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 AN 
 
 EASY GRAMMAR 
 
 OF THE 
 
 ITALIAN LANGUAGE; 
 
 FOR 
 
 
 
 THE USE OF SCHOOLS 
 
 
 BY 
 
 
 JOHN CHRISTISON, 
 
 TEACHER OF MODERN LANGUAGES IN THE DUNDEE PUBLIC 
 
 EDINBURGH: MYLES MACPHAIL. 
 
 LONDON : SIMPKIN AND MARSHALL, 
 
 1845. 
 

 C 
 
 ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 The very favourable reception given to the Author's* 
 French Grammar, has induced, him to publish an 
 Italian one on the same simple plan, in which he 
 has kept out all rules where the two languages agree. 
 It contains copious exercises, phrases, and dialogues. 
 An accent has been added to facilitate the acquire- 
 ment of the pronunciation. 
 
**- 
 
 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 The Italian Language has Twenty-two Let- 
 ters. 
 
 A BC DEFGHI 
 
 as a in far, bay, tchay, day, a, eff, jay, acca, ee, 
 J LMNOPQRSTU 
 
 ee long, ell, em, en, o, pay, coo, err, ess, tay, oo, 
 V Z. 
 
 vay, dzeta and tzeta. 
 
 The vowels are six ; a e i j o u, 
 
 J is only used at the end of words instead of ii; 
 as tempj for tempii, temples. H has no sound 
 whatever in Italian. 
 
 When the accent falls on the vowel at the end 
 of a word, it is always marked with the grave 
 accent, ( s ) : as piii, more ; citta, city. 
 
 The accent falls very generally on the penulti- 
 mate syllable, and is not marked ; for example, 
 
ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 sovrano is pronounced with the accent on vra, 
 in uttering which, the voice is somewhat raised, 
 and dwells longer upon it than upon either of the 
 other syllables. But if the accent should fall 
 upon the antepenultimate, which frequently hap- 
 pens, an acute accent will be placed over that 
 syllable in this grammar, in order to facilitate 
 the acquirement of the pronunciation. 
 
 A TABLE OF THE MOST REMARKABLE 
 SOUNDS IN THE ITALIAN LANGUAGE. 
 
 Italian sounds. English sounds. Examples. 
 
 Ca, as ca in calm, campo, field 
 
 Co, close, co in colon, colmo, height 
 
 Co, open, co in corpse, corpo, body 
 
 Cu, cu in cuckoo, cur a, care 
 
 Ce, close, cha in chase, cena, supper 
 
 Ce, open, chai in chair, cento, hundred 
 
 Ci, chee in cheek, cicuta, hemlock 
 
 Che, close, ca in cater, chetare, to quiet 
 
 Che, open, ca in care, chennisi, crimson 
 
 Chi, kee in keen, china, declivity 
 
 Cia, cha in charm, ciarla, prating 
 
 Cie, close, tcheca, ciecare, to blind 
 
 Cie, open, tcheca, cielo, heaven 
 
 Cio, close, cho in chose, ciottare, to whip 
 
 Cio, open, cho in chop, ciottolo, pebble 
 
 Ciu, choo in choose, ciurma, crew 
 
 See, close, sha in shame, scemo, foolish 
 
 See, open, sha in share, scena, scene 
 
 Scia, sha in shall, scialare, to exhale 
 
 Scio, close, sho in shore, buscione, bush of thorns 
 
 Scio, oyeri, sho in shock, sciocco, stupid 
 
 Sdu, sho in shoe, ascivgare, to dry 
 
ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 Italian sounds* English sounds. Examples. 
 
 Schia, as skea (a in far) schiavo, slave 
 Schie, close, ske-a (a in fate) schierato, ranged 
 ske-a (a in fare) schiera, army 
 skio (o in fore) schiodare, to unnail 
 skio (o in lop) schioppo, musket 
 skiu, schiuso, excluded 
 
 gua in guarantee, garbo, garb 
 
 Schie, open, 
 
 Schio, close, 
 
 Schio, open, 
 
 Schiu, 
 
 Ga, 
 
 Go, close, 
 
 Go, open, 
 
 Gu, 
 
 Ge, close, 
 
 Ge, open, 
 
 Gi, 
 
 Ghe, close, 
 
 Ghe, open, 
 
 Ghi, 
 
 Gia, 
 
 Gio, close, 
 
 Gio, open, 
 
 Giu, 
 
 GU, 
 
 goa in goal, 
 go in gone, 
 goo in goose, 
 jai in jail, 
 ge in gentle, 
 jee in jeer, 
 gai in gaily, 
 ge in get, 
 gee in geer, 
 jau in jaunt, 
 jo in joke, 
 jo in jog, 
 ju in jury, 
 lli in million 
 
 goto, throat 
 gora, canal 
 gusto, taste 
 gettare, to throw 
 gente, people 
 giro, turn 
 ghermire, to seize. 
 gheppio, hawk 
 ghiro, dormouse 
 giara, flagon 
 giorno, day 
 giostra, combat 
 giuro, I swear 
 egli, he ; eglino, they 
 
 But gli in negligere, to neglect, and its deriva- 
 tives sound glee. 
 
 Gna 
 Grie 
 Gni 
 Gno 
 Gnu 
 
 nia (a in far) 
 
 niai 
 
 nn 
 
 nio 
 
 niu, like new, 
 
 Gnao, mewing 
 agnello, lamb 
 regni, kingdoms 
 regno, kingdom 
 ignudo, naked 
 
 Z, ZZ, as ts in fits, zio, uncle ; zucca, gourd ; 
 nozze, nuptials. 
 
 Z, ZZ, as ds in Windsor, azzurro, azure ; costanza, 
 constancy ; mezzo, middle. 
 
6 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 OF GENDER. 
 
 There are two genders ; the masculine and the 
 feminine. 
 
 Rule. — Italian nouns are of the same gender 
 as the English masculines and feminities to which 
 they correspond ; as re, king, masc. ; regina, queen, 
 fem. ; cavallo, horse, masc. ; cavalla, mare, fern. ; 
 except Maesta, Majesty; Altezza, Highness; 
 Santita, Holiness ; Eccellenza, Excellency ; which 
 are feminine. 
 
 Nouns of the following terminations are mas- 
 culine : — 
 
 1. Those ending in o; except mano, hand. 
 
 2. In me; except fame, hunger; speme, hope. 
 
 3. In re ; except febbre, fever ; polvere, dust ; 
 scure, axe ; torre, tower. 
 
 4. In rite ; except gente, people ; mente, mind ; 
 corrente, current ; lente, lentil ; semente, seed. 
 
 Nouns of the following terminations are femi- 
 nine : — 
 
 1. Those ending in a; except poema, poem; 
 tenia, theme ; pianeta, planet ; dramma, drama. 
 
 2. In i; except di, day, and its compounds ; 
 Lunedl, Monday ; Martedl, Tuesday, &c. ; biin- 
 dtsi, toast ; ecclissi, eclipse. 
 
 3. In u ; except Peru, Peru ; Corfu, Corfu, 
 
ITALIAN GRAMMAR, 
 
 EXERCISE ON GENDER. 
 
 Mente, mind 
 
 Cost ume , custom 
 Fortuna, fortune 
 Corpo, body 
 Sera, evening 
 Onore, honour 
 Ftco, fig 
 Scure, axe 
 
 MercoleoVi, Wednesday 
 Virtu, virtue 
 Padre, father 
 Cdccia, chase 
 Uccello, bird 
 Bugia, lie 
 Fame, hunger 
 
 Duca, duke 
 Poema, poem 
 Gru, crane 
 Lume, light 
 Gente, people 
 Peril, Peru 
 Monte, mountain 
 Mono, hand 
 Maesta, Majesty 
 Carta, paper 
 Cane, dog 
 Carrozza, carriage. 
 Altezza, Highness 
 Regina, queen 
 Febbre, fever. 
 
 OF NUMBER. 
 
 There are two numbers, the singular and the 
 plural. 
 
 PLURAL OF MASCULINE NOUNS. 
 
 Rule. — Masculine nouns, whatever be their 
 termination, change the final vowel into i for the 
 plural ; as pianeta, planet ; pianeti, planets ; pa- 
 dre, father ; padri, fathers , amico, friend ; amici> 
 friends ; desio, desire ; desii, desires. 
 
8 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 Exceptions. — 1. Those in do, gio, chio, glio, 
 drop the final o, for the plural ; as bacio, kiss ; 
 bad, kisses ; raggio, ray ; raggi, rays ; figlio, son ; 
 figli, sons ; occhio, eye, occhi, eyes. 
 
 2. Those in co and go, of only two syllables, 
 and compound nouns of the same termination, 
 change the co and go into chi, ghi, for the plural ; 
 asjico, fig, fichi, figs ; rogo, funeral pile, roghi, 
 funeral piles ; beccafico, fig-pecker, beccafichi, 
 fig-peckers ; except porco, pig, Greco, Greek, 
 mago, magician, which have for the plural porci, 
 Greet, magi. 
 
 3. Those in io, short, change io into j, for the 
 plural ; as tempio, temple, tempj, temples. 
 
 4. Those in ca make the plural in chi ; as duca, 
 duke, cluchi, dukes. 
 
 5. Bio, God, uomo, man, bue, ox, make in the 
 plural Dei, gods, uomini, men, buoi, oxen. 
 
 PLURAL OF FEMININE NOUNS. 
 
 Rule 1. Feminine nouns in a change a into 
 e for the plural ; as tdvola, table ; tdvole, tables ; 
 bugia, lie ; bugie, lies. 
 
 Exceptions. — 1. Those in gia short, and da 
 change ia into e ; as Idncia, lance ; lance, lances ; 
 spidggia, shore ; spiagge, shores. 
 
 2. Those in ca and ga make the plural in die 
 and glte ; as barca, bark ; bardie, barks ; leg a, 
 league ; leghe, leagues. 
 
 Rule 2. Those in e and o change e and o into 
 i; as madre, mother; madri, mothers; mano, 
 hand ; mani, hands. 
 
ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 9 
 
 Exception. Moglie, wife, makes mogli in the 
 plural. 
 
 Nouns of either gender, accented on the last 
 vowel ; and those in i and ie have the plural 
 like the singular. Nouns of one syllable come 
 under this rule ; as virtu, virtue and virtues ; 
 cittd, city and cities ; re, king and kings ; di, day 
 and days. 
 
 EXERCISE ON THE FORMATION OF THE PLURAL 
 
 OF NOUNS. 
 
 Pvete, priest 
 Madre, mother 
 Fratello, brother 
 Monarca, monarch 
 Fdggio, beech- tree 
 Ciglio, eye 
 Poeta, poet 
 Dio, God 
 Moglie, wife 
 Didlogo, dialogue 
 Spdccio, despatch 
 Faticd, fatigue 
 Se'ggio, seat 
 
 Sorelta, sister 
 Maestd, majesty 
 Cdccia, chase 
 Luogo, place 
 Specchio, mirror 
 Premio, reward 
 Uomo, man 
 Virtu, virtue 
 Specie, species 
 Greco, Greek 
 Pendio, declivity 
 Greggia, flock 
 Calamdio, ink-stand 
 
 OF ARTICLES. 
 
 The definite article agrees with its noun in 
 gender and number, and is expressed by il and 
 lo for the masculine, and by la for the feminine. 
 
10 
 
 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 Masc. 
 
 II is used before a noun masculine, beginning 
 with any consonant except s, followed by an- 
 other consonant ; as il libro, the book ; i libri, the 
 books. 
 
 Lo is used before a noun masculine, beginning 
 with s, followed by another consonant ; as lo 
 stato, the state ; gli static the states. 
 
 Lo is also used before a noun masculine, be- 
 ginning with a vowel ; and then the o is cut off, 
 and an apostrophe put in its place ; but the i of 
 gli is only cut off before another i ; as Vonore, 
 the honour ; gli onori, the honours ; Vimpronto, 
 the stamp ; gVimpronti, the stamps. Gli is used 
 before Dei, Gods ; as gli Dei, the Gods. 
 
 La is used before feminine nouns, and the a is 
 cut off before a vowel ; as la tdvola, the table ; 
 le tcivole, the tables ; Vora, the hour ; le ore, the 
 hours. 
 
 When the articles are governed by the follow- 
 ing prepositions, they are contracted thus : — 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 II 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 the 
 
 Del for di il 
 
 Dei 
 
 for 
 
 di i 
 
 of the 
 
 Al a il 
 
 Ai 
 
 
 a i 
 
 to the 
 
 Dal da il 
 
 Dai 
 
 
 da i 
 
 from the 
 
 Nel in il 
 
 Nei 
 
 
 in i 
 
 in the 
 
 Col con il 
 
 Coi 
 
 
 con i 
 
 with the 
 
 Sul su il 
 
 Sui 
 
 
 su i 
 
 on the 
 
 Pel per il 
 
 Pei 
 
 
 per i 
 
 for the 
 
ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 11 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Plur. 
 
 
 Lo 
 
 
 Gli 
 
 the 
 
 Dello for di lo 
 
 Degli for de gli 
 
 of the 
 
 Alio 
 
 a lo 
 
 Agli a gli 
 
 to the 
 
 Dallo 
 
 da lo 
 
 Dagli da gli 
 
 from the 
 
 Nello 
 
 in lo 
 
 Negli in gli 
 
 in the 
 
 La 
 
 
 Le 
 
 the 
 
 Delia for di la 
 
 Delle for di le 
 
 of the 
 
 Alia 
 
 a la 
 
 Alle a le 
 
 to the 
 
 Dalla 
 
 da la 
 
 Dalle da le 
 
 from the 
 
 Nella 
 
 in la 
 
 Nelle m le 
 
 in the 
 
 The indefinite article a or an is expressed by 
 uno masc, una fern. 
 
 TJno drops the o before any consonant except 
 s, followed by another consonant ; and una drops 
 the a before a vowel ; as un uomo, a man ; uno 
 stato, a state ; una gru, a crane ; urfentrata, an 
 entrance. 
 
 OF ADJECTIVES. 
 
 Italian adjectives end either in o or e. 
 
 Those in o change o into a for the feminine ; 
 is dotto masc, dotta fern., learned. 
 
 Those in e are alike in both genders ; as fedele, 
 Lasc. and fern., faithful. 
 
 In the formation of the plural, adjectives fol- 
 low exactly the rules for nouns. 
 
 OF COMPARISON. 
 
 The comparative is formed by adding piu 
 
12 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 more, meno less, to the positive ; as piu dotto, 
 more learned ; meno dotto, less learned. 
 
 The superlative relative is formed by adding 
 the articles to the comparative ; as il piu dotto, 
 the most learned ; il meno dotto, the least learned. 
 
 The superlative absolute is formed by chang- 
 ing the final vowel of the adjective into issimo ; 
 as dotto, learned ; dottissimo, most or very 
 learned. 
 
 The following adjectives are irregular in their 
 comparison. 
 
 Posit. Comparat. Superlat. 
 
 Buono, good migliore, il migliore 
 
 Cattivo, bad peggiore, il peggiore 
 
 Grande, great maggiore, il maggiore 
 
 Piccolo, little minore, il minore 
 
 The three last are also compared regularly; 
 as comparat., piii grande ; superlat., il piii grande, 
 &c. 
 
 OF AUGMENTATIVES AND DIMINUTIVES 
 
 
 Nouns by changing their last vowel into oik 
 become augmentatives, and are masculine what- 
 ever may be their previous gender ; as cavallo 
 horse ; cavallone, large horse ; donna, woman 
 donnone, masc, large woman. 
 
 Accio and accia, added to nouns, give an ide* 
 of contempt ; as uomo, man ; omdccio, contempt! 
 ble man ; casa, house ; casdccia, worthless house 
 
 Nouns are formed into diminutives by chang 
 
ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 13 
 
 ing the last vowel into mo, ina, ello, ella, etto, 
 etta ; as fratello, brother ; fratellino, little brother ; 
 sorella, sister ; sorellina, little sister ; co?itadina, 
 country-woman ; contadinella, country girl ; uomo, 
 man ; ometto, little man. 
 
 OF NUMERALS. 
 
 CARDINAL NUMBERS. 
 
 1 uno 
 
 23 ventitre 
 
 2 due 
 
 24 ventiquattro 
 
 8 tre 
 
 25 venticinque 
 
 4 quattro 
 
 26 ventisei 
 
 5 cinque 
 
 27 ventisette 
 
 6 sei 
 
 28 ventotto 
 
 7 sette 
 
 29 ventinove 
 
 8 otto 
 
 30 £renfa 
 
 9 nove 
 
 40 quaranta 
 
 3 died 
 
 50 cinquanta 
 
 11 undid 
 
 60 sessanta 
 
 12 dodici 
 
 70 settanta 
 
 13 tredici 
 
 80 ottanta 
 
 14 quattordici 
 
 90 novanta 
 
 15 quindid 
 
 100 cento 
 
 16 secftci" 
 
 200 dugento 
 
 17 diciassette 
 
 300 trecento 
 
 18 didotto 
 
 1000 ww'Zfe 
 
 19 diciannove 
 
 2000 cft/c meTa 
 
 20 ?;ettfo' 
 
 100,000 cento ?ra7a 
 
 21 ventuno 
 
 1,000,000 wn milione 
 
 22 ventidne 
 
 2,000,000 duemilioni 
 
 B 
 
14 
 
 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 ORDINAL NUMBERS. 
 
 1st primo 
 
 2d secondo 
 
 3d terzo 
 
 4th quarto 
 
 5 th quinto 
 
 6th sesto 
 
 7th settimo 
 
 8th ottavo 
 
 9th nono 
 10th de'cirno 
 1 lth undecimo or decimo 
 primo 
 
 12 th duodecimo or de- 
 
 cimo secondo 
 
 13 th de'cirno terzo 
 14th decimo quarto 
 15 th de'cirno quinto 
 
 16 th decimo sesto 
 17th decimo settimo 
 18th de'cirno ottavo 
 19th decimo nono 
 20th ventesimo 
 21st ventesimo primo 
 or vige'simo primo 
 30th trentesimo 
 40th quarantesimo 
 50th cinquantesimo 
 60th sessantesirno 
 70th settantesimo 
 80th ottantesimo 
 90th novantesimo 
 100th centesimo 
 1000th millesimo 
 
 One and a, before hundred or thousand, are not 
 expressed in Italian, nor is awe? in uniting num- 
 bers ; as cento cavalli a hundred horses ; Vanno, 
 mille-otto-cento-trenta-cinque, the year one thousand 
 eight hundred and thirty five. 
 
 The date of the month is expressed as follows : 
 e'Z primo di Febbraro, the first of February ; & or 
 aZZz awe aV Genndio, the second of January ; li or 
 «Z# cinque di Giugno, the fifth of June ; and so 
 on, using the cardinal numbers. 
 
ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 15 
 
 OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 
 
 Personal pronouns have three cases, — the no- 
 minative, dative, and accusative. 
 
 1st Person Masculine and Feminine. 
 
 Sing. Plur. 
 
 Nom. ioj I noi, we 
 
 Dat. mi, to me ci, to us 
 
 Ace. me, mi, me noi, ci, us 
 
 2d Person Masculine and Feminine. 
 
 Sing. Plur. 
 
 Nom. til, thou voi, you 
 
 Dat. tij to thee vi, to you 
 
 Ace. te, ti, thee voi, vi, you 
 
 3d Person Masculine. 
 
 Sing. Plur. 
 
 Nom. egli, he e'glino, they 
 
 Dat. gli, to him loro, to them 
 
 Ace. lo, il, lux, him loro, li, git, them 
 
 3d Person Feminine. 
 
 Sing. Plur. 
 
 Nom. ella, she elleno, they 
 
 Dat. le, to her loro, to them 
 
 Ace. lei, la, her loro, le, them 
 
 Se, one's self, (no nominative). 
 
 Sing. Plur. 
 
 D. si, to himself, to herself, to itself se, to themselves 
 A. se, si, himself, herself, itself se, si, themselves 
 
16 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 Remark 1. Mi, ci, ti, vi, gli, lo, il, li, le, la, 
 and si, can be governed only by verbs : vi veggo, 
 I see you ; ci conosce, he knows us ; gli parlo, I 
 speak to him ; le parla, he speaks to her ; lo 
 veggo, I see him, &c. 
 
 2. Me, not, te, voi, lui, loro, lei, se, may be 
 governed by verbs or prepositions ; to amo voi e 
 lui, I love you and him ; dipendo da lui, I de- 
 pend upon him ; fdtelo per not, do it for us ; egli 
 andra via senza di voi, he will go away without 
 you. 
 
 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 The possessive pronouns are generally preceded 
 by the articles. 
 
 Sing. Plur. 
 
 M. F. M. F. 
 
 il mio, la mia ; i mid, le mie, my, mine 
 
 il tuo, la tua ; i tuoi, le tue, thy, thine 
 
 il suo, la sua ; i suoi, lesue, his, her, hers, its 
 
 il nostro, la nostra; i nostri, le nostre, our, ours 
 
 il vostro, la vostra, ; i vostri, le vostre, your, yours 
 
 il loro, la loro ; i loro, le loro, their, theirs 
 
 Remark 1. The possessive pronouns agree 
 with the thing possessed, and not with the pos- 
 sessor, and they must be repeated with each 
 noun : dov'e il vostro libro ? where is your book f 
 e nella mia camera, it is in my room ; ho perduto 
 la sua Icttera, I have lost his or her letter ; i 
 nostri amici non vengono oggi, our friends are not 
 coming to-day ; che fanno i vostri fratelli e le 
 
ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 1 7 
 
 vostre sorelle ? what are your brothers and sisters 
 doing ? ddtene at vostri fanciuUi e at suoi, give 
 some to your children and to his. 
 
 2. The articles are omitted before the pos- 
 sessives in the singular, loro excepted, Avhen they 
 precede a noun of kindred or dignity, and when 
 they are placed after the verb e'ssere, to be, 
 not followed by a noun ; sua moglie e ammalata, 
 his wife is unwell ; die fa vostro fratello f what is 
 your brother doing ? la casa e mia, ma i campi 
 sono suoi, the house is mine, but the fields are 
 his, or hers ; sua Maesta e giunta, his Majesty has 
 arrived ; il loro padre e morto, their father is 
 dead. 
 
 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 Sing. Plur. 
 
 % M. F. M. F. 
 
 questo, a, this ; quests e, these 
 
 cotestOj a, this, that; cotesti, e, these, those 
 
 quello, a, that ; / • [ quelle, those 
 
 Remark 1. Questo, this, denotes an object 
 near the speaker ; cotesto, this, that, denotes an 
 object near the party addressed; quello, that, 
 points out one distant both from the speaker and 
 the party addressed. 
 
 Exceptions. Sia preso questo traditore, let this 
 traitor be seized ; cotesto vestito vi va bene, this or 
 that dress fits you well ; come elite vol coteste 
 
18 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 parole f how can you say those words ? dite voi 
 che quella casa e vostra f do you say that house is 
 yours ? 
 
 2. Quello is used before s followed by a con- 
 sonant ; quelV before a vowel ; quel before any 
 other initial letter of a masculine noun ; quegli 
 before an s followed by a consonant and before 
 a vowel ; quel before a noun commencing other- 
 wise. 
 
 Ex. Quello specchio e suo, that looking-glass is 
 his ; quell' dlbero e bellissimo, that tree is very 
 beautiful ; Vho ricevuto da quel soldato, I received 
 it from that soldier ; quegli uomini sono cattivi, 
 those men are wicked ; quel libri sono di mio 
 fratello, those books are my brother's ; avete 
 veduto la mia casa e quella di mia sorella ? have 
 you seen my house and that of my sister ? 
 ddtemi questo temperino o quello, give me this pen- 
 knife or that ; questi uomini sono soldati, these men 
 are soldiers. 
 
 3. Cib, this, that, signifying, this thing, that 
 thing, is indeclinable and is used alone ; chi vi 
 ha detto cib, or quello ? who told you that ? che 
 vuol dir questo or cib? what does this mean ? 
 
 RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 Sing, and Plur. Masc. and Fern. 
 N. che, who, which, that 
 A. che, cut, whom, which, that 
 
 Remark. The accusative che is governed by 
 verbs, and cut by verbs or prepositions. 
 
ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 19 
 
 Examples. Uuomo che viene, the man who 
 comes ; le donne che vengono, the women who are 
 coming ; la donna che or cut vedo, the woman 
 whom I see ; i fanciidli che or cut amo, the chil- 
 dren whom I love ; le niele, che mangiate, non 
 sono buone, the apples which you are eating are 
 not good ; conosco Vnomo a cut parlavate, I know 
 the man to whom you were speaking ; ecco i 
 fanciidli di cui parlate, there are the children of 
 whom you are speaking. 
 
 Masc. Fern. 
 
 « „ . (Sing, il quale, la quale,\ who, whom, 
 \Plur. i quali, le quali, ) that, which 
 
 Remark. The above pronoun may be governed 
 by verbs or prepositions, and must agree with 
 the noun to which it relates in gender and 
 number. 
 
 Example. Gli uomini i quali vengono, the men 
 w r ho are coming ; le donne le quali impiegate, the 
 women whom you employ ; ecco il cavcdlo il quale 
 comprai, there is the horse w r hich I bought ; i 
 libri del quali parlate, the books of which you are 
 speaking. 
 
 INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 N. and A. chi 1 who ? whom f 
 
 This pronoun may be governed by verbs and 
 prepositions. Ex. chi vienef who is coming? di 
 
 chi sono questi stivali ? whose boots are these ? a 
 
20 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 chi parlate ? to whom do you speak ? chi vedete f 
 whom do you see ? 
 
 Sing, and Plur. 
 
 N. and A. die ? what ? 
 
 This pronoun may be governed by verbs or 
 prepositions, and may be joined to a noun. Ex. 
 Che sento ? What do I hear? di die ti lagni? 
 what do you complain of? die ti fa pidngere ? 
 what makes you weep ? die libro avete letto f what 
 book have you read ? die uomini f what men ? 
 die bella donna ? what a fine woman ? 
 
 Masc. and Fern. 
 
 Sing. Plur. 
 
 N. and A. quale? quali? what? which? 
 
 Ex. Qual giorno e questo ? What day is this ? 
 Ecco due libri; qual prenderb ? Here are two books ; 
 which shall I take ? Quali leggi vi pdiono buone t 
 Which laws appear good to you ? Con quale di 
 quesle due spade V avete ferito ? With which of these 
 two swords did you wound him ? 
 
 INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. 
 
 VARYING IN GENDER AND NUMBER. 
 
 AlcunOj some, any. 
 
 f The prepositions go- 
 IJun ValtrOj one another, J verning this pro- 
 each other. 1 noun are put only 
 
 v^ 
 
 before Valtro. 
 
ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 21 
 
 Uuno e Taltro, both 
 Tuno o Taltro, either 
 Ne Tuno ne Taltro neither 
 
 The prepositions go- 
 verning these pro- 
 nouns must be put 
 both before Tuno 
 and before Valtro. 
 
 Examples. — Ddtemi alcuni libri, give me some 
 books. Ho veduto alcune donne, I saw some wo- 
 men. Dopo alcuni giorni, some days afterwards. 
 Sapete alcana novita f Do you know any news ? 
 Parlerb ad alcuno dei vostrv, I shall speak to some 
 one of your friends. Agiscono Tun contro Taltro, 
 they act against one another. I due amici si ucci- 
 sero Tun Taltro, the two friends slew each other. 
 Prendete o Tuno o Taltro di questi due cavalli, take 
 either of these tw r o horses. Par late o alVuno o 
 alValtro, speak to either of them. Parlo delTuno 
 e delValtro, I speak of both. Ecco pere e mele ; le 
 une e le altre son buone, here are pears and apples, 
 both are good. Non voglio ne le une ne le altre, 
 I wish neither of them. 
 
 USED IN THE SINGULAR ONLY. 
 
 Ciascuno. } , •. . -. . 
 
 ' every one, each (joined to nouns, 
 
 Ciascheduno, 
 Ognuno, 
 
 Qualcuno, 
 Qualcheduno, 
 
 or used alone.) 
 
 some one, some body, (referring 
 to a noun.) 
 
 Nessuno, 
 
 Niuno, 
 
 Veruno, 
 
 Nullo, 
 
 Ne pur uno, not one. 
 
 nobody, not any body, not any one, 
 none. 
 
22 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 Remark. — The negative pronouns require 
 non when they follow, but not when they pre- 
 cede the verb. 
 
 Examples. — Cost detto, licenzib ciascuno, say- 
 ing this, he dismissed every one. Ddtene a cias- 
 cuna donna, give some to each woman. Ho vednto 
 le vostre sorelle e ognuna e contenta di voi, I saw 
 your sisters, and each is pleased with you. 0- 
 gnuno lo loda, every one praises him. II chirurgo 
 ha visitato i soldati e ne ha trovato qualcuno ferito, 
 the surgeon visited the soldiers, and found some 
 of them wounded. Prendete qualcuna di queste 
 susine, take some of these plumes. Non vedete 
 nessuno ? do you not see any one ? Non conosco 
 memo, I know nobody. Veriin patto ottenne, he ob- 
 tained no compact Ne pur uno venne, not one 
 came. Non conosco ne pur una delle signore, I 
 know not one of the ladies. 
 
 VARYING IN NUMBER, THE MASCULINE AMD FEMININE 
 
 BEING ALIKE. 
 
 Sing. Plur. 
 
 Qualsisia, qualsisiano, ) any whatever, what- 
 Qualsivoglia, qualsivogliano, j soever. 
 
 Tale, such. 
 
 Examples. — E sicuro da qualsisia spada, he is 
 safe from any sword whatever. Qualsivogliano 
 iiomini, any men whatever, Tale fa la sua trista 
 sorte, such was his unhappy lot. 
 
ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 23 
 
 INVARIABLE. 
 
 Qualche, some. 
 Ogni, each, every. 
 Chiunque, whoever. 
 Qualunque, whatever, whoever. 
 
 Chi chi \ some others, some 
 
 Altri altri, j some. 
 
 Altrui, others, that which is another's, some body 
 else. The prepositions di and a, governing altrui, 
 may be omitted. 
 
 Examples. — Ddtemi qualche libro, give me 
 some books. Qualche volta, sometimes. Ogni 
 soldato sara guiderdonato, every soldier shall be re- 
 warded. Viene ogni giorno, he comes every day. 
 Chiunque egli sia, whoever he may be. Qualun- 
 que persona, any person whatever. Chi ride chi 
 piange, some laugh, some cry. Altri legge, altri 
 scrive, some read, others write. II denaro oVal- 
 t?*ui, or V altrui denaro, or il denaro altrui other 
 people's money. Ne manderb ad altrui, I shall 
 send some to some body else. 
 
 CONJUGATION OF THE AUXILIARY 
 
 VERBS 
 
 Avere, to have; fissere, to be, 
 
 INFINTIVE. 
 
 Avere, to have, Essere, to be. 
 
24 
 
 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 PARTICIPLE PRESENT. 
 
 Avendo, having. Essendo, being. 
 
 PARTICIPLE PAST. 
 
 Avuto, had* Stato, been. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 PRESENT. 
 
 Ho, / have 
 
 Sono, / am 
 
 Hai 
 
 Sei 
 
 Ha 
 
 ft 
 
 Abbiamo 
 
 Siamo 
 
 Avete 
 
 Siete 
 
 Hanno 
 
 Sono 
 
 IMPEB 
 
 FECT. 
 
 Aveva, I had 
 
 Era, / was 
 
 Avevi 
 
 Eri 
 
 Aveva 
 
 Era 
 
 Avevamo 
 
 Eravamo 
 
 Avevate 
 
 Eravate 
 
 Avevano 
 
 firano 
 
 PERI 
 
 ECT. 
 
 Ebbi, / had 
 
 Fui, I was 
 
 Avesti 
 
 Fosti 
 
 Ebbe 
 
 Fu 
 
 Avemmo 
 
 Fummo 
 
 Aveste 
 
 Foste 
 
 fibbero 
 
 Fiirono 
 
ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 25 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 I shall or will have 
 
 I shall or will be 
 
 Avro 
 
 Saro 
 
 Avrai 
 
 Sarai 
 
 Avra 
 
 Sara 
 
 Avremo 
 
 Saremo 
 
 Avrete 
 
 Sarete 
 
 Avranno 
 
 Saranno 
 
 conditio: 
 
 s T AL MOOD. 
 
 I might, could, would, 
 
 1 might, could, would, 
 
 or should have. 
 
 or should be. 
 
 Avrei 
 
 Sarei 
 
 Avresti 
 
 Saresti 
 
 Avrebbe 
 
 Sarebbe 
 
 Avremmo 
 
 Saremmo 
 
 Avreste 
 
 Sareste 
 
 Avrebbero 
 
 Sarebbero 
 
 1MPERATI 
 
 VE MOOD. 
 
 Abbi, have thou 
 
 Sii, be thou 
 
 Abbia, let him have 
 
 Sia 
 
 Abbiamo, Jet as have 
 
 Siamo 
 
 Abbiate, have you 
 
 Siate 
 
 Abbiano, let them have 
 
 Siano 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 PRESENT. 
 
 That I may or can have. That I may or can he. 
 
 Che abbia 
 
 Che sia 
 
 abbia or abbi 
 
 sia 
 
 
 c 
 
2G 
 
 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD, ] 
 
 present, continued. 
 
 Che abbia 
 
 Che sia 
 
 abbiamo 
 
 siamo 
 
 abbiate 
 
 si ate 
 
 abbiano 
 
 siano 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 That I might, &c. have. 
 
 That I might, &c. he 
 
 Che avessi 
 
 Che fossi 
 
 avessi 
 
 fossi 
 
 avesse 
 
 fosse 
 
 avessimo 
 
 fossi mo 
 
 aveste 
 
 foste 
 
 avessero 
 
 fossero 
 
 COMPOUND TENSES OF 
 
 Avere. 
 Avere avuto, to have 
 
 had 
 Avendo avuto, having 
 
 had 
 Ho avuto, &c. I have 
 
 had, §c. 
 Aveva avuto, &c. / had 
 
 had, §'C. 
 Ebbi avuto, &c. / had 
 
 had, §'C. 
 Avrd avuto, &c. / shall 
 
 have had, fyc. 
 Avrei avuto, &c. I should 
 
 have had, fyc. 
 
 Essere. 
 Essere stato, to have 
 
 been 
 Essendo stato, having 
 
 been 
 Sono stato, &c. / have 
 
 been, <J-c. 
 Era stato, &c. / had 
 
 been, §c. 
 Fui stato, &c. / had 
 
 been, fyc. 
 Saro stato, &c. / shall 
 
 have been, §c. 
 Sarei stato, &c.I shovld 
 
 have been, 4°c. 
 
ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 27 
 
 Che abbia avuto, &c. 
 
 that I may have had,fyc. 
 
 Che avessi avuto, &c. 
 
 that I might have had, fyc. 
 
 Che sia stato, &c. that I 
 
 may have been, fyc. 
 
 Che fossi stato, &c. that 
 
 I might have been, fyc. 
 
 Stato in the compound tenses of e'ssere must 
 agree with the nominative to the verb ; egli e 
 stato, he has been ; ella e stata, she has been ; 
 noi siamo stati or state, we have been. 
 
 CONJUGATION OF REGULAR VERBS. 
 
 There are three Conjugations, which are known 
 by the termination of the infinitive. 
 
 The First ) (are) r ,, . x . 
 
 c. i , ] ( tor the termination of 
 feecond > has -<ere> , . n .,. 
 
 Third ) (ire) ^infinitive. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Amare, to love Temere, to fear Servire, to serve 
 
 PARTICIPLE PRESENT. 
 
 Amando, loving Temendo, fearing 
 Servendo, serving 
 
 PARTICIPE PAST. 
 
 Amato, loved Temuto, feared Servito, served 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 PRESENT. 
 
 I love, do love. I fear, do fear. I serve, do serve. 
 
 Amo 
 Ami 
 
 Temo 
 Temi 
 
 Servo 
 Servi 
 
28 
 
 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 Ama 
 
 Teme 
 
 Serve 
 
 Amiamo 
 
 Temiamo 
 
 Serviamo 
 
 Amate 
 
 Temete 
 
 Servite 
 
 Amano 
 
 Temono 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 Servono 
 
 I loved, did love. 
 
 I feared, did fear. 
 
 [ served, did serve. 
 
 Amava 
 
 Temeva 
 
 Serviva 
 
 Amavi 
 
 Temevi 
 
 Servivi 
 
 Amava 
 
 Temeva 
 
 Serviva 
 
 Amavaino 
 
 Temevamo 
 
 Servivamo 
 
 Amavate 
 
 Temevate 
 
 Servivate 
 
 Amavano 
 
 Temevano 
 
 PERFECT. 
 
 Servivano 
 
 Amai, I loved 
 
 Temei, I feared 
 
 Servii, I served 
 
 Amasti 
 
 Temesti 
 
 Servi sti 
 
 Amo 
 
 Teme 
 
 Servi 
 
 Amammo 
 
 Tememmo 
 
 Servimmo 
 
 Amaste 
 
 Temeste 
 
 Serviste 
 
 Amarono 
 
 Temerono 
 
 FUTURE. 
 
 Servirono 
 
 I shall or will love. I 
 
 shall or will fear. 
 
 [ shall or will serve. 
 
 Amero 
 
 Temero 
 
 Serviro 
 
 Amerai 
 
 Temerai 
 
 Servirai 
 
 Amera 
 
 Temera 
 
 Servira 
 
 Ameremo 
 
 Temeremo 
 
 Serviremo 
 
 Amerete 
 
 Temerete 
 
 Servirete 
 
 Ameranno 
 
 Temeranno 
 
 Serviranno 
 
ITALIAN GBA3IMAR. 
 
 29 
 
 CONDITIONAL MOOD. 
 
 I might, could, 
 would, should love. 
 
 Amerei 
 
 Ameresti 
 
 Amerebbe 
 
 Ameremmo 
 
 Amereste 
 
 Amerebbero 
 
 I might, could, 
 would, should fear. 
 
 Temerei 
 
 Temeresti 
 
 Temerebbe 
 
 Temeremmo 
 
 Temereste 
 
 Temerebbero 
 
 I might, could, 
 would, should serve, 
 
 Servirei 
 
 Serviresti 
 
 Servirebbe 
 
 Serviremmo 
 
 Servireste 
 
 Servirebbero 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 A ma, love thou 
 Ami 
 Amiamo 
 A mate 
 Amino 
 
 Temi, fear thou 
 
 Tema 
 
 Temiamo 
 
 Temete 
 
 Temano 
 
 Servi, serve thou 
 
 Serva 
 
 Serviamo 
 
 Servite 
 
 Servano 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 
 PRESENT. 
 
 
 That I mav love. 
 
 4 
 
 That I may fear. 
 
 That I may serve, 
 
 Che ami 
 
 Che tema 
 
 Che serva 
 
 ami 
 
 tema 
 
 serva 
 
 ami 
 
 tema 
 
 serva 
 
 amiamo 
 
 temiamo 
 
 serviamo 
 
 annate 
 
 temiate 
 
 serviate 
 
 amino 
 
 temano 
 
 servano 
 
30 
 
 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 That I might love. 
 
 Che amassi 
 amassi 
 amasse 
 amassimo 
 amaste 
 amassero 
 
 IMPERFECT. 
 
 That I might fear. 
 
 Che temessi 
 temessi 
 temesse 
 temessimo 
 temeste 
 temessero 
 
 That I might serve. 
 
 Che servissi 
 servissi 
 servisse 
 servissi mo 
 serviste 
 servissero 
 
 COMPOUND TENSES. 
 
 Avere amato, temuto, servito, to have loved, 
 feared, served. Avendo amato, temuto, servito, 
 having loved, feared, served. Ho amato, temuto, 
 servito, / have loved, feared, served. Aveva 
 amato, temuto, servito, I had loved, feared, served. 
 And in like manner with the other tenses. 
 
 Observations. — 1. The negative ought al- 
 ways to precede the verb. Non.amo, I do not 
 love. Non temete ? do you not fear ? 
 
 2. In verbs ending in ciare, sciare, glare, the i 
 is dropped in the future and conditional ; cacciare, 
 to chase ; caccerb, I shall chase ; lasciare, to leave ; 
 lascerb, I shall leave ; mangiar?, to eat ; manger ei, 
 I should eat. 
 
 3. In those ending in care, gare, an h is to be 
 supplied before eand/; cercare, to search; cer- 
 chij thou searchest ; pagare, to pay ; paghero, I 
 shall pay. 
 
 4. Verbs in ere have the e before re sometimes 
 
ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 31 
 
 long and sometimes short ; as teme're, to fear ; 
 credere, to believe. 
 
 I 5. Verbs in cire retain the i before o and u ; 
 those in give suppress it ; cucire, to sew, cucio ; 
 fuggire, to &ee,fuggo. 
 
 The passive voice of Italian verbs is formed 
 by adding the past participle to the verb e'ssere, 
 which participle must agree with the nominative 
 to the verb in gender and number ; as e'ssere am- 
 ato, essendo amato, sono amato or amata, &c, and 
 so on throughout the other tenses. 
 
 IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 FIRST CONJUGATION, 
 
 Andare, to go, andando, andato. 
 
 Ind. pr., vo or vado, vai, va j andiamo, andate, 
 vanno. Imp., andava. Perf., andai. Fut., 
 andro. Condit., andrei. Imperative, va, vada ; 
 andiamo, andate, vadano. Subj. pi\, che vada, 
 vada, vada, andiamo, andiate, vadano. Imp*, che 
 andassi. 
 This verb takes e'ssere in its compound tenses. 
 
 Dare, to give, dan do, dato. 
 
 Ind. pr., do, dai, da ; diamo, date, danno. 
 Imp., dava. Perf., detti or diedi, desti, dette or 
 diede ; demmo, deste, dettero or diedero. Fut., 
 daro. Condit., darei. Imperat., da, dia; diamo, 
 date, diano. Subj. pr., che dia, dia, dia; diamo, 
 diate, diano. Imp., che dessi, dessi, desse ; 
 dessimo, deste, dessero, 
 
Of 
 
 2 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 Fare, to do or make. Facendo, fat to. 
 
 Ind. pr., fo, fai, fa ; facciamo, fate, fanno. 
 Imp., faceva. Perf., feci, facesti, fece ; facemmo, 
 faces te, fecero. Fut., faro. Conclit., farei. 
 Imperat., fa, fiiccia ; facciamo, fate, facciano. 
 Subj. pr., clie faccia, faccia, faccia ; facciamo, 
 facciate, facciano. Imp., che facessi, facessi, 
 facesse ; facessimo, faceste, faeessero. 
 
 Stare, to stand, stando, stato. 
 
 Ind. pr., sto, stai, sta ; stiamo, state, stanno. 
 Imp., stava. Perf., stetti, stesti, stette ; stemmo, 
 steste, stettero. Fut., staro. Condit., starei. 
 Imperat., sta, stia ; stiamo, state, stiano. Subj. pr. 
 che stia, stia, stia, stiamo, stiate, stiano. Imp., 
 ehe stessi, stessi, stesse; stessimo, steste, stessero. 
 
 SECOND CONJUGATION. 
 
 When the perfect tense is irregular, the third 
 person singular is formed by changing i of the 
 first person into e $ and the third person plural 
 is found by adding ro to the third person sin- 
 gular. The three remaining persons are always 
 formed from the infinitive as in regular verbs ; 
 thus ; from chiesi, I asked, is formed chiese, he 
 asked, and from chiese is formed chiesero, they 
 asked. From chiedere to ask, are formed ckiedesti, 
 thou didst ask, chiedemmo, we asked, and chiedeste, 
 you asked. 
 
 When an infinitive is contracted, we employ 
 the primitive form in the formation of the three 
 regular persons, thus : we form eondttcesti, con- 
 
ITALIAN GRAMMAR. S3 
 
 ducemmo, conduceste, from conduce?^, and not from 
 the contraction condurre, to conduct. 
 
 Condurre, to conduct, syncope of condiicere, con- 
 
 ducendo, condotto. 
 
 Ind. pr., conduco. Imp., conduceva. Perf., 
 condussi. Fut., condurro. Condit., condurrei. 
 Imperat., conduci. Subj. pr., che conduca. Imp. 
 che conducessi. 
 
 Bevere, to drink, contracted into beVe, bevendo, 
 
 bevuto. 
 
 Ind. pr., bevo. Imp., beveva. Perf., bevvi, 
 bevei or bevetti. Fut., bevero. Condit., 
 beverei. Imperat., bevi. Subj. pr., che beva. 
 Imp., che bevessi. 
 
 Cadere, to fall, cadendo, caduto, 
 
 Ind. pr., cado. Imp., cadeva. Perf., caddi. 
 Fut., cadero, or cadro. Condit., caderei or 
 cadrei. Imperat., cadi. Subj. pr., che cada. 
 Imp., che cadessi. 
 
 This verb takes essere in its compound tenses. 
 
 Chiedere, to ash, chiedendo, chiesto. 
 
 Ind. pr., chiedo, or chieggo. Imp., chiedeva. 
 Perf., chiesi. Fut., chiedero. Condit., chiederei. 
 Imperat., chiedi. Subj. pr., che chieda, or 
 chiegga. Imp., che chiedessi. 
 
 Dire, to say, syncope o/'dicere, dicendo, detto. 
 Ind. pr., dico, dici or di', dice ; diciamo, dite, 
 
34 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 dicono. Imp., diceva. Perf., dissi. Fut., diro, 
 Condit., direi. Imperat., di', dica ; diciamo, 
 dite, dicano. Subj. pr., che dica. Imp., che 
 dicessi. 
 
 Dolersi, to complain, dolendosi, dolutosi. 
 
 Ind. pr., mi dolgo or doglio, ti duoli, si duole ; 
 ci dogliamo, vi dolete, si dolgono, or dogliono. 
 Imp., mi doleva. Perf., mi dolsi. Fut., mi 
 dorro. Condit., mi dorrei. Imperat., duoliti, 
 dolgasi or dogliasi ; dogliamoci, doletevi, dolgansi, 
 or dogliansi. Subj. pr., che mi doglia. Imp., 
 che mi dolessi. 
 
 Remark. Reflected verbs take e'ssere in their 
 compound tenses ; mi sono doluto, I have, com- 
 plained ; si sono doluti, they have complained ; 
 si era doluta, she had complained ; le sorelle si 
 erano dolute> the sisters had complained. 
 
 Dovere, to owe, dovendo, dovuto. 
 
 Ind. pr., debbo or deggio, debbi or dei, debbe 
 or dee ; dobbiamo, dovete, debbono or deggiono. 
 Imp., doveva. Perf., dovei or dovetti. Fut., 
 dovro. Condit., dovrei. Imperat., wanting. 
 Subj. pr., che debba ; dobbiamo or deggiamo, 
 dobbiate or deggiate, debbano or deggiano. 
 Imp., che dovessi. 
 
 Nuocere to km% nocendo, noeiuto. 
 
 Ind. pr., nuoco or noccio, nuoci, nuoce ; 
 nocciamo, nocete, nuocono. Imp., noceva. 
 Perf., nocqui, nocesti. nocque; noceramo, noceste, 
 
ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 35 
 
 nocquero. Fut., nocerd. Condit., nocerei. 
 Imperat., nuoci, nuoccia, or noccia ; nocciamo, 
 nocete, nocciano. Subj. pr., clie nuoccia or 
 noccia. Imp., clie nocessi. 
 
 Observation. — When, in a verb which con- 
 tains the syllable uo, the accent passes to the fol- 
 lowing vowel, the u must be taken away, thus : 
 nuoco, nocciamo, nocete. 
 
 Parere, to appear, parendo, paruto, and 
 
 parso. 
 
 Ind. pr., paio, pari, pare ; paiamo, parete ; 
 paiono. Imp., pareva. Perf., parvi. Fut., 
 parro. Condit., parrei. Imperat., pari, paia ; 
 paiamo, parete, paiano. Subj. pr,, che paia. 
 Imp., che paressi, 
 
 Piacere, to please, piacendo, piaciuto. 
 
 Ind. pr., piaccio, piaci, piace ; piacciamo, 
 piacete, piacciono. Imp., piaceva, Perf., piac- 
 qui. Fut., piacero. Condit., piacerei. Imperat., 
 piaci, piaccia ; piacciamo, piacete, piacciano. 
 Subj. pr., che piaccia. Imp., che piacessi. 
 
 In like manner, conjugate gmcere 7 to lie down ; 
 tacere, to be silent, 
 
 Porre, to place, syncope of ponere, ponendo, 
 
 posto. 
 
 Ind. pr., pongo, poni, pone ; poniamo, ponete, 
 pongono. Imp., poneva. Perf., posi. Fut., 
 porro. Condit., porrei. Imperat., poni, ponga, 
 
36 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 poniamo, ponete, pongano. 8ubj. pr., die ponga. 
 Imp., che ponessi. 
 
 Potere, to be able, potendo, potuto. 
 
 Ind., pr., posso, puoi, pub ; possiamo, potete. 
 possono. Imp., poteva. Perf., potei. Fut., 
 potro. Condit., potrei. Imperat., wanting. 
 Subj. pr., che possa. Imperf., che potessi. 
 
 Rimanere, to stay, rimanendo, rimaso, and 
 
 rimasto. 
 
 Ind. pr., rimango, rimani, rimane ; rimani- 
 amo, rimanete, rimangono. Imp., rimaneva. 
 Perf., rimasi. Fut., rimarro. Condit., rimar- 
 rei. Imperat., rimani, rimanga ; rimaniamo, ri- 
 manete, rimangano. Subj. pr., che rimanga. 
 Imp., che rimanessi. 
 
 Sapere, to know, sapendo, saputo. 
 
 Ind., pr., so, sai, sa ; sappiamo, sapete, sanno. 
 Imp., sapeva. Perf., seppi. Fut., sapro. Condit., 
 saprei. Imperat., sappi, sappia ; sappiamo, sap- 
 piate, sappiano. Subj. pr., che sappia. Imp., 
 che sapessi. 
 
 Scegliere, to choose, scegliendo, scelto. 
 
 Ind. pr., scelgo or sceglio, scegli, sceglie ; sceg- 
 gliamo, scegliete, scelgono or scegliono. Imp., 
 sceglieva. Perf., scelsi. Fut., scegliero. Condit., 
 sceglierei. Imperat., scegli, scelga or sceglia, 
 &c. Subj. pr., che scelga or sceglia. Imp., che 
 scegliessi. 
 
 
ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 37 
 
 Observation. — Verbs ending in gliere, are 
 often contracted in the infinitive ; as scerre from 
 scegliere ; corre from cogliere, to gather. 
 
 Sedere, to sit, sedendo, seduto. 
 
 Ind. pr., siedo or seggo, siedi, siede ; sediamo 
 or seggiamo, sedete, siedono or seggono. Imp., 
 sedeva. Perf., sedei. Fut., sedero. Condit., 
 sederei. Imperat., siedi, sieda or segga, &c. 
 Subj. pr., che sieda or segga. Imp., che sedessi. 
 
 Suadere, to persuade, suadendo, suaso. 
 
 Ind. pr., suado. Imp., suadeva. Perf., suasi. 
 Fut., suadero. Condit., suaderei. Imperat., 
 suacli. Subj. pr., che suada. Imp., che sua- 
 dessi. 
 
 Sveilere, to pluck out, svellendo, svelto. 
 
 Ind. pr., svelgo or svello, svelli, svelle or sveglie ; 
 svelliamo, svellete, svellono or svelgono. Imp., 
 svelleva. Perf., svelsi. Fut., svellero. Condit., 
 svellerei. Imperat., svelli, svella or svelga, &c. 
 Subj. pr., che svella or svelga. Imperat., che 
 svellessi. 
 
 Tenere, to hold, tenendo, tenuto. 
 
 Ind. pr., tengo, tieni, tiene ; teniamo, tenete, 
 tengono. Imp., teneva. Perf., tenni. Fut., 
 terro. Condit., terrei. Imperat., tieni, tenga, 
 &c. Subj. pr., che tenga. Imp., che tenessi. 
 
 D 
 
38 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 Traere or trarre, to draw, traendo, tratto. 
 
 Ind. pr., traggo, trai, trae ; traiamo or trag- 
 giamo, traete, traggono. Imp., traeva. Perf., 
 trassi. Fut., trarro. Condit., trarrei. Imperat., 
 trai, tragga, &c. Subj. pr., che tragga. Imp., 
 che traessi. 
 
 Yalere, to be worth, valendo, valuto. 
 
 Ind., pr., valgo or vaglio, vali, vale ; vagli- 
 amo, valete, valgono or vagliono. Imp., valeva. 
 Perf., valsi. Fut., varrb. Condit., varrei. 
 Imperat., vali, valga or vaglia, &c. Subj. pr., 
 che valga or vaglia. Imp., che valessi. 
 
 Yedere, to see, vedendo, veduto. . 
 
 Ind., pr., vedo, veggo or veggio, vedi, vede ; 
 vediamo or veggiamo, vedete, vedono, veggono 
 or veggiono. Imp., vedeva. Perf., vidi. Fut., 
 vedro. Condit., vedrei. Imperat., vedi, veda 
 or vegga, or veggia, &c. Subj. pr., che veda or 
 vegga, or veggia. Imp., che vedessi. 
 
 Volere, to be willing, volendo, voluto. 
 
 Ind., pr., voglio or vo', vuoi, vuole or vub ; 
 vogliamo, volete, vogliono. Imp., voleva. Perf., 
 volli. Fut., vorro. Condit., vorrei. Subj. pr., 
 che voglia. Imp., che volessi. 
 
 When a verb in ere is irregular, and is not 
 found among the preceding irregular verbs, it, or 
 one of the same termination, will be found in the 
 
ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 39 
 
 following table of verbs, which have only the 
 •perfect indicative, and participle past, irregular. 
 
 Example. — Suppose it were required to know 
 the perfect indicative, and participle past of pren- 
 dere, to take ; w r hich is not among the preceding 
 irregular verbs, and as it is not to be found in 
 the following table, look for a verb of the same 
 termination, viz., ndere and accendere, will be 
 found ; therefore the perf. is presi, like accesi, 
 and the part. past, is preso, like acceso. 
 
 TABLE OF VERBS, IRREGULAR IN THE 
 PERFECT INDICATIVE AND PARTICIPLE 
 PAST. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 Perfect. 
 
 Part. past. 
 
 Acce-ndere, Q) to kindle 
 
 acce-sz 
 
 acce-50 
 
 AccoY-gere, ( 2 ) to perceive 
 Asso-lvere, ( 3 ) to absolve 
 
 accor-s* 
 asso-Zse 
 
 accor-fo 
 asso-lto 
 
 C6-gliere, to gather 
 
 co-lsi 
 
 co-lto 
 
 Cono-scere, ( 4 ) to know 
 
 cono-bbi 
 
 cono-sciuto 
 
 Cor '-r 'ere, to run 
 
 cor-si 
 
 COY-SO 
 
 Di&cu-tere, to discuss 
 
 discu-552 
 
 discu-sso 
 
 Distin-guere, to distinguish 
 
 distin-S2 
 
 distin-fo 
 
 Distr-uggere, to destroy 
 Esp-e7fore, to expel 
 
 distr-wss2 
 esip-ulsi 
 
 distY-utto 
 esp-w&o 
 
 Espr-zmer^, to express 
 Yvi-ggere, to fry 
 Jj-eggere, to read 
 
 espr-essf 
 
 fci-ssi 
 
 l-essi 
 
 espr-esso 
 
 fri-fto 
 
 l-etto 
 
 M-ettere, ( 5 ) to put 
 
 m-isi 
 
 m-esso 
 
40 
 
 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 Perfect. 
 
 Part. past. 
 
 'M.-uovere, to move 
 
 m-ossi 
 
 m-osso 
 
 Yerc-uotere, to strike 
 
 peYC-ossi 
 
 peYc-osso 
 
 Yv-emere, to press 
 
 pr-es&i 
 
 pY-esso 
 
 Pres- umere, to presume 
 
 pres-wns/ 
 
 pres-unto 
 
 "R-ompere, to break 
 
 r-uppi 
 
 Y-OttO 
 
 Scr-ivere, ( 6 ) to write 
 
 scY-issi 
 
 SCY-ittO 
 
 Spe-#/iere, to extinguish 
 
 spe-nsi 
 
 spe-?ifo 
 
 Spi-ngere, ( 7 ) to push 
 
 spi-nsi 
 
 spi-nto 
 
 Tor-cere, ( 8 ) to twist 
 
 tor-st 
 
 tOY-tO 
 
 JJcci-dere, ( 9 ) to kill 
 
 ucci-st 
 
 ucci-so 
 
 EXCEPTIONS. 
 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 Perfect. 
 
 Part. past. 
 
 1 . Fondere, to melt 
 
 fusi 
 
 fuso 
 
 Nascondere, to conceal 
 
 nascosi 
 
 (nascoso & 
 (nascosto 
 
 Rispondere, to reply 
 
 risposi 
 
 risposto 
 
 Scindere, to cut 
 
 scinsi 
 
 scinto 
 
 2. Dirigere, to direct 
 
 diressi 
 
 diretto 
 
 Esigere, to exact 
 
 esigei 
 
 esatto 
 
 Negligere, to neglect 
 
 neglessi 
 
 negletto 
 
 3. Solvere, to untie 
 
 solvei 
 
 soluto 
 
 4. Nascere, to be born 
 
 nacqui ' 
 
 nato 
 
 5. Flettere, to bend 
 
 flessi 
 
 flesso 
 
 /> TT ? 7 • 
 
 • • 
 
 (vivuto and 
 (vissuto 
 
 6. Vivere, to live 
 
 V1SS1 
 
 7. Stringere, to press 
 
 s trin si 
 
 stretto 
 
 8. Ciiocere, to boil 
 
 cossi 
 
 cotto 
 
 9. Cedere, to yield 
 
 cessi 
 
 ceduto 
 
ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 41 
 
 THIRD CONJUGATION. 
 
 Morire, to die, morendo, morto. 
 
 Ind. pr., muoio, muori, muore ; moiamo, mo- 
 rite, muoiono. Imp., moriva. Perf., morii. 
 Fut., morro. Condit., morrei. Imperat., muori, 
 muoia ; moiamo, morite, muoiano. Subj. pr., 
 che muoia. Imp., che morissi. 
 
 This verb takes e'ssere in its compound tenses. 
 
 Salire, to mount, salendo, salito. 
 
 Ind. pr., salgo, sali, sale ; sagliamo, salite, sal- 
 gono. Imp., saliva. Perf., salii. Fut., saliro. 
 Condit., salirei. Imperat., sali, saiga ; sagliamo, 
 salite, salgano. Subj. pr., che saiga. Imp., 
 che salissi. 
 
 Seguire, to follow, seguendo, seguito. 
 
 Ind., pr., seguo or sieguo, segui or siegui, segue 
 or siegue ; seguiamo, seguite, seguono or siegu- 
 ono. Imp., seguiva* Perf., seguii. Fut., se- 
 guiro. Condit., seguirei. Imperat., segui or 
 siegui, segua or siegua ; seguiamo, seguite, segu- 
 ano or sieguano. Subj. pr., che segua or siegua. 
 Imp., che seguissi. 
 
 Udire, to hear, udendo, udito. 
 
 Ind. pr., odo, odi, ode ; udiamo, udite, odono. 
 Imp., udiva. Perf., udii. Fut., udiro. Condit., 
 
42 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 udirei. Imperat., odi, oda ; udiamo, udite, 
 odano. Subj. pr., die oda, oda, oda; udiamo, 
 udiate, odano. Imp., die udissi. 
 
 Yenire, to come, venendo, venuto. 
 
 Ind. pr., vengo, vieni, viene ; veniamo, venite, 
 vengono. Imp., veniva. Perf., venni. Fut., 
 verro. Condit., verrei. Imperat., vieni, venga ; 
 veniamo, venite, vengano. Subj. pr., che venga. 
 Imp., che venissi. 
 
 This verb takes essere in its compound tense. 
 
 The irregular verbs of the third conjugation 
 are very few. The others, for the most part, are 
 irregular only in the present of the indicative, in 
 the imperative, and in the present of the subjunc- 
 tive. The first and second persons plural of 
 each being excepted ; as, 
 
 Unire, to unite, unendo, unito. 
 
 Ind. pr., unisco, unisci, unisce ; wniamo, unite, 
 uniscono. Imperat., unisci, unisca ; uniamo, 
 unite, uniscano. Subj. pr., che unisca, unisca, 
 unisca ; uniamo, uniate, uniscano, 
 
 Apparire, to appear, has appare and appariscc, 
 
ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 43 
 
 he appears ; appaiono and appariscono, they ap- 
 pear. 
 
 Aprire, to open ; coprire, to cover ; scoprire, to 
 discover ; have aprii or apersi, I opened ; aperto, 
 opened. 
 
 Some verbs of this conjugation have two 
 forms in their present tenses ; such as avvertire, 
 to ivarn, which makes avverto and avvertisco, / 
 warn. 
 
 DEFECTIVE VERBS. 
 
 Gire, to go, — , gito. 
 
 Ind. pr., — , — , — ; — , gite, — . Imp., giva 
 or gia, givi, giva, or gia ; givamo, givate, givano or 
 giano. Perf., — , gisti, gi or gio ; gimmo, giste, 
 girono. Fut., giro, — , gira, &c. Condit., girei, 
 &c. Imperat., — , — ; — , gite ? — . Subj. pr., 
 wanting. Imp., che gissi, &c. 
 
 Ire, to goj — , ito. 
 
 Ind., pr., — , — , — ; — , ite, — . Imp., — 7 
 — , iva ; — , — , ivano. Fut., — , — , — ; iremo, 
 irete, iranno. Imperat., — , — ; — , ite, — . 
 
 Riedere, to return, — , — . 
 
 Ind. pr., — , riedi, riede; rest wanting. 
 Imperat., — , — ; — , — , riedano. 
 
 Olire, to he perf timed, — , — . 
 Ind. imp., oliva, olivi, oliva ; — , — , olivano. 
 
44 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 Calere, to care, — , caluto, (impersonal verb.) 
 
 Ind. pr., mi cale, / care, ti cale, gli cale ; ci 
 cale, vi cale, cale a loro. Imp., mi caleva, ti 
 caleva, gli caleva, &c. Perf., mi calse, ti calse, 
 &c. Imperat., non ti caglia, do not care; non 
 gli caglia, let him not care, &c. 
 
 ADVERBS. 
 
 Adverbs ending in mente are formed by ad- 
 ding the adjective to the word mente, which ori- 
 ginally signified manner; as this word is femi- 
 nine, the adjective takes the termination of that 
 gender ; as cdtiero, proud ; altieramente, proudly. 
 
 As adjectives ending in e are alike in both 
 genders, no change takes place when they are 
 j oined to mente ; as forte, strong ; fortemente, 
 strongly. 
 
 If the adjective ends in le or re, the e is omit- 
 ted ; as facile, easy ; facilmente, easily ; particolare, 
 particular ; particolarmente, particularly. 
 
 Adverbs are compared like adjectives, with 
 this difference, that the article il is invariable. 
 
 Positive. Comparative. Superlative. 
 
 Fedelmente, piii fedelmente, il piu fedelmente, 
 faithfully, more faithfully, most faithfully. 
 
 The following adverbs are compared irregu- 
 larly : — 
 
ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 45 
 
 Positive. 
 
 Comparative. 
 
 Superlative. 
 
 Bene, 
 
 meglio, 
 
 il me'glio. 
 
 well, 
 
 better, 
 
 best. 
 
 Male, 
 
 peggio, 
 
 il pe'ggio. 
 
 badly, 
 
 worse, 
 
 worst. 
 
 Poco, 
 
 meno, 
 
 il meno. 
 
 little, 
 
 less, 
 
 least. 
 
 LIST OF ADVERBS AND ADVERBIAL EXPRESSIONS* 
 
 Adagio, 
 
 sloivly. 
 
 Adesso, 
 
 7101V. 
 
 Affatto, 
 
 quite. 
 
 Allora, 
 
 then. 
 
 Almeno, 
 
 at least. 
 
 Alquanto, 
 
 somewhat. 
 
 Altrove, 
 
 elsewhere. 
 
 Anche, 
 
 also. 
 
 Ancora, 
 
 yet. ^ 
 
 Anzi, 
 
 rather. 
 
 Appena, 
 
 scarcely. 
 
 Andate adagio, 
 
 go sloivly. 
 
 Fatelo adesso, 
 
 do it now. 
 
 J& affatto cangiato, 
 
 he is quite changed. 
 
 Aveva allora vent'anni, 
 
 he was then twenty. 
 
 Datemene almeno, 
 
 give me some at least. 
 
 Sto alquanto meglio, 
 
 / am somewhat better. 
 
 Andiamo altrove, 
 
 let us go elsewhere. 
 
 Vi sono stato anche, 
 
 I have also been there. 
 
 Non e ancora venuto, 
 
 he has not come yet. 
 
 Anzi perderei tutto, 
 
 J would rather lose all. 
 
 Appena vi capisco, 
 
 / scarcely comprehend you, 
 
46 
 
 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 Appunto, 
 exactly, 
 
 Appieno, 
 
 fully. 
 
 A bell'agio, 
 
 at leisure. 
 
 A voce, 1 by word 
 
 A bocca, / of mouth. 
 
 A bello studio, 
 
 on purpose. 
 
 A dritta, or, a des- 
 
 tra, to, on the right. 
 
 A sinistra, or, aman- 
 
 ca, to, on the left. 
 
 Assai, 
 
 very, sufficiently. 
 
 Bene, 
 
 well. 
 
 Bel bello, 
 
 softly. 
 
 Ci, 
 
 here. 
 
 Cola, 
 
 thither. 
 
 Come, 
 
 how, as, 
 
 Cosi, 
 
 so, thus. 
 
 Costa, 
 
 there. 
 
 Costi, 
 
 there. 
 
 Mi trovava appunto dirim- 
 
 petto air uscio, / was exactly 
 
 opposite the door. 
 
 Sono appieno soddisfatto, 
 
 I am fully satisfied. 
 
 Faremo questo a bell'agio, 
 
 we shall do this at leisure. 
 
 Melo disse a voce, he told 
 
 me so by word of mouth. 
 
 Lo disse a bello studio, 
 
 he said so on pxuyose. 
 
 E nella prima casa a destra, 
 
 she is in the first house on the 
 
 right. 
 
 Andate a manca, 
 
 go to the left. 
 
 Yenite assai per tempo, 
 
 come very early. 
 
 State bene ? 
 
 are you well ? 
 
 Andate bel bello in questo ne- 
 
 gozio, go softly in this affair. 
 
 Che ci si fa ? 
 
 what are they doing here ? 
 
 Andate cola? 
 
 are you going thither ? 
 
 Come state ? 
 
 how do you do ? 
 
 Egli mi disse cosi, 
 
 he told me so. 
 
 Che fate costa ? 
 
 what are you doing there ? 
 
 Vi vedro costi, 
 
 / shall see you there. 
 
ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 47 
 
 D'allora in qua, 
 
 since. 
 
 Da per tutto, 
 
 everywhere. 
 
 Da qui innanzi, 
 
 for the future. 
 
 Di buon grado, 
 
 willingly. 
 
 Domani, 
 
 to-morrow. 
 
 Dove, 
 
 where, whither. 
 
 Finora, 
 
 till now, 
 
 Forse, 
 
 perhaps. 
 
 in a 
 
 short 
 
 time. 
 
 Frapoco, "] 
 
 Fra breve, 
 
 Fra non 
 
 molto, 
 
 Gia, 
 
 already. 
 
 Giu, 
 
 below. 
 
 Indi, 
 
 thence. 
 
 Insieme, 
 
 together. 
 
 Intanto, 
 
 in the meantime. 
 
 Ivi, 
 
 there. 
 
 Mai, ever, (with non. 
 
 never.) 
 
 Non si e riavuto d'allora in 
 qua, he has not recovered since. 
 Ne troverete da per tutto, 
 you will find some everywhere. 
 Da qui innanzi saro severo, 
 / will be severe for the future. 
 Yelo do di buon grado, 
 / give it you willingly. 
 Ditegli che venga domani, 
 tell him to come to-morrow. 
 Dove andate ? 
 ivhither are you going ? 
 Che ha egli fatto finora? 
 what has he done till now ? 
 Forse vi vedro stasera, per- 
 haps I shall see you this even- 
 ing. 
 
 Vi seguiro fra non molto, 
 / shall follow you in a short 
 
 time. 
 
 Sono gia tre ore, 
 
 it is already three o'clock, 
 
 Andiamo giu, 
 
 let us go below. 
 
 Non uscite indi, 
 
 do not go out thence. 
 
 Vi andremo insieme, 
 
 we shall go there together. 
 
 Che faremo intanto ? What 
 
 shall we do in the meantime ? 
 
 Vi menero ivi, 
 
 I will take you there. 
 
 Non gli parlero mai, 
 
 / will never speak to him. 
 
48 
 
 ITALIAN G1JAMMAR. 
 
 Meglio, 
 
 
 Scrivete meglio di me, 
 
 better. 
 
 
 you write better than I. 
 
 Meno, 
 
 
 Paiiate meno, 
 
 less. 
 
 
 speak less. 
 
 Molto, 1 
 
 nach, a great 
 
 Ha molto fatto, 
 
 deal. 
 
 
 he has done a great deal. 
 
 Non, 
 
 
 Non fate cid, 
 
 not. 
 
 
 don't do that. 
 
 No, 
 
 
 L'avete veduto ? 
 
 no. 
 
 
 did you see it ? No, no. 
 
 Oggi, 
 
 
 E giunto oggi, 
 
 to-day. 
 
 
 he arrived to-day. 
 
 Onde, 
 
 
 Onde venite ? 
 
 whence. 
 
 
 Whence do you come. ? 
 
 Ora, 
 
 
 Che fareste ora? 
 
 now. 
 
 
 What should you do now ? 
 
 O^e, 
 
 
 Ove sta di casa ? 
 
 whither? 
 
 where. 
 
 Where does he dwell ? 
 
 Prima, 
 
 
 Vorrei prima morire, I would 
 
 first, rather. 
 
 rather die. Chi arrivo prima ? 
 
 
 
 Who arrived first ? 
 
 Peggio, 
 
 
 Egli impara peggio di lei, 
 
 worse. 
 
 
 he learns vjorse than she. 
 
 Piu, 
 
 
 Non ne parlate piu, 
 
 more. 
 
 
 speak no more about it. 
 
 Poi, 
 
 
 Poi sene ando, 
 
 then. 
 
 
 he then went away. 
 
 Poscia, 
 
 
 Ci rivedremo poscia, ice 
 
 afterwai 
 
 'ds. 
 
 shall see each other again 
 afterwards. 
 
 Poco, 
 
 
 Sene parla poco, 
 
 little. 
 
 
 they say little about it. 
 
 Qua, 
 
 
 Venite qua, 
 
 hither. 
 
 
 come hither. 
 
ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 49 
 
 Qui, 
 
 here. 
 
 Quando, 
 
 when. 
 
 Quanto, how much, 
 
 how many. 
 
 Quasi, 
 
 as if almost. 
 
 Quindi, 
 thence. 
 Sempre, 
 always. 
 
 Si, 
 
 yes. 
 
 Si, 
 
 so. 
 
 Sovente, j offm 
 
 hpesso, J J 
 
 Siibito, 
 
 soon, immediately. 
 
 Tanto, so much, so 
 
 many. 
 
 Tardi, 
 
 late. 
 
 Tosto, 
 
 soon. 
 
 Troppo, too much, 
 
 too many. 
 
 vv 
 
 there. 
 
 Volentieri, 
 
 willingly. 
 
 Sono qui, 
 
 I am here. 
 
 Quando gli scriverete ? 
 
 when tvill you write to him ? 
 
 Quanto ne avete ? 
 
 Hoiv much have you ? 
 
 Quasi volesse altro dire, 
 
 as if he ivould say something 
 
 else. 
 
 Egli e partito quindi, 
 
 he has departed from thence. 
 
 Sempre mi ricordero di voi, 
 
 / will always remember you. 
 
 Si ; egli e giunto, 
 
 yes ; he has arrived. 
 
 E si forte, . 
 
 he is so strong. 
 
 Li vedo sovente, 
 
 I often see them. 
 
 Partiremo subito, 
 
 we shall depart immediately. 
 
 Non ne ho tanto, 
 
 I have not so much. 
 
 Si fa tardi, 
 
 it grows late. 
 
 Non venite mai tosto, 
 
 you never come soon. 
 
 Yene ho troppo dato, / have 
 
 given you too much of it. 
 
 Che vi si fa ? 
 
 What are they doing there ? 
 
 Lo faro volentieri, 
 
 i" will do it willingly. 
 
50 
 
 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 Some prepositions are followed by the prepo- 
 sitions a, di, da. The prepositions between the 
 parentheses in the following list, are those which 
 are to be used with the word preceding them ; 
 that which is first, is the more usual. The o 
 denotes that no second preposition is used after 
 the first. 
 
 LIST OF CHIEF PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 A, to, at, (be- 
 comes ad before 
 cfc vowel.) 
 Accanto, (a,) 
 
 beside, near. 
 
 Addosso, (a,) 
 on, about. 
 
 Appetto,(a, di,) 
 over, against, 
 opposite. 
 Appie, (di,) 
 at the foot. 
 Appo, (o, di, 
 a,) with, near, 
 by. 
 
 Appresso, 
 (a, di, o,) near. 
 Attorn o, (a,) 
 about, around. 
 
 Mio fratello va a Parigi, 
 my brother is going to Paris. 
 
 Stava leggendo accanto al maes- 
 tro, he was reading near the mas- 
 ter. 
 
 Avete denari addosso ? (a voi is 
 understood,) have you any money 
 on you ? 
 
 Edificaron una batteria appetto 
 al campo, they built a battery over 
 against the camp. 
 Stava appie del letto, he teas 
 standing at the foot of the bed. 
 Egli rimaneva ambasciadore 
 appo lui, he remained ambassador 
 with him. 
 
 Egli mi sta appresso (mi for a 
 me,) he stays near me. 
 Siete sempre attorno a loro, 
 you are alivays about them. 
 
ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 51 
 
 Avanti, (a, o, 
 di,) before. 
 Circa, (o, a, di) 
 about, concern- 
 ing. 
 
 Con, 
 
 with. 
 
 Contra,) ( 
 
 ControJ ^ 5 °' 
 
 a,) against. 
 
 Da, 
 
 by, from. 
 
 Dallato, (a,) 
 
 by the side, near. 
 
 Datiorno, (a,) 
 
 around. 
 
 Davanti, (a, o,) 
 
 before, in the 
 presence of. 
 Dentro, (a, o, 
 di, da,) within, 
 into, in. 
 
 Di, 
 
 of with. 
 Dietro, (a, o,) 
 behind. 
 
 Dinanzi, (a, o, 
 da,) before, in 
 presence of. 
 Dirimpetto, 
 (a,) opposite* 
 Fino, (a,) 
 till, until, as far 
 as. 
 
 II prete era avanti all' ara, 
 the priest was before the altar. 
 Sono circa dieci anni, 
 it is about ten years ago. 
 
 Venite con noi, 
 
 come with us. 
 
 Che dice egli contro di noi? 
 
 what does he say against us ? 
 
 H fratello e amato da tutti, 
 the brother is beloved by all. 
 Eravamo dallato alia sposa, 
 we were by the side of the wife. 
 La campagna dattorno a Firenze e 
 bella, the country around Florence 
 is beautiful. 
 
 Confesso il suo delitto davanti al 
 giiidice, he confessed his crime be- 
 fore the judge. 
 
 Dentro al mio petto risona una 
 voce, a voice resounds within my 
 bosom. 
 
 Non ho bisogno di voi, 
 I have no need of you. 
 Lo vedo dietro a quell 'albero, 
 I see him behind that tree. 
 Dinanzi a tutti glielo diro, 
 / will tell him of it before them all. 
 
 Eccolo dirimpetto a quella casa, 
 there it is opposite to that house. 
 Divertiamoci cosi fino alia sera, 
 let us amuse ourselves thus till even- 
 ing. 
 
52 
 
 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 Fra, within, in, 
 among. 
 
 Fuori, (di, o,) 
 out, without, be- 
 sides. 
 
 ? n >. 
 
 in, into, at. 
 Infiiio, and in- 
 sino, (a, o,) till, 
 as far as. 
 Innanzi, (a, o,) 
 before, in the 
 presence of. 
 
 Intorno, (a,) 
 round about. 
 Lontano, (da, 
 a,) far 
 
 Lungo, (o, a, 
 di,) along, by. 
 
 Oltre, (a, o,) 
 beyond. 
 
 Per, 
 
 by, for. 
 
 Presso, (a, di, 
 o,) near. 
 Prima, (di,) 
 first, before. 
 Secondo, 
 according to, 
 Senza, (o, di,) 
 without. 
 
 Ritornero fra pochi giorni, 
 I will return in a few days. 
 Fuori di questa assemblea, pol- 
 troni, out of this meeting ye cow- 
 ards. 
 
 Egli non e in casa, 
 he is not at home. 
 Andremo infino a Roma, 
 we shall go as far as Rome. 
 
 Elisabetta prostrossi innanzi alia 
 eroce, Elisabeth prostrated herself 
 before the cross. 
 
 Li vedo sempre intorno a lui, 
 / see them always about him. 
 Sua moglie non era lontano dalP 
 uscio, his wife was not far from the 
 door. 
 
 Passeggiava solitario lungo lAr- 
 no, I was ivalhing alone by the 
 Arno. 
 
 Riusci oltre alia mia speranza, 
 it succeeded beyond my expecta- 
 tion. 
 
 Per piii giorni dimoro quivi, 
 he remained there for many days. 
 La vedrete presso alia torre, 
 you will see her near the tower. 
 Sono giunto prima di voi, 
 / arrived before you. 
 Secondo quello die dice, 
 according to what he says. 
 Andiamo senza lui, 
 let us qo without him. 
 
ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 53 
 
 Sino, 
 
 as far as, till. 
 
 Sopra, (di, a, 
 o,) on, upon. 
 Sotto, (di, a, 
 o,) under. 
 
 Su, 
 
 on, upon. 
 Verso, (o, di, 
 a,) to, towards. 
 
 Vicino, (a, di,) 
 near. 
 
 Non voglio vedervi sino a quel 
 
 tempo, / do not wish to see you till 
 
 that time. 
 
 Questi mali piomberanno sopra 
 
 di noi, these evils ivillfall upon us. 
 
 Troverete il libro sotto della se- 
 
 dia, you will find the book under 
 
 the chair. 
 
 Che fa egli sul tetto ? 
 
 what is he doing upon the roofl 
 
 Chi e colui che viene verso noi ? 
 
 who is that man coming towards 
 
 usl 
 
 Ho una capannella vicino al mare, 
 / have a little cottage near the sea. 
 
 CONJUNCTIONS. 
 
 THE FOLLOWING ARE THE PRINCIPAL CONJUNCTIONS. 
 
 Benche, although 
 Che, than, that 
 Come, how, as 
 E, and 
 Finche, till 
 Ma, but 
 Mentre, whilst 
 Ne, neither, nor 
 
 O, either, or 
 Perche, because, for 
 Per6, however, yet 
 Poiche, since 
 Purche, provided that 
 Sebbene, though 
 Se, if, whether 
 
 INTERJECTIONS. 
 
 Ah ! ah ! 
 Ahi! ah! 
 
 Ahime ! cdas ! 
 Deh! ha! 
 
54 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 Doh! oh! 
 
 Eh! ah! 
 
 Oh! oh! 
 
 Oibo ! fy ! 
 
 Oime ! alas ! 
 
 Buono ! right ! 
 
 Bravo ! ) , 
 
 -o . y bravo ! 
 
 Brava ! 
 
 Guai ! ivoe ! 
 Ola ! oh I there ! 
 Orsu ! come on ! 
 Su ! come on ! 
 Via ! go, away ! 
 Viva ! huzza ! 
 Animo ! courage ! 
 Zitto ! silence ! 
 
 A SHORT TREATISE ON SYNTAX. 
 
 ON THE ARTICLE. 
 
 Rule 1. — The article is used with nouns 
 taken in a general or individual sense, and must 
 be repeated with each : as gli uomini sono mortali, 
 men are mortal ; veggo Vuomo, I see the man. 
 
 2. The names of countries and provinces re- 
 quire the article : as V Inghilterra e unpaese ricliis- 
 siniO) England is a very rich country ; andiamo 
 alia Cina, we are going to China. 
 
 Exceptions. — The article is not used with 
 countries in Europe when preceded by verbs of 
 residence or motion, nor when they qualify a 
 noun : as egli e in Irlanda, he is in Ireland ; vengo 
 da Italia, I come from Italy ; vado in Polonia, 
 I am going to Poland ; il re di Fr&ncia, the 
 king of France. 
 
 3. Titles followed by proper nouns and proper 
 names, qualified by an adjective, require the ar- 
 ticle : as, il re Guglielmo, king William ; il Si- 
 
ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 55 
 
 gnor Gidcomo, Mr. James ; il piccolo Pieiro, little 
 Peter. 
 
 4. The article is not used before nouns in ap- 
 position, nor in the enumeration of princes : as, 
 Giovanni, figlio del Signor Leonelli, John, the son 
 of Mr. Leonelli ; Carlo sesto, Charles the sixth. 
 
 5. Nouns used partitively are preceded by 
 del, dello, delta, clei, degli, delle, when we mean a 
 certain portion of the thing designated by the 
 noun : as, dcitemi del vino, give me some wine ; 
 volete del pane ? do you wish any bread ? (that is, 
 a portion of the loaf.) 
 
 6. If nouns used partitively be employed in 
 an unlimited sense, or to point out the species, 
 then del, dello, della, dei, degli, delle, are suppressed : 
 as, vende pane, he sells bread, qiielli die vedete sono 
 soldati, those whom you see are soldiers ; non 
 manger a came, he will eat no meat. 
 
 7. A and an signifying per or each, before 
 nouns of weight, measure, and number, are ex- 
 pressed by the definite article : as, vende il vino 
 died soldi la bottiglia, he sells wine at tenpence 
 a bottle ; si vende il panno cinque scudi la carina, 
 cloth sells at five crowns an ell. 
 
 8. A and an are not expressed when we indi- 
 cate a person's country, title, profession, or trade : 
 as, ilfratello e Inglese, the brother is an English- 
 man ; io sono medico, I am a physician ; ella era 
 principessa, she was a princess. 
 
 9. A and an are not expressed before nouns in 
 apposition, or which serve to explain one that 
 precedes ; as, il Signor N., capitano di marina, Mr. 
 
56 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 N., a captain in the navy ; il Twinge, bel fiume r 
 the Thames, a beautiful river. 
 
 OF NOUNS. 
 
 10. English compound nouns have the princi- 
 pal noun placed last ; but, in Italian, it is placed 
 first, and is joined to the qualifying noun by di, 
 when the latter designates the matter, quality, or 
 country of the former : asra oriuolo oVoro, a gold 
 watch ; un maestro di scuola, a school-master : 
 vendete vino di Madeira ? do you sell Madeira 
 wine? 
 
 11. The principal noun is united to the quali- 
 fying noun by da, when the latter denotes the 
 use or object of the former ; or serves to point 
 out some distinction : as, una bottiglia da vino, a 
 wine-bottle ; carta da scrivere, writing paper ; la 
 fanciulla dagli ocelli neri, the child with the dark 
 eyes. 
 
 12. Such expressions as the house-door, and 
 the English possessive case, the boy's, William's, 
 must be turned, the door of the house, of the boy, 
 of William, as, Vuscio delta casa, the house-door ; 
 il libro del fanciullo, the boy's book ; il padre di 
 Gnglielmo, William's father. 
 
 OF ADJECTIVES. 
 
 13. An adjective agrees with its noun in 
 gender and number : as. il padre e ricco, the 
 
ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 57 
 
 father is rich ; la madre e ricca, the mother is 
 rich ; t figli sono attenti, the sons are attentive ; 
 lefiglie so7io attente, the daughters are attentive. 
 
 14. An adjective qualifying several nouns, 
 and separated from them by a verb, is put in 
 the masculine plural, if they are all masculine or 
 of different genders, and in the feminine plural if 
 they are all feminine ; but if no verb intervene, 
 the adjective may agree with the last noun : as, 
 il padre ed il figlio sono contenii, the father and 
 son are pleased ; la sorella ed il fratello sono belli, 
 the sister and brother are handsome ; la madre e 
 lafiglia sono industriose, the mother and daughter 
 are industrious ; Tor a ed il luogo opportune, the 
 proper time and place. 
 
 15. Bello handsome, buono good, piccolo little, 
 grande great, catiivo bad, primo first, &c, ultima 
 last, molto many, &c, are generally placed be- 
 fore the nouns they qualify : as, un bubn re, a 
 good king ; un gran sacrificio, a great sacrifice ; 
 V ultima volta, the last time. 
 
 Observation. Bello, buono, are contracted 
 into bel, buon, before masculine nouns singular 
 beginning with any consonant except s, followed 
 by another consonant ; grande is contracted into 
 gran before a noun, either masculine or feminine, 
 singular or plural, except before s followed by 
 another consonant. 
 
 1 6. Adjectives of shape, colour, taste, matter, 
 country, and verbal adjectives, are placed after 
 their nouns : as, una tdvola rotonda, a round 
 table ; un prato verde, a green meadow ; un libro 
 
58 
 
 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 Inglese, an English book ; una donna riconoscente, 
 a grateful woman. 
 
 17. Than, when followed by a noun or pro- 
 noun, is expressed by di : as, siete piii ricco di me, 
 you are richer than I ; la Jigliuola e piii diligente 
 del figliuolo, the daughter is more diligent than 
 the son. 
 
 18. Than, is expressed by che between two 
 adjectives, two adverbs, two verbs in the infi- 
 nitive, and before a preposition : as, e piii dotto 
 che prudente, he is more learned than prudent ; e 
 meno contento oggi che ieri, he is less pleased to- 
 day than yesterday ; e meglio parlare che tacere, 
 it is better to speak than to be silent ; era piii 
 stimato in Londra che in Parigi, he was more 
 esteemed in London than in Paris. 
 
 19. Than, followed by a verb in the indicative, 
 is expressed by che non, or by di quello che ; as, 
 spende piii che non guadagna, or spende piii di quello 
 che guadagna, he spends more than he gains. 
 
 20. In, after a superlative, is expressed by di : 
 as, Vuomo piii contento di questo mondo, the most 
 contented man in this world ; la donna piii bella 
 della citta, the handsomest woman in the town. 
 
 OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 
 
 21. Personal pronouns governed by a verb 
 are generally placed before it in the simple 
 tenses, and before the auxiliary verb in the com- 
 pound tenses, and they must be repeated with 
 
ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 59 
 
 each verb ; in this case, we employ for the ac- 
 cusative, mi, ci, ti, vi, si, lo, li or gli, la, le, and 
 for the dative mi, ci, ti, vi, si, gli, le loro : as, mi 
 stima e mi ama, he esteems and loves me ; gli ho 
 parlato, I have spoken to him. 
 
 22. The above mentioned pronouns may be 
 placed after the verb, and must be so placed, 
 when governed either by the imperative affir- 
 mative, the infinitive, or participles, and they 
 form as if one word with the verb ; as, parld- 
 vami, he was speaking to me ; parldtegli, speak 
 to him ; non gli par late, dont speak to him ; 
 averlo veduto, to have seen him ; vedutolo, having 
 seen him. 
 
 Remark 1. Loro is generally placed after the 
 verb, and is never joined to it; disse loro, he said 
 to them. 
 
 2. .When a pronoun is joined to an infinitive 
 ending in re, the infinitive drops the final e ; but 
 if it end in rre, it drops re. 
 
 23. When there are more accusatives or da- 
 tives than one in each phrase, and relating to 
 different persons, we employ for the accusative, 
 me, noi, te, voi, se, lui, lei, loro; and for the dative, a 
 me, a noi, a te, a voi, a se, a lui, a lei, a loro ; as, 
 la pregb oVamdr lid com! egli lei amava, he begged 
 her to love him as he loved her ; dirb a lui quel 
 medesimo die ho detto a voi, I will tell him the 
 same thing that I have told you ; piaci al tuo 
 signore e a me, thou pleasest thy lord and me ; 
 consoli te e me, console thyself and me. 
 
 24. Mi, ci, ti, vi, and si, change i into e before 
 
60 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 lo, la, li, le, ne, and they sometimes form but one 
 word or are written separately : as, velo or ve lo 
 dirb, I will tell it you ; ddtemene, give me some. 
 
 25. Gli, dative, takes e after it, before lo, la, 
 li, le, ne, and then it signifies either to him, or to 
 her : as, gliene darb, I will give some to him or 
 to her. 
 
 26. One, people, they, we, used indefinitely as 
 nominatives, are expressed by 5?', which is the 
 accusative in Italian, and the English accusative 
 becomes the nominative, with which the verb 
 must agree in number and person : as, si ama un 
 re buono, people like a good king, or, a good king 
 is liked ; si dmano i re buoni, people like good 
 kings, or, good kings are liked. 
 
 27. If, in such expressions, the English accu- 
 sative be a pronoun of the third person singular 
 or plural, it is omitted : as, si vede, they see him, 
 instead of egli si vede ; si vedono, people see them, 
 instead of eglino si vedono, 
 
 28. If, in such expressions, the accusative in 
 English be a pronoun of the first, or second per- 
 son, singular or plural, the passive voice is used 
 in Italian, agreeing with the English accusative 
 as nominative : as, sono veduto, they see me, or I 
 am seen ; siamo stati veduti, they have seen us, or 
 we have been seen. 
 
 29. When the verb is reflected, one, people, tyc, 
 are expressed by uno : as, uno si lusinga in vano> 
 or, si lusingano in vano, in the plural without uno, 
 people flatter themselves in vain. 
 
 Remark. In the compound tenses of such ex- 
 
ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 61 
 
 pressions as the above, e'ssere must be used, and 
 not avere, because, it is evident the verb becomes 
 reflected. 
 
 30. Such passive expressions as, it is said, it is 
 believed, &c, are turned thus ; people say so, si 
 dice ; they believe so, si crede. 
 
 OF POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 31. Possessive pronouns are generally pre- 
 ceded by the definite article, and both must be 
 repeated with each noun : as, ecco i suoi libri e la 
 sua carta, there are his books and paper ; le mie 
 sorelle, my sisters. 
 
 32. If the possessive be immediately followed 
 by a noun of kindred or dignity in the singular, 
 the article is omitted in familiar style ; but if an 
 adjective intervene, or if the possessive be loro, 
 the article must be used : as, suo padre e giunto, 
 his father has arrived ; sua Maesta sta bene, his 
 Majesty is well ; il suo caro padre e morto, his 
 dear father is dead ; la loro madre viene, their 
 mother is coming. 
 
 33. The article is omitted before the possessive 
 pronouns with essere signifying to belong to ; as, il 
 cavallo e mio e il cane suo, the horse is mine and 
 the dog his. 
 
 34. Possessive pronouns in English, preceding 
 nouns signifying any part of the body, accom- 
 panied by a verb, are expressed by the dative of 
 the corresponding personal pronouns, with the 
 
 F 
 
C2 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 definite article expressed before the noun : as, il 
 boja gli troncb la testa, the executioner cut his 
 head off; mi romperete il brdccio, you will break 
 my arm. 
 
 OF DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 (See Page 11.) 
 
 35. The demonstrative pronouns are either 
 joined to nouns, or refer to them, with which 
 they must agree in gender and number : as, 
 questo cavallo e mio, e quello e suo, this horse is 
 mine, and that is his ; coteste scarpe non vi vanno 
 bene, these or those shoes do not fit you ; quel 
 
 fiume e larghissimo, that river is very broad. 
 
 36. Questi this man, cotesti that man, quegli 
 that man, can only be used as nominatives, and 
 have no plural : as, questi e ricco, this man is 
 rich ; cotesti e povero, that man is poor ; quegli e 
 contento di poco, that man is content with little. 
 
 37. Costui this man, colui that man, costei this 
 woman, colei that woman, costoro these men or 
 women, coloro those men or women, are used 
 either as the subject to a verb, or as the object 
 of a verb or preposition : as, chi e colui ? who is 
 that man ? die dice colei ? what does that woman 
 say ? die avete detto a coloro ? what did you say 
 to those people ? 
 
ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 63 
 
 OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 (See page 18.) 
 
 38. The relative pronouns are often understood 
 in English, but never in Italian ; as Vuomo che 
 vedete, the man you see ; la casa della quale par- 
 late, the house you are speaking of. 
 
 39. Whose is expressed by di cui, and it is 
 placed between the article and the noun, the pre- 
 position di being elegantly omitted ; as il maestro 
 la cut scienza e grande, the master whose know- 
 ledge is great ; instead of la di eui scienza, &c. 
 
 OF VERBS. 
 
 40. Verbs used interrogatively and negatively, 
 and those expressing fear, will, desire, command, 
 doubt, surprise, permission, suspicion, entreaty, 
 govern the subjunctive present, if they be in the 
 present or future, and the subjunctive past if they 
 be in any of the past tenses or in the conditional ; 
 as sapete che sia partito ? do you know that he is 
 gone ? temo che venga, I fear he may come ; vo- 
 leva che venisse, I wished him to come, (that he 
 should come.) 
 
 41. The subjunctive mood, preceded by che, is 
 required after bisognare, occorrere, and also after 
 
64 ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 e'ssere, when coupled with giusto, ingiusto, possibile, 
 impossibile, me'glio, espediente, necessdrio, probdbile ; 
 as bisogna che egli vada a casa, he must go home, 
 (it is necessary that he should go home ;) e ])ossi- 
 bile che non venga, it is possible he may not come. 
 42. The superlative degree, followed by a re- 
 lative pronoun, governs the subjunctive mood ; 
 as il miglior amico che dbbia, the best friend I 
 have ; Vuomo piii caritatevole che conosca, the most 
 charitable man I know. 
 
 OF PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 (See page 50.) 
 
 43. Prepositions must always precede their 
 object ; as Vuomo a ciri parlavate, the man whom 
 you were speaking to ; i fanciulli ai quali deste i 
 libri, the children w^hom you gave the books to. 
 
 44. To and at a person's house are expressed 
 by da, followed by a personal pronoun or a 
 noun, or by a casa followed by a possessive pro- 
 noun. Andidmo da lui, or a casa sua, let us go 
 to his house. 
 
 OF CONJUNCTIONS. 
 
 45. The following conjunctions govern the 
 subjunctive mood : — 
 
ITALIAN GRAMMAR. 
 
 65 
 
 Acciocche\\ to the end that, 
 Afinche, j in order that. 
 Qiiantunque, 
 
 > although. 
 
 Ancorche, 
 
 Sehbeue, 
 
 Benche, 
 
 Prima che, 
 
 Innanzi che, 
 
 Avanti che, 
 
 Anzi che, 
 
 Senza che, without. 
 
 > before. 
 
 Dopo che, after. 
 Subito che,\ as soon 
 Tosto che, ) as. 
 Infi?iche\ 
 
 > till, until. 
 
 Finche) 
 
 Insinche, 
 
 Sinche, 
 
 Purche, ) provided 
 
 Solo che,) that. 
 
 Posto che, suppose. 
 
EXERCISES. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF MARKS. 
 
 denotes that the English word above it is not to be ex- 
 pressed in Italian. denotes that the Italian is the 
 
 same as the English. 
 
 1. Ingratitude is a very ancient sin. 
 ingratitudine o antichissimo peccato. 
 
 I do not know how I can support the insult. 
 lo o non so come possa comportare ingiiiria. 
 Misery alone is unenvied. Behold, sir, the 
 Miseria solo senza invidia. Ecco qui, monsignore, 
 father, son and daughter. (It is said) 
 padre, figliuolo e Jigliuola. Si dice che 
 the king is dead. (It was) the most beautiful 
 
 re morto. Era pih bella 
 
 thing ever formed by nature. 
 
 cosa che mai fosse stata formata da natura. 
 He has seen the letter which you wrote 
 o vedere lettera che o scriveste 
 
 to the earl. Friendship is (a sacred thing.) 
 conte. Amistd 3. 2. santissima cosa 1. 
 It is more becoming in women 
 
 Questo si convicne pile a donna 
 
EXERCISES. 
 
 67 
 
 than in men. 
 
 che a uomo. 
 scarcely known 
 
 (si conoscono) 2. 
 the hill is a 
 
 montagnetta 
 shall be ransomed. 
 riscattato. 
 Smoloff took leave 
 
 -, prese congedo da 
 
 (are they doing) in 
 
 si fa 
 
 Gold and silver are 
 
 Oro argento appena 
 
 to us. On the top of 
 
 (da noi) 1. colmo 
 
 palace. The slave 
 
 palazzo. schiavo 
 
 Early next day 
 
 Di buon'ora il di segitente 
 
 of the exiles. What 
 
 esiliato. Che 
 the cottage f 
 capanna ? 
 
 2. Russia is a 
 
 is the capital of 
 
 capitate f. 
 from China. (It 
 
 large country. Turin 
 
 vasto paese m. Torino 
 
 Piedmont. Tea comes 
 Piemonte m. Te m. viene 
 
 is said) 
 
 that Portugal 
 
 Cina f. (Si dice) che Portogallo 
 
 is quiet. Those merchants (are going) to 
 
 tranquillo. Que 9 
 
 England 
 Inghilterra 
 
 storm 
 burrasca 
 
 on the 
 
 Peru. 
 
 Peru m. 
 
 violent 
 
 furlosa 
 
 vessels 
 
 bastimento 1. 
 
 Sardinia. (Here 
 
 Sardegna. Ecco 
 
 signed last month, 
 
 sottoscritto scorso2. ilmese 1. 
 
 teed by France. 
 
 tito Frdncia. 
 
 mercatante vanno 
 is very powerful. 
 
 potentissima. 
 
 threw ten merchant 
 
 getto mercantili 2. 
 
 southern coast of 
 
 meridionale 2. costa 
 
 is) the treaty; it was 
 
 trattato 
 and is 
 
 ed 
 
 esso fit 
 guar an - 
 guaran^ 
 
68 EXERCISES. 
 
 Exceptions. — Two (line of battle ships) 
 
 vascello da guerra 
 arrived from Italy last month. The 
 arrivdrono Italia scorso 2. il mese 1. 
 
 king of France has been in England. 
 Francia e stato Inghilterra. 
 
 (I am going to) Russia, Sweden, and Den- 
 
 vado in Svezia Dani- 
 
 mark. My father has arrived from Tus- 
 marca. padre essere giunto Tos- 
 
 cany. (We shall set out) on the tenth 
 cana. Partiremo o alii dAeci 
 
 from Poland. 
 Polonia. 
 
 3. (Are you acquainted with) Mr. 
 
 Conoscete Signor 
 
 Joseph Leonelli? My brother has written to 
 
 Giuseppe ? Mio fratello scritto 
 
 the President. King Charles the first 
 
 Signor Presidente. re Carlo o primo 
 
 perished on the scaffold. Queen Victoria 
 
 perl su palco. Regina — 
 
 succeeded King William the fourth. 
 successe a Guglielmo o quarto. 
 
 (It is said) that old James is dead. 
 Si dice che vecckio Gidcomo morto. 
 
 Miss Jane is naturally 
 
 Signorina Giovanna naturalmente 
 
 (very agreeable.) 
 piacevolina. 
 
EXERCISES. 69 
 
 4. Captain A., the son of my neighbour, is 
 Capitano figlio del mio vicino, 
 
 now in Ireland. Charles the twelfth, King of 
 adesso Irlanda. 
 Sweden, and Peter the great, emperor of 
 
 Pietro gra/nde imperadore 
 
 Russia, were two great men. George the first 
 
 Giorgo 
 
 succeeded Queen Anne. Admiral N., the 
 successe a Anna. Ammirdglio 
 
 father of Mr. John N., has arrived. 
 padre Giovanni essere giunto. 
 
 Louis the sixteenth, King of France, was 
 Luigi perf. 
 
 beheaded. Charles the fifth, King of Spain, 
 decapitare. Spagna 
 
 and emperor of Germany, (was born) at 
 imperadore Germdnia, nacque in 
 
 Ghent. 
 Gand. 
 
 5. (Give me) some wine and water. (Do you 
 Ddtemi vino acqua. Vo- 
 
 wish) any meat? The Colonel has punished 
 lete came f, ? colonnello punire 
 
 some soldiers. We have every day some 
 
 soldato. ogni giorno 
 
 fish. (Bring us) some whitings, skate, and 
 pesce m. Portdteci nasello, razza 
 
 oysters. Take some oranges and figs. 
 ostrica. Prendere meldngolo fico. 
 
 To-morrow I will give some money to the 
 
 Domane dare danaro 
 
70 EXERCISES. 
 
 sailors. Have you received any letters this 
 marinaro. ricevere lettera 
 
 morning? (His immense wealth) 
 
 stamattina ? (La vastita delle sue ricchezze) 
 easily procured him protectors and 
 
 facilmente 3. procurare 2. gli 1. protettore 
 friends. 
 amico. 
 
 6. (I asked you for) wine and not water. 
 
 ( Vi ho chiesto) vino non acqua. 
 
 They sell bread, wine, and beer. Those 
 
 Vender e pane, m. oirra. Quelle 3. 
 
 are women whom you see, and not men. 
 
 1. donna 2. che vedere, non uomo. 
 
 They died not like men, but like beasts. 
 
 Morivano come uomo, ma btstia. 
 
 (He is building) castles in the air. She 
 
 Fare castello o aria. Ella 
 
 desires to have ease, comfort, and repose. 
 
 vuole o quiete, consolazione, riposo* 
 
 (It well becomes you) to reprimand, (not 
 
 (A voi sta bene) ripigliare 3. (non 
 
 only friends, but strangers also. 
 
 che amico,) 1. (ma strano) 2. o 
 
 7. This grocer sells sugar at tenpence a- 
 Questo droghlere vindere zucchero o soldo 
 pound, and tea at seven shillings a pound. This 
 libbra te m. o scelline 
 
EXERCISES. 71 
 
 cloth is worth twenty francs an ell. I paid 
 panno valere franco carina. Ho pagato 
 
 for this wine twelvepence a bottle. How much 
 o soldo bottiglia* Quanto ne 
 
 do you ask for a dozen ? I bought this hay 
 domandate o dozzina ? Ho comprato fieno 
 for four pounds a load. Buy me three 
 o lira sterlina carrettata. Comprare mi 
 
 ounces of tobacco, at fivepence an ounce. 
 oncia tobacco o soldo 
 
 8. (What countrymen) are you? I am an 
 ( Di che paese) 
 Italian. His father was a Scotchman and a 
 Italiano. Scozzese 
 
 physician. The king made him an admiral. 
 medico. re fece 2. lo 1. ammirdglio. 
 
 Are you an Englishman? No, Sir, I am a 
 
 Inglese ? Signdr no, 
 Frenchman, and a captain of cavalry. I declare 
 Francese capitano cavalleria. dickiarare 
 
 he is a madman. This girl is not a seamstress. 
 che matto. fanciulla 2. 1. cucitrice. 
 
 (He will become) a knight and a minister. 
 diverra cavaliere. ministro. 
 
 9. Have you ever been at Marseilles, a fine 
 
 mai a Marsiglia bella 
 
 town near Toulon ? Have they read the Lady 
 cittci vicino a Tolone ? letto Donna 
 
72 EXERCISES. 
 
 of the Lake, a poem ? (Do you know) Mr T., 
 
 Lago, poema ? Conoscete 
 
 a cavalry-officer ? The Rhone, a beautiful 
 
 uffiziale di cavalleria ? Ro'dano, be I 
 
 river in France, is rapid. The city of London, 
 jftume di Frdncia, rdpido. cittd Londra 
 
 the capital of England, (is situated) on the 
 
 giace 
 banks of the Thames, a most beautiful river. 
 riva Tamigi m. bellisswio. 
 
 PROMISCUOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 Men and women are mortal. Wine is 
 Uomo donna mortale. Vino 
 
 dear in England. We are now in 
 
 a caro prezzo Inghilterra. adesso 
 
 Prance. (We will go) from Italy to Germany. 
 a Frdncia. Andremo da Italia Germdnia. 
 On the banks of the river Irtish (is situated) 
 
 riva Jiume m. giace 
 
 the city of Tobolsk, the capital of Siberia. 
 
 citta capitate 
 
 Iron is dear. Have you read Jerusalem 
 
 ferro caro. letto la Gerusalemme 
 
 Delivered, a poem by Torquatto Tasso? Mr. 
 
 Liberata, poema di ■ — ? 
 
 William (set of) this morning (at four o'clock.) 
 GuglieJnio (e partito) starnane alle quattro. 
 
 The king has made him a general and a knight. 
 re 2. fare 3. lo 1. generate cavaliere. 
 Mr. Weber's brother is a German. That 
 
 Tedesco. Quel 
 
EXERCISES. 73 
 
 gentleman's sister is an Italian. (I like) this 
 
 signore sorella Italiana. (Mi picwe) 
 
 wine ; how much do you ask for a dozen ? 
 
 quanto ne domandare o dozzina ? 
 I sell it at ten shillings a bottle. Sugar 
 vendere lo 2. o scelline bottiglia. Zucchero 
 (is sold) at sixpence a-pound. He asks you 
 si vende o soldo libbra* Domandare 2. vi\. 
 wine, and you give him brandy. (By his 
 
 dare 2, gli 1, acqiiavita. (AW 
 dress) (he appears to me) a stranger. Do 
 ctbito) (mi sembra) straniero. 
 
 you like this French wine? I see some men. 
 vi piac-e Veggo uomo. 
 
 We supped with Mrs. Colombo, (a native of) 
 
 Cenammo Signora di 
 
 Tuscany. Will you eat some figs ? We 
 Toscana. Volere fico ? 
 
 come from China. Let us go to Peru, Old 
 Veniamo Cina. Andiamo Peru m. 
 
 Francis is dead. (They are going) to Palermo, 
 
 Francesco morto. (Vanno) 
 
 the capital of Sicily. I will give this gold 
 
 Sicilia. . dare oro 
 
 chain to my mother. The young queen of 
 catena madre. gidvane regina 
 
 Spain succeeded Ferdinand the Seventh. 
 Spagna successe a Ferdinando. 
 
 10. They are iron chains. What art thou 
 o ferro catena. Che ti 
 
 G 
 
74 EXERCISES. 
 
 in want of? Thou hast man-servants, thou hast 
 
 manca ? fam'tglio 
 
 maid-servants, thou hast silk gowns of every 
 
 serva, seta vesta ogni 
 
 colour, gold rings and chains, in short, what thou 
 colore, oro anello catena, in fine cib die o 
 
 wishest. Do you like French wines? They 
 
 vuoi. Vi pidcciono Frdncia vino ? 
 
 have lost twenty iron guns. (Bring us) four 
 
 perdere cannone. (Recdteci) 
 
 silver-spoons. This marble temple is very 
 argento cucchidio. marmo tempio beU 
 
 beautiful. I have found a silver watch and a 
 
 lissimo. trovare oriuolo 
 
 gold seal. I have bought a silk waistcoat, cotton 
 sigillo. comprare seta sottoveste, f. cotone 
 
 stockings, and a gold watch. Have the navy 
 calzetta, oro oriuolo. Essere (marina 
 
 officers arrived ? 
 
 ufiiziale) 2. giunti ? 1. 
 
 11. This child with the fair hair is brother to 
 fanciullo biondi capelli il fratello di 
 that young lady with the silk gown. (I am 
 quella signorina seta vesta. Vo 
 
 looking for) the cards. Have you any writing 
 cercando carta da giuoco. o scrivere 
 
 paper? There are many fruit trees in that 
 carta ? Vi sono molto frutti dJbero quel 
 
 garden. The oil casks are mine. (How many) 
 giardino. olio botte f. mie Quante 
 
EXERCISES. 75 
 
 bed-rooms have you? Did he buy the writing- 
 letto camera Ha comprato scrivere 
 
 table ? Give me six wine bottles, eight coffee- 
 tdvola ? Datemi bottiglia caffe 
 
 spoons, and a salt box. 
 
 cucchiarino sale zucca. 
 
 12. (The day before yesterday) I dined (at the) 
 (Avanti ieri) pranzai dal 
 
 governor's brother's. The noise of the people 
 
 governatore fratello. strepito gentei. 
 
 and the sound of the instruments (hindered us) 
 ed suono istrmnento cHmpedirono 
 
 from hearing the king's speech. (Where is the 
 
 di sentire re discorso. Ov' e 
 
 minister's carriage? My father's misfortunes 
 ministro carrozza ? Mio padre sventura 
 
 and my mother's miserable condition compel me 
 mia madre infelice 2. stato 1. a cib mi 
 to it. Have they received the captain's 
 
 costringono, ricevere capitano 
 
 orders. Frederick's sister is gone to Italy. 
 
 or dine m. Federigo sorella andare in Italia. 
 What (are they doing) at the garden door? 
 Che si fa giardino iiscio ? 
 
 (They are selling) the master's house. 
 si vende padrone casa. 
 
7 6 EXERCISES. 
 
 PROMISCUOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 This writing paper is very thin. Where 
 scrivere carta sottiUssimo. Dove 
 
 did you buy this English wool? It really 
 avete comprare lanal o propria 2. 
 
 seems a dwelling for robbers. The girl w T ith 
 parere 1. stanza ladro. fanciulla 
 
 the fair hair is mv friend's sister. The 
 
 bionclo capello plur. il mio amico sorella, 
 garden-gate is shut. These fruit-trees are 
 giardino porta chiusa. frutti dlbero 
 
 beautiful to look at. Do you sell French wines ? 
 
 hello a riguardare. vendere vino ? 
 
 I have found a gold seal and a silver watch. 
 
 oro sigillo argento oriuolo. 
 
 You w T ill find the pen-knife on the writing- 
 trovare temperino scrivere 
 
 table. The Master's horses are in the stable. 
 tcivola. padrone cavallo stalla. 
 
 13. The water is cool. She has (a great 
 acqua fresco. 
 many) friends. How many looking-glasses has 
 molto amico. Quanto specchio 
 
 he sent? He gave me (so many) (blows 
 mandati? Diede 2, mil. tanto hasto- 
 
 with a stick) that he almost killed 
 
 nata die o fu }ires$o die per ammaz- 
 
 me. She is handsome, rich, discreet, witty, and 
 zarmi. hello, ricco, sdvio, spiritoso y 
 
EXERCISES. 77 
 
 faithful. Your cousin is polite, kind, and as 
 fedele. Vostro cugina f. cortese, bnono, cosi 
 generous as you. Hear what she did in presence 
 liberale come vol. Udire quel ch? ella fece cospetto 
 of (a great many) people. More soldiers 
 
 molto persona plur. (Piu soldato 2.) 
 
 have been slain. You give him too many 
 (si sono uccisi.) 1. dare 2. gli 1. troppo 
 
 flowers. 
 fiore. 
 
 14. The father and mother are dead. The 
 
 morto. 
 water and wine are cool. The vallies and hills 
 
 fresco. voile f. collina 
 
 are very beautiful. Your friends and mine were 
 
 bellissimo. I vostri amico ed i miei imp. 
 
 (well-pleased). The king and queen are beneficent. 
 
 content issimo. re regina benefico. 
 
 The master and mistress are respected. I will not 
 
 padrone padrona rispettato. 
 mention the persecutions, ruins, deluges, 
 (parlare di) per seen zione f. ruina, diliivio, 
 
 battles, ship-wrecks that happened in the time 
 battdglia, naufrdgio o avvenuto al tempo 
 of the Romans. 
 Romano. 
 
 15. Bologna will present to your eyes 
 presentarc a 5 suoi occhio 
 
78 EXERCISES. 
 
 another fine prospect. Ferraro (will offer you) 
 
 pros-petto. (le farce vedere) 
 
 a beautiful and vast solitude. The best way 
 
 hello grande solitiidine f. onodo 
 
 to be revenged is to pardon. (How many) 
 
 di vendicarti e il perdonare. Quanto 
 
 horses have you now ? Who (is making) (so 
 cavallo adesso ? Chi fa 
 
 much) noise ? The little boy (at the foot) of 
 tanto romore ? figliuolo apple 
 
 the bed was weeping. The good old man 
 letto struggevasi in piemfo. vecchio 
 
 (bestowed many blessings on) his prudent bene- 
 (benedisse mille volte) il suo sdggio bene- 
 
 factor. There he found a worthy woman, 
 fattore. Quivi o trovo buono donna 
 
 who was very old. She dwells at the 
 die era molto attempato. Ella essere 
 end of this street, in the last house on 
 fine m. strada, casa a 
 
 the left, (on the) third floor. He (went into 
 o manca, al terzo piano. entrarc in 
 
 a very small room, (where he only saw) 
 
 o cameretta otf altro non vide che) 
 
 an old chest and a very (little bed.) 
 armddio o letticello. 
 
 16. He wore a round hat, green 
 
 portava rotondo cappello, verde 
 
 spectacles, yellow shoes, and a white um- 
 
 occktale, giallo scarpa bianco om- 
 
 brella. Have you many French books? 
 
 brello. molto 'Francese libro ? 
 
EXERCISES. 79 
 
 Grateful men (are liked). In this 
 
 ( riconoscente a 07710) 2. (si d 7 net no) 1. tal 
 
 manner, all these animals enjoy happy and 
 
 guisa tuito a/nimale godere felice 
 
 merry days. An exiled family dwelt on 
 allegro giorno. esiliato famiglia abitava 
 
 the border of a circular lake. That healthy 
 mdrgine in. circolare logo. Quel salubre 
 climate made her strong and stout. 
 clima m. rendea 2. la 1. forte rdbusto. 
 
 Buy a pair of black slippers. Give 
 
 Compretre pdio nero pianella. Dare 
 
 me a glass of red wine. 
 
 bicchierem. rosso vino. 
 
 17. We are more diligent than your friend. 
 
 diligem te il vostro a 771 ico. 
 
 He is stronger than Charles. (There is not) 
 
 piii forte Carlo. X071 e 
 
 a woman (in the) world who is happier 
 al mondo sia piu felice 
 
 than she. The sister is taller than the 
 
 lei. piu alto 
 
 brother. Gold is heavier than silver. 
 Oro piu pesetnte argento. 
 
 TTe walk less than he does. Cicero was 
 Passeggiamo 77ieno lid 0. Cicerone imp. 
 
 more eloquent than Anthony. The lesson 
 eloquente Antonio. lezione f. 
 
 you are writing is more difficult than 
 che state scrivendo difficile 
 
 mine. It cost more than four thousand 
 la, mia. Valeva 
 
80 EXERCISES. 
 
 pounds. Who would be luckier than I, if 
 lira. Chi meglio me se 
 
 that money were mine? 
 quegli denari fosser' miei ? 
 
 18. He reads more by day than by 
 Uggere di giorno dl 
 
 night. You are more foolish in your 
 notte. folle nella vostra 
 
 old age than you were in your youth. 
 vecchiezza non foste gioventu. 
 
 It is better late than never. Now, I deny 
 o meglio tardi mai. Ora o negare 2. 
 
 it more than ever. She is more enamoured 
 lo 1. mai. ElV innamorato 
 
 than wise. He was more esteemed in 
 
 sdvio. imp. stimato 
 
 Florence than in Rome. They behave more 
 Firenze Roma. si comportare 
 
 courageously than prudently. In the 
 coraggiosamente prudentemente. 
 
 situation we are in, we have more to hope 
 stato hi cui o da sperare 
 
 than to fear. I would rather stay in 
 da temere. Mi piacerebbe piu restdr nella 
 your cottage than depart. 
 vostra capanna mettermi in cammino. 
 
 19. We are stronger than they believe. 
 
 piu forte credere. 
 
EXERCISES. 
 
 81 
 
 some persons who write 
 alcuno persona che scrivere 
 they speak, and there are 
 
 vene 
 than they write. 
 
 speak 
 
 parlare, 
 better 
 
 more 
 
 There are 
 Vi 
 
 better than 
 
 meglio 
 
 others who 
 
 altro 
 
 Drunkards 
 
 Imbriacone 
 
 You spend 
 
 spendere 
 we as 
 
 fossimo tanto dovizioso quanta Creso, 
 (would make) a better use of our riches 
 
 usa delle nostre richezza 
 of his. I am better than 
 delle sue. Stare meglio 
 
 drink 
 
 bevere 
 more 
 
 than they eat. 
 mangiare. 
 than you gain. Were 
 
 guadagnare. Senoi 
 wealthy as Croesus, we 
 
 o 
 
 faremmo 
 than (he did) 
 fece egli 
 you are. 
 2. 1. 
 
 20. Under these rags you behold one of 
 Sotto di cencio inirare 
 
 the richest men in England. This man is 
 ricco uomo Costui 
 
 the best in the world for that. The oldest 
 
 mondo da cid. vecchio 
 
 in the assembly will decide the question. 
 
 asseniblea decidere questione f. 
 
 Mr. Anthony is the tallest in the regiment. 
 
 Antonio alto reggimenta. 
 
 He is the most virtuous man in this city. 
 
 virtuoso o cittd. 
 
 You are the (most careless) young man in 
 
 (piii trascurato) 2. gwvane 1, 
 
82 EXERCISES. 
 
 this house. The youngest of the sisters is the 
 
 casa. gidvane 
 
 handsomest in the family. 
 hello famiglia. 
 
 PROMISCUOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 Caesar was much more esteemed than 
 Cesare imperf. molto stimato 
 
 Pompey. My brother is the tallest in the 
 Pompeo. alto 
 
 regiment. He behaves better than you do. 
 reggimento. Si comporta meglio o 
 
 His cousin (is travelling) with the richest 
 
 cugino viaggiare 
 
 man in Europe. You are more prudent 
 o Enropa. prudent e 
 
 than he. It is better now than never. 
 
 lui. o meglio ora mai. 
 
 It cost more than twenty thousand pounds. 
 o valeva mila lira 
 
 His discourses have been longer than I 
 / suoi ragionamento lungo 
 
 expected. He made the finest stories in 
 m'aspettava. o faceva fdvola 
 
 the world. I, who am young, can work 
 mondo. die giovane posso faticdr 
 
 better than you, who are old. Plis mother 
 
 vecchio. 
 is (very rich.) I want to buy an Italian 
 ricchissimo. Voglio o Italiano 
 
 grammar. I love him more than I love 
 grammcitica. Vamo o o 
 
EXERCISES. 83 
 
 myself. He had one of the most beautiful 
 me stessa. o aveva hello 
 
 horses in Tuscany. You are more con- 
 pallafreno Toscana con- 
 
 tented to-day than yesterday. They were 
 tento oggi ieri. o erano 
 
 more esteemed in Florence than in Rome. 
 stimato Firenze Roma, 
 
 OF PRONOUNS. 
 
 21. I thank you for your offer. 
 o ringraziare delta offerta. 
 
 I beg you will afford me advice and 
 Vipregare o che porgiate consiglio 
 
 assistance. What have you promised him? 
 aiuto. Che o promesso gli ? 
 
 We have not spoken to him to-day. Do 
 
 non parlare °99^ 
 
 not scold her. He flatters himself (too much.) 
 
 sgridare lusingare troppo. 
 
 Let us not give her any thing. You have deserved 
 dare le nulla. meritare 
 
 it (as well as) he. He said to him, " I do not 
 
 siccome lui. o disse 
 know you, and I do not know who you 
 conoscere o o so chi 
 
 are." What do you advise me to do? I 
 siate. Che consigliare difaref 
 
 will serve you as far as I am able. 
 
 servire per quanto posso. 
 
 He has promised us some recommendatory 
 o promesso alcuno favorevole 2. 
 
84 EXERCISES. 
 
 letters to his friends in Italy. My father 
 Uttera 1. a' suoi amico Italia. 
 
 honours and esteems them. 
 onorare stimare gli. 
 
 22. Tell me who you are and where you 
 Bite chi dove state a 
 
 dwell. Will you not return it to Mr. Francis ? 
 casa. Non volete rendere Francesco ? 
 
 I departed from you greatly displeased, and 
 o partire da molto scontento 
 
 complaining also of my fate. Do to 
 
 dolersi ancora delta mia sorte. Fare 
 
 me (what) you like. Let us beware of 
 
 (quel che) volere. Guardarsi 
 
 flatterers. I want to speak to you. Let 
 adulatore. o voglio o parlare o 
 
 us not give him a reward. She came 
 o dare gli ricompensa. venne 
 
 to see us. Having given her a chair, he 
 a vedere le sedia 
 
 (went out) of the room. Having seen 
 uscl o camera. o vedere 
 
 him, he went away. (Having called) 
 
 sene andd. Chiamati 
 
 them into her house, she said ("to them.) 
 gli casa sua o disse loro. 
 
 23. I love you, as you love me. He has 
 amare come 
 
 stolen a picture (from me), and a horse (from 
 rubare quadro 2. a 1. cavallo 2. a 
 
EXERCISES. 85 
 
 you). If you loved me as I love you, you 
 
 1. Se o amaste com' io o 
 
 would not refuse it me. (It is the duty 
 
 non negare 2. melo 1. Tocca 
 
 of) our master to reward us, and not our's 
 al maestro a premiare a noi 
 
 to reward him. I punish you and not 
 a punisco non 
 
 him. Speak to me and not to her. Scold 
 Parlare Bgridare 
 
 him and her. (At once) thou comfortest 
 
 Ad un* ova consolare 
 
 me and thyself. Thou canst please thy 
 
 o pnoi placer e al tuo 
 
 lord and me. 
 signore a 
 
 24 and 25. I will not give it to him. 
 
 dare 
 Pray give us some. If she wants 
 
 Ve ne prego, dare ne Se ella vuo* 
 
 to know it, I will tell it to her. 1 will tell 
 o sapere dire dire 
 
 it you to-morrow. You cannot refuse 
 
 domani. non potere negare 
 
 them to him. Pray do give him some* 
 
 f. Ve ne prego, dare gli ne 
 
 Has he given it to you? The knight 
 
 dare cavalier e, 
 
 having (taken off) his riding-cloak, gave 
 
 o tratto il suo cappotto, cliede 
 
 H 
 
86 EXERCISES. 
 
 it to her. You will give them to us. 
 
 li 
 Why have you given it to him? 
 Perche 
 
 26 and 27. They speak of nothing 
 
 Non si parlare oValtro 
 but peace. What are they doing? Do 
 che di pace, Che fare 
 
 not speak to me (about it.) Where are they 
 
 ne Dove 
 
 going ? I wish to go and see what people 
 andare ? o voglio a vedere quel che 
 
 are doing there. They are called ducks. 
 
 vi chiamare paper a. 
 
 What would people say of you, if you (should 
 Che dire se 
 
 do it? We do them no injustice, if 
 faceste il. Non si fa loro alcuna ingiuria, 
 we treat them as they have treated others. 
 trattare si come gli altri. 
 
 They toil (at it) day and night. 
 2. lavorare 3. vi 1. di notte. 
 
 They see twelve men. What do they 
 Vedere dodici Che 
 
 say (about it)? 
 dire ne 
 
 28, 29 and 30. If you do not go to the 
 
 Se 
 
EXERCISES. 87 
 
 review, they will punish you. People will 
 
 rassegna punire 
 
 hate thee. When we shave ourselves in haste, 
 
 odidre uno rddere in fretta 
 
 we often cut ourselves. It is believed 
 
 sovente si fa un tdglio a I viso, credere 
 
 he will arrive to-morrow. It is said that 
 
 die arrlvare domane. 
 
 he is dead. They will not know you 
 
 motive. conoscere 
 
 with this coat on. They saw us (two 
 
 cotesto dbito o. (due 
 
 days ago.) They have not yet spoken 
 
 giorni fa.) ancora 
 
 of a composition, but they will speak 
 
 agghistamento, ma 
 (of it) before long. 
 ne fra poco. 
 
 PROMISCUOUS EXERCISES. 
 
 You may, at the same time, do yourself very 
 potere medesimo- far a o gran- 
 
 great honour, and me a great service. They say 
 dissimo onore, a o grande utilitd. 
 (a great many) things of him. I said so to her. 
 
 molto cosa dissi 
 
 When people (are in good health), they eat more 
 
 stare bene mangiare 
 
 at sea than on shore. Send them to her. 
 'per mare in terra, Mandare le 
 
88 EXERCISES. 
 
 (Address thyself) to her, not to me. They put 
 Fa motto non mandare 
 
 to the sword two thousand people. Send it to 
 a fit di spada persone. la 
 
 him. Do not give him any. People do not 
 
 dare gli ne 
 believe you. I punish him and not you. 
 credere Punisco 
 
 Speak to me and not to her. They have not 
 Parlare 
 seen him. Let us give him a slice of bread. 
 
 gli fetta pane. 
 
 We flatter ourselves (too much.) You will 
 
 hi sing are troppo . 
 
 give them to us. I will tell it to you to-morrow. 
 
 dire domane. 
 
 Let us read it to him. Do not read it to 
 
 Uggere 
 her. I am going to find him. I advise to 
 Andare a trovare Consigliare a 
 
 do it. It is believed that he will depart 
 
 par tire 
 to-day. 
 oggi. 
 
 POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 Rules 31, 32, 33, 34. My house is not so large. 
 
 casa st grande. 
 
 I wish to consider his ways and manners. 
 
 Volere consklerare modo costume. 
 
 Brother, this is my daughter. I have 
 
 Fratel mio, questa figliuola. 
 
EXERCISES. 89 
 
 heard that the house is no longer your's. 
 sentito dire piic 
 
 I am thy unhappy daughter. I am ready 
 sventurato jiglia. deliberate 
 
 to do what your Excellency desires. There 
 di quel che Eccellenza desiderare. o 
 
 were in Messina three young brothers, 
 
 giovane 
 
 become very rich upon the death of their 
 rimaso assai ricco dopo morte f. 
 
 father. Go and wash your hands. The 
 padre. a lavare memo. 
 
 meadows are your's; the country-house 
 prato casa di campagna 
 
 her's ; and the olive-trees mine. If your Excel- 
 
 nlivo Se 
 
 lency thinks proper (to mention it) 
 
 credere convenevole di fame men zione 
 to her Majesty, (here is) the petition. 
 Maesta, ecco mpplica. 
 
 A shot carried away his leg. I have 
 
 palla portare via gamba. 
 
 dislocated my shoulders. Your brothers 
 slogare spalla. 
 
 know that you were with us. Mind 
 sapere eravate con Badare 
 
 how you carve, you will cut your fingers. 
 come trinciare tagliare dito. 
 
 Whose boots are these ? They are mine. I 
 Di chi stivale 3. 1. questi 2. o 
 
 know that you have respected my mother, 
 sipere onorata 
 
 and assisted my wretched father. 
 aiutare misero 
 
90 
 
 EXERCISES. 
 
 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 35, 36, 37. I have lost the key of this 
 
 pcrdere chiave f. 
 door. You also say that that house is 
 porta. Anche voi dite che casa 
 
 mine. What means this ? How (can 
 
 Che vuol dir Come 
 
 you utter) those words? What shall we do 
 dite voi parqla Che fa/rem noi 
 
 to those men ? This man will conquer you. 
 
 v incere 
 That man has been unsuccessful in his 
 
 infelice 
 Speak no more to me of 
 
 piu 
 
 Let this traitor be seized. 
 
 o ( traditore) 2. (sia preso) 1. 
 
 man never keeps his word. 
 
 non 1. mai 3. mantenere 2.parola. 
 
 undertaking. 
 
 impresa. 
 those men. 
 
 This 
 These 
 
 with elegance. 
 
 From 
 
 Da 
 
 advice 
 
 cleg an za. 
 
 fables are written 
 fdvola scritto 
 
 that woman you will receive good 
 
 riccvere 
 j from this woman you (will 
 consigli (plur.) 
 
 receive) nothing but mischief. Those shoes 
 2. non 1. altro che danno. scaipa 
 
 do not fit you well. 
 andare bene. 
 
EXERCISES. 91 
 
 RELATIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 38, 39, and page 18. (Here is) the man by 
 
 Ecco da 
 
 whom we are abused. You do not know the 
 
 beffare. conoscere 
 
 danger you are in. Mr. A., whom you know, 
 pericolo 0. 2. 1. 
 
 wishes to speak to you. I know that you 
 volere sapere o 
 
 (will call on) those gentlemen whom 
 andare a vedere 
 
 you met (at the) general's yesterday. 
 rincontrare dal generate 2. ieri 1. 
 
 There I met (a young man) whose manners 
 Ivi giovane maniera 
 
 (are prepossessing.) The dog you 
 
 prevengono in suo favore. cane al 
 
 are feeding is a snarling beast. 
 
 quale date da mangiare o ringhioso o 
 
 You have disturbed all the people who 
 
 inquietare persona 
 
 live in this house. Refuse not the boon 
 stare casa. Rifiutare grdzia 
 
 that God sends you. This is the man of 
 
 Iddio mandare. 
 whom I have spoken to you. 
 
92 EXERCISES. 
 
 OF INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 (See page 19.) 
 
 4 
 
 What have you done to day ? Of what do 
 
 fare oggi ? 
 you complain ? Who will believe that he says 
 lagnarsi ? credere dica 
 
 probable things? Whose writing-desk is 
 verisimile 2. 1. scrittojo 3. 1. 
 
 that? To whom have I offered an insult? 
 2. fare o insulto ? 
 
 In what country shall I take refuge ? 
 
 paese ricovero ? 
 
 Who is worse treated than I am by 
 
 piu maltrattato o 
 
 fortune? What law appears best 
 
 legge f. parere rnigliore 
 to you ? What reward shall I have from 
 
 guiderone debbo 
 you for such a service ? What fools ! 
 di coslfatto o servigio? sciocco I 
 
 OF VERBS. 
 
 40, 41, 42. I wonder (that) he should 
 
 maravigliarsi che 
 
 flatter that author (so much). Command 
 
 (adulare) a%itore2. tanto 1. Comandare 
 
 that we should go and fight, and we shall 
 
 a batter si 
 
EXERCISES. 93 
 
 obey. I fear he will die of that disease. 
 ubbidire. Temere che morire malattia. 
 
 He (would have) me go with the Duke. It 
 
 vorrebbe che io Duca. 
 
 is probable that he will arrive here before 
 
 arrivare qui prima 
 the courier. Do you think he can refrain ? 
 del cor Here. credere potere tenersi ? 
 
 I see nobody that knows us. He was 
 Nonvcdereniv/rio conoscere II piio 
 
 the happiest man that ever existed. 
 contento uomju giammai 2. essere 1. 
 
 Send me a man who is faithful. It is better 
 Mandare fedele. 
 
 (Tor you) to speak. I do not know r whether 
 che vol o parlare. sapere che 
 
 you (may have) heard it. Mr. Francis is the 
 
 avere inteso Francesco 
 
 best friend I have. I do not believe he is 
 
 credere che 
 gone from London. 
 partlre Londra. 
 
 OF PREPOSITIONS, &e. 
 
 43, 44, and page 50, &c. (There is) the man 
 
 Ecco 
 w r hom he complains of. I will bring you to her 
 
 lagnarsi menare 
 
 house. Yesterday (your friend A.) (dined at 
 
 Ieri 2. pranzare 
 
 my house.) Have you been at the senator's ? 
 1. senator e ? 
 
94 EXERCISES. 
 
 I will go to your house. I wanted to go to 
 
 venire Voleva venire 
 
 your house to wish you a good journey, but 
 
 a darvi il vidggio 
 
 it was not possible. What does he say 
 non e stato possibile. dire 
 
 against us ? Do you not see it opposite to 
 
 contro di ? vedere 
 
 that house ? You will see her near that tree. 
 
 dlbero. 
 He does not want to accompany us till that 
 
 volert accompagnare 
 time. You have arrived before us. He has a 
 
 giugnere 
 little cottage near the sea. Are they going to 
 
 capannella mare. andare 
 
 my brother's ! 
 
 CONJUNCTIONS. 
 
 45. Although he was hungry he would 
 Sebbene avert fame 
 
 not eat. The passenger fell overboard 
 
 mangiare. passeggiero in mare 
 
 without any sailor perceiving it. In order 
 
 marinaro accorgersene. 
 that you may know how it happened, I w T ill 
 
 intendere come questo avvenuto mi sia, 
 (make it plain to you) (in a few words.) Pro- 
 fare chiaro 2. brievemente 1. 
 
 vided you give me a hint, I will go away. 
 
 fare o cenno via. 
 
 Leave the water in the coffee-pot till it 
 Lasciare acqua cafettiera 
 
EXERCISES. 95 
 
 • 
 
 boils. He sent us all these gifts before he 
 
 mandare dono 
 
 started. Before you slay me, tell me in 
 partire. Anzi che uccidere dire 
 
 what I have offended you. I shall know how 
 
 che offeso sapere o 
 
 to mix this medicine, provided you can 
 comporre medicina, 
 
 (keep secret) what you will see. 
 tacere vedere. 
 
PHRASES AND DIALOGUES. 
 
 I. 
 
 It is true. 
 It is not true. 
 That is but too true. 
 
 No one doubts it. 
 There is no doubt of it. 
 What will you wager ? 
 
 I could bet something. 
 
 I will bet what vou 
 
 like. 
 Believe me, I can vouch 
 
 for it. 
 It is so. 
 It is not so. 
 
 E vero. 
 
 Non e vero. 
 
 Quest' e pur troppo 
 
 vero. 
 Niuno ne diibita. 
 Non v' e dubbio alcuno. 
 Che volete scommet- 
 
 tere 1 
 Scommetterei qualche 
 
 cosa. 
 Scommettero quel che 
 
 volete. 
 Credetemi, velo posso 
 
 assicurare. 
 E cosi. 
 Non e cosi. 
 
DIALOGUES. 
 
 97 
 
 I believe it is. 
 I believe it is not. 
 I say it is. 
 I say it is not. 
 Upon my honour. 
 Upon my word. 
 Upon the word of a 
 
 gentleman. 
 I always tell the truth. 
 I believe you. 
 I don't believe a word 
 
 of it. 
 I don't believe the half 
 
 of what is said. 
 I cannot believe it. 
 That is true. 
 It is impossible. 
 That is false. 
 It is a falsehood. 
 
 Credo di si. 
 Credo di no. 
 Dico di si. 
 Dico di no. 
 Sull' onor mio. 
 Sulla mi a parola. 
 Da galantuomo. 
 
 Dico sempre la verita. 
 
 Yi credo. 
 
 Non ne credo una pa- 
 rola. 
 
 Non credo la meta di 
 quel che si dice. 
 
 Non posso crederlo. 
 
 Quest' e vero. 
 
 E impossible. 
 
 Quest' e falso. 
 
 E una bugia. 
 
 II. 
 
 Good morning, Sir. 
 
 Your very humble ser- 
 vant. 
 
 I am glad to see you in 
 good health. 
 
 I thank you with all 
 my heart. 
 
 Can I be of any service 
 to you ? 
 
 You do me too much 
 honour. 
 
 Buon giorno, signore* 
 Servitor e umilissimo. 
 
 Godo di vedervi in 
 
 buona salute. 
 Yi ringrazio di tutto 
 
 cuore. 
 Posso servirvi in qual- 
 
 che cosa ? 
 Mi fate troppo onore. 
 
98 
 
 DIALOGUES. 
 
 I am much obliged to 
 
 you. 
 Give the gentleman a 
 
 chair. 
 It is unnecessary. 
 I am very well as I 
 
 am. 
 Don't be upon cere- 
 mony. 
 How does your brother 
 
 do? 
 He is very well. 
 Is he at home ? 
 No, Sir, he has gone 
 
 out. 
 And how does your 
 
 sister do ? 
 
 Not very well. 
 
 What is the matter with 
 
 her? 
 She has got a fever. 
 Since when ? 
 Since yesterday. 
 I am very sorry for it. 
 
 Is it long since you 
 saw Mr. Lanucci ? 
 
 I saw him yesterday. 
 
 I saw him the day be- 
 fore yesterday; last 
 month. 
 
 Vi sono molto tenuto. 
 
 Date una sedia al sig- 
 
 nore. 
 Non e necessario. 
 Sto benissimo cosi. 
 
 Non fate ceremonie. 
 
 Come sta il vostro sig- 
 
 nor fratello ? 
 Sta benissimo. 
 E egli in casa ? 
 No, signore, e uscito. 
 
 E la vostra signorina 
 sorella, come sta 
 ella? 
 
 Non troppo bene. 
 
 Che ha ? 
 
 Ha la febbre. 
 
 Da quant o in qua ? 
 
 Da ieri in qua. 
 
 Me ne displace moltis- 
 
 simo. 
 E un pezzo che non 
 
 avete veduto il Sig- 
 
 nor Lanucci ? 
 L' ho veduto ieri. 
 L' ho veduto l'altro gi- 
 
 orno ; il mese pas- 
 
 sato. 
 
DIALOGUES. 
 
 99 
 
 When you see him, 
 give him my com- 
 pliments. 
 
 Adieu, my dear friend. 
 
 Quando lo vedrete, fa- 
 tegli i miei compli- 
 menti. 
 
 Addio, mio caro amico. 
 
 in. 
 
 What shall we do ? 
 What is to be done f 
 What do you advise me 
 
 to do? 
 What course shall I 
 
 take? 
 What should you like 
 
 to do? 
 Let us do so. 
 I think it would be 
 
 better to do so. 
 If I were in your place, 
 
 I would do so. 
 What do you think ? 
 What is your opinion ? 
 What will all this 
 
 avail ? 
 Allow me to act. 
 
 Che faremo ? 
 Che si ha da fare ? 
 Che mi consigliate di 
 
 fare? 
 Che parti to prendero ? 
 
 Che vorreste fare ? 
 
 Facciamo cosi. 
 
 Mi pare che sarebbe 
 
 meglio di fare cosi. 
 S'io fossi in luogo vos- 
 
 tro farei cosi. 
 Che ne pensate ? 
 Che ve ne pare ? 
 A che servira tutto 
 
 questo ? 
 Lasciate fare a me. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Who is there ? 
 
 Chi e la ? 
 
 Come in. 
 
 Entrate. 
 
 Whence do you come ? 
 
 Di dove venite ? 
 
 I come from home. 
 
 Vengo di casa mia. 
 
 Where are you going ? 
 
 Dove andate ? 
 
100 
 
 DIALOGUES. 
 
 I am going to walk. 
 
 I am going to see a 
 friend. 
 
 I am going to Mr. Lim- 
 perani's. 
 
 I am going to Mrs. F's. 
 
 I am not going far ; 
 home ; to the the- 
 atre ; to church. 
 
 Do you wish me to go 
 with you ? 
 
 Let us go together. 
 
 Let us go back. 
 
 Come here. 
 
 Go up. 
 
 Go down. 
 
 Go to the right. 
 
 Go to the left. 
 
 Go away. 
 
 Go out. 
 
 Make haste. 
 
 Return immediately. 
 
 Do not walk so fast. 
 
 Go slower. 
 
 You are walking too 
 
 fast. 
 I am in haste. 
 Stop. 
 
 Do not stir from hence. 
 Why do you stand ? 
 
 Sit down. 
 
 Vado a spasso. 
 
 Yaclo a veder un ami- 
 co. 
 
 Vado dal Signor Lim- 
 perani. 
 
 Yado dalla Signora F. 
 
 Vado qua vicino ; a 
 casa ; alia conime- 
 dia ; alia chiesa. 
 
 Yolete ch' io venga con 
 voi? 
 
 Andiamo insieme. 
 
 Torniamo indietro. 
 
 Yenite qua. 
 
 Salite. 
 
 Scendete. 
 
 Andate a destra. 
 
 Andate a sinistra. 
 
 Andatevene. 
 
 Uscite di casa. 
 
 Sbrigatevi. 
 
 Tornate siibito. 
 
 Non camminate cosi 
 presto. 
 
 Andate piu adagio. 
 
 Camminate troppo pres- 
 to. 
 
 Ho fretta. 
 
 Ferniatevi. 
 
 Non vi movete di costa. 
 
 Perche restate voi in 
 piedi ? 
 
 Sedete. 
 
DIALOGUES. 
 
 101 
 
 Wait a little. 
 Open the door. 
 Shut the window. 
 
 Aspettate un poco. 
 Aprite la porta. 
 Chiudete la finestra. 
 
 Y. 
 
 Hear me. 
 
 Do you hear me ? 
 
 Do you understand 
 me? 
 
 I understand you well. 
 
 I understand you a lit- 
 tle. 
 
 What do you say ? 
 
 Answer me. 
 
 Speak loud. 
 
 You speak too low. 
 
 Who is that gentleman 
 
 you were speaking 
 
 to a little ago ? 
 Do you know him ? 
 I know him by sight. 
 I know him by report. 
 I have not the honour 
 
 to know him. 
 Do you know that lady? 
 
 I have seen her several 
 
 times. 
 Where does she live ? 
 Hard by. 
 In what street ? 
 
 Ascoltatemi. 
 M' intendete ? 
 Mi capite ? 
 
 Y'intendo bene. 
 Yi capisco un poco. 
 
 Che cosa dite ? or che 
 
 dite? 
 Bispondetenii. 
 Parlate forte. 
 Parlate troppo piano. 
 Chi e quel signore che 
 
 parlava con voi poco 
 
 fa? 
 Lo conoscete ? 
 Lo conosco di vista. 
 Lo conosco per fama. 
 Non ho l'onor di cono- 
 
 scerlo. 
 Conoscete voi quella 
 
 si 2f nor a 
 
 * 
 
 L'ho veduta parecchie 
 
 volte. 
 Dove sta di casa ? 
 Qui vicina. 
 In che strada 1 
 
102 
 
 DIALOGUES. 
 
 Iii King Street 
 
 What country does she 
 
 come from ? 
 She is an Italian. 
 Where did you become 
 
 acquainted with her ? 
 In Venice, in Milan, in 
 
 Paris, in London. 
 Have you known her 
 
 long ? 
 
 About three years. 
 
 I should like to know 
 
 her. 
 We will go together 
 
 and pay our respects 
 
 to her. 
 When? 
 
 When you please. 
 We will go to-morrow. 
 
 Nella Strada del Re. 
 Di chc paese e ? 
 
 E Italiana. 
 
 Dove l'avete conosciu- 
 
 ta? 
 In Venezia, in Milano, 
 
 in Parhn, in Londra. 
 E un pezzo che la co- 
 
 noscete ? 
 Sono tre anni incirca. 
 Avrei a caro di far la 
 
 sua conoscenza. 
 Andremo insieme a ri- 
 
 verirla. 
 
 Quan do ? 
 
 Quando vi piacera. 
 Vi andremo domattina. 
 
 VI. 
 
 Are you still in bed f 
 I was sleeping soundly. 
 
 You sleep too much. 
 You are very lazy. 
 Get up instantly. 
 Let me sleep. 
 You must get up ; it is 
 
 nine o'clock. 
 I went to bed very late 
 
 last night. 
 
 Siete ancora in letto ? 
 Dormiva profonda- 
 
 niente. 
 Yoi dormite troppo. 
 Siete un poltrone. 
 Alzatevi siibito. 
 Lasciatemi clormire. 
 Bisogna levarsi ; sono 
 
 le nove. 
 Ieri sera, andai a letto 
 
 molto tardi. 
 
DIALOGUES. 
 
 103 
 
 What did you do after 
 
 supper f 
 TTe played at picket. 
 Did you win or lose ? 
 I gained thirty sequins. 
 
 How long did you play? 
 
 Till one in the morn- 
 ing. 
 
 I do not wonder that 
 you get up so late. 
 
 Come ; I will dress my- 
 self. 
 
 Bring me my stockings. 
 
 "Where are my shoes ? 
 
 Here they are. 
 
 Where is my morning 
 gown? 
 
 It is upon that arm- 
 chair. 
 
 Give me a pocket- 
 handkerchief. 
 
 Here is a white one, 
 Sir. 
 
 Give me some water 
 to wash myself. 
 
 Some one knocks ; see 
 who it is. 
 
 It is Mr. Eiagioli. 
 
 Show him in. 
 
 Che faceste dopo cena ? 
 
 Si giuoco a picchetto. 
 Avete vinto o perso ? 
 Ho vinto trenta zec- 
 
 chini. 
 Fin a che ora giuo- 
 
 caste ? 
 Fino a tin' ora dopo 
 
 mezza notte. 
 Non mi meraviglio se 
 
 vi levate cosi tardi. 
 Animo, voglio vestirmi. 
 
 Portatemi le mie cal- 
 
 zette. 
 Dove sono le mie 
 
 scarpe ? 
 Eccole. 
 Dov' e la ruia veste da 
 
 camera ? 
 E su quella sedia d'ap- 
 
 poggio. 
 Daterui un fazzoletto. 
 
 Eccone un bianco, sis:- 
 
 nore. 
 Datemi dell' acqua per 
 
 lavarmi. 
 Si picchia, vedete chi 
 
 e. 
 E il Sisnor Biasdoli. 
 Fatelo entrare. 
 
104 
 
 DIALOGUES. 
 
 YII. 
 
 Have you breakfasted, 
 
 Sir? 
 No, Sir. 
 
 You come in time ; 
 breakfast is ready. 
 
 I have come on purpose 
 to breakfast with 
 you. 
 
 Very good ; what will 
 you take 1 
 
 What you please. 
 
 Do you wish chocolate 
 or coffee ? 
 
 I am very fond of cho- 
 colate. 
 
 Bring the chocolate- 
 pot. 
 
 Put it on the fire. 
 
 Where are the cups ? 
 
 Here they are. 
 
 These cups are beauti- 
 ful ; I have never 
 seen such fine china. 
 
 Boil some water ; I will 
 make some tea. 
 
 Avete fatto colazione, 
 
 Signore ? 
 No, Signore, or, Sig- 
 
 nor no. 
 Venite a proposito, la 
 
 colazione e pronta. 
 Son venuto apposta per 
 
 far colazione con voi. 
 
 Benissimo, che cosa vo- 
 
 lete prendere ? 
 Quel che vi piacera. 
 Yolete la cioccolata o 
 
 il cafe? 
 Mi piace molto la cioc- 
 colata. 
 Portate la cioccolat- 
 
 tiera. 
 Mettetela sul fuoco. 
 Dove sono le chic- 
 
 chere ? 
 Eccole. 
 Queste chicchere sono 
 
 superbe : non lio mai 
 
 veduto una cosi bclla 
 
 porcellana. 
 Fate scaldar dell' ac- 
 
 qua, voglio far del 
 
 to. 
 
DIALOGUES, 
 
 105 
 
 Do not make any for 
 me ; a cup of cho- 
 colate is enough for 
 me. 
 
 I have excellent tea ; I 
 wish you to try it. 
 
 Sir, I am much obliged 
 to you for your kind- 
 ness. 
 
 Put a little more sugar 
 in it. 
 
 Your tea is very good ; 
 where do you buy it? 
 
 I will give you the ad- 
 dress. 
 
 You will do me a great 
 favour. 
 
 Non ne fate per me ; 
 una chicchera di cioc- 
 colata mi basta. 
 
 Ho un te delizioso ; vo- 
 
 glio che l'asseggiate. 
 Signore, son molto te- 
 
 nuto alia vostra bon- 
 
 ta. 
 Metteteci un poco piu 
 
 di ziicchero. 
 II vostro te e ottimo, 
 
 dove lo comprate ? 
 Yi daro l'indirizzo. 
 
 Mi farete un gran pia- 
 cere. 
 
 vni. 
 
 "What o'clock is it 1 
 What o'clock do you 
 
 think it is ? 
 I think it is not yet two. 
 
 It is half past two. 
 
 It is a quarter to three. 
 
 It is a quarter to four. 
 
 It is five o'clock. 
 How five ! it has struck 
 six. 
 
 Che ora e ? 
 
 Che ora credete che 
 
 sia?. 
 Credo che non siano 
 
 ancora le due. 
 Sono due ore e mezzo. 
 Sono due ore e tre quar- 
 
 ti. 
 Sonole quattromeno un 
 
 quarto. 
 Sono cinque ore. 
 Come le cinque ! sono 
 
 sonate le sei. 
 
106 
 
 DIALOGUES. 
 
 It will soon be nine 
 o'clock. 
 
 Do you hear the clock ? 
 
 The clock is striking. 
 
 Count the hours. 
 
 It is twelve o'clock, 
 (noon.) 
 
 It is three o'clock ; half- 
 past three. 
 
 It is early yet. 
 
 It is not late. 
 
 See what o'clock it is 
 by your watch. 
 
 It does not go ; it is 
 down. 
 
 I must wind it up. 
 
 It goes too fast. 
 
 It goes too slow. 
 
 It is almost dark. 
 
 It is getting late. 
 
 When do you go to 
 bed? 
 
 At twelve, (midnight.) 
 
 "YVe shall see each other 
 to-morrow, at eleven. 
 
 I will wait for you till 
 half-past eleven ; till 
 a quarter to twelve. 
 
 Saranno presto le nove. 
 
 Sentite l'orologio? 
 L'orologio suona. 
 Contate le ore. 
 E mezzodi. 
 
 Sono tre ore ; sono tre 
 
 ore e mezzo. 
 E ancora a buon' ora. 
 Non e tardi. 
 Yedete che ora e al 
 
 vostro oriuolo. 
 Non va ; e scarieo. 
 
 Bisogna ch'io lo carichi. 
 
 Va avanti. 
 
 Va addietro. 
 
 E quasi notte. 
 
 Si fa tardi. 
 
 A che ora andate a let- 
 to ? 
 
 A mezza notte. 
 
 Ci vedremo domani 
 alle undici. 
 
 Yi aspettero iino alle 
 undici e mezzo ; fino 
 alle lindice e tre 
 quarti. 
 
 IX. 
 
 Where shall we go and Dove vogliamo andare 
 dine ? a pranzo ? 
 
DIALOGUES. 
 
 107 
 
 If we wish to dine well, 
 let us go to the 
 Frenchman's. 
 
 What do you wish, 
 gentlemen ? 
 
 We want to dine ; what 
 have you that is 
 good? 
 
 I have good soup, tur- 
 key, chickens, and 
 pigeons. 
 
 I have also a duck, eggs, 
 and cauliflower. 
 
 Have you any phea- 
 sants ? 
 
 No, gentlemen ; but I 
 have partridges. 
 
 Then give us some 
 rice soup, chickens, 
 grapes, and figs. 
 
 Gentlemen, do you wish 
 
 any fish ? 
 Yes, give us some. 
 Will you have soles or 
 
 eels ? 
 No ; bring us some 
 
 skate, salmon, and 
 
 oysters. 
 Will you have white or 
 
 red wine ? 
 
 Se vogliamo pranzar 
 bene ; andiamo dal 
 Francese. 
 
 Che bramate, signori ? 
 
 Yogliamo pranzare ; 
 
 che cosa avete di 
 
 buono ? 
 Ho una buona mines- 
 
 tra, del gallinaccio, 
 
 de' pollastri, e de' 
 
 piccioni. 
 Ho ancora un' anitra, 
 
 delle uova, e de' ca- 
 
 voli fiori. 
 Avete de' fagiani ? 
 
 No, signori, ma ho del- 
 le pernicci. 
 
 Dateci dunque una mi- 
 nestra di riso, de' 
 pollastri, dell' uva, e 
 de' fichi. 
 
 Bramate del pesce, sig- 
 nori? 
 
 Si, datecene. 
 
 Volete delle sogliole, o 
 delle anguille ? 
 
 No ; portateci della 
 razza, del sermone, e 
 delle ostriche. 
 
 Volete vino bianco o 
 rosso ? 
 
108 
 
 DIALOGUES. 
 
 Give us in the mean 
 time a bottle of white 
 wine. 
 
 This wine is excellent. 
 
 Let us sit down at table. 
 This soup is excellent. 
 This beef is delicious. 
 
 It is neither too fat nor 
 
 too lean. 
 The pigeons are very 
 
 tender. 
 They are very delicate. 
 Give us something to 
 
 drink. 
 Your good health, Sir. 
 
 Eat some of these figs ; 
 
 they are excellent. 
 I neither like figs, 
 
 peaches, nor plumes. 
 
 I am fond of straw- 
 berries. 
 
 It must be confessed 
 that it is an excel- 
 lent fruit. 
 
 For my part, I am fond 
 of all kinds of fruit ; 
 and above all, me- 
 lons. 
 
 Dated in tan to una bot- 
 tigiia di vin bianco. 
 
 Questo vino e eccellen- 
 
 te. 
 Mettiamoci a tavola. 
 Questa zuppa e ottima. 
 Questo manzo e delizio- 
 
 so. 
 Non e ne troppo gras- 
 
 so ne troppo magro. 
 I piccioni sono molto 
 
 teneri. 
 Sono delicatissimi. 
 Dated da here. 
 
 Alia vostra salute, sig- 
 
 nore. 
 Mangiate di questi fichi, 
 
 sono ottimi. 
 A me non piacciono ne 
 
 i fichi, ne le pesche, 
 
 ne le susine. 
 Amo le fragole. 
 
 Bisogna confessare che 
 e unfrutto eccellente. 
 
 Quanto a me, io amo 
 ogni sorte di frutti ; 
 e soprattutto i me- 
 loni, 
 
DIALOGUES. 
 
 109 
 
 Come, gentlemen, let 
 ns rise from table ; 
 it is time to go and 
 walk. 
 
 Animo, signori, levia- 
 moci da tavola ; e 
 tempo d'andare al 
 passeggio. 
 
 XII. 
 
 Let us go and take a 
 walk. 
 
 Will you come with me ? 
 
 Willingly. 
 
 WTiither shall we go ? 
 
 Let us go into the gar- 
 den. 
 
 Here are beautiful 
 walks. 
 
 There is, as you see, 
 all kinds of flowers. 
 
 There is a beautiful 
 rose. 
 
 Take this jasmine. 
 
 Add this jelly-flower to 
 your nose-gay. 
 
 It has a very charming 
 smell. 
 
 Take a few oranges, 
 Sir; you can give 
 some to your child- 
 ren. 
 
 Andiamo a fare una 
 
 passeggiata. 
 Volete venir meco ? 
 Volontieri. 
 Dove andremo 1 
 Andiamo nel giardino. 
 
 Questi sono viali bel- 
 
 lissimi. 
 Vi e come vedete, ogni 
 
 sorte di fiorL 
 Ecco una bella rosa. 
 
 Prendete questi gelso- 
 
 mini» 
 Aggiungete questo ga- 
 
 rofano al vostro maz- 
 
 zetto. 
 Ha un odore molto 
 
 soave. 
 Prendete de melangoli, 
 
 Signore, ne darete a* 
 
 vostri figliuoli. 
 
 K 
 
110 
 
 DIALOGUES. 
 
 I thank you, Sir ; I will 
 rather take two or 
 three lemons. 
 
 Let us take a walk in 
 the fields. 
 
 The trees are in blos- 
 som. 
 
 The ears of corn are 
 long. 
 
 The grain is not ripe. 
 
 There is a great quan- 
 tity of fruit trees. 
 
 I see fig-trees, apple- 
 trees, and cherry- 
 trees. 
 
 I begin to be tired. 
 
 Let us rest a little. 
 
 Let us sit down under 
 this oak, or on the 
 bank of this rivulet. 
 
 Let us rather sit down 
 near that beech, as 
 there is more grass 
 and shade. 
 
 Do you hear the black- 
 bird sing ? 
 
 I hear the nightingale. 
 
 This walk has done me 
 much good. 
 
 There is nothing better 
 for the health. 
 
 Vi ringrazio, Signore, 
 prendero piuttosto 
 due o tre limoni. w 
 
 Andiamo a passeggiare 
 ne' campi. 
 
 Gli alberi sono fioriti. 
 
 Le spighe sono lunghe. 
 
 II grano non e maturo. 
 Vi e una gran quantita 
 
 d'alberi fruttiferi. 
 Yedo de' fichi, de' meli, 
 
 e de' ciriegi. 
 
 Commcio ad essere 
 
 stanco. 
 Riposiamoci un poco. 
 Sediamo sotto questa 
 
 quercia o alia riva di 
 
 questo ruscelletto. 
 Mettiamoci piuttosto 
 
 vicino a quel faggio ; 
 
 poiche vi e piu erba 
 
 e piu ombra. 
 Sentite voi cantare il 
 
 merlo ? 
 Sento il rosignuolo. 
 Questa passeggiata mi 
 
 ha fatto molto bene, 
 Non v' e cosa migliore 
 
 per la salute. 
 
DIALOGUES. 
 
 Ill 
 
 It is time to return 
 
 home. 
 The sun is already set. 
 I thank you for your 
 
 good company. 
 
 I wish you good night. 
 
 Farewell ; my compli- 
 ments to all your 
 family. 
 
 E tempo di ri torn are a 
 
 casa. 
 II sole e gia tramontato. 
 Vi ringrazio della vos- 
 
 tra buona compag- 
 
 nia. 
 Vi auguro una felice 
 
 notte. 
 State bene ; i miei com- 
 
 plimenti a casa. 
 
 xin. 
 
 MODE OF SPEAKING, IN WHICH THE THIRD PERSON SIN- 
 GULAR IS USED INSTEAD OF THE SECOND PERSON 
 PLURAL. 
 
 Good morning, Sir, or 
 
 Madam. 
 How do you do ? 
 How does your mother 
 
 do? 
 She is not very well. 
 And how does your 
 
 brother do ? 
 He is quite well, I thank 
 
 you. 
 Have you seen Mrs. D. 
 
 lately ? 
 No, Sir; I have not 
 
 Buon di a Vossignoria. 
 
 Come sta ella ? 
 
 Come sta la sua sig- 
 nora madre f 
 
 Non ista troppo bene. 
 
 E il suo signor fratello, 
 come sta egli ? 
 
 Sta benissimo, la rin- 
 grazio. 
 
 Ha ella veduta recente- 
 mente la Signora D. 
 
 No, Signor ; non Vho 
 
112 
 
 IDIOMS AXD PROVERBS. 
 
 seen her since Mon- 
 day. 
 
 Have you been at the 
 opera, lately ? 
 
 No, Sir; I have not 
 been there this year. 
 
 Will you go with me 
 the clay after to-mor- 
 row? 
 
 Willingly. 
 
 Adieu, for the present. 
 
 Good morning, Sir ; 
 how do you do this 
 morning ? 
 
 Good morning, Ma'am ; 
 how do you do ? 
 
 Very well, at your ser- 
 vice, I thank you. 
 
 Pray, Sir, have the 
 goodness to sit down. 
 
 veduta dopo Lune- 
 di. 
 
 E stata recentemente 
 all' opera ? 
 
 No, Signore ; non vi 
 sono stato quest' an- 
 no. 
 
 VuoF ella an dare meco 
 posdomani % 
 
 Volontieri, 
 
 A rivederla. 
 
 Buon giorno, Signore, 
 
 come sta ella stamat- 
 
 Una ? 
 Buon giorno, Signora, 
 
 come sta ella ? 
 Benissimo, per servir- 
 
 la, la ringrazio. 
 Signore, favorisea di 
 
 sedere, la prego. 
 
 XIV. 
 
 JDIOMS ANP PROVERBS, 
 
 I expect you home in 
 ten days. 
 
 We should not give 
 way to the pas- 
 sions. 
 
 Vi aspetto a casa da 
 qui in dieci giorni. 
 
 Non bisogniamo ab- 
 bandonarci alle pas- 
 sioni. 
 
 
IDIOMS AND PROVERBS. 
 
 113 
 
 lie is given over by the 
 physicians. 
 
 I am subject to a de- 
 pression of mind. 
 
 He is a gentleman of 
 
 easy access. 
 I will embrace every 
 
 opportunity to serve 
 
 you. 
 Grasp all, lose all. 
 
 As it sometimes hap- 
 pens. 
 
 It is not worth so much. 
 
 You need not tell me 
 the contrary. 
 
 Have you made a good 
 bargain ? 
 
 I assure you I will not 
 do it. 
 
 What a cruel fate ! he 
 was torn to pieces. 
 
 That girl is forward, 
 
 she must be kept 
 
 under. 
 AVhy do you speak so 
 
 rou^hlv to him ? 
 I will never tarnish the 
 
 reputation of any one 
 
 whomsoever. 
 
 E abandonato da' me- 
 dici. 
 
 Sono vittima ad un 
 abbattimento della 
 mente. 
 
 E un cavalliere di fa- 
 cile abordo. 
 
 Abbraccero tutte le oc- 
 casioni di servirla. 
 
 Chi troppo abbraccia, 
 
 nulla stringe. 
 Come tal volta accade. 
 
 Non vale tanto. 
 
 Non accade che mi di- 
 
 ciate il contrario. 
 Avete fatto un buon 
 
 accatto ? 
 V accerto che non lo 
 
 faro. 
 Che sorte crudele ! fu 
 
 lacerato brano a 
 
 brano. 
 Quella fanciullina e 
 
 impertinente, bisog- 
 
 na tenerla in briglia. 
 Per che gli parlate cosi 
 
 brusco % 
 Non voglio mai brut- 
 tare l'onore di chi 
 
 che sia. 
 
114 
 
 IDIOMS AND PKOVKRBS. 
 
 Will you go with us, 
 
 my friend ? 
 Most willingly. 
 He is very peevish, he 
 
 will not take a jest. 
 
 You must then give 
 him fair words. 
 
 What an idler you are ! 
 
 It is not your business 
 to reprove me. 
 
 I sink in oblivion all 
 thoughts of ven- 
 geance. 
 
 Who is that man ? 
 
 He has not wherewith 
 to pay the bread 
 which he eats. 
 
 What a wicked boy 
 thou art, to do what 
 thou hast done to 
 me ; but thou shalt 
 pay dearly for it. 
 
 I earnestly entreat you 
 not to take revenge. 
 
 What a good woman 
 that is ! 
 
 They tell me she pos- 
 sesses all the cardi- 
 nal virtues. 
 
 I should like much to 
 see her. 
 
 Amico mio, volete an- 
 
 dar con noi ? 
 Di buona voglia. 
 fC molto fastidioso, non 
 
 vuol prender una 
 
 buffa. 
 Bisogna dunque dar- 
 
 gli buone parole. 
 Che ozioso siete ! 
 Non cade a voi di ri- 
 
 prendermi. 
 Io metto in non cale 
 
 ogni pensiero di ven- 
 detta. 
 Chi e queir uomo ? 
 Non ha da pagare il 
 
 pane che mangia. 
 
 Che malizioso tu sei 
 per fare cid che mi 
 hai fatto ; ma me 
 la pagherai cara- 
 mente. 
 
 Vi prego caramente di 
 non pigliarmi ven- 
 detta. 
 
 Che buona donna e 
 cotesta ! 
 
 Mi dicono che possede 
 tutte le virtu cardi- 
 nali. 
 
 Mi sarebbe molto a caro 
 di vederla. 
 
IDIOMS AKD PKOVERBS. 
 
 115 
 
 He was an important 
 person. 
 
 They rose at clay- 
 break. 
 
 I have received the 
 book you sent me, 
 ,and thank you. 
 
 My dearest friend, why 
 are you so angry ? 
 
 Because they have been 
 speaking ill of me. 
 
 A fine cause to get into 
 a passion ! 
 
 You are a good little 
 girl, and there is no 
 one who will say the 
 contrary. 
 
 My friend, I will tell 
 you a secret. 
 
 I have complete pos- 
 session of that man's 
 heart. 
 
 Have you, indeed ? 
 
 How fortunate you 
 
 are ! 
 Where have you been, 
 
 %. J 
 
 my dear ? 
 In the garden ; what 
 
 do you want ? 
 My book and paper. 
 
 Era una persona d'alto 
 
 conto. 
 Si sono levati in sul far 
 
 del di. 
 Ho ricevuto il libro che 
 
 mi ha mandato, e la 
 
 ringrazio. 
 Arnica carissima per- 
 
 che andate in col- 
 
 lera ? 
 Perche mi hanno spar- 
 
 lato. 
 Un bel soggetto per an- 
 
 dare in collera ! 
 Siete una buona fan- 
 
 ciullina e non vi sa- 
 
 ra chi dica il contra- 
 
 rio. 
 Amico mio, vi diro un 
 
 arcano. 
 Ten go le chiavi del 
 
 cuor di costui. 
 
 Da vero % 
 
 Come siete felice ! 
 
 Dove siete stata, cara 
 
 mia? 
 Nel giardino, che chie- 
 
 dete ? 
 II mio libro e la mia 
 
 carta. 
 
116 
 
 IDIOMS AND PRO VERBS. 
 
 They are in the next 
 room. 
 
 You do not look well 
 this morning. 
 
 I have a slight head- 
 ache. 
 
 Since when? 
 
 Since Friday. 
 
 Why did you not tell it 
 me sooner ? 
 
 Go and sleep, and you 
 will be better to- 
 morrow. 
 
 Gentlemen, I wish you 
 a good journey. 
 
 I do not know what to 
 reply on this head. 
 
 This fellow is a com- 
 plete rogue. 
 He reaps the fruit of 
 
 the labours of others. 
 He struck me a blow 
 
 on the head with a 
 
 stone. 
 Your painter has made 
 
 your portrait a very 
 
 good likeness. 
 He has deceived me 
 
 under the guise of 
 
 friendship. 
 "What a misfortune ! 
 
 Stanno nelF altra ca- 
 mera. 
 Voi non avete buona 
 
 cera stamattina. 
 Ho un picciol mal di 
 
 testa. 
 Dopo quando ? 
 Dopo Venerdi ? 
 Perche non me 1'avete 
 
 detto piuttosto ? 
 Andatevene a dormire e 
 
 domani sarete meg- 
 
 lio. 
 Signori, vi auguro il 
 
 buon viaggio. 
 Non so che rispondervi 
 
 circa questo partico- 
 
 lare. 
 Quello e un briccone di 
 
 prima classe. 
 Coglie il frutto delle 
 
 fatiche d'altrui. 
 Mi colse in testa con 
 
 una pietra. 
 
 II vostro pittore vi ha 
 colto molto bene nel 
 vostro ritratto. 
 
 Mi ha ingannato sotto 
 color d'amore. 
 
 Che colpo di disgrazia ! 
 
IDIOMS A^sD PROVERBS. 
 
 117 
 
 You live as if you had 
 a thousand a-year. 
 
 He cannot govern his 
 passions. 
 
 Adieu, my friend, I am 
 going to take leave 
 of my friends. 
 
 They say that gentle- 
 man is very rich, 
 
 I do not think he is 
 very rich ; but he 
 has enough to live 
 independently. 
 
 You have a very sickly 
 appearance. 
 
 He has forfeited her 
 esteem. 
 
 Short reckonings make 
 long friends. 
 
 I am not fond of mak- 
 ing many compli- 
 ments. 
 
 'Tis said the kino- is 
 dead. 
 
 This will afford us 
 great subject for dis- 
 course. 
 
 The two brothers are 
 twins. 
 
 The eldest is very 
 amiable. 
 
 It is bad weather. 
 
 You are in the wrong. 
 
 Yivete come se aveste 
 
 mille lire all' anno. 
 Non sa come combat- 
 
 tere le sue passioni. 
 Addio, amico mio, vado 
 
 a prender commiato 
 
 da' miei amici. 
 Si dice che quel sign ore 
 
 e ricchissimo. 
 Non credo che sia mol- 
 
 to ricco, ma ha da 
 
 vivere eompetente- 
 
 mente. 
 Sembrate molto mal 
 
 complessionato. 
 Ha perduto il concetto 
 
 appresso di lei. 
 Conti corti, amici cari. 
 
 Non mi piace il fare 
 mold convenevoli. 
 
 Si dice che il re e 
 
 morto. 
 Questo ci dara gran co- 
 
 pia di raggionare, 
 
 I due fratelli son nati 
 ad un colpo. 
 
 II maggior e buon sog- 
 getto. 
 
 Fa cattivo tempo, 
 Avete torto. 
 
118 
 
 IDIOMS AND FRO VERBS. 
 
 Is it you ? 
 
 Yes, it is I. 
 
 He approached us. 
 
 Do you keep boarders ? 
 
 Drive on, coachman. 
 They came to blows. 
 They live from hand to 
 
 mouth. 
 What do you mean ? 
 It threatens to rain. 
 What is that to you ? 
 They looked out of the 
 
 window. 
 I wish you a happy 
 
 new year. 
 This is not to be said. 
 It was rumoured that 
 
 the enemies had 
 
 taken a fortress. 
 I am short of money. 
 He is quite happy. 
 
 They say he keeps open 
 
 house. 
 Do not disappoint me. 
 
 He neglects his duty. 
 Will you take a turn ? 
 I have sore eyes. 
 You are welcome to it. 
 I am not on good terms 
 with him. 
 
 Siete voi ? 
 
 Si, sono io. 
 
 Si fece verso noi. 
 
 Tenete gente a doz- 
 
 zina ? 
 Tocca, cocchiero. 
 Yennero alle mani. 
 Vivono di per di. 
 
 Che volete dire ? 
 Yuole piovere. 
 Che monta a voi ? 
 Si fecero alia finestra. 
 
 Yi auguro il buon capo 
 
 d'anno. 
 Questo non va detto. 
 Si sparse la voce che i 
 
 nemici avessero pre- 
 
 so una fortezza. 
 II denaro mi manca. 
 Tocca il cielo col 
 
 dito. 
 Si dice che tiene corte 
 
 bandita. 
 Non mi mancate di pa- 
 
 rola. 
 Manca al suo dovere. 
 Yolete far un giro ? 
 Mi dolgono gli occhi. 
 Ne siete padrone. 
 Sono male con lui. 
 
IDIOMS AND PROVERBS. 
 
 119 
 
 What is the matter 
 
 with you ? 
 My hands are cold. 
 Do your worst. 
 Indeed you afflict me. 
 
 I have many things to 
 do, and can't attend 
 to all at once ; so 
 good bye. 
 
 He has a daughter six- 
 teen years of age ; 
 and nature has en- 
 dowed her with great 
 beauty and capacity. 
 
 This river empties it- 
 self into the sea. 
 
 We must give every 
 one his due. 
 
 Shall we set out by 
 break of day ? 
 
 We must be back again 
 by next Tuesday. 
 
 He will do it during 
 his stay here. 
 
 It is growing dark al- 
 ready. 
 
 I was very near being 
 kiUed. 
 
 Let us speak no more 
 of this. 
 
 Che avete ? 
 
 Ho freddo alle mani. 
 
 Fa se tu sai. 
 
 Ben ho di voi onde mi 
 
 doglia. 
 Ho molti affari, e non 
 
 si puo dormire e far 
 
 la guardia ; dunque 
 
 a rivederla. 
 Ha una figlia di sedici 
 
 anni ; la natura l'ha 
 
 dotata d'una gran 
 
 bellezza e di molta 
 
 capacita. 
 Questo fiume fa foce 
 
 nel mare. 
 Bisogna dare ad ognu- 
 
 no il suo dovuto. 
 Partiremo in sul far del 
 
 giorno 
 
 I 
 
 Bisogna che ritorni- 
 amo Martedi pros- 
 simo. 
 
 Lo fara tan to che res- 
 tera qui. 
 
 Si fa notte gia. 
 
 Poco manco ch' io non 
 
 fossi ucciso. 
 Lasciamo andar questo 
 
 discorso. 
 
120 
 
 IDIOMS AND PRO VERBS. 
 
 I will serve him as far 
 as I am able. 
 
 He always receives me 
 as his own son. 
 
 He turns money to 
 good use. 
 
 He must have it, though 
 it should cost ever so 
 much. 
 
 I did it with a good in- 
 tention. 
 
 Ill got, ill spent. 
 
 A bird in the hand is 
 
 worth two in the 
 
 bush. 
 He makes one believe 
 
 the moon is made of 
 
 green cheese. 
 Every country has its 
 
 fashions. 
 There are no roses 
 
 without thorns. 
 Without bread and 
 
 wine, love is cold. 
 Necessity forces me to 
 
 do what I would not 
 
 wish. 
 Why have you been so 
 
 long in coming ? 
 Because I am very 
 
 tired. 
 
 Lo serviro per quanto 
 
 posso. 
 Sempre m' accoglie da 
 
 figlio. 
 Fa valere il danaro. 
 
 Vuo averlo, costi quan- 
 to si voglia. 
 
 L'ho fat to a buon fine. 
 
 Chi mal raguna, tosto 
 disperge. 
 
 Meglio e un uovo oggi 
 che domani una gal- 
 lina. 
 
 Yende liicciole per lan- 
 tern e. 
 
 Tal paese, taF usanza. 
 
 Non si puo aver la 
 rosa senza le spine. 
 
 Senza cerere e bacco, 
 venere e di ghiaccio. 
 
 La necessita mi cos- 
 tringe a fare quel 
 che non vorrei. 
 
 Perche siete stato co- 
 tanto a venire ? 
 
 Perche mi sento molto 
 stanco. 
 
IDIOMS AND PROVERBS. 
 
 121 
 
 I have been unwell ; I 
 am always so in win- 
 ter. 
 
 I do not like cold. 
 
 Since vou were here, I 
 
 wrote to Mr. L , 
 
 from whom I re- 
 ceived a favourable 
 answer. 
 
 What is it to you if I 
 go there ? 
 
 I esteem them very 
 much. 
 
 If he should happen to 
 die, my heart will 
 break. 
 
 I received the book and 
 pen-knife you sent 
 me, and am much 
 obliged to you for all 
 these favours. 
 
 My friend, I am borne 
 down by misfortunes. 
 
 I am very sorry for it. 
 
 Who has occasioned 
 you so many trou- 
 bles and misfor- 
 tunes ? 
 
 Why did they do it ? 
 
 I cannot get away from 
 this place, not having 
 any money. 
 
 Sono stato ammalato ; 
 
 lo sono sempre nelF 
 
 inverno. 
 Non mi piace il fredclo. 
 
 Dono che siete stato 
 
 j. 
 
 qm, ho scritto al 
 
 Signor L , da 
 
 cui ebbi una favo- 
 revole risposta. 
 
 Che v'importa ch'io 
 vada cola % 
 
 Gli ho molto a cuore. 
 
 Se venisse a morire, mi 
 crepera il cuore. 
 
 Ho ricevuto il libro ed 
 il temperino che mi 
 avete mandati, e vi 
 sono debito per tutti 
 questi favori. 
 
 Amico mio, io sono 
 caricato di sciagure. 
 
 Lo sen to moltissimo. 
 
 Chi vi ha cagionato 
 tante pene e tante 
 dissrrazie ? 
 
 Perche lo hanno fatto ? 
 Non posso distaccarmi 
 
 da questo luogo, non 
 
 avendo danaro. 
 
122 
 
 IDIOMS AND PROVERBS. 
 
 There is a very great 
 difference between 
 your fate and mine. 
 
 The weather was fine 
 yesterday, and we 
 were in the country. 
 
 This weather will not 
 last long. 
 
 I really believe it is as 
 you say. 
 
 The weather grows 
 cold. 
 
 The days begin to 
 shorten. 
 
 He spends his income 
 before it is due. 
 
 It is better going alone, 
 than in bad com- 
 pany. 
 
 Adversity sharpens wit. 
 
 To say and to do, are 
 
 different things. 
 We ought not always 
 
 to give way to our 
 
 passions. 
 I cannot bring it to my 
 
 recollection. 
 Be on your guard. 
 That requires a great 
 
 deal of time. 
 He gave me a very 
 
 kind reception. 
 
 V'e grandissimo disva- 
 
 rio fra la vostra sorte 
 
 e la mia. 
 Ieri faceva buon tempo, 
 
 e siamo stati nel 
 
 campo. 
 Questo tempo non avra 
 
 lunga durata. 
 Credo in effeto che sia 
 
 come voi dite. 
 II tempo declina verso 
 
 il freddo. 
 I giorni discrescono. 
 
 Egli mangia l'agnello 
 
 in Giugno. 
 E meglio andar solo, 
 
 che mal accompa- 
 
 gnato. 
 L'avversita aguzza l'in- 
 
 gegno. 
 Altro e dire, altro e 
 
 fare una cosa. 
 Non si deve sempre 
 
 allargar il freno alle 
 
 passioni. 
 Non posso recarmelo a 
 
 mente. 
 State a riguardo. 
 Cio ricerca molto tem- 
 po. 
 Mi ha data una lieta 
 
 accoglienza. 
 
IDIOMS AND PROVERBS. 
 
 123 
 
 Let every one Hiind his 
 
 own business. 
 A hundred pounds of 
 
 sorrow won't pay an 
 
 ounce of debt. 
 It is better to be friends 
 
 at a distance^ than 
 
 enemies near at home. 
 When it is fair weather, 
 
 take your cloak ; 
 
 when it rains, wear 
 
 it if you please. 
 A good friend is worth 
 
 a hundred relations. 
 
 If thou wouldst be re- 
 venged of thy enemy, 
 govern thyself. 
 
 Even reckonings make 
 long friends. 
 
 I long to go away. 
 
 We must strike the iron 
 
 while it is hot. 
 He is not a man to bear 
 
 an affront. 
 I am contented with 
 
 what little I have. 
 One cannot accomplish 
 
 what many can. 
 He lives upon his estate, 
 
 and I on mine. 
 
 Ciasciin attenda a' fatti 
 
 suoi. 
 Cent'ore di malinconia 
 
 non pagano un quat- 
 
 trino di debito. 
 E meglio esser amici da 
 
 lontano, che nemici 
 
 d'appresso. 
 Ne di state, ne d'in- 
 
 verno, non andar 
 
 senza mantello. 
 
 E meglio un buon 
 
 amico che cento pa- 
 
 renti. 
 Vuoi far vendetta del 
 
 tuo nemico, governati 
 
 bene. 
 Conti chiari, amici cari. 
 
 Non veggo Pora d'an- 
 
 darmene. 
 Bisogna batter il ferro 
 
 mentre egli e caldo. 
 Egli non e uomo a 
 
 portar basto. 
 Quel poco che ho mi 
 
 basta. 
 Una noce non suona in 
 
 sacco. 
 Egli vive del suo, ed io 
 
 del mio. 
 
124 
 
 IDIOMS A^D PR0VEHB3. 
 
 I will turn a deaf ear to 
 
 what he says. 
 He that cheats is often 
 
 cheated. 
 Ravens never pluck out 
 
 each other's eyes. 
 It is not all gold that 
 
 glitters. 
 He that buys land, buys 
 
 trouble. 
 Death spares no one. 
 
 We must think before 
 we speak. 
 
 To expect, and not to 
 come, to lie a-bed, 
 and not to sleep, to 
 serve, and not to 
 please, are three 
 things enough to kill 
 a man. 
 
 Much good may it do 
 you. 
 
 I have him in my 
 power. 
 
 I catch you in an un- 
 lucky moment. 
 
 Are you concerned in 
 this affair? 
 
 Beauty declines with 
 age. 
 
 Gli faro orecchie di 
 mercanti. 
 
 Chi cerca d'ingannar, 
 resta ingannato. 
 
 Corvi con corvi non si 
 cavan mai gli occhi. 
 
 Cio che luce non e 
 sempre oro. 
 
 Chi compra terra, com- 
 pra guerra. 
 
 La morte non la per- 
 dona a nessuno. 
 
 Bisogna masticar le 
 parole prima di par- 
 Mr. 
 
 Aspettare, e non venire, 
 star in letto, e non 
 dormire, servire, e 
 non gradire, son tre 
 cose da far morire. 
 
 Buon pro vi faccia. 
 Lo tengo in pugno. 
 
 Vi piglio in un mal 
 
 punto. 
 Siete voi parte in questo 
 
 negozio ? 
 La bellezza declina coir 
 
 eta. 
 
IDIOMS AND PROVERBS. 
 
 125 
 
 It is better one's foot 
 slip, than one's 
 tongue. 
 
 It is at your service, 
 or, you are welcome 
 to it. 
 
 They live in abun- 
 dance. 
 
 I have found the task 
 harder to accomplish 
 than I expected. 
 
 I have business of im- 
 portance and cannot 
 wait. 
 
 They are in good plight. 
 
 Do not give yourself up 
 to grief. 
 
 He has no conscience 
 at all. 
 
 Cunning men are some- 
 times caught. 
 
 He always baffles my 
 designs. 
 
 You are very expert at 
 business. 
 
 He was ever the sport 
 of fortune. 
 
 I am not of vour 
 
 it 
 
 opinion. 
 It begins to grow cold. 
 
 E meglio sdrucciolar 
 co' piedi che colla 
 lingua. 
 
 Ne siete padrone m. and 
 padrona, f. 
 
 Stanno nelToro. 
 
 Ho trovato il becco 
 piu duro a miignere 
 cli quel che mi pen- 
 sava. 
 
 Ho affari di momento e 
 non posso attendere. 
 
 Sono in buon punto. 
 
 Non vi date in preda 
 
 al dolore. 
 Egli non ha punto co- 
 
 scienza. 
 Delle volpi si pigliano 
 
 alle volte. 
 Mi rompe sempre l'uo- 
 
 vo in bocca. 
 Siete unico nel vostro 
 
 mestiere. 
 Egli sempre era il ber- 
 
 saglio clella fortuna. 
 Ho l'animo vario dal 
 
 vostro. 
 II tempo si volge a 
 
 freddo. 
 
126 
 
 IDIOMS AND PROVERBS. 
 
 When do you intend to 
 go? 
 
 Do you say so in ear- 
 nest? 
 
 I agree with you. 
 
 While there is life, 
 
 there is hope. 
 I would have done it, 
 
 though he had been 
 
 present. 
 Follow my advice. 
 
 He was an eye-witness 
 
 to it. 
 Now it is your turn. 
 That is not the fashion. 
 
 They cannot live an 
 
 hour together. 
 I am exceedingly sorry 
 
 I cannot oblige you. 
 I am choking with 
 
 thirst. 
 I was alone with him. 
 
 I am in earnest. 
 What day of the month 
 
 is it? 
 It is the tenth. 
 1 think it is the eleventh. 
 
 Quando fate pensiero 
 
 di par tire ? 
 Me lo dite da vero ? 
 
 Vengo a concordia con 
 
 voi. 
 Chi ha vita, ha tempo. 
 
 L'avrei fatto, quando 
 anche fosse presente. 
 
 Appigliatevi al mio 
 
 consiglio. 
 Egli vi fu testimonio di 
 
 veduta. 
 Adesso e vostra vice. 
 Quello non e in voga. 
 
 Non possono reggere 
 un' ora insieme. 
 
 Mi pesa moltissimo di 
 non potervi servire. 
 
 Mi struggo di sete. 
 
 Fui con lui da solo a 
 
 solo. 
 Parlo da senno. 
 A quanti siamo del 
 
 mese? 
 Siamo ai dieci. 
 Credo die siamo agli 
 
 lindici. 
 
IDIOMS AND FKOVEEBS. 
 
 127 
 
 He is dead and buried. 
 
 Peace be with you* 
 All your misfortunes 
 
 are attributable to 
 
 him. 
 I have come for that 
 
 particular purpose. 
 How do affairs stand. 
 
 It is whispered about 
 
 town. 
 I will do all I can to 
 
 please and serve you. 
 
 I am wont to rise by 
 day-break. 
 
 We must proceed cau- 
 tiously. 
 
 I must go. 
 
 We must all die. 
 
 Did you not get a wink 
 of sleep last night ? 
 
 He is dying. 
 
 That is not my mean- 
 ing. 
 
 You understand well 
 how to build castles 
 in the air. 
 
 1 fear lest some acci- 
 dent befall yon. 
 
 E andato nel regno 
 
 delle talpe. 
 Rimanetevi in pace. 
 A lui s'appongono tutte 
 
 le vostre sciagure. 
 
 Io son venuto appunto 
 
 per questo. 
 In che termine sono le 
 
 cose? 
 Si susurra per la citta. 
 
 Faro ogni mio sforzo 
 
 per piacervi e ser- 
 
 virvi. 
 Son solito a levarmi 
 
 alio spuntar del gior- 
 
 no. 
 Bisogna giuocar netto. 
 
 Bisogna ch'io vada. 
 Ci bisogna tutti morire. 
 Non avete dormito ni- 
 
 ente la notte passata ? 
 Sta per morire. 
 Non e questo il mio 
 
 pensiero. 
 Voi sapete bene come 
 
 far castelli in aria. 
 
 Temo che non vi av- 
 venga qualche dis- 
 grazia. 
 
128 
 
 IDIOMS AND PROVERBS. 
 
 I never wish to see you 
 
 more. 
 He will not let me 
 
 alone. 
 Let us advance. 
 You must be bled. 
 
 What a beautiful tree 
 that is ! 
 
 You took me by sur- 
 prise. 
 
 The rose is the queen 
 of flowers. 
 
 Do you expect your 
 brother ? 
 
 Yes, Sir, and he will 
 come without fail. 
 
 We went all three to 
 the opera last night. 
 
 Where will they land ? 
 He is ready to fall. 
 He abuses us without 
 
 any reason. 
 That man fights with 
 
 his shadow. 
 Hasty climbers have 
 
 sudden falls. 
 They have reduced me 
 
 to beggary. 
 We will find a remedy 
 
 for that. 
 
 Non voglio vedervi mai 
 
 piu. 
 Non vuole lasciiirmi 
 
 stare. 
 Facciamo strada. 
 Bisogna sventarvi la 
 
 vena. 
 Che bellissimo e quelP 
 
 albero ! 
 Mi siete venuto soprav- 
 
 vento. 
 La rosa spicca fra gli 
 
 altri fiori. 
 Aspettate vostro fratel- 
 
 lo? 
 Si Signore, e verra sen- 
 
 za fallo. 
 Tutti e tre andammo 
 
 all' opera quella not- 
 
 te. 
 Dove piglierete terra ? 
 Sta per cadere. 
 Ci maltratta senza dar- 
 
 gliene il perche. 
 Colui da calci al vento, 
 
 e pugni all' aria. 
 A cader va chi troppo 
 
 in alto sale. 
 Mi hanno fatto venire 
 
 a niente. 
 Troveremo sesto a quel- 
 le 
 
IDIOMS AJsD PROVERBS. 
 
 129 
 
 It looks as if it would 
 
 rain. 
 He conceals things, 
 
 every one knows. 
 It is blowing. 
 He does not know now 
 
 which way to turn. 
 We wish you well. 
 "Who is that gentlman 
 
 who is looking out 
 
 at the window. 
 Fortune smiles upon 
 
 you. 
 I am very sleepy. 
 I will swear to it. 
 
 That man lives from 
 hand to mouth. 
 
 This fellow lives a mer- 
 ry life. 
 
 It came into my head. 
 
 I will not lose sight of 
 that. 
 
 Let us depart. 
 
 Shake hands with me. 
 
 He knows how to turn 
 money to a good use. 
 
 Thus I am disheartened. 
 
 Most of those people 
 live from hand to 
 mouth. 
 
 What is that to you, if 
 he come here ! 
 
 Vuo piovere. 
 
 Egli tiene segreti i 
 
 bandi. 
 Tira vento. 
 Egli non sa adesso dove 
 
 volgersi. 
 Vi vogliamo bene. 
 Chi e quel Signore che 
 
 si fa alia finestra ? 
 
 La fortuna vi fa ridere. 
 
 Muoio di sonno. 
 
 Ne mettero le mani al 
 
 fuoco. 
 Colui vive di per di. 
 
 Costui si da bel tempo. 
 
 Mi e caduto in mente. 
 Non perdero cio di 
 
 vista. 
 Mettiamociin cammino. 
 Toccatemi la mano. 
 Sa far valere il danaro. 
 
 Cosi manco d'animo. 
 La maggior parte di 
 coloro vive di per di. 
 
 Che vi fa che venga 
 qui. 
 
130 
 
 IDIOMS AND PROVERBS. 
 
 I will frighten you to 
 death. 
 
 I will turn it over in 
 my mind. 
 
 They have fought ob- 
 stinately. 
 
 He is short of money. 
 
 We shall go halves in 
 that affair. 
 
 My house is at the bot- 
 tom of a hill. 
 
 Have you been in Ita- 
 ly? 
 
 I speak to you as a 
 friend ? 
 
 Permit me to tell you 
 as a friend. 
 
 He is not well versed 
 in this kind of busi- 
 ness. 
 
 Let us prefer study to 
 pleasure. 
 
 I have been in France. 
 We have been there 
 
 also. 
 His father is not only 
 
 liberal but prodigal. 
 
 Ill weeds grow apace. 
 
 He has promised me 
 some recommenda- 
 
 Vi faro sudar senz' 
 aver caldo. 
 
 Mi volgerollo per l'ani- 
 ma. 
 
 Hanno combattuto as- 
 pramente. 
 
 II denaro gli manca. 
 
 Faremo a meta in quel- 
 la faccenda. 
 
 La mia casa sta al bas- 
 so d'una montagna. 
 
 Siete stato in Italia ? 
 
 Vi parlo amichevol- 
 mente. 
 
 Permettete che vi dica 
 da amico. 
 
 Non ha l'occhio aguz- 
 zo in questa sorte 
 d'affari. 
 
 Amiamo meglio lo stu- 
 dio che non i piace- 
 ri. 
 
 Io sono stato in Francia. 
 
 Vi siamo stati anche 
 noi. 
 
 Suo padre non e sola- 
 men te liberale anzi 
 prodigo. 
 
 Ogni mal erba cresce 
 presto. 
 
 Mi ha promesso alcune 
 lettere favorevoli 
 
IDIOMS AND PROVERBS. 
 
 131 
 
 tory letters to his 
 friends in England. 
 
 If ever I have an op- 
 portunity to serve 
 them I will do it. 
 
 I am very glad to hear 
 it. 
 
 I shall be very glad to 
 see him, for he is a 
 gentleman of great 
 merit. 
 
 They shall make good 
 the loss. 
 
 I will forbear to speak 
 further on this sub- 
 ject. 
 
 I will not dwell any 
 longer on this sub- 
 ject. 
 
 Do not allow yourself 
 to be deceived by 
 flattery. 
 
 Get ready, I am on the 
 point of setting out. 
 
 Don't say a word about 
 it. 
 
 Do your worst. 
 
 That fellow laughs at 
 us. 
 
 You will miss him 
 when he is dead. 
 
 That will make your 
 mouth water. 
 
 presso 1 suoi amici in 
 Inghil terra. 
 Se avro mai Fadito di 
 servirli, li servird. 
 
 Godo molto di sentirlo. 
 
 Godro molto di vederlo 
 poiche e un cavaliere 
 di gran merito. 
 
 Eglino m'ammenderan- 
 
 no il danno. 
 Lascero andare questo 
 
 discorso. 
 
 Non m'estendo a dir 
 
 piu sopra questo sog- 
 
 getto. 
 Non vi lasciate addor- 
 
 mentare dalle lusin- 
 
 ghe. 
 Apparecchiatevi, sto 
 
 per partire. 
 Non ne fate motto. 
 
 Fa se tu sai. 
 
 Colui ci piglia a gabbo. 
 
 Quando sara morto av- 
 rete soffratta di lui. 
 
 Cio vi fara venir Facqua 
 alia gola. 
 
132 
 
 IDIOMS AND PROVERBS. 
 
 
 She takes after her mo- 
 ther. 
 
 They say he is a very 
 deserving man. 
 
 Your politeness quite 
 overpowers me. 
 
 He is too fond of hunt- 
 
 ing. 
 
 His strength fails him. 
 
 What is the matter 
 with you? 
 
 My hands are cold. 
 
 My feet are warm. 
 
 Are you thirsty ? 
 
 He is hungry. 
 
 How is the weather ? 
 
 It is cold. 
 
 How old are you? 
 
 I am twelve years old. 
 
 You have grown very 
 tall. 
 
 It is bad weather, there 
 is no going out. 
 
 We will depart at five 
 o'clock. 
 
 I shall lay the cloth di- 
 rectly. 
 
 Dinner is ready, let us 
 sit down to table. 
 
 He has set up a shop, 
 and gains a liveli- 
 hood. 
 
 Wines that taste sweet 
 
 Ritrae dalla madre. 
 
 Dicono che e un uomo 
 di gran vaglia. 
 
 Voi mi vincete di cor- 
 tesia. 
 
 Egli e troppo vago del- 
 la caccia. 
 
 Le forze gli mancano. 
 
 Che avete? 
 
 Ho freddo alle mani. 
 Ho caldo ai piedi. 
 Avete sete ? 
 Egli ha fame. 
 Che tempo fa ? 
 Fa freddo. 
 Quanti anni avete ? 
 Ho dodici anni. 
 Siete molto cresciuto. 
 
 Fa cattivo tempo, non 
 
 si puo uscire. 
 Ci metteremo in cam- 
 
 mino alle cinque. 
 Mettero la tavola ades- 
 
 so. 
 II pranzo e in ordine, 
 
 mettiamoci a tavola. 
 Egli ha messo bottega, 
 
 e guadagna da vi- 
 
 vere. 
 I vini che sanno di dol- 
 
IDIOMS AND PROVERBS. 
 
 133 
 
 do not agree with 
 me. 
 I will do all I can to 
 please you. 
 
 I do not understand 
 
 this. 
 He is ready to take, 
 
 but unwilling to give. 
 
 He was put out of 
 
 countenance. 
 I want to cut that man. 
 
 He prides himself on 
 being an honest man. 
 
 They tell me he is a 
 man of great conse- 
 quence. 
 
 One might walk in the 
 shade there, not only 
 in the morning, but 
 even at any hour the 
 sun was higher. 
 
 I know it but too well. 
 
 Say, now, what you 
 will. 
 
 I love neither you nor 
 him. 
 
 So may you arrive at 
 the end of your 
 journey. 
 
 ce non si confanno a 
 
 me. 
 Faro tutto cio che di- 
 
 pende da me per pia- 
 
 cervi. 
 Questa cosa non m'en- 
 
 tra. 
 Egli ha la mano presta 
 
 a ricevere, ma ricolta 
 
 a dare. 
 Rimase con un palmo 
 
 di naso. 
 Yoglio tener favella a 
 
 colui. 
 Si picca d'essere un 
 
 galantuomo. 
 Mi dicono che e un 
 
 uomo di gran peso. 
 
 Vi si poteva andare 
 all' ombra, non che 
 la mattina, ma qua- 
 lora il sole era piu 
 alto. 
 
 Lo so pur troppo. 
 
 Dite pur quel che vo- 
 lete. 
 
 Io non amo ne voi ne 
 lui. 
 
 Se voi arriviate al fine 
 del vostro viaggio. 
 
 M 
 
m 
 
 IDIOMS AND PROVERBS. 
 
 If it be agreeable to 
 
 you, I will go. 
 They arrived at mid- 
 night. 
 We lost every thing 
 
 but your esteem. 
 I have no money about 
 
 me. 
 He stays near me. 
 They are about him 
 
 the whole day. 
 We received twenty 
 
 ducats a man. 
 Both by land and sea, 
 
 all is full of peril. 
 
 They mistake vice for 
 
 virtue. 
 He was just going. 
 I am going to tell it 
 
 you. 
 Gratitude is highly to 
 
 be commended. 
 
 That gentleman is a 
 
 man of ability. 
 He is not a man fit for 
 
 that appointment. 
 They toil at it from 
 
 morning to evening. 
 They were kept in 
 
 prison about three 
 
 months. 
 
 Se vorrete, andro. 
 
 Son giunti a mezza 
 
 notte. 
 Perdemmo tutto salvo 
 
 la vostra stima. 
 Non ho denari adosso. 
 
 Egli mi sta appresso. 
 Gli sono attorno tutto 
 
 il giorno. 
 Ricevemmo venti du- 
 
 cati per uomo. 
 E per mare e per terra 
 
 e tutto pien di peri- 
 
 colo. 
 Sbagliano il vizio per 
 
 virtu. 
 Egli fu per andare. 
 Sto per dirvelo. 
 
 La gratitudine e som- 
 
 mamente da com- 
 
 mendare. 
 Quel signore e uomo da 
 
 molto. 
 Egli non e uomo da 
 
 quell' impiego. 
 Vi si lavora da mat tin a 
 
 a sera. 
 Furono tenuti in prigi- 
 
 one da tre mesi. 
 
IDIOMS AND PROVERBS. 
 
 135 
 
 We shall now begin 
 this work. 
 
 Men are now-a-days 
 subject to the same 
 passions. 
 
 He took me aside and 
 made me read this 
 paper. 
 
 They are for the most 
 part avaricious. 
 
 Tell him to come up 
 here. 
 
 They answered, yes. 
 
 He said, no. 
 
 He is always below. 
 
 Upon my faith I do 
 love you, my dear 
 son, as much as I do 
 myself. 
 
 Then I saw a ship in 
 the offing. 
 
 Let us shun ill-bred ac- 
 quaintances, as one 
 does a poisonous ser- 
 pent. 
 
 A few days after he 
 died. 
 
 He has a wish to do 
 good, and is besides 
 very rich. 
 
 How do your brothers 
 do? 
 
 They are tolerably well. 
 
 Ora daremo principio a 
 
 questo lavoro. 
 Gli uomini d'oggidi 
 
 sono soggetti alle 
 
 medesime passioni. 
 Mi trasse a parte e mi 
 
 fece leggere questo 
 
 foglio. 
 Sono per la maggior 
 
 parte avari. 
 Ditegli che venga 
 
 quassu. 
 Risposero di si. 
 Disse di no. 
 Egli e sempre giu. 
 Per mia fe io vi amo, 
 
 mio caro figlio, quan- 
 
 to me stesso. 
 
 Indi vidi una nave per 
 
 l'alto mare. 
 Fuggiamo le pratiche 
 
 scostumate, come si 
 
 fugge un serpe vele 
 
 noso. 
 Indi a pochi di mori. 
 
 Egli ha desiderio di far 
 del bene, ed e inoltre 
 richissimo. 
 
 Come stanno i vostri 
 fratelli ? 
 
 Stanno cosi cosi. 
 
136 
 
 IDIOMS AND PROVERBS. 
 
 
 He dresses in the Span- 
 ish fashion. 
 
 He has always spoken 
 openly to me. 
 
 Faith, I shall pay thee 
 off for it. 
 
 I might then have been 
 thirty years old. 
 
 I will be more cautious 
 for the future. 
 
 At least I shall be in a 
 short time quite re- 
 covered. 
 
 To-day I am somewhat 
 better. 
 
 He looks at him, from 
 head to foot. 
 
 Are you a good judge 
 of wines ? 
 
 My happiness depends 
 upon you. 
 
 Who has stolen your 
 purse ? 
 
 I am struck w r ith hor- 
 ror in telling thee. 
 
 I am not permitted to 
 remain. 
 
 After the treaty was 
 finished. 
 
 Having said that, he 
 departed. 
 
 The thief, hearing a 
 noise, fled. 
 
 Yeste alia Spagnuola. 
 
 Mi ha sempre parlato 
 
 apertamente. 
 Affe, me la pagherai. 
 
 Allora poteva io aver 
 
 trent' anni. 
 Saro piu guardigno 
 
 per l'av venire. 
 Almeno saro fra non 
 
 molto affatto guarito. 
 
 Oggi sto alquanto me- 
 
 glio. 
 Ben ben lo squadra. 
 
 Vi conoscete di vini ? 
 
 La mia felicita dipende 
 
 da voi. 
 Chi vi ha rubato la bor- 
 
 sa? 
 Mi raccapriccio nel dir- 
 
 velo. 
 Non mi vien permesso 
 
 di restare. 
 Finita che fu la tregua. 
 
 Cio detto, parti. 
 
 II ladro, udendo strepi- 
 pito, fuggi. 
 
IDIOMS AND PROVERBS. 
 
 137 
 
 We have been in great 
 danger going. 
 
 © © © 
 
 The relieving of the 
 
 poor is a work for a 
 
 good Christian. 
 He has too much to do. 
 Give me something to 
 
 drink. 
 They make us believe 
 
 a great many things. 
 He offered to guide us 
 
 by night and by day. 
 Are you afraid to dis- 
 please him ? 
 Having said that, he 
 
 left off speaking. 
 Pray, allow me to 
 
 speak. 
 Can you read and 
 
 write ? 
 Perhaps he has told 
 
 him not to depart. 
 He supposes they have 
 
 arrived. 
 What are vou looking 
 
 for? 
 I am writing to my dear 
 
 father. 
 It is said that the people 
 
 of this country are 
 
 hospitable. 
 Of men there are the 
 
 fortunate and the un- 
 
 Siamo stati camminan- 
 do in gran pericolo. 
 
 II sollevare i poveri e 
 un' opera da buon 
 Cristiano. 
 
 Egli ha troppo da fare. 
 
 Datemi da bere. 
 
 Ci danno a credere 
 
 molte cose. 
 Si offri di guidarci di 
 
 notte e di giorno. 
 Temete di dispiacergli ? 
 
 Cio detto, egli lascio di 
 
 parlare. 
 Lasciatemi parlare, ve- 
 
 ne prego. 
 Sapete leggere e scri- 
 
 vere ? 
 Forse gli avra detto di 
 
 non partire. 
 Crede che saranno ar- 
 
 rivati. 
 Che andate cercando ? 
 
 lo sto scrivendo al mio 
 
 caro padre. 
 Si dice che il popolo di 
 
 questo paese e ospi- 
 
 tale. 
 Degli uomini chi e av- 
 
 venturato, chi e mi- 
 
138 
 
 IDIOMS AND PROVERBS. 
 
 fortunate ; part are 
 good, part bad ; some 
 too daring, others too 
 timid ; one weeps, 
 another laughs ; some 
 love, some hate ; this 
 is ever contented, 
 that ever complain- 
 
 , ing ' 
 Such was his affliction 
 
 that he died of it. 
 
 With some good wine 
 
 they refreshed us. 
 
 How long have you 
 
 been here ? 
 I will esteem him so 
 
 long as my life shall 
 
 last. 
 I will not harm any 
 
 person whatever. 
 All three went home. 
 
 Every one of them pe- 
 rished. 
 
 He went away without 
 saying any thing. 
 
 To fulfil is one thing, 
 to promise is an- 
 other. 
 
 Do not to any one that 
 which thou likest not 
 for thyself. 
 
 sero ; qual e buono, 
 qual e malvagio ; tal 
 e troppo ardito, tal e 
 troppo timido ; uno 
 piange, uno ride ; al- 
 tri ama, altri odia ; 
 questi di tutto e pa- 
 go, quegli di tutto si 
 lagna. 
 
 Cotanta fu la sua affli- 
 zione che ne mori. 
 
 Con alquanto di buon 
 vino ci riconfortaro- 
 no. 
 
 Quanto e che siete qua? 
 
 Lo stimero quanto la 
 vita mi durera. 
 
 Io non faro male a chic- 
 
 chessia. 
 Tutti e tre se n'andaro- 
 
 no a casa. 
 Tutti quanti perirono. 
 
 Se n'ando senza dir nul- 
 la. 
 
 Altro e adempire, altro 
 e promettere. 
 
 Non far ad altrui quel 
 che non vuoi per te. 
 
IDIOMS AND PROVERBS. 
 
 139 
 
 What you say is very 
 true. 
 
 They have not yet pu- 
 nished the highway- 
 man ; which sur- 
 prises me very much. 
 
 I have never been jea- 
 lous ; I am not so, 
 and I will never be 
 so. 
 
 The best way to re- 
 venge thyself is to 
 pardon. 
 
 That fellow has stolen 
 a picture from me, 
 and a horse from 
 you. 
 
 I thank you for your 
 offer. 
 
 Beware of flatterers. 
 
 They toil at it day and 
 night. 
 
 Having but one small 
 room, and only one 
 little bed, I cannot 
 lodge you. 
 
 Pray, have a little pa- 
 tience, and allow me 
 to conclude. 
 
 Slanderers are odious 
 to God and men. 
 
 Cio che dite e verissi- 
 mo. 
 
 Non hanno ancora pu- 
 nito il masnadiere, il 
 che mi sorprende 
 moltissimo. 
 
 Non sono mai stato ge- 
 loso, non lo sono, 
 e non lo saro mai. 
 
 II miglior modo di ven- 
 
 dicarti e il perdo- 
 
 nare. 
 Colui ha rubato a me 
 
 un quadro, e a voi 
 
 un cavallo. 
 
 Vi ringrazio della vos- 
 
 tra offerta. 
 Guardatevi dagli adu- 
 
 latori. 
 Vi si lavora di e notte. 
 
 Non avendo che una 
 cameretta ed un solo 
 letticello, non posso 
 alloggiarvi. 
 
 Di grazia, abbiate un 
 poco di pazienza, e 
 lasciatemi finire. 
 
 I detrattori sono odiosi 
 a Dio ed agli uomi- 
 ni. 
 
140 
 
 IDIOMS AND PKOVEKliS. 
 
 If you wish to be re- 
 venged, hold your 
 tongue, and you give 
 a mortal wound to 
 your enemy. 
 
 Learning makes men 
 better. 
 
 What is more pleasant 
 than this law ? to 
 abstain from wicked- 
 ness ; to wish good, 
 not to wish evil ; to 
 hate no one ; to be 
 unwilling to do to 
 others what we would 
 not have done to 
 ourselves. 
 
 Who is more exalted 
 than he who despises 
 money ? 
 
 Esteem honour more 
 than anything what- 
 ever in the world. 
 
 There is a beautiful 
 garden, and a foun- 
 tain in the middle of 
 it. 
 
 Some remained in the 
 town, others returned 
 to the country. 
 
 I will not trouble you 
 any more. 
 
 Se volete vendicarvi, 
 tacete, e avete dato 
 una piaga mortale 
 al nemico. 
 
 La dottrina fa gli uo- 
 mini migliori. 
 
 Quale cosa e piu soave 
 di questa legge ! as- 
 tenersi dalla malva- 
 gita, volere il bene, 
 non volere il male, 
 non odiare nessuno, 
 non voler fare agli 
 altri quello ch'uno 
 non vorebbc a se. 
 
 Chi e piu eccelente di 
 colui che disprezza il 
 danaro ? 
 
 Fate piu stima delPonore 
 che di qualsivoglia 
 cosa del mondo. 
 
 V'e un bel giardino, e 
 in mezzo d'esso una 
 fontana. 
 
 Chi rimase in citta, chi 
 torno in villa. 
 
 Non voglio importun- 
 arvi altrimenti. 
 
IDIOMS AM) PROVERBS. 
 
 HI 
 
 Having heard whom it 
 
 belonged to, I would 
 
 not accept it. 
 Take the glass, and 
 
 give me something 
 
 to drink. 
 I wanted to go to your 
 
 house to wish you a 
 
 good journey, but it 
 
 was impossible. 
 I wish to go and spend 
 
 a few weeks at my 
 
 small country house. 
 Do you not perceive 
 
 that he is jesting ? 
 He loves us as a father. 
 I do not answer you as 
 
 a physician, but as 
 
 your good friend. 
 I will go to my brother's. 
 He was kept in prison 
 
 about ten months. 
 I studied Italian for six 
 
 years. 
 I left home about the 
 
 beginning of the 
 
 evening. 
 I declare to you as an 
 
 honest man that I 
 
 did not see it. 
 Dante teaches us that 
 
 the path of virtue is 
 
 Avendo udito di chi 
 era, non volli ac- 
 cettarlo. 
 
 Pigliate il bicchiere, e 
 datemi da bere. 
 
 Yoleva venire da voi a 
 darvi il buon viaggio, 
 ma non e stato pos- 
 sible. 
 
 Voglio andar a fare 
 alcune settimane alia 
 mi a villetta. 
 
 Non v'accorgete che lo 
 dice da burla ? 
 
 Ci ama da padre. 
 
 Non vi rispondo da 
 medico, ma bensi da 
 vostro buon amico. 
 
 Andro da mio fratello. 
 
 Fu tenuto in prigiono 
 da dieci mesi. 
 
 Ho studiato l'italiano 
 per sei anni. 
 
 Sono uscito di casa 
 quasi in sul farsi 
 sera. 
 
 Vi giuro da galantuomo 
 che non l'ho veduto. 
 
 Dante c'insegna che il 
 cammino della virtu 
 
U2 
 
 IDIOMS AKD PKOVEKBS. 
 
 difficult at first, then 
 easy, and at length 
 very pleasant. 
 
 I remember you and 
 will always do so, 
 because you deserve 
 it. 
 
 If you had come ear- 
 lier, you might have 
 dined with us. 
 
 Come on, do not be 
 afraid, I will take 
 you home in safety. 
 
 In looking around, I 
 saw nothing but 
 clouds and the sea. 
 
 Thinking I had seen 
 enough, I intended 
 to return to London. 
 
 He who has betrayed 
 his benefactor, may 
 do what he likes, 
 without feeling the 
 least remorse. 
 
 When they had heard 
 this, no more was 
 required. 
 
 He trembled like a 
 leaf, and did not 
 know where he was. 
 
 e malagevole nel 
 principio, poi age vole, 
 e in fine molto dilet- 
 tevole. 
 Mi ricordo e mi ricor- 
 dero sempre di voi, 
 perche voi lo valete. 
 
 Se foste venuto a 
 miglior ora, avreste 
 desinato con noi. 
 
 Su via, non abbiate 
 paura, io vi porro a 
 casa vostra sano e 
 salvo. 
 
 Guardando dattorno, 
 non vedeva altro che 
 nuvoli e mare. 
 
 Parendomi aver assai 
 veduto, proposi di 
 tornare a Londra. 
 
 Colui che ha tradito il 
 benefattore, puo fare 
 quello che vuo, 
 senz'averne il minimo 
 rimorso. 
 
 Come ebbero udito 
 questo, non bisogno 
 piii avanti. 
 
 Trcmava come verga, e 
 non sapeva dove 
 fosse. 
 
IDIOMS AND PROVERBS. 
 
 143 
 
 He avoids me as if 
 
 I were something 
 
 strange. 
 Be very attentive to 
 
 what I am about to 
 
 tell you. 
 I was very desirous for 
 
 several days to know 
 
 who he was. 
 Not to lose time, I will 
 
 go and begin. 
 
 We ought not to speak 
 ill of the absent. 
 
 Assist me. 
 
 He makes himself liked 
 by all. 
 
 What are you looking 
 for? 
 
 I am going to bring 
 him to you. 
 
 Did you hear what has 
 happened to my un- 
 cle? 
 
 I have to tell you from 
 him, that he wishes 
 to speak to you this 
 evening. 
 
 It is a small trifle of 
 no value. 
 
 It will be pleasant for 
 us to bathe when it 
 is so warm. 
 
 Mi fugge come se io 
 fossi qual che cosa 
 strana. 
 
 Attendete bene a quello 
 che vi diro. 
 
 Io desiderai somma- 
 
 mente piu giorni di 
 
 saper chi fosse. 
 Per non perder tempo, 
 
 voglio andar a com- 
 
 inciare. 
 Non si vuol dir male 
 
 de' lontani. 
 Datemi una mano. 
 Si fa voler bene da 
 
 tutti. 
 Che andate cercando ? 
 
 Ycl meno adesso. 
 
 Avete inteso quello che 
 
 e intervenuto a mio 
 
 zio? 
 Ho a dirvi da parte sua 
 
 ch'egli desidera par- 
 
 larvi stasera. 
 
 E una bagatelliicia da 
 non fame con to. 
 
 Ci sara dilettevole il 
 bagnarci ora che fa 
 si caldo. 
 
144 
 
 IDIOMS AND PROVERBS. 
 
 It is in vain for you to 
 act secretly, we are 
 acquainted with every 
 thing. 
 
 Po you require me in 
 this matter ? 
 
 What folly ! 
 
 It becomes you, indeed, 
 to complain of this 
 affair ! 
 
 If you do not do it will- 
 ingly, we will com- 
 pel you to do it. 
 
 Do not stir. 
 
 If you do not set about 
 it as I tell you, you 
 will never accom- 
 plish it. 
 
 The town was instantly 
 in a tumult, and they 
 shut the shops. 
 
 Fate pur segretamente, 
 noi sappiamo ogni 
 cosa. 
 
 Avete bisogno di me in 
 questa faccenda ? 
 
 Che cosa goifa ! 
 
 Yi sta proprio bene do- 
 lervi del fatto ! 
 
 Se nol farete di buona 
 voglia, noi velo fa- 
 rem fare per forzac 
 
 Non vi movete. 
 
 Se non farete si come 
 io dico voi non ne 
 verrete mai a capo. 
 
 Incontanente si lev 6 la 
 terra a romore, e ser- 
 raronsi le botteghe. 
 
 FINIS. 
 
 WILLIAM MACPHAIL, PRINTER, 2 GREENSIDE PLACE.