CHURCH AND STATE 
 
 IN THE 
 
 MARYLAND COLONY. 
 
 Inaugural-Dissertation 
 
 zur 
 
 Erlangung der Doktorwlirde 
 
 der 
 hohen philosophischen Fakultiit 
 
 der 
 Rupreclit-Karls-Universitat zu Heidelberg ^^ ^^ -^j. 
 
 vorgelegt von 
 
 Ernest Lloyd Harris \^ ^y \^ \ 
 
 ftU8 ^\ .^. 
 
 Rock Island ^^£AU OF ED 
 
 im Staate 111., U. S. A. 
 
 Heidelberg. 
 
 Uni versitats-Biichdr uckerei von J. Horning. 
 
 1894. 
 


 TO 
 
 HERBERT R. ISTRIGHT, 
 
 OLD COMPANION AND SCHOOLMATE 
 
 THIS THESIS IS 
 
 AFFECTIONATELY INSCRIBED. 
 
Preface. 
 
 In the writing of this thesis none but the best authorities 
 have been taken. Few Protestant writers have been consulted. 
 Chiefly among those are Bancroft's "History of the United States", 
 and Gardiner's "History of England". Among Catholic writers 
 John Gilmary Shea's "History of the Catholic Church in the 
 United States" is without doubt the best of its kind that has 
 been produced. It is a magnificent work of 4 vol's and almost 
 entirely free from prejudice. Spalding's "Miscellanea" is con- 
 sidered by all Catholics as good authority, but a careful per- 
 usal of its pages will convince the reader that it is unjustly 
 bigoted. If we say that it is but a machine attacking the figure 
 heads and institutions of Protestantism we would but assign it 
 its true place. 
 
 I wish to acknowledge the kindness of those in charge of 
 the Reading Eoom and Manuscript Department of the British 
 Museum. As every one knows who has had an opportunity of 
 research in its halls, that for richness of its archives, methods, 
 and convenience, it remains without an equal. 
 
 Ernest L. Harris. 
 Heidelberg, University Germany, November Iph 1893. 
 
1-' 
 Contents. 
 
 Page 
 
 Chapter I. Introduction 1 
 
 II. Early Discoveries in America and a Retrospective Glance at 
 
 England During the First Part of the 17th Century . . 2 
 
 III. The First Lord Baltimore. Avalon 9 
 
 IV. Religious Toleration in Avalon ........ 15 
 
 V. The Founding of Maryland 17 
 
 VI. Establishment of Catholic Missions 20 
 
 VII. Dissensions in the Colony 22 
 
 „ VIII. The Act of Toleration 26 
 
 ., IX. The Rebellion 28 
 
 X. Up to the Restoration of the Stuarts 30 
 
 XI, After the Restoration 31 
 
 „ XII. Was a Charter Granting Exceptionable Liberties to the Ca- 
 tholics Possible 33 
 
 „ XIII. Maryland in relation to the Other Colonies 40 
 
 ,. XIV. Miscellanea 46 
 
 „ XV. Conclusion 49 
 
 Chronological Table 53 
 
 Vita 55 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 Introduction. 
 
 The question of who was tolerant in the Maiyland colony 
 in matters of religion has long been a subject of dispute. To- 
 day the Catholic points with boasting pride to the annals of 
 Mar^!-^nd and claims that they are conclusive evidence in favor 
 of his tolerant spirit, - Avhile on the other hand the Protestant 
 ever seeks to lind some fallacy by which he may represent 
 them otherwise or at least construe them in such manner as 
 to enhance his own argument or conviction. 
 
 It is a subject of the deepest interest. Yet owing to un- 
 fortunate circumstances in the early history, it is one around 
 which there will probably ever be a degree of uncertainty^). 
 
 To throw more light upon this subject is the object of this 
 thesis. 
 
 It is not our intention to cover the field in detail. That 
 has to a certain extent been performed by the historian who 
 has devoted his labor to that particular task. Ours shall be a 
 more modest ettbrt, yet one which does not necessarily possess 
 less of interest or practical worth. 
 
 It is not our desire to assume a polemical attitude or carry 
 on a series of controversial arguments. On tlie contrary it is 
 
 1) "The history of the first twelve years of the Maryland colony is very 
 imperfect and will always remain so. In 1()44 William Clayborne and his 
 associates instigated a rebellion and Leonard Calvert was compelled to fly for 
 his life. He sought refuge in Virginia where he was kindly received by Governor 
 Berkely. The rebels took possession of the public records and after they were 
 driven out it was found that most of these had been either lost or destroyed, 
 so that not only are we left very much in the dark, but no possible means may 
 be devised to throw light upon the subject.'' — Scharf. 
 
 1 
 
our intention to search for the truth, if success crowns our 
 eifort, we shall state the facts briefly and candidl}', and without 
 regard to denominational sects. 
 
 In order to lay a foundation upon which to build our work, 
 it is indispensably necessary to be acquainted in some measure 
 with the events which immediately led to the colonization of 
 Maryland. This will require not only a concise detail of such 
 European attempts, to form settlements in other parts of North 
 America, as preceded that of Maryland in time, but also a short 
 elucidation of the nature of those religions controversies in 
 England, which produced the colonial settlements in New Eng- 
 land and Maryland. To that task we shall now turn our atten- 
 tion. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Early Discoveries in America 
 
 and 
 
 A Retrospective Glance at England during the First Part 
 
 of the 17*^^ Century. ') 
 
 The discovery of the West Indies by Christopher Columbus 
 in 1492 filled all Europe with astonishment and admiration. 
 This wonderful achievment of the renowned citizen of Genoa 
 cast such a lustre of brilliancy upon the throne of Ferdinand 
 and Isabella as to justly excite the envy of all other monarchs. 
 The 16^^' century seemed, as it were, to be one grand drama in 
 which the changing scenes were contest and rivalry. The diffe- 
 rent nations even though in the throes of the Reformation, bat- 
 tling against civil dissension within and threatening dangers 
 without, found time and resources to continue the great work 
 
 1) Before writing the above I carefully read Ranke, Hume and Guizot's 
 writings on the subject, so that the statements contained therein are based upon 
 these authorities. 
 
which had been so nobly begun. To a casual observer, in a 
 glance at the nations of Europe, it seemed as if the Spaniards 
 were the ones destined as most likely to accomplish ends of 
 importance in the newly discovered land. For many years they 
 had been engaged in a continuous struggle with the Moors, 
 which had given them a great love of adventure for its own 
 sake, and a desire to spread Christianity among the heathen, 
 and if necessary for forcing them to accept it. Their record 
 at this period is one of glor}^, good and cruelty commingled. 
 To see its embodiment, we have but to glance at liistory. In 
 Florida, that land of luxurious foliage and continual summer 
 we find Ponce de Leon searching for the spring of ever-lasting 
 life. In Mexico we see Cortez with his selected few overcoming 
 the resistance of the Aztec, and planting the seeds of a higher 
 civilization. De Soto, w^andering from Tampa north and west- 
 ward over the Alleghenies through the heart of an undiscovered 
 country, comes to the silent waters of the Mississippi, in the 
 bosom of whose. waves he found an eternal resting place. And, 
 how prospered it with the standard of Aragon and Castile 
 beyond the equator? Pizarro with a wanton hand had destroyed 
 the ancient lineage of Incas and laid waste the Temple of the 
 Sun. Peru with its exhaustless stores of precious gems, vast 
 fields of developed wealth, kept pouring into the coffers of Spain 
 a subsidy ^) which at that time enabled her to maintain a leading 
 position among the nations of Europe. 
 
 No wonder then that proud Spain was envied by her neigh- 
 bors, especially France and England. Her emperor Charles V. 
 sat upon a throne, which exerted a direct influence over half 
 the known world. He was a successor of the Caesars. And, 
 then had he not defeated the claims of Henry VIII and Francis I 
 to that same succession? Was it not from motives of mere 
 revenge that the armies of the Bourbon prince were hurled in 
 vain against the imperial standard at Pavia, where they suffered 
 an ignominious defeat and their leader, the king, compensated 
 in person for his rashness by a long and gloomy inprisonment 
 
 1) According to Mc Cabes Universal History, p. 1128, by the close of the 
 16th Century the export of the precious metals amounted to about twenty million 
 dollars, or eighty million marks, per annum. 
 
" 4 — 
 
 ill the dungeons of Alcazar? Did not Wolsey, the pampered 
 minister of the Tudor d3'nasty, work against the real interests 
 of his island home to gain the favor and assistance of this 
 same emperor towards enhancing his anticipations regarding 
 the Holy See? The power of the imperial influence rivalled 
 that of the spiritual at Rome. The one scarcely ventured upon 
 a project of consequence without the consent and co-operation 
 of the other. 
 
 Thus we see the immense advantage Spain held in her 
 relation towards the New World during the greater part of 
 the 16^'' century. A large and lucrative commerce was conducted 
 between her and the colonies, which poured their rich products 
 into her markets, and received her manufactures in return. Had 
 tlie mother country been govenied by a liberal and enlightened 
 policy, this wealth might have enabled her to maintain her 
 position as the most powerful state of Europe. Narrow minded 
 and bigoted, she derived no lasting benefit from it. The Spanish 
 colonies in America, however, were governed upon the most 
 despotic principles, and were regarded by Spain chiefly as a 
 source of wealth. 
 
 The French were early attracted to the fisheries of the 
 banks of Newfoundland ; Verrazzini an Italian navigator in the 
 service of Francis I, explored the Atlantic coast from Florida 
 to Nova-Scotia and visited the harbors of New York and New- 
 port. Later, Cartier ascended the St. Lawrence to beyond the 
 site of Quebec and Montreal, but no- attempt at settlement was 
 made until the end of the century. 
 
 Late in the 15"' century England under Henry VII, looked 
 longingly towards the New World. But England at this period 
 was much exhausted. True, its military glory retained its rank 
 with any, but the ambition of its monarchs had long wasted 
 its energy on pernicious and inefl:ectual efforts to conquer France. 
 The contest between the houses of York and Lancaster had as 
 it were, preyed upon its bowels and exhausted its vigor. Only 
 the city of Bristol seemed to have public spirit and enterprise 
 left. It was here that John Cabot, desirous of emulating the 
 exploits of Columbus, fitted out partly at his own exi)ense a 
 
- 5 - 
 
 Meet of live ships, and set sail for tlie New World ^). Notliiii.a' 
 of importance follows this nntil the reign of Elizabeth. Tlien 
 the world is startled by the naval exploits of Hawkins and 
 vSir Francis Drake. Sir Humphrey Gilbert is granted a charter 
 to make settlements and discoveries in America^). Sir Walter 
 Raleigh^) rising by his estimable ([ualities into the good graces 
 of his queen, obtained her permission and assistance in sending 
 an expedition to the coast of the Carolinas, but though repeated 
 expeditions were sent out the attempt to colonize the Roanoke 
 at this time proved a failure. 
 
 The interest of the history of the western woild centres 
 in North America. Until the opening of the 17*'' century Eng- 
 land made no further effort to colonize the territory which she 
 claimed : but now associations began to be formed for the plan- 
 ting of commercial colonies upon the American coast. The first 
 of these was the London Company, which was chartered by 
 king James T in 1606. Soon, through the efforts of Captain 
 John Smith, a permanent settlement was made upon the banks 
 of the James river in Virginia. The government of tliis colony 
 was tirst vested in a council appointed by the king; but^after 
 several changes, the people were given the right of self-govern- 
 ment, and a house of burgesses chosen by them was established. 
 This was the first i'e]>resentative body that ever met in America, 
 and held its tirst session on the lO*"" of June 1619'*). 
 
 We have now reached that point when we must examine 
 the religious condition of England, and ascertain, if possible, 
 why the divided .sects abandoned their native country, and 
 sought to make their homes on the shores of a new and un- 
 known world. 
 
 It was in the name of Faith, and of religious liberty, that 
 in the 16*'' century, commenced the movement which, from that 
 ei)Och, sus])ended at times, but ever renewed, has been agitating 
 
 1) Patent at large in the original Latin in Plazard. Vol I. p. 9. — British 
 •Museum. 
 
 2) Charter at large in Hazards collections. Vol. I. p. 24. 
 
 3) Good sketch of life in Fuller's Worthies. 
 
 4) In August of the same year a Dutch man of war brought a cargo of 
 African slaves into the James river, and so introduced negro slavery into America. 
 
and exciting the world. The tempest rose first in the liuman 
 soul: it struck the Church before it reached the State. In 
 German}^ the Reformation was religious, and not political; in 
 France the Revolution was political and not religious. It was 
 in the 17*^ century the fortune of England, that the spirit of 
 religious faith and the spirit of political liberty reigned together 
 in her heart, and that she undertook, at one and the same 
 time, both revolutions. All the high passions of human nature 
 were thus set in array, without wholly breaking bounds; 
 and the hopes and ambitions of eternity remained to men, after 
 they believed that their ambitions and their hopes of this world 
 had failed. 
 
 The Catholics suffered much in England during the reign 
 of king James I. But had they not from the natural se- 
 quence of things drawn this persecution upon themselves? On 
 being disappointed in the son of Mary Stuart, did they not 
 conceive a deep laid plan by which they might at one blow rid 
 themselves of the king, the heir apparent, the Protestant lords 
 and commons, and place matters in a state which would enable 
 them to seize the government and restore the Catholic religion 
 in England?^) Surely none but Catholics entered into this 
 villainous plot, and on its failure the perpetrators were all exe- 
 cuted. The entire English nation joined in a thanksgiving for 
 the discovery of the conspiracy, and the hatred of the English 
 for the Roman religion was intensified by the very means which 
 they had hoped would secure the triumph of their faith. More 
 stringent laws against the Catholics were enacted, and a new 
 oath of allegiance was required of them, renouncing in the 
 most unqualified terms, the Catholic doctrine that princes ex- 
 communicated by the pope might be deposed or murdered by 
 their subjects or others ^). 
 
 Upon the accession of Charles T to the throne he married 
 the Princess Henriette Marie, daughter of Henry IV. of France, 
 
 1) Known as the Gunpowder Plot, Everything was arranged to blow up the 
 Parliament House on the 5<h of Nov. 1605, the day on which the king was to 
 open the session. 
 
 2) Some of tlie Romanists took the oath; others, at the bidding of Pope 
 Paul V. refused it. 
 
— 7 — 
 
 to wliom he had been betrothed during the latter part of his 
 father's reign. The union was distasteful to the English, as the 
 new queen was a Roman Catholic. She was accompanied to 
 England by a retinue of priests of her own faith, and these 
 instead of confining themselves to there religious duties under- 
 took to interfere with the affairs of the court to such an ex- 
 tent, that quarrels soon became innumerable. All these pro- 
 ceedings aroused such storms of indignation througliout the 
 nation that the French attendants of the queen were sent back 
 to their own country. She was allowed, however, to have twelve 
 priests and a bishop of the Romish Church attached to her 
 household. 
 
 The reign of Charles T. was but one continual conflict with 
 his Parliament. During the first few years, he repeatedly called 
 a Parliament together, and upon their refusing to grant his 
 claims, as often dissolved it. He finally determined to rule 
 without Parliaments, and called to his assistance two ministers') 
 eminently qualified to assist him in his tyranny. Strafford aimed 
 to prevent a reconciliation between the Catholics and Protes- 
 tants of the kingdom, in order to make both parties dependent 
 upon the crown. In this he was successful, and laid the foun- 
 dation for a whole system of evils for the unhappy country. 
 He I'educed Ireland to perfect submission to the royal will as 
 expressed by himself, and held the lives, the liberties, and the 
 fortunes of the Irish people entirely at his pleasure. To Laud 
 was given the task of compelling the submission of the Puritans 
 to the authority of the established church. The Puritans now 
 comprised a very large part of the nation, and embraced in 
 their number many of the best and most eminent men, and 
 many of the most learned of the clergy of the kingdom. Laud 
 directed the whole power of the government to crushing this 
 party. Liberty of conscience or belief meant treason in his 
 estimation, and must be put down. The Star Chamber, a court 
 composed of members of the king's council, which in the previous 
 reigns had earned an infamous notoriety for its tyranny, Avas 
 put to work to compel submission. The Court of High Commission 
 
 1) Thomas, Earl of Strafford and William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury. 
 
was also employed for the same purpose. The tyranny of these 
 courts was carried to an unheard-of extent. Fines and im- 
 prisonments of an excessive nature Avere levied upon all who 
 refused conformity, and from these the courts passed to other 
 shameful and cruel punishments. The only result of this per- 
 secution Avas to increase the detestation with which the king 
 and liis ministers were regarded, and to increase the number 
 of the Puritans, who were looked upon as martyrs to the cause 
 of popular liberty. 
 
 It was under such oppression as this that the early Puri- 
 tans were compelled to abandon their native country. Exposed, 
 without the means of defence, to persecution, as soon as it had 
 ferreted them out, they fled, and generally retired to Holland. 
 But soon love for their country struggled in their hearts, with 
 the desire for liberty; to conciliate both, they sent messages to 
 the friends whom they bad left behind, concerting with them 
 to go together in search of a new country, in some scarcely 
 known region, but which at least belonged to England, and 
 where English people only were to be found. The more wealthy 
 sold their property, bought a small vessel, provisions, implements 
 of husbandry, and under the charge of a minister of their faith, 
 Avent to join their friends in Holland, thence to proceed together 
 to North America, Avhere some eiforts at colonization Avere then 
 making. 
 
 This emigration of the Puritans presents to us a spectacle 
 at once sad but truly sublime. Where in the history of the 
 Avorld do we find sucli another scene! Wliere in the long ar- 
 chives of the past do Ave find such pure and simple devotion 
 to the ever-present influence of the spirit of God ! Do Ave find 
 an example? Yes, but it is in the beginning of the ages. We 
 must turn back over the centuries to the land of the Pharaohs, 
 by the Avaters of the Nile, the sacred river of the Egyptians. 
 And Avhat do we behold. Ah ! we gaze upon a scene AAiiich has 
 been burnt into the very soul of man, which has through the 
 medium of the Word of God been handed doAvn to us through 
 the ages, and one w^hich is destined to go on to the end of 
 time. We see the Hebrew host being led from the land of 
 Goshen by a "pillar of cloud by day and a pillar of fire by 
 
— 9 — 
 
 iiiglit"^). The watei'j> of the Red Sva are .si-paialed, and they 
 pass in safety to tJie shores of Arabia. By Sinai's Mount, througii 
 tlie plain of Er-Rahah, tliey wander, forty years are they in 
 tlie Wilderness of Paran, and tlien, wlien tlieir great prophet 
 leaves them for his lonely grave in the vale of Nebo's Mount, 
 they journey on through to the Promised Land. Yes indeed, 
 the sutferings, the devotion to religion, the manifold intensity 
 of brotherly love of these poor persecuted Puritans reminds us 
 forcibly of the outcast sons of Israel. In our imagination we 
 picture that last sad parting upon the sands of Holland, watch 
 breathlessly the course of the Mayflower as she is tossed by 
 tlie storms of the sea until she anchors in safety on the shores 
 of Cape Cod. 
 
 But it is the Catholic, and not the Puritan, with whom 
 we intend to treat. The same persecution to which the Pilgrim 
 Fathers were subjected, was administered in the same degree 
 to the papal adherents. They too, found no peace within the 
 bounds of England. They too, must look elsewhere than their 
 native country in which to establish an asylum for their faith. 
 They had before them the example of the Pilgrims. Might they 
 not also be equally as successful beyond the seas ? Such seems 
 to have been the belief, desire, and aim of one of their great 
 leaders, and to the shores of Avalon was his attention and 
 energy first directed. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 The First Lord Baltimore. 
 Avalon. 
 
 (ieorge Calvert, the first Lord Baltimore, was born at 
 Kipling near Richmond, in the north of England, sometime 
 during the year 1582 ^j. He was descended from a noble Flemish 
 
 1) Exodus, XIII. 22 ti'. 
 
 2j I have been unable to ascertain the day on which he was born. 
 
— 10 — 
 
 family') and came from the land of the Fairfaxes and Wenth- 
 worths, all of whom have remote descendents in the United States 
 of America ^). He received "his education at Trinity College 
 Oxford ; then beyond the seas" ^). Upon his return from the Con- 
 tinent he obtained an appointment in Ireland from which he 
 was promoted from time to time to other offices, being often 
 employed on public aitairs, at home and abroad. When Sir Ro- 
 bert Cecil became Lord High Treasurer under the reign of Eliza- 
 beth, he made Calvert clerk of the Privy Council. He was 
 knighted in 1617, and the next year became one of the secre- 
 taries of state. At a very early period he became interested 
 in American colonization, and was a member of the Virginia 
 company^). In 1620 he purchased the southwest peninsula of 
 Newfoundland, and sent out Captain Edward Wynne, with a 
 small colony, wiio formed a settlement at Ferryland^). 
 
 At this time Calvert began thinking seriously about 
 religious aifairs. His son had married into a Eoman Catholic 
 family, and there is no question but that the father-in-law ^) 
 exercised a great influence in persuading Calvert to return 
 to the ancient church. In 1624 he prepared to arrange his 
 affairs to meet the consequences attendant on a profession of 
 a faith proscribed by the laws of the state. He relinquished his 
 seat in Parliament, and was received into the church. "He freely 
 confessed himself to the king that he was then become a Roman 
 Catholic, so that he must either be w^anting to his trust or 
 violate his conscience in discharging his office""^). King James 
 was highly affected by Calvert's sincerity and to show proper ap- 
 preciation for his long and faithful services, created him Baron 
 of Baltimore in the kingdom of Ireland, and also retained him 
 as a member of the Privy Council, exempting him from obli- 
 gations which he now as a Catholic could not fulfil. 
 
 1) Shea's "Church in Colonial Days", p. 28. 
 
 2) Neill's Terra Mariae. 
 
 3) Fuller's Worthies. Vol. III. p. 417— 418. 
 
 4) Neill's Terra Mariae. 
 
 5) Shea's "Church in Colonial Days", p. 29. 
 
 6) Sir Thomas Arundell. 
 
 7j Fuller's Worthies. Vol. III. p. 417—418. 
 
— 11 — 
 
 111 Ai)ri] 1623, Lord Baltimore had obtained a charter') for 
 the province of Avalon in Newfoundland making him lord-pro- 
 prietor where he was as yet only a land owner. It was now 
 his aim to lead out a colony, and make it his permanent resi- 
 dence. Whether or not he designed it to be a refuge for op- 
 pressed Catholics, is difficult to ascertain. NeilP) states that 
 "he went not as a curiosity seeker, nor a religious exile, but to 
 save his investments if possible." "Frankly, he tells a friend." 
 "I must either go and settle it in better order or else give it 
 over and lose all the charges. I have been at hitherto for other 
 men to build their fortunes upon. And I had rather be esteemed 
 a fool by some for the hazard of one month's journey than to 
 prove myself one certainly for six years past if the business 
 be now lost for the want of a little pains and care."^) Shea 
 thinks^) there can be no doubt, but that he intended this lirst 
 colony as a place for English Catholics. He claims that Balti- 
 more had concerted with Arundell a long time previous to the 
 marriage which connected the two families, in a scheme of 
 planting a colony of this kind. What ever his real intention 
 may have been in this respect is, of course, beyond our power 
 of solving, but a glance at the charter may assist us in coming 
 to some conclusion. 
 
 The charter of Avalon^) made Lord Baltimore "true and 
 absolute lord and proprietary of the region". It was certainly 
 liberal towards Catholics in comparison to the penal laws^) of 
 England at that time. A charter directly favoring or protecting 
 Catholics was of course something king James could not give, 
 but he allowed all believing in the Roman faith to^emigrate at 
 will to the new province. Baltimore was privileged to make 
 
 1) Original charter on tile in Manuscript Department, British Museum, 
 8—16 inclusive Miscellaneous Papers 589. 
 
 2) Judging from tlie tone of Shea (see footnote ''Church in Colonial Days", 
 p. 35). Neill would be considered by most Catholic writers as doubtful authority. 
 
 3) Terra Mariae, Chapter I. 
 
 4) Colonial Days. p. 30. 
 
 5) The charter is also given in part. Scharf's History of Maryland. Chapter I, 
 3;'.-40. 
 
 6) They were very severe. As recent as 1628, a Catholic priest was hanged, 
 drawn, and ([uartered in England on account of his religion. 
 
— 12 — 
 
 tlie necessary laws and appoint all officers. Fnll authority was 
 given to all the king's subjects to proceed thither and settle, 
 even if there should be a province law to the contrary. No 
 laws could be made which did not in a degree harmonize with 
 those of England, and a special clause in the charter reads 
 thus": "Provided always that no interpretation ])ee admitted 
 thereof whereby God's holy and truly christian religion or alle- 
 giance due unto us, our heires and successors may in anything 
 suffer any prejudice or diminution." Thus we see that it was 
 not especially founded for those oppressed in religion. But one 
 point is certain, as far as we are concerned in this chapter; 
 Baltimore, in making out the charter, had a mind to those who 
 were suifering for conscience sake. Among the colonists he 
 took with him there w^ere many Protestants; he thus showed 
 his sense of the equal religious rights of all. He furthermore 
 gave the Protestant colonists a place for worship and a cler- 
 gyman. There can be no doubt but that he endeavored in Ava- 
 lon to enable each settler to worship God according to the 
 dictates of his own conscience, and in so granting tolerance 
 to religious freedom, rose pre-eminently above his time and 
 country. 
 
 To give some idea of what Baltimore did and suffered for 
 Avalon we quote the following. 
 
 "Sir George Calvert Knight, — Lord Baltimore, purchased 
 (to wit in the yeer of our Lord one thousand six hundred and 
 twenty) a great part of Newfoundland, which afterwards was 
 also granted to him and his heirs by a Patent from king James 
 under the then Great Seal of England. And the said Tract of 
 Land was by the said Patent erected into a Province and called 
 Avalon the bounds and limits where of are described in the 
 said Patent (bearing the fourth day of April in the one and 
 twenteeth yeer of the Reign of King James, and in the yeer 
 of our Lord one thousand six hundred twenty and three) whereby 
 also for his better encouragement to make a plantation there, 
 many privileges were granted to him and his heirs, amongst 
 which one was to have and enjoy all Costonies and Lnports, 
 which should be payable there for any Goods or Merchandizes 
 whatsoever, to be laden or unladen within any part of the said 
 
13 
 
 Pr(»viiice by foireiguers, reiserviiig- to the English tree liberty 
 of taking and drying of Fish there as formerly they had." 
 
 "The said Lord Baltimore did tliere upon expend above 
 twenty tlioiisand pounds in transportation of people, Chattel 
 and other necessaries from time to time, for the settling of an 
 English colony there, at a place called Ferryland within the 
 said Province,^ where he built a fair house for his own habi- 
 tation, and erected divers otlier buildings and Forts for the 
 accommodation and security of several English families trans- 
 ported thither, unto which place he also adventured his own 
 person twice, and in Iiis last voyage thither carryed with him 
 liis wife and most of his children ; at which time (there being 
 then war between England and France) it pleased God to make 
 him an instrument to redeem about twenty sail of English ships 
 there, which had been taken by French men of war, where of 
 one Monsier de la Rode had the chief command; and also (after- 
 wards) in the same yeer to take six French ships, which w^ere 
 then fishing upon that coast, and which he sent with a great 
 many Frenchmen prisoners into England" 0- 
 
 But the climate of Newfoundland was to severe and his 
 close proximity with the French was ever a source of annoyance. 
 Baltimore began to look aiound for some warmer clime in which 
 he might settle, and still retain all the privileges which had 
 been granted him in Avalon. 
 
 In October 1629, Baltimore visited Virginia. It is quite 
 likely that he intended to devote his means and ability towards 
 building up this colony, for as w^e see he had for a long time 
 been inteiested in it and was at this time a member of the 
 Virginia Council. Baltimore had no sooner landed, than the offi- 
 cials ') tendered him the oath of allegiance and supremacy. Tn 
 doing this, they were assuming power not given to officials in 
 
 1) Taken from printed document of that date (1630 about) on file in 
 Manuscript Department, British Museum, in Papers Relating to English Colonies 
 in America, 1627—1699. Egerton 2395. 
 
 2) John Pott, acting governor and Clayborne Secretary, See Sainsbury. — 
 "Calendar of State Papers" — Chapter I, p. 104, and Neill — "Founders of 
 Maryland", p. 4'). 
 
— 14 — 
 
 Virginia, at least the three charters do not mention it*). The 
 second charter states that the treasurer and any three of the 
 council may tender the oath to those going to Virginia^). The 
 third charter gives a similar power, but there is not a word 
 empowering subordinate officials in the colony to tender oath 
 to a member of the council. We quote the instructions of the 
 council itself to AVilliam Clayborne when they appointed him 
 secretary. 
 
 "Wee doe by these presents nominate and assign you the 
 said William Clayborne to be our secretarie of State of and 
 for the said colony and Plantation of Virginia residing in those 
 parts ; giving and by these presents granting unto you tlie said 
 William Clayborne full Power and Authoritie to doe execute 
 and performe all and everie Thing and Things whatsoever to 
 the said Office of Secretarie of State of and for the said Colony 
 and Plantation of Virginia, incident and appertaineing" ^). 
 
 The oath of allegiance was promptly taken by Lord Balti- 
 more, but it was an impossibility for him to take the oath of 
 supremacy, for he was, as w^e have every reason to believe, a 
 conscientious Catholic. The oath at that time was the one 
 prescribed by the statute established in the reign of Elizabeth^). 
 Inasmuch as he must have thereby declared that the king was 
 the only supreme governor of all his dominions and countries 
 "as well in all spiritual or ecclesiastical things or causes as 
 temporal". This could not consistently be done by one who 
 believed the pope to be the supreme head of the Christian 
 Church. It was also undoubtedly known to Baltimore who 
 was an Irish peer, that pope Urban VIII. had but a few years 
 before (1626) issued his bull to the Irish Catholics, in which 
 "he exhorted them rather to lose their lives than to take that 
 wicked and pestilent oath of supremacy, whereby the septre 
 of the Catholic Church was wrested from the hand of the vicar 
 of God Almighty" ^). 
 
 1) See 4, James I. 
 
 2) See 7, James I. 
 
 3) Hazard I, p. 234 and 239. 
 
 4) I Eliz. ch. I. Sec. 19. 
 
 5) Mac Mahon's History of Maryland. 
 
— 15 — 
 
 Thus it was evident to Baltimore that he could hope for 
 nothing in Virginia. The. conduct of the officials showed him 
 clearly that Catholics could not live in peace in that colony; 
 and to secure them a refuge he must obtain a charter for a 
 new province. Leaving his family in Virginia he sailed for Eng- 
 land to employ his influence in obtainiuo- a new grant. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Religious Toleration in Avalon. 
 
 That Lord Baltimore was tolerant in his relations toward 
 religion there can be no doubt. But we would be shirking our 
 duty if we did not endeavor in a measure to bring to light all 
 the reasons for such a course of action. We do not do it to 
 deteriorate in the least from Baltimore's character or fame, for 
 we think these firmly and rightfully established. We shall sim- 
 ply try to prove, that owing to circumstances an intolerant 
 course would have been an impossibility. That Baltimore did 
 have in view (along with other intentions — see page 11 of 
 this thesis) the formation of an asylum for English Catholics ^) 
 we allow 2), but we also assert with confidence that a charter 
 granting a colony for Catholics to the exclusion of Protestants 
 was something diametrically opposed to the policy and dispo- 
 sition of England 3). It was not at all likely that England would 
 
 1) The charter mentions it. Also see Oldmexions British Empire in Ame- 
 rica. Vol. I. p. n. 
 
 2) But we oppose the statement that he lead out the colony solely for 
 Catholics without any mind to a personal investment as well. See p. 11 of 
 this thesis. 
 
 3) See p. 11 of this thesis. 
 
 "Full authority was given to all the king's subjects to proceed thither and 
 settle, even if there should be a province law to the contrary"' — and further — 
 "No laws could be made which did not in a degree harmonize with those ot 
 Kngland." See p. 12 of this thesis." Thus we see no distinction was made. 
 
 Shea in ''Church in Colonial Days" practically corroborates these state- 
 ments. See p. 30, 31. 
 
— 16 — 
 
 so arrauge circumstances that they would lead to such blood- 
 shed as had on several occasions occurred during" tlie latter 
 part of the previous century^). The same questions precisely 
 occur in both x^valon and Maryland, as regards toleration with, 
 perhaps, the exception of the influence of surrounding colonies. 
 We will then leave Avalon, since the same principle lies at the 
 bottom of both, and refer our reader to the chapter on Reli- 
 gious Toleration in Maryland (See Chapt. XIII). 
 
 The first Lord Baltimore is certainly entitled to the respect 
 of the entire world. "He deserves" says Bancroft^) "to be 
 ranked among the most wise and benevolent law-givers of all 
 ages. He was the first in the history of the Christian world to 
 seek for religious security and peace by the practice of justice, 
 and not by the exercise of power; to plan the establishment of 
 popular institutions with the enjoyment of liberty of conscience ; 
 to advance the career of civilization, by recognizing the right- 
 ful equality of all Christian sects. The asylum of Papists was 
 the spot where, in a remote corner of the world, on the banks 
 of rivers, which as yet had hardly been explored, the mild for- 
 bearance of a proprietary adopted religious freedom as the 
 basis of the state." 
 
 All historians and writers are willing to do full credit to 
 the character of Baltimore. Dying, he left "a name against 
 which the breath of calumny has hardly whispered a reproach."^) 
 
 1) The one of greatest note is that of Spain V.-S. France, and France's 
 vengeoce visa versa Spain: While the Reformation was agitating France, Coligny 
 in 15<i*2 sent out an expedition under John Eibaut to found in Florida a colony 
 especially for the reformed faith. The colony succeeded, and prospered in every 
 way. But in 1565 Philip II. of Spain who claimed a Catholic jurisdiction over 
 the whole of America sent out Pedro Menendez to exterminate it. He fell upon 
 the unsuspecting Frenchmen suddenly and massacred nearly the entire garrison. 
 All the prisoners were hanged, and their corpses piled up in a heap on the 
 ground. This inscription was placed above them. "Not as Frenchmen, but as 
 heretics". France however was avenged. Three years later a private expedition 
 fitted out at the expense of one man, fell suddenly upon the Spanish colony and 
 completely destroyed it. They placed over the dead this inscription. "This we 
 do not to Spaniards, but as to traitors, thieves, and murderers." For splendid 
 account see Guizot's History of France. Vol. 5. chapt. LIII. p. 157, 158. 
 
 2) History of the United States vol. I. chapt. VII. p. 185. 
 
 3) See Bancroft's History of the United Staates p, 185. vol. I chapt. VH. 
 
- 17 
 
 He had passed through many hai'dships and had endured much 
 suttering, all for the sake of planting a colony from which he 
 personally never reaped any benetit. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 The Founding of Maryland. 
 
 In February 1630 Lord Baltimore applied for a grant of 
 land, south of the James River "to be peopled and planted by 
 him"^). A charter was signed and granted by Charles I. but 
 on the violent opposition of Virginia it was revoked-). Balti- 
 more persisted however, and tlnally obtained a grant for a 
 district to the northward. This contained the territory north 
 of the Potomac to the fortieth degree, with a portion of the 
 eastern shore of the Chesapeke, and extending to tlie ocean ^). 
 The new province was named Maryland by the king in honor 
 of his wife Henrietta Maria daughter of Henry IV. of France^). 
 But before the charter^) passed the Great Seal of England 
 
 1) Sainsbury, "Calendar of State Papers". 
 
 2) Shea's "Church in Colonial Days", p. 33. 
 Doyles "America", chapter X. p. 146. 
 
 Bancroft does not state that the first charter was withdrawn. See vol. I. 
 chapt. VII. p. 179—200. 
 
 This tirst charter was undoubtedly penned by Lord P>altimore himself as 
 all authorities agree on that point. 
 
 3) Bancroft vol. 1. p. 183. 
 
 4) Doyles '"America", Mac Cabes Universal History. It is claimed that had 
 the king not used his privilege of giving a name, it was Baltimores intention 
 to call it Crescentia. Neills "Terra Mariae." 
 
 5) Charter may be found in Bozmans History of Maryland. Vol. II, I— 21. 
 Bacons Collections of Laws of Maryland (Original Latin). Hazard 1. 327 — 337 
 (Original Latin). Commented upon by Chalmers, p. 202- 205. .Also by Mac. 
 >lahou 133 18:; and Storv vol. I. 92— :t4. 
 
— 18 — 
 
 Lord Baltimore died, but liis son ^) obtained the promised grant 
 under the same conditions and proceeded at once to carry out 
 his father's plans. 
 
 Cecil Lord Baltimore^) appointed his brothei' Leonard Cal- 
 vert governor of the province, and set about to make every 
 arrangement for embarkation. Gentlemen of birth and distinction 
 resolved to venture their lives and a good part of their fortunes 
 in an enterprise of planting a colony under so favorable a charter. 
 Two vessels, the Ark and the Dove, ^) were gotton in readiness, 
 and on the 22 of November 1633 they set sail^). In the spring 
 of 1634 they landed oif Point Comfort in Virginia and forwarded 
 letters from (-harles I. to the colonial government ordering them 
 to welcome the newcomers with courtesy and humanity. Leaving 
 Point Comfort they ascended the Potomac to the Lidian village 
 of Piscata(iue, from which a large number of the inhabitants 
 had just fled for fear of a neighboring tribe. Those who 
 remained received the settlers hospitably, accepted some pre- 
 sents and granted the English the empty part of the town-^). 
 The place Avas named St. Mary's. Catholics and Protestants 
 dwelled together in harmony, neither attempted to interfere 
 with the religious rights of the other. Here "religious liberty", 
 says Bancroft, "obtained a home, its only home in the wide 
 world, at the humble village which bore the name of St. Mary's". 
 
 And how had nature endowed this Maryland? Since the 
 time when the earth's surface hardened over the chaos within 
 
 1) Brown and Scharf state in their History of Maryland that George Lore] 
 Baltimore's wife and children lost their lives crossing the Atlantic from Virginia 
 to join the husband and father in England. It seems incredible however as all 
 other authorities are silent on the matter. 
 
 2) At first Lord Baltimore intended to lead out the colony himself, but 
 for some unknown reason abandoned the idea and appointed his brother. 
 
 3) The Ark was a vessel of 350 tons burthen and the Dove was Lord 
 Baltimore's, own pinnance of 50 tons. 
 
 4) Shea claims that they had made an effort to set sail some months pre- 
 vious to this, but on account of malicious charges brought against them in the 
 star Chamber, were detained. "Church in Colonial Days", p. 39. 
 
 5) "The Indian women taught the wives of the newcomers to make bread 
 of maize: the warriors of the tribe instructed the huntsmen how rich were the 
 forests of America in game, and joined them in the ciiase.*' Bancroft j). JST. 
 
— 19 — 
 
 she had been hoarding* a part of her exhaustless treasures. 
 'J'he climate was invigorating- yet mikl, and the air salubrious. 
 'Die deep, majestic Potomac, carrying its vast flood serenely 
 and noiselessly between the well defined banks of its channel, 
 imparted grandeur to a country whose rising grounds and 
 meadows, plains festooned with prolific wild vines, woodlands, 
 brooks and fountains, were so mingled together, that nothing 
 was left to desire. Water-fowl of delicious flavor hovered along 
 its streams, while its waters yielded to the angler an asto- 
 nishing variety of fish. The forests were a natural park stocked 
 witli deer, quails, partridges, and wild turkeys. These same 
 sombre forests shed a melancholy grandeur over the magni- 
 ficence of nature, and hid in their deep shades the rich soil 
 which the sun had never warmed. No axe as yet had levelled 
 the giant trees of the crowded groves, which groaned under 
 the weight of leaning branches and fantastic forms of withered 
 limbs that had been blasted and riven by lightning. The 
 mountain sides blushed with flowers in their seasons, and re- 
 sounded with the melody of birds. The health-giving westerly 
 wind blew at all seasons, and in spring lovely flowers filled 
 tlie air with the sweetest of perfumes. The golden eagle built 
 its nest on the topmost ledge of the mountain, and might be 
 seen wheeling in wide circles high above the pines, or dropping 
 like a meteor upon its prey. Such was the nature of the land 
 on which the new colony was to be planted. It was well, 
 for everything they wanted for earthly subsistence was there. 
 All could be had for the mere expense of labor. 
 
 The settlers soon began their work. Forestjs were felled, 
 houses were built, crops were planted, and in six months the 
 colony had advanced more than Virginia had done in as many 
 years ^). But far more memorable was the character of its in- 
 stitutions and laws. Almost every country in the world had 
 peisecuting laws, but the little colony of Maryland liad none. 
 Under the mild restrictions and munificence of Baltimore, the 
 dreary wilderness soon bloomed with the swarming life and 
 activity of prosperous settlements. '^Public prosperity and private 
 
 1) Bancroft vol. 1. cliapt. VII. p. Is7. 
 
— 20 — 
 
 happiness were promoted by salutary laws which were as pri 
 dently executed as wisely planned'^ ^). The constitution founde 
 in Maryland at this time continued above one hundred and thirt 
 vears-until the revolutionary war. 
 
 CHAPTER VL 
 
 Establishment of Catholic Missions. 
 
 It will now be well to turn our attention for a time t 
 the missions established by the Catholics during- these first fe^ 
 years. Catholicity was first planted among- tlie English colonie 
 in America on| March 25^'' 1634, mass being led by Fathe 
 Andrew White ^). The Jesuit Fathers began at once to loo: 
 about them for an opportunity to establish missions for th 
 conversion of the Indians. Of their early labors no record i 
 preserved, but it is supposed the time was spent laboring dili 
 gently to overcome the ditficnlties presented by the India; 
 languages. For a time Father White took up his residenc 
 with the Indian chief Maquacomen of the Patuxent tribe wh 
 seems to have shown some desire to embrace the faith. Bu 
 he soon changed his mind, and even began open hostilitie 
 against the missionaries, so Father AVhite was recalled by thi 
 governor Leonard Calvert. 
 
 The attempt to establish missions went steadily on. Thi 
 priesthood^), had on dilferent occasions been reinforced fron 
 Europe, so that a greater effort could now be put forth. Fathe 
 White succeeded in penetrating some distance into the wilder 
 ness to near the site of the present capital of the United States 
 
 1) Chalmon — 220 — Notes on North America. 
 
 2) It must be kept in mind however that many were Protestants. Fathe 
 White in liis journal says, that of twelve that died on the passage to America 
 only two were Roman Catholic, 
 
 o) We are under the impression they were all Jesuits. 
 
— 21 — 
 
 Wova he had blotter success tlmn before. The chief of the Pis- 
 cataways listened to the instructions and finally became a con- 
 vert, and encouraged missionary work among his people. He 
 put away his concubines and observed the fasts and abstinences 
 of the church. The baptismal ceremonies of this chief were 
 celebrated with something like pomp, considering the incon- 
 veniences and rude surroundings of the country at this period. 
 In oi'der to show the full importance of the event, Governor 
 Calvert and secretarv of the colon}' were present. It took place 
 in the vicinity of the future capital of the country, and was 
 attended by quite a concourse of settlers and Indians. This 
 happened on the 5*^ of July 1640. 
 
 In 1641 Lord Baltimore applied to the Pi'opaganda to estab- 
 lish a mission in Maryland, and give facilities to a Prefect and 
 secular priests. This Congregation accordingly complied. The 
 Jesuits I'emonstrated in an appeal to the Holy See, claiming 
 that it would not be expedient to remove those who first entered 
 the field at their own expense, who for a number of years had 
 endured want and suffering, and wiio had acquired the languages 
 of the natives. 
 
 l^he appeal arrived too late however. The Propaganda 
 acting upon the petition of Lord Baltimore, sent out in 1642 
 two secular priests, which number was increased from time to 
 time. There can be no donbt of the persistent efforts of the 
 newly established missions to convert the natives, but taken 
 on the whole it was a miserable failure. A few chiefs might 
 liave been converted, but as to any great body of Indians 
 embracing Christianity, the statistics of to day (1893) will bear 
 us out in the statement, that though Catholic and Evangelical 
 missions liave been laboring upwards of three hundred years, 
 tJie red man remains almost as ignorant and superstitious as 
 wlien America was discovered. 
 
99 
 
 CHAPTER VIL 
 
 Dissensions in tine Colony. 
 
 Ill 1642 tlie Civil War broke out in England. The agitatio 
 soon spread to the colonies, wliere men's minds were dividei 
 as they were in the mother country. The royal party or thos 
 who favored the king was strong in Virginia, while in Ne^ 
 England most of the people were on the side of the Parliameni 
 In Maryland there were partisans on both sides, though, as Marv 
 land was almost independent of Great Britain, her people di 
 not suifer from the grievances of which the English complainec 
 The desire of Lord Baltimore seems to have been to remai 
 neutral as far as possible, and so preserve Maryland from civ; 
 war. But he was known to be a friend of the king, and thi 
 aroused ill-feelings among those of his colonists who favore 
 the cause of Parliament, while the fact of his being a Roma 
 Catholic was used by his enemies to turn the Protestants agains 
 him. They had certainly no cause of complaint, for from tli 
 very first Baltimore's policy had been that of entire toleratio 
 to every form of Christian belief^): and those who in othe 
 colonies were persecuted for their religion, found a refuge i 
 Maryland. 
 
 In Virginia Puritan settlers from New England were treate 
 with great harshness by the authorities who were, tor the mos 
 part, of the Anglican Church. To these Lord Baltimore otfere 
 an asylum and many settled in Maryland ^). We quote th 
 
 1) The clause for liberty in Maryland extended only to Christians. Thi 
 read a proviso in the act of 1649 — "Whatsoever person shall blaspheme Goi 
 or shall deny or reproach the Ho!y Trinity, or any of the three persons thereo 
 shall be punished with death." 
 
 2) "Ever intent on advancing: the interests of his colony Lord Baltimoi 
 invited the Puritans of Massachusetts to emigrate to Maryland, ofiering the: 
 lands and privileges." Bancroft, chapter VII. p. li)l. 
 
 "In 1642 Lord Baltimore wishing to build up his colony invited as mar 
 of the Puritans of Plymouth as chose to come into Maryland, offering the 
 "free liberty of religion", but none at this time came. Later however son 
 
((►llowiu 
 
 — 23 — 
 
 o- from HammoiuVs "Leah and Racliel" (Edition of 
 
 1055).') , .... 
 
 "The Independents knew not m those straits how to 
 
 dispose of themselves." 
 
 "Maryland was courted by them as a refuge, the Lord Pro- 
 prietor and his Governor solicited to, and several addresses 
 and treaties made for their admittance and entertainment into 
 that Province, their conditions were pittied, their propositions 
 were hearkened unto and agreed on, which was that they 
 should have convenient portions of land assigned them, liberty 
 of conscience and privilege to chose their own offiders, and 
 hold courts within themselves, all was granted them, they had 
 a whole County of the richest land in the Province assigned 
 them, and such as themselves made choice of, the conditions of 
 plantations (such as were common to all adventures) were 
 showed and propounded to them, which they extremely approved 
 of, and nothing was in those conditions, exacted from them, but 
 appeals to the Provincial court, quit-rents, and an oath of tide- 
 litie to the Proprietor, an Assembly was called throughout the 
 whole country after the coming over, (consisting as well of 
 themselves as the rest) and because there were some few Pa- 
 pists that first inhabited these themselves, and others of being 
 ditferent judgments, an act passed that all professing in Jesus 
 Christ should have equal justice, privileges and benefits in that 
 
 settled in Virginia from whicli colony they were atterwards driven out, tliey tlien 
 went to Maryland about 1649, and founded a small settlement .ailed Providence 
 not for from where Annapolis now stands." Scharf, p. 37. 
 
 (iriffith in his History of Maryland (Edition of 1821) says - "Many ot 
 the Puritans had emigrated from Virginia, where they were persecuted by the 
 Ei.iscopalians. and people of that and other sects from New England where the 
 Puritans persecuted them." Griflith further continues (p. 5), "It does not appear 
 that these colonists were actuated by an over pious zeal to convert the heathen, 
 or the extravagant project of tinding a passage to the east through the western 
 continent: but, out of respect for their religion, they planted the cross, and after 
 fortifying themselves, plainly and openly set about to obtain by the tairest means 
 in their power, other property and homes, where they should escape the perse- 
 cutions of the religious and political reformers of their native country at that 
 period."' 
 
 1) May be obtained in British Museum. 
 
— 24 — 
 
 Province, and that none on penaltie (mentioned) should disturb 
 each other in their several professions, nor give the urging 
 terms, either of Roundheads, sectarie Independent, Jesuit, Pa- 
 pist etc., Intending an absolute peace and union: the Oath of 
 fidelitie (although none other than such as ever}^ Lord of a 
 manor requires of his tenent) was overhauled, and this clause 
 added to it (provided it infringed not the libertie of the con- 
 science)." 
 
 "Thej^ sat downe joyfully, followed their vocations cheer- 
 fully, trade increased in their Province, and divers others, were 
 by this encouraged and invited over from Virginia." 
 
 "But these people finding themselves in a capacitie not 
 only to capitulate, but to oversway, those that had so received 
 and relieved them." 
 
 "Began to pick quarrels, first with the Papists, next with 
 the Oath, and lastly declared their aversness to all conformitie, 
 wholly ayming (as themselves since confessed) to deprive the 
 Lord Proprietor of all his interest in that country and make 
 it their own." 
 
 After the royal power fell in England, Maryland became 
 the scene of political and religious strife *). Clayborne who had 
 established himself on Kent Island, urged perhaps by a con- 
 viction of liaving been wronged^), and still more by the hope 
 
 1) "For this was an age in which difference of religion was almost sure 
 to lead to active hostility, since their Avas -scarcely a single sect which was con- 
 tent to be merely tolerated, but each sought to force others to join it. and none 
 more so than the Puritan party to which many of the intlnential Marylanders 
 belonged." Doyles "America", \). 150. 
 
 2) The Isle of Kent came within the bounds of the Assembly of Mary- 
 land, and therefore came under its jurisdiction. Clayborne tried to dodge this 
 fact, and jietitioned the Council for a grant. It was decided upon at Whitehall 
 April 4 1688, and the order reads thus — "That no grant from his Majesty 
 should pass to the said Clayborne or any others of the said Isle of Kent, or 
 other parts or places within the said Patent, where of his Majesty's Attorney 
 and Solicitor General are hereby prayed to take notice, and concerning the 
 violences and wrongs by the said Clayborne, and tlie rest complained of in the 
 said petition of his Majesty their Lordships did now also declare, that they found 
 no cause at all to relieve them, but to leave both sides therein to the ordinary 
 course of justice." Hazard vol. I, 4^1, 
 
- 25 — 
 
 of i-evoiige, began the trouble. Chousing as his comrade one 
 Kichard Iiigle ') and aided by the Puritans in the colony, Clay- 
 borne not only held Kent Island against all the efforts of Go- 
 vernor Calvert to reduce it, but with his force invaded St. Ma- 
 ry's country, drove the governor from his capital, compelling 
 him to seek safety in flight to Virginia, and made himself 
 master of the Province. They acted with great tyranny towards 
 those who remained faithful to Lord Baltimore. Bancroft says^), 
 "the insurgents distinguished the period of their dominion by 
 disorder and misrule, and most of the records were then lost 
 or embezzled." They even arrested the unoffending missionaries 
 among the Indians, broke up their stations and sent the ven- 
 erable Father White in chains to England where he died in 
 1656^). All the priests in the colony were forced to flee for 
 their lives. Some fled to Virginia, where they were granted 
 a scanty protection, others perished from hunger and want in 
 the forests where they had sought a hiding place. Thus the 
 missions suftered a reverse, and for the time being were com- 
 pletely destroyed^). 
 
 During all this time the Civil War had been raging in 
 I^ngland. On the 14*'' of June 1645, the royalists under the 
 king were decisivly defeated at Naseby, and their last hope 
 of success was destroyed. The king was imprisoned in Holmby 
 House, near Northhampton, where he awaited the decision of 
 Parliament on his fate. 
 
 Thus Baltimore's situation in regard to Maryland was a 
 gloomy one. The parliamentary forces were completely victorious 
 in England'^) while Clayborne and Ingle held full sway in 
 
 1) Supposed at one time to have l)een a pirate. 
 
 2) Chapter VI [. p. 193. 
 
 .')) Upon his arrival in England Father White was indicted under the 
 penal laws of 27 Elizabeth, for having been ordained a i)riest abroad and then 
 coming into the kingdom, contrary to the statute, a crime punishable with death. 
 On being brought to trial he pleaded that he had been brought violently and 
 against his will into FiUgland. Upon tlie force of this argument he was acquit- 
 ted, but perpetually banished, lie was allowed to return later, and died in 
 Hamshire district. 
 
 4) Scharf p. 33. 
 
 0) It must be borne in mind that Baltimore was a. royalist and a staunch 
 supporter of the king. 
 
— 26 — 
 
 Maryland^). It seemed to him that all was lost, so he accor- 
 dingly wrote his brother to try to save for him what he could 
 of his private property out of the general wreck ^). But Leonard 
 Calvert was made of sterner material. It appeared to him that 
 all was not yet lost. The Virginians had been from the first 
 hostle to the colony, but they were devoted royalists and they 
 looked upon Calvert as a sulferer in the kings cause, and too, 
 the way in which Clayborne governed Maryland was less to 
 their liking than Baltimore's government. So Calvert found he 
 could depend on help from Virginia. Gathering a force he 
 suddenly surprised the faction in Maryland and recovered pos- 
 session of the province, where the authority of the lord pro- 
 prietary was once more established. 
 
 On the 9^^ of June 1647, Leonard Calvert died, leaving the 
 province in charge of Thomas Green until his successor should 
 be appointed. "From the first planting of the colony he had 
 labored incessantly and unselfishly for its good; had controlled 
 its affairs, both in peace and war with wisdom, vigor and 
 humanity, and his name should ever be cherished in the memory 
 of Marylanders"^). 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 The Act of Toleration. 
 
 The authority of the Proprietary being now restored, the 
 insurgents were banished and the missions began to improve. 
 Baltimore applied once more to the Holy See for secular missio- 
 naries, but failed to obtain them. The Jesuit Fathers came 
 back to the land, collected together their scattered fiocks, and 
 once more was the holy sacrifice offered, and confessions heard. 
 
 1) They ruled under pretense of authority from Parliament. 
 
 2) Scharf p. 33. 
 
 3) Scharf p. 34. 
 
— 27 — 
 
 111 1648 Lord lUltimore havino- in view the t'litiire pre- 
 ponderance of Protestantism, for the sake of policy appointed 
 William Stone (Protestant), who was believed to be ^vell affected 
 to the Parliament, as governor. At the same time with a view 
 to protecthig- his fellow religionists he compelled Stone and his 
 assistants to take an oath not to molest Romanists or to keep 
 them out of office. In this oath the Catholics were expressly 
 named as at that time they had more reason to fear persecution 
 than any others ^). 
 
 On the 2"'' of April 1649, the Assembly met and passed 
 the Act of Toleration which is one of the most memorable things 
 in the history of Maryland. It proceeded as follows 2) : "Whereas 
 the enforcing of conscience in matters of religion hath frequently 
 fallen out to be of dangerous conseqnence in those common- 
 wealths where it has been practical, and for the more quiet 
 and peaceable government of this province, and the better to 
 preserve mutual love and unity amongst the inhabitants, no 
 person or persons whatsoever within this province or the islands, 
 ports, harbors, creeks, or havens thereunto belonging professing 
 to believe in Jesus Christ, shall from henceforth be in anyway 
 troubled or molested, or discountenanced for or in respect of 
 his or her religion, nor in the free exercise thereof within 
 this province or the islands thereunto belonging, nor anyway 
 compelled to the belief or exercise of any other religion, against 
 his or her consent". It also further forbade the calling of any- 
 one by any name of reproach on account of his belief, such as 
 "heretic, idolater, or schismatic". 
 
 "The passage of this act is one of the proud boasts of 
 Maryland, and its exact execution until the government was 
 overthrown by the Puritans, and from its restoration till the 
 Protestant revolution, forms one of her greatest glories"^). 
 
 It will be our duty in a later chapter to analyze if possible 
 the motives Avhich led to the passing of this act. 
 
 1) Thurloe's State Papers^ vol. V 
 
 -2) Shea's Catholic Church In Colonial Days, p. 70. 
 
 Bancroft's History of the United States, chapt. VII. p. 19o. 
 
 Browne and Scharfs History of Maryland. 
 
 o) Mc Sherry. 
 
28 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 The Rebellion. 
 
 In the meantime emigration kept adding to Maryland's popu- 
 lation. In 1638, a colony of Swedes came to America, and sailing 
 up the Delaware landed near the site of the present city of 
 Wilmington aiul built a fort which they named Christiana after 
 their young queen. Disputes arose between them and the Dutch, 
 who in 1655 finally conquered New Sweden. A number of the. 
 Swedes fled to Maryland where they were kindly received 
 Puritans came from England, NeAv England and Virginia and 
 settled on South River and other places. It seems that the 
 people at this time were content, for tlie Assembly, feeling 
 grateful to Lord Baltimore for what he had done for them, 
 placed upon the public records a testimony of their love and 
 alfection ^). 
 
 In 1651, commissioners w^ere sent out by Parliament (the 
 Commonwealth being now firmly established) to the American 
 colonies for tlie purpose of tending the oath of allegiance. 
 Trouble arose between these commissioners and Stone, who was 
 still governor of Maryland, and the latter was deposed. Finding 
 however that he was popular among the colonists and not ill- 
 affected to the Parliament, Stone was reinstated and foi' a few 
 years matters went smoothly enough. In 1654 things were 
 brought to a crisis by Baltimore sending instructions to Stone 
 to demand an oath of fidelity to the Propi'ietor from all the 
 colonists; all Avho refused were to be banished. The Puritan 
 party, considering this a violation of their pledge to the Com- 
 monwealth, arose in rebellion. Headed by Clayborne they com- 
 pelled Stone to surrender his commission and government into 
 their hands. Then followed gross intolerance. An Assembly 
 was called which proliibited any Catholic to vote or to sit as 
 a delegate. This body, after thus excluding the Catholics passed 
 an act concerning religi(ui which read as follows: 
 
 1) Scharf, 
 
— 29 — 
 
 "It is hereby enacted and declared that none who profess 
 and exercise the Popish (comnn»nly called the Roman Catholic) 
 religion, can he protected in this province by the laws of Eng- 
 land, formerly established and yet unrepealed; nor by the govern- 
 ment of the Commonwealth of England etr., but to be restrained 
 from the exercise thereof". It concluded thus: "Provided such 
 liberty be not extended to Popery or prelacy, nor to such as 
 under' the profession of Christ, hold forth and practice licentious- 
 ness'' 0- 
 
 This state of affairs provoked Lord Baltimore and led him 
 
 to censure Stone severely. "The Lord Baltimore in his last 
 letter to capt. Stone doth blame him for resigning up his go- 
 vernment into the hands of the Lord Proprietor and Common- 
 wealth of England, without striking one stroke; taxing him in 
 etfect with cowardice, that having so many men in arms, he 
 would not oppose, saying, that Bennet and Clayborne durst as 
 well have been hanged as have opposed him" '0- Stone enraged 
 by this accusation of being unfaithful to Baltimores interests, 
 at once raised a force and endeavored to get possession of the 
 government again. He was defeated with a loss of fifty of his 
 followers. Stone was taken prisoner an<l would have been put 
 to death but for the respect and affection borne him by some 
 among the insurgents whom he had formerly Avelcomed to Maiw- 
 land. Some of the prisoners were put to death in cold blood. 
 After this victory on the Severn the Puritans held full sway. 
 The Jesuit missionaries were all driven out of the colony and 
 their i)roperty destroyed. This certainly w^as poor gratitude to 
 the i)roprietary government wdiich had received them with kind- 
 ness, which had fostered toleration and to which alone they 
 were indebted for their residence in the colony. 
 
 Ij Shea. 
 
 2) Thurloe's State Papers — British Museum. 
 
 Hammonds ''Leah and Rachel"' (Edition of 1655) contains a short ac- 
 count of the rebellion, p. 25-26. Strong's "Babylon's Fall" in Maryland. Ham- 
 mond V. S. Heamans (Edition of 16.')5) also contains a short acconnt. They all 
 for the most part agree. 
 
 The above edition mav be obtained in the British Museum. 
 
— 30 — 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Up to the Restoration of the Stuarts. 
 
 Baltimore still clinging to the idea of regaining his power 
 in the colony, appointed Josias Fendall to appear as his lieute- 
 nant. Fendall raised an insurrection but accomplished nothing, 
 still Lord Baltimore's confidence was continued to him. Thus 
 for a season Maryland was divided. The Catholics of St. Mary's 
 acknowledged Fendall as governor, while the Puritans adhered 
 to the government of the commissioners. At lengtli a compro- 
 mise was agreed upon, and the entire province was snrrendered 
 to the agent of the Proprietor. The Puritans made a good 
 bargain for themselves. Permission to retain arms ; an indem- 
 nity for arrears; relief from the oath of feality; and a con- 
 firmation of the acts and orders of the recent Puritan assemblies ; 
 such were the conditions of the treaty. 
 
 The death of Cromwell and the accession of his son Richard 
 to the Puritan rule in England left Maryland in an uncertain 
 state. The whole of England was in an unsettled condition. 
 New and forcible questions presented themselves to the poor 
 colony which Avas almost worn out by internal strife. Would 
 Richard Cromwell permanently hold the place occupied by his 
 father, or would Charles 11, be restored? And above all, did 
 new strifes with Virginia and convulsions among themselves 
 await them? Such were the problems which were presented 
 to the Marylanders in the year 1660. Something must be done. 
 Accordingly the representatives of the province, convened in a 
 private house, and by the powei' of the people, voted themselves 
 a lawful assembly, without dependence upon any other power 
 in the colony. Fendall who was still governor permitted the 
 power of the people to be proclaimed. They agreed to recog- 
 nize no authority but that of the Assembly and the king of 
 England, and an act was passed making it felony to disturb 
 the peace which they had established. 
 
— 31 — 
 
 Such was the condition of Maryland at the restoration of 
 tlie Stuart dynasty. Slie was in full possession of her liberty 
 based upon the sovereig-nty of the people. In spite of the tnr- 
 l)uleuce and dissensions the land was dear to the inhabitants, 
 ^''riiere they desired to spend the remnant of their lives; there 
 thev coveted to make their graves'' ')• 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 After the Restoration. 
 
 It is our intention in this chapter to touch but lightly upon 
 the most important events, as the held is entirely too large .to 
 cover in detail. In 1662 Lord Baltimore sent out his son 
 Charles Calvert to govern the colony, and in 1676 he succeeded 
 to his father's title and proprietorship. Owing to increase of 
 clergy in 1677 a Catholic school was opened in Maryland. It 
 prospered gieatly. The sons of the planters applied themselves 
 with energy to their studies, and some after finishing the pre- 
 scribed course, crossed the Atlantic to complete their education 
 in the higher universities abroad. The missionaries continued 
 to labor among the Indians. The converts in many cases lived 
 side by side with the white settlers. Many of the chiefs adopted 
 the usages of civilized life, their daughters became educated 
 and frequently married into families of the colonists. Descen- 
 dants^) of these marriages may be found in Maryland to day. 
 In 1681 the Province of Pennsylvania was founded by William 
 Penn. In this new colony all forms of religion were tolerated ^). 
 
 1) Hammonds "Leah and Racliel" (Edition of lGo8). 
 
 2) John rtandolpli of Roanoke is a descendant of such a family, and it is 
 claimed that the Harrison family is also of such descent. 
 
 ;')) "Pennsylvania was the only colony except Maryland from which Papists 
 were not excluded front the first hour of their settlement. After 16i»-2. it was 
 the only colony that did not prohibit the public exercise of the r'atholic religion, 
 
— 82 - 
 
 111 the thirty fifth clause of the laws agreed upon by Penu, it 
 was provided: "That all persons living in the province who 
 confess and acknowledge the one Almighty and Eternal God 
 to be the Creator, Upholder and Ruler of the World, and that 
 hold themselves obliged in conscience to live peaceably and 
 justly in civil society, shall in no way be molested or prejudiced 
 for their religious persuasion or practise in matters of faith 
 and worship, nor shall they be compelled at any time to frequent 
 or maintain any religious worship place or ministry whatever" ^). 
 In 1688 the Protestant Ke volution in England drove 
 James II. into exile and placed William and Mary upon the 
 the throne. This was a signal for a change of atfairs in Mary- 
 land. The Proprietor being a Roman Catholic was deprived of 
 all political rights in the colony, though he was allowed to keep 
 his proprietary rights over the soil. His successor later on, 
 turned Protestant and was restored to his full rights as pro- 
 prietor. Severe measures wore passed against Catholics. They 
 numl)ered about twenty five thousand in the i>rovince at this 
 time, but were greatly out-numbered by Protestants. A law 
 was passed levying the same tax for the introduction into her 
 territory of a Catholic Irishman as for the importation of a 
 negro slave'''). The condition of Catholocism in the colonies 
 was gloomy until the American Revolution. When tliis great 
 tidal wave swept over the land, the Convention of 1774 appealed 
 to all classes of citizens and prayed them to lay aside all reli- 
 gious disputes and animosities (which could only withhold them 
 
 and for forty years previous to that time our religion was not free even in Mary- 
 land. It was, indeed, a haven from oppression, and a Catholic, even from the 
 Catholic founded colony of Maryland was considered as having reached an asy- 
 lum or sanctuary when within Pennsylvania's borders.'' 
 
 Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia. Vol. 1. 
 p. 81. 
 
 Dutch Calvinists and Swedish Lutherans were also there. — Shea, 
 
 "In this respect the Baptist Colony of Rhode Island, the Catholic Colony 
 of Maryland, and the Quaker Colony of Pennsylvania deserve equal credit above 
 the other colonies/' 
 
 Johnston's History of the United States, p. 48. § 92. 
 
 1) ''The Frame of Government'' 1682, cited by Shea. 
 
 2) Dr. J. L. Spaldings, article in the Catholic World. July number ISTC. 
 
— 33 — 
 
 from uniting in the defence of their common rights and liberties), 
 and rise in behalf of their country. The Catholic fought side 
 by side with his Potestant brother. A Catholic priest was a 
 member of the delegation sent to Canada to bring about an 
 alliance, (or at least secure the neutrality of that province), and 
 a Catholic was a signer of the Declaration of Independence. 
 When the war clouds had rolled away and the glorious sun of 
 liberty shone out bright and clear, the Catholic then certainly 
 had no reason longer to complain, for the framers of the Great 
 Constitution recognizing the service which he had rendered to 
 the cause, removed all obstructions^) from his pathway and 
 allowed him to enter upon a new era and a new field. 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 Was a Charter Granting Exceptional Liberties to the Catholics 
 
 Possible? 
 
 We now enter upon that ti'ue part of our work which is 
 to examine as far as possible the exact situation of the Catho- 
 lics in Maryland, and what led them from the beginning to 
 follow a tolerant policy. We have traced the historical and 
 political condition of the colony up to the restoration of the 
 Stuart dynasty, and the leading events to the outbreak of the 
 American Revolution. We shall now deal with another phase 
 of its existence, namely the Church of Rome. But to under- 
 stand our subject we must go back to England, and glance at 
 her history from the time when she first began to grumble at 
 the spiritual supremacy of the pope, down to the final over- 
 throw. 
 
 In 1213 Pope Innocent III. had forced upon king John the 
 payment of one thousand marks annually for his kingdom as a 
 
 1) Constitution of the United States of America. 
 
— 34 — 
 
 fief of the Holy See ^). But when the strong hands of Edward III. 
 grasped the reins of government this yearly tribute came to 
 an end. From that date the papal influence in England began 
 to wane. It was not likely that the victor of Crecy, whose 
 valiant son with a chosen few had subsisted in the heart of 
 France and won the splendid triumph of Poitiers, would bend 
 a knee to the claims of the pope. When the threat of excom- 
 munication was borne from the Vatican to the palace of the 
 English king, the matter was at once laid before the "Good 
 Parliament" which unanimously sustained their sovereign in a 
 permanent refusal. But other influences were being brought to 
 bear upon the papal power. A learned scholar of Oxford appeared 
 upon the horizon as the morning star of the Great Reformation. 
 Wyclif ^) began to preach that the scriptures did not teach the 
 supremacy of the pope. He translated the Bible into the English 
 language which penetrated among all classes of the people and 
 quietly prepared them for the great struggle which was to 
 come. His doctrines and writings found their way into far off 
 Bohemia where they induced Huss and Jerome of Prague to 
 attempt a similar reform of the Church. 
 
 The next great and decisive check given to the power of 
 the Holy See was by Henry VIII. Becoming troubled with serious 
 doubts concerning his marriage with his brother's widow, he 
 appealed to Rome for a divorce which was refused. Henry then 
 declared himself the head of the Church in his own dominions, 
 put a stop to the payment of the large sums which were annu- 
 ally drawn from England by the pontiff, suppressed the monas- 
 teries and made it criminal to appeal to the pope or any person 
 outside the realm. Henry thus struck a decisive blow at the 
 connection between the English Church and Rome, and laid the 
 foundation of its complete independence from that power. Being 
 now the acknowledged head of church and state, the king 
 
 1) Hume's History of England (Students Edition), p. 139. 
 Green's History of the English Peoph', vol. I. p. 236. 
 
 2) "It was lie who brought the political and religious tendencies of the 
 age into the closest and most fruitful connection with the growth of the national 
 language and literature of England." Ten Brink's Eng. Lit. Vol. II. p. 5. 
 
— 35 — 
 
 annulled his marriage ^vith Catharine of Arragon, and married 
 Anne Boleyn. 
 
 When the news of the marriage reached Rome, Pope 
 Paul III. excommunicated Henry, declared him deprived of his 
 crown, and laid the kingdom under an interdict^). The pope 
 called upon the people and nobles of England to take up arms 
 against the king. But the appeal produced no effect. The re- 
 formers were too strong, the power of the king too great, and 
 the exposures of fraud and corruption on the part of the 
 Romish Church, which had accompanied the suppression of the 
 monasteries, had disgusted the English people too thoroughly 
 to allow the Catholic party to hope for a successful rebellion. 
 The pope found himself powerless to enforce his injunctions. 
 The Bible translated into the English language had prepared 
 the people for this crisis. They were as triumphant now as 
 the "Good Parliament" and people had been in the days of 
 Edward III. and Wyclif. 
 
 During the reign of Mary, the kingdom was completely 
 restored to Catholicism^). The confiscated ecclesiastical pro- 
 perty was restored as far as possible. The legislations of 
 Eenry VIII. were repealed, and the laws against the Lollards 
 were revived. Some of the ablest minds in England were sent 
 to the Tower, and as usual beheaded without a fair trial ^). 
 Many of the worst practices of the Spanish Inquisition were 
 introduced into England. Such a course of action brought to 
 the queen her deserved reward. She was hated and cursed by 
 her people with a bitterness which words have no power to 
 express. They tormented her with libels and lampoons, which 
 were dropped by unknown hands where she could not fail to 
 find them. In the bitterness of her sorrow she would give way 
 to bursts of despairing fury, and in retaliation would send her 
 enemies to the stake. All this together with the queen's mar- 
 riage to Philip II. of Spain, so utterly aroused the people that 
 on Mary's death (1558) the news was greeted in all parts of 
 
 1) Froude's History of EDgland, vol. II. p. 105. 
 
 2) Froude's History of England, vol. V. chapt. XXXII. 
 
 3) Rogers, Hunter, Ridley, Latimer and Cranmer suffered martyrdom at the 
 stake. Froude, vol. V. chapt. XXXHI. Hume (Students Edition) chapt. XVII. 
 
— 36 — 
 
 the land with demonstrations of joy, and an end was put for- 
 ever to the power of Rome in England. 
 
 With the accession of Elizabeth Protestantism was restored. 
 She began her reign by restoring the doctrines and worship 
 of the Church, to the form in which they had been left by Ed- 
 ward VI. The bishops who had fled to the Continent to escape 
 Mary's wrath were recalled, and at once refilled their charges 
 in the diiferent see's, the Catholic bishops who refused to take 
 the oath of supremacy being deprived of these offices. Elizabeth's 
 reign was one of glory, yet one of continual danger. This was 
 a critical point in the history of England and the world. The 
 power of the papacy made one grand effort for the destruction 
 of Protestantism. Fire and blood were the instruments used. 
 From that Christian temple at Rome, from that great altar, 
 which man miglit believe was the source of all good, have gone 
 forth edicts which in their import contained the very essence 
 of hell. History has traced them to their origin, watched their 
 development as they went out into the world, analyzed the 
 deeds when they were performed, and points to day with a 
 stern hand at the results. The Inquisition, the promoting of 
 the Society of Jesus, the instigation of the Spanish Armada 
 enterprise, and the horrors of St. Bartholomew in France, all 
 date from the papal throne^). For a hundred years the terri- 
 able conflict lasted. The curtain was raised over Europe, and 
 the scenes thereon displayed were those of undescribable misery 
 and woe. Never has the world before or since witnessed such 
 bloodshed. Joshua's extermination of the Canaanitish people, 
 Jehovah's destruction of Sennacherib's host, the slaughters of 
 Rome's worst Emperors, the persecution of the Christians under 
 Nero and Diocletian, the invasions of the Huns under Attila, 
 the struggle of Frederick the Great for the existence of Prussia, 
 the ambition of the first Napoleon, the tremendous loss of life 
 in the American civil war, left no such desolation behind them. 
 Yet the Protestant nations emerged from it as proportionately 
 
 1) Ranke's History of the Popes, for the first three mentioned. For the 
 last see Quizot's History of France, vol. HI. chapt. XXXHI. The writer earnestly 
 requests that the reader examine Fronde's England, vol. X. chapt. LYHT, espe- 
 cially p. 141 — 2 — 3, inclusive. 
 
— 37 — 
 
 strong as in the beginning. Queen Elizabeth had guided Eng- 
 kmd's ship of state safely through the sea of strife. The Queen 
 of Scots, who by her intrigues had ever kept tlie kingdom in a 
 state of agitation, had been executed at Fotheringay castle 0- 
 Spain's "Invincible Armada" had been destroyed'), and the 
 British ascendency on the sea began. Those were the days 
 when Francis Drake and Hawkins and Frobisher astonished 
 the world by their deeds of naval daring, when the romantic 
 spirit of Raleigh imagined that in the land of Guiana, lay a 
 country as yet undiscovered, which contained mines and treasures 
 far exceeding those of Mexico or Peru. 
 
 And how had the nations of the Continent come forth from 
 the great struggle? In Spain the lamp of liberty, after one 
 feeble flicker, was smothered by the Jesuit inquisition, and she 
 relapsed into a lethargy which so benumbed her limbs, that for 
 three hundred years she has been unable to move along the 
 highway of freedom. The mind and spirit of the people seem 
 to be rivited by an intolerable thralldom of priesthood down 
 to the earth itself. Cross the Pyrenees and behold France. The 
 close of the struggle found the Huguenots completely paralyzed 
 and helpless. It may with consistency be said that St. Bartholo- 
 mew was but a precursor of the dreadful scenes which followed 3). 
 The great spirit of Coligny had gone out in darkness, but not 
 in shame. Henry IV. of Ivry^) and Navarre made a gallant 
 struggle for existence, but the contending parties were too 
 strong, and nothing but a return to the Romish faith saved his 
 throne. In Italy the death knell of free thought was sounded 
 in the 15^^ century, and the light which then went out, went 
 out forever^). Tuscany may point with pride to those shining 
 stars whose brilliant rays illuminated all the dark places of 
 
 1) Froude, vol. XII. chapt. LXIX. 
 
 2) Froude, vol. XII. chapt. LXXI. 
 
 3) See Stanhope's History of England During the Reign of Queen Anne, 
 chapt. HI. p. 92. 
 
 4) Rearcl Macaulay's poem on the battle of Ivry. — Found in "Lays of 
 
 Ancient Rome". 
 
 5) As for as the writer could judge while travehng in Italy, the power ot 
 Catholicism seems as firmly rivited as it must have been in the days of Leo X. 
 
— 38 — 
 
 papal policy. History will ever do honor to the names of 
 Savonarola, Dante and Machiavelli. 
 
 Beyond the Alps in Germany we see the seat of conflict. The 
 wanton and tremendous effort made to crush. out Protestantism 
 had in the end signally failed, owing to the intervention 
 of three foreign powers, one of which was Catholic '). Even 
 though Gustavus Adolphus, who crossed the Baltic with his 
 band of Swedes, had been killed at Llitzen, and the Protestant 
 cause seemed irreparably lost, the struggle had still lingered 
 painfully on until with the union of France a combined move- 
 ment upon Vienna was contemplated. But before this could be 
 executed the emperor Ferdinand III. yielded, and thirty years 
 of war was ended ^). After a hundred years the Church of 
 Rome was forced to give up the contest ; the sword of slaughter 
 was rusted to the hilt by the blood it had shed, and yet reli- 
 gious freedom was saved to Germany. The independence of 
 Switzerland and Holland was acknowledged. The whole of 
 northern Europe, England, Scotland, Denmark, Norway and 
 Sweden, issued from the struggle strong Protestant nations. It 
 was not zeal for the spread of Christian truth which inspired 
 this fearful Crusade against the Protestants ; for the Catholics 
 equally acknowledged the authority of the Bible : "it was the 
 despotic determination of the Roman Church to rule the minds 
 and consciences of all men, through the pope and its priest- 
 hood" 3). 
 
 On the 24 th ^f March 1603, Queen Elizabeth died at Rich- 
 mond and the crown of England fell to James VI. king of Scot- 
 land. We propose now to define the condition the English 
 Catholics were in when he came to the throne. As the Catho- 
 lics had kept a hot bed in the kingdom during the previous 
 reign, such as ever plotting the overthrow of Elizabeth and 
 the elevation of Mary Stuart to the throne, as well as keeping 
 Spain and all other enemies informed of the Island's strength 
 
 1) France. 
 
 2) For conditions and ratification of the Peace of Westphalia which ended 
 this bloody struggle, see Erdmannsdorffer's History of Germany 1648—1740, 
 vol. I. chapt. I, p. 3—26, inclusive. 
 
 3) Bayard Taylor. 
 
- 39 — 
 
 before the attempt of the Armada, very severe laws had been 
 enacted against them. All public celebration of the mass was 
 interdicted, and more, the mere fact of saying mass was suffi- 
 cient to bring a priest under the charges of treason. All 
 recusants were deprived of their lands which were leased out 
 by Commissioners appointed for that purpose. Another harsh 
 measure was the appointing of constables to ferret out priests, 
 who had concealed themselves in the houses of the Catholic 
 gentry. "These wretches under pretence of discovering the 
 concealed fugitives, were in the habit of wantonly destroying 
 the furniture or of carrjdng off valuable property. It was useless 
 to complain, as there were few, if any. Catholics who had not 
 given the law a hold upon them by the support given to their 
 priests" 0- 
 
 Such was the condition of the Catholics in England when 
 James ascended the throne. Did he have any great power to 
 alleviate this suffering? We think not. England was too 
 thoroughly Protestant. Episcopacy had become the established 
 religion, and the Puritans who could not endure the pomp and 
 seeming idolatry of the reformed church, had removed still farther 
 from its ritual. AVas it to be supposed, then, that this powerful 
 party which could not tolerate the Church of England would 
 much less peiiuit Catholics to hope for success in any particular? 
 Green in speaking of Lord Baltimore and Maryland says: "he 
 was one of the best of the Stuart counsellors, was forced by 
 his conversion to Catholicism to seek a shelter for himself and 
 colonists of his new faith in the district across the Potomac, 
 and around the head of the Chesapeake. As a purely 
 Catholic settlement wa s impossible, he resolved to 
 open the new colony to men of every faith" 2). This grates 
 harshly against our ears. It seems to us that if the circum- 
 stances and surroundings had been favorable for an exclusive 
 
 1) Gardiner's History of England, vol. I. chap. III. p. 97. 
 
 2) Short History of the English People, p. 507. 
 
 John Gilmary Shea the first authority on the Catholic Church in the United 
 States says: '"To give a charter directly favoring or protecting the Catholic 
 rehgion was what the king could not do." Church in Colonial Days, p. 31. This 
 establishes this great point beyond doubt. 
 
— 40 — 
 
 Catholic colony, the history of Maryland and the grand scheme 
 of toleration, which has been lauded to the sky by every 
 Catholic Archbishop, would have been entirely otherwise. "Upon 
 the whole, then, the picture of Maryland legislation is a grati- 
 fying one; but the theory which assigns credit of it to the 
 Roman Church has little foundation in fact"^). 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 Maryland in Relation to the Other Colonies. 
 
 In this chapter we desire to keep ever before us this ques- 
 tion : — If such a charter and privileges as we discussed in 
 the last chapter had been granted to Maryland, or if her legis- 
 lation from the beginning on had been one of the slightest in- 
 tolerance, would it have been respected by the other colonies, 
 such as Virginia and New England? 
 
 We shall turn our attention first to Virginia whose atti- 
 tude was ever hostile toward Maryland, on account of the di- 
 vision of her territory. William Clayborne^) was ever ready 
 on the slightest pretense to stir up a rebellion in Maryland, 
 or invade the rights of the Proprietary. It is logical to suppose 
 that the colonists of Virginia, from the very nature of their 
 second charter, would on general principles make it as uncom- 
 fortable as possible for their Catholic neighbors. This instru- 
 ment reads thus : 
 
 "And lastly because the principle effect which we can de- 
 sire or expect of this action is the conversion and reduction 
 of the people in those parts unto the true worship of God and 
 Christian Religion, in which respect we should be loath that 
 
 1) Right Hon. William E. Gladstone, Prime Minister of England (1893), 
 in introduction to the "Vatican Decrees." 
 
 2) Hammond says — "Claiborne was a pestilent enimie to the wel-faire of 
 Maryland and the Lord Proprieter." Leah and Rachel, p. 23. 
 
— 41 — . . 
 
 any Person should be permitted to pass that we suspected to 
 effect the Superstition of the Church of Rome we do hereby 
 declare that it is our Will and Pleasure that none be permit- 
 ted to pass in any Voyage from Time to Time to be made into 
 the said Country, but such as first shall have taken the Oath 
 of Supremacy. For which purpose we do by these Presents 
 etc. etc."0 
 
 Then the following objections were raised by the Council 
 of Virginia, and forwarded to England as reasons why the 
 government of Maryland should not be placed in Lord Balti- 
 more's hands. — 
 
 "By the Patent it is provided that no construction be made 
 thereof, whereby Gods, holy and truly Christian Religion, or 
 the heirs and successors of the Crown of England should re- 
 ceive any prejudice or diminution." 
 
 "As to Religion, the Governor and all those of the council 
 in Maryland are bound by oath to defend and maintain the 
 Roman Catholic Religion in the free exercise thereof" ^j. 
 
 The early planters of Virginia were ever picking quarrels 
 with the newly founded state. In 1633 they presented a peti- 
 tion to that tyrannical body, the Star Chamber. As the sub- 
 stance of their desires are embodied in the reply of this cham- 
 ber we proceed to quote it as given in the final decision on 
 July 3 1633. 
 
 "Whereas an humble Petition of the Planters in Virginia 
 was presented to his Majesty, in which they remonstrate that 
 some Grants have lately been obtained, of a great Proportion 
 of Lands and Territories within the limits of the Colony there, 
 being the places of their Traffick, and so near the places of 
 their Habitations, as will give a general Disheartening to the 
 Planters, if they be divided into several Governments, and a 
 Bar to that Trade, which they have long since exercised to- 
 wards their Supporters, and Relief, under the Confidence of 
 His Majesty's Royal and gracious Intentions towards them, as 
 by the said petition largely appeareth. For as much as his 
 
 1) Second Charter of Virginia. Hazard I, 72. 
 
 2) Thurloe's State Papers, vol. V. 
 
— 42 — 
 
 Majesty was pleased on the Twelth of May last to refer to 
 the board the consideration of this Petition; that upon the 
 Advice and Report of their Lordships, such Order might be 
 taken as to his Majesty's Wisdom should seem best it was 
 thereupon ordered, upon the Fourth of June last that the Bu- 
 siness should be heard the second Friday in this Term which 
 was the Twenty Eight of the last month, that all Parties in- 
 terested should then attend, which was accordingly performed, 
 and their Lordships having heard the Cause did then order 
 that the Lord Baltimore, being one of the Parties, and the 
 Adventurers and Planters of Virginia aforesaid, should meet 
 together between that Time and this Day and accommodate 
 their Controversy in a friendly Manner if it might be : and like 
 wise set down in Writing the Propositions made by either 
 Party with their several answers and Reasons to be presented 
 to the Board of this Day, which was likewise accordingly done. 
 Now their Lordships having heard and maturely considered the 
 said Proposition. Answers, and Reasons, and what so ever else 
 was alledged on either Part did think it fit to leave the Lord 
 Baltimore to his Patent, and the other Parties to the Course 
 of Law, according to their Desire; but for the preventing of 
 further Questions and Differences , their Lordships did also 
 think fit and order that Things stand as they do; the Planters 
 on either side shall have free Traffick and Commerce each with 
 the other, and that Part shall receive any fugitive person be- 
 longing to the other nor do any Act which may draw a War 
 from the Natives upon either of them; and lastly that they 
 shall sincerely entertain all good Correspondence, and assist 
 each other upon all occasions in such Manner as becometh 
 Fellow-Subjects and Members of the same State" ^). 
 
 From Virginia we turn to New England. We propose to 
 speak of the general principle of toleration then prevalent 
 among the puritans. It would seem to the casual observer, 
 that a strange inconsistency to that very cause which lead 
 them to forsake their native England, had sprung up in their 
 midst, when after such undescribable hardship's and suffering, 
 
 1) Hazard 337—38, vol. I. 
 
- 43 — 
 
 prosperity liad blessed them witli happy homes and all the com- 
 forts of life. But this could appear so to the casual observer 
 only. Most Catliolic writers ') are fond of attacking the Puri- 
 tans on their treatment of the Indians and their spirit of in- 
 tolerance ^). In regard to the Indians it is difficult to conceive 
 how, under the circumstances any other course of action could 
 have been pursued. In 1637 the powerful tribe of Pequods 
 began war on Connecticut by murdering the crew of a small 
 trading vessel on the Connecticut river. "With some appear- 
 ance of justice they pleaded the necessity of self-defence, and 
 sent messengers to Boston to desire the alliance of the white 
 men. The government of Massachusetts accepted the excuse, 
 and immediately conferred the benefit which was due from 
 civilization to the ignorant and passionate tribes ; it reconciled 
 the Pequods with their hereditary enemies, the Narragansetts. 
 No longer at variance with a powerful neighbor, the Pequods 
 displayed their bitter and emboldened hostility to the English 
 by murdering Oldham near Block Island" ^). This sounded at 
 once the tocsin for war. The Pequods attempted to unite the 
 Narragansetts and Mohegans with them, "that a union and a 
 general rising of the natives might sweep the hated intruders 
 from the ancient hunting grounds of the Indian race". Nothing 
 but the great presence of mind and courage of Roger Williams 
 of Rhode Island prevented this formidable conspiracy from taking 
 effect. He persuaded the Narragansetts to withdraw, thus leaving 
 the Pequods to contend single handed. John Mason took charge 
 of the Connecticut provincials, and marched into the Indian 
 country. A number of forts containing hundreds of the bravest 
 warriors of the Pequod nation were surrounded and set on fire. 
 In one hour the work of carnage was completed, and six hundred 
 Indians, men, women, and children, perished. The work of 
 death and destruction was continued. The remnants of the 
 race were sought out in their hidiug places, the wigwams were 
 
 1) Spalding's Miscellanea, Reviews, Lectures and essays. 
 
 2) We desire to keep in mind that Catholics acknowledge the intolerance 
 of the Puritans. All liberal Protestant writers if they be true to history must 
 do the same. 
 
 3) Bancroft, vol. I. p. 298. 
 
— 44 — 
 
 burnt, and their cornfields laid waste. The few that survived 
 surrendered in despair and were enslaved by the English, 
 "There remained not a sannup nor squaw, not a warrior noi 
 child, of the Pequod name. A nation had disappeared from the 
 family of man". 
 
 Much criticism has attended this terrible extermination ol 
 an Indian race ^). It is not our business to enter into a dis- 
 cussion of this question. We have not the space, and then it 
 would swerve to much from our general line of discourse. But 
 we cannot refrain from quoting the following, leaving the readei 
 to decide for himself. 
 
 "The vigour and courage displayed by the settlers on the 
 Connecticut, in this first Indian war in New England, struck 
 terror into the savages, and received n long succession of years 
 of peace. The infant was safe in its cradle, the laborer in the 
 fields, the solitary traveler during the night watches in the 
 forests; the houses needed no bolts, the settlements no pali- 
 sades" 2). 
 
 Next followed king Philip's bloody war which resulted in 
 the extermination of the Pokanokets. The great warrior Philip 
 himself was treacherously shot by a faithless Indian of his own 
 tribe, and his little harmless boy that had been cherished as 
 the last of the family of Massasoit, "was sold into bondage to 
 toil as a slave under the suns of Bermuda". 
 
 In regarding the treatment of the Indians by the Puritans 
 we must keep before us this fact, — "the Pokanokets had always 
 respected the Christian faith and the Christian manners; and 
 Massasoit had desired to insert in a treaty what the Puritans 
 never permitted, that the English should never attempt to con- 
 vert the warriors of his tribe from the religion of their race" ^). 
 This, of coiu'se, would continually bring them into conflict. The 
 Indians would begin by treacherously murdering the settlers on 
 the frontier, the alarm soon spreading, the white men in order 
 to save themselves would begin a war of extermination. 
 
 1) Especially by Catholic writers who claim that the Bible and not the 
 sword would have accomplished better results. 
 
 2) Bancroft. 
 
 3) Bancroft. 
 Hubbard. 
 
— 45 
 
 We now turn our attention to the important subject of 
 Witchcraft, and ask if it would be possible for a Catholic to 
 live anywhere within range of these laws or where Protestants 
 were in the supremacy, to attempt intolerance. We find this 
 clause among the famous Blue Laws of New England against 
 Roman Catholic priests. - "No priest shall abide in this do- 
 minion he shall be banished and suffer death on his return. 
 Priests may be siezed by anyone without a warrant" '). "So 
 extremely strong and so astonishingly fierce and unrelenting 
 was public prejudice on the subject of the Romish religion m 
 the early part of our colonial history that we find it declared 
 by law, in the early part of the last century (Colony laws vol. I 
 p 38, Livingston and Smith's edition), that every Jesuit and 
 popish priest, who should continue in the colony after a given 
 day should be condemned to perpetual imprisonment; and 
 if he broke prison and escaped, and was retaken, he should 
 be put to death. That law said Mr. Smith the historian of 
 the colony, as late as 1756 (Smith's History of New York p. Ill) 
 was worthy of perpetual duration!""^) The most wretched laws 
 were enacted against Quakers, but would have been doubly 
 strict if Catholics had attempted to abide among them^). In 1631 
 just eleven years after the landing of the Mayflower, Sir Chris- 
 topher Gardiner on mere suspicion of being a papist was siezed 
 and sent out of the colony of Mass. Bay, and in the same year 
 the general court wrote a letter denouncing the minister at 
 Watertown for giving expression to the opinion that the diurch 
 of Rome was a true church. Roger Williams declared that the 
 cross was H relic of Antichrist, a popish symbol savoring of 
 superstition, and not to be countenanced by Christian men. In 
 proof of their sincerity and zeal the Puritans cut the cross 
 from out the English flag. They regarded the Catholic settle- 
 ments in Canada with sentiments of such bigoted hatred as to 
 blind them to their own most evident political and commercial 
 interests. So unrelenting was their hatred of Romanism that 
 
 1) Spalding's Miscellanea. 
 Ibid. 
 
 2) Chancellor Kent's Commentaries on American Law, vol. II. p. 62—3. 
 
 3) Bancroft gives an account (vol. II. p. 749) of an Irish woman (Catholic) 
 being among the very first to be executed on account of Witchcraft. 
 
- 46 — 
 
 one of the grievances which they most strongly urged against 
 George III. was that he tolerated popery in Canada. 
 
 The Puritans were ever quarreling among themselves over 
 different creeds and beliefs. We have but to mention the names 
 of Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams. If dissenting Protes- 
 tants were not tolerated in New England, Catholics certainly 
 could not hope for mercy. 
 
 ''The religious character of Virginia though less intense 
 and earnest than that of New England can hardly be said to 
 have been less antichrist" ')• 
 
 In concluding this chapter we put the matter before the 
 reader, and ask if, in the nature of all the surrounding 
 circumstances, it were possible for the Catholics of Maryland 
 numbering only 25,000 at the opening of the Eevolution, and 
 previous to that time still less, to attempt anything of an in- 
 tolerant nature? Even in her very early history would not 
 Virginia have pounced down upon her as she did at different 
 times? Would New England have respected her? We are in- 
 clined to believe that the only thing which kept New England 
 from complaining to the home government, was the fact that 
 Protestantism through the influence of those who fled from 
 persecution in New England and Virginia, had rapidly gained 
 the ascendancy and finally controlled the government in the 
 Catholic colony of Maryland. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 Miscellanea. 
 
 We shall group a few questions together in this chapter, 
 and attempt to answer them. To begin with, — could a charter 
 granting exceptional liberties to Catholics have stood the Puri- 
 tan Revolution in England? We think not. From the very be- 
 
 1) Spalding in Catholic World. 
 
— 47 — 
 
 ginning of the reign of James IL in 1685, he had attempted to 
 restore Roman Catholicism throughout the nation. In 1688 the 
 people through the Whig nobles invited William and Mar}' to 
 come over from Holland and claim the crown. They accepted, 
 and arrived in England on the 5*^ of November. They were 
 well received, and in several days were joined by a number of 
 the leading men of the kingdom ^). James found himself deserted 
 and was obliged to flee the kingdom. With the assistance of 
 France and Ireland he endeavored to regain possession of the 
 crown, but was overwhelmingly defeated in the battle of the 
 Boyne, July P* 1690, thus sealing forever the fate of the Stuart 
 dynasty. On the reception of this news in Maryland, one Coode 
 applied to William III. ''to redeem the people of Maryland from 
 the arbitrary will and pleasure of a tyrannical Popish govern- 
 ment, under which they had so long groaned. Lord Baltimore 
 was deprived of all his rights as proprietary without any form 
 of law, or even a formal accusation that he had forfeited his 
 charter" ^). This proves conclusively that at this period the 
 Catholics stood but small chance in either 'Church or State ^). 
 What influence had the Catholic element on the Act of 
 1649? We answer this question by quoting. — "It was in 1649, 
 that the Maryland Act of Toleration was passed; which, however, 
 prescribed the punishment of death for anyone who denied the 
 Trinity. Of the small legislative body wiiich passed it, two- 
 thirds appear to have been Protestant, the recorded numbers 
 being sixteen and eight respectively. The colony was open to 
 the immigration of Puritans and all Protestants, and any per- 
 manent and successful oppression by a handful of Eoman Ca- 
 tholics was altogether impossible"*). 
 
 1) Among them Lord Churchill, afterwards the great Duke of Marlborough. 
 
 2) Shea, Church in Colonial Days. 
 
 3) Neill says — "During the English Revolution of 1688—9 was an im- 
 portant period in Maryland. — The watchward of the dominant party was "No 
 Popery", and a few artful demagogues in Maryland echoed the cry, and indus- 
 triously worked upon the passions and fears of the scattered and ignorant plan- 
 ters. It is possible — "Some truth there was but dash'd and brew'd with lies." 
 Dry den. 
 
 4) Gladstone in preface to "Vatican Decrees." 
 
— 48 — 
 
 And then further, — "It was a wise measure, for which 
 the two Lords Baltimore, father and son, deserve the highest 
 honor. But the measure was really defensive; and its main 
 and very legitimate purpose plainly was, to secure the free 
 exercise of the Roman Catholic religion. Immigration into the 
 colony was by the charter free; and only by this and other 
 popular provisions could the territory have been extricated from 
 the grasp of its neighbors in Virginia who claimed it as their 
 own. It was apprehended that the Puritans would flood it, as 
 they did: and it seems certain that but for this excellent pro- 
 vision, the handful of Roman Catholic founders would have been 
 unable to hold their ground" ^). 
 
 In the conflict between Charles I. and his Parliament Cecil 
 Lord Baltimore, had no symp'athy whatever. He viewed with 
 displeasure the manly opposition of Parliament to the arrogant 
 demands of the king. Being a favorite of the king, it is easy 
 to conceive that he would be unpopular with the followers of 
 Parliament if the king were overthrown. 
 
 As Baltimore could not make the Church of Rome the esta- 
 blished Church in Maryland, a check was held on all religious 
 demonstrations, by securing the patronage of all churches that 
 should happen to be built. There is no doubt but that Baltimore 
 endeavored to promote what he thought were the best interests 
 of the colonists, but it was far from his intention that they 
 should molest him as the Parliament were troubling Charles. 
 
 ''But while religious differences existed Leonard Calvert, 
 as governor of the province, seemed to protect all in their con- 
 scientious scruples, for had he oppressed them they would have 
 crossed the river to Virginia, where settlers were so much 
 needed, and the enemies of the colony would liave triumphed. 
 The first Protestant colonists were principally indented white 
 servants, and poor young men who came to seek their fortunes. 
 They had no guide of their faith furnished by the proprietor 
 for the cure of their souls, but in their chests a few books 
 had been placed by anxious friends and parents, that had pro- 
 
 1) Gladstone in appendix to "Vaticanism.' 
 
— 49 — 
 
 ved sources of comfort in hours of doubt, temptation and lone- 
 liness" '). 
 
 As far as the public records show, Cecil Baltimore never 
 contributed a shilling for the building of a church or school- 
 house in Maryland. In his despatches he seldom makes illusion 
 to the importance of either. 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 Conclusion. 
 
 The Catholic Church is the oldest organization in the his- 
 tory of the world. From the time when Jesus of Nazareth walk- 
 ing by the shores of Galilee, surrendered to Simon Peter "the 
 keys of the kingdom of Heaven" ^), the Church of Eome has 
 fought and labored. From the depths of the catacombs she 
 sent forth men who battled with that long line of Eoman em- 
 perors and, in spite of terriable torture and persecution, finally 
 triumphed. Through her agency the beneficent influence of the 
 Christian doctrine quickly extended from the banks of the Ebro 
 in Spain to the central rivers of Asia, and overflowed the wide 
 limits of the empire even to the Rhine and the Danube. The 
 Etruscan mysteries, the Athenean faith in Apollo and Minerva 
 
 1) Neill. 
 
 2) At Ceasarea Philippi Christ said to Peter — "Thou art Peter; and 
 upon this rock will I build my Church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail 
 against it. And I will give unto thee the keys of the kingdom of Heaven; and 
 whatsoever thou shalt bind on earth shall be bound in Heaven, and whatsoever 
 thou shalt loose on earth, shall be loosed in Heaven" — Matthew XVI. 18—19. 
 
 In these little sentences have been built up the mighty ediface of the 
 Church of Rome: in them lie the authority of the Popes over temporal affairs, 
 and their so-called "infallibility" in cursing a soul or clensing it white from sin. 
 
 4 
 
— 50 — 
 
 vanished into the realms of chimera from whence they came. 
 On those sites where the gods of Olympus had been worshipped, 
 on the very columns that had supported their temples, were 
 shrines erected to the memory of those who had rejected their 
 divinity. The heathen basilica was converted to the purpose of 
 Christian worship. The religion of the Ceasars passed away. 
 *'In every highway on the steep summits of the hills, in the 
 deep ravines and romantic valley's, on the roofs of houses, and 
 in the mosiac of the floors was seen the cross" ^). The Arian 
 races in moving westward were after centuries of strife ab- 
 sorbed by the new belief, and the Arab inspired by an arrogant 
 and dogmatic creed, attempting the invasion of Europe, miserably 
 failed, and was compelled to retire beyond the Pyranees^). 
 
 From that time on, the Church of Rome had but to aright 
 herself and settle her internal difficulties. She had centuries 
 at her disposal. The nations of Europe were gathered together 
 under her tutelage. But the Church in the mismanagement of 
 her power, and through accumulation of errors, became corrupt 
 Her pupils began to dissent. Nations began to throw off her 
 yoke and at the time of the discovery of the New World beyond 
 the Atlantic, she was in a state of internal decay. After the 
 Eeformation all northern Europe was lost to her, but in all the 
 southern states and principalities, her supremacy remained su- 
 preme ^). 
 
 With the voyage of Columbus the attention of the Catholic 
 Church was turned towards the newly discovered world^). French 
 Jesuits were early in the region of the St. Lawrence, doing 
 noble work among the Hurons. "Away from the amenities of 
 life, away from the opportunities of vain glory, they became 
 dead to the world, and possessed their souls in unalterable 
 
 1) Ranke's History of the Popes, vol. I. chapt. I. 
 
 2) Battle of Tours 732. 
 
 3) See Macaulay's entire cristicism of Ranke's History of the Popes. 
 
 4) Dr. Thomas Jenkins in his pamphlet entitled Christian VS. Godless 
 Schools, chapt. I. p. 4. 
 
 Clarke's Lives of the Deceased Bishops, chapt. I, 
 
— 51 — 
 
 peace." The whole of the great northwest was visited by them. 
 The dense forests surrounding the great lakes were penetrated, 
 and the Cross in company with the standard of France set up 
 on their shores. Illustrious among the names of these deter- 
 mined and soul inspired men, are those of Marquette and Joliet. 
 Together they floated from the great watersheds of the north 
 down the Wisconsin, and drifted silently into the Great River, 
 the Father of Waters, which had been discovered in the south 
 by De Soto more than a century before. They were the first 
 white men who trod the soil of Iowa. The emblems of Chris- 
 tianity and the banner bearing the lilies of the Bourbons, were 
 planted in the great valley of the Mississippi. For the first time 
 the great plains of Illinois, which stretch back and away from 
 Rock Island ^), were crossed by these daring missionaries. Joliet 
 returned to Quebec, while Marquette wandering again to the 
 northward, went quietly to sleep on the margin of the stream 
 that bears his name. "The people of the west will build his 
 monument." 
 
 At the out break of the American Revolution the Catholics 
 were confined principally to Maryland. When the call came 
 from the Convention of 74, for all classes to lay aside religious 
 difterences and fight side by side for the liberties of their 
 country, these Catholics heartily responded to the call, and 
 fought with great bravery and much credit to themselves through- 
 out the entire war. The close of this prolonged struggle left 
 the Catholic Church unfettered and free to begin that rapid 
 growth^) which has developed into the massive organization 
 which stands in the very heart of the United States to day, — 
 a power for good or evil, — the future must decide. 
 
 1) One of the most picturesque spots in the great west. Also the seat of 
 one of the first arsenals of the United States, and acknowledged to be one of 
 the best equipped in the world. 
 
 2) In 1800, the Catholic population was 100,000 — Dr. J. L. Spalding, in 
 "Catholic World", July 1876. 
 
 Josiah Strong in "Our Country". In 1890, it numbered nearly 10,000,000. 
 Census of the United States. 
 
— 52 — 
 
 It is sincerely to be hoped that the Protestants and Catho- 
 lics of America may continue to live side by side in peace, 
 acting towards one another as brother should towards brother, 
 remembering that we are all believers in the same God, who 
 will not smile upon one more than upon the other, but upon all 
 alike. And if ever in the future dark and threatening clouds 
 should hover over the horizon of religious and political freedom, 
 may these great organs of religion unite to battle for the honor, 
 freedom, and glory of our country. 
 
Chronological Table. 
 
 Grant of Avalon the Sir George Calvert. April 7tli 1623. 
 
 Death of George Calvert 1st Lord Baltimore. April 15th 1632. 
 
 Charter of Maryland issued to Cecilius Calvert 2nd Lord Baltimore. June 20th 
 
 1632. 
 Firibt colonists sail for Maryland. Nov. 22nd 1633. 
 The Ark and Dove arrive at Point Comfort. Febr. 27th 1634. 
 Landing at St. Clements. March 25th 1634. 
 Foundation of St. Mary's. March 27th 1634. 
 St. Mary's county settled. 1634. 
 Clayborne's first invasion. 1635. 
 Settlement of Swedes on the Delaware. 1638. 
 Baptism of Tayac. July 5th 1648. 
 The government siezed by Clayborne and Ingle. 1645. 
 The rebels submit to Gov. Calvert. Nov. 1646. 
 Death of Gov. Leonard Calvert. June 9th 1647. 
 Act of Toleration passed. April 21st 1649. 
 
 Maryland siezed by Parliamentary Commissioners. March 29th 1652. 
 Battle of Providence (Annapolis). March 25th 1655. 
 New Sweden conquered by the Dutch. Sept. 25th 1655. 
 The government restored to Lord Baltimore. March 25th 1658. 
 Fendall's rebellion. 1659. 
 Philip Calvert Governor. Dec. 11th 1660. 
 Charles Calvert Governor. 1662. 
 Massacre of Susquehannocks. Sept. 25th 1675. 
 Death of Cecil Calvert of 2nd Lord Baltimore. Nov. 30th 1675. 
 Plot of Fendall and Coode. 1681. 
 Protestant revolution in England. James II. abdicates. Dec. 11th 1688. 
 
 1) The old style of reckoning time, or Julian calendar, was not issued in Great 
 Britain and the colonies until 1752. By this calendar the legal year began on 
 March 25th, so that Jan. 1st 1751, would be Jan. 1st 1752, according to modern 
 reckoning. In this table the years are given in new style. 
 
— 54 — 
 
 Coode and associates sieze the government of Maryland. Aug. 23rd 1689. 
 
 War between France and England, 1689. 
 
 Mail route opened. 1695. 
 
 Free schools established. 1696. 
 
 Peace of Ryswick between England and France. Sept. 20th 1697. 
 
 Annapolis made the capital of the province. July 22nd 1699. 
 
 War between England and France again breaks out. May 4th 1702. 
 
 Peace of Utrecht between England and France. March 13rd 1713. 
 
 Charles Calvert, 3rd Lord Baltimore dies. Febr. 24th 1715. 
 
 Benedict Leonard Calvert, 4th Lord Baltimore dies. April 5th 1715. 
 
 Baltimore founded by Act of Assembly. Aug. 8th 1729. 
 
 Boundary agreement between Charles, 5th Lord Baltimore and William Penn 
 
 May 10th 1732. 
 War between England and France renewed. March 31st 1744. 
 Peace between England and France (Treaty of Aix la Chapelle Oct.7). April 30th 
 
 1748. 
 Death of Charles, 5th Lord Baltimore. April 23rd 1751. 
 Convention at Albany. June 19th 1754. 
 Braddock's defeat. July 9th 1755. 
 Acadians arrive in Maryland. Dec. 1755. 
 Surrender of Fort du Quesne. Nov. 24th 1758. 
 Capture of Quebec. Sept. 13th 1795. 
 Survey of Mason and Dixon's line begun. Nov. 19th 1760. 
 Pontiacs war breaks out. May 9th 1763. 
 Stamp Act passed by Parliament. March 25th 1765. 
 Colonial Congress meets in New York. Oct. 7th 1765. 
 Stamp Act repealed. March 18th 1766. 
 Duty laid on tea etc. July 2nd 1767. 
 
 Death of Frederick, 6th and last Lord Baltimore. Sept. 14th 1771. 
 Provincial Convention meets in Annapolis. June 22nd 1774. 
 First Continental Congress meets. Sept. 5th 1774. 
 Battle of Lexington. April 19th 1775. 
 New Congress meets. May 10th 1775. 
 
 Declaration of Independence resolved in Congress. July 2nd 1776. 
 Draft of Declaration approved an published. July 4th 1776. 
 Maryland declares herself independent. July 6th 1776. 
 
Vita. 
 
 Ich, Ernest L. Harris, wurde am 26. Oktober 1870 in Grin- 
 nell, im' Staate Iowa, in den Vereinigten Staaten von Nord- 
 amerika geboren. Meine Eltern sind Jakob Lloyd Harris und 
 Anna Mc Grew. Als ich zwei Jahre alt war zogen meine Eltern 
 nacli Edgington in Illinois ; ich wurde daselbst im Alter von 
 sechs Jahren in die offentliche Schule geschickt, die ich bis zu 
 meinem vierzehnten Jahre besuchte. Im Jahre 1886 trat ich 
 in die Akademie von Iowa College zu Grinnell, wo ich ein 
 Jahr verblieb. Die folgenden zwei Jahre verbrachte ich mit 
 Reisen. Im Herbst 1888 trat ich wieder in das Cornell College 
 zu Mount Vernon in Iowa ein, wo ich vier Jahre zubrachte 
 und das Examen bestand. Die Ferien dieser Studienzeit ver- 
 brachte ich (regelmassig) in Rock Island in Illinois, wo ich zu- 
 gleich amerikanisches Recht studierte. Im Friihling 1892 kam 
 ich nach Europa und im Herbst desselben Jalires liess ich mich 
 als Student an der Universitat zu Heidelberg aufnehmen, wo- 
 selbst ich besonders die Vorlesungen der Herren Professoren 
 Erdmannsdortfer, Kuno Fischer, Ihne, Kleinschmidt, Schick und 
 Winkelmann horte und am 27. Februar 1894 als Doktor der 
 Philosophie promovierte. 
 
\\m 13 S'i^'^