()lass COPYRIGHT DFPOSIT TO STRANGERS VISITING lliiN^t:si, M4^f 1, tK ti^i4illi. ' Tis pleasant, through the loop-holes of retreat, To peep at such a %vor Id. —CowvKR. J. H. ESTILL, MORNING NKW3 bTEAM PRINTING HOUSE, I - ^ 3 Whitaker St., Savanuah, Ga. ' PRICE, FIFTY CENTS. J^ GUIDE TO STRANGERS VISITING SAVANNAH !> FOR BUSINESS, HEALTH, OR PLEASURE. V ' Tis pleasant , through the loop- hoi ei> of retreat ^ \ To peep at such a world. — Cowper. SAVANXAH, GA.: J. H. ESTILL, MORNING NEWS STE^JH^PRINTING H0U8K, 3 WHIIAKER STBBBX. iSsi. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year i83i, by J. H. ESTILL, ( r/ in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. PREFACE. This little book makes no pretension whatever to be a History of the City of Savannah, or of the Colonization of Georgia, but, only what its title-page expresses — "A Gzdde to Sh'a)2gers Visitinq; Savannah for Health, Pleasure or Business ^ Nor is it "A City Directory," but supplemental to it. ilence, we have om;tted historical and biographical narrations of no moment to visitors, how- ever interesting they may be to citizens of Savannah ; and local de • tails, that introduced would swell unnecessarily the size of the vol ume. For history and biographies, we refer the curious in such mat- ters to the Histories of McCall and Stevens, White's Historical Col lections of Georgia, to White's Statistics of Georgia, and to the His- torical Record of the City of Savannah, in which they will be found at length. For local details, the City Directory furnishes ample in- formation. Visitors in a city strange to them wish to see all that is worth see- ing in it, with such minute directions as will assist their attention to the objects of interest in, or connected with them. This information we propose to give in this manual. In the arrangement of the Guide, we have followed the j'oiite gen- erally taken by strangers, as we have observed it, in their unaided wanderings about and around >avannah to find something to look at, and we propose to leave them no longer unenlightened, and to make their stay pleasant by relieving the ennui of having no special sight- seeing to follow up. Savannah has objects worth inspection, and time spent in their examination will not be uselessly or disagreeably employed. Visitors should see the cotton presses and warehouses, rice mills, and nurseries of plants and flowers; and if they be philanthropists, or interested in politics, should attend a service of a church for the colored people, as a study of them, in religious congregation, offeis iv Preface. an excellent opportunity for judging of the degree of civilization, in- telligence, and Christian influence the race has attained under the training of its former proprietors, and since its emancipation from slavery. It would add much to the interest of Savannah, and to the pleas- ure of visitors, if the interior of our churches, and other notable buildings, could be seen at stated times, or always; and we respecL- fully suggest that arrangements he made to that end. Idleness is the parent of discontent and restlessness, and if we would make our city a popular winter resort, we must occupy as much, and as agreeably as we can, the time and attention of strangers coming to see us. We suggest a visit to a cotton press and rice mill as interesting to me- chanical intelligence, which will find some things to admire in the processes of both; and even a Lord Dundreary, looking at either, will see "someihing in it." September, i88/. CONTENTS. PAGE. Prepack . 3 Indkx to Guide Book • 7 Introduction ^3 Early Settlement of Savannah • i4 Savannah in iSSo — Dull Street 22 Savannah in iS3o — East of Bull Street 36 Savannah in iSTo — West of Bull Street 42 Savannah in 1S80 — Sulnirban Attractions 49 Miscellaneous — Business, Charities, Churches, Statistics of Com- merce 63 Conclusion 75 INDEX TO GUIDE BOOK. PAGE. Abercorn Street 39 , Academy, Chatham 25 African First Bapt.st Church (Colored) 46 Armory Hall, Armories, Volunteer, generally, and Chatham Artillery 22 Asylum, Female Orphan 29 Asylums generally 65 Babies, The 3^ Banks generally 63 Bank of State of Georgia 20 Bank, Central Railroad 63 Bank, Merchants National 3^ Bank, Southern, of the State of Georgia 3^ Bank, Savannah and Trust Company 63 Baptist Church, vSavannah 26 Barracks, Oglethorpe, U. S 27 Barracks, Police, City 39 Ba tery Park 49 Bay Street 3^ Beaulieu 5° Bethel, Seaman's 4^ B-'thesda and Union Society 5^ Board of Health 68 Board of Underwriters 63 Board, Sanitary 68 Broughton Street 22 Bryan Baptist Church (Colored) A7 Bull Street 22 Bonaventure 53 Canal, Ogeechee 74 viii Index to Guide Book. Cathedral of Our I.ady of Perpetual Help 40 Cemetery, Cathedral 63 Cemetery, Evergreen 53 Cemetery, Hebrew 63 Cemetery, Laurel Grove 56 Cemetery, Old 39 Central Railroad Depot 47 Charitable Asylums 65 Chatham Academy 25 Chippewa Square , 26 Christ Church 21 Christian Association, Y. M. C. A 63 Churches, generally 63 Church, Baptist, Bryan Street, (Colored) 47 Church, First African Baptist 46 Church, First Presbyterian 32 Church, New Street Methodist, (Colored) 48 Church, Lutheran, (Evangelical) 23 Church, St. John's Episcopal ^ 29 Church, St. Joseph's (Colored) 42 Church, St. Stephen's 41 Church, Trinity, Methodist 45 Chu'.ch, Wesley Monumental 41 City of Savannah 19 City Dispensary 43 Clubs, generally 69 Club, German Harmonic 30 Commerce, Statistics of 72 Confederate Monument 34 Congress Street 22 Conclusion 75 Consulates 67 Cotton Exchange 66 Cotton Press Association . ■. 66 Convent of St. Vincent de Paul 39 Court House 24 Cries, The, of Savannah 49 Custom House 37 Index to Guide Book. ix Depots, Railroad 70 Drainage Commission 68 Early Settlement of Savannah 14 Educational 68 Episcopal, Irinity, Methodist, Church 45 Exchange 37 Express Company, Southern 7^ Female Orphan Asylum 29 First African Baptist Church (Colored) 46 First Presljyterian Church 3^ Fire Department 72 Forsyth Park 33 Fort Jackson 60 Fort Pulaski 60 Gaston Street 35 Georgia Historical Society 35 German Harmonic Cub 3° Greene Monument 2.) Hospital, Marine Service 4^ Hospital, Savannah 35 Hospital, St. Joseph's • * 41 Hospital, Negro 65 Hotels 19 Incorporated Companies -69 Iiulependeut Presbyterian Church 24 Infirmary, St. Joseph's 41 Infirmary, Colored 65 Internal Revenue Office 37 Introduction ^3 Isle of Hope 55 Jasper Monument 27 Jasper Spring 55 Jones Street 3^ Lauiel Grove Cemetery 5^ Liberty Street 27 Libraries, generally 69 Lodges, Masonic 42 Lodges, Odd Fellows' 66 X Index to Guide Book. Lutheran Church 23 Madison Square 27 Marine Hospital Service 41 Mariner's Church 46 Masonic Temple and Lodges 42 Market House 45 Medical Society 66 Merchant's National Bank 38 Metropolitan Hall 43 Mikva Israel 32 Miscellaneous .... 63 Monastery Benedictine, (Colored) 65 Mission, Benedictine 66 Monument, Confederate 34 Monument, Jasper 27 Monument, Pulaski 30 Morning News Printing House 43 Montgomery 57 Newspapers 67 New Street Methodist Church (Colored) 48 Ogeechee Canal 74 Oglethorpe Barracks 27 Orphan Asylum, Female 29 Old Cemetery 39 Perpetual Help, Cathedral of Our Lady of 40 Police Barracks 39 Police 67 Port Society 46 Post Office 38 Penfield Mariner's Church 46 Presbyterian Church, First 32 Presbyterian Church, Lidependent 24 Presl:)yterian Church Sunday School 26 Pulaski Monument 30 Race Tracks 70 Railroads and Depots 70 Rates of Po- terage 70 Revenue, Internal, Office 37 Index to Guide Book. xi Reynolds Square 39 Regatta Association 57 Rice Mills ^ 7« Rice Mills, Planters' Association 69 Rifle Club 69 Savannah Hospital ... 35 Sanitary Commission 6S Savannah 19 Savannah, Florida and Western Railway 75 Schuetzen Park 57 Schools 68 Signal Office, U. S 3S Society, Georgia Historical 35 Society, Union 5^ Southern Bank of Georgia ....'.* * 3^ South Broad Street 24 Steamship Lines 7^ St. John's Church (Episcopal) 29 St. Joseph's Church (Roman Catholic) 42 St. Joseph's Infirmary 41 St. Stephen's Church, Episcopal, (Colored) 41 St. Vincent's Convent 39 Statistics of Commerce 7^ Synagogue Mikva Israel 32 Synagogues, generally 65 Telegraph 72 Telephone 72 Temple, Masonic 42 Theatre 26 The Babies 36 The Cries 49 Thunderbolt 58 Trinity Methodist Episcopal Church 45 Tybee Island 59 Union Society and Bethesda 5^ United States Signal Office 38 Waterworks 47 Wesley Monumental Church 41 Wright Square 22 INTRODUCTION. Savannah. This beautiful city, the Commercial Metropolis of the State of Georgia, appropriately styled " The Forest City " — because of the number and stateliness of the magnificent shade-trees lining its streets and artistically ornamenting its charming squares or parks — is situated on the south bank of the Savannah river, twelve miles from the ocean by an air-line, and eighteen by its ship-channel, vi^hich winds grace- fully, in broad curves, between emerald banks of luxuriant sea-grass, backed by the deep shades of primeval forests in the distance, and by fertde rice-fields extending from the water's edge to the high lands beyond. Built upon an elevated bluff of forty feet, it overlooks the sur- rounding landscape on its east, north and west faces, extending south- ward upon a noble plain of pines, which have given way, here and there, to fertile fields or highly cultivated vegetable and fruit gardens. Its northern boundary, or river front, is lined for two miles — from the Savannah, Florida an i Western Railwrfy wharves, below the city, to those of the Central Railroad above it — with saw- mills, ship-yards, cotton-presses, warehouses, cotton-sheds (for the protection against the weather of freights discharging or loading), merchants' offices, with their singularly balconied windows, and tiers of vessels of eveiy description and civilized nation that find their commerce in her vari- ous enterprises. Grasping with iron arms the vast territory between the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, the Gulf of Mexico, and around the capes of Florida to her own harbor again, the city of Savannah enjoys, by her far-reaching and direct railway connections with the great cities of the West, a large share of the contributions of agriculture and industry of that productive region that seek shipment for Europe or a market, and in consequence she has become the second cotton port of the 14 Guide to Savannah. United States, and the most important seaport between the capes of the Chesapeake and New Orleans. Early Settlement of Savannah. The colonization of Georgia differed in its inception, and in the character of the first settlers, from that of the other original States. In the year 1720, the Carolina charter was surrendered to the Crown, and the colony became a Royal Province. The territory south and southwest, between the Savannah river and Florida, was a wilderness occupied by savage tribes, and claimed alike by England and by Spain. To secure it for England, General James Oglethorpe, a dis- tinguished soldier, a member of Parliament, and a philanthropist, ob- tained, in Connection with others, from King George II., A. D, 1732, "A grant for twenty-one years, in trust for the poor," of the country between the Savannah and the Altamaha rivers, and westward to the Pacific Ocean. The idea of Oglethorpe and his associates was to oc- cupy the disputed territory by providing in it an asylum for the poor of England, and the Protestants of all nations, where former poverty wou d be no reproach, and where all might worship God without fear of persecution. None, however, but those who would take the oath agamst the doctrine of transubstanliation could become colonists. Catholics, consequently, were excluded, and were not adm tted into Georgia until it became a Royal Province, A. D. 1752. His grant secured, Oglethorpe, ^v.th■the characteristic energy of his profession, made arrangements to take possession ot his lands promptly, and sailed from Gravesend, on the 17th of November, 1732, with about one hundred and twenty colonists, in t .e ship "Anne," of two hun- dred tons burden, John Thomas, Master, for Charleston, in Carolina. Arriving off its bar on the 13th of January, 1733, the "Anne" was ordered to Port Royal, in Carolina, for the purpose of transferring the colonists and their goods into .smaller vessels. The military gar- rison, and the citizens of the town of Beaufort, sixteen miles above Port Royal harbor, received and entertained the new comers with generous hospitality. Meanwhile, Oglethorpe proceeded to the Sa- vannah river to select a suitable situation for a town. Deciiling upon the site of the present city, and having made a treaty with Tomo- chichi, the Mico or chief of the Indian nation occupying the country, he returned to Beaufort on the 24th of January, and on the 30th of Guide to Savannah. 15 the same month, he embarked his people for their new home, which was reached on the 1st of Febiuary, 1733. Before night, tents were pitched, bedding and necessary stores landed, and the party camped on shore. This was the first occupation of Georgia, and the birth of the lovely Forest City. On the 9th of February, Oglethorpe, assisted by Colonel William Bull, an engineer officer, who had been sent over from Charleston, by the Governor of Carolina, for the purpose, marked out the squares, the streets, and forty lots for houses; and on that day also, the first dwell- ing was begun, and the settlement named " Savannah," for the river on which it was founded. At peace Avith the Indians, and encour- aged by Carolina, the settlement prospered, and Oglethorpe was en- abled to report to the King's Ministers at home a satisfactory account of his success. The ship "James," Yoakley, Mister, came in soon after, from London, with an assorted cargo, and is recorded as the first ship which arrived at Savannah. In July of the same year, the colony was increased by the arrival of one hundred and fifty additional settlers, who cime out at their own expense. The four wards — Heathcote, Percival, Derby ar.d Decker — were laid off, and each subdivided into four tythings, and the five streets intersecting them (at right angles) were named, in honor of five Carolinians, who had particularly aided the colony, Bull, Whitaker, Drayton, St. Julian and Bryan. In the same year, 1733, the first Court of Record was instituted, its officers being three bailiffs, or magistrates, a recorder, acting also as clerk, and twelve freeholders as grand jurors, and the civil administration of the colo*ny began its existence. Soon after the establishment of these provisions for the good order and protection of the town, its population was further increased by the arrival of a number of Israelites from Lon- don, who came also a': their own expense, and who, notwithstanding the opposition of some of the trustees to their settling in Georgia, were well received by Oglethorpe and the colonists, and cared for comfortably. They, however, did not remain long, because of the civil disabilities imposed by the charter of the colony, and removed to the province of Carolina, with the exception of the three families of Minis, DeLyon and Sheftall, who determined to remain and cast their lots with Savannah, and whose descendants, in their successive generations, have been useful and prominent in their allegiance to her. i6 Guide to Savannah. On the 1 2th of March, 1734, tlie ship Purysburgh arrived with seventy-eight Saltzburgers, expelled from their own country on ac- count of tlieir religion, and Avho sought new homes and freedom in their worship of God. This compulsory emigration of German Pro- testants is one of the most stirring incidents of the civil and religious history of Germany, and was defended at the time as the only means of preventing a destructive civil war. Europe was exci'ed by the persecution ; /^Sj,ooo were raised in London for the relief of the Saltzburgers, and Oglethorpe and his people welcomed generously this small band of Protestants, who sought their protection and their freedom of conscience. A settlement twenty miles west of Savan- nah was assigned to them, which they named " Ebenezer." Having established his colony upon a good foundation, and in friendship with iheir Indian neighbors, Oglethorpe returned to Eng- land in 1734, accompanied by his friend and ally, Tomochichi, whom for diplomatic I'easons he desired to present to His Majesty and his ministers. The Indian Chief and his suite had no cause to be dissat- isfied with their reception and treatment in England. Objects of cu- riosity, as well as of philanthropy, they were caressed by royalty, the nobility and the people, and fitting allowances were made for their support and entertainment. His business in England accomplished, Oglethorpe reembarked at Gravesend for Georgia, November, 1735, with three hundred addi- tional settlers, in two ships, including in their number two remarkable men, brothers, whose subsequent careers have influenced the theolo- gies of England and of America in a wonderful manner. These men wei'e John and Charles Wesley, who, with Hervey, Whitefield and others, instituted at Oxford University, the Society of Methodists, or the " Godly Club," as they were satirically styled by their deriders, and which " Club " subsequently developed into the populous and powerful religious bodies known in England as " Wesleyans " and in America as " Methodists " During Oglethorpe's absence in England, trouble broke out in Sa- vannah, and discord set the magistrates by the ears, seriously injuring the prosperity of the colony. One of the bailiffs, named Causton, had usurped supreme authority, and in the exercise of a tyrannical will had carried niatters with a high hand. Charges were prefen^ed against him to the trustees in England, who removed him and sent over Guide to Savannah. 17 William Gordon to assume the power and duties of Chief Magis- trate. Caustou refused to recognize the authority of Gordon, and being a man of stronger character, and moreover in possession of the public purse and stores, he starved out Gordon, who returned to Eng- lanfl Miih his family six weeks after coming out, leaving one Darn as the successor of his empty honors. But Darn died a few days after his appointment, and Causton remained victor and master of the situ- ation, and continued to rule the colony in his arbitrary manner. The return of Oglethorpe (February, 1736) partially restored peace, but the seeds of discontent had been sown. Every man was his own lawyer, and lawyers were not allowed to take fees for plead- ing. In cases of orphans and others unable to defend themselves, " persons of the best substance in the town were appointed by the trustees to take care of and defend such cases without fee or reward." What a defiance of the dark-robed professors of the protection of human reason ! On the 7th of March, 1736, John Wesley preached his first sermon in America upon the text of the XTIIth chapter of Saint Paul's first epistle to the Corinthians — " Christian Charity." The mission of the Wesleys proved, however, unfortunate and brief. Their religious zeal outran discretion, and they were soon embroiled in conflicts with the authorities and the people, whom they did not understand. There were faults on both sides. In the sum- mer of 1736, Charles was sent back to England with dispatches by Oglethorpe, who followed him soon after, and by eight o'clock of the evening of the 2d of December, 1737, John Wesley " Shook off," as he said, " the dust of my feet, and left Georgia, after having preached the gospel there (not as I might, but as I was able) one year and nearly nine months." Embarking from Charleston about the 15th of December for England, John Wesley arrived, in the Downs, in Feb- ruar}% 1738, passing his friend and brother Methodist of Oxford, Whitefield, outward bound for Georgia, neither knowing the other's proximity. Whitefield arrived in Savannah, May 7, 1738, and having more tact and worldly wisdom than the Wesleys, and, from his parentage and early associations, better fitted to cope with the rude class of minds of which the colony was chiefly composed, he succeeded where they had failed, and laid in Savannah the foundat on of his subse- i8 Guide to Savannah. quent American reputation as an earnest pastor, teacher and eloquent pii.lpU orator. The plan of Savannah, laid as it is in rectangles, with streets and rutennediate lanes, cutting each other at right angles, and witli small parks at the alternate intersections of the streets, is much admired, and sti-ungei-s ask whence Oglethorpe obtained these ideas ? The de- sign is of war-like intentions, and found its origin in the military training of Oglethorpe — the square within his wards and ty things being the general rendezvous of the colonists living around it in case of hostile attack by Indians or Spaniards. Once begun, the system was adhered to for its regularity, beauty, comfort, health and plea- sni-e. In October, 173S, Tomochichi, the firm friend of the colony, died, and at his own request was buried among his friends, the white men, with the pomp and circumstance due to his high rank and staunch friendship, and within the compass of the colonists. General Ogle- thorpe and Colonel Stephens assisted as pall-bearers ; the body was lowered into its grave in what is now known as Wright Square, and minute guns from the battery accompanied the mournful ceremonies. In 1743-4, General Oglethorpe left Georgia for the third time, and finally, for England. The town of Savannah had then increased to three luindred and fifty houses, exclusive of public buildings. The government of Oglethorpe had been military, but after his departure, it devolved upon the trustees in England and the local authorities in America, The colony, never very strong, languished under the chim- erical views and injudicious management of the trustees, and the general characteristics of the settlers. Agriculture did not flourish, commerce was not thought of, the silk culture had failed, colonists were deserting to Carolina and the other American possessions, or re- turning home, and at last, on the 8th of June, 1752, the trustees, in despair, " resolved, on account of their utter inability to support the colony, to make absolute surrender of the charter." The resolution was carried into effect, and Georgia became a Royal Province. Under the more liberal and wise protection and patronage of the Crown, Savannah revived, and, taking a new start in life, became in time the prospering foster-mother of the State of Georgia, ■Passing over the intervening period of one hundred and twenty- eight years, with its paralyses of two foreign wars, and devastations Guide to Savannah. ig by fire and civil war, incidents of which will be noticed in their proper connections, we come to the Savannah of the present time. THE CITY OF SAVANNAH. To the voyager approaching Savannah from the sea, the city pre- sents a peculiar view. The buildnigs rise from River street, buttress- ing, as it were, the city crowning the bluff; the long litie of cottoa- sheds, broken at intervals in its connection by intersecting streets ; the tiers one and two, sometimes three, deep of vessels taking in or dis- charging cargo, their flags, of all commercial nations, streaming out gaudily in brilliant colors; the number of drays groaning under loads of cotton and merchandise; the motley crowd of races and complex- ions from " snowy white to sooty; " the din of business activity, and the importunate invitations, in stentorian tones, of the inevitable hotel runners and baggage-masters, to their respective establishments, as the vessel nears the wharf, form a scene of busy life that is interest- ing, amusing and b^^wildering. Add to it the genial, semi-tropical climate, with its verdure smiling a pleasant welcome, and the stranger experiences a quiet consciousness of enjoyment that dispels languish- ing thoughts of home and of the dear ones left behind. Captured by a conquering Jehu, who guides him through a labyrinth of cotton bales, boxes, crates and freight generally, our voyager is safely de- posited, with his bags, shawls, stick and umbrella, in a clean omnibus or hack. Jehu mounts the box, and, slowly winding through the maze of carriages, cartS' arid drays, the ascent to the upper regions of the town is begun. It is by a paved roadway, and not difficult, and in a few moments, the broad and beautiful Bay street is reached, wit j its long vista of commercial houses and offices, its double rows ot shade trees, its crowd of vehicles of every description, and bustling sidewalks, indicative of commercial enterprise, energy and activity. Should the traveler approach by rail, the same signs of active trade and busmoss greet his arrival ; and as he rolls into the depot through acres of cotton bales sent down for shipment, he is apt to ask hin^^-lt the question, " Wiiere can so much cotton come from, and where is i: going ? " The Hotels. Savannah reached, the first call is for an hotel, of which there are a number — the Pulaski, the Screven, the Marshall, the Pavilion, the 20 Guide to Savannah, Harnett, being the principal ones. They are quiet, clean, comfort- able inn-, where tlie traveler will be welcomed civilly and well treated. To quiet " homebodies," they are preferable to the average noisy modern hotel. In addition to the hotels, there are many com- fortable, well-kept boarding houses for all classes. Rested and refreshed, the traveler, unless he comes on urgent busi- ness, turns out to " see the town." The stranger, if' he stops at the Pulaski or the Screven, looks upon the lovely green sward of John- son Square, and its clean flagged walks. A well-proportioned obelisk in the center of the square attracts his attention, and curiosity prompts investigation, but to little purpose, as there is neither inscription no i symbol to indicate its design — an omission as disappointing as dis- creditable. This is The Greene Monument. In March, 1825, General Lafayette visited Savannah, and on the 2 1 St of that month, laid the corner-stones of this monument, and of one to Pulaski, in Chippewa Square, tributes of gratitude to the dis- tinguished (General Nathaniel Greene, and to Count Casimir Pulaski, companion-in-arms of Lafayette in the memorable Revolutionary War, that relieved the colonies from the tyranny of George III. and made them free, sovereign and independenl States. The monument to Greene, in Johnson Square, was finished in 1829, and there not being in hand funds sufficient to erect the monument to Pulaski, this mysterious stone was known for many years as " the Greene and Pu- laski Monument," in commemoration of Lafayette's visit and act, as well as in memory of the heroic dead, whose military careers and reputations are intimately associated with the history of Savannah, At some future time, no doubt, the hidden meaning of this solitary memorial will be tastefully declared upon its disk. The obelisk, as it is, affords the ground for artistic ornamentation that will do honor to its projectors and their posterity. The Bank of the State of Georgia. Looking towards the east of Johnson Square, the stranger sees two prominent buildings. The one to the north, between Bryan and St. Julian streets, of pressed bricks, with white sills and caps, and having a garden behind it, looks somewhat like a handsome private residenc.-. and might be mistaken for one but for a certain business air that hangs Guide to Savannah. 21 about its wide, self-closing door, and for the frequent visitors who enter and leave without the formality of a knocker or bell. This was the " Bank of the State of Georgia " that, with' its capital of $1,500,- 000, occupied for many years the lead in the financial circles of Sa- vannah. It collapsed, however, with the Confederacy, in 1865, the stockliolders losing every cent they held in it. The Ivilding and grounds were sold, and are now tne property of a private banking house. Christ Church. The other building, south of the bank, between St. Julian and Con- gress streets, is Christ Church, the mother parish of the Episcopal Communion in the Diocese of Cxeorgia. It presents a singular archi- tectural appearance, partly Ionic, rather financial than ecclesia-tic, and ol solid and not altogether unir.iposing structure. The first Christ Church edifice was begun on the nth of June, 1743, and in six years was roofed and shingled. It was not completed until 1750, and on the 7th of July of that year was dedicated to the worship of God. In 1796, it was destroyed by fire, and was rebuilt on an en- larged plan in 1803 ; injured by a hurricane in 1804; rebuilt in 1810, a-nd co.;:secrated by Bishop Dehon, of South Carolma, in 181 5 ; taken down to give place to a new structure, in 1838, corner-stone laid Feb- ruary 2L.th of that year. The drawings for this new building were furni hed by Mr, James Plamilton Cowper, of St. Simon's Island, which were altered by the wardens and vestry to include a Sunday- school room in the basement, for which a bequest had been left by the will of a pious lady of the parish. This addition destroyed the har- mony of Mr. Cowper's plan, and gave to the church its present in- congruous composition. However open to criticism the exterior may be, its interior is not less faulty, being, nevertheless, a comfortably- galleried and upholstered hall, to which strangers are always wel- comed, as is the general Christian hospitality common to all churches in Savannah. The chancel railing, ledums, table and stalls are neatly carved. Over the table is a painted window to the memory of Bishop Elliott, given by the Sunday-school children', representing Christ blessing the children. On this site of Christ Church stood the chapel in which John Wesley, " The Father of Methodism," minis- tered as chaplain to the first colonists, succeeding the Revs. Heroert 22 Guide to Savannah. and Quincy, but no parish was organized until 1740-43, as already stated. Bull Street. Attracted by the passing throng on Congress street, the stranger strolls in that direction, and, following the main stream, finds himself in l)ull street, the fashionable promenade df Savannah, The name is not euphonious, but it commemorates the services of Colonel Wil- liam Bull, who assisted General Oglethorpe in laying off the town in ^733- ^<^^y York has its Broadway and Fifth Avenue, Philadelphia it' Chestnut street, and Washington City its Pennsylvania Avenue, each possessing attractions peculiarly its own, and likewise has Bull street its particular charms. Great shade trees — magnolias, oaks, ca- talpas — line the curbs of the broad, well-paved sidewalks, and their continuations through the lovely squares it crosses, while handsome dwellings and imposing public buddings on both sides invite atten- tion. On pleasant afternoons. Bull street presents an animated scene of beauty, grace and fashion. Sauntering with the crowd, the stranger glances at the alluring shops of Broughton street, with their maze of busy traffickers, and in a few moments reaches Wright Square, in which repose the remains of Tomochichi, the friend of Oglethorpe and the protector of the early settlers. The precise 1 cation of To- mochichi's grave is not known, but the beautiful mound of luxuriant ivy in the center of the square, capped by a Grecian vase, bearing a flourishing aloe — Agave Amo'icana — serves, for the present, as his monument, until it shall be replaced by one more enduring, of bronze or marble. Armory Hall and Chatham Artillery. To the right (westward) of Wright Square, between State and President streets, is the battlemented "Armory Hall," the headquar- ters of the oldest volunteer military organization in Savannah — the Chatham Artillery. It is a structure of rough bricks, occupying the front between the two streets. In the basement is the gun-room ; the drill-room, on the first floor, furnishes a fine hall for concerts, lectures, balls and soirees ; and its second story supplies rooms for the com- pany's library and chess clubs. The Chntham Artillery was organ- ized on the 1st of May, 1786, and bears to Savannah the relation that Guide to Savannah. 23 " The Ancient and Honoral:)le Company of Artillery " of Massachu- setts holds to Boston. On the 20th of June, next after its organiza- tion, it discharged its first mournful duty at the funeral of General Nathaniel Greene, of Revolutionary fnme, whose remains were tem- porarily deposited in a vault of the Old Cemetery, on South Broad street, and which could not be identified, in 1820, when sought for removal to a final resting-place. What became of them is still a mys- tery. The Chatham Artillery has in its battery two light brass field- pieces, presented to it by General Washington, in 1792, when Presi- dent of the United States. These guns were used until the civil war, but, being unserviceable for active duty in the field, were buried, wiih the assistance of trustworthy colored men, in the basement of Christ Church, whence they were exhumed on the i-eturn of peace (the se- cret having been faithfully kept) and restored to the parade uses of the company. The Chatham Artillery did good service in the war of 1812-15, in the Florida war, and took a conspicuous part in the battle of Olustee, in the late civil war, and elsewhere. Lutheran Church. To the east of Wright Square, opposite to Armory Hall and be- tween the same streets — State and President — stands the new Evan- gelical Lutheran Church, unfinished, having been recently rebuilt, and with promise of an imposing structure. The architecture is Nor- man Gothic, or Romanesque, and when completed will be very effect- ive and singular, but pleasing, possessing many points of excellence. Its present slate debars criticism, which mu^t await its completion before judgment can be fairly given. The old building, over which the present one was erected, while the congregation worshipped within the walls of both, was eighty-eight feet long, including portico, by fifty-six feet wide, accommodating eight hundred people, and was built, in 1843, ^t a cost of fifteen thousand dollars. The in erior of the }n-esent one is tasteful and comfortable, and pleases by its excel- lent proportions. A memorial window ^n the rear of the pulpit re- calls to mind the venerable Thomas Purse, a member of this congi-e- gation for more than half a centui'y, and one of Savannah's respected citizens. It is worthy of remark, too, that the entire carpentry of the interior wns done by the young men of the congregation after the close of their usual daily duties — an enduring labor of love. The 24 Guide to Savannah. early records of the society were lost, but it is supposed, according to White, to have been established, before 1759, under the Rev. Messi's. Rubenhorst and Wottman, but the service being in German — a lan- guage little understood then in Savannah — the church was closed and not reopened for divine worship until 1824. CoURT-HOUSE. East of Wright Square, and south of the Lutheran Church, stands the court-house of Chatham county, between President and York streets. It is a solid structure of the Doric order, of bricks and stucco, symbolizing its purpose — to firmly dispense " even-handed justice." Unfortunately, it was not raised sufficiently above the ground-level, which mars its effect by destroying the impressiveness of that heavy style of architecture. It contains two good-sized and well-ventilated court-rooms, with clerk's and other county offices, fire- proof vaults for the preservation of the county records, and the neces- sary jury-rooms for the administration of the law. South Broad Street. Continuing down Bull street (southward), the next object of in- terest is the noble avenue, South Broad street, with its four rows of luxuriant shade trees, two of which — down the middle — separate a lovely sward from the roadways on both sides, providing the avenue with two carriage streets and a shady, grass-covered walk between them. The effect is charming, and we question if there be another such tempting avenue in the United States. Here, in the olden time, when West, South and East Broad streets were, with the river, the boundaries of Savannah, youth, treading the soft, grassy turf, poured forth its moonlit tales of love, and old age inhaled the balmy air on comfortable benches conveniently arranged here and there in line with the trees. But the extension of the city, and the addition of Forsyth Park, have transferred romance to newer scenes, and South Eroad street is left to its endowments of trees, handsome dwellings and fine public structures. Independent Presbyterian Church. Crossing South Broad street, we have, at its southwest intersec- tion with Bull street, the Independent Presbyterian Church, endeared to the citizens of Savannah by its symmetrical architecture and cher- Guide to Savannah. 25 ished associations. It, with its commodious parsonage on the corner of South Broad and Whitaker streets, and the grounds around both, cover the entire block between Bull and Whitaker streets, and South Broad street and lane. The court in front of the church is planted with arbor vitse, and the entrance is by four steps to a spacious portico of the Ionic order, with entablature, cornice and pediment, and through a roomy vestibule into the body of the church. The walls and tower are of Quincy granite, and, with their harmony of window, door and tapering spire, reaching two hundred feet heavenward, offer to the spectator as pleasing a specimen of ecclesiastical, Romanesque architecture as may be found in the country. / The spire is a model of adm rable proportions, and, with the whole building, offers a study to the architect. The interior is spacious; the ceiling is an ornamented, flatteifed ellipse, supported by fluted Ionic columns ; the broad centra] aisle, tessellated with white marble and blue slate tiles, leads to a grand, elevated pulpit of solid mahogany, ample for the comfortable accommodation of a dozen clergymen, with an antes below for the ad- ministration of the Lord's Supper to the communicants seated at a table in the aisle. Spacious galleries extend the length of the north and south walls, uniting with the capacious organ-loft facing the pulpit. Altogether, thei-e are few churches in North America that surpass this beautiful edifice in the excellence of architectural merits. The Society of Independent Presbyterians was organized in Savan- nah, about 1755, "nder the Rev. John Zubly, D. D. The present churcli edifice was begun in 1815, and consecrated to divine worship by its pastor, Rev. Henry Kollock, D. D., May 9th, 1819 — the Presi- dent of the United States, James Monroe, on a visit to vSavannah at the time, assisting, with his suite, at the ceremonies. Its cost is stated at $160,000 in 1 819. Chatham Academy. Opposite to the Independent Presbyterian Church, at the southeast corner of Bull and South Broad streets, s-tands the venerable building known as the Chatham Academy, built by the county in connection with the Union Society, at which almost all the youth of Savannah has been trained, in their successive generations, since its inco:-pora- tion in 1788, The portion of the building on Bull street, the property of the Union Society, is at present used for the " Pavilion Hotel." The rest of the building is applied to educational purposes. The 26 Guide to Savannah. structure is imposing, extending from Bull lo Drayton streets, includ- ing its courts, presenting an harmonious front. The play-grounds are spacious and well shaded, occupying, with the building, the area be- tween Bull and Drayton, and South Broad and Hull streets. Independent Presbyterian Sunday-School. Continuing his walk, the stranger crosses South Broad Street lane and pisses the comfortable Sunday-school building of the Independ- ent Presbyterian Church, extending from the lane to Hull street, and, crossing Hull street, enters Chippewa Square, to the right of which (west) is the Baptist Church, a large, substantial construction, roomy and comfoi'table within. It was built in 1833, and was enlai-ged in 1839, at an aggregate cost ol ^43,000. The Sunday-school and lecture-rooms underneath, in the basement, were constructed in 1861. In 1862, a pastor's home was purchased lor its ministers. The first Baptist house of worship in Savannah was evected in 1795, but was rented, unfinished, to the Presbyterians, whose house had been destroyed by fire. In 1799, the Baptists organized by calling as their pastor the Rev. Henry PIol- combe, ot Beau ort, South Carolina. The Theatre. Turning from the Baptist Ciiurch to the east is seen, lacing the church and between the same streets, Hull and McDonough, an un- common looking building, bearing a strong resemblance to a white- washed ship-house in a government navy-yard. This is the Savan- nah Theatre, built in 1818, perhaps the oldest house of histrionic art in the United States. For more than sixty years it has been the chief place of amusement for the Savannah people, old and young. Could those walls speak, "what tales could they unfold" of the rise, pro- gress and decadence of the drama in America ! how they have re- sounded with the sonorous tones of the elder and the younger Booth, of McCready, Vandenhoff, the Kembles, father and daughter; the Coopers, father and daughter ; Forrest and hosts of other tragedians and melo-dramatists; and echoed the comicalities of Finn, Hilson, the two Placides, Hackett; and absorbed the melting tones and Guide to Savannah. 27 artistic rozilades and trills of Kelly, Hughes, Russell, and the stars of operatic music. The voices of past generations and of the present are blended in the silence of those venerable walls. The history of the " Savannah Theatre" — this ungainly old building — is a record of the stage in the United States; and critical were the audiences, in ihe old days of the legitimate drama, who criticised the performances upon her boards. Old as it is, no theatre in the United States sur- passes it in its proportions of stage room and auditorium, and in its acoustic properties. Actors, singers and orators agree in pro'iouncing it one of the most delightful theatres to recite or sing in of the pres- ent day. The walls are solid and strong, and with a fine architect- ural front, and ornamented windows, it could be made, externally, one of the handsomest theatres in the country, as it is, internally, one of the best. In this Chippewa Square Lafayette laid the corner-stone of a nnn- ument to Pulaski, as we have seen, but it was removed, in 1853, to Monterey Square, and a pretty jet d'eau now occupies its center. Con inuing his walk down Bull street, and crossing Liberty Street, another broad and beautiful avenue with three rows of shade trees, the visitor comes to Oglethorpe Barracks. At its southeast corner with Bull are the United States Army Bar- racks, named in honor of General Oglethorpe. These barracks cover two blocks and the lane between, extending from Liberty to Harris streets, and from Bull to Drayton, fronting on Bull. They are in favor with the army, as they are rated among the most convenient, comfortable and well-built barracks in the Southern States for their capacity, two companies. They were constructed about 1833-5- At present they are not occupied by troops, and it is recommended by the General of the Army to Congress to abandon them altogether apd sell them at public auction. Madison Square. Passing the Oglethorpe Barracks, and crossing Harris street, Mul- ison Square is entered. In the center of the square is the corner- stone and foundation of the "Jasper Monument," laid on the 9th of 28 Guide to Savannah. October, 1S79, ^^^ ^ nteiinial anniversary of Sergeant Jasper's deatri, in the siege of Savannah, by the Jasper Monumental Association. Sergeant Jasper was, it is believed, an Irishman by birth, and that he emigrated to America, before the Revolutionary war, and settled in South Carolina. At the beginning of the war for independence, he enlisted in the Second South Carolina Regiment of Infantry, Colonel Moultrie, and gave the first proof of his gallantry in the British attack upon Fort Moultrie, June 28th, 1776. The flag-staff of the Americans had been shot away. Jasper took up the flag, fastened it toa sponge-stafFand defiantly planted it on the rampart under a heavy fire from the enemy's vessels. For this he was presented with a sword and offered a commission. He accepted the sword, but modestly de- clined the commission. His daring led him frequently into the Brit- ish lines, from which he always returned with valuable information. His exploit in rescuing a number of American prisoners from a Brit- ish guard, at a spring two miles from Savannah, where the party had halted for refreshment, was a daring act of cool courage. The story, as told by White in his " Statistics of Georgia," is as follows : *' Learning that a number of American prisoners were to be brought from Ebenezer to Savannah — then occupied by the British — for trial, Jasper determined to release them at all hazards. With Newton as his companion, at a spring two miles from Savannah and about thirty yards from the main road, he awaited tke arrival of the prisoners. When the escort — consisting of a sergeant, corporal and eight men, and the prisoners in irons — stopped t > refresh themselves at tliis spring, two of the guard only remained with the captives. The others leaned their guns against the trees, when Jasper and Newton sprang from their hiding place, seized the guns and shot down the two sen- ti^nels. The remaining six soldiers were deterred from making any effort to recover their guns by threats of immediate death, and were forced to surrender. The prisoners were released, and Jasper and Newton, with thsir redeemed friends and captive foes, crossed the Savannah river and joined the American army at Purysburgh." The spring has been known ever since as "Jasper's Spring," and is a resort of interest to the citizens of Savannah. In the disastrous siege of Savannah by the allied American and French forces under ■ G-;neral Lincoln and Count d'Estaing, the gal- lant Jasper lost his life in an attempt to replace his regimental colors Guide to Savannah. 29 within the British lines, where they had been carried by an assault and their bearer shot down. In memory of this brave non-commissioned officer, thus identified with the city, the people of Savannah determined to erect a monu- ment to him, and to write his epitaph upon it. The first step has been taken, and it is hoped that the project will soon be artistically con- summated. Saint John's Church. At the southwest of Madison Square, and facing it, stands Saint John's Episcopal Church, between Macon and Charlton streets. It is a fine construction of the Anglo-Gothic of the fourteenth century, the early English pointed, though not of great size. The entrance is through the bell-tower into the church, which preserves, with minute exactness, the order it represents. The open roof or vaulting, of carved yellow pitch pine, with its corbels, rafters and beams, is in ex- cellent taste and keeping, as also are the chancel and table. At the west end is a painted window, bearing cross, mitre and Bible. On tablets below it are the Lord's prayer, creed and ten commandments; and fronting the chancel the harmonious organ loft. There is but one defect : the pulpit, proper to that style of architecture, is wanting. One was put in when the church was built, but removed by a rector who preferred the lecturn which now stands for it. The number of communicants increasing in proportion with the population, Christ Church could not furnish accommodation for all of them. Hence, in 1840, this (Saint John's) parish was organized, and the present build- ing completed in 1853, and dedicated by Bishop Elliott. Female Orphan Asylum. South of the square, at the southeast corner of Charlton and Bull, is a substantial building that looks as if it were a commmodious private residence. This is the Female Orphan Asylum. It had a common origin with the "Union Society" in 1750 for the care and education of orphan and destitute children in general, who enjoyed its charities, without distinction of sex, until the 17th of December, 1801, whtn the sexes were separated, for the benefit of both. The Female Orphan Asylum l)egan then a distinct existence, the boys remaining with the Union Society. (See "Union Society."} 30 Guide to Savannah. Jones Street, Another of Savannah's beautiful avenues, at the northest corner of Avhich is the German Harmonie Club House, formerly the spacious residence of the late Alexander A. Smets, whose large private library of rare and well -chosen books of ancient, niediiT^val, and modern literature, science and art, engravings and drawings, was known to the scholars of Europe aud America. Pulaski Monument. Crossing Jones street, and still walking southward, we come to Monterey Square, in the center of which is the celebrated Pulaski Monument, one of the best productions of the skilled chisel of his fellow-countryman, Launitz. It is of white marble, and justly com- mands admiration. We have seen that in 1853 the corner-stone laid in 1825 by Lafayette to the memory of Pulaski in Chippewa Square, was removed to this, Monterey Squai'e, where it was relaid on the nth of October with an additional corner-stone, and with all the honors — civic, military, and masonic — of the city, in the presence of a large concourse of citizens. The best description of the monument is given by the artist (Launitz) himself, in his letter to the building committee, as follows: " Gentlemen — I herewith have the honor to submit, according to your proposals, a design for a monument to the memory of Count Pulaski, consisting of an elevation and perspective view. In design- ing the monument, I have had particular regard to purity of style,, richness of effect, and strength and durability in material and execution, while I have not lost sight of the main object, which is to design a viomunejit for Pulaski. " It is perceived at the first glance that the monument is intended for a soldier who is losing his life fighting. Wounded, he falls from his horse, while still grasping his sword. The date of the event is recorded above the subject. The coats-of-arms of Poland and Georgia, surrounded by branches of laurel, ornament the cornice on two sides, or fronts; they stand united together, while the eagle — emblem of liberty, independence, and courage — rests on both, bidding proud defiance. The eagle being the symbolic bird of both Poland and America, the allegory will need no further explanation. The cannon Guide to Savannah 31 reversed (on the corners of the die) are emblematical of military loss and mourning, while they give the monument a strong military character. " To facilitate the execution of the shaft, which it would be impossible to execute in one piece, I have divided the same into several pa' ts, separated by bands so as to remove the unsightliness of horizontal joints on a plain surface. The bands are alternately, ornamented with stars, emblems of the States and Territories — now and in embryo — which enjov and will enjoy the fruits of the valor of the heroes of the Revolution. The garlands on the alternate bands above the stars denote that they (the States) are young and flourishing. The shaft is surmounted by a highly elaborate cap, which adds richness, loftiness, and grandeur to the structure. The monument is surmounted by a statue of Liberty holding the banner of the stars and stripes. The love of liberty brought Pulaski to America; for love of liberty he fought; and for liberty he lost his life; and thus I thought that Liberty should ci"own his monument, and share with him the crown of victory. The garlands surrounding the colum i show that Liberty now is a young and blooming maiden, surrounded with fragrant flowers. "The monument is designed to be fifty-five feet high, which, for a square in a city, is of ample height. The two steps and lower plinth to be of granite, and all the rest to be of the finest and best Italian marble, in solid blocks, weighing from one to six tons, and to be executed hi the most artistical and workmanlike manner; to rest on a solid foundation six feet deep, or more, if the soil requires it. The first step to be in twelve pieces; the second step in eight pieces, as also the plinth, of best hammered granite. The base block in four pieces; the base moulding in two pieces. The die, with the cannon, in four pieces, jointed at the sides; each front will weigh five tons. The cornice in two pieces. The base block of shaft, as well as every section of the shaft, each in one solid piece ; the cap of shaft in two pieces; the statue and columns, each part in one piece. All the parts that are composed of more than one piece, to be cramped with dove- tail keys of metal. The monument to be delivered and erected in Savannah in two years,- say on or before the 1st of July, 1854. The cost of the whole, as above specified, to be $17,000. (Signed) " Robt. E, Launitz." 32 Guide to Savainnaii. These proposals were accepted, the contract fulfilled, and Polish genius thus commemorates Polish valor. Brigadier General Casimir Count Pulaski, of the Continental army, was a nobleman of ancient lineage, w..o had unsuccessfully contencied. for the principles of liberty in his native land of Poland against the invasions of Russia, Austria, and Prussia, and was exiled. The struggle in America for freedom won his sympathy, and he det rniined to cast his lot in with the colonies against tyranny and oppression. Dr. Franklin, then Minister to France, gave him a letter to Washington. In the battle of the Brandywine he confirmed, by his courage and skill, the reputation he had gained in Europe of being an able and accomplished soldier. After this battle, Congress appointed Pulaski a Brigadier General of cavalry in the Continental army. In 1778, he raised, with the approbation of Washington, a corps called "Pulaski's Legion," and was ordered with it to join General Lincoln at Savannah in 1779. In the assault upon Savannah, then held by the British, October 9th, 1779, he sealed his devotion to liberty with his blood. He was mortally wounded by a cannon shot. Some of his men bore him from the field to the fleet below the city. Two days afterward he died at sea, and was buried in the deep. Art and Poetiy have erected their monuments to his memory, and His- tory has crowned them both with immortality. First Presbyterian Church. To the east of Monterey Square are the First Presbyterian Church and the synagogue, " Mickva Israel." The Presbyterian Church is of the early English pointed Gothic, and is a handsome, commodious edifice, between Taylor and Wayne streets. It is an excellent specimen of its order, and was begun in 1856, but not completed until after the civil war. With its tasteful Sunday-school room in the rear, it presents a pleasant ai-chitectural effect, in harmony with the beautiful square it faces upon. This society was organized in 1827. The Synagogue Mickva Israel. This gem of mediaeval architecture, of the transition to geometric pointed Gothic, is south of the Presbyterian Church, between Wayne and Gordon streets. The corn'er-stone of it was laid March i, 1876, and the building completed and dedicated on the i ith of April, 1878. Within, the architecture corresponds to the exterior, and the whole Guide to Savannah. 33 offers a pleasing, harmonious study. There is not a finer structure in Savannah, and in better taste, than this place for worship of God's ancient people The music of its ritual is well sustained. The early history of " IMickva Israel" is uncertain. We have seen that there was an immigration of Israelites in 1733, who, however remained but a short time, and it is supposed that this coiigregation was then organized. But we have no records of its history prior to its charter of November 30, 1790. Gaston Street. Passing on, and crossing Gordon street, a few steps bring us to the beautiful avenue, Gaston street, on which fronts Forsyth Park. Of this beautiful park and its extension, the citizens of Savannah are especially proud, and rightly so, for there is none other like it in the United States. The magnificent parks of New York, Philadel- phia, Baltimore, and other large cities of the North and West are grand in their extent, in the munificence which has created them, and in their many attractions of terrace, sward, and lakes; all beautiful and costly, the pleasure grounds of wealth. But Forsyth Park charms by its modesty, simplicity, and its unique conservation of the native for -"St pine [pinus rigida) for the gratification of old and young. Its arrangement is similar to that of the Grand Park of the City of Mexico, combining an alafneda, or public walk, with a paseo, or public drive. Our alaineda, or public walk, contains about twenty acres, enclosed by a neat iron fence, which (acres) are laid off in serpentine walks and grass plats, interspersed with clumps of roses, coleas, cacti, dahlias, and fanciful mounds and structures of ivy and other luxuriant runners and climbei'S, The main gates, fronting on Bull street, are capped with unexploded shells, memorials of the civil war, and open upon the broad walk — guarded at the entrance by sphinxes — which leads to the artistic fountain that gi^aces the center of the park. This fountain is said by some to have been modelled after the design that took the prize at the first international exhibition at London, in 1844; but others claim it to be a copy of the fountain in the Place de la Concorde, Paris. From our own recollections, we accept the pattern after the London design as the true one. The basin of the fountain bears the broad, verdant leaves of water lilies 34 Guide to Savannah. upon its bosom, the whole encircled by a ])arterre of exquisite flower- bearers wkhin an abundant, welbkept hedge of enoiiy/niis, sustained by a solid iron railing;. The paseo, or " Extension," as it is called, added recently to the alaiiieda, contains about thirty acres, which are yet unadorned, except by a few trees and the Confederate monument, erected to the memory of the Confederate dead who fell, or died of wounds received, in the late civil war. The monument stands upon a raised terrace, coped with granite, and is reached by granite steps to its base, whence spring the plinth, die, cornice, and shaft, capped by a bronze statue of a Confederate soldier at "parade rest,'' the generous ^^ift of the Inte G. W. J. DeRenne, Esq. On the die of the monument is this simple and touching dedication: *'Come from the four winds, O breath, And breathe upon these slaia That they may live." "TO THE CONFEDERATE DEAD, 1861-1865." The cornerstone was laid June i6th, 1875, ^^^^ ^'^^ monument was unveiled in May, 1876. There is art and taste in the chiselling of this monument, but the shaft lacks proportionate height. The bronze statue is an admirable casting in that style of art. Ease, grace, and manliness distinguish the figure, and the accessories of musket, worn hat, and tattered clothing, are true to the life, reproducing with wonderful exactness the rents, patches, darns, and rude sewing that betray the deprivations and hardships the Southern Confederate soldiers had to endure in their gallant but painful struggle of four years of unsuccessful warfare. So perfect and well cast is this bronze that its elevation is to be' regretted, as it is impossible for ordinary sight to detect and follow out its minute details. The "Extension" is, at present, the general drill and parade ground for the volunteer soldiery of Savannah; but when it shall be completed as a ri.ing park, according to plans in conception and Guide to Savannak. 35 perfecting, Savannah will enjoy a bcauliful pleasure ground of about fifty acres, divided most appropriately for walking and driving ill conjunction. The boundaries of these parks are Gaston street on the north, Drayton street on the east, New Houston street on the south, and Whitakcr street on the west. Georgia Historical Society. In his walk around the park, the visitor notes a handsome building, within a neat iron railing, evidently not a private residence, at the southwest corner of Whitakerand Gaston streets. This is " Hodgson Hall," the library of the Georgia Historical Society. This Mne hall was erected by Mrs. Margaret Telfair Hodgson [itee Telfair) to the memory of her husband, Mr. William B. Hodgson, who was an active member of the society during his life in Savannah. The building (94 feet by 41 feet) was begun in 1873, but Mrs. Hodgson dying without having made fo7-}}ial provision for its construction, her elder sister. Miss Mary Telfair, took up the work, and, being Mrs. Hodgson's residuary legatee, made a deed in trust (for the use of the so iety) of the lot and building thereon, the residuary estate being charged with the expense of completing the construction. Miss Telfair died in 1874, but the work was carried on agreeably to the legal terms of the deed, and in September, 1875, the library of the society occupied "Hodgson Hall." The formal dedication took place on the thirty-seventh anniversary of the society, February 14, 1876. About twelve thousand volumes constitute the libraiy, with the current leading magazines and reviews, and is a delightful reading room, open daily (Sundays excepted) from 1 1 a. m. to 9 p. m. for the members, their families, and strangers visiting the city, introduced by members. A good, full-length portrait of the late Mr. Hodgson, by Brandt, with a few historical paintings, adorn the hall. The Savannah Hospital. On the other side of the park, opposite to the Georgia Historical Society's library, the visitor has also noted (at the southeast corner of Gaston and Drayton streets) a large building, with high brick walls, enclosing the area comprised within Gaston, Abercorn, Huntingdon, and Drayton streets. This is the "Savannah Hospital." It is not a municipal charity, as its name would lead one to suppose, but the foundation of a private corporation. It receives from the city, how- 36 Guide to Savannah. ever, a grant of 31500 per annum for the privileges of a poor house and medical and surgical treatment of white paupers. The hospital fronts on Huntingdon street, and consists of a central main building with two extensive Avings, the whole supplying four large wards, for males and females, and private rooms for the accommodation of pay patients, who prefer treatment there to the, perhaps, indifferent care of an hotel. A resident physician is always present on the premises, and, in all of its appointments, it comj^ares favorably with similar institutions in our coun:ry. Medical visitors from the North commend the thorough ventilation of the wards, and the completeness of its arrangements. Medical lectures and clinics are here given to students. Its first incorporation was m 1S35. Here, too, at the corner of Gaston and Drayton streets, are the examining and prescription rooms for outside pauper patients, v/ho procure the medicines at the City Dispensary, southeast corner' of State and Whitaker streets. The Babies. As strangers lounge down Bull street, from the Greene Monument to Forsyth Park, they have crossed the two principal shopping streets, Congress and Broughton; four grand avenues, South Broad, Liberty, Jones, and Gaston; and have passed through five beautiful squares, or parks, Johnson, Wright, Chippewa, Madison, and Monterey. In their walk they have had occasion frequently to exercise their skill in avoiding the numerous perambulators that crowd the side-walk with freights of little innocents, and they have observed also that the squares are filled with baby-carriages, and children playing games or romping at will, secure from the dangers of hoi"ses and vehicles. The Savannah baby lives in the open air from its birth — the squares of the city, of which there are twenty-four, and Forsyth Park, supplying convenient and comfortable gossipping exchanges for the nurses, to say nothing of occasional flirtations, and secure play grounds for the children, where no harm can come to them — hence it is ihat the healthiness and loveliness of Savannah's children, the foundation of the longevity of its inhabitants, are noticed by strangers. BAY STREET. Returning from Forsyth Park to the Greene obelisk in Johnson Square, and proceeding up Bull street (north), we come in a few mo- Guide to Savannah. 37 ments to Bay street, the great commercial street of Savannah, which we cro sed between tlie steamer and the hotel. This is a noble avenue, lined on both sides with the mercantile houses, banks and business offices that control the commerce and trade that rolls over its pavements every year to the amount of $60,000,000. The Exchange. At. the head of Bull street, fronting south, stands hi the center of Bay street "The Exchange," flanked on both sides by a broad walk between two lows of shade trees. It is a primitive structure, having been built in 1 799, and is typical of the simplicity of American arch- itecture at that early period. It was intended for a Merchants' Ex- change by the joint stock company that originated it, the city taking twenty-five shares of the stock. The ground was leased for ninety- nine years, and the building cost twenty thousand .dollars. By suc- cessive purchases of stock, the city became, in 1612, the possessor of the property, and converted it into a City Hall, which it still is, th ugh the original name of " Exchange " is retain-^d. The lower story, on a level with the street, and the rooms below, facing the river, except two, are rented to private parties for offices. The second story contains the rooms of the Mayor and City Council and the offices ot Clerk of Council and City Treasurer, In the third story are the City Surveyor's, the Marslial's, the Water Commissioners', the Fire Alarm Telegraph, and other minor offices. In the steeple hangs the vener- able City Hall clock and bell that marks the hours for the city and clangs the warning note of fires. From this steeple (of easy access) there is a comprehensive view of the city and the surrounding coun- try ; and from it one realizes the appropriateness of the title, " Forest City," in its application to Savannah, as the " city can scarcely be seen for the trees " — only the spires, steeples and roofs of the houses rising, as it were, from a bed of living verdure. It is a sight worth seeing. An excellent portrait of (jeneral Robert E. Lee, life-size, adorns the Council Chamber. The Custom House. At the southeast comer of Bay and Bull streets is the Custom House, a substantial building of Quincy granite, one hundred and ten feet long by fifty-two feet deep, and from pavement to ridge fifty-two feet in height. The basement — street level — contains the Internal 38 Guide to Savannah. Revenue ofllce and store-rooms. In the first story, reached by a broad flight of stone steps outside, are the offices of the Collector of Cus- toms, and of his deputies and assistants, and the Customs hall proper. The third story is appropriated to the United vSt tes Courts and their Judges' rooms, Clerk's and Marshal's offices. The budding was com- pleted in 1850. Post-Office. Tnis bureau of letters and important function in all the ramifica- tions of business has in Savannah no home of its own, l)ut is moved from one place to another as its leases expire and convenience may suggest. At present, it is to be found in the basement and first story of the " Commercial Building," at he southeast corner of B'.y and Drayton streets, occupying the side on Drayton street. Before, during and for a time after the late civil war, the Post-office was in the dingy basement of the Custom House, in the rooms now occupied by the Internal Revenue Department, and was removed thence, in 1S75, to its present position, where there is no security against fire beyond the ordinary care and watchfulness of private offices. The commercial and business relations of Savannah with the world at large, domestic and foreign, demand greater care by the Government of its corre- spondence and postal matter in a separate fire-proof building, and they should have it at the earliest day practicable. United States Signal Office. In the same building with the Post-office is the United States Signal office, well worth a call by those hav ng any curiosity in meteorolog- ical science, and from which the citizens of Savannah are daily posted as to their probable need for umbrellas and great coats during the day, and the state of the weather the world over. The Southern Bank of the ^tate of Georgia. Passing down Drayton street is the substantial edifice, at the south- west corner of Drayton and B'yan streets, of the Southern I-ank of the State of Georgia ; and further down The Merchants' National Bank, at the northeast corner of Drayton and St. Julian streets, a solid con- struction of bricks and stucco, originally built for the old United Guide to Savannah. 39 • Stntes Bank, afterwards used by the Marine Bank, and now by the INIerchanls' National l>ank. Turning down St. Julian street to the east, we come to Reynolds Square and Abercorn street. Following down Abercorn to South Broad is seen at tiieir southeast intersection The Old Cemetery. Here were interred the remains of the early settlers of Savannah, and of their posterity, until sanitary reasons required, in 1852, that it should be closed and another site for sepulture provided, further re- moved from the dwellings of the living. This was formally done by proclamation, on the 15th of Mav, 1853, when the new " City of the Dead," " Laurel Grove," was opened for interments. The eld vaults and tombs are left, howevei, though their contents, the hallowed rem- nants of mortality, have been transferred to the other cemeteries of later date. Many, however, still repose undisturbed, and the " Old Cemetery" is preserved in reverence. It is in charge of a committee of ladies, who keep it in order, always open to the inspection ot the curious. The Police Barracks. Adjoining the Old Cemetery on the east, at the southwest corner of South Broad an I Habersham streets, is the handsome barrack of the City Police. The building is one of the architectural ornaments of the city, and, in its arrangements, one of the most complete for the purpose in the United States. It contains a court-room, quarters for the officers and barrack-rooms for the men, bath-rooms with modern conveniences for their use, and wide piazzas on the south side. At- tached are a drill and parade-ground, houses for cells and stables for the horses of the mounted police. The buildings and grounds are worth inspection. The Convent of Saint Vincent. Retracing our steps (westward) to Abercorn street, and following it down along the venerable walls of the Old Cemetery, we come, at the southeast corner of Abercorn and Liberty streets, to the Convent of Saint Vincent de Paul, the property of the Sisters of Mercy. The buildings consist of the convent, enclosed galleries and chapel, with school-rooms covering the whole block between Abercorn and Lin- coln streets on the east, and Liberty street and lane (closed up). It » 40 Guide to Savannah. was founded, in 1842, by the Rev. J. F. O'Neill, the pioneer priest of Georgia, who obtained from the city a lot for educationa purposes, on condition that his proposed building should be c mpleted within three years. His undertaking was accomplished; and in 1845, ^^ placed it in charge of Sisters from Charleston, South Carolina, de- voted to teaching and to the care of the ori)han, the sick and the needy. In the chapel of the convent is a beautiful representation, in wood carviiTg, of the "Dead Christ," supported by His ever blessed mother, "Our Lady of Dolors," presented to the convent by a generous frien 1. This admirable work of art, by William H. z\lhard, of Cin- cinnati, Ohio, is thus described to us by himself: " The group you speak of is a copy of the most celebrated original by W. E. Achterman, a citizen of Rome for the last thirty years. The original was ordered by the Bishop of Minster, Westphalia, in Ger- many, The group (Pieta) being over life-size, executed in the fi est grain of marble, cost near ^20,000. Achterman is a native of West- phalia." The agony of the mother and the nervelessness of the Dead Christ are wonderfully represented. Cathedral of Our I,ady of Perpetual Help. South of and adjoining the Convent of Saint Vincent, at the northeast corner of Abercorn and Harris streets, is the Cathedral of Our Lady of Perpetual Help; perhaps the largest and finest church south of Philadelphia. It occupies a frontage on Abercorn street of one hundred feet, and extends back two hundred and twelve feet on Harris street. Its order of architecture is French Gothic, in the style of Notre Dame, of Paris, with nave and transcepts, and is built of brick, rough cast. The interior is lofty and impressing ; the triple rows — central and side — of groined arches, meeting at their apices sixty- five feet above the flooring, supported by columns of bronze, exquisitely capped with original and fanciful composition'^. The sanctuary is fifty feet deep, and its railing (fr6m end to end of the transcepts) ninety-nine feet in length. On both sides of the sanctuary are private galleries for the sisters and other religious. Within the sanctuary is a fine altar of white mai-ble; and at the epistle side (south) is the altar of the Blessed Virgin, and marble statue and altar Guide to Savannah. 41 of St. Joseph. Above the altar ol the Virgin is a good copy of Murillo's " Immaculate Conception." On the north and south walls are the fourteen " Stations, or Way of the Cross," excellent copies (in tne highest style of Paris art) of a celebrated set in Rome. The corner- stone of this noble edifice was laid in 1874, and the building (fit for woi'ship) was dedicated to the service of God, April 30th, 1 8761 Saint Stephen's Church (Colored). Following down Harris street — eastward — to Troup Square, we come (at the west side of the square, between Harris and Macon Streets,) to the pretty little Episcopal church of Samt Steplien, for the colored people. It is a neat structure, and the parish is under the pastoral care of a white rector. The ritual of the Episcopal Church is here well sustained by a choir of colored musical amateurs. White visitors are welcomed, as at all the colored churches in Savannah, with courtesy and hospitality. Saint Joseph's Infirmary. Continuing down Habersham to Taylor street, we have (at their northwest intersection, north of Whitefield Square,) the hospital of the Sisters of Mercy^ known as the " Saint Joseph's Infirmary." It was formerly the Savannah Medical College, and has been altered for its present use. The wards are large and well ventilated; broad piazzas surround the house, and the pay patients' rooms are neat and comfort- able. It receives from the city $500 per annum for the privileges of poor house and pauper medical treatment, and divides with the Savannah Hospital the marine hospital service of the port. It is open to patients, physicians, and clergy of every denomination, without distinctions of creed or restrictions. Wesley Monumental Church. Returning (by Taylor street) to Abercorn, we come to Calhoun Square, on the west of which, between Wayne and Gordon streets, is the unfinished W^esley Monumental Church, of early pointed Gothic, which promises, by what has been already constructed, to be one of the most beautiful and nnposing church edifices in Savannah. 1 he corner-stone was laid in 1875, and the completion is delayed for want of funds. The dimensions are seventy feet front on Calhoun Squa e, by one hundred and twenty-four feet in length, upon a basement 42 Guide to Savannah. story thirteen feet liigli. The auditorium is comfortably used at present ^or church seivices, and under it, in the imsement, tlie Sunday school is held. The length of the church is unfortunately curtailed to give room for a parsonage in the rear, which affects its harmonious proportion in ratio with the width and height. The facade will, when finished, be one of the most perfect and pleasing architectural faces in the city. Saint Joseph's Church (Coloked). Crossing to ]Jrayton street, westward, and going up it to Perry street, we find at their northeast corner Saint Joseph's Church ( Roman Catholic), for colored people. It is an unpretending building, but n 'at, within and without, and fairly orna:uented with altar and figures. From its central position, many white Catholics attend mass here with their colored brethren. We have now exhausted the city proper on and east of Bull street, and crossing it, begin our examination of the western part. Let us return, then, to Liberty street, next south ot Perry, and proceeding up it ( westward), we come to the Masonic Temple and Lodges, at the northwest corner of Liljerty and Whitaker streets. This is a sub tantial and handsome building, erected by the Masonic fraternity of the city for secure celebration of their mysterious rites. The first story is rented out for stores. The second story is a fine, capacious hall for concerts, balls, dramatic representations, etc. The third story contains the chambers of the fraternity. i^olomon's Lodge, No, i, A. F. M., was organized in 1733, the year in which Savannah was settled, and chartered 1735. It is the second oldest chartered lodge in the United States. Georgia Council, No. 2, of Royal and Select Masters. Georgia Chapter, No. 3, R. A. M., was established in 18 18. Palestine Commandery, No. 7, K. T., was instituted on the 1st of April, 1S67. Zcrubbabel Lodge, No. 15, A. F. M., was chartered on the 5th of November, 1840. GuJDE TO Savannah. 43 Clinton Lodge, No. 54, F. A. M., was cliaitcred on the 27th of October, 1S47. Ancient Landmark Lodge, No. 231, was chartered on the 15th of November, 1859. An architectural peculiarity of this structure is, that the corner and. window mouldings are of artificial stone, made by chemical process from sand. It is of fine grain, hard, and apparently durable. Going up Whitaker street (north) we pass in the rear of the Baptist Church (see page 26) ; by the parsonage of the Independent Presby- terian Church, at the southeast corner of Whitaker and South Broad streets; by the State Armory, between York and I'resident streets; by Metropolitan Flail, the headquarters of the Metropolitan Benevolent Association, at the northeast corner of President and Whitaker --treets ; the City Dispensary, at the southeast corner of Whitaker and State streets; by the fine Lyons block, northeast corner of Broughlon and Whitaker, and come lo the Morning News Printing House, which is situated at the northwest corner of Whitaker street and Bay street lane. We can give no better description than the following sketch, taken from the Atlanta Sunday Gazette: " "Jlie Morning Nezos building, located at No. 3 Whitaker street, corner of Bay lane, was erected in 1875, especially for the purpose and with a single view to its adaptation to the publishing and printing business, and at that time it was thought large enough to meet all requirements of the paper for the next quarter of a century. This idea, however, proved to be a mistake, and it was found necessary, two years since, to add the building adjoining it on the north. From this building are issued the Daily Morning News, publish ng two editions; the Savannah Weekly News, the Sunday Telegram, the Southern Farmer'' s Monthly, and the Adorning Nezvs Library. The arrangement of the main building is very complete, and is as follows: " The basement contains two engines (with separate boilers, that in case of an accident to one there will be no delay in issuing the paper) ; a large three-revolution Floe press; a mammoth double-cylinder press; one P'orsaith and one Chambers folding machine; mailing tables, etc. The double cylinder is one of the largest presses of the kind ever built. 44 Guide to Savannah. "The street front is divided into two rooms, one for the publication office and the otlier for the stock and the superintende^it's room of the printing and binding departments. On this floor is also the proprietor's private office. "On the second floor are the editorial rooms. "The third floor is entirely given up to the book and job printing departments, in which everything that is needed to do goo I work can be found. Experienced printers who have been employed in it say it is the best place of the kind they have ever worked in. "The top, or fourth floor, is devoted to the newspaper composing room, a iinely lighted and well ventilated apartment. "The new addition is connected on each lloor with the ma'n building the entrances being protected by iron doors, so as to prevent the spreading of a fire should one occur. " Its basement forms a part of the press-room department already described, t'le wetting room, where the newspaper is wet before it is printed, and is also used as a store room for paper, a large supply of which is always kept on hand, so that no ordinary accident to a paper mill can endanger an issue of the various publications of t.ie establish- ment. "On the first or street floor of this building is the job press room, where there are eiglit steam presses, which, during the business season, often run eighteen hours out of the twenty-four. "On the second floor are the electrotyping and stereotyping rooms fitted up with Hoe's latest improved machinery. The Iront rooms on this floor are occupied by the engraving and lithographing departments. " The third floor is devoted exclusively to the book bindery and blank-book manufactory. Here is every facility for binding l)ooks and making blank books, the latest machines for ruling paper, and cutting and paging machines, etc. "An elevator driven by steam extends from the basement to the top floor of the main building, with openings on each floor, and all rooms are connected with the business depaitments on the street floor by speaking tubes, where the telephone connects the establishment with the railroads, the steamers, the wharves, the pulilic offices and the principal business houses, by means of the telephone exchange. A wire also connects the office with the signal station at Tybee, eighteen miles distant. In addition to all these facilities, the budding is well Guide to Savannah. 45 protected against fire, having hydraiits on each floor, and hose and pipe attached at all times on three floors. "Nearly one hundred names are on the jmy rolls of this establish- ment, which amount to from $i,ioo to $1,300 per week. " The success of this paper is remarkable when it is remembered that there are a number of daily papers in Georgia (saying nothing of the good weeklies), with which the Savannah Aloj'uing Neius has had to contest every inch of ground, while newspapers publi.^hed in other Southern States have had but few other dailies to contend with in their own State. This paper has not only held to itself its own legitimate territory, but almost monopolizes the lower half of Georgia, three-quarters of the State of Florida, and a part of South Carolina." The Market House. Turning into Bay street, and going west, we take the next street, Barnard, and turning down it, come upon the City Market, a solid; commodious structure of brick, with wide, open arches, occupying the entire square between Bryan and Congress streets. It was built since the war, in 1872, and is excellently arranged for its purposes. The roomy basement, half under ground, and the market, above it, well lighted and ventilated, furnish large accommodations, though not enough now for the requirements of the city. The ordinances legulating the market and market hours are rigid, and there is not a cleaner, better policed and kept market in the country. It is as clean as soap, water, sand, and hard scrubbing can make it, so that visitors to Savannah may rest secure in the cleanliness of their diet so far. Its supjdies of fish, meats, vegetables, fruits, and breads are various and abundant, and the goiirviet must be unfortunately hypercritical Avho cannot find in it the materials for a delicious gastroninuque feast. Trinity Methodist Episcopal Church. Continuing down Barnard street, south, we cross Broughton street and come to State street and Saint James Square. On the west side of this square, between President and York streets, facing east, stands "Old Trinity," as it is sometimes called, because of its associations with the early history of Methodism in Savannah. The structure itself is comparatively modern; is severely plain on the exterior, entirely unornamented, and unpretending in its architectural details. 4^ Guide to Savannah. The interior is neat, and in good taste, corresponding wiih. the sim- plicity of the exterior, and breathing, as it were, the inspiration o' the inscription over the altar, " HoLiXESS TO THE Lord." It is one of the most commodious churches in Savannah, having a seating capacity for two thousand in the au'iitorium and galleries. Attached to the church is a comfortable and suitable lecture room (two stories high) for the prayer-meetings and other social gatherings of the congre- gation. The Penfield Mariner's Church. Taking President street (westward) to Montgomery street, and going up it (north) until coming to Franklin Square, the Penfield Mariner's Church is found on the west of the square, between Congress and St. Julian streets. It is a handsome structure, under the direction of the Savannah Port Society, organized in 1S43, f°^' the purpose of providing Evangelical ministration and religious instruc- tion for sailors visiting the port. Its name ("Penfield") is taken from Mr. Joseph Penfield, who bequeathed a sum of money for the purpose o erecting a Bethel for mariners. A church was originally built on Bay street, between Abercorn and Lincoln streets, which was subsequently sold, and the purchase money applied to the erection of the present neat edifice. First African Baptist Church (Colored). West of the same square, and north of the Mariner's Church, between St. Julian and Bryan streets, is the First African Baptist Church, for colored people, a plain, commodious, neat structure, comfortably furnished with:n, and well lighted. It was in this church that the Rev. Andrew Marshall, a celebrated colored preacher, minis- tered for many years before the civil war, commanding the respect and confidence of whites and blacks. Born a slave, and twice sold, Mr. Marshall purchased his freedom from his third master and became a frtcdman by his own exertions. In the pastorate of this cliurch he was earnest, devoted, and intelligent, educating himself, and exercising a great moral influence. He possessed great natural eloquenCv^ and a cultivation of delivery acquired by association with his masters, who were gentlemen of education and refinement. The whites went frequentlv to hear him. His funeral (twenty-five years ago) was one of the largest and most impressive known to Savannah; CkTiDE TO Savannah. 47 whites and negroes joining to pay the last tribute of respect to the memory of a truly good and able man. Waterworks. While examining the Mariner's and Baptist churches, tiie visitor's attention has been attracted by a singular looking tower in ihe center of Pranklin Square, in height about eighty feet from the ground. This is the tower or distributing reservoir of the waterworks for supplying the city with water from the river. The construction of the nectssary works for the purpose was begun in the winter of 1852-3. The water is taken from the river above the city and carried into a reservoir (situated on the low lands west of the Ogeechee Canal), which is divided into four compartments by walls of masonry, pierced by connecting culverts, with strong gates, so that one of the compart- ments may be used while the other three are undisturbed for the process of sedimentary precipitation; and each comj^artment is connected in like manner with the " pump well," from which the water is forced up into the distributing reservoir in the city (through iron pipes) by means ot powerful steam lift and force pumps. The receiving reservoir is about half a mile above the city, and the "lift" of the pumps is about one hundred and twenty feet — forty feet to the level of the city, and eighty feet from that level to the iron tank at the top of the tower. At the time of their construction, the estimated suoply to the city was sixty gallon?, />e'r capii'a every twenty-four hours. When clear and well iced, it is excellent drinking water. Bryan Baptist Church (Colored). Going up Bryan sti^eet (west), and crossing West Broad street into Vamacraw, we see (between Saint Gaul and Fahm streets) the Bryan Baptist Church, for colored people. This is a fine, corner-turreted, brick building, not yet rough cast or finished. When it shall be completed it will be an ornament to Yamacraw, and especially so if the small buildings now pressing upon it could be remo.ed, that the edifice may be seen to greater advantage. Central Railroad Depot. Returning to West Broad street, and going down it, tnere is, at the head of Broughton street, a large cotton warehouse, worth cursory examination; and continuing on through rows of cotton bales lining 48 Guide to Savannah. the roadway on both sides, we come to New street, at the southwest corner of which and West Broad are the freight offices and house of the spacious Central Raih-oad depot. These buiklings, with the freight yard, are well worth looking at, lor their size, capacity, and convenience of arrangements for receiving and forwarding cotton and goods. This magnificent railroad was organized in 1835, and begun operations in 1836. By the extraordinary energy and business ability of its first President, (W. W. Gordon, Esq., a native of Augusta, but resident in Savannah, and a graduate of ihe United States Military Academy at West Point in the class of 1815,) the road was completed to Macon — one hundred and ninety miles — on the 13th of May, 1843, through a dense wilderness. The public spirit, enterprise, and energy of our people who projected and carried through successfully, and in so short a time, such a great undertaking may be estimated when it is known that at the time of its inception and during its completion. Savannah had not quite ten thousand inhabitants, and Macon a little over four thousand ; and that not only had the road to struggle with the difficulties of the wilderness, but to contend with the di>courage- ments of a doubting public. " There were giants (in Georgia) in those days." New Street Methodist Churches (Colored). In New street ar-e two Methodist churches (for colored people), neat, commodious, and comfortable edifices; one of them making some pretensions to architectural and art effects, of which a French traveler in 1876 (M. Molinari, editor of the Paris JoiiDial des Debats,) gives the following description : " The ceiling is ornamented with fresco paintings. * * * These are, first, the Apostle Wesley, the father of Methodism, and the celebrated preacher Richard Allen; then a 'Christ upon the Cross,' the 'Last Supper,' and finally an aristocratic looking lady clad in a green robe, of which the immense train filled the entire center of the ceiling, eclipsing totally Wesley and Richard Allen. This lady is in the act of carrying to her lips a large bottle of gin, in spite of the earnest remonstrances of a clergyman, placed above the bottle without sufficient regard, however, to the rules of aerial perspective From the green robe float two ribbons, on which are printed in capital letters these two words, ' Degradation, Diunkness.' The skin of the ladv is of dazzling whiteness." Guide to Savvnnah. 49 The Cries. If the v?.sitor be at all of a nervous temperament, he may be some- what startled in the first early morning after his arrival by extra- ordirary shrill cries in the street, which may lead him to the suspicion that his hotel is on fire, or that there is a conflagration in the neighbor- hood, the voices apparently calling " Fire! " There is no cause, how- ever, for alarm. These are ordy the street venders of fish, oysters, shrunp, vegetables, and fruits, who are crying out their wares to early housedvcepers in nasal tones, with twists of words and ear-piercing emphasis, and there being such a num' er of them, the sounds become strangely confused. The cries are, "Oyster buyers," *' Shrimp buyers," "Vegetable buyers," etc., the stress being laid upon the last word, "buyers," which, striking so suddenly and sha'ply upon the ear of a sleeping stranger, excite — not without cause — apprehensions of fire. These cries are easily understood; but what does this fellow mean by crying " Pee-wee-chee ? " To the uninitiated it conveys no meaning, but to the inhabitant it is an announcement that "sweet potatoes" are going by. THE SUBURBAN ATTRACTIONS. The visitor has seen the prominent objects of interest within the city, and we will now point out to him the suburban allurements that are worth his attention. For convenient arrangement, we take them in alphabetic order. The country around Savannah is beautiful in its peculiarities of landscape, composed of forest, swamp, highland and lowland, all richly dressed in luxuriant green of many shades, lighted here and there with the varied brilliant colors of leaves and flowers. It is a flat country — but even plains have their charms — and ours boasts of its majestic live oaks, magnolias, towering pines, and an under- wood of unsurpassed variety and beauty of foliage. Even the green salt marshes, with their clumps of trees in the foreground and rich background of primeval forest, furnish pictures of exquisite softness and hue, and particularly lovely if seen in the clair obscur of the del- icate haze that often tempers our atmosphere. We begin with Battery Park. Not the least attractive of the many resorts which private enterprise 53 Guide to Savannapi. has created for public amusement is Battery Park, at the preNcnt ter- minus of the Barnard and Anderson Street Railway, within the suburb known as Brownsville. The park was a happy thought of the public spirited gentlemen directing that street railway company, who secured, by purchase from the city, this eligible site for their purpose. The grounds occupy a portion of an earthwork for a battery thrown up duing the late civil war for the defense of Savannah. Upon the crest of the earthwork is a neat and substantial pavilion for dancing, open and airy, and from which is a pretty view of the surrounding landscape. Here picnics and other social parties meet in the warm summer weather to inhale the breezes and " wile the happy hour j away" in pleasant intercourse and innocent amusements. From the observatory surmounting the pavilion, a fine view is had of the .surrounding country. Attached to the grounds is a good rifle range with the conveniences for target shooting, the targets being in full view of the pavilion. The plans for the park have not yet been com- pleted, as it was only opened in the summer of 1883, but it is the in- tention of its proprietors to make it, in every respect, a charming refuge for the citizens of Savannah from the heat of the city in the hot months, and a resort, at all seasons, for pleasure-seekers. Street cars leave Market Square every eight minutes for the park. Bewlie, or Beaulieu. A charming spot on the Vernon river, within a short distance of the branch track of the Savannah, Skidaway and Seaboard R lilroad to Montgomery, and in view of Montgomery. Bewlie was originally a plantation of five hundred acres, granted to Wdliam Stephens Presi- dent of the Colonial Council, and confirmed by General Ogletho'pe, April 19, 1738. Of this place, Mr. Stephens writes on the 21st of March, 1739, " that, being called upon to give it a name, he styled it ' Bewlie,' after a manor of the Duke of Montague in the New Forest, because of a fancied resemblance to it, and which (manor in England) was anciently called ' Beaulieu,' though now vulgarly termed ' Bewlie ' by dropping the ' a ' in the first syllable and the final ' u.' " — Coll. Ga. Hist. Soc , Vol. IV., p. 2^0 With our Beauli.u, or Bewlie, are connected several historical inc - dents of our Revolutionary war. On the 12th of December, I77< , Colonel Thomas Pinckney, in command of twelve hundred men, sent Guide to Savannah. 51 from the fleet of Count D'Estaing in long lioats, dislodged here a British force occupying it, which was followed l^y fre([uent skirmi hes between the opposing troops. It is indeed beautifully situated upon a bluff, distant about seven miles from the ocean, and is well suited for yachting and fishing — fine fish and oysters being within easy reach. Several of the citizens of Savannah have cottages here for the sum- mer, and some reside at Beaulieu altogether, going and reiurniig early to and from their business in Savannah by the trains of the Sa- vannah, Skidaway and Seaboard Railroad, which connects, at its depot on Anderson street, with the cars of Abercorn and Whitaker streets, running thence to Bay street every ten to fifteen minutes. BETHESDA. Orphan House and Union Society. *' Whitefield's Bethesda Orphan House," founded by the Rev. George Whit^field in 1740, and in whose behalf he awakened the in- terest of the people of two con inents, is ten miles from Savannah, situated on a branch of the west fork of Burnside river. Whitefield's " Big House " — his " House of Mercy " to many souls — was destroyed by lightning just previous to the War of Independence, 1776, and this misfortune, together with the bloody struggle between the colonies and the mother country, was almost a death-blow to this great charity. After various vicissitudes, Bethesda passed into the keeping of a be- nevolent association, nearly contemporaneous in its foundation, the " Union Society," instituted in 1750, and whose mission had been the same — the care of the orphan and destitute. In the year 1855, the Union Society moved its wards to Bethesda, having previously erected buildings for- their accommodation. The civil war again necessitated its temporary abandonment, and it was occupied first by Confederate troops, and subsequently by Federal soldiers. With the return of peace, the place was again restored to the uses to which it had been originally dedicated in the inc piency of the colony. In 1S70, the present main budding was begun; but, for the want of funds, it has not yet been finished, though used in its incomplete state for the pur- poses for which it was intended. 1 his iniilding stands near the site of Whitefield's "Big House of Mercy" — a monument to that great philanthropist. The tree under which, it is said, Whitefield preached to the Indians is still pointed out. 52 GuiDii TO Savannah, There are, at present, between sixty and seventy boys supported and educated by the voluntary contributions of the members of the Union Society, of which any benevolent })erson, resident or non- resident, can become a member and aid in this good work by paying an annual subscription of five dollars. Bethesda is reached, like BeaulicM, by the Savannah, Skidaway and Seaboard Railroad, on per- mission to visit it, to be obtained from any one of the officers. The Union Society. In Charge of Bethesda. In t1ie year 1750, five large-hearted men, of five different religious denominations, formed themselves into a charitable club with the par- ticular purposes of caring for and maintaining orphan children and relieving distressed widows. They styled themselves the " St. George's Club," as there was already in existence an association of Scotch em- igrants, confined exclusively to Scotchmen. At what time the " St. George's Club" was transformed into the " Union Society" does not precisely appear, as the records of the Society were destroyed by the British troops when they evacuated Savannah in the summer of 1782, but it was not long after its origin. The assumption of its new name M-as an expression and a proof of a liberality of sentiment and feel- ing most honorable to its founders and their early associates, who laid aside distinctions of faith when so noble an object for combined efibrt was presented, and which would at once test the sincerity of their be- nevolence. It IS to be regretted that, owing to the destruction of the records, we can give the names of only three of the original five members — Benjamin Sheftall, a Jew ; Peter Tondee, a Catholic ; and Richard Milledge, an Episcopalian. Each member contributed two pence weekly to carry out the objects of the organization. Three members formed a quorum for regular meetings, and for the anniver- sary celebrations on the 23d of April, the calendar day of the canon- ization of England's patron saint — " St. George." This last rule saved the Society from extinction in the following manner: When Savannah was captured by the B;itish, in December, 1778, a large number of the citizens — several members of the Union Society among them — were arrested and sent on board the prison- ships. Some days afterwards, the prisoners holding office in the American army were sent on parole to Sunbury, a few miles south of Guide to Savannah, 53 Savannah, on the sea-coast, and ainonf]; these were four members of the '' Union Society "—Mordecai Sheftall, John Martin, John Stirk and losiah Powell — who were kept there three years, during whicli time they held the meetings and observed the anniversaries — Josiali Powell having been elected President, Mordecai Sheftall, Vice-Presi- dent, and John Martin, Secretary. At the first anniversary, 231! of April, 1779, an entertainment was provided for the Society by a num- ber of British officers, who participated in it. The toasts and senti- ments expressed mark the high-toned, chivalric cour esy of that period. The first was, of course, " The Union Society," by the Pres- ident ; the second was, " General George Washington," by a British officer; the third, " The King of Great Britain," by an American officer. These gentlemen maintained the existence of the Union Society, and, at the close of the Revolutionary war, it was incorporated by the new sovereign State of Georgia on the 14th of August, 1786. BONAVENTURE. (EVERGREEN CEMETERY.) This place, famous for its magnificent avenues of stately live oaks^ is a favorite resort for strangers as well as citizens. The sketch published below was written by the late Commodore Josiah Tal'.nall, a few years before his death, and first appeared in a pamphlet printed by the Evergreen Cemetery Company. This gallant hero-sailor sleeps beneath the moss- covered branches of the oaks, near tht; spot where he was bom. ** BONAVENTURE. "The beautiful tract of land bearing this name, and now enclosing the Evergreen Cemetery, was first settled in or about the year 1760 by Colonel John Mulryne, who came to this country from England, and removed from Charleston, South Carolina, to Georgia. "The high ground, an extended river view, etc , made it one of the choicest sites near the city of Savannah, and the first house — a large bnck one — was erected at (hat time, facing the center walk of the old garden. This garden extended in terraces from the plateau to the river, the terraces being supported I y blocks of tal)by (a concrete of shell and lime), tliat yet remain in tolerable preservation. This house was destroyed by fire in the latter part of the la>t century, during a dinner entertainment. The roof taking fire first, all hope of saving 54 Guide to Savannah. the building was soon dismissed, but, at the suggestion of its owner, the dinner was removed to the trees, and there finished. " In 1 761, this property came — by the marriage of Josiah Tattnall, of Charleston, South Carolina, with Mary, the daughter of Colonel John Mulryne — into the possession of the Tattnall family, Governor Tattnall (of Georgia) being born there in 1765. "This marriage is of peculiar interest in the history of Bonaventure, since from it date the avenues of magnificent trees which form the pride and chief feature of interest of the place. They were planted about tljat time, and tradition has it, in the forms of the letters M and T, the initials of the families of Mulryne and Tattnall. The majority of these trees were of the live oak species, others being mingled with them. These latter the hand of time and the gales of the Atlantic have long ago laid low, whilst tlie sturdy live oaks, with their hoary heads of moss, still defy the wintry blasts, and their rustling leaves whisper a ceaseless lullaby over the quiet and peaceful sleepers a^ their feet. "A second (and frame) house — built by Governor Tattnall — was also destroyed by fire. This second house stood in the open space in the rear of the site occupied by the first brick house, and its location is marked by a large cedar tree, nourished by the ashes of the burnt hearth. The front of this house was formerly marked by two very old and large palmetto trees. "In the year 1847, this property passed (by purchase) into the hands of Captain P. Wiltburger, who had long associated the quiet and peace of the place, its patriarch trees, and their deep, solemn shade, its calm and seclusion, as a fit receptacle for the departed of this earth, as a resting pbce for the weary pilgrims of life. With him originated the idea of devoting Bonaventure to its present and final use, and his remains sleep under the foliage of its trees. "Circum.stances prevented for a time the execution of this wish, but it was taken up by his son, Major W. H. Wiltburger, and the forma- tion of the present Evergreen Cemete'y Company (in 1S69) was the result of his efforts. In this connection it may be interesting to notice that the first adult buried at Bonaventure was the wife of Governor Tattnall, who died there in 1803, being soon followed to the grave by her honored husliand. Previous to that time, several children of the family had been buried there. Guide to Savannah. 55 "Amongst the historical incidents of tlie plcice, is the I'escue of Governor Wriglit by Colonel Mulryne durin^j the K evolutionary war. Colonel Mulryne, a staunch Whig, disapproved of the Declar tion of Independence, and when tiie Patriots confined Governor Wright in Savannah, Colonel Mulryne hastenecf to his rescue, and conveyed him to I3onaventure until the Governor could be placed on board an English man-of-war, lying in the river. Colonel Mulryne left the country with the Governor, and died at Nassau, New Providence. "It is also historic that the French, after their unsuccessful attack on Savannah, fell back to Bonaventure, and tlience reeinbarked many of their wounded, burying a number of their dead on the place." Isi E OF Hope. This pleasant seacoast village and delightful resort is the terminus of the main line of the Savannah, Skidaway and Seabf)ard Railroad, and is on the Skidaway river, six and a half miles from Savannah. Its early settlement dates back to about the year 1737. Henry Parker, John Fullafield and Noble Jones were the first settlers and proprietors, ihe last of whom (Mr. Jones) had a fine residence at the south end, known as "Wormsloe," of which the ruins can yet be seen. The island is in the f >rm of a horseshoe, and from any prominent position on its blufif, over-looking the river, a good view of the surrouiiding country may be had. Previous to the civil war, the only communication between the Isle of Hope and Savannah was by a dirt road, through the intervening forests, but the construction of the Savannah, Skida- way and Seabord Railroad has brought the two places into intimate communication, to the advantage of both. The village has, conse- quently, greatly improved, and many neat cottages and more preten- tious residences have been built for the accommodation of those who like the variety of a brief sojourn on the "salts" (salt-water streams) during the summer months. The waters in the immediate vicinity abound in fish, crabs and oysters. It is one of the most healthy resorts on the coast, and easy of access. The railroad depot in Savannah is the same as for Beaulieu and Bethesda, at the intersection of Anderson and Whitaker streets, connecting with die Abercorn and Whitaker street cars. Jas >ER Spring. On the Augusta road, two miles from the city, is the spot where 56 Guide to Savannah. Sei-geant Jasper and his companion (Newton) rescued the American prisoners from a British guard. (See page 2S). It is visited for its historic association with that daring act of gallantry. A sketch of Jasper will be found under the heading of the "Jasper Monument." Laurel Grove Cemetery. This beautiful "resting place of the dead," while not so grandly magnificent as Bonaventure, is, nevertheless, especially attractive ;ind peculiarly interesting to the citizens of Savannah and to strangers visiting the city. An ordinance adopted in June, 1852, by the City Council set apart a tract of land in Springfield Plantation as a public 'cemetery, and conferred upon it the title of " Laurel Grove," because of the number of laurel trees it contained. The cemetery was enclosed by a neat rading connecting with granite pillars at the corners, and the interior was laid off in walks, avenues and burial lots, according to a plan furnished by James O. Morse, civil engineer. The establishment of this cemetery was rendered necessary by the crowded condition of the old one on South Broad street, wdiich had been used as a place of sepulture for over a century. Laurel Grove is beautifully situated on the high ground bordering the Springfield Plantation, with a gradual slope Avestvvard, affording natural advan- tige of drainage, which keeps it at all times dry. The ground is covered witi native forest growth, interspersed with exotic trees, shrubbery, and flowering plants, set out from time to time, and which give adornment and variety, with harmonious concords or pleasing contrasts, to a very charming picture, particularly in the seasons of deep foliage, of Spring and Summer. About the center of the cemetery is a natural depression that, with a little expense, might be made into a lake, which, with rustic bridges of pretty design, would add much to the beauty of the grounds. The cemetery was formally dedicated in November, 1852. The first interment was made in October, 1 852. Besides the many beautiful and artistic monuments and tombs which mark the family graves of loved ones, there is an enclosure in the cemetery that attracts attention — the lots in which are deposited the remains of the Confederate dead. Here repose nearly fifteen hundred heroes of the civil war, who have been gathered from the distant battlefields on wliich they fell, and had a soldier's burial. This noble work was accomplished by the " Ladies' Memorial Guide to Savannah. 57 Association of Snvannah," which, with sacred care, has watched over tlieir graves, and, on each recuriing "Memorial Day," decorates them with the bright flowers of Spring and early Summer. A m.irble statue, representing "Silence," which was originally one of the staiucs of the Confederate Monument in the Park Extension (see page 34), keeps guard over this "bivouac of the heroic dead" in eloquent and expressive attitude. Each grave is marked by a neat marble headstone. The cemetery is easily reached by the Barnard and Anderson street cars from its terminus at the market, corner of Barnard and Congress streets, and thoSe of Whitaker and Abercorn streets. Montgomery. This is another of Savannah's delightful resorts, distant from it ten miles, and is the terminus of a branch of the Savannah, vSkidavvay and Seaboard Railroad, It was settled in the year 1801, and has grown to be a pleasant little village. Its healthfulness and beautiful natural surroundings have made it the favorite resort for our own citizens and for strangers sojourning among us. It is the headquar- ters of the " Regatta Association of Georgia," and the spacious waters of Vernon river, on which it is situated, in full view of the ocean, have been the scene of many exciting contests between the swift-sailing craft of the amateur yachtinen of the Atlantic Southern States. Charming groves of grand old oaks afford delicious shade, in which the sea-breezes that sweep in purity over Ossabaw sound may be thoroughly enjoyed. A number of commodious residences have been erected, and a convenient hotel offers comfortable quarters to the visitor for health or pleasure. The Regatta Association has here a snug club house on the river bank, and along the bluff is an avenue of oaks affordnig a delightful promenade. The woods in the background are filled with the odor- ous jasmine and other semi-tropical wild flowers common to the sea- coast of Georgia. ScHUETZEN Park. Our German fellow-citizens, whose delight in out-door recreations is one of their characteristics, have prepared this pleasant p ace for anuisenient, which has become exceedingly popular with all classes of our people. The park is situated on Warsaw or Thunderbolt river. SS Guide to SyVVANNAH. about three miles from the city, and immediately east of Bonaventure. It 13 reached i^y tlie trains of the Coastline Railroad, a branch of \vhich, deflecting at Bonaventure (or by the highway on which is a line shelled road), takes the visitor in a few minutes to the park. It occupies a commanding bluff overlooking the broad river, which is at this point a bold and wide estuary, the view from the bluff taking in both Bonaventure and Thunderbolt below on the same river. The grounds arc attractively laid out, and contain all the necessary acces- sories of a place for public resort and amusement — such as a capa- cious dancing pavilion, accommodating a thousand dancers, rifle rraiges, swings, ten-pin alleys, saloon, and a convenient dwelling in the center of the grounds. It is the headquarters of the Schuetzen and other German organizations, and the scene of their out-door sports and recreations. The annual " Schuetzen Fest," which is looked ior by ail classes with pleasurable anticipations, is held here, and at- tracts interested visitors from all parts of the country. Should the visitor pi-efer a drive to this place, a smooth shell road, over which he can bowl at the rate of 2:40, will soon take him to the Schuetzen Park. Thunderbolt. Another pleasant seaside attraction, deservedly popular with the citizens of Savannah and strangers, is situated on the branch of the Warsaw river, about iour miles from the city. It is reached by the Coastline Railroad, of which it is the terminus, or by the shell road. ft is a small village, and its nearness to Savannah, with its ready ac- cess, has made it the pa7' excellence popular resort. There is nothing peculiatly striking about this place other than its invigorating sea- breezes, fine oaks, delightful shade, good salt-bathing, excellent fish and oysters. It is the main source of the supply of fish and oysters for the Savannah market, and the river is filled with crafts of various rig, sizes and seaworthines-, from the frail dugout or board batteau to the good-sized smack, doing prosperous business in oysters, fish, crabs and shrimp. According to local tradition, the place received its name from the fall of a thunderbolt and the gushing forth of a spring from the spot where the bolt struck. Whetfier this tradition be founded on fact or not, it is nevertheless believed to be true, and the spring is pointed out with faith and pride by the old inhabitants as the Thun- derbolt Spring. Every afternoon, in spring and summer, the well- Guide to Savaxnah. 59 kept shell road is thronged with line turnouts, fast trotters and old family coaches going to or returning from Thunderbolt. Tybice Island. Within the past few years this ocean- waslied island (at the entrance of tlie Savann 'h Harbor) has been made a fashionable watering place for the people of Georgia and vicin ty. It is one of the chain of islands extending along the sea coast from Charleston, South Carolina, to Femandina, Flodda,iud on its lovely beach, four miles long, the waves of the Atlantic roll up in gentle surf, inviting to safe and delightful bathing. The north end (on which is the light house) forms the head-land of the entrance to the secure inner roadstead of the Savannah river. From its convenient geographical relation to the other American Atlantic seaports, ami with its telegraphic connections, Tybee is peculiarly fitted for a "calling station," an American Queenstown, for vessels seeking for orders or freights, or to communi- cate with owners and agents. The roadstead is known to the marine of all nations, as affording secure anchorage and shelter in stormy weather. Near the light house the government has also a signal station, communicating with Savannah by telegraph and telephone. To the visitor, the principal attraction is the fine beach, with its advantages for dipping into the sea. In the past four years many improvements have been made to meet the wants of the thousands ■who visit the island in hummer, and there now are to be found the comforts and conveniences for he^-lth and pleasure of a fashionable watering place, such as comfortable hotels and boarding houses on the front beach, in immediate sight of the ocean. Handsome private residences and coltages in addition give tlie place the appearance of a first-class seaside village. Frequent excursions from the interior, and daily parties from the city, impart to Tybee in vSummer a lively, respectable an 1 genteel tone. Fast and commodious steamers ply, at convenient hours, between it and Savannah, connecting with the tramway to the front beach. A neat free chapel between the front and back beaches is on the line of the tramway, the pulpit being occupied by one or another of the Savannah clergy every Sunday. Tybee Island is noted in American history as the scene of the first capture of a British vessel by an American commissioned man-of-war at the commencement of our Revolutionary struggle. In the Sprmg 6j Guide to Savannah. of 1775, a ship sailed from London with powder for the use of the Royalists at Savannah. Forty armed men were sent in barges by Carolina to intercept her. A British armed schooner arrived at Tybee to protect the powder s dp on her arrival, and cover the delivery of the cargo. ihe Provincial Congress of Georgia, hearing of these move- ments, armed a schooner, and, commissioning her, put her under command of Captains Bowen and Joseph Habersham, with instruc- tions to run off or capture the British armed vessel. On the approach of the American schooner, the British schooner stood out to sea, and the American lay off Tybee. On the loth of July, 1775, the powder ship appeared in the offing, but suspicions being excited on board, her captain (Ma.tland) tacked and put to sea again. The American schooner pursued, and, with the aid of the South Carolina barges, captured her and secured sixteen thousand pounds of po^vder, nine thousand pounds of which fell to the share of Georgia; five thousand pounds of this powder were sent to the Patriots near Boston, Massa- ciuisetts. Fort Jackson. In going to Tybee, the visitor passes Fort Jackson, about three miles below the city, on the south side of the river, one of the fortifi- cations planned by the United States government for the defense of ^ avannah. It is a small work, projected in l8o§, and used during the war of 181 2-15, since which time it has been rebuilt, and has become an important element in the river defense of Savannah. It was named after Governor James Jackson, of Georgia. Fort Pulaski. Further down the river, on the way to Tybee, is Fort Pulaski, on the northeastern point of Cockspur Island, iourteen miles from Savannah, and sweeping with its guns Tybee Island and the inner roadstead. This is the most important defense of the city against hostile approach oy sea, commanding, as it does, tlie mouth of the Savannah river. The site for it was selected by Major Bibcock, of the United States Engineer Corps, about 1827-8, and work was begun upon it by Captain Mansfield, United .States Engineers, in 1831. Originally, the plan cal ed for an armament of one hundred and forty guns (mostly long 32'sj, but the works are now being remodeled and strengthened to contend with the improved ordnance of the day, as Guide to Savannah. 6i developed by its trial during the civil war. It had never been occupied by troops before January 2d, 1 861, when Governor Brown, of Georgia, took possession of it (in the name of the United States) to prevent its occupation by a mob from the city of Savannah, excited by the strong political passions of that period. On the secession of Georgia (soon after), Governor Brown retained Fort Pulaski, and seized For^ Jackson and Oglethorpe Barracks (in the city) in the name of the State of Georgia, At the time. Fort Pulaski contained only twenty long 32's mounted. Twenty-eight more guns (including a few eight and ten-inch Columbiads) were added by the Confederacy, and the fort was put in as good condition as the limited means of the State of Georgia and of the Confederacy permitted. Early in 1862, the United States troops landed upon Tybee Island, and investing Fort Pulaski upon its east and south faces, made its reduction a mere question of time, the river having been rendered impassable by United States vessels and batteries above the fort, intercepting communication be- tween it and tlie city of Savannah, by the loth of April, the United States forces on Tybee had erected (in circumvallation) eleven land bat- teries, extending two thousand five hundred and fifty yards, with thirty- six heavy guns, ten heavy rifled cannon, and a number of mortars in position. On the loth of April, everything being ready for opening fire, a demand for the surrender of Pulaski was made by the officer in command on Tybee, General David Hunter, which was declined by the commander of the fort. Colonel C. H. Olmstead. Immediately fire was opened from Tybee. The fort replied, but not having been constructed to resist the battering of the newly invented heavy ordnaHH^^^^lit to bear upon it, was soon breached and reduced, compelTin^^^ffenc!er on the next afternoon, the nth of A.pril, after a gallant but ineffectual resistance. Fo:t Jackson and Oglethorpe Barracks were retaken by General Sherman on the evacuation of Savannah by the Confederate troops in December, 1864. The growing importance of Savannah as a commercial center necessitates now a stronger and more thorough system of seacoast defense, and it is in contemplation to erect heavy works on Tybee, and water batteries at other points, which (in the eveiit of a foreign war) will, with the addition of a naval force and temporary earth- works, effectively prevent attack through the inlets of the chain of islands covering the coast from Charleston to Fernandina. ^2 Guide to Savannah. The Mnrtello tower of labby (shell, lime and sand) on Tybee was buih at the commencement of the war of 1S12-15 as a part of the hasty and imperfect system of defense a^-ainst the British, and affords a oood standard by which t) measure the improvements in ordnance official report to General Washington, in February, 1776, Colonel Mcintosh, who had been assigned to the command of the Georgia Colonial troops, makes no mention of Fort George or other fortifica- tions at Savannah. And on the 5th of July, 1776, the Congress of the Confederation resolved that Georgia should erect two forts — one at Savannah, and one at Sunbury. It is also evident from history that no occupied fort existed on Cockspur Island during the Revolutionary Mar, as it records, frequently, the free passage up the river to Brewton's Hill, two miles below Savannah. Again, the fort ordered for Sunbury was built, and named " Fort Morris," after the officer who built it; but on its capture by Sir George Prevost, January 16, 1779, he changed the name to "Fort George," which he would not have done had there been a fort of that name in existence so near as Cocksjiur Island. Guide to vSavannaii. O3 MISCET-T.ANEOUS. IJANKS. Central Railroad and Banking Company of Georgia, 1 15 "Day street, adjoining the Custom House. Mercliants' National Bank, St. Julian street, northeast corner of Drayton. Savannah Bank and Trust Company, 105 Bay street, Battersby's building, southwest corner of Drayton. Southern B.mk of the State of Georgia, Drayton street, northwest corner of Bryan. Board of Underwriters. Office of R. H. Footman, Bay street, northwest corner of Drayton. Cemeteries. Cathedral Cemetery, Thunderbolt road, two miles from city ; reached by shell road or by Coastline Railroad, connecting at Bolton street with Habersham and Broughton street cars. Evergreen Cemetery, Bonaventure (see p. 53) ; office, 93 Bay street. Hebrew Cemetery, Anderson street, west end, adjoining Laurel (jrove Cemetery; reached by Anderson, Barnard, Whitaker and A. - ercorn street cars. Laurel Grove Cemetery, Anderson street, west end. (S^e p. 56.) Old Cemetery, South Broad street, corn.r of Abercorn. (See p. 39.) Christian Association. Young Men's Christian Association, rooms 137 Perry street, be- tween Bull and Whitaker. Churches. Baptist, west side Chippewa Square, between Hull and McDon- ough. (See p. 26.) Bethlehem Colored Baptist, north side of New Houston street, west of Cuyler. Bryan First Baptist (colored), south side of Bryan street. (See p. 47) First Church, Baptist (colored), southwest corner of Bryan and ISIonigomery, west of Franklin Square. (See p. 46.) 64 Guide to Savannah. Mount Zion Clmrcli, Bapfist (colored), east side West Broad street, south of Gaslon. Second Bryan Church, Baptist (colored), northeast corner of West Broad and Waldburg. -.' Second Church, Baptist (colored), 35 Houston street. Congregational Chu ch (colore .), south side of Taylor street, be- tween Habersham and Lincoln. Christ Church, Episcopal, east side of Johnson Square, between St. Julian and Congress streets. (See p 21.) Saint John's Church, Episcopal, west side Madison Square, between Macon and Charlton streets. (See p. 29.) Saint Matthew's Church, Episcopal, northeast corner of Hunting- don and Tattnall streets. Saint Stephen's, Episcopal (colored), west side of Troup Square, between Harris and Macon streets. (See p. 41.) Lutheran Evangelical Church of the Ascension, east side Wriglit Square, between State and President streets. (See p. 23.) Methodist, New Houston Street Church, southeast corner of New Houston and Jefferson streets. Trinity Methodist, west side of Saint James Square, between Pres- ident and York streets. (See p. 45.) Wesley Monumental Church, Methodist, Avest side of Calhoun Square, between Wayne and Gordon streets. (See p. 41.) Asbury Church, Methodist (colored), south side of Gwinnett, be- tween West Broad and Burroughs. Bethlehem Church, Methodist (colored), east side of East Broad street, south of Gwinnett. Saint Andrew's Church, Methodist (colored), north side of New street, east of Fahm. (See p. 48.) Saint James' Church, Methodist (colored), corner of Randolph and Perry streets. Saint Philip's Church, Methodist (colored), north side of New street, east of Fahm. (See p. 48.) Presbyterian, Anderson Street Church, southeast corner of Ander- son and Barnard streets. First Presbyterian, east side Monterey Square, between Taylor and Wayne streets. (See p. 32.) Guide to Savannah. 65 - Independent Presbyterian, southwest corner of Bull and South Broad streets. (See p. 24.) Presbyterian IMission (colored), West Broad street, opposite Gaston. R. C. Cathedral of our. Lady of Perpetual Help, northeast corner of Abercorn and Harris streets. (See p. 40.) R. C. Saint Patrick's Church, southeast corner of Liberty and West Broad streets. The old temporary structure has been pulled down to make way for a fine church now in process of construction. R. C. Saint Joseph's Church (colored), northeast corner of Dray- ton and Perry streets. (See p. 42.) Swedenborgian First New Church Society — no settled position, but in hired halls. Synagogue B'Nai Brith Jacob, northeast corner of State and Mont- gomery streets. Synagogue Mikva Israel, east side of Monterey Square, between W'ayne and Gordcjn streets. (See p. 52.) Charitable Asylums and Societies. Abram's Home for Destitute Widows, corner of East Broad and Broughton streets. Bethesda, for boys. (See p. 51.) Catholic Female Orphanage, in charge of the Sisters of Mercy, White Bluff. Episcopal Female Orphans' Home, southwest corner of Liberty and Jefferson stree s. General Female Orphan Asylum, southeast corner of Bull and Charlton streets. (See p. 29.) Hebrew Benevolent Association meets at private houses. Industrial Relief Society and Home for the Friendless, southwest corner of Charlton and Drayton streets. Georgia Infirmary for Colored People, east of White Bluff road, near the toll-gate. Minnie Mission House for Fallen Women, southwest corner of Jones and Lincoln streets. Savannah Hospital, Huntingdon street, between Abercorn and Drayton. (See p. 35.) Saint Joseph's Infirmary, northwest corner of Habersham and Tay- lor streets. (See p. 41.) 66 Guide to vSavannah. Ladies' German Benevolent Society meets at private houses. Saint Andrew's Society meets at Metropolitan Hall. Saint George's Society meets at Metropolitan Hall, Hibernian Society. i German Friendly Society. ^ Irish Union Society. Joseph I>odge, No. 76, I. O. B. B, ■ Masonic Lodges. (See p. 42.) Oglethorpe Lodge, T. O. O. F., instituted 1842, DeRenne's build- ing, northeast orner of Bull and Broughton streets. Live Oak Lodge, No. 3, I. O. O. F,, instituted 1843, DeRenne's building. Magnolia Encampment, I. O. O. F., instituted 1845, DeRenne's building. DeKalb Lodge, L O. O. F., instituted 1845, DeRenne's building. Wiklney Degree Lodge, I. O. O. F., instituted 1867, DeRenne's building. Haupt Lodge, No. 57, I. O. O. F., instituted 1869, DeRenne's building. Medical Society, chartered December 12, 1854, meets at members' houses. Metropolitan Benevolent Society, northeast corner of President and Whitaker streets Benedictine Monastery of the Sacred Heart, a R. C. mission for colored people, northwest corner of Habersham and Saint Paul streets. R. C. Benedictine Mission for Colored People, on Skidaway Island; reached by the Isle of Hope trains. Cotton Exchange. Organized 1872, No. 97 Bay street. Cotton Press Association and Presses. Office 96 Bay street; controls the following cotton presses: Tyler, River street, foot of Randolph; Lamar, River str«.el, near foot of Randolph ; Lower Hydraulic, River street, foot of Randolph ; Upper Hydraulic, River stieet, foot of Montgomery; Gordon Cotton Press, Central Railroad wharves; Central Cotton Press, Canal street, west of Fahm. Guide to Savannah. 67 Consulates. Argentine Republic, 62 Bay street. Belgium, 98 Bay street. Brazil, 126 Bay street. British, 89 Bay street. Danish, 130 Bay street. French, south side New Houston, first west of Whitaker. German, 122 Bay street. Italian, 62 Bay street. Netherlands, 84 Bay street. Peru, 62 Bay street. Portugal, 62 Bay street. Russia, 126 Bay street. Spain, 136 Bay street. Sweden and Norway, 130 Bay street. Venezuela, 62 Bay street. Newspapers. Savannah Morning News (Democratic), 3 Whitaker street. (See P- 43-) Savannah Weekly News (Democratic), 3 Whitaker street. Ahend Zeitung (Conservative), 161 Bay street. Daily Evening Recorder (Independent), 161 Bay street. Southern Farmer's Monthly, 3 Whitaker street ; devoted to farmers' interests. Southern Musical Journal, between Congress and St. Julian streets, on Whitaker. Sunday Telegram, 3 Whitaker street. Police. Savannah is justly proud of her police force. A finer, more intel- ligent, better disciplined and uniformed police is not to be found in any city of the Old or the New World. Many of the men were sol- diers in the civil war. The organization is military, with Captain, Lieutenants, Sergeants, Corporals and privates, and is drilled to the use of musket and bayonet, as well as to the baton and revolver. En- listments are made with care as to character and trustworthiness, so that we can safely recommend strangers to appeal unhesitatingly to our policemen for information or assistance when needed. (See p. 39.) 68 Guide to Savannah. Board of Health, under the control and management of the Chief of Police, and super- vised by the Saiii ary Commission. The police force constitutes the board ; each member having a district to attend to, and being responsible for the condition of it. Sanitary Commission, composed of the Mayor, the Healtli Otticer, and five Aldermen. Drainage Commission, composed of seven citizens (medical men and others), to superintend the drainage in and around the city. Educational. The civil war broke up the private academies in Savannah, and after the war the uncertain condition and prospects of the people compelled a general reliance upon the common-school system. In consequence, parents desiring thorough education for their children are constrained to send them to the schools of Tennessee, Virginia, Maryland, or the North. Herp, then, is an excellent opening — now that peace and prosperity have returned to us — for the highest order of academies. The Sisters of Mercy have (at the convent) an institution for girls, " the Academy of Saint Vincent," patronized by the Catholics. The Board of Education, vinder the astute management of the late Dr. R. D. Arnold, M. D. (its President at the time), happily accom- modated the vexed question between Catholics and Protestants in the common schools by assigning separate school buildings to the Catholics, where — under teachers, nominated by themselves and con- firmed by the board, on passing a required examination — they can train their children according to their ideas of education, which includes religious and moral cultivation, as well as mental and physical training. The adjustment works harmoniously, and is satis- factory to both parties, preserving in the hands of the board the man- agement of the small school fund, and applying it judiciously /;' Meridian, Jackson, to Vicksburg, on the Mississippi river, the net- work of Savannah's railway system will have been completed, and Guide to Savannah. 73 the United States from St. Louis southward, have an additional port of direct trade and travel with Europe and the rest of the world without necessity for intermediate bonding and reshipment In these enterprises the whole country is interested, especially the people south of the 36° 30^ parallel of latitude. Cotton. Receipts from September i, 1879, to September I, 1880— Bales. Uplands 73^P9^ Sea Islands 11,684 Total 749>775 Exports for same period — Bales. Foreign — Uplands 423,396 Sea Islands 79^ Coastwise — Uplands 303,912 Sea Islands 10,480 Total 738'584 On hand for year's account of export — Bales. Uplands 10,783 Sea Islands 408 Total 11,191 Rice. • Casks. Receipts for same time 3^>974 Exports coastwise 26,417 Sent into the interior 9j059 City consumption, etc 3.278 38,754 On hand to next year's account 220 Naval Stores, Barrels. Rosin — Receipts 231,420 Exports — Foreign 65.321 Coastwise 150,401 215,722 On hand to next year's account 155^98 74 Guide to Savannah. Barrels. Spirits turpentine — Receipts 46,321 Exports — Foreign 9^1^o Coastwise 35)676 45439 On hand to next year's account 882 Lumber. Feet. Exports — Foreign • . . 12,000,421 Coa^^tvvise 44,373,171 Total 56,373.592 Timber — Squared. Feet. Exports — Foreign 2,719,402 Coastwise 3.152,937 Total 5.^72,339 Vegetables and Fruits. Exports, in boxes and barrels, coastwise 157,009 packages. These are the prominent exports, increasing with the receipts ev-^ry year, and to which will be soon added the corn, wheat, oats, and other produce of the Great West, so soon as proper arrangements for elevating, warehousing and shipping shall be completed. The Canal. The Savannah and Ogeechee Canal Company was organized as the Savannah, Ogeechee and Altamaha about forty-five years ago, and extends froin the Savannah river to the Ogeechee river; ^246,693 M'ere expended, when the enterprise fell through for want of energy and proper management. In January, 1846, the present company purchased the concern, and put the canal in thorough repair. Lumbc", timber and rice come through it for market and shipment at Savannah, and the enterprise is daily increasing in importance and value. Volunteer Force and Armories. Savannah has always been noted for its martial spirit, and well- drilled and uniformed companies. In the early days of the Republic Guide to Savannah. 75 these military elements were cultivated as a national duty, and as a wise precaution in anticipation of revolts by the slaves; but as the relations between the races became modified by time and the pro- gressive influences of civilization and Christianity, what had been a necessity gradually ceased, leaving only the national obligations to encourage warlike taste and exercises. These were stimulated by company rivalry to a high degree of excellence, and it can be said, without boasting, that the volunteer troops of Savannah are in the front rank of a well-drilled and disciplined militia. To the white volunteers are now added a remarkably fine body of colored troops that do credit to themselves and to the city. Their uniforms are handsome, and their exercises and movements are of excellent attainment. We question if there be a city in the Union that can show a finer, better drilled, and more hospitable corps of volunteers, white and colored, than Savannah. Their armories, neat, commodious, and appropriately furnished, extend a soldier's welcome at all times to brother "chips" and to strangers. Savannah, Florida and Western Railway. This road is the great highway connecting Savannah with Fforida, Southern and Southwestern Georgi i,and Eastern Alabama. It extends to Bainbridge, on the Flint river, a distance of two hundred and thirty- seven miles. It connects at Albany by a branch road (fifty- eight miles in length) with the Central and Southwestern system of railroads, and at Live Oak with the Jacksonville, Pensacola and Mobile for Middle Florida. Its most important branch line is the new Way Cross Short Line, recently completed to Jacksonville, Florida, distant one hundred and seventy-two miles from Savannah. At Callahan, one hundred and fifty miles from Savannah, it connects with the Floiida Transit and Peninsular Railroads for Southern Florida and the Gulf of Mexico. At Jacksonville, connection is made with that great artery of Florida commerce, the St. John's river, for all points reached by that magnificent stream. This road is successor to the Savannah, Albany and Gulf and Aj;lantic and Gulf Railroads. It is enabled — by the purchase of the franchises and privileges of those companies, which were compelled 7& Guide to vSavannah. to sucoiin;!* to tulverse fortunes — to more than realize all the anticipa- tions whicli .suggested the original enterprise, and to secure to Savann-ih all the advantnges which prompted its citizens to first lend their aid to tlie scheme of its construction. The depot gounds of this road are in the southeastern portion of the city, fronting on Liberty and East Broad streets, and contain over eighty acres of land, well situated for the purpose, and affording Jimple room for the future requirements of the company. It is intended, at an early date, to erect a handsome and commodious passenger depot on these grounds, which will prove an ornament to that part of the city and afford the accommodation the largely increasing business of the company requires. Tlie wharves of ihis company stretch along tlie lower river front to the distance of nearly a mile. Built upon the foundation of a former rice plantation, there has grown into existence a magnificent property, capable of answering the increasing demands of commerce for many years to come. Here, for the year ending December 31, 1881, 3 1, coo, coo feet of lumber and 146,000 barrels of naval stores were received, and 13,663 tons of commercial fertilizer were handled- The earth for filling in has been brought — in amount aggregating 250,000 cubic yards — from Bruton Hill, immediately in the rear, while the four quarters of the liabitable globe have also contributed their quota in the discha'ge of ballasi by foreign shipping. In this matter, a wise forethought has kept the lead of the demands of business, and abundant facilities can yet be afforded as the exigencies of a prosperous trade will demand. The equipment of the new company — consisting of powerful engines and hundreds of freight cars, together with its perfect road- way and elegant passenger coaches — is fully adequate to the necessi- ties of its business, while, by construction and by purchase, it is con- tinually adding to its stock, always in appliances of the latest and most improved character. CONCLUSION. In addition to these pulilic places noted, there are many private attractions in and about Savannah, such as gardens, nurseries for flowers, plants, and fruits, etc., all of which will be found in the City GuiJ)!-: TO Savannah. 77 Directory, and to which we call tlie attention of strangers. Al.o, some small industries, possessing no great interest in themselves, ar. yet, from size or fine machinery, but indicative of the spirit of indus- try born of emancipation from slavery, and which will in a few ycai"S make Savannah important in her manufactures and mechanical indus- trial productions. And now, stranger, we bid you farewell, with the hope that we have contributed to the pleasure of your visit to Savannah, and induced you to protract it beyond your first intentions. FINIS. The Mlornmq Mews Eihritrtt ■ • o » We are now publishing the original serials, by Southern authors, which have appeared in "the Savannah Weekly News, in a hand- some quarto form (stereotyped), printed in excellent style and on good paper. Tills IS the first effort of the kind ever made by a Southern pub- lisher to supply an increasing demand for home literature in a cheap but substantial form. The following is a list of Libraries already issued ; others will appear from time to time : No. 1. SOMBRE MONDE. By Miss MARY EOSE FLOYD, of Florida. Price 20 ceijts. No. 'Z. MUFFIT. By Mrs. OPHELIA NTSBET REID, of Georgia. Price 20 cents. No. 3. THROUGH THE YEARS. By Miss R. J. PHILBRICK, of Georgia. Price 20 cents. No. 4. REVIRESCO. By Miss M. E. HEATH, of Virginia. Price 20 cents. No. 5. THE HEATHERCOTES. By i'iss MAT CRIM, of Georgia. Price 20 cents. No. 6. HEKZCHEN. By Mrs. NORA LTPMAN HUSSEY of Georgia. ' Price 2 J cents. ISo. 7. VASCOE; Or, Until Death. By ^irs. B. M. ZIMMEKMANN, of Florida. Pi ice 20 cents. No. 8. ONL.Y NORA HEART LEY. By Mrs. OPHELIA NISBET REID, of Georgia. nice 20 cents. No. 9. THE IMAGE OF HER MOTHER. By Mrs. MARY AUGUSTA WADE, of Gejrgia Price 20 cents. No. 10, iio^v in Press. ELIJAH H'^THURST'S EXPIATION ; Or, The End of a Dream Life. By Miss FAJSNIE MAY WiTT, of Georgia. Price 20 cents. A NEW NOVEL IS ISSUED EVERY SIX WEEKS. Any of the above sent by mail, postage free, on receipt of price. SAVANNAH, GA. IN THIS PROGRESSIVE AGE, E-very person should take a good Ne^ospaper. If he lives in Georgia, Florida or South CarolLja, or is iu any way Interested in these States, he should take the SAVANNAH MORNING NEWS as a business investment. If he is a farmer, or mei'chant, or a buyer or seller in any degree, it will pay liim a Imndrecl fold tiie price of h s subscrip- tion, because it will ktep him posted in the market qnotations from 11 pats of the world. He will not be dependent on his neighbor for that knowledge which is m ney in liis pocket. He will also know M'liat is going on in the busy W(-rld i^round him, and his family as well as himself wi.l be more intelligent by reading the paper. If he has a daily mail ho should by all means take the DAILY IVaORMINC NEWS, which will cost him $10 a year, postage free. If he cannot get the Daily regulaily he should take the MAMMOTH SAVANNAH IVEEKLY NEi;ys Containing 8 pages of reading matter, comprising all he news of the week, Telegraphic Dispatches, up to the himr of going to press, State News, Agricultural Items, Original Serials, etc. Only $2 a year, po-.t- age free. If, in addition to the e newspapeis, you want a good magazine, we offer the SOUTHERN FARMER'S MONTHLY, An Illustrated Journal, containing Original and Selected Agricu tural \Tatter» suitab'e for the Farm and Fireside, with an Illustrat'd Fashion De- partment f'»r the Ladies. Brice $2 a year, postage free. Single nuu^ber 'iO cents. Weekly News and Southern Farnier's Monthly one year p 50. SUNDAY MORNING TELEGRAM is a lively paper containing the latest telegrams. Is issued every Sunday moiaing. trice $2 a year, postage free. J. H. ESTILL, Savannah, Ga. / vi^w wr^wwirw^ w^mr ^tenni^nntmq ^ome. 3 Wliitaker street, "' ||||l:f gATAIMM. The most complete establishment of the kuid in the Southeast, combining PRINTING, BOOK BINDING, LITHOGRAPHING, STEREOTYPING. Mej'cantile, Railroad, S' earner, Show, J\^eiuspaper, Book, and all descriptions of Printing. ACCOUNT BOOKS, CHECK BOOKS, and all other kinds of Blank Books made to order. litliograpM© EmgraYiiiig amd FrlBtiiig IN THE BEST STYLE OF THE ART. All orders from home or abroad will receive prompt and care- ful aUention. J. H. ESTILL, Proprietor.