r\ 
 
 Kji 
 
 5 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
 022 127 115 t 
 
 HoUinger Corp. 
 pH8.5 
 
LP 357 -N 
 
 .P55 H3 > 
 
 Copy 1 
 
 A HISTORY 
 
 Public Education Association 
 
 OF PHILADELPHIA 
 
 Lewis R. Harley, Ph. D. 
 
 Late Honorary Fellow in the University of Pennsylvania 
 
 WITH AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 Edmund J. James 
 
 Professor in the University of Pennsylvania 
 
 PUBLIC EDUCATION ASSOCIATION 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 1896 
 

 * I-. 
 
 K 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Introduction by Edmund J. James 3 
 
 Early History of the Association 9 
 
 Rules of the Association 12 
 
 The Superintendency of the Schools 14 
 
 Sewing in the Schools 16 
 
 Manual Training 17 
 
 Cooking in the Schools 20 
 
 Exhibition of School Work 22 
 
 Manual Training High School for Girls 26 
 
 The Kindergarten 26 
 
 The Board of Education 27 
 
 Other Work of the Association 37 
 
 Appendix I. — Officers of the Association 1881-1895 40 
 
 Appendix II. — List of Meetings of the Association 42 
 
 Appendix III. — Treasurer's Report 42 
 
 Appendix IV. — List of Members of the Association from 1S81-1896 . 45 
 
 NEW YORK PUBL. UBK. 
 IN EXCHANQB. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The last fifteen years have constituted an important period 
 in the history of public education in Philadelphia. During 
 this time many improvements have been made and a number 
 of movements inaugurated which are destined to result in still 
 further progress. 
 
 The establishment of the principle of supervision, as incor- 
 porated in the superintendency and in the institution of super- 
 vising principalships ; 
 
 The opening of two manual training high schools, and the 
 complete vindication of the wisdom of the movement for 
 manual training afforded by the success of these schools ; 
 
 The introduction of manual training and sewing into the 
 lower schools ; 
 
 The recognition of the necessity of training the taste of the 
 pupils as well as their intellects, shown, among other things 
 by the growing attention to school-room decoration ; 
 
 The introduction of the principles of household training — 
 notably cooking in the City Normal School for Girls ; 
 
 The separation of the Normal from the Girls' High School 
 and the adequate development and equipment of each of these 
 great institutions ; 
 
 The passage of a compulsory school law ; 
 
 (3) 
 
4 
 
 The development of facilities for the training of teachers at 
 the University ; 
 
 The increase ot opportunities for the training of teachers in 
 vacation time in connection with the University Extension 
 Summer Meeting ; 
 
 The greatly increased interest and pride of the community 
 in our public school system stimulated by such exhibitions of 
 the work of pupils as that held in Horticultural Hall in May, 
 1888 — surely all these taken together constitute most sub- 
 stantial progress. 
 
 The time is rapidly coming when Philadelphia will take as 
 much pride and interest in its public schools as does Boston 
 or Chicago ; when the last vestiges of that harmful feeling so 
 long prevalent in this city that the public schools are for 
 the poor, will have disappeared— a feeling which can be easily 
 explained on account of the origin of the public school 
 system ; * but a feeling which is certainly in these days no 
 longer justified. 
 
 In the great work of these last years, the Public Education 
 Association can fairly claim to have played an important part. 
 It has aided all the movements for the better ; it has itself 
 instituted and carried through some of the most important. 
 In doing this, it has followed worthily in the footsteps of many 
 preceding associations of similar aim ; for nearly every great 
 
 »Cf. C. S. Bernheimer, " Public Education in Philadelphia." With 
 an Introduction by Edmund J. James. Published by the Public Edu- 
 cation Association, 1896. 
 
5 
 
 improvement in our public school system — nay even the 
 establishment of that public school system itself — has been 
 brought about by the efforts of some voluntary association of 
 public spirited citizens, in sympathy with, though not a part 
 of, the public school system.* This is true even though the 
 first thought of the improvement may in some cases have 
 been owing to men engaged in the system either as teachers 
 or as members of school boards. What the Association has 
 done and tried to do is told more fully in the following pages 
 by Dr. Harley, and on page 38 is given a brief summary ot 
 the directions in which it has been active. 
 
 The work is, however, not by any means all done. Eternal 
 vigilance is the price of success. The existence of some such 
 association as this is necessary to the highest welfare of the 
 schools. Standing outside of the school system, this body is 
 always watching its workings, willing to lend a helping hand 
 whenever an old abuse is to be abolished or a new improve- 
 ment introduced — ready to throw the weight of its influence 
 in favor of those forces which make for progress in our 
 schools and to ward off all attacks upon their existence or 
 efficiency, whether they come from openly avowed enemies of 
 the schools or from those still more dangerous enemies who, 
 under the guise of friendship and sympathy, seek merely to 
 use the schools to advance their own private or political ends. 
 
 The Association may rightly ask all public spirited citizens 
 to aid in this work. 
 
 * Cf. C. S. Bernheimer, "Public Education in Philadelphia." 
 
6 
 
 The immediate task before the Association is : 
 (i) To assist in the movement to reform the present system 
 of educational administration in the city. For six years past 
 the Association has labored to persuade the community and 
 the Legislature that the relations between the local and central 
 school boards are not such as they should be. The existing 
 plan involves irresponsibility, wastefulness and inefficiency. 
 The powers of the Central Board should be strengthened at 
 least to such a point as to enable it to exercise a thorough and 
 efficient control over the equipment of the school houses, the 
 character of the teaching and the assignment of pupils ; 
 
 (2) To assist in enforcing the new compulsory school law 
 which, from present indications, is destined to remain largely 
 a dead letter unless public attention is thoroughly aroused to 
 its importance ; 
 
 (3) To aid in the development of the rapidly growing interest 
 in the training of children along esthetic, moral and physical, 
 as well as intellectual, lines ; 
 
 (4) A continuance in its persistent efforts to arouse and con- 
 centrate public interest in the schools ; for after all, the rapid 
 and permanent improvement of the public school system must 
 rest upon an intelligent and pervasive public interest in the 
 schools themselves. 
 
 In publishing this brief account of the work of the Public 
 Education Association, it is proper to refer to the distinguished 
 services of Dr. James MacAlister to the cause of public educa- 
 tion in this city ; first as Superintendent of Schools, and later 
 as President of the Drexel Institute, which, under his direction. 
 
7 
 has become a most valuable supplement to the existing agen- 
 cies in this community for public education. Nor should we 
 members of the Association forget the earnest and self-sacrifi- 
 cing labors of Miss Charlotte Pendleton, who first suggested 
 the organization of the Association, as its Secretary during the 
 twelve years in which it has been most active. It is not too 
 much to say that without her important and continuous labors 
 the work of which we have reason to be proud could not have 
 been accomplished. 
 
 The Association should, moreover, hold in special honor the 
 memory of two of its earliest and most active members : Ed- 
 ward T. Steel and Mrs. J. Dundas Lippincott. To their 
 unwearied efforts the Association owes much of its success, 
 and for their devotion to the interests of public education in 
 this community every Philadelphian should be grateful. 
 
 EDMUND J. JAMES, 
 
 Chairman. 
 University of Pennsylvania, 
 
 Jamiary i, i8g6. 
 
THE PUBLIC EDUCATION ASSOCIATION OF 
 PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Early History. 
 
 The desirability of improving the school system of Phila- 
 delphia has given rise to a number of voluntary associations, 
 which have been actively engaged for several years in urging 
 reforms and promoting the development of the schools in 
 various ways. Among the most active of these organizations 
 has been the Public Education Association of Philadelphia. 
 
 This association, like some of its predecessors, grew out of 
 charity work.* Its source was the Committee on the Care and 
 Education of Dependent Children of the Society for Organizing 
 Charity. When the charity organization was founded in 1880, 
 it appointed five general committees to formulate and direct its 
 work. Miss Pendleton was one of the five original members 
 ol the Committee on the Care and Education of Dependent 
 Children, and at the first meeting of the Committee, she was 
 appointed chairman of the sub-committee. At this meeting, 
 held November 27, 1880, the following resolution was adopted : 
 
 Resolved, that a sub-committee of five be appointed to study 
 and report upon compulsory and industrial education. 
 
 The chair appointed the following committee : Miss Pendle- 
 ton, Miss Hallowell, Mrs. Gillingham, Jos. S. Whitney and 
 Professor R. E. Thompson. 
 
 The work of the sub-committee was subdivided, Miss Pen- 
 dleton taking up the question of Compulsory and Industrial 
 Education, and Miss Hallowell the Care of Dependent Chil- 
 dren. Out of Miss Pendleton's work ^rew the Public Educa- 
 tion Association ; out of Miss Hallowell's the Sub-Primary 
 Society. 
 
 *Cf. C. S. Bernheimer, " Public Education in Philadelphia," Public 
 Education Association, 1896. 
 
 (9) 
 
lO 
 
 At the monthly meeting of the Assembly Committee of 
 the Philadelphia Society for Organizing Charity, held Janu- 
 ary 8, 1 88 1, to consider compulsory and industrial education 
 great interest was shown in these subjects by those present. 
 Addresses were made by Judges Pierce and Tourgee, Pro- 
 fessor R. E. Thompson and Mr. Charles G. Leland. Speaking 
 of compulsory education, Judge Tourgee said that he had 
 positive convictions on the subject, as his life had been spent 
 where education was conspicuous for its absence. As a mere 
 police preventive against pauperism, he insisted that every 
 citizen should know at least the "three R's," and that the right 
 of a nation to impose education is simply the right of self- 
 defence in another form. 
 
 Before the committee had finished their report, it was realized 
 that here was a field of great usefulness, and that it should be 
 extended beyond the limits of dependent children to the 
 whole field oi public education.* 
 
 At a meeting of the Assembly March 7, 1881, Miss 
 Charlotte Pendleton read the report on compulsory and in- 
 dustrial education under the four heads : (i) what is taught 
 in the public schools ; (2) what should be taught ; (3) how 
 many children are out of school ; (4) why are they out. 
 
 Miss Pendleton reported that in 1879 there were 103,567 
 pupils in the city schools : 
 
 High School, 495 boys. 
 
 Normal School 975 girls. 
 
 School of Practice 307 " 
 
 Grammar schools, . . 7,243 boys and 7,838 " 
 Consolidated schools, . 3,869 " 3,551 " 
 
 Secondary schools, . 12,724 " 13,585 " 
 
 Primary schools, . . 27,138 " 25,842 " 
 The grade of the schools was not uniform owing chiefly to 
 the lack of a superintendent. Drawing was the only subject 
 
 *The development was very similar to that iu the early days regarding 
 free schools themselves. Cf. Beruheimer's " Public Education in Phila- 
 delphia." 
 
II 
 
 given to develop dexterity of the hand. More than 21,000 
 children were out of school. At least 5000 had been refused 
 for lack of accommodations. A large number were illegally 
 employed in factories, besides which there were many dere- 
 lict and neglected children. Miss Pendleton's report con- 
 tained a clause suggesting the foundation of an education 
 association, and the meeting appointed a special committee, 
 consisting of Mr. George L. Harrison, Mr. James S. Whitney 
 and Miss Pendleton, to take charge of the recommendation. 
 The committee consulted such persons as Mr. Charles 
 Francis Adams, Jr., Dr. John D. Philbrick, Miss Lucretia P. 
 Hale, Mr. J. P. Wickersham, Mr. Edward T. Steel and Mr. 
 Charles G. Leland. The queries submitted to them were : 
 
 1. Do you approve of compulsory education ? 
 
 2. If you disapprove, how do you propose to fill the schools ? 
 
 3. If you approve, do you recommend the public school 
 system, or a semi-industrial system ? 
 
 4. Do you approve of drawing, the use of tools and sewing 
 in the schools ? 
 
 5. Do you approve of Froebel's Kindergarten System ? 
 
 6. At what age should the education of the child by the 
 State begin ? 
 
 7. Do you approve of State schools of handicraft, or of 
 subsidies from the State to such schools ? 
 
 While differing in regard to many points, there was una- 
 nimity of opinion in matters of practical application. These 
 gentlemen also favored the formation of an education associa- 
 tion. A committee was appointed, consisting of Mr. James S. 
 Whitney, Mr. Charles G. Leland, Mr. Edward Shippen and 
 Miss Pendleton, to prepare rules and by-laws. The special 
 committee of the Assembly reported that steps had been taken 
 to form the association and asked to be discharged. 
 
 Thus the persons who had met to discuss the advisability 
 of forming it became the nucleus of the Public Education 
 Association. The Committee on Rules made a report at a 
 meeting held early in May, 1881, and under the rules 
 
12 
 
 adopted at this meeting the following executive committee was 
 elected : 
 
 {Mrs. Robert Harford Hare, 
 Miss Pendleton, 
 Professor Barker. 
 r Mr. Robert E. Pattison, 
 To serve two years < Miss Meredith, 
 
 I Mr. Charles G. Leland. 
 
 {Mr. James S. Whitney, 
 Miss Irwin, 
 Mr. E. Coppee Mitchell. 
 
 Rules of the Association. 
 
 The following rules were adopted at this meeting : 
 
 1. The name of the Association shall be the Public Edu- 
 cation Association of Philadelphia. 
 
 2. The object of the Association is to promote the efficiency 
 and to perfect the system of education in Philadelphia ; by 
 attracting general attention to its errors and defects ; through 
 appeals to the local authorities and to the Legislature when 
 needful, and through such other means as may from time to 
 time be deemed expedient — becoming thus a medium for the 
 expression of public opinion — and especially to take such 
 measures as may be feasible to bring under instruction the 
 thousands of children now growing up in ignorance. 
 
 3. The Association shall consist of those persons whose 
 names are appended to this paper, and of such others as may 
 from time to time be elected, as hereinafter provided. 
 
 4. The management of the Association shall be vested in 
 an Executive Committee, to consist of nine members, chosen 
 by ballot by the Association. The first election shall be held 
 at the time of the adoption of these rules, and the committee 
 then elected shall, at its first meeting thereafter, divide itself 
 by lot into three classes of three members each. The term 
 of the first class shall expire on the third Monday of the 
 following January, and those of the second and third classes 
 
13 
 
 one and two years later respectively, and at each stated annual 
 meeting the Association shall elect three of its members to 
 serve for three years as members of said committee. 
 
 5. Members of the Executive Committee, whose terms have 
 expired, may be candidates for re-election, and in case ol 
 failure to hold the election at the time stated, the members 
 whose terms have expired, shall continue to act as members 
 of the committee until the election shall be held. 
 
 6. The Executive Committee shall elect a Chairman, Secre- 
 tary and Treasurer; shall fill all vacancies in its body and 
 make all rules for its management ; it shall hold stated meet- 
 ings at least once in three months, at which it shall receive 
 and vote upon the names of all persons proposed for election 
 to membership in the Association, and it shall make a written 
 report to the Association at each stated annual meeting of its 
 transactions for the previous year. 
 
 7. The stated meetings of the Association shall be held 
 annually on the third Monday of January. Special meetings 
 may be called by the Chairman of the Executive Committee 
 at his discretion, and shall be called by him when requested, 
 in writing, by five members of the Association. 
 
 8. These rules shall be amended only by a two-thirds vote 
 of the members of the Association present and voting at a 
 general meeting. Provided, That notice of the change pro- 
 posed be given in the call for the meeting at which such action 
 is to be taken. 
 
 The following circular was also issued stating the objects 
 of the Association. 
 
 CIRCULAR 
 
 OF 
 
 The Public Education Association of Philadelphia. 
 
 It is the object of this Association to promote the efficiency 
 and to perfect the system of public education in Philadelphia, 
 by which term is meant all education emanating from, or in 
 any way controlled by, the State. They purpose to acquaint 
 
14 
 
 themselves with the best results of experience and thought 
 in education, and to render these familiar to the community 
 and to their official representatives, that these may be em- 
 bodied in our own public school system. They seek to 
 become a centre for work, and a medium for the expression 
 of opinion in all matters pertaining to education ; as, for in- 
 stance, the appointment of superintendents ; the compilation 
 of school laws ; the kindergarten in connection with public 
 education ; manual instruction — how much is desirable, and 
 what it is practicable to introduce into the public-school sys- 
 tem ; the hygiene of schools ; the adequate pay and the better 
 qualification of teachers ; and, above all, to secure, as far as 
 possible, universal education, by bringing under instruction 
 that large class, numbering not less than twenty-two thousand 
 children, who are now growing up in ignorance in this city. 
 
 These objects the Association hope to attain through ap- 
 peals to the local authorities, and to the Legislature, and by 
 such other means as may be deemed expedient. 
 
 The management of the Association is vested in an Execu- 
 tive Committee, consisting of nine persons, elected by ballot 
 from among members of the Association — three members of 
 said committee retiring each year ; these vacancies to be filled 
 by ballot, and the retiring members to be eligible for re- 
 election. 
 
 Annual membership dues g2.oo. 
 
 The Superintendency of the Schools. 
 
 The objects of the Association are stated in the above cir- 
 cular, but before giving a detailed history of the organization, 
 it may be of interest to state the general condition of public 
 education in Philadelphia. The school system of Philadelphia 
 is supported by local taxation, and the general administration 
 of the system is vested in a Board of Education appointed by 
 the Judges of the Courts of Common Pleas, and serving 
 without pay. Each ward also has a Board of Directors, 
 elected by the people, and serving without compensation. In 
 
15 
 
 i882, the number of pupils in the pubHc schools was 105,541 
 with an average attendance of 94,145. The number of pupils 
 out of all schools, public and private, at that date was estima- 
 ted at 28,000. 
 
 At that time nobody knew how all the children were taught 
 in the 400 school houses. The local boards did not know, 
 for they did not visit the schools regularly, or if a director 
 here and there did stray into a school occasionally, he had 
 no means of judging whether it was worse or better than 
 other schools, or whether it was good at all. A superintend- 
 ent was as much needed for the schools as a mayor for a city. 
 In 1882 New York had one superintendent and seven assistant 
 superintendents, and Boston and St. Louis had each superin- 
 tendents, while the schools of Philadelphia, with one-third as 
 many pupils as the whole State of Massachusetts, were without 
 any adequate supervision. At that time the school laws were 
 very meagre and inadequate. The question relating to the 
 Kindergarten and Manual Training was, however, attracting 
 attention in Philadelphia, and the question of universal educa- 
 tion began to excite increasing interest. 
 
 The Association naturally took up that work with which 
 the members were occupied when the Association was formed. 
 Action was at once taken concerning matters connected with 
 industrial education and the appointment of a superintendent 
 of public schools. Early in 1882, a Sub-Committee of the 
 Association conferred with the Board of Education, with a view 
 to securing the concerted action of the Board and the Asso- 
 ciation in an effort to procure an appropriation from Councils 
 for the appointment of a superintendent of schools, and to 
 consider the advisability of urging upon Councils the estab- 
 lishment of a school for instruction in the use of tools and 
 studies related thereto. At a meeting of the Board of Educa- 
 tion, April II, 1882, a by-law was adopted constituting the 
 office of superintendent and assistants, and subsequently, the 
 City Councils made an appropriation of ^15,000 for their 
 salaries for 1883. On March 12, 1883, Professor James 
 MacAlister, of Milwaukee, was elected superintendent. 
 
i6 
 
 The Public Education Association did not ot course origi- 
 nate the idea of a city superintendent of schools. Other 
 cities had appointed superintendents years before. Buffalo 
 appointed a superintendent of schools as early as 1837, and 
 in 1839 Providence estabhshed the office. Cleveland, Ohio, 
 elected a "manager of schools" in 1844, and Springfield, 
 Mass., followed in 1845. In the decade between 1850 and 
 i860, the office of superintendent was created in many cities. 
 But the school system of Philadelphia was, for many years 
 peculiar, for up to 1883 it was the only system in a large city 
 without a superintendent. The work of the Public Educa- 
 tion Association, in aiding to establish the office, consisted in 
 the interest it aroused by the holding of meetings and lectures ; 
 by the study of educational systems and questions, and the 
 agitation of the subject in the columns of the city papers. 
 
 Sewing in the Schools. 
 
 As early as 1878, Miss Charlotte Pendleton, the first 
 Secretary of the Association, suggested a collateral branch 
 of intellectual training, for the purpose of training the hand 
 as well as the brain. She favored a public school ot 
 trades and industry corresponding to the common and high 
 schools of our present system, for the purpose of replacing 
 the present system of imperfect training by apprenticeship. 
 Speaking editorially of the theory, the Evening Telegraph 
 said that the subject touched upon is an important one, and 
 deserves to be discussed in all its bearings. The Telegraph 
 could not agree with Miss Pendleton's views as to organizing 
 trade schools in connection with the common schools, as it 
 would be too much like paternalism, and it contended that all 
 the government could do was to furnish elementary instruc- 
 tion. Referring to the same subject, Governor Hartranft said 
 in one of his messages : " It is impossible to read the indus- 
 trial history of the country without being struck with the 
 decline of the system of apprenticeship, the decadence ot 
 skilled labor, and the rapid increase of common day laborers. 
 
17 
 
 The work of the schoolmaster must undo the work of the 
 demagogue, and the State supplant the bigoted organizations 
 of labor with industrial schools and workshops." 
 
 One phase of this work was taken up as soon as the Public 
 Education Association was formed. . Miss Pendleton at the 
 first meeting of the Association recommended that sewing 
 should be taught in the Normal School. The next year this 
 was done, and in 1885 instruction in sewing was introduced 
 as a regular branch of the curriculum in the public schools. 
 Instruction is given to the girls in all the grades above the pri- 
 mary. Special mention should be made of the work of Miss 
 Lydia A. Kirby, in organizing the teaching of sewing. 
 
 Manual Training. 
 The Association was active from the start in urging upon 
 Councils the establishment of a manual training school. 
 Early in 1882, the Secretary of the Association corresponded 
 with Professor Ordway, vice-president of the Massachusetts 
 Institute of Technology, in reference to the subject of manual 
 training. Referring to this subject, Professor Ordway wrote 
 as follows : 
 
 " Massachusetts Institute of Technologv, 
 
 " Boston, Mass., January 2, 1S82. 
 
 "Dear Friend : — The instruction in carpentry is of direct 
 use to those who have to work in wood, because the wood- 
 working tools — the saw, the plane, the chisel, the draw-knife, 
 the hammer, the square, the rule and the line — are used in 
 many trades. One who has had this practice may become a 
 house carpenter, a ship carpenter, a cabinet maker, a wheel- 
 wright, a carriage builder or a millwright. 
 
 " The wood turning and pattern making extend the range to 
 these very important branches. 
 
 " Though we do not at present include wood carving in our 
 course, we may say that one who has gone through with car- 
 pentry and wood turning, having had at the same time in- 
 struction in drawing, is well prepared to learn the art of carving. 
 
"The foundry work which the students do gives them a 
 good beginning in the business of the iron, brass and bell 
 founders. 
 
 " Blacksmithing is essential for the boiler maker, the nail and 
 bolt maker, the chain maker, the cutter and the iron bridge 
 builder. 
 
 "The vise work is important for locksmiths, gunsmiths and 
 watchmakers, and of course for the general machinist. 
 
 "The engine lathe work is that of machinists, and is a good 
 preparation for taking care of any kind of machinery. 
 
 " We ought to have a paint shop and a department of solder- 
 ing and brazing, but we are at present short of room. I hope 
 we may some time get more land and add these things. 
 
 " Our course makes no provision for the textile manufactures, 
 for the work of the saddler, the printer, the bookbinder, the 
 engraver, the bricklayer, the plasterer, the tanner, the currier, 
 the glassblower, or the chemical trades. But the general 
 training of the hand and the eye gives a dexterity and accu- 
 racy which lie at the foundation of all good and profitable 
 work. 
 
 " In all the arts, the hands must be used as well as the brain, 
 and the handling of tools gives a more practical control of 
 the muscles than gymnastic exercises, or no exercises at all. 
 
 " Nature indicates the use of tools to the growing boy, who 
 must have at least his jack-knife. It is important that right 
 habits be formed, and that the boy should use his muscles to 
 some purpose instead of v/orking at random. Training in 
 the accurate use of tools affords a good mental discipline 
 aside from its every-day practical use. 
 
 " Yours, very truly, 
 
 " John M. Ordway." 
 
 A sub-committee was at once appointed by the Associa- 
 tion to confer with the Board of Education and urge the 
 adoption of the manual training system as practiced in the 
 Massachusetts Institute of Technology. During November 
 and December, 1883, the following course of lectures, relating 
 
19 
 
 to the various phases of Industrial Education was given under 
 the auspices of the Association : 
 
 " Pubhc Education," by James MacAHster, Superintendent 
 of Schools, Philadelphia. 
 
 " The Old and The New Education," by G. Stanley Hall, 
 Lecturer on Pedagogy at Harvard University', and on Psy- 
 chology at the Johns Hopkins University. 
 
 " Handwork in Education," by Professor John M. Ordway, 
 Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 
 
 " The Financial and Administrative Aspects of Public Edu- 
 cation," by Professor E. J. James, University of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Early in 1884, the Board of Education decided to establish 
 a manual training school, and asked Councils for an appro- 
 priation for that purpose. At a meeting of the Executive 
 Committee of the Public Education Association, October 29, 
 1884, the following memorial to Councils was prepared: 
 
 " The Public Education Association of Philadelphia, having 
 learned of the application of the Board of Public Education 
 for an appropriation for the establishment of a school for 
 manual instruction, desire to express to Councils, through 
 the Finance Committee, their earnest hope that such appro- 
 priation be made, and to urge, very briefly, some considera- 
 tions in its favor. 
 
 " I. If our public schools are to educate the community into 
 the most useful citizenship, they will not do it by a partial and 
 one-sided course, which reaches them through books and 
 lectures only. Every man is the better educated if he knows 
 how to work with his hands, whether he is to earn his liveli- 
 hood thereby or not. 
 
 " 2. If our public schools are to fit pupils for self-supporting 
 employments, their direct tendency should not be altogether 
 to prepare for clerkships and similar positions, where the pen 
 is the only implement used. Besides overcrowding these 
 branches of labor, the inclination of the pupil is educated 
 away from handicrafts, and those who would enter these find 
 themselves not at all prepared for them. 
 
20 
 
 " 3- This preparation cannot be had in shops since the differ- 
 ent trades are now so divided into specialties, each of which 
 is carried on on a large scale, particularly in large cities, that 
 employers do not consider it their interest to train workmen 
 in the rudiments which are common to most of them ; but 
 these rudiments can be learned in schools and better than in 
 workshops. 
 
 "4. It need not be feared that such instruction will be ex- 
 perimental. Many such schools have been carried on for 
 years in Europe, and now supply our shops with ready work- 
 men, to the exclusion of our own boys. The considerations 
 here presented have recently led to the establishment of simi- 
 lar schools in this country at Boston, St. Louis, Chicago 
 Baltimore and other cities; none of them having so large a 
 manufacturing population as Philadelphia. In this city the 
 Spring Garden Institute has shown what can be done by a 
 private school, and Girard College has followed in the same 
 path, under the direction of one department of the city gov- 
 ernment. 
 
 " We would add that teaching of this kind for boys is as 
 justly part of a public school course as sewing, already intro- 
 duced, is for girls, and would call your attention to a petition 
 from large manufacturing firms of this city, addressed to the 
 Board of Education, in April last, praying for the introduction 
 of manual education in our schools. 
 
 " Respectfully submitted : James S. Whitney, William W. 
 Justice, Philip C. Garrett, Committee on behalf of the Public 
 Education Association." 
 
 Councils appropriated ^7500 for the establishment of a 
 school for manual instruction, and the Philadelphia Manual 
 Training School was opened in September, 1885, with about 
 one hundred and twenty-five pupils. 
 
 Cooking in the Schools. 
 
 When sewing was introduced, in 1881, into the Normal 
 School, the Association upon the suggestion of Miss Pendleton 
 
21 
 
 expressed its desire to work out in the Normal School a sys- 
 tem of instruction in the elements of liousehold economy and 
 related studies holding the same relation to the education of 
 gfirls as instruction in the use of tools held to the education 
 of boys. As sewing proved to be so successful, it was next 
 proposed to establish a cooking school. At a meeting of the 
 Executive Committee of the Association, February g, 1885, it 
 was resolved that a committee of three be appointed to confer 
 upon the introduction of cooking into the Normal School. 
 There were a number of conferences on the subject with the 
 Committee of the Board of Education, and Miss Julia Corson, 
 of New York, was invited to give demonstrations in the teach- 
 ing of cooking. Great interest was shown in this subject by 
 many of the most prominent people in Philadelphia. On 
 January 8, 1886, Mrs. J. Dundas Lippincott opened her resi- 
 dence for a concert by amateurs for the benefit of the Public 
 Education Association Cooking Fund, and a considerable 
 sum was realized. Early in 1887, the Board of Education 
 decided to place cooking in the Normal School to take the 
 place of mythology. Two rooms in the basement were given 
 for the purpose, and the Association paid for the plant. The 
 Association also volunteered to contribute ^1500 to meet the 
 expenses of the school in cooking for the session of 1887-88. 
 On December 12, 1888, the Association voted to guarantee to 
 the Board of Education the cost of a teacher of cooking for 
 one year, the cost of said teacher not to exceed ^1000. The 
 amount actually required was ^800. In 1889, the Association 
 contributed $95 5, and in 1890, $7^2./^'^ toward the cooking 
 classes. The report of the Executive Committee of the Asso- 
 ciation for 1889 contains the following reference to the subject 
 of cooking : 
 
 " The cooking schools which you have in turn supported 
 until their expediency should be demonstrated, have increased 
 in favor and usefulness. The city will assume the last of these 
 in September, and until such time we shall require an addi- 
 tional sum of $500, if it be your pleasure to continue your 
 
22 
 
 work in this direction. The report of the Treasurer will give 
 you the exact amount of your appropriations to these objects." 
 The introduction of cooking into the schools was successful 
 from the start. In 1888, one of the city papers, referring to 
 the subject, said : 
 
 " Cooking is now half a year old in the Normal School, but 
 seven years will not be needed to carry this new branch of 
 domestic economy through the schools. Begun by private 
 effort, the work of one fall has shown that cooking can be 
 taught in the highest department of our city instruction with- 
 out interference with the regular course, without using more 
 room than was already at the service of the school, and with 
 the addition of training in a field which fits for all the broad 
 work of life. The slow swing of educated women away from 
 the home and to the shop, the store and the office is, rightly 
 or wrongly, the dread of the day. Nor is it strange, if, after 
 training girls in all but what they would most need as wives 
 and mothers, a bent toward doing in life what school had put 
 first should show itself" 
 
 Exhibition of School Work. 
 
 At the annual meeting of the Public Education Association, 
 February 13, 1888, Hon. Geo. W. Hall laid before the meet- 
 ing the following memorial addressed to the Board of Educa- 
 tion, suggesting the propriety of holding a general public 
 exhibition of the manual work of all kinds done in the public 
 schools, including kindergarten, sewing, manual training, 
 art work, drawing, designing and such other branches as 
 can be properly exhibited in some central place during the 
 spring months : 
 
 MEMORIAL. 
 
 Philadelphia, February 13, 1888. 
 To THE Board of Education. 
 
 GcntUmcti : — The Public Education Association of this city 
 have watched with great interest the various steps taken by 
 your honorable body for the introduction of industrial training 
 
23 
 
 into the public schools. It is with great satisfaction that 
 they have noticed the adoption of the Kindergartens, the in- 
 troduction of sewing as a branch of instruction, in the girls' 
 schools, the establishment of the Manual Training School, the 
 reorganization and improvement of the Industrial Art School, 
 and the opening of the experimental cooking class in the Girls' 
 Normal School, as well as the general revision which the 
 courses of instruction have undergone, with a view to render- 
 ing them not only better adapted to develop the intelligence 
 of the children, but more practically useful in the business 
 of life. 
 
 The Association is of the opinion that all these steps have 
 met with the cordial approval of the people, and that they 
 have been the means of arousing an unusual degree of interest 
 in the public mind upon the subject of public education. 
 
 It seems to us that nothing is more vital to the improve- 
 ment and prosperity of the public school system than an inti- 
 mate knowledge on the part of the parents and the general 
 public of the work carried on in the schools. 
 
 The exhibitions of sewing which have been held in the 
 girls' schools during the past two years, and the opportunities 
 which have been afforded them from time to time for seeing 
 the work done in the Manual Training School have given great 
 satisfaction. 
 
 With a view to bringing the people more fully into contact 
 with the school work, and arousing a still wider interest in 
 the schools, the Association beg to suggest to your Honorable 
 body the propriety of holding a general public exhibition of 
 the manual work of all kinds done in the public schools, includ- 
 ing kindergarten, sewing, manual training, art, industrial work, 
 drawing, designing and such other branches as can be properly 
 exhibited in some central place during the coming spring 
 months. The Association feels assured that such an exhibi- 
 tion would be gladly welcomed by the people, and would 
 confer an opportunity for showing the substantial progress 
 made in the schools in the past few years. We have been 
 
24 
 
 informed that arrangements can be made for such an exhibi- 
 tion without interfering with the regular school work of the 
 pupils. 
 
 The Association understanding, however, that no public 
 funds are available for this purpose, beg to say to your 
 Honorable body thaf we will gladly bear whatever expense 
 may be incurred in making this exhibition. 
 
 The Association, therefore, asks the attention of your Hon- 
 orable body to the propositions herein recited, and will take 
 great pleasure in conferring on the subject with any committee 
 which it may be your pleasure to appoint. 
 
 William W. Justice, 
 Chairman of the Executive Committee. 
 William W. Wiltbank, 
 
 Secretary. 
 
 The above memorial was adopted, and directed to be for- 
 warded to the Board of Education by the Secretary. A 
 special committee was appointed by the Board of Education 
 to consider the proposed exhibition. Superintendent Mac- 
 Alister suggested that it should begin on May 8 and continue 
 four days. All kinds of school work should be exhibited 
 under the five departments of Manual Training, Industrial 
 Art, Kindergarten, Central High School and Girls' Normal 
 School. Horticultural Hall was secured as the place of hold- 
 ing the exhibition. The exhibition opened under the most 
 favorable circumstances, and it included the following branches : 
 
 I. Pupils' work. 
 
 n. Drawings and photographic views of the school build- 
 ings. 
 
 HI. An exhibit of the supply department of the Board of 
 Education. 
 
 IV. An historical exhibit. 
 
 V. Statistical statement of the educational system of the city. 
 
 VI. An exhibition of school work representing the practical 
 operation of the following departments : 
 
 1. Manual Training School. 
 
 2. Industrial Art School. 
 
25 
 
 3- Sewing Classes. 
 
 4. Kindergartens. 
 
 5. Cooking Classes. 
 
 VII. An exhibit showing the relation of the public schools to 
 the other educational institutions of the city, in which public 
 school scholarships are held. 
 
 The exhibition was a success. The most notable feature 
 was the presence of classes under instruction. Eager specta- 
 tors crowded about the drill of the Kindergarten, the Httle 
 seamstresses using their needles intelligently and skillfully 
 under the verbal direction of a teacher ; the Normal School 
 Cooking Class, the Industrial Art Classes and the busy work- 
 shops of the Manual Training School. Eighty thousand visi- 
 tors passed through the gates from the opening to the close 
 of the exhibition. Many of whom came from other parts of 
 the country. 
 
 On May 11, President Smith, of Common Council, sent a 
 letter to President Steel, of the Board of Education, urging 
 him to use his influence to prolong the exhibition until the 
 end of the next week, but this was not feasible, as the hall 
 had been rented for other purposes. Telegrams were also 
 received asking that the exhibits might be sent to San Fran- 
 cisco to be displayed at the exhibition in connection with the 
 meeting of the National Teachers' Association in July; and 
 also that they might be sent to the Industrial Exhibition at 
 Melbourne in August, at the expense of Melbourne. It was 
 felt, however, that the life of the exhibit was the working 
 classes, not the numerous interesting specimens of work, and 
 it was not thought advisable to exhibit the accomplished work 
 without the educative method. The Public Education Asso- 
 ciation had offered a sufficient sum to cover the expenses of 
 the exhibition in Horticultural Hall, and did this with a con- 
 tribution of ;g2, 2 16.56. In 1889, the A.ssociation contributed 
 sufficient funds to enable the Board of Education to send an 
 exhibit of the work of the Manual Training School to Paris. 
 The work of this school was in advance of all competing 
 American exhibits. 
 
26 
 
 Manual Training High School for Girls. 
 
 In 1888, the Public Education Association took up another 
 important phase of Industrial Education. Miss Pendleton 
 pre.sented a memorial to the Association, which was adopted, 
 and a petition was sent to the Board of Education to establish 
 a manual training high school for girls. The Association 
 agreed to guarantee the rent of a building for the proposed 
 school for three years. The project was approved by the 
 Manual Training Committee of the Board of Education, en- 
 dorsed by the New Century Club and the Working Women's 
 Club, but on May i, 1890, the Committee of the Board of 
 Education deemed it inexpedient to accept the proposition for 
 the reason that the Board had no funds to be applied to such 
 a project. 
 
 The Kindergarten. 
 
 The Sub-Primary School Society,* organized for the pur- 
 pose of establishing kindergartens in the city, invited the 
 co-operation of the Public Education Association in bringing 
 this subject into public notice. The Association, at an early 
 date, collected a number of books, pamphlets, reports, etc., 
 relating to the subject, and it was a part of the original inten- 
 tion to gather a little library of educational works, of interest 
 to kindergartners. In 1884, there were twenty-seven kinder- 
 gartens under the care of the Sub-Primary Society, and in 
 1886, the Board of Education assumed control of these 
 schools. Councils appropriating g 15,000 to enable the Board 
 to make the start.f The next year, the Association appointed 
 
 * The active force in this society was Miss Anna Hallowell, to whose 
 self-sacrificing labors Philadelphia education owes so much. 
 
 t This was brought about by an agitation in favor of public assumption 
 of the Kindergartens begun by the Sub-Primary School Society. A 
 public meeting was held in 18S6, at which Dr. Edmund J. James de- 
 livered an address on the " Relation of the Public School to the Kinder- 
 garten," which was immediately printed by the Society, and contributed 
 no little to accomplishing the end in view. Cf. Beruheimer's "Public 
 Education in Philadelphia." 
 
27 
 
 the following Committee on Kindergartens : W. W. Justice, 
 Mrs. Hare, Mrs. Mumford, Philip C. Garrett. The report oi 
 the Executive Committee of the Association for 1887 says : 
 
 " We are anxious to make your Standing Committee on 
 Kindergartens efficient in that important field. Mr. William 
 W. Justice, who was a manager of the Sub-Primary School 
 Society, which organized these admirable schools, is Chairman 
 of this Standing Committee, and any members who are inter- 
 ested in this important work will kindly report to him. This 
 is the only city in the country in which these valuable infant 
 schools have been satisfactorily incorporated into the public 
 school system. The zeal and judgment of the Sub-Primary 
 School Society and the public spirit of the Board have 
 contributed to this enviable result. It is not too much to 
 claim for our city that the place in the front rank which we 
 now occupy in public education is due to the wisdom, zeal 
 and forbearance which have enabled the regularly constituted 
 Official Board and private associations to work together for 
 the common interest of public education. Long may this 
 harmony exist to the infinite profit of the city; for both are 
 essential to good government under our institutions." 
 
 The work of Miss Constance Mackenzie in organizinsr kin- 
 dergartens is deserving of special mention. 
 
 The Bo.4rd of Education. 
 
 A leading object of the Public Education Association was 
 to secure a reform in the administration of the city schools, 
 by effecting a unification of the governing body. 
 
 After consultation with members of the Board of Education 
 and of the Committee of One Hundred and others, the Asso- 
 ciation determined, in the interests of a more uniform and 
 systematic oversight of the schools, to endeavor to have intro- 
 duced in Mr. Bullitt's municipal reform bill a clause enlarging 
 the powers of the Board of Education, and abolishing the 
 boards of directors elected in the wards. The Association, 
 backed by other influences, persuaded the Committee of One 
 
28 
 
 Hundred to take up the matter. The draft of a clause, favored 
 by President Steel, of the Board of Education, was submitted 
 to the Legislative Committee of the Committee of One Hun- 
 dred, but met with some objections. It proposed to do away 
 entirely with the sectional boards, and to empower the Board 
 of Education to appoint ward managers in each of the sec- 
 tions, and to provide competent superintendents for each 
 group of schools. The serious objection was pointed out that 
 as the members of the Board of Education are appointed by 
 the courts, if the popular election of directors is denied, the 
 direct control of the public schools by the people will be en- 
 tirely destroyed. It was suggested that it might be well to 
 have the Board of Education chosen electively by the people; 
 but some were of the opinion that the character of the Board 
 would deteriorate by such mode of selection. The Bullitt bill 
 failed to provide for any reform in the control of the schools, 
 and it is thus reviewed by the Eve7iing Star, March 14, 1883 : 
 
 " The newly prepared bill for the better government of cities 
 of the first class makes provision for much needed reforms in 
 all the old municipal departments, and arranges for the creation 
 of such new ones as the Department of Public Safety, Public 
 Works, Charities and Corrections, but in regard to the Depart- 
 ment of Public Education it has only a line and a half thus : 
 Article 8, section i, ' The Department of Education shall con- 
 tinue as now established by law.' " 
 
 Sectional school boards occupied a large share of attention 
 at the fourth annual meeting of the Public Education Associa- 
 tion on January 26, 1885, when the following resolutions were 
 adopted : 
 
 "Resolved, That it is the deliberate judgment of this Asso- 
 ciation that the advance of public education in Philadelphia is 
 grievously retarded by the imperfect system of control of the 
 public schools now existing ; that the interests of this com- 
 munity demand a radical change in this system, which shall 
 include the appointment of numerous assistant superinten- 
 dents to co-operate with and act under the direction of the 
 
29 
 
 Superintendent of Public Schools, and the abolition of the local 
 school boards, and the vesting of the powers of disbursing 
 money and appointing and removing teachers and otherwise 
 controlling the public schools of this city in the Board of Pub- 
 lic Education ; that all merely local and artificial divisions 
 should be abolished both in the manag'ement of the schools 
 and in the appointment of the members of the Board of Public 
 Education, so that the interests of the whole community may 
 always be kept in view and the system of education treated 
 as a unit, sub-divided as convenience may require, and not as 
 a mass of separate divisions, each independent of the other 
 and subject to no common control such as exist at the present 
 time. 
 
 " Resolved further, That this Association and its individual 
 members will not rest satisfied until these measures are accom- 
 plished and will use their utmost endeavors to carry them 
 through." 
 
 In 1885, when the bill changing the method of selecting the 
 Board of Education from the Judges to election by popular 
 vote was before the Legislature, the Association sent up a 
 vigorous protest, and in 1887, when the proposition was in- 
 troduced into the Legislature to abolish the Board of Educa- 
 tion, the Association took active steps to defeat the measure, 
 and at a meeting, April 18, 1887, the following resolutions 
 were adopted : 
 
 " Resolved \. That this Association, while fully sensible that 
 the organization of the public school system needs revision, 
 considers that the bill now before the Legislature, so far from 
 having this tendency, is calculated to increase rather than 
 diminish whatever evils there may be both of localization and 
 centraHzation, and hopes that before any legislation is under- 
 taken on the subject thorough and careful examination shall 
 be given to the whole question. 
 
 " II. The Association takes this occasion to call the attention 
 of the Legislature to the necessity of the revision of the school 
 sections, which have not been altered for thirty-three years, 
 
30 
 
 and wliich are not at all now in proper relation to the school 
 population of the city. 
 
 " III. That the subject be referred to the Committee on 
 Law to make such suggestions to the Legislature as may be 
 in accordance with the views of the Association — and other- 
 wise to act as they may deem proper." 
 
 The Association from the start strongly urged compulsory 
 education, in order to bring the unfortunate classes into the 
 schools, and in 1889, when the Riter Bill was before the 
 Legislature, it received the cordial support of the Association. 
 On March 21, 1889, the Executive Committee of the Asso- 
 ciation prepared the following memorial to the Legislature : 
 
 " The Public Education Association of Philadelphia approves 
 and endorses the purpose of the bill now before the Legisla- 
 ture of Pennsylvania, known as the Riter Bill, for a compulsory 
 system of education of children, so far as that bill is designed 
 to secure an attendance at school. 
 
 " The provision of the first section of that bill relating to 
 penalties does not meet the approval of this Association. No 
 penalty in excess of two dollars per week as a maximum is 
 deemed advisable, and in conformity with Pennsylvania law 
 there should be no minimum. 
 
 " It is respectfully submitted to the General Assembly that 
 it is the sense of this Association that a system of compulsory 
 education is of the first importance in a State founded on uni- 
 versal suffrage ; and that the public welfare will be advanced 
 by its adoption at this session in a comprehensive and well- 
 considered code. 
 
 " Experience has shown the value of like enactments in 
 other States and countries ; and the fact that Pennsylvania is 
 not in front in this essential reform justifies those who advocate 
 it in an urgent request that the bill be taken up for action at 
 an early day." 
 
 The Public Education Association was active from the start 
 in urging a reorganization of the Girls' High and Normal 
 School. It was organized in February, 1884, for the special 
 
31 
 
 purpose of preparing teachers for the pubhc schools. The 
 crowded condition of the school and the demand for more 
 advanced professional culture for teachers led the Public Edu- 
 cation Association to urge that the High School and Normal 
 departments be separated into two distinct schools. The 
 attention of the Board of Education was directed to the matter, 
 and on February 15, 1887, a committee of the Board recom- 
 mended the organization of a girls' high school to relieve the 
 Normal School. This was accomplished early in 1893. The 
 school, as now organized, has three distinct courses of study. 
 First. — A Classical Course, intended for those pupils who 
 enter the school to acquire merely a higher education, or for 
 the purpose of fitting them to enter college. Second. — A 
 Business Course, to fit young women for clerks, or the various 
 departments of business or trade. Third. — A General Course, 
 to prepare pupils to enter the Normal School. 
 
 President Steel, of the Board of Education, in February, 
 1 89 1, requested the Secretary of the Public Education Asso- 
 ciation, William W. Wiltbank, to prepare an Act of Assembly 
 to be presented to the Legislature for adoption, which should 
 provide a system of reorganization of the school department of 
 the first district of Pennsylvania. A statute was accordingly 
 prepared by Mr. Wiltbank. Hon. Charles A. Porter intro- 
 duced the bill in the State Senate, and the Public Education 
 Association, at the annual meeting, April 21, 1891, adopted 
 resolutions approving the action of Senator Porter. 
 
 The energetic action of Mr. Steel and several other public- 
 spirited citizens of Philadelphia secured a considerable amount 
 of public attention for the proposed reform, and led, among 
 other things, to a public meeting held at the Academy of 
 Music May 4, 1891. This meeting was large and enthusiastic, 
 and resolutions were adopted, urging that the local boards be 
 abolished, and that the control of the schools be vested in one 
 central board having complete authority over all questions 
 relating to public education. 
 
 There were urgent representations made to the committees 
 of the Legislature at that time, and a large delegation of citizens 
 
32 
 
 went to Harrisburg for a conference with a Committee of 
 the I^egislature there having the proposed bill in charge, and 
 urged upon that body its favorable consideration and adoption. 
 
 This act was not passed by the Legislature. It was lost, 
 we are informed, by a very small majority. 
 
 In 1893, the Public Education Association also took steps 
 to procure the passage of the statute. In tliis instance, how- 
 ever, prominent men of the Legislature were in doubt as to a 
 proper plan for the reorganization of the school department 
 and declined to advocate that one which the Association had 
 in view rather than some others presented to their attention 
 by other bodies. The important question then arising was 
 whether or not the Board of Education should comprise men 
 of independence and position as private citizens, to be beyond 
 the control of the municipal authorities, or whether tliere 
 should be a director of public schools, etc., etc. The ques- 
 tions raised were too serious, and the difference of opinion too 
 marked to make it practicable to secure any legislation at that 
 session. 
 
 There was a joint meeting of the members of the Public Edu- 
 cation Association and the Civic Club at the rooms of the Art 
 Club, March 3, 1894. At that meeting an address entitled "Some 
 Suggestions of Reform in the Public School System of Phila- 
 delphia " was delivered by Herbert Welsh, and Miss Pendle- 
 ton read a paper on the " Unification of the School System." 
 Dr. Edmund J. James, chairman of the Public Education Asso- 
 ciation and Mrs. Cornelius Stevenson, president of the Civic 
 Club, also delivered addresses. The sentiment of the meet- 
 ing was overwhelmingly in favor of an abolition of the local 
 school boards as the first step to further improvement of the 
 public school system. 
 
 Early in March, 1894, certain members of the Civic Club 
 requested that the Executive Committee of the Public Educa- 
 tion Association appoint a sub-committee to meet them in 
 private conference in order that some plan might be formed, 
 if practicable, for the renewal of the public interest in the 
 
33 
 
 proposition that the school department of the First District 
 be reorganized, according to the plan exhibited by the Act of 
 Assembly prepared by the Public Education Association in 
 1 89 1. A meeting was accordingly called for Tuesday, April 
 3,' 1894, at the residence of Mrs. J. .Dundas Lippincott, 
 and was well attended. There were representatives of the 
 Civic Club and the Public Education Association present, 
 and addresses were made. On motion of Miss Pendleton it 
 was resolved that a committee be appointed by Mrs. Lippin- 
 cott, who was then in the chair, to report upon the subject of 
 legislation to be proposed to the General Assembly at its next 
 meeting ; the committee to have power to add to their num- 
 ber, and the present appointment to comprise five members of 
 tlie two bodies, the additional number to be ten. This reso- 
 lution was carried. Mrs. Lippincott appointed on that com- 
 mittee, Mr. William W. Wiltbank, Mr. Theodore Etting, Mr. 
 Herbert Welsh, Mrs. Mumford and Miss Pendleton. Mr. 
 Theodore Etting was appointed chairman. Mrs. Cornehus 
 Stevenson, the president of the Civic Club, and Dr. E. J. James, 
 the chairman of the E.xecutive Committee of the Public Edu- 
 cation Association, were added to that committee. This com- 
 mittee acted up to some time in the autumn of 1894, and 
 later reported progress to its principals. 
 
 Subsequently the Act of Assembly, quoted at length bilow, 
 was drawn by the Secretary of the Public Education Associa- 
 tion, W. W. Wiltbank, and efforts were made to secure its 
 passage at the session of the Legislature held in 1895. 
 
 The bill read as follows : 
 
 AN ACT 
 
 To provide for the organization of a Department of Education 
 in cities of the first class and defining the powers and duties 
 of the Board of Education herein provided for and repealing 
 all laws or parts of laws inconsistent herewith. 
 Section i. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Rep- 
 resentatives of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in General 
 
34 
 
 Assembly met and it is hereby enacted by the authority of 
 the same that it shall be the duty of the Judges of the Courts 
 of Common Pleas having jurisdiction in cities of the first class 
 on or before the Fifteenth day of December One thousand 
 eight hundred and ninety-five to appoint under their hands and 
 under the seal of the said court a Board of Education com- 
 prising twenty-one persons residents of the city wherein the 
 appointment is made, and it shall also be the duty of the said 
 judges on or before the Fifteenth day of December in each 
 year after the year One thousand eight hundred and ninety- 
 five to appoint in like manner seven persons residents of the 
 city wherein the appointment is made to serve as members of 
 the said Board of Education for the term of Three years com- 
 mencing on the First Monday of January then next ensuing : . 
 And the said judges shall fill vacancies occasioned by re- 
 moval resignation death or other cause by appointment made 
 in like manner for the remainder of the term of the person 
 or persons in respect of whom by removal death resignation 
 or other cause the vacancy has been made. 
 
 Sec. 2. The said Board of Education shall serve without 
 pay and shall organize on the first Monday of January One 
 thousand eight hundred and ninety-six by the election from 
 its own members of a president and other officers in its dis- 
 cretion and shall proceed to determine by lot the terms of 
 service of the twenty-one persons appointed as in the fore- 
 going section provided for so that seven of the said persons 
 as determined by lot shall serve for one year from the first 
 Monday of January One thousand eight hundred and ninety- 
 six : other seven of the said persons as determined by lot 
 shall serve for two years from the first Monday in January 
 One thousand eight hundred and ninety-six ; other seven of 
 the said persons as determined by lot shall serve for three 
 years from the first Monday of January One thousand eight 
 hundred and ninety-six. The said Board of Education shall 
 on the first Monday ot January in each year thereafter organize 
 and elect from its own members a president and other officers 
 
35 
 
 in its discretion and shall meet at least once in every month 
 except July and August. 
 
 Sec. 3. The said Board of Education shall have all the 
 powers of the Board of Education of the First School District 
 of Pennsylvania as heretofore created and shall divide the city 
 into school districts for convenience of organization and ad- 
 ministration, and appoint a superintendent of schools, assist- 
 ant superintendents and teachers and all other employees and 
 shall have power to remove the same and shall determine 
 upon the character of schools which shall comprise in addition 
 to the common schools a Normal School for the education of 
 teachers and such other special schools as the Board may 
 from time to time deem it proper to organize and maintain. 
 They shall also maintain sub-primary schools and night 
 schools at proper seasons in each school year. They shall 
 determine the number and location of school houses which 
 shall be erected established and maintained in each of the 
 said school districts and shall limit the expense of erecting 
 establishing and maintaining the same. They shall provide 
 for the maintenance and repair of school property and purchase 
 such books and supplies as they shall deem necessary. They 
 shall have the general superintendence and entire administra- 
 tion of all the schools in the said city and shall make such 
 rules and regulations for their own government and the gov- 
 ernment of the schools as may be proper with power to 
 appoint suitable men or women as local boards of visitors 
 who shall serve without pay and whose duty shall be defined 
 by the Board of Education. They shall keep accounts, and 
 shall approve and certify the warrants necessary for the pur- 
 chase of supplies and for the payment of costs of repair and 
 maintenance and of the salaries of all salaried employees. 
 They shall make an annual report of the administration of 
 their office of the statistics of the schools and of their accounts 
 to the Mayor and Councils of the said city. 
 
 Sec. 4. From and after the passage of this act no person 
 shall be appointed by the Board of Education hereby created 
 
36 
 
 to the position of teacher in any one of the public schools of 
 cities of the first class until such person shall have been duly 
 qualified for the position contemplated by an examination 
 under the authority of the said Board of Education which 
 qualification shall be evidenced by a certificate made and at- 
 tested by the superintendent of schools and approved by the 
 said Board ; Provided, however, that all teachers in the 
 employ of the present school authorities in the cities of the 
 first class at the time of the passage of this act shall be deemed 
 to be eligible for their several positions without further exami- 
 nation and that all outstanding certificates of qualification have 
 the same effect as if issued under the provisions of this Act. 
 
 Sec. 5. All appropriations of money which but for the pro- 
 visions of this act would be applicable to public school pur- 
 poses in cities of the first class are hereby made available to 
 the Board of Education hereby created and all legal obliga- 
 tions outstanding in boards of controllers directors of public 
 schools or other State organizations for public education in 
 cities of the first class are transferred to the said Board of 
 Education and boards of school controllers and directors here- 
 tofore created in cities of the first class are hereby abolished 
 from and after the first Monday of January, One thousand 
 eight hundred and ninety-six. 
 
 Sec. 6. Each of the said cities of the first class after a con- 
 ference with the Board of Education hereby created acting by 
 committee or otherwise shall annually levy a tax which in 
 its discretion shall be deemed sufficient in the coming fiscal 
 year for the maintenance of the schools in the said city and 
 for the construction renting repair and other needs of the 
 school buildings. The fund thus raised shall be subject to the 
 order of the said Board of Education to be by it drawn upon 
 by warrants duly approved and certified by the said Board of 
 Education ; Provided, that nothing in this act shall be con- 
 strued to authorize the said Board of Education to bind the 
 said city for any debt unless created by virtue of the provi- 
 sions of this act and payable out of the said fund or tax to be 
 levied as aforesaid. 
 
37 
 
 Sec. 7. All laws or parts of laws inconsistent with the pro- 
 visions of this act are hereby repealed. 
 
 Other Work of the Association. 
 
 • In 1892 and 1893, the subject of a school census was before 
 the committee. The necessity for a census of the children ot 
 Philadelphia arose from the fact that many children of the legal 
 age were without the benefits of an education, and quite a num- 
 ber were unable to find accommodation in the public schools. A 
 comimittee of the Association made an arrangement with the 
 authorities of the Department of the Interior at Washington, in 
 the Census Bureau, to obtain the tables of the census of 1890, 
 showing the statistics of education in this State. An effort was 
 also made to secure the co-operation of the Executive Depart- 
 ment of Philadelphia in taking a census by the aid of the police 
 force, and the sum of ^250 was appropriated for this purpose. 
 
 In 1 89 1 the Association appropriated the sum of ;^250 
 toward the establishment of a Chair of Pedagogy in the Uni- 
 versity of Pennsylvania, which was followed by a sufficient 
 appropriation by the University to establish such a professor- 
 ship, beginning with the autumn of 1894. The first incumbent 
 was Professor Martin G. Brumbaugh. Thus, the Association 
 gave the stimulus to the introduction of a needed element into 
 the educational system of the city. The wisdom of this step 
 is already demonstrated, as many teachers from the city and 
 the surrounding country are taking advantage of the excellent 
 courses in Pedagogy offered by the University. 
 
 Following the same line of work, the Association in 1893 
 appropriated the sum of $200, as a contribution toward the 
 establishment of summer courses in Pedagogy for the benefit 
 of the public school teachers of Philadelphia. These lectures 
 were given in connection with the summer meeting held dur- 
 ing the month of July, 1893, at the University of Pennsylvania, 
 under the auspices of the University Extension Society. The 
 lectures on Pedagogy have become a permanent feature of 
 the summer meetings of the Extension Society, and at present 
 
38 
 
 State Superintendent, Dr. N. C. Schaeffer, is at the head of a 
 movement to offer extensive courses in Pedagogy at the sum- 
 mer meeting in 1 896. 
 
 The Public Education Association has also taken consider- 
 able interest in aesthetic training in the schools. In 1893 the 
 sum of ^100 was contributed for the purchase of engravings, 
 photographs, busts, etc., to be exhibited in the rooms of the 
 Girls' Normal School ; but as yet the Association has pro- 
 ceeded cautiously and has contributed moderately, in order 
 that further information and experience may determine whether 
 or not this course is expedient. 
 
 The Public Education Association has had a busy career 
 of fifteen years. It has been a constructive period in educa- 
 tional work in Philadelphia, and the Association has seen the 
 following results accomplished : 
 
 I. The institution of the department of superintendence, 
 with the increase of force by which the efficiency of this 
 d'epartment has been largely augmented and thoroughly or- 
 ganized. 
 
 II. The selection of a superintendent. 
 
 III. The introduction of sewing into the curriculum of the 
 Normal School, and its more recent introduction, based upon 
 the success of the earlier experiment, into the lower grades 
 of schools, by which twenty-five thousand girls were, in 1887, 
 receiving regular, systematic instruction in needlework. 
 
 IV. The universal acknowledgment that the most complete 
 and satisfactory exhibition of this work ever made in the 
 country was the exhibit of the sewing done in the public 
 schools of Philadelphia made in the spring of 1886, at the In- 
 dustrial Exhibition at New York. 
 
 V. The institution of the Manual Training School. 
 
 VI. The reorganization of the schools under supervising 
 principals. 
 
 VII. The introduction of cooking classes in the Normal 
 School. 
 
 VIII. The exhibition of school work in Horticultural Hall. 
 
39 
 
 IX. The assumption by the Board of Education of the kin- 
 dergarten schools. 
 
 X. The establishment of the Chair of Pedagogy in the Uni- 
 versity of Pennsylvania. 
 
 XI. The lectures in Pedagogy in the Summer School of 
 the Extension Society. 
 
 XII. The separation of the Girls' High and Normal Schools 
 and the material improvement of the courses in the former. 
 
 XIII. The passage of the Compulsory School Law. 
 
 The Association encouraged and assisted all of these move- 
 ments ; it initiated and completed some of them. There are 
 still other tasks for the Association. The new Compulsory 
 School Law will render a school census necessary. The 
 school accommodations of the city will be inadequate to meet 
 the requirements of the law, and the enforcement of the law 
 itself will depend upon public sentiment. In all these matters 
 the Society can be of assistance. 
 
 The Department of Education should be reorganized. The 
 Association has already made strenuous efforts to have the 
 sectional boards abolished, and it seemed at times as if the 
 measure would pass the Legislature. The agitation should 
 be continued until the Department of Education is placed 
 beyond the reach of politics. The administration of the city 
 schools should be committed to a single body. These are 
 some of the subjects which should receive the attention of the 
 Association. The work of the Public Education Association 
 is not completed. The educational welfare of so large a muni- 
 cipality as Philadelphia will require the continued aid of this 
 influential organization, which in the past has accomplished 
 so much for the advancement of the schools. 
 
40 
 
 APPENDIX I. 
 
 OFFICERS OF THE PUBLIC EDUCATION ASSOCIATION FROM 
 1S82 TO i8g6. 
 
 1S82. 
 
 Chairman. 
 
 James S. Whitney. 
 
 Srcretiity. 
 
 Miss Pendi,eton. 
 
 Treasurer. 
 
 Dalton Dorr. 
 
 Cftat'rmatt. 
 
 James S. Whitney. 
 
 1SS3. 
 
 Treason e)-. 
 
 Dalton Dorr. 
 
 Secretary. 
 
 Miss Pendleton. 
 
 C/tairmaft , 
 
 James S. Whitney. 
 
 Corresponding Secretary. 
 
 Miss Pendleton. 
 
 Chairman. 
 
 James S. Whitney. 
 
 Corresponding Secretary. 
 
 Miss Pendleton. 
 
 1884. 
 
 1883 
 
 Treasurer. 
 
 Mrs. J. Dundas Lippincott. 
 
 /Recording Secretary. 
 
 William W. Justice. 
 
 Tteasitrer. 
 
 Mrs. J. Dundas Lippincott. 
 
 Recording Secretary. 
 
 William W. Justice. 
 
 Chairman. 
 
 William W. Justice. 
 
 Corres/>onding Secretary. 
 
 Miss Pendleton. 
 
 i8S6—iSgo. 
 
 Corresponding Secretary. 
 
 Miss Pendleton. 
 
 Corresponding Secretary. 
 
 Mlss Pendleton. 
 
 Chatf man. 
 
 Edmund J. James. 
 
 Corresponding Secrctaiy. 
 
 Miss Pendleton. 
 
 Chairman. 
 
 Edmund J. James. 
 
 iSqi. 
 
 iSqs. 
 
 1893. 
 
 1894. 
 
 Treasurer. 
 
 Mrs. J. Dundas Lippincott. 
 
 Recording Secretary. 
 
 William W. Wiltbank. 
 
 Treasurer. 
 
 Mrs. J. Dundas Lippincott. 
 
 Recording Secretary. 
 
 William W. Wiltbank. 
 
 Treasurer. 
 
 Mrs. J. Dundas Lippincott. 
 
 Recording Secretary. 
 
 William W. Wiltbank. 
 
 Treas?trer. 
 
 Mrs. J. Dundas Lippincott. 
 
 Recording .Secretary. 
 
 William W. Wiltbank. 
 
 Treasurer. 
 
 Mrs. J. Dundas Lippincott. 
 
 Recording Secretary. 
 
 William W. Wiltbank. 
 
 Chairman. 
 
 Edmund J. James. 
 
 1895. 
 
 Tr^asurcy; 
 
 Miss E. W. Janney. 
 
 Recording Sccrfiaty. 
 
 WiLiviAM W. Wiltbank. 
 
41 
 
 The following persons have served on the various com- 
 mittees of the Public Education Association : 
 
 COMMITTEE OF CONFERENCE WITH THE BOARD OF EDUCATION. 
 
 James S. Whitney, 
 
 Hon. Geo. W. Hall, 
 Philip C. Garrett, E. Coppee Mitchell, 
 
 Edward Shippen, Robert E. Pattison, 
 
 Dalton Dorr. 
 
 COMMITTEE ON LAWS. 
 
 Edward Shippen, 
 Miss Pendleton, Henry Reed, 
 
 Wm. W. Wiltbank, Francis Rawle, 
 
 Dallas Sanders, Wayne MacVeagh, 
 
 Philip C. Garrett, A. Sydney Biddle. 
 
 COMMITTEE ON SCHOOLS. 
 
 E. CoppEE Mitchell, 
 Mrs. Mumford, Miss Ann.v Hallowell, 
 
 Mrs. U. C. Head, Louis Wagner, 
 
 Miss Florence Kelly, Miss Pendleton, 
 
 Miss Cornelia Hancock, Mrs. Gillingham. 
 
 COMMITTEE ON KINDERGARTENS. 
 
 W. W. Justice, Mrs. Mumford, 
 
 Mrs. Hare, Philip C. Garrett. 
 
 COMMITTEE ON HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY. 
 
 Miss Pendleton, Mrs. Mumford, 
 
 Mrs. Lippincott, Miss Meredith. 
 
 CORRESPONDING MEMBERS. 
 
 Edward T. Steel, Professor M. B. Snydkr, 
 
 Dr. William Harris, James Mac Alister, 
 
 Miss Lucretia P. Hale, Andrew J. Morrison, 
 
 George William Curtis, James F. C. Sickel, 
 
 Miss Thomas, Miss Lydia A. Kirby, 
 
 Professor J. M. Ordway, Miss Mary Haggenbotham, 
 
 Charles Francis Adams, Jr., Dr. Franklin Taylor, 
 
 M'LLE Matilde Demmler, Edgar A. Singer, 
 
 President D. C. Gilman, H. W. Halliwell, 
 
 Professor G. Stanley Hall, Hon. Louis Bush, 
 
 George W. Fetter, Professor C. M. Woodward, 
 
 William L. Sayre, Rev. I. L. Leucht, 
 E. A. Burke. 
 
42 
 
 APPENDIX II. 
 ANNUAL MEETINGS OF THE PUBLIC EDUCATION ASSOCIATION. 
 
 January i6, 1882. February 21, 1889. 
 
 January 13, 1883. January 27, 1890. 
 
 January iS, 1884. April 20, 1891. 
 
 January 26, 1885. No Annual Meetings in 1892 and 
 
 January 25, 1S86. i893- 
 
 January 22, 1887. March 9, 1894. 
 
 February 11, 1888. December 20, 1S95. 
 
 Joint Meeting of the Public Education Association and the Civic Club, 
 at the Galleries of the Art Club, March, 3, 1894. 
 
 APPENDIX III. 
 
 Abstract of the Treasurer's Reports. 
 
 Thi.s abstract is intended merely to show the sources ol 
 income and the purposes of expenditure of the Association. 
 The full reports are printed in the Annual Reports of the 
 Association. 
 
 JANUARY 13, 1883. 
 
 Subscriptions for 1882 aud 1883 $48 00 
 
 Sundry payments made 4 50 
 
 JANUARY 18, 18S4. 
 Receipts. 
 
 Members' dues J102 00 
 
 Subscriptions to lecture fund 390 00 
 
 f535 00 
 Expenditures. 
 
 Printing Annual Report $6j 01 
 
 Lecture course 356 20 
 
 Miscellaneous 77 41 
 
 $500 62 
 JANUARY 26, 1885. 
 
 Receipts. 
 
 Members' dues Jti02 00 
 
 Subscriptions to lecture fund 167 85 
 
 foo4 73 
 
43 
 
 Expenditures. 
 
 For lectures $igy oo 
 
 Printing reports 35 70 
 
 Sundry expenses 35 oo 
 
 I267 70 
 JANUARY 26, 1886. 
 Receipts. . 
 
 Members' dues for 1885 and 1886 J106 00 
 
 Subscriptions to lecture fuud . 50 00 
 
 I192 78 
 Expenditures. 
 
 For lectures #112 45 
 
 Printing reports 22 25 
 
 $134 70 
 JANUARY 22, 1887. 
 
 Receipts. 
 
 Annual subscriptions for 1886 and 1887 |i38 00 
 
 Subscriptions to lecture fund 25 00 
 
 $221 08 
 
 Expenditures. 
 
 For lectures |i9 87 
 
 Printing report 18 00 
 
 f37 87 
 FEBRUARY II, 1888. 
 Receipts. 
 
 Annual subscriptions for 1887 and 18SS $246 00 
 
 Subscriptions to cooking fund 636 00 
 
 Cash from concert 866 29 
 
 I1931 50 
 Expenditures. 
 
 Printing Annual Report $22 50 
 
 Paid toward cooking classes 900 00 
 
 $922 50 
 JANUARY 29, 18S9. 
 Receipts. 
 
 Annual dues in 1888 and 1889 $84 00 
 
 Subscriptions to industrial exhibit 2270 00 
 
 Subscriptions to cooking fund 63 00 
 
 I3426 00 
 Expenditures. 
 
 Expense of annual meeting |2 00 
 
 Paid toward cooking classes 800 00 
 
 Expenses of industrial exhibit 2216 56 
 
 $3018 56 
 
44 
 
 JANUARY 27, 1890. 
 Receipts. 
 
 Annual dues $250 00 
 
 Subscriptions to cooking fund 69 00 
 
 Donations to special appeal to cooking fund . . . 720 86 
 
 $1447 30 
 Expenditures. 
 
 Paid toward cooking classes $955 00 
 
 Expense of manual training exhibit at Paris ... 25 00 
 
 Printing scheme for Girls' High School 57 6? 
 
 Stationery and printing 243 91 
 
 $1281 58 
 APRIIv 20, 1891. 
 Receipts. 
 Subscriptions $966 72 
 
 Expenditures. 
 
 Cooking classes J742 45 
 
 Printing 119 22 
 
 Subscription to chair of Pedagogy at University of 
 
 Pennsylvania 250 00 
 
 j5iiii 67 
 
 MARCH 9, 1894. 
 
 Expenditures. 
 
 Pictures in Girls' Normal School Jioo 00 
 
 Lectures at Summer School for Teachers 200 00 
 
 f 300 00 
 JANUARY I, 1896. 
 Receipts. 
 Annual dues I228 00 
 
 Expenditures. 
 
 Printing and postage f 81 69 
 
 Legal opinion and advice 50 00 
 
 Contribution in behalf of Education Bill before the 
 
 Legislature 300 00 
 
 Rent of room 5 00 
 
 Alice Lippincott Memorial Room in the Alice Lip- 
 
 pincott School 200 00 
 
 I , r -". 
 
45 
 
 APPENDIX IV. 
 
 Membership of the Public Education Association from 
 1 88 1 TO 1895. 
 
 Hon. Robert Adams, Jr., 124 South Sixteenth Street, Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 William C. Alhson, Thirty-second and Walnut Streets, Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 Rev. C. G. Ames, 1606 Mount Vernon Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Mrs. C. G. Ames, 1606 Mount Vernon Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Charles B. Baeder, 730 Market Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Mrs. Matthew Baird, Merion Station, Mantgomery County. 
 
 John Baird, 214 South Twenty-fourth Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Mrs. E. W. Balch, 141 2 Spruce Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Charles H. Banes, Market Street National Bank, Philadelphia. 
 
 George W. Banks, Twelfth and Chestnut Streets, Philadelphia. 
 
 Wharton Barker, 28 South Third Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 A. Sydney Biddle, 1224 Spruce Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Cadwalader Biddle, 208 South Fourth Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Hon. Craig Biddle, 2033 Pine Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Mrs. George Biddle, 312 South Twelfth Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Mrs. Arthur Biddle, 1822 De Lancey Place, Philadelphia. 
 
 Alexander Biddle, 1307 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Clement M. Biddle, Lansdowne. 
 
 Miss Biswanger, 17 10 O.xford Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Mrs. A. Blair, Southeast Corner Sixteenth and Sansom Streets, 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 Mrs. Andrew A. Blair, 1802 De Lancey Place, Philadelphia. 
 Rudolph Blankenburg, 1326 Arch Street, Philadelphia. 
 Mrs. L. Lucretia Blankenburg, 1326 Arch Street, Philadelphia. 
 Rachel L. Bodley, M. D., 1400 North Twenty-first Street, 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 Wendell P. Bowman, 130 South Sixth Street, Philadelphia. 
 Joseph H. Bromley, 127 Susquehanna Avenue, Philadelphia. 
 Dr. Edward Brooks, 713 Filbert Street, Philadelphia. 
 
46 
 
 T. Wistar Brown, Villanova. 
 
 Alexander Brown, Nineteenth and Walnut Streets, Philadel- 
 phia. 
 Conyers Button, Germantown, Philadelphia. 
 Addison B. Burk, Ledger Office, Philadelphia. 
 William Burnham, 220 South Fourth Street, Philadelphia. 
 Arthur M. Burton, 15 12 Spruce Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Charles Cadwalader, M. D., 240 South Fourth Street, Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 John Cadwalader, 1518 Locust Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 J. Albert Caldwell, 1531 Pine Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 William T. Carter, 302 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Miss Frances Case, 1334 Spruce Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 John H. Catherwood, 50 South Front Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Miss Clark, 2008 De Lancey Place, Philadelphia. 
 
 Clarence H. Clark, Forty-second and Locust Streets, Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 E. W. Clark, Bullitt Building, Fourth Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Clarence M. Clark, Jr., Ross and Mill Streets, Germantown, 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Richard A. Cleeman, M. D., 340 South Twenty-first Street, 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Isaac H. Clothier, 801 Market Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 George M. Coates, 127 Market Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 A. M. Collins, 527 Arch Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Mrs. W. D. Comegys, Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia. 
 
 Howard Comfort, 529 Arch Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 John H. Converse, 500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Mrs. Walter Cope, Main Street, Corner Upsal, Germantown, 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 John F. Craig, 143 South Front Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 William P. Cresson, 224 South Broad Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Miss Ida Cushman, 1340 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Miss Alice Cushman, 1340 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Francis T. S. Darley, 11 18 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. 
 
47 
 
 Eugene Delano, Fourth and Chestnut Streets, Philadelphia. 
 Mrs. Samuel Dickson, 901 Clinton Street, Philadelphia. 
 Charles T. Dissel, 3307 Arch Street, Philadelphia. 
 Hamilton Disston, Broad and Jefferson Streets, Philadelphia. 
 Thomas Dolan, Hancock and Oxford Streets, Philadelphia. 
 Dalton Dorr, 2104 Locust Street, Philadelphia. 
 Anthony J. Drexel, 34 South Third Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 J. L. Erringer, Manheim Street, Germantown, Philadelphia. 
 Lincoln L. Eyre, 315 South Sixteenth Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 George H. Fisher, 131 1 Locust Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Hon. Edwin H. Fitler, 23 North Water Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Simon Fleisher, 2030 Green Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 William G. Foulke, Wayne Street, Germantown, Philadelphia. 
 
 W. W. Frazier, Front and Chestnut Streets, Philadelphia. 
 
 Miss Cornelia Frothingham, 2035 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Dr. W. H. Furness, 1429 Pine Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Philip C. Garrett, Logan Station, Philadelphia. 
 
 Henry C. Gibson, 161 2 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Mrs. E. D. Gillespie, 250 South Twenty-first Street, Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 James M. Gillilan, 161 3 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Mrs. W. J. Gillingham, 973 North Eleventh Street, Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 J. E. Gillingham, 31 1 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Stephen Greene, 27 South Fifth Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Thomas H. Green, 731 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Clement A. Griscom, 307 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Miss Buelah M. Hacker, 1 16 South Twenty-second Street, 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 Daniel Haddock, Jr., 806 Pine Street, Philadelphia. 
 Hon. George W. Hall, I131 Arch Street, Philadelphia. 
 A. R. Hall, 709 Market Street, Philadelphia. 
 
48 
 
 Mrs. Edwin L. Hall, 3919 Spruce Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Miss Anna Hallowell, 908 Clinton Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Miss Emily Hallowell, 908 Clinton Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Miss Cornelia Hancock, 309 Branch Street, Philadelphia 
 
 Mrs. Robert Harford Hare, 2031 De Lancey Place, Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 Hon. J. I. Clark Hare, 1 18 South Twenty-second Street, Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 Joseph S. Harris, School Lane, Germantown, Philadelphia. 
 
 Mrs. Alfred C. Harrison, 1616 Locust Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Byerly Hart, 108 South Twenty-first Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Mrs. Elizabeth S. Head, Green Street, Germantown, Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 Morton P. Henry, 2200 St. James Place, Philadelphia. 
 
 Miss Addie S. Hover, 713 Filbert Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Dr. Herbert M. Howe, 1606 Locust Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Charles A. Hutchinson, 1617 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Professor James Hyslope, Columbia College, New York City. 
 
 Miss Irwin, 1834 Spruce Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Dr. Louis Jack, 1533 Locust Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Professor E. J. James, University of Pennsylvania, Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 Miss Janney, Ogontz, Penn.sylvania. 
 
 Dr. M. Jastrow, 65 West Upsal Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 H. L. Jayne, Nineteenth aud Chestnut Streets, Pliiladelphia. 
 
 Dr. Horace Jayne, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. 
 
 Dr. E. C. Jayne, 242 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 William W. Justice, Manheim Street, Germantown, Philadel- 
 phia. 
 
 Dr. W. W. Keen, 1729 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. 
 Miss Florence Kelly, New Century Club, Philadelphia. 
 Hon. Joseph P. Kennedy, 209 South Sixth Street, Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
49 
 
 Mrs. George W. Kendrick, Jr., 3507 Baring Street, Phila- 
 delphia. 
 Franklin Kirkbride, 1406 Spruce Street, Philadelphia. 
 Edward C. Knight, Water and Chestnut Streets, Philadelphia. 
 R. Koradi, 1502 Green Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Henrj- C. Lea, 2000 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Dr. Philip Leidy, 526 Marshall Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Charles Godfrey Leland, 220 South Broad Street, Philadel- 
 phia. 
 
 Edward Lewis, Cor. Thirty-third Street and Powelton Avenue, 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Dr. F. W. Lewis, 2016 Spruce Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Enoch Lewis, 233 South Fourth Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Mrs. Dundas Lippincott, 509 South Broad Street, Philadel- 
 phia. 
 
 Mrs. Joshua Lippincott, 1333 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 J. Dundas Lippincott, 400 Locust Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 E. Dunbar Lockwood, 25 i South Third Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 James Long, Union Trust Company, Philadelphia. 
 
 Morris Longstreth, M. D., 1416 Spruce Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Colonel William Ludlow, 2215 St. James Place, Philadelphia. 
 
 Mrs. Charles M. Lukens, East Walnut Lane, Germantown, 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Thomas MacKellar, 606 Sansom Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Wayne MacVeagh, 1603 Locust Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Mrs. John Markoe, 201 1 Pine Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Richard S. Mason, School Lane, Germantown, Philadelphia. 
 
 Rev. Joseph May, 1306 Pine Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 H. Pratt McKean, 1923 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Miss Meredith, 233 South Thirteenth Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 H. W. Middleton, 945 Ridge Avenue, Philadelphia. 
 
 C. W. Middleton, 945 Ridge Avenue, Philadelphia. 
 
 L. W. Miller, 1709 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 E. Coppee Mitchell, 518 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. 
 
50 
 
 Mrs. Lucretia M. B. Mitchell, 5012 Elm Avenue, Philadel- 
 phia. 
 Miss Morals, 546 North Fifth Street, Philadelphia. 
 Mrs. Mumford, 1 40 1 North Seventeenth Street, Philadelphia. 
 J. P. Mumford, Bank of the Republic, Philadelphia. 
 John Mundell, 119 North Thirteenth Street, Philadelphia. 
 Nathan Myers, 426 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Miss Pauline Neidhard, 1511 Arch Street, Philadelphia. 
 George M. Newhall, 225 Church Street, Philadelphia. 
 Isaac Norris, M. D., 1424 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 S. Davis Page, 289 South Fourth Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Hon. Robert E. Pattison, Overbrook, Philadelphia. 
 
 James W. Paul, Jr., Fifth and Chestnut Streets, Philadelphia. 
 
 Judge William S. Peirce, 1032 Spruce Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Miss Pendleton, 1522 Locust Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 William Pepper, M. D., i8ii Spruce Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Hon. Boies Penrose, 1331 Spruce Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Charles Piatt, 232 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Charles E. Pugh, 233 South Fourth Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Robert Ralston, 233 South Thirteenth Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Francis Rawle, 402 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Henry Reed, Northeast Corner Eighteenth and Spruce Streets, 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 Charles D. Reed, 261 North Sixth Street, Philadelphia. 
 Professor G. I. Riche, Central High School, Philadelphia. 
 George B. Roberts, 233 South Fourth Street, Philadelphia. 
 Miss Robins, 1 1 10 Spruce Street, Philadelphia. 
 Joseph G. Rosengarten, 1532 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Dallas Sanders, 410 South Fifteenth Street, Philadelphia. 
 Miss Emily Sartain, 1 346 North Broad Street, Philadelphia. 
 Coleman Sellers, 3301 Baring Street, Philadelphia. 
 William Sellers, 1600 Hamilton Street, Philadelphia. 
 
51 
 
 J. B. Sheppard, Jr., 2019 Arch Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Edward Shippen, 532 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Miss Shoemaker, Fifteenth and Race Streets, Philadelphia. 
 
 William M. Singerly, Record Building, Philadelphia. 
 
 Andrew J. Sloan, 1012 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Charles Smith, 303 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Charles E. Smith, 702 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Joseph P. Sinnott, 4228 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Lindley Smyth, 431 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 James Spear, 1014 Market Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Henry M. Steel, McKean Avenue, Germantown, Philadelphia. 
 
 Daniel Steinmetz, 501 Commerce Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Samuel Sternberger, 720 North Twentieth Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 John S. Stevens, 3913 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Mrs. Cornelius Stevenson, 154 South Twenty -third Street, 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 J. C. Strawbridge, Eighth and Market Streets, Philadelphia. 
 
 George C. Thomas, Fifth and Chestnut Streets, Philadelphia. 
 Professor R. E. Thompson, Central High School, Philadelphia. 
 Samuel G. Thompson. 1630 Spruce Street, Philadelphia. 
 Henry Tilge, 306 New Street, Philadelphia. 
 Charlemagne Tower, 228 South Seventh Street, Philadelphia. 
 George M. Troutman, 109 South Fourth Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 C. E. Vollmer, 628 North Tenth Street, Philadelphia. 
 A. W. Von Utassy, Green and Harvey Streets, Germantown, 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Samuel Wagner, 251 South Fourth Street, Philadelphia. 
 Louis Wagner, 218 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. 
 W. G. Warden, School Lane, Germantown, Philadelphia. 
 Redwood Warner, School Lane, Germantown, Philadelphia. 
 William Waterall, 200 North Fourth Street, Philadelphia. 
 Miss Edith Wetherill, 141 3 Spruce Street, Philadelphia. 
 C. N. Weygandt, 124 Tulpehocken Street, Germantown, Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
022 127 115 4' 
 
 52 
 
 Mrs. Charles Wheeler, Walnut Street, below Nineteenth, Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 James Whitall, g East Penn Street, Germantown, Philadelphia. 
 
 Dr. J. William White, 2 18 South Sixteenth Street, Philadel- 
 phia. 
 
 James S. Whitney, 1815 Vine Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Mrs. James S. Whitney, 18 15 Vine Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 William B. Whitney, East Walnut Lane, Germantown, Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 Ellis D. Williams, 323 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Albert B. WiUiams, 323 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Hon. H. W. Williams, Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Talcott Williams, 331 South Sixteenth Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Mrs. Talcott Williams, 331 South Sixteenth Street, Philadel- 
 phia. 
 
 I. V. Williamson, 30 Bank Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 De Forrest Willard, M. D., 1601 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 •William W. Wiltbank, 400 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 W. Macpherson Wiltbank, 400 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 David S. Wiltberger, 161 2 Wallace Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Henry Winsor, 338 South Delaware Avenue, Philadelphia. 
 
 Mrs. Owen Jones Wister, Butler Place, Green Lane Station. 
 
 Mrs. Caspar Wister, 1303 Arch Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Langhorne Wister, 257 South Fourth Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Dillwyn Wister, 4763 Wayne Avenue, Germantown, Philadel- 
 phia. 
 
 Miss Mary C. Wister, 1007 Spruce Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Stuart Wood, 400 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Walter Wood, 400 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 George Wood, 1239 North Broad Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Richard Wood, 1620 Locust Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 James A. Wright, 305 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 F. Stuart Wyeth, 1 5 1 1 Locust Street, Philadelphia. 
 
 F. H. Wyeth, 191 2 Locust Street, Philadelphia. 
 
A 
 
 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
 022 127 115 t 
 
 Hollinger Corp. 
 pH8.5