantity of acid radicles — chlorine, nitrate, sulphate, and bicarbonate radicles. In a careful analysis the sum of the radicles as determined minus the half -bound carbonic acid will be nearly equal to the weight of the residue at 180° C. On account of the large number of analyses made in a short time and the amount of work done on them by persons who were not chemists, many of the analyses when completed would show that they did not represent accurately the character of the water. Many analyses were not com- plete on account of the small number of daily samples received during the ten-day period. The omission of analyses or determinations in the tables of results is due largely to failure to receive the samples, though some samples were lost in the laboratory and a few determina- tions have been rejected because they show very clearly that they are erroneous. DETAILED INVESTIGATIONS. LAKE MICHIGAN. Drainage. — Lake Michigan receives the drainage of only a very small portion of Illinois. The amount of water carried from the lake by the Chicago drainage canal is much greater than that received from the small area of the State draining into the lake. The greater part of the drainage into the lake enters from Michigan and Wiscon- sin. The total area of the Lake Michigan drainage basin is estimated 28987— IRR 239—10 2 • I 18 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. at 68,000 square miles, of which 22,400 square miles is lake area. Thus, if the rainfall were uniform over the whole basin, about one- third of the water reaching the lake would be pure rain water. This would cause a notable dilution of the water fed to the lake by streams emptying into it. To a certain extent the effect of this dilution is counteracted by the greater evaporation from the lake surface than from the surrounding land. Municipal supplies. — Along the shore of the lake are situated estab- lishments furnishing over one-half the manufactured articles pro- duced in the State. Most of these industries are located in Chicago, but there are important factories at Evanston, Waukegan, and other cities along the shore. The leading position of Chicago as a manu- facturing center is due in large measure to her excellent railroad facili- ties, but the lake transportation is of importance to certain industries. Hardly any other source in Illinois would supply enough water for the manufactories bordering the lake, and no other source could offer water of so good a quality except in comparatively small quantity. More water is used from Lake Michigan than from any other single source in Illinois. The cities of Chicago, Evanston, Fort Sheridan, Highland Park, Lake Forest, North Chicago, Pullman, Waukegan, West Hammond, and Winnetka, with a total population of 3,000,000, draw their municipal supplies from the lake. All along the lake front there is a supply of underground water at depths of 1,000 to 2,000 feet, but in many places this water, while safe to drink, contains so much dissolved mineral matter as to render it unfit for most industrial uses. This deep-well supply, however, is not sufficient for any large community. Quality of water. — In the past there has been danger in the use of the lake water for drinking because the intakes were too near the shore and sewage was allowed to flow into the lake. The opening of the Chicago drainage canal was a great advance in keeping the water of the lake pure, and there is now a steady effort to prevent pollution. As the lake water is sufficient for any community and is almost the best water available in the State for industrial uses, it naturally follows that all the cities and States located on the lake have a vital interest in keeping the water pure enough for domestic use. The water of Lake Michigan has been so carefully studied in former years that no analyses were made for this report. The character of the lake water is nearly constant, so that one analysis is as good as a large number. Certain determinations were made on the Chicago city supply for a number of years in connection with work on the Chicago drainage canal. Analyses were made of samples collected each week from U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 239 PLATE III Reservoir at Marion Reservoir at Cypress Reservoir at Cartter m M Kankakee River Rock River at Ka nkake e Rock River at Sterling Reservoir at Ro ckford at Joppa Fox River at Ottawa Fox River at Elgin Vermilion River at Streator Sangamon River Sangamon River at Decatur Sangamon River at at Springfield Chan dlervi le niuiois River uji^^ig Rj^^r Illinois River at basaue ^^ .pg^j^a at KampsviUe ^ Kaskaskia River ^.'J'^^yu^'r' at Shelbyville ^ , , . ^. at Murphj^oro r-=^ — I Kaskaskia River | at Carlyle Mississippi River at Chester Vermilion River Embarrass River nnuionKver Embarrass River r ^^ .„ Little Wabash River Cache Rlvei at Danville ^-Tr^^S Lawrenceville ^^carmi at Mounds m at Charleston Mississippi River Mississippi River at Quincy at Moline LEGEND Dissolved solids Suspended matter Vertical scale 100 200 300 400 Parts per million DIAGRAMS SHOWING RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF DISSOLVED AND SUSPENDED MATERIAL CARRIED BY ILLINOIS WATERS. EESERVOIRS. 19 January 4, 1897, to December 26, 1900. The average values for dissolved solids and chlorine for. the years stated were as follows:*^ Table 2. — Partial analyses of Chicago city water supply. fParts per million.] Period. 1897 1898 1899 1900 May 1-October 30, 1888. Dissolved solids. 136.6 137.6 132.0 132.2 136.4 Chlorine. 2.9 3.2 3.1 3.3 2.1 These results would indicate that the amount of mineral matter in the water of Lake Michigan at Chicago does not vary much from year to year. Below is given an analysis by Long of the mineral content of the lake water : Analysis of Lake Michigan water. ^ Parts per million. Silica (SiOa) 5.2 Iron (Fe) 24 Calcium (Ca) 32 Magnesium (Mg) 11 Sodium and potassium (Na+K) 2. 3 Carbonate radicle (CO3) c 73 Sulphate radicle (SO4) 7. 2 Chlorine (CI) 2. 3 With the exception of certain small reservoirs, no supply of water in the State contains less dissolved mineral matter than the lake water. Most of the waters used in the State contain twice as much of material that will form scale in steam boilers, and nearly all are much more turbid than the lake water as delivered to the consumers in the cities where it is used. RESERVOIRS. Distribution and use. — Throughout the greater part of southern IlHnois there is no abundant supply of water. Individual needs are met by shallow wells, which are liable to fail in dry weather and which do not furnish enough water for large communities. In this section of the State there is no underground water that is available and suitable for domestic and industrial use. Thus municipalities not located on streams of good size have been compelled to obtain a Long, J. H., Chemical investigations of water supplies of Illinois, 1888-89. b Long, J. H., op. cit., 1885, p. 7. c Probably present as the bicarbonate radicle; equivalent to 148 parts HCO3, 20 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. their supplies through the use of impounding reservoirs. Eleven cities, with a population of 26,000, obtain their city supplies from such reservoirs. Samples. — ^Through the kindness of R. S. Charles, division engineer of the Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad, at Salem, 111., arrange- ments were made for the collection of samples from reservoirs used as sources of locomotive feed water. Collections were made at Cartter, Marion, Cypress, and Joppa. Some difficulty was experienced in obtaining samples regularly from Marion; and as the water from Marion was much the same as that from the other three reservoirs, collections at this station were discontinued after March 20, 1907. Quality of water. — Analyses of the composite samples from these four reservoirs are given in Tables 19, 20, 21, and 22. All four furnish a very satisfactory water for boiler purposes. The greater part of the time they contain large amounts of finely divided yellow or brown silt, which is very difficult to remove by any method of filtration. This is the same material that is found in the water from Little Wabash, Muddy, and Cache rivers. Marion is located in the midst of a mining section, a fact that probably accounts for the high value for sulphate in the analysis of the water from the Marion reservoir. For use in boilers or in any place where the color and turbidity do not detract from the value of the water, the water from the reservoirs at Cartter and Joppa is considerably better than that from Lake Michi- gan. These natural reservoirs give the softest water obtainable in the State, except that from carefully constructed artificial reservoirs. ROCK RIVER. Drainage. — Rock River rises in Wisconsin, between the upper Fox and the south end of Lake Winnebago, and flows in a southwesterly direction till it enters the Mississippi near Rock Island. The length of the river is nearly 300 miles and the drainage area approximately 11,000 square miles. About half the length and drainage area are in Wisconsin. In the upper part of the drainage basin there are numer- ous lakes and swamps, which tend to equalize the discharge of the river throughout the year. Practically all of the course of the river is in glacial drift. (See p. 10.) In Ilhnois the banks of the river expose the Silurian and Ordovician formations down to and including the St. Peter sandstone. The uniform character of the bed makes an even distribution of fall throughout its course. From its source to the point where it empties into the Mississippi there is a fall of 340 feet, making an average slope of 1.2 feet to the mile. The greatest fall in Illinois for any considerable distance is from Oregon to Sterling and Rock Falls, a distance of 36 miles, in which the average slope is 1.31 feet to the mile. In Wisconsin there is one stretch of 30 miles with an average slope of 1.9 feet to the mile. Locally there are even higher grades. ROCK RIVER. ■ 21 There have been many power developments along the river, and some of the power is utilized at the present time. For the sake of the power users, the flow is regulated to a certain extent at some of the lakes in Wisconsin. The discharge of Rock River has been studied at various points in order to determine the available water power. During the period covered by the analyses in this report the only gagings made were at Rockton, where the United States Geo- logical Survey has maintained a gage since October 1, 1906. Gage readings had been made at Rockton during parts of several previous years, but the station was discontinued July 1, 1906, so that during the months of August and September, while samples were being col- lected for analysis, no gage readings were taken. From the gage readings and rating table of the Geological Survey discharges were calculated for each day from October 1, 1906, to July 31, 1907. The average discharge at Rockton for that period was 4,430 cubic feet per second. As Rockton is about halfway down the drainage basin from the source of the river, the average discharge into the Mssissippi was probably from 8,000 to 9,000 second-feet. Industrialuses. — Rockford, thelargest city on Rock River, is situated about 20 miles south of the Wisconsin line. Its chief industries are the manufacture of furniture, hosiery and knit goods, agricultural imple- ments, foundry and machine-shop products, and glucose." Other cities of over 1,000 inhabitants situated on Rock River, mostly at water- power sites, are Byron, Oregon, Dixon, Sterling, Rock Falls, and Prophetstown. Sterling and Rock Falls, being just across the river from each other, form one community for many purposes, such as water supply. At nearly all these cities some water power is used for manufacturing, but all the large establishments depend to a certain extent on the use of steam power. Municipal supplies. — The municipal water supplies for all the cities along Rock River are obtained from wells, most of them from 1,000 to 2,000 feet deep. Analyses by the State Water Survey of samples of water from these wells show the mineral content to be much the same as that of the river water. These well waters are free from the tur- bidity and sewage pollution of the river water, so that the only reason for changing from the underground to surface supply would be an insufficient supply of the former. As the cities along the river in- crease in population and in manufacturing establishments the time may come when the underground supplies will not be sufficient. In such cases the river water can be so purified as to make an acceptable supply. Samples. — To determine the quality of water in Rock River sam- ples were obtained at Rockford and Sterling, the largest cities on the river in Illinois. At each place a 4-ounce bottle was filled with river o Census of Manufacture, 1905, Illinois; Bull. XJ. S. Bureau Census, No. 52. 22 QUALITY OF SUEFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. water and mailed to the laboratory of the Illinois State Water Survey at Urbana every day for a year, beginning August 1, 1906. Samples of the river water at Rockford were furnished by Fred H. Gregory, chief engineer of the waterworks. The waterworks pumping station is located on the river bank; and the daily samples were collected from the circulating pump that furnishes water for the condensers. The samples of water at Sterling were collected by C. A. Yohn, chief engineer of the Illinois Straw Products Company, of Rock Falls. The plant of this company is run partly on water power, but some steam power is used at all times, as the water power is not sufficient. The sample bottles were filled from a pump taking water from the river just outside the wheelhouse. Owing to the breakage and loss of bot- tles in the mails and to accidents in the laboratory, several analyses were not completed or seemed too irregular for use. The analyses completed in a satisfactory manner are given in Tables 23 and 24, together with average values for the year. Quality of water. — For the sake of comparison with one another and with analyses from other rivers, the average analyses for the year at Rockford and Sterling are given in Table 3 in the form used by Clarke." This form of expression shows the percentage composition of the dry residue from the evaporation of filtered water from the river. Table 3. — Average percentage composition of dry residue from filtered Rock River water ^ August 1, J 906, to July 31, 1907. Carbonate (CO3) Sulphate (SO4) Chlorine(Ci) Nitrate (NO3) Calcium (Ca) Magnesium (Mg) Sodium and potassium (Na+K) Silica (Si02) Iron oxide (FeaOa) Salinity, parts per million Rockford. Sterling. 49.6 48.4 8.8 9.4 1.8 2.1 1.6 1.4 18.0 18.3 10.0 10.1 4.0 4.5 6.0 5.6 .2 .2 100.0 100.0 250 267 These analyses show that the composition and amount of dissolved mineral matter are much the same at the two cities 60 miles apart. As is usually the case where a river flows through a populated region with manufacturing cities, the amounts of sodium, chlorine, and sulphate increase, as does the total amount of dissolved material. The most striking difference in the water at the two places is in the turbidity and suspended matter, the values for which are twice as great at the lower station as at the upper one. The greatest variation between dif- ferent samples from the same station are in the turbidity and sus- pended matter. Rivers in general grow more turbid toward their o Clarke, F. W., The data of geochemistry: Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 330, 1908. EOCK RIVEK. 23 mouths, but at any place the turbidity may be due to local causes and not really represent the general condition of the river. If the figures for the average analysis for either Rockford or Sterling were taken to represent the average quality of the water at any point along the river in IlHnois, the error would hardly amount to 10 per cent, which for any industrial purposes might be neglected. To show the connection between the stage of the river and the quality of the water, use has been made of the discharges calculated from the United States Geological Survey gage heights. Although the distance by river from Rockton to Rockford, where the water samples were collected, is about 13 miles, the discharge at Rockford is probably not very different from that at Rockton. In order to study the variations in amount of mineral matter carried past Rock- ford in solution, the amount in tons per twenty-four hours has been calculated for each ten-day period. These values are given in Table 4. Table 4. — Discharge of and dissolved solids in Rock River at Rockford. Date. 1900 October 1-October 8 October 10-October 18 October 20-October 29 November 1-November 8 November 10-November 19 November 20-November 29 December 1-December 10 December 11-December 20 December 21-December 31. 1907 January 1- January 10 January 11- January 20 January 21- January 30 February 10-February 18 February 19-February 28 March 2-March 10 March 11-March 20 March 21-March 31 April 1-April 10 April 11-April 20 April 21-April 30 May 1-May 10 May 11-May 20 May 21-May 31 June 2- June 10 June 11- June 20 June 21- June 30 July 1-July 10 July 11-July 20 July 21-July 31 Average Discharge ( second- feet). o 638 532 711 847 712 1,990 2,329 1,603 1,451 6,401 5,839 12, 200 5,970 6,561 3,590 4,427 5,716 9,433 7,648 5, 136 4,630 2,941 4,303 5,613 6,029 4,075 4,202 5,278 7,655 4,430 Dissolved solids. Parts per million. 243 296 281 286 287 274 256 295 320 218 228 173 261 194 233 230 243 223 246 266 275 306 268 268 275 283 243 239 247 257 Tons per 24 hours. 418 485 540 652 550 1,470 1,610 1,270 1,250 3,760 3,590 5,680 4,610 3,430 2,250 2,750 3,750 5,660 5,070 3,680 3,430 2,430 3,250 4,050 4,470 3,110 2,750 3,400 5,030 2,910 o Calculated from measurements made at Rockton. The average discharge at Rockford for the period from October 1, 1906, to July 31, 1907, was 4,430 cubic feet per second. The aver- age discharge at Rockton, calculated from observations of the United States Geological Survey for a number of years, is 4,900 cubic feet per second. The average discharge at Sterling, calculated 24 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. in the same manner, is 6,600 cubic feet per second. The average amount of dissolved mineral matter carried past Rockford from October 1, 1906, to July 31, 1907, was 2,910 tons per twenty-four hours. The amount of dissolved matter carried past Rockford annualh^, calculated from the figures for the average flow through- out a year and the average value of the dissolved matter for a year, as given in Table 4, is 3,300 tons per twenty-four hours, and the amount carried past Sterling is 4,760 tons per twenty-four hours. The average amount of suspended matter varies more than the dissolved matter. It is probable that the variation in amount of suspended matter is not uniform throughout the river but is largely dependent on local conditions. The amount of dissolved matter in parts per million is the least variable of the three quantities given in Table 4. This shows, as might be expected, that during times of high water the river has a smaller amount of dissolved mineral matter in a given amount of water. This reduction is not proportional to the increase in the flow, because an increase in flow above the normal is not caused wholly by water free from mineral matter. In times of high flow much of the water in the river has not been on or in the ground for any considerable time, and therefore has not dissolved much mineral matter. Nevertheless it is not pure rain water. Consideration of the amounts of dissolved solids and the dis- charges for the different periods at the two stations show that these quantities are both more variable at Rockford than at Sterling. It is characteristic of normal rivers to be more variable in flow and in quantity of water near their sources than farther downstream, where the larger number of tributaries tend to equalize the flow and quality of the water. Summary. — The water of Rock River is a good average water for Illinois. It is not safe for drinking, but could be made so. The turbidity is of such a nature as to be easily removed by moderate storage, leaving a clear water. The magnesium is high, but the magnesium and calcium are present almost wholly as carbonate or bicarbonate, so that the softening of the water for laundry purposes is a simple matter. The water forms little scale when used in steam boilers; washing out once a week with a good stream of water will keep most boilers free from it. All these things and more might also be said for the well waters in the Rock River valley, but the well waters can not be obtained in great abundance by merely run- ning a few feet of pipe out from a pump, as those of the river can be. The easily available supply of satisfactory industrial water from the river will be a large factor in saving the more potable underground water and in increasing the amount of manufacturing carried on in the cities located on the river. QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. 25 ILLINOIS RIVER DRAINAGE BASIN. GENERAL STATEMENT. Illinois River drains nearly one-half the State. The direct drain- age into the river is small, nearly all of its flow coming from large tributaries. The tributaries and their drainage areas are given in the following list : Area of drainage basins of tributaries of Illinois River. a Square miles. Desplaines River 1, 392 Kankakee River 5, 146 Fox River 2, 700 Vermilion River 1, 317 Mackinaw River 1, 217 Spoon River 1, 870 Square miles. Sangamon River 5, 670 Crooked Creek 1, 385 Macoupin Creek 985 Smaller tributaries 6, 232 27, 914 CHICAGO DRAINAGE CANAL. Since the compilation of Cooley's report the apparent area of the Illinois River drainage basin has been increased by about 6,000 square miles. This is the area which, under normal conditions in Illinois, would furnish the amount of water which reaches Illinois River through the Chicago drainage canal. Thus it is evident that the drainage canal is one of the largest tributaries of Illinois River. Owing to the fact that the drainage canal furnishes water from Lake Michigan, with a considerable amount of added material from the Chicago sewage, it exerts an effect on the quality of the water which is more than proportional to its drainage area. With this added material, the total dissolved mineral matter in the water of the drain- age canal was found by Palmer to be about 163 parts per million, this value being obtained as the average of a number of analyses made on samples collected about every other day for a period of three months after the opening of the drainage canal. Although this is considerably more than the 133 parts per million usually found in Lake Michigan water, it is very much lower than the average for the other tributaries of the Illinois which have been examined in this work, the average solids in each of these other tributaries being over 250 parts per million. In connection with the analyses made at Peoria, the effect of the drainage canal on the character of the water can be more clearly shown. It was proved to the satisfaction of the courts that the canal exercised no injurious effect upon the quality of Mississippi River water at St. Louis. On the other hand, it was shown that the quality of the water in Illinois River is improved throughout almost all of its course by the addition of the Lake Michi- gan water, even with the Chicago sewage it carried. oCooley, L. E., 1889. The Illinois River basin in its relation to sanitary engineering, Illinois State Board of Health, 26 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. DESPLAINES RIVER. Drainage. — Illinois River is formed by the union of Desplaines and Kankakee rivers. Desplaines River rises in Kenosha County, Wis., and flows southward about as far as Chicago, where it turns to the southwest, continuing in this direction till it joins the Kankakee. The length of the river is about 90 miles. It drains a narrow strip of land parallel to Lake Michigan, with an area of 1,392 square miles. Municipal supplies. — The cities along the Desplaines River obtain their water supply from deep wells, except that Joliet derives part of its supply from Hickory Creek. It is not likely that the water from Desplaines River can ever be used for municipal supply, except in its upper course. From a point below Chicago the Desplaines is paralleled by the old Illinois and Michigan canal and the new Chicago drainage canal. The Illinois-Michigan canal has always carried a large volume of Chicago sewage. Power from this canal is used at many places by allowing the water to flow from the canal to the river, thus contamina- ting the river water. At Lockport the Chicago drainage canal enters Desplaines River, and as the flow of the drainage canal is often larger than the other flow of the river, the character of the river water at Joliet is that of a diluted sewage. Quality of water. — In the preparation of this report no samples were taken from Desplaines River. From the likeness between the waters of Fox and Rock rivers, which drain the same geologic formations as those drained by Desplaines River, it is probable that the water of the Desplaines is very similar to that found in the Fox and Rock, in which calcium and magnesium carbonates are the chief constituents of the dissolved mineral matter. The water of the Desplaines should be fairly satisfactory for industrial uses where cleanliness is not a requisite. There is considerable turbidity throughout the course of the river, and after it has received contamination from the Chicago sewage it contains a large amount of offensive organic matter which would make it of no value for many industrial purposes. KANKAKEE RIVER. Drainage. — Kankakee River is, next to the drainage canal, the largest component of the upper Illinois River. It drains an area of 3,200 square miles in its 85 miles of length in Indiana. The remainder of its 140 miles of length and 5,300 square miles of drainage area are in northern Illinois.^ The ordinary low-water discharge is given in the Tenth Census as 1,300 cubic feet per second. A large portion of the area drained in Indiana and some of the area drained in Illinois is swamp land. This has a tendency to make the discharge more uni- a Greenleaf, J. L., Water power of the Mississippi River and some of its tributaries: Tenth Census, 1887, p. 130. ILLINOIS RIVER DRAINAGE BASIN. 27 form and, as a consequence, to produce greater uniformity in the amount and character of the dissolved mineral matter. Municipal supplies. — The largest city on the river is Kankakee, where filtered river water is used for the municipal supply. The city of Wilmington also obtains its supply of water from the river. Momence, Bradley, and the smaller cities along the river find a suffi- cient amount of water in wells in the limestone or in the glacial drift. The manufacturing carried on in the cities along Kankakee River is of such a nature that the quality of the river water is not much affected by it. Sewage is discharged into the river by the various cities, making necessary some sort of purification before the water can be considered safe for domestic use. Samples. — Through the kindness of Mr. C. H. Cobb, superintendent of waterworks at Kankakee, arrangements were made for the daily col- lection of samples from Kankakee River. During the first part of the period covered by this report samples were obtained by dipping them from the river, but after February 19, 1907, samples were taken from the pump which draws water from the river for the waterworks. These samples from the pump were collected and mailed by Mr. A. L. Straley. The analyses of composite samples, together with the aver- age for the year, are given in Table 25. Quality of water. — In the sectioii of Indiana drained by Kankakee River are extensive beds of marl that is very nearly pure calcium carbonate. The surface rock in the northern part of Indiana and the portion of Illinois drained by the Kankakee is more nearly a pure limestone than the magnesian limestone in the areas drained by Rock, Fox, and Desplaines rivers. This character of the rock affects the composition of the water, as may be seen by comparison of the average analyses of Rock and Fox rivers with the average of Kanka- kee River. At the four stations on Rock and Fox rivers the average percentage of magnesium is 10.1, and the average ratio of magnesium to calcium is nearly 0.6. At Kankakee the magnesium is only 7.5 per cent of the total dissolved solids and is less than 0.4 of the calcium. The Kankakee water contains a larger percentage of sulphate than most of the Illinois waters. This constituent makes it a less desirable water for boiler purposes, as it is more hable to form a hard scale. The comparative uniformity in amount of dissolved material in the river water is shown by the fact that the average difference between the values for total solids and the mean value is only 6.4 per cent of the mean value, whereas the average difference for the other rivers of the State is 11 per cent of the mean value. Owing probably to the storage in swamps and the consequent slow delivery to the river, the turbidity and suspended matter at Kankakee are very much less than are found in most of the other rivers of the State. This lower turbidity makes the water simpler to treat when it is to be purified for domestic use. 28 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. FOX RIVER. Drainage. — Fox River rises in Wisconsin, northwest of Milwaukee and flows southward and then south westward into Illinois, joining Illinois River at Ottawa, 35 miles below the mouth of Kankakee River. The region drained by Fox River is almost entirely covered with glacial drift containing much magnesian limestone. The total area of the drainage basin is about 2,500 square miles, all but a small portion of which is in Illinois. Several lakes in Wisconsin, of which Geneva and Fox lakes are the largest, discharge into the river. They regulate its discharge to a certain extent, but not enough to keep it from being highly variable in Illinois. Water power. — The Fox 'has less fall in Wisconsin than in Illinois. In the last 47 miles of its course there is a fall of 136 feet, and in the 5 miles above Ottawa, where it enters the Illinois, the average fall is 6 feet to the mile. There is, therefore, a large amount of water power available along the river, much of which is utilized. The feeder from a point above Dayton to the Illinois and Michigan canal at times takes almost the whole flow of the river, and on this account power from the river can not be utilized below this point. Several cities are located at power sites along the river, though the water power now in use is very little compared with the amount of steam power used in the factories of the larger cities. Municipal supplies. — Elgin is probably the most widely known of the cities on Fox River. Besides the manufacture of watches and watch cases, there are here several plants that turn out cooperage, foundry, and machine-shop products. A large amount of general manufacturing is carried on at Aurora. The leading industry is the manufacture and repair of cars and other railroad rolling stock. The greater part of the water used in manufacturing along Fox River is used in the production of power, largely in steam engines. For the production of steam and for condenser use the river water is as good as any other supply that can be as easily obtained. It is also abundant. The industrial establishments discharge into the river very little material which has any noticeable effect on the character of the water. Part of the city water supply of Elgin is taken from Fox River, the rest of it being obtained from deep wells. Analyses by the Illinois State Water Survey indicate that the well water is somewhat better in quality than the average river water. Elgin is about the lowest town on the stream which could use the river water as a source of municipal supply. All the cities below Elgin discharge sewage into the river, making it difficult to purify the water sufficiently for domestic use. Fortunately, throughout the. course of the river there is an abundant supply of water in deep rock and in the glacial drift. ILLINOIS KIVEB DRAINAGE BASIN. 29 Samples. — Samples from which analyses were made for this report were obtained through the kindness of Mr. K. K. Parkins, chief engi- neer of the Elgin waterworks. Samples were collected daily from the pump drawing water from the river for the filter plant. Analyses of the composite samples of the water from Elgin are given in Table 26. At Ottawa, near the junction of Fox and Illinois rivers, samples were collected from Fox River daily from August 1, 1906, to July 31, 1907. These samples were taken by Mr. M. P. Lannigan, pumper for the Rock Island Railroad. The samples were collected from the pump at the watering station of the railroad. Analyses of the composite samples obtained at Ottawa are given in Table 27. Quality of water. — Estimates made from figures by Cooley give the average discharge of Fox River at Elgin as 1,100 cubic feet per sec- ond. This value makes a discharge at Elgin of 860 tons of dissolved mineral matter and 68 tons of suspended matter per twenty-four hours. As calculated from Cooley' s figures, the average discharge at Ottawa is 1,900 cubic feet per second. This gives a value of 1,720 tons of dissolved mineral matter and 450 tons of suspended matter carried at Ottawa each twenty-four hours. For the sake of compari- son, the percentage composition of the average residue from the evaporation of filtered river water at Elgin and Ottawa is given in Table 5. Table 5. — Percentage composition of residue of Fox River water at Elgin and Ottawa. Elgin. Ottawa. Carbonate (CO3) Sulphate (SO4) Chlorine(Cl) Nitrate (NO3) Calcium (Ca) Magnesium (Mg) Sodium and potassium (Na+K) Iron oxide (Fe^Os) Silica (Si02) Salinity, parts per million 46.8 13.5 1.8 .9 18.1 10.6 3.9 .1 4.3 100.0 282 41.4 18.7 2.4 1.5 18.4 9.8 4.3 .1 3.4 100.0 326 The percentage composition shows that the character of the water at Elgin and Ottawa is very much the same, the differences being such as usually occur in a river passing through an inhabited region containing cities of considerable size. The percentages of sulphate, chlorine, and sodium are slightly increased and the percentage of carbonate is decreased at the lower point. The salinity — that is, the amount of mineral matter dissolved in the water — is decidedly increased. As may be seen by comparison of Tables 26 and 27, the turbidity and suspended matter are very much greater at Ottawa than at Elgin. Even with this increase, however. Fox River at Ottawa is usually a fairly clear stream. The suspended matter of 30 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. Fox River water is not difficult to remove, so that filtration of the water would not be attended by any special difficulties. The water at Ottawa is not so variable in character as that at Elgin. The average difference between the mean value for dissolved solids and the individual values is 8.2 per cent of the mean value at Elgin; at Ottawa it is only 7.3 per cent. The difference between the maximum and the minimum values for dissolved soHds at Elgin is 50 per cent of the mean value; the difference at Ottawa is 42 per cent. This greater uniformity in the character of the water downstream is characteristic of most rivers. As mentioned above, the drainage basin of Fox River contains a large amount of glacial drift made up very largely of magnesium- bearing limestones. This characteristic of the soil and subsoil is shown in the character of the water. Except Rock River, none of the rivers examined has so large a percentage of magnesium as Fox River. The proportion of magnesium to calcium is about the same for Fox and Rock rivers, but the percentage of sulphate in the Fox is larger than in the Rock. This, together with the larger amount of dissolved mineral matter, would make the water of Fox River less desirable than that of Rock River for many purposes. The differ- ence between them, however, is not very great. To soften Fox River water and make it perfectly satisfactory for boiler use and for use in laundries would require only a small amount of compara- tively inexpensive chemicals. VERMILION RIVER, o Drainage. — Vermilion River rises in the Bloomington morainic system, at the reentrant angle in southeastern Livingston and western Ford counties,^ and flows in a northwesterly direction till it meets the Illinois at Lasalle. The drainage area is about 1,410 square miles. The country is fertile and well cultivated. The slope of the river is very moderate and the flow is exceedingly irregular. It is said that at times there is less flow at the mouth than at Pontiac, 20 miles up the river. Municipal supplies. — Pontiac and Streator both obtain their municipal supplies from the river. In each place the water is treated with coagulant and filtered. At times of low water the whole flow of the river is utilized at Streator. Samples. — For this report samples were collected through the kindness of Mr. R. D. Huggans, superintendent of the Streator Aque- duct Company. During the first part of the period samples were taken directly from the intake pump. Later a screen was put in over the mouth of the intake pipe for the sake of lessening the turbidity of oNot to be confused with the Vermilion River that empties into Wabash River. b Leverett, Frank, The Illinois glacial lobe; Mon. U. S. Gepl. Survey, vol, 38, 1889, ILLINOIS RIVER DRAINAGE BASIN. 31 the water as delivered to the filters, and after this daily samples were dipped up directly from the river. The analyses made of the com- posite samples from Streator are given in Table 28. Quality of water. — The quality of the water at Streator varies more than the water of average streams in Illinois. The amount of dis- solved mineral matter is also higher than in most of the rivers. Like that of the other rivers in the northern part of the State, the water contains a large amount of magnesium. The value for the sulphate is also higher at Streator than at any of the other stations in the northern part of the State. The water of Vermilion River is not so satisfactory for domestic or industrial use as that of many other streams in Illinois. SANGAMON RIVER. Drainage. — Sangamon River rises in the Bloomington morainic system in eastern McLean County. It drains an area of .5,670 square miles, which is mainly rolling prairie. In the first 10 miles the river has a fall of 120 feet and in the remaining 170 miles of its length a fall of 300 feet. This fall is unevenly distributed, the river having many stretches of almost still water and other stretches of rapid flow. On account of the variability of the flow and the fact that through most of the course of the river its bed is in gravel and sand, there is almost no water power developed. Municipal supplies. — Springfield is the largest city on Sangamon River. The population of Decatur, the next in size, is only two- thirds that of Springfield, but the value of articles manufactured at Decatur in 1904 was over a third greater than the value of those manufactured at Springfield. None of the leading industries in either city is largely dependent on water for any purpose except the generation of power. The effect on the river of wastes from the factories is negligible as compared with the effect of the sewage from all the cities along the river. The municipal water supplies of Decatur and Springfield are obtained from the river. At Decatur the water is impounded by a dam, treated with a coagulant, and filtered. At Springfield part of the supply is pumped directly from the river and the remainder is obtained from filter galleries near the river. The turbidity of Sangamon River is usually somewhat high at all points. This turbidity is not difficult to remove, and at Decatur the water is treated and furnishes a very satisfactory supply. At Spring- field, where it has been used without treatment, it is not very inviting to drink nor cleansing when used for washing. Like most Illinois river waters, that of the Sangamon contains enough salts of calcium and magnesium to form a considerable amount of scale when used in boilers and to make it unsatisfactory for laundry purposes. It is not likely, however^ to form much hard scale in boilers if they are prop- 32 QUALITY OF SUKFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. erly cared for, and the expense of treating it so as to make it suitable for laundry purposes is not very great. Samples. — For the preparation of this report samples of water were collected at Decatur, Springfield, and Chandler ville. The collections at Decatur were made by Mr. Fred Litterer, chief engineer of the city waterworks; those at Springfield by Mr. Gus Obert, chief engineer of the city waterworks; and those at Chandlerville from the river at the crossing of the highway bridge, northeast of town, by Messrs. J. W. Martin and John Madden and Miss Bessie Long. The bottles were filled by dipping the water from the stream and pouring into the bottles, until April 20, 1907, after which time the bottles were let down with a sinker and filled under the surface. Many collections were omitted at both Springfield and Chandlerville. It was difficult to determine the reasons for the omissions at Spring- field. The omissions at Chandlerville were due in part to high water, which at one time covered the bridge from which samples were usually collected. Other omissions were due to illness of one of the collectors. Quality of water. — Analyses of the composite samples from Decatur, Springfield, and Chandlerville are given in Tables 29, 30, and 31, together with averages for the year. The percentage composition of the dry residue from river water at these three points is given in Table 6. Table 6.— Percentage composition of dry residue from Sangamon River water. Decatur. Spring- field. Chand- lerville. Carbonate (CO3) Sulphate (SO^) Chlorine (01) Nitrate (NO3) Calcium (Ca) Magnesium (Mg) Sodium and potassium (Na+K) Iron oxide (Fe203) Silica (Si02) Salinity, parts per million 44.7 11.9 1.8 2.9 18.7 8.8 4.7 .1 6.4 295 43.7 13.3 2.7 1.2 18.7 8.6 5.8 .2 5.8 278 44.4 12.7 2.7 2.2 18.4 8.8 5.3 .2 5.3 282 This shows that the water for the year is much the same throughout the length of the river. The dissolved mineral matter in Sangamon River is not very different in character from that in the other tribu- taries of the Illinois. The Sangamon water resembles the water of the northern tributaries more than that of the Kankakee. Owing in part to the fact that the Sangamon receives a number of large tribu- taries along its course, there is no particular relation between the samples at the different points of collection. The analyses at Decatur are probably of more value than those from Springfield and Chandlerville. ILLINOIS RIVER DRAINAGE BASIN. 33 ILLINOIS RIVER. Samples. — On Illinois River itself daily collections of water were made at Lasalle, Peoria, and Kampsville. At Lasalle collections were made by Mr. James Brotherton at the Illinois Central pump- ing station. This pumping station is south of the city, at the point where the Illinois Central Railroad crosses the river, and is above the point of discharge of the Lasalle sewage. It is probable that at this locality the water of various tributaries is well mixed. The stream at Lasalle is made up of water from Desplaines, Kankakee, Fox, Vermilion, and Little Vermilion rivers, together with the flow from the Chicago drainage canal. From Lasalle to Peoria no tributaries of any considerable size enter the river. In consequence, the quality of the water at Peoria is not very different from that at Lasalle. At Peoria samples were collected from the bridge across the river near the Peoria water- works by Mr. Alfred Barton in bottles let down with a sinker and filled under the surface. Between Peoria and Kampsville a number of tributaries enter the river. The largest of these is the Sangamon, the average dis- charge of which is about one-fifth of the discharge of the Illinois at Kampsville. The other tributaries entering between Peoria and Kampsville are Mackinaw River, Spoon River, and Crooked Creek. Collections at Kampsville were made by Mr. Ira Davidson, samples being obtained by dipping the water from the surface of the river midway across the stream. This method of collecting is subject to errors which have been previously discussed. Quality of water. — The analyses of composite samples made from the daily samples at Lasalle, Peoria, and Kampsville are given in Tables 32, 33, and 34, together with average values for the year. The percentage composition of the dry residue from the filtered water at each of these stations is given in Table 7. Table 7. — Percentage composition of dry residue from filtered Illinois River water. Carbonate (CO3) Sulphate (SO4) Chlorine (01) Nitrate (NO3) Calcium (Ca) Magnesium (Mg) Sodium and potassium (Na+K). Iron oxide (re203) Silica (Si02) Lasalle. Salinity, parts per million . 37.0 18.6 4.8 2.4 18.6 8.1 5.9 .1 4.5 100.0 270 Peoria. 36.7 18.1 4.9 2.9 18.5 7.9 6.4 .1 4.5 100.0 265 Kamps- ville. 38.5 16.3 5.8 1.7 18.2 7.8 7.0 .1 4.6 100.0 258 28987— IRR 239—10- 34 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATEES OF ILLINOIS. When these results are all taken together, it is evident, as would be expected, that the water at Lasalle and Peoria is almost the same; though the suspended matter is less at Peoria, probably owing to the facts that the river at Peoria has a very sluggish flow and that at the middle of Peoria Lake where the samples were collected opportunity had been afforded for the settling of the suspended matter. Illinois River water is not so high in carbonates as other waters of the State, and is higher in sulphates. It also has a larger percentage of chlorine than the average waters in the State. This increase in sulphates and chlorine is probably due largely to the effect of Chi- cago sewage, as the tributaries above Lasalle have much lower per- centages of chlorine. The variation in quality of the water is much less in the upper Illinois than in other streams in the State. At Kampsville the average variation in dissolved solids is 10 per cent of the mean value, and the range from maximum to minimum is 65 per cent of the mean value. As before stated, this is probably due in part to the method of collecting the samples. As the samples are taken just above the dam, it is possible that a high rainfall with quick run-off in the immediate vicinity of the point of collection would cause a dilution of the upper layer of water which would be much greater than the dilution of the whole flow of the stream. The widest difference from the average value of the dissolved solids is in one sample where the value was very low at a time of high turbidity. Discharge. — The discharge of Illinois River at Lasalle has been measured at various times and gage readings have been taken by different branches of the government service. During the period covered by this report gage heights have been read by the Weather Bureau. From these readings and from the rating table prepared from a few discharge measurements made by the United States Geo- logical Survey in 1903, discharge measurements have been calcu- lated for each of the days when collections w^ere made. Owing to the fact that the relation between the Weather Bureau gage and the United States Geological Survey gage had to be determined b}^ ref- erence to Chicago datum and Memphis datum, with various correc- tions to be applied, the discharge measurements are probably not as accurate as those at Peoria, where the United States Geological Sur- vey was maintaining a gage during the course of the analytical work. The discharge measurements computed from measurements at Lasalle, together with the dissolved solids for each ten-day period, are given in Table 8, which shows also the amount of dissolved mate- rial carried by the river each twenty-four hours. The average vari- ation in the discharge at Lasalle is 30 per cent of the mean value for the discharge. The average variation in the solids is 6.9 per cent of ILLINOIS RIVER DRAINAGE BASIN. 35 the average value. The average variation in the dissolved material carried by the river is 33 per cent of the mean value. Table 8. — Discharge of and dissolved solids in Illinois River at Lasalle. Date. 1906. August 1-August 10 August 11-August 20 August 2U-August 30 August 31-Septeinber 9 September 10-September 19 . — September 20-September 29 September 30-October 7 October 10-October 19 October 20-October 28 October 30-November 8 November 9-November 19 November 20-November 30 Decem.ber 1-December 10 December 11-December 20 December 21-December 31 . 1907. January 1- January 10 January 11-January 20 February 1-February 9 February 10-February 18 February 19-February 28 March. 1-March 10 March 11-March 20 March 21-March 28 April 2- April 10 April 11- April 20 April 21- April 30 May 1-May 10 May 11-May 20 May 21-May 31 June 1-June 10 June 11-June 20 June 21- June 30 Julyl-July 10 July 11-July 20 July 23-July 31 Average Discharge (second- feet). 7,100 7,160 7,580 7,560 7,150 7,190 7,860 7,350 7,410 7,400 7,360 9,950 11,900 13, 430 12,580 15,970 21,500 25,280 20, 140 18, 370 12,970 14,960 14,860 19,360 14, 900 11,640 14,990 12,650 14, 730 15,390 14, 350 12,210 11,160 19,650 14,550 12, 820 Dissolved solids. Parts per million. 265 262 252 235 221 241 284 260 268 275 276 300 320 284 311 296 298 289 311 273 274 257 272 299 344 266 272 300 279 307 276 276 256 255 288 278 Tons per day. 5,070 5,060 5,150 4,790 4,260 4,670 6,020 5,160 5,350 5,480 5,470 8,060 10,280 10, 290 10,560 12, 740 17, 280 19, 700 16, 880 13,520 9,590 10, 380 10,910 15, 610 13, 820 8,360 10, 990 10, 250 11,080 12,740 10, 680 9,100 7,700 13,500 11,400 9,770 The discharge of the river at Peoria has been carefully measured for a long series of years. During the period covered by this report daily gage readings were made by an observer of the United States Geological Survey. A rating table for the river at Peoria has been prepared to cover this period. From this rating table and the gage measurements the discharge of the river at Peoria has been calcu- lated for each day when samples were collected. These have been averaged into ten-day periods corresponding to the composite sam- ples. From the average discharge in second-feet and the value in parts per million of the dissolved solids, as determined by evapora- tion of the filtered water, the amount of dissolved material carried past the gaging station at Peoria by the water of Illinois River each twenty-four hours has been calculated. The figures are given in Table 9, together with the average values. The average variation in discharge at Peoria was 35 per cent of the mean value of the dis- 36 QUALITY OF SUKFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. charge. The average variation of the dissolved soHds was 6.3 per cent of the mean value. The average variation in the amount of material carried by the river was 36 per cent of the mean value. Table 9 .-—Discharge of and dissolved solids in Illinois Biver at Peoria. Date. 1906. August 1-August 9 August 31-September 9 September 10-September 19 September 20-September 29 September 30-October 9 October 10-October 19 October 20-October 29 October 30-November 8 November 9-November 19 November 20-November 30 December 1-December 10 December 1 1-December 20 December 21-December 31 1907. January 1- January 10 January 11- January 20 January 21-January 31 February 1-February 9 February 10-Februa"ry 18 February 19-February 28 March 1-March 10 March 11-March 20 March 21-March 31 April 1-April 10 April 11-April 20 April 21-April 30 May 1-May 10 May 11-Mav 20 May 21-May 30 June 1-June 10 June 11-June 20 June 21-June 30 July 1-July 10 July 11-July 20 July 21-July 31 Average Dissolved solids. Discharge (second- feet). Parts per Tons per million. 24 hours. 6,820 266 4.880 8,180 245 5,390 7,470 260 5,220 7,110 222 4,260 8,300 249 5,580 7,990 279 6, 000 7,680 233 4,780 7,770 264 5,510 7,720 250 5,200 9.420 259 6,580 12,160 310 10, 180 15. 270 293 12, 060 14,210 294 11,280 15, 760 310 13,150 23, 120 309 19, 260 44,620 223 26, 800 33,130 242 21,600 23,050 275 17,070 20,110 275 14, 900 18, 140 279 14, 130 18,000 275 13, 800 20,270 272 14, 830 24, 570 272 17,250 21,510 304 17, 650 17,210 271 12, 580 17,700 276 12, 900 21 , 510 289 16,750 17,210 283 13, 100 20, 430 277 15, 250 19,950 290 15, 600 17,890 272 13,100 15, 460 270 11,250 22, 530 257 15, 620 22.480 257 15, 560 16, 900 271 12, .330 Variation in quality. — In the flow of an ordinary river it is usual to expect the lowest value for the dissolved solids, the highest value for the suspended solids, and the highest value for the discharge to come at about the same time. In times of low water the river is fed largely by springs or by water which reaches the river through infiltration from the sides and through the bed. This ground water is naturally clear, and by reason of its passage through the ground has dissolved a considerable amount of mineral matter. In times of storm a large proportion of the water which falls drains immediately into the river. As it runs quickly over the surface of the ground it picks up loose material, so that upon entering the stream it carries a large load of suspended matter, while it has had time to dissolve very little. This makes the water of the stream high in turbidity and low in dissolved solids. On this account one would expect that the amount of dissolved material carried by a given point in a river ILLINOIS RIVER DRAINAGE BASIN. 37 would be much less variable than the discharge of the river. If, in time of flood, the discharge of the river is five times the low-water discharge, the amount of dissolved material carried by the river will rarely be ^ve times as great. On the other hand, the volume of four times the low- water flow which has been added to the low- water flow is not pure water. Therefore the amount of dissolved material carried by the river will be very much greater than the amount carried in low water. Rock River at Rockford (see p. 23) is an illus- tration of a normal river. Illinois River at Lasalle and Peoria shows very decidedly the effect of the Chicago drainage canal in maintaining the uniformity of quality of water. Although the values for the average variation in discharge at these two points are 30 and 35 per cent, respectively, the variations in amount of material carried are 33 and 36 per cent. This indicates that the water of Illinois River in time of flood has a tendency to carry more dissolved material than at times of low flow. This results from the fact that nearly one-half of the low-water flow of Illinois River at Lasalle and Peoria is furnished by the Chicago drainage canal, which contains on the average about 160 parts per million of dissolved solids. This, combined with an equal volume of low-water flow from Desplaines, Fox, Kankakee, and Vermilion rivers, gives a resulting water which is still low in dis- solved solids, although the other tributaries carry probably over 300 parts per million. The average amounts of dissolved solids carried by three of these rivers are as follows: Fox, 335 parts per million; Kankakee, 288 parts; Vermilion, 325 parts. It is probable that the natural water of the Desplaines carries about the same amount of dissolved solids as the other tributaries. Even the high-water flow of these tributaries carries much more dissolved solids than the Chicago drainage canal. Thus it comes about that in many cases a rise in the river is accompanied by an increase in the proportion of dissolved solids, which makes the amount of material carried past a given point increase faster than the discharge. These results at Peoria and Lasalle show one benefit of the Chicago drainage canal, which has possibly been overlooked in considering the many changes which have resulted from its opening. One of the objections to the use of river water for industrial purposes or for a municipal supply, where it is necessary to treat the water, is that the variation in character of the water from day to day and from season to season is so great that any treatment of the water based on the results of only a few examinations is liable to be Uxisatisfactory for a great part of the time. Any change in quality of the water will require a change in treatment, and some river waters are so variable in quality that it would be useless to attempt to treat them without expert chemical supervision; it would be necessary to test the water 38 QUALITY OF SXJEFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. each day and apply the chemicals in amounts determined by these tests. For a uniform water, such as a deep- well water or many ground waters, a single analysis suffices to determine the kind of treatment and the amount of each chemical necessary to add, thus making it possible to handle a water-purification plant with much less expense for supervision. A river water as constant in character as the Illinois at Peoria and Lasalle, however, might be given an average treatment — that is, a treatment based on the results of an average analysis, such as are given in this report. This treatment would probably be better than a varying treatment determined from day to day by a person not very skilled in chemical manipulation. Municipal supplies. — Illinois River water is not used for municipal supply, but a very large amount of it is used by various manufac- turing establishments along the river. Practically all the cities on the river are able to obtain a supply of underground water which has almost the same mineral content as the river water and at the same time is free from pollution. It is doubtful if the time will ever come when Illinois River water will be looked upon with favor as a source of municipal supply. The large amount of sewage in the Chicago drain- age canal would make people hesitate to undertake the purification of the water. As was shown in the investigations in connection with the lawsuit over the drainage canal," a large amount of organic matter enters the river at Lasalle, Peoria, and Pekin — more, at the time of Palmer's investigations, than that entering through the Chicago drainage canal. It is possible that in the lower part of the river the water might be used safely for municipal supply, provided it were properly purified. KASKASKIA RIVER. Drainage. — Kaskaskia River rises in the Champaign morainic system, immediately west of Champaign, gradually descends from an elevation of 730 feet to 542 feet; and enters the Mississippi above Chester in Randolph County. About 590 square miles of compara- tively level area are drained by the river in its length of 180 miles.'' Because of its variations in flow Kaskaskia River has never been used to any great extent as a source of power. At Carlyle, during the year covered by this report, there was a rise of 23 feet in the river. In the summer time it often runs nearly dry in some parts of its course. A careful survey has been made by the Illinois State Geo- logical Survey, with the object of determining a method of treatment of the Kaskaskia River bottoms so as to reclaim a large amount of land which is now flooded so frequently as to render it practically useless for agricultural purposes. If this land is reclaimed, the dis- charge of the river will be more variable than at present. a Palmer, A. W., Chemical survey of the waters of Illinois, University of Illinois, 1902. iLeverett, Frank, The Illinois glacial lobe: Mon. U. S. Geol. Siirvey, vol. 38, 1889. KASKASKIA KIVEE. 39 Municipal supplies. — Vandalia and Carlyle are supplied with water from Kaskaskia River. Shelbyville formerly obtained its supply from the river, but now takes water from wells in the gravel near the river. This water, intercepted on its way to the river, has much the same character as that of the river and is free from turbidity. In the river water at Shelbyville the turbidity averaged over 100 parts per million during the year covered by this report. Samples. — Daily samples were collected from the river at Shelby- ville by Mr. I^aac Nutt, engineer of the Shelbyville Water Company, by dipping water from the river at a point directly opposite the water- works. An old dam, partly destroyed, crosses the river at this point, and the water was dipped from a broken place in this dam, through which the stream flows rapidly. Through the kindness of Mr. Chester, superintendent of the water company, a gage was erected on the river near the waterworks and daily readings taken from it. At Carlyle, about 70 miles down the river from Shelbyville, samples were collected from the pump at the waterworks, the intake pipe of which extends about 400 feet upstream. Mr. George Schilling, superintendent of waterworks, collected the samples. A gage was fastened to a tree near the bank of the river and readings of the height of the water were made daily after November 3, 1906. Quality of water. — Analyses of the composite samples from Shelby- ville and Carlyle are given in Tables 35 and 36. The percentage composition of filtered water at Shelbyville and Carlyle is given in Table 10. Table 10. — Percentage composition of dry residue from filtered Kaskaskia River water. Carlyle. Carbonate (CO3) Sulphate (SO4) Clilorine(Cl) Nitrate (NO3) Calcium (Ca) Magnesium (Mg) Sodium and potassium (Na+K) Iron oxide (Fe203) Silica(Si02) Salinity, parts per million Kaskaskia River water is a typical Illinois water. There is no very great difference in the character between the samples at the two sta- tions, the range in dissolved solids being about the same at each. The average variation, however, is greater at Carlyle, being 11 per cent of the mean value, while at Shelbyville it is only 7.8 per cent. The water is more suitable for boiler use than for laundries. It forms very little or no hard scale in boilers when they are cleaned often enough. Treatment with lime alone in the proper quantities would very much improve the quality of the water for laundry work. 40 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. MUDDY RIVEK. Drainage. — Muddy River drains an area of nearly 2,400 square miles in the low district north of the Ozark uplift. The lower 20 miles of the course of the river is in the Mississippi River bottoms. The drain- age basin is decidedly level, and there is only a slight fall in the river from its source to the mouth. The flow is very unsteady, the range in height at Murphysboro during the year covered by this report being 31 feet. Samples. — Daily samples of water were collected from the intake at the waterworks at Murphysboro by Mr. H. C. Stagner, chief engi- neer. A gage was placed on the river in November, 1906, and read- ings were taken at the time of the collection of the samples. Quality of water. — Analyses of the composite samples from the Muddy are given in Table 37, together with averages for the year and gage readings. The percentage composition of the dry residue is given in Table 17 (p. 53). The water of Muddy River is the most variable in character of all those examined for this report. This may be due, in some measure, to the different characteristics of the tributaries, but it is probably due more to contamination by mine drainage, the variations being very much the same as those noted by M. O. Leighton,"^ of the United States Geological Survey, in his careful study of the influence of mine drainage on Susquehanna River in Pennsylvania. From the low value of the bicarbonate occurring at certain times with very high values for the sulphates, it is probable that at times the water from the Muddy is actually acid. If the water were acid for one or two days out of the ten on which the daily samples were collected to make a given composite, the composite sample might easily be slightly alkaline. Like the other streams in the southern part of the State, Muddy River carries a large amount of very fine suspended matter. Much of this material, which seems to be really suspended matter and not color, can not be held by any ordinary method of filtration, but by the use of a coagulant the water may be rendered perfectly clear and almost colorless. This finely divided suspended matter accounts, in part, for the fact that the values for silica in Muddy River are very high. In nearly every sample where the silica was high there was left after treatment with hydrofluoric acid a residue, amounting to 1 to 5 parts per million, which was insoluble in hydrochloric acid and not volatilized by hydrofluoric acid. Several of these residues were analyzed by fusing them with acid sodium sulphate and making a complete analysis of the fused mass. The precipitate with ammonia, that is, the iron and aluminum, on ignition weighed in every case a Quality of water in the Susquehanna River drainage basin: Water-Supply Paper U. S. Geol. Survey No. 108, 1904. MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 41 almost exactly the same as the original silica residue. The iron in this insoluble residue was usually a very 3mall proportion of the whole. This would indicate that the finely divided matter is an aluminum silicate. In analyzing similar waters at the Washington laboratory, alumina cream was used for clarifying the samples and removed the suspended matter without affecting the silica dissolved in the water. A number of experiments were made to compare the effect of the treatment using alumina cream with that of the Berkefeld filter, and the filtrates from the two treatments were found to give the same results on analy- sis. It was found necessary in these experiments to use alumina cream in clarifying the sample on which the determination of bicar- bonates was made. If this method of analysis had been adopted on all rivers of southern Illinois, the results would have been more uniform and would have represented more accurately the material dissolved in the water. They would also have shown the kind of water that would have been obtained by the use of a mechanical filtration plant. Municipal supplies. — In the section of Illinois drained by Muddy River there is no large supply of satisfactory underground water. According to analyses ^ by the Illinois State Water Survey, water from the municipal supply at Carbondale, which is obtained from deep wells, contained at different times from 1,200 to 2,400 parts per million of dissolved matter, about three-fourths of which was common salt. ' In addition, there are enough salts of magnesium and calcium to make the water about as hard as that of the Muddy. This, of course, makes it undesirable for domestic use. With such water in the wells the only chance for a sufficient municipal supply lies in the use of a river water, even though its quality is much inferior to that of most of the rivers of northern Illinois, where well waters are used almost exclusively. Water such as that of Muddy River can be purified only by careful treatment with some coagulant and proper filtration. For much of the year water from the Muddy can be clarified only by the use of aluminum sulphate with lime, but the amount of lime required will vary greatly from day to day. In softening the water for use in steam boilers or in laundries, the proper amounts of chemicals to be added can be determined only by tests on each lot of water treated. MISSISSIPPI RIVER. Municipal supplies. — ^Mississippi River forms the western boundary for the whole State of Illinois. The cities of MoHne, Rock Island, Quincy, Alton, East St. Louis, and Cairo, located on the river, are important manufacturing centers. The first ^ve of these and two o Bartow, Edward, Municipal water supplies of Illinois: Bull. Univ. Illinois, October 21, 1907. 42 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. smaller cities obtain water from the river for municipal supply. In this way about 125,000 persons use the river water. On the opposite bank in Iowa and Missouri are more cities that use the river water and serve many more consumers. The magnitude of the whole river as compared with the stretch flowing past Illinois makes it necessary in this report to discuss merely the quality of the water in the part of the river bounding the State. The river as a whole is discussed in a paper by R. B. Dole.*^ At the cities where the river furnishes the supply of water for domestic use some method of purification is used. Much of the sus- pended matter is removed by sedimentation in storage basins, and commonly a coagulant is used with filtration. Samples. — Daily samples were collected at Quincy and Chester for a year, beginning August 1, 1905, and at Moline for half a year, beginning February 1, 1907. Collections were made by the superin- tendents of the waterworks, Mr. Magnus Olsen, at Moline, and Mr. F. J. Brinkoetter, at Quincy. In both these places samples were collected from the pum^p taking water from the river for the filter beds. At the southern Illinois penitentiary, at Chester, Mississippi River water is pumped from the river to a small reservoir and thence distributed through the grounds. Through the kindness of the warden, Mr. James B. Smith, samples were collected each day from the intake pump. Quality of water. — Analyses of composite samples, made up of ten daily samples for each of these stations, are given in Tables 38, 39, and 40. As would be expected, the suspended matter and dissolved matter both increase in amount as one goes down the river. The percentage composition of dry residue from the filtered water is given in Table 11. Table 11- — Percentage composition of dry residue of filtered Mississippi River luater. Carbonate (CO3) Sulphate (SO4) : Chlorine (Cl) Nitrate (N O3) Calcium (Ca) Magnesium (Mg) Sodium and potassium (Na+K). Silica (Si02) Iron oxide (Fe203) Salinity, parts per million. February 1 to July 31, 1907. Moline. Quincy. Chester 5.7 9.0 .3 100.0 177 42.9 12.9 1.9 1.2 19.1 7.7 5.2 8.8 .3 100.0 194 32.1 22.7 3.3 1.4 17.6 6.3 7.8 8.6 .2 100.0 256 August 1, 1906, to July 31, 1907. Quincy. 43.2 12.6 2.2 1.1 18.1 8.0 5.5 9.0 .3 100.0 199 Chester. 33.2 21.8 3.8 1.0 17.1 6.2 8.2 8.5 .2 100.0 258 a The quality of surface waters in Mississippi River basin: Proc. Illinois Water-Supply Assoc, 1910. MISSISSIPPI KIVER. 43 As the samples at Moline were collected during six rnonths only, the average at Quincy and Chester has been calculated for this period, and the percentage composition is given for the six months as well as for the whole year. The percentage composition does not change much between Moline and Quincy. The only tributaries of any considerable size entering the river between these points are Des Moines and Rock rivers. The water of Des Moines River does not differ very much in quality from that of the Mississippi at Moline, though it contains a somewhat larger amount of dissolved solids and a somewhat smaller proportion of magnesium. Rock River carries about the same amount of dis- solved solids as Des Moines River, but the proportion of magnesium is very much higher than in either the Des Moines or the Mississippi at Moline. Between Quincy and Chester the main tributaries are Illinois and Missouri rivers. Illinois River water is not very different from that of the Mississippi at Quincy, though it probably contains a smaller amount of dissolved material, a larger amount of chlorine, and a somewhat higher percentage of magnesium. But the water of Mis- souri River is very different from that of Mississippi River at Quincy or that of Illinois River at its mouth. Missouri River carries a very much larger amount of dissolved material which contains a much higher percentage of sulphate and a correspondingly lower percentage of carbonate. It has a somewhat higher proportion of chlorine. The sodium is decidedly higher, while the magnesium is lower and the calcium slightly lower than at Quincy. As the flow of the river at Chester is on the average about one-half Missouri River water and the other half upper Mississippi and Illinois River water, these char- acteristics of Missouri River water make themselves felt in the char- acter of the Mississippi water at Chester. Variations at Quincy. — Discharges of Mississippi River at Quincy have been calculated by using Weather Bureau gage readings at Hannibal, Mo., together with a rating table prepared by Herman Stabler from various discharge measurements by the U. S. Engineer Corps and the United States Geological Survey. In Table 12 are given the discharges at Hannibal, the dissolved solids at Quincy, and the discharge of dissolved material in tons per twenty-four hours calculated from these figures. The average variation in discharge was 32 per cent of the mean value; the average variation in dissolved solids was 8.6 per cent of the mean value, and the average variation in amount of dissolved solids per day was 30 per cent of the mean value. The fact that the amount of solids per day does not vary as much as the discharge is due to the fact that in times of high dis- charge the proportion of dissolved solids is usually lower than in times of low discharge. 44 QUALITY OF SUEPACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. Table 12. — Dissolved solids in Mississippi River at Quincy. Date. 1906 August 1-August 10 August 11-August 20 August 21-August 30 August 31-September 9 September 10-September 18 Sep tember 20-September 2d September 30-October 9 October 10-October 18 October 20-October 31 November 1 -November 8 November 9-November 19 November 20-November 30 December 1-December 10 December 1 1-December 20 December 21-December 25 1907 January 2-January 10 January 11-January 20 January 21-January 31 February 2-February 9 February 10-F^bruary 18 February 19-February 28 March 1-March 10 March 12-March 19 March 21-March 31 April 1-April 10 April 11-April 20 April 21- April 30 May 1-May 10 May 11-Mav 20 May 21-May 31 June 1-June 10 June 11-June 20 June 21-June 30 July 1-JulvlO July ll-Ju'ly 20 July 21-July 31 Average Discharge (second- feet) a 54, 000 65,000 58, 000 56, 000 59,000 59,000 60, 000 52, 000 43, 000 47, 000 58,000 59, 000 67,000 51,000 28,000 58,000 62, 000 100, 000 40, 000 48, 000 59. 000 65, 000 73, 000 78,000 108,000 158,000 141,000 97,000 80,000 86, 000 82,000 117,000 97, 000 88, 000 143,000 160, 000 Dissolved solids. Parts per million. 77, 000 224 192 197 213 187 196 200 213 220 223 185 196 217 190 244 210 237 203 218 239 207 188 192 193 180 144 170 176 213 176 188 200 218 227 211 239 204 Tons per 24 hours. 37, 600 38, 600 30, 800 32, 200 29, 800 31,200 32, 400 29, 900 25, 500 28,300 28,900 31,200 39,200 26, 200 18, 400 32, 800 39, 600 54, 800 23,500 30, 900 33,000 33, 000 37,800 40, 600 52, 400 61,300 64. 600 46, 000 45, 800 40, 800 41,600 63, 100 57, 000 53, 800 81,400 103,200 41, 600 a At Hannibal, Mo. In studying the analyses at Quincy and Moline, together with analyses made in the Iowa City laboratory of the Survey "' on samples of water from Minnesota Eiver at Shakopee and Des Moines River at Keosauqua, it is seen that there is an increase in dissolved solids at Quincy and Moline in the latter part of June and July, at a time of high flow. Minnesota River has a drainage area of about 16,000 square miles, between one-fifth and one-sixth the drainage area of Mississippi River at Moline. The rise in the Mississippi at Moline and Quincy in June and July, 1907, was to a considerable extent due to high water from the Minnesota. As the average value for dis- solved solids of the Minnesota during this period was over 400 parts per million, this fact would account for the increase in these solids at Moline and Quincy concord antly with the increase in the discharge. aDole, E,. B., Quality of surface water of the United States, pt. 1: Water-Supply Paper U. S. Geol. Survey No. 236, 1909. MISSISSIPPI KIVER. 45 Variations at Chester. — Discharges of Mississippi River at Chester have been assumed to be equal to the discharge at St. Louis. It is probable that the discharge at Chester is from 1 to 3 per cent higher than at St. Louis, but no rating table was easily obtainable for the river at Chester, whereas a fairly satisfactory rating table was ob- tained for St. Louis. From the Weather Bureau gage readings and a rating table which was prepared by Stabler, discharge measure- ments were calculated for the river at. St. Louis for each ten-day period covered by the analyses. In Table 13 these figures are given, together with the dissolved solids in parts per million and the amount of dissolved solids carried by the river at Chester. Table 13. — Dissolved solids in Mississippi River at Chester. Date. 1906. August 1-August 10 August 11-August 20 August 21-August 30 August 31-September 9 September lO-September 19 September 20-September 29 September 30-October 9 October 10-October 19 October 22-October 31 November 1-November 7 November 15-November 19 November 20-November 30 December 1-December 10 December 1 1-December 20 December 22-December 31 1907. January 1-January 10 January 11-January 19 January 21- January 30 February 1-February 9 February 10-February 1*^ February 21-February 28 March 1-March 10 March 11-March 20 March 21-March 30 April 1-April 10 April 15-April 20 April 22- April 29 May 21-May 31 June 3- June 10 June U-June 20 June 21-June 29 July 1-July 10 July, 11-July 19 July 21-July 31 Average Discharge ( second- feet). o 140, 000 159, 000 155, 000 132, 000 117, 000 130, 000 156, 000 112, 000 89,000 96,000 112,000 119,000 130, 000 115,000 71,000 105, 000 148, 000 374, 000 181,000 124, 000 180, 000 188, 000 216, 000 203, 000 225, 000 257,000 279, 000 214, 000 281,000 329, 000 334, 000 320, 000 317,000 484, 000 194, 000 Dissolved solids. Parts per million. 320 237 245 256 249 260 228 266 306 316 310 254 265 271 301 271 260 222 214 277 304 266 257 238 255 297 256 293 284 265 296 294 304 250 270 Tons per 24 hours. 121,000 101,700 102, 600 92, 600 78, 400 91,100 95, 800 80, 400 73, 400 81,800 93, 700 81, 500 93, 000 84, 000 57, 600 76, 600 103, 700 224, 000 104, 500 92, 600 147, 900 135, 000 149, 500 130, 000 154, 500 205, 600 192, 400 168, 800 215,. 200 235, 200 266, 700 253, 600 260, 000 326,200 140, 300 a At St. Louis. The average variation in discharge of the Mississippi at Chester is 40 per cent of the mean value of the discharge ; the average variation in dissolved solids is 8.5 per cent of the mean value, and the average variation in the solids carried per day is 41 per cent. It is unusual that the solids carried per day should vary more than the discharge, 46 QUALITY OF SUKFACE WATEKS OF ILLINOIS. for this would indicate that in times of high water there was more material dissolved in the river than in times of low water. In order to see if this could be accounted for, calculations were made as to the amount of dissolved material carried by each of the three component streams making up the Mississippi at Chester. For this purpose monthly average gage heights and discharge measurements were com- puted by Mr. Stabler. I The volume of upper Mississippi water reaching Chester was assumed to be measured by discharges at Hannibal, Mo., which cor- respond to the analyses at Quincy, 111. No discharge measurements are available for the Illinois below Peoria, and as the drainage area of Illinois River at its mouth is very much greater than at Peoria, the proportional effect of Illinois River would not be at all accurately represented by taking discharges at Peoria. Estimates by Cooley," however, indicate that the discharge of the Illinois into the Mississippi is probably about 1.75 times the discharge at Peoria, and therefore in the calculations 1.75 times the discharge at Peoria was used as rep- resenting the amount of Illinois water reaching Chester, while the analyses at Kampsville were used as representing its quality. The amount of Missouri River water reaching Chester was represented by the discharge measurements at St. Charles, Mo. In Table 14 are given these discharges for each month, together with the sum of the three discharges and the discharges as calculated for Mississippi River at St. Louis. It will be seen that in general the sum of the three discharges is somewhat greater than the estimated discharge of the Mississippi at St. Louis. It is not likely, however, that the proportional error is very serious. Table 14. — Discharges of Mississippi, Illinois, and Missouri rivers at points stated. [In thousands of second-feet.] August September. October... November. December. January . . February. March April May June July Date. 1906. 1907. Mississippi River at Hannibal. 70 58 50 56 47 71 49 72 133 88 102 128 Illinois River at Kamps- ville.ft 12 13 14 14 24 47 43 35 36 31 34 35 Missouri River at St. Charles. 84 63 52 51 39 87 63 99 96 118 191 225 Sum. 166 134 116 121 110 205 155 206 265 237 327 388 Mississippi River at St. Louis. 151 126 113 111 102 198 157 202 251 242 307 370 a Cooley, L. E., The Illinois River basin in its relation to sanitary engineering, Illinois State Board of Health, 1889. {» 1.75 times the discbarge at Peoria. MISSISSIPPI EIVEE. 47 In Table 15 is given the percentage of the discharge at Chester which is furnished by each river; the average value for the dissolved solids in these rivers ; one one-hundredth of the product of these two figures, which shows the contribution of each river to the dissolved solids in Mississippi River at Chester; the sums of these three com- ponents; and the value for dissolved solids at Chester as obtained by averaging the values for the three composite samples of each month. The figure for May is of almost no value, as samples were not received during the first twenty days of that month and only one analysis was made during the month. It is evident that this method of calculating the dissolved solids in Mississippi River water at Chester does not give the correct result, the value being higher than those found. This would indicate a possible lack of complete mixing of Missouri River with Mississippi River at the point where the samples were collected. Another explanation would be the undue influence of Kaskaskia River, which enters a short distance above Chester. The drainage area of Kas- kaskia River is not over 3,000 miles, so that its contribution to the flow of the Mississippi is almost negligible. If, however, its water is not thoroughly mixed with the other w^ater coming down the Mis- sissippi, the samples collected at Chester might have too large a pro- portion of Kaskaskia River water. In order to determine this point, curves were plotted showing (1) dissolved solids calculated from the analyses and discharges of upper Mississippi, lUingis, and Missouri rivers; (2) dissolved solids as found by analysis at Chester; (3) dis- solved solids as found in the Kaskaskia at Carlyle. It appears from inspection of these curves that the dissolved solids found at Chester follow very closely the dissolved solids as calculated. The varia- tion^ from the curve of calculated values are the same as the varia- tions in the values for the dissolved solids in the Kaskaskia. The greatest difference between the calculated and determined values is only about 8 per cent of the former. Inspection of Table 15 shows that in the latter part of the year Missouri River furnished a very large proportion of the flow at Chester. The dissolved solids from Missouri River are very much higher than the average value for dis- solved solids in Mississippi River. This then would cause an increase in dissolved solids in Mississippi River at the same time that the discharge increased. Thus when the discharge is doubled the amount of dissolved matter carried by the stream is more than doubled, as the water contains in each cubic foot much more than the average amount of dissolved matter. 48 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATEKS OF ILLINOIS. Table 15. — Composition of and average solids in Mississippi River at Chester. Date. Percentage of discharge at Chester. Mississippi River at Hannibal. (a) Illinois River at Kamps- ville. (b) Missouri River at St. Charles. (c) Dissolved solids (parts per million). Mississippi River at Quincy. (d) Illinois River at Kamps- ville. (e) Missouri River at Ruegg, Mo. (f) 1906 August September October November December 1907 January February March April May June July 42.2 43.3 43.1 46.3 42.7 34.6 31.6 35.0 50.2 37.1 31.2 33.0 7.2 9.7 12.1 11.6 21.8 22.9 27.8 17.0 13.6 13.1 10.4 9.0 50.6 47.0 44.8 42.1 35.5 42.5 40.6 48.0 36.2 49.8 58.4 58.0 204 199 211 201 217 217 221 191 165 188 202 236 263 236 297 263 301 247 206 232 286 289 288 261 375 429 403 325 337 317 370 311 338 307 Date. Dissolved solids (parts per million). Mississippi River at Chester. Calculated. Upper Mississippi River water. /axd\ V 100/ (g) 190G August September October November December 1907 January February March April May June July 86.0 86.1 90.8 93.0 92.7 75.0 69.8 66.8 82.8 69.7 63.0 77.8 Illinois River water. /bxe\ VlOO/ (h) 18.9 22.9 35.9 30.5 65.6 56.5 57.2 39.4 38.9 37.8 30.0 23.5 Missouri River water. /CXK VlOO/ (i) 168 181 144 138 137 152 134 155 198 178 Sum. (g+h+i) 295 304 302 270 264 258 256 262 290 279 By analy- sis. 267 255 267 293 279 251 265 254 269 (293) 282 283 Kaskaskia River at Carlyle. 237 261 223 245 256 191 259 235 280 264 221 264 It is evident from inspection of the tables that Mississippi River above the Missouri is not remarkably turbid as compared with other streams of the Middle West. Its turbidity averages about the same as that of other rivers in Illinois. At Chester the turbidity resembles that of the Missouri. Usually the suspended matter causing this turbidity is composed of fairly large particles which quickly settle so that the water can be clarified easily by mere sedimentation. At times, however, the turbidity is caused by material so fine that it is exceedingly difficult to filter. This excess can be recognized in the analyses by the high values for silica. It is probable that in most WABASH EIVEE SYSTEM. 49 samples where the value for silica is over 25 parts per million, the excess over this figure is due to suspended matter which was not removed by filtration. On account of the large proportion of sul- phate in Missouri River water, Mississippi River water below the mouth of the Missouri is much less satisfactory for industrial pur- poses, even after purification. Above the Missouri, Mississippi River water is of much the same quality as most ground and stream waters throughout Illinois. WABASH RIVER SYSTEM. The drainage basin of Wabash River has an area of over 33,000 square miles. It extends westward from western Ohio across the central portion of Indiana and southward to Ohio River. It embraces on its west side a considerable portion of southeastern Illinois. Drainage from Illinois into Wabash River is carried by Vermilion, Embarrass, and Little Wabash rivers. Bonpas River drains a small area between Embarrass and Little Wabash rivers. WABASH RIVER. Municipal supplies. — The Wabash forms the boundary of the State on the east and south for a distance of nearly 200 miles by river. Its water is usually rather turbid and probably contains more dis- solved mineral matter than well waters which may be obtained along its banks. For these reasons it is not likely to be used as a source of supply, except for communities too large to find a sufficient quan- tity in wells. There are not many large cities in Illinois directly on the river. Grayville and Mount Carmel, however, obtain their water supplies directly from it. VERMILION RIVER.o Drainage. — Vermilion River drains an area of about 1,500 square miles in northern Illinois. The river rises in the Bloomington morainic system at the reentrant angle in Ford and Livingston coun- ties, only a few miles from the source of the other river of the same name, which flows northward to the Illinois. From its source Ver- milion River flows east and southeast, entering the Wabash in Indiana. In the last 10 miles of its course it receives very little drainage, except from the immediate vicinity of the stream. Its flow is not very rapid and the discharge is somewhat irregular. Municipal supplies. — The municipal supply of Danville, 111., is obtained from North Fork of Vermilion River and is purified by filtration after the use of a coagulant. Samples. — The samples of raw river water were collected by Mr. William Van Steenberg, engineer of the Danville Water Company. a Not to be confused with the Vermilion River that empties into Illinois River, 28987— iRR 239—10- 50 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. Quality of water. — ^Analyses of the composite samples from Dan- ville are given in Table 41, together with the average for the year. The water of Vermilion River at Danville is very much like that obtained from other rivers draining the part of Illinois covered by glacial drift. The variations in dissolved solids from time to time are not very great. The average variation for the year was 8.4 per cent of the mean value for the dissolved solids. The percentage com- position of the water does not vary much with variations in the amount of dissolved solids. The suspended matter is usually of such character that it can be easily removed by filtration. Analyses of ground water from drift along the course of Vermilion River show that for most industrial purposes there is not much choice between the water from the river and that from wells. EMBARRASS RIVER. Drainage. — Embarrass River drains an area of about 2,000 square miles in eastern Illinois. Its source is in the Champaign morainic system, immediately south of Champaign, and it flows a little east of south until it enters Wabash River about 6 miles below Vincennes. The flow is very variable. It is said that at times the river goes almost dry at Lawrence ville, 8 miles above its mouth. Municipal supplies. — The cities of Charleston, Greenup, and New- ton obtain their water supply from the Embarrass. At none of these places is the water purified. Samples. — Daily samples were collected for the year at Charleston and at Lawrence ville. At Charleston the samples were obtained from the pump taking water directly from the river for municipal supply. The intake at the pumping station is about 240 feet south of the pump, near the middle of the river. Collections were made by Mr. James Winkleblack and Mr. Louis Strodbeck, engineers at the waterworks. At Lawrenceville samples were collected for part of the year by Mr. C. H. Arnold, superintendent of the Lawrenceville Water Com- pany. The supply for the city is obtained from deep wells, and the samples furnished by Mr. Arnold were obtained by dipping the water from the river near the waterworks. For a time the collection of samples at Lawrenceville was omitted, owing to a change in the superintendent of the waterworks, but after October 12, 1906, sam- ples were collected by Mr. Perry Barnhouse at the pumping station of the Big Four Railway from the pump which takes water direct from the river. Quality of water. — ^Analyses made on the composite samples from Charleston and Lawrenceville are given in Tables 42 and 43. The percentage composition of the dry residue from the filtered water at these two stations is given in Table 16. WABASH RIVER SYSTEM. 51 Table 16. — Percentage composition of dry residue from Jittered Embarrass River water. Carbonate (CO3) Sulphate (SO4) Chlorine (CI) Nitrate (NO3) Calcium (Ca) Magnesium (Mg) Sodium and potassium (Na+K) Silica (SiOz) Iron oxide (Fe203) Salinity, parts per million Charleston. 45.0 11.4 1.8 2.8 18.8 8.9 4.8 6.3 .2 100.0 271 Lawrence- ville. 34.5 12.6 12.6 1.3 15.8 6.8 10.0 6.1 .3 100.0 278 The water of Embarrass River at Charleston is very much hke all the river waters in the section of Ilhnois covered by the glacial drift. On account of the fact that the drainage basin above Charles- ton is somewhat thinly populated, the proportion of sodium and chlorine is lower than in most of the streams of the State. It is probable that the character of the water remains fairly constant through its course down to a point a short distance above Lawrence- ville. The water from the river at Lawrenceville is entirely different from that at Charleston, the change consisting almost wholly of a large increase in sodium and chlorine. Table 43 shows that its per- centage composition also varies very much throughout the year. This may be due in large measure to the effect of the water draining from oil wells above Lawrenceville. The beginning of the great activity in the oil industry in southern Illinois occurred during the time covered by these analyses. If the river continues to receive waste waters from the oil wells it will be of very little value as a source of supply either for municipal use or for manufacturing. LITTLE WABASH RIVER. Drainage. — Little Wabash River drains 3,000 square miles in south- eastern Illinois, entering the Wabash 8 miles in a direct line from the latter' s junction with the Ohio. From its source in the Shelby ville morainic system, in southwestern Coles County, it flows slightly west of south for 50 miles and then east of south to its mouth, a distance in a direct line of about 75 miles. Its largest tributary is Skillet Fork, which has a drainage area of about 1,000 square miles and a length in a straight line of about 65 miles; it enters the Little Wabash from the west just above Carmi. Municipal supplies. — The cities of EfEngham and Carmi are sup- plied with water from the Little Wabash. No' analyses were made of the water at Effingham, but an analysis by the Illinois State Water 52 QUALITY or SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. Survey " indicates that it resembles the river waters of northern Illi- nois. The water at Carnii is purnped from the river to a standpipe, from which it is distributed through the mains. Samples. — Samples were collected from the river at Carmi by Mr. Samuel Morgan, engineer of the waterworks. Quality of water. — Analyses of the composite samples from Carmi are given in Table 44. The percentage composition of the dry residue is given in Table 17. The quality of water at Carmi is exceedingly variable, probably owing in some measure to the influence of Skillet Fork, the drainage basin of which is typical of southern Illinois. The average variation in dissolved solids at Carnii is 17 per cent of the mean value, and the range from maximum to minimum is 73 per cent of the mean value. During the greater part of the time water from Little Wabash contains a large amount of finely divided material which can not be removed by any simple filtration. On account of the small amounts of calcium and magnesium in the water it is very satisfactory for use in steam boilers or for any other purpose where the turbidity and iron do not cause inconvenience. CACHE RIVER. Drainage. — Although Ohio River once discharged wholly or in part through the Cache Valley, the region now drained by Cache River has an area of only about 600 square miles, comprising the great part of the State south of the Ozark ridge. There are extensive swamps in the drainage basin of Cache River, but it is nevertheless subject to floods of considerable magnitude. Samples. — Daily samples were collected and daily gage heights read by Mr. J. F. Anderson at the Illinois Central pumping station where the railroad crosses the river below Mounds. Quality of water. — Analyses of the composite samples from Mounds are given in Table 45. In Table 17 is given the percentage composi- tion of an average analysis for each of the three rivers draining the southern part of the State. Although the Muddy differs from the other two more than they do from each other, still the similarity of the three waters is evident from a study of the percentage composi- tion. They all contain a much larger percentage of sodium salts than the rivers of northern Illinois. The proportion of magnesium to calcium is very much less than in the northern rivers. The Muddy contains more sulphate than carbonate on account of the mine drainage referred to on page 40. The proportion of silica in these streams is much larger than that in the northern rivers. Part of this silica is not actually in solution in the water but is in the finely divided suspended matter which was not removed. In the sum of the oBartoWj Edward, Municipal water supplies of Illinois: Bull. Univ. Illinois, October 21, 1907. MUNICIPAL SUPPLIES. 53 radicles, which is given in Table 17 as salinity, no account is taken of the material insoluble in hydrochloric acid and not volatilized by hydro- fluoric acid, although this amounted in many samples to as much as ^ye parts per million. On this account the salinity is noticeably lower than the values obtained for the dissolved solids. With the exception of the waters of some reservoirs or ponds, cer- tain shallow wells, and Lake Michigan, these river waters are the softest in the State and are thus excellent for use in steam boilers. The large amount of iron, which can not be removed without a coagulant, makes the waters unsatisfactory for laundry use. Table 17. — Percentage composition of dry residue from filtered river water in southern Illinois. Carbonate (CO3) Sulphate (SO4) Chlorine (CI).. Nitrate (NO3) Calcium (Ca) Magnesium (M?) Sodium and potassium (N*a+K) Silica (SiOz) Iron oxide (Fe203) Salinity , parts per million Muddy- River at Murphys- boro. 206 Little Wabash River at Carmi. 17.1 27.5 31.1 35.0 20.3 14.0 6.2 4.7 5.0 1.0 1.3 1.5 12.2 12.6 14.0 5.6 5.8 4.4 9.9 9.5 11.1 11.5 16.5 . 16.2 1.5 1.8 2.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 158 Cache River at Mounds. 136 OHIO RIVER. Ohio River is used as a source of supply by the cities of Golconda and Metropolis, and at one time furnished part of the municipal sup- ply of Cairo. No analyses were made in Illinois of water from Ohio River, as it has been extensively studied at a number of places, espe- cially Cincinnati and Louisville, where it is used as a source of city supply. It is the usual turbid, hard water of a stream entering the Mississippi from the east. Where well water can be obtained along, its shores, it is usually much better than the river water, so that the only use for the river water is in cities too large to be supplied by wells. MUNICIPAL SUPPLIES. It is usually believed that any community with a population of over 1,000 should have a common water supply. Many cities in Illinois with less than 1,000 inhabitants have municipal supplies, while only a few with more are without one, and most of these are considering the question of installing a waterworks system. WELLS. For individual supplies wells have long been the most satisfactory source. In Illinois these may be shallow wells 15 to 30 feet deep, 54 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATEES OF ILLINOIS. wells in drift 70 to 150 feet deep, or wells in rock 500 to 2,000 feet deep. Probably the number of supplies from shallow wells is greater than that of all other kinds put together. The number of persons served by such wells is, however, not over half the population of the State, for very few large supplies are obtained from this source. Over a great part of the State wells 70 to 150 feet deep furnish an abundant supply of water. In many places this water is of such a nature that on exposure to the air it becomes turbid and fur- nishes opportunity for the growth of microscopic organisms which give unpleasant tastes or odors to the water. The city supplies at Champaign and Bloomington are of this type. Water from shallow weUs is subject to pollution, and in any fairly densely populated community almost certain to be unsafe for drinking, but wells deep in the drift give a water that is perfectly safe. A number of individuals and several cities obtain a supply of water from deep wells in rock. At most of the cities, as Sterlingj Rockford, and Elgin, this water, in addition to being perfectly safe to drink, contains less dissolved mineral matter than surface waters or shallow well waters in the same neighborhood. These deep-well waters may be drawn upon at a normal rate for a very long time without showing any loss of head, but nearly everywhere the quan- tity which can be obtained, even by increasing the number of wells, is decidedly limited. This has driven many cities to adopt surface water as a source of supply. SURFACE SUPPLIES. UNTREATED WATERS. Almost any surface water in Illinois is sure to be polluted and dan- gerous to use for drinking. The largest user of surface water in the State is the city of Chicago, which is supplied by water from Lake Michigan. This water has in times past been so seriously polluted as to have a decided effect upon the death rate of the city, but within the last few years improvements have been made which render H reasonably safe. The intakes have been extended so that water is pumped from a distance of 2 to 4 miles from the shore, making it probable that the water will be free from any accidental small pollu- tion which may reach the lake. The opening of the Chicago drainage canal removed practically all the Chicago sewage from Lake Michigan. A few cities obtain supplies from reservoirs fed by springs or small streams with an uninhabited drainage basin, and these supplies, with careful supervision, may be kept free from contamination. PURIFICATION. By far the greater number of Illinois cities of large size obtain their water supplies from surface waters which are badly polluted. For- tunately for the health of the community, most of these sources of MUNICIPAL SUPPLIES. 55 supply furnish a water of high turbidity, which must be removed to make the water attractive in appearance. In many places this tur- bidity is caused by particles of extremely small size, often of a size comparable with that of bacteria, and any process which will effec- tively remove them will at the same time remove the bacteria which may be dangerous. In several cities where no purification of the water is attempted, the municipal supply is not used for domestic purposes. Sedimentation. — The simplest method of purification of a turbid water is mere sedimentation. If a number of the surface waters of Illinois are subjected to sedimentation for a few days a large propor- tion of the suspended matter will be removed, but for most waters of the State mere sedimentation is not likely to prove satisfactory. The suspended matter consists of particles so small that they settle very slowly, and to allow sufficient time for satisfactory sedimenta- tion would require the building of very large storage reservoirs. The amount of land necessary for these reservoirs, together with the cost of construction, makes this method out of the question for the clarifi- cation of the water. Sand filtration. — At a few places in Illinois purification of the water is accomplished by means of slow sand filtration. If a water is com- paratively free from turbidity, slow sand filtration is a very effective method of purifying it. Ordinarily turbidity and bacteria are very effectively removed and the effluent is clear and safe for drinking. The changes in the mineral content of the water caused by filtering through a layer of sand and gravel 3 to 6 inches deep are, however, not of any consequence. ^ - Mechanical filtration. — Illinois waters very rarely lend themselves to treatment by slow sand filtration, on account of the fineness of their suspended matter, and to meet the needs of water of this class the process known as mechanical filtration has been devised. In this process the water is treated with a certain amount of some chemical or chemicals which will form a large, flaky precipitate or, as it is called, coagulant. The water with this precipitate is then flowed upon a filter of coarse sand, through which it filters very rapidly, giving an effluent perfectly clear and fairly free from bacteria. In this proc- ess the filters soon become clogged with the precipitate which holds the bacteria and suspended matter of the water. Therefore after running a short time the supply of water is shut off and clear ffltered water is forced back through the sand to wash away the film of pre- cipitate from the top. This process wastes some of the pure filtered water. One disadvantage of this form of treatment is that it requires much more expert attention than a slow sand filter. Another dis- advantage is that, as sometimes operated, the effluent from a mechan- ical filtration plant is much less satisfactory than the untreated water for many industrial uses. 56 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. Some of the early mechanical filtration plants accomplished the removal of silt and bacteria by the addition of no chemical except aluminum sulphate, which, reacting with the calcium and magnesium bicarbonates of the water, would give a precipitate of aluminum hydroxide. This precipitate is the best coagulant known. It carries down with itself all the finely divided suspended matter, much of the color of the water, and a very large proportion of the bacteria. With a water deficient in bicarbonates, it is sometimes difficult to obtain a satisfactory precipitate by the addition of aluminum sulphate alone. In the early days of mechanical filtration about the only directions furnished by those who erected the plants were that when the water was clear a small amount of alum should be added and that when the water became turbid a larger amount should be used. At the time when analyses were being made for this report difficulty was experienced at the Kankakee waterworks in obtaining satisfactory clarification for the water, which was at a very high stage." Alu- minum sulphate was being added to the water at the rate of about 14 grains to the gallon. From analyses of the composite samples from Kankakee River at this time, however, it was evident that all the bicarbonates in one gallon of water would combine wdth only about 2 grains of alum, leaving for the consumers the other 12 grains which was being added to the water. Thus the aluminum sulphate was being wasted, the water was rendered less valuable to the consumers, and it was not clarified in a satisfactory manner. At present the Kankakee River water is being treated before filtration with lime and sulphate of iron in such proportions as to improve the character of the water for industrial purposes, and at the same time to make it clear and safe for drinking. Softening. — For a number of years the Mississippi water at Quincy has been treated with lime and sulphate of iron in such proportions as materially to decrease its hardness. If the water is thus softened the amount of scale-forming materials will be so much decreased that with care in operation there will be much less scale formed than with the untreated water. In some studies which have been made by the Illinois State Water Survey^ it has been pointed out that the cost of partial softening is in many cases a very small proportion of the cost of softening to the greatest possible extent; and it is probable that with proper management most of the surface waters of Illinois that are used for municipal supply could be softened to such an extent as to increase their value materially without adding very much to their cost. No municipality in Illinois attempts to remove the a Mr. Cobb, superintendent of the waterworks, has described this experience in a paper read before the Illinois Society of Engineers and Surveyors. See Eng. News, vol. 59, p. 119. b Bartow, E., and Lindgren, J. M., Some reactions during water treatment: Jour. Am. Chem. Soc, vol. 29, p. 1293. INDUSTRIAL USES OF WATER. 57 permanent hardness from water, the softening consisting merely in adding to the water more lime than is necessary to combine with the sulphate of iron or aluminum which is used to furnish the coagulant for clarification. INDUSTRIAL USES OF WATER. GENERAL STATEMENT. Of the water used in Illinois, where the amount and character of the dissolved mineral matter are of great importance, by far the largest quantity is used in the production of steam power. Many other extensive uses, however, require water of the same quality as is needed for the generation of steam; for instance, in slaughtering and preparing meat products much hot water of that grade is required. Laundry work can not be well done with a water containing a large amount of calcium or magnesium salts, or with water that is not clear and free from iron. The quality of distilled and malt liquors depends very largely on the kind of water used in the treatment of the grain. Calcium sulphate is said to have a beneficial effect, but large quantities of sodium or calcium chloride are supposed to be injurious. Of course a clear water free from organic matter is to be desired. The distilleries in Illinois generally use well water. The manufacturers of soap, candles, glucose, leather, and several minor products all require certain degrees of purity in the water used. In the manufactured iron, steel, and foundry products, on the other hand, the chief requirement in the way of water is for power. In general, the best water for industrial use is clear, soft water. LAUNDRY WATER. Very few river waters of Illinois are suitable for laundry work without some form of purification. Those in the northern part of the State are hard and most of those in the southern part, where some river and reservoir waters are soft enough to be used, are turbid and contain much iron. For individual family washing the problem is easily solved in all parts of the State, as the rainfall is great enough to furnish a supply of rain water at all times of the year if a cistern of sufficient capacity is constructed and the rain collected on the roof is stored in the cistern. This method, however, is not usually possible for laundries which, in Illinois, must nearly always soften their water supply in some manner, whatever its source. To use enough soap to soften the water and then make a suds is very expensive and usually unsatis- factory. The calcium and magnesium in the water form insoluble soaps which are not easy to remove from the clothes and which make spots when the articles are ironed. Many laundries soften the water 58 QUALITY OF SUEFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. by the liberal use of lye and other chemicals which are applied in no very definite amounts. The most satisfactory and economical method for softening ordinary Illinois waters for laundry use is by a plant such as is used for treating boiler-feed water. Where such a plant has been properly installed and has been managed with ordi- nary carC; the saving in soap or softening chemicals has paid for the plant in a few years, leaving the improvement in the laundering as clear gain. STEAM-BOILER WATER. The census of manufactures of Illinois for 1905 gives the amount of steam power used in the State for manufacturing as 651,578 horse- power. This does not include the power generated by locomotives nor a large amount of steam generated for heating. It is not easy to figure the amount of water used in the different forms of steam production. The railway locomotive uses up the most. The less efficient types of stationary engines waste much steam and condense little to be fed to the boiler again. Steam-heating plants, on the other hand, condense their steam and return it to the boiler, very little fresh water being added. In manufacturing the practice varies, ranging from one extreme, where, as in a locomotive,. no steam is condensed, to the other extreme, where, as in a heating plant, practically all the steam is condensed and used over again. TrouI)les in a steam boiler where hard water is used are very largely dependent on the amount of fresh water put into the boiler. Man}^ feed waters contain small amounts of carbonates or bicarbonates and large amounts of chlorine with much magnesium and cause serious corrosion of the shells and tubes of boilers. Such waters are usually best treated by the method outlined below for softening hard waters. A very few surface waters are corrosive. These are found mainly near the coal mines, where the water is made acid bv the mine drainage. Unless the acidity is too great it may be corrected by the use of soda ash, but the best remedy is to avoid water that receives mine drainage. Nearly all the waters used in Illinois for the production of steam contain large amounts of salts of calcium and magnesium, which cause much trouble in boilers, forming, unless very carefully watched, a con- siderable amount of scale. If a water contains enough carbonate and bicarbonate to combine with all the calcium and magnesium present, the calcium and magnesium are separated in a flocculent form when the water is fed into a boiler and heated. This material, together with the material suspended in the water, falls to the bottom of the boiler as a soft sludge and may be blown out from time to time. None of the waters that have been analyzed in the preparation of this report, however, contain enough carbonate and bicarbonate to combine with all the calcium and magnesium. As a result, when a boiler using INDUSTRIAL USES OF WATEH. 59 any of these waters is run for some time, calcium and sulphates accumulate to such an extent that calcium sulphate is precipitated on the shell or the tubes of the boiler. This precipitate serves as a cement and makes a hard coherent mass out of the soft sludge formed by the precipitation of the carbonates, bicarbonates, and sus- pended matter. This suspended matter, which is often as much as the dissolved material in the water, causes the river waters to form much more scale than would be formed by a clear water containing the same dissolved mineral matter. SOFTENING. At many small power plants water in steam boilers is treated with so-called boiler compounds. These compounds are many and greatly varied in character. Their most valuable constituent is soda ash; some compounds contain sugar, tannin, and various other or- ganic substances. Very few of these compounds are any better than plain soda ash and many are worse. Their only advantage is in pre- venting the formation of hard scale, for, with or without their use, the salts of calcium and magnesium will accumulate in the form of sludge and must be blown out. In a good many plants, especially in some of moderate size, the water, before reaching the boiler, is purified to a certain extent simply by heating. This causes a separation in the heater of a considerable proportion of the substances which would otherwise be separated in the boiler. This method is not a great improvement over using the water without any purification, the main difference being that the sludge has to be removed from the feed-water heater rather than from the boiler. Sometimes the water in its passage through the' heater is treated with sodium carbonate or soda ash; when properly con- ducted this process insures the removal of practically all the cal- cium and magnesium, leaving nothing to go into the boiler that can form hard scale. The best steam-boiler practice is to so soften the water that no calcium and magnesium salts can be precipitated within the boiler. To accomplish this purpose the cold water is usually treated with lime and soda ash, which are dissolved in water either separately or together and mixed in definite proportion with the water to be treated. In ordinary water-softening practice it is customary to add a quantity of lime equivalent to the calcium and magnesium present in the water as bicarbonates, and soda ash equivalent to all the calcium and magnesium not present in the form of bicarbonates. A further quantity of lime is added equivalent to all the magnesium present, whether as bicarbonate or as some other salt. Still more lime is added to unite with the excess of carbon dioxide in the water above the amount necessary to form bicarbonates. Other factors, as 60 QUALITY OF SUKFACE WATEKS OF ILLINOIS. the presence of sodium bicarbonate, iron, aluminum, and other sub- stances, affect the amount of chemicals to be added, but the treatment outlined above has proved satisfactory with many Illinois surface waters. If the dosing is properly done, practically all the lime and magnesium are precipitated, settling to the bottom of the tank in which the reaction is carried out. The clear water is then perfectly satisfactory for use in a boiler. It still contains enough salts of cal- cium and magnesium to prevent corrosion, but not enough to form any scale if the boiler is blown off reasonably often. River waters in Illinois carry so much suspended matter that it is well worth while to go to some expense to keep it out of a boiler. In order that the different waters which have been studied for this report may be compared as to their value for the production of steam, the cost of softening has been calculated from the average analysis of the water from each station. In Table 18 are given the results of this calculation, showing the amount of lime and the amount of soda ash needed to soften 1,000 gallons of the water. The cost is figured on the basis of 0.3 cent a pound for pure lime (CaO) and 1.2 cents a pound for pure sodium carbonate (NagCOg) . Commercial lime and soda ash can easily be bought at prices enough below these to offset the differ- ence in amount of pure CaO and NagCOg. The figures form an ap- proximate measure of the value of the water for steaming purposes. There is a great difference between the cost of 0.27 cent per 1,000 gal- lons for Lake Michigan or 0.16 cent for Cache River and the cost of over 1 cent for Vermilion River at Streator or Fox River at Ottawa. The range from 0.6 cent to 1.1 cents per 1,000 gallons will, however, include the river waters which are most used. The rise from about 0.4 cent at Moline and Quincy to 0.65 cent at Chester shows the great influence of Missouri River on the quality of the Mississippi River water. The actual cost of softening 1,000 gallons of water from any of these rivers would of course be much more than is given in the table, for it must include depreciation of the plant, interest on the invest- ment, and expense of operation. These items depend, however, more on the size of the installation than on the quality of the water. In a few places the great variability in quality causes a slight increase in the cost of operation by requiring special care to make the doses of chemicals correspond to the variations in the water, but it is more usual to allow this variation in quality to appear in the over or under treatment of the water, the dose remaining the same. CONCLUSIONS. Tablk 18. — Cost of softening Illinois surface waters. 61 Source. Lake Michigan Reservoir Do Do Do Rock River Do Kankakee River Fox River Do Vermilion River (of Illinois River) . . Sangamon River Do Do Illinois River Do Do Kaskaskia River Do Muddy River Mississippi River Do Do Vermilion River (of Wabash River). . Embarrass River Do Little Wabash River Cache River Station. Chicago Cartter Marion Cypress Toppa Rockford Sterling Kankakee Elgin Ottawa Streator Decatur Springfield... Chandlerville . La Salle Peoria Kampsville . . Shelby ville... Carlyle Murphysboro. Moline Quincy Chester Danville Charleston . . . Lawrence ville Carmi Mounds Chemicals required per thousand gallons. Lime (CaO). Pounds. 0.78 .20 .35 .39 .24 1.45 .53 .23 ,60 .67 .48 1.52 1.41 1.46 1.20 1.16 1.16 1.51 1.20 .51 .83 .98 .98 1.41 1.41 1.11 .51 .44 Soda ash (NazCOs). Pounds. 0.03 .08 .26 .16 .06 .07 .16 .48 .27 .49 .52 .21 .23 .20 ,42 .40 .31 .21 .22 .47 .10 .10 .29 .34 .19 .25 .14 .02 Cost per thousand gallons. Cents. 0.27 .16 .41 .31 .14 .52 .64 .94 .80 1.09 L07 .71 .69 .68 .87 .83 .72 .70 .62 .71 .37 .41 .64 .83 .65 .63 .32 .16 CONCLUSIONS. 1. Compared with surface waters of the United States as a whole, the surface waters of lUinois are fairly uniform in quality throughout the State. 2. The best large supply of water in the State is Lake Michigan. 3. Water in the reservoirs and rivers of the southern part of the State is softer than that of northern rivers. The turbidity is less in the northern rivers and is much more easily removed than that of the southern streams. 4. None of the river waters are clear enough to furnish a satisfac- tory city supply without treatment. Treatment which will clarify the water and give it a pleasing appearance can be made to yield from most rivers a water safe for drinking. 5. The value for industrial use of nearly all the surface waters may be greatly increased by softening. 6. The daily and seasonal variations in quality render necessary careful daily supervision to insure the best results in any form of purification. 7. The quality of Illinois River water is made more uniform by the operation of the Chicago drainage canal. 8. The impounding of flood waters for the purpose of regulating the discharge of the rivers would greatly improve the quality of the water. 62 QUALITY OF SUKFACE WATEKS OF ILLINOIS. The turbidity would be decreased, and the variations in amount of dissolved material would be much less. The extreme values occur in the times of very high and very low water, which would be eUminated by the impounding. ANALYTICAL TABLES. Table 19. — Mineral analyses of water from reservoir near Cartter, III. [Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] Date i c3 . ID (1906-7). «pi to P,^ '% 73 03 a c3 ti o ^^ -4- !-i . »-< . l-i • ^-N xi 1 Pi w .22 1=1 O 'W SO Pi'-' 03--' ,a>0 03s_x Pi w - From— To- CO m o O u CQ 1 1 S-i s pPl t 5 ;-l 1' Aug. 1 Aug. 10 120 44 0.4 12 0.40 13 6.1 0.0 45 20 3.2 8.2 103 Aug. 11 Aug. 20 50 19 .4 7.4 .50 4.6 4.6 7.1 .0 25 11 1.8 1.2 62 Aug. 21 Aug. 30 60 25 .4 5.8 .55 11 5.7 14 .0 46 16 3.0 2.5 82 Aug. 31 Sept. 9 30 18 .6 7.6 .05 8.0 3.8 5.5 .0 30 10 2.0 2.0 64 Sept. 10 Sept. 19 30 15 .5 9.2 .12 8,1 3.8 5.0 .0 29 12 1.6 2.0 67 Sept. 20 Sept. 29 60 23 .4 5.4 .10 11 4.0 5.7 .0 32 11 2.0 3.0 68 Sept. 30 Oct. 10 Oct. Q .0 Oct. Oct. Nov. 13 29 8 .0 .0 .0 Oct. 25 Oct. 30 30 16 .5 11 .25 11 7.6 8.1 47 17 2.0 3.0 81 Nov. 9 Nov. 19 50 19 .4 7.2 .50 9.1 4.5 8.2 .0 39 18 1.5 4.5 76 Nov. 20 Nov. Dec. 30 10 .0 .0 Dec. 2 30 17 .6 9.6 1.6 6.4 2.4 11 31 17 2.0 8.7 66 Dec. 11 Dec. 20 100 53 .5 13 2.0 11 5.3 8.6 .0 17 3.0 4.0 93 Dec. 21 Dec. 31 50 26 .5 14 1.6 6.8 4.9 6.8 .0 35 19 2.5 3.2 82 Jan. 1 Jan. 10 105 36 .3 28 .08 5.0 3.6 8.0 .0 41 10 3.0 4.0 106 Jan. 11 Jan. 18 100 23 .2 26 1.7 9.2 3.5 12 .0 36 21 2.0 5.0 122 Jan. 21 Jan. 31 50 34 .7 15 1.5 8.5 3.5 7.6 .0 25 17 1.5 3.7 89 Feb. 1 Feb. 9 40 15 .4 16 1.2 7.4 2.2 9.6 .0 32 18 2.7 5.0 95 Feb. 11 Feb. 18 40 30 .8 21 2.3 6.1 2.6 12 .0 27 18 1.0 8.0 93 Feb. 19 Feb. 28 50 29 .6 17 2.5 7.0 1.7 11 .0 30 17 1.4 6.0 90 Mar. 1 Mar. Mar. 10 20 .0 .0 Mar. 11 120 51 .4 19 2.1 7.4 3.5 12 27 19 2.5 7.5 89 Mar. 21 Mar. 31 100 65 .6 18 4.5 7.7 3.3 10 .0 25 19 3.0 6.5 100 Apr. 1 Apr. 10 100 31 .3 20 1.9 9.6 2.8 9.5 .0 37 21 1.5 6.0 118 Apr. 11 Apr. 20 70 27 .4 21 2.6 7.9 2.6 8.7 -.0 27 17 1.7 5.8 100 Apr. 21 Apr. 30 90 29 .3 23 2.8 12 2.7 6.5 .0 22 27 1.0 4.5 99 May 1 May 11 May May 10 .0 20 120 80 .7 11 .74 8.5 2.7 11 .0 27 15 3.0 7.0 83 May 21 May 31 140 27 .2 29 11 11 2.7 6.9 .0 20 18 1.2 7.0 128 June 1 June June 10 20 .0 .0 June 11 100 71 .7 27 2.8 14 3.2 9.2 35 14 2.4 5.5 117 June 21 June 30 90 70 .8 17 3.2 12 2.7 5.5 .0 51 14 3.0 7.8 100 July 1 July 10 65 25 .4 26 3.2 10 1.9 6.9 .0 44 14 1.6 6.3 116 July 11 July 21 July July ■^o .0 31 35 16 .4 14 1.0 9.8 4.2 6.0 .0 46 14 1.7 7.3 83 Mean. 72 33 .5 16 1.9 9.0 3.6 8.6 .0 34 16 2.1 5.2 92 Per ct of anhy- drou 3 residi le... 20.0 03. 4 11.4 4.5 10.8 20.8 20.0 2.6 6.5 oFe208. ANALYTICAL TABLES. 63 Table 20. — Mineral analyses of water froTn reservoir near Marion, III. [Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] Date i . i. '3 a? r2 (1906-7). tpl "hi, aw C3 03 £3 9 03 a "o ^ c3 §1 (H . 05 CO »-< . M . -^ , * t3 .2 »5 O 'a? o 1 .2S 0) "o ^ ri ^ H "i H -* a-^ 03^ o3 v3 fl OT From— To- 1 ^ o O O '3 o 1^ 1-S o 03 o -a "3 E-i Aug. 1 Aug. 10 30 18 0.6 15 0.80 18 12 22 0.0 75 54 0.5 7.7 179 Aug. 11 Aug. 20 135 47 .3 8.0 .14 17 7.1 15 .0 55 40 1.8 8.0 150 Aug. 21 Aug. 30 148 59 .4 5.2 .12 13 7.9 17 .0 43 39 1.0 6.5 113 Aug. 31 Sept. 6 40 27 .7 6.0 .05 16 10 20 .0 51 38 1.7 8.0 127 Sept. 11 Sept. 19 50 16 .3 5.2 .60 14 10 12 .0 62 36 .6 8.0 124 Sept. 20 Sept. 29 20 16 .8 4.8 .10 17 8.4 11 .0 55 35 3.5 8.0 122 Sept. 30 Oct. 8 30 21 .7 7.2 .16 18 7.0 16 .0 46 40 .6 9.0 129 Oct. 14 Oct. 19 10.0 11 1.1 3.2 .06 18 10 20 -.0 62 46 1.0 10 132 Oct. 20 Oct. 31 30 14 .5 11 .30 21 12 20 .0 77 50 .5 11 142 Nov. 1 Nov. 6 20 9.4 .5 26 .05 17 13 18 .0 103 44 1.0 9.5 139 Nov. 9 Nov. 19 60 26 .4 5.0 .12 15 4.9 13 .0 46 43 1.2 7.5 112 Nov. 20 Nov. 22 115 41 .4 16 .70 12 4.3 11 .0 46 30 3.5 4.5 121 Dec. 11 Dec. 14 157 56 .4 18 2.2 16 5.2 21 .0 26 40 1.5 6.5 129 Dec. 25 Dec. 31 174 72 .4 24 2.2 14 11 17 .0 45 2.0 13 174 Jan. 1 Jan. 10 240 81 .4 22 3.6 8.1 2.9 15 .0 """45 30 3.0 4.5 124 Jan. 11 Jan. 20 315 160 .5 25 2.5 12 5.2 12 .0 31 42 3.0 5.2 149 Feb. 24 Feb. 27 70 22 .3 21 1.1 17 6.9 18 .0 20 85 1.7 13 172 Mar. 1 Mar. 10 100 73 .7 19 2.0 15 8.9 27 .0 29 74 2.5 9.3 185 Mar. 11 Mar. Mar. 20 31 Mar. 21 Mean. 97 43 .5 13 .93 15 8.2 17 .0 51 45 1.7 8.3 140 Per ct. of anhy- drous 3 resid lie. . 9.6 al.O 11.2 6.1 12.6 18.7 33.4 1.3 6.1 aFe203. 64 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. Table 21. — Mineral analyses of water froTn reservoir near Cypress, III. [ Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] Date (1906-7). Aug. 1 Aug. 11 Aug, 21 Aug. 31 Sept. 10 Sept. 20 Sept. 30 Oct. 10 Oct. 20 Oct. 31 Nov. 9 Nov. 21 Dec. 2 Dec. 12 Dec. 21 Jan. 1 Jan. 11 Jan. 21 Feb. 1 Feb. 10 Feb. 19 Mar. 1 Mar. 11 Mar. 21 Apr. 1 Apr. 11 Apr. 21 May 1 May 11 May 21 June 1 Jime 11 June 21 July 1 July 11 July 21 To— Aug. 10 Aug. 20 Aug. 30 Sept. 9 Sept. 19 Sept. 29 Oct. 9 Oct. 19 Oct. 26 Nov. 8 Nov. 18 Nov. 31 Dec. 10 Dec. 20 Dec. 31 Jan. 10 Jan. 20 Jan. 31 Feb. 9 Feb. 18 Feb. 28 Mar. 10 Mar. 20 Mar. 31 Apr. 10 Apr. 20 Apr. 30 May 10 May 20 May 31 June 10 June 20 June 30 July 10 July 20 July 31 Mean Per ct. of anhy- drous residue. 150 125 110 100 50 127 108 290 620 270 165 100 90 450 375 55 112 110 220 150 170 95 80 30 30 30 155 138 65 105 46 55 46 26 72 154 123 66 36 31 17 16 59 a « .2 ^ o as o O 0.4 .5 .7 .2 .1 1.0 .4 .2 .3 1.0 .7 .7 .4 1.0 .6 .5 12 6.2 6.4 8.6 7.0 14 25 45 37 72 45 6.0 41 59 62 61 43 62 25 8.6 12 15 17 13 7.2 8.4 29 19.7 Ph 0.80 .14 .60 .10 .06 .35 2.0 1.1 4.9 8.0 13 2.0 2.0 16 8.4 7.8 16 9.1 14 .4 7.41 .52 .38 1.3 .18 .50 .18 .41 3.7 o3. 6 18 12.2 11 10 6.5 8.7 1.8 13 14 7.6 6.9 5.1 6.1 5.2 3.0 Siz; 21 13 10 7.9 13 18 22 19 18 9.1 5.8 4.6 7.0 4.8 13 15 14 11 9.8 11 13 11 12 11 14 9.8 13 O 0.0 .0 .0 .0 8. 8| 22. 4 offi 121 81 34 64 79 97 80 97 104 67 ft 0.3 34 33 22.4 .6 3.4 .9 1.5 2.5 1.6 3.0 2.6 4.6 5.0 2.0 3.5 3.2 2.3 3.0 1.6 1.7 1.8 2.6 3.4 2.2 1.0 2.0 2.0 1.3 1.4 2.2 1.5 O 7.7 6.0 '7.6 6.0 7.0 9.0 9.5 152 122 iig 132 118 182 187 9.5 9.5 182 165 6.5 185 6.5 4.7 7.2 5.3 156 241 189 89 6.8 8.5 7.5 6.0 6.0 5.5 6.6 6.81 6.5 7.0 4.8 6.0j 6.5 6.0 169 207 232 224 182 206 194 124 164 149 146 136 137 140 6.8 165 4.6.... o Fe203. ANALYTICAL TABLES. 65 Table 22. — Mineral analyses of water from reservoir near Joppa, III. [Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] Date (1906-7). s CD 0) 00 a a o ^^ .2 ^ 8 o 6 '5' 1 1— ( o '_o O 1^ li 02 O 03 O _a3 "jo '3 O) CO OM g 0) "o 'i a, "3 .2 "o 'i u ojO 03 \^ !.< a o o From— To— o w o Eh Aug. 1 Aug. 11 Aug. 21 Aug. 31 Sept. 14 Sept. 20 Sept. 30 Oct. 10 Oct. 20 Oct. 30 Nov. 9 Aug. 10 Aug. 20 Aug. 30 Sept. 7 Sept. 19 Sept. 29 Oct. 9 Oct. 19 Oct. 29 Nov. 8 Nov. 19 Nov. 30 Dec. 10 Dec. 20 Dec. 31 Jan. 10 Jan. 20 Jan. 31 Feb. 9 Feb. 18 Feb. 28 Mar. 10 Mar. 20 Mar. 31 Apr. 10 Apr. 20 Apr. 30 May 10 May 20 May 31 June 10 June 20 June 30 July 10 July 20 July 31 135 140 43 49 0.3 .4 15 9.8 0.7 .30 7.4 8.7 6.6 4.4 10.0 11 0.0 .0 46 43 16 15 2.7 3.0 4.5 6.5 98 96 40 26 .6 8.2 .30 12 5.3 9.9 .0 56 14 3.0 5.0 87 40 40 80 22 25 36 .6 .6 .4 9.4 13 19 .15 .6 .6 14 16 14 8.3 6.7 5.8 8.8 14 13 .0 .0 .0 58 70 77 14 20 22 3.0 2.0 1.8 4.0 4.5 4.3 94 102 127 Nov. 20 Dec. 1 Dec. 11 80 70 30 23 .4 .3 15 20 1.2 3.0 14 8.5 4.2 3.8 10 14 .0 .0 49 56 24 20 1.5 1.5 3.5 3.2 96 104 Dec. 22 128 46 .4 29 3.2 9.2 4.9 11 .0 52 18 ^?^ Jan. 1 Jan. 11 Jan. 21 Feb. 1 Feb. 10 Feb. 19 Mar. 1 Mar. 11 Mar. 21 Apr. 1 Apr. 11 Apr. 21 May 2 164 188 135 90 70 90 145 130 120 120 115 87 43 21 22 33 46 88 32 32 48 71 .5 .2 .2 .2 .5 .5 .6 .2 .3 .4 .6 33 32 31 34 28 32 35 28 56 40 8.0 4.4 6.5 4.2 6.4 3.2 8.4 7.8 7.8 7.6 9.9 5.6 7.0 9.6 6.8 7.4 7.0 17 6.6 10 10 7.9 10.0 3.0 0.87 4.8 2.6 2.4 3.0 5.5 0.86 3.5 3.3 4.0 12 12 7.6 6.2 13 4.9 9.5 9.5 7.6 7.1 5.4 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 41 25 42 37 27 25 37 27 25 40 30 24 20 18 9.7 23 24 39 22 19 16 29 i.2 2.5 3.0 6.0 1.2 1.2 1.4 2.3 1.2 0.9 0.8 3.7 4.5 4.0 7.0 4.7 3.0 4.8 4.2 3.4 3.5 3.5 129 133 112 129 110 130 138 163 158 129 130 May 11 May 21 Jtme 1 112 120 95 116 .8 1.0 19 10 1.9 .95 7.0 14 2.1 3.7 6.8 9.3 .0 .0 22 30 19 18 1.6 1.3 3.8 5.8 89 72 Jnnp 11 Jime 21 July 1 July 11 July 21 170 300 100 95 160 318 131 87 .9 1.1 1.3 .9 11 15 7.8 19 .34 1.6 .44 3.2 9.4 10.0 12 12 4.8 2.6 2.7 4.8 7.0 5.5 2.5 6.8 .0 .0 .0 .0 66 49 49 41 16 14 14 14 0.3 0.6 0.6 3.0 3.0 4.8 6.0 3.5 74 82 73 99 Mean. Per ct. drouE of anhy- residue. . 116 66 .5 22 22.8 3.5 o5.2 10 10.4 4.0 4.1 9.0 9.3 .0 22.0 43 19 19.7 1.9 2.0 4.3 4.5 111 aFe203. 28987— iRR 239—10- 66 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. Table 23/ — Mineral analyses of water from Rock River near Rockford, III. [Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] Date "m § 03 . (D 1 03 1 • 1 1 (1906-7). >> . ^ p SO CO 6 2 '3 t3 2 ^ ■3 1 Ii 03O .2 m ft TO S..X +2 01 CO "rt From — To- D 3 0^ ■-3 2 -3 03 -g-s U 3 ■'^ s H m CQ 1— 1 S 02 s OQ ^ H Aug. 1 Aug. 10 450 198 0.4 14 0.20 32 19 11 0.0 187 17 3.0 5.5 207 Aug. 11 Aug. 20 228 115 .5 22 .24 29 21 11 .0 174 21 3.6 2.51 198 Aug. 21 Aug. 30 310 142 .4 19 1.7 28 17 11 .0 161 16 2.5 6.0; 179 Aug. 31 Sept. 9 148 78 .5 20 .12 40 26 7.9 .0 253 22 3.5 4.5 249 Sept. 10 Sept. 19 140 65 .5 6.6 .50 41 22 11 .0 272 18 3.6 4.5 229 Sept. 20 Sept. 29 60 34 .6 15 .08 54 33 18 .0 295 15 4.0 5.5 275 Sept. 30 Oct. 8 60 43 .7 8.8 .04 44 26 10.0 .0 252 16 4 4.5 243 Oct. 10 Oct. 18 30 19 .6 13 .07 52 26 13 .0 315 17 4.0 5.0 296 Oct. 20 Oct. Nov. 29 8 Nov. 1 '26'" ii" .'6 'is' ' ' '.'65 " * "53 " " "33 "'i2" "".0 '"326 ""ig 5.0 '"4.'5 '286 Nov. 10 Nov. 19 10.0 4.0 .4 11 .04 55 32 7.5 .0 314 21 3.5 6.0 287 Nov. 20 Nov. Dec. 29 10 Dec. 1 '26" '17" .'9 '13" '"."67 ""48 " " "32 "■9:5 "".'6 "'29i " " " "2i " " "4."6 " * '5."2 "256 Dec. 11 Dec. 20 15 6.4 .4 12 .13 52 32 13 .0 310 25 4.0 7.5 295 Dec. 21 Dec. 31 10.0 16 1.6 18 .14 57 34 14 .0 347 34 4.0 5.5 320 Jan. 1 Jan. 10 380 150 .4 21 1.5 35 19 16 .0 184 28 4.0 3.5 218 Jan. 11 Jan. 20 290 354 1.2 18 .8 32 18 10 .0 218 30 4.0 4.0 228 Jan. 21 Jan. 31 177 96 .5 17 1.2 28 14 11 .0 139 17 3.0 5.0 173 Feb. 1 Feb. 7 50 31 .6 22 .7 39 23 12 .0 234 30 3.5 5.0 243 Feb. 10 Feb. 18 40 23 .6 18 .26 46 25 9.0 .0 265 21 5.5 5.5 261 Feb. 19 Feb. 28 80 39 .5 13 1.8 34 17 9.2 .0 176 19 4.5 6.0 194 Mar. 1 Mar. 10 20 16 .8 13 .25 44 26 7.9 .0 227 22 7.0 5.8 233 Mar. 11 Mar. Mar. Apr. 20 31 10 '"'"■" Mar. 21 Apr. 1 276" 276" """i.6 'ie'" "'".'39 " " "4i 20 ' ' "7.'6 "".0 ""208 ""24 ""2.'8 ""2.'8 '223 Apr. 11 Apr. 21 Apr. Apr. 20 30 "35" '24" .7 ' '8."6 """.'ie " "56 "36 ' ' 'i's ' '".0 ' " '264 '""24 ' " '2."5 '"5.6 '266 May 1 May 10 May 11 May 20 "46" "45"' "i.i ' '9.2 "'"."is " " "52 "22 ' " '8.'2 "".6 '"292 "" "25 " " "9."6 " ' "3."6 '306 May 21 May 31 70 75 1.1 8.8 .15 51 27 11 .0 287 23 3.2 4.0 268 June 1 June 10 80 70 .9 8.6 .26 53 29 8.2 .0 267 25 3.6 3.0 268 June 11 Jime 20 100 107 1.1 8.8 .18 57 33 7.7 .0 272 25 4.0 3.0 275 June 21 June 30 110 101 .9 15 .17 62 29 9.2 .0 287 19 3.0 3.5 283 July 1 July 10 210 192 .9 21 .78 51 20 7.6 .0 260 18 6.0 2.5 243 July 11 July 20 240 179 .7 18 .54 53 24 7.2 .0 253 13 6.0 3.0 239 July 21 July 31 340 241 .7 28 .38 48 24 11 .0 226 20 2.5 6.0 247 Mean. 134 92 .7 15 .44 45 25 10 .0 252 22 4.1 4.6 250 Per ct. of aiihy- drouj 5 residi ae. . 6.0 0.2 18.0 10.0 4.0 49.6 8.8 1.6 1.8 o Fe203. ANALYTICAL TABLES. 67 Table 24. — Mineral analyses of water from Rock River near Sterling, III. [Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] ^ « ^ . 01 2, 03 Date (1906-7). o i '0 'So 0) 1 03O .0 03 03 « IS 03 1 6 CO 1 "3 From — To- _ D CO 3 a) o ^ "^ ^ 'g-55 ^ P 3 ■'-' S Eh CQ O m 1— 1 % m u s m "A e Aug. 1 Aug. 10 600 422 0.7 11 0.20 40 25 14 0.0 225 18 6.0 5.7 247 Aug. 11 Aug. 20 425 321 .8 23 .12 30 18 13 .0 158 18 3.3 7.7 187 Aug. 21 Aug. 30 565 402 .7 23 2.4 30 17 . 9.7 .0 153 13 3.5 4.5 183 Aug. 31 Sept. 9 410 343 .8 20 .12 49 31 6.2 .0 264 19 3.5 5.0 268 Sept. 11 Sept. 17 600 463 .7 17 .30 47 23 15 .0 278 19 2.0 6.0 265 Sept. 20 Sept. 29 290 281 1.0 13 .10 50 31 5.7 .0 285 17 4.0 5.5 265 Sept. 30 Oct. Oct. 7 18 Oct. 11 "i44 ""i27 .'9 "i3"' '".'63 ""'55 '""26 "'7.'7 "'".'6 ""3i2 " ' "22 '""3."5 ""io" "297 Oct. 20 Oct. 28 216 168 .8 13 .03 56 34 10 .0 330 18 3.0 5.5 303 Nov. 1 Nov. 8 100 112 1.1 20 .10 55 34 18 .0 326 30 3.0 6.5 301 Nov. 10 Nov. 16 30 21 .7 6.8 .03 53 32 10 .0 330 24 0.4 7.0 288 Nov. 20 Nov. 29 60 49 .8 13 .03 55 37 10 .0 303 26 5.0 5.0 280 Dec. 1 Dec. 10 50 115 2.3 17 .04 52 32 9.2 .0 293 26 2.5 6.2 275 Dec. 11 Dec. Dec. 20 31 50 20 666 28 13 1.4 8.8 12 .06 .22 56 54 35 29 15 16 .0 .0 ""356 33 21 304 Dec. 21 "'"s.'o ""6."5 337 Jan. 1 Jan. 10 280 307 1.1 10 .20 37 24 14 .0 227 26 4.5 5.0 252 Jan. 11 Jan. 19 187 111 .6 26 .56 41 24 13 .0 245 36 4.0 3.5 273 Jan. 21 Jan. 30 210 146 .5 16 1.3 29 14 18 .0 139 24 5.0 5.2 176 Feb. 1 Feb. 7 45 42 .9 17 .64 57 31 22 .0 285 40 1.8 11 312 Feb. 12 Feb. 17 40 31 .8 9.6 .40 48 27 12 .0 235 44 4.5 16 270 Feb. 19 Feb. 28 60 54 .9 12 .13 42 21 15 .0 213 26 5.5 5.3 224 Mar. 2 Mar. 10 60 50 .8 15 .21 46 26 13 .0 24 6.5 4.0 276 Mar. 11 Mar. 20 90 44 .5 20 .14 59 28 17 .0 ""278 25 0.3 7.5 282 Mar. 21 Mar. 31 110 51 .5 15 .26 49 21 12 .0 245 19 5.4 3.8 260 Apr. 1 Apr. 10 240 178 .7 15 .46 46 22 19 .0 240 31 4.6 2.8 242 Apr. 11 Apr. 20 80 56 .7 16 .20 48 26 11 .0 242 29 3.7 3.5 260 Apr. 21 Apr. 30 75 69 .9 9.6 .32 51 36 6.9 .0 269 29 2.4 5.0 280 May 1 May 10 55 54 1.0 16 .13 51 21 9.8 .0 282 29 6.0 3.0 294 May 11 May 20 May 21 May 31 ""285 "277 "°'i.'6 ' "9." 6 ""."is """56 '""29 "'ii'" "".'6 '"262 ""29 "'3."8 ""'3."5 "260 June 1 June 10 385 606 .7 13 .57 50 28 9.7 .0 267 27 3.7 3.3 271 June 11 June 20 200 233 1.1 14 .32 62 31 10 .0 289 21 5.0 3.0 299 June 21 June 30 220 127 .6 18 .25 62 29 10 .0 314 22 3.6 5.0 287 July 1 July 10 475 481 1.0 13 .30 52 24 6.6 .0 277 19 5.0 3.0 253 July 11 July 20 500 969 1.9 17 .14 52 21 7.3 .0 248 21 2.6 3.5 244 July 21 July 31 618 608 236 1.0 24 .19 53 25 10 .0 255 18 1.7 5.0 255 Mean. . 229 1.2 15 .31 49 27 12 .0 263 25 3.8 5.5 267 Per ct. of anhy- drous 5 resldi le... 5.6 a. 2 18.3 10.1 4.5 48.4 9.4 1.4 2.1 o FejOj. 68 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATEES OF ILLINOIS. Table 25. — Mineral analyses of water from Kankakee River near Kankakee, III. [Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] Date (1906-7). 3 s o Pa xn 3 02 .2 ^ "o O m i C o 1— 1 O S D o ■bio 3 1 li ^ . 03O 3 *^^ o IS HI m (-( o o ■-J. C3--^ ft •3 .2 "S^ 5 O a o o 03 CO From— To— -3 O Aug. 4 Aug. 11 Aug. 21 Aug. 31 Sept. 10 Sept. 20 Oct. 1 Oct. 11 Oct. 21 Oct. 30 Nov. 9 Nov. 20 Dec. 1 Aug. 10 Aug. 18 Aug. 30 Sept. 9 Sept. 19 Sept. 29 Oct. 8 Oct. 19 Oct. 29 Nov. 8 Nov. 19 Nov. 30 Dec. 10 Dec. 14 Dec. 30 Jan. 9 Jan. 12 Jan. 25 Feb. 7 Feb. 18 Feb. 28 Mar. 10 Mar. 20 Mar. 31 Apr. 10 Apr. 20 Apr. 30 May 10 May 20 May 31 June 10 June 20 June 30 July 10 July 20 July 31 30 40 70 50 10.0 30 50 20 30 10.0 30 20 13 7.6 28 26 16 13 40 14 19 4.5 18 19 0.4 .2 .4 .5 1.5 .4 .8 .7 .6 .4 .6 1.0 22 16 21 17 14 12 16 11 15 17 11 16 0.20 .10 .07 .14 .12 .15 .06 .04 .06 .03 .04 .05 58 56 54 57 55 58 58 61 63 64 55 61 21 20 21 24 27 18 22 "'"'27 24 16 23 18 8.5 17 14 12 16 16 12 17 13 10 22 0.0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 218 213 218 201 226 226 225 250 262 263 219 203 69 53 57 52 56 38 53 60 63 62 74 83 4.0 3.0 3.5 2.0 0.6 1.8 2.0 1.7 1.0 0.6 4.0 8.0 4.7 5.5 3.5 4.5 5.0 5.5 5.0 6.0 8.0 4.8 6.5 6.0 329 273 326 283 289 286 285 300 302 306 295 314 Dec. 11 Dec. 21 10.0 19 1.9 17 .34 55 31 25 .0 180 90 8.0 10 312 Dec. 31 Jan. 12 Jan. 13 50 38 .8 19 .44 42 16 11 .0 169 65 8.0 4.2 253 Jan. 26 Feb. 8 Feb. 19 Mar. 1 Mar. 11 Mar. 21 Apr. 1 Apr. 11 Apr. 21 May 1 May 11 May 21 June 1 June 11 June 21 July- 1 July 11 July 21 20 25 160 190 30 12 15 90 25 30 80 35 110 45 138 60 34 6.5 49 108 21 6.4 12 43 16 29 73 28 102 43 103 44 1.7 .3 .3 .6 .7 .5 .8 .5 .6 1.0 .9 .8 .9 1.0 .7 .8 15 10 15 19 16 12 11 10 7.2 8.4 19 8.8 19 15 16 17 .19 .36 .39 .46 .61 .41 .30 .25 .20 .34 .68 .22 .45 .32 .74 .34 56 52 55 58 45 51 63 51 54 61 58 70 76 71 52 69 16 20 18 17 16 17 27 17 22 23 21 19 23 25 18 25 11 14 11 11 12 8.7 9.3 9.3 9.0 10 11 9.6 6.8 8.2 5.5 8.7 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 195 185 190 195 181 188 218 183 202 219 210 223 273 258 198 253 68 71 73 61 43 42 65 53 55 58 58 40 42 46 34 46 3.2 4.0 4.6 4.0 4.0 3.6 2.4 8.8 6.2 3.2 7.2 4.0 3.2 3.5 6.8 6.6 5.5 3.3 3.0 4.0 4.2 3.5 3.5 4.0 4.0 3.5 3.0 4.5 3.0 3.0 2.5 4.0 293 266 304 286 247 220 293 255 285 310 289 293 299 312 237 294 Mean. . 50 32 .7 15 5.4 .27 o.l 58 20.8 21 7.5 12 4.3 .0 38.1 215 57 20.5 4.1 1.5 4.9 1.8 288 Per ct. drou. of anhy- 5 residue... o FejOg. ANALYTICAL TABLES. 69 Table 26. — Mineral analyses of loater from Fox River near Elgin, III. [Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] Date (1906-7). From— Aug. 3 Aug. 11 Aug. 21 Aug. 31 Sept. 11 Sept. 20 Sept. 30 Oct. 10 Oct. 20 Nov. 1 Nov. 9 Nov. 20 Dec. 1 Dec. 11 Dec. 21 Jan. 1 Jan. 11 Jan. 21 Feb. 1 Feb. 10 Feb. 19 Mar. 1 Mar. 11 Mar. 21 Apr. 1 Apr. 11 Apr. 21 May 1 May 11 May 21 June 1 June 11 June 21 July 1 July 11 July 21 To- Aug. Aug. Aug. Sept. Sept. Sept. Oct. Oct. Oct. Nov. Nov. Nov. Dec. Dec. Dec. Jan. Jan. Jan. Feb. Feb. Feb. Mar. Mar. Mar. Apr. Apr. Apr. May May May June June June Julv July July Mean. Per ct. of anhy- drous residue"! . 110 30 50 50 50 40 40 20 30 20 10.0 15 10.0 10.0 5.0 40 50 15 7.0 15 5.0 10.0 25 25 25 20 35 55 35 80 80 50 55 35 34 0) d a> i . 2 Date (1906-7). B T3 2 02 'a? 1 "So "So (-1 ^ a PI ft '0 03 "a? s 1 i 'to 1 ft« li Id ,0 '3 -3 'i CO 2 1 From — To- "3 H OQ m M 02 s CQ iz; H Aug. — Aug. 10 180 64 0.4 17 0.10 44 24 19 0.0 27 4.0 9.7 275 Aug. 11 Aug. 20 248 122 .5 18 .80 36 18 13 .0 """i92 24 4.2 5.2 222 Aug. 21 Aug. 30 320 123 .4 17 1.40 41 24 16 .0 192 26 4.0 8.5 228 Aug. 31 Sept. 9 163 77 .5 20 .15 51 28 4.9 .0 203 34 3.0 7.0 284 Sept. 10 Sept. 19 70 39 .6 12 .50 48 22 17 .0 294 28 2.8 10 271 Sept. 20 Sept. 29 30 22 .7 9.6 .05 44 23 16 .0 225 24 1.3 8.5 223 Sept. 30 Oct. 6 100 45 .4 9.4 .10 51 24 15 .0 250 36 2.0 14 272 Oct. 11 Oct. 19 40 17 .5 21 .10 47 28 25 .0 289 33 2.0 8.5 277 Oct. 20 Oct. 28 20 6.6 .3 9.6 .05 57 33 20 .0 307 33 0.20 10 291 Oct. 30 Nov. 8 10.0 4.6 .5 19 .05 59 29 19 .0 315 36 0.10 11 311 Nov. 11 Nov. 19 20 5.2 .3 7.2 .10 62 32 14 .0 320 36 0.30 13 315 Nov. 21 Nov. 30 182 122 .7 19 .06 50 25 17 .0 256 36 2.0 7.5 267 Dec. 1 Dec. 10 168 87 .5 21 .40 53 25 15 .0 270 37 3.0 8.0 274 Dec. 11 Dec. 20 80 54 .7 13 .20 55 17 16 .0 263 37 5.0 5.5 278 Dec. 21 Dec. 31 20 36 1.8 30 2.8 55 29 27 .0 301 51 7.0 6.5 319 Jan. 1 Jan. Jan. 10 19 Jan. 11 "so" "67*" '.8 '22"" '"."26 ""47 """"2i ""is" '"".'6 " " "257 "'"'32 "o.'io "'8.'7 "296 Jan. 21 Jan. 31 280 62 .2 16 .50 32 14 13 .0 137 28 5.0 6.2 193 Feb. 1 Feb. 9 20 40 2.0 20 .15 47 23 17 .0 238 40 0.10 7.5 273 Feb. 10 Feb. 18 10.0 11 1.1 14 .20 54 26 16 .0 257 46 11 8.5 293 Feb. 19 Feb. 28 30 24 .8 16 .09 58 26 16 .0 274 40 6.5 8.5 305 Mar. 1 Mar. 10 50 46 .9 12 .17 44 21 14 .0 213 35 3.0 5.0 243 Mar. 11 Mar. 20 10.0 11 1.1 12 .15 56 18 11 .0 264 43 10 7.0 275 Mar. 21 Mar. 31 10.0 11 1.1 13 .11 58 24 14 .0 247 49 4.0 3.8 279 Apr. 1 Apr. 10 8.0 10.0 1.2 18 .19 58 25 12 .0 267 36 2.3 4.5 288 Apr. 11 Apr. 20 5.0 3.6 .7 13 .23 56 26 13 .0 266 46 1.4 5.0 296 Apr. 21 Apr. 30 14 11 .8 11 .19 58 34 9.3 .0 271 44 3.4 5.5 289 May 1 May 10 25 22 .9 13 .12 53 20 12 .0 257 47 4.4 5.0 299 May 11 May 20 12 11 .9 14 .15 54 22 18 .0 268 43 5.0 6.3 289 May 21 May 31 5.0 6.0 1.2 12 .13 58 26 16 .0 43 2.8 4.3 292 Jinie 1 June June June July 10 20 30 10 June 11 June 21 July 1 July 11 July July 20 31 July 21 "26" '22'" """i.'i '19" """."28 ""'"64 ""'"25 "is" ""."6 """276 """"38 ""i."6" -5:6 '276 Mean . 74 39 .8 16 .32 52 24 16 .0 247 ^7 ^ 4 7.5 27fi Per ct. of anhy- A(i/ 0* 0. ^ £il \J drouE residu e . . 5.8 0.2 18.7 8.6 5.8 43.7 13.3 1.2 2.7 a Fe-iO . 74 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. Table 31. — Mineral analyses of water from Sangamon River near Chandlerville, III. [Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] § i . ® © a? Date C3 a 'So a? 'i 1 ■ 'i 'i to 'S xi . (1906-7) ^ "3 so OM 0)^ t-c . '3 2 ft .2 ^ 1 m a "0 Ii C30 ,0 ft TO v_^ 4^ a •c "3 § From — To- D 3 0) 3 2 -S 03 3" ^ 3 •-^ S -M > '2 C3 a 3 o 3 « .2 ^ o '© w 3 §1 1 CO -5 3 o5 From — To— |3 3 ft 5fi 3 g c3 3 03 1-^ 1 ^"^ ft 3 ir^ xn O m 1— 1 m s CQ H Aug. 1 Aug. 10 105 72 0.7 11 0.20 46 21 34 0.0 208 31 5.0 24 278 14.8 Aug. 11 Aug. 20 218 113 .5 12 .30 39 19 20 .0 185 30 5.4 22 262 15.0 Aug. 21 Aug. 30 230 120 .5 11 .05 44 17 20 .0 177 33 5.0 20 249 15.0 Aug. 31 Sept. 9 147 89 .6 8.2 .06 40 18 17 .0 172 34 4.0 20 236 15.1 Sept. 11 Sept. 19 135 98 .7 7.2 .15 41 20 15 .0 181 29 4.2 18 228 15.2 Sept. 20 Sept. 29 135 121 .9 8.0 .10 44 16 17 .0 187 30 7.0 20 244 14.9 Sept. 30 Oct. 9 218 184 .8 17 .10 41 16 18 ■ .0 170 29 6.0 17 233 15.2 Oct. 10 Oct. Oct. 19 28 15.0 Oct. 20 "80 ■■"■68 ■■"'■7 ""9."2 ".■qs "49 "24" "■42^ "'"."6 "226 "'■47 ""3."6 "62"" ""34i 15.0 Oct. 30 Nov. 8 50 24 .5 14 .03 47 20 21 .0 221 39 4.0 19 269 14.8 Nov. 10 Nov. 19 80 70 .9 6.8 .03 50 24 22 .0 220 39 4.0 21 274 14.8 Nov. 20 Nov. 30 170 84 .5 17 .32 45 20 16 .0 196 44 6.0 12 246 15.2 Dec. 1 Dec. 10 290 127 .4 19 .65 46 21 17 .0 206 52 3.0 10 269 15.7 Dec. 11 Dec. 20 40 35 .9 13 .17 54 22 13 .0 226 64 4.€ 13 311 15.8 Dec. 21 Dec. 31 40 51 1.3 19 .36 58 30 18 .0 265 70 3.0 11 323 15.6 Jan. 1 Jan. 8 290 200 .7 25 .49 51 22 21 .0 235 60 3.0 9.5 298 15.7 Jan. 11 Jan. 20 400 260 .6 16 .64 34 15 11 .0 158 53 3.5 4.7 227 17.2 Jan. 21 Jan. 31 310 220 .7 15 .28 33 15 17 .0 150 42 4.0 6.5 215 22.9 Feb. 1 Feb. 9 200 133 .7 11 .45 34 18 15 .0 153 44 7.0 5.7 221 22.0 Feb. 10 Feb. Feb. 18 26 19.8 Feb. 19 ""230 "129 """"."6 ""9." 6 "■.'24 '"27 ■■g.'i ■■44" '"'"."6 '"126 "■38 ";."4 "34"" 19.2 Mar. 1 Mar. 10 60 50 .8 14 1.0 24 10.0 18 .0 114 30 .4 4.8 "'ieo 17.9 Mar. 11 Mar. 20 70 62 .9 12 .25 52 20 16 .0 220 34 3.0 10 269 16.5 Mar. 21 Mar. 31 210 105 .5 12 .46 47 17 21 .0 210 41 3.0 12 266 16.1 Apr. 1 Apr. 10 280 192 .7 11 .53 53 23 15 .0 223 38 6.0 9.0 280 17.8 Apr. 11 Apr. 20 60 46 .8 7.4 .12 54 22 12 .0 235 48 6.0 6.5 278 20.2 Apr. 21 Apr. 30 90 62 .7 4.4 .11 56 28 18 .0 237 52 1.3 9.5 299 21.3 May 1 May 10 330 295 .9 13 .16 50 22 15 .0 208 47 4.6 10 280 18.9 May 11 May 20 130 131 1.0 7.0 .57 49 24 18 .0 219 49 4.0 18 306 16.5 May 21 May 31 150 143 1.0 8.8 .12 56 24 13 .0 218 54 4.8 8.3 280 15.8 June 1 June 10 340 373 1.1 10 .26 51 25 13 .0 223 44 4.0 7.3 271 16.6 June 11 June 20 495 520 1.1 12 .26 58 25 17 .0 35 2.5 11 293 17.6 June 21 June 30 166 165 1.0 13 .32 68 23 9.4 .0 '"244 47 10 13 310 16.1 July 1 July 10 325 324 1.0 12 .12 55 21 16 .0 239 34 8.0 10 281 15.0 July 11 July 20 238 196 .8 18 .25 50 19 13 .0 202 31 6.0 10 260 16.5 July 21 July 31 74 64 .9 15 .34 54 20 11 .0 219 27 1.2 8.0 242 19.7 Mean.. 188 145 .8 12 .27 47 20 18 .0 202 42 4.3 15 267 Per ct. of anhy- drous i residi le.. 4.6 .1 18.2 7.8 7.0 38.5 16.3 1.7 5.8 o Fe203. 78 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. Table 35. — Mineral analyses 'of water from Kaskaskia River near Shelhyville, III. [Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] 05 ^ . ^ "o IS Date (1906-7). +3 03 'a <4-l O a « .2 '^ ■a? "So aw SO 1 s^ o5 'S '•B a o 1^ p R g X5w 03^^ ft C^Cx fl VI From — To- 1 ft o C8 2 '3 c8 1» -u 1 la Pi 03 &H CQ O M 1— 1 M w m "A H ;^ Aug. 1 Aug. 10 40 25 0.6 9.2 0.10 44 23 15 0.0 245 30 0.5 6.2 256 1.8 Aug. 11 Aug. 20 270 149 .6 13 .30 38 23 15 .0 233 28 2.1 6.5 243 2.2 Aug. 21 Aug. 30 204 81 .4 16 .60 47 24 15 .0 217 22 3.5 5.0 236 2.4 Aug. 31 Sept. 9 50 34 .7 20 .11 55 30 3.0 .0 274 30 2.0 5.0 279 1.7 Sept. 10 Sept. 19 50 41 .8 9.6 .30 38 23 17 .0 25 1.2 10.0 218 1.4 Sept. 20 Sept. 29 40 28 .7 9.0 .06 50 29 24 .0 "289 26 3.5 7.5 286 1.4 Sept. 30 Oct. 9 121 63 .5 33 .13 45 25 17 .0 220 38 .6 6.0 285 1.8 Oct. 10 Oct. 19 30 31 1.0 6.4 .06 42 32 18 .0 241 31 1.2 6.5 252 1.7 Oct. 20 Oct. 29 20 19 1.0 14 .02 57 28 19 .0 330 36 .2 9.0 301 1.4 Oct. 30 Nov. 6 20 13 .6 13 .03 64 38 23 .0 355 37 .3 9.5 340 1.3 Nov. 10 Nov. 19 30 15 .5 8.8 .10 63 36 14 .0 345 33 .6 10.0 334 1.6 Nov. 20 Nov. 30 195 84 .4 23 .04 52 29 15 .0 275 31 3.0 5.3 273 6.5 Dec. 1 Dec. 10 100 102 1.0 17 .24 54 25 13 .0 267 38 7.0 5.5 268 7.7 Dec. 11 Dec. 20 40 45 1.1 18 .24 56 26 14 .0 267 33 8.0 6.7 285 7.1 Dec. 21 Dec. 31 30 43 1.4 12 .24 53 26 15 .0 293 42 10 5.5 296 6.1 Jan. 1 Jan. Jan. 10 20 ft..*! Jan. 11 194 "ioo "'.'5 "25" i.'o' ""42 ""i9 "io" "".6 "267 "'42 "s.'s '"'4."6 "258 13; 2 Jan. 22 Jan. 31 220 101 .5 14 .36 34 16 11 .0 153 31 5.0 5.0 192 12. Feb. 1 Feb. 9 20 27 1.4 16 58 28 15 .0 271 37 10 4.2 298[ 5.4 Feb. 10 Feb. 18 25 29 1.2 13 ".'i3 57 26 12 .0 280 40 9.0 7.0 304 4.5 Feb. 19 Feb. 28 * 25 26 1.0 14 .09 57 26 15 .0 280 37 12 5.2 297 4.4 Mar. 1 Mar. 10 100 94 .9 17 .19 52 27 19 .0 237 38 13 4.8 292 5.2 Mar. 11 Mar. 20 260 77 .4 19 .78 45 19 12 .0 196 46 12 6.5 267 9.6 Mar. 21 Mar. 31 50 31 .6 17 .17 55 25 13 .0 260 40 22 4.3 281 5.8 Apr. 1 Apr. 10 10 18 1.8 16 .19 56 25 10 .0 270 40 12 4.0 282 4.4 Apr. 11 Apr. 20 8 13 1.6 17 .15 49 19 9.5 .0 257 40 9.0 3.5 282 3.7 Apr. 21 May 1 Apr. 30 3.7 May 10 "so ■"27 "".'9 "ie" "A2 ""54 "'26 "'8.' 4 "".'6 "257 "35 'i2" '"3.8 "296 4.0 May 11 May 21 May- May 20 4.1 31 "275 "270 "i.o h" "'.21 ""57 "'28 "i3" "".'6 "276 "39 "is" "■3." 8 "363 4.2 June 1 June 10 80 84 1.5 14 .34 51 23 9.6 .0 225 28 12 2.8 264 7.1 June 11 June 20 85 79 .9 16 .23 67 28 8.9 .0 34 1.1 2.8 313 5.3 June 21 June 30 303 377 1.2 15 .21 66 28 7.9 .0 "280 29 8.0 3.8 272 4.7 July 1 July 10 40 38 1.0 15 .14 70 29 9.5 .0 304 34 2.0 6.0 315 3.2 July 11 July 20 415 392 .9 18 .30 59 25 10 .0 258 30 16 274 4.4 July 21 July 31 255 208 .8 19 .27 65 27 14 .0 268 28 8.0 "'4.' 5 284 5.4 Mean.. Per ct. 110 84 .9 16 .23 53 26 13 .0 262 34 6.9 5.6 279 of anhy- drous residue . _ 5.6 a.l 18.7 9.2 4.6 45.4 12.0 2.4 2.0 a Fe203. ANALYTICAL TABLES. 79 Table 36. — Mineral analyses of water fromn KaskasMa River near Carlyle, III. [Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] S . '0 -1-3 Date (1906-7). 4.3 -t-3 C3 a .2 ^ 'qT 3 aw ^5. '•B C30 1 '•B B 6 2 tuO 4) 03 Q 1 a ft c3 2 .i-l C3 C/3 1^ ft 3 u -1-3 3 From — To- a H CQ S l-H m M OQ iz; ^ 1^ Aug. 1 Aug. 10 120 70 0.6 16 0.20 42 24 15 0.0 271 19 2.0 9.0 273 Aug. 11 Aug. 20 224 126 .6 11 .10 44 24 16 .0 218 24 1.9 7.5 235 Aug. 22 Aug. 31 Aug. Sept. 30 8 300 262 227 168 .8 .6 20 21 .06 .07 36 43 17 20 16 7.1 .0 .0 204 225 ""i98 '23'" "i."7 """5.'5 Sept. 10 Sept. 19 127 71 .6 61 .15 42 22 22 .0 221 25 0.5 6.0 284 Sept. 20 Sept. 29 106 55 .5 16 .07 46 20 14 .0 251 26 1.2 9.5 274 Sept. 30 Oct. 10 Oct. 9 Oct. 19 '76" ""46 """."7 is" ".'08 ""44"' "is"" ""i7" "'"."6 ""264 '32" ""6." 9 "i2"' "'233 Oct. 21 Oct. 28 40 29 .7 14 .8 55 25 24 .0 284 29 0.5 7.5 273 Oct. 30 Nov. 8 20 12 .6 17 .03 53 26 15 .0 270 29 0.6 8.5 268 '2." 3 Nov. 10 Nov. 19 20 13 .6 8.8 .03 56 25 20 .0 294 28 0.5 11 269 2.3 Nov. 20 Nov. 30 273 113 .4 22 .18 21 16 13 .0 154 24 3.0 5.0 198 4.8 Dec. 1 Dec. 10 293 178 .6 18 .28 37 16 17 .0 205 38 5.5 11 225 14.1 Dec. 11 Dec. 20 184 133 .7 17 .64 43 23 16 .0 192 28 5.0 6.0 251 14.7 Dec. 21 Dec. 31 30 36 1.2 14 .20 56 28 16 .0 272 45 4.0 7.5 291 9.0 Jan. 1 Jan. 10 270 108 .4 28 2.5 24 11 15 116 40 5.0 5.0 200 19.1 Jan. 11 Jan. 19 133 34 .2 23 1.0 31 11 14 "'"."6 148 40 5.0 4.7 213 20.0 Jan. 21 Jan. Feb. 31 9 21.2 Feb. 1 "46" """51 '"i'.s '17" "'."32 "39"' 'is"' "is" "'"'.'6 "'i75 '33"" '"e.'o '""6."6 ""2i4 17.5 Feb. 10 Feb. 18 50 42 .8 13 .20 51 21 14 .0 224 41 6.0 6.5 262 8.5 Feb. 19 Feb. 28 37 26 .7 16 .08 55 23 IS .0 260 46 7.0 7.0 301 7.5 Mar. 1 Mar. 10 110 104 .9 13 .34 47 21 14 .0 203 52 6.0 5.8 277 9.2 Mar. 11 Mar. 20 350 186 .5 24 1.1 28 8.9 6.0 .0 119 28 3.0 7.0 189 17.4 Mar. 21 Mar. Apr. 31 10 140 90 91 69 .6 .8 15 10.0 .15 .15 40 54 19 26 11 . 12 180 210 38 48 10 8.0 6.5 7.3 239 281 14.0 Apr. 1 7.2 Apr. 11 Apr. 20 10.0 15 1.5 11 1.1 57 24 16 ...... 274 46 6.0 7.0 292 5.9 Apr. 21 Apr. 30 175 182 1.0 12 .19 49 26 14 217 44 3.6 8.3 268 5.8 May 1 May 10 180 117 .6 21 .66 42 18 11 ""'.b 178 40 6.0 6.0 239 11.2 May 11 May 20 205 176 .9 12 .42 44 22 14 .0 213 46 14 7.5 249 10.4 May 21 May 31 600 305 .5 15 .15 45 20 13 .0 208 35 7.0 6.8 242 June 1 June 10 380 315 .8 15 .47 29 12 11 .0 116 31 3.8 4.8 166 ie.'s June 11 June 20 235 206 .9 15 .53 46 18 11 .0 198 19 7.0 3.8 225 14.1 June 21 June 30 285 234 .8 16 .28 57 21 11 .0 255 32 6.0 5.3 271 8.4 July 1 July 10 150 145 1.0 17 .16 61 24 10.0 .0 265 27 8.0 6.0 298 5.3 July 11 July 20 210 183 .9 16 .16 52 24 12 .0 245 30 5.0 7.0 255 4.2 July 21 July 31 550 426 .8 17 .36 44 16 11 .0 194 30 8.0 5.0 239 9.8 Mean . 184 126 .7 17 .39 47 20 14 .0 213 34 4.8 6.9 248 Per ct. of anhy- drous residi le.. 6.8 0.2 18.9 8.0 5.6 42.1 13.7 1.9 2.8 aFe203. 80 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. Table 37. — Mineral analyses of water from Muddy River near Murphysboro, III. [Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] 03 . CO 0) .2 [3 "3 ■1-3 Date 4.S trt Ifi 'i C3 •B 03 'i be (1906-7). tA. 1* SO 0)6 1/3 2 xi 0) J? bcoj 1 1 li C30 .2 02 03"-' ft & — / Si a CO -3 C3 0) c3 From — To— S § ■^3 2 "S C3 ■g-s C8 3 — s tub*" From — To- 1 ft 1^ 2 'S Pi be 03 1-S % 03 +j 3 -a b^ OQ o m 1— 1 m m ai *A ^i S Aug. 1 Aug. 10 150 104 0.7 17 0.10 38 17 16 0.0 180 25 1.0 5.5 224 5.4 Aug. 11 Aug. 20 540 287 .5 23 .20 34 14 16 .0 161 23 2.1 5.0 192 6.4 Aug. 21 Aug. 30 360 190 .5 21 2.0 36 17 18 .0 166 23 2.0 5.5 197 5.7 Aug. 31 Sept. 9 5.6 Sept. 10 Sept. 18 245" "'i68 ".'7 "ri" ".'5' ""3i ""13 "16'" '"'"."6 "ies '""24 ' "i's ' ' *3.'5 ""i87 6.0 Sept. 20 Sept. 29 224 149 .7 16 .40 35 18 11 .0 156 20 1.8 9.0 196 5.9 Sept. 30 Oct. 9 263 169 .6 17 .12 38 21 12 .0 162 22 2.0 4.5 200 6.0 Oct. 10 Oct. 18 144 76 .5 19 .02 38 21 11 .0 190 20 1.5 6.0 213 5.3 Oct. 20 Oct. 31 151 86 .6 15 .04 42 19 12 .0 206 22 1.0 6.5 220 4.4 Nov. 1 Nov. 8 50 41 .8 19 .04 41 19 14 .0 214 26 .5 4.3 223 4.8 Nov. 9 Nov. 19 30 41 1.0 17 .03 35 16 8.0 .0 174 14 .3 7.5 185 5.8 Nov. 20 Nov. 30 30 27 .91 16 .05 36 17 11 .0 182 27 2.5 3.8 196 5.9 Dec. 1 Dec. 10 50 54 1.1 17 .32 37 19 11 .0 188 28 2.5 6.2 217 6.6 Dec. 11 Dec. 20 25 24 1.0 10 .11 35 18 13 .0 176 27 2.0 4.5 190 5.2 Dec. 21 Dec. 25 10.0 24 2.4 18 .28 37 24 16 .0 225 39 2.0 6.0 244 2.9 Jan. 1 Jan. 10 200 125 .6 19 1.0 35 16 16 .0 218 27 3.0 5.0 210 4.5 Jan. 11 Jan. 20 475 152 .3 26 2.2 36 18 9.8 .0 185 35 2.7 4.0 237 6.2 Jan. 21 Jan. 31 300 154 .5 26 1.4 32 14 17 .0 140 25 2.7 4.5 203 9.1 Feb. 2 Feb. 9 96 44 .4 21 .9 39 17 8.8 .0 180 30 2.7 5.2 218 4.2 Feb. 10 Feb. 18 80 59 .7 30 .44 41 18 12 .0 205 31 2.5 5.0 239 4.9 Feb. 19 Feb. 28 182 112 .6 15 .26 39 16 8.8 .0 183 22 3.2 6.0 207 5.8 Mar. 1 Mar. 10 110 110 1.7 16 .25 33 15 12 .0 151 19 5.0 3.3 188 6.5 Mar. 11 Mar. 20 190 147 .8 18 .61 35 16 10 .0 175 26 4.0 3.3 192 7.1 Mar. 21 Mar. 31 195 177 .9 17 .61 34 14 13 .0 176 26 5.0 2.8 193 7.5 Apr. 1 Apr. 10 250 188 .7 18 .35 32 13 7.0 .0 141 21 2.8 2.5 180 9.8 Apr. 11 Apr. 20 40 40 1.0 14 .22 24 10 7.9 .0 121 22 2.4 2.5 144 12.9 Apr. 21 Apr. 30 40 37 .9 8.4 .28 38 10 12 .0 138 24 1.1 6.5 170 11.9 May 1 May 10 45 45 1.0 10 .12 33 13 9.2 .0 163 22 .9 2.5 176 9.1 May 11 May 20 55 52 .9 10 .34 31 11 8.7 .0 151 32 2.0 3.5 213 7.8 May 21 May 31 165 166 1.0 15 .7 32 16 8.7 .0 158 22 1.4 2.3 176 8.2 June 1 June 10 170 171 1.0 14 .13 34 15 6.9 .0 161 19 2.3 2.5 188 8.6 June 11 June 20 250 227 .9 14 .62 40 17 8.4 .0 173 16 1.2 2.3 200 10.6 June 21 June 30 210 177 .8 16 .32 45 17 8.7 .0 190 28 1.5 3.5 218 9.1 July 1 July 10 150 135 .9 20 .12 44 19 13 .0 207 37 2.5 3.0 227 8.3 July 11 July 20 400 294 .7 24 .66 40 15 10 .0 163 28 2.4 3.5 211 11.5 July 21 July 31 175 101 .6 31 .5 45 17 15 .0 207 30 1.8 3.8 239 13.4 Mean. Per ct. 173 119 .8 18 .46 36 16 11 .0 175 25 2.2 4.4 203 of anhy- drous Tfisidne. . 9.0 0.3 18.1 8.0 5.5 43.2 12.6 1.1 2.2 a Fe203. ANALYTICAL. TABLES. 83 Table 40.^— Mineral analyses of ivater from Mississippi River near Chester, III. [Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] Date (190fr-7). From- Aug. 1 Aug. 11 Aug. 21 Aug. 31 Sept. 11 Sept. 20 Sept. 30 Oct. 10 Oct. 22 Nov. 1 Nov. 15 Nov. 20 Dec. 1 Dec. 11 Dec. 22 Jan. 1 Jan. 11 Jan. 21 Feb. 1 Feb. 10 Feb. 21 Mar. 1 Mar. 11 Mar. 21 Apr. 21 June 1 June 11 June 21 July 1 July 11 July 21 To- Aug. 10 Aug. 20 Aug. 30 Sept. 9 Sept. 19 Sept. 29 Oct. 9 Oct. 19 Oct. 31 Nov. 9 Nov. 19 Nov. 28 Dec. 10 Dec. 20 Dec. 31 Jan. 10 Jan. 19 Jan. 31 Feb. 9 Feb. 18 Feb. 28 Mar. 10 Mar. 20 Mar. 31 Apr. 30 June 10 June 20 June 30 July 10 July 20 July 31 Mean Per ct. of anhy- drous residue . TJ 1,400 1,525 1,875 1,650 840 980 766 1,100 530 540 710 634 .293 220 194 325 450 850 310 181 587 580 390 800 445 2,000 1,300 1,320 2,300 634 858 743 705 857 929 560 1,042 615 733 290 377 498 440 228 254 151 235 355 561 213 132 496 621 274 649 280 1,788 1,455 1,277 1,807 482 634 PI flj Sfi 0.5 .5 .4 .6 .7 1.1 .8 .7 .5 .7 .7 1.2 1.1 1.0 6.2 27 33 16 24 19 16 19 22 22 24 19 20 17 15 20 20 35 21 23 24 21 34 19 20 23 22 26 25 24 22 8.5 ^ 0.30 .14 .30 .04 .25 .16 .05 .08 .08 .02 .04 .20 .37 1.30 .12 .56 1.1 1.2 1.2 .47 .33 .35 .45 .26 1.2 .13 .41 .26 .18 .14 .39 a. 2 O o 44 17.1 1^ 15 14 16 13 17 17 17 21 22 19 23 17 19 20 18 15 10.0 13 17 16 17 13 13 20 16 16 14 17 14 16 6.2 aw §1 21 8.2 o 0.0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 33.2 m 146 145 145 161 164 167 150 190 236 219 200 180 195 192 241 205 175 117 148 189 187 161 146 166 166 156 178 173 170 166 174 c3^ ft 56 21.8 0.8 2.1 2.5 2.5 1.4 1.2 1.5 2.0 1.2 1.5 1.7 3 2, 2, 4, 3 2, 1.2 7.0 5.0 4.0 5.0 3.0 4.0 2.0 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.0 5.2 2.7 1.0 o 11 9. 10. 12 10 16 11 10 12 15 13 10 10 9. 11 10 7. 5. 6. 12 12 7. 18 5. 5. 7. 320 237 245 256 249 260 228 266 306 316 310 254 265 271 301 271 260 222 214 277 304 266 257 238 256 284 6.5 7.0 7.0 7.5 296 294 304 250 9.8 3.8 269 a FejOs. 84 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATERS OF ILLINOIS. Table 41.— Mineral analyses of water from Vermilion River near Danville, III. [Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] Date (1906-7). From— Aug. 2 Aug. 11 Aug. 22 Aug. 31 Sept. 10 Sept. 20 Sept. 30 Oct. 10 Oct. 20 Oct. 30 Nov. 9 Nov. 20 Dec. Dec. 1 Dec. 2 Jan. Jan. 1 Jan. 2 Feb. Feb. 10 Feb. 20 Mar. Mar. 1 Mar. 2 Apr. Apr. 1 Apr. 2 May- May 1 May 2 June June 1 June 2 July July 1 July 2 To- Aug. 10 Aug. 20 Aug. 30 Sept. 9 Sept. 19 Sept. 29 Oct. 9 Oct. 19 Oct. 29 Nov. 8 Nov. 19 Nov. 30 Dec. 10 Dec. 20 Dec. 31 Jan. 10 Jan. 19 Jan. 31 Feb. 9 Feb. 18 Feb. 28 Mar. 10 Mar. 20 Mar. 31 Apr. 10 Apr. 20 Apr. 30 May 10 May 20 May 31 June 10 June 20 June 30 July 10 July 20 July 31 Mean Per ct. of anhy- drous residue. 135 300 425 117 50 142 90 54 147 201 59 38 68 44 20 10.0 20 161 ! 125 50 40 270 296 90 10.0 45 10.0 7.0 230 160 25 5.0 19 45 25 35 330 65 100 70 460 55 115 18 5.2 7.8 155 78 61 47 258 255 57 6.0 21 12 8.6 164 45 18 4.4 18 25 22 36 251 56 29 68 487 48 82 0.4 .5 .5 .5 .8 .5 .5 .9 .5 .4 1.0 .6 1.2 1.2 1.0 .9 .0 .6 .5 1.2 1.2 .7 .3 .7 .9 1.0 .6 .9 1.0 12 13 6.2 16 21 12 10.0 19 17 20 15 18 8.4 11 15 15 14 8.6 4.7 18 9.2 11 13 11 14 17 13 17 14 4.9 0.40 .5 .20 .10 .30 .12 .07 .04 .10 .03 .05 .06 .17 .24 .37 .6 1.1 .16 .09 .13 .13 .70 .54 .18 .23 1.3 .26 .15 .15 .18 .25 .57 .25 .24 .23 .29 a.l O 54 19.0 ^ 03 25 c3 la 27 11 15 15 8.7 15 18 23 20 21 10. ( 12 8.0 14 14 13 13 13 14 14 14 13 9. 9. 10. 3 3 8.7 9.5 9.2 9.2 8.1 8.7 8.6 6.7 8.2 8.9 13 4.6 SO 0.0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 42.1 w 272 193 163 241 285 282 270 326 350 330 220 254 236 275 189 190 189 265 240 247 243 180 207 236 242 247 227 243 239 175 250 245 267 221 265 243 42 14.7 0.7 2.7 4.5 3.0 .8 1.8 1.2 .6 .3 .6 8.0 14 16 12 12 5.5 16 16 12 16 8.0 12 24 24 19 11 24 24 24 20 16 10.0 16 18 24 12 4.2 O 5.7 3.2 4.5 5.0 5.0 7.0 5.0 7.5 6.5 7.5 3.5 4.2 4.8 4.5 4.7 3.0 5.0 5.2 5.0 5.0 3.8 3.5 4.8 4.0 2.5 3.0 3.8 3.8 3.8 4.2 4.3 3.0 5.0 3.3 4.0 299 216 222 282 267 264 275 322 342 318 279 302 301 314 254 245 263 330 316 299 279 256 250 266 264 295 274 288 276 230 304 258 301 290 285 4.5 1.6 281 a FeaOa. ANALYTICAL TABLES. 85 Table 42. — Mineral analyses of water from Embarrass River near Charleston, III. [Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] i . "3 0) Date (1906-7). 2 s 03 ft o . 2 ^ 'o O o 'bio 1 aw ''3 1 1 ft 1 6 1 C/3 'A From— To- _ 3 § o -^ 03 ^- J§ "3 s E-t OQ o m HH O S^ m s m "A Eh Aug. 1 Aug. 10 215 184 0.8 27 0.35 48 25 20 0.0 251 31 2.8 7.5 297 Aug. 11 Aug. 20 268 172 .6 21 .20 39 18 12 .0 182 22 2.1 4.2 230 Aug. 22 Aug. 30 400 167 .4 22 .06 36 18 16 .0 182 24 3.5 2.0 226 Aug. 31 Sept. 9 100 41 .4 18 .08 57 29 15 .0 282 28 1.7 5.5 282 Sept. 10 Sept. 19 214 78 .4 21 .30 38 20 7.3 .0 190 22 1.4 3.5 214 Sept. 20 Sept. 27 220 94 .4 17 .45 38 18 11 .0 192 23 2.5 5.5 212 Sept. 30 Oct. 9 182 108 .6 19 .04 56 28 28 .0 287 27 3.0 5.0 316 Oct. 10 Oct. 19 70 42 .6 11 .16 58 31 16 .0 315 36 1.5 5.0 310 Oct. 20 Oct. 28 30 20 .7 10.0 .14 61 33 21 .0 322 32 0.5 7.2 291 Oct. 29 Nov. Nov. 10 19 Nov. 11 "ioo" '"64" ""."e "6.'4 "'.'io "59 "'39 "ie" "'.'6 ' ' '326 ""36 "'6."4 ' ' '7.'2 '293 Nov. 20 Nov. 30 200 178 .9 18 .06 37 22 11 .0 246 18 5.0 5.3 258 Dec. 1 Dec. 10 160 175 1.1 26 .20 54 25 18 .0 280 32 8.0 4.0 283 Dec. 11 Dec. 20 144 144 1.0 13 .09 54 26 11 .0 257 26 8.0 5.5 277 Dec. 21 Dec. 31 224 361 1.1 12 .32 57 31 10.0 .0 286 34 8.0 6.0 300 Jan. 1 Jan. 10 280 352 1.2 17 .57 43 21 13 .0 219 34 9.0 5.0 236 Jan. 11 Jan. 18 275 292 1.1 30 .80 38 16 15 .0 200 35 7.0 4.2 254 Jan. 21 Jan. 31 100 106 1.1 32 3.6 41 20 10.0 .0 200 22 8.0 4.2 232 Feb. 1 Feb. 8 20 21 1.0 11 .15 55 24 8.0 .0 253 33 6.0 5.0 271 Feb. 10 Feb. 18 25 37 1.5 19 .13 52 21 13 .0 260 43 8.5 5.0 291 Feb. 19 Feb. 28 25 31 1.2 14 .08 54 23 14 .0 267 33 8.0 5.0 281 Mar. 1 Mar. 10 25 35 1.4 11 .26 52 24 13 .0 250 41 8.0 4.5 289 Mar. 11 Mar. 20 800 1,014 1.3 18 .24 45 18 11 .0 173 39 10.0 7.5 237 Mar. 21 Mar. 31 100 90 .9 15 .23 51 25 15 .0 242 39 16 4.3 278 Apr. 1 Apr. 10 10.0 18 1.8 9.0 .26 54 24 9.6 .0 249 48 16 5.5 269 Apr. 11 Apr. 20 8.0 10.0 1.2 10.0 .16 52 25 9.9 .0 250 34 14 4.5 264 Apr. 21 Apr. 30 70 41 .6 11 .45 49 29 6.3 .0 225 32 9.2 5.5 256 May 1 May 10 20 15 .8 13 ,12 52 24 15 .0 267 32 12 5.5 285 May 11 May 20 30 33 1.1 8.2 .16 49 22 12 .0 256 35 10.0 7.3 281 May 21 May 31 30 33 1.1 5.0 .50 50 23 10.0 .0 250 31 10.0 4.3 276 June 1 June 10 200 162 .8 16 .36 50 24 13 .0 228 25 13 3.8 267 June 11 June 20 90 88 1.0 17 .34 65 29 7.5 .0 284 32 6.0 3.5 277 June 21 June 30 200 149 .7 16 .23 57 21 11 .0 281 29 13 4.5 269 July 1 July 10 80 65 .8 20 .15 66 25 13 .0 280 26 18 4.5 312 July 11 July 20 422 380 .9 22 .26 50 21 13 .0 217 27 7.0 3.0 243 July 21 July 31 100 93 .9 26 .21 64 24 14 .0 270 30 10.0 3.2 301 Mean 155 140 .9 17 .34 51 24 13 .0 249 31 7.6 4.9 270 Per ct. of anhy- drous residue. . . 6.3 a. 2 18.8 8.9 4.8 45.0 11.4 2.8 1.8 a FejOg. 86 QUALITY OF SURFACE WATEES OF ILLINOIS. Table 43. — Mineral analyses of water from Embarrass River near Lawrenceville, III. [Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] Date (1906-7). IS g ft m D o . .2 ^ o o O O CO ft O 'So a 03 4- 'S 03 Ho %^ O 1 0) CO offi .a 0) o3^ 03 ^ 6 '% o From— To— o Eh Aug. 1 Aug. 11 Aug. 21 Aug. 31 Sept. 17 Sept. 27 Oct. 13 Oct. 20 Oct. 30 Nov. 9 Nov. 20 Dec. 14 Aug. 10 Aug. 20 Aug. 30 Sept. 16 Sept. 26 Oct. 12 Oct. 19 Oct. 29 Nov. 8 Nov. 18 Nov. 30 Dec. 20 Dec. 31 Jan. 10 Jan. 20 Jan. 31 Feb. 9 Feb. 18 Feb. 28 Mar. 10 Mar. 20 Mar. 31 Apr. 10 Apr. 20 Apr. 30 May 10 May 20 May 31 June 10 June 20 June 30 July 10 July 20 July 31 280 220 268 148 52 111 103 89 0.5 .5 .4 .6 24 15 17 15 0.30 .14 .30 .20 42 33 33 42 22 18 18 22 29 18 32 19 0.0 .0 "".'6 207 150 123 205 33 23 26 24 1.2 2.4 1.5 .8 26 23 45 26 278 231 240 251 19 27 25 34 31 20 20 20 20 220 19 15 8.0 7.4 98 1.0 .8 .4 .4 .5 18 16 11 16 15 .08 .10 .10 .05 .20 59 55 60 72 66 49 43 87 48 55 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 274 270 305 335 229 45 36 49 50 64 7.0 .3 .2 5.5 .3 64 61 114 75 88 426 371 472 468 458 Dec. 21 Jan. 1 Jan. 11 Jan. 21 Feb. 2 Feb. 10 Feb. 19 Mar. 1 Mar. 11 Mar. 21 Apr. 1 Apr. 11 Apr. 21 May 1 May 11 May 21 June 1 June 11 June 21 July 1 July 11 July 21 103 214 161 159 45 12 8.0 50 280 120 76 78 89 50 34 13 11 45 177 54 .7 .4 .6 .3 .8 1.1 1.2 .9 .6 .4 21 20 31 25 14 11 18 14 22 19 .32 3.7 1.4 1.7 .22 .13 .07 .15 2.2 .78 49 19 28 24 46 52 54 52 20 44 23 8.5 16 9.5 20 22 24 18 10.0 16 20 18 17 17 27 21 25 33 15 19 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 227 100 136 104 203 234 244 205 111 198 46 27 .36 30 43 44 54 29 38 39 5.0 2.5 4.5 4.0 2.0 6.0 6.0 4.2 9.2 14 20 9.5 9.2 8.2 20 24 32 46 14 16 308 166 205 174 268 284 342 342 192 274 15 112 210 80 120 200 100 220 43 181 68 13 54 109 44 94 107 70 128 41 123 60 .9 .5 .5 .6 .8 .5 .7 .6 1.0 .7 .9 13 10 13 11 19 9.2 18 18 17 13 15 .13 .32 .62 .15 .30 .29 .59 .90 .14 .11 .22 55 45 37 42 34 26 48 51 55 39 45 26 24 12 17 15 9.3 23 18 20 18 17 28 29 22 31 17 13 17 19 20 28 15 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 240 243 143 183 141 91 187 190 231 158 170 42 43 35 52 34 17 28 20 25 21 24 3.3 2.6 2.4 3.2 1.5 . 2.7 2.0 1.4 7.0 2.1 6.0 40 51 28 40 26 12 19 36 18 38 22 325 296 238 287 235 120 251 255 275 246 222 Mean 118 66 .7 17 6.1 .53 a. 3 44 15.8 19 6.8 28 10.0 .0 34.5 195 35 12.6 3.7 1.3 35 12.6 ?83 Per ct. drouE of anhy- 5 residue. . . o FeaOa. ANALYTICAL TABLES. 87 Table 44. — Mineral analyses of water from Little Wahash River near Carmi, III. [Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] , , (B ■u (H 0) w _r! « „^ 03 . 13 '3 "o W) Date (1906-7). >> 1=1 -a s .2 ^ OT "3" 1 03 so '•B o3 o3^^ '■B o3 6 3 xi 03,0) 6X)^ From — To- d 03 Eh OT OT l-H m (5 OT b^ Aug. 1 Aug. 10 20 9.2 0.5 38 0.20 27 15 18 0.0 171 19 0.8 219 Aug. 11 Aug. 20 40 25 .6 22 .20 31 16 22 .0 160 26 1.9 "i2" 211 .... Aug. 21 Aug. 30 144 55 .4 28 .25 23 8.3 14 .0 97 25 1.5 14 174 .... Aug. 31 Sept. 9 142 60 .4 38 .32 21 13 14 .0 91 22 1.5 6.3 163 .... Sept. 10 Sept. 20 Sept. Sept. 19 29 '"90 '38" "".'4 'is" ".'36 "23" "is" "is" "".'6 "'95 '24" "2."6 "s.'s "i47 Sept. 30 Oct. 9 127 64 .5 19 .35 16 10 14 .0 76 21 1.5 9.0 138 'i.'3 Oct. 10 Oct. Oct. 18 29 0.7 Oct. 20 ""76 '23" "".'3 '36" "2.'6" "22" "9.'3 "2i" '"'.'6 '"93 '32" '".'6 '"6.' 5 "i88 0.6 Oct. 30 Nov. 7 30 19 .6 26 .6 24 14 16 .0 118 44 .9 11 187 0.5 Nov. 9 Nov. Nov. 19 30 0.6 Nov. 20 "436 lib" .4 'is" "."7' "i3" "4.'6 '"6."4 ""."6 ""39 'i9" "3.'6 ""i.'o "iii 6.4 Dec. 1 Dec. 9 182 68 .4 27 1.5 17 9.1 16 .0 69 33 3.5 8.8 153 4.5 Dec. 12 Dec. 20 273 109 .4 39 3.7 15 3.8 15 .0 52 23 2.5 6.5 185 8.4 Dec. 21 Dec. 31 151 77 .5 39 3.7 16 5.3 16 .0 64 38 2.5 5.5 184 7.5 Jan. 1 Jan. 10 220 67 .3 31 9.9 7.8 6.2 15 .0 54 26 6.0 4.2 140 17.1 Jan. 11 Jan. 20 94 10.0 .9 35 3.2 10.0 3.8 13 51 31 1.2 4.0 159 19.8 Jan. 21 Jan. 31 GO 21 .4 17 .40 11 5.2 10.0 ""'.'6 44 30 4.0 5.5 138 26.0 Feb. 1 Feb. Feb. 9 18 21.6 Feb. 10 ""46 '26" "".'5 '2i" "i's' 25 "9.' 6 "ie" ■"".'o "ios "42" "i'o '"7." 5 "i93 5.8 Feb. 19 Feb. 28 35 29 .8 15 .9 32 12 21 .0 126 51 1.5 16 219 0.9 Mar. 1 Mar. 10 100 94 .9 24 2.2 28 15 25 .0 104 74 3.0 11 239 3.5 Mar. 11 Mar. 20 330 198 .6 25 4.9 8.5 6.7 19 .0 57 35 1.5 7.3 187 11.8 Mar. 21 Mar. 31 145 34 .2 48 6.5 15 6.7 18 69 38 2.7 6.0 240 22.3 Apr. 1 Apr. 10 60 26 .4 24 2.3 36 15 14 126 51 2.8 8.0 227 5.8 ♦Apr. 11 Apr. 20 60 26 .4 19 1.3 36 17 17 ""."6 153 52 1.8 8.3 236 1.9 Apr. 21 May 1 May 11 Apr. May May 30 1.8 10 3.7 20 "'i46 iio" ""."8 '25'" 'i."i" "2i" ..... "i2" "".'6 '"86 '43" "2.' 5 "'9.' 6 "i82 2.7 May 21 May 31 155 125 .8 18 .74 22 7.9 11 .0 74 30 1.2 7.0 151 3.1 June 1 June June 10 20 8.8 June 11 "iss iio" '"".7 '26" 'i."i' "ig" "7.'7 "io.'o '"'.'6 '"64 'i4 " "i.'5 '"5." 5 "i49 9.8 June 21 June 30 220 143 .7 22 4.9 20 4.8 12 .0 102 24 2.4 6.0 153 4.7 July 1 July 10 110 65 .6 14 1.6 18 3.9 8.1 .0 80 22 1.7 6.0 134 2.0 July 11 July 20 120 100 .8 15 .19 18 6.4 11 .0 83 22 1.2 6.5 137 1.7 July 21 July 31 160 84 .5 33 1.7 14 4.8 10.0 .0 53 19 1.5 5.0 150 .... Mean 135 68 .5 26 2.0 20 9.1 15 .0 88 32 2.1 7.5 176 Per ct. of anhy- drous residue.. 16.5 al.S 12.6 5.8 9.5 27.5 20.3 1.3 4.7 a Fe203. 88 QUALITY OF SUEFACE WATEKS OF ILLINOIS. Table 45. — Mineral analyses of water from Cache River near Mounds, III. [Parts per million unless otherwise stated.] Date (1906-7). From— To — 56 1^ C3 % Aug. 1 Aug. 11 Aug. 21 Aug. 31 Sept. 10 Sept. 20 Sept. 30 Oct. 10 Oct. 20 Nov. 1 Nov. 15 Nov. 22 Dec. Dec. Dec. Jan. Jan. Jan. Feb. Feb. Feb. Mar. Mar. Mar. Apr. Apr. Apr. May May May June June 1 June 2 July July 1 July 2 Aug. 10 Aug. 20 Aug. 30 Sept. 9 Sept. 19 Sept. 29 Oct. 9 Oct. 19 Oct. 31 Nov. 8 Nov. 21 Nov. 30 Dec. 10 Dec. 20 Dec. 31 Jan. Jan. Jan. Feb. Feb. Feb. Mar. Mar. Mar. Apr. Apr. Apr. May 10 May 20 May 31 June 10 June 20 Jtme 30 July 10 July 20 July 31 Mean Per ct. of anhy- drous residue . . 210 220 155 130 40 40 155 168 273 90 50 182 112 50 40 20 175 100 290 130 340 55 45 145 125 195 149 65 103 160 134 15 42 68 58 175 20 152 53 35 23 34 12 93 36 73 48 84 34 30 117 125 78 73 38 76 102 66 0.4 .3 .3 .5 4.6 20 31 16 0.20 1.0 .60 .17 26 18 22 22 10.0 7.4 7.0 9.1 13 29 38 20 0.0 .0 .0 .0 121 93 90 94 4.3 20 35 14 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 7.2 5.0 15 6.5 .4 1.0 .4 .3 .6 .2 3.0 .3 .3 .5 .8 .6 .5 .4 .3 .4 .2 .6 .7 9.2 22 26 28 23 22 28 39 29 24 23 19 21 33 43 21 24 18 10.0 12 4.5 7.4 2.6 3.4 1.5 1.5 33 42 19 19 9. 9. 9. 8. 12 12 13 15 14 12 15 16 18 16 23 28 13 8.7 3. 4.5 3.6 3.0 6.4 3.1 4.0 6.3 3.7 5.6 3.9 5.4 1.5 4.0 5.6 6.3 8.5 5. 17 25 39 37 11 7.4 14 17 11 14 12 11 8.2 13 7.0 9.0 8.7 9.0 6.9 19 1.0 .4 .5 .6 .7 22 11 18 20 15 .58 .56 3.8 4.5 .20 16 20 25 24 23 3.5 5.3 9.0 8.5 5.9 7.0 8.6 3.9 6.2 24 2.6 25 9.0 13 22 16.2 2.5 o2.7 19 14.0 6.0: 4.4' 15 11.1 159 211 108 85 59 41 59 72 62 66 58 74 70 42 57 64 69 94 96 104 .0 100 .0 31.1 85 27 44 43 35 14 18 17 19 18 19 22 13 16 15 9.2 16 15 13 12 36 .7 .6 1.5 2.0 1.2 3.0 2.7 1.2 2.7 2.4 3.5 1.0 6.0 1.2 2.4 1.2 7.0 .6 1.5 1.0 7.0 19 23 14 6.0 3.0 3.0 3.7 4.7 4.0 4.5 6.7 5.5 3.0 4.0 3.8 3.3 4.5 4.5 13 12 27 17 11 9.7 .6 1.4 1.3 8.0 2.0 4.0 5.3 3.0 4.5 4.5 10.0 .7 19 14.0 2.1 1.5 166 141 211 139 190 284 244 229 129 126 117 170 142 121 129 115 121 138 169 119 125 138 118 3.8 7.4 8.4 3.2 2.9 3.0 8.5 5.2 7.7 11.5 17 23 24 19 13 7 92 100 140 131 116 10. 158 15.8 17.5 10.1 5.0 6.0 9.2 14.8 10.3 11.7 18.8 16.2 8.2 7.1 11.6 6. 8, 149 5.0L-. a FeaOs. ANALYTICAL TABLES. 89 Table 46. — Average quality of waters of some rivers in Illinois. [Parts per million.] Source and location of sampling station. Reservoir, Cartter, 111 Reservoir, Marion, 111 Reservoirj Cypress, 111 . . . Reservoir, Joppa, 111 Rock River, Rockford, 111 Rock River, Sterling, 111.. Kankakee River, Kanka- kee, 111 Fox River, Elgin, 111 Fox River, Ottawa, 111.. . Vermilion River (of Illi- nois), Streator, 111 Sangamon River, Deca- tur, 111 Sangamon River, Spring- field 111 Sangamon River, Chan- dlerville, 111 Illinois River, Lasalle, 111. Illinois River, Peoria, 111. Illinois River, Kamps- ville. Ill Kaskaskia River, Shelby- ville,Ill Kaskaskia River, Car- lyle,Ill Muddy River, Mtirphys- boro. 111 Mississippi River, Mo- line, 111 Mississippi River, Quincy, 111 Mississippi River, Ches- ter, 111 Vermilion River (of Wa- bash), Danville, 111 Embarrass River, Charleston, 111 Embarrass River, Law- renceville. 111 Little Wabash River, Carmi, 111 Cache River, Mounds, 111. 72 97 155 116 134 229 50 34 94 107 126 74 154 159 43 188 110 184 245 117 173 858 115 155 118 135 134 O) ft CO :=! m 33 43 59 66 92 236 32 23 87 78 87 39 102 136 26 145 84 126 129 106 119 634 82 140 66 68 66 e 0.5 .5 .5 .5 .7 1.2 .7 .7 1.2 .7 .7 1.9 .93 3.7 3.5 .44 .31 .27 .15 .20 .22 .27 .32 .32 .21 .21 .27 .23 .39 2.1 .39 .46 .39 .29 .34 .53 2.0 2.5 O 9.0 15 18 10 45 49 58 51 60 55 55 52 52 50 49 47 53 47 25 33 36 44 54 51 44 20 19 3.6 8.2 7.0 4.0 25 27 21 30 32 29 26 24 25 22 21 20 26 20 12 13 16 16 25 24 19 9.1 6.0 p44 PI C3 03 [Z; 8.6 17 13 9.0 10 12 12 11 14 18 14 16 15 16 17 18 13 14 20 10 11 21 13 13 28 15 15 O 0.0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 c3^ w 34 51 67 43 252 263 215 268 275 241 268 247 255 203 198 202 262 213 72 152 175 174 243 249 195 88 85 2.1 1.7 2.2 1.9 4.1 3.8 4.1 2.4 4.9 12 8.5 3.4 6.1 6.6 7.8 4.3 6.9 4.8 2.0 1.8 2.2 2.7 12 7.6 3.7 2.1 2.1 O 5.2 8.3 6.8 4.3 4.6 5.5 4.9 5.2 7.9 6.9 5.4 7.5 7.6 13 13 15 5.6 6.9 13 3.7 4.4 9.8 4.5 4.9 35 7.5 6.8 92 140 165 111 250 267 288 290 335 325 293 276 282 278 271 267 279 248 225 179 203 269 281 270 283 176 149 INDEX. A. Page. Acknowledgments to those aiding 8 Agriculture, data on 12 Alden, W. C, on glacial drift 10 Alton, water supply of 41-42 Analyses, charts showing 16, 18 tables giving 62-89 Anderson, J. F., work of 52 Arnold, C. H., work of 50 B. Bamhouse, Perry, work of 50 Barton, Alfred, work of 33 Bartow, Edward, work of 7-8 Bicarbonates, data on 62-89 determination of 16 Bloomington, water supply of 54 Boilers, water for 6, 58-59 water for, analyses of 7 Brinkoetter, F. J., work of 42 Brotherton, James, work of 33 C. Cache River, description of 9, 52 water of, analysis of. 53, 88, 89 quality of 52-53 samples of 52 softening of 61 Cairo, water supply of 53 Calcium, data on 62-89 determination of 16 Calvert, C. K., work of 8, 17 Carbonates, data on 62-89 determination of 16 Carbondale, water supply of 41 Carlyle, water at, analysis of 39, 48, 79, 89 water supply of 39 Carmi, water at, analyses of 87, 89 water supply of 51-52 Cartter, reservoir at, water from 20, 61 reservoir at, water from, analyses of 62, 89 Champaign, water supply of 54 Chandlerville, water at, analysis of 32, 74, 89 Charleston, water at, analyses of 51, 85, 89 water supply at 50 Chester, water at 42-43, 45-49, 83, 89 water at, analysis of 42, 45, 48, 83 Chicago, water supply of 18-19, 54 water supply of, analyses of 19 Chicago drainage canal, description of 25 effects of 37 water of, solids in 25, 37 Page. Chlorine, data on 62-89 determination of 16 Cities, water consumption of 5-6 Climate, character of 9-10 Coal, character and distribution of 11 Coal-mine drainage, effect of, on water. .. 12-13 Collins, W. D., work of 7-8, 16-17 Cooperation , board for control of 7-8 plan of 7-8 Culture, description of 11-14 Cypress, water at 61 water at, analyses of : 64, 89 D. Danville, water at, analyses of 84, 89 water supply of 49 Davidson, Ira, work of 33 Decatur, water at, analysis of 32, 72, 89 water supply of 31 Des Moines River, water of, quality of 43 Desplaines River, description of 26 municipal supplies from 26 water of, quality of 26 Dissolved matter. See Solids, dissolved. Distilleries. See Liquor business. Drift, glacial, distribution of 10 wells in 11 Drinking, water used for 5-6 Dry residue, composition of 17 composition of, chart showing 16 E. East St. Louis, water supply of 41-42 Economic features, description of 11-14 Effingham, water supply of 51 Elgin, water of, analysis of 29-30, 69, 89 water supply of 28 Embarrass River, description of 50 municipal supplies 50 pollution of 13, 51 water of, analyses of 51, 85-86, 89 quality of 50-51 samples of 50 softening of 61 F. Filtration, processes of 55-56 Fox River, description of 28 discharge of 29 municipal supplies from 28 powers on 28 91 92 INDEX. Page. Fox River, water of, analyses of 29, 69-70, 89 water of, quality of 29-30, 37 samples of 29 softening of 61 G. Geology, description of 10-11 Glacial drift, distribution of 10 See also Drift. Golconda, water supply of 53 Greenup, water supply at 51 Gregory, F. H., work of 22 H. Hydrography, description of 9 See also particular streams. I. Illinois River, description of 9, 25 discharge of 34^36, 46 water of, analyses of 75-77, 89 quality of 33-34, 43 variation in 36-38 samples of 33 softening of 61 See also particular tributaries. Illinois State Geological Survey, cooperation with 7 Illinois State Water Survey, analyses by 7, 16 cooperation with 7 Indiana, oil-well pollution in 13 Industries, character and distribution of . 13-14 pollution from 13-14 water used in 6 essentials of 6, 57-61 See also Laundries; Boilers; Softening. Iron, data on 62-89 determination of 16 Iron industry, water demands of 14 J. Joppa, reservoir at, water from 20, 61 reservoir at, water from, analyses of 65,89 K. KampsviUe, water at, analyses of 33, 48, 77, 89 Kankakee, water at, analyses of 68, 89 water supply of 27 Kankakee River, description of 26-27 municipal supplies from 27 water of, analyses of 68, 89 quality of 27, 37 samples of 27 softening of 61 Kaskaskia River, description of 9, 38 mvmicipal supplies from 39 reclamation on 38 water of, analyses of 39, 78-79, 89 quality of 39,48 samples of 39 softening of 61 L. Lake Michigan, analyses of 19 drainage to 17-18 municipal supplies from 18 water of, quality of 18-19 softening of 61 underground water near 18 Page. Lannigan, M. P., work of 29 Lasalle, water at 33-38, 75, 89 water at, analyses of 33, 75 dissolved solids in 35 Laundries, water for 6, 57-58 Lawrenceville, water at, analyses of 51, 86, 89 Leighton, M. O., on Illinois rivers 6-7 Liquor industry, pollution from 14 water for 57 Litterer, Fred. , work of 32 Little Wabash River, description of 51 municipal supplies of 51-52 water of, analysis of 53, 87, 89 quality of 52 samples of 52 softening of 61 Long, Bessie, work of 32 M. Madden, John, work of 32 Magnesium, data on 62-89 determination of 16 prevalence of, in surface water 10, 30 Manufactures, character and distribution of.. 13-14 See also Industries. Map of Illinois, showing location of stations.. 14 Marion, reservoir at, water of 20, 61 reservoir at, water of, analyses of 63, 89 sampling at 15 Martin, J. W., work of 32 Meat industry, pollution from 13-14 Mechanical filtration, methods of 55-56 Metropolis, water supply of 53 Michigan, Lake. See Lake Michigan. Mine drainage, effects of 12-13, 40 Minerals, contamination by 6 Mines, character and distribution of 12-13 Minnesota River, water of, quality of 44-45 Mississippi River, discharge of 44, 46 municipal supplies from 41-42 water of, analyses of 81-83, 89 samples of 42 softening of 61 Missouri River, discharge of 46 water of, quality of 43 Moline, sampling at 15 water at 44 analysis of 42, 81, 89 water supply of 41-42 Morgan, Samuel, work of 52 Mounds, water at, analyses of 53, 88, 89 Muddy River, description of 9, 40 municipal supplies from 41 water of, analysis of 53, 80, 89 quality of 40-41,52-53 samples of 40 softening of 61 Municipal supplies, need of 53 See also Wells; Surface supplies; particu- lar cities. Miirphysboro, water at, analyses of 53, 80, 89 N. Nitrates, data on 62-89 determination of 16 Nutt, Isaac, work of 39 INDEX. 93 O. Page. Obert, Gus, work of 32 Ohio River, municipal supplies from 53 water of, quality of 53 Oil well drainage, effect of, on water 13, 51 Olsen, Magnus, work of 42 Ottawa, water at, analysis of 29-30, 70, 89 Ozark uplift, description of 8 P. Pennsylvanian series, character and distribu- tion of 11 Peoria, water at 33-38, 76, 89 water at, analyses of 33, 76 dissolved solids in 36 Pollution, data on 7 prevalence of 5 Pontiac, water supply of 30 Population, data on 11-12 Potassium. See Sodium and potassium. Potsdam sandstone, character and distribu- tion of 11 wells in 11 Precipitation. See Rainfall. Purification, methods of 55-57 practicability of 5 Q. Quincy, water at 42-44, 48 water at, analysis of 42, 44, 48, 82, 89 water supply of 41-42 R. Rainfall, amount of 9-10 Reservoirs, character and distribution of 19-20 water of, analyses of 20 quality of 20 Rivers. See Streams; particular streams. Rockford, water at, analyses of 66, 89 water at, dissolved solids in 23-24 quality of 21-24 residue from 22 Rock Island, water supply of 41-42 Rock River, description of 9, 20-21 discharge of 21, 23 industries on 21 municipal supplies from 21 power on 21 water of, analyses of 66-67, 89 quality of 22-24,43 samples from 21-22 softening of 61 Ruegg, Mo., water at, quality of 48 S. St. Peter sandstone, character ^nd distribu- tion of 11 wells in 11 Samples, analysis of, methods of. 15-17 analysis of, results of 17, 62-89 collection of 15 Sand filtration, use of 55 Sangamon River, description of 31 municipal supplies from 31-32 water of, analyses of 32, 72-74, 89 quality of 32 samples of 32 softening of 61 Page. Schilling, George, work of 39 Sedimentation, use of 55 Shelby ville, water at, analyses of 39, 78, 89 water supply of 39 Silica, data on 62-89 determination of 16 Sodium and potassium, data on 62-89 determination of 16 Softening, processes of 56-57, 59-61 processes of, cost of 60-61 Solids, dissolved, data on 62-89 determination of 16 relation of, to suspended matter, chart showing 18 Springfield, water at, analyses of 32, 73, 89 water supply of 31 Stagner, H. C, work of 40 Steam boilers. See Boilers. Steenberg, W. V., work of 49 Sterling, water at, analyses of 67, 89 water at, dissolved solids in 23-24 quality of 21-24 residue from 22 Straley, A. L., work of 27 Streams, descriptions of 9 Streams, flow of 9 water of, quality of. See Surface waters. softening of 60-61 Streator, water at, analyses of 71, 89 water supply of 30 Strodbeck, Louis, work of 50 Sulphates, data on 62-89 determination of 16 Surface waters, conclusion on 61-62 purification of 54-57 quality of 9, 10, 15-17 analyses of 62-89 charts showing 16, 18 determination of 6, 15-17 See also particular waters. Suspended matter, data on 62-89 determination of 15 relation of, to dissolved matter, chart showing 18 T. Tables, analytical, on surface waters 62-89 Temperature, records of 10 Topography, outline of 8 Turbidity, data on 62-89 determination of 15 removal of 55-56 U. University of Illinois, cooperation with 7 XJrbana, laboratory at 15 V. Vandalia, water supply of 39 Vermilion River (of Illinois River), descrip- tion of 30 municipal supplies from 30 water from, analyses of 71, 89 quality of 31,37 samples of 30 softening of 61 94 INDEX. Page. Vermilion River (of Wabash River), de- scription of 49 municipal supplies from 49 water of, analyses of 84, 89 quality of 50 samples of 49 softening of 61 W. Wabash River, description of 49 See also 'particular tributaries. Page. Wells, character and distribution of 53-54 municipal suppUes from 54 water of, character of 54 determination of 6 Winkleblack, James, work of 50 Y. Yohn, C. A., work of 22 O LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 019 953 819 6