THE HISTORY OF ARKANSAS A Text-book for Public Schools, High Schools, and Academies ^ ' BY/ JosiAH H. "Shinn, a. M. EX-STATE SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, AND AUTHOR OF THE " HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE," " PUBLIC LAND SURVEYS," AND " HISTORY OF EDUCATION IN ARKANSAS" T^UX^^i^*^ ©M.^^ WILSON AND WEBB BpOK AND STATIONERY COMPANY LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS 2979 Copyright, 1898, by Wilson and Webb Book and Stationery Company. PREFACE. The present volume is intended to meet an existing demand for a text-book on the history of Arkansas which shall reflect the most advanced historical and pedagogical methods, and at the same time be adapted, in style and matter, to our public schools, our high schools, and our academies. The attention of teachers is called to the following special features: 1. The chronological treatment of the subject from the days of De Soto to the present time. 2. The subdivision into chapters with titles, which serve as great general topics upon and around which the side heads arrange themselves in a natural and easy manner. 3. The grouping of the side heads as subordinate titles immediately under the principal title. By this means the topical method of presentation is aided with- out destroying the chronological order. It also facili- tates reviews, and enables teachers who have the time, to develop the subject more exhaustively. 4. The schemes for the presentation of the subject at the close of certain chapters; the notes at the foot of pages; the questions for review; the maps and illus- trations; the tables showing the battles and skirmishes in Arkansas during the Confederate States' War; the list of regiments and their commanding officers, and other valuable tabular matter. [3] 4 PREFACE. The author has endeavored to be fair and impartial in the treatment of all political questions, and to pre- sent every feature of our state growth with accuracy, clearness, and force. He is indebted for much valuable information to Sterhng Cockrill, John G. Fletcher, S. W. Williams, T. W. Newton, T. J. Churchill, W. P. Campbell, E. B. Mills, C. B. Myers, Charles and James Coffin, H. B. Armistead, O. C. Gray, James A. Martin, H. J. Trimble, F. W. Hodge, J. R. H. Scott, R. G. Shaver, Dandridge McRae, J. R. Jobe, H. G. Bunn, J. C. Tappan, E. B. Jett, Brice Williams, E. W. Rector, J. H. Rogers, Frank Weaver, and J. M. Lucey. He is greatly indebted also to Prof. R. H. Parham for many valuable suggestions. The book is submitted to the teachers and directors of the state with the hope that it may stimulate not only a genuine love of our country and of our state, but also the sturdy qualities of industry, energy, and self-denial. JOSIAH H. SHINN. Little Rock, Arkansas. CONTENTS. CHAPTER. PAGE. I. Indian Occupation 9 II. Hernando De Soto in Arkansas 17 III. French Explorations in Arkansas 23 IV. French Domination 30 V. Spanish Domination 38 VI. The Last Days of Spain and France .... 49 VII. The Province of Louisiana 55 VIII. The Territory of Louisiana 60 IX. The Territory of Missouri 67 X. The Territory of Arkansaw — Miller's Admini- stration .... 80 XI. Izard's Administration 97 XII. Pope's Administration 103 XIII. Fulton's Administration ... .... 108 XIV. The State of Arkansas, James S. Conway's Ad- ministration ... 120 XV. Archibald Yell's Administration 135 XVI. Thomas S. Drew's Administration 143 XVII. John Selden Roane's Administration .... 151 XVIII. Elias N. Conway's Administration 156 XIX. Henry M. Rector's Administration 172 XX. Henry M. Rector's Administration (continued) . 181 XXI. Harris Flanagin's Administration 188 XXII. Isaac Murphy's Administration 195 XXIII. Powell Clayton's Administration 204 XXIV. O. A. Hadley's Administration 210 XXV. Elisha Baxter's Administration 213 XXVI. Augustus H. Garland's Administration . . . 222 XXVII. William R. Miller's Administration .... 227 XXVIII. Thomas J. Churchill's Administration ... 235 XXIX. James H. Berry's Administration 239 [5] 6 CONTENTS. CHAPTER. PAGE. XXX. Simon P. Hughes' Administration 245 XXXI. James P. Eagle's Administration 254 XXXII. William M. Fishback's Administration . . . 263 XXXIII. James P. Clarke's Administration 274 XXXIV. Daniel W. Jones' Administration 285 XXXV. A General View 2S9 BOOKS OF REFERENCE. Biedma's Expedition of Hernando De Soto. Knight of Elvas' Expedition of De Soto. D. Coxe's Corolana. Marquette's Discoveries in North America. La Salle's Taking Possession of the Mouths of the Mississippi. De Tonti's Memoir Penicault. Mabry. Dumont's Memoirs of Louisiana. Bancroft's History of the United States. Demitry's History of Louisiana. Campbell's Florida. Hempstead's Arkansas. Haywood's Tennessee. Butler's Kentucky. Parton's Burr. Powell's Ethnology. Gatchett's Legends of Creek Migration. Holmes' Arkansas Pottery. Pike's Report. Owen's Geological Survey. Branner's Geological Survey. Slavery in the Territories — Welling Am. History Papers. 1891. Pope's Early Days in Arkansas. Lucey's Souvenir of a Silver Jubilee. BOOKS OF REFERENCE. 7 Ramsay's Tennessee. Lowry and McCardle's History of Mississippi. Public Domain. Travels in the Wild West. V/ilmers Life of De Soto. Winsor's Narrative and Critical History of America. Williams* Memorabilia of Hempstead County. Claiborne's Louisiana. Jefferson's Correspondence and Proclamations. Appleton's Encyclopedia. Monette's Mississippi Valley. War Records of the United States. Acts of Arkansas 1819-1895. Journals and Public Documents of Arkansas 1819-1895. State Papers — Public Lands. Harrell's Brooks-Baxter War. Hallum's Biographical History of Arkansas. Hon. David Walker's Speech at the Centennial. Jewell's History of Methodism in Arkansas. Life of Rev. J. Coleman. Dunbar's Report of Explorations on the Washita. Files of the Arkansas Gazette. Report of the Poland Investigating Committee. Report of the Committee on Southern Outrages. Letter-press books of the Governors. Census Reports. Press Association Minutes. Minutes State Teachers' Associations. Files of the Little Rock Republican. Files of the Washington Telegraph. County Court Records. The Cherokee Nation by Royce. Cephas Washburn's Reminiscences of the Indians, with biog- raphy of Washburn by Rev. J. W. Moore of Little Rock. MAP SHOWING MIGRATIONS OF THE OMAHAS AND COGNATE TRIBES. Legend. Winnebago nabitat. i6. Iowa habitat. 17. Arkansas habitat. 18. Quapaw habitat, after the separa- 19. tion from the Omahas, etc. 20. Route of the Omahas, Poncas, 22. Kansas and Osages. 23. Their habitat at the mouth of the 24. Missouri River. Their course along that river. 25. Their habitat at the mouth of 26. Osage River. 27. Subsequent course of the Osages. 28. Subsequent course of the Kansas. 30. Course of the Omahas and Poncas, 31. according to some. 33. Their course, according to others. Where they met the lowas. 35. Course of the three tribes. 37. Pipestone quarry. Cliflfs 100 feet high on each bank. Fort built by the three tribes. Lake Andes. Mouth of White River. Mouth of the Niobrara River. Omaha village on Bow Creek. Iowa village on Ionia Creek. Omaha village Titanga jiiiga and Zande buta. Omaha village at Omadi. Omaha village on Bell Creek. Probable course of the lowas. Omaha habitat on Salt Creek. Omaha habitat at Ane nat'aican Omaha habitat on Shell Creek. Omaha habitat on the Elkhorn River. Omaha habitat on Logan Creek. Omaha habitat near Bellevue. [8] THE HISTORY OF ARKANSAS CHAPTER I. INDIAN OCCUPATION. 1. The Dakota Family. 4. Pottery. 2. The Quapaws and Osages. 5. Ancient Novaculite Quarries. 3. Mound Exploring Regions. 6. Tents and Houses. I. The Dakota Family. Before the days when the white man entered America the whole region was occu- pied by people, now called by the general name, Indians. They were divided into a number of distinct tribes, having different languages, different institu- tions, and different cus- toms; and were united by but one bond — a com- mon ancestry. As they have left no written rec- ords, our knowledge of them is gathered from the traditions of living Indians, from study and comparison of their lan- guages, and from inves- tigation of the remains prehistoric po-ttery. [9] HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. that they have left in the shape of mounds, pottery, arrowheads, inscriptions, and burial sites. ^ Where these people originally came from is not known. If it is held that there is but one species of man, then we may reasonably believe that the species has been dispersed from some common center; but where this center was no one can now say. And even were this known, the lines of migration from that center could not be traced until the changes in the phy- sical geography of the earth since the earliest times had been recorded. Of this only are we assured by the recent triumphs of Ameri- can archaeology and philol- ogy, — that the Indians oc- cupying the vast region of what is now Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota, Kansas, Nebraska, and the Dakotas were of one stock or family. This family has been called the Dakotas^ and was made up of fourteen tribes, whose names were as follows: Quapaws,^ Osa- 1, The pupil should consult his dictionary for a detinition of the words eiJi nology\ philology^ and arch(Pology^ and associate each definition with the studies named in the text. Teachers will derive much aid from the works of the Bureau of Ethnology at Washington. 2. Quapaiv or Quapa is a modern incorrect rendering for the old Indian word Kapa^ an abbreviation of Uga.vpa or Ugaqpa, (.r or q has the sound of the German ch in nicht). De Soto's historians called it Pacaha, which is an inversion of Capaha, or Kapa. The Algonquin word for A'^r/a is ^-fr/tawi-^. Thus the Indians of eastern Arkansas called themselves Kapa, while their neighbors higher up the river called them A kansa. The word Arkafisas finds a birthplace among the Algonquins, and not in the language of Kapas or Quapaws. Father Gravier and Marquette, in using the Algonquin word A kansa^ spelled it A rkansea. La Salle spelled it A rkaitsa ; Joutel, A ccancea ; HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. ii ges, Missouris, lowas, Kansas, Arrapahoes, Ottoes, Omahas, Poncas, Sioux, Crows, Assiniboines, Man- pans, and Minnatarees. 2. The Quapaws and Osages. The Indians have always been a wandering people. The following tradition shows the Indian belief as to the manner in which the Dakota family reached its present habitation west Of the Mississippi: The ancestors of the various tribes which make up this family came from the east. They traveled down the Ohio, possibly driven westward by the Algonquins. At the mouth of the river they sepa- rated: the Omahas, Poncas, Osages, and others went up the Mississippi; the rest went down that river. Those who went up were called Umaha or Omaha^ "to go against the wind and stream." Those who went down were called Ugaqpa or Quapaw^ from ugaqpa or iigaJia^ " to float down the stream," The Quapaws entered what is now Arkansas at its northeastern corner, and in time spread themselves along the eastern boundary of the state beside the river, building towns and forming settlements. Later they were found to be in possession of nearly all the territory south of the Arkansas river. The Osages and the Omahas pursued their course up the Mississippi to the mouth of the Missouri, then up the Missouri to the mouth of the Osage. Here the Osages decided to separate from the Omahas. The Omahas pushed on into what is now Nebraska and the northwest.^ The Osages gradually spread over Henry de Tonti, .-i/5ra« . I r\ • .. V Discuss. Route ^ Quigate \ describe each. Ca ^a^^ ^ Describe the country. Tula Autiamque I. There was a suppressed excitement, however, in the minds of all the French and Spanish subjects growing out of the uncertainty of their land titles. They feared that the citizens of the United States would attempt to dispossess them of their estates and homes. President Jefferson soon allayed HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 55 Similar Topics. ! Marquette. De ionti. D'Iberville. 2. The French Governors. 3. The Spanish Governors. . A league is 83^ arpents. . En'lli^h'mne'^This (Ten French poles are one arpent. ^"g^ish miles.'' ihis Note. Eighteen French feet are one pole, calcuation gives but The French foot is to the English f "^ ^^"^^^ °^ ^^e foot as 16 to 15. league. There were CHAPTER VII. THE PROVINCE OF LOUISIANA, 1803-1804. 30. Claiborne's Administration, 32. Lewis and Clarke Expedition. 1803-1804. 33. Slavery. 31. The District of Louisiana, 1804-1805. 30. Governor Claiborne's Administration. On the same day on which possession of Louisiana was given to the United States, William C. C. Claiborne, who had been appomted commandant of the new territory until a new government should be formed, assumed the duties of the office and issued a proclamation declaring that the government of France and Spain had ceased to this fear by appointing a commission to inquire into the titles of the French and Spanish in the new territory. This commission consisted of two men of French descent, J. B. C. Lucas and James Penrose, and one American, James L. Donaldson (succeeded in 1807 by Frederic Bates). It was noted for culture, character, and wisdom. Its reports fill a large part of the American state papers, and have been adopted by the supreme court of the United States as final in all contests before that body. 56 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. exercise control over Louisiana, and that the laws of the United States had been there established. He also assured the inhabitants that until legal action was taken by Congress as to their citizenship, they would be protected in the free enjoyment of their liberty, property, and religion. In an address issued upon the same day he further promised that the Ameri- can Congress would pro- mote the commercial and agricultural interests of the community. In the spring of 1804 Arkansas Post, Ft. Esper- ance, and St. Louis were formally delivered to the United States. James B. Many, Major of Artillery, was sent by Gen. Wilkin- son to Arkansas Post, which was quietly given up to him by the Spanish com- mandant, Ignace el Leno. Amos Stoddard, Captain of the Artillery corps at Kaskaskia, received the Post at St. Louis, and remained the commandant until Nov. 8, 1804. St. Louis, like Arkansas Post, was but a small provincial town, with one hundred and fifty houses, three streets, and one log church. In both places the manners and customs were French, and but few spoke the English language. 31. The District of Louisiana. Congress divided the new territory (Mar. 26, 1804) into two parts; one called the territory of Orleans; the other, the district WILLIAM C. C. CLAIBORNE. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 57 of Louisiana. The territory of Orleans extended from the Gulf of Mexico north to the thirty-third parallel, the northern boundary of the present state of Louisi- ana, and had its capital at New Orleans. The district of Louisiana comprised all the remaining territory. It was usually styled Upper Louisiana. The govern- ment of this district was attached to that of Indiana territory. The governor of Indiana territory at that time was Gen. William Henry Harrison. During the fall of 1804, Governor Harrison, accompanied by three judges, visited St. Louis, and established courts for the new district. The governor appointed Samuel Hammond as his deputy for St. Louis, and three commandants for the posts: Col. Meigs for St. Charles; Major Hunt for St. Genevieve and Col, Scott for Cape Girardeau. James B. Many was left in authority at Arkansas Post. On March 3, 1805, Congress divided the district of Louisiana into the territory of Louisiana and the dis- trict of New Madrid. It was the lower part of the territory comprising what is now Arkansas and the southern part of Missouri that was laid off into the district of New Madrid. The President appointed Gen. James Wilkinson as governor, and Frederick Bates as secretary. The superior court was presided over by Judge Meigs and John B. Lucas. The governor and judges constituted the legislature. 32. Lewis and Clarke Expedition, 1804-1806. President Jefferson asked Congress to authorize an exploring party to ascend the Missouri to its headwaters and thence to cross the Rocky Mountains to the Pa- cific Ocean. His determination was by all honorable 58 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. means to extend the authority of the United States from the Atlantic to the Pacific. This exploring party would not only add to the country's knowledge of what the Louisiana purchase really included, but would also establish a basis for new discoveries in the west. Con- gress passed the law, and Jefferson placed the party under the command of Captain Meriwether Lewis and Lieutenant William Clarke, a brother of the famous George Rogers Clarke. The expedition started from St. Louis in May, 1804, and returned to the same place in September, 1806. During that time they had ascended the Missouri, crossed the Rocky Mountains, discovered and passed down the Lewis or Snake river to the Columbia, and down this stream to the Pacific. Each member of the expedition received warrants for 320 acres of land to be located west of the Mississippi. Lewis and Clarke received 1,600 acres each. Meriwether Lewis became the second governor of the territory of Louisiana, and William Clarke the first governor of the territory of Missouri. 33. Slavery. The provision in the treaty of cession (1803) which bound the United States to protect the inhabitants of the old province in the free enjoyment of their liberty and property brought the question of slavery into prominence. Opponents of slavery held that the word " property " could not be interpreted to include slaves. It was also maintained that the right to continue the institution of slavery could not be decided by Congress; but that each municipal com- munity must decide for itself. Two such commun- ities had been established. In the territory of Or- leans, the institution of slavery remained undis- HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 59 turbed, but further importation of slaves from abroad was prohibited. The district of Louisiana was annexed to Indiana and thus became subject to the regulations of the Ordinance of 1787 which prohibited slavery. This consequence of the annexation of the district of Louisiana to Indiana was not publicly acknowledged at the time, but in after years it was held by the oppo- nents to slavery to have been a division of the Louisi- ana purchase between the "free" and the " slave " states. On the 2d of March, 1805, Congress repealed all implied restrictions upon slavery in the territory of Orleans. This created the contention that the prohi- bition on the slave trade from abroad was also repealed. Under cover of this claim the slave trade was revived at New Orleans, and carried on until 1808. The sectional feud on the slave question resulted, during the war of 181 2, in the Hartford Convention. This body held that Congress had no power to regulate commerce and pass embargo laws. The treaty closing the war restored peace for a time, but the agitation was revived and threatened to dissolve the Union, when Arkansas was made a slave-holding territory (1819). 6o HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. CHAPTER VIII. THE TERRITORY OF LOUISIANA, 1805-1812. 34. Wilkinson's Administration, 39. Lewis's Administration, 1807- 1805-1807. 1809. 35. District of Arkansas. 40. The Osage Session. 36. Pike's Expedition. 41. Howard's Administration, 37. Exploration of tlie Ouachita. 1809-1812. 38. Burr's Conspiracy. 42. Settlers of this Period. 34. Wilkinson's Administration. Gen. James Wilkin- son took a prominent part in the Revolutionary War. Afterwards, in Kentucky, he distinguished himself as a writer, a speaker, and a man of great political influence. He took a leading part in the Indian wars of Ohio, and for thirty years was connected with important events of the west. In 1787 he was charged with the crime of intrigue with Spain; but the charges were never proved and he is believed by many to have been innocent. He was one of the commissioners who at New Orleans received the province of Louisiana from the hands of France. From 1805 to 1807 he was gov- ernor of the territory of Louisiana. During his administration as governor he retained his position as general. Upon the death of Gen. Wayne in 1796, he was advanced to the supreme command of the American armies. 35. District of Arkansas. On the 27th of June, 1806, the legislature of the territory of Louisiana set aside the lower part of the district of New Madrid, and made of it a new district, called the district of Arkan- saw. Stephen Warrel was appointed first deputy-gov- ernor for the district; but was soon succeeded by Robert W. Osborne. HIS TOR Y OF A RKA NBA S. 6l 36. Pikes Expedition. Jefferson planned another expedition to explore the sources of the Mississippi and the western part of Louisiana. Gen. Zebulon Montgomery Pike was placed in command and much work was done in the Rocky Mountains. Pike's Peak still bears the name of the leader of the expedition. Gen. Pike dispatched James B. Wilkinson to descend the Arkansas to its mouth. Wilkinson began the descent in two canoes on Oct. 27, 1806, and on Jan- uary 9, 1807 reached Arkansas Post, having passed over the entire length of the river from its source almost to its mouth. He passed and noted the mouths of three tributary streams, the Canadian, Poteau, and Vermillion. In speaking of the game along the river one of his men said: " I believe there are on the banks of the Arkansas alone, sufficient buffalo, elk, and deer to feed all the savages in the United States one century, if used without waste." Wilkinson made a map of the river, upon which from the mouth of the Poteau, where Fort Smith now stands, to Arkansas Post, only three points are noted: i. A high mountain on the south, evidently Magazine; 2. Hot Springs; 3. Two bands of French hunters on the north side of the river, one about where Little Rock stands, the other in the neighborhood of Pine Bluff. The state was one vast wilderness save for the settlements at Arkansas Post^ and Camp Esperance. I. In the early part of the year 1800, three Kentuckians started a settlement three miles south of the mouth of the St. Francis, at a point called Little Prairie. During that year William Patterson built a warehouse where Helena now stands. Patterson was a Methodist, and it is said that he was a local preacher at the time. Organized Methodism began in the territory in 1806. Col. Sylvanus Phillips settled at the mouth of the St. Francis in 1797, 62 HIS TOR Y OF A RKA NSA S. 37. Exploration of the Ouachita. In the fall of 1804, Jefferson commissioned Mr. Dunbar, a distinguished scientist of Natchez, to explore the Ouachita. He ascended the river as far as Hot Springs (which was then uninhabited), taking its courses and distances, and he prepared a map of the region. About the same time Don Juan Filhiol, commandant of Ouachita Post, ascended the Ouachita to Hot Springs, and wrote a detailed description of the region. Upon a grant said to have been issued by Governor Miro, Filhiol claimed Hot Springs. This celebrated case was decided against him by the United States district court at Little Rock, but an appeal was taken and is now pending in the supreme court of the United States. 38. Burr's Conspiracy. During the year 1806, the authorities of Spain advanced in force to Bayou Pierre on Red river. Gen. Wilkinson took stand with his troops on the western side of the Sabine to check them. While thus engaged, he was ordered back to the Mis- sissippi to protect New Orleans. It had just been made known through a proclamation of the President that Aaron Burr was the leader of a conspiracy to separate the territory of Louisiana from the Union, and to establish upon the banks of the Ouachita ^ a new government, of which Burr should be the chief. It was rumored also that the Spanish authority in Texas and Mexico was to be attacked and if possible overthrown. The state of Kentucky was the place chosen by Burr but during the troubles between the United States and the g-overnor-general at New Orleans, over the Mississippi, he was required by the Spanish com- mandant to remove to Arkansas Post. I. Jefferson said that a part of Burr's recruits were settlers on Bastrop's lands on the Ouachita, and the others were adventurers of the worst kind. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS, 63 to perfect his operations, but it appears that his move- ments covered a much wider area. He made approaches to Governor Wilkinson, through whom his schemes were made known to the President. He was arrested in Mississippi and taken to Richmond, Virginia, for trial. Everything had been managed so carefully as to make it impossible to prove him guilty, and he was acquitted; but in the opinion of the public in general his guilt was established.^ 39. Lewis's Administration. In August 1807, Gen. Wilkinson was succeeded by Captain Meriwether Lewis of Virginia, as governor of the territory. Lewis was a warm friend of President Jefferson's, and had gained distinction in the Lewis and Clarke expedition. He held the position until his death in 1S09. 40. The Osage Cession. In June, 1808, a feud occurred between Governor Lewis and some of the Osages, which led to a withdrawal of the protection of the I. The Federalists championed the cause of Burr, not because they sympa- thized with him, but because of their hatred for Jefferson. 64 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. United States. Incoming tides of settlers annoyed the Indians and they proposed to sell their land. On the loth of November, 1808, a treaty between the Osage nation and the United States was concluded at Fort Clark (in the southwestern part of the present state of Missouri), by which the United States acquired the following area of land: From the Arkansas north to the Missouri river, and from the Mississippi west- ward to a line due south from Fort Clark to the Arkan- sas river, at a point called Frog Bayou in Crawford county. Two other cessions (Sept. 25, 1818, and June 3, 1825) w^ere made by the Osages, by which all the remaining lands of the Great and Little Osages in Arkansas, and in Lovely's Purchase were transferred to the United States. The area was nearly 50,000,000 acres, of which about 16,000,000 were in Arkansas. Major Lovely was a soldier of the Revolution and took part in the capture of Burgoyne. He moved to Tennessee and became a friend of the Cherokees. When they moved west he went with them and estab- lished a large trade on the Arkansas. As an Indian agent he made an unauthorized purchase of lands from the Osages, between the Arkansas and the Red rivers, and also a tract on the north of the Arkansas between the Verdigris river and the western boundary, estab- lished by the Osage treaty of 1808. This was called "Lovely's Purchase." 41. Howard's Administration. In 1809, President Madison appointed Gen. Benjamin A. Howard of Lexington, Kentucky, governor of the territory of Louisiana. During the eleven years from 1799 to 1810, the population had increased from 368 to 1,062. The class of emigrants had hitherto been the quiet French- HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 65 men. The present comers belonged to the class called "backwoodsmen," They were the sterner Anglo-Sax- ons. They were honorable men who chafed under the restraints of city life, and were eager to get beyond the noise of factories and the conventions of civiliza- tion. Hunting and trapping were their delight, and the whoop of the savage was music to their ears. They cared only for adventure, not for deeds or titles to the land. But there were others preparing to invade the state whose only thought was gain. In 1804 Amos Stoddart, Captain of Artillery at Kaskaskia, notified President Jefferson that a scheme was on foot to de- fraud the government; that thousands of false Spanish grants had been placed on sale and were being sold every day. Under the treaty the United States was required to protect actual Spanish settlers in their rights to the lands. The counterfeit grants were skillfully executed and gave the government great trouble. In 181 1 an earthquake took place at New Madrid. The ground shook, lakes were formed, fissures were made from which mud and water were thrown as high as the tree tops. From New Madrid to the southwest large areas were submerged which remain until to-day under the name, "Sunk Lands." In Craighead county the convulsion was very great and the St. Francis river changed its bed. Many settlers in the New Madrid region lost their lands. In 1815 Congress passed a law permitting such settlers to select other unoccupied lands in the territory. The certificates authorizing such selection were called "New Madrid Certificates." Many of them were located in Arkansas. The McKnights and Richard- HIST. OF ARK. — 5 66 HISTORY OF ARKAXSAS. sons were alread}^ located in Lawrence county, and felt the " Land Shakes," as they called them. 42. Settlers of this Period. In 1807 Major John Pyeatt, an officer of the Revolutionary war, with his brother Jacob, and their families came to Arkansas from eastern Tennessee and settled at Crystal Hill above Little Rock. Another settlement had just been made by people from North Carolina at the foot of Maumelle mountain. Major Pyeatt in company with a number of settlers began to cut a road to Arkansas Post. Jacob Pyeatt soon moved up the river and established a settlement at the mouth of the Cadron. In 1815 Major Gibson passed through the settlement, on his way to establish forts on the Upper Arkansas and astounded Major Pyeatt by telling him about the treaty of peace between the United States and Great Britain. Pyeatt had never even heard of the war of 1812 — so difficult was it in those times to establish communication between the east and the west. In 1809, John Janes, a revolutionary soldier, moved from Missouri to what is now Randolph county, and William Hudson moved to Independence county in 1812. Blayle- town, in what is now Clark county, was settled in 18 10. In 1814 the manufacture of salt began near this place. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 67 CHAPTER IX. THE TERRITORY OF MISSOURI l8l2. 43. The New Territory. 46. Quapaw Cession. 44. The First Counties. 47. The Nutall Expedition. 45. The Cherokees. 48. Travel in Early Days. 43. The New Territory. In the year 1812, the terri- tory of Orleans was admitted into the Union as a state, bearing the name of Louisiana. In the same year the name of Louisiana territory was changed to territory of Missouri. The legislative power of the territory was vested in a General Assembly, consisting of a gov- ernor, a legislative council of nine members, and a House of Representatives of thirteen members. St. Louis was made the seat of government and districts were to be formed for the election of delegates. The following districts ^ were formed by Governor Howard, for the purpose of choosing thirteen delegates: St. Charles, St. Louis, Ste. Genevieve, Cape Girardeau, New Madrid, and Arkansas. The village of Arkansas, as Arkansas Post was then called, was made the seat of justice of a district almost as large as the present I. These districts contained the following villages, which were established prior to 1803 : St Louis \ '^^- Ferdinand. o Q„n„„,>„„ j St. Genevieve. M.LOUIS. ■< Marais des Leards. bt. Crenevieve. j New Bourbon. \ Carondelet. New Madrid. ' ^^^^, S.. Charles. ] |'„ Cl«rie. ^.^^^ ^^^^^^^ J Arkansas^Pos.^^ Little Prairie was forty miles below New Madrid. On June 13, 1812, Con- gress ordered a survey of these villages, and directed that one twentieth of the area surveyed should be reserved for the use of schools within their boundaries. The surveys were made in all the villages except Esperance, which had been abandoned, and the reservation was made for the schools. 68 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. State of Arkansas.^ The new government went into operation on Dec. i, 1812, with William Clarke as gov- ernor. The delegate to Congress was Edward Hemp- stead. 44. The First Counties. 2 On December 31, 1813, the legislature of Missouri created two counties, New Madrid and Arkansas. The first included the north- eastern angle of Arkansas, and the second all the rest of the state. The county seat of the latter was placed at the " Village of Arkansaw." The Missouri legislatures of 1815 and 1818 created four new counties in Arkansas: County. From what formed. Date of formation. Named after. County seats. Lawrence... New Madrid county Jan. 15, 1815. Capt. Law- rence D a vidso n ville, Jackson, Smith- ville, Clover Bend, Powhatan, and Walnut Ridge. Clark Arkansas county Dec. 15, 1818. Gov. Wm. Clark ... Biscoveville, Adam Stronds, Green- ville (now Holly- wood), Arkadel- phia. Pulaski Arkansas county Dec. 15, 1818. Count Pu- laski .... Cadron, Little Rock. Hempstead . Arkansas county Dec. 15, 1818. Edward H em p- stead Marlbrook, Wash- ington. 1. One member or delegate represented Arkansas Post, and Col. Alexander Walker was chosen by the people for this office. Whenever the legislature met at St. Louis, Col. Walker traveled the whole distance there and back upon horseback. The population of Arkansas Post was than about 900. 2. In England the institutions of the township^ county and state developed naturally. The original settlements grew into townships independent of one another ; in time these became united into counties ; and these lastly into the state. In Arkansas these institutions were fixed by external legislation, HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 69 MAP OF ARKANSAS WITH COUNTIES, 1819. On December 31, 1813, all of the present state of Arkansas, with some adja- cent territory, was divided into two counties, New Madrid and Arkansas. The Hne between them began at Island No. 19, in the Mississippi river and ran southwest wardly to the mouth of the Little Red; thence up that river to its sources: thence west to the Osage line. All north of this line was called New Madrid county; all south and east of it, Arkansas. On January 15, 1815, Lawrence county was created out of New Madrid county, and included a part of the present state of Missouri. On December 15, 1818, three counties were created from Arkansas and Law- rence, called Pulaski, Clark, and Hempstead. Lawrence county was not changed materially. By the Cherokee treaty it lost all of the territory west of the Cherokee line and a small part north of the Little Red was given to Pulaski. In 1818 a part of its northern territory was formed into Wayne county, Missouri, and was cut off when Missouri became a state. 70 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. The first court was held at the house of Solomon Hewitt on Spring river. This stream is one of the most beautiful in America and attracted settlers from all parts of the country. The river rises in Mammoth Springs, the largest spring in the world, and its current of sparkling blue water flows over a series of falls to Black river, a distance of over fifty miles. The village of Davidsonville was near its banks, and at this place the first postoffice in what is now Arkansas was established in June, 1817, and the mail carried on horseback from St. Louis, through Davidsonville and Arkansas Post to Monroe, La. The second postoffice was established in July of the same year at Arkansas Post. Mail was delivered at these places once every thirty days. In 1814 a colony from Kentucky settled near Bates- ville, at the Greenbrier settlement. In 1815 further immigration to this place increased its population to nineteen families. The descendants of these families have been represented in the state by a Congressman, Samuel W. Peel, a governor, W. R. Miller, and by many other officers. 45. The Cherokees. The migration of this people from their old home in Tennessee, began as early as 1785. Dissatisfied with the treaty of Hopewell, S. C, first came the state, then the counties, and lastly the townships. The counties averaged ten thousand square miles each. Pulaski county had at first no county seat, and the justice of the peace, Edward Hogan, held court at his house. The judge of the court of common pleas. Samuel McHenry, resorted to the same makeshift; the sheriff, Lemuel Curren had a greater territorial jurisdiction than the governor of Rhode Island. In 1820 the county seat was placed at Cadron, and in 1821 at Little Rock. In Clark county, courts were at first held at the house of Jacob Barkman. In Hempstead county, at Marlbrook, court was held at the house of John English. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 71 a few of these Indians entered the Spanish province of Arkansas, and formed a settlement on the St. Francis river. This was shortly after abandoned and a new one made on the White river. Jefferson encouraged other Cherokees to follow their kinsmen to the west, until in 1817, they numbered nearly 3,000. The lands upon which they settled were claimed by the Osages and the Quapaws, who resisted their encroach- ments. The government then informed them, that if they would release all claims to the lands they had left east of the river, lands would be given them be- tween the Arkansas and the White. They agreed to this and on July 8, 181 7, a treaty was made by which the Cherokees ceded part of their lands east of the Mississippi to the United States in return for a tract of land between the Arkansas and White rivers equal in extent to that ceded by them. The Indian tract extended from the north side of the Arkansas river, at the mouth of Point Remove, or Bud- well's old place, northwardly in a straight line to Chataunga Mountain, the first hill above Shields Ferry on White river, and westward between said rivers far enough to embrace the required quantity of land. The majority of the Cherokee nation, the " Upper Chero- kees," opposed the treaty but a large number " Lower Cherokees," or hunters, moved westward and joined their kinsmen. There a new trouble awaited them. The Osages maintained that a part of the territory ceded to the Cherokees belonged to them, and began hostilities against the newcomers. Governor Clark, under instructions from the govern- ment, secured a cessation of hostilities and negotiated 72 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. a treaty of friendship between them at St. Louis, 1818. Reuben Lewis was then appointed to survey the east line of the Cherokee reservation, but as his appoint- ment miscarried in the mails. Gen. William Rector made the survey and filed his field notes in the General Land Office in 1819. The distance from Point Remove to White river was 71 miles and 55 chains. All white settlers west of this line were compelled to remove except Mrs. P. Lovely, who by the treaty of 1817 was permitted to remain. By the terms of the treaty, the Cherokees were granted a western outlet to their hunting grounds. This forced them to pass the Osages, who had settled on the Arkansas, and furnished occasions for frequent collisions. In 1820 the Osages killed three of the Cherokees, and the Cherokee nation thereupon declared war. To stop hostilities. Governor Miller vis- ited the principal Osage village, taking with him four of the Cherokee chiefs, and demanded the surrender of the murderers. The Osages received him courteously and agreed to surrender the men, if the Cherokees would meet them at Fort Smith in the following October and deliver up all Osage prisoners, as they had agreed to do in the treaty of friendship made by Governor Clark. The meeting at Fort Smith secured a temporary peace; but in 1821 war broke out between the two Indian nations and lasted for more than a year, until the troops of the United States forced them to desist. Then began another trouble over the western line of the reservation. No permanent peace could be expected until the boundary line between these tribes was definitely fixed. The Osages had for their eastern HISTORY OF ARKANSAS, 73 boundary, a line from Fort Clark in Missouri due south to the Arkansas river, which had never been surveyed. The Cherokees claimed that their western boundary line was to begin at or above Fort Smith and run parallel to their eastern line. Governor Miller author- ized a line to be run due north to the White river, beginning at a point about halfway between Point Remove and Fort Smith, but the Cherokees objected to it as a boundary line. In 1825 the parallel line was run. It began at Table Rock Bluff above Fort Smith, and ran parallel to the eastern line 133 miles to the mouth of Little North Fork of White river. The council of the western or Arkansas Cherokees declared itself satisfied, and passed a law prohibiting under penalty of death the sale or exchange of their lands on the part of any of the Cherokees. An agency of the United States government was established in the midst of the Cherokees south of the river, who had removed, between 182 1 and 1825, by order of Governor Miller into their own reservation. In 1820 the American Board of Foreign Missions had established a school at Dwight under charge of Cephas Washburn. Corn mills were put into operation and the Indians began to cultivate cotton. Bat troubles were not yet at an end. Americans desired the lands of the Indians and sent objections to Congress against the permanent location of the Chero- kee reservation in Arkansas; the lands between the western boundary of the Cherokees and the eastern boundary of the Osages were claimed by the Americans as open to survey, and a survey had actually begun. The Cherokees objected to this as denying them a western outlet, and sent a deputation to Washington. 74 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. All parties were anxious to make a final settlement of the question. The deputation had no authority to propose an exchange of their lands and knew that they would be denounced for any such action; but the propositions of the secretary of war were so liberal that they listened, and finally accepted them. They owned 4,240,00c acres in Arkansas, in exchange for which they were offered 7,000,000 acres in Indian Territory. The secretary proposed to move the western bound- ary line of Arkansas east forty miles to where it now stands, and to give the Indians the region immediately to its west; to guarantee that no state government should ever be created within their terri- tory; to give them a western outlet for hunting to the utmost limits of the possessions of the United States; to pay them for all improvements they had made on Arkansas land; to give them $50,000 as the difference between the old and the new lands; to pay numerous annuities; and to survey their lands for individual allotment when they desired it. One of the annuities ($500) was to George Guess, the inventor of the Chero- kee alphabet. On May 6, 1828, the chiefs and head men of the Cherokees, and James Barbour, secretary of war, entered into a treaty on the above-mentioned terms. The Indian representatives, however, were denounced for their action on their return to their people. The council declared the treaty null and void. But, in the course of time, they came to see the advantages of the treaty, and decided to ratify it. Then began the last removal. The Indian agent, Edward W. Duval, placed a valua- HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 75 tion on their improvements, and erected new mills for them in their new home. The boundary line between Arkansas and the Cherokee nation was run in 1829, and no further dispute has ever occurred over this line. The old Cherokee lines in Arkansas remain as monu- ments, and are clearly marked upon the after surveys of the state. 46. The Quapaw Cession. On the 24th of August, 1818, a treaty was made at St. Louis between the United States and the Quapaws, by which the latter ceded to the former all their lands, from a point ninety miles below the mouth of the Arkansas westward to the Big Raft on Red river, and northward to the Arkan- sas, — except a tract in the center. The reservation began at a point on the south bank of the Arkansas, and extended southwesterly to the Ouachita, thence up the Ouachita to the mouth of the Saline, thence up the Saline to a point were a due north line would strike Little Rock.i On Nov. 15, 1824, at Harrington, Arkansas, this reservation was ceded to the United States. The Qua- paws received a money consideration, and at the time of the last cession agreed to remove from Arkansas. They removed first to the neighborhood of the Big Raft on Red river. The climate there proved unhealth- ful and one fourth of their number perished. The government then allotted to them the extreme north- east of Indian Territory where they live to-day. In I. This was the point of rocks now at the south end of the lower railroad bridge. It was called Little Rock, to distinguish it from Big Rock just above the city. The city took its name from this little rock. The Quapaw line whose north end terminated in this rock, determined the early location of the town. Settlements had to be made on its west side. It now remains as a landmark in surveying. 76 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. all these negotiations the Indians were generously treated. 47. The Nutall Expedition. The best description of the region bordering on the Arkansas river, as it appeared in 1819, was given by Thomas Nutall, mem- ber of the Philosophical Society of Philadelphia. He called Arkansas Post, the Post of Ozark, after one of the Indian villages lower down the river. He embarked on the White river in February and a day later passed over the bayou connecting the White with the Arkan- sas. He proceeded up the Arkansas, still red and muddy from a freshet, towed past bars larger than any he had ever before seen, and reached the home of Madame Gordon, the first house above the bayou. About a mile and a half above this, he found a settle- ment of four or five French families upon an elevated, fertile tract of land. The floods of the Arkansas fre- quently covered the whole area to White river, a dis- tance of thirty miles. He was astonished at the caprice of the river in changing its channel, making lagoons and lakes, and by new channels meandering its way to the sea. The Post of Arkansas consisted of thirty or forty houses scattered over a prairie nearly as elevated as the Chickasaw Bluffs. The energetic merchants of this place, with their well-assorted stores of merchandise, mostly drawn from New Orleans, controlled the entire trade of the White and Arkansas rivers. The improve- ment of the place had been slow, owing to uncertain titles to the lands. The adjustment of the large Spanish grants of not less than one million acres was no easy task for Congress. These grants had not been approved, and it was feared they never would be, HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 77 unless the claimants released their monopolies and settled upon the giant grants a certain number of families. The next house reached was the cabin of Joseph Kirkendale. Here Nutall met the principal chief of the Quapaws, Hecaton,^ — a man of prepossessing appearance and manner. He had with him the treaty of cession and the map of the survey. Fifteen miles above this place was an aboriginal station resembling a triangular fort, which the Quapaws say was inhabited by a people who were white and partially civilized, but whom they conquered by stratagem. At Michael Le Bonn's, called the Bluff, Nutall found a low ridge covered with pines. At the second Pine Bluff he met with Monsieur Bartholomew and some families who had ceased to cultivate the soil and had become hunters. These, with two or three families at the first Pine Bluff, were the descendants of the French- men left by De Tonti in 1686. From this point to Little Rock no settlements were passed, except a house about 12 miles below the latter place. Here lived Mr. Daniel, and here also was the road or trail which passed from St. Louis to Mound Prairie Settlement (near Columbus, Hempstead county). I. Hecaton was the last full-blooded chief, and died soon after reaching Indian Territory. He was succeeded by Saracen, who was one of nature's noblemen. On one occasion some roving Chickasaws stole two children of a trapper at Pine Blufif. The mother appealed to Saracen, who promised to bring them to her before midnight. Creeping at dusk to the Chickasaw camp, he raised the war whoop, and in the confusion that followed, seized the children, escaped with them, and delivered them safely into the arms of their nother. He went to Indian Territory, but returned to Arkansas to live on lands granted to him in 1824. He died at the age of ninety years, and was the first to be buried in the cemetery at Pine Blufif. In 1888 when the Catholic church was built in Pine Blufif, a memorial window was placed in it inscribed to him. 78 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. During the day Nutall passed another Pine Bluff, behind which was the first prominent hill on the Arkansas. The fa9ade in which the hill terminates is called the Little Rock. There were then a few families living on both sides of the river upon high, healthful, fertile land.^ About 22 miles from Hogan's, on the Saline, was another settlement of nine or ten families (near what is now Benton). The population was rapidly increas- ing through immigration from Kentucky and Tennes- see. A great road led to the Post of Washita and the Hot Spring about 50 miles away, and from there to Mound Prairie, about 150 miles away. Cadron was next reached, where five or six families lived on an imaginary town plot. There being no grist mill in the country, flour at Arkansas Post was sold for $12 a barrel. Corn meal was made in a wooden mortar or ground in rude horse-mills. The United States survey of lands had begun, and one of the sur- veyors, Mr. Pettis, was busy at Cadron laying off the sections. Speculation in land warrants was already rife, and the lands wxre then bringing from $3 to $10 per acre, a proof of the growing importance of the country. After passing the houses of David M. Henry and Mr. Frazer, the Cherokee cabins were reached at Point Remove. At some distance above the first Cherokee settlement was the second called the Galley. Here the Indians were managing their farms like the Americans and were making rapid progress toward civilization. At the Dardanelle settlement Nutall climbed the now famous Dardanelle Rock,^ from which he obtained a 1. The Douglasses, Payetts, Grays, Le Faves, Martins, and Hogans. 2. Called Dardani, at that time, by both French and Americans. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS, 79 glorious view of the beautiful Dardanelle Plain. The Petit Jane, the Maumelle and the Magazine made a splendid background for the scene. Near Vache Grass Creek the last house was passed, and at noon on March 24, after a journey of forty days, the garrison at the mouth of the Poteau was reached. The garrison consisted of two blockhouses and lines of cabins or barracks for the 70 men it con- tained, and was situated upon an elevation more com- manding and picturesque than any other in the state. On his downward trip, one year later, Nutall met Mr. Miller, the newly appointed governor of Arkansaw territory, who had left his boat at Arkansas Post. The boat had for its motto, " I'll try," and was very handsomely and conveniently fitted up.^ 48. Travel in the Early Days. Settlements were now in existence at Helena, Arkansas Post, Pine Bluff, Ben- ton, Cadron, Davidsonville, Ft. Smith, Hot Springs, Biscoeville, Crystal Hill, Marlbrook, and Mound Prairie, and between these were scattered, at long intervals, the lonely cabins of solitary pioneers. The stagecoach was unknown, as were carriages, steam- boats, and railroads. Canoes, rafts, and keel boats were used in the water, while horses and covered wagons furnished the means of transportation on land. Between the settlements were vast swamps and dense forests. No bridges crossed the streams and few roads were cut through the forests. Dangers met the traveler at every turn. To camp at night under the cold shelter of the trees was a frequent necessity, and to be lost in the woods an event of common occurrence. None but I. For further accounts of travels on the Arkansas in 1820, see Cephas Washburn's Reminiscences of the Indians, 8o HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. Strong, brave men could endure such hardships and move on to success in the face of such foes. To these pioneers we owe not only the conquest of the wilder- ness, but a firm foundation of courage, self-denial, honesty, and industry — the heritage of our present civilization; and it is the duty of every citizen to revere the memory of the pioneers and to prove worthy of their self-sacrifice by applying their guiding principles of conduct to the new questions of life which unfold themselves in our developing civilization. CHAPTER X. THE TERRITORY OF ARKANSAW, 1819-1836. JAMES miller's ADMINISTRATION, 1819-1825, 49. Arkansaw. 54. The Superior Court, 50. Miller's Administration, 55. The Second Legislature. 1819-1825. 56. New Counties. 51. Steamboats. 57. The Choctaws. 52. The First Newspaper. 58. Dwight Mission. 53. The Public Lands. 59. Little Rock in Embryo. 49. Arkansaw. On the 4th of July 1819, Arkan- sas began its separate existence under the name Arkansaw territory. Congress declared that on that date all that part of Missouri territory lying south of a line be- ginning on the Missis- sippi river at 36 degrees territorial seal. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 8i north latitude, running thence west to the St. Francis river, thence up that river to 36 degrees, 30 minutes north,! thence to the western territorial line of Missouri, should be a separate ter- ritory (March 2, 1819). The seat of government was to be at "Arkansaw Post," on the "Arkan- saw " river. This town was known also as the "Command of Arkan- saw. ' ' President Monroe appointed Gen. James Miller 2 of New Hamp- shire, governor, and Robert Crittenden of Frankfort, Kentucky, secretary. james miller. 50 Miller's Administration. The governor did not arrive until late in the year, and the duty of organizing the government devolved upon the secretary, Mr. Crittenden, then only 22 years of age. With courage and ability he entered upon the duties of his office, and 1. This makes a break in tiie northern boundary. At this time Missouri was seeking admission to the Union as a state. In the district to the extreme southeast there were some influential men who desired to be mem- bers of a state rather than of a territory; they worked with energy and they accomplished their purpose. The line was surveyed in 1823-24, but the work was so poorly done as to call for a resurvey, which was made in 1844-45. 2. This was the hero of Lundy's Lane, or Bridgewater, who, when asked by the commander whether he could take a certain dangerous battery, laconi- cally responded, " I'll try, sir." After leaving Arkansas he was appointed collector of the port of Salem. When Andrew Jackson was elected Presi- dent, an effort was made to remove Gov. Miller from his office, but when Jack- son was informed that Miller was the hero of Lundy's Lane, he said : " Tell Gen. Miller that he shall be collector of Salem as long as Andrew Jackson is 'President.' HIST. OF ARK. 82 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. soon had the government in good working order. He appointed sheriffs and clerks for each of the counties, and convened the first territorial legislature. ^ This body consisted of the governor and the judges of the superior court, appointed by the President. The judges were Charles Jouett, Robert Letcher, and Andrew Scott. The legislature met on July 28, 1819, Robert Crittenden acting as governor. Charles Jouett was elected speaker, and George W. Scott, clerk. The session lasted seven days. It established two circuit courts; created the offices of territorial auditor and treasurer, each with a salary of three hundred dollars, and made the territorial laws of Missouri of a public nature applicable to Arkansas. Geo. W. Scott was appointed auditor, and James Scull, treasurer. Thus the new territory began its existence with a full corps of officers and a digest of laws. The population of the territory at this time was estimated at 14,000'; by the census of 1820 it was 14,255. 51. Steamboats. In 181 1 the first steamboat that navigated the western waters was built at Pittsburg. The plans were furnished by Robert Fulton and the cost of the boat was nearly $40,000. It was 116 feet long and 20 feet wide across the beam, and was named the New Orleajis. Leaving Pittsburg in October the boat reached New Madrid just as the earthquake was changing the current of the river, and after some very exciting experiences landed at Natchez in Janu- ary, ;,8i2. All Natchez turned out to see this great I. A legislature of this kind is denominated by Congress a government of the first grade. When a territory is permitted to elect its territorial legisla- ture, it is called a government of the second grade. Arkansas w^as soon advanced to the second grade (1820). HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 83 invention, which was destined to revolutionize methods of travel. Governor Miller arrived at Arkansas Post on Dec. 26, 1819, on a keel boat fitted up for his use by the government. It had a large and handsome cabin, with many of the conveniences of more modern steam.boats. On both sides of the vessel, in large gilt letters, was the name, " Arkansaw," and from a tall mast there floated a magnificent national flag in the center of which was the word "Arkansaw," sur- •'---'-. /'..--' --- ^ rounded by the words " I'll try, sir." The first steam- boat that reached the Post was the Comet, April i, 1820. The first to ascend ^ ^ to Little Rock was the Eagle, March 22, 1822. The trip from New Orleans to Little Rock took seventeen days. Ft. Smith was reached by the Robert Thompson in 1822; Red river was ascended in 1829, and the White to Batesville, in 1831. 52. The First Newspaper. On November 20, 1819, " The Arkansas Gazette " was issued for the first time. Its owner was William E. Woodruff, a native of New York, and a man of intelligence and enterprise. He learned his trade in Brooklyn, and walked from Louis- ville to Franklin, Tenn. Here he purchased a printing outfit and started for Arkansas. He went down the Cumberland, Ohio, and Mississippi to the mouth of the White, where he procured two canoes and transported his goods to Arkansas Post. He built a log house and 84 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. soon began his work. This was the beginning of news- paper enterprise in Arkansas. Upon the removal of the capital to Little Rock in 1821, Woodruff moved his office to that place, where it has since remained. The first issue at Little Rock was dated Dec. 29, 1821. The paper is still in existence, and has always been the leading journal of the state. LAND SURVEY MAI 53. The Public Lands. In October, 1819, James Wood- son Bates ^ was elected delegate to Congress, defeating I. James Woodson Bates was born in Virginia. He went to St. Louis in 1819. He moved to Arkansas territory upon its creation and was ap- pointed circuit judge. He resigned this oflfice in 1821 and ran for dele- gate to Congress. At the next election, in 1823, being defeated by Henry W. Conway, he moved to the new town, Batesville, which was named after him. In 1825 he was appointed by President Adams judge of the superior court. rn STORY OF ARKANSAS. 85 Colonel Matthew Lyon.^ He was the first representa- tive at Washington from the territory of Arkansaw. Land offices were opened at Arkansas Post and David- sonville in 1820. The President appointed William Douglas Simms, register, and Henry W. Conway, re- ceiver at the Post; and Hartwell Boswell, register, and John Trimble, receiver at Davidsonville. These officers were to sell the public lands of the United States. The register receives the application for a given tract and records it; the receiver takes the money paid for It and turns it over to the government. At the begin- ning (181 2) the General Land Offxce was under the Department of the Treasury, but in 1849 it was trans- ferred to the Department of the Interior. No question has influenced the growth of America so much as that concerning the disposition of the pub- lic lands. In the early history of the government these lands were not given away as they are now, but were sold at a very low price. It was thought better to give the people cheap farms and thus aid the development of the country, than to derive from the lands great revenues. One section in every township — one thirty- sixth of all the land — was reserved for educational purposes. Later on another section was added to the one already set apart, but this did not apply to Arkan- sas. Had this fund been wisely managed by the state it would to-day be a valuable aid to the schools. Lands He was a member of the Constitutional Convention in 1836, and afterwards register of the Land Office at Clarksville. He died in 1846. I. Col. Lyon was born in Ireland in 1746. He moved first to New York and then to Vermont. He represented the latter state in Congress from 1797 to 1801. He was expelled from Congress by the Federalists for an alleged vio- lation of the " Alien and Sedition Laws." He moved from Vermont to Ken- tucky and thence to Arkansas. He died at Spadra in 1822. 86 HISTORY OF- ARKANSAS. were given to the states for colleges, levee purposes, and state buildings. The extension of railroads also was encouraged by the liberal land laws. After the lands were surveyed and the legal reserva- tions set aside, the remaining tracts were offered for sale in quarter section tracts at not less than two dol- lars per acre. In 1862 the Homestead Law was passed, which practically gave any man a quarter section who would improve and cultivate it. From the beginning of the national government it has been a settled policy to reward the soldiers and sailors with a part of the public land. In the War of 181 2 a bounty of 160 acres was offered to every soldier who should enlist. These bounties were satisfied until 1842 by reservations set apart in Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas; after 1842 these land warrants were permitted to be located upon any public lands, subject to private entry. In 1815 the first survey of lands by the government was begun in Arkansas between the Arkansas and St. Francis rivers. Two million acres were surveyed and expressly set apart for the bounties of soldiers. None of these lands were sold. The soldiers were given a warrant and the land department located it by a lottery process. Only the very best lands were surveyed. Thus the new territory of Arkansas from the start was peopled with the heroes of the War of 1812 — men of courage and ability. The surveyor of the lands in Illinois, Arkansas, and Missouri, from 1814 to 1824 was William Rector; from 1824 to 1825, William Clark. An office for the sur- veyor-general ^ of the Arkansas surveying district was I. James S. Conway was the first surveyor-general and held the office until he was elected governor (1836). HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 87 opened at Little Rock in 1832 and discontinued in 1859. Other land offices were opened at Batesville, Fayette- ville, Huntsville, Dardanelle, Washington, Camden, Helena, Johnson Courthouse, Clarksville, Champag- nolle, and Harrison, as the settlement of the state increased; one by one they have been closed until to- day but four are left. These are Little Rock, Camden, Dardanelle and Harrison. ^ William Rector was directed on Aug. 20, 1818, by Josiah Meigs, commis- sioner of the General Land Office, to begin the survey of sixty townships for actual sale. The work was finished in 1819, but none of the land was sold until 1821. 54. The Superior Court. In 1820, President Monroe appointed Benjamin Johnson, a member of the superior or United States court. His associate, appointed in 1819, was Andrew Scott, The following is a list of the judges from 1819 to 1836, the year in which the terri- tory became a state, Benjamin Johnson, Thomas P, Eskridge, Andrew Scott. Charles S. Bibb. Charles Jouett James Woodson Bates, Robert P. Fletcher, Edward Cross. Joseph Selden. Thomas J. Lacy. William Trimble, Archibald Yell, Alexander Clayton. From 1819 to 1828 the court consisted of three mem- bers; from 1828 to 1836, of four, Benjamin Johnson remained upon the bench from the date of his appoint- ment until the territory ceased to exist, when he was I. The survey in Arkansas began in 1815. The fifth principal meridian was established in that j'ear, as was the base line from the mouth of the St. Francis to the Arkansas. This line was finished to the western line of the state in 1837, 1838, and 1841. 88 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. appointed district judge of the United States court, which position he held until his death in 1849 — after twenty-nine years of honorable and capable service to his state and country. The first session of the court was held at Arkansas Post in 1820; later sessions were held at Little Rock. 55. The Second Legislature. The second legislature of the territory (the first whose delegates were elected by the people) was held at Arkansas Post in 1820 (Feb. 7 to Feb. 20). The body was composed of a council consisting of five members, and a House of Representa- tives of ten members. The principal act of this body was the enactment of a law moving the capital of the territory to Little Rock. 56. New Counties. At the sessions of the legislature held in 1820 and 1823 five new counties were created: County. Miller Phillips Crawford . . . Independence Chicot Date of formation. April I, 1820; Abol- ished 1836; Rees- tablished 1874 ... May I, 1820 Oct. 18, 1820 Oct. 23, 1820. Oct. 25, 1823. Named after. Gov. Miller Sylvanus Phillips... Hon. Wm. H. Craw- ford Pt. Chicot. County seats. Monticello, Helena. Crawford Court- house, Van Buren. Batesville. Villemont, Columbia. Lake Village. Besides the Greenbrier settlement already mentioned, settlements had already sprung into existence at the mouth of Polk Bayou (Old Batesville), Big Bottom, and Oil Trough Bottom. The latter has long been noted as one of the most fertile in America. 57. The Choctaws. By the Quapaw treaty of 1818, the western line of the territory acquired by the United HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 89 States from the Quapaws, was designated as a line run- ning througli the sources of the Kiamishi river, a branch of the Red river, and the Poteau, a branch of the Arkan- sas. This was thought to be the western line of Arkan- sas territory and settlers moved to the land east of it and began their clearings. They also began settle- ments west of the line. General Jackson, under direction of the govern- ment, issued orders to the commanding officer at Fort Smith to remove all white settlers from the west of the Kiamishi-Poteau line. Capt. Bradford, m 1819, found about two hundred settlers trespassing to the west, and directed them to remove farther east. They thereupon selected new grounds to the east and felt secure in their holdings. But the western line of Ar- kansas territory was not to remain the Kiamishi- Poteau line. After many conflicts our present western line was finally established. The first interest to be considered by the govern- ment was that of the Indians. The Quapaw right had been purchased by the government, and it was the legal owner of all the territory within the limits of the present state of Arkansas, and to the west as far as the Louisiana purchase extended. This western limit was not then determined. The second interest was that of the whites in the older states to the east, whose boundary lines were determined and upon whose soil the Indians yet remained, although not subject to their laws. The third and last interest was that of the white settlers in Arkansas, who without legal right had settled upon government lands. In the settlement of these interests the government go HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. acted with wisdom and prudence, and at length reached a conclusion, which satisfied all claims. Here and there, perhaps, an individual felt himself injured, but in questions of this kind adjustments can be made only by considering the greatest good of the greatest number. Jefferson conceived the idea of a western territory for the Indians, into which no white settlements should extend and over which no state laws should dominate. The necessity for this grew appar- ent as the older states became more densely populated. Two governments within one boundary caused con- stant friction, and the Indian always was the loser. Friction of this kind even led the state of Georgia to nullify a decision of the supreme court of the United States, and to call out her militia to oppose the United States authority. To John C. Calhoun, who, as a cabinet officer during Monroe's administra- tion, had to deal with the Indian question, is due the greatest credit for the final solution of the problem. General Meigs and General Jackson also lent their aid in the settlement of the question. The Choctaws were settled within the boundaries of Mississippi and Alabama, and it became necessary to protect them against state encroachment; but this was impossible so long as they remained as aliens on state soil. Calhoun offered them the alternative of dissolving all tribal relations and becoming citizens of the United States, with a limited amount of land in severalty, or of going west of the Mississippi river upon other govern- ment lands. Very unwillingly they chose the latter alternative. On October i8, 1820, they signed a treaty by which they exchanged their lands east of the Mis- sissippi for a large tract south of the Arkansas river in HIS TOR V OF A RKA NSA S. ^t Arkansas and Indian Territory, and west of a line beginning on the Arkansas river, opposite the termina- tion of the old Cherokee line at Point Remove and running southwestwardly to a point on Red river, three miles below the mouth of Little river. This ended the difficulty in Mississippi but started a new one in Arkansas. The Choctaws began to remove, and in a short time had made settlements on the south side of the Arkansas river and on the north side of the Red river. In December, 1821, Henry D. Downs, under direc- tion of the secretary of war, surveyed the line from Point Remove to Red river, a distance of one hundred and fifteen miles. He found 375 families of white settlers, averaging seven to a family, between the Point Remove-Red river line and the old Kiamishi- Poteau line. He advised the secretary of war to have the new line moved westward to the Kiamishi-Poteau line. The settlers became clamorous and the Arkan- sas legislature petitioned Congress for aid. The sec- retary of war proposed a further removal to the Choctaws, but they refused to go as far west as the Kiamishi-Poteau line. Congress passed a law in 1824, establishing the western boundary of Arkansas as a line beginning forty miles west of the Missouri line and running south to Red river. This was idle legislation, and could not affect the treaties made by the Choctaws and Cherokees. Their lines remained where their treaties placed them, and left the white settlers upon Indian lands subject to removal. Finding that the Indians would not agree to the Kiamishi-Poteau line, the secretary of war proposed to give the Choctaws lands between the Arkansas and 92 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. Red rivers west of a line drawn from a point one hun- dred paces east of the fort at Fort Smith, due south to Red river. The offer was accepted by the Choctaws and a treaty was made to that effect in 1825. A few white settlers were left between this line and the Kiamishi-Poteau line; they received from the govern- ment grants of other land further east. This disposed of the Choctaw question and settled forever the south- ern part of our western boundary line. When Jackson became President, the question of re- moval of the Indians was paramount in North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Tennessee; as he favored their removal from these states, he could not ignore the petition of Arkansas for the removal of the Cherokees, the only Indian nation remaining on Arkansas soil. Hence in 1828 a treaty was made with the Cherokees by which they moved farther west, and by which the remaining part of our western boundary line was declared to be a line from Ft. Smith northwesterly to the southwest corner of Missouri. This line is the western boundary to-day. The last Choctaw treaty left the greater part of Miller county upon Indian soil, and the county was abolished. 58. Dwight Mission. The first Protestant mission in Arkansas was organized in 1820, at Old Dwight, above Russellville, by Cephas Washburn, a Congregational minister, under the direction of the American Board of Foreign Missions. He passed through Little Rock on July 4, 1820, and preached in a house which he described as " a small cabin made of round logs with the bark on." At that time there was but one other house where Little Rock now stands, and this was built by Col. Moses Austin in 1819. The audience of HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 93 Mr. Washburn consisted "of fourteen men and no women." Passing on up the river he selected a location for his mission at Dwight, and at once began the erection of several cabins and a larger house for a boarding school. Within two years, although the Cherokees were at war with the Osages, he had an enrollment of one hun- dred Cherokee boys and girls. He had seven assistant teachers, and the school exerted a marked influence upon the character of the Cherokees. It soon gained great reputation, and many white men who afterwards acquired distinction in Arkansas, were among its stu- dents. This was the first organized educational enter- prise in the state. 59. Little Rock in Embryo. When Mr. Nutall passed up the Arkansas in March, 1819, he found only Mr. Hogan and a few other families in the neighborhood of Little Rock. But when preemption claims began to be filed, it appeared that many persons had settled upon or near the land where the city now stands. Peter Franks and his wife, Rachel, declared that they had lived on a four- hundred-acre tract of land at or near a place called " Little Rocks " and they sold their " claim " to William Russell for $40. By this purchase Russell thought he had gained the exclusive right to buy this land when the government should offer it for sale. William Lewis and George Stewart also declared that they had lived on the land in 1814. Two others, Jack- son and Joel Crain, claimed the land because of settle- ment thereon, and they sold their' claim to Roswell Beebe, who afterwards sold one half of it to Chester Ashley. James Debaun and a lawyer, Robert C. Oden, also lived there in 1819. Thus there were a number 94 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. of claimants ready to buy the land as original settlers, or as owners of the latter's rights, when Congress should offer it for sale. In July, 1820, there were but two houses there, but from that date on the settlement progressed rapidly. In addition to these preemption claimants, there were men holding " New Madrid Certificates," who now began to seek localities upon which to locate their claims. When New Madrid was destroyed by an earth- quake, the government granted certificates to those who had lost their lands, permitting them to locate claims elsewhere upon government lands (see p. 65). William O'Hara had bought several of these and located them upon the ground where Little Rock now stands. O'Hara sold a part of these claims to Stephen F. Austin, afterwards known as the " Father of Texas," and to James Bryan. They at once laid off a town, called it Arkopolis, and began to sell lots. In the meantime Russell, who owned the Franks claim, associated with himself William Trimble, Thomas P. Eskridge, Henry W. Conway, Joseph Harding, Robert C. Oden, and Robert Crittenden, and laid off another city called Little Rock. The survey of the city into blocks, streets, and alleys was made by Allen Martin, who lived on the north side of the river. The name Little Rock was preferred to Arkopolis. Allen Martin's survey became the basis of the city started. Russell and his associates have been called the " First Proprietors of the Soil." They sold a great many lots. Every preemption claimant, however, engaged in the same business and the result was a great number of conflicting claims. The government, soon after this, decided that no claims were valid that were based upon HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 95 an occupancy of the soil before the government received the title from the Indians. It was decided also that the New Madrid claims were not valid, because the New Madrid certificates were to be located only upon lands that were subject to sale at the date of the New Madrid Relief Act. The conflicting claims of Russell and Beebe were still unsettled. On Sept. 25, 1839, the government issued its patent to Roswell Beebe. On July 6, 1838, when it became evident that Beebe would succeed, he being desirous to protect innocent purchasers under other claims, entered into an agreement with the mayor and aldermen of Little Rock to the effect that when his patent should be issued, he would upon demand quitclaim to any person holding a perfect title from any one or all of the original owners or proprietors. Shortly after this Ashley entered into the same agree- ment, and when the patent was issued to Beebe, these agreements were faithfully carried out, and a vexatious trouble of eighteen years' duration was happily ended. Governor Miller never liked the situation of Little Rock. Upon his arrival he purchased a large tract of land near Crystal Hill, fifteen miles above Little Rock, and lived there while in Arkansas. He undertook to have the capital removed to Crystal Hill but was unsuccessful. General Explanation of Land Claims. In the settling of claims to the western country many new expressions came into use, which we must be sure to understand. The nations of the earth recognize occupancy of the soil as a claim to ownership of it. The amount occupied must not be greater than is demanded by the needs of a family. The Indian right 96 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. to a limited quantity of land has never been disputed, but his right to large areas which he cannot and will not use has been denied. The United States held large areas which it did not use, but an effort was always being put forth to settle these tracts. The government held the land in trust for actual settlers, and invited settlements to be made according to fixed rules. Lands were to be surveyed into tracts of con- venient size and offered for sale. Many men eager to obtain the choicest of the lands would not wait for surveys and sales. They roamed over the country in covered wagons, selected the land they wanted, generally near a spring, and began their clearings. Such settlers were called " squatters." They were the first to occupy and cultivate the land, although without legal authority. Yet these squatters were doing what the government desired to have done, — they were developing the country. Hence Congress gave the squatter the first right to buy what he had settled on when it should be offered for sale — a preemption right as it was called. The law granting such preemption right was known as the " squatter land law," and thence has come the term, " squatter sovereignty." When a preemption is granted which may be located anywhere it is called a "preemption float." When the land is paid for, the government gives a deed called a " land warrant," or a " patent." If this warrant is a gift to soldiers, it is called a " soldier's land warrant." From 1806 to the time of the admission of Arkansas into the Union there were hundreds of men in the state who had no intention of settling there. They were HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 97 hunters who built log huts where they pleased, cleared small tracts of land for a garden, and remained until the game became scarce; then they departed to other regions where game was plentiful and proceeded as before. When Congress passed the preemption law in 1814, a class of speculators sprang into existence who used the law for their own advantage. They made diligent search for the hunters who had "camped ' ' at times on the lands, purchased their preemption rights for nominal sums, and located the lands. The Land Department of the United States and the courts of the state were besieged by a number of these claimants, and were forced to devote much time to a settlement of these claims. The result was that a large number of regulations, decisions, and statutes were formulated — the land laws of the state and the nation. CHAPTER XI. GEORGE IZARd's ADMINISTRATION, 1825-1828. 60. Biographical Sketch. 62. Churches. 61. New Counties. 63. Dueling. 64. Schools. 60. Biographical Sketch. On the resignation of Gov- ernor Miller to accept another position, President John Quincy Adams appointed George Izard of South Caro- lina to succeed him. George Izard's education began in Paris and was continued at Columbia College. His military education was obtained in England and Ger- many. He entered the corps of French engineers and completed its course of studies. In the War of 1812 mST. OF ARK. — 7 98 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. he was made major-general. He was of commanding appearance, and of courtly manners. His administra- tion was wise and good. He died in November, 1828, and was buried in Little Rock.^ 61. New Counties. In the three sessions of the legis- lature that convened during Governor Miller's admin- istration, the following counties were created: County. Counties from which formed. Date of formation. Named after. County Seats. I. Conway Pulaski Oct. 20, 1825 Henry W. Conway. Cadron, Marion, H arrisburg, Lewisburg, Springfield, Mor- rilton. 2. Crittenden.. Phillips Oct. 22, 1825 Robt. Crit- tenden.. Greenock, Marion, 3- Izard Independence Oct. 27, 1825 Gov. Izard Liberty, Mount Ol- ive, Mount Ver- non, Melbourne. 4. St. Francis. - Phillips Oct. 13, 1827 St. Francis River... Franklin, Madison, Forrest City. 5. Lovely Lovely's Pur- chase Oct. 13, 1827 Lovely Purchase. 6. Lafayette .. Hempstead .. Oct. 15, 1827 Marquis de Lafay- ette Chickaniny, Prai- rie, Lewisville. 7. Sevier H e m p s t e ad and Miller . Oct. 17, 1828 Ambrose H. Sevier Paraclifta, Locks- burg. 8. Washington. Lovely Oct. 17, 1828 Geo. Wash- ington .. Washington Court- house, now Fay- etieville. Nineteen counties had thus been created one of which had been abolished. Settlements were spring- 1. Governor Izard always called the final j in Arkansas an interloper, and erased it upon the official letter heads which contained it. Upon the station- ery provided by himself the word was spelled Arkansa. Robert Crittenden acted as governor several months before the arrival of Gov. Izard and from November, 1828, to March, 1829. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 99 COUNTIES IN ARKANSAS IN AFTER EXTINGUISHMENT OF INDIAN TITLES. Arkansas, December 31, 1813. Lawrence, January 15, 1815. Clark, December 15, 1818. Pulaski, December 15, 1818. Hempstead, December 15, 1818. Miller, April i, 1820. Phillips, May i, 1820. Crawford, October 18, 1820. Independence, October 23, 1820. Chicot, October 25, 1823. Conway, October 20, 1825. Crittenden, October 22, 1825. Izard, October 27, 1825. St. Francis, October 13, 1827. Lovely, October 13, 1827, abolished 1828. Lafayette, October 15, 1827. Sevier, October 17, 1828. Washing-ton, October 17, 1828. The present western boundary of the state was the joint result of the two treaties between the United States and 'the Choctaw and Cherokee nations. It was surveyed from Ft. Smith south in 1825, and from the same point north in 1829. 100 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. ing up in all directions to usher in the second era of progress, the reign of the farmer with his fields, flocks, and herds, the real developer of the state. 62. Churches. The Protestant churches began their work in Arkansas through traveling preachers as early as 1810. A Cumberland Presbyterian preacher, John Carnahan, held services at Arkansas Post in 181 1 and a memorial window has been set apart for him in the Presbyterian church at Little Rock. In 1816 the Methodists established a congregation, and built a church at Mound Prairie, Hempstead county, called Henry's Chapel. Spring River Circuit was established by the same denomination in 1815. In 1820 the Methodists had six circuits: Pecan Point, Hot Springs, Mound Prairie, Arkansas, Spring River, and White River. There were at that time 511 white members and 25 colored members. The first sermon at Little Rock was preached in 1820 by Rev. Cephas Washburn, the Congregationalist, who was then on his way to establish the mission at Dwight. The Presbyterians erected a log chapel in Little Rock a few years afterwards, w^hich was used by the Metho- dists for many years until they built themselves a house. The Baptists began their work in the state at a very early date. They built the first church in Little Rock in the year 1825. It was of logs and was used for a long time by the legislature. The Christian church began organic work in 1832. In the country, preaching went on at irregular times, in such houses as the neighborhoods provided. Men went to church with their guns and dogs. Should the dogs start a bear during services the men grasped their rifles and left the women and the preacher to finish the HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. loi services. From these churches, however, have pro- ceeded our law-abiding, honest and fearless citizens. 63. Dueling. Two noted duels occurred during Governor Izard's administration, one of which cast a gloom over the entire state. This took place in Mis- sissippi, opposite the mouth of White river. Henry W. Conway was mortally wounded by his antagonist, Robert Crittenden. Both men were young and useful. Conway had filled many important positions, and at the time of his death was serving his third term as delegate to Congress. He never swerved in the discharge of duty and was very popular. His antagonist was a talented, eloquent, and vigorous man. He was closely connected with political events in the early develop- ment of Arkansas. The difficulty grew out of political differences. The other duel between Thos. W. Newton and Ambrose H. Sevier occurred at Point Remove. One shot was fired without injury to either of the antago- nists. Then they shook hands and became friends. The settling of difficulties by duel was very popular in those days; it is now regarded as a species of lawlessness. The community through its judicial institutions guarantees protection to every man, and takes from all the right of self redress, save in self or home defense. 64. Schools. Besides the Mission at Dwight, there were many private schools, conducted in the towns by competent teachers. Tuition was charged, but it was so low as not to occasion hardship. In the country, schools were started in the communities as the settle- ments enlarged, all of them being upon the " old field " plan. Pupils rode from five to ten miles and remained I02 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. from sunrise till sunset. The books were scarce and the accommodations few. The teacher was expected to be educated, to have good traits of character and to discipline the pupils and develop their manhood. Many men who afterwards became noted in the affairs of the state were taught in these humble schools. In 1827 Congress gave to Arkansas seventy-two sections of land for the ^~ purpose of establishing a seminary of learning. Some of the selections were made in 1827, and the remainder under the administration of Gov. Pope. Major E 1 i a s Rector^ made the choice of land, and they were reported as being the best and most valuable lands in the state. In 1829 the legislature passed the first law concerning public schools. It authorized the appointment of town- ship trustees, the leasing of each sixteenth section, and the application of the rental to the support of schools in the township. In many neighborhoods the fund was sufficient to support a school, but in the greater number it was necessary to supplement it by subscriptions. I. Major Rector was one of the most noted of early Arkansas men. His bearing was distinguished and his dress of the greatest elegance. He dressed in black silk velvet made in the best of fashion. His linen was of the finest and most elaborately ruffled. His hat was a costly Mexican sombrero, and he wore morocco boots. He was the bravest of the brave and has been im- mortalized by Albert Pike in that noted song, " The fine old Arkansas Gentleman, close to the Choctaw line." MAJOR ELIAS RECTOR. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 103 CHAPTER XII. JOHN pope's administration, 1829-1835. 65. Biographical Sketch. 68. New Counties. 66. National Laws. 69. Elections. 67. The New Statehouse. 70. Newspapers. 65. Biographical Sketch. John Pope was born in Virginia. He moved to Kentucky and was elected United States senator, the colleague of Henry Clay. President Jackson appointed him governor of Arkansas territory in 1829, and again in 1833. He brought with him to Arkansas his family, servants, and household goods. The political conflicts at that day were exceedingly bitter and the Whigs throughout the state criticised Governor Pope severely;^ but he maintained his posi- tion without swerving. His object always was the highest interest of the state, and all private considera- tions had to yield to this. His private life was above all reproach and his administration was among the greatest in territorial days. It was this governor who had the courage to say: "In justice to the people of this territory, I declare, in the face of the world, and on the respon- sibility of my public and private character, that, among no people with whom I am acquainted, are the ordinary offenses against the property and peace of society less frequent; stealing and robbery are rare; nowhere are the moral and social relations main- I. The parties in Arkansas were called the " Sevier " and the " Crittenden " party. Sevier was a strong Jackson man and at that time had the largest influence of any man in the state. I04 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. tained with more fidelity; and even the black popula- tion seem to acquire a laudable pride and elevation of character the moment they breathe the Arkansas atmosphere." Judge William Savin Fulton was also appointed to suc- ceed Robert Crittenden as secretary of the territory. Crittenden had held the position for ten years, and had three times been the acting governor. Hon. Jesse Turner of Van Buren said of him: " He was a man of brilliant and powerful mind. As an orator he had no rival in the territory, and, in my judgment, has had no equal since his day." 66. National Laws. i. Congress enacted that all the officers who had been appointed by the governor should henceforth be elected by the people. 2. Ten sections of land were given the state upon which to raise money to build a statehouse. 3. The expenses of the legislature were made a charge upon the national, instead of the territorial treasury. 4. Arrangements were made by which the mails were to be transported by steamboat from Little Rock to Memphis. 67. The New Statehouse. The legislature and the territorial offices were kept in huts about town for the first eight years. In 1827 Robert Crittenden built a fine brick house as a residence and a brick office in which he kept the records of the governor and the secretary. When the ten sections of land were given to Arkansas to provide a statehouse, the legislature passed a law authorizing an exchange of the ten sections for the house of Mr. Crittenden. Governor Pope vetoed this bill, giving as a reason that the lands were worth more HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 105 than the house. ^ This offended the men who had secured the passage of the law, and they sent a petition to Congress asking for the governor's removal. Con- gress answered this by passing a law conferring on the governor full powers with reference to the ten sections of land, delegating to him the authority that had before been vested in the territorial legislature. It author- ized him to make selections, to sell the lands, and to erect a statehouse. In February, 1833, the sales were made, and the sum of $31,722 was realized. The house of Mr. Crittenden was sold the same year for $6, 700. The grounds for the statehouse were donated in part by the citizens of Little Rock, and the work of building at once began. Mr. Weigart was the architect, and Chester Ashley the superintendent. The building, begun in 1833, was ready for occupancy in 1836. The first legislature after the admission of the state into the Union was held in the new statehouse, then one of the finest buildings in the South. For sixty years it has been the capitol and stands to-day as a monument to the honesty, energy, and good taste of the men who had charge of the government in territorial days. The I. The grounds for the veto were six in number : I. That Congress had authorized the legislature to select the land and then sell it. That the legislature might select, but it could not sell the right to select. II. That the fund was to be applied to the purchase of a temporary state- house instead of a permanent building. III. That the locality of the residence was not in the business quarter of the town. IV. That it was a sacrifice of public property without a fair equivalent. V. That it was impolitic to sell lands not selected upon a supposed valuation. VI. That the movement was premature, and would place the final disposi- tion of the fund beyond the control of the people, before they understood its import or the value of the lands. io6 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. State has long since outgrown the building and a new one is needed which shall better represent our present position of importance. 68. New Counties. The legislature which convened at Little Rock in 1829 created six new counties and established the first seat of justice for each at a house in the neighborhood. The following is the list: County. Counties from which formed. Date of formation. Named after. County seats. I. Pope Crawford Nov. 2, 1829 Gov. Pope Scotia, Old Dwight, Norristown, Do- ver, Russellville. 2. Union Hempstead and Clark.. Nov. 2, Ta?:o Encorea, Fabre, El Dorado 3. Hot Spring . Clark Nov. 2, 1820 Hot Sprgs. Hot Springs, Rock- 4. Monroe Phillips and port, Malvern. Arkansas .. Nov. 2, 1825 Pres. Mon- roe Law r e n c e v i 1 1 e, 5. Jefiferson Arkansas and Clarendon. Pulaski .... Nov. 2, 1829 Pres. Jef- ferson .. Pine Bluff. 6. Jackson Independent . Nov. 5, 1829 Pres. Jack- son Litchfield, Eliza- beth, Augusta, Jacksonport, Newport. . The next session of the legislature (1833) created seven new counties. County. Counties from which formed. Date of formation. Named after. County seats. I. Mississippi.. Crittenden ... Izard Nov. I, 1833 Nov. I, 1833 Nov. I, 1833 Nov. 5, 1833 Nov. 5, 1833 2. Carroll Carrollton, Berry- ville, Eureka Springs. Murfreesboro. Paris, Gainesville, Paragould. Cauthron Waldron. 3. Pike 4. Green 5. Scott Hempstead and Clark.. Lawrence Crawford and Pope Zebulon M. Pike .... Judge An- drew Scott.... HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 107 County. 6. Van Buren. 7. Johnson ... v^ounties from which formed. Conway, Iz- ard, and In- dependence. Pope Date of formation. Nov. 1 1, 1833 Nov. 16, 1833 Named after. Judge Benj. Johnson. County Seats. Bloomington, Clin- ton. Clarksvillle. 69. Elections. In 1829, the contest for delegate to Congress was between Richard Searcy and Ambrose H. Sevier. Sevier was elected. George W. Scott was appointed United States marshal, and Richard C. Byrd of Pulaski, auditor. In 1831 Ambrose H. Sevier was reelected. The most exciting race for Congress ever known in the territory occurred in 1833 between Ambrose H. Sevier, Democrat, and Robert Crittenden, Whig, in which the latter was defeated. This was the last contest of Mr. Crittenden. He died the next year at Natchez. 70. Newspapers. In 1830 Charles P. Bertrand started the second newspaper in the state at Little Rock and called it " The Advocate." The contest between this new paper and the " The Gazette " began at once and became more bitter each year. In 1834 John W. Steele started " The Political Intelligencer " at Little Rock. "The Gazette" was called the Sevier organ; "The Advocate," the Crittenden organ; and "The Intelli- gencer," the Pope organ. " The Gazette " and " In- telligencer " were Democratic, and " The Advocate," Whig. io8 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. CHAPTER XIII. WILLIAM S. FULTON's ADMINISTRATION, 1835-1836. 71. Biographical Sketch. 74. Roads and Waterways 72. Preparations for Statehood. 75. Population. 73. The First Constitutional Con- 76. Liberation of Texas. vention. 77. New Counties. 71. Biographical Sketch. William S. Fulton was appointed governor of the territory in 1835. Governor Fulton was born in Maryland in 1795. He moved to Alabama, where he married, and he was a resident of Florence when he was appointed secretary of Arkansas territory. He held this position for six years. He acted as governor until Arkansas was admitted into the Union; then he was elected senator, a position which he held until his death, August 15, 1844. Lewis Randolph, grandson of Thomas Jefferson, was appointed secretary of the territory, Archibald Yell judge of the superior court, and Major Elias Rector, marshal. Col. Ambrose H. Sevier was for the fifth time elected delegate to Congress. 72. Preparations for Statehood. The year 1835 will ever be memorable for the exciting events which grew out of the agitation for statehood. Public meetings were held all over the state to discuss the advisability of seeking admission to the Union. An election held in September, 1835, resulted in the triumph of the State party. The legislature met the following month and passed a law calling a convention to frame a con- stitution and to petition Congress to admit the state into the Union. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 109 73. The First Constitutional Convention. The con- vention met at Little Rock, Jan. 4, 1836, and elected John Wilson, president and Charles P. Bertrand, sec- retary. There were fifty-one members. They adopted a constitution and despatched Charles M. Noland to Washington to deliver it to the President. President Jackson submitted the document to Congress, which raised two objections to it — (i) that the constitution permitted slavery; (2) that the formation of a consti- tution without authority of Congress was irregular. The act admitting Missouri was held to answer the first objection conclusively, as Arkansas was south of the line established therein. As to the second objection, the attorney-general of the United States declared that the people had a right to assemble peaceably and peti- tion and that the convention was merely a peaceable assemblage of the people, and the constitution a petition for admission into the Union as a state. The bill to admit Arkansas to the Union passed Con- gress June 15, 1836, and was signed by the President the next day. The state was allowed one representa- tive until the next census was taken. The contest in the House of Representatives was exciting. The Senate passed the Arkansas admission bill and sent it to the House. Two other bills, one for the correction of the Ohio boundary line, and another for the admis- sion of Michigan were attached to it. This made three parties in the House: (i) The Ohio, (2) the Michi- gan, (3) the Arkansas, each of which had its followers, There was a fourth party, headed by John Quincy Adams, which opposed the admission of Arkansas with slavery. Day after day passed with no decision upon any no HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. of the bills. At last the friends of the three bills united forces. The northern line of Ohio was soon settled. Then the Michigan bill was read once, and the reading of the Arkansas bill followed. The same tactics were employed upon their second reading, and upon their final passage. The bill for these two states passed the House of Representatives the same afternoon, and the call of the roll showed that admis- sion forces were more than three to one against the anti-slavery party which voted against the admission of either state. It was at this time that Mr. Wise of Virginia held the house in session twenty-five hours in a speech which lasted all afternoon, all night, and until ten o'clock the next day. 74. Roads and Waterways. Early in the history of the territory laws had been passed for the improve- ment of the roads. Under these laws the work was to be done by citizens and by free negroes. No tax was levied upon the property of the state and as a conse- quence the roads, though numerous, were very poor. Bridges were of a rude type, and not so numerous as the roads. Col. Sevier lost no opportunity in Congress to gain aid for Arkansas from the general government. It was he who urged the granting of ten sections of land for the building of the statehouse. He secured also one thousand acres for the Pulaski jail and courthouse. Through his efforts $236,000 were obtained to improve the navigable waters of the state and to build a road from Memphis to Little Rock. Snag boats entered the state in 1834 and began the work of clearing the channels of our streams. Steamboats traversed our waters in great numbers, bringing large additions to HISTORY OF ARKANSAS, in the population of the state. Sevier began the agitation for statehood and pushed it to successful completion. Meanwhile many toll roads and bridges were being constructed; energy and enterprise characterized the territory. 75. Population. The census of 1830 showed a popu- lation of 30,388 or more than twice the number in 1820. Four fifths of this number were white people. On the first day of January, 1835, the census showed a popula- tion of 51,809, nearly four times as many people as there were in 1820. This great growth in fifteen years was remarkable, — equal in percentage to that of any state in the Union. The emigration as a rule followed the parallels and was chiefly from Tennessee and North Carolina. Great numbers, however, came from Mississippi, Missouri, Georgia, Kentucky, and Virginia, and smaller num- bers from the northern states. These newcomers were, with few exceptions, intelligent, law-abiding, energetic citizens. Slaveholders came with their slaves and opened large farms and plantations, and what was before a dense wilderness now became a region of flourishing cotton fields. ^ The masters protected and I. Arkansas has always been noted for its cotton. Upon the islands dis- covered by Columbus the plant was widely cultivated. In the houses of the earliest colonists quantities of yarn were always kept ready to be woven into cloth or twisted into nets. At what period the industry spread to the valley of the Mississippi is not known. The fabric ornamentation found upon much of the pottery would seem to indicate the use of cotton. Charlevoix observed it in Natchez in 1722; Bienville in 1735 wrote to Paris that it grew well upon the Mississippi; Vaudreuil in 1746 said that cotton had been received at New Orleans from the "Illinois." This term "Illinois " was used at New Orleans to designate the region above Yazoo, and the cotton referred to was probably the production of the colony at Arkansas Post. As population increased it became more difficult to obtain the seed. This came at first from Jamaica and the colony of Georgia. The first seeds were black and produced a fine, silken 112 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. supported their slaves; the slaves obeyed and loved their masters. Better houses were built; and art, fiber of good staple. The next variety of seed, from the Cumberland valley in Tennessee, was of a green color and produced a short staple, coarse-fibered cotton. The low alluvial lands of eastern and southern Arkansas were admir- ably adapted for the growth of cotton, and this industry soon took precedence over all others and added great wealth to the state. America produces most of the cotton used in the world, and India ranks next in quantity produced. Russia has entered upon the production of this material in her south Asian provinces, while Germany and France are encouraging its growth in their African colonies. The Mexicans and Peruvians at the date of the discovery of America wore cotton clothing, and it is stated that the Mexican va- riety of cotton is different from the Asiatic varieties. The world at present uses about 12,000,000 bales, or about 6,000,000,000 pounds of cotton per year. This at 7 cents a pound would yield the enormous sum of $420,000,000. Prior to 1794 the process of separating the fiber from the seed was so slow as to make the industry unprofitable. The lint was picked from the seed by hand, and around many a fireside this was a nightly occupation. The inven- tion of the cotton gin by Whitney pushed the cotton industry to the front, and the manufacture of the cotton gins themselves provided another valuable industry. Prior to 1798 China and India made most of the cotton fabrics and prints of the world, but the introduction of power looms and spinners has caused Eng- land and the United States to take the lead in manufactured goods, although every great nation engages in the work. Before the Civil War, the cotton production was so great as to create the saying, "Cotton is King." Cotton was first put up in long bags. Later a rude wooden box or press worked by levers was employed. The first screw press was invented by William Dunbar of Mississippi. The cost of the first press was over a thou- sand dollars and caused Mr. Dunbar to write: "I shall endeav^or to indemnify myself for the cost by making cotton-seed oil." This gave rise to another great industry amounting in the cotton-growing states to nearly $30,000,000 each year. Thus one improvement leads to another and the result of all is a general increase of trade, and a corresponding increase of comfort and general progress among all the people. COTTON cix. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 113 music, and learning began to exercise their powers over the people. 76. Liberation of Texas. The year 1836 was memor- able for a struggle made by Texas for independence. Stephen F. Austin planted a colony in southeastern Texas, and endeavored to gain for it recognition as a Mexican state. Failing in this, he and his associates, Houston, Lamar, Travis, Smith, and Bowie, established an independent government called the Republic of Texas, This, however, was not done without oppo- sition and war. Santa Anna, the dictator of Mexico, marched into Texas and attempted to overpower the young government. The people of the southwestern part of the United States wxre in sympathy with Texas, and furnished it with men and money. One of the most noted Arkansas gatherings of terri- torial days was a barbecue given in the interests of this republic by John Bowie, at his plantation below Helena. Invitations were sent to all parts of Arkansas and to the Indian nation. The barbecue lasted three days and was attended by hundreds of the richest planters, and by a numerous crowd of adventurers. Speeches were made by prominent men from Mississippi and Arkansas, a large sum of money was raised, and several companies of men were recruited, who started at once for the scene of war. These men were familiar with the forest, and knew how to handle the rifle and the bowie knife, hence they made effective soldiers in the contest that followed. Gen. Sam Houston and Col. David Crockett, who had a short time before passed through Arkansas, had created much enthusiasm for Texas. Many Arkansas men enlisted and were killed at San Jacinto. This HIST. OF ARK. — 8 114 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. war occasioned great alarm along our southwestern border. Fears were entertained that the Mexicans would form a confederacy with the Indians and attack our frontiers. Gov. Fulton called for volunteers, and six companies of troops organized at once and marched to our southwestern boundary. The success of the Texans restored confidence and the volunteers returned home. 77. New Counties. Late in the year 1835 the legis- lature created four new counties: County. Counties from which formed. Date of Formation. Named after. County Seats. 1. White 2. Randolph. .. 3. Saline 4. Marion Pulaski, Inde- pendence and Jackson Lawrence Pulaski Izard Oct. 23, 1835 Oct. 29, 1835 Nov. 2, 1835 Nov. 3, 1835 White River... John Ran- dolph Saline River.., Gen. Mar- ion Searcy. Bettis' Blufl[, Poca- hontas. Duncan's Benton. Vellville. General Note. Arkansas as seen by the German hunter, Gerstaecker (1837): " I was nov^r in Arkansas. Game seemed to abound. Flocks of wild turkeys filled the forests as thick as partridges in Germany, and deer were equally plentiful; in one day I saw several herds of ten or twelve head each. On the 23d of January I came to Spring river, so named for the crys- talline clearness of its waters, I stayed all night with a Penn- sylvanian who spoke German. On the following morning I set off again on my travels, and turned a little out of my way to climb a rocky height, when an eagle suddenly rose before me. I fired. For a minute or two he floated motionless in the air, then flapping his wings, he mounted higher and higher, till I could hardly distinguish him. I concluded that I must have missed him, and was reloading, when he turned in the air and HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 115 fell dead to the ground. He was a large bird, measuring seven feet from wing to wing. I was pleased with my shot as it was the first eagle I had killed. In imitation of the Indians, I orna- mented my cap with one of his feathers." I have met, in all parts of America, a number of very worthy, amiable people, as also some very bad characters. But here, in this solitude, I found a family not to be surpassed in worth and amiable qualities in any part of the world. An old man, with trembling hands, sat by the fire, and though many winters had bleached his locks, his rosy cheeks showed that he was still strong and hearty. Opposite sat a noble-looking matron, considerably younger than her husband, but still of great age. By her side was a young and pretty woman of the neighborhood, whose husband had taken a journey to the north on business. Three stout, blooming youths came in, one after the other, from shoot- ing, bringing four wild turkeys. I was already far enough advanced in English to take part in the conversation, the edu- cated American being very indulgent to foieigners in this respect. The young wife had just received a letter from her husband, which she read through and through ten times over. She had been very unfortunate in Arkansas. The doctors had killed three of her children, and she herself was suffering from inflamed eyes through their ignorance. There is no authority to control their practice in the new states, and every quack who chooses may call himself doctor. They prescribe calomel for every disorder, and decayed teeth, inflamed eyes, spongy gums and shattered health are the universal consequences." My next night was passed at the house of a Kentuckian. He had about a dozen dogs, one of which he presented to me. I started on next day, and at a good distance in front of me, saw a deer feeding in the path. Distrusting my dog. I fastened him to a tree with my pocket handkerchief and the string of my powder horn. I went on until I was within about eighty-five paces of the deer, when I fired. But I fired too low, for the deer bounded away, limping with his hind leg. By this time the dog must have thought that he had played the spectator long enough, and having bitten through the powder horn string, he bounded after the deer with my handkerchief about his neck, and neither deer, dog, nor handkerchief have I ever seen since." Ii6 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. One year later he visited the Oil Trough Bottom. After speaking of its great fertility he says: " Trees grow to an enormous size, some of the trunks of the sassafras trees meas- uring from five to six feet in diameter. Pawpaw trees are also very numerous. The fruit was not to my taste, nor do all Americans like it. The bark of the tree is very tough and is useful for a variety of purposes, amongst others for ropes. Just now the fruit was quite out of favor, and even the pigs would no longer eat it. A distiller of the neighborhood by the name of Magness tried its qualities, and extracted such a superior spirit from it, that he declared he would not sell a drop of it, but keep it all for his own drinking." This book is full of fine descriptions of early Arkansas, its people, their habits and customs, and is the only source from which we can ascertain the names of many of the old pioneers. Hilger and Turoski on the Little Red river, Spanger, Von Sackendorf and Fisher at Little Rock, Strong and Saint near the St. Francis, Hamilton at Black Fish Lake, Magness in Oil Trough Bottom, Dunn between L'Augiiille and the White river, Harriot on the Cache, Pearce on Brushy Lake, Rankin, Hogarth, Kelfer, Haller, and Kean of Fourchele Fave, Collman of the Ouachita, Slowtrap and Curley of Yell county, Davis on the Mulberry, and Conwell on the " Bos- ton Mountain Divide," are each and all saved from oblivion by the pleasant reminiscences of this foreigner. He found Dan- ville, the new county seat of Yell to be exactly the size of Perry- ville, two houses and a stable. The changes to which new settlements were subjected are thus described: " If the posi- tion of a new town be good it grows incredibly fast; if bad, merchants and travelers desert it, houses are left unfinished and fall to pieces, and the courthouse, as I once saw near White river, may be turned into a corn crib." Boundary of Arkansas. Beginning at the S. W. corner of Mo. or in the center of Sec. 19, T. 21 N. R. 34 W., thence in a straight line S., bearing a little E. to strike the E. line of Sec. 4 T. 8 N. R. 32 W. ; thence in a straight line S. bearing a little W. to where the line strikes Red river in Sec. 14 T. 13 S. R. 33 W. ; thence along said river to the HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 117 S. W. corner of Sec. 7 f. 14 S. R. 28 W. ; thence S. to the N. W. corner of the N. E. qr. of Sec. 18, T. 20 S. R. 28 W.; thence east along the 33d parallel of latitude to the middle of the Mississippi river; thence N. with the channel of the river to the 36th parallel ; thence W. with said jiarallel to the middle of the St. Francis river; thence up the main channel of said river to the 36° 30' of N. Lat. ; thence W. with said parallel, or along the southern boundary of Missouri to the place of beginning. The real N. E. corner of the state is in Sec. 2 T. 21 N. R. 9 E. about one half mile N. E. of the bend in the St. Francis to the W. All State lines run with the parallels and meridians and not with the government survey- lines. On the northern line of Clay county the St. Francis river is taken as the state line — thus making what are called " The Lost Lands." Some of these are taxed in Missouri; some in Arkansas; while others are not taxed at all. All these lands south of 36° 30' belong to Arkansas. Belle Point Island in the Mississippi is wholly within the boundary of the state. List of Territorial Officers. Territorial Officers. Territorial Governors. Date of Name. Appointment. James Miller March 3, 1819 George Izard March 4,1825 John Pope March 9,1829 William Fulton March 9,1835 Territorial Secretaries. Robert Crittenden March 3,1819 William Fulton April 8, 1829 Lewis Randolph Feb. 23, 1S35 Territorial Auditors. George W. Scott Aug. 15, 1819 Richard C. Byrd Nov. 20, 1829 Emzy Wilson Nov. 5, 1831 William Pelham Nov. 12, 1833 Elias N. Conway. July 25, 1835 ii8 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. Territorial Treasurers. James Scull Aug. 5,1819 S.M.Rutherford Nov. 12,1833 Delegates to Congress, James W. Bates 1820-1823 Henry W. Conway '. . 1823-1829 Ambrose H. Sevier 1829-1836 Pre- Territorial Judges. Chas. Jouette, Arkansas Post 1814 Territorial Judges. First Circuit. Second Circuit. James W. Bates 1819. Neill McLean 1819. Stephen F. Austin 1820. T. P. Eskridge Richard Searcy 1820. Richard Searcy 1823. T. P. Eskridge 1823. J. W. Bates 1825-1836. Andrew Scott 1827. S. C. Roane 1829. Third Circuit. Fourth Circuit. Samuels. Hall 1823-1836. Chas. Caldwell 1828-1837. Recapitulation. Arkansas under the United States. 1. As part of the province of Louisiana — Dec. 26, 1803, to Mar. 20, 1804. 2. As district of Louisiana attached to Indiana terri- tory — Mar. 26, 1804, to Mar. 3, 1805. 'Gen. James Wilkinson, 1805-1807. . ^ .^ ... ) Meriwether Lewis, 1807- 3. As territory of Louisiana ( o Benjamin A. Howard, ^ 1809-1812. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 119 Make topics of each by using the sub-heads of the book. i Benjamin A. Howard, June 4, 1812, to Oct. 31, 1812. Wilham Clark, Oct. 31, 1812, to July 4, 1819. Topics as above. James Miller,July 4, 1819, to July 4, 1825. As Arkansas territory (jGeorge Izard, 1825-1828. John Pope, 1829-1835. Wm. S. Fulton, 1835-1836. Fill blanks and calculate percentage of increase: 1785- 1799 — . ,1810 — Population {^g^^_ 1830 — 1835- Counties at { Name each. /By using the sub- formation ■] Reasons for name. 1 heads under of state. ( County sites. ] each chapter. Each Administration /i. Outline. )2. Write a con- nected story. 3. Question. The Indian title was recognized by the United States and extinguished by treaties of purchase or exchange. i I. That with the Osages. \ Study these: There were ) 2. That with the Cherokees. ( i. Catechetically. four treaties. ] 3. That with the Quapas. I 2. Topically. ( 4. That with the Choctaws. ) 3. By research. Connect Arkansas history as it developed since 1803 with that of the United States. How are territories formed and governed ? I20 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. Hoy.' are states formed? Discuss the Arkansas road system. Discuss the public lands. Discuss the early schools and churches. Write an essay on French occupancy of Arkansas; on Spanish occupancy; on United States occupancy. Write essays upon the smaller subdivisions. CHAPTER XIV. JAMES s. Conway's administration, 1836-1840. 78. The Elections. 85. The Arsenals. 79. The First Legislature. 86. Five Per Cent Land Grant. 80. Legislative Proceedings. 87. The Penitentiary. 81. The Great Seal. 88. The Texas Boundary. 82. Indian Troubles. 89. Eemoval of the Eastern Chero- 83. Compact with the TI. S. kees. 84. New Counties. 90. Border Kuffianism. 91. Lynch Law. 78. The Elections. By this time party spirit between the Whigs and Democrats ran high. During the meet- ing of the Constitutional Convention, the leaders of each party had appointed State Central Committees, tc call conventions, arrange the representation, and transact all other party business. This system of com- mittees has been followed ever since. Before the elec- tions each party selects its candidates. The party candidates are chosen by a series of primaries begin- ning in the townships and. ending in the counties. The people belonging to each party meet in the townships and select delegates to represent them at the county conventions. Their choice may be ascertained by a HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 121 viva voce vote or by ballot. At a later day the dele- gates from the townships meet at the county seat and select delegates to the state conventions. The delegates from the townships and counties may go instructed or uninstructed. When instructed they vote for the men chosen by the people; when unin- structed they vote as their judgment dictates. After- wards the county delegates meet at the capital, or some other place chosen by the State Central Committee and select the party candi- dates. These candidates are called the nominees of the party, and claim the full party support. The people make the final choice at the polls. The first Democratic State Convention met at Little Rock on April 12, 1836, before the state's admission into the Union, and nominated James S. Conway for governor, and Archibald Yell for dele- gate to Congress. The Whig Convention met on April 19 and nominated Absalom Fowler for governor, and William Cummins for delegate. All other officers were to be chosen by the legislature. As this was the first time that candidates for governor and presidential electors had come before the people, the canvass was unusually interesting. Each of the candidates for these positions except Mr. Conway " took the stump " to convince the people JAMES S. CONWAY. 122 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. that his party was entitled to their suffrage. This sys- tem of canvassing has been followed ever since, and in later years was adopted by the candidates seeking the party nomination. Mr. Conway refused to canvass because his duties as surveyor general demanded his full time; but he outlined his views upon state affairs in a masterly letter which was scattered among the voters. The election was held on the first Monday in August, 1836, and resulted in the victory of the Demo- cratic candidates. 79. The First Legislature. This body met in the new capital Sept. 12, 1836, counted the vote, and declared James S. Conway elected governor for the term of four years. His inauguration took place on Sept. 13 amid grand displays. A band of music and a company of mounted rangers from Randolph county escorted the governor from his residence to the statehouse. He was attended by Ambrose H. Sevier, Judge Edward H. Cross, Col. Rector, Capt. Brown, and Lieut. Col- lins of the United States Army. After being sworn in he delivered his inaugural address and began his work as governor of Arkansas.^ I. James S. Conway was born in Tennessee of a distinguished family. In 1816 he moved to St. Louis. In i82jhe began surveying in Arkansas, and in 1823 settled on Red river, in Lafayette county. In 1825 he surveyed the western boundary of the state, and in 1S31 the southern boundary. In 1832 he was appointed surveyor general of the state. He served one term as gov- ernor, then retired to private life. His administration" was honest and effi- cient. His messages concerning public education show sound reasoning and far-reaching foresight. His opponent Absalom Fowler, was a Tennessean, who had lived in Arkansas for many years. As a lawyer Gov. Conway had few equals, and in all respects was a great man. William Cummings, the defeated candidate for Congress, was born in Ken- tucky. He came to Arkansas in 1824, and settled at Little Rock. He took rank among the best lawyers at the bar, and was for many years associated with Albert Pike. He was a staunch Whig, and as such was elected to mem- bership in the first Constitutional Convention, and to the legislature in the year n I STORY OF ARKANSAS. 123 The legislature elected Robert A. Watkins, secretary of state; Elias N. Conway, auditor of state; William E. Woodruff, treasurer; Daniel Ringo, chief justice of the supreme court, and Thomas J. Lacy and Townsend Dickson, associate jus- tices. Ambrose H. Sevier and William S. Fulton were elected to the Senate of the United States. President Jackson ap- pointed the veteran terri- torial judge, Benjamin Johnson, as judge of the United States district court; Thomas J. Lacy,^ district attorney ; and Elias Rector, marshal. With these officers the state began its career. 3-fe^a v/*^ BENJAMIN JOHNSON. The first presidential election in which the state par- ticipated occurred in November and resulted in the casting of the vote of Arkansas for Martin Van Buren. 80. Legislative Proceedings. The legislature had now to make laws for the young state and to provide for the maintenance of the government. Courts were to be established in every part of the state ; the militia had to be organized, and taxes levied. Nearly every state had wrestled with the question of state banks, all but three or four of which had failed. Arkansas passed two laws at the first session of the legislature to meet 1840, when the Whigs triumphed in Pulaski county. He died in 1843. Ebenezer Cummings, a younger brother of his had a national reputation as a lawyer. I. Thomas J. Lacy declined this appointm';;nt and accepted the position of judge of the supreme court. 124 HISTORY OF ARJiTAA'SAS. the popular demaad for money and credit. One was for the establishment of a " State Bank; " the other for a "Real Estate Bank." In both laws the state gave its credit to the banks by issuing a number of state bonds, and giving the banks authority to sell them, with the understanding that the banks them- seh^es were to pay the bonds with interest when they became due. Under these laws the state delivered its bonds to the banks, authorizing them to sell them at par only, and to use the proceeds as capital. The State Bank, whose officers were elected by the legislature, received i,ooo of the bonds, each calling for $i,ooo. Branches of this bank were opened at Batesville and Fayetteville. The Real Estate Bank had its own stockholders and elected its own officers. The state delivered 2,000 of its bonds to the bank, each having the same value as those loaned to the State Bank. Branches of this bank were opened at Washington, Columbia, Helena, and Van Buren. As we shall see hereafter, these ventures resulted in failure and created a state debt which still remains unpaid. 81. The Seal of the State. The old seal of the terri- tory was made the seal of the state, except that the words, " Seal of the state of Arkansas " were added. This remained the legal seal until 1864, when the pre- sent seal was adopted. 82. Indian Troubles. In the treaties with the Choc- taws and Chickasaws, the United States bound itself to protect them against the incursions of other wild tribes. For this purpose troops were stationed at the several forts in the territory. The troops were withdrawn temporarily and sent to aid Gen. Taylor in his war HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 125 with the Seminoles. Taking advantage of their absence, the Comanches and Pawnees attacked the Choctaws and the Chickasaws. President Jackson immediately issued a requisition on Arkansas for a full regiment of cavalry and Oov. Fulton honored it. Ten companies responded and marched to Washington, Hempstead county, where they were mustered into service. They then marched into Indian Territory and occupied Ft. Towson until Feb., 1837, when they were relieved from this service. 83. Compact with the United States. Upon the admis- sion of Arkansas into the Union, Congress made the following stipulations which were acceded to by the legislature: 1. The i6th section of each township was to be granted to the state for the establishment of schools in such township. 2. Twelve salt springs were to be reserved for the state. 3. Five per cent of the net proceeds of the sale of government lands in the state was to be reserved and paid to the state for making roads and canals. 4. Five sections of land were to be granted to the state to complete the public buildings. 5. Two townships were to be granted for seminary purposes. 6. The state was not to interfere with the United States in the disposal of government lands, nor to tax them. 7. Non-residents were never to be taxed higher than residents. 8. Certain bounty lands were to be exempt from taxation for three years. 126 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. This solemn compact with the government is per- petual and may not be changed by any state law, with- out the consent of Congress. 84. New Counties. The following new counties were formed during Governor Conway's administration: County. 1. Madison 2. Benton 3. Franklin ... 4. Poinsett 5. Desha .. 6. Searcy .. Counties from which formed. Washington . . Washington.. Crawford Greene and St. Francis. Date of formation. Sept.30, 1836 Sept.30, 1836 Dec. 19, 1837 Feb. 28, 1838 Dec. 12, 1838 Dec. 13, 1838 Named after. Pres. Mad- ison Thomas Benton.. Joel Poin- sett Capt. Ben. Desha .. Judge Richard Searcy . . County Seats. Huntsville. Bentonville. Ozark. Bolivar, Harris- burgh. Napoleon, Watson, Arkansas City. Lebanon, Marshall. 85. The Arsenals. During the year 1836, F. L. Jones, an officer of the United States, came to Little Rock and selected a site for an arsenal. The work of erecting buildings began at once but it was several years before they were all completed. This place was used before the Civil War for storing arms and ammunition. Troops were stationed there at all times, and during the war the arsenal became a position of great importance. A military post had been established at Belle Point in 1817. This name was changed in 1818 to Ft, Smith. The original fort consisted of large blockhouses sur- rounded by a stockade as a protection against the Indians. When the boundary of the state was moved forty miles farther west, Ft. Smith was discontinued and Ft. Gibson was erected on the frontier. But in HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 127 1837 Congress directed the secretary of war to erect a new fort at Ft. Smith. Three hundred acres were pur- chased from John Rogers and a new stone fort was erected and a national cemetery located. During the period of its construction, Capt. Belknap erected tem- porary works and gave them the name Ft. Belknap. Troops occupied Ft. Smith in 1842. Among their "offi- cers were Jefferson Davis, Zachary Taylor, Gen. Arbuckle, W. S. Hancock, and B. L. E. Bonneville. 86. Five Per Cent Land Grant. On June 23, 1836, Congress passed a law granting to Arkansas five per cent upon the net proceeds of the sale of all public lands within her boundaries. (§ ^^^ 3) This was in lieu of state taxation of United States lands within the state. The amount accruing to the state to June 30, 1880, was $227,359.05. 87. The Penitentiary. During a session of the legis- lature held in 1838, an appropriation was made for a state penitentiary at Little Rock. Land was purchased and the work was begun, but it was not completed until the year 1842. The cost for grounds and buildings was $70,000. In August, 1846, there was a mutiny of the prisoners, in which the buildings were set on fire and destroyed. New buildings were erected in 1849. 88. The Texas Boundary. In the spring of 1840, the boundary line between Arkansas and the republic of Texas was established by commissioners appointed by ther respective legislatures. The line from the 33d parallel of north latitude, our southern boundary, due north to Red river was established and remains our boundary to-day. By this survey a large part of Miller county was found to lie within the republic of Texas and was thus authoritatively cut off. 128 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 89. Removal of the Eastern Cherokees. The remainder of the Cherokees were removed from the old home east of the Mississippi river during the years 1837-1838. This removal was the result of a forced treaty made at New Echote, Ga., on Dec. 29, 1835. The majority of the tribe under Ross opposed it; the Ridge party fav- ored it. The states of Georgia, Tennessee, and North Carolina were determined, however, that the Indians should leave, and President Jackson with his iron will forced them to go. Two years were spent by the Cherokees in a fruitless effort to have the treaty set aside. Webster, Clay, Calhoun, and Henry A. Wise made eloquent speeches in favor of Cherokee rights, but these states would not be convinced. Gen. Scott was finally sent to remove the Indians by force, whereupon they agreed to move of their own accord. They started from Calhoun on the Hiawasse river in McMinn county, Tennessee, in parties of one thousand each. The Ridge party crossed at Memphis and passed through northern Arkansas. The Ross party crossed at Green's ferry and passed through Bentonville. In the small towns along their route they always asked for " fire water," (their name for whisky.) They generally drank too much and became wild and boisterous. The best citizens of the state tried to persuade the whisky sellers to close their shops. In every town where no whisky was sold the Indians marched through without offending any one, presenting the picturesque scene so beautifully described by the eloquentpreacher-lawyer of Arkansas, A. W. Arrmgton. At Fayetteville, one grocer could not resist the temp- tation to make money, and opened his saloon. When the door was opened the dusky-faced crowds pushed in. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 129 The door was blocked and more than one hundred were forced to stand outside. These passed their money from hand to hand into the shop and received in return their measures of whisky. They then made up a " pony purse " and bought a whole barrel of brandy. This was rolled out before the store, and everybody was invited to drink. Tin cups and gourds of the whis- ky were handed round and the crowd soon became noisy. They were peaceable, however, and but for the act of an intoxicated white man might have remained so. This man insulted a Cherokee woman and was knocked down by an Indian named Nelson Orr. The keeper of the saloon interfered and Orr turned upon him with a flashing bowie knife. In the fight that ensued, Orr was killed. The Indians rushed to their camp for their guns and soon returned by hundreds to avenge his death. At their head rode twenty horsemen under command of William S. Goody. The citizens of Fayetteville assembled to protect the town. Coody called to them that he desired to prevent bloodshed, but that he could not do so unless the murderer of Orr left the town. The murderer fled to the forest. Then Coody and the more rational Indians, with almost super- human bravery, stood before the enraged savages, dis- puting their passage until they understood that the murderer had escaped. They then sullenly returned to camp. This incident divided the citizens of Fayette- ville into two factions, for and against the murderer; it led to other murders and gave the city much trouble for many years thereafter. Arkansas was the scene of much suffering during these Indian removals. In 1832 several thousand Choctaws, Seminoles, and Cherokees, in charge of gov- HIST. OF ARK, — 9 I30 HIS TOR Y OF A RKA NSA S. ernment officers, were conducted across the state. Many of these were attacked by cholera and suffered greatly from its ravages. The contagion spread to the whites but its effects were not alarming. In many cases the contractors who had agreed with the government to transport the Indians took advantage of their trust and literally starved the Indians to death. Gerstaecker, the great German hunter, who lived in Arkansas for many years, says: '' Next day we passed along a part of the route by which some years ago a num- erous body of eastern Indians, having given up their lands to the United States on condition of receiving other equally good lands in the west, were conducted by the parties who had engaged to provide for them on their journey. Numerous square holes cut in the fallen trees showed where the squaws had pounded their maize to make bread. More melancholy traces were visible in the bones of human beings and animals which were strewn about. Many a warrior and squaw died on the road from exhaustion and the malady engendered by their treatment; and their relations and friends could do nothing more for them than fold them in their blankets, and cover them with boughs and bushes, to keep off the vultures, which followed their route by thousands, and soared over their heads; for their drivers would not give them time to dig a grave and bury their dead. The wolves, w^iich also followed at no great distance, soon tore away so frail a covering and scattered the bones in all directions. " The government had contracted with individuals for a certain sum which was quite sufficient to convey the poor Indians comfortably; but they were obliged to part with all they had for bread, selling their rifles and HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 131 tomahawks, and their horses for two or three dollars; and, while they died of hunger and distress, the con- tractors made a fortune," The Creeks, under their chiefs, RoUa and Chilley Mclntosch, passed through in 1833. A deputation of Seminoles went to Indian Territory in 1832, and upon their return to Florida, advised the Seminoles not to leave. The Seminoles acted upon this advice and refused to remove. General Taylor was directed to remove them forcibly, which brought about the Florida or Seminole war. The troops from Fort Gibson, Tow- son, and Arbuckle, were removed by way of Little Rock and New Orleans to Tampa Bay, Florida. Step by step the Indians were forced back until at last they surrendered. Osceola, their greatest chief, died in prison at Fort Moultrie. The lesser chiefs, Micanopy, Alligator, Tiger Tail, and Jumper, with a large party of Seminoles and Creeks were sent under a guard of soldiers to the territory. Their farewell to their sunny home was a most affecting scene. All through the years 1834 to 1839, these removals went on by way of Little Rock. The suffering of the early marches caused the government to transport the later Indians upon boats. The steamboats engaged in this business on the Arkansas river were the Fortsmouth, Princeton, and Creole. General Taylor was then placed in command of the military department of the south- west and spent much of his time at Fort Gibson and Fort Smith. Washington Irving made a trip to Ft. Smith in 1832. Gen. Bonneville of the latter place is described in his "Sketch Book." 90. Border Ruffianism. Northwestern Arkansas now passed through another phase of civilization. Before 132 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 1838 this region was said to be almost Arcadian in its virtues and simplicity. The courts rarely held any trials except for misdemeanors, and many grand juries adjourned without a single indictment. But the location of the Indians in the territory to the west brought in a host of men to sell them whisky and to gamble and trade with them. These men generally settled on the frontier between the old white settlers and the savages. It is said that runaways from every state in the Union collected along the Cherokee line and preyed alike upon the whites and on the Indians. Groceries were erected on the line one half in the state, the other half on Indian territory. By stepping across a plank in the floor the offender could defy the legal process of courts from the side he left. These men were desperadoes. Murders and robberies were of frequent occurrence. When arrests were made the defendants would summon their friends and prove an alibi. Thus the courts became powerless, and partly lost the confidence of law-abiding citizens. A bloody end to this state of affairs came in 1839. The rival parties of Ross and Ridge continued their quarrel in their new home in the Cherokee Nation. The western Cherokees who had long resided in the territory were called " Old Settlers " and acted with the Ridge party. On the night of June 20, 1839, the leaders of the Ridge party, Major Ridge, Elias Boudi- not and John Ridge, were assassinated by members of the Ross party. Major Ridge was on his way to Van Buren and was shot from a bluff about seven miles from Evansville, (Washington county). Elias Boudi- not was killed near his home at Park Hill, I. T. These disturbances in the Nation enabled the white despera- HISTOJRY OF ARKANSAS. 133 does to commit crimes along the borders and to throw suspicion on their savage neighbors, as a cloak for their evil deeds. On the night of June 15, 1839, the house of William Wright on Cane Hill in Washington county was burned to the ground and he and five little children were brutally murdered. Mrs. Wright escaped and in wild terror informed the neighbors that the Indians had done the work. The alarm of an Indian invasion soon spread over the whole valley from Boonesboro to Fay- etteville. On the following day six or seven hundred people gathered at Boonesboro. It was ascertained that the murder and arson were the work of white men, and not of Indians. That night a council of old citizens was held and the public safety was freely dis- cussed. The decision finally reached was that as the courts could not redress their wrongs, nothing was left for them but to seek redress themselves. A committee of thirty-six discreet and reputable citizens was ap- pointed to make investigations and to punish the crimi- nals. Upon this committee were two ministers, and every member of it was of the old American law-abiding stock that has given our country its fame. 91. Lynch Law. The committee appointed one hun- dred men as a company of light horse, to proceed over the country in squads of ten, arresting all suspicious persons, gamblers, idlers, and stragglers. By this energetic action the murderers were soon traced. Five men were arrested and brought before the com- mittee but after a trial were discharged. Upon their release they quarreled among themselves and disclosed facts which led to a second arrest of three of them. Another trial was begun which occupied many days. 134 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. The defendants were given full opportunity to prove their innocence. One of the defendants confessed, but the remaining two proclaimed their absolute innocence. The committee then voted upon the ques- tion: " Shall these men suffer death? " and every vote but one was cast in the affirmative. On Monday, July 29, 1839, before a crowd of more than 1,000 persons, John Richmond, James Barnes, and Ellery Turner were hanged, and the citizens of Washington county felt relieved. Lawlessness had been signally rebuked and the desperate element was removed from the state. From June until December, the committee in grim silence pursued its work. One of the murderers, William Baily, was still at large. He had fled from Cane Hill to Van Buren, thence to Shreveport, and thence to eastern Tennessee. Becom- ing bolder he returned to Arkansas and was arrested in Pulaski county. A guard was sent to bring him to Cane Hill and the committee convened for trial. The verdict " guilty," resulted in his execution. Years afterwards a reaction set in, and it was asserted that the men were innocent of the crime. A book was written by A. W. Arrington, entitled " The Despera- does of the Southwest," which, although well written, was an unfair review of the trial, and by abusing some of the committeemen created considerable feeling on the subject. Time has moderated the partisan feeling and has justified the committee. Their work was per- formed with caution and deliberation, for the highest and best interests of the public, albeit without due form of law. Lawlessness had brought terror to the land and summary proceedings were necessary. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 135 CHAPTER XV. ARCHIBALD YELl's ADMINISTRATION, 184O-1844. 92. The Elections. 93. State and Real Estate Banks. 94. The Holford Bonds. 95. The Census. 96. Improvements. 97. Common School Law. 98. Operation of the Law. 99. New Counties. 100. Samuel Adams' Administra- tion. 101. Geological Survey. 102. The Conventions. 92. The Elections. The Congressional term of Archi- bald Yell expiring in 1838, Judge R. L. Cross of Hemp- stead county was elected to succeed him and held the position three terms. Party spirit was not so strong at the state elec- tions in 1840 and Archibald Yell, Democrat,was elected governor without opposi- tion.^ At the session of the legislature in November, 1840, David B. Greer was elected secretary of state and William S. Fulton, United States senator. At the fourth session of that Archibald vhll. In November, 183S, four masonic lodges from Fayetteville, Little Rock, Washington and Arkansas Post, met at Little Rock and established a Grand Lodge. The first grand master was William Gilchrist, and the first grand secretary, George C. Watkins. 1. Archibald Yell was born in North Carolina in 1797. He moved to Ar- kansas in 1832, to fill the position of receiver of the Land Office at Little Rock, to which he had been appointed by President Jackson. Resigning this position in 1832, he began the practice of law. In 1835 he was appointed 136 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. body in 1842, the office of attorney-general was created, and Robert W. Johnson was appointed to that position. Ambrose H. Sevier was again elected United States senator; George W. Paschal, associate justice of the supreme court; Elias N. Conway, auditor, and John Hutt, treasurer. The presidential election in the fall of 1840 was very exciting. The Whigs had pictures of a log cabin with a coon skin tail tacked to the door, and a barrel of hard cider standing near. The Democrats called it the "Log Cabin and Hard Cider" campaign. Both parties held large meetings in all parts of Arkansas. At one monster meeting of the Whigs at Little Rock, one hundred and fifty men and fifty women rode all the way from Batesville. They brought a large canoe with them in sections, put it on wheels at Little Rock and filled it with ladies to represent the twenty-six states then comprised in the Union. On the prow of the boat was a log cabin and on the roof of this a live coon. The procession was very large and the songs were humorous. Harrison and Tyler carried the United States, but the vote of Arkansas went for Van Buren. 93. State and Real Estate Banks. The financial crisis which culminated in other parts of the United States judge of the superior court. In 1836 he was elected to Congress, and in 1840 was chosen governor of Arkansas. This position he resigned in 1044, and was again elected to Congress in 1846. The Mexican War breaking out, he returned to Arkansas, raised a regiment, and marched to the seat of war. Archibald Yell lost his life at the Battle of Buena Vista. He did not resign his position in Congress, but enlisted with the expectation of returning to attend to his Congressional duties. When he asked General Wool for leave of absence to attend the approaching session of Congress, he was told that he must either resign his command or attend to its duty. He remained with his regiment. The governor of the state treated the office of Congressman as vacant and ordered a special election. In this election the Whigs gained their first and only Congressman, Thomas W. Newton. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 137 in 1837 did not reach Arkansas until 1841. During this period money was plentiful. The banks which had been chartered in 1836 started into existence with better prospects and more real capital than was usual with such institutions. The state had given them its credit, and this credit at that time was very high. In 1838 Ambrose H. Sevier sold 500 bonds at par to the treasurer of the United States for the Smithsonian legacy, the proceeds of which went to the Real Estate Bank. This transaction was soon reported at the money centers of the world, and when it was known that the government had bought Arkansas bonds at par, the banks had little trouble to sell two millions more at par to New York institutions, for European capitalists. Although the State Bank and the Real Estate Bank each started in with two and one half million dollars, they suspended specie payment in 1841. In 1842 the Real Estate Bank made an assignment and in 1844 surrendered its charter. The State Bank also sus- pended payment, permitted its paper to depreciate in value and was closed up by the legislature in 1843. Committees of the legislature reported that, in liagrant disregard of the charters, managers of the banks had from the start acted against the interests of the state, in their own interests or that of their friends. Their paper depreciated from fourteen to forty per cent. In 1841 they ceased to pay interest on the bonds they had used. Naturally this affected the credit of the state. Arkan- sas securities went below par, and thus remained for years. In 1836 the state owed less than nine thousand dollars; in 1843 her indebtedness exceeded three mil- 138 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. lions of dollars. It was the old story of the state lend- ing her credit to private banking enterprises; the banks reaping the solid advantages, or losing by mismanage- ment or bad faith the real assets, while the state became responsible for their indebtedness. The wrecks of similar enterprises are mentioned in the history of nearly every state in the American Union. Experi- ences like these are costly but valuable. In all these enterprises the honor of the state itself remained unsullied. 94. The Holford Bonds. But the honor of the state did not escape unblemished in the Holford bond trans- action. The Real Estate Bank had been granted 2,000 $1,000 bonds to be sold at par. This condition did not appear on the face of the bonds but was expressed in the act which chartered the banks. The bank sold 1,500 of the bonds at par and retained 500. Shortly afterwards it negotiated a loan with the North Ameri- can Trust and Banking Company of New York and pledged these 500 bonds for payment. The amount received by the Real Estate Bank was $121,336.50. The New York bank sold the bonds to Holford & Son, bankers in London, for $350,000. The Real Estate Bank surrendered its charter, but always claimed that the transaction with the New York bank was not a sale but a pledge, and that said bank had no right to sell the bonds to Holford. Holford demanded the face of the bonds, $500,000, claiming that there was nothing on the face of the bonds to show an innocent purchaser that Ihey were not to be sold for less than par. The legis- lature claimed that the bonds were sold in flagrant violation of the charter of the Real Estate Bank and HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 139 refused to pay them. These bonds have since been called " The Holford bonds " and were for years a source of trouble to the state. In another chapter the student will read what disposition of the matter was eventually made. 95. The Census. The enumeration of the people by the government in 1840 showed that Arkansas had a population of 97,574, an increase of over 67,000 since 1830. 96. Improvements. The old fireplace with its "dog- irons" and "pot hooks" was being displaced by PIONEER S ROCK HOUSE. Stoves. Early in 1841 a specimen of coal was brought from Spadra, in Johnson county, put in a basket grate, and set in a fireplace. Grates were soon in demand. Soon after this a barge of coal came down from Spadra, and mining interests began to grow. About 140 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. this time a factory for hats and caps was built and the enterprise proved profitable. Buildings of modern form began to spring up. Farms were flourishing. The life of the pioneer had not yet wholly departed but was slowly giving place to a higher civilization. In 1841 Congress donated 500,000 acres of land to the state for internal improvements. The lands were immediately located and sold, and the proceeds were applied to improving the navigable waters and the pub- lic roads. Levees along the Mississippi river to protect the lands from overflow were begun in Chicot county. The student can hardly realize to-day the immense labor and expense involved in transforming the wilder- ness and gaining the many comfortable surroundings we now enjoy. 97. Common School Law. In 1843, Governor Yell in his message to the legislature said: "As the public mind is elevated in the scale of learning, so are the means of advancing the moral and intellectual progress increased and rendered stable. Hence self-preserva- tion should be a sufficient incentive to lay deep and broad the foundation of universal education. In a government like ours, where the people govern, they should be both virtuous and intelligent. They are then not only willing to obey the laws, but are compe- tent to make them." The legislature then passed a law to establish a system of public schools. It was well devised but it lacked a good money basis. The whole wealth of the state was but $22,000,000, and the total tax collected for all state purposes about $30,000. A new system of schools was impossible. The law was an impetus to thought, however, and an aid to the schools already in existence. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 141 I 98. Operation of the Law. Commissioners were created in every township to sell the i6th sections. The township was a district under the control of three trustees, authorized to build houses and employ teachers. The schools were to be kept open five months. The teacher was to be of good moral character and competent. The trustees were required to visit the schools once a month and examine the pupils, to see that cleanliness and decency were practiced and that the pupils had proper books. Those children who were able to pay were expected to do so by subscription. A State Board of Edacation was established consisting of the governor, the presi- dent of the Senate, the speaker of the House of Repre- sentatives, the supreme judges, and ten members of the legislature. This system went into practical operation. Jackson county reported 22 free schools with 500 chil- dren; Jefferson county, 10 schools with 200 pupils; Ouachita county, 11 schools with 141 pupils; Union county expended $732. Thus the state with less than one child to each square mile began its educative work.^ 99. New Counties. The legislatures of 1840 and 1842 created seven new counties: County. Date of formation. Named after. County Seats. 1. Yell . Dec. =;, 1840 Dec. 18, 1840 Dec. 18, 1840 Nov. 2g, 1842 Dec. 9, 1842 Dec. 14, 1842 Dec. 21, 1842 Gov. Yell Capt. Bradley Danville Dardenelle 2. Bradley 3. Perry 4. Ouachita Warren. Perryville. Camden. 5. Montgomery 6. Newton 7. Fulton . Thos. W. Newton... Gov. Fulton Mount Ida. I. In i860 there were 652 schools distributed among the counties as fol- lows: Arkansas 7; Benton 21; Bradley 15; Crawford 24; Conway 19; Car- roll 24 ; Clark 6 ; Calhoun 8 ; Craighead 2 ; Franklin 22 ; Hempstead 25 , 142 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS, 100. Samuel Adams' Administration. Governor Yell being nominated as delegate to Congress, resigned his governorship April 29, 1844,1 and Samuel Adams, president of the Senate, became governor. He was a Virginian by birth and moved to Johnson county, Arkansas, in 1835. He acted as governor until the election of Governor Drew in August, 1844, when he was elected state treasurer. His first message to the legisla- ture was an able and patriotic paper. He died in 1856. loi. Geological Survey. A geological survey of the state was provided for in 1843, but owing to the difficulty of finding a competent surveyor, the survey was not actually made until 1857, w^hen the work was performed by the famous geologist, David Dale Owen, assisted by a corps of learned men. 102. The Conventions. The political campaign this year was very exciting. Both parties held conventions Hot Springs lo ; Independence 21; Izard 13; Jefferson 12; Johnson 49; Lawrence 3 ; Lafaj-ette 8 ; Madison 22 ; Mississippi 2 ; Monroe 8 ; Montgom- ery 4 ; Newton 4; Ouachita 28; Perry 8; Phillips 22; Poinsett 11; Polk g; Pulaski 13; Randolph 10; Saline 40; Searcy 6; Sebastian 21; Scott 10; Sevier n ; St. Francis 15 ; Union 29 ; Washington 57 ; White 29 ; Yell 2. Twelve counties were not reported. Some of these had successful schools. I. The Democratic Convention nominated Elias N. Conway for governor, and David I. Chapman, for Congress. Mr. Conway declined to canvass, and the Democratic committee selected Chapman to take his place; Chapman refused to run, and Thos. S. Drew was nominated in his stead. SAJVIUEL ADAMS. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 143 and nominated full tickets. The Democrats nominated Thomas S. Drew of Randolph for governor, and Archi- bald Yell for Congress. The Whigs nominated Dr. Lorenzo Gibson of Hot Spring county for governor, and David Walker of Washington county for Congress. The Democrats were successful. CHAPTER XVI. THOMAS s. Drew's administration/ 1844-1849. 103. The National Elections. 108. Tlie Mexican War. 104. The Annexation of Texas. 109. The Treaty of Guadeloupe- 105. Arkansas and Arkansaw. Hidalgo. 106. Indian Troubles. 110. Legislative Work. 107. Supreme Court Changes. 111. Special Election. 112. New Counties. 103. The National Elections, The Democrats of Arkansas favored the election of James K, Polk for the presidency and the Whigs that of Henry Clay. The state gave its vote for Polk, who favored the annexation of Texas. Polk was elected. Thomas S. Drew was elected governor. 104. The Annexation of Texas. The legislature of 1844 passed a resolution calling upon our senators to vote for any measure that would aid Texas in her efforts to become a part of the American Union. I. Thomas S. Drew was born in Vermont. He entered Arkansas in 1821, and settled in Clark county, where he served as county clerk from 1C23 to 1825. Removing to Lawrence county, he was selectea as a member of the Constitutional Convention. He was twice elected governor (1844 and 1849), but resigned soon after his second election, alleging that his salary was not sufficient to support his family, He died in Texas in 1S80. 144 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. VV ^^-^^ Chester Ashley, who on the death of Senator Fulton had been elected to the Senate, made his first speech in the Congress of the United States upon this question. It was pronounced one of the most brilliant speeches made, and at once gave him a national reputation as statesman and orator. This legislature also elected Thomas Johnson chief justice of the supreme court, over Daniel Ringo, who had held the position since 1836. 105. Arkansas and Ar- kansaw. The dispute over the pronunciation of the word Arkansas began at an early day. One party wished to pro- n o u n c e it as it was spelled, the other accord- ing to usage and phil- ology. Senator Sevier pronounced the word, Ar'kansaw, and Senator Ashley, Arkan'sas. The president of the Senate used both forms, and when Sevier arose he was recognized as "the senator from Arkansaw, " and Ashley as "the senator from Arkan- sas." Years after this the legislature of Arkansas, in order to bring about a uniformity of pronunciation and to discourage the innovation of pronouncing the final j, passed a resolution declaring the pronunciation to be Ar^-kan-saw. This was the first example of legisla- tion to establish pronunciation and spelling, but it was effective. The dictionaries, spelling books, and CHESTER ASHLEY. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 145 geographies adopted it, and it is now the only proper pronunciation.^ 106. Indian Troubles, The Cherokees of Indian Terri- tory, becoming dissatisfied with their neighbors, crossed the state line in hostile squads into Benton county, destroyed some prop- erty, and alarmed the citizens. The governor ordered a company of militia from Benton county into service and placed Col. Ogden in command. The com- pany encamped near the scene of the Indian de- predations, but were not required to use arms. The Indians returned to their own country and made no further at- tempts at hostility. (1846). 107. Supreme Court Changes. In 1845 Luke E. Bar- ber was appointed supreme court clerk, and held this position until 1886, with the exception of a short period from 1S68 to 1874. In the same year the legislature elected W. S. Oldham and Edward Cross associate justices of the supreme court; Oldham resigned in 1848, and was succeeded by Christopher C. Scott, of Camden, who retained the position until his death in AMBROSE H. SEVIER. I, The Eclectic Society of Little Rock presented the question of the pro- nunciation to the legislature, and secured the action of that body thereon. HIST. OF ARK. — lO 146 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 1859. In 1846 Elbert H. English was appointed supreme court reporter. He was also selected by the legislature at this time to codify and annotate the statutes of the state. Thomas J. Lacy having resigned, William B. Conway was elected judge of the supreme court. 108. The Mexican War. The annexation of Texas to the United States led to a war between the United States and Mexico. Early in 1846 President Polk informed Congress that war existed, and shortly after- wards issued a proclamation calling upon the states to furnish troops. Arkansas proceeded to raise her quota. More men than were needed offered their services, and one company after reaching the rendezvous had to return home. The people of the state were eager for war, and the counties of Lawrence, Independence, Washington, Sebastian, Pope, Crawford, Hempstead, Sevier, Franklin, Saline, Hot Springs, Phillips, John- son, and Pulaski soon had companies formed and ready for action. The old hfe and drum beat the alarm and the young men responded with alacrity. The several companies marched to Washington in Hem.pstead county, where they were formed into a regiment with Archibald Yell as colonel, John Selden Roane as lieu- tenant colonel, and Solon Borland, as major. The total number in this regiment, the First Regiment of Arkansas Cavalry, was 870. In addition to this regiment designed for the seat of war in Mexico, a battalion was formed for the defense of the frontier against Indian incursions. It was to garrison the forts vacated by the United States regu- lar troops who moved to the seat of war. William Gray commanded this battalion. Its strength con- sisted of 478 men. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS, 147 III addition to these troops, two companies were enlisted from Arkansas and attached to the 12th Infantry of the regular United States army. One of these companies was commanded by Allen Wood of Carroll county. The First Arkansas regiment under Col, Yell marched into Mexico and was attached to the division of Gen. John E. Wool.^ This regiment took part in but one battle, that of Buena Vista, ^ in which Col. Yell was killed. The companies of Albert Pike and William Preston were credited with gallant services, as was the squadron of Col. May. Capt. Porter and Ensign Saunders of Independence county, John Pelham and Thomas Rowland of Pulaski, Albert Phipps, Mr. Painter, and Mr. Higgins were killed. Saunders received seventeen lance wounds in his body. The time of enlistment of this regiment expired in July, when it was mustered out of service. 1. While General Wool was encamped at Monclova, he and his staflf were invited by the alcade of the village to the banquet. The festivities lasted late, and in a drenching rain the general left for the American camp on the other side of the river. At the bridge he was stopped by a sentinel, an Arkansan, and the countersign was demanded. The general had forgotten it, but in- sisted that the sentinel should let him pass, as he was General Wool. The Arkansan brought down his musket and said : " I don't care if you are Gen- eral Wool, or General Jackson, or even General George Washington, you can't pass here without the countersign." The general threatened, but to no avail. He had to remain where he was, until the relief guard arrived and gave him the countersign. General Wool sent for the soldier next morning, thanked him for his faithfulness, and made him his orderly. 2. General Wilco.x said of the battle of Buena Vista: "All the infantry with Taylor were volunteers ; of these but one regiment had ever been under fire. Four fifths of the cavalry had never been in battle. The magnificent courage displayed by these new troops, the alacrity as well as the vigor with which they assailed, or the steadiness with which they resisted greatly superior numbers from daylight until five o'clock, has rarely been surpassed, if equaled, by the disciplined veterans of modern armies. It is a battle over which the people of the United States fiave ever felt a just pride, because it was fought by volunteers." 148 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. Before this battle occurred, soldiers belonging to two Arkansas companies and a Kentucky regiment, had been taken prisoners and sent to the city of Mexico. Among these were Major Borland, Major Gaines, and Captain Danley. Finding an opportunity, they escaped and attached themselves to Gen. Scott's army, in time to take part in the battles around the city. Captain Danley was severely wounded in one of these battles and remained a cripple for life. Besides these men the two companies belonging to the i2th Infantry took part in the southern cam- paign. At Contreras and Churubusco the company commanded by Captain Allen Wood was honorably mentioned by the commanding general, Winfield Scott, who presented it with a map of the battlefields in and around Mexico. Captain Wood was breveted major by the President of the United States. Governor Roane afterwards presented these maps, accompanied by the muster rolls of the company, to the legislature of Arkansas. The belt of Col. Yell was also accorded a position of honor, and is now inclosed in a glass case in the office of the secretary of state. Many men who were afterwards distinguished in Arkansas affairs began their public career in the Mexican War.^ I. Some of these men were Gen. T. J. Churchill, Gen. James F. Fagan, Albert Pike, C. C. Danley, John D. Adams, John C. Peay, Alden M. Wood- ruff, A. M. Crouch, Dr. Craven, Dr. Peyton, William Queensberry, Josiah Houston, Walter F. Scott, James F. Moffat, H. W. Taylor, Addison Coch- ran, J L. Shinn, G. W. Patrick, John F. Hill, Franklin W. Desha, Jesse and Richa.d Searcy, Robert F. Finley, Hamilton Reynolds, George S. Morrison, J. J. Dillard, George S. Foster, Leonard Wilhoff, Edward Hunter, J. S. DoUarhide, Roger McCann, George C. Stewart, William G. Preston, Thomas G. and John W. Tomberlain, John R. i3e Graffenreed, Richmond B. Sedgley, William K. English, Thomas A. Reeden, W. A. and J. C. Douglass, John Preston, Lewis S. Poe, William Gray, Caleb Davis, Oliver Basham. fl I STORY or ARAUXSAS. 149 109. The Treaty of Guadeloupe-Hidalgo. But Arkan- sas was signally honored by the appointment of Am- brose H. Sevier as one of the commissioners on the part of the United States to negotiate the amended treaty of peace between the countries. He and Judge Clifford repaired to Queretaro and secured the ratifica- tion of a treaty by which Mexico ceded to the United States the country of New Mexico and California and guaranteed the free navigation of the Gulf of California. The United States agreed to pay Mexico fifteen million dollars, and to discharge a debt of three millions more to citizens of the United States. The United States now stretched from ocean to ocean, and Arkansas felt justly proud of the successful work of her honored son.^ no. Legislative Work and the Elections. In 1847, Col. Chester Ashley was reelected senator of the United States. William Conway was elected judge of the supreme court to fill the vacancy caused by the resigna- tion of Thomas J. Lacy. Elias N. Conway was elected auditor, Samuel Adams, treasurer, and Lambert J. Reardon, land agent. At a special election in January, 1847, Thomas W. Newton, Whig, defeated Albert Rust, Democrat, for Congress. Newton was the only Whig that ever represented Arkansas in Congress. At the regular election in the fall of 1847 Newton was defeated by Robert W. Johnson, Democrat. Johnson held the position three terms. I. The original treaty was made at Guadeloupe-Hidalgo on Feb. 2, 1848, by Nicholas Trist on the part of the United States. President Polk submitted it to the Senate on Feb. 23, 1848. The Senate adopted it with amendments on March 1.0, 184S. Messrs. Sevier and Clifford, as ambassadors of the United States, secured the adoption of the amended treaty on May 5, 1848. The treaty was the work of Trist ; the protocol to the treaty was the work of Sevier and Clifford. 150 HISTORY OP ARKANSAS. In August, 1848, Thomas S. Drew was reelected gov- ernor without opposition. When the legislature con- vened that year it found two vacancies to fill in the Senate of the United States. A. H. Sevier had resigned to accept the commissionership of the United States to negotiate peace between the government and Mexico. Chester Ashley, after having served one year of his second term, had died. The legislature elected Major Solon Borland to fill the first unexpired term, and Judge W. K. Sebastian the other. In the presidential elections Arkansas voted for the Democratic candidates, Cass and Butler. Taylor and Fillmore, however, were elected. On Dec. 31, 1848, Ambrose H. Sevier died at his plantation in Chicot county. In the death of Ashley and Sevier the state lost two of her most distinguished men. This legislature also elected David Walker, of Fayetteville, associate justice of the supreme court. III. Special Election. In January, 1849, Governor Drew resigned his office and was succeeded by Richard C. Byrd, who as president of the senate, became gov- ernor. Upon entering the office he issued a proclama- tion ordering a special election for governor to be held in April. John Selden Roane was elected. THOMAS S. DREW. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 151 112. New Counties. During Drew's administration three new counties were formed: County. Date of formation. Named after. County seats. 1. Prairie Nov. 25, 1846 Nov. 26, 1846 Nov. 30, 1848 Brownsville De Vall's 2. Drew 3. Ashley Gov. Drew ..- Chester Ashley Bluf?, Des Arc. Monticello. Hamburg. CHAPTER XVII. JOHN S. ROANE's^ ADMINISTRATION, 1849-1852. 113. Elections and Appointments. 116. The Marion County War. 114. The Census. 117. The Legislature. 115. The Gold Excitement. 118. The First Postage Stamps. 119. New Counties. 113. Elections and Appointments. In November Dan- iel Ringo was appointed district judge of the United States court to succeed Benjamin Johnson, who had died in the preceding month. It was said of Judge Johnson: " He died full of judicial honors; beloved by all; admired for the purity of his public and private character, and for his devotion as a Christian ; respected for his unbending integrity and for a heart full of kind- ness to all. He was a safe, patient, and able judge, and I. John S. Roane was born in Tennessee in 1817. He came to Arkansas and settled at Pine Bluff, but atterwards moved to Van Buren. He was lieutenant colonel in Yell s regiment during the Mexican War, and gover- nor until 1852. In the Civil War he was made a brigadier general. He died at Pine Bluff in 1867. For list of district attorneys in the United States courts, see Appendix. 152 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. the judicial distinction wliich he won extended far beyond the boundaries of his state." In 185 1 the state was divided by Congress into two judicial districts, the eastern and the western. Daniel Ringo, the newly ap- pointed judge, acted as judge in both districts until I 8 6 I. In 1864 Henry C. Caldwell was appointed to this position and presided as judge in both districts until 187 1, and as judge of the east- ern district until 1890, when he was appointed circuit judge. In 1871 William Storey was ap- pointed judge of the western district, and was succeeded in 1875 by Isaac C. Parker. The candidates for governor in August, 1852, were Elias N. Conway, Democrat, and Bryan H. Smithson, Whig. Mr. Conway was elected. 114. The Census. The population of 1850 was 209,897, an increase of more than one hundred per cent in ten years. Of this number 162,189 were white people, and 47,708 negroes. 115. The Gold Excitement. In 1849 the news of the discovery of gold in the west reached Arkansas, and at once expeditions were organized for California. Some went overland; others took ship for New York or New Orleans and went around Cape Horn. No obstacle was sufficient to deter those who were eager DANIEL RINGO. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 153 for gold. Lawyers, doctors, merchants, farmers, me- chanics, hunters, trappers, and preachers were all infected with the gold fever and started for the land of promised wealth. Some of them found gold, but the greater number did not. Some came back to Arkansas; some remained in California, while others settled elsewhere in the western territories. ii6. The Marion County War. In the autumn of 1849 difficulties arose in Marion county. There were two leading families named respectively Ever- ett and Tutt. Both had great influence and both desired to control the county offices. The Tutts were Whigs, and the Everetts, Democrats. For years before this, the followers of each family had quarreled on election day. In the " June fight of 1844" rocks, hoes, clubs, and fists had been freely used. After this whenever the factions met there was trouble. Whisky was used freely and served to make matters worse. After a while pistols took the place of clubs and the rioting became serious. Matters ran on thus until nearly every male citizen of the county belonged to one or the other of these parties. At one election three men were killed and several wounded. At another time arrests were made, the guards and prison- ers engaged in a fight, and three of the prisoners HENRY C. CALDWELL. 154 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. were killed. The sheriff, assisted by partisans of the Everetts, tried to make other arrests but he did not succeed. A demand was made for the militia and Governor Roane sent Gen. Allen Wood with a company of militia into Marion county. The Everetts and their friends retreated to Searcy county, where, being followed by Wood, they were arrested at camp meeting and taken to Smithville for safe- keeping. Their friends attacked the jail and turned the prisoners out. By this time nearly all the Tutts were extermi- nated and but few of the Everetts were left. These, finding the meshes of the law clos- ing around them, went to Texas. Thus ended the only great family feud that the state has known — one that cast a gloom over Marion county for many years. 117. The Legislature. The session of 1850 was char- acterized by heated discussions of the relations of Arkkansas to the Federal Union. The admission of California as a free state was considered a vio- lation of the rights of the slave states and as reopen- ing a question that had been settled. The action of Congress was condemned and resolutions were discussed which sounded like war. At each succeed- HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 155 ing legislature these discussions became warmer until the final rupture came in 1861. Massachusetts, not content to administer her own laws, undertook to help South Carolina in her admin- istration and sent citi- zens to Charleston to help certain persons re- sist the enforcement of South Carolina laws. This action was resented and legislatures through- out the South passed condemnatory resolu- tions. This meddling increased; the fugitive slave law was annulled by northern states and every year added some new element to the sec- tional hate. Arkansas from the beginning, while openly expressing the warm- est sentiments for the Union, espoused the cause of the South, and made its injuries her own. 118. The First Postage Stamps. During Fillmore's administration the first postage stamps were issued by the government. The rate of postage was ten cents for each letter. The stamps did not stick well, so people were obliged to fasten them to the letters with wafers, sealing wax, and pins. Gen. Washington's picture adorned the stamp and it was no uncommon thing to see written above it, " Hold on, Mr. Washing- ton " or " Postage paid if Washington sticks." Con- gress later adopted a five-cent rate for letters sent JOHN SELDEN ROANE. 156 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. within a radius of 500 miles, though letters sent beyond that limit required a payment of ten cents. Still later came a five-cent rate for all distances; then a three-cent rate and finally the two-cent rate, and the penny postal card. The United States now stands at the head of all countries in the excellence of its postal service. 119. New Counties. During Governor Roane's admin- istration two new counties were formed. County. Date of formation. Named after. County seat. 1. Calhoun 2. Sebastian ... Dec. 6, 1850 Jan. 6, 1851 John C. Calhoun Wm. K. Sebastian.. Hampton. Greenwich, Ft. Smith. CHAPTER XVIII. ELiAS N. Conway's^ administration, 1852-1860. I Population. 120. Legislation and Elections. [Wealth. 121. Popular Elections. ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^ Railroads. 122. Mountain Meadows Massacre. of the State. \ Telegraphs. 123. The Know Nothings. JSchools. 124. New Counties. ( Temperance. \ Churches. 120. Legislation and Elections. Elias N. Conway was elected governor in 1852 and he was reelected in 1856. During the eight years that he served as governor there were four sessions of the legislature in the ninth, tenth, ele^^'enth, and twelfth districts. I Elias N. Conway was born in Tennessee in 1812 and moved to Arkansas in 1833. He was auditor of state from 1835 to i84g, and gfovernor from 1852 to i860. He was a diligent, methodical, and honest officer. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 157 The Session of 18^2. The term of William K. Sebas- tian expiring, he was reelected to the United States On the same day George chief justice of the su- Senate on Nov. 10, 1852. C. Watkins was elected preme court to succeed Thomas Johnson. For the state offices the fol- lowing selections were made: D. B. Greer, sec- retary of state; C. C. Danley, auditor; John H. Crease, treasurer; and John T. Trigg, land attorney. A homestead exemption law was passed at this session, and as Arkansas was now entitled to two Con- gressmen the state was divided into two dis- tricts. The Session of 18^4. During the adjournment of the legislature Solon Borland had been appointed by the President, minister to Nicaragua, and he resigned his position as senator. On the 6th of July, 1853, Gover- nor Conway appointed Robert W. Johnson to fill the vacancy until the meeting of the legislature. When this body met it elected Johnson to fill the unexpired term. At this session A. S. Huey became auditor; he was succeeded by W. R. Miller in 1856, who held the position until i860. Geo. C. Watkins having resigned as chief justice of the supreme court, Elbert H. English was elected to the place, and held it until ELIAS NELSON CONWAY, 158 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS, the close of the war.^ In 1874 he was elected by the people chief justice of the supreme court and held this position until his death in 1884. David Walker having resigned the office of associate justice in 1854, was succeeded by T. B. Hanley of Helena. The Sessioji of 18^8. The most important acts of this session were the incorporation of the School for the Blind at Arkadelphia; the elec- tion of John Quinley to succeed John H. Crease as treasurer, and of Henry M. Rector, asso- ciate justice of the su- preme court, to succeed Felix I. Batson. Henry M. Rector resigned in 1859 and was succeeded by Freeman W. Comp- In 1850 Rev. James Champlain opened a School for the Blind at Clarksville. Lack of support caused the school to be abandoned. In 1858 Mf. Haucke visited Arkadelphia and suc- ceeded in gaining the support of the inhabitants for an institution to be called " The Arkansas Institute for the Education of the Blind." The institute was ELBERT H. ENGLISH. ton. I. In 1864 F. D. W. Yoriley was chosen chief justice. There were two supreme courts at that time, g-rowing- out of the exigencies of the war. The Confederate court held its sessions at Washington in Hempstead county, and was presided over by Elbert H. English. Its associate judges were Comp- ton and Fairchilds. Yonley was succeeded during the year by Elisha Baxter. Yonley and Baxter came in under the Murphy Constitution. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 159 opened in 1859 with Mr. Haucke as superintendent. The school was incorporated Mar. 4, 1859. The legis- lature failed to make an appropriation for its support, but the people of Arkadelphia subscribed $1,500 to carry it on. During the summer Otis Patten was made superintendent, and reported ten pupils in attendance at the end of the year. The legislature of i860 appro- priated $200 a year for each pupil and $900 a year for teachers. The school prospered until 1863, when the war interfered. In 1866 the legislature appropriated $8000 for buildings, $200 a year for each pupil, and $1200 for the salary of the superintendent. In 1868 the school was moved to Little Rock, where it has always received the most favorable attention of the legislature. By an act passed March 15, 1879, its name was changed to " The Arkansas School for the Blind." In 1885 an appropriation of $60000 was made for addi- tional buildings. It is now one of the handsomest buildings in the state. 121. Popular Elections. Under the law of Congress giving the state two Congressmen, A. B. Greenwood, of Bentonville, was elected from the newly formed first district, aad E. A. Warren, of Washington, from the second district (1852). In 1854 A. B. Greenwood and Albert Rust, of Union county, were elected Congress- men. The electoral vote of the state was cast in 1856 for Buchanan. The election of Buchanan and Breckinridge by the people of the United States did much to allay the excitement in the minds of Arkansas people, and caused the legislature to adopt resolutions thanking the people of the North and the Old Line Whigs of the South for supporting the Democratic ticket. In 1856 A. B. Greenwood was reelected to Congress; i6o HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. Rust was defeated for the nomination in his party by E. A. Warren, who was elected. In 1858, T. C. Hindman, of Helena, and Albert Rust were returned to Congress. In the conventions preceding the election of i860 the Democracy divided and nominated two tickets. The first wing of the Democracy nominated Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois. The second nominated John C. Breckinridge of Kentucky. The Republicans nomi- nated Abraham Lincoln of Illinois, and the Union party, John Bell of Tennessee. The issue paramount to all others was slavery. The Douglas wing said in its plaform: " Slavery or no slavery in any territory is entirely the concern of the white inhabitants of that ter- ritory. Neither Congress nor the people outside of that territory have any right to interfere in the matter." The Breckinridge platform said: " Congress is bound to protect the rights of all the slaveholders in all the territories." The Republican party declared: "Con- gress is bound to prohibit slavery in, or exclude it from, every Federal territory." The Union party were pledged to " The Constitution of the country, the Union of the states, and the enforcement of the laws." The people of Arkansas were aroused as they had never been before. Everywhere throughout the state the question of union versus secession was vigorously debated. The state voted for Breckinridge but the countrv at large elected Lincoln, All the states north of Mason and Dixon's line voted for Lincoln, thus giving the country for the first time in its history a President elected exclusively b}" the votes of a single section. Douglas received almost as many votes as Lincoln and with the vote of Breckinridge would have HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. i6l been elected. Thus division destroyed the hopes of the Democracy. 122. Mountain Meadows Massacre. In September, 1857, a train was held up and one hundred and twenty emigrants from Arkansas were murdered by a body of Mormons and Indians at Mountain Meadows, Utah territory. This was one of the wealthiest emigration trains that ever attempted to cross the plains. Seven- teen children under nine years of age were saved and held in captivity by the Mormons for some time, after which they were returned by the authorities of the United States to their relatives in Arkansas. The party was under the charge of Capt. Fancher of Carroll county, and the leader of the Mormons was John D. Lee. Albert Sydney Johnson said of this party: "This company was made up of farmers' families, allied by blood and friendship, and far above the average in wealth, intelligence, and orderly conduct. They were Methodists and held religious services regularly morn- ings and evenings." One of the survivors. Miss Sarah Dunlap, was for years a teacher of the School for the Blind at Little Rock. 123. The Know-nothings. When the Whig party declined in 1852, the Know-nothing party sprang into existence. Its principles were (i) opposition to foreign immigration, and (2) political hostility to the Roman Catholic Church. It held its meetings in secret, and through subordinate lodges. In the larger cities its growth was rapid. A secret pledge was required, not to vote for a Roman Catholic, nor for any other man unless he was an American in favor of having Ameri- cans rule America. The majority of the order could HIST. OF ARK. — H l62 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. direct the vote of all the members. At Baltimore, Louisville, and other cities a series of disgraceful riots occasioned by this society soon destroyed the party. In Arkansas, Albert Pike was the chief organizer of the secret lodges. Both Whigs and Democrats joined the councils, but they always professed to know nothiiig aboutthem. This party elected a majority of the members of the legislature in 1854, and had a full ticket in 1856. They nominated James J Yell of Pine Bluff, as a candidate for governor, and Absalom Fowler, for Congress. Conway was chosen governor by a plurality of more than 1400 votes and Rust was successful for Congress. The party never entered Arkansas politics again. In answer to articles written by Albert Pike, Rev. Andrew Byrne, Bishop of the Catholic Church, in a series of letters made an able defense of his Church. 124. New Counties. Two new counties were formed durinof this administration. 3ISHOP liVKNE. County. Date of formation. Named after. County seat . 1. Columbia .. 2. Craighead .. Dec. 17, 1852 Feb. 19, 1859 Magnolia. Jonesboro. Thos. B. Craighead. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 163 125, Growth of the State, i. Population. The popu- lation in i860 was 435,450. In 1835 it had been only 51,809. 2. Wealth. The total amount of real and personal property as assessed in i860 was ^120,475,236. At the first state assessment in 1838 it was $15,564,284. The population and wealth had increased in about the same ratio Assessed values are always lower than real values. The actual wealth of the state was nearly $240,000,000. The per capita wealth on the assessed valuations was about $252. There were 43,181 polls; 10,479,231 acres of land belonging to private owners valued at $55,738,341; and 17,194 town lots, valued at $4,761,000. There w^ere 60,000 slaves valued at $45,000,000. In personal property there were nearly 100,000 horses and mules; 250,000 cattle; 2,779 car- riages; 240,000 watches. There were no banks and few manufactures. The total money loaned at interest was $1,112,040. The goods and merchandise were valued at $2,362,527. From this it will be seen that the state was in the hands of small farmers and that they were rapidly increasing in wealth. They came to the state poor, and through its free lands, genial climate, and good soil, had gained a good start. The era of the farmer was now at its zenith and the pioneer was gone. The war destroyed these values and set the state back fully forty years. 3. Railroads. Between 1850 and i860 the first rail- roads were chartered. In 1858 the first one was built. It was a part of the Little Rock and Memphis Rail- road. The first section was built from Memphis to Madison; the second section from Little Rock to De Vall's Bluff. The middle section from Madison l64 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. to De Vall's Bluff was not built until many years later. The intermediate distance was covered by stages, or by boats down the Mississippi and up the White river to De Vall's Bluff. Surveys were made for the Cairo and Fulton, now the Iron Mountain Railroad, but no part of it was constructed in Arkansas before i860. 4. Telegraphs. During the year i860 the first tele- graph was established in Arkansas, connecting Little Rock with Memphis. 5. Schools. The Arkansas School for the Blind had been incorporated and located at Arkadelphia. (After- wards in 1868, it was removed to Little Rock.) The Deaf Mute School was organized at Clarksville in 1850, but for lack of funds was forced to suspend. In i860 at Ft. Smith it was reorganized upon a better basis, but was crushed by the war. Arkansas College, under the presidency of Robert Graham, opened its doors in 1853, with six professors, and an excellent classical course. From 150 to 200 students from ten states and territories attended its sessions up to the begin- ning of the war, and the United States selected it for the education of some of the Indian youths. Many men who afterwards were most distinguished in Arkansas affairs were graduated from this institution. It was the first institution in the state to confer a literary degree. Fayetteville, then as now, was an educational center. The first academy to be incorporated was at Batesville in September, 1836; the second was at Fayetteville in October, 1836. Ninety-one academies and seminaries were incorporated between 1836 and i860. St. John's College at Little Rock (1850), Cane Hill College, Cane Hill (1852), Soulesburg College, Batesville (1850), Col- HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 165 lege of St. Andrew, Ft. Smith (1849), and the Far West Seminary, Washington county (1844), did much to raise the educational standards of the state to a high level. The academies at Spring Hill and Washington in Hempstead county, Tulip in Dallas county, and Rocky Comfort in Sevier county, were noted schools. Private schools in charge of eminent teachers were opened without charters in many towns. Albert Pike began his career on Little Piney, teaching school in a log house as early as 1833. Judge Witter opened a school in Hempstead county in 1822. ^ (For the public schools of this period see paragraph 97.) 6. Temperance. The three-mile legislation for the protection of schools and churches began in Arkansas. The first law was passed Dec. 15, 1856, and prohibited the sale of liquors in quantities less than forty gallons, within three miles of Falcon Male and Female Academy (Dallas county). Prior to i860 six other laws of this kind were enacted, forming a nucleus for the work of later years. 7. Churches. The membership of all the churches kept full pace with the development of the state. Churches were built in both town and country. The Baptists formed a state association in 1847, and in i860 they had twelve associations in different parts of I. William M. Harrison, for fourteen years a supreme judge of the state, taught school at Columbia, in Chicot county, in 1841. A. W. Lyon, of Nassau Hall, N. J., taught a famous school at Batesville (1836). John Anderson, graduate of Belfast, had a school at Spring Hill, as celebrated as any academy in the West. Senator Garland attended this school. The father of Judge S. W. Williams, Rev. Aaron Williams, united teaching with preaching and gained distinction at many towns throughout the state. Rev. J. W. Moore and Jessie Brown were noted early teachers and scholars. Moses Eastman has been teaching in the state nearly sixty years. Mr. Ingham was a noted teacher at Searcy. Joseph Desha Pickett, afterwards superintendent of public instruction for Kentucky, conducted a school at Little Rock. I66 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. the state. The Methodists had two annual confer- ences at that date, each consisting of live district conferences. Synods of the Presbyterian churches were well established. The diocese of Little Rock was created in 1843 by the Catholic authorities, and Rev. Andrew Byrne was consecrated its first bishop. Bishop Leonidas Polk began active work for the Epis- copal church in 1840. Prominent rectors were Andrew Freeman, Dr. Yearger, and J. T. Wheat. Prominent Catholic priests were Father McGowan, Patrick O'Reilly, and James Donahoe. Prominent Methodist preachers were W. P. Ratcliffe, Andrew Hunter, and A. R. Winfield; Presbyterians, J. W. Moore, Thomas R. Welch, and Aaron Williams; Baptists, J. B. Hart- well, B. F. Cortney, H. H. Bayliss, and Isaac Perkins. Other denominations also did good work. The Chris- tian church was organized in 1832 at Little Rock, by Elder B. F. Hall. Its prominent preachers were John T. Johnson, W. W. Stevenson, Thomas Ricketts, and Joseph Desha Pickett. 8. Statesmen. Robert Crittenden, James S. Conway, Chester Ashley, and A. H. Sevier were masters of statecraft. The last two were distinguished far beyond the boundaries of the state. Senator Ashley was chairman of the judiciary committee of the Senate of the United States, and Senator Sevier chairman of the committee on foreign relations. Hon. Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia said that in a long acquaint- ance with public men at Washington he had known few of greater ability than Senators Ashley and Sevier from Arkansas. 9. The State Judiciary. Among the many able and faithful servants who were judges of the supreme HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 167 court before the war, the names of George C. Wat- kins, Hubert F. Fairchilds, Elbert H. English, Town- send Dickinson, and Freeman W. Compton, stand preeminent for legal ability. They have made a distinct impression upon the judicial department of the state in a body of decisions that reflect credit upon them- selves and add dignity and character to the state. 10. Manufacture of Salt. John Hemphill migrated to Clark county in 181 1 and settled at Blakeleytown. In 1814 he began the manufacture of salt on the Oua- chita at a point where the Indians for centuries had prepared this article, and to which De Soto had been attracted in his travels. Hemphill was successful and continued his enterprise until his death in 1825. His descendants carried it on until 185 1, when it was aban- doned. 11. HemphilVs Enterprises. When Hemphill came to Arkansas he brought with him two half-brothers, Jacob and John Barkman, who, in the language of that day, "worked their way." In 1812 Jacob Barkman opened up a trade with New Orleans by means of a "pirogue." It took six months for his primitive boat to make the trip. He took from Blakeleytown bear skins, oil, and tallow and brought back sugar, coffee, powder, lead, flints, and cotton and woolen cards. His enterprises in Clark county developed far more rapidly than the state, and resulted in the formation at New Orleans of a large commission and warehouse business of which he was the leading spirit. The steamboat Dime was soon purchased and became a regular packet between Arkadelphia and New Orleans. His energy was untir- ing and found another expression in the erection of a large cotton factory on the Caddo river, the first one i68 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. in the state. It cost $30,000, and during an unusual rise of the mountain stream it was swept away. Mr. Barkman died a wealthy man in 1852. 12. Cotton and Woolen Goods. In 1857 the Arkansas Manufacturing Company put up at Royston, Pike Co., a factory for the manufacture of cotton and woolen goods. The factory was owned by Major Henry Mer- rill of Georgia, and John Matlock of Camden, Ark. The superintendent was W. W. Bell. It manufactured yarn and thread and was in operation until 1863, when it was removed by the Confederate government to Texas. After the war it was moved back to Royston. In 1868 it passed into the hands of Mr. Young, and remained under his superintendency until the death of Mr. Matlock, when the machinery was bought by the Arkadelphia Manufacturing Company and w^as moved to Arkadelphia, where its operations were enlarged. Mr. Bell also put up the Camden Woolen Mills at Camden, and Womack's Woolen Mill at Nashville. 13. Mills. Mammoth Spring wells up from a deep abyss from an opening forty yards in circumference, and forms a lake at its very source, about one sixteenth of a mile from north to south and about one fifth of a mile from east to west. The spring sends out about 8,000 barrels of water per minute, and forms the main source of Spring river. In the early settlement of the country it was the resort of wild beasts and fowls. A mill placed there by Mr. Mills, although small and. rude, attracted the custom of farmers from a dis- tance of thirty miles. So great was the throng that many often had to wait several days for their turn. Now there is occupying the old stand a mam- moth roller mill which has a capacity of 400 barrels of HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 169 flour every twenty-four hours and runs night and day. Near it on another dam stands an immense cotton factory, and at points down the stream other large roller mills may be found. The power furnished by this stream is not half utilized; and when it shall all be employed, the hum of woolen, cotton, and flour mills FIRST GRIST MILL, MAMMOTH SPRINGS. will announce to Arkansas the seat of its greatest manufacturing industry. 14. Manganese. The first manganese ore mined in the United States was obtained near Whitfield, Hickman county, Tennessee. The next manganese mining on record was in the Batesville region of Arkansas, be- tween 1850 and 1852, when Col. Matthew Martin shipped small quantities of ore from that locality. The indus- try was carried on on a small scale for more than thirty years. In 1868 the first shipment for use in the manu- i^o HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. facture of steel was made by Wm. Einstein. In 1881 the Ferro-manganese Compan}^ through E. H. Wood- ward, an expert at this business, appeared on the scene, and Arkansas became an important producer of this ore. In 1885 the Keystone Iron and Manganese Company began operations and soon became the largest producer of manganese in the state. In 1888 John B. Skinner and Co. began their work. 15 Whetstones. As early as 181 8 the oil and whet- stones of Garland county were floated on boats down the Ouachita to New Orleans, where they obtained the name "Washita," by which they are known throughout the world. The business was enlarged in 1840 by Mr. Barnes, and proved profitable. The reputation of the stone was good and it soon found a demand in all the markets of the world. Mr. Whittington and Mr. Sutton have developed large quarries, and ship annu- ally several thousand pounds to oil and whetstone factories in the east. 16. Zinc and Iron. Some time in the fifties zinc works were established at Calamine, and an iron fur- nace near Smithville, in Lawrence county. The iron was sold to blacksmiths in Arkansas, Tennessee, and Missouri; but the war put an end to both enter- prises. From all these facts, it is evident that the early life of Arkansas was decidedly energetic, progressive, and moral. The growth in population and wealth was not surpassed by any state. The schools and churches show that the people were thoughtful, virtuous, and industrious. This ends the glorious era of peace and rapid development; from it we turn to the darker picture — the terrible era of war. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. [71 Recapitulation. Topics for Study and Review. 1. Write a list of the sub-heads /James S. Conway. \ in each chapter after each I Archibald Yell. I name. • ISamuel Adams, f 2. Write a connected story Governors W^omas S. Drew. ] without subdivisions em- fjohn S. Roane. \ bracing the matter of each iElias N. Conway. / chapter. 3. Write a story of the period from 1836 to 1S60. Prominent men: 1. Albert Pike. 2. Chester Ashley. 3. Robert W. Johnson. 4. A. H. Sevier. 5. Grandison S. Royston. 6. Benjamin Johnson. 7. Bishop Byrne. 8. Bishop Freeman. 9. Andrew Hunter. 10. Thomas R. Welch. Write a biography of each — Tell of other prominent men Tell all you know of: — 1. The Public Land Question. 2. How Arkansas became a State. 11. David Walker. 12. Elbert English. 13. Ebenezer Cummins. 14. W. S. Fulton. 15. Solon Borland. 16. Absalom Fowler. 17. Robert Crittenden. iS. Andrew Scott. 19. James Woodson Bates. 20. Jesse Turner. 3. Of Population Growth. 4. Of New Counties. 5. Of Early Colleges. 6. Of Early Schools. 7. Of Early Churches. 8. Of Temperance Agitation. 9. Of the Mexican War. 10. Of the State Debt. 11. Of the State and Real Estate Banks. 12. Of Property Growth. Define: — Personnel; administration; preemption; land grant; patent; law; statute; convention; election; nominee; officer; synod; conference; treaty; colonel; major; captain; lieutenant; sheriff; governor; etc. What is the difference between a bill and a law? Who 172 HIS TOR Y OF A RKA NSA S. makes a law? What is the difference between real and personal property? What is a tax? Who levies the taxes? What are they used for? How many legisla- tures met before the war? Name some of the laws they passed. Read and then explain the constitution of 1836. The bill of rights. CHAPTER XIX. HENRY M. rector's ADMINISTRATION, i860. THE WAR OF THE CONFEDERATE STATES. 126. Rector's Administration. 130. Convention of 1861 : First 127. Rector's Message. Session. 128. The Convention Act. 131. Seizure of Arsenals. 129. The Verdict of the People. 132. Convention of 1861 : Second Session. 126. Rector's Administration, During the exciting canvass for the presidency in i860, the regular state election occurred in Arkansas. The Democratic con- vention nominated Richard H. Johnson, and Henry M. Rector announced himself an independent candi- date. Both candidates canvassed the state, and Rec- tor^ was elected. He was inaugurated in November, i860. W. K. Sebastian and Charles B. Mitchell were elected United States senators. They served as senators until after the beginning of the war; then Sebastian was expelled for sympathizing with the I. Henry Massie Rector was born in St. Louis in 1816. He came to Arkan- saw in 1835 and was United States marshal from 1843 to 1845. He was elected judge of the supreme court by the legislature in 1859, which position he resigned to run for governor. His speeches during the canvass were temper- ate, and his course afterwards prudent and firm. He is still alive — an honored citizen of Little Rock. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 173 South, and Mitchell refused to serve after the secession of Arkansas from the Union. Both seats remained vacant until after the close of the war. In the Con- gressional elections Thomas C. Hindman was elected from the first and E. W. Gantt from the second dis- trict, but they were not permitted to take their seats. 127. Rector's Message Governor Rector's message to the legislature was an able document. It recited that eleven of the Northern states had by solemn enactment nullified the laws of the United States by prohibiting their citi- zens from aiding in the execution of the Fugitive Slave Laws, and that these acts absolved every other state from its Federal allegiance. In view of the revolution- ary acts of these states, he advised the legislature to await the action of other Southern states and of the United States ; if any Southern state should declare its independence, prompted by revolutionary acts of the Northern states, and general government should thereupon adopt coercive measures, he urged that Arkansas should not withhold from said state its active sympathy and support. He further declared that should such an exigency arise, the legislature ought to refer the matter to the people for their advice. HENRY M. RECTOR. the the 1 74 HIS TOR Y OF A RKA NSA S. 128. The Convention Act. Acting upon the advice of the governor, -the legislature proceeded to discuss the state of the Union, and on Jan. 14, 1861, passed the Convention Act, by which the question of "Conven- tion" or "No Convention" was to be submitted to the people on the i8th day of February, 1861, The act so to be submitted really created a new legislature to act upon "the condition of political affairs" and "to determine what course the state of Arkansas shall take in the present political crisis." Each county was entitled to as many delegates as it had members in the lower house of the General Assembly, and was to select its delegates at the same election. 129. The Verdict of the People. Pursuant to this act, an election was held in every county of the state on the 18th day of February, 1861. The excitement was intense. South Carolina had seceded Dec. 20, i860; Georgia, January 19, 1861; Mississippi, January 9; Texas, Feb. i; Louisiana, Jan. 26; Florida, Jan. 10, and Alabama, Jan. 11. While all these vigorous pro- tests against Northern nullification were being made in these states, Virginia, the mother of common- wealths, attempted to bring about conciliation. It was thought that the Northern states could be induced to repeal their nullifying laws, and to honor the deci- sions of the supreme court, thus removing the cause of hostility from the Southern seceding states. A Peace Congress was called by Virginia to meet in Washington on February 4, 1861. Twenty-one states sent delegates. It was an able body of men from all parts of the Union. The venerable John Tyler was chosen president. Salmon P. Chase, as a delegate from the state of Ohio, destroyed all hopes of recon- HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 175 ciliation by stating with candor, but with emphasis, that the Northern states never would obey the law which required the return of fugitive slaves. He maintained that changed conditions had made it impossible for these states to obey these laws. The South was thus brought face to face with a seri- ous question. Does a Union of states still exist when eleven of them nullify the laws of Congress and refuse to submit to the decrees of the supreme court? They were Union lovers, but they could not remain parties to a compact which eleven states openly and by solemn legislative acts abrogated. The evil of disunion began not with the secessionists but with the nuUifiers who, through conscientious scruples, placed nullification above union. And as it was a question of conscience with the North, forming as it w^ere a higher law than the Constitution, so it came to be a similar question with the South, The South asserted that it could not conscientiously give its allegiance to a government controlled by a party that claimed the right to set aside the Cc)nstitution and laws of the nation to satisfy a higher law of conscience. Thus the precedent estab- lished by the Northern states was followed by the South, and secession was the outcome. The love for the Union was as genuine and widespread in the South as it was in the North; but it was for a Union under the Constitution as the supreme law over the whole country, and not for a Union under the so-called " higher law of conscience." On the day that the Peace Congress assembled, the seven seceding states, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Texas, through their delegates, met at Montgomery, Ala- 176 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. bama. This body of men was in earnest. Its mem- bers were among the most prominent men in the country. A Constitution for the provisional govern- ment of the Confederate States was framed, modeled after the Constitution of the United States. Jefferson Davis of Mississippi was elected president, and Alex- ander H. Stephens of Georgia, vice-president. Meanwhile the people of Arkansas were deliberating upon the proper course to take in this impending struggle. One by one they saw the states of the South secede; they saw the failure of the Peace Con- gress and heard the ominous language of Mr. Chase. When the i8th day of February arrived, the people voted for a convention by a majority of 11,586 votes; the minority vote was. cast by two classes of people: (i) By a small number, who believed in the Union right or wrong. (2) By a larger number, who believed that a conven- tion was unnecessary, since the seceding states would never be coerced, and who thought it unwise to dis- cuss the problem before it arose. 130, The Convention of 1861: First Session. In accord- ance with the proclamation of the governor, the dele- gates met at the statehouse in Little Rock on March 4, 1861, and elected David Walker of Washington county president, and E. C. Boudinot, secretary. Seventy-six delegates, representing every county in the state attended the convention. The sentiment of the convention was in favor of remaining in the Union, but decidedly opposed to any coercion of the seceding states. Nor was it believed by that body that coercion would be resorted to. The convention, resisting the appeals of South Carolina and Georgia, HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 177 (who had sent commissioners to urge the secession of Arkansas), and Hkewise the appeal of the Confederate States, and beheving that matters would be settled amicably, passed an ordinance providmg for an election on Aug. 5, 1861, to decide whether the people of the state should "cooperate" with the general govern- ment, or "secede" from it. A resolution was also adopted stating that any attempt to coerce a seceding state by armed force would be resisted by Arkansas. The convention then adjourned until the 19th of August, not, however, before passing an ordinance authorizing the president to call the convention ^'^\% together before that time in case of emergency. 131. Seizure of the Arsenal at Little Rock and Ft, Smith. In November, 1 86 r^-'tHe' garrison at Little Rock was reenforced by sixty men under command of Capt. James Totten. The arsenal at this time contained many arms and war supplies belonging to the state, and the people began to clamor for its evacuation by the United States troops. Helena, in a mass meeting of its citizens, requested Governor Rector to take pos- session of the property. It was rumored at the beginning of the year that United States troops were on their way to reenforce the garrison, and citizens from all parts of the state urged the seizure of the arsenal. On Feb. 4, volunteer troops from Phillips, Jeffer- son, Prairie, White, Monroe, Hot Spring, and other counties, about 800 strong, arrived at Little Rock with the avowed purpose of seizing the arsenal. The citi- zens of Little Rock, becoming alarmed, requested the governor to demand the surrender of the post. This was done, and Capt. Totten, the commander of the HIST. OF ARK. — 12 178 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. post, concluded to deliver it to the governor rather than to engage in hostilities. The troops departed with all the honors due them as officers and soldiers, on Feb. 8, 1861, and the state authorities took pos- session on the same day. Capt. Otley, with a de- tachment of Phillips county Guards, was placed in charge. The citizens of Little Rock presented Capt. Totten with a sword at his de- parture. One of the companies that marched to Little Rock was in charge of Capt. Patrick R. Cleburne, then un- known to fame, but who, before his death, earned for himself the title of "the Stonewall Jackson of the West." By direction of Go 7. Rector, Fort Smith was seized and occupied by Col. Solon Borland (April 19); it was placed in charge of General N. B. Burrow, and held subject to the authority of the state. 132. The Convention of 1861: Second Session, The hopes of our citizens were not realized. Coercion was determined upon by Congress, and President Lincoln issued a proclamation calling for 75,000 men to put down the rebellion. This meant war. Presi- dent Buchanan had said in a message to Congress that no power had been delegated to Congress to coerce a state into submission or to declare war with it. And GEN. PATRICK R. CLEBURNE. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 179 while a large part of the people of Arkansas were in favor of remaining in the Union, they were also opposed to coercing those states that chose to with- draw. Lincoln's proclamation was looked- upon by a large majority of Arkansas men as an unconstitutional use of power; and influenced many Union men to support the secession party. Governor Rector, in answer to the call of Simon Cameron, secretary of war, for 780 men to assist in putting down the rebellion, said: "In answer to your demand for troops from Arkansas to subjugate the Southern states, I have to say that none will be furnished. The demand is only adding insult to injury." David Walker, president of the convention, issued a proclamation on April 20, calling the convention to meet at Little Rock on May 6. The convention met and passed the following ordinances: I. The Ordinance of Secession, dissolving the union between the state of Arkansas and the other states, passed May 6, 1861, by a vote of 69 in the affirmative and one in the negative.^ "Whereas, in addition to the well-founded causes of complaint set forth by this convention in resolutions adopted on the nth of March, A. D. 1861, against the sectional party now in power in Washington city, headed by Abraham Lincoln, he has, in the face of resolutions passed by this convention, pledging the state of Arkansas to resist to the last extremity any attempt on the part of such power to coerce any state that seceded from the old Union, proclaimed to the world that war should be waged against such states until they should be compelled to submit to their rule, and large forces to accomplish this have by this same power been called out, and are now being 'marshaled to carry I. Isaac Murphy, of Madison county, voted "no." He had introduced a resolution in the morning putting the whole population on a war footing in view of the dangers surrounding the South. i8o HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. out this inhuman design; and to longer submit to such rule, or remain in the old union of the United States, would be disgrace- ful and ruinous to the state of Arkansas: Therefore we, the people of Arkansas, ordain, that the 'Ordinance and Acceptance of Compact,' passed by the General Assembly of the state of Arkansas on the i8th day of October, A. D. 1836 [here follows a minute description of this compact and other acts], and all other laws, and every other law and ordinance, whereby the state of Arkansas became a member of the Federal Union, be, and the same are hereby in all respects and for every other purpose herewith consistent, repealed, abrogated, and fully set aside; and that the union now subsisting between the state of Arkan- sas and the other states, under the name of ' The United States of America,' is hereby forever dissolved." Then follows the usual declaration resuming all rights delegated to the Fed- eral government, absolving the citizens from allegiance to that government, and pronouncing Arkansas a " free and independ- ent state." 2. The ordinance adopting the Constitution of the Confederate States of America, passed May 10, and June I, 1861. 3. An ordinance adopting a constitution for the state of Arkansas, passed June i, 1861. This con- stitution is known as the constitution of 1861. The calUng of the roll for votes to sever the con- nection between Arkansas and the United States was a solemn proceeding. Although every one present was intensely excited, a profound silence prevailed. The secessionists were all known and the recording of their votes produced no applause, but when well- known Union men, one after another, voted in the affirmative and declared their sympathy to be with the South, the crowd could not restrain its applause. When the strain was over and it was announced that the ordinance had been passed by the decisive vote of HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. i8i 69 to I, the walls of the house reechoed the applause. Thus Arkansas deliberately chose that war should be declared with her, rather than that she should declare war with the other Southern states. The choice had to be made, and it was a choice dictated by Southern thought, Southern associations and Southern honor. The decision so made brought defeat; but the alter- native would have brought disgrace. CHAPTER XX. HENRY M. rector's ADMINISTRATION {CoJlHuued^^ 1860-1862. 133. Domestic Events. 135. The War in Arkansas. 134. Preparations for War. 136. Elections. 133. Domestic Events. Arms that had been purchased by the preceding legislature having been seized at Cin- cinnati in April, Gen. James Yell, in retaliation, seized two steamboats on the Mississippi, the Ma?'s and the Ohio Belle. Information reached the governor on April 2 that a force was gathering at Cairo to enter Arkansas and Tennessee; he thereupon placed a force of men under Gen. James Yell at Mound City to cooperate with a like force appointed by Governor Harris of Tennessee. The convention appointed two brigadier generals, N. B. Pearce and James Yell. Meanwhile a regiment of troops had gathered at Camp Rector, composed of Yell Rifles ^ under Capt. Cleburne; Jefferson Guards under Capt. Carlton; Har- ris Guards under Capt. Harris; Rector Guards, Capt. I. This company contained four men who afterwards became generals : P. R. Cleburne, Thomas C. Hindman, J. C. Tappan, and Lucius E. Polk. l82 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. Glenn; Hindman Guards, Capt. Blackburn; Phillips Guards, Capt. Otey, and Helena Artillery, Capt. Clark- son. On May 6 they asked the convention for per- mission to elect their field officers, which was granted. This regiment was called the First Arkansas Volun- teers, and elected Patrick R. Cleburne, colonel; J. K. Patton, lieutenant col- onel, and J. T. Harris, major. Thus began the military armament of Arkansas. 134. Preparations for War. x\rkansas was ad- mitted to the Southern Confederacy on May 20, and Robert W. Johnson, A. H. Garland, Hugh F. Thomasson, Albert Rust, and W. W. Watkins, were chosen by the convention as delegates to the Con- federate Congress then in session at Montgomery.^ The convention created a military board to supervise the military defense of the state (May 15), composed of the governor, H. M. Rector, Benjamin C. Totten, and Christopher C. Danley.^ SAMUEL W. WILLIAMS. 1. At the general election in 1862 the following representatives were elected to the Confederate Congress : Thomas B. Hanley, G. D. Royston, A. H. Gar- land, and F. I. Batson. In 1864 T. B. Hanley, R. K. Garland, F. I. Batson, and A. H. Garland were elected. In 1862 Charles B. Mitchell and Robert W. Johnson wer.e elected to the Confederate Senate. C. B. Mitchell died on Sept. 18, 1864, and A. H. Garland was elected to succeed him. D. H. Carroll was then elected to the House of Representatives to succeed Mr. Garland. 2. Samuel W. Williams succeeded C. C. Danley, and L. D. Hill suc- ceeded Mr. Williams. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 183 This board issued a call for 10,000 volunteers in addition to those already in the field. But there was little need for the call. Men promptly fell into line from all parts of the state, and offered themselves to the state or to the Con- federate government. Thirty thousand troops were in line from Arkan- sas before the end of the year. In addition to the work of the military board. President Davis author- ized T. C. Hindman, James B. Johnson, and Thompson B. Flournoy to raise regiments for direct use in the Con- federacy. These regi- gen. t. c. hindman. ments were called Confederate to distinguish them from the others raised by the military board. 135. The War in Arkansas. Regiments began form- ing at once. Some presented themselves as state troops to the military board; others enlisted directly into the Confederate service and were transferred east of the Mississippi. The board numbered the regi- ments; Gen. Pearce also numbered a few; and the Confederate authorities numbered others. This caused a confusion of numbers, and two or three regiments carried duplicate numbers throughout the war. Troops gathered at Arkadelphia. Benton, Pine Bluff, Springfield, and Yellville. The soldiers of Helena and Jacksonport armed themselves with guns and were i84 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. Pearce, and Mcintosh mustered into the state service. Some then proceeded to northwestern Arkansas, where they were formed into an army under command of Generals McCulloch, Others moved on to Poca- hontas and Pitman's Ferry under the com- mand of Gen. Hardee. On July 15 the military board made a contract with the Confederate authorities, through Gen. Hardee, by which such state troops as agreed to the change were transferred to the Confederate service. Many of the troops con- sented to enter the Con- federate service; others returned to their homes and reenlisted in other com- mands. Gen. Van Dorn w^as placed in command of the Arkansas department, and began to organize his troops in the northwest. A battle took place at Pea Ridge, ^ or Elkhorn, on March 7, 1862, in w^hich the Arkansas troops fought with great bravery. Gen. Van Dorn said in his report that "the enemy's position was a strong one, but we drove him from it and slept on our arms on the I. Van Dorn had 15,000 men ; Curtis 20,000. On March 6 Price and McCul- loch attacked Sigel at Bentonville and forced him to retreat to Curtis' main wing. On the 7th, at Pea Ridge, the battle raged in all its fury. "Van Dorn and Price were opposed to Curtis ; McCulloch and Mcintosh to Sigel. The battle has been called the Buena Vista of the war. Van Dorn said of his sol- diers : " The Old Guard of Napoleon was not composed of better men. I have never in battle seen their equals." BEN M CULLOCH. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 185 BATTLE OF PEA RIDGE. field of battle." But it cost him two of his best gen- erals, McCulloch and Mcintosh. Durincrthe night the Federal army retreated to a better position and Gen. Van Dorn, on the next day, retired to the south. Gen. Curtis, the Union commander, remained a few days, and then moved to the south- east, by way of Bates- ville, to Helena. Van Dorn began the formation of his army around Van Buren and issued orders for a gen- eral rendezvous of the gen. samuel r. curtis. i86 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. troops at Du Vall's Bluff. Beauregard at that time was pressed by the enemy on the east of the Mississippi, and Van Dorn and his command were transferred to that region. This left Arkansas unprotected until President Davis created a Trans-Mississippi Depart- ment, composed of Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas '^'- 1 'i^'AMbi -^ _ ^j«?*^ -^^PT' KATTLE OF ST. CHAKLES, ON WHITE RIVER. troops, and placed Generals Hindman and Holmes in command of Arkansas. Gen. Hindman moved in the direction of Helena, and on June 17 a skirmish followed at St. Charles in Arkansas county. Curtis moved towards Little Rock, but being met at Cache river (Cotton Plant) by Hind- man, turned back. Curtis then entered Helena. In the northwest the Federal cavalry captured Fayetteville, and Gen. Cabell made an unsuccessful attempt to regain it. Then came the skirmishes of Pittman's Ferry and Cane Hill, and the burning of the Confederate arsenal and stores at Yellville. Gen. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 187 Hindman took position at Cane Hill, where he was attacked Nov. 28 by Gen. Blunt and was forced to retire. The Federal forces, 16,000 strong, then took posi- tion at Prairie Grove and Cane Hill. Gen. Hindman attacked Gen. Herron at Prairie Grove Dec. 7, and although Herron was reenforced during the engage- ment by the division of Gen. Blunt, the attack was suc- cessful. The victory was barren of results, however, for being without supplies, Gen. Hindman retired, and the Federals occupied the field from which they had been driven. Hindman soon crossed the mountains into the region south of the Arkansas river, and the Union soldiers advanced to the vicinity of Van Buren. 136. The Elections. Governor Rector resigned in November, 1862, and Thomas Fletcher, president of the Senate, became governor. The legislature ordered a special election to be held at which Harris Flanagin ^ of Arkadelphia was elected governor. I. Harris Flanagin was born in New Jersey in 1817 and settled in Clark county in 1837, where he engaged in the practice of law. At the date of his election he was in the army in command of a Confederate regiment. He served as governor during the troubled period, 1862-1864, after which he returned to Clark county. He died in 1874. i88 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. CHAPTER XXI. HARRIS FLANAGIN's ADMINISTRATION, 1862-1865. 137. New Counties. 141. Events of 1864. 138. Emancipation of the Slaves. 142. Union Soldiers in Arkansas. 139. Surrender of Arkansas Post. 143. The Provisional Government. 140. Battle of Helena and Capture of Little Rock. 137. New Counties. The following new counties were formed in 1862: County. Date of formation. Named after. County seats. Nov. 15, iS52 Nov. 26, 1862 Judge Edward Cross. Wm. E. Woodruff.... j Wittsburg. \ Vanndale. Augusta. 2. Woodruff 138. Emancipation of the Slaves, President Lincoln, on Sept. 22, 1862, issued a proclamation as follows: "On the first day of January, 1863, all per- sons held as slaves within any state or part of any state, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be thence- - forward and forever < free." On the first day of January, this procla- mation terminated the property condition of 111,259 persons, who be- fore that time had been harris flanagin. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 189 slaves in Arkansas. Their value was more than $60,000,000. 139. Surrender of Arkansas Post. The troops of Gen. Curtis remained quietly at Helena, and Gen. Holmes made his headquarters at Little Rock. The Union forces remained ni- active, expecting an- other Confederate attempt upon Mis- souri. A strong fort, named after Gen. Hindman, had been erected at Arkansas Post, and Gen. T. J. Churchill, with a force of 4000 men, was placed in com- mand. On Jan. 10 and II this fort was attacked by Gen. McClernand, with a land force of 22,000 men, and by Admiral ^^^- ™°^'^^ J- Churchill. Porter, with eighty-five transports and nine gunboats. Gen. Holmes had telegraphed Gen. Churchill, "You will hold until help arrives or until all are dead," but never expected so large a display of force for so small a fort. Churchill and his faithful garrison stood both shot and shell for nearly two days, repulsing charge after charge of the enemy, when through a mistake of a Texas regiment the white flag was run up and the fort surrendered. 1 During the month of January Gen. I. Gen. Sherman was the originator of the expedition against Arkansas Post. I go HISTORY OF ARKAXSAS. Helena and made Gorman moved an expedition up the White river and captured Confederate stores and took some prisoners at St. Charles, Clarendon, and Des Arc. 140. Battle of Helena and Capture of Little Rock. On July 4 Gen. Holmes moved against Curtis at a brilliant but unsuccessful attack. On the day of this failure the Confederacy suffered a greater disaster in the fall of Vicksburg. Then followed the fall of Port Hudson and the cutting of the Confederacy in two. Gen. Curtis then ordered Gen. Steele to move against Little Rock. Gen. Holmes, after his failure at Helena, had fallen back to Little Rock. There he was succeeded by Gen. Ster- ling Price. In the march of Gen. Steele from Helena to Little Rock the following skirmishes occurred: Aug. I to 8, cavalry movements from Wittsburg to Clarendon; Aug. 14, skirmish at West Pomt; Aug. 16 at Harrison's Landing; Aug. 17, Grand Prairie; Aug. 25, Brownsville; Aug. 26, Bayou Meto; Aug. 27, Reed's ^^M/ii. %l ■^li-L ^^Jk^ '1 V/ '<^'P .4i'i // y ^ ' y/y 4 <; GEN. STERLING PRICE. Gen. Grant disapproved it, calling- it a "wild goose chase." Sherman, who was present under McClernand, said that the fort was constructed with great care. At the burning of Napoleon, on January 17, he said : "We all deserve to be killed unless we can produce a discipline wherein such disgraceful acts can- not go unpunished No man has labored harder than I have to check this spirit in our soldiers.'" HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 191 Bridge; Aug. 30, Shallow Ford; Sept. 7, Ashley's Mills; Sept. 10, Fourche Bayou. The Confederates had breastworks on the north side of the river; but none on the south. Gen. Steele was advancing on both sides, therefore Gen. Price ordered a retreat. Little Rock was then occupied by the Federal army, Sept. 10, 1863. This placed all northern and northeastern Arkansas in the hands of the Union forces, and caused Governor Flanagin to remove the state government to Washington in Hemp- stead county. 141. Events of 1864. In the spring of this year Gen. Steele started south. He was defeated at Poison Springs, April 18, and at Mark's Mills, April 25; after which he decided to return to Little Rock. On his retreat he was attacked at Jenkin's Ferry, April 30, and after a desperate battle saved his army from capture only by a hasty retreat. This was one of the most fiercely contested battles of the war. In September, 1864, Gen. Price made his famous raid through northern Arkansas and southern Mis- souri, but without results of permanent value. This ended the struggle in Arkansas, although the Southern army held the southwestern part of the state until after the general surrender of the Confederate forces in April, 1865. Arkansas soldiers were in every important battle of the war. At Manassas, Gettysburg, and in all the battles in Virginia, the 3d Arkansas did faithful serv- ice. In Tennessee, Georgia, Mississippi, Kentucky, and Virginia, the brigades of Generals E. McNair, D. H. Reynolds, John H. Kelley, D. C. Govan, William H. Cabell, Seth M. Barton, and Albert Rust, carried 192 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. the Confederate flag into the thickest of the fight and fought for it with all the valor of Americans. Army divisions east of the river were given to Thomas J. Churchill, Evander McNair, Thomas C. Hindman, James F. Fagan, and Patrick R. Cleburne. The brigades of Generals N. B. Pearce, N. B. Bur- row, James Yell, James Mcintosh, Thomas Dockery, Dandridge McRae, Albert Pike, James C. Tappan, John Selden Roane, and Marsh Walker, fought bravely and earned the gratitude of the people. John Edward Murrey, at the age of twenty-two, was commissioned brigadier general, but was killed on the day of his appointment, at the battle of Atlanta. Cle- burne became the idol of the army, and died in a glori- ous charge at Franklin. The dead of Arkansas are strewn from Gettysburg to New Orleans, and the crutches and armless sleeves all over the state speak eloquently of the bravery and devotion of the Arkan- sas soldiery. 142. Union Soldiers in Arkansas. After the occupation of northern Arkansas by the Union forces in 1862, the organization of soldiers into regiments for the North- ern armies began, and continued until the end of the struggle. There were not many to enlist, but seven white regiments and a battery were formed and put into active service in Arkansas and elsewhere. In addition to these white troops 5526 negroes were enlisted, making a total of about 10,000 Union soldiers. 143. The Provisional Government. After Gen. Steele occupied Little Rock, meetings were held at Fort Smith, Van Buren, and other places, recommending the formation of a new state government, loyal to the Union. Under a proclamation of President Lincoln, HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 193 Dec. 8, 1863, delegates were elected from a great number of counties to form a new constitution. On the I ith day of January, 1864, these delegates met at Little Rock and remodeled the constitution. Isaac Murphy was appointed executive provisional governor, and the 14th, 15th, and 16th days of March were set apart as election days. On these days the people in certain counties met and cast their suffrages. There were 12,177 votes for ratification of the constitution, and 266 against it. The constitution was declared rati- fied, and the officers voted for were duly installed. On the nth day of April, 1864, the legislature so elected assembled, and Isaac Murphy was inaugurated governor. The government thus put in operation was recognized by the President of the United States as the legitimate civil government of the state. The Confederate state government continued to exercise its functions at Washington, Hempstead county, until the 26th day of May, 1865, when it came to an end, leaving the Murphy government in full control of the state. Battles and Skirmishes in Arkansas, 1862 1862 Bentonville "l Aberdeen July 9 Pea Ridge I March 6 Batesville ..July 14 Leetown [ "' to 8 Fayetteville July 15 Elkhorn Tavern J Boonesborough Salem or Spring Jonesboro Aug. 3 River March 18 Clarendon Aug. 13 Talbots Ferry April 19 La Grange Oct. 11 Searcy Landing ... . May 19 Helena Oct. 11 Big Indian Creek ... May 27 Marianna Nov. 7 Smithville June 17 Cane Hill. Nov. 28 St. Charles June 17 Boston Mountain Nov. 28 Little Red River. . . June 25 Helena Dec. 5 Grand Prairie July 6 Prairie Grove Dec. 27 Bayou Cache July 7 HIST. OF ARK. — I3 194 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS, Aug. to Battles and Skirtnishes 1863 Arkansas Post Jan. ii La Grange May i Helena July West Point Aug Austin ) Bayou Meto - . Brownsville ) Reed's Bridge Aug. Terry's Ferry Sept. Little Rock Sept. Pine Bluff Oct. Clarksville Nov. Waldron Dec. 1864 Martin's Creek". Jan. 17 Batesville Feb. 19 Long View &Mt.Elba March 26 Augusta April Spoonville. . . April Okolona April Roseville and Stone's Farm April 171 Arkansas {continued). 1864 Moscow April 13 Camden and Liberty. April 15 and 16 Poison Springs April 18 Cotton Plant April 21 Mark's Mill April 25 Princeton April 30 Jenkin's Ferry April 30 Kichlands. May 3 Clarendon June 25 to 29 Lake Chicot June 26 Pine Bluff July 2 Farris Mill July 14 Wallace's Ferry July 26 Massard Prairie July 27 Ft. Smith Aug. 24 Jones Hay Station.. .Aug. 24 Searcy Sept. 6 1865 Douglas Landing Feb. 22 Chalk Bluff May 11 Men from Arkansas who became Confederate Major Generals. Thomas J. Churchill, Evander McNair, James F. Fagan, Thomas C. Hindman, Patrick Ronayne Cleburne. Men who became Brigadier Generals. N. B. Pearce, N. B. Burrow, James Yell, James Mcintosh, Albert Rust, Thomas P. Dockery Dandridge McRae, Albert Pike, James C. Tappan, C. W. Pfeiffer, John Selden Roane, Marsh Walker, John Edward Murrey, Daniel H. Reynolds, John H. Kelley, D. C. Govan, William L. Cabell, Seth M. Barton, W. N. R. Beall, A. T. Hawthorne, Charles W. Adams. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 195 CHAPTER XXII. ISAAC murphy's 1 ADMINISTRATION, 1864-1868. 144. Tlie Condition of Arkansas. 147. Military Law. 145. Indian Council. 148. The Constitution of 1868. 146. The Legislature of 1886. 149. New County. 150. Kecuperation. 144, The Condition of Arkansas. There were two armies in the state, and military law predominated. Two civil governments were in operation. When Governor Murphy took charge of the new, or the loyal government, as it was called, there was not a dollar in the treasury, nor were there any civil -1- officers under his con- trol. During the first year he organized a gov- ernment and extended his authority over nearly two thirds of the state. '^■■^^^^^^^i^^^:*^-*""" SEAL OF THE STATE OF ARKANSAS, 1864. President Lincoln had proclaimed that all persons who had taken part in the war for the South, with the exception of certain officers, should receive a full I. Isaac Murphy was born in Pennsylvania in 1S02. He was married in Tennessee, but moved to Arkansas in 1834 and began to teach school. His labors in the interests of schools in Washington county bore excellent results. He studied law and was sent to the legislature in 1848. During the gold ex- citement he went to California, but returned in 1854 and settled in Huntsville. He was a member of the Senate in 1856; delegate to the convention of 1861; member of Gen. Curtis' staff in 1863; he entered Little Rock with Gen. Steele. He died in 1882. 196 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. pardon upon taking the oath of allegiance to the United States. Each month the Southerners became more convinced of the hopelessness of their cause. Governor Murphy was prudent and won friends every- day. Soldiers whose time had expired repaired to their homes and began anew their civil work. After the surrender in 1865, they all came home and were asked to renew their allegiance to the general government, and to take up their old oc- cupations. After they had done this they were treated as citizens of Arkansas, entitled to the same privileges as had been accorded them be- fore the war. The assassination of President Lincoln was a severe blow to the new order of things. He had always said that it was impossible for a state to secede from the Union, and had always treated the Southern states as members of the Union in rebellion. ^ Their status as states in the Union was never questioned, and when ISAAC MURPHY. I. In his inaugural address President Lincoln said: " It follows from these views, that no state, upon its own mere motion, can lawfully get out of the Union; that resolves and ordinances to that effect are legally void. I there- fore consider that, in view of the Constitution and the laws, the Union is un- broken." (Mar. 4, 1861.) Mr. Seward refused to receive commissioners from the Confederate government on the ground that he could not admit "that the states had in law or in fact withdrawn from the Union." HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 197 the end approached he said, "Renew your allegiance and take up your state work." The Murphy government had done this and had been recognized by the President. Southern soldiers took the oath of allegiance and devoted their energies to the new government. After the death of Lincoln, the Republican party in Congress took more extreme ground, and argued that the states by their attempted secession had lost their place as states; that before they could be recognized as such again, certain recon- struction acts had to be performed, and that in the meanwhile they were to be considered as conquered provinces under military control. As a consequence, the senators and congressmen sent to Congress from Arkansas were denied admission, and the citizens were disfranchised in the presidential elections. This state of affairs continued until 1868. T. D. W. Yonley, Charles A. Harper, and Elisha Baxter were elected to the supreme court in 1864. During this year Albert Pike succeeded Fairchild as associate justice of the Confederate supreme court. 145. Indian Council, The city of Fort Smith was in September, 1865, the scene of a general council of Indians, representing the Creeks, Choctaws, Chicka- saws, Cherokees, Seminoles, Osages, Senecas, Shaw- nees, Quapaws, Wyandots, Wichitas, and Comanches, and a commission on the part of the United States, composed of D. N. Cooley, commissioner of Indian affairs, Elijah Sells, superintendent of Indian affairs, Thomas Wistar, General W. S. Harney of the United States army, and Col. E. S. Parker of General Grant's staff. The Indians were told that by entering into treaties 198 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. with the Confederate states, they had forfeited all right to protection of the United States, and had sub- jected their property to confiscation. They were told also that the government had no intention of dealing harshly with them. On the second day the commis- sion presented treaties for ratification to the several tribes. The substance of these treaties was the aboli- tion of slavery, the unity of the tribes, and a consoli- dated government of all the Indians in the territory. On this day John Ross appeared and claimed a place as chief of the Cherokees. The southern Cherokees objected, and the commission refused to recognize him. Elias C. Boudinot appeared on the third day and agreed on the part of the southern Cherokees to accept everything demanded by the government except the consolidation of the tribes into one nation and the consolidation of negroes into the tribes. After thir- teen days' session, the council adjourned on Septem- ber 21, to meet at Washington the next year. This council brought about the treaty of July 19, 1866, which gave the government the Cherokee strip and the neutral land. Peace and quietude have prevailed among the Indians ever since that time. 146, The Legislature of 1866. This was a notable body.^ It was largely made up of Confederates who had laid aside their animosities and had begun anew I. A convention was held by leading Democrats and ex-Whigs Dec. 12, 1865, at Little Rock, which was addressed by Generals Sherman and Reynolds. Dr. Lorenzo Gibson presided. About this time Chief Justice Yonley, a Union man, decided that President Lincoln had by his proclamation pardoned a large majority of those who had lately engaged in the rebellion in Arkansas and that election officers had no right to deny them a vote. Under this decision the people vote, freely and elected Democratic county officials and a Democratic legislature HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 199 the work of state development. The elections, which had been free from coercion, resulted in a triumph for the peace policy of Lincoln. The war was over and the South had been defeated. In their old haunts and homes Southerners had found peace and refuge. Now they were called upon to serve the state in the legisla- tive halls and they suppressed all partisan feeling and passed many wise laws. The law for which they have received most credit was that levying a tax upon the property of the state, for public schools. Many laws had been passed before to aid the schools, but none of them were based upon taxation. To levy and collect this tax, to enumerate the children, apportion the money, create districts, and arrange for teachers was an enormous task, but one well begun. The change of the government in 1868 interfered with the full execution of the law. The office of superintendent of public instruction was created, and F. R. Earle, president of Cane Hill college, was elected by the legis- lature to that position. He was duly sworn in, but was not permitted by the military authorities to exercise the duties of the office. 147. Military Law. In 1867 Congress passed a law "for the more efficient government of the rebel states." In its preamble, it recited that no legal state government existed in certain " rebel " states, among which Arkansas was named. It must be remembered that the state government of Arkansas was set up in compliance with the proclamation of President Lincoln and that it had been recognized by him; that it had been in operation for nearly three years; and that, although its officers were Republicans, it had the con- fidence of the masses. The laws were enforced; a 200 HIS TOR Y OF A RKA NSA S. Democratic legislature had met and acquiesced in the existing state of affairs; taxes were levied, in currency, faithfully collected, and economically expended. Peace was abroad in the land and the state was forget- ting the horrors of war. Arkansas needed no "recon- struction;" but Congress paid no heed to her remon- strances. ^ The reconstruction law divided the Southern states into five military districts, each one to be gov- erned by military law. Arkansas and Mississippi composed the 4th military district, under control of Gen. E. O. C. Ord. The sub-district, Arkansas, was placed under Gen. Alvan C. Gillem, with headquarters at Little Rock. The state was now under the control of the United States acting through its military arm. David Walker and John J. Clendennin, associate jus- tices, elected during this year, were succeeded by Gen. Smith in 1867.2 148. The Constitution of 1868. The constitution of 1864 which had been recognized by Lincoln, was now to be replaced by a new one more in accord with extreme Republican views. Gen. Ord directed a registration to be made, in order to ascertain who were legal voters. This registration was made under the supervision of soldiers and caused much bitterness of 1. The Republican convention met in 1867 and adopted a platform in favor of enfranchising the negro and of disfranchising the Confederates. 2. The following letter will show how the civil government was set aside by the military authorities: " Headquarters 4th Military District, Vicksburg, Miss. | Aug. 9, 1867. ' Respectfully returned to Mr. F. R. Earle through auditor's office, state of Arkansas. This election (state superintendent of public instruction), held since the passage of the Military Bill, has not been confirmed at these head- quarters and is considered invalid. The services of the office are not needed. Maj. Gen. E. O. C. Ord." Thus was an act of the legislature overturned by military law. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 2ol feeling. Many Democrats refused to register, and many more were denied the privilege. The negroes registered under fictitious names and in great num- bers. After the registration came the election, which was also held under a military order. This election was to determine whether the people desired a con- vention to frame a constitution, " loyal to the Union," yet 25,671 registered voters did not attend the election. " For convention " was carried by a majority of 14,018 votes. Delegates were also elected to the convention. Many of these were old Arkansas citizens who had remained loyal to the government. A large number of them, however, were negroes, or men who had been in the state but a short time. The convention met at Little Rock on Jan. 7, and elected Thomas M. Bowen, president, and John G. Price, secretary. They then proceeded to frame a constitution, which was submitted to the people for five days from March 13, 1868. About 20,000 voters were not permitted to vote,^ and about 20,000 who were entitled to vote did not do so. Gen. Gillem announced that in Pulaski county nearly 1,200 more votes were cast than were registered, and that in Jefferson county 800 were cast that were registered elsewhere. The majority for the new constitution was declared by Gen. Gillem to be 1316. On the first day of April, 1868, this constitution went into effect. At the same election the following Republicans were elected to ofifice: Powell Clayton, governor; I. The Democrats were divided as to the proper course to pursue. Some thought the whole matter illegal and refused to register. Others after regis- tering failed to vote. There was a widespread conviction that military rule was better than reconstruction as it began in Arkansas. 202 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. James M. Johnson, lieutenant governor; Robert T. J. White, secretary of state; James R. Berry, auditor; Henry Page, treasurer; John R. Montgomery, attor- ney-general; T. D. W. Yonley, chancellor; Thomas M. Bowen, Lafayette Gregg, William M. Harrison, and John McClure, judges of the supreme court. W. W. Wilshire was appointed chief justice. The negroes cast their first votes at this election. ^ The legislature elected under this constitution met at Little Rock on April 2, and remained in session until July 23. In the spring of 1868 Congress passed an act readmitting Arkansas to the Union, which was vetoed by President Johnson. The reason for his veto was that Arkansas was already in the Union. Congress passed the admission act over his veto on June 20, by more than the required two-thirds vote. Thus began the reconstruction government in Arkansas. 149. New County. The only county formed during the administration of Governor Murphy was Little River county, taken from Hempstead and Sevier counties, and named after Little river on its northern bound- ary. The county seat was at Richmond. 150. Recuperation. War had nearly exhausted the resources of the country. Immigration had ceased and agriculture was almost destroyed. During Gov- ernor Murphy's administration a change for the better began. Farms were repaired and the work of produc- tion started anew. Men were everywhere trying to re- I. Although the negroes voted at this election, they did not acquire the gen- eral right to vote until the Fifteenth Amendment was adopted, Mar. 30, 1870. The Thirteenth Amendment was adopted without the vote of Arkansas, but the state was required to recognize its validity before it could be readmitted into the Union. The Fourteenth Amendment was ratified by the legislature of 1868. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 203 build what had been lost or destroyed. Governor Mur- phy was an honest as well as an economical administra- tor. When he assumed the governorship there was not a dollar in the treasury; he managed affairs for about four years, met every expenditure and left in the treasury $203,923.95, besides turning over to his suc- cessor $64,875.32 for the school fund and U. S. bonds amounting to $50,500. This school fund was not apportioned by the new state superintendent,^ Mr. Smith, until January 11, 1870, when it entered into the first state apportion- ment of school funds. These figures show not only the good management of Governor Murphy, but the won- derfully recuperative powers of the state under the laws of peace, industry, and good will. The debt of the state was $3,163,000, and consisted of the bonds which had been loaned to the State and Real Estate banks in 1836, and the interest thereon. I. Auditor's report, 1870, page 31. Mr. Smith was the first state superintend- ent of public instruction who performed the duties of the ofifice. Mr. Earl had been elected two years before, but did not serve. 204 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. CHAPTER XXIII. POWELL Clayton's^ administration, 1868-1871. 151. Martial Law. 155. Railroad Aid and Levee 152. Representation in Congress. Bonds. 153. The Aifair of the Hesper. 156. Division of the Republican 154. Refunding the State Debt. Party. 157. The Legislature of 1871. 151. Martial Law. The new constitu- tion contained many excellent features which might have won the approbation of the people had it been adopted under a different policy. The majority of the people looked upon it, however, as an instrument set up by force to punish them for their attempted secession. The legis- lature adopted the powell cluton I. Powell Clayton was born in Pennsylvania in 1838 and moved to Kansas in 1855, where he was engaged as a civil engineer. He enlisted in the ist Kansas Infantry and was made captain. He was afterwards made colonel of the 5th Kansas Cavalry and was at the battle of Helena. For gallantry at Pine Bluff and Mt. Elba he was made a brigadier general. After the war he married, and settled on a plantation near Pine Bluff. He was elected governor in 1868, and United States senator in 1871. In 1877 he moved to Eureka Springs, where he has since resided. In 1897 he was appointed minister to Mexico. From the formation of the Republican party in Arkansas until to-day he has always been its greatest leader. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 205 fourteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States, giving civil rights to the negroes. It also passed a law for the registration of voters, and provided for a revision of the Registration Act ; it estab- lished the Arkansas Deaf Mute Institute; pledged state aid to railroads ; removed the School for the Blind from Arkadelphia to Little Rock; established another sys- tem of public schools, extending its provisions to the colored race; repealed the Amnesty Act passed by the legislature of 1866-67; and established the Arkansas Industrial University. The presidential election aroused considerable ex- citement. The registration of voters had gone on peaceably throughout the state and had been com- pleted. On Oct. 6, 1868, Governor Clayton set aside the registration in Ashley, Bradley, Columbia, Hot Spring, Lafayette, Mississippi, Woodruff, Sharp, Craighead, Sevier, and Green counties, and on Nov. i, in Randolph county. These counties were, there- fore, not permitted to vote, and 1,400 registered voters were disfranchised. The electoral vote as counted was cast for Grant and Colfax. The setting aside of the registration aroused great indignation. Men alleged that they had been unlawfully deprived of their rights, and openly condemned the governor. On the day after the election, Nov. 4, Governor Clay- ton declared martial law in Ashley, Bradley, Columbia, Lafayette, Mississippi, Woodruff, Craighead, Green, Sevier, and Little River counties. Soon after this, Fulton, Drew, Conway, and Crittenden counties were placed under martial law. The proclamation recited that life and property were insecure in said counties and that the civil officers were unable to preserve the 206 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. peace. The people in these counties denied all of these allegations, but could not stay the order. Four military districts were established, and placed under the command of Generals Robert F. Catterson, Daniel P. Upham, Col. Samuel Mallory, and Gen. Thomas J. Hunt.^ Lists of "suspected bad characters," con- taining the names of many of the best citizens of the state, were sent from the governor's headquarters at Little Rock to the military commanders, with instruc- tions to arrest the men and deal summarily with them. Several collisons of citizens with the militia occurred and many lives were lost. The conduct of the militia was exasperating and in many cases exceeded the bounds of their authority. The last of the militia disbanded in 1869, and the legislature at once passed a law absolving them from all legal accountability for for any act done in service. This militia war w^as looked upon by good men of all parties as a stain upon I. Governor Clayton went into office April i, 1868. On July 21 he divided the state into ten military districts, with a mustering and inspecting officer in each district. These officers were relieved on Sept. 30, at which time thirty- seven companies had been organized with an aggregate number of 1,600 men. On Nov. 7 the ten districts were abolished and four districts were substituted. Registration was set aside Oct. 6. Martial law was declared Nov. 4. The oper- ations of the militia lasted three months. When the forces were mustered out the adjutant general was enabled to report that the force employed consisted of 214 commissioned officers, 674 non-commissioned officers, and 4,597 men, or 5,485 in all. On the other side there was nothing but an unorganized popu- lace, who claimed a right to vote, and who denied the right of the authorities to disfranchise them, either by refusing them registration, or by putting aside the registration afterwards. The Republican members of the Congressional committee to investigate the troubles in the Southern states said of the regis- tration law of 1868: " This law seems to vest large discretion in the registrars and thereby opens the door to abuse. The voter is at the mercy of the board and without remedy." The Democratic members of the committee, Messrs. Blair, Bayard, Cox, Beck, Van Trump, Waddell, Robinson, and Hanks went further and said: " Five of the Southern states (naming Arkansas as one) are free from even the suspicion of lawlessness on the part of their people, what- ever may be the fact as to their rulers." HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 207 the good name of the state, and made it impossible for the people to love the constitution of 1868, or the abettors of the militia. The proclamation of martial law was not approved by Gen. Smith, the commander of the United States troops. 152. Representation in Congress. Arkansas was not represented in the Federal Congress from 1861 to 1868. In 1864 the first session of the Murphy legisla- ture elected Elisha Baxter and William M. Fishback senators; but they were not admitted to the Senate. W. D. Snow was afterwards elected, but with no bet- ter result. The legislature of 1866 elected John T. Jones and Andrew Hunter to the same places. Mr. Hunter resigned and A. H. Garland was elected in his place. None of them were admitted to the Senate. William Byers, G. H. Kyle, and J. M. John- son were elected to Congress in 1865, but were not recognized. After the readmission of Arkansas in June, 1868, the legislature at once elected Alexander McDonald and B. F. Rice to the Senate, and the people Logan H. Roots, Thomas Boles, and James Hinds to the House of Representatives. The state has been regu- larly represented in Congress ever since. 153, The Affair of the Hesper. In October, 1868, Gov- ernor Clayton purchased 4,000 muskets in the North and had them shipped to Memphis. Here they were taken on board the steamer Hesper for transporta- tion to Little Rock. About twenty miles below Mem- phis the Hesper was overtaken by the steam tug Nettie yones, and boarded by a party of masked men, who broke open the boxes and threw all the guns into the Mississippi river. The masked men were all 2o8 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. from the city of Memphis, save one, from Arkansas, who recruited the party. 154. Refunding the Late Debt. During the years 1869 and 1870 the old bonds of the state, issued to the State and Real Estate banks, were taken up, and new ones were issued for the amount of the principal and interest then due. The amount refunded was about $2,520,000. The Holford bonds were also refunded at their full face value, making an additional debt of $1,787,129. 155. Railroad Aid and Levee Bonds. In 1868, 1869, and 1870, aid was extended to the Memphis and Little Rock Railway, the Arkansas Central Railway, the Little Rock, Pine Bluff, and New Orleans Railway, the Little Rock and Ft. Smith Railway, and the Mis- sissippi, Ouachita and Red River Railway to help them to build and equip their several lines. The total amount of bonds issued amounted to $5,350,000. In addition to this $1,986,773 were issued to levee boards to build levees along the navigable streams at points of overflow. This raised the debt of the state from $3,163,000 at the close of Murphy's administra- tion to $11,643,000. In June, 1877, the supreme court of the state declared that the railroad aid and levee bonds had been illegally issued and were therefore void. At that date the principal and interest of these bonds amounted to $7,135,298. This decision relieved the state from all responsibility upon these illegal bonds. 156. The Division of the Republican Party. The policy of the governor was not approved by a large number of his party. Many Republicans opposed his adminis- tration and set about forming a coalition to defeat HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 209 him. The governor thereupon changed his tactics and in a public speech declared himself in favor of removing all political disabilities growing out of the war. The followers of the governor were called " Minstrels; " the Republicans who opposed him, " Brindles." Each party sought the help of the Democrats and the history of the next year was but a war of factions. 157. The Legislature of 1871, The governor recom- mended to the legislature that met Jan. 2, 1871, that the disabilities of Confederates be removed, and a law was passed to that effect. Lieutenant Governor John- son resigned and was appointed secretary of state. The Senate then elected Ozra A. Hadley president of the Senate, and Powell Clayton United States senator. On March 17, 1871, Clayton resigned his position as governor and O. A. Hadley succeeded him. The following changes were made in other offices: Thomas M. Bowen, supreme judge, resigned, and John E. Bennett was appointed his successor. Chief Justice Wilshire resigned, and John McClure was appointed to that position, and E. J. Searle to the vacancy created by the promotion of Judge McClure. HIST. OF ARK. — I4 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. CHAPTER XXIV. OZRA A. HADLEY's^ ADMINISTRATION, 1871-1873. 158. Elections. 160. New Counties. 169. The Arkansas Industrial 161. Railroads. University. 158. The Elections. Meanwhile the breach in the Republican ranks grew wider each day. Liberty Bart- lett and John Edwards issued a call for a Liberal- Republican convention. In May, 1872, the oppo- sition organized what they called the Reform- Republican party (nick- named Brindles); They held a state convention and nominated a full state ticket, with Joseph Brooks at its head. The regular (Minstrel) Re- publicans met in July and nominated Judge Elisha Baxter of Bates- ville for governor. The Democratic convention met in June and made a recommendation to the Democrats of the state to support Joseph Brooks. The canvass was very excit- OZRA. A. HADLEY. I. O. A. Hadley was born in New York in 1826 and moved to Little Rock in 1865. He was elected to the State senate in 1868 and acted as governor until January, 1873. He was afterwards register of the United States Land Office at Little Rock, and postmaster of the city. He then moved to Colorado. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 211 ing. Judge Baxter promised that if elected he would administer the government in a fair and impartial manner. Mr. Brooks was a good speaker and his attacks upon his brother Republicans, or the " State- house Ring," as he called them, were vigorous and effective. The great body of the Democrats voted for Brooks. The election occurred on November 5, 1872. According to the count, Baxter received 41,834 votes, and Brooks 38,886. Brooks claimed that he had been elected and that the true returns had not been declared. Afterwards his claim was admitted by his opponents, the Minstrels, but too late to be of any political advantage. Baxter was inaugurated. 159. The Arkansas Industrial University. Under the act establishing the Arkansas Industrial University on the basis of the Land Grant Act of Congress of July, 1862, many bids were made to secure its location. Fayetteville secured it. Washington county subscribed $100,000, and Fayetteville, $30,000. This amount was invested in bonds, the interest of which enters annually into the fund for the maintenance of the institution. In the latter part of 1871 the buildings were completed and on January 22, 1872, the University began its career. Prof. N. P. Gates acted as the first president, assisted by a faculty of eight professors. The number of students the first year was about 100. Gen. D. H. Hill succeeded Prof. Gates and made the institution one of the greatest in the Union. Other presidents have been Col. Edgar E. H. Murfee, and S. H. Buchanan. 160. New Counties, Six new counties were estab- lished during Clayton's and Hadley's administrations. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. County. Date of Formation. Named after. County Seat. Sharp - Grant Boone July i8, 1868. Feb. 4, 1869. April 9, 1869. Mar. 20, 1871. Mar. 22, 1871. Mar. 28, 1871. Ephraim Sharp. Gen. Grant. Daniel Boone. Evening Shade. Sheridan. Harrison. Logan Lincoln Benj. Logan. Pres. Lincoln. Prescott. Reveille, Paris. Star City, Varner. 161. Railroads. The Memphis and Little Rock Rail- way was partially constructed before the war. The St. Louis, Iron Mountain, and Southern Railroad finished its line from St. Louis to Little Rock in 1872, and before the close of 1874 had extended it to the Texas line at Texarkana. The Little Rock and Ft. Smith Railroad completed its line to Russellville dur- ing the year 1873. This was a great impetus to our reviving commerce and started a new era of develop- ment for the state. On Feb. 9, 1853, Congress granted to Arkansas six sections per mile for a road from Cairo to Texas, with branches to Ft. Smith and the Mississippi river. On Nov. 26, 1856, the legisla- ture of Arkansas passed these lands on the north and south line to the Cairo and Fulton Railroad, (St. L. L M. & S. Ry.), and they were accepted. Congress after- wards increased the grant to ten sections per mile, from which 1,936,400 acres have been patented by this road. The Cairo and Fulton, the Memphis and Little Rock, and the Little Rock and Ft. Smith, are the only railroads that have been aided by land grants from Congress. Together they have received more than 2,600,000 acres of land. All political parties, state and national, have declared against any further grants of land to railroads. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 213 CHAPTER XXV. ELiSHA Baxter's administration, 1873-1874. 162. Biographical Sketch. 163. Minstrel Disaffection. 164. The Brooks Contest. 165. The Brooks Interregnum. 166. The Brooks-Baxter War. 167. The Constitutional Conven- tion. 168. New Counties. 169. The Constitution of 1874. 170. The Constitutions of Arkan- sas. 162. Biographical Sketch. Governor Elisha Baxter was born in North Carolina in 1827, and came to Arkansas in 1852. He began business at Batesville as a merchant, but soon gave up this business. In 1854 and 1856 he represented Independ- ence county in the legis- lature. After the be- ginning of the war he was offered the colonelcy of a Union regiment, but declined it, because he did not think it right to fight against his neigh- bors and friends. He then started for Missouri and was captured by the Confederates. Col. Robert C. Newton paroled him and sent him to Little Rock to report to Gen. Holmes. At Little Rock he was imprisoned to await an indictment for treason. This he considered a violation of good faith, and he made his escape. ELISHA BAXTER. 214 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. He then repaired to Jacksonport and raised a Union regiment of, which he was made colonel. Upon the organization of the Murphy government he was elected judge of the supreme court. Shortly after this he was elected senator of the United States, but was never permitted to serve. After the war Governor Clayton appointed him judge of the third judicial circuit, which position he held until he was elected governor. He was inaugurated Jan. 6, 1873. His election was a triumph for the Minstrels, and his selection as the nominee of that wing of the party was in deference to the sentiment that the old citizens of the state should be given the principal positions. The other officers selected at the same time were: V. V. Smith, lieuten- ant governor; James M. Johnson, secretary of state; Stephen Wheeler, auditor; Henry Page, treasurer; T. D. W. Yonley, attorney-general; M. L. Stephenson and E. J. Searle, supreme judges. For Congress the following selections were made: Asa Hodges, O. P. Snyder, W. W. Wilshire, and William J. Hynes. The seat of Wilshire was contested by T. M. Gunter, and Wilshire was defeated. All the other seats were con- tested, but unsuccessfully. 163. Minstrel Disaffection. Governor Baxter was a Republican, but had promised to administer the laws in the interest of the people, without regard to party. The majority of the Democrats voted against him because they were more in sympathy with the principles of the other wing of the Republican party. All parties were alert and all eyes were on Baxter. When the legislature met, the militia were placed around the statehouse to repress any effort on the part of the Brindlesto take possession and organize another HISTORY OF ARK\4NSAS. 215 government. Passes were given to all members, returned by the secretary of state, and the legislative body was organized. The vote as returned by the secre- tary of state was adopted and Governor Baxter was inaugurated. Thus far everything was in favor of the Minstrels. They had possession, and were given the offices. The Brindles held a convention, protested against the " counting in " of Baxter, denounced the Democrats who had taken their seats in the " Mins- trel " legislature, and went home. Then came further disturbance in the shape of a railroad bill which created some of the most remark- able party changes known in all history. The bill proposed to release the railroad companies from their indebtedness to the state and to tax the people to pay the interest on the railroad bonds. Governor Baxter at once opposed the bill. This was the beginning of an estrangement between him and his Republican friends. In addition to this he appointed Democrats as well as Republicans to office. He was remonstrated with, but all to no purpose. The Democrats had some very strong men in the legislature, and these with the votes of the Liberal Republicans made a powerful combination. This body passed a law removing dis- franchisements, which was proclaimed as ratified on April 19, 1873. The Registration Act, and the power of the registrar to correct the lists without appeal, still remained in force. The term of B. F. Rice, United States senator^ expiring, he was succeeded by Stephen \V. Dorsey. 164. The Brooks Contest. Joseph Brooks believed that he was elected governor, and contested the elec- tion of Mr. Baxter before the legislature, but without 2i6 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. success. He then tried to gain recognition before the United States court, but Judge Caldwell held that his court had no jurisdiction over the matter. Next he went to the supreme court, but it decided that the only power that could lawfully try the case was the leg- islature, and this body had already decided against him. As a last resort, he went before the Pulaski cir- cuit court and filed a suit for the office of governor. By the decision of the supreme court his action could not be legally maintained by any state court, but political sentiments had changed between the dates of the two suits. Baxter's acts did not please the Repub- licans who had elected him, and there began at once a reconciliation between the opposing Republican wings. The Baxter Republicans now joined the Brooks Republicans and declared that Baxter had not been elected. The Democrats who had been opposing Baxter, on the other hand, now began to champion his cause. It was a day of party revolutions. The result was that the Republican judge in the Pulaski superior court decided against Baxter. 165. The Brooks Interregnum. Joseph Brooks at once repaired to the governor's office. Baxter refused to surrender his office, but was forcibly ejected, and Brooks took possession. He was sworn in on April 15, 1874, and began his career as governor. He held the office until May 15, exactly thirty days. As Governor Baxter passed out of the statehouse he met Judge S. W. Williams, who advised him to go at once to St. John's college and put himself under the protection of Col. Gray. Governor Baxter drove rapidly to the college and entering Col. Gray's office said, " Colonel, I have been unjustly ejected from my HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 2T7 office and I expect to be pursued. If 3^ou recognize me as the chief executive of the state, I desire to know whether you will protect me?" Col. Gray called the sergeant and told him to lead the governor to a room upstairs and to furnish him with writing mate- rial. He then had the. drum sounded, and two companies of cadets were drawn up in line before the college. Col. Gray informed them of the state of affairs, and said he desired to take a vote. He asked every cadet who was willing to volun- teer to defend the gov- ernor to step three paces to the front. Not a boy faltered — even the smallest stepped forward. Thus did Arkansas boys show their pluck and manliness. Forty of the boys were selected and the remainder were sent home. These boys stood guard around the college all night, with loaded guns, stopping all, save those who were permitted to enter. In the afternoon of the next day they were relieved by the volunteer company of Col. Johnson. During the trying days just before the ejection of Governor Baxter, he was assisted by a corps of advisers. Judges Henry C. Caldwell, Elbert H. Eng- lish, Freeman W. Compton, U. M. Rose, and Augus- tus H. Garland, which for courage, legal ability, and 2i8 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. character has never been surpassed. These advisers called upon him that night at St. John's college, and the situation was discussed. Col. Gray mounted his horse and hurried to the residence of Col. S. W. Wil- liams where a proclamation was rapidly drawn up. Returning to the college, Col. Gray called up his wife, who proceeded to copy it. Not till after midnight was the work finished. The governor, however, hesitated, and during the whole forenoon of the next day would not publish his decision. He dreaded the charge of treason, and was not sure that the authorities at Wash- ington would support him. While thus undecided, a company of young men from the best families of Little Rock, headed by B. S. John- son, made a visit to St. John's college. In one of the study rooms they held a caucus and appointed John- son chairman. He selected a sub-committee composed of Col. R. C. Newton, chairman, Sterling Cockrill, and Benjamin Johnson to wait upon the governor as citizens, assuring him of their support, and advising him to declare martial law. The sub-committee appointed Col. Newton chairman, and waited upon the governor. The committee found Mr. Baxter engaged with Generals Dockery, Burke, and AIcAnaly, but he re- ceived the deputation graciously. Newton told him that he and the other young men were there as private citi- zens and not as soldiers; that his cause was just and that the people would uphold it, if supported by a proclamation declaring martial law. The governor still hesitated; Newton then said that nothing could be done without prompt action; that if the governor would act decisively, within thirty minutes the delega- HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 2ig tion would become his adherents, and would guarantee a strong military force; but that if he delayed, they must abandon his cause, and leave him to the danger of arrest by the Brooks authorities. The young men then departed to make a report to their associates; but before long Governor Baxter entered the room where they were assembled, accompanied by Gen. Dockery and his friends. Dockery had a paper in his hand which he pro- ceeded to read. It was the proclamation declar- ing martial law. The die was cast, and before mid- night a thousand men had enlisted in support of Baxter's cause. i66. The Brooks-Baxter War. Governor Baxter took up his quarters at the Anthony House, and appointed Col. Robert C. Newton major general of the militia. The militia began pouring in from all sides and Little Rock be- came the theater of war. Governor Brooks fortified the statehouse and in turn called out the militia. Many excellent Democrats responded to his call, because they believed that he was honestly elected. Boats and trains brought recruits to each party, and nothing but the presence of the United States troops prevented bloodshed.^ I. During the collisions that ensued King White of Pine Bluff gained a GEX. ROBERT C. NEWTON. 220 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. The supreme court in the meantime had delivered a second decision which favored Brooks. All these mat- ters were telegraphed to Washington and both sides awaited the decision of the Federal authorities. President Grant finally decided that the legislature of Arkansas was the body to decide the question, and promised that the protection of the United States should be afforded that body while in session. The legislature met on May 1 1, 1874, in a rented hall, and de- cided that Baxter was the legal governor of Arkansas. On May 15, 1874, Grant issued his proclamation in favor of Baxter, and commanded Brooks and his follow- ers to disperse, which they did. Governor Baxter went back to the statehouse and was not troubled thereafter. 167. The Constitutional Convention. Judge Yonley re- signed as attorney-general and James L. Witherspoon succeeded him. Supreme judges Stephenson and Bennett resigned, and T. J. Bearden and Freeman W. Compton were their successors. The governor then appointed Elbert H. English chief justice in place of Judge McClure. Henry Page resigned as treasurer, and Robert C. Newton was appointed to that place. The only member of Congress that adhered to Bax- ter's cause was W. W. Wilshire, and his influence at Washington contributed very much to the decision arrived at by the President. The legislature passed an act calling a constitu- splendid reputation as a leader, and was a conspicuous figure on the Baxter side. Brooks appointed Gen. Fagan as his commanding general, and Arkan- sas men were awed at the sight of two distinguished Confederates, Fagan and Newton, opposed to each other in deadly combat. A debt of thanks is due to the military ability of both forces and for the prudent management of forces which alone could prevent bloodshed. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 221 tional convention to meet at Little Rock on July 14, 1874, for the purpose of framing a new constitu- tion. The question as to whether or not there should be a convention was submitted to the people on June 30, and was voted on as follows: 80,259 for convention; 8,547 against. So the convention was called. 168. New Counties, The following new counties were created during this administration: County. Date of Formation. Named after. County Seats. Clav Mar. 24, 1873. John M. Clayton. Gov. Baxter. Augustus H. Garland. C. H. Faulkner. A Lone Oak. Grover Cleveland. Senator Howard. Gen. Robert Lee. Boydsville, Corning. Mar. 24, 1873 Apr. 5, 1873 Apr. 12, 1873 Apr. 16, 1873 Apr. 17, 1873 Apr. 17, 1873 Apr. 17, 1873 Apr. 21, 1873 Mountain Home. Garland Faulkner Lonoke Cleveland Howard Lee Hot Springs. Conway. Lonoke. Rison. Center Point. Marianna. Stone Mountain View. 169. The Constitution of 1874. The convention met at Little Rock on July 14, and elected Grandison D. Royston of Hempstead president, and Thomas W. Newton secretary. A constitution removing all disfranchisements and registrations was framed and submitted to the people on Oct. 13, 1874. The vote stood for ratification, 76,453; against it, 24,807. The constitution of 1874, the one now in force, thus became the fundamental law of the state. The Democrats nominated a full state ticket headed by Augustus H. Garland for governor. The Republicans made no nominations and the entire Democratic ticket was elected. The constitution was officially proclaimed as adopted Oct. 30, 1874. 222 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 170. Constitutions of Arkansas. in Force. 1. Constitution of 1836. From 1836 to 1861. 2. Constitution of 1861. From 1861 to 1864. 3. Constitution of 1864. From 1864 to 1868. 4. Constitution of 1868. From 1868 to 1874. 5. Constitution of 1874. From 1874 to the present time. CHAPTER XXVI. AUGUSTUS H. garland's ADMINISTRATION, 1874-1876. 171. The Personnel of the Admin- 175. Condition of the Treasury. istration. 176. Superintendent of Public In- 172. Growth of Popular Elections. struction. 173. V. V. Smith's Proclamation. 177. The Centennial at Phil- 174. The Poland Investigating adelphia. Committee. 178. The Elections. AUGUSTUS H. GARLAND. 171. The Personnel of the Administration. Augustus H. Garland was born in Tennessee in 1832, and came to Arkansas in 1833. He was a delegate to the convention of 1861, and a representa- tive and senator in the Confederate Congress. He served one term as governor, and was elected for two succes- sive terms to the Senate HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 223 of the United States. In 1885 he entered President Cleveland's cabinet as attorney-general for the United States, being the first citizen of the state to hold a cabinet position. His fellow state officers in 1874 were Benton B. Beavers, secretary of state; William R. Miller, auditor; Thomas J. Churchill, treasurer; Simon P. Hughes, attorney-general; J. N. Smithee, commis- sioner of state lands; Elbert H. English, chief justice, and David Walker and William H. Harrison, associate justices. The state officers were elected for a term of two years, while the supreme judges were elected for eight years. The congressmen elected were Lucien C. Cause, W. F. Slemons,W.W.Wilshire, and T. M. Gunter. 172. Growth of Popular Elections. In early terri- torial days almost every position was filled by appoint- ment. During the administration of John Pope, and through his efforts, the number of elective officers was enlarged. The constitution of 1836 further enlarged the number but the appointees were still numerous. The constitution of 1868 reduced the elected officers and enlarged the appointing power- Under the present constitution almost every office is in the hands of the people. Officers have a minimum of power, and the people select their school directors, justices of the peace, and constables, county and municipal officers, and all state officers, — legislative, executive, and judicial. The taxes that may be levied by the legislature are specified and limited in amount. Additional taxation must be obtained by a vote of the people. The public schools are supported by a general tax of two mills upon all the property of the state, which is distributed per capita to all the children between certain ages. 224 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. In addition each district must supplement its fund, by self-taxation, to an amount not exceeding five mills on the dollar. Thus the people have been gradu- ally taking to themselves the decision of all political and economical questions, and although they have made many mistakes, they have gained the power of governing themselves with enterprise, economy, and wisdom. 173. Volney Smith's Proclamation. Governor Garland was confronted a few days after his inauguration with a proclamation made by Volney V. Smith, lieutenant governor under Baxter, declaring himself the succes- sor of Baxter and the rightful governor of Arkansas. This declaration was based upon the assertion that the acts of the people of the state in calling a consti- tutional convention and in voting to adopt it and to elect officers were null and void. Governor Garland ordered the arrest of Smith, and offered a reward for his apprehension. President Grant shortly afterwards appointed him consul to the Island of St. Thomas, and he left Arkansas for that place. 174. The Poland Investigating Committee. Representa- tions were made to President Grant early in 1875 that the constitution of 1868 had been overthrown by vio- lence and a new one adopted. In a special message he reported the matter to Congress. Governor Gar- land invited the committee, of which Hon. Luke E. Poland w^as chairman, to visit Arkansas and to investi- gate the matter from the beginning. The committee examined witnesses from both wings of the Repub- lican party and from the Democratic party, and on Feb. 19, 1875, reported to Congress that no interference with the existing government in the state of Arkansas HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 225 by an}^ department of the United States was advisable. Congress adopted the report, and Arkansas escaped Federal interference with her local affairs. 175. Condition of the Treasury. Governor Garland found the treasury empty. He said: "There was not enough money in the treasury to buy sufficient wood to kindle a fire in the governor's office." A loan of $200,000 was effected, which was repaid in 1876. Expenditures were cut down and an effort was made to keep them within the limits of the appropriations. It was not long before a change for the better occurred. Scrip began to rise in value and before many years was all redeemed and destroyed. For years the government has been run upon a cash basis, and the financial condition of the state to-day is of the highest character. 176. Superintendent of Public Instruction. The legisla- ture having created the office of superintendent of public instruction, G. W. Hill was appointed to fill it until the next general election. The officers who have been chosen to that position are as follows: Thomas Smith, 1868 to 1873; J. C. Corbin, 1873 to 1874; G. W. Hill, 1875 to 1878; J. L- Denton, 1878 to 1882; W. E. Thompson, 1882 to 1890; J. H. Shinn, 1890 to 1894; Junius Jordan, 1894 to the present time. 177. The Centennial at Philadelphia, On November 30, 1875, the legislature made an appropriation to erect a building at the Centennial Exposition of the United States, to be held at Philadelphia in 1876. The build- ing was erected and was an honor to the exhibition as well as to the exhibitors. Exhibits representing the resources and progress of the state were displayed. The Bureau of Awards granted awards to Arkansas: HIST. OF ARK. — 15 226 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. (i.) For a large, well-planned state building; (2.) For a large, comprehensive, and very attractive exhibit of the natural and industrial products of the state, and a very- valuable mineral collection; (3.) For a large collection of native woods; (4.) For an exhibit of agricultural pro- ducts, especially of corn and cotton, the latter equal- ARKANSAS STATE BUILDING, PHILADELPHIA, 1876. ing any fiber of its kind raised in the United States. In addition the state took first and second premiums ($1,000 and $500) for cotton exhibited in the bale. This was the first effort of the commonwealth to dis- play her resources and did much to allay sectional feel- ing and to reunite the people. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 22;r 178. The Elections. The Democratic party nominated William R. Miller for governor, and the Republican party, A. W. Bishop. At the election in September (1876), Miller was elected by a majority of 32,217. In the presidential election of the same year Arkansas voted for Tilden and Hendricks. CHAPTER XXVH. WILLIAM R. miller's ADMINISTRATION, 1877-1881. 179. The Personnel. 180. The Legislature. 181. Changes in the Supreme Court. 182. The Yellow Fever. 183. Elections of 1878. 184. The 22d Legislature. 179. The Personnel. William R. Miller was born at Batesville, Inde- pendence county, Arkan- sas, November 23, 1823, and was the first and only native of Arkansas to hold the office of gov- ernor. He lived on a farm and attended the schools in his neighbor- hood until he was of age. He was chosen clerk of Independence county in 185. The Fishback Amendment. 186. The Scott and Union County Troubles. 187. The State Teachers' Associa- tion. 188. The Census. 189. Official Changes. WILLIAM R. MILLEK. 223 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 1848 and held the position until 1854. In that year Gov- ernor Elias N. Conway appointed him auditor of state to fill the unexpired term of C. C. Danley. The Know- nothings having secured the legislature, Miller was defeated for the regular term, but was elected auditor by the next legis- lature in 1856 and held the office until the begin- ning of 1864, when he was succeeded under the Murphy government by James R. Berry. In 1866 he was elected to the same position, but was turned out by the consti- tution of 1868, and again succeeded by Mr. Berry. In 1874 he was again elected auditor and held JOHN R. EAKIN. that position until he was elected governor. After his second term in the governor's office, he returned to Batesville, where he resided until 1886; then he was again called to the office of auditor, in which position he died, Nov. 29, 1887. He was one of the three great auditors of state — the other two being Elias N. Conway and Jcimes R. Berry. Governor Miller was inaugurated Jan. 11, 1877. His assistants for the first term were B. B. Beavers, secretary of state ; John Crawford, auditor; Thomas J. Churchill, treasurer; W. F. Henderson, attorney general; J. N. Smithee, com- missioner of state lands; Geo. W. Hill, superin- tendent of public instruction ; John R. Eakin, HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 229 chancellor, and Jonathan W. Callaway, chancery court clerk. The Congressmen elected for the term 1877-79 were L. C. Cause, ist district; W. F. Slemons, 2d; Jordan E. Cravens, 3d; and T. M. Gunter, 4th. 180. The Legislature. The twenty-first session of the legislature convened at Little Rock on Jan. 8, 1877. The body passed many laws concerning the vexed questions growing out of the period of disturbance, and laws favorable to the development of the country. The state and county convict management v/as brought to public attention, and was settled by the passage of two law^s. Additional buildings were pro- vided at the penitentiary, and counties were authorized to hire out the county convicts. The hiring of con- victs has proved injudicious. Crime must be pun- ished, but the system of hiring or leasing not only offends the innocent, but subjects the criminal to ordeals not contemplated by the law. The legislature also made provision for the payment of the interest on the public debt. The term of Powell Clayton, United States senator, being about to expire, Augustus H. Garland was elected his successor without opposition. 181. Changes in the Supreme Court. In March, 1878, David Walker resigned his office as supreme judge and Jesse Turner of Van Buren was appointed to succeed him. 182. The Yellow Fever. During the autumn of 1878 there was a yellow fever epidemic in the South, par- ticularly in Memphis, Grenada, New Orleans, and Shreveport. The position of Arkansas with reference to these places gave rise to widespread alarm in the 230 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. State. A rigid quarantine was established against all travelers from the infected districts, and proper pre- cautions were taken by the local authorities to make the quarantine effective. No one was permitted to travel unless he could show a certificate from a physi- cian that he had not been in a yellow fever district within forty days. Physicians were stationed as guards at Hopefield. Carondelet, Poplar Bluff, Texarkana, and other places. These precautions saved the state from t-he contagion, except for a few cases at Hopefield and Argenta. Dr. J. C. Easly, a prominent physician of Little Rock, who generously volunteered to go to Memphis and to lend his aid as physician and nurse to the stricken city, was attacked by the fever and died. Such disinterested devotion to duty is not only an honor to the medical profession but a credit to humanity. During the next year the disease broke out afresh, but by the heroic efforts of the State Board of Health, appointed by Governor Miller, and the cheerful cooperation of local boards and citizens, the state was again saved from a general infection. 183. Elections of 1878. The state election in Sep- tember, 1878, resulted in the reelection of Governor Miller, and many of the other state officers. The new officers were as follows: Jacob Frolich, secretary of state; D. W. Lear, land commissioner; James L. Den- ton, superintendent of public instruction; John R. Eakin, supreme judge, and D. W. Carroll, chancellor. James L. Denton, although not a teacher, was a man of much executive ability and of great eloquence. He traveled over the state, urging the people to cooperate with the state for better public schools. His efforts HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 231 were rewarded with a large degree of success. He died in office Oct. 11, 1882. The congressmen returned were Poindexter Dunn, ist district; W. F. Slemrnons, 2d; Jordan E. Cravens, 3d; and T. M. Gunter, 4th. The war issues were gradually dying out and the elec- tions were becoming less bitter and exciting. 184. The 22nd Legislature. The principal acts of the legislature of 1879 were in the nature of strengthening our state educational and eleemosynary institutions. The Arkansas Industrial University, the School for the Blind, and the Deaf Mute Institute were all favored with appropriations. 185. The Fishback Amendment. It was during the twenty-second session of the legislature that final dispo- sition was made of the Holford bonds. The state prior to 1869 had always denied any obligation on account of these bonds. Under the Funding Act of 1869 they were refunded, however, and new bonds were issued for the full amount of principal and accrued interest. William M. Fishback, a member of the legislature from Ft. Smith, introduced a resolution (1879) providing for the submission to the people of an amendment to the constitution which should forever prohibit the legisla- ture from either levying a tax or making an appropria- tion to pay any part of the principal or the interest of the Hoiford bonds. The resolution was adopted by the legislature, and afterwards by the people at the general election in 1884.^ This amendment so adopted has ever since been called the Fishback amendment. The original bonds, 500 in number, called for $500,000. The interest had never been paid. In 1870, 1,268 new I. At the general election of 1880 the amendment was defeated, but at the election in 1884 it was adopted. 232 HISTORY OF ARKAXSAS. bonds were issued to cover the principal and interest, valued at $1,268,000, bearing interest at six per cent per annum. The principal and interest at the adoption of the amendment amounted to nearly $2,000,000. Thus did the people summarily dispose of a question that had been a source of vexation for more than fifty years. The justice of the decision has been questioned by many able men, who believe that the state owes Mr. Holford the actual amount of money which was received by the Real Estate Bank, with interest from the date of the original transaction. The state never owed the face of the bonds, but she always considered that there was an indebtedness in part.^ The adop- tion of the amendment subjected the state to the charge of repudiation, and the people were divided as to the wisdom and honesty of the act. 186. The Scott and Union County Troubles. During the administration of Governor Miller several persons were killed in Scott county. The authorities were unable to ascertain who were the perpetrators of the deeds, but suspicion attached itself to certain men. Thus arose in the county two factions known as the accusers and the excusers. An armed body took pos- session of the town of Waldron, but the sheriff suc- ceeded in dispersing them. The session of the circuit court was about to open and it was feared that the factions would come into col- lision. Governor Miller sent a detachment of state guards to Waldron and placed them under the control I. The various auditors in accounting' always carried the amount agtually received by the Real Estate Bank as an indebtedness of the state. The amount actually received by the bank on September 7, 1840, was $121,336.50. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 233 of the sheriff. By these precautions all danger was averted. Another assassination took place and excitement ran high. The sheriff again called for the militia and arrests were made and the prisoners protected. The cases were all tried before the civil authorities and the majesty of the law was sustained. Governor Miller was frequently asked to declare martial law, but he resolutely refused to do so. The armed support of the civil authorities, although slower in results, produced an enduring respect for law. In March, 1877, some negroes in Union county were killed by a body of men who infested the state line region at that time. The citizens of the county, white and black, held a mass meeting and demanded of the governor the right to organize two companies of militia, one white and one black, to assist the civil authorities. The governor granted the request and offered a reward for the murderers. They were arrested in Texas and conveyed to Arkansas. On the way news was received that an armed body was pre- paring to attack the officers and release the prisoners. Governor Miller at once directed a detachment of the Hempstead county militia to form a guard around the officers and to protect them as they crossed the country. This again insured the triumph of the civil law, and so strengthened it as to make its power supreme. 187, The State Teachers' Association. This association was organized in 1869 and has been an influential factor in the development of the schools. Professors Right- sell, Gates, and Parham were among its first members and have always lent their aid to secure its success. 234 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. It held a notable meeting in June, 1880, at Little Rock. Prominent visitors from abroad, among whom were W, T. Harris, E. L. Joynes, J. M. Greenwood, and Dr. Fitzgerald, gave the matter an unusual importance. It is the oldest association, except the secret societies, in the state, and bears upon its rolls the name of every progressive teacher. 188. The Census. The census of 1880 showed that Arkansas had a population of 802,525, of which 591,531 were white. This evidenced a remarkable growth, and plainly indicated that the state was again on the road to prosperity. 189, Official Changes. The term of Stephen W. Dor- sey expiring, a lively contest ensued over his successor. The candidates were Robert W. Johnson, J. D. Walker, and Governor Elisha Baxter. Mr. Walker was successful. At the general election in 1880 the Democrats nominated Gen. Thomas J. Churchill for governor. The Greenback party nominated W. P. Parks of Lafayette county. The Republicans made no nomination, but supported the Greenback ticket. Out of 115,619 votes Churchill received 84,190 and was elected. In the presidential election the vote of Arkansas was cast for Hancock and English. The following congressmen w^ere elected at the same time: Poindexter Dunn, ist district; James K. Jones, 2d; Jordan E. Cravens, 3d, and Thomas M. Gunter, 4th. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 235 CHAPTER XXVIII. THOMAS J, Churchill's administration, 1881-1883. 190. The Personnel. 193. The Medical College. 191. The Insane Asylum. 194. The Perry County Trouble. 192. The Pine Bluff Branch Nor- 195. The Elections. mal College. 190, The Personnel. Thomas J. Churchill was born in Kentucky in 1824. In 1846 he enlisted in a Ken- tucky regiment and took part in the Mexican war. In 1848 he removed to Arkansas and settled at Little Rock. From 1857 to 186 r he was postmaster of the city. When the war broke out between the North and the South he raised a regiment of cavalry and was made its colonel. His military career was brilliant. He was successively made brigadier general, and major general in the Confederate army. After the war he returned to his plantation and remained there until 1874, when he was elected treasurer of the state. He held this office for six years; then he was elected gov- ernor. He served one term in this capacity and then returned to private life. His assistant state officers were: Jacob Frolich, secretary of state; John Craw- ford, auditor; William E. Woodruff, Jr., treasurer; C. B. Moore, attorney-general; D. W. Lear, land commis- sioner; James L. Denton, superintendent of public instruction; and Elbert H. English, chief justice. Governor Churchill was inaugurated on Jan. 13, 1881. 191. The Insane Asylum. One of the most important acts of the twenty-third session of the legislature was an appropriation of §150,000 to build an insane asylum. Grounds were purchased on the hills west of 236 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. the city of Little Rock and the work of construction was begun. The building erected is one of the handsomest in the South and occupies one of the noblest positions in the state. Successive legislatures have added to it until little remains to make it one of the leading benevolent institutions of the country. The cyclone of 1894 demolished the front wall of one of the wings, INSANE ASYLUM. but this was soon repaired. Dr. P. O. Hooper was its superintendent from 1885 to 1893, and to his efficiency is due the high rank which the institution has attained. He was succeeded by Dr. J. J. Robertson, the present able superintendent. 192, The Pine Bluff Branch Normal College. The estab- lishment of the Pine Bluff Branch Normal College for colored students was another progressive act of this legislature. The appropriation was $10,000. With this, grounds were bought in Pine Bluff and a buildino- HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 237 was erected. Prof. J. C. Corbin was placed in charge and has been retained ever since. The institution is under the control of the trustees of the Arkansas Industrial University, and is supported by appropria- tions from the state. Other legislatures have given money to make needed additions and enlargements. The legislature of 1873 provided by enactment for this school, but it was not begun until 1875. The appropriation of 1880 enabled the board to erect a handsome two-story brick building. A woman's dor- mitory was added in 1889, and a building for a mechanical department later on. The college gives free tuition upon the same basis as the Arkansas Industrial University, and has been an influential fac- tor in the development of the negro race. 193. The Medical College. The same legislature au- thorized the board of trustees of the Arkansas Indus- trial University to establish a medical department in the university. This was done by selecting an able faculty from among the physicians and surgeons of Little Rock and authorizing it to establish a medical college. The institution obtained popular favor at once. 194. The Perry County Trouble, In 1881 the county judge of Perry county represented to the governor that he was unable to discharge the duties of his office on account of the lawlessness that prevailed in the neigh- borhood. The governor sent Gen. Robert C. Newton to Perryville to make an investigation. The latter recommended that Hon. Jabez M. Smith should be empowered to hold a special term of the circuit court, at once, in order that the parties guilty of lawlessness might be brought to trial. In the meantime the pub- lisher of the Fourche Valley Times was killed and the 238 HISTORY OF ARKAXSAS. sheriff of the county asked for militia to help arrest the men guilty of the deed. Governor Churchill sent the Quapaw guards under command of Gen. Newton to the assistance of the sheriff. The militia remained three weeks, during which time the civil law took its course; then the militia was withdrawn. 195. The Elections, Three state tickets were before the people in 1882. The Democratic party nominated James H. Berry as governor; the Republican party, W. D. Slack; and the Greenback party, Rufus K. Gar- land. The canvass before the election was very excit- ing and brought out the largest vote that had ever been polled. Berry received 87,625 votes; Slack, 49^354; and Garland, 10,142. The increase of population as shown by the census of 1880 gave Arkansas one more congressman, but as the legislature had not redistricted the state the elec- tions were held in the four old districts for four repre- sentatives and in the state at large for the fifth. The result was as follows: Poindexter Dunn, ist district; James K. Jones, 2d; John H. Rogers, 3d; Samuel W. Peel, 4th; and Clifton R. Breckinridge from the state at large. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 239 CHAPTER XXIX. JAMES H. berry's ADMINISTRATION, 1883-1885. 196. The Personnel. 199. The Cotton Centennial. 197. The 24th Legislature. 200. The Louisville Exposition. 198. The Howard County Troubles 201. Death of Judge English. 202. The Elections, 196. The Personnel, James H. Berry was born in Alabama in 1841, and came with his father to Arkan- sas in 1848. His father settled in Carroll county and one of its county seats perpetuates his name. When the war broke out, the young man enlisted in an Arkansas regiment and at the battle of Cor- inth lost one of his legs. After the war he taught school, meanwhile prepar- ing himself for the law. In 1866 he was elected to the legislature and was a member of the famous "rebel legislature" that passed the first common- school law based upon taxation. In 1869 he moved to Benton county, where he was again sent to the legislature in 1872. He w^as reelected to the legislature in 1874, and was by that body appointed speaker. In 1878 he was elected judge of the 4th judicial circuit, which position he held until he was elected governor. In 1885 he was elected United 240 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. States senator to succeed Hon. A. H. Garland who had resigned to accept the cabinet position of attorney- general of the United States. He was reelected to this position in 1889 and again in 1895. His fellow officers were Jacob Frolich, secretary of state; A. W. Files, auditor; William E. Woodruff, Jr., treasurer; C. B. Moore, attorney-general; W. P. Campbell, land commissioner; W. W. Smith, supreme judge; W. E, Thompson, superintendent of public instruction. D. W. Carroll was reelected chancellor, and J. \V. Callaway, chancery clerk. Governor Berry was inau- gurated January 13, 1883. 197. The 24th Legislature. One of the acts of this body was the creation of Cleburne county (February 20, 1883). It was named after Gen. Patrick R. Cle- burne and its county seat was located at Sugar Loaf. This made the seventy-fifth county of the state, and completes the list to the present time. The finance board of the state was dissolved by this legislature. Its work for several years had been to devise ways and means by which the credit of the state should be maintained, and by which the money might be obtained to meet the expenses of the state. In 1874 the state was flooded with scrip, which was used by both state and county to discharge obligations. Its value having fallen far below par, the circulation of the scrip was looked upon as a financial evil. To obtain ready money for the needs of the state was the task of the board. Year by year the scrip grew more valuable until at last it reached its par value. In late years no scrip has been issued, the taxes being paid in currency, and the expenditures kept to the limit of the receipts. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 241 The legislature also provided for the revision of the laws of the state which were to be published in one volume and digested. The governor appointed W. W. Mansfield, digester, and U. M. Rose, examiner. Judge Mansfield began the work at once and finished it during the year 1884. It was certified by Judge Rose in January, 1885, and was soon thereafter printed. This volume is known as Mansfield's Digest of the Law. 198. Howard County Troubles. In 1883 fifty or sixty negroes entered Howard county, armed with guns and pistols, and killed a man at work in a field. A deputy sheriff with a body of men attempted to arrest them and in the struggle that ensued three of the negroes were killed. The excitement was very great and a general uprising of the negroes was feared. Gen. Newton w^as sent to Howard county to aid in preserving the peace. The guilty negroes were arrested and confined in jail, but there were so many of them that their maintenance made a serious drain upon the county funds, which riiany citizens resented. Mob violence was feared, but Governor Berry went in person to the county, and strengthened by his presence the prevailing sentiment of the citizens that no matter how poor the county, or how heavy the expense, the disgrace of mob law must be averted. The civil law triumphed and the negroes were punished. Many of them were afterwards pardoned by Governor Berry. 199. The Cotton Centennial. The legislature made an appropriation in 1883 to enable the state of Arkansas to exhibit its resources at the Cotton Centennial and World's Industrial Exposition to be held at New HIST. OF ARK. — 16 242 HISTORY OF ARKAXSAS. Orleans in 1884. The governor appointed J. T. W. Tillar, A. G. Jarman, W. L. Cravens, Thomas W. Steele, J. W. Corcoran, F. R. Madison, and C. M. Hervey, state commissioners. Dr. C. M. Taylor was appointed by the President of the United States as United States commissioner, and Gen. Dandridge McRae was made superintendent. The commission applied itself diligently to the furtherance of the expo- sition and gathered from all parts of Arkansas a mass of exhibits which gave the state a high standing at New Orleans. Arkansas was granted an award for the best collec- tive display of apples and twenty awards for single varieties. Over one hundred diplomas were granted for agricultural products, mineral specimens, cotton and manufactured articles. Boone county was awarded first premium for the best collection of apples, peaches, and pears, and thirteen awards for individual speci- mens. The award for the best specimen of apples was given to the Shannon. It is said that this apple has been grown in Washington county since 1833. When the exhibit was examined by the judges there were 22,000 plates of apples from Arkansas displayed to their view. 200. The Louisville Exposition. Another appropriation w^as made by the legislature to enable the state to ex- hibit at Louisville, Kentucky, during the year 1883. The commission appointed by the governor included Dr. C. M. Taylor, Dr. J. M. Keller, S. R. Cockrill, Sr., S. H. Nowlin, J. M. Hewitt, John C. Calhoun, G. W. Wooten, Charles Wallace, Thomas W. Baird, and Dr. Guy Lewis. The awards on cotton and apples at both these expositions established our right to claim first HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 243 rank for quality.^ The success of the expositions induced Governor Berry to advise the legislature in his message in 1885 to create the Bureau of Agricul- ture, Mines, and Manufactures with a permanent office in Little Rock, in which the exhibits should be preserved as a continuous ad- vertisement of our resources and wealth. The rec- ommendation w a s repeated by Gov- ernor Hughes in 1887 and resulted in the creation of the Agricultural Bureau. 201. Death of Judge English. On Septem- ber I, 1884, Elbert H, English, chief justice of the su- preme court from 1854 to 1884, died at Ashville, N. C, after a life of arduous labor. His body was brought to Little Rock and placed in the senate chamber, where it lay in state until the hour of burial. He was buried in Mount Holly cemetery, the funeral being attended by a procession of state and Federal officials, local societies and citizens. His death was lamented throughout Arkansas. Sterling R. Cockrill of Little STERLING R, COCKRILL. I. Cotton was picked in Lee county, shipped to Louisville, spun into yarn, woven into cloth, cut and fitted, and made into a suit of clothes for Governor Berry, within forty-eight hours from the time of picking. 244 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. Rock was chosen by the people as his successor (Nov. 4, 1884). 202. The Elections. The canvass for the Democratic nomination in 1884 was very exciting. At the con- vention in June the two leading candidates were Simon P. Hughes and John G. Fletcher. On the 36th ballot Simon P. Hughes was nominated. The Repub- licans nominated Thomas F. Boles of Dardanelle. The vote cast was 156,310, of which Hughes received 100,773, and Boles 55,537. In the November elections the vote of the state was cast for Cleveland and Hendricks. The President appointed August H. Garland attorney-general, Hugh A. Dinsmore of Bentonville minister to Corea, A. B. Williams of Washington member of the Utah commis- sion, and T. B. Welch consul to Hamilton, Ontario. The state having been redistricted by the legislature, the following congressmen were elected in 1884: Poindexter Dunn, ist district; Clifton R. Breckin- ridge, 2d, James K. Jones, 3d; John H. Rogers, 4th; and Samuel Peel, 5th. James K. Jones being elected to the Senate of the United States during the following winter, Thomas C. McRae was chosen to succeed him in Congress. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 245 CHAPTER XXX. SIMON P. HUGHES's ADMINISTRATION, 1885-1; 203. The Personnel. 208. Geological Survey. 20i. The 25th Legislature. 209. Railroad Strike. 205. Supreme Court Changes. 210. Bureau of Mines, etc 206. Railroad Taxation. 211. State Debt Board. 207. Expositions. 212. The Elections. 203. The Personnel. Simon P. Hughes was born in Tennessee in 1830. He moved to Arkansas in 1844, and in 1849, he engaged in farming in Monroe county. In 1857 he was admitted to the bar. He was sheriff of the county from 1854 to 1856. He entered the Confed- erate army in 1 861, as captain of a company in Chas. W. Adams' regi- ment, and was afterwards promoted to the lieuten- ant colonelcy. After the reorganization of this regiment he entered the cavalry service as a pri- vate m Morgan's Texas battalion and served till the close of the war. In 1866 he was sent to the legislature from Monroe county, and in 1874 he was a delegate to the constitutional convention. He was attorney-general from 1874 to 1876, and governor from SIMON P. HUGHES. 246 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 1885 to 1889. On April 2, 1889, he was elected judge of the supreme court, which position he now holds. His assistant state officers were: E. B. Moore, secretary of state; A. W. Files, auditor; William E. Woodruff, Jr., treasurer; Daniel W. Jones, attorney-general; D. W. Carroll, chancellor; J. W. Callaway, chancery clerk; Paul M. Cobbs, land commissioner; and W. E. Thompson, super- intendent of public in- struction. 204. The 25th Legisla- ture. The term of Sen- ator Walker expiring, James K. Jones was elected senator for the full term. Senator James H. Berry was elected to fill the vacancy created by Augustus H. Gar- land's resignation. These men have been at each subsequent election reelected and are the present senators. Thomas C. McRae was elected by the people to succeed J. K. Jones as congressman, and has been reelected at every election to the present time (1897). 205. Supreme Court Changes, On September 3, 1885, John R. Eakin, judge of the supreme court, died at Marshall, Missouri. His remains were interred in Washington, Hempstead county. At a special election held afterwards, B. B. Battle was chosen to succeed him. On Dec. 18, 1888, Judge W. W. Smith died; he was an able lawyer and a credit to the bench. At a THOMAS C. M RAE. ni STORY OF ARKANSAS. 247 special election held on April 2, 1889, M. H. Sandels of Ft. Smith was chosen to succeed him. On Oct. 6, 1887, B. D. Turner, the reporter of the court, died, and was succeeded by W. W. Mansfield. On June 13, 1886, Luke E. Barber, clerk of the supreme court, died, having held the position thirty-five years. He was succeeded byW, P. Campbell of Woodruff county. The population of the state having reached one mil- lion, the constitution permitted an increase of the number of judges of the supreme court from three to five, and by legislative enactment the increase was made Feb. 20, 1889. On April 2, 1889, a special elec- tion was held for the two additional judges, and Simon P. Hughes and W. E. Hemingway were chosen. At the first meeting of the supreme court after the elec- tion, it was determined by lot that S. P. Hughes should have the long, and W. E. Hemingway the short term. 206. Railroad Taxation. Considerable dissatisfaction existed throughout the state over the small valuations returned by the railroads for taxation. A board of railroad commissioners, consisting of the governor, secretary of state, and auditor, was created by the legislature in 1883, and in June of that year the board organized and proceeded to assess the property of the railroads for taxation. Before they had completed their task they were enjoined by the Pulaski chancery court at the suit of the St. Louis, Iron Mountain, and Southern, and the Memphis and Little Rock Railroad companies. These companies declared that their charters had been granted with a clause exempting them from taxa- tion, and that the act of the legislature authorizing their taxation was in violation of the constitution of 248 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. the United States. Governor Berry retained the services of Judge U. M. Rose to assist the attorney- general, C. B. Moore, in the defense of these suits. The cases were argued before the chancery court and were decided in favor of the state. An appeal was taken to the supreme court of the state, and to the supreme court of the United States, but without suc- cess. The state's right to tax the railroads was sus- tained in every court. In the meantime the board proceeded with its valua- tions and assessed the railroads in 1884 at $6,352,985. At the first meeting of the board, under Hughes' administration, the as- sessment was placed at $9,612,773; m 1886 itrose to$i3, 704,638 and in 1895 to $21,333,232. The total mileage of all railroads in Arkansas in 1895 was 2j373- (See tables in Ap- pendix for names of rail- roads and branches, and lengths of each, as furn- ished by H. B. Armistead, secretary of state.) The decision of the courts en- abled the state to tax the roads from 1883. But as no taxes had been paid from 1874 to 1883 the state insti- tuted suits for back taxes. The attorney-general, Daniel W. Jones, was successful in the lower courts, and also in the supreme court of the state and of the United States, The St. Louis, Iron Mountain, and DANIEL W. JONES. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 249 Southern Railroad Company then offered the legislature $250,000 in full of all back claims upon its main line and all its branches. This offer was accepted. This fund was equitably divided between the state, the counties, and the school districts, under the direction of the state board of education. 207. Expositions. At the close of the Cotton Cen- tennial Exposition at New Orleans, the North, Cen- tral, and South American Exposition was organized, and Gov. Hughes appointed Gen. Dandridge McRae sole commissioner to represent the state. The ma- terial used by the state in the previous exposition, with as much more as could be gathered, was ex- hibited on Nov. 10, 1885. As before, the apples and agricultural exhibits took first premiums. Stimu- lated by these successes Prof. W. S. Thomas, in con- nection with the Iron Mountain Railroad, organized an exposition of fruit for the Pomological Exhibition at Boston, Mass., and was awarded first premiums for collections and single varieties (1887). Prof. Thomas then transported the fruit to the American Agricul- tural Society at Riverside, California, and met with the same success. About this time another display was made at St. Louis, with gratifying results. In 1887 the citizens of the state organized the Arkansas State Exposition at Little Rock. It was the greatest local display of the resources of the state that had ever been made. Citizens from all parts of the state gave their time, and the results were satisfactory to the people. One of the features of the fair was school children's day, and it attracted large numbers of schools from different parts of the state. All par- ties united to make the occasion a happy one, and 250 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. much sectional feeling engendered during the war gave way to a better spirit. The state's cotton producing power had never been questioned, but these successive exhibitions of fruit, horticultural, agricultural, and mineral productions, led to a conviction that in general agriculture and in horticulture, as well as in mining, there were prac- tical possibilities of wealth greater than in cotton. Since then the acreage of fruit trees, small fruits, and corn has been largely increased, with rich results. Coal mining in Sebastian, Johnson, and Pope counties has been conducted on a large scale and is an import- ant factor of our wealth. 208. Geological Survey, On March 5, 1887, the legislature passed a bill creating the office of state geologist and providing for a geological survey of the state. The champion of this bill was E. W. Rector of Garland county. Gov. Hughes appointed Prof. J. C. Branner, an eminent geologist who had been connected with the geological survey of Brazil and Pennsylvania, as state geologist. None but eminent men were con- nected with the work from its very inception, and the survey stands as one of the most accurate and most thoroughly scientific of state surveys. Every part of the state has been examined, and the report so far has filled thirteen volumes and an atlas. The volumes deal with separate subjects, as follows: Gold, Silver, Mesozoic Age, Coal, Washington County, Crowley's Ridge, Manganese, Igneous Rocks, Novaculites, Mar- bles, Mineral Waters, Iron, the Tertiary Era. Possibly no legislative measure has been of so great a value to the state as this, and its effect will be felt more and more as we advance in wealth and population. It has HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 25 1 already turned aside our energies from a search for the precious metals to the development of coal, marble, granite, manganese and novaculite. 209. Railroad Strike. Early in 1886 a widespread strike of railroad employees occurred in Missouri, Arkansas, and Texas. The trouble extended to the St. Louis, Iron Mountain, and Southern Railway, and at one time threatened the peace of the statje. The sheriff of Miller county called upon the governor for aid in enforcing the law at Texarkana. The governor directed Capt. John H. Twigg to hold the Gate City guards in readiness to support the sheriff in case of need. The presence of the militia had a beneficial effect, and violence and bloodshed were averted. 210. Bureau of Mines, Manufactures, and Agriculture. On Feb. i, 1888, a large convention of citizens from nearly every county of the state met at Little Rock to organize an Immigration Bureau. The funds were raised by private subscription, and the officers were taken from all parties. H. L. Remmel, the secretary, distributed over 1,800,000 pages of reading matter de- scriptive of the state, and organized many subordi- nate bureaus in different counties. At the ensuing session of the legislature the Bureau of Mines, Manu- factures, and Agriculture was established (March 7, 1889), and M. F. Locke was appointed commissioner. 211. State Debt Board. On April 15, 1887, the legis- lature created the State Debt Board, composed of the governor, the secretary of state, and the auditor. Its duties were to superintend the settlement of the valid and undisputed indebtedness of the state. To enable it to perform its duty, a perpetual tax of one mill on the dollar was levied on all the property of the 252 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 212 s The Elections, state. This levy was afterwards (April 9, 1891), reduced to one half of one mill and at that rate is levied to-day. The debt of the state after subtracting the illegal railroad and levee bonds was nearly $5,000,000, including principal and interest (1887). No interest had been paid since 1872, and this was felt by many citizens to be wrong. The debt to-day is about what it was when the board was created; that is to say, the operations of the board in buying bonds have been equivalent to paying the interest on the public debt. A large part of this debt is due to the government of the United States. On the other hand, the state claims from the government a large amount of money growing out of the various land grants made to the state. In September, 1886, Simon P. Hughes was reelect- ed governor. The Republicans nomi- nated Lafayette Gregg for governor, and the State Wheel party, Charles E. Cunningham. The vote cast was 163,889, of which Hughes re- ceived 90,650, Gregg 54,070, and Cunning- ham 19,169. All the old officers were re- elected, except the auditor, who was suc- ceeded in office by JOHN H, ROGERS. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 253 William R. Miller. Mr. Miller died on the 29th of November, 1887, and W. S. Dunlop was appointed his successor. In 1888 the canvass for the nominations of the Democratic party was very exciting. Gov. Hughes was suggested for the third term. Other candidates were John G. Fletcher, E. W. Rector, James P. Eagle, and William M. Fishback. One hundred and thirty- six ballots were taken before a decision was reached, when the nomination fell to James P. Eagle of Lonoke county. The Union Labor Party nominated Dr. Charles M. Norwood of Nevada county, who was en- dorsed by the Republicans. At the election Eagle received 99,229 votes, and Norwood 84,223. In November, W. H. Gate was elected to Congress from the ist district; Clifton R. Breckinridge from the 2d; T. C. McRae from the 3d; J. H. Rogers^ from the 4th, and S. W. Peel from the 5th, The election of W. H. Cate was contested in Congress by L. P. Featherston, and the seat was awarded to the latter. The electoral vote of Arkansas was cast for Cleveland and Thurman. I. Mr. John H. Rogers gained a national reputation through his controver- sies with the speaker of the House, T. B. Reed. He was successful in gaining the military reservation at Ft. Smith for the public schools of that city, thus providing a permanent fund which has added strength and efficiency to the Ft. Smith schools. 254 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS, CHAPTER XXXI. JAMES P. EAGLE S ADMINISTRATION. -93- 213. The Personnel. 214. Murder of John M. Clayton. 215. Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion. 216. Elections of 1890. 217. Direct Tax. 218. Arkansas "World's Fair Asso- ciation. 219. The Coal Hill Outrages. 220. The Normal School System. 221. Mine Inspection. 222. The Census. 223. The Elections. 213. The Personnel. James P. Eagle was born in Ten- nessee in 1837 and came witii his father to Arkansas in 839. His early life was passed upon a farm. He attended college after he was thirty years of age, and after he had passed through the war. In 1873 he was chosen to represent Prairie county in the legislature, and was a member of the I famous extra session of 1874. When the constitutional con- vention of 1874 was called, he was a del- jAMEs p. EAGLE. cgatc from Prairie county. In 1877 he represented Lonoke county, and also in 1885, when he was made speaker of the house. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 255 Iq 1889 he was chosen by the people of the state as go^'-ernor, which position he held two terms. When the war broke out he entered the Confederate service as a private in Mcintosh's regiment. He was success- ively lieutenant, captain, major, and finally lieutenant colonel. He was a minister of the Baptist church, and for many years was the president of the Baptist state convention. His fellow officers were B. B. Chism, secretary of state; W. S. Dunlop, auditor; William E. Woodruff, Jr., treasurer; Sterling R. Cockrill, chief justice of the supreme court; W. E. Atkinson, attorney- general; W. E. Thompson, superintendent of public instruction, and Paul M. Cobbs, land commissioner. 214. Murder of John M. Clayton. Shortly after the inauguration of Gov. Eagle, the country was startled by the news that John M. Clayton of Pine Bluff had been assassinated at Plummerville. In the Congres- sional race of the preceding autumn he had been a candidate on the Republican ticket for Congress in the second district, and was defeated by C. R. Breckin- ridge. Not satisfied with the returns, he began the collection of evidence for the purpose of contesting Mr. Breckinridge's election. He was engaged in this work when he was killed. On the night of January 29, 1889, at about nine o'clock, he was seated in his room at the hotel, when a shot was fired through the window, which killed him instantly. The assassination was condemned by all parties and a large reward was offered for the murderers. Col. Clay- ton was an excellent man, and was highly esteemed even by his political opponents. The funeral services were held at Pine Bluff, attended by more than 5,000 people from Pine Bluff, Little Rock, Camden, Hot 256 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. Springs, Russellville, Brinkley, and Ft. Smith, and rep- resenting all parties. The legislature passed a special act authorizing the governor to offer a reward of $5,000 for the arrest of the assassin, and this was increased by the additional offers of private individuals, but the murderer was never discovered. This was the third public man assassinated in the history of the state, the other two victims being Congressman James Hinds in 1868, and General T. C. Hindman in the same year. Congress declared the seat of Clifton R. Breckin- ridge vacant in September, 1890, but he was reelected at a special election which ensued. 215. Agricultural Experiment Station. The Congress of the United States on March 2, 1887, passed a law establishing agricultural experiment stations in con- nection with the colleges established under the Land Grant Act of 1862, and on March 7, 1889, the legisla- ture of Arkansas accepted the appropriation in trust for the Arkansas Industrial University, and assigned it at once to that institution, for its use and disburse- ment. The board of trustees thereupon established stations for experiments in agriculture, horticulture, and stock raising at Fayetteville, Pine Bluff, Camden, and Newport. The results of these experiments are published in quarterly bulletins. There can be no doubt that the ultimate effect of this movement will be an improvement in methods of farming and a largely increased production. 216. Elections of 1890. At the September elections of 1890, James P. Eagle was reelected governor. His opponent was N. B. Fizer. The other offtcers selected were B. B. Chism, secretary of state; R. B. Morrow, treasurer; W. S. Dunlop, auditor; B. C. Myers, land HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 257 commissioner; W. E. Atkinson, attorney-general; Josiah H. Shinn, superintendent of public instruction, and M. F. Locke, commissioner of mines, manufactures, and agriculture. S. W. Peel, C. R. Breckinridge, W. H. Gate, T. C. McRae and W. L. Terry, were elected to Congress. M. H. Sandels, judge of the supreme court, and one of the ablest members of the bench, died in this year, and W. W. Mansfield was elected to succeed him. T. D. Crawford was then appointed to the reporter's place, vacated by Judge Mansfield. 217. Direct Tax. Under an act of Congress passed in 1861, a direct tax was levied upon the real estate of the various states, to defray the expenses of the Civil War. This tax was not collected in Arkansas except during the years 1865 and 1866. When the supreme court of the United States declared the tax unconsti- tutional. Congress enacted (1891) that the money be refunded to the states that had paid it. The amount collected in Arkansas was $156,272; this was placed to the credit of the state in the United States treas- ury, and a check was sent to Gov. Eagle. The check was cashed by the governor in St. Louis, and deposited in the treasury. Then came the labor of finding the persons to whom the" money belonged. Gov. Eagle sent Gen. B. W. Green to Washington to obtain a copy of the direct tax books, which were filed in the treasury department. After the return of Gen. Green with the duplicate tax books the work of refunding to the taxpayers began. The largest part of the fund soon found its way back to the taxpayers who had parted with it twenty-five years before. But many of those HIST, OF ARK. — 1 7 258 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. entitled to payment were either dead without heirs, or had removed from the state, so that tliere remained a large fund unclaimed, $15,000 of which the legislature appropriated to defray the expenses of the state at the World's Columbian Exposition. Should the proper claimants ever present their claims the state will pay them out of its own revenues. 218. Arkansas World's Fair Association. In December, 1891, the citizens of the state organized a joint-stock Bv /^ r ]^> t'^^ I /^."^ ^>v^ ^ fo ^^'^'^ -'=S-'^— "^ "" "1 _^-' T/ ARKANSAS STATE BUILDING, WORI.d's FAIR, CHICAGO. company for the purpose of making an exhibit of the state's resources at the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago in 1893. Its directors were John D. Adams, J. H. Clendenning, George R. Brown, M. F. Locke, John G. Fletcher, James P. Eagle, J. D. Kim- HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 259 ball, H. E. Kelley, J. M. Lucey, and L. Minor. The association raised a large sum of money and erected a fine building at Chicago. It was thought by many that an exhibition of the magnitude of the World's Fair, engaging the attention of all the great nations of the earth, as well as of the various states of the American Union, should be hon- ored with an exhibit made by the state instead of by a private association. The directors of the association generously offered the legislature the building already erected, and the control of the exhibits already gathered. In 1891 the legislature refused to make an appropriation, but in 1893 the offer of the World's Fair Association was accepted, and an appropriation of $15,000 was made to fill the building with exhibits. Thus the Arkansas World's Fair Association, after mak- ing it possible for the state to exhibit, surrendered its charter and passed out of existence. The legislature also made an educational appro- priation and authorized the superintendent of public instruction, to make a separate educational exhibit. In addition to this the collection of permanent ex- hibits in the Department of Mines, Manufactures, and Agriculture, were loaned to the exhibition, and the commissioner, W. G. Vincenheller, was authorized to cooperate with the World's Fair board. The governor appointed James Mitchell, W. S. Thomas, H. L. Norwood, E. L. Pascoe, and R. B. Weaver, state commissioners. The President of the United States appointed John D. Adams and J. H. Clendenning members of the national commis- sion from Arkansas. Two alternates were also ap- pointed, J. T. W. Tillar and Thomas H. Leslie. The 26o HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. death of Mr. Adams caused the duties of his posi- tion to fall upon J. T. W. Tillar. 219. The Coal Hill Outrages. By an act of the legisla- ture passed April 15, 1873, the Board of Penitentiary Commissioners was authorized to lease the convicts of the penitentiary to corporations or private individuals for hire. On May 7, 1873, J. M. Peck became the lessee for ten years. By this lease the state received nothing except a release from the payment of any expense growing out of the keepmg of the convicts. Some time after this Zeb Ward became a co-lessee with Peck, and in March, 1875, became sole lessee. In October, 1875, an investigation was made by the board of commissioners into the treatment of the pris- oners. This investigation was brought about by the publication, in an evening paper at Little Rock, of a report of certain outrages alleged to have been perpe- trated upon the convicts. The result of the investiga- tion showed that in many cases excessive punishment had been inflicted, and that the rules had been violated in other particulars. Gov. Garland called the attention of the legislature to these evils, and to the added evil of employing prisoners outside the walls, but the state was unable at that time to change the system. In 1876 an indignation meeting was held in Little Rock protest- ing against the employment of convicts on the streets of the city, which resulted in an order from the board forbidding such labor. The whole system of convict labor was a source of many vexatious law suits and public scandals, but was so firmly rooted in the state's polity as to defy change. On May 7, 1883, Townsend and Fitzpatrick became the lessees for ten years, paying the state $26,000 per HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 261 annum and bearing all expense. The lessees soon formed a corporation called the Arkansas Industrial Company and took charge of the prisoners. The convicts were leased to plantation owners, public contractors, and owners of coal mines. The gene- ral management of the company was humane, but it was not able to control its numerous deputies and guards. In the year 1887, the evil culminated in a great scandal in the coal mines at Coal Hill. Prisoners were whipped unmercifully, worked at unlawful hours, and brutally treated. An investigation revealed a course of treatment that was a disgrace to our civilization, and the convicts were removed to Little Rock. The public conscience was awakened. Grand juries began to indict and the courts to punish the wrongdoers. The legislature created the office of prison inspector in 1889, and at the expiration of the lease it was not renewed. The state has since then taken charge of the convicts, and while hard labor is still required, the lease system with its evils, has been abolished.^ 220. The Normal School System. The state has never established a distinct normal school for the training of teachers. The superintendent of public instruction in 1891 urged an appropriation for the establishment of short term normal schools in different parts of the state. The appropriation was made and two years later it was increased. In 1895 it was still further I. The legislature of 1893 authorized the board to take charge of the convicts and to manage them partly upon the "state account system " and partly upon the "contract system." Under the state account system the intention was to use the convicts upon state lands in quarrying building stone, clearing land and cultivating it, but no appropriation was made and the board was unable to carry out the plan. The convicts were hired out under contract, but the entire control remained in the state. The prisoners are well fed and humanely treated. 262 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. increased, so that a school for the special training of teachers is now open in every county for one mouth each year. The effect of all these laws has been favor- able to the schools and has drawn the attention of the people to their needs. j 221. Mine Inspection. The development of our mining industries has caused much underground labor. The perils of such labor have called for the services of an expert inspector in all mining regions to look after the methods of lighting and ventilating, the means of entering and leaving, the supports for the walls and roofs, etc. In 1891 the legislature of Arkansas pro- vided for an inspector of mines in Arkansas, and the governor appointed Harry McMullins, a practical miner from Sebastian county, to that position. 222. The Census and Apportionment. The census of 1890 showed that the population of the state had reached 1,128,179, an increase of 325,654, or more than forty per cent since 1880. Of this the whites numbered 804,658, or eight elevenths of the enumera- tion. The census showed also that the following cities and towns had a population exceeding 2,000: Little Rock, 25,874; Ft. Smith, 11,311; Pine Bluff, 9,952; Hot Springs, 8,086; Helena, 5,189; Eureka Springs, 3,706; Texarkana,^ 3,528; Fayetteville, 2,942; Camden, 2,571 ; Arkadelphia, 2,455 5 ^^"^ Buren, 2,281 ; Batesville, 2,150, and Jonesboro, 2,065. Congress fixed the basis of the new apportionment at 173,901, by which the state became entitled to six congressmen (1893-1903). The state was redis- tricted, and on Nov. 8, 1892, the following congress- men were elected: P. D. McCullough, Jr., ist district; I. On the Arkansas side. HI STORY OF ARKANSAS. 263 C. R Breckinridge, 2d; T. C. McRae, 3d; W. L. Terry, 4th; Hugli A. Dinsmore, 5th; and Robert Neill, 6th. 223. The Elections, The nominating conventions in 1892 were attended by great excitement. Three con- ventions were held, and three full tickets nominated. The Democrats nominated William M. Fishback of Ft. Smith; the Republicans, W. G. Whipple of Little Rock, and the People's Party, J. P. Carnahan of Washington county. The total vote cast was 156,186, of which Fishback received 90,115, Whipple, 33,644, and Carnahan, 31,117. Fishback was elected. At the ensuing presidential election the vote of Arkansas was cast for Cleveland and Stevenson. Cleveland received 87,834 votes; Harrison, 46,974, and Weaver, 11,831. CHAPTER XXXn. WILLIAM M. FISHBACK's ADMINISTRATION, 1893-1895. 224. The Personnel. 229. Amendment No. 2. 225. Supreme Court Changes. 230. The Railroad Strike. 226. The Military Post. 231. The World's Columbian Ex- 227. Presidential Changes. position. 228. Ex-Confederate Home. 232. The Elections. 224. The Personnel. William M. Fishback was born in Virginia, but moved to Arkansas, in his youth, settling at Ft. Smith. In 1861, he was sent as a dele- gate to the convention that passed the ordinance of secession. On May 5, 1864, he was elected by the Murphy legislature to the Senate of the United States, 264 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. but was refused admittance. He was a delegate from Sebastian county to the constitutional convention in 1874, 1877, 1879, and 1885. He was the author of the Fishback amendment to the constitution, and can- vassed the state for its adoption. He was elected governor of the state in 1892, and served one term, after w^hich he vol- untarily w^ithdrew. His fellow state officers were H. B. Armistead, secre- tary of state; C. B. ^^ Mills, auditor of '- state; R. B. Morrow, "^ treasurer; J. P. Clarke, attorney- general; C. B. " Myers, land com- missioner; John D. Adams, commis- sioner of mines, manufactures, and agriculture; Josiah H. Shinn, super- intendent of public instruction, and W. E. Hemming- way, supreme judge. John D. Adams was installed on Nov. 4, 1892, and died on Dec. 7, 1892. He was one of the most widely known men of the state, and his death was generally lamented. Governor Eagle appointed Geo. M. Chap- line of Lonoke as his successor, and upon his resigna- tion in March, 1893, Governor Fishback appointed W. G. Vincenheller, commissioner. WM. M. FISHBACK. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 265 ling 225. Supreme Court Changes. On May i, 1893, Ster- R, Cockrill resigned his position as chief justice of the supreme court, and H. G. Bunn of Camden was appointed to that office. W. E. Hemmingway also re- signed as supreme judge, and R. H. Powell was ap- pointed to succeed him. On May 9, 1894, W. W. Mans- field resigned, and J. E. Riddick was appointed his suc- cessor. In Septem- ber, 1893, H. G. Bunn was elected to fill the unexpired term of Sterling Cockrill, and Car- roll D. Wood that of W. E. Hem- mingway. At the "• ^- ^uNN. regular election in 1894, J. E. Riddick was elected to fill the unexpired term of Judge Mansfield, and B. B. Battle was reelected for the full term. The supreme court to-day is composed of H. G. Bunn, chief justice, and Simon P. Hughes, B. B. Battle, J. E. Riddick, and Carroll D. Wood, associate justices. The reporter of the court is T. D. Crawford. W. P. Campbell, supreme court clerk, died in the year 1896, and P. D. English was elected his successor. 226. The Military Post. During the year 1892 an arrangement was effected by which the arsenal prop- ^ 266 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. erty in Little Rock was exchanged by the United States government for another piece of land on the top of Big Rock, the hill just above the city. The arsenal grounds were converted into a park by the city authorities and a military post was located on Big Rock by the government. When this post is com- pleted it will be one of the largest in the United States. 227. Presidential Changes. The second election of Cleveland brought about a change of officers through- out the state. The Republican postmasters were changed, and Democrats were put in their places. The offices of postmaster in Arkansas cities are im- portant, and these positions are filled by appoint- ment of the President. President Cleveland had a difficult task in selecting officers from the great number of applicants. From T889 to 1893 the government offices in Arkan- sas were filled by Republicans; from 1893 to 1897 by Democrats. The great body of the people hardly knew of the changes. The land registers and receiv- ers, the United States district attorneys, the marshals and collectors, the postmasters, and some of the clerks were changed; but the business of the country pro- ceeded without interruption. Such a condition gives assurance that in each of the great parties there are efficient men, and that as a rule, no matter which party is in power, the public duties will be capably performed. Many places outside the state were given to Arkan- sas men. Geo. W. Caruth was sent as minister to Portugal, and Clifton R. Breckinridge was made ambassador to Russia. This was a first-class ministe- rial place, and Mr. Breckinridge has the honor of being HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 267 the first Arkansas citizen to fill such a position. M. M. Duffie of Princeton, was made consul at Winni- peg, and Marcellus Davis consul to the Island of Trinidad. A. S. McKennon was appointed a mem- member of the Dawes Commission, the most important commission ever created for the settlement of the Indian question. 228. Ex-Confederate Home. In 1889 the ex-Confeder- ates established an association at Little Rock to assist needy ex-Confederate soldiers, and the widows of deceased Confederates. The United States govern- ment had generously provided pensions for the Union soldiers, and it was deemed wise to have the state assist those who had fought under its call for purposes approved by it. The movement of the citizens had a good effect upon the legislature, for in April, 1891, that body passed a pension law for the relief of dis- abled Confederate soldiers, and levied a special tax to meet its demands. Shortly afterwards it incorporated the ex-Confederate association of Arkansas and authorized it to found a home for invalid and infirm Confederate soldiers. The association soon collected money enough to purchase a farm of fifty-eight acres on the turnpike leading from Little Rock to Sweet Home, upon which they established a soldiers' home. The association assumed the entire expense of the institution until 1893, when it tendered the legislature the farm and buildings and asked it to support the home. The gift was accepted and an appropriation was made to provide maintenance for the soldiers and to erect a commodious building. The home was fin- ished in 1893, and constitutes another of the benevo- lent enterprises of the state. 268 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 229. Amendment No. 2. At the general election of 1892 a second amendment to the constitution of the state was submitted to the people for their ratification. The amendment changed the law of suffrage materially, and made the payment of the annual poll tax levied by the state a condition of voting. It denied suffrage to every man, white or negro, who had not paid the tax, and for this reason was called the poll tax amend- ment. The vote for the amendment was 75,847 and against it 19,258. The number voting for it was a majority of those voting upon that question, but was not a majority of all the votes cast at the election. The vote was counted by the legislature of 1893, and the act was declared adopted. The adoption of this amendment has almost destroyed the race feeling in politics 230. The Railroad Strike. Early in 1894 a great strike was declared by the American Railway Union, through its president, Eugene V. Debs, against the Pullman Sleeping Car Company. The trouble originated between the Pullman Car Company of Pullman, Illi- nois, and its employees. The grievance of the labor- ing men at Pullman was taken up by the American Railway Union, and an attempt was made to force all railroad companies to refuse to draw Pullman cars, but the railroad companies had contracts with the Pullman Company which they could not set aside. The strike was then waged against the railroad com- panies carrying these cars. In Chicago the strikers attempted to stop the running of all trains, and the strike extended rapidly to other cities and neighbor- hoods. The endeavors of the railroad companies to run their trains were resisted. Collisions occurred in HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 269 which cars were overturned, wrecked, or burned. The evil extended to the government itself. The United States mail cars would not have been attacked by the strikers, but the railroad companies refused to move their trains with nothing but mail cars attached. They insisted on their right to carry any kind of cars, arranged as they pleased, and would assume no responsibility for the actions of Mr. Pullman in deal- ing with his employees. The strikers tried to cut off the Pullman coaches, which are generally placed at the rear end of trains; thereupon the railroads put the mail cars last. The militia of various states was called out by the governors to protect the railroads and the traveling public. Mr. Debs then tried to call a strike of all the working people of the country against the railroads, but failed in this attempt. Men everywhere saw the injustice of punishing the railroads in general for Mr. Pullman's offenses. The excitement was intense, and many lives were lost in the collisions. The interference with the mails at Chicago and San Francisco justified a proclamation from President Cleveland commanding the strikers to disperse. A regiment of United States regulars went to Chicago, and Gen. Miles was ordered to make that place his headquarters. This decisive action on the part of the President had its effect. The strikers ulti- mately agreed that the fight against the railroad com- panies was not just, and the strike was declared off. The trouble extended to Arkansas, and the employees of many of the roads joined the strike. Efforts to stop trains were made at several points, and the sheriffs were compelled to call on the governor 270 HISTORY OF ARKAXSAS. for aid. During the excitement the interstate drill of crack militia companies occurred at Little Rock. Thousands of people were in attendance and the threatening language of the strikers led many to believe that trains would not be permitted to run, and that they would be held for an unlimited time in the city. The visiting companies from other states offered their services to the governor, but they were all declined. The governor ordered out several com- panies of the state militia and order was restored. 231. The World's Columbian Exposition. This great exposition in honor of the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America by Columbus, opened at Chicago on the first day of May, 1893. It was a memorable event, the greatest of all the world's great exposi- tions. Nations the world over lent their aid to make it a success. Civilized and uncivilized peoples united to honor America, and to show the growth of science, art, invention, agriculture, manufacture, and educa- tion, during 400 years. It was a grand blending of peoples, religions, and thought. It lasted six months and was visited by millions of people. The entire cost of the exhibition was over $60,000,000. These great educational exhibitions began with the London National Exposition in 1761. This was confined to the people of England, and no "foreign spies" were permitted to make copies of the mechani- cal exhibits. France followed in 1798, and again in 1801. The animus of these French exhibitions was the invention of machines that should interfere with England's trade. The French energy was tremendous, and before 1849 France had given the world eight national exhibitions. Austria had a national expo- HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 271 sition in 1820, another in 1835, and still another in 1849. Germany held three great expositions, one in 1822, one in 1827, and one in 1844. These great competitive displays gave England, France, Austria, and Germany the lead in the arts and manufactures. The expositions alone made Berlin the center of German art and German industry. National exhibitions were frequently held at Dresden, Berne, Zurich, Lausanne, Brussels, Ghent, Moscow, St. Peters- burg, Warsaw, Lisbon, and Madrid. Each of them had a marked influence on development. The annual exposition at Nijni Novgorod in Russia joined Russia and Asia into a fraternal and commercial unity. But national expositions soon went out of fashion. Their scope was too narrow. International expositions were to take their place. For ten years England pre- pared for the first great international exposition, and gained the world's applause at its opening in 1851. It covered 1,000,000 square feet. The main building has gone into history as the famous "Crystal Palace." The United States made a very poor display, the only piece of American art which attracted attention being Power's " Greek Slave." The international exposi- tions which followed were those of Dublin, 1853; New York, 1853; Paris, 1855; London, 1862; Paris, 1867 (one of the greatest expositions ever attempted and successfully carried out); Vienna, 1873; Philadelphia, 1876; Paris, 1878 and 1889 (the latter the costliest, most elaborate, and most successful of all that had been attempted). It was left for America to exceed them all. The World's Fair was the triumph of exposition genius. On Chicago Day 716,881 persons passed through the 272 HIS TOR Y OF A RKA N SA S. turnstiles. Daring the month of October more than 6,000,000 people visited the fair, and during the exposition 21,479,661, or an average of 120,000 a day. The receipts were over $50,000,000. The Liberal Arts building cost $1,727,431. It was 1,687 feet or nearly one third of a mile long, and 757 feet or nearly one fifth of a mile wide, covering therefore thirty acres of ground, and its inside height was 200 feet. The iron trusses supporting the roof were the greatest ever con- structed. All inside of this was one room, the largest unincumbered court ever made. Machinery Hall cost $1,175,897; the Art Gallery, $737,811; the Agricultural Building, $638,675; Transportation Building, $483,183; Administration Building, $463,213; Electric Building, $423,530; Mines Building, $260,530; Fisheries Build- ing, $217,672; the Music Hall, Casino, and Peristyle, $366,253. In addition to these vast buildings for the general display of the products of the world, were the separate buildings of England, France, Germany, Brazil, New South Wales, and thirty-six state build- ings, among which was our own. The design of the Arkansas building followed classic models, and was of the French Rococo style of archi- tecture. Its ground area was sixty-six by ninety-two feet. In the center of the rotunda was a fountain of Hot Springs crystals lighted by electricity. The women of Arkansas vied with each other in making this spot worthy of the state, and their success was complete. It was in this building that Miss Fannie Scott endeared herself to all visitors, both from Arkansas and from abroad. For the first time in the history of the v/orld the women were represented by their own commission and in their own building. The HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 273 national commission appointed Mrs. J. P. Eagle and Mrs. R. A. Edgerton members of the board of lady managers for Arkansas, and Mrs. J. H. Rogers ^ and Mrs. W. B. Empie, alternates. The women of Arkan- sas worked zealously before the legislature made the appropriation to have the state represented, and to them is due the credit of the building and of the general exhibit. The jury of awards numbered over seven hundred, and women were for the first time recognized as jurors. In the Department of Agriculture, Arkansas was given two of the jurors, and in the Department of Liberal Arts, two, one of them being Miss Ida Joe Brooks. The exhibit was the greatest ever made by the state, and that of the Department of Education was particu- larly notable. The schools of the state contributed exhibits of class-room work, and the school officials sent photographs of buildings and classes. Fifty-eight schools exhibited class work in bound volumes. The Little Rock and Hot Springs schools sent 1,200 speci- mens of map drawing. Eight hundred large photo- graphs of Arkansas schools decorated the walls. In all there were over 300 bound volumes and more than 2,000 wall specimens. Forty-two awards were granted to the educational department, of which thirty-nine were for the schools. In the Horticultural Department seven awards were given to counties for apples, and in the Agricultural Department three for cotton. Thus while the United States took first rank among the nations of the earth as an exposition manager, our own state carried away its full share of the honors. I. Mrs. Rogers declined the appointment and Mrs. W. C. Ratclifife was ap- pointed in her place. HIST. OF ARK. — l8 274 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 232. The Elections, At the general election in Sep- tember, 1894, the nominee of the Democratic party- was J. P. Clarke; of the Republican party, H. L. Remmel, and of the People's party, D. E. Barker. The total vote cast was 126,986. Clarke received 74,809; Remmel, 26,085, and Barker, 24,541. In November, the following congressmen were elected: P. D. McCullough, Jr., ist district; J. S. Little, 2d; T. C. McRae, 3d; W. L. Terry, 4th; H. A. Dinsmore, 5th; and Robert Neill, 6th. CHAPTER XXXIII. JAMES P. Clarke's adaiinistration, 1895-1897. 233. The Personnel. 240. Banks and Banking. 234. The Constitutional Amend- 241. The Corbett-Fitzsimmons ments. Fight. 235. Temperance Laws, 242. The Southern Educational 236. The State Debt. Association. 237. The Normal Institutes. 243. Growth of Colleges. 238. The Piedmont Exposition. 244. The Public Schools. 239. The Morrill Fund. 245. Newspapers. 246. The Elections. 233. The Personnel James Paul Clarke was born in Mississippi, August 18, 1854. He came to Arkansas in 1879 and settled at Helena, which has been his home ever since, except for a short residence at Ozark. He was elected to represent Phillips county in the lower house in 1887, and was sent to the state Senate in 1889. At the second session of that body he was appointed president of the Senate, and in 1893 he was elected attorney-general. In 1894 he was elected gov- HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 21S ernor. After serving one term he refused to run for that position again, but resumed the practice of law at Little Rock. His fellow associates were: H. B. Armi- stead, secretary of state; C. B. Mills, auditor; Ransom Gulley, treasurer; E. B. Kinsworthy, attorney-general; J. F. Ritchie, land commissioner; W. G. Vincenheller, com- missioner of mines, manufactures, and agriculture, and Junius Jordan, sup- erintendent of public instruction. / 234. Constitutional Amendments. Two /• amendments were suggested by the legislature of 1895: 1. An amendment authorizing the gov- ^^^'/|/| ernor to fill vacan- ' 'f cies occurring in any james p. clarke. state, district, county, or township office. The ex- pense of special elections to fill vacancies had become so burdensome that an extension of the appointing power was proposed and submitted to the people. The vote for this amendment was 43,426, and against it, 40,207. It was therefore adopted, and is known as amendment No. 3 to the constitution of the state. 2. An amendment, authorizing the levy by counties of a " county internal improvement tax for making and repairing roads, building courthouses, jails. 276 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. bridges, and other internal improvements. The vote for this amendment was 32,774, and against it, 51,426, so that it was lost. This was a much-needed measure and its failure was a great disappointment to those who favored it. Good roads are the sign of a high civilization, and the only way to secure them is by a system of taxation. 235. Temperance Laws. Before the war Arkansas adopted a system of prohibition on liquors known as the "Three Mile Law." It prohibited the sale of intoxicating liquors within a radius of three miles of certain named school houses. A very large number of these prohibition districts have been made and the area covered by them is more than one fifth of the state. A second prohibitory measure was the " Woman's Petition Law." By its provisions a major- ity of the adults of any township, male and female, were authorized to petition the county judge not to grant saloon licenses in any township, which petition was binding upon the judge. A third prohibitory measure was the " Local Option " vote by counties at each general election. The vote in each county deter- mines whether or not intoxicating liquors may be sold. At the election in 1894 forty-two counties voted against the sale of whiskey within their limits. The total vote in the state was 54,490 for license, and 56,978 against it. The action of the state in the work of temperance has always been encouraging. 236. The State Debt. Through the efforts of Thomas C. McRae, Congress authorized the secretary of the treasury and the secretary of the interior to make a settlement and compromise with the state of Arkan- sas. The legislature ia turn authorized the governor HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. i^i to meet the authorities designated by the government and to settle and compromise the claims named in the law. On the 23d day of February, 1895, John G. Car- lisle, secretary of the treasury, Hoke Smith, secretary of the interior, and James P. Clarke, governor of Arkansas, entered into an agreement in the nature of a compromise as follows: The United States agreed to surrender to the state of Arkansas bonds issued by the state to the Smith- sonian fund, and now owned by the United States, and amounting, principal and interest, to $1,61 1,803.61. The United States agreed also to allow as a credit upon said amount for land and money due the state under the authority of many laws of Congress, the sum of $1,451,231.61. This left a balance due the United States of $160,572, which the state agreed to pay as follows: $572 within thirty days after ratifi- cation, and $160,000 in bonds to be redeemed and paid in full by the state at their maturity, Jan. i, 1900. If this agreement is ratified by Congress, the debt of the state will be very materially reduced. This debt com- pared with our resources is but a trifle, but the policy of leaving its interest unprovided for is injurious to the credit and to every interest of the state. 237. The Normal Institutes. The additional appro- priation made by the legislature of 1895 for the estab- lishment of county institutes in every county gave the normal method of training teachers a great impetus. The superintendent of public instruction, Prof. Junius Jordan, prepared an excellent schedule for institute work in 1895, and nearly five thousand teachers attended for the full session of one month. Schools were opened for both negroes and white teachers, and 27S HIS TOR V OF A RKA XSA S. the enthusiasm with which they were attended shows that they met with the popular favor. Any law that tends to improve the teaching in the public schools is sure to be beneficial to the state. ^ 238, The Piedmont Exposition, The citizens of Atlanta began in 1894 to prepare for an exposition at that city. They worked diligently, and on September 18, 1895, opened the Piedmont Exposition, which, in the beauty of its buildings, ranked second only to the World's Fair, among American expositions. The legislature of Arkansas made an appropriation for an exhibit, and committed its display and arrangement to the commis- sioner of mines, manufactures, and agriculture. The exhibit of apples was unusually large and secured an award. A very fine educational exhibit was also made by the superintendent of public instruction. The awards given to Arkansas at the various Ameri- can expositions during the last twenty years are an evi- dence of the industry, energy, and progressive activity of her citizens. The influence of expositions is ines- timable. They bring new ideas into the state, and change the opinions of non-residents concerning our people. The population has been trebled since 1870, and the wealth nearly quadrupled. Every expo- sition unites us in thought and sentiment with the progressive spirit of the age, and enables us to form juster estimates of our standing in the world. The desire of the state is that its youth shall be roused by these competitive displays to exercise to the utmost limit their skill, inventive genius, and artistic power. I. The legislature of 1857 made the attendance of teachers upon the County- Normal Institutes compulsory, under penalty of forfeiture of license. The sessions of 1897 were attended by nearly all the teachers of the state. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS 279 239. The Morrill Fund. In 1890 Congress applied a further portion of the proceeds of the public lands to the support of the colleges established under the Land Grant Act of 1862. The law provided that each state should receive from the United States a sum of money which should be increased by $1,000 per annum for a number of years, to be equitably divided between the races in the state. On April 9, 1891, the legislature accepted the provisions of the law and divided it as follows: eight elevenths of each annual appropriation to the Arkansas Industrial University, and three elevenths to the Branch Normal College at Pine Bluff. The receipts from this fund, called, after the congress- man who prepared the law, the Morrill fund, have been as follows: in 1890 two appropriations, respect- ively$i5,ooo and $16,000; 1891, $17,000; 1892, $18,000; 1893, $19,000; 1894, $20,000; and 1895, $21,000. These munificent gifts have enabled both these insti- tutions to do better work for the students of the state. 240. Banks and Banking Institutions. The formation of local banks began in 1885. Almost every county seat organized a bank, with a legitimate paid-up capital, to facilitate exchanges and meet business demands. About ninety of these institutions have been char- tered, with a total capital of about $10,000,000. Their management has been conservative, so that dur- ing the money stringency of 1893 none of them were forced to suspend. Only one bank has been forced to close its doors since the war. The First National Bank of Little Rock, because of speculation and mis- management, fell into the hands of a receiver. Many hundreds of small manufacturing establishments have been incorporated. Every part of the state is begin- 2 So HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. ning to feel the importance of these as factors of development, and every town seeks to have them established in its vicinity. The age of capital has fairly begun. 241. The Corbett-Fitzsimmons Fight. The year 1895 will long be remembered for the effort made by Cor- bett and Fitzsimmons, two noted pugilists, to arrange for a prize fight at Hot Springs. They had advertised a fight at Dallas, Texas, but Gov. Culbertson inter- fered by calling a special session of the legislature, which passed a law making it a felony to engage in a prize fight in Texas. Then they started for Hot Springs, Arkansas, but here again the governor opposed the fight. Corbett was arrested, but was released by the chancery court of Hot Springs. The case was then taken to the supreme court of the state, and reversed. Notwithstanding this the pugilists per- sisted and arrangements were made for the fight in October. A company of militia was held in readiness and the courts were called upon to enforce the laws. Fitzsimmons was arrested in Miller county, as he entered the state, and taken to Little Rock. Corbett was also taken to that city, where Chancellor Martin granted a temporary restraining order. This enjoined the pugilists and their friends from engaging in the fight, and subjected them to punishment for contempt of court, in case of violation of its order. The judge warned them that the punishment would be an incarceration in jail, for no insignificant period of time. He further told them that they could remain in Arkansas as long as they pleased, but that they must obey the laws. This settled the matter; both pugilists left the state, and the excitement subsided. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 281 242. The Southern Educational Association. This body, composed of the leading educators of the Southern states met at Hot Springs on Dec. 31, 1895, and remained in session three days. It was a notable gath- ering of nearly six hundred teachers. The national commissioner of education, Hon. W. T. Harris, the president of the National Educational Association, Mr. Daugherty, and six state superintendents viz., from Arkansas, Missouri, Texas, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida, were in attendance. City and county super- intendents from all over the south made it a represen- tative educational meeting. The Association passed a resolution calling on Congress to give to all states that had received but one section of land for common school purposes, another section, to equalize them with those that had received two. Should this resolution meet with success, the permanent school fund of Arkan- sas will be increased by more than two millions of dol- lars, and the authorities will be able nearly to double the terms of the public schools. Such measures are worthy of the attention of every community in the land. 243, Growth of Colleges. In addition to the work of the state in establishing the Arkansas Industrial Uni- versity and the Branch Normal College at Pine Bluff, much has been done for the higher education of the state by religious institutions and by individuals. In 1875 the Presbyterian church established Arkansas College at Batesville. In the same year Rev. I. L. Burrow established Central Collegiate Institute at Altus. In 1886 the Baptists opened Ouachita College at Arkadelphia. In 1889 Galloway Female College was opened by the Methodist Church South at Searcy. 282 HISTORY OF ARfCA.VSAS. In the same year the name of the Altus Collegiate Col- lege was changed to Hendrix College, and m 1890 it was moved to its present location at Conway. The Methodists then established the Arkadelphia College at Arkadelphia, and Searcy College was opened at Searcy. Soon after this the Baptists opened the Cen- tral Baptist College at Conway, and the Cumberland Presbyterians established the Arkansas Cumberland College at Clarksville. Other institutions w^ere estab- lished at Quitman, Altus, Pea Ridge, Ozark, Mt. Home, and Hope. The Philander Smith College at Little Rock has been opened for many years to the negro race. These religious institutions have invested several hundred thousand dollars in the buildings and the equipments of these colleges, and have at all times given them a generous support. 244. The Public Schools. Schools for the people are established in every part of the state. In a free countr)'-, where every man is a voter and a maker of the laws, it is necessary that there should be schools, that he may grow to be intelligent and virtuous. The constitution requires that free public schools shall forever be kept open for the children of the state. In 1894 $1,339,411.16 was expended upon public edu- cation, or a sum equivalent to a levy of 7.6 mills on the total assessed valuation of all the property in the state. This placed Arkansas ahead of all the Southern states in the percentage of money expended for educational purposes. There were 436,335 chil- dren enumerated in that year, of which 285,159 were in school. There were 6,286 teachers, and school houses valued at $1,709,086. These are the schools for the people, and each year has added worth HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 283 and power to their work. They are the support and strength of free institutions and should be loved and fostered by all Americans. 245. Newspapers. In 1872 the Arkansas Press Asso- ciation was formed. There were fifty-six newspapers published in the state at that time. In 1886 there were 164, of which ten were dailies, 147 weeklies, two semi-weeklies, and five monthlies. The combined weekly circulation was 178,988 copies, or 7,544,669 for the year. This was equivalent to one paper each week for every five inhabitants, or one for every voter. The average life of the newspaper is about two years, but the death of one marks the birth of another. Each year shows an increase in the number of '■'papers, and an improvement in their editorial make-up. The editors of the state are among its most progressive citizens. Through their aid the world's progress becomes known to all, and increased effort is stimulated on the part of the humblest citizen. The three greatest levers of civilization are the school, the railroad, and the newspaper. 246. The Elections. At the general election in Sep- tember, 1896, the nominee of the Democratic party was elected. The Democratic canvass for governor was very exciting. The candidates were J. H. Harrod and D. W. Jones, both of Little Rock. D. W. Jones received the nomination. The Republicans nomi- nated H. L. Remmel, who was for the second time defeated. The national election in the succeeding November was one of the most interesting the country has ever witnessed. The Democratic convention at Chicago nominated William J. Bryan of Nebraska, upon a free 284 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. silver platform. The Republicans at St. Louis nomi- nated William McKinley of Ohio, upon a gold plat- form. The issue was almost entirely upon the question whether the unit of value in the United States should be of a single or of a double standard. Mr. Bryan made a remarkable canvass, speaking daily, for months, in every part of the country to immense audiences, but he was defeated at the polls. One of the most prominent men in the national Con- gress at this time was Senator J. K. Jones of Arkansas. When the Wilson bill was before that body, and it appeared doomed to failure. Senator Jones success- fully undertook the difficult task of mediation. Acting as did Clay before him, in the interests of the whole country, he secured the passage of a series of amend- ments to the Wilson bill which insured its approval by the Senate, and ended a discussion which had threat- ened the defeat of the bill. This gave him a promi- nent position, not only in the eyes of his associates in the Senate, but in the estimation of the party at large. After the nomination of Bryan for the presidency, the convention, by an enthusiastic vote, elected Senator Jones chairman of the national Democratic committee. This was an honor to the man and to his state. His efficiency for leadership was displayed in the contest that followed. His defeat was regretted by the Democrats of Arkansas, but they were justly proud of the distinguished serv- ices he had rendered the nation at large. At the session of the legislature which followed, he was reelected to a seat in the Senate of the United States. His term will expire in 1903, and at that time he will have held the office for a longer period than any man HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 285 from Arkansas, unless Senator Berry should be re- elected in 1901. The congressmen elected in 1896 were T. C. McRae, P. D. McCullough, W. L. Terry, J. S. Little, H. A. Dinsmore, and Brundige, all members of the Demo- cratic party. CHAPTER XXXIV. DANIEL W. JONES' ADMINISTRATION, 1897 247. The Personnel. 249. The Great Flood. 248. The Legislature. 250. The Fort Smith Tornado. 247. Personnel. Daniel W. Jones was born in Texas in 1839. In his boyhood his father removed to Wash- ington, Hempstead county, where Daniel received his education. He entered the Confederate army in 1861 and was active in an engagement at Oak Hills. After this he recruited a company in the 20th Arkansas, of which he was made captain. He received the appoint- ment of colonel at Corinth, and was noted for gal- lantry throughout the war. In 1874 he was elected prosecuting attorney of his district, and in 1876 and 1880 was selected as elector on the national ticket. In 1884 he was elected attor ney-general of the state, and was reelected in 1886. While acting in this capacity, he pressed the suit of the state against the Iron Mountain Railroad Company for back taxes, and won in both state and national courts. He retired to the practice of law in 1888, until he was elected governor in 1896. 286 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. His fellow state officers elected at this time were: A. C. Hull, secretary of state; Clay Sloan, auditor; Ransom Gulley, treasurer; E. B. Kinsworthy, attor- ney-general; J. F. Ritchie, land commissioner; W. G. Vincenheller, commissioner of mines, manufactures, and agriculture; and Junius Jordan, superintendent of public instruction. The terms of H. G. Bunn, chief justice, and Simon P. Hughes, associate justice of the supreme court expiring, they were reelected (Septem- ber, 1896). 248. Legislature. The regular session of the legisla- ture met in January, 1897, and at the end of sixty days adjourned without passing the appropriation bills for the current expenses of the state government. Gov- ernor Jones issued a call in April for a special session to convene in May. This body, after passing the ap- propriation bills, enacted laws upon other questions named by the governor in his proclamation. The most important of these was the "Smith rail- road bill." By the provisions of this law the state gave one thousand acres of its forfeited lands to the Springfield, Little Rock, and Gulf Railroad Company for every mile of railroad the company should build within the state. This was done w4th a view to increasing the railroad mileage. Other important laws were the " Bush Bill," which authorized the use of convicts upon railroads to be built upon state account; and the law levying a tax of one fourth of a mill on all property of the state, to pay the interest on the "Permanent School" and the " i6th Section " funds. 249. The Great Flood. One of the greatest floods ever known in the state was the overflow of the Mississippi HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 287 river in April, 1897. Eastern Arkansas was almost entirely submerged, and there was great damage to property. The whole Mississippi valley was inun- dated. Relief societies were organized throughout the state and country to provide sustenance for the poorer classes that had been driven from their homes. Congress appropriated $100,000 for this purpose, besides sending boats and crews to the scene of danger. The levees broke above and below Helena, and the town of Marion was entirely submerged. Osceola and Helena were submerged in part. The railroads leading into Memphis were all washed away excepting the Iron Mountain Railroad. The Little Rock and Memphis Railroad used the track of the Iron Mountain Road from Forrest City to Memphis, as did the Kansas City, Springfield, and Memphis Railroad from Jonesboro. The flood subsided in the early part of May, in time for the farmers to plant their crops. 250 The Fort Smith Tornado. On the night of Janu- ary II, 1898, a tornado far more disastrous than any ever before experienced in the state passed over Fort Smith, destroying a million dollars worth of property and killing about fifty persons. A large number of people were left homeless and many were seriously maimed and injured by the violence of the storm. The disaster awakened widespread public sympathy and speedy relief was rendered to the many sufferers by their more fortunate neighbors and fellow citizens. We have now studied the history of Arkansas from its discovery in 1541 to the beginning of the year 1898. We have seen the country in the possession of the 288 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. Indians, the French, the Spaniards, and the Ameri- cans. We have followed its growth through its terri- torial and state development to the present time. It is a history of privation, industry, and enterprise. It shows the great struggles and the victories of the past, and it is hoped that it will prepare us for greater struggles and victories yet to come. Recapitulation and Review. Harris Flannigan. Isaac Murphy. Powell Clayton. Ozra Hadley. Elisha Baxter. Augustus H. Garland. William H. Miller. Thomas J. Churchill. James H. Berry. Simon P. Hughes. James P. Eagle. William M. Fishback. James P. Clarke. Under what constitutions did each serve ? What party did each belong to? Write a connected story with- out subdivisions embracing the matter of each chapter. Write a story of the period from i860 to 1864. From 1864 to 1868. From 1868 to 1874. From 1874 to the present time. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 289 COUNTY QUESTIONS. When was each county formed ? What was its first county seat ? How many changes have been made in the county seat ? Where was the first settlement ? Name some of the early settlers. What is the oldest town in your county? Name all the towns. What is the population of your county ? Its wealth ? How many railroads has it? Mileage of railroads? Mileage of turnpikes? Name the present county officers. How many schools are there ? How many colleges ? Name the leading men in your county. Were any battles ever fought in your county ? Name them. What is the area of the county ? What part of it is in cultivation ? What are its chief productions ? What is the money value of each ? RECREATIONS. When was the first newspaper started and what was it ? What was the first railroad? The first telegraph? The first incorporated town? When was the first free book law passed ? What was the name of the first steamboat on the Mississippi? What was the name of the first steamboat to reach Little Rock? What was the first name given to Little Rock? When was the first free school law based upon taxa- tion passed? When was the first law passed giving negroes the right to attend school? HIST, OF ARK. — I9 290 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. When did negroes obtain the legal right to vote? What was Governor Izard's idea about the word Arkansas? What telegram did Gen. Churchill receive at Arkan- sas Post? What governor resigned because his salary was too small? Who desired to convert his dwelling house into a statehouse? Who was the "gentleman from Arkansas?" The " gentleman from Arkansaw ? " Where did Governor Eagle cash the "direct tax" check? What legislator rode on horseback from Arkansas Post to St. Louis? What governor was born in Arkansas ? How many governors have been United States senators ? What governor went to college after he was thirty years of age ? Which governors were surveyors ? Which governor had the most learning? Which state has given Arkansas the greatest number of governors ? Which governor said, " I'll try, sir." What governors served two terms ? QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. In how many ways has the name Arkansas been spelled? What is the ordinary pronunciation ? The proper pronunciation ? How many counties are there in Arkansas ? How were their names derived ? What HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 291 authoritative books have been written on De Soto's expedition ? Describe his route in Arkansas. Name the French governors. The Spanish governors. The territorial governors. The state governors. When did the United States acquire title to Louisiana ? When did it acquire possession ? What was the first division made in this territory ? The second ? When was the territory of Arkansas formed ? How many counties were formed while Arkansas was a part of Missouri? How many were formed from 1819 to 1836? Tell all you know of Arkansas Post. Give the biography of Gen. Wilkinson. Of Meri- wether Lewis. Of William Clark. Who was Saracen ? Benjamin A. Howard ? Tell about John Law. Where was Ft. St. Francis ? Aquixo ? Casqui ? Pacaha ? Quigate ? Coligoa? Cayas ? Autiamque ? Tula ? Describe the Pacaha village. Describe Indian life. Indian art. What field crops did the Indians raise ? Who was Bienville ? Carondelet ? Tell about the French republic at the mouth of the Mississippi. Tell about O'Reilly. How was the Natchez tribe exterminated ? What do you know about the Chickasaws ? The Quapaws ? The Osages ? What does Ugaqpa mean ? What does Omaha mean ? Tell the story of the separation of the Omahas from the Quapaws. Who was Marquette ? La Salle ? De Tonti ? Jou- telle ? Tell the story of Joutelle's approach to Arkan- sas Post. When was the post founded ? Where was Camp Esperance ? Tell about the Catholic mission. The expedition of La Harpe. Of Dunbar. Of Pike. Of Nutall. Is Akansa a Quapaw name ? Where was Mitchegamea ? Chipoutea ? Describe the Indian 2g2 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. method of making salt. How is Hot Springs identi- fied in De Soto's travels ? Where were the Indian arrowheads made ? Name the Spanish commandants at the Post. At Camp Esperance. Name the two oldest European settlers of Arkansas. Give some existing proofs of French occupancy. Where was Ft. Assumption ? What do you know of the Spanish grants ? Where were the Caddos located ? Where is Dardani ? What town in southwestern Ar- kansas was started by La Harpe ? Who was Galvez ? What American judge resided at Arkansas Post in 1814 ? What was Aaron Burr's scheme ? Name the towns in Upper Louisiana in 1806. Where was New Madrid ? Little Prairie ? Tell about the Osage treaty. The Cherokee treaty. The Quapaw treaty. Where did De Soto cross ? Was he ever in northwestern Ar- kansas ? Who was Miro ? Ulloa ? Crozat ? Where did De Soto winter in Arkansas ? What was the first county seat of Lawrence county ? Of Hempstead county ? What do you know of the mounds in Arkan- sas ? Of the novaculite quarries ? What was the treaty of St. Ildefonso ? When was Missouri territory organized ? Arkansaw territory ? Where was the first capital ? When was it moved to Little Rock ? Describe early Little Rock. Name some of the pioneers. Describe their life. Who was the first territorial governor ? The last ? What secretary acted as governor ? Who was Ben Johnson ? Chester Ashley ? A. H. Sevier ? Tell about Miller's arrival. About Old Dwight. About Washburn. Where did the first legislature meet ? What did it do ? Tell the story of Ralph Izard. Tell about John Pope. About Fulton. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 293 How was the statehouse built ? When was the first constitutional convention called ? What did it do ? What was the population of Arkansas at that time -^ What objections did Congress raise ? W^hat was the result ? W^hen was Arkansas admitted into the Union? W^hat did the conventions do in 1836 ? Who were the candidates ? Who was elected governor ? What other state officers were elected ? What were the State and Real Estate banks ? How did the state help them ? What were the " Holford bonds ? " Name the state governors up to i860. How many constitutions has the state had ? When was each adopted ? What are their names ? What was the convention of 1861 ? What was it called ? What did it do ? Name the Confederate generals from Arkansas. Tell about the battle of Pea Ridge. Of Prairie Grove Of Arkansas Post. Of Helena. Tell all you know about the follow^ing men: Gen. Hardee; Gen. Curtis; Gen. Steele; Gen. Holmes; Gen. Hindman; Gen. McCuUough; Gen. Mcintosh; Sterling Price. Tell about Jenkin's Ferry. About Mark's Mill. Describe other battles and skirmishes. What became of the slaves ? Where was Gov. Yell killed ? Tell about Gen. Wood. What were the causes of the Mexican war ? The Confederate States war ? The Brooks- Baxter war ? Tell about the Mexican war. Who was Albert Pike ? Elias N. Conway ? Robert W^ Johnson ? W^hat did Governor Rector write to Cameron ? What was the Murphy government ? How long did it last ? W^hat did it do ? What government succeeded it ? Who was governor in 1868 ? Who succeeded him ? Name 294. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. all the state governors. Give the principal events of each administration. Name the state charitable institutions. The state colleges. The private colleges. Tell about the convict lease system. The Agricultural Bureau. The different expositions. The World's Fair. The Morrill fund. The i6th section. The state debt. The Fish- back amendment. The railroad aid and levee bonds. The agricultural experiment stations. The public schools. Temperance. How many constitutional amendments have been adopted? What are they ? Which one was voted down ? Who are the present state officers ? The congressional delegation ? What is the present state valuation ? Write a short biog- raphy of any governor. APPENDIX. 296 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. TABLE SHOWING ARKANSAS REGIMENTS IN THE CONFEDERATE SERVICE.^ Name of Regiment. Colonel. Partial List of Battles. First Arkansas Infantry. James F. Fagan, Missionary Ridge, Frank- Confederate. J. W. Colquitt. Hn, Nashville, and others. Manassas, Shiloh, Chick- amauga, Murfreesboro, Chattanooga. First Arkansas Infantry, P. R. Cleburne, Johnson's Battles, Frank- State, afterwards 15th Col. Patton. lin, Nashville, Shiloh, Ark. Confederate. Richmond, Murfrees- boro, Chickamauga, and others. First Arkansas Mounted T. J. Churchill, D. H. Reynolds, Oak Hill, Murfreesboro, Rifles. Chickamauga, Franklin, R. W. Harper. Nashville, Bentonville, N. C, and others. Second Arkansas Infan- T. C. Hindman, Richmond, Perry ville, Mur- try. Confederate. D. C. Govan. freesboro, Chickamauga, and others. Part of Hindman's Legion. Pea Ridge, Oak Hill, Chick- Second Arkansas James Mcintosh, Mounted Rifles. Harris Flanagin, amauga, Franklin, and J. A. Williamson, J. T. Smith, others. James P. Eagle. W. F. Slemmons. Second Arkansas Cav- Boonville, luka, Poison alry. Spring, Pilot Knob, and others. Second Arkansas Bat- Bart Jones. Consolidated with the i8th talion. and 23d. luka, Corinth, Fort Pillow, where it was surrendered. Third Arkansas Infantry. Albert Rust, Chickamauga, Wilderness, Confederate. Van Manning. Cold Harbor, Petersburg, White Oak Swamp, Mal- vern, Sharpsburg, Fred- ericksburg, Gettysburg. Second Arkansas Infan- John R. Gratiot. Oak Hills. Disbanded in try. Gratiot's Reg't. 1861 and reenlisted in other commands. Third Confederate In- John S. Marmaduke, Part of Hindman's Legion. fantry. Cameron, Bragg's Kentucky Ex- Capt. T. W. Newton. pedition, Shiloh. Third Regiment Arkan- De Rosey Carroll. Oak Hill, Mustered out in sas Infantry: 1861 and reenlisted. Third Arkansas Cavalry. Solon Borland, Corinth, luka, Forrest's Gee, Campaign, and others. Earle, Benjamin F. Danley. Third Arkansas Infantry, David Walker. Oak Hill, Campaigns in State. Arkansas. I These tables are not absolutely correct, the records having been lost. Any suggestions for the correction of future editions will be gratefully received by the author. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 297 TABLE SHOWING ARKANSAS REGIMENTS IN THE CONFEDERATE SERVICE. — Continued. Name of Regiment. Fourth Arkansas Infan- try. Confederate. Fourth Arkansas talion. Bat Fourth Arkansas State. Fifth Arkansas State. Fifth Cavalry. Fifth Arkansas Battalion. Sixth Arkansas Infantry, Seventh Arkansas Infan- try. Eighth Arkansas Infan- try. Ninth Arkansas Infantry. Tenth Arkansas Infantry. Eleventh Arkansas In- faatry. Twelfth Arkansas Infan- try. Thirteenth Arkansas In- fantry. Fourteenth Arkansas In fantry. Fifteenth Arkansas In- fantry. Colonel. Evander McNair, H. G. Bunn. Francis A. Terry. Thomas P. Dockery. David C. Cross, L. Featherston, John E. Murrey, Howell. R. C. Newton. Frank W. Desha. Richard Lyons, A. T. Hawthorne, Sam'l G. Smith. R. G. Shaver, D. H. Gillespie, Peter Snyder. William K. Patterson, John H. Kelley, G. F. Baucum. John M. Bradley, S. J. Mason, Isaac Dunlop. T. D. Merrick, A. R. Witt. Jabez M. Smith, John L. Logan. E. W. Gantt, T. J. Reid. J. C. Tappan, J. A. McNeely. M. C. Mitchell, Pleasant Fowler. James Gee, Ben. W. Johnson. Partial List of Battles. New Hope, Atlanta, Frank- lin, Nashville, and others. Elkhorn, Murfreesboro, Jackson, Chickamauga, Reseca. Columbus, Island No. 10, Murfreesboro, Corinth, Consolidated with 4th Arkansas. Disbanded and reenlisted in other commands, (igth Arkansas). Perryville, Murfreesboro, Franklin, Nashville, and others. Campaigns in and Missouri. Arkansas Murfreesboro, Franklin, Nashville. Consolidated with 7th Ark. Columbus, Shiloh, Corinth, Tupelo, Chickamauga and others, Shiloh, Perryville, Murfrees- boro, Chickamauga, Mis- sionary Ridge, called the "Bloody Seventh." In every battle of the Army of Tennessee. Shiloh, Bragg's Campaign, Chickamauga, Mission- ary Ridge, Johnson's bat- tles, Atlanta, and others. Shiloh, Corinth, Johnson's campaign, Atlanta, Nash- ville. The Parsons' Reg- iment; it had 42 Methodist preachers. Belmont, Shiloh, Port Hud- son, Price's campaign. Port Hudson, Ft. Pillow, luka. Island No. 10, con- solidated with the 17th Ark. Ft. Donelson,Port Hudson. Sent to Johnson's Island. Belmont, Shiloh, Perryville, Murfreesboro, Chicka- mauga. Oak Hill, Elkhorn, cam- paining in Arkansas. Columbus, Ft. Henry, Ft. Donelson, Port Hudson. 2g8 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. TABLE SHOWING ARKANSAS REGIMENTS IN THE CONFEDERATE SERVICE. — Continued. Name of Regiment. Sixteenth Arkansas In- fantry. Seventeenth Arkansas In- fantry, S. W. Williams' Regiment. Seventeenth Arkansas In- fantry. Eighteenth Arkansas In- fantry. Nineteenth Arkansas In- fantry. Nineteenth Arkansas In- fantry. Twentieth Arkansas In- fantry. Twenty-first Arkansas Infantry. Twenty-first Arkansas Infantry. Twenty-second Arkansas Infantry. Twenty-third Arkansas Infantry. Twenty-fourth Arkansas Infantry. Twenty-fifth Infantry. Twenty-sixth Infantry. Arkansas Arkansas Twenty-seventh Arkan- sas Infantry. Twenty-eighth Arkansas Infantry. Twenty-ninth Infantry. Arkansas Colonel. John F. Hill, David Province. G. W. LeMoyne, Jordan E. Cravens. Frank Rector, John Griffith. D. W. Carroll, J. J. Daly, W. N. Parrish, Robt. H. Crockett. C. L. Dawson, A. S. Hutcheson. H. P. Smead, W. S. Dismukes, Thos. P. Dockery. George King, Henry P. Johnson, James H. Fletcher, Dan W. Jones. J. S. McCarver. Dandridge McRae. John P. King, Frank Rector, John Wallace. Chas. W. Adams, O. P. Lyles, A. A. Pennington. E. E. Portlock. C. J. Trumbull, John Hufstedler. Asa Morgan, Pitts Yell, I. L. Brooks. J. R. Shaler. Dandridge McRae, J. E. Glenn, J. M. Davie. J. C. Pleasants. Partial List of Battles. Pea Ridge, luka, Corinth, Port Hudson. Sent to Johnson's Island. Ft. Pillow, Corinth, consol- idated with the 2ist Ark. Elkhorn, luka, Corinth, Port Hudson, consoli- dated with the nth Ark. Ft. Pillow, luka, Corinth, Port Hudson. Elkhorn, Arkansas Post, Johnson's and Hood's campaigns. Ft. Pillow, Corinth, cap- tured on Black river near Vicksburg. Consolidated with Dawson's regiment after Arkansas Post. Ft. Pillow, Corinth, Vicks- burg, Mark's Mill, Jen- kin's Ferry, Poison Springs. Corinth. Campaigns in Arkansas. Called also the 15th Ark. Prairie Grove, Helena, Lit- tle Rock, Red River Ex- pedition. luka, Corinth, Port Hud- son, Missionary Ridge. Arkansas Post, Chickamau- ga. Missionary Ridge, Georgia Campaign, Hood's Campaign. Ft. Pillow, Shiloh, Rich- mond, Murfreesboro, Chickamauga. Johnson's and Hood's Campaigr»s. Prairie Grove, Mansfield, Jenkin's Ferry, Pleasant Hill. Consolidated with the 38th. Oak Hill, Elkhorn, luka. Campaigns in Arkansas. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 299 TABLE SHOWING ARKANSAS REGIMENTS IN THE CONFEDERATE SERVICE. — Continued. Name of Regiment. Colonel. Thirtieth Arkansas In- fantry. Thirty-first Arkansas In- fantry. Thirty-second Arkansas Infantry. Thirty-third Arkansas In- fantry. Thirty-fourth Arkansas Infantry. Thirty-fifth Arkansas In- fantry. Thirty-eighth Arkansas Infantry. Thirty-ninth Arkansas Infantry. First Arkansas Cavalry. Baber's Cavalry. Woodruff's Artillery. Anderson's Battalion. Bell's Regiment. Gause's Regiment. Marshall's Battery. Dobbin's Regiment. Freeman's Regiment. McGee's Regiment. Rutherford's Regiment. Coleman's Regiment. Wright's Regiment. Carroll's Regiment. Gunter's Regiment. Crawford's Regiment. Thompson's Regiment. Hobb's Regiment. A. J. McNeill. T. H. McCray. C. H. Matlock. H. L. Grinsted. W. H. Brooks. A. T. Hawthorne. R. G. Shaver. R. A. Hart. James C. Monroe. M. D. Baber. W. E. Woodruff. W. L. Anderson. Sam S. Bell. Lucien C. Gause. John Marshall. A. S. Dobbins. T. R. Freeman. McGee. George Rutherford. Coleman. J. C. Wright. C. A. Carroll. T. M. Gunter. William Crawford. L. L. Thompson. Hobbs. Partial List of Battles. Campaigns in Arkansas. Richmond, Campaigns in Arkansas. Campaigns in Arkansas. Campaigns in Arkansas. Campaigns in Arkansas. Campaigns in Arkinsas. Pleasant Hill, Jenkin's Fer- ry. Campaigns in Ar- kansas. Campaigns in Arkansas. Prairie Grove, Pine Bluff, Elkin's Ferry, Poison Spring. Campaigns m Arkansas. Oak Hill, Little Rock, Hel- ena, Jenkin's Ferry. Campaigns in Arkansas. Campaigns in Arkansas. Campaigns in Arkansas. Campaigns in Arkansas. Campaigns in Arkansas. Campaigns in Arkansas. Campaigns in Arkansas. Campaigns in Arkansas. Campaigns in Arkansas. Campaigns in Arkansas. Campaigns in Arkansas. Campaigns in Arkansas. Campaigns in Arkansas. Campaigns in Arkansas. Campaigns in Arkansas. BATTALIONS. Battalion. Commander. Rapley's Battalion W. F. Rapley. Scott's Squadron J. R. H. Scott. Harrell's Battalion J- M. Harreli: Cheek's Battalion Cheek. McCairn's Battalion McCairn. Wheat's Battalion Pat. H. Wheat. Pfeiff er's Battalion Chas. W. Pfeiff er. 30O HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. -^KTHMAO^S—Conthiued. Battalion. Commander. Trader's Battalion W. H. Trader Cook' s Battalion Cook. Chrisman's Battalion Chrisman. Witherspoon's Battalion Witherspoon. Venable's Cavalry Venable. Thomasson's Infantry S. B. Thomasson. 2d Mounted Rifles B. T, Embry. Hill's Battalion Hill. ARTILLERY. Artillery. Captain. Blocker' s Battery W. D. Blocker. Etter's Battery C. B. Etter. West's Battery Henry C. West. Mill's Battery Anderson Mills. Clarkson's Battery Clarkson. Reed' s Battery Reed. Gaines' Battery Gaines. Roberts' Battery T. Roberts. Hart's Battery Hart. Humphrey's Battery J.T.Humphrey. Shoup's Artillery F. A. Shoup. McNally's Artillery Francis McNally. Owen's Artillery J. A. Owens. Stirman's Sharp Shooters. Ras. Stirman. Thrall's Heavy Artillery Homer Thrall. Appeal Artillery Deshler's Battery Deshler. Merrick's Battery Merrick. Logan's Battery Dogan. Provence's Battery Provence. Sims' Battery Sims. Young's Battery . Young. McCown's Artillery McCown. Trigg' s Artillery Trigg. Hubbard's Artillery Hubbard. McCairn's Battery McCairn. Helena Artillery HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 301 LIST OF UNION REGIMENTS FORMED IN ARKANSAS. White Troops. Name. Colonel. Scene of Operation. First Arkansas Cavalry Second Arkansas Cavalry Third Arkansas Cavalry Fourth Arkansas Cavalry Fourth Ark. Mounted Infantry. M. Larne Harrison John E. Phelps Abraham H. Ryan Lafayette Gregg Elisha Baxter Organized 1862. Organized 1802. Organized 1864. Organized 1863. First Arkansas Battery First Arkansas Infantry Second Arkansas Infantry Fourth Regiment, i Company.. First Arkansas Battalion Cc Eleventh Reg't., 5 Companies.. Henry M. Easter James M. Johnson M. L. Stephenson Ira D. Bronson, Capt... John C. Bundy ilored Troops. James M. Steele. Eliphat Whittlesy John E. Cone Thomas D. Seawell Organized 1863. Organized 1863. Organized 1863. Organized 1862. Fifty-fourth Regiment.. Fifty-seventh Regiment One Hundred and Thirteenth Regiment Total colored troops 5,526. SENATORS IN CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF ARKANSAS. CLASS I. A. H. Sevier (resigned), 1836 to Charles B. Mitchel, 1861.^ 1846. B. F. Rice, 1868 to 1873. Soland Borland (resigned), 1848 S. W. Dorsey, 1873 to 1879. to 1855. J. D. Walker, 1879 to 1885. R. W. Johnson, 1855 to 1861. J. K. Jones, 1885 to 1897. CLASS II. W. S. Fulton (died), 1836 to Chester Ashley (died), 1844 to 1841 1848. I. Mitchel was elected for the term ending March 4, 1867, but did not occupy his seat after the secession of the state. 302 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. W. K. Sebastian,^ 1847 to 1865. ,"^ 1865 to 1868. Alex. McDonald, 1868 to 1871. Powell Clayton, 1871 to 1877. A. H. Garland, 1877 to 1889.2 J. H. Berry, 1885 to 1901.'* During the first session of the (Murphy) legislature of 1864, Elisha Baxter, on May 2, 1864, W. M. Fishback on May 5, and W. D. Snow on December 30, were respectively elected to the Senate for the terms ending March 4, 1865, and March 4, 1867. None of them were admitted. Charles B. Mitchel and Robert W. Johnson, in 1862, were elected Confederate states senators and served as such. Mitchel died September 18, 1864, and A. H. Garland was elected to fill the vacancy. Johnson and Garland served until the fall of the Confederacy. John T. Jones and Andrew Hunter were elected senators by the legislature of 1866 ; Hunter resigned and A. H. Garland was elected. All were denied admission to the Senate. REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS FROM ARKANSAS. Representatives. A (5 i M u) Year. TERRITORIAL. James W. Bates (seat contested by the famous senator, Matthew Lyon. Lyon died before the issue was decided ) 16 and 17 18, 19, 20 21, 22, 23, 2^ 25 26, 27, 28 2g i8^o to 182 X 1823 to 1829 1829 to 1836 1836 to 1839 STATE. Archibald Yell I I Archibald Yell (resigned) 1845 to 1847 1. W. K. Sebastian was expelled from the United States Senate because of his sympathy for the South in 1861. In 1878 the resolution of expulsion was reversed by the Senate. Sebastian was elected for the term ending March 4, 1865, but did not occupy his seat after the winter session of 1860-61. 2. Both seats were unoccupied or vacant for the remainder of the terms of Sebastian and Mitchel after March 4, 1861. 3. Appointed attorney-general for the United States. 4. Elected to fill Garland's unexpired term. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 303 REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS — C^wY/wwe-^/. Representative. Thomas W. Newton (z/zV^ Yell) ' Robert W. Johnson A. B. Greenwood E. A. Warren. A. B. Greenwood Albert Rust A. B. Greenwood E. A. Warren Thomas C. Hindman Albert Rust - - T. C. Hindman (the Civil War prevented his tak- ing his seat) E. W. Gantt (the Civil War prevented his taking his seat) Vacant Vacant Vacant William Byers (never admitted in Congress) G. H. Kyle (never admitted in Congress).. J. M. Johnson (never admitted in Congress) Logan H. Roots James Hinds (died) J. T. Elliott {vice Hinds) Thomas Boles Logan H. Roots A. A. C. Rogers (seat contested by J. T. Elliott). Thomas Boles O. P. Snyder John Edwards (contested) Thomas Boles {vice Edwards, ousted) J. M. Hanks Asa Hodges (contested by L. C. Gause)... O. P. Snyder (seat contested by M. L. Bell) W. W. Wilshire (ousted by T. M. Gunter, con- testant) W. J. Hynes (seat contested by J. M. Bradley, at large) L. C. Gause W. F. Slemons W. W. Wilshire T. M. Gunter L. C. Gause W. F. Slemons -- J . E. Cravens T. M. Gunter Poindexter Dunn W. F. Slemons J. E. Cravens T. M. Gunter Poindexter Dunn James K. Jones J. E. Cravens 847 847 to 1853 853 to 1855 853 to 1855 855 to 1857 855 to 1857 857 to 1859 857 to 1859 859 to 1861 859 to 1861 861 to 1863 861 to 1863 863 to 1865 863 to 186.S 863 to 1865 865 to 1867 865 to 1867 865 to 1867 867 to 1869 867 to 1869 869 867 to 1869 869 to 1871 869 to 1871 869 to 1871 871 to 1873 871 to 1873 871 to 1873 871 to 1873 873 to 1875 873 to 1875 873 to 1875 873 to 1875 875 to 1877 875 to 1877 875 to 1877 875 to 877 to 877 to 877 to 877 to 879 to 879 to 879 to 1881 879 to 1881 881 to 1883 881 to 1883 881 to 1883 1877 1879 1879 1879 1879 IS8I I88I 304 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS— O^/z/Z^w^^. Representatives, T. M. Gunter Poindexter Dunn James K. Jones John H. Rogers Sam W. Peel C. R. Breckinridge, state at large Poindexter Dunn C. R. Breckinridge - -. J. K. Jones- -.- J. H. Rogers S. W. Peel T. C. McRae (in place of J. K. Jones, elected to Senate of United States) - Poindexter Dunn C. R. Breckinridge T. C. McRae J. H. Rogers. S. W. Peel W. H. Gate (ousted by L. P. Featherston) I L. P. Featherston. f C. R. Breckinridge (seat declared vacant by Con gress in September, 1890, and C. R. Breckin- ridge was reelected for the vacancy) T. C. McRae J. H. Rogers S. VV. Peel S. W. Peel - C. R. Breckinridge W. H. Gate T. G. McRae W. L. Terry P. D. McGulloch G. R. Breckinridge T. G. McRae W. L. Terry Hugh A. Dinsmore Robert Neill J. S. Little S. Brundridge. 51 51 SI 51 52 52 52 52 52 52, 54, 55 53 53i 54, 55 53i 54, 55 53, 54, 55 53, 54 54, 55 55 Year. 881 to 1883 883 to 1885 883 to 1885 883 to 1885 883 to 1885 883 to 1885 885 to 1887 885 to 1887 885 to 1887 885 to 1887 885 to 1887 885 to 1887 887 to 1889 887 to 1889 887 to 1889 887 to 1889 887 to 1889 889 to 1891 1889 1889 I89I I89I 1893 1893 1893 1893 1893 1893 1895 1897 to 1891 to 1891 to 1891 to 1891 to 1893 to 1893 to 1893 to 1893 to 1893 to to 1895 to to to to 1897 to to On May 10, 1861, R. W. Johnson, A. H. Garland, H. F. Thomas, Albert Rust and W. W. Watkins, were elected delegates to the Provisional Confederate Congress at Montgomery, Ala. At the general election of 1862, the following representatives to the 'Confederate Congress at Richmond were chosen : Thomas B. Hanley, first district ; G. D. Royston, second district ; A. H. Gar- land, third district ; F. I. Batson, fourth district. At the general election, 1864, the following representatives to the Confederate Congress at Richmond were chosen : Thomas B. Hanlev, first district : R. K. Garland, second dis- trict ; A. H. Garland, third district (resigned), D. W. Carroll, vice A. H. Gar- land ; F. I. Batson, fourth district. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. GOVERNORS OF ARKANSAS. 305 Name of Governor. w s '0 App'nted App'nted App'nted App'nted 1836 1840 Acting j 1844 Acting j Acting -j 1849 Acting .. Acting .- 1852 1856 i860 Acting ] 1862 1864 1868 Acting .. 1872 1874 1876 1880^!"" 1882 Acting j 1884 Acting -- h "0. I si U; c 1^ 11 CQ ii TERRITORIAL, James Miller George Izard Mar. 3, 1819-. Mar. 4, 1825.. John Pope Mar. 9, 1829. William Fulton Mar. 9, 1835.. STATE. James S. Conway . Archibald Yell .... Sept, 13, 1836 Nov. 4, 1840.. From Apr. 29 to Nov. 9, 1844 Nov. 5, 1844- - From Apr. 9 to May 7, '46 From Jan. u to Apr. 19, '49 Apr. 19, 1849. 1849 4 years.. - 4 years... Dem. .. Dem. .. 1,102 M 7,716 Samuel Adams Thos. S. Drew John Williamson .- 5 years--. Dem. -. 1,731 P 17,387 Richard C. Byrd.. John S. Roane Richard C. Byrd.. John R. Hampton. Elias N. Conway . . E. N. Conway Henry M. Rector- Thos. Fletcher .... Sp. El't'n Dem. .- 163 6,809 1851 Nov. 15, 1852. Nov. 17, 1856. Nov. 16, 1860- From Nov. 4 to Nov. 15, '62 Nov. 15, 1862. Apr. 18, 1864. July 2, 1868 .- Jan. 17, 1871.. Jan. 6, 1873.. Nov. 12, 1874- Jan. II, 1877.. Jan. 17, 1879.- Jan. 13, 1881-- Jan. 13, 1883.. From Sept. 25 to Sept. 30, '83 Jan. 17, 1885 -- 4 years.. - 4 years... 2 years.-. Dem. .- Dem. .. I. Dem. Confed. Confed. Federal Rep. . Rep. .. 2,027 12,363 2,461 10,012 27.8^7 42,861 61,198 Harris Flannigan . Isaac Murphy Powell Clayton ... Ozra A. Hadley ... 3 years-.. 4 years... 4 years.. - 2 years . . 2 years . . - 2 years... 2 years- . . 2 years.-. 2 years-.. 2 years... 2 years.. - 26,266 Elisha Baxter Aug. H. Garland .. Wm. R. Miller.... Wm. R. Miller.... Thos. J. Churchill James H. Berry. .. Ben T. Embry . . . Simon P. Hughes. John W. Stayton .. Rep. .. Dem. .. Dem. .. Dem. .. Dem. .. Dem. .. Dem. .. 2,948 76,453 §o'^'5 88,730 52,761 28,481 45,236 80,721 108,683 115,619 147,169 156,310 Simon P. Hughes - D. E. Barker 1886 2 years . . Dem. .- 17,411 p 163,889 James P. Eagle James P. Eagle C. C. Hamby 1888 1890 Acting .. 1892 Acting .. 1894 1896 January January 1892 2 years... 2 years... Dem. .. Dem. .. 15,006 21,086 187,397 191,448 Wm. M. Fishback. Clay Sloan January 2 years... Dem. -. 56,071 P 156,186 James P. Clarke.. - Daniel W. Jones... . anuary . anuary, 1897 2 years- 2 years . Dem. .. Dem... 48,724 p 55,278 126,986 149,347 HIST, OF ARK. 3o6 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. SECRETARIES OF STATE. Robert A. Watkins Sept. i6, 1836, to Nov. 12, 1840. D. B. Greer Nov. 12, 1S40, to May 9, 1842. John Winfrey May 9 to Aug. 9, 1842, acting. D. B. Greer . . Aug. 9, 1842, to Sep. 3, 1859, died Alex Boileau Sept. 3, 1859, ^o Jan, 21, 1860. S. M. Weaver Jan. 21, i860, to Mar. 20, i860. John I. Stirman Mar. 24, i860, to Nov. 13, 1862. O. H. Gates Nov. 13, 1862, to Apr. 18, 1864. Robert J. T. White, provisional from Jan. 24 to April 19, 1864, and from then to Jan. 6, 1873. J. M. Johnson Jan. 6, 1873, to Nov. 12, 1874. B. B. Beavers Nov. 12, 1874, to Jan. 17, 1879. Jacob Frolich Jan. 17, 1879, to Jan. 1885. E. B. Moore Jan. 1885, to Jan. 1889. B. B. Chism Jan. 1889, to Jan. 1891. B. B. Chism Jan. 1891, to Jan. 1893. H. B. Armistead Jan. 1893, to Jan. 1897. A. C. Hull Jan. 1897, to AUDITORS OF STATE. Elias N. Conway Oct. i, 1836, to May 17, 1841. A. Boileau May 17, 1841, to July 5, 1841, acting Elias N. Conway July 5, 1841, to Jan. 3, 1849. C. C. Danley. Jan. 3, 1849, to Sept. 16, 1854, resig'd W. R. Miller Sept. 16, 1S54. to Jan. 23, 1855. A. S. Huey Jan. 23, 1S55, to Jan. 23, 1857. W. R. Miller Jan. 23, 1857, to March 5, i860. H. C. Lowe Mar. 5, i860, to Jan. 24, 1861, acting W. R. Miller Jan. 24, 1861, to Apr. 18, 1864. J. R. Berrv Apr. 18, 1864, to Oct. 15, 1866. W. R. Miller Oct. 15, 1866, to July 2, 1868. J. R. Berry July 2, 1868, to Jan. 6, 1873. Stephen Wheeler Jan. 6, 1873, to Nov. 12, 1-874. W. R. Miller Nov. 12, 1874, to Jan. 11, 1877. John Crawford Jan. 11, 1877, to Jan. 17, 1883, A. W. Files Tan., 1883. to Jan., 18S7. W. R. Miller (died in oTice), Jan.. 1887, to Nov., 1887. W. S. Dunlop App't'd Nov. 30, 1887, to Jan., 1889. W. S. Dunlop Jan., 1889, to Jan., 1893. C. B. Mills Jan., 1893, to Jan., 1895. C. B. Mills Jan., 1895, to Jan.. 1897. Clay Sloan Jan. 1897, to HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 307 TREASURERS OF ARKANSAS. William E. Woodruff Oct. 1, 1836, to Nov. 20, 1838. John Hutt Nov. 20, 1838, to Feb. 2, 1843. J. C. Martin Feb. 2. 1843, to Jan. 4, 1845. Samuel Adams Jan. 4, 1845, to Jan. 2, 1849. William Adams Jan. 2, 1849, to Jan, 10, 1849. John H. Crease Jan. 10, 1849, to Jan. 26, 1855. A. H. Rutherford Jan. 27, 1855, to Feb. 2, 1857. John H. Crease Feb. 2, 1857, to Feb. 2, 1859. John Quindley Feb. 2, 1859, to Dec. 13, i860, died, Jared C. Martin Dec. 13, i860, to Feb. 2, 1861. Oliver Basham Feb. 2, 1861, to Apr. 18, 1864. E. D. Ayres Apr. 18, 186;, to Oct. 15, 1866. L. B. Cunningham, Oct. 15, 1866, to Aug. 18, 1867, removed by military. Henry Page, Aug. 19, 1867 (military appointment). Elected 1868, to May 29, 1874 ; resigned. R. C. Newton May 23, 1874, to Nov. 12, 1874. T. J. Churchill Nov. 12, 1874, to Jan. 12, 1881. W. E. Woodruff, Jr Jan. 12, 1881, to Jan., 1891. B. B. Morrow Jan., 1891, to Jan., 1895. Ransom Gulley, Jan., 1895, to ATTORNEYS-GENERAL OF THE STATE. Robert W. Johnson 1843. George C. Watkins Oct. i, 1848. J . J. Clendennin Feb. 7, 1851. Thomas Johnson Sept. 8, 1856. J. L. Hollowell Sept. 8, 1858. P. Jordan Sept. 7, i86r. Sam W. Williams 1862. C. T. Jordan 1864. R. S. Gantt Jan. 31, 1865. R. H. Deadman Oct. 15, 1866. |. R. Montgomery July 21, 1868. T. D. W. Yonley Jan. 8, 1873. J. L. Witherspoon May 22, 1874. S P. Hughes Nov. 12, 1873, to 1876. W. F. Henderson Jan. 11, 1877, to 1881. C. B Moore Jan. 12, 1881, to 1885. D. W. Jones Jan., 1885, to 1889. W E. Atkinson -. Jan., 1889, to 1891. W. E. Atkinson Jan., 1891, to 1893. J. P. Clarke , Jan., 1893, to Jan., 1895. E. B. Kinsworthy Jan. 1S95, to 3o8 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. COMMISSIONERS OF IMMIGRATION AND STATE LANDS. J. M. Lewis July 2, 1868. W. H. Grey October 15, 1872, J. N. Smithee . June 5, 1874. SUCCEEDED BY COMMISSIONERS OF STATE LANDS. J. N. Smithee Nov. 12, 1874, to Nov. 18, 1878 D. W. Lear Oct. 21, 1878, to Nov., 1882. W. P. Campbell Oct. 30, 1882, to Mar. 31, 1884. P. M. Cobbs (died in office) Mar. 3r, 1884, to Oct. 30, 1890. C. B. Myers Appointed April 24, 1890. C. B. Myers Elected Sept. i, i8gi, to 1893. C. B. Myers Elected Sept. 5, 1892, to SUPERINTENDENTS OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. Thomas Smith 1868 to 1873. J. C. Corbin July 6, 1873. G. W. Hill Dec. 18, 1875, to Oct., 1878. J. L. Denton Oct. 13, 1878, to Oct. 11, 1882. Dunbar H. Pope Oct. 11 to Oct. 30, 1882. W. E. Thompson Oct. 20. 1882. to Oct. 30, 1890. J. H Shinn Oct. 30, 1890, to Oct. 30, 1892. J. H. Shinn Oct. 31, 1892, to Oct. 30. 1894. Junius Jordan Oct. 31, 1894, to . COMMISSIONERS OF MINES, MANUFACTURES, AND AGRICULTURE. M. F. Locke Appointed January, 1889. M. F. Locke Elected Sept. i, 1890, to i8g2. John D. Adams ^ Elected September 5, 1892. George M. Chapline^ Appointed December 7, 1892. W. G. Vincenheller Appointed March 11, 1893. W. G. Vincenheller Elected September 3, 1894. 1. Died December 7, 1892. 2. Resig-ned March 10, 18^3. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 309 SUPREME COURT, STATE OF ARKANSAS. CHIEF JUSTICES. Daniel Ringo, 1836. Thomas Johnson, 1844. George C. Watkins, 1852.'* E. H. English, 1854.2 T. D. W. Yonley, 1864. ^ E. Baxter, 1864.2 David Walker, iSGe.'i W. W. Wilshire, iSbs.-* ^ John McCTure, 1871^ ^ E. H. English, 1874.'' S. R. Cockrill, 1884. "^ H. G. Bunn, May 3, 1893. ASSOCIATE JUSTICES. Thomas J. Lacey, 1836. Townsend Dickinson, 1S36. George W. Paschal, 1842. W. K. Sebastian, 1843. W. S. Oldham, 1845. Edward Cross, 1845. Wm. Conway, B., 1846. C. C. Scott, 1848. David Walker, 1847 and 1874. Thomas B. Hanley, 1858. ' F. I. Batson, 1858.1 H. M. Rector, 1859.1 F. W. Compton, 1859.^ '•' H. F. Fairchild, 1860.8 -i Albert Pike, 1864.2 J. J. Clendennin, 1866.^ T. M. Bowen, 18684 L. Gregg, 1868. ^ J. E. Bennett, 1871.3 M. L. Stephenson, 1872. ^ E. J. Searle, 1872.:}: ^ W. M. Harrison, 1874. J. T. Bearden, 1874.8 Jesse Turner, 1878. J. R. Eakin, 1878. W. W. Smith, 1882. B. B. Battle, 1885 i^ arid 1894. M. H. Sandels, 1889, 1890.** " W. E. Hemingway, 1889. 1893. '^ S. P. Hughes, 1889. W .W. Mansfield, 1891.1^ C. D, Wood, 1893-1900. J. E. Riddick, 1894-1902, Albert Pike. E. H. English. L. E. Barber. N. W. Cox. J. M. Moore. REPORTERS FROM 1836 TO B. D. Turner. W. W. Mansfield, appointed 1887. T. D. Crawford, appointed 1890. 4 Ousted by Gen. C. H. Smith, military commander sub-distnct Arkansas, under reconstruction acts. 3. Under Murphy Constitution of 1864. 5. Constitu- tion of 1868. 3. Resigned. 6. Removed. 9. Appomted. 8. Died. 2. Also Confederate. 7. Died, 1884. Reelected, n. Reelected September i, 1890, and died November 12, 1890. M. H. Sandels elected April 2, 1889, to till va- cancy caused by death of W. W. Smith. Hemingway and Hughes elected under act of General Assembly, 1889, increasing the court to live members. W. W. Mansfield elected January 26, 1891, to fill vacancy caused by death of M. H. Sandels. 14. Resigned May i, 18^3. H. G. Bunn appointed to fill vacancy. 12. Resigned May 9, 1894. R. H. Powell appointed to fill vacancy. C. D. Wood elected at special election September 19, 1893, to fill unexpired term of W. E. Hemingway. 13. Resigned. J. E. Riddick appointed to fill vacancy, and elected September 3, 1894. 3IO HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. CLERKS. H. Haralson. L. E. Barber. N. W. Cox. L. E. Barber. W. P. Campbell, P. D. English. SPECIAL CHIEF JUSTICES. Wm. Story. F. W. Compton. Thomas Johnson S. H. Hempstead. C. B. Moore. B. B. Battle. R. A. Howard. George A. Gallagher. A. B. Williams. Sam W. Williams. Isaac Strain. N. Haggard. G. N. Causin. R. C. S. Brown. L. A. Pindall. Edward Cross. George Conway. Sacfield Maclinin. Sam C. Roane. C. C. Farrelly. W. W. Smith. John Whytock. H. B. Morse. B. D. Turner. W. I. Warwick. J. L. Witherspoon, S. H, Harrington. George W. Caruth. CHANCELLOR'S PULASKI CHANCERY COURT. J. R. Eakin, November 6, 1874, to 1878. November, 1878, H. F. Fairchild, July 30, 1855. U. M. Rose, July 2, i860. L. Gregg, November 25, 1865. W. I. Warwick, April 28, 1873. T. D. W. Yonley, February 12 1877. R. Eakin, to 1878. D. W. Carroll, to 1886. D. W. Carroll, appointed 1886, for four years. D. W. Carroll, elected in 1890. CLERKS. A. J. Smith. W. H. Bevens. E. C. Bronough. Gordon N. Peay. 'Wm. Hunter. D. P. Upham. J. W. Callaway, October 31, 1876. to October, 1886. S. R. Brown, October, 1886, to i8go. I. J. Hicks, October 30, 1890, to l8q2. A. R. Witt, November 2, 1874, I- J- Hicks October 30, 1892, to to 1876. 1894. HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS. 311 Town and City. Alexandra Alma - - Arkadelphia --- Arkansas City Atkins Augusta - - - Bald Knob. Batesville Beebe - Bellfonte --- Benton Bentonville .-. Berlin Perry ville Black Rock Blanchard Springs Bloomfield Booneville Brinkley Camden - -.. Carlisle Cedarville Center Point Charleston Clarendon - Clarksville - Clinton Coal Hill -- Conway Corning. Cotton Plant Dallas Dardanelle Des Arc DeVall's Bluff De Witt Dover El Dorado El Dorado Springs Eureka Springs, (first-class) Evening Shade Fayetteville, (second-class) . Fordyce Forrest City Pulaski Crawford Clark Desha Pope Woodruff White Independence White Boone .. Saline Benton Johnson Carroll Lawrence Union Benton Logan Monroe . . Ouachita Prairie Crawford Howard Franklin Monroe Johnson Van Buren... Johnson Faulkner Clay... Woodruff Polk. Yell Prairie Prairie Arkansas Pope Union Benton Carroll Sharp Washington . Dallas St. Francis . . When Incorporated. February 9, 1888. January 7, 1874. January 6, 1857. See Supreme Court decision. October 23, 1876. January i^ 1861. August 20, 1881. December 20, 1848. April 15, 1875. July I, 1872. December 24, 1S48 ; renewed April 10, 1875. January 10, 1849; renewed February 12, 1873. February 7, 1888. March 11, 1876. October 7, 1884. March 7, 1882. Surrendered charter October 29, 1884. May 17, 1878. August 6, 1872. December 11, 1844. July I, 1878. July 5, 1881. February 21, 1859; reincorpo- rated May 19, 1879. April 8, 1874. Charter extended Feb. 5, 1859. August II, 1879. January 8, 1880. October 9, 1878. August 3, 1873. November 14, 1887. July 7, 1879. July 17, 1875. December 28, 1854. February 21, 1867. December 17, 1875. Dec. 31, 1852 ; reincorporated April, 1870. Jan. 9, 1851 ; reincorporated April 6, 1870. August 10, 1840. February 14, 1880. March 21, 1870. Nov. 3, 1836 ; reincorporated Aug. 23, 1870. July I, 1884. May II, 1871. 312 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS— Continued. Town and City. Fort Smitii, (second-class) Fulton Gainesville Garfield Goldman Greenbrier Greenway Greenwood Gurdon Hamburg Harrisburg Harrison Hazen -- Helena, (first-class) Holly Grove Hope Hot Springs, (first-class). . Hoxie Huntington Huntsville Indian Bay Jacksonport Jonesboro J udsonia Kingsland Lamar Little Rock, (first-class).. Locksburg Lonoke Magazine Magnolia Malvern Mansfield Marianna Marion Marshall McNeil Melbourne Mineral Springs , Monticello Mornlton Mountain Home Mt. Ida Mt. Vernon Mulberry Murfreesboro. County. When Incorporated. Sebastian Jan. II, 1851 ; reincorporated May II, 1879. November 10, 1879. Hempstead ... Greene February 21, 1859. Benton September 13, 1888. Arkansas February 23, 1887. Faulkner April 5, 1881. Clay March 13, 1886. Sebastian November 22, 1850. Clark November 8, 1880. Ashley December 14, 1854. Poinsett January 16, 1883. Boone Febuary 4, 1876. Prairie July 8, 1884. Phillips December 5, 1856. Monroe July 25, 1876. Hempstead ... November 25, 1875. Garland Jan. 10, 1851 ; reincorporated April 5, 1876. Lawrence February 15, 1888. Sebastian February 4, 1888. Madison November 3, 1877. Monroe April 18, 1876. Jackson December 17, 1852, Craighead February 2, 1883. White April I, 1872. Dorsey July 22, 1884. Johnson Pulaski May 19, 1887. November 2, 1832. Sevier September 22, 1878. Lonoke April 16, 1873. Logan.- February 18, 1878. Columbia January 6, 1855. Hot Springs.. July 5, 1883. Sebastian August 29, 1888. Lee August 7, 1877; reincorporated Crittenden.... July 5, 1883. Searcy une 13, 1884. Columbia February 12, 1884. Izard May 4, 1878. Howard May 19, 1879. Drew December 20. 1852. Conway November 10, 1879 Ba.xter April 16, 1S88. Montgomery December, 1854. Faulkner July I, 1878. Franklin September 11, 1880. Pike HISTORY OF ARKANSAS MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS— Continued. 313 Town and City. Nashville National Springs Nebo Newport Osceola Ozan Ozark Paragould Paragould. Paris Perry villa - Pine Bluff...- Plummerville Pocahontas Popular Grove Portia Prairie Grove Prescott Quitman Ravenden Rector Reyno Richmond Rogers Russellville - Saratoga Searcy Sheridan Siloam Springs (2d class) Springdale Star City St. Francis Sulphur Rock Texarkana Toledo Van Buren Waldron Walnut Ridge Warren Washington West Point.. Wittsburg Woodson YellviUe Howard Logan Benton Jackson Mississippi Hempstead ... Franklin Greene Greene Logan Perry Jefferson . Conway Randolph Phillips Lawrence Washington . . Nevada Van Buren ... Randolph Clay Randolph Little River . . Benton Pope Howard White Grant Benton Washington . . Lincoln Clay Independence Miller Dorsey Crawford Scott Lawrence — Bradley Hempstead .. White Cross Saline Marion When Incorporated. October 18, 1883. July I, 1881. August 12, 1887. August 30, 1883. Jan. 12, 1843, and Oct. 4, 1875. July 25, 1888. Jan. 10, i8ss ; reincorporated Sept. 18, 1869. March 3, 1883. August 25, 1888. February 8, 1879. December 5, 1878. December 12, 1848. October 14, 1880. January 15, 1857, October 6, 1874. July 25, 1888. March 25, 1878. May 14, 1881. August IS, 1881. September 13, 1887. October 18, 1886. May 7, 1880. May 28, 1881. August II, 1888. December 24, 1852, and March 18, 1867. August 26, 1887. May 25, 1881. June 27, 1879. April 6, 1876. August 4, 1888. August 20, 1887. August 10, 1880. May 10, 1879. December 24, 1846. November 5, 1875. August 31, 1881. Feb. 5, "1859; reincorporated April 8, 1880. Jan. 8, 1849 ; reincorporated Nov. 25 1880. February 21, 1859. Feb. 25, 1859, and July 27, 1878. January 3, 1882. April 30, 1872. 314 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. POPULATION OF ARKANSAS. The following summary shows the population of each county accord- ing to the censuses of i8go and 1880^ together with the increase in number and per cent during the decade. SUMMARY BY COUNTIES. Counties. The State. Arkansas Ashley Baxter Benton Boone Bradley Calhoun Carroll Chicot Clark. Clay. Cleburne Cleveland Columbia Conway Craighead Crawford Crittenden .. Cross , Dallas Desha Drew Faulkner Franklin Fulton Garland Grant Greene Hempstead .. Hot Spring .. Howard Independence Izard Jackson Jefferson Johnson Lafayette ... Lawrence Lee Lincoln Little River.. Logan Lonoke Madison Population. [,128,179 432 .295 .527 ,716 ,816 ,972 , 267 ,288 .419 .997 ,200 .8S4 ,362 .893 .459 .025 .714 ,940 .693 ,296 .324 ,352 ,342 ,934 ,984 ,328 ,786 ,908 .796 ,603 ,789 ,961 ,038 802, 525 8,038 10, 156 6,004 20,328 12, 146 6,285 5,671 13,337 10,117 15,771 7,213 8,370 14,090 12,755 7,037 14, 740 9,415 5,005 6,505 8,973 12,231 12,786 14,951 6,720 9,023 6,185 7,480 19,015 7,775 9,917 18,086 10,857 10,877 22, 386 ",565 5,730 8, 782 13,288 9,255 6,404 14,885 12,146 ".455 Increase. Number. 325,654 3,394 3,139 2,523 7,388 3,670 1,687 1,596 3,951 1,302 5,226 4,987 7,884 2,992 5,803 6,704 4,988 6,974 4,525 2,643 2,791 1,351 5,121 5,556 4,983 4,264 6,305 1,601 5,428 3,781 3,828 3,872 3,875 2,181 4,302 18,495 5,193 1,970 4,202 5,598 1,000 2,499 5,889 7,117 5,947 Per Cent 40.58 42.22 30 91 42.02 36.34 30 22 26.84 28.14 29.62 12.87 33-14 69.14 35-75 41.19 52.56 70.88 47-31 48.06 52 34 42.91 15.06 41.87 43-45 33-33 63 -45 69.88 25-89 72-57 19 88 49 23 39 04 21-43 20.09 39 55 82.62 44.90 34-38 47-85 42.13 10.80 39.02 39.56 58 60 51-92 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. POPULATION OF X'^Y.h.'^^M^— Continued. 3T5 Counties. Marion Miller Mississippi . Monroe Montg^omery Nevada Newton Ouachita Perrv Phillips Pike Poinsett Polk Pope.. Prairie Pulaski Randolph .. St. Francis.. Saline Scott Searcy Sebastian ... Sevier Sharp Stone Union Van Buren. . Washington. White , Woodruff Yell Population. Increase. Number. 10,390 7,907 14,714 9,919 11,635 7,332 15,336 9,574 7,923 5,729 14,832 12,959 9,950 6, 120 17,033 11,758 5,538 3.872 25,341 21,262 8,537 6,315 4,272 2, 192 9,283 5,857 19,458 14.322 11,374 8,435 47,329 32,616 14,485 11,724 13, 543 8,389 11,311 8,953 12,635 9,174 9,664 7,278 33, 200 19, 560 10,072 6,192 10,418 9,047 7.043 5,089 14,977 13,419 8,567 9,565 32,024 23, 844 22,946 17, 794 14,009 8,646 18,015 13,852 2,483 4,795 4,303 5,762 2,194 1,873 3,830 5,275 1,666 4,079 2, 192 2,080 ,426 136 939 .713 ,761 15 + 358 461 385 ,640 1,954 1,558 8,180 5,152 5,363 4,163 Per Cent. 31.40 48.34 58 69 60.18 38.30 14-45 62.58 44.86 43-03 19.18 34 55 94.89 58-49 35.86 34-84 45-" 23-55 61.44 26.34 37-73 32.78 69.73 62.66 15-15 38.40 II. 61 aio.43 34-31 28.95 62.03 30-05 a Decrease. The population of thirteen cities and totutis having 3,000 or more inhabitants, in the order of their rank, is as follows : Cities and Towns. Counties. Population. Increase. 1890 1880 No. Per Cent. Little Rock city Pulaski Sebastian Jefferson Garland Phillips Carroll 25,874 11,3" 9,952 8,086 5,189 3,706 13,138 3,099 3,203 3,554 3, 652 3,084 12, 736 8,212 6,749 4.532 1,537 ^278 96.94 264.99 210.71 127.52 Fort Smith city Pine Bluff city Hot Sprinsfs city Helena city Eureka Springs city 42.09 ^6.98 Decrease. 3i6 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. POPULATION OF K'^Y.h.'^^K^ — Continued. Cities and Towns, Counties. Population. Increase. 1890 1880 No. Per Cent. Miller Washington .. Ouachita Clark . ... 3.528 2,942 2,571 2,455 2,291 2,150 2,065 r.390 1,788 1,503 1,506 1,029 1,264 2,138 I, 1.54 1,068 949 1,262 886 2 ,065 153-81 64-54 Fayetteville city Arkadelphia town Van Buren city Crawford Independence Craighead 122.64 Jonesboro town a Total for Texarkana city, in Miller county, Arkansas, and Bowie county Texas, 6,380. TABLE SHOWING THE POPULATION OF SECEDING AND NON-SECEDING STATES IN 1S60. The Union. California Connecticut Delaware Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Missouri New Hampshire New Jersey New York Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island Vermont Wisconsin District of Columbia. Territories Whites. 376, 200 451,609 90,697 1, 704,684 1,340,072 673,925 106,487 920,077 627,081 516,128 1, 221,611 742,289 171,793 I , 064, 369 325,622 647,084 3,831,730 2,303,374 52,343 2,849,997 170,703 314,534 774, 302 60, 788 219,781 Total Union 21,557,370 Free colored 3.816 8.542 19,723 7,069 10,869 1,023 623 10, 146 1,195 83,718 9.454 6,823 229 2,983 450 24,947 49, 005 36,225 121 56, 373 3.918 582 1,481 II, 107 299 Slaves. :,798 225,490 "87,"i88 114,965 3,181 63 Total. 380, 061 460.151 112,218 I. 711. 753 1,350,941 674, 948 107,110 1,155,713 628, 276 687,034 1,231,065 749,112 172,022 1,182,317 326,072 672,031 3,880,735 2,339,599 52,464 2,906,370 174,621 315,116 775,873 75,076 220,143 432,685 22,340,776 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. 317 TABLE SHOWING THE POPULATION, ETC. —Continued. The Confederacy. Whites. Free colored. Slaves. Total. Alabama . . . 526, 534 324,186 77,-778 591,638 357,642 353, 969 631,489 291, 623 826,828 421,411 1,047,613 2,630 137 908 3,439 18,638 731 30,097 9,648 7,235 339 57,579 435. 132 111,104 61,753 462,232 333,010 436, 696 331,081 402,541 275,784 180, 682 490, 887 964,296 Florida 140, 439 1,057,329 Georgia .. ...... North Carolina 992,667 South Carolina 703,812 Tennessee Texas 1,109,847 602,432 1,596.079 Total Confederacy 5,450,711 131,401 3,520,902 9,103,014 Federal enlistments all told 2,8000,000 Confederate 700,000 Federal enlistments in Arkansas 10,000 to 12,000 Confederate 40,0001045,000 THE STATES AND THE UNION. THE THIRTEEN ORIGINAL STATES. No. States. Ratified Constitution. No. 8 9 10 II 12 13 States. Ratified Constitution. I 2 3 4 5 6 7 Delaware Pennsylvania . . . New Jersey Georgia Connecticut Massachusetts . . Maryland Dec. 7, 1787 Dec. 12, 1787 Dec. 18, 1787 Jan. 2, 1788 Jan. 9, 1788 Feb. 6, 1788 April 28, 1788 South Carolina . New Hampshire Virginia New York North Carolina . Rhode Island... May 23, 1788 June 21, 1788 June 26, 1788 July 26, 1788 Nov. 21, 1789 May 29, 1790 STATES ADMITTED TO THE UNION. No. States. Admitted. No. 10 12 13 14 17 18 States. Admitted. I 2 3 4 % Vermont Kentucky Tennessee Ohio March 4, 1791 June I, 1792 June I, 1796 Nov. 29, 1802 April 8, 1812 Dec. II, r8i6 Dec. 10, 1817 Dec. 3, 1818 Dec. 14, 1819 Maine Missouri Arkansas Michigan Florida Texas Iowa Wisconsin California March 15, 1820 Aug. 10, 1821 June 15, 1836 Jan. 26, 1837 March 3, 1845 Dec. 29. 1845 Dec. 28, 1846 May 2y, 1848 Sept. 9, 1850 Louisiana I Mississippi Illinois 9 Alabama 3i8 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. STATES ADMITTED TO THE V^lOl^. — Continued. No. States. Minnesota . . . Oregon Kansas West Virginia Nevada Nebraska Colorado Admitted. j 1 No. May 11, 1858 26 Feb. II, 1859 27 Jan. 29, 1861 Dec. 31, 1862 28 29 Oct. 31, 1864 ^0 March i, 1867 ^i Aug. I, 1876 32 States. North Dakota South Dakota Montana Washington . Idaho Wyoming Utah Nov. Nov. Nov. Nov. July July Jan. 2, 1889 3, lago [I, 1891 4, 1896 THE TERRITORIES: Territories. Organized. Territories. Organized. District of Columbia. i July 16, 1790 1 March 3, 1791 June 30, 1834 Sept. 9, 1850 Arizona Feb. 24, 1863 July 27, 1868 May 2, 1890 * The Indian Territory has as yet no organized territorial government. STATEMENT. Showing the number, mileage, and assessment of 7'ailroad property in the state of Arkansas for the year i8g^, as furnished by Hon. H. B. Armistead, Secretary of State. Name of Road. 'St. Louis, Iron Mountain & S. Helena Branch Memphis Branch White River Branch Fort Smith Branch .-. Camden Branch -.. Little Rock, Miss. River &T.. Ouachita Division o Houston Central Ark. & N... % Little Rock & Fort Smith Kansas & Arkansas Valley Little Rock Junction (Bridge). *" I Arkansas & Louisiana St. Louis-Southwestern Kansas City, Ft. Scott & M St. Louis & San Francisco Fayetteville & L. R. Branch Little Rock & Texas Branch K. C. & Memphis Railway & B... Little Rock & Memphis Mileage. 304 qi 140 08 88.84 39 41 17 63 66.48 "3 31 49 41 45 26 162.68 5 17 S9 25 60 418 00 138 ^■^ 108 20 33 29 18 34 131 15 1895. ^5,335.969 1, 203,751 808,3^9 263,687 126,892 434.724 928,698 243-491 320, 328 1,541,263 53,028 214,777 139.852 3.415.7" 1,946,981 1,018,097 129,204 110,338 625, 000 186, 242 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. STATEMENT, Etc. — Continued. 319 Name of Road. White & Black River Valley Arkansas Midland Stuttgart & Arkansas River Prescott & Northwestern Dardandelle & Russell ville Ultima Thule, Arkadelphia & M Paidgould & Southeastern.. Bentonville . - Southwestern Ark. & I. T Miss. River & Northwestern Searcy & West Point Texarkana & Shreveport Kansas City P. & Gulf Arkansas Southern Mississippi & Little Rock Pine Bluff & Eastern Texarkana & Fort Smith Ft. Smith Paris & D L. R. Hot Springs & Texas Brinkley, Helena & Indian Bay.. Hot Springs Lewisville, N. O. & Texas Eureka Springs Totals Mileage. 1895. 63-52 47.00 33-00 9-50 4.19 20.00 9-50 5-25 33 76 6.50 7-94 23.00 25.80 4-55 27.01 19-45 22.00 5.00 2.00 24.00 22.18 269,092 289,074 87.375 27,010 16,615 49,994 10,515 23,075 104,931 15,000 33,079 74, 995 86,671 56,950 31,120 46, 045 103,765 5,000 13,215 54,555 281,625 19, 385 88,714 $21,333,232 Total number of miles in 1895, 2, 373.29. ASSESSED VALUATION OF THE REAL AND PERSONAL PROPERTY OF THE STATE FOR 1894, AS FURNISHED BY HON. C. B. MILLS, AUDITOR Counties. Arkansas. Ashley ... Baxter ... Benton . . . Boone Bradley .. Calhoun.. Carroll . . . Chicot Clark Clay Cleburne Cleveland Columbia Conway.. Craighead Valuation. $2,572,030 2,500,493 1,023,75s 3,939,856 1,856,709 1,208,830 1,133,413 2,550,870 1,004,528 2,868,072 2, 163,280 775,001 1,354,852 2,247,231 2,477.568 3,380,028 Counties. Crawford Crittenden ... Cross Dallas Desha Drew Faulkner Franklin Fulton Garland Grant Greene Hempstead-.. Hot Spring... Howard Independence Valuation. $2, 886, 675 2,828,086 2,035,400 1,322,33s 1,272,154 2,310,530 2,343,683 2.654,563 1,557,224 4,172,701 915.335 2,282,606 2,941,796 1,745,504 I , 396 , 246 4,051.343 320 HISTORY OF ARKANSAS. ASSESSED VALUATION, Etc. — Continued. Counties. Izard Jackson Jefferson Johnson Lafayette .. Lawrence .. Lee Lincoln Little River Logan Lonoke Madison Marion Miller Mississippi.. Monroe Montgomery Nevada Newton Ouachita ... Perry Phillips .... Pike Valuation. 448,778 274.054 670, 870 362 , 206 342,808 946,641 078,686 ,512, 102 ,209,941 499,823 ,214,417 776, 695 ,200,282 no, 140 675,216 419,629 511,220 928, 976 783. 404 ,072,360 879,064 723.032 745,132 Counties. Poinsett Polk Pope Prairie Pulaski Randolph .. Saline Scott Searcy Sebastian .. Sevier Sharp St. Francis . Stone Union Van Buren . Washington White -. ... Woodruff .. Yell Valuation. $1 , 796, 684 661,369 2,560,916 2,107,553 14,556,205 1,555,754 1,717,530 1,249, 140 1,016,424 6,424,083 1, 104,986 1,492,125 2,314,371 692,230 1,523,814 667, 068 4,330,512 3, 749, 102 2, 193,048 2,378,763 $173,762,244 Assessed valuations are about 50 per cent, of the real values. ^^l^30jQ4g