,'r.^- yy '^;)$ '? j'i':/.< ^'m^M... Class. PUKSENTED BY DECERPTA ,:.^?^,^ EX P. OVIDII NASONIS METAMORPHOSEON LIBRIS; ■WITH AND A MYTHOLOGICAL, GEOGRAPHICAL, AND HISTOEKMi INDEX. By GEORGE FERGUSON, LL.D., Lately Professor of Humanity, King's College, Aberdeen ; and formerly one of the Masters of the Edinburgh Academy. THIRTEENTH EDITION. EDINBURGH : OLIVER & BOYD, TWEEDDALE COURT. LONDON : SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, & CO. 1865. Price Two Shillings and Sixpence bound. '?^ u^^\ ,H^ \ WORKS BY PROFESSOR FERGUSON. LATIN GRAMMATICAL EXERCISES, with Notes and Vocabulary. 28. INTRODUCTORY LATIN DELECTUS, with Vocabulary. 2s. OVID'S METAMORPHOSES, with Notes and Index. 2s. 6d. CICERONIS ORATIONES SELECTAE. ls.6d. CICERONIS CATO MAJOR, &c. ls.6d. CICERONIS DE OFFICIIS. ls.6d. xsift Wrs.Hennen Jenning! April 26, 1933 EDINBURGH : PEIITTBD BY OLIVER AND BOYD, TWEEDDALB COURT. PREFACE. In offering to the Public a New Edition of the " De- cerpta from Ovid's Metamorphoses," it may be proper to explain shortly the plan which has been adopted. The object of the Editor has been to furnish Teachers with an edition of a long-established schoolbook, adapted to the present state of classical scholarship, and to the system of teaching now pursued in our burgh and parochial schools. He has endeavoured to give a correct Text, with Explanatory Notes on each page, and has be- sides added an Index, containing Mythological, Geo- graphical, and Historical Illustrations. The Text has been formed after a careful comparison of the edition of Burman, 1727, wdth those of Jahn,1832 ; of Bach, 1831-6 ; and of Baumgarten-Crusius, 1834. To none of these has the Editor strictly adhered : in all disputed passages he has thought himself at liberty to exercise his own judgment, and has not hesitated to adopt the improvements of the German Philologists, when these were supported by manuscript authority, or justified by the rules of fair and legitimate criticism. To the Punctuation of the Text he has paid particular iv PREFACB. attention, and hopes that without injuring the sentences by too minute a division, he has succeeded in making the meaning sufficiently intelligible. In the Notes which are appended to the Text, a translation has been given of those expressions and clauses which seemed likely to obstruct the progress of the learner, together with such illustrations as appeared necessary to elucidate grammatical and idiomatic diffi- culties, or to put him in possession of the meaning of the Author. To prevent the Text from being overloaded with Notes, and also to hold out an inducement to the Pupil to consult the Index, the expressions in immediate connexion with Proper Names are there explained. Up- wards of 400 passages have thus been illustrated, be- sides many others to which references merely have been given. In this part of his work the Editor has had recourse to the annotations of Gierig, Jahn, and Bach, and to Billerbeck's Dictionary to the Metamor- phoses.* Numerous references have also been made in the Notes to Adam's Roman Antiquities, for the pur- pose of drawing the attention of the Pupil to a work an acquaintance with which is essential to the under- standing of the classical writers. They are marked A.R. A., and apply to the edition of Dr Boyd, which has been preferred, both because it is cheap, and also be- cause, being stereotyped, the numbers of the pages are not likely to be changed. The Index has been compiled solely for the purpose • Vollstandiges Worterbuch zu den V erwandlungen dea Ovi' dius Naso. Von Dr Julius Billerheck, Hannover ^ 1831. PREFACE. V of illustrating the Text, and therefore lays no claim to originality. In the Mythological Articles, the Editor has availed himself of the labours of Mr Keightley, in his excellent work on " The Mythology of Ancient Greece and Italy," from which, in addition to the more common sources of information, the materials have been chiefly drawn. The indelicate details have been stated very briefly, while those which bear more im- mediately upon the narrative of Ovid have been given at greater length. To those who are acquainted with the Ovidian Mythology, as developed in the Metamor- phoses, it is hardly necessary to say that it is attended with very considerable difficulties in the explanation, in consequence of the frequent mixing up of the older Mythi with those which the author had derived from a later period of Greek literature. His system is thus rendered incongruous, and the various parts of it irre- concilable with each other. The Editor can scarcely venture to hope that he has in every case rendered it intelligible to the learner ; but he has endeavoured to do so as far as the subject and the limits which he had prescribed to liimself would permit. In drawing up the Articles on Geography, he has consulted the works of Dr Cramer, on Ancient Italy, Greece, and Asia Minor, and has availed himself freely of their contents, and particularly of the admirable digest of them which is given in the Eton Geography. His obligations to this last work deserve a more exten- sive acknowledgment ; and he embraces this opportunity of expressing the great satisfaction which he has always had in consulting it, and the perfect reliance which he VI PREFACE. has felt himself justified in placing on its accuracy. In the Orthography of Modern Names he has followed it exclusively. The Historical Articles, which are not numerous, have been prepared with all possible care. On the last two pages of the Index will be found a Table of the Declension of Greek Nouns, and a list of the lines which contain any peculiarity of Scanning. DECERPTA, &c. BOOK I. PROffiMIUM. In nova fert^ animus mutatas dicere formas Corpora.* Di, coeptis, nam vos mutastis et illas,' Adspirate meis, primaque ab origine miindi Ad mea perpetuum'^ deducite tempora carmen. Fab. I. — Chaos and the Creation. Ante mare et terras'^ et, quod te*git omnia, coelnm, Unus erat toto naturae vultus^ in orbe, Quem dixere^ Chaos ; rudis indigestaque moles ; . Nee guicquam, nisi pondus iners ; congestaque eodem Non bene junctarum discordia semina^ rerum. 5 NuUus adhiKJ mundo prsebebat lumina Titan ; Nee nova crescendo reparabat cornua" Phoebe ; Nee circumfuso pendebat in aere Tellus Ponderibus librata^ suis ; nee brachia longo 1 Animus fert {me), my mind inclines me, I purpose, I intend, 2 Formas mutatas in nova corpora, bodies changed into new formSy i. e. the transformation of bodies. The wordiS formas and corpora may be here considered as synonymous. 3 Mutastis et illas. you transformed them also ; be pleased therefore to assist me in recording the transformations. 4 Perpetuum carmen, a connected or nninterrvpted popin, — so that each transformation may be connected with that which precedes it. 5 Ante mare et terras, before the (separate) existence of sea and land. Terras, for which there is suthcient manuscript authority, has been adopted instead of the common reading, tellus. 6 Unus vultus erat naturae, there was one appearance of natrire. nature presented one unvaried appearance. 7 Dixere (i. e. homines), 8 Discordia seraina. the incongruous principles, or elements, i. e. fre. or ether, air, earth, and water. The order is, discordiaque seniiiia rerum non bene junctarum congesta eodem, huddled together in the same place. 9 Librata suis ponderibus, balanced by its own weight, kept in eqiaii. hrium. A 2 CHAOS AND THE CREATION. LBOOK 1. Margine terrarum porrexerat Ampliitrite. 10 Quaque fuit tellus, illic et pontus et aer ; Sic erat instabilis^ tellus, innabilis unda, Lucis egens aer : nulli sua forma manebat ; Obstabatque aliis aliud \^ quia corpore in uno Frigida pugnabant calidis, humentia siccis, 15 Mollia cum duris, sine pondere habentia pondus.^ Hanc Deus et melior litem Nati^a diremit : Nam coelo terras, et terris abscidit undas, Et liquidum spisso secrevit ab aere coelum.'* Quae^ postquam evolvit caecoque exemit acervo, 20 Dissociata locis concordi pace ligavit.® Ignea convexi vis et sine pondere coeli Emicuit/ summaque locum sibi legit 4narce. Proximus^ est aer illi levitate locoque ; ' Densior hife'tellus, elementaque grandia traxit,^ 25 Et pressa est gravitate sui : circumfluus humor Ultima^ possedit, solidumque coercuit orbem. Fab. II. — The Creation of Man, Sic ubi dispositam, quisquis fuit ille Deorum, Congeriem secuit sectamque in membra redegit ;^^ Principio terram, n^ non sequaRs ab omni Parte 'i^pi'et, magni speciem glomeravit in orbis. ^ 1 Instabilis, instable, not fixed, qt not to be stood upon. ' ^ • 2 Ahud obstab^aliis, one element stood in the way of ethers. 3 Habentia ponohs {pvgncibantcii7n iis quceerant) sine pondere, bodies having weight struggled with those xvhich were without weighty i.e. heart/ bodies with light. ** . *. , 4 Liquidum coelum, the pure ether^; atire, thtMmosphere. 5 Quae {semina, or elernenta), these, the elements previously mentioned. 4^'6 Dissociata locis lij^avit concordi pace, being disunited from their (for- .""^^er) places, he combined in harmoniovs peace. ;\V 7 Ignea et sine pondere vis coiKexi ccel^^iricnit, the fiery and yeightlcss element of the vaulted heaven, i. e. the ether, ciartef^ w/>^ Vis cocli are used for cmlum, and convexi is used in the sense of concavi. 8 Traxit grandia elernenta, attracted the heavier particles (if matter. 9 Possedit ultima (loca), took possession of the most remote parts ; as en- circling the extremities of the earth's surface. 10 The order is, Ubi (J)eus), quisquis deorum ille fuit, secuit congeriem 3ic dispositam, redegitque {cam) sectam in membra, and reduced ti when thus divided to (distinct) elements, i. e. tofirc, air, earth and water. FAB. II.J THE CREATION OF MAN. 3 Turn freta difFundi, rapidisque tumescere ventis 6 Jussit, et ambitaj circumdare litora terrae. Addidif et fontes, immensaque stagna lacusque, Fluminaque obliquis cinxit declivia ripis : Q;ii8e di versa locis^ partim sorbentur ab ipsa,* In mare perveniunt partim, campoque recepta V* 10 Liberioris aquae pro ripis litora pulsanl. Jussit et extendi campos, subsidere valle.s, Fronde tegi silvas, lapidosos surgere montes. Utque duae dextra^ ccelum totidemque sinistra Parte secant Zonae, quinta est ardentior illis ; 15 Sic onus inclusum numero distinxit"^ eodem Cura Dei, totidemque plagae tellure premuntur.^ Quarum quae media^ est, non est habitabilis aestu ; Nix tegit alta duas ; totidem inter utramque locavit, Temperiemque^ dedit mixta cum frigore flamma. 20 Imminet his aer, qui,, quanto est pondere teniae Pondus aquae levins, tanto est onerosior igni.^0 Illic^ et nebulas, illic^ consistere nubes Jussit, et humanas motura^° tonitrua mentes, Et cum fiilminibus facientes frigora ventos.^^ 25 His quoque non passim mundi fabricator habendum^ '^ 1 Divejfea locis, for diversis locis, in various places. Diver sa is here made to a^ee with quce, the nominative to the verb, instead of being in the same ease as locis, a form of expression not unusual with Ovid. See 1,6, 11. 2 Sorbentur ab (terra) ipsa, are swallowed up by the earth itself. See Arethusa in Index. 3 Utque dua? Zonae secant ccelum dextra parte, and as two zones divide the heaven on the right. See Zona. 4 Distinxit inclusum onus, divided the enclosed mass, i. e. the earth, which was supposed to be included within the spliere of the heavens. 5 Totidemque plaga; premuntur (in) tellure, and as many zones arc marked on the earth, i. e. are imprinted on the earth by the corresponding zones of the celestial sphere. 6 Quarum (zonarum, zona) quae est media, of which zones that which m in the centre. 7 Temperiem, due terftpq-ature ; mixta flamma, by mixing fieat. * 8 Qui esttanto onerosior igni, quanto pondus aquae est levius pondere terra?, wkwhis as much heavier than f re (i. e. ether) as the weight of water is lighter than the weigh t of earth. 9 Illic, there, i. e. in the atmosphere. 10 Motura, calculated to alarm. 11 Ventos cum fulminibus, for fuhnina et ventos, a form of expression frequently employed by Ovid. 12 Habendum passim, to be possessed by them without control. 4 THE Gi^ATION OF MAN. ["bOOK I. Aera permisit : vix nunc obsistitur^ illis, Q/Uum sua quisque regant^ diverse flamina tractu, Quin lament mundum ; tantaest discordia fratrum.^ Eurus ad Auroram Nabataeaque regna recessit 80 Persidaque, et radiis juga subdita matutinis. Vesper*et occiduo quae litora Sole tepescunt, Proxima sunt Zephyro ; Seytbiam Septemque trionem^ Horrifer invasit Boreas ; contraria tellus^ Nubibus assiduis pluvioque madescit ab Austro. S5 Haec super imposuit liquidum et gravitate carentem jEthera, nee quicquam terrenae faecis habentem.^ Vix ea limitibus dissepserat omnia certis, Quum, quae pressa diu massa latuere sub ilia, Sidera coeperunt to to efFervescere' coelo.K Neu regio foret ulla suis animantibus^ orba, Astra tenent cadeste solum,^ fomiaeque Deoriim ; Cesserunt nitidis habitandae piscibus undae ; Terra fetas cepit, volucres agitabilis aer. Sanctius his animal mentisque capacius altae^^ 45 Deerat adhuc, et quod dominari in cetera posset. Natus homo est, sive hunc divino semine fecit Ille opifex rerum, mundi melioris origo ;^^ Sive recens tellus, seductaque nuper ab alto ^there, cognati retinebat semina coeli.,^^ 50 1 Vix obsistitnr illis— quin Ian ient mundum, resistance is tcifh d{fficulh/ made to them ; (hey can scarcely/ be prevented from tearing the world to pieces. 2 Regant refers to the winds collectively, and is therefore put in the plural ; while quisque refers to each singly, and requires regat to be supplied in the singular. 3 Fratrum, See Ventus. A. R. A. 473^ 4 Septemque trionem,/or Septemtrionemque, and the north. 5 Contraria tellus, the opposite part of the earth, the southern. 6 Nee habentem quicquam terrene facis, and containing no portion of earthy matter. Ea, tliese, i. e. the four elenients. 7 Effervescere toto coelo, to burst forth over the whole sky. H Suis animantibus, animals pecidiar to itself. 9 Cceleste solum, thejirmament of heaven ; forma; Deorum,/or Dii. 10 Capacius altae mentis, more capable of lofty thought. \l Origo melioris mundi, the creator of a better world. 12 Retinebat semina. co^znaticccU, still retai)ied the propei-tics of heaven . 'o which it teas related. It was a dogma of the Pythagoreans >Wit tlia soul of man was a portion of that all-pervading deity who animated the universe. FAB. II.J THE CREATION OF MAX. 5 Qiiam satus lapeto, mixtam fluvial ibus iindis, Finxit in efiigiem moderantum cuncta Deorum. Pronaque quum spectent^ animalia cetera terrain, Os homini sublime dedit, coelumque tueri Jussit, et erectos ad sidera tollere villtus. 55 Sic, niodo^qufe fuerat rudis et'sine imagine, tellus Induit ignotas hominum conversa figuras.^ Fab. III. — The Four Ages, A UREA prima sata est fetas, quae, vindice^ nullo, Sponte sua, sirie iQge, fidem rectumque colebat.* Poena metusque aberant ; nee verba minacia fixo jEre^ legebantur : nee supplex turba timebant Judicis ora sui ; sed erant sine judice tuti. 5 Nondum ccesa suis, peregrinum ut viseret ©rbem, Montibus in liquidas pinus descenderat^'und^s ; Nullaque mortale^ prseter sua litora norant. Nondum prsecipites cingebant oppida fossae ; Non tuba directi,^ non seris cornua flexi, . 10 Non galeae, non ensis erant ; sine militis usu^- Mollia securae peragebant otia gentes.- Ipsa quoque immunis rastroque intacta, nee ullis Saucia vomeribus, per se dabat^ omnia tellus"~i Contentique cibis, nullo cogente, creatis, 15 Arbuteos fetus,^ montanaque fraga legebant, 1 Prona spectent terram, stooping downwards look upon the earth. 2 Conversa induit figuras hominura ignotas, being changai assumed the ^giires of men, till then itnknoivn. 3 Nullo vindice, without any avenger of wrong. The ablative absolute. 4 Colebat tidem rectumque, practised honesty and integrity. 5 Fixo aere, on platen of bra^s-jijced up. See Adam's Roman Antiqui- ties, p. 79. 6 Nondum descenderat in liquidas undas, had not yet descended into the liquid leaves, had not yet been launched. Pinus is here used for a ship, because ships Avere frequently made of pine. A. R. A. 347. 7 Non tuba directi (ceris), no trumpet of straight brass. A. R. A. 314. 8 Ipsa per se dabat omnia, produced spoyitaneously all kinds of fruit. 9 Arbuteos fetus, the fruit of the arbute, or strawberry tree. The ever- green strawberry tree grows wild in Italy, and produces a fruit very much resembling our strawberry, but larger. Fraga, wild strawberries, whit-h arc often found on wooded hills. Coma, cornels, the fruit of the cornel trt-e, a species of cherry of a beautiful red colour. Mora, blackberriei, tUa fruit of the bramble.^^ 6 THE FOUR AGES. [BOOK I. Comaque et in duris haerentia mora rubetis, Et quae deciderant patula Jovis arbore^ glandes. Ver erat seternum, placidique tepentibus auris JLalcebant Zephyri natos sine semine flores. 20 Mox etiam fruges tellus inarata ferebat, ,/Nec renovatus^ ager gravidis canebat aristis. / Fliimina jam lactis, jam flumina nectaris ibant ; / Flavaque de viridi stillabant ilice mella. / Fab. IV. — The Four Seasonsi PosTQUAM, Saturno tenebrosa in Tartara misso,' Sub Jove mundus erat ; subiit argentea proles/ Auro deterior, fulvo pretiosior ^re. Jupiter antiqui contraxit tempora veris ; Perque hiemes aestusque et inaequales autumnos 5 Et breve ve^, spatiis exegit^ quatuor annum. Tum primuhi siccis aer fervoribus ustus Canduit, et ventis glacies adstricta pependit. Tum primiim subiere domos ; domus antra fuerunt, Et densi frutices, et vinctae cortice virgse.^ 10 Semina tum primum longis Cerealia sulcis Obruta sunt, pressique jugo gemuere juvenci. Tertia^ post illas successit ahenea proles, Saevior ingeniis et ad horrida promptior arma, Nee sceierata tamen. De duro est ultima^ ferro. 1 5 1 Patula arbore Jovis, from the spreading tree of Jupiter, i. e. the oak. This clause seems to limit glans, in the present passage, to the fruit of tho oak, which, in southern countries, is large, and is used as food both in a raw state and roasted. The oak was sacred to Jupiter, the laurel to Apollo, the ash to Mars, the olive to Minerva, the myrtle to Venus, the poplar to Hercules, the vine to Bacchus, and the cypress to Pluto. 2 Et ager non renovatus, and the land without being ploived, 3 Saturno misso in tenebrosa Tartara, on Saturn being sent dawn to gloomy Tartarus ,- being expelled from his kingdom. See Satumus. 4 Argentea proles subiit, the silver age succeeded ; auro, the golden age ; are, the brazen age. 5 Exegit annum quatuor spatiis, completed the year tcith four seasons, or ^iidc^d the pear int^^four seasons. A. R. A., 265. See Annus. Q Virgae vinctae cortice, twigs fastened together vnth bark. 7 Tertia post illas {cetates), the third in order after these, i. e. afte-' the giMen and silver ages. 8 Ultima (atas^ or proles). FAB. IV."] THE FOUR SEASONS. 7 Protinus irrumpit vense^ pejoris in aevum Omne nefas ; fugere pudor verumque fidesque ; In quorum subiere'^ locum fraudesque dolique, Insidiae^ue et vis et aiiioi* scelerattis habendi.^ Velardabat'' ventis^ nee adhuc bene noverat illos, 20 Navita ; quaeque.diu steterarit in montibus altis, Flu(!;tibus ignotis insultavere carina?.^ Comraunemque prius, ceu lumina solis et aur^, Cautus humum longo sigriavit^ limite mensor,' Nee tantum segetes alimentaque debita dives 25 Poseebatur'^ humus ; sed itum est'^ in viscera terree, Quasque recondiderat Stygiisque admoverat^ umbris, < EfFodiuntur opes, irritamenta malorum. Jam que nocens ferrum, ferroque nocentius aurum Prodierant ;^^^ prodit bellum,' quod pugnat utroque, 30 Sanguineaque manu erepitantia coneutit arma. Vivitur^^ ex rapto : non hospes ab hospite tutus, Non socer a genero ; fratrum quoque gratia^'"^ rara est. Imminet^^ exitio vir conjugis, ilia mariti ; Lurida terribiles miscent aconita novereae ; 85 Filius ante diem patrios inquirit in annos.^* 1 Irrumpit in aevum pejoris vense, bursts in upon an age of baser metah Vena, which properly signifies the vein of metal in the mine, is here applied to the age which is characterized by that metal. 2 In locum quorum subiere, in room of which succeeded. 3 Sceleratus amor habendi, the wickal desire of amassing wealt\ i. e. covetousness. 4 Dabat vela ventis, spread his sails to the wind. A. R. A. 344. 5 Carinas insultavere, keels (i. e. ships) bounded over, Carince properly signifies trees made into keels. A. R. A. 342. 6 Signavit humum longo limite, divided the ground by a long boundary. 7 Poscebatur, was called upon for ; debita, due by it. 8 Sed itum est (ab hominibus), but men even penetrated. 9 Admoverat Stygiis umbris, had placed near the Stygian shades, in allusion to the depth of the mines. 10 Prodierant, had come forth, had showed themselves; prodit, ame*/ utroque, with both, i. e. with bribes of gold and swords of iron. 11 Vivitur {ab hominibus) ex rapto, w?fn live by plunder. 12 Gratia fratrum, the agreement of brothers ; brotherly affection. 13 Imminet exitio, watches for the death — ilia (imminet exitio). 14 Ante diem inquirit in patrios annos, btfore the appointed time, pre- maturely inquires into the years of his father ; consults the astrologers to know how many years he is likely to live. A. R. A. 244. 8 THE FOUR SEASONS. [^OOK I. Victa jacet Pietas,^ et Virgo csede madentes, Ultima coelestum, terras Astrea reliquit. Fab. V. — The Giants. Neve''* foret terris securior arduus aether ; AfFectasse^ferunt regnum coeleste Gigantas, Altaque congestos struxisse ad sidera montes. Turn pater omnipotens missb perfregit^ Olympum Fulmine, et excussit subjecto Peliori Ossse. 5 Obruta iriole sua^ quum corpora dira jacerent ; Perfusam multo natorum sanguine Terram Incaluisse ferunt, calidumque animasse" cruorem ; Et, ne nulla suae stirpis monumenta manerent. In faciem vertisse^ hominum. Sed et ilia propago 10 Contemptrix Super um, ssevaeque avidissima csedis, Et violenta fuit : scires e sanguine natos.** Fab. Yl.—J^ycaon, Qu^^ pater ut summa vidit Satuniius arce, Ingemit ; et, facto nondum vulgata recenti, Foeda Lycaoniae referens^" convivia mensae, Ingentes animo et dignas Jove concipit iras ; Conciliumque vocat : tenuit^^ mora nulla vocatos. 5 1 Pietas, natural affection ; ccelestum, of the celestial deities. 2 Neve (/or etne) arduus aether foret, and that the loft]/ ether micikt notbe. 3 Ferunt Gigantas affectasse coeleste regnuin, thep say that the Giants at- tempiea to seize the kingdom of heaven. See Giga?. 4 Fulmine misso perfregit Olympum, by discharging a thunderbolt dashed Olympus to pieces. 5 Obruta sua mole, buried under the pile of their own raising, i. e. under tfie mountains ivhich they had piled upon each other. 6 Animasse calidum cruorem, animated the warm gore. 7 Vertisse in faciem hominum, changed them into the shape of men ; the humanform. 8 Scires (eos) natos (esse) e sanguine, you might have knoum that they voere sprung from blood. 9 Quse, which things, i. e. the wickedness and impiety of the offspring of the giants ; summa arce, /ro?n the highest eminence of heaven, j^iere Jupi- ter's palace was. SeeW. ■«-**" '^ 10 Referens foeda convivia Lycaoniae mensse, nondmn vulgata facto re- centi, reflecting upon the abominable entertainment of Lycaon's tahUy which was not yet generally known, as the crime had been but lately committed* 11 Tenuit deos vocatos, detained the gods when summoned. FAB. Vl.^ LYCAOX. 9 Est via sublimis, coelo manifesta sereno; Lactea nomen habet,^ candore notabilis ipso. Hac''^ iter est Superis ad magni tecta Tonantis, Regalemqiie domum. Dextra Iscvaque^ Deorum Atria nobilium valvis celebrantur"^ apertis ; ^ 1§ Plebs habitant diversa locis ;^ a fronte potentes ^ Coelicolae clarique suos posuere Penates.^ Hie locus est, quern, si verbis audacia detu;*,' Haud timeam magni dixisse Palatia cceli. Ergo'* ubi marmoreo Superi sedere recessu,^ 15 Celsior ipse loco sceptroque innixus eburno, Terrificam capitis conbu«sit terque quaterque Caesariem, cum qua terrll^, mare, sidera, movit. Talibus inde modis ora indignantia solvit i^*^ Non ego pro mundi regno magis anxius ilia 20 Tempestate fui, qua centum quisque parabat Injicere anguijDedum^^ captivo brachia coelo: Nam, quanquam ferus hostis erat, tamen illud ab uno Corpore et ex una pendebat origine bellum. Nunc mill!, qua totum Nereus circumsonat orben^ 25 1 Habet nomen lactea {via), has the name of the milky way, or gdlaxp. The construction here is peculiar. The strict sjTitax would have required lactece, under the government of nomen, or lacteam, to agree with it. Lactea is probably an instance of the nominative absolute. See Lactea. 2 Hac (via) est iter superis, along this is the way for the pods. 3 Dextra lasvaque (parte), on the right and left of the milky way. 4 Atria nobilium deorum celebrantiir, the halls of the powerful gods are throngeil. The Romans, in allusion to the division of the senators, divided their gods into two classes, the Dii Majorum Gentiiwi, who are here called nobiles, and the Dii Minorum Gentium, who are designated plebs, the in- ferior deities, A. R. A. 221 and 230. The words ywhiles and plebs refer to the division of the Roman citizens into patricians and plebeians , A. R. A. 1. In atria celebrantur there is an allusion to the halls in which the Roman no- bility received the morning visits of their friends and dependents, A. R. A. 94. 5 Diversa locis, See 1, 2, 9. A fronte, in front of the royal palace. 6 Posuere suos penates, have fixed their abodes. Penates, which properly denotes the household gods, is here used to signify a house. A. R. A. 230. 7 Si audacia detur verbis, {f boldness may be allowed to my words. The poet here otfers a delicate compliment to Augustus, whose residence was on the Palatine hill, and thence called Palatium. 8 Ergo, therefore ; resuming the narrative from the fifth line. 9 Marmoreo recessu, in the marble council-room. 10 Solvit indignantia ora talibus modis, opened his angry lips in such strains as the following. 11 Ang}i\Tpedum{gigayitum),of the snake footed giants. See Gigns. Inji cere brachia captivo coelo, to lay his hui^drcd hands on captive heaven. A 2 I'O LYCAUN. [book I. Perdendum est mortale genus.^ Per flumina juro Infera, sub terras Stygio labentia luco, Cuncta prius tentata \^ sed immedicabile vulnus Ense^ reddendum est, ne pars sincera trahatur. Sunt mihi Semidei, sunt rustica numina, Nymphae 80 Faujiique Satyrique et nionticolae Silvani : Quos quoniam coeli nondum digngpiur honore, Quas dedimus, certe terras habitare sinamus. An satis, o Superi, tutos fore creditis illps, Quum mihi, qui fulmen, qui vos habeoque regoque, 35 St^^erit insidias notus feritate Lyeaoi^ ?* Confremuere omnes, studiisque ardentibus ausuhi Talia deposcunt.^ Sic, quuna manus impia^ saevit Sanguine Caesareo Romaiium exstinguere^ nOmen, ^ Attonitum tantae subito terrore ruinae 40 Hamanum genus est, totusque perhorruit orbis. Nee tibi grata minus pietas,^ Auguste, tuorum, Quam fuit ilia Jovi. Qui postquam voce manuque Murmura compressit ; tenuere silentia cuncti. Substitit ut clamor, pressus gravitate regentis f 45 Jupiter hoc iterum sermone silentia rumpit : Ille quidem poenas, curam banc dimittite, solvit ; Q,uod tamen admissum,^^ quae sit vindicta, docebo. 1 Mortale genus perdendum est mihi, the hwamn race must be destroyed bp me. ^ 2 Cuncta prius tentata (esse mihi) , that every other remedy has already been tried by me. 3 Reddendum est ense, must be cut out with the surgeon's knife ; ne {/ot* ut non) sincera pars trahatur, that the sound part be hat qfrect^d. -i,^^ 4 The order is, Quum Lycaon notus feritate struxerit insidias mihi {has laid a plot/or we), qui {habeoque regoque) fulmen, qui habeoque regoque vos. 5 Ardentibusque studiis deposcunt ausuni talia, and with burning zeal demand for punishment the nmn who daredjp cormnit sucJi tuickedness. 6 Impia manus, a wicked bandj^A.-^.'tlie co^spii^ators -under-Brutus^and Cassius. 7 Saevit exstinguere Romanum nomen Csesaxeo &a,ngmne,fitriously strove to extinguish the Roman empire by the assassination of Ccrsar. The poet, to flatter Augustus, here compares Julius Caesar with Jupiter, and the Roman empire with the unlimited dominions of the gods. 8 Fietas tuorum, 1 he loyalty of your subjects; qiiam ilia, than (liat—i\\Q indignation of the gods at the conduct of Lycaon. S^ee ;J7. 9 JPressus gravitate regentis, checked by the aidhority of the sovereifffu 1^ Quod admissum {sit), what his crime was. [ FAB. VI.] LYCAON. 11 Contigerat nostras infamia^ temporis aures ; Quam cupiens falsam, summo delabor Olympo, 50 Et deus humana lustro sub imagine terrf^. Longa mora''^ est, quantum noxae sit ubique ref)ertum, Enumerare : minor fuit ipsa infamia vero. Maehala transieram, latebris horrenda ferarum, Et cum Cyllene gelidi pineta Lycaei; 65 Arcados hinc sedes et inhospita tecta tyranni Ingredior, traherent quum sera crepuscula noctem. Signa dedi^ venisse Deum ; vulgusque pr^cari Coeperat. Irridet prim 6 pia vota Lycaon, Mox ait, Experiar, Deus hie, discrimine aperto,'* 60 An sit mortalis ; nee erit dubitabile verum. Nocte gravem^ somno necopina perdere morte Meparat: liaec^illi placet experientia veri. Nee contentus "feo, misSi de gente MolossaT Obsidis nnius jugulum mucrone resolwi^^ 65 Atque ita' ^em^ieces partim f erventibus artus Moli-it aquis, partim subjecto torruit igni. Quos simul imposuit mensis ; ego vindice flam ma In domino dignos everti tecta Penat^S.^ Territus ille fugit, nactusque silentia ruris 70 Exululat, frustraque loqui conatui*: ab ipso^ Colligit OS rabiem,^ solitaeque cupidine caedis Vertitur in pecudes ;^^ et nunc quoque sanguine gaudet. ^n villos abeunt vestes, in crura lacerti ; 'v. 1 Infamia temporis, a report of the wickedness o/the time ; cupiens quam-' {esse) falsam, and wishing to find it false. \ 2 Longa mora est enumerare, it icould he tedious to relate. ' 3 Dedi signa Deum venisse, / gave -proofs that a God had arrived ; by his \ gait, size, and splendour. 8ee 3, 7, 99. \ 4 Experiar aperto discrimine {num) hie sit Deus an mortalis, I will try \ by a clear test vjhetker this be a God or a mortal. y 5 Gravem somno, overpoue^'ed by sleep ; necopina, unexpected. I 6 Resolvit mucrone jugulum, laid open, or cut with a sword the neck. 7 Atque ita, and having done so ; igni subjecto, with fire put under it. B Everti tecta in Penates digrios domino, / overturned the house upon the household gods, worthy of their master, i. e. equally widced. A. R. A. 230. !> Os colligit rabiem ab ipso, his motdh acquires fury from himself , i. o from his natural disposition, and not from any external cause. 10 Vertitur in pecudes, he falls upon sheep ,- abeunt, arc chaftged. 12 LYCAON. [book 1. Fit lupus, et veteris servat vestigia formae : 75 Canities eadem est^ eadem violentia vultu, Idem oculi lucent^^ eadem feritatis imago. Occidit una domus -^ sed non domus una perire Digna fuit : qua terra patet, fera regnat Erinnys ; In facinus jurasse' putes : dent ocius omnes 80 Quas meruere pati, sic stat sententia/ poenas. Fab. VII.— 7%e Deluge. Dicta Jovis pars^ voce probant stimulosque furenti Adjiciunt ; alii partes asserisibus implent.< Est tamen humani generis jactura dolori * Omnibus ; et, quae sit terrse nK)rtalibus orbse Forma futura, rogant ; quis sit laturus'' in aras 5 Thura \ ferisne paret populandas tradeye terras \ Talia quae rentes, sibi enim fore cetera curae,^ Rex Superum trepidare vctat, sobolemque priori Dissimilem populo promitLit origine mir^^ Jam que erat in totas^ sparsurus fulniina terras ; 10 Sed timuit, ne forte sacer tot ab ignibus aether Conciperet fiammas,^ longusque ardesceret axis.^ Esse quoque in fatis^^ reminiscitur, afforo tempus. Quo mare, quo tellus, corrept£y|ue regia cceli 1 Idem oculi lueentv^^ same eyes glare,* his eyes glare as before. 2 Una domus, one house, i. e. tliatof Lycaon ; uou una, noi 07ie merely. 3 (Homines) jurasse in facinus, that men had sicorn to commit crimes. 4 Sic sententia stat {mihi), thus my resolution has been fixed. 5 Pars— alii,. /or pars — pars, or alii — alii, some — others; implent partes assensibus, complete the number (the jjarty) by their assent .- signify their aj- sent by a nod. Allusion is here made to the different modes of expressing assent in the Roman senate. A. R. A. 12. 6 Quislaturus sit thura, ivho would qfer frankincense. Frankincense was not used in sacrifices in tlYc earliest ages ; but Ovid here, as in many other passages, describes the practices as they existed in his own time. 7 (Dicit) enim cetera fore curae sih\,for he tells them Viat the rest wouhi be a matter of care to himself. 8 Conciperet flammas, should catch the flames ,- be set on fire. 9 Longus axi^, the vast heaven. The ancients believed that an axis passed from the one pole of heaven to the other, through tbe centre of the earth, on which the whole frame of the universe revolved, ^.r?* is frequently used by the poets to signify the whole heavens. A. R. A. AW. 'lO Esse in fatis, that it was in the deci'ces of fate. A. R. A 22a FAB. VII. J THE DELUGE, 13 Ardeat, et niundi moles operosa laboret. 1 5, Tela reponuntur manibtis fabricata Cyclopum : Poena placet diversa, genus mortale sub undis Perdere, et ex omni nimbos dimittere coelo. Protinus iEoliis Aquilonem claudit in antris, Et quaecunque fagant inductas^ flamina nubes ; 20. Emittitque Notum. Madidis Notus evolat alls, Terribilem pice a tec{us caligine^ vultum : Barba gravis nimbis ; canis^uit unda capillis ; / Fronte sedent nel^ulae ; rorant penjjaeque sinusque. Utque manu lata pendentia nubjla pressit, 25. Fit fragor ; hinc densi funduntur ab sethere nimbi. Nuntia 'Junonis varios indula'* colores, ^Concipit Iris aquas, aiimentaque ntibibus afFert. Sternfmtur segetes, et deplorata coloni Vota jacent,^ longique l^^or perit irritus anni. SOt Nee coelo cantenta suo est Jo vis ira ; sed ilium Caeruleus frater'^ juvat auxiliaribus undis. Convocat hie Xmne's : qui postquam tecta tyranni Intravere sui, Non est hortamine longo^ Nunc, ait, utendum ;" vii*es effandite vestras, So/ Sic opus est ; aperite domos, ac, mole remota,^ Fluminibus vestm totas immittite^ habenas._ Jusserat : hi redeunt, ac fontibus ora relaxant, l*Operosa moles mimdi laboret, the ingeniously-ivr ought fabric of the universe should be in danger of perishing. *■ 2 Inductas (terris), whenbrought over the earth. ' See 2, 1, 307. 3 Tectus (secundu7n) terribilem vultum picea caligine, having his dreadful countenance covered ivith pitchy darkness. The accusative "is frequently joined to passive verbs for the purpose of defining more exactly the part to which the verb relates. This construction is usually explained by supply- ing the preposition secundum (as to) ; and occurs very often in Ovid. 4 Induta varios colores, clad in her various colours. Some of the verbs of clothing, as induo^ accingo, take, in the passive voice, an accusative of the thing put on. See Latin Kud., Rule 33. 5 Vota coloni jacent d6plorata, the hopes of the husbandman lie desperate, i. c. the crops. 6 Ceferujeus frater, his sea-green brother, i. e. Neptune. 7 Non utendum est (m'ihi) longo hoi-tamine, / must not employ a long exhortation. ' -■8 Moleremot^, removing every obstacle ; drawing up the flood-gates. 9 Immittite totas habcnas vestris^uminibus, give the reins entirely ttj your streams. The metaphor in ypHine, and in 39,r^ taken from the reins of horses, which are slackene#to give them full ^eed. 14 THE DELUGE. [BOOK I. Et defrenato volvuntur in aequora cursu. Ipse tridente suo terram pcrcussit ; at ilia 40 Intremuit, motuque sinus patefecit' aquanim. Exspatiata ruunt per apei*tos flumina campos, Cumque satis arbusta simul pecudesque virosque Tectaque, cumque suis rapiunt penetralia^ sacris. Si qua domus mansit potuitque resistere tanto 45 Indejecta malo ; culmen tamen altior hujus Unda tegit,^ pressaeque labant sub gurgite turres. Jamque mare et tellus nullum discrimen habebant : Omnia pontus erant ; deerant quoque litora ponto. Occupat hie collem; cyniba sedet alter adunca, 50 Et ducit remos illic, ubi nuper ararat. Ille supra segetes aut mersae culmina villse Navigat ; hie summa piscem deprendit in ulmo/ Figitur in viridi, si fors tulit,'^ anchora prato ; Aut subjecta terunt curvic vineta carinse. 55 Et, modo qua graciles gramen carpsere capellae, Nunc ibi deformes ponunt sua corpora phoca?. Mirantur sub aqua lucos urbesque domosque Nereides ; silvasque tenent delphines, et altis Incursant ramis, agitataque robora pulsant.^ -60 Nat lupus inter oves ; fulvos veliit unda leones ; Unda vehit tigres ; nee vires fulminis" apro, Crura nee ablato prosunt velocia cervo. Quaesitisque diu terris, ubi sidere detur, In mare lassatis volucris vaga decidit alis. ^ 05 4. rOrrvoii 1 Patefecit sinus aquarum, laid open the subterraneous riSprvoirs of water ,- her secret repositories of water. ^ 2 Penetralia cum suis sacris, sanctuaries with their sacred deposits,- i. e. with the PenateSy or household Gods. A. R. A. 230. 3 Unda altior tegit cuhnen hujus, the water rising higher than it, covers the top of it; turres, palaces, lofty buildings. The towers, or spiivs of the moderns, were unknown to the ancients. 4 In summa uhno, on the top of an elm-tree, 5 Si fors tulit, if chance directed it so. 6 Pulsant agitata, for pulsant et agitant, strike against and move ; indi- cating the force with which the trees were struck by the dolphins. 7 Nee vires fulminis (prosunt) apro, nor docs his strength of thunder (his destructive strength) avail the boar. The metaphor is taken from the irresistible force of the thunderbolt ; ablato, carried away by the current. FAB. VII.J THE DELUGE. 16 Obruerat tumulos iinmensa licentia ponti/ Pulsabantque novi montana cacumina fluctus. Maxima pars unda rapitur ; quibus unda pepercit, Illos longa domant inopi jejunia victu.'^ Fab. VIII. — Deucalion and Pyrrha, Sep A RAT Aonios QEtseis Phocis ab arvis, Terra ferax,^ dum terra fuit ; sed tempore in illo Pars maris et latus subitarum campus aquarum. Mons ibi verticibus petit arduus astra duobus, Nomine Parnassus, superatque cacumine nubes. 5 Hie ubi Deucalion, nam cetera texerat aequor, Cum consorte"^ tori parva rate vectus adhaesit ; Corycidas nymplias et numina montis adorant,^ Fatidicamque Themin, quse tunc oracla tenebat. Non illo^ melior quisquam nee amantior aequi "" 3 Vir fuit, aut ilia metuentior ulla Deorum. Jupiter ut liquidis stagnare" paludibus orbem, Et superesse videt de tot modo millibus unum, Et superesse videt de tot modo -millibus unam, Innocuos ambos, cultores numinis ambos ; 1 5 Nubila disjecit ; nimbisque Aquilone remotis, Et ccelo terras ostendit et aetliera terris. Nee maris ira manet, positoque tricuspide^ telo Mulcet aquas rector pelagi ;'supraque profundum Exstantem. atque humeros Innato murice tectum,^ 20 1 Immensa licentia ponti, the boundless fury of the sea. 2 Domant inopi victu, kills from ivant offool. 3 Phocis, ferax terra, aum fuit terra, a fertile land while it tons laJid. 4 Cum consorte tori, with the partner of his bed, i. e. his wife Pyrrha. 5 Adorant is here put in the plural, though depending upon tiie same nominative as adhcesit. Similar changes of construction are by no means unusual with the Latin poets, and particularly with Ovid, who often con- strues two nouns connected by cum in the same way as a plural noun. H Illo, than fie, i. e. Deucalion— iWa, than she, i. e. Pyrrha. 7 Ut Jupiter videt orbem stagnare liquidis paUidibus, when Jujriter sees that the world is covered with pools of water ; unum (hominem) — unam ( te- minam.) 8 Tricuspide telo posito, laying aside his three-pronged weapon, his tri' dent. A. R. A. 223. 9 Vocatque cseruleum Tritona exstantem supra profundum {who stands out abovi Vie water) ^ atque tectum {secundum) humerus murice innato. IG DEUCALION AND PYRRHA. [BOOK T. Cffiriileum Tritona vocat, conch aeque sonaci Inspirare jubet, fluctusque et flumina signo Jam revocare dato. Cava buccina sumitur illi, Tortilis, in latum qua? turbine crescit^ ab imo ; Buccina, quae medio concepit ut aera ponto, 25 Litora voce replet sub utroque jacentia Phcebo. Turn quoque, ut ora Dei madida rorantia barb a Contigit, et cecinit jussos inflata rcceptus, Omnibus audita est telluris et sequoris undis ; Et quibus est undis audita, coercuit^ omnes. 30 Jam mare litus habet ; plenos capit alveus amnes ; Flumina subsidunt; colles exire videntur; Surgit humus ; crescunt loca decrescentibus undis ; Postque diem^ longam nudata cacumina silvse Ostendunt limumque tenent in fronde relictum. So Redditus orbis erat. Quem postquam vidit inanem, Et desolatas agere alta silentia terras ; Deucalion lacrimis ita Pyrrham afFatur obortis : O soror,* o conjux, o femina sola superstcs, Quam commune mihi genus et patruelis origo,^ 40 Deinde torus junxit, nunc ipsa pericula jungunt ; Terrarum, quascunque vident occasus et ortus, Nos duo turba^ sumus : possedit cetera pontus. Haec quoque adhuc vitae non est fiducia nostras Certa satis : terrent etiamnunc nubila mentem. 45 Quid tibi, si sine me fatis erepta fuisses, with shell-fish (jrowlng on them. Murex^ which is properly the fish from the juice of which the purple dye was obtained, is here used for any shell- tish. The miirex was found chiefly on the coast of Phoenicia, the north of Africa, and off the Ta?narian promontory in the Peloponnesus. The purple most valued resembled the colour of clotted blood. A. R. A. 365. 1 Quae crescit in latum ab imo turbine, ivhich increases in width from a ^small circular end ; voce, with its sound. 2 Cocrcuit omnes (undas) quibus undis audita est, checked all the waters by which it was heard. 3 Longam diem, a long time. Dies, when it refers to a specified time, is generally masculine ; when it implies the duration o/time^ it is frequently feminine. Nudata, /?-t'c'/rom water. 4 Soror is here used as a term of .endearment ; for Pyrrha was his cousin and not his sister,- or it may be used for soi'or patruelis. n cousin. See 13, 1,31. 5 Patruelis origo, our descent from brothers. See Deucalion and Pyrrha* 6 Nos duo sumus turba, we two are Vie whole population. FAB. VIII. J DEUCALION AND PYRRHA. 17 Nunc animi,^ miseranda, foret I quo sola timorem Ferre modo posses I quo consolante"^ doleres I Namque ego, crede mihi, si te quoque pontus haberet, Te sequerer, conjux, et me quoque pontus haberet. 50 utinam possem populos reparare paternis^ Artibus, atque aninias formatae infundere terrae ! Nunc genus in nobis restat mortale duobus, Sic visum Superis,'^ hominumque exempla manemus. ^ Dixerat, et flebant. Placuit coeleste precari o6 Numen, et auxilium per sacras quaerere sortes."^ Nulla mora est ; adeunt pariter Cepliisidas undas, Ut nondum liquidas, sic jam vada nota secantes. Inde ubi libatos irroravere^ liquores Vestibus et capiti ; flectunt vestigia sanctae 60 Ad delubra Deae, quorum fastigia' turpi Pallebant musco, stabantque sine ignibus arae. Ut templi tetigere gradus. procumbit uterque Pronus humi, gelidoque j^^^s dedit oscula saxo. Atque ita, Si precibus, dixebmt, numina justis 65 Victa^ remoUescunt, si flectitur ira Deorum ; Die, Themi, qua generis damnum reparabile nostri Arte sit, et mersis fer opem, mitissima, rebus. Mota Dea est, sortemque dedit : Discedite templo, 1 Quid animi nunc foret tibi, what feelings would you now have had? What would have now been your feelings? YQX\s,from the fatal deluge. 2 Quo consolante doleres for quis consolaretur te dolentem, who would have consoled you in your grief? 3 Patemis artibus, by my father's arts. See Prometheus. 4 Sic visum (est) Superis, so it has seemed good to the gods ; exempla, patterns, copies. 5 Per sacras sortes, by means of the sacred oracle. Oracles had, amongst other means of divination, also sortes (dice, tallies), which were given to those who came for advice, and on which the answer was written. Hence SOTS is used to signify the oracle itself, and also any verbal reply, or response of an oracle, as in 69. A. R. A. 243. Ut— sic, though— yet. 6 Irroravere vestibus et capiti, had sprinkled upon their clothes and head ; libatos inde, taken from it. It was customary for the ancients to sprinkle themselves with water taken from a fountain or a running stream, before ofifering sacrifice or entering the temples of their gods. A. R. A. 260. 7 Fa^tigium properly signifies the projecting point, or gable-end, of a tttn^ pie or palace, which was at first used for the conveyance of rain-water, ami was afterwards adorned with various devices — it also signifies the roof. 8 Victa justis precibus, moved by the prayers of the just. > 18 DEUCALION AND PYRRHA. [^OOK 1. Et velate caput, cinctasque resolvite vestes, 70 Ossaque post tergum magnae jactate parentis. Obstupuere diu ; rumpitque silentia voce Pyrrha priof, jussisque Deae parere recusal ; Detque sibi venianij pavido rogat ore, pavetque Laedere'^ jactatis maternas ossibus umbras. 7«5 Interea repetunt caecis obscura^ latebris __Verba data? sortis secum, inter seque volutant. Inde Promethides placidis Epimethida dictis Mulcet et, Aut fallax, ait, est solertia nobis; Aut pia sunt nullumque nefas oracula suadent. 80 Magna parens Terra est ; lapides in corpora terrae vQssa reor dici ; jacere hos post terga jubcmur. Conjugis augurio** quanquam Titania mota est," Spes tamen in dubio est ; adeo coelestibus ambo Diffidunt monitis : sed quid tentare nocebit i Sf) Discedunt, velantque caput tunicasque recingunt, Et jussos lapides sua post vestigia mittunt. Saxa, quis hoc credat, nisi sit pro teste vetustas ] Ponere duritiem coepere suumque rigorem, jVIollirique mora,^ mollitaque ducere formam. 90 Mox, ubi creverunt, naturaque mitior iliis Contigit, ut quaedam sic non manifesta videri Forma^ potest hominis, sed, uti de marmore coepto, Non exacta satis rudibusque simillima signis. Quae tamen ex illis aliquo pars liumida succo, 96 Et terrena fuit, versa est in corporis usum ; Quod solidum est flectique nequit, mutatur in ossa ; 1 Resolvite cinctas vestes, loosen the clothes which are girt about you. A. R. A. 258. 2 Laedere maternas umbras jactatis ossibus, to offend the shade of her ■ mother hy throwing about her bones. To desecrate the ashes or bones of their ancestors was considered by the Romans a heinous crune. See Manes. 3 Obscura caecis latebris, hard to be understood from Vieir dark am- biguities. 4 Augiirio, interpretation, or conjecture. A. R. A. 240. 5 Mora, by time. 5<;e 1, 8, 6 ; ducere formam, to assume a new shape. 6 Theorderis, Ut quaedam forma hominis potest videri, sic non manifesta, sed uti i/orma) de marmore coepto non satis exacta, simillimaque rudibus signis. Rudia signa were statues in a rough state, which had been blocketl out, but bad not received the finishing touch of the sculptor. FAB. VIIJ.] DEUCALION AND PYRRHA. 19 Quod modo vena fuit, sub eodem nomine mansit. Inque brevi spatio, Superorum numine, saxa Missa viri manibus faciem traxere^ virilem ; 1 00 Et de femineo reparata est femina jactu. Inde genus durum sumus experiensque"^ laborum, Et documenta damns, qua simus origine nati. Fab. IX,— 'Python. Cetera diversis tellus animalia formis Sponte sua^ peperit, postquam vetus humor ab igne Percaluit Solis, coenumque udaeque paludes Intumuere sestu, fecundaque semina rerum Vivaci nutrita solo,"* ceu matris in alvo 5 Creverunt, faciemque aliquam ccpere morando. Sic ubi deseruit madidos septemfluus agros Nilus, et aiitiquo sua flumina reddidit alveo, -^therioque recens exarsit^ sidere limus ; PlurimaC4. 3 Aristis demptis, after the ears have l)een taken of. There is here an allusion to the ancient mode of reaping, in which the ear, with only a small part of the stalk, was stripped off, the rest of the straw being allowed to remain on the ground, and afterwards burnt to manure the land and de- stroy the weeds. A. R. A. 4(jiJ and 4(59. 4 Reliquit sub luce, left unextinguished at day-hreak. The siifiilc is bor- rowed from a practice which existed in ancient times, of people who travelled by night carrying torches with them, which were sometimes thrown into a hedge at daybreak, or carelessly left unextinguished, and frequently caused alarming con flagrations. 5 (^uid (sint) si comantur, what woidd they be if they were combed f FAB. X.] DAPHNE. 2^ Bracliiaque^ et nudos media plus parte lacertos. 50 Si qua latent, meliora putat. Fugit ocior aura Ilia levi, neque ad hoec revocantis verba resistit : Nympha, precor, Penei, mane : non insequor hostis : Nympha, mane. Sic agna lupum, sic cerva leonem, Sic aquilam penna fugiunt trepidante columbfle, 55 Hostes quacque'^ suos ; amor est mihi causa sequendi. Me miserum ! ne prona cadas,^ indignave laedi Crura secent sentes, et sim tibi causa doloris. Aspera, qua properas, loca sunt ; moderatius, oro, Curre fugamque inhibe ; moderatius insequar ipse. 60 Cui placeas, inquire tamen : non incola mentis, Non ego sum pastor ; non hie armenta gregesve Horridus"* observe. Nescis, temeraria, nescis Qucm fugias, ideoque fugis. Mihi Delphica tellus Et Glares et Tenedos Pataraeaque regia servit. 65 Jupiter est genitor : per me, quod eritque fuitque Estque, patet f per me concordant carmina nervis. Certa quidem nostra est, nostra tamen una sagitta Certior, in vacuo^ quae vulnera pectore fecit. Inventum medicina meum est, Opiferque per orbem 70 Dicor, et herbarum subjecta potentia' nobis. Hei mihi, quod nullis amor est medicabilis herbis, Nee i)rosunt domino, quae prosunt omnibus, artes ! 1 Brachium signifies the ami from tlie wrist to the elbow, and I acei'tus , from the elbow to the shoulder. The different parts of the arm are here mentioned in order, from the fingers to the shoulder. The attendants of Diana are always represented wth their arms and shoulders uncovered. 2 Quffique (/iifjit) suos hostes, each creature flies from its oicn enemies. 3 (Timeo) ne c'adas prona, I am afraid that you fall on your face. 4 Non horridus observo, / do not here, in mean attire, icatch. Armen- tum, when distinguished from grex, signifies a herd of large cattle, as oxen, camels, (fee. ; and grex, a flock of small cattle, as sheep, goats, &c. 5 Quod eritque fuitque c::tque, patet, the future, the post, and the present, are made known,- carmina concordant nervis, songs harmonize, with the strings of the lyre, are set to music. Music, of which Apollo was the inventor, was held in high esteem by the ancients ; and the invention of their besi instruments was ascril)ed to the gods. The cilhara was said to have been invented by Apollo, and the lyra by JMercury. 6 Vacuo {ah amore), wJiich was before free from love. 7 Potentia herbarum, the healing properties of plants. The medical knowledge of the ancients was limited to an acquaintance with the healing properties of certain plants. 24 DAPHNE. [book I. Plura locuturum timido Peneia cursu Fugit, cumque ipso verba imperfecta^ reliquit : 75 Turn quoque visa decens ; nudabant corpora venti, Obviaque adversas vibrabant^ flamina vestes, Et levis impulses retro dabat aura capillos ; Aucta fuga forma est. Sed enim^ non sustinet ultra Perdere bland itiasjuvenis Deus ; utque movebat 80 Ipse Amor, admisso sequitur vestigia passu. Ut canis in vacuo leporem quum Gallicus arvo Vidit, et hie praedam pedibus petit, ille salutem ; Alter inhaesuro'^ similis, jam jamque tenere Sperat, et extento stringit vestigia rostro ; 05 Alter in ambiguo est, an sit comprensus, et ipsis Morsibus eripitur tangentiaque ora relinquit : Sic Deus et virgo est, hie spe celer, ilia timore. Qui tamen insequitur, pennis adjutus Amoris Ocior est, requiemque negat ; tergoque fugacis 90 - Imminet,^ et crinem sparsum cervicibus afflat. Viribus absumptis expalluit ilia, citaeque Victa labore fugae, spectans Pene'idas undas, Fer, pater, in quit, opem, si flumina numen habetis. Qua nimium placui,^ tellus, aut hisce, vel istam, 95 Quae facit ut laedar, mutando perde figuram. Vix prece finita, torpor gravis alligat artus ; Mollia cinguntur tenui praecordia libro ; In frondem crines, in ramos brachia crescunt ; Pes, modo tam velox, pigris radicibus haeret ;' 100 Ora cacumen obit ; remanet nitor unus in ilia. 1 Cumque ipso verba imperfecta,./or et ipsura (Appollinem) et verba imperfecta, iinfinisJied, not uttered. 2 Flaminaque obvia vibrabant adversas vestes, atid the breezes meetiup her tossed back her clothes vihich opposed them ,- dabat retro, bleio back. 3 Sed enim, but now, but in truth ; admisso passu, with swift stcfis, at full speed. The metaphor is taken from a horse which has got full reins. 4 Similis inhsesiiro, as if on the point of seizing the hare ; stringit vesti- gia extento rostro, (irazes its heels icilh his extended snout. 5 Imminet tergo fugacis, is close upon her back as she^flics. a Qua nimium placui, ivhere I have pleased too much ; perde mutando, de- jtroj/ Inj changing it ; qua? facit ut locdar, which is the cause of mil beinn hurt. 7*llrcrct pigris radicibus, is held fast by immovable roots ,- cacumen obit ora, the top of the tree covers her face. FAB. X.J DAPHNE. 2r) rianc quoque Phoebus amat, positaque in stipite dextra Sentit adhuc trepidare novo sub cortice pectus ; Complexusque suis ramos, ut membra, lacenis, Oscula dat ligno ; refugit tamen oscula lignum. 105 Cui Deus, At conjux quoniam mea non potes esse. Arbor eris certe, dixit, mea ; semper habebunt^ Te coma, te citharae, te nostrse, Laure, pharetrae. Tu ducibus Latiis aderis, quum laeta triumphum Vox canet, et longas visent Capitolia pompas. 110 Postibus Augustis eadem fidissima custos Ante fores stabis,'^ mediamque tuebere quercum. Utque meum intonsis caput est juvenile capillis, Tu quoque perpetuos semper gere frondis honores. Finierat Paean. Factis modo laurea ramis 115 Annuit, utque caput, visa est agitasse cacumen. Fab. XL—Io. Est nemus Haemonite, praei-upta quod undique claudit Silva ; vocant Tempe ; per quae Peneus, ab imo EfFusus Pindo, spumosis volvitur undis, Dejectuque gravi tenues agitantia fumos Nubila conducit,^ summasque aspergine silvas 6 Impluit, et sonitu plus quam vicina fatigat.'' Haec domus, haec sedes, haec sunt penetralia magni Amnis ; in hoc residens facto de cautibus antro, Undis jura dabat Nymphisque colcntibus undas. 1 Semper habebunt te, shall always he adorned with thee,- aderis Latiis ducibus, sJialt attend upon, shall adorn the Roman gcnei-als. Among the Romans the laurel was the emblem both of victory and of triumph, and was used to adorn the/asces of the generals and the arms of the soldiers. The victorious general in the triumphal procession wore a crown of laurel, and held a branch of it in his right hand. A. R. A. 325. See Triumphus. 2 {Tu) eadem stabis fidissima custos, thou shalt also stand as a most faith- ful guardian. One of the honours decreed to Augustus by the senate was, that a civic crown should be suspended from the top of his house, between two laurel branches, which were set up in the vestibule before the gate. A. R. A. 323. 3 Gravique dejectu conducit nubila agitantia tenues fumos, and by its heavy fall produces clouds which enut a thin vapour. 4 Fatigat sonitu plus quam vici; a (loca), disturbs with its noise more than the places adjoining to it, i. e. even places at a distance. B 26 lu. Lbook I. Conveniunt illuc popularia flumina* primuiii, 10 Nescia gratentur, consolcnturne parentem/'^ Populifer Spercheos et irrequietus Enipeus, Apidanusque senex lenisque Amphrysos et ^as ; Moxque amiies alii, qui, qua tulit impetus illos, In mare deducunt fessas erroribus undas. 15 Inachus unus abest, imoque reconditus antro Fletibus auget aquas, natamque miserrimus lo Luget ut amissam : nescit vitane fruatur,^ An sit apud manes ; sed quam non invenit usquam, Esse putat nusquam, atque animo pejora veretur. 20 Viderat a patrio redeuntem Jupiter lo Flumine, et, virgo Jove digna, tuoque beatum Nescio quem factura toro,'^ pete, dixerat, umbras Altorum ncmorum, et nemorum monstraverat umbras ; Dum calet et medio Sol est altissimus orbe. 25 Quod si sola times latebras intrare ferarum ; Praeside tuta Deo nemorum secreta^ subibis : Nee de plebe Deo, sed qui coelestia magna Sceptra manu teneo, sed qui vaga fulmina mitto. Ne fuge me ! fugiebat enim. Jam pascua Lemse, SO Consitaque arboribus Lyrcea reliquerat arva ; Quuni Deus inducta latas caligine terras Occuluit,^ tenuitque fugam rapuitque pudorem. Interea medios Juno despexit in agros, Et noctis faciem nebulas fecisse volucres 35 Sub nitido mirata die ; non fluminis illas Esse, nee humenti sensit tellure remitti ;^ 1 Popularia flumina, Vie rivers of the covntrp, i. e. o/Thessaly. 2 Nescia {num) gratentur (parenti) consolenturne parentem, not knoicing whether they should congratulate or console the/athcr of Daphne, i. c. FencKS. 3 Nescit fruaturne vita, an sit apud manes, he knows not wluihcr she still enjoys life, or is with the manes, i. e. is dead. A. R. A. 415. See Manes. 4 Factura nescio quern beatum, destined to make some one, I know not whom, happy ; some person or other; pete, go to. 5 Secreta nemorum, the lonely ]>laces of the voods ; Deo pra?side, trith a god as your protector ; nee Deo de plebe, nor an inferior god. See 1 , (i, 11. 6 Occuluit latas terras caligine inducta, covered the extensive earth with darkness dratvn over it. 7 Illas rton esse (nebidas) fluminis,nec remitti humenti tellure, tJiat thejf were not the vapours of a river, nor were exhaled from Uie moist earth. FAB. XI. J 10. 27 Atque, Sims conjux ubi sit, circuraspicit, ut quae Deprensi toties jam nosset furta mariti.^ Quein postquam coelo non reperit ; Aut ego fallor, 40 Aut ego laedor, ait ; delapsaque ab lc there summo Constitit in terris, nebulasque recedere jussit. Conjugis adventum pniesenserat, iiKiiie nitentem Inachidos vultus mutaverat ille juvencam. Bos quoque formosa est. Speciem Saturnia vaccse, 45 Quanquam in vita, probat ; nee non et cujus, et unde,''^ Quove sit armento, veri quasi nescia, quaerit. Jupiter e terra genitam mentitur,^ ut auctor Desinat inquiri. Petit banc Saturnia munus. Quid faciat I crudele, suos addicere amores ;* 50 Non dare, suspectum. Pudor est, qui suadeat illinc, Hinc dissuadet amor. Victus pudor esset amore ; Sed leve si munus sociae generisque torique^ Vacca negaretur, poterat non vacca videri.^ Pellice donata, non protinus exuit omnem 55 Diva metum, timuitque Jovem et fuit anxia furti. Donee Arestoridae servandam tradidit Argo. Fab. XII. — Argus, Centum luminibus cinctum caput Argus habebat : Inde^ suis vicibus capiebant bina quietem ; Cetera servabant, atque in statione manebant. 1 Ut quae n6sset furta mariti jam toties deprensi, as she knew well the iiv- trigues of her husband, who had been already/ so often detected. 2 Quaerit cujus (sit), et unde (sit) , she asks whose she is and wheyice sheis. 3 INIentitur (earn) genitam esse e terra, falsely asserts that she was pro- duced from the earth. 4 Addicere suos amores, to give up his mistress ; suspectum, liable to sm^ picion. Addicere is a term borrowed from the Roman law, and is applied to the surrender of insolvent debtors to their creditors. A. R. A. 40. 5 Sociae generis torique, to the sharer of his descent aiui of his bed, i. e. to Juno. 5ee 11, 10, 62. 6 Poterat videri non vacca, might scem^ not to be a cow ; to he something more than a cow. 7 Anxia furti, afraid of theft,— afraid that the cow would be stolen ; (vaccam) servandam, to be watched. 8 Inde, of than, i. e. of the hundred eijes ; suis vicibus, in their turn ; bina, two at a time; in statione, on guard, on duti^ — a metaphor borrowed from the soldiers appointed to keep guard. A. R. A. 314. 2JJ ARGUS. LbooK I. Constitcrat quocumqiie modo, spcctabat ad lo ; Ante oculos lo, qiiamvis avcrsus, habebat. o Luce sinit pasci ; quum Sol tellure sub alta est, Claudit et indigno^ circumdat vincula collo. Frondibus arboreis et amara pascitur herba, Proque toro, terrce, non semper gramen habenti, Incubat infelix, limosaque flumina potat. 10 lUa etiam supplex Argo quum brachia vellet Tendere, non habuit quie brachia tenderet Argo ; Et conata queri mugitus edidit ore ; Pertimuitque sonos, propriaque exterrita voce est. Venit et ad ripas, ubi ludere saepe solebat, 1-5 Inachidas ripas ; novaque ut conspexit in unda Cornua, pertimuit seque exsternata refugit.^ Naides ignorant, ignorat et Inachus ipse, Quae sit ; at ilia patrem sequitur sequiturque sorores, Et patitur tangi, seque admirantibus ofFert. 20 Decerptas senior porrexerat Inachus herbas ; Ilia manus lambit, patriisque dat oscula palmis ; Nee retinet lacrimas ; et, si modo verba sequantur,' Oret opem, nomenque suum casusque loquatur. Litera pro verbis,** quam pes in pulvere duxit, 25 Corporis indicium mutati triste peregit. Me miserum ! exclamat pater Inachus ; inque gementis Cornibus et niveoe pendens cervice juvencae. Me miserum ! ingeminat. Tune es qutesita per omnes, Nata, mihi terras I tu non inventa reperta^ 30 Luctus eras levior, Retices, nee mutua nostris Dicta refers ; alto tantum suspiria duels Pectore, quodque unum potes,^ ad mea verba remugis. 1 Indiffno, unworthy of such treatment. 2 Exsternata refugit se, and started back in alarm at hei'setf, Jfed in alarm fi'om her own shadow. 3 Si mod6 verba sequantur, i/icords woidd hutfolloiVy if she couM but utter words. 4 Pro verbis litera, instead oftrords letters, i. e. the letters I O. 5 Eras levior luctus repertii, caused less prief to me than now when you arc found ,- dicta mutiia nostris (dlctis), wo)'d's in reply to mine. 6 Quod unum potes, what alone you can do .• tsedas. See i, 10, 32. FAB. XII.J ARGUS. 29 At tibi ego ignanis thalamos ticdasque parabam ; Spesque fuit generi^ mihi prima, secunda nepotum. 35 De grege nunc tibi vir, nunc de grege natus habendus. Nee finire licet tantos mihi morte dolores ; Sed nocet^ esse Deum ; praeclusaque janua leti Sternum nostros luctus extendit in «vum. Talia moerenti^ stellatus submovet Argus, 40 Ereptamque patri diversa in pascua natam Abstrahit : ipse procul mentis sublime cacumen Occupat, unde sedens partes speculatur in omnes. Nee Superum rector mala tanta'* Phoronidos ultra Ferre potest ; natumque vocat, quern lucida partu 45 Ple'ias enixa est, letoque det, imperat,'^ Argum. Parva mora est, alas pedibus virgamque potenti Somniferam sumpsisse^ manu tegimenque capillis. Haec ubi disposuit, patria Jove natus ab arce DesiKt in terras. Illic tegimenque removit, 50 Et posuit pennas ; tantummodo virga retenta est. Hac^ agit, ut pastor, per devia rura capellas, Dum venit, abductas, et structis cantat avenis. Voce nova captus custos Junonius, At tu, Quisquis es,^ hoc poteras mecum considere saxo, 55 Argus ait : neque enim^ pecori fecundior ullo 1 Prima spes mihi fuit (spes) generi, my first hope was that of a son-in-law. 2 Nocet (mihi, me) esse Deum, it is mi/ misfortune to be a cinctus {secumlum) caput acuta pinu, having his head encircled with sharp-pointiu I pine -leaves. l*an was represented with two small horns, and with a wreath of pine on his head. A. R. A. 232. 5 Restabat referre verba, it remained for him (Mercury) to relate the words of Pan, and to tell that, «Scc. (j Liquidas sorores, her liquid sistei's, — the water-nymphs of the Ladon, who, a« goddesses, possessed the power of changing her. FAB. xm.] SyRINX. 31 Corpore pro Nynipliae calamos tenuisse palustres ; Dumque ibi suspirat, motos in arundine ventos EfFecisse sonum tenuem similemque querenti ; 20 Arte nova vocisque Deum dulcedine captum, Hoc inihi concilium^ tecum, dixisse, manebit ; Atque ita disparibus calamis compagine cerae Inter se junctis nomen tenuisse^ puellfle. Talia dicturus vidit Cyllenius omnes 25 Succubuisse oculos, adopertaque lumina somno. Supprimit extemplo vocem, finn atque soporem, Languida permulcens medicata^ himina virga. Nee mora : falcato* nutantem vulnerat ense, Qua collo est confine^ caput ; saxoque cruentnm ^ Dejicit, et maculat prtcruptam sanguine cautem. Arge, jaces ; quodque in tot lumina lumen habebas,^ Extinctum est, centumque oculos nox occupat una. Excipit hos volucrisque suae Satumia pennis' Collocat, et gemmis caudam stellantibus implet. 35 Protinus exarsit^ nee tempora distulit iroe, Horriferamque oculis animoque objecit Erinnyn Pellicis Argolicae, stimulosque in pectore csecos Condidit, et profugam^ per totum terruit orbem. Ultimus immenso restabas, Nile, labori. 40 Quern simul ac tetigit, positisque in margins ripse 1 Hoc concilium tecum manebit mibi, this intei'course tcith ymt shall be continued by me. 2 The preceding part of the clause from dirparibits to jtmctis forms the accusative before the infinitive tenuisse. Pan's pipe consisted of seven un- equal reeds. 3 Medicata virga, trith his enchanted rod; with his caduceus, which pos- sessed the power of causing sleep. 4 I'alcato ense, leith his crooked steord, or falchion ; a wet»pon frequently mentioned by the mythological writers. 5 Qua caput e?t confine collo, where the head is joined to the neck. His neck was particularly exposed by his posture while asleep. 6 Lumenque quod'habebas in'tot lumina, and the power of vision which you had diffused over so many eyes. 7 Pennis suae volucris, in the feathers of her bird, i. e. the peacock. A. R. A. 222. 8 {Juno) protinus exarsit, Juno icas immediately inflamed with rape. 9 Terruit (earn) profugam, forced her by terror to wander.- uitinms ifinis) immenso labori, thefarthest limit to her immense toilf her uandcru^fs. 32 SYRINX. [^BOOK. I. Procubiiit gcnibus, resnpinoqiic ardua^ collo, Quos potuit solos, toUens ad sidera vultiis ; Et gemitu et lacrimis et luctisono mugitu Cum Jove visa queri est, finemque orare malorum. 45 Conjiigis ille suae complexus coUa lacertis, Finiat ut poenas tandem, rogat ; Inque futurum Pone metiis, inquit, nnnquam tibi causa doloris Haec erit ; et Stygias jubet hoc audire paludes. Ut lenita Dea est, vultus capit''^ ilia priores ; 50 Fitque, quod ante fuit. Fugiunt e corpore sette ; Cornua decrescunt ; fit luminis arctior orbis f Contrahitur rictus ; redeunt humerique manusque ; Ungulaque in quinos dilapsa absumitur* ungues. De bove nil superest, formte nisi candor, in ilia ; 55 Officioque pedum Nymplie contenta duorum IJrigitur ; metuitque loqui, ne more juvencae ]Mugiat ; et timide verba intermissa retentat.^ Nunc Dea linigera^ colitur celeberrima turba. Fab. XIV. — Epaphus and Phaethon. Huic Epaphus magni genitus^ de semine tandem Creditur esse Jo vis ; perque urbes juncta parenti Templa tenet. Fuit huic animis aequalis et annis Sole satus Phaethon ; quem quondam magna loquentem,* Nee sibi cedentem, Phoeboque parente superbum,^ 5 1 Arduaque collo resupino, looking upwards with her neck bent back. 2 Ilia capit priores vultus, she (loj recovers her former shape^ 3 Orbis luminis, the ball of her et/e^ her eye; rictus, the aperture of her mouthy her month. 4 Ungula dilapsa absuinitur, her hoofseparatinp wastes awai/ into. 5 Rotentnt \ erba intermissa, tries a<'iain uvrds lorn] discontinued. 6 Linicjcra turb:i, bi/ the li)ien-wearin!>^ class, i. e. tiie priests of Isis, who ' were elothed in linen, lo was worshipped iis a goddess by the Egyptians under the name of Isis. 7 Creditur penitus esse huic, is believed to have been bom bv her ; juncta Yifirenti, joined tvith his 7nother, jointlij with his mother. The strict con- 6truction would have required parentis under the government of tem- plis, understood. This shortened form of expression, though logically in- accurate, is frequently met with both in Latin prose and poetry. 8 Loquentom magna, boast inij mi(}htdij ; non tulit, could twt bcur, ThU ■r.eaning of fero is not unusuaL' See 2, i, 22, &C. a Su^erbum. See I, 9^3. FAB. XIV. J I::PAPnUS AND PHAETHON. .73 iSoii tulit Inachides, Matrique, ait, omnia demens Credis, ct cs tiimidus genitoris imagine falsi. ^ Eriibuit Phaetlion, iramque pudore repressit, Et tulit ad Clymenen Epaplii convicia matrem ; Quoque magis doleas,^ genitrix, ait, Ille ego liber, 1 Ille ferox tacui. Pudet hsec opprobria nobis Et dici potuisse, et non potuisse repelli. At tu, si modo sum coelesti stirpe creatus, Ede notam tanti generis, meque assere^ coelo. Dixit, et implicuit materno bracliia collo ; 1 5 Perque suum Meropisque caput taedasque sororum, Traderet, oravit, vcri sibi signa parentis. Ambiguum,'* Clymene precibus Phaethontis, an ira Mota magis dicti sibi criminis ; utraque coelo Brachia porrexit, spectansque ad lumina Solis, 20 Per jubar hoc, inquit, radiis insigne coruscis, Nate, tibi juro, quod nos auditque videtque. Hoc te, quem spectas, hoc te, qui tempcrat orbem. Sole satum.^ Si ficta loquor, neget ipse videndum Se mihi, sitque oculis lux ista novissima nostris. 25 Nee longus labor est patrios tibi nosse penates :^ Unde oritur, domus est terrse contermina nostrae. Si modo fert animus ; gradere, et scitabere ab ipso. Emicat extemplo laetus post talia matris Dicta suae Phaethon, et concipit aethera mente ;' 30 iEthiopasque sups positosque sub ignibus Indos Sidereis^ transit, patriosque adit impiger ortus. 1 Es tumidns imagine falsi genitoris, are puffed tip imth the groundless lelief of a false father ,- in opposition to veri parentis in 17- 2 Quoque magis doleas, ego ille liber, ille ferox tacui, and, to grieve you the more, I, that open-minded, that dauntless pouth, remained silent. 3 Assere me ccelo, vindicate for me mi/ celestial origin, prove that I am descended from a cmi. A. R. A. 189. See 1, 10, 11. 4 Ambiguum (est utrum) Clymene mota (sit), it is doubtful whether Cly- mene teas moved ; criminis dicti sibi, Tor the calumny alleged against her. o Te satum (esse) hoc sole, that you are desceyuied from this sun ,- tempe- rat, regulates— hy diffusing light and heat, and producing the change of seasons, &c. The ancients were accustomed to swear by the sun, and to call him as a witness of their own innocence, or of the guilt of others. 6 Ndsse patrios penates, to visit your father's palace. A. R. A. 230. 7 Concipit mente scthera.,fjces his thoughts upon lieaven. 8 Sidereis ignibus, the violent heat qf the sun, i. e. t/» the toriid zone. 34 PHAETHON. LboOK 11. BOOK II. Fab. I. — Pha'ethon. Regia Solis erat sublimibus alta columnis,^ Clara micante auro flammasque imitante pyropo f Cujus ebur^ nitidum fastigia summa tenebat, Argenti bifores radiabant lumine valvae. Materiem superabat opus : nam Mulciber illic 5 jEquora caelarat medias cingentia terras, Terrarumque orbem, coelumque, quod imminet orbi. Cseruleos habet unda Deos, Tritona canorum, Proteaque ambiguum, balaenaruinque prementem ^gaeona suis immania terga lacertis, ' 10 Doridaque et natas ; quarum pars* nare videntur, Pars in mole sedens virides siccare capillos, Pisce vehi quiedam ; facies non omnibus una, Nee diversa tamen : qualem decet^ esse sororum. Terra viros urbesque gerit, silvasque ferasque, 15 Fluminaque et Nymphas, et cetera numina ruris. Haec super imposita est coeli fulgentis imago,^ Signaque sex foribus dextris,^ totidem.que sinistris. X Quo simul acclivo Clymene'ia limite"^ proles Venit, et intravit dubitati tecta parentis ; 20 1 Alta sublimibus coluinnis, raised hy means of lofty pillars. 2 Pyropo, the pyropiis ; a mixture of three parts of copper and one of gold, which, as the word imports, was of a fiery colour. It may also be trans- lated, a carbuncle, or ruby ; a precious stone of a red fiery colour, resem- bling a burning coal. 3 Nitidum ebur, statues of polished ivory ; summa fastigia, the top of the roof See 1,8 61. A. R. A. 456. Bifores valvae, double folding-doors. A. R. A. 44f). 4 Pars— pars, some— others— in mole, 07i a rock — vehi, to ride. 5 (Talis fades) qualem decet (faciem) sororum esse, but such a likeness as that of sisters ought to be. 6 Imago fulgentis coeli, a representation of the heaven shining with stars. 7 Sex signa dextris foribus, six signs on the right foldiiig-door. See Zodiacus. 8 Acclivo limite, hy an ascending path. Tlie ancient temples were usually built on a rising ground, and the approach to them was by a flight of steps. fieel,8, 63. (fab. iQ phaethon. 35 Protinus ad patrios sua fert vestigia vultus, Consistitque procul ; neque enim propiora ferebat Lumina. Purpurea velatus veste sedebat In solio Phoebus, claris lucente zmaragdis.^ A dextra Isevaque ©ies et Mensis et Annus, 25 Seculaque et positae spatiis aequalibus'^ Horae, Verque novum stabat cinctum florente corona ; Stabat nuda ^stas et spicea serta gerebat : Stabat et Autumnus calcatis sordidus uvis f Et glacialis Hiems, canos hirsuta capillos. a^-^, 80 Inde loco medius* rerum novitate paventem Sol oculis juvenem, quibus adspicit omnia, vidit, ^uaeque viae tibi causa I quid hac, ait, arce petisti, Progenies, Phaethon, hand inficianda'^ parent! \ lUe refert : 9 lux immensi publica mundi, 35 Phoebe pater, si das hujus mihi nominis usum, Nee falsa ©lymene culpam sub imagine^ celat ; Pignora da, genitor, per quae tua vera propago^ Credar, et hunc animis errorem detrahe nostris. Dixerat ; at genitor circum caput omne micantes 40 Deposuit radios propiusque accedere jussit ; Amplexuque dato. Nee tu mens esse negari^ Dignus es, et Clymene veros, ait, edidit ortus. ftuoque minus dubites, quodvis pete munus, ut illud, Me tribuente, feras : promissis testis adesto ^ 45 Dis juranda palus,^ oculis incognita nostris,^^ 1 Zmaragdis, emeralds. The emerald is a precious stone usually of a green colour ; but the ancients seem to have used zmaragdus in a more extended sense, and to have understood by it green crystals, jaspers, &c. 2 Positae asqualibus spatiis, placed at equal distances. A. R. A. 230. 3 Sordidus calcatis uvis, besmeared with pressed grapes— in allusion to the custom of treading out the grapes, a practice still frequent in many parts of Italy. A. R. A. 388. 4 Sol medius loco, /or in medio loco, Sol who was in the centre of thi palace. See 1, 2, 9. and 1,6, 16. 5 Haud inficianda parenti, ?iot deserving to be disowned by your father. 6 Sub falsa imagine, tinder a feigned disguise. 7 Credar (esse) tua vera propago, I may be believed to be your real of- spring — errorem , uncertainty. 8 Nee tu es dignus negari esse mens (filius), you do not deserve to be denied to be my son. 9 Palus juranda Dis, let the lake by which the gods are wont to swear. *i 36 PHEATHON. [book II. Vix bene desierat : currus rogat ille patemos, Inque diem alipedum jus et moderamen^ equorum. Poenituit jurasse patrem, qui terque quaterque Concutiens illustre caput, Temeraria,^ dixit, 50 Vox mea facta tua est. Utinam promissa liceret Non dare ! confiteor, solum hoc tibi, nate, negarem. Dissuadere licet : non est tua tuta voluntas. Magna petis, Phaethon, et quae nee viribus istis Munera conveniunt,^ nee tam puerilibus annis. 55 Sors tua mortal is : non est mortale* quod optas. Plus etiam, quam quod Superis contingere fas est,* Nescius affectas. Placeat sibi quisque licebit :^ Non tamen ignifero quisquam consistere in axe Me valet excepto. Vasti quoque rector Olympi, (30 Qui fera terribili jaculatur fulmina dextra, Non agat hos currus : et quid Jove majus habemus I Ardua prima via^ est, et qua vix mane recentes Enitantur equi ; medio est altissima coelo, Unde mare et terras ipsi milii saepe videre ()5 Fit timer, et pavida trepidat formidine pectus. Ultima prona via est, et eget moderamine certo. Tunc etiam, quae me subjectis excipit undis,* Ne ferar in praeceps,^ Tethys solet ipsa vereri. There is here a peculiarity of constructioTi, the common form of expression being jurai'e per pahtdem, though the same construction, without the pre- position, is also found. SeeWl. Sce^tyx. 1 Jus et moderamen, the manariement and control — in (W^m, for one day. 2 Mea vox facta est temeraria tua {voce), my promise has become rash ly your request. 3 Conveniunt nee istis viribus, suits neither that feeble strength of yours. 4 Non est mortale, is not possible for mortals; is beyond'the power of mortals. 5 Fas est contingere, is allowed to fall to the lot of— is allowed by those eternal laws by which the power of each god is limited and detined. 6 Licebit (ut) quisque placeat sibi, it will be allourd to every one to be pleased ivHh himself— let every one think of himself as he chooses. 7 Prima via, thefirst 2)art of the rooflf— qua, along ichich. This descrip- tion of the course of the sun is founded upon the erroneous opinion tluit the aun revolves round the earth as the centre of the planetary system. 8 Quae excipit me subjectis \\ry([is,who receives me in her waters lying below. The sun was supposed to lose himself in the sea in the west at night, and to riae from it in the east in the morning. 9 Ne ferar in praeceps, lest J should he hurried headlong. FAB. I.l PHAETHON. 37 Adde, quod assidua rapitur vertigine* coelum, 70 Sideraque alta trahit celerique volumine torquet. Nitor in adversum f nee me, qui cetera, vincit Impetus ; et rapido contrarius evelior orbi. Finge datos currus : quid agas I poterisne rotatis Obvius ire polls, ne te citus auferat axis F .^.' 75 Forsitan et lucos illic urbesque domosque Concipias animo, delubraque ditia don is Esse : per insidias iter est formasque ferarum.* Utque viam teneas nulloque errore traharis ; Per tamen adversi gradieris cornua Tauri, 80 Haemoniosque arcus, violentique ora Leonis, Saevaque circuitu curvantem brachia longo Scorpion, atque aliter curvantem brachia Cancrum. Nee tibi quadrupedes animosos ignibus illis, Quos in pectore habent, quos ore et naribus efflant, 85 In promptu^ regere est : vix me patiuntur, ut acres Incaluere animi, cervixque repugnat habenis. At tu, funesti ne sim tibi muneris auctor, Nate, cave ; dum resque sinit, tua corrige vota. Scilicet, ut nostro genitum te sanguine credas, 90 Pignora certa petis : do pignora^ certa timendo, Et patrio pater esse metu probor.^L Adspice vultus Ecce meos, utinamque oculos in pectora posses Inserere, et patrias intus deprendere curas ! Denique quicquid habet dives, circumspice, mundus, 95 Eque tot ac tantis coeli terrseque marisque 1 Rapitur assidua vertigine, is carried forward in a ceaseless revolutior^ According to the opinions of some of the ancient philosophers, the heaven moved round in a rapid and incessant revolution, and carried along with it the stars. 2 Nitor in adversum, I advance icith difpcidty in the opposite direction^ i. e./rom east to west; while the planets moved from west to east. 3 Ne citus axis auferat te, and the rapid axis, i. e. the rapid revolution of the heavens y not carry you away. See 1, 7, 12. 4 Formas ferarum, the forms of wild beasts— those by which the signs of the zodiac were represented, as Leo, Scorpio, &c. Seel, 2, 42. 5 Nee in promptu est tibi regere, nor is it easy for you to manage. Sol here speaks as if the sun would pass through all the signs of the zodiac in a single day, "whereas the time necessary to accomplish this is a year. 6 CQTta j^ifoioraf undoubted pledges ; timQndo,bybei7ig afraidfor you, C 38 PHAETHON. [book lU Posce bonis aliquid : nullam patiere repiilsam. Deprecor^ hoc unum, quod vero nomine poena, Non honor est : poenam, Phaethon, pro munere poscis. Quid mea colla tones blandis, ignare, lacertis I 100 Ne dubita, dabitur, Stygias juravimus undas, Quodcumque optaris : sed tu sapientius opta. ^Finierat''^ monitus : dictis tamen ille repugnat^/^'' Propositumque tenet, flagratque cupidine currus. Ergo, qua licuit,^ genitor cunctatus ad altos 105 Deducit juvenem, Vulcania niunera, currus. Aureus axis erat, temo aureus, aurea summae Curvatura rotse,^ radiorum argenteus ordo ; Per juga chrysolithi^ positseque ex ordine gemmae Ciara repercusso reddebant lumina Phoebo..^ 110 Dumque ea magnanimus Phaethon miratur djpusque Perspicit ; ecce vigil rutilo patefecit ab ortu Purpureas Aurora fores, et plena rosarum Atria. DifFugiunt stellae, quarum agmina cogit^ Lucifer, et coeli statione novissimus exit.^c^ 115 At pater ut terras mundumque rubescere vidit, Cornuaque extremae velut evanescere Lunae,' Jungere equos Titan velocibus imperat Horis. Jussa Deae celeres peragunt, ignemque vomentes Ambrosia? succo saturos,^ praesepibus altis 120 1 Deprecor hoc unum, quod vero nomine (est) pcena, linterpose against this one tiling, ivhich, by its true name, is a punishment. 2 Finierat, i.e. Phabus—iWe, i.e. Phaethon. 3 Cunctatus qua licuit, having delayed as long as he could. 4 Curvatura summas rotae, the outermost rimy or felloe of Vie wheel ; ordo radiorum, the roiv of spokes. 5 Chrysolithus, gold-stone, was a precious stone of a bright yellow colour, supposed to be a topaz. 6 Cogit agmina, brings up the rear—s, form of expression borrowed from an army on march. The stars are represented as an army marching off the field at the approach of the morning star, with Lucifer as the com- mander of tlie last company. 7 Cornuaque extremse Lunse velut evanescere, and Vie hoyms of Vie fading moon to vanish as it ivere. 8 Saturos succo ambrosias, fidlfed with the juice ofamU'Osia, Ambro- sia, which properly signilies the food of the gods, is represented by the poets as being the food of their horses also ; quadrupedes, horses ; addunt, put on. FAB. I.J PHAETHOX. 39 Quadrupedes ducimt, adduntque sonantia freiia. Turn pater ora sui sacro medicamine nati Contigit/ et rapidae fecit patientia flammae, Imposuitque comae radios, priEsagaque luctus' Pectore sollicito repetens suspiria, dixit : 1 25 Si potes hie saltern monitis parere paternis ; Parce, puer, stimulis, et fortius utere loris : Sponte sua propcrant ; labor est inhibere volentes. Nee tibi directos placeat via quinque per arcus/ Sectus in obliquum est lato ciirvamine limes,'* ISO Zonarumque trium contentus fine ; polumque Effugito australem, junctamque aquilonibus Arcton : Hac sit iter ; manifesta rotse vestigia cernes. Utque ferant sequos et coelum et terra calores. Nee preme, nee summum molire per aethera curnim. 1 So Altius egressus^ coelestia tecta cremabis ; Inferius, terras : medio tiitissimus ibis. Neu^ te dexterior tortum declinetin Anguem, Neve sinisterior pressam rota ducat ad Aram : Inter utrumque tene. Fortunae cetera mando, 140 Qua? juvet,^ et melius, quam tu tibi, consulat, opto. Dum loquor, Hesperio positas in litore metas^ Humida nox tetigit : non est mora libera nobis ; 1 Contigit sacro medicamine, rubbed with a celestial ointments patientia, capable of enduring. 2 Pra?saga luctus, which foreboded his future sorrow ; stimulis, the goads. A.R.A. 4ai. 3 Nee via per quinque directos arcus placeat tibi, and let not the road through the five parallel circles please you, i. e. go not through theequaicr, the tropics, and the polar circles. See 1, 2, 14, &c. 4 Limes, the paVi, i.e. the ecliptic, which cuts the equator obliquely; contentus tine trium zonarum, confined u'i thin the limits of three zones. The ecliptic lies within the torrid zone, having one of the temperate zones on each side. The torrid and two temperate zones are therefore the three here referred to. 5 Egressus altiils, hi/ going too high ; (egressus) inferiCls, by going too low. 6 Neu — neve, neither— nor,- tene {cursum)y keep the way; anguem, aram. See Anguis, Ara. 7 Opto, quae (for ut ea) juvet, I pray that she may assist yoii. 8 Metas positas in Hesperio litore, the goals placed on the western shore, i. e. the shore of the Atlantic. The Goddess of Night is represented as passing in a chariot across the sky, and reaching the western horizon at the same time that the sun rises in the east. A. R. A. 275. 40 PHAETHON. [book II. Poscimur ; efFulget tenebris Aurora fugatis. Corripe lora manu ; vel, si mutabile pectus 1 45 Est tibi, consiliis, non curribus, utere nostris, Bum potes et solid is etiamnum sedibus adstas, Dumque male optatos nondum premis inscius axes. Quae tutus spectes, sine me dare lumina terris. Occupat ille levem juvenili corpore^ currum, 150 Statque super, manibusque datas contingere habenas Gaudet, et invito grates agit inde parenti. Interea volucres Pyroeis, Eous et jEthon, Solis equi, quartusque Phlegon, hinnitibus auras Flammiferis implent, pedibusque rejDagula pulsant/^ 155 Quae postquam Tethys, fatorum ignara nepotis, Pepulit, et facta est immensi copia mundi f Corripuere viam, pedibusque per aera motis Obstantes findunt nebulas, pennisque levati Praetereunt ortos isdem de partibus Euros. IGO Sed leve pondus erat, nee quod cognoscere possent Solis equi,"^ solitaque jugum gravitate carebat. Utque labant curvae justo sine pondere naves, Perque mare instabiles nimia levitate feruntur ; Sic onere assueto vacuos dat in aera saltus,^ 165 Succutiturque alte, similisque est currus inani. Quod simulac sensere, ruunt tritumque relinquunt Quadrijugi spatium, nee, quo prius, ordine currunt. Ipse pavet, nee qua commissas flectat habenas, Nee scit, qua sit iter ; nee, si sciat, imperet illis. 170 Turn primum radiis gelidi caluere Triones, 1 Levem juvenili corpora, light on account of his youthful body ,- inde, from it, from the chariot, 2 Pulsant repagula, strike the barriers. The repagula "were beams of wood placed across the openings in the race-course from which the horses started, to prevent them from setting off before the time. A. R. A. 27.5. 3 Et copia immensi mundi facta est, a7id full scope over the boundless universe was given them. 4 Nee {for et) quod equi solis (non) possent cognoscere, and such as the horses of the sun could not feel. 5 Dat saltus in aera vacuos assueto onere, makes leaps into the air indi- cating the want of its usual weight. Vacuos strictly refers to currus-^ mani {currui). FAB. I.J PHAETHON. 41 Et vetito fnistra tentarunt sequore tingi ; Quaeque polo posita est glaciali proxima Serpens, Frigore pigra prius, nee formidabilis ulli, Incaluit, sumpsitque novas fervoribus iras/ J75 Te quoque tiirbatum memorant fugisse, Boote, Quamvis tardus eras, et te tua plaustra tenebant. Ut vero summo despexit ab aethere terras Infelix Phaethon penitus penitusque jacentes ;'^ Palluit, et subito genua intremuere timore, 180 Suntque oculis tenebne per tantum lumen obortae,' Et jam mallet equos nunquam tetigisse paternos ; Jamque agnosse genus piget, et valuisse rogando ; Jam Meropis dici cupiens, ita fertur,"* ut acta Praecipiti pinus Borea, cui victa remisit 185 Frena suus rector, quam Dis votisque reliquit. Quid faciat ? multum cceli post terga relictum ; Ante oculos plus est ; animo metitur utrumque, Et modo, quos illi fato contingere non est,^ Prospicit occasus, interdum respicit ortus ; 1 00 Quidque agat ignarus, stupet ; et ncc frena remittit. Nee retinere valet, nee nomina novit equorum. Sparsa quoque in vario passim miracula coelo^ Vastanimque videt trepidus simulacra ferarum. Est locus, in geminos ubi brachia concavat arcus 1 95 Scorpios, et cauda flexisque utrimque lacertis Porrigit in spatium signoinim membra duoiTim. Hunc puer ut nigri madidum sudore veneni 1 Sumpsit novas iras fervoribus, felt unusual rage from the heat. 2 Jacentes penitus penitusque, lying deeper and deeper bf low him. 3 Tenebrae obortae sunt oculis per tantum lumen, darkness overspread his eyes from such a glare of light. 4 Fertur ita ut pinus, is borne along like a ship ; victa frena, the hetm now unmanageable ; Dis, to the tutelary gods, whose images were placed on the stern, and to whom the crew addressed prayers and made vows in a storm. A. R. A. 342. 5 Non est illi fato contingere, it is not alloiced him by fate to reach. 6 Miracula sparsa passim in vario ccelo, strange of^ects scattered every where over the spangled heaven. In miracula there is an allusion to the constellations mentioned in 78, &c. and vario refers to the firmament bestudded with stars. 42 PHAETHON. [book II. Vulncra ciirvata minitantom ciis])ide vidit ; Mentis inops gelida formidine lora rcniisit. 200 Quae postquam siimmum tetigere jacentia tergiim, Exspatiantur^ eqiii, niilloquc inhibente per auras Ignotfle regionis cunt ; quaque impetus egit, Hac sine lege ruunt ; altoque sub aethere fixis Incursant stellis, rapiuntque per avia curruni. 205 Et modo summa'^ petunt, mod 6 per decliva viasque Pra?ci])itcs spatio terrte propiore feruntur. Inferiiisque suis'^ fraternos currere Luna Admiratur equos ; aml)ustaque nubila fumant. Corripitur flammis, ut quaeque altissima/ tellus, 210 Fissaque agit rimas, et succis aret ademptis. Pabula canescunt ; cum frondibus uritur arbos ; Materianique suo pra?bot seges arida damno. Parva queror ; magnte poreunt cum moenibus"^ urbes, Cumquc suis totas po])ulis inccndia gentes 215 In cinerem vertimt. Silva? cum montibus ardent ; Ardet Athos Taurusque Cilix et 'J'molus et QKte ; Et nunc sicca, ])rius celeberrima fontibus, Ide, Virgineusque Helicon, et nondum CKagrius Haemos ; Ardet in immensum gcminatis ignibus iEtne, 220 Parnassusque biceps et Eryx et Cynthus et Otlirys, Et tandem Rhodope nivibus caritura, Mimasque Dindymaque et Mycale natusque ad sacra Citba^ron. Nee prosunt Scytliiae sua frigora : Caucasus ardet, Ossaquc cum Pindo mnjorque ambobus Olympus, 225 Aeriaeque Alpes et nubifer Apenninus. 1 Exspatiantur, start from the road ; sine lecre, vifhout control. 2 Suniina (loca), the hh]1u'st places ; decliva (loca), declivities; spatio propiore terrae, a track nearer to the earth. 3 JnferiAs suis (equis), lower than her own horses. The moon moves round the earth in a smaller circle than the sun, and her horses are there- fore nearer the centre of attraction. 4 Tellus, ut quajque (fellus) est altissima, the earth, as any part of it is verp high, all the highest parts of the earth. 5 Ciim mopnibus", with the fmilditu/s. Mo'nihus probably signifies the Larger and more durable editioes, chieHv the public buildings ; gentes cum ffuis populis, countries with their inhabitants. FAB. I.J PHAETHON. 43 Tunc vero Phaethon cunctis e partibus orbem Adspicit acccnsum, nee tantos sustinet a?stiis ;' Ferventesque auras, velut e fornace profunda, Ore trahit, currusque suos candescere sentit ; 280 Et neque jam cineres ejectatamque favillam Ferre potest, calidoque involvitur undique fumo. Quoque eat, aut ubi sit, picea caligine tectus, Nescit, et arbitrio volucrum raptatur equorum. Sanguine turn crcdunt in corpora summa vocato^ 235 ^tbiopum populos nigrum traxisse colorem. Tum facta est Libye, raptis humoribus sestu, Arida ; tum Nympbae passis fontesque lacusque Deflevere comis. Quferit Boeotia Dircen, Argos Amymonen, Epbyre Pirenidas undas. 240 Nee sortita loco distantes^ flumina ripas Tuta manent ; mediis Tanais fumavit in undis, Peneosque senex Teutbranteusque Caicus Et celer Ismenos cum Psopha'ico Erymantho, Arsurusque iterum Xantbus flavusque Lycormas, 245 Quique recurvatis ludit Mseandros in undis, Mygdoniusque Melas et Taenarius Eurotas ; Arsit et Euphrates Babylonius, arsit Orontes, Thermodonque citus Gangesque et Phasis et Ister ; -^stuat Alpheos ; ripae Spercbe'ides ardent ; 250 Quodque suo Tagus amne vehit, fluit ignibus,^ aurum ; Et, quae Msonias celebrarant carmine ripas, Flumineae volucres medio caluere Caystro. Nilus in extremum fugit perterritus orbem, Occuluitque caput, quod adhuc latet : ostia septem 255 1 Nee sustinet tantos aestus, and cannot endure sttch violent heat. Sus- tinet is used for potest sustinere, and is equivalent to jwtest/erre in line 23-2. 2 Sanguine vocato in summa corpora, /raw the blood being drawn to the surface of the body. 3 Sortita ripas distantes loco, having obtained, which have banks dvftant in place, at a distance from each other, i.e. large rivers whose banks are farthest separated. 4 Fluit ignibus, is melted by the fire ; flumineae volucres, the birds of the river t i. e. the swans. 44 PHAETHON. LbOOK II. "Pulverulenta vacant,^ septem sine flumine valles. Fors eadem Ismarios, Hebrum cum Strymone siccat, Hesperiosqiie amnes, Rhenum Rhodanumque Padumque, Cuique fuit rcriim promissa potentia, Thybrin. Dissilit'^ omne solum ; penetratque in Tartars rimis Lumen, et infernum terret cum conjuge regem ; 261 Et mare contrahitur ; siccceque est campus arente, Quod modo pontus erat ; quosque altum texerat aequor, Exsistunt montes et sparsas Cycladas augent. Ima petunt pisces, nee se super sequora curvi 265 Tollere consuetas audent delphines in auras. Corpora phocarum summo resupina profundo' Exanimata jacent ; ipsum quoque Nerea fama est Doridaque et natas tepidis latuisse sub antris. Ter Neptunus aquis cum torvo brachia vultu* 270 Exserere ausus erat : ter non tulit aeris sestus. Alma tamen Tellus, ut erat circumdata ponto, Inter aquas pelagi contractosque undique fontes, Qui se condiderant in opacse viscera matris, Sustulit omniferos'' collo tonus arida vultus, 275 Opposuitque manum front! ; magnoque tremore Omnia concutiens paulum subsedit ; et infra, Qaam solet esse, fuit ; siccaque ita voce locuta est : Si placet hoc, meruique, quid 6 tua fulmina cessant,^ Summe Deum I liceat periturse viribus ignis,^ 280 1 Septem ostia vacant pulverulenta, his seven mouths are urithout water and full of dust. 2 Dissilit, gapes — infernum regem cum conjuge, Pluto and Proserpine, 3 Summo profundo, on the surface of the deep ; resupina, with the bellp upwards, on their back. 4 Brachia cum torvo vultu, Ms arms and ?iis stern countenance. Allu- sion is here made to the attitude of the Roman orators, who used, when speaking, to disengage tlie right arm from the toga. Neptune is here repre- sented as rising from the deep to plead the cause of the world. A. R. A. 350. 5 Omniferos vultus, her all-productive countenance. This epithet is ap- plied to the earth as producing every thing necessary for the support of animal life. 6 The order is. Si hoc placet {tibi)y meruique, quid, O summe Doum, tua fulmina cessant ? 7 Liceat (mihi) periturse viribus ignis, may it be allowed m«, if I nwut perish by the force of fire. Viribus ignis are used for igne. FAB. I.J PHAETHON. 45 Igne perire tiio clademque auctore levare.^ Vix equidem fauces haec ipsa in verba^ resolvo ; Presserat ora vapor ; tostos en adspice crines, Inque oculis tantum, tantiim super ora favillae. Hosne mihi fructus, hunc fertilitatis honorem 285 Officiique refers, quod adunci vulnera aratri Rastrorumque fero, totoque exerceor anno I Quod pecori frondes, alimentaque mitia, fruges, Humano generi, vobis quod thura ministro I Sed tamen exitium fac me meruisse :^ quid undae, 290 Quid meruit frater I cur illi tradita sorte -^qaora decrescunt et ab ae there longius absunt I Quod si nee fratris, nee te mea gratia'^ tangit ; At coeli miserere tui. Circumspice utrumque f Fumat uterque polus ; quos si vitiaverit ignis, 295 Atria vestra ruent. Atlas en ipse laborat, Vixque suis humeris candentem sustinet axem. Si freta, si terras pereunt, si regia coeli ; In Chaos antiquum confundimur. Eripe flammis, Si quid adhuc superest/ et rerum consule summae/ SOO Dixerat haec Tellus ; neque enim tolerare vaporem Ulterius potuit, nee dicere plura ; suumque Retulit^ OS in se propioraque Manibus antra. At pater omnipotens Superos testatus^ et ipsum, Qui dederat currus, nisi opem ferat, omnia fato 805 Interitura gravi, summam petit arduus arc em, ^° 1 Levare cladem auctore, to alleviate my calamity hy the author of it, i.e. let it be iniiicted by you rather than be the result of Phaethon's imprudence. 2 In haec ipsa verba, yor these icords even. 3 Fac me meruisse, suppose, grant that I have deserved it—undse (mei-u- e^'tmO—frater, i, e. Neptune. 4 Quod si nee (gratia) fratris, nee mea gratia tangit te, but if neither a regard for your brother nor for me qffl'cts you. 5 'Circumspice utrumque (polum), look to both poles. 6 Si quid adhuc superest, whatever still remains. 7 Consule sumnije rerum, provide for the safety of the world. 8 Retulit OS in se, drew back her face within herself, i. e. into the earth, of which she was the goddess. 9 Testatus — et ipsum, calling to witness — and him too — says. 10 Petit arduus summam arcem, mounts aloft tO'the highest point ofheaven» c 2 46 PHAETHON. [book TI. Unde solet latis nubes inducere terris ; Unde movet^ tonitrus, vibrataque fulmina jactat. Sed neque, quas posset terris inducere, nubes Tunc habuit, nee, quos ccelo demitteret, imbres. 310 Intonat, et dextra libratum^ fulmen ab aura Misit in aurigam, pariterque animaque rotisque Expulit/ et saevis compescuit ignibus ignes.** Consternantur equi, et saltu in contraria facto Colla jugo eripiunt, abruptaque lora relinquunt. 315 Illic^ frena jacent, illic temone revulsus Axis, in hac radii fractarum parte rotarum ; Sparsaque sunt late laceri vestigia currus. At Phaetbon, rutilos flamma populante capillos, Volvitur in praeceps,^ longoque per aera tractu 320 Fertur ; ut interdum de coelo stella sereno, Etsi non cecidit, potuit cecidisse videri. Quern procul a patria diverso maximus orbe Excipit Eridanus, fumantiaque abluit ora. Fab. II. — The Sisters of Phaethon, Naides Hesperiae trifida fumantia flamma Corpora dant tumulo,^ signantque hoc carmine saxum : Hie situs est^ PJiaethon, currus auriga pateymi ; Quern si non tenuity magnis tamen exeidit ausis. Nam pater obductos, luctu miserabilis aegro, 6 Condiderat vultus ; et, si mod 6 credimus, unum 1 Mo vet, hurls; jactat vibrata fulmina, dai'ts the brandished lightning. A.R. A. 221. 2 Libratum ab dextra aure, swung from his right ear. 3 Expulit animaque rotisque, deprived him of life and drove him from the chariot. 4 Compescuit ignes saevis ignibus, quenched the f res (by which the earth was consumed) with cruel fires ^ i. e. with lightning. 5 Illic— illic, in one place — in another place. A. R. A. 476- 6 Volvitur in praeceps, is hurled headlong ; potuit videri, map have seemed. 7 Dant tumulo, commit to the tomb, bury. A. R. A. 4U8. Carmine, inscription, epitaph. 8 Hie situs est, here is buried. These words were frequently used in the beginning of inscriptions on sepulchral monuments. A. R. A. 423. Tenuit, VMnaged. FAB. II.J THE SISTERS OF PHAETHON. 47 Isse diem siiie Sole ferunt :' incendia lumen Praebebant ; aliquisque malo fiiit usus in illo. At Clyniene, postquam dixit qurecumque fucrunt In tantis dicenda mails ; lugubris et amens 10 Et laniata sinus^ totum percensuit orbem ; Exanimesque artus primo, mox ossa requirens, Reperit ossa tamen peregrina condita ripa, Incubuitque loco ; nomenque in marmore lectum Perfudit lacrimis et aperto pectore fovit.^ 15 Nee minus Heliades fletus et, inania* morti Munera, dant lacrimas ; et caesae pectora palmis Non auditurum miseras Phaethonta querelas Nocte dieque vocant ; adstemunturque sepulcro. Luna quater junctis implerat cornibus orbem ;^ 20 Illae more suo, nam morem fecerat usus, Plangorem dederant. E quis Phaethusa soroinim Maxima, quum vellet terrae procumbere, questa est Diriguisse pedes ; ad quam conata venire Candida Lampetie, subita radice^ retenta est. 25 Tertia, quum crinem manibus laniare pararet, Avellit frondes ; hsec stipite crura teneri, Ilia dolet fieri longos sua brachia ramos. Dumque ea mirantur, complectitur inguina cortex, Per que gradus^ uterum pectusque humerosque ma- nusque 30 Ambit, et exstabant tantum ora vocantia matrem. Quid faciat mater, nisi, quo trahat impetus illam, Hue eat atque illuc, et, dum licet, oscula jungat I Non satis est : truncis avellere corpora tentat, 1 Ferunt {homines), they say ,- isse, passed; lugubris, sorrmful, or dressed in mouminc} garments. A. R. A. 422. 2 Laniata {secmi'dum) sinus, tearing her bosom — a usual mode, especially with women, of expressing grief. A. R. A. 414. Aee 17. 3 Fovit aperto pectore, warmed it (the name) with her naked breast. 4 Inania, unavailing ; morti, to the dead body. 5 Implerat orbem, had completed her disk, i. e. four months had elapsed ; usus fecerat morem, custom had made it a habit. 6 Subit& radice, by a root suddenly growing from her feet, 7 Per gradus, by degrees, gradually ; impetus trahat, herphrmsy huri ies her. 48 THE SISTERS OF PHAETHON. [bOOK !!• Et teneros manibus ramos abrumpere ; at inde 35 Sanguineae manant tanquam de vulnere guttae. Farce, precor, mater, quaecumque est saucia, clamat ; Parce, precor : nostrum laniatur in arbore corpus. Jamque vale. Cortex in verba novissima venit. Inde fluunt lacrimse, stillataque Sole rigescunt^ 40 De ramis electra novis ; quae lucidus amnis Excipit, et nuribus mittit gestanda Latinis. Fab. III. — CycnuSs Adpuit huie monstro^ proles Sthenelei'a Cycnus, Qui tibi materno quamvis a sanguine junctus, Mente tamen, Phaethon, propior fuit. Ille relicto. Nam Ligurum populos et magnas rexerat urbes, Imperio ripas virides amnemque querelis 5 Eridanum implerat silvamque sororibus auctam :^ Quum vox est tenuata viro,* canaeque capillos Dissimulant pluniae/ collumque a pectore longum Porrigitur, digitosgue ligat junctura rubentes ; Penna latus vestit ; tenet os sine acumine rostrum: 10 Fit nova Cycnus avis, nee se coeloque Jovique Credit, ut injuste missi memor ignis ab illo :^ Stagna petit patulosque lacus, ignemque perosus, Quae colat,^ elegit contraria flumina flammis. Squalidus interea genitor Phaethontis et expers 1 5 1 Electra stillata de noris ramis rigescunt sole, amber dropping from the new branches hardens in the sun. See Electrum. 2 Adfuit huic moji^iro, was present at this transformation. Monstmm was applied by the Latin writers to any thing singular or strange in its form, behaviour, or consequences, and therefore to any thing at variance with the ordinary laws of nature. 3 Silvamque auctam sororibus, and the wood increased by the sist^'s, i. e. by the sisters of Phaethon, who were changed into trees. 4 Quum vox tenuata est viro, when the voice of the man was rendered shrill ; dissimulant, conceal. 5 Plumce signifies the small and soft feathers which cover the bodies of birds, the plumage ,- and pcnna is applied to the long and thick feathers of the tail and wings — it frequently also signifies a wing. 6 Ignis injuste missi ab illo, of fire unjustly tJirown by him, i. e. by Jupiter, against his friend Phaethon. 7 Quae colat, which he may inhabit, for his habitation. FAB. III.] CYCNUS. 49 Ipse sui decoris, qualis, quum deficit orbem/ Esse solet, lucemque odit seque ipse diemque, Datque animum in luctus, et luctibus adjicit iram, Officiumque negat muiido. Satis, inquit, ab aevi Sors mea principiis fuit irreqiiieta ; pigetque 20 Actorum sine fine mihi, sine honore, laborum.'^ Quilibet alter agat^ portantes luniina curnis. Si nemo est, omnesque Dei non posse fatentur ; Ipse agat ; ut saltern, dum nostras tentat habenas, Orbatura'* patres aliquando fulmina ponat. 25 Turn sciet, ignipedum vires expertus equorum, Non meruisse necem, qui non bene rexerit'^ illos. Talia dicentein circumstant omnia Solem Numina, neve^ velit tenebras inducere rebus, Supplice voce rogant : missos quoque Jupiter ignes 80 Excusat, precibusque minas regaliter addit. Colligit amentes et adhuc terrore paventes Phoebus equos, stimuloque domans et verbere ssevit : Saevit enim, natumque objectat^ et imputat illis. BOOK III. Fab. I. — Cadmus, Jamque Deus,^ posita fallacis imagine tauri, Se confessus erat, Dictseaque rura tenebat ; Quum pater^ ignarus Cadmo perquirere raptam 1 Deficit orbem, deserts his orb, is eclipsed. 2 Piget (me) laborum actorum milii sine fine, I am wearied of the toils undergone by me vntlwiit end. 3 Quilibet alter agat, let any one else who chooses drive. A. R. A. 230. 4 Orbatura patres, destined to deprive fathers of their children. 5 {Phaethonta) qui non rexerit illos bene, that Phacthon, because hi did not manage them well. 6 Neve, /or et ne — et rogant 7ie velit, and ask him not to resolve. 7 Objectat natuni, reproaches them with the death of his son. 8 Deus, 1. e. Jupiter ; fallacis tauri, of the deceitfid hull. See Europa. 9 Pater, i. e. ^(/enor— ignarus, ignorant of the fate of his daughter,- not kno^ving that she had been carried olf by Jupiter to Crete j. raptam ijiliam)t his daughter who had been carried off. 60 CADMUS. LBOOK III. Imperat, et poenam, si non invenerit, addit Exsilium, facto plus et sceleratus eodem. 5 Orbe pererrato, quis enim deprendere possit Furta Jo vis ? profugus patriamque iramque parentis Vitat Agenorides, Phoebique oracula supplex Consiilit, et, quae sit tellus habitanda, requirit. Bos tibi, Phoebus ait, solis occurret in arvis, 10 Nullum passa jugum curvique immunis aratri. Hac duce carpe^ vias, et, qua requieverit herba, Moenia fac condas, Boeotiaque ilia vocato. ^v Vix bene Castalio Cadmus descenderat antro ; Incustoditam lente videt ire juvencam, 16 Nullum servitii signum cervice gerentem. Subsequitur pressoque legit vestigia gressu,^ • Auctoremque vise Phoebum taciturnus adorat. Jam vada Cephisi Panopesque evaserat arva ; Bos stetit, et toUens spatiosam cornibus altis 20 Ad coelum frontem, mugitibus impulit auras ; Atque ita, respiciens comites sua terga sequentes, Procubuit teneraque latus submisit in herba. Cadmus agit grates, peregrinseque oscula terrae Figit,^ et ignotos montes agrosque salutat. 25 Sacra Jovi facturus erat i^ jubet ire ministros, Et petere e vivis libandas fontibus undas.^ ^ •Silva vetus stabat, nulla violata^ securi, 1 Carpe vias liac duce, proceed on your way with her as your gmdej fac (ut) condas, see that you build. A. R. A. 495. 2 Legit vestigia presso gradu, follows her track at a slotv pacCy or so closely as to plant his feet in ike marks left by the heifer; auctorem, ad- riser. A. R. A. 260. 3 Figit oscula, kisses. This practice is attributed by the poets to men on their arrival in a foreign land, or on returning to their native country after a long absence. 4 Facturus erat sacra Jovi; he was about to offer sacnfice to Jupiter— to sacrifice the heifer which had conducted hini on his way- The ancients employed great care in selecting the' animals for sacrifice. It was necessary that they should be free from blemish, and, if oxen or heifers, that they Bhould not have been desecrated by the yoke. A. R. A. 260. 5 Petere undas libandas e vivis fontibus, to fetch water for a libation from the running fountains. Running water was always preferred for libations. A. R. A. 260. 6 Violata, profaned. The wood was sacred to Mars, and it was consi- FAB. I.] CADMUS. 51 Et specus in medio, virgis ac vimine densus, Efficiens humilem lapidum compagibus arciim, 30 Uberibus fecundiis^ aquis : ubi conditus antro iMartius anguis erat, cristis prsesignis et auro ;'^ Igne micant oculi ; corpus tumet^ omne veneno ; Tresque vibrant linguae ; triplici stant ordine dentes. ->' Quern postquam Tyria lucum de gente profecti 85 Infausto tetigere gradu, demissaque in undas Urna dedit sonitum ; longum caput extulit antro Cseruleus serpens horrendaque sibila misit. Effluxere urnae manibus, sanguisque reliquit Corpus, et attonitos subitus tremor occupat artus. 40 Ille volubilibus squamosos nexibus orbes Torquet,"^ et immensos saltu sinuatur in arcus ; Ac media plus parte leves erectus in auras Despicit omne nemus, tantoque est corpore/ quanto, Si totum spectes, geminas qui separat Arctos. 45 Nee mora ; Phoenicas, sive illi tela parabant Sive fugam, sive ipse timor proliibebat utrumque, Occupat ; hos^ morsu, longis amplexibus illos, Hos necat afflati funest^ tabe venenij Fecerat exiguas jam Sol altissimus umbras : 50 Quae mora sit sociis miratur Agenore natus, Vestigatque viros. Tegimen^ derepta leoni dered sacrilege to cut down trees in a wood or grove which was consecrated to any deity. 1 Fecundus uberibus aquis, abounding with plenty of water. 2 Praesignis cristis et auro, for aurea crista, adorned icith a golden co- loured crest. Crista signifies the tuft or comb on the head of a bird or serpent ; it signifies also the crest of a helmet. A. R. A. 306. 3 Turaet veneno, swells with poison. The poison of serpents is not dif- fused over the whole body, but is contained in a small bladder at the bot- tom of the upper jaw. 4 Ille torquet squamosos orbes volubilibus nexibus, he wreathes his scaly rings in rolling plaits ; sinuatur in immensos arcus, is bent into an immense how. 5 The order w— Est tanto corpore, quanto, si spectes totum {if you view him as a whole), ille serpens est qui, &c. See Serpens. 6 Hos— illos, some— others. These words are put in apposition >vith Phoenicas. 7 Funesta tabe veneni afflati, by the destructive liquid of his poison which he breathed upon them. 8 Tegimen, his covering. The ancient heroes are often represented as clothed with the skins of wild beasts. 52 CADMUS. [book hi. Pellis erat ; telum splendent! lancea ferro Et jaculum, teloque animus praestantior omni.^ Ut nemus intravit, letataque corpora vidit, 55 Victoremque supra spatiosi corporis hostem Tristia sanguine a lambentem vulnera lingua ; Aut ultor vestrse, fidissima corpora, mortis, Aut comes, inquit, ero. Dixit, dextraque molarem^ Sustulit, et magnum magno conamine misit. 60 Illius impulsu cum turribus ardua celsis Moenia mota forent ; serpens sine vulnerc mansit, Loricaeque modo squamis defensus et atrse Duritia pellis, validos cute repulit ictus.^ At non duritia jaculum quoque vincit eadem ; Co Quod medio lentae fixum curvamine spinae Constitit, et toto descendit in ilia ferro.^ lUe, dolore ferox, caput in sua terga retorsit Vulneraque adspexit, fixumque hastile momordit ; Idque, ubi vi multa partem labefecit* in omncm, 70 Vix tergo eripuit ; ferrum tamen ossibus haesit. ^ Tum vero, postquam solitas accessit ad iras ^"^ Plaga recens, plenis tumuerunt guttura venis, Spumaque pestiferos circumfluit albida rictus ; Terraque rasa sonat squamis ; quique halitus exit 75 Ore niger Stygio, vitiatas inficit herbas. Ipse modo immensum spiris facientibus orbem Cingitur f interdum longa trabe rectior exstat ; Impete nunc vasto, ceu concitus inibribus amnis, •Fertur, et obstantes proturbat pectore silvas. 80 Cedit Agenorides paulum, spolioque leonis^ Sustinet incursus, instantiaque ora retardat 1 Molarem, a large stone,- magnum, large as it was. 2 Repulit validos ictus cute, resisted the mighty blow with his skin. Cutis properly signifies the human skin while on the body, and pellis, a skin or hide stripped off. They are here both applied to the skin of the serpent. 3 Toto ferro, ivith the whole iron head. A. R. A. 3 6 — 7- 4 Ubi labcfecit in omnem partem, after he hadloosened it by moving it in every direction. 5 Cingitur spiris facientibus immensum orbem, is rolled up in coils form- ing an immense circle ; exstat, is stretched out, uncoils itself, 6. Spolio leonis, with the lion's skin. FAB. I.J CADMUS. $8 Cuspide prsetenta. Furit ille, et inania duro Vulnera dat ferro, frangitque in acumine dentcsJ^ *" Jam que venenifero sanguis manare palato 85 Coeperat, et virides aspergine tinxerat herbas ; Sod leve vulnus erat ; quia se retrahebat ab ictu, Lsesaque colla dabat^ retro, plagamque sedere Cedendo arcebat, nee longius ire sinebat ; Donee Agenorides conjectum in gutture ferrum 90 Usque sequens'^ pressit, dum retro quercus eunti Obstitit, et fixa est pariter cum robore cervix. Pondere serpentis curvata est arbor, et imce Parte flagellari gemuit sua robora^ caudse. Dum spatium victor victi considerat hostis ; 95 Vox subito audita est, neque erat cognoscere promptum Unde, sed audita est : Quid, Agenore nate, peremptum Serpentem spectas I et tu spectabere^ serpens. Ille diu pavidus, pariter cum mente colorem Perdiderat, gelidoque comae terrore rigebant. . 100 Ecce, viri fautrix, superas delapsa per auras, Pallas adest, motaeque jubet supponere^ terrae Vipereos dentes, populi incrementa futuri. Paret, et, ut presso sulcum patefecit aratro,^ Spargit humi jussos, mortalia semina,^ dentes. 105 Inde, fide majus, glebae ccepere moveri, Primaque de sulcis acies^ apparuit hastae ; 1 Dabat retro, pulled back ; arcebat plagara sedere cedendo, prevented the blow from sinking deep by giving way. 2 Usque sequens pressit in gutture, continuing to follow, pressed home in his throat. 3 Sua robora,^>* se, that its trunk; spatium, Vie vast size. 4 Bt tu spectabere serpens, you too shall he seen as a serpent, shall be changed into a serpent. There is here a play upon the words spectabere and spectas. The prediction is represented as proceeding from .Mars, who was enraged at Cadmus for the death of the serpent, but was prevented by Jupiter from killing him. 5 Supponere terras motae, to bury in the ground turned up by the plough, to sow : incrementa, the seeds. The heroes of ancient mythology are re- presented as being under the special protection of certain deities, whose duty it was to assist and relieve them in cases of difficulty. 6 Presso aratro, with the plough forced into the ground, A. R. A. 463» 7 Mortalia semina, seeds to produce men. ii Acies hastae, the point of a spear. 54 CADMUS. [book III. I Teg-mina mox capitum picto nutantia cono ;^ Mox humeri pectusque onerataque Lrachia telis Exsistunt, crescitqiie seges clypeata viroruin/^^^ 110 Sic, ubi tolluntur^ festis aulaea theatris, Surgerc signa solent, primumque ostendere vultus, Cetera paulatim, placidoque educta teiiore Tota patent, imoque pedes in margine ponunt. Territus lioste novo Cadmus capere arma parabat : 11 o Ne cape, de populo, qucm terra creaverat, unus ^ Exclamat, nee te civilibus in sere bellis. Atque ita terrigenis rigid o de fratribus unum Cominus ense ferit ; jaculo cadit eminus ipse. Hie quoque, qui leto dederat,\^non longius illo 120 Vivit, et exspirat, modo quas acceperat, auras ; Exemploque pari furit oninis turba, suoque Marte cadunt subiti per mutua vulnera fratres. Jamque brevis vitae spatium sortita^ juventus .^ Sanguineam trepido plangebant pectore matrem, 125 ' Quinque superstitibus, quorum fuit unus Ecliion. Is sua jecit humi, monitu Tritonidis, arma, Fraternaeque fidem^ pacis petiitque deditque. Hos operis comites habuit Sidonius liospes, Quum posuit jussam Phoebeis sortibus urbem. 1*^^ J Fab. II. — Actceon, \ Jam stabant^ Thebse ; poteras jam, Cadme, videri 1 Picto cono, with 'painted crest. Conus properly siprnifies the knob on the top of the helmet in which the crest waslixed ; it signities also \\\c crest itself, which consisted of feathers, or of horses' liair of various colours. A. R. A. 306. 2 Clypeata seges virorum,/or seges clypeatorum virorum, a crop of men armed with shields. 3 Aulaia tolluntur, the curtains are raised. There is here an allusion to the Roman theatre, in which the curtain was dropped (pranehatur) at the commencement of the play, and raised (tolhbatur) at the conclusion of it. As the curtain was gradually raised, the figures painted on it would ne. Barily present themselves as here descrihed. A. R. A. 2f)8. 4 Sortita spatium brevis vitaj, tiho had obtained a short span qfli/e. 5 Fidem fraterna; pacis, a pledge of peace with his brothers. 6 atiihant, was built ; soceri, Jather and mother-in-law, for socer ct cms. Conjuge, see Harmonia. ^B. H^ ACTION. 55 Exsilio felix ; soceri tibi Marsque Venusque Contigcrant ; hue addc genus de conjuge tanta, Tot^ nat^ natasque et, pignora cara, nepotes ; Hos quoque jam juveiies. Sed seilieet'^ ultima semper 5 Exspeetanda dies homini, dicique beatus Ante obitum nemo supremaque funera debet. Prima nepos^ inter tot res tibi, Cadme, secundas Causa fuit luctus, alienaque cornua fronti Addita, vosque canes satiatte sanguine herili. 10 At bene si quaeras ; Fortunae crimen in illo, Non scelus invenies : quod enim scelus error habebat l Mons^ erat infectus variarum caede ftrrarum ; Jamque dies rei-um medius contraxerat umbras, Et Sol ex spquo meta distabat utraque ; 15 Quum juvenis placido per devia lustra vagantes Participes operum compellat Hyantius ore : Lina madent, comites, ferrumque cruore ferarum, Fortunamque dies habuit satis : altera lucem Quum croceis invecta rotis Aurora reducet, 20 Propositum repetemus opus : nunc Phoebus utraque Distat idem terra, finditque vaporibus arva. Sistite opus prsesens, nodosaque tollite lina. Jussa viri faciunt intermittuntque laborem. >+- Vallis erat piceis et acuta densa cupressu, 25 Nomine Gargaphie, succinct se sacra Diana?, Cujus in extremo est antrum nemorale recessu, Arte laboratum nulla : simulaverat artem Ingenio natura suo ; nam pumice vivo 1 Tot must be taken as referring to nafos and natas collectively, and not separately. Mythologists have assigned to Cadmus only one son, Polydo- rus, who succeeded him in the government of Thebes. 2 Scilicet, it is evident, certainlt/. This is the famous sajing of Solon to Croesus, king of Lydia, -vvhile at the height of his prosperity. It has been frequently repeated, and variously applied by the dat^sical writers, particu- larly by the Greek tragedians. 3 Nepos, i. e. Actieon — aliena, not natural to him, 1. e. those of a staij. 4 Mons, i. e. Cithc^ron — ex sequo distabat nXvAquemGik, was eqv all ii dis- tant from either goal, i. e. from the two extremities of the heavens, the ea.-t and west. See 22. The metaphor is borrowed from the race-course. A. R. A. 175. 56 ACT-^ON. [_BOOK III. Et levibus tophis nativum duxerat^ arcum. SO Fons sonat a dextra, teniii perlucidus unda, Margine gramineo patulos incinctus"^ hiatus. Hie dea silvarum, venatu fessa, solehat Virgineos artus liquido perfundere rore. Quo postquam subiit, Nympharum tradidit uni S5 Armigerae jaculum phare tram que arcusque retentos ; Altera depositae subjecit^ brachia pallae ; Vincla duae pedibus demunt : nam doctior illis Ismenis Crocale sparsos per colla capillos Colligit in nodum, quamvis erat ipsa solutis.* 40 Excipiunt laticem Nepheleque Hyaleque Rhanisque Et Psecas et Phiale, funduntque capacibus urnis. Dumque ibi perluitur solita Titania lympha, Ecce, nepos Cadmi, dilata parte laborum, Per nemus'^ ignotum non certis passibus^ errans, 45 Pervenit in lucum ; sic ilium fata ferebant. Qui simul intravit rorantia fontibus antra ; Sicut erant, viso nudse sua pectora Nymphae Percussere viro, subitisque ululatibus omne Implevere nemus, circumfusaeque^ Dianam 50 Corporibus texere suis ; tamen altior illis Ipsa Dea est, colloque tenus supereminet omnes. Qui color infectis adversi Solis ab ictu Nubibus esse solet aut purpureae Aurorae, Is fuit in vultu visae sine veste Dianae. 55 Quae, quanquam comitum turba stipata suarum, 1 Duxerat nativum arcum vivo pumice, had foiined a natural arch of native pumicestone. 2 Incinctus (secundum) patulos hiatus, having its wide bason edged round. 3 Subjecit brachia Tpa\\si,put her arms under her cloak, held her cloak; A. R. A. 357. Vincla, sandals. Those worn by hunters were called co thurniy and reached up to the middle of the leg. A. R. A. 358. 4 {CapiUis) solutis, with her hair loose. The ancients wore their hair collected in a knot on the back of the head. A. R. A. 360. 5 Nemus — lucum. See 1 , 9, 27- 6 Non certis passibus, with undefined steps, without any definite object in view. 7 Circumfusae, surrounding; supereminet omnes collo tenus, overtops them aXl by the neck. FAB. II.] ACT-^ON. 57 In latus obliquum tamen adstitit/ oraque retro Flexit, et ut vellet'^ promptas habuisse sagittas, Quas habuit, sic hausit aquas, vul turn que virilem Perfudit, spargensque comas ultricibus undis, 60 Addidit hsec cladis praenuntia^ verba futurae ; Nunc tibi me posito visam velamine narres,'* Si poteris narrare, licet. Nee plura minata, Dat sparso capiti vivacis^ cornua cervi ; . Dat spatium collo, summasque cacuminat aures ; 65 Cum pedibusque manus, cum longis brachia mutat Cruribus, et velat maculoso vellere corpus. Additus et pavor est : fugit Autonoeius heros, Et se tarn celerem cursu miratur in ipso. Ut vero vultus et comua vidit in unda, 70 Me miserum ! dicturus erat : vox nulla secuta est. Ingemuit ; vox ilia fuit ; lacrimseque per ora Non sua^ fluxerunt ; mens tantum pristina mansit. Quid faciat ? repetatne domum et regalia tecta ? An lateat silvis I timor hoc, pudor impedit illud. 75 Dum dubitat, videre canes ; primusque Melampus^ Ichnobatesque sagax latratu signa dedere, Gnossius Ichnobates, Spartan a gente Melampus. Inde ruunt alii rapida velocius aura, Pamphagus et Dorceus et Oribasus, Arcades omnes, 80 Nebrophonosque valens et trux cum Laelape Theron, Et pedibus Pterelas et naribus utilis Agre, Hylaeusque ferox nuper percussus ab apro, Deque lupo concepta Nape, pecudesque secuta Poemenis, et natis comitata Harpyia duobus, 85 1 Adstitit in obliquum latus, she stood bending to the one side, askaunt. 2 Ut vellot habuisse, thourjh she could have wished to have; sic hausit aquas quas habuit, yet she took up the tcater which she had. 3 Praenuntia futurse cladis, declarative of his approaching calamity. 4 Licet tibi (ut) narres, you are at liberty to tell. 5 Vivacis, long-lived, a frequent epithet of the stag, which, by the an- cients, was believed to live a hundred years. 6 Non sua, not his own, not natural to him. See 9. 7 For an explanation of the names of the dogs. See Index. Crete, Arcadia, and Laconia, were the countries most celebrated for their breed of dogs. 58 ACTION. [book III. Et substricta gerens Sicyonius ilia Ladon, Et Dromas et Canace Sticteque et Tigris et Alee, Et niveis Leucon et viilis Asbolus atris, Praevaiidusque Lacon, et cursu fortis Aello, Et Thous et Cyprio velox cum fratre Lycisce, 90 Et nigram medio frontem distinctus ab albo Harpalos et Melanens, hirsutaque corpore Lacbne, Et patre Dictaeo, sed matre Laconide nati, Labros, et Agriodos, et acutae vocis Hylactor, Quasque referre mora est.^ Ea turba cupidine praedae 95 Per rupes'^ scopulosque adituque carentia saxa. Qua via difficilis quaque est via nulla, feruntur. Ille fugit, per quae fuerat loca^ saspe secutus, Heu famulos fugit ipse sues ! clamare libebat, Actaeon ego sum : dominum cognoscite vestrum. 100 Verba animo desunt ; resonat latratibus aether. Prima Melancliaetes in tergo vulnera fecit, Proxima Theridamas ; Oi'esitrophos haesit in armo. Tardius exierant ;^ sed per compendia montis Anticipata^ via est. Dominum retinentibus illis 105 Cetera turba coit, confertque in corpore dentes. Jam loca vulneribus desunt. Gemit ille, sonumque,^ Etsi non hominis, quem non tamen edere possit Cervus, habet ; moestisque replet juga nota querelis, Et genibus supplex positis, similisque roganti 110 Circumfert tacitos, tanquam sua bracliia, vultus. At comites rapidum solitis hortatibus agmen Ignari instigant, oculisque Actaeona quaerunt, 1 Quasque est mora referre, and others which itwei^e tedious to enumerate, 2 Rupes signifies a steep rock, a precipice ; scopulus, the point of a rock, a cliff ; and saxumj any large mass of stone, a rock ; over precipices , cUjff^y and rocks. 3 Per loca {per quce) saepe secutus fuerat, over places over which he had often followed the dogs. 4 Exierant tardiils, had started later, a form of expression borrowed from the horses leaving the carceres in the Circus 3Ia.rinius. A. R. A. 274. 5 Via anticipata est per compendia montis, tJicir way had been short* ened hy a near cut over the mountain. 6 The order is, Habetque sonum, etsi non (sonum) hominis, tamen («►• num) quem cervus non possit edere. FAB. II. J ACTiEON. 59 Et velut abscntem certatim Actaeona clamant. Ad iiomen^ caput ille refert ; et abesse qiieruntur, 115 Nee capere oblatae segnem spectacula prsedse. Vellet abesse quidem ; sed adest ; velletque videre, Non etiam sentire^ canum fera facta suorum. Undique circumstant, mersisqiie in corpore rostris, Dilacerant falsi dominum sub imagine^ cervi. 120 Fab. Y,—Ec7io. Ille"* per Aonias, fama celeberrimus, urbes Jrreprehensa dabat populo responsa petenti. Prima fide vocisque ratae tentamina sumpsit'^ Cserula Liriope ; quam quondam flumine curvo Implicuit, clausirque suis Cephisos in undis 5 Vim tulit.^ Enixa est utero pulcherrima pleno Infantem, Nymphis jam nunc^ qui posset amari, Narcissumque vocat. De quo consultus, an esset Tempora maturae visurus longa senectae, Fatidicus vates, Si se non viderit, inquit. 10 Vana diu visa est vox auguris : exitus illam Resque probat^ letique genus novitasque furoris. Jamque ter ad quinos unum Cephisius annum Addiderat, poteratque puer juvenisque videri. Multi ilium juvenes, multas cupiere^ puellae ; 15 Scd fuit in tenera tarn dira superbia forma ; Nulli ilium juvenes, nullae tetigere puellae. Adspicit hunc trepidos agitantem in retia cervos, 1 Ad nomen, at (the sound of) his name, on hearing his name; et que- runtiir (eum) abesse, et segnem non capere, and they nevertheless complain that he is absent, a7id, through indolence, does not icitness. 2 Videre, non etiam sentire, to see, but not at the same time to/eel. 3 Sub imagine falsi cervi, under the form of an unreal stag. 4 Ille, i. e. Tiresias; ^ee Index. Irreprehensa, unblamcd. 5 Sumpsit prima tentamina fide rataqiie vocis, 7nadc the frst trial of , first "proved his truth and infallible predictions. Fide is the old form of tlie genitive for Jidei. G Tulit vim (ei) clausas, offered violence to her when confined. 7 Jam nunc, even noiv, even from his birth. 8 Probat illam, confirms the truth of it; novitas furoris, thenovdtpofhii passion. 9 Cupiere, courted, —tetighref touched, affected his feelings. 60 ECHO. [book III. Vocalis Nyniphe, quae nee reticere loquenti Nee prior ipsa loqui didieit, resonabilis Eeho. 20 Corpus adhue Echo, non vox erat ; et tamen usum Garrula non alium, quam nunc habet, oris habebat, Reddere^ de multis ut verba novissima posset. Fecerat hoe Juno, quia, quum deprendere posset Cum Jove saepe suo Nymphas in monte jacentes, 25 Ilia Deam longo prudens'^ semione tenebat, Dum fugerent Nymphae. Postquam Satumia sensii ; Hujus, ait, linguae, qua sum delusa, potestas Parva tibi dabitur vocisque brevissimus usus. Reque minas firmat : tamen haec in fine loquendi 80 Ingeminat^ voces, auditaque verba reportat. Ergo ubi Narcissum per devia lustra vagantem Vidit, et incaluit, sequitur vestigia furtun ; Quoque magis sequitur, flamma propiore ealeseit, Non aliter, quam quum summis circumlita taedis 35 Admotam rapiunt vivacia* sulfura flammam. quoties voluit blandis accedere dietis, Et molles adhibere preces ! natura repugnat. Nee sinit^ ineipiat ; sed, quod sinit, ilia parata est Exspectare sonos, ad quos sua verba remittat. 40 Forte puer, eomitum seductus ab agmine fido, Dixerat, Ecquis adest l^ et, Adest, responderat Eeho. Hie stupet, utque aciem partes dimisit in omnes. Voce, Veni, clamat magna : vocat ilia vocantem.'' Respieit ; et nullo rursus veniente, Quid, inquit, 45 Me fugis I et totidem, quot dixit, verba recepit. 1 Reddere novissima verba de multis, to repeat the last words out of many. 2 Prudens tenebat, designedly detained. 3 Ingeminat, reiterates ; reportat, repeats. 4 Vivacia sulfura circumlita summis taedis rapiunt flammam admotam, the injlammable sulphur daubed round the tops of torches speedily catches the fire applied to it. 5 Sinit (ut) ineipiat, permits her to begirt; quod (ruitura) sinit, what nature does alloiv. 6 Ecquis adest, is any one here? dimisit aciem in omnes partes, turned his eyes in every direction. 7 ilia vocat (ilium) vocantem, she calls him who called her. FAB. v.] ECHO. 61 Perstat, et altemse deceptus^ imagine vocis, Hue coeamus, ait ; nullique libentius unquam Responsura soiio, Coeamus, retulit Echo, Et verbis favet''^ ipsa suis ; egressaque silvis 50 Ihat, ut injiceret sperato brachia collo. Ille fugit, fugiensque, Manus complexibus aufer :' Ante, ait, emoriar, quam sit tibi copia nostri.* Retulit ilia nihil nisi. Sit tibi copia nostri. Spreta latet silvis, pudibundaque frondibus ora 55 Protegit, et solis ex illo^ vivit in antris. Sed tamen haeret amor, crescitque dolore repulsse. Attenuant vigiles corpus miserabile curse, Adducitque^ cutem macies, et in aera succus Corporis omnis abit; vox tantum atque ossa supersunt : 60 Vox manet ; ossa feiimt lapidis traxisse figuram. Inde latet silvis, nulloque in monte videtur ; Omnibus auditur : sonus est, qui vivit in ilia. Fab. VL — Naixissus, Sic hanc, sic alias, undis aut montibus ortas, Luserat hie' Nymphas, sic coetus ante viriles. Inde manus aliquis despectus^ ad asthera tollens, Sic amet iste licet,^ sic non potiatur amato, • Dixerat : assensit precibus Rhamnusia justis. 5 Fons erat illimis, nitidis argenteus undis, Quem neque pastores neque pastse monte capclloe Contigerant aliudve pecus ; quem nulla volucris. 1 Deceptus imagine alternae vocis, being deceived by Oie appearance of another's voice. 2 Ip^a fa vet suis verbis, she is delighted uifh her oimi icords. 3 A lifer manus complexibus, take away your hands from embracing me, ■presuirue not to embrace me. 4 Ante quam copia nostri sit tibi, be/ore you have an opportunity qf en- vying mcy or be/ore I come i)do your power. 5 Ex illo {tern pore), from that time. 6 Adducit, shrivels, — abit in aera, passes off, or evaporates into air. 7 Hie, i. e. JS'arcissus. 8 Aliquis despectus, one who had been despised by him. 9 Licet (ut) iste sic amet, so m,ay he lovej amato, the oH^cct loved. 62 NARCISSUS. [book III. Nee fera turbarat nee lapsus ab arbore ramus. Gramen erat eirea, quod proximus humor alebat, 10 Silvaque sole lacum passura^ tepescere nullo. Hie puer, et studio venandi lassus et aestu, Procubuit, faciemque loei fontemque secutus f Dumque sitim sedare cupit, sitis altera^ crevit ; Dumque bibit, visae correptus imagine'* formse, 1 5 Spem sine corpore amat : coi'pus putat esse, quod umbra est. Adstupet ipse sibi, vultuque immotus eodem Haeret, ut e Pario formatum marmore signum. Spectat humi positus geminum, sua lumina, sidus/ Et dignos Baccho, dignos et Apolline crines, 20 Impubesque genas et eburnea colla, decusque Oris et in niveo mixtum candore^ ruborem ; Cunctaque miratur, quibus est mirabilis ; ipse Se cupit imprudens, et, qui probat/ ipse probatur ; Dumque petit, petitur, pariterque incendit et ardet. 25 Irrita fallaci quoties dedit oscula fonti ! In medias quoties, visum captantia collum, Bracliia mersit aquas, nee se deprendit in illis ! Quid videat, nescit ; sed, quod videt, uritur illo ; Atque oculos idem, qui decipit, incitat error. 30 Credule, quid fi-ustra simulacra fugacia captas \ Quod petis, est nusquam ; quod amas, avertere,^ perdes. Ista repercussae,^ quam cernis, imaginis umbra est : 1 Passura lacum tepescere, which would allow the fountain to be warmed. 2 S^utus faciem loci, allured hy Uie appearance of the place. 3 Altera sitis, another thirst, a different kind of thirst, i. e. love. 4 Imagine formae, toiUi the refection of his ownform^ i. e. chaiitned with his shadow. 5 Spectat geminum sidus, sua lumina, he sees two stars, which are his own eyes. 6 In niveo candore, with snowy whiteness. Miscco, which is commonly followed by the dative, the ablative, or the preposition cum, is here followed by in. See 95. 7 Qui probat, ipse probatur, he who admires is himself the person ad- mired. 8 Avertere perdes, quod amas, turn yourself away and you will destroy the object of your love. 9 Umbra repercussae imaginis, the shadow of your own r0ectedform. FAB. VI.j NARCISSUS. 63 Nil habet ista sui ;^ tecumque venitque manetque, Tecum discedet, si tu discedere possis. 35 Non ilium Cereris, non ilium cura quietis Abstrahere inde potest ; sed opaca fusus in herb a Spec tat inexpleto mendacem lumine formam, Perque oculos perit ipse suos ; paulumque levatus. Ad circumstantes tendens sua brachia silvas 40 Ecquis, io silvae, crudelius, inquit, amavit I Scitis enim, et multis latebra opportuna fuistis. Ecquem, quum vestrae tot agantur saecula vitae, Qui sic tabuerit, longo meministis in jevo ? Et placet, et video ; sed quod videoque placetque, 45 Non tamen invenio : tantus tenet error amantem. Quoque magis doleam, nee nos mare separat ingens, Nee via^ nee montes nee clausis moenia portis ; Exigua prohibemur aqua. Cupit ipse^ teneri : Nam quoties liquidis porreximus oscula lymphis, 50 Hie toties ad me resupino nititur ore. Posse putes tangi : minimum* est, quod amantibus obstat. Quisquis es, hue exi : quid me, puer unice,^ fallis \ Quove petitus abis I Certe nee forma, nee aetas Est mea, quam fugias f et amarunt me quoque Nymph ae. 55 Spem mihi nescio quam vultu promittis amico ; Quumque ego porrexi tibi brachia, porrigis ultro ; Quum risi, arrides ; lacrimas quoque saepe notavi. Me lacrimante, tuas. Nutu quoque signa remittis ;" Et, quantum motu formosi suspicor oris, 60 Verba refers aures non pervenientia nostras. 1 Ista habet nil sui, that image has nothing qf itself, has no ea:istence of itself 2 Via, a broad street, or a long way 3 Ipse, he himself, i. e. the reflected image ; resupino ore, with his foot turned upwards. 4 ]Minimum est, it is a very slight obstacle. 5 Unice puer, matchless boy. 6 Quam fugias, such as you ought to shun. 7 Remittis quoque signa nutu, you eve7i return signs to my nod. Kutu is here the dative for nutuL G4 NARCISSUS. [book iil Iste ego Slim, sensi, nee me mea fallit imago. Uror amore mei ; flammas moveoque feroque. Quid faciam I roger, anne rogem I quid deinde rogabo I Quod cupio mecum est ; inopem me copia fecit. (j5 utinam nostro secedere corpore possem ! Votum in amante novum ;^ velJem, quod amamus, abesset. Jamque dolor vires adimit, nee tempera vitae Longa meae superant, primoque exstinguor in sevo. Nee mihi mors gravis est posituro*^ morte dolores ; 70 Hie, qui diligitur, vellem diuturnior esset : Nunc duo Concordes^ anima moriemur in una. Dixit, et ad faciem rediit male sanus^ eandem, Et lacrirais turbavit aquas ; obscuraque moto Heddita forma lacu est. Quam quum vidisset abire, 75 Quo fugis ? o remane, nee me, crudelis, amantem Desere, clamavit : liceat, quod tangere non est, Adspicere,^ et misero prsebere alimenta furori. Dumque dolet, summa vestem deduxit ab ora,^ Nudaque marmoreis percussit pectora palmis. 80 Pectora traxerunt tenuem percussa ruborem Non alitor, quam poma solent, quoe Candida parte,' Parte rubent ; aut ut variis solet uva racemis Ducere purpureum, nondum matura, colorem. Quae'^ simul adspexit liquefacta rursus in unda ; 85 Non tulit ulterius ; scd, ut intabescere flavae Igne levi cerae, matutinaeque pruinae 1 Novum votum in amante, a novel ivisli in a lover. Novum votum are put in apposition with the preceding hne. 2 Posituro dolores morte, since J am about to lay aside my sorrotvs in death. 3 Duo Concordes moriemur in una anima, tve two, united in affection, shall perish by the extinction of one life. 4 Male sanus,/ran(for ut ea) vidit, indoluit, when she saw (the distress of Narcis- sus) she was tuvertheless grieveil. 4 Iterabat resonis vocibus, repeated in respoj/sive words. 5 Posuere sectos capiilos fratri, consecrated locks of their hair to their brother. It was usual for surviving friends to dedicate locks of their hair to the dead. A. R. A. 412 and 417- 6 Parabant is here used in a general sense with homines as its nomina- tive,— pre/jaraf/o^^^ were made. The funeral pile (rogus) was square, in the form of an altar, and was built of wood, which might easily catch tire, A. R. A. 417. Quassas expresses the movement of the torches in the fune- ral procession, funerals among the ancient Romans being celebrated at night. A. R. A. 412. 7 Res, the ftdtilment of the prediction Tes^t'^cting Narcissus; vati, to the prophet, i. e. Tiresias. D 2 ^6 BACCHUS AND PENTHEUS. [bOOK III. Attulerat famam, nomenque crat auguris ingens ; Spernit Echionides tamen hunc, ex omnibus^ unus Contemptor Superum, Pentheus ; praesagaque ridet Verba senis, tenebrasque et cladem lucis ademptae 5 Objicit.^ Ille movens albentia tempora canis Quam felix esses, si tu quoque luminis hujus Orbus, ait, fieres, nee Bacchia sacra videres ! Nam que dies aderit, jamque baud procul auguror esse, Qua novus hue veniet, proles Semeleia, Liber. 10 Quern nisi templorum fueris dignatus^ honore ; Mille lacer spargere locis, et sanguine silvas Foedabis matremque tuam matrisque sorores. Evenient '^ neque enim dignabere numen honore ; Meque sub his tenebris nimium vidisse quereris. 15 Talia dicentem proturbat Echione natus. Dicta fides^ sequitur, responsaque vatis aguntur. Liber adest, ^ festisque fremunt ululatibus agri ; Turba ruunt, mixtaeque viris matresque nurusque Vulgusque proceresque ignota'' ad sacra feruntur. 20 Quis furor, anguigenae,^ proles Mavortia, vestras Attonuit mentes ] Pentheus ait. ^rane tantum ^re repulsa valent, et ad unco tibia cornu,^ Et magicae fraudes l^^ ut quos non belliger ensis, Non tuba terruerint, non strictis agmina telis, 25 1 Ex omnibus, of all the descendants of Cadmii^ ; the others were de- voted to the worship of Bacchus. 2 Objicitque tenebras et cladem lucis ademptae, and upbraids him with his blindness and the calamity of being deprived of his sight. 3 Nisi dignatus fueris honore templorum, unless you shall think him worthy of the honour of a temple. 4 Evenient, these things will happen. 5 Fides, a confirmation, ovfidfilment ,• aguntur, are accomplished. 6 Adest, arrives, comes from Lydia. 7 Ad ignota sacra, to the sacred rites hitherto unknoum to them. 8 Anguigenae, ye descendants of the serpent, i. e. ye Thebans. See 3, 1 , 103, &e. 9 Tibia adunco cornu, the pipe made of crooked horn, i. e. the Phrygian pipe. Cymbals (cera) and the Phrygian pipe were used in the worship of Bacchus as well as in that of Cybele. A. R. A. 253. 10 Magicae fraudes, magical deceptions. The orgies of Bacchus wero celebrated during the night every third year, chiefly on Cithaeron and Ismenus in Bo&otia, and on Ismarus and Rhodope in Thrace. FAB. VII. J BACCHUS AND PENTHEUS. C7 Femineae voces et mota^ insania vino, Obscoenique greges et inania tympana vincant I Vosne, senes, mirer, qui longa per aequora vecti Hac Tyron,''^ hac profiigos posuistis sede Penates, Nunc sinitis sine Marte capi 1 vosne, acrior aetas, »'^0 juvenes, propriorque meae, quos arma tenere, Non thyrsos,^ galeaque tegi, non fronde, dccebat ! Este, precor, niemores, qua sitis stirpe creati ; Illiusque animos, qui multos perdidit* unus, Sumite serpentis : pro fontibus ille lacuque 35 Interiit ; at vos pro fania vincite vestra. Ille dedit leto fortes ; vos pellite molles, Et patrium revocate^ decus. Si fata vetabant Stare diu Thebas ; utinam tomienta^ virique Moenia diruerent, ferrumque ignisque sonarent ! 40 Essemus miseri sine crimine f sorsque querenda, Non celanda foret ; lacrimaeque pudore carerent. At nunc a puero Tliebae capientur inemii, Quern neque bella juvant nee tela nee usus equonnn, Sed madidus niyrrha crinis inollesque coronae, 45 Purpuraque et pictis intextum vestibus aurum. Quern quidem ego actutum, modo vos absistite,^ cogam Assumptumque^ patrem commentaque sacra fateri. An satis Acrisio est animi, contemnere vanum 1 Mota vino, caused, or produced by urine; obscoeni greges, crowds of disgustinp creatures. 2 Posuistis Tyron, have built Ti/re, i. e. a city. The name of the parent city was frequently transferred to the principal city of the colony. Cad- mus was a native of Phoenicia, of which Tyre was one of the chief cities. Posuistis must be acniin taken with penates in the sense of settled or esta- Uished. A. R. A. 230. 3 The thyrsus was a staff bound round with ivy and boughs of the vine, with which the bacchanals struck the ground when celebrating the orgies of Bacchus. See 157. 4 Qui unus perdidit multos, who, thouph one, destroyed many. 5 Revocate patrium decus, recall to mind the honour of your country. t) Tormenta, en(/ines of war, as the catapulta and balista, used for throw- ing stones and other missiles. A. R. A. 332. 7 Sine crimine, without blame, without the imjndation of cowardice. 8 Vos mod5 absistite, do you only stand aloof from the sacred rites. 9 Patrem assumptum (esse), sacraque commenta, that his father (Ju{»- ler) is falsely assumed, and his sacred rites fictitious. 68 BACCHUS AND PENTHEUS. [boOK III. Numeii et Argolicas venienti claudere portas ; 50 Penthea terrebit cum totis ad vena Thebis I Ite citi, famiilis hoc imperat, ite ducemque Attrahite hue vine turn : jussis mora segnis abesto. Hunc avus,^ hunc Athamas, hunc cetera turba suonim Corripiunt dictis, frustraque inhibere laborant. 65 Acrior'^ adraonitu est, irritaturque retenta Et crescit rabies, remoraminaque ipsa nocebant. Sic ego torrentem, qua nil obstabat eunti, Lenius et modico strepitu decurrere vidi ; At, quacumque trabes obstructaque saxa tenebant,^ 60 Spumeus et fervens et ab objice saevior* ibat. Ecce cruentati redeunt, et, Bacchus ubi esset, Quaerenti domino Bacchum vidisse negarunt.^ Hunc, dixere, tamen comitem famulumque sacrorum Cepimus ; et tradunt manibus post terga ligatis 65 Sacra dei quondam Tyrrhena gente secutum.^ Adspicit hunc^ oculis Pentheus, quos ira tremendos Fecerat ; et, quanquam poenoe vix tempora difFert, periture, tuaque aliis documenta datura Morte, ait, ede tuum nomen nomenque parentum 70 Et patriam, morisque novi cur sacra frequentes.^ Ille metu vacuus, Nomen mihi, dixit, Acoetes ; Patria Maeonia est, humili de plebe parentes. Non mihi, quae duri colerent, pater, arva juvenci, Lanigerosve greges, non ulla armenta reliquit. 75 Pauper et ipse fuit, linoque solebat et hamo Decipere et cakimo^ salientes ducere pisces. 1 Avns, i. e. Cadmus, who was still alive, though he had transferred the government to Pentheus ; corripiunt hunc dictis, censure him scvcrdij. 2 Est acrior admouitu, he is rendered more resolute by their admonitions. 3 Obstructaque saxa tenebant, and interposinrj roeks obstructed its course. 4 Saeviorab objice, more violent from tiie obstructions. 5 Negarunt domino (se) vidisse Bacchum, said to their master that they had not seen Bacchus. 6 Secutum sacra Dei, ivho had attended on the sacred rites of the god. 7 Hunc, i.e. Bacchus, under the form oi Aca'tes. 8 Cur frequentes sacra novi moris, ivhyyou solemnize those neiv-fashional relipious rites. See 20. Q Lino et hamo et calamo, loith a line, a hook, andarod. There is here FAB. VII.J BACCHUS AND PENTHEUS. 69 Ars illi sua census^ erat. Quum traderet artem ; Accipe, quas liabeo, studii successor et heres, Dixit, opes ; moriensque mihi nihil ille reliquit 80 Procter aquas : unum hoc possum appellare patemuni. Mox ego, ne scopulis hsererem semper in isdem, Addidici'"^ regimen dextra moderante carinae Flectere, et Olenia? sidus pluviale^ capelhe Ta3^getenque Hyadasque oculis Arctonque nolavi, 85 Ventorumque domos^ et portus puppibus aptos. Forte petens Delon, Chiae telluris ad oras Applicor, et dextris adducor^ litora remis, Doque leves saltus, udasque innitor areme. Nox ubi consumpta est, Aurora rubescere primum 90 Cceperat : exsurgo, l^ticesque inferre recentes Admoneo, monstroque viam, quae ducat ad undas. Ipse, quid aura mihi tumulo promittat^' ab alto, Prospicio, comitesque voco repetoque carinam. Adsumus en, inquit, sociorum prmius Opheltes ; 95 Utque putat, praedam deserto nactus in agro, Virginea puerum ducit per littora forma. Ille, mero somnoque gravis, titubare" videtur, Vixque sequi. Specto cultum faciemque gradumque : Nn ibi, quod credi posset Inortale, videbam. 100 Et sensi, et dixi sociis : Quod numen in isto Corpore sit, dubito ; sed corpore numen in isto est. Quisquis es, o faveas nostrisque laboribus adsis ; an allusion to those early times in which lands and cattle formed the onlv constituents of wealth. The condition of a fisherman was then regarded as one of abject poverty. 1 Sua ars erat census illi, his trcuie was his wealth. A. R. A. 107- See Census. 2 Addidici fiectere regimen carina?, / learned besides to turn the helm of my boat ; to steer my boat. A. K. A. 342. 3 Pluviale sidus, the watery constel'ation. The constellations here enu- merated are those which principally guided the course of ihe ancient ma- riners. A. R. A. 346. 4 Domos ventorum, the abodes of the winds. See 1, 2, 32, «fec. 5 Adducor littora dextris Ten\\f>,Ii'each the shore by plying theriphtoars. 6 Quid aura promittat mihi, what the breeze promises to me ; what sort of weather I may expect. A. R. A. 346. 7 Titubare vixque sequi, to reel, and to follow with difficulty. 70 BACCHUS AND PENTHEUS. [bOOK III. His quoque des veniam. Pro nobis mitte^ precari, Dictys ait, quo non alius conscendere summas 105 Ocior antennas, prensoque rudente relabi/^ Hoc Libys, hoc flavus, prorae tutela,^ Melanthus, Hoc probat Alcimedon et, qui requiemque modumque Voce dabat^ remis, animorum hortator Epopeus ; Hoc omnes alii iprsedae tarn caeca cupido est. 110 Non tamen banc sacro violari pondere pinum Perpetiar, dixi : .pars hie mihi maxima juris.^ Inque aditu obsisto. Furit audacissimus omni De numero Lycabas, qui Thusca pulsus^ ab urbe Exsilium dira poenam pro caede luebat. 115 Is mihi, dum resto, juvenili guttura pugno Rupit ;^ et excussum misisset in aequora, si non Haesissem, quamvis amens, in fune retentus. Impia turba probant factum. Tum denique Bacchus, Bacchus enim fuerat, veluti clamore solutus 120 Sit sopor, aque mero^ redeant in pectora sensus. Quid facitis I quis clamor ] ait ; qua, dicite, nautae, Hue ope perveni ? quo me deferre paratis l Pone metum, Proreus,^ et quos contingere portus Ede velis, dixit ; terra sistere^^ petita. 125 Naxon, ait Liber, cursus advertite vestros ; Ilia mihi domus est ; vobis erit hospita tellus. Per mare fallaces perque omnia numina jurant Sic fore, meque jubent pictae dare vela carinae.^^ 1 Mitte precari pro nobis, give over praying for us. 2 Relabique prenso rudente, and in slipping down again by taking hold of a rope. A. R. A. 343. 3 Tutela prorae, the watch on the prow ,' the pilot's mate, whose duty it was to sit on the prow and direct the working of the ship. A. R_. A. 347. 4 Dabat voce requiemque modumque remis, regulated with his voice the pause and measured stroke of the oar. A. R. A. 347. 5 Hie maxima pars juris est mihi, here I have the greatest share of right. Acostes was commander of the ship. 6 Pulsus, being banished. A. R. A. 56 and 220. 7 Is rupit guttura mihi, he attempted to tear open my throat. 8 A mero, after his wine. A. R. A. 387. 9 Proreus, the watch on the prow, who, in 107, is called prora: tutela. 10 Sistere terra petita, you shall be landed on the shore you wish. 11 Pict« carinae, to my painted ship. Carina is here, and in 83, put for rAB. VII.] BACCHUS AND PENTHEU8. 71 )extera Naxos erat : dextra milii lintea danti^ 180 |Quid facis, o demens l quis te furor, inquit, Acoete, ^ro se quisque,^ tenet l laevam pete : maxima nutu JPars mihi significat ; pars, quid velit, aure susurrat. (Obstupui, Capiatque aliquis moderamina, dixi, IMeque ministerio scelerisque artisque removi.^ ISo (increpor a cunctis, totumque immurmurat agmen ; IE quibus ^thalion, Te scilicet^ omnis in uno I Nostra salus posita est ] ait, et subit"^ ipse, meumque Explet opus, Naxoque petit diversa relict a. Turn deus illudens, tanquam modo denique^ fraudem Senserit, e puppi pontum prospectat adunca, 141 Et flenti similis, Non haec mihi litora, nautae, Promisistis, ait ; non haec mihi terra rogata est.^ Quo merui pcenam facto 1 quae gloria vestra est, Si puerum juvenes, si multi fallitis unum l^ 145 Jamdudum flebam : lacrimas manus impia nostras Ridet, et impellit properantibus sequora remis. Per tibi nunc ipsum, nee enim praesentior illo Est Deus, adjuro, tarn me tibi vera referre, Quam veri majora iide f stetit aequore puppis 150 Haud aliter, quam si siccum navale teneret. Illi admirantes remorum in verbere perstant,^^ the whole ship. Each ship had a name peculiar to itself painted on its prow, as its tutelary god was on the stern. Sometimes also the whole ship was painted. See 1, 4, 20. A. R. A. 342. 1 Danti hntea IventLs) dextra, setting sail to the i-ight A. R. A. 337 and 467. 2 Quisque pro se, each /or himself, i.e. each without exception. 3 Removique me ministerio scelerisque artisque, and withdrew myself from aiding in their wicked and deceitful conduct. 4 Scilicet, to be sure, I dare say ! said in derision. 5 Subit, succeeds me ; petit diversa (J.oca) steers in a different direction. 6 Modd denique, only then, then for the first time. 7 The idea seems to be this, — There is here no shore — this is not the shore to which yo\i promised to conduct me ; Viere is here no land — this is not the land to which I asked you to convey me. 8 Si (vos) juvenes {fallitis me) puerum, si (vos) multi fallitis {me} unum, if you, who are men, deceive me, who am but a boy, and if you who are many, deceive me who am but one. 9 Tam vera, quam majora fide veri, things a^ true cis they are incredible ; beyond belief of the truth. 10 Perstant in verbere rgmorum, they persist in striking with their oars. 72 BACCHUS AND PENTHEUS. [bOOK HI. Velaque deducunt, geminaque ope^ currere ten taut. Impcdiunt hederae remos, nexuque recur vo Serpunt et gravidis distinguunt'^ vela corymbis. 1 oo Ipse, racemiferis frontem circumdatus iivis, Pampineis agitat velatam frondibus hastam ; Quern circa tigres^ smiulacraque immania lyncum, Pictarumque jacent fera corpora pantherarum. Exsiluere viri ; sive hoc insania fecit, 160 Sive timor ; primusque Medon nigrescere pinnis Corpore depresso,^ et spinae curvamina flecti Incipit. Huic Lycabas, In quae miracula,^ dixit, Verteris I et lati rictus et panda loquenti Naris erat, squaniamque cutis durata trahebat. 165 At Libys, obstantes dum vult obvertere remos, In spatium resilire^ manus breve vidit, et illas Jam non esse manus, jam pinnas posse vocari. Alter, ad intortos cupiens dare brachia fanes, Brachia non habuit, truncoque repandus'' in undas 170 Corpore desiluit : falcata novissima cauda est,^ Qualia dividuae sinuantur cornua Lun«. Undique dant saltus, multaque aspergine rorant, Emerguntque iterum redeuntque sub aequora rursus, Inque chori ludunt speciem, lascivaque jactant 175 Corpora, et acceptum patulis mare naribus efflant.^ 1 Gemina ope, ivUh the doiible aid, i. e. of oar.j and sails. 2 Distinguunt vela gravidis corymbis, garnish the sails wii^ rich clus- ters of ivy berries. 3 The tiger and panther were yoked to the chariot of Bacchus in con-i- raemoration of his conquest of India, and, along with the IgnXy were sacred to him. 4 Corpore depresso, et flecti (secundum) curvamina spinas, his body being .fattened, and to be turned up in the bend of his back-bone, i. e. is changed into a dolphin. 5 In qu£e miracula, into what monstrous creature ; loquenti, while he teas speaking. 6 Resilire in breve spatium, to shrink into a small space, small dimensions. 7 Repandusque desiluit in undas corpore trimco, and, bent backwards, leaps into the water with his body thus maimed. 8 Novissima cauda est fiilcata, the extreme part, or tip of his tail, is hooked, is in the f 07111 of a hook. 9 Elflant patulis naribus mare acceptum, spout out of tfieir open nostrils tfie sea-water which they had inhaled. LB. Vir.] BACCHUS AND PENTHEUS. 73 De modo viglnti, tot enim ratis ilia ferebat, Restabam solus. Pavidum gelidumque tremcnti Corpore, vixque meum^ firmat Deus, Excute, dicens, Corde metum, Diamque tene. Delatus in illam 1 80 Accensis aris Bacche'ia sacra frequento. Praebuimus longis, Pentheus, ambagibus''^ aures, Inquit, ut ira mora vires absumere posset. Praecipitem famuli rapite bunc, cruciataque diris Corpora toniientis Stygise demittite nocti. 185 Protinus abstractus solidis Tyrrhenus Acoetes Clauditur in tectis ; et dum crudelia jussse Instrumenta necis ferrumque ignisque parantur, Sponte sua patuisse fores, lapsasque lacertis Sponte sua fama est, nullo solvente, catenas. 190 Pcrstat^ Ecbionides ; nee jam jubet ire, sed ipse Vadit, ubi electus facienda ad sacra Citbaeron Cantibus et clara Baccbantum voce sonabat. Ut fremit acer equus, quum bellicus aere canoro Signa dedit tubicen, pugnaeque assumit amorem : 195 Pcnthea sic ictus longis ululatibus aetber* Movit, et audito clamore recanduit ira. Monte fere medio est, cingentibus ultima silvis,^ Purus ab arboribus, spectabilis undique campus. Hie oculis ilium cernentem sacra profanis 200 Prima videt, prima est insano concita motu. Prima suum misso violavit Penthea tbyrso Mater : R), geminae, clamavit, adeste sorores. Hie aper, in nostris errat qui maximus agris,^ Hie mihi feriendus aper. Ruit omnis in unum 205 1 Gelidum corpore trementi vixque meum, cold, with my body shaking y and scarcely myself, i. e. almost distracted. 2 Longis ambagibus, to a long iinnding story. 3 Perstat, persists ; nee jam jubet ire, and now does not order his ser- vants to go. 4 ^tller ictus longis ululatibus, struck by the long-continued ycUs; recan- duit. kindled afresh. 5 Silvis cingentibus ultima, woods enclosing the 07(f skirts of it. 6 Qui maximus (aper) errat in nostris agris, which vei^y large boar^ thai immense boar which wanders in our f elds. E 74 BACCHUS AND PENTHEUS. [boOK IV. Turba furens ; cunctae coeunt, cunctaeqiie sequuntur Jam trepidum, jam verba minus violenta loquentem, Jam se damnantem, jam se peccasse fateiitem. Saucius ille tamen, Fer opem, matertera, dixit, Autonoe : moveant animos Actaeonis umbrie.^ 210 Ilia, quid Actaeon, nescit, dextramque precanti Abstulit f Inoo lacerata est altera raptu. TN^on liabet infelix quae matri brachia tendat ; Trunca sed ostendens disjectis corpora mem])ris/ Adspice, mater, ait. Visis ululavit Agave, 215 Collaque jactavit movitque per aera crinem ; Avulsumque caput digitis complexa cruentis Clamat, lo comites, opus haec victoria nostrum est.'^ Non citius frondes autumno frigore tactas, Jamque male liaerentes^ alta rapit arbore ventus, 220 Quam sunt membra viri mardbus direpta nefandis. Talibus exemplis monitaj nova sacra frequentant, Thuraque dant, sanctasque colunt Ismenides aras. BOOK lY. Fab. I. — Alcithoe and her Sisters. At non Alcithoe Minyeias orgia censet Accipienda Dei f sed adhuc^ temeraria Baccbum Progeniem negat esse Jovis, sociasque sorores 1 Umbrae Actseonis moveant animos, let the shade of Actceoji infltierici yourmind. >See 3, 2, 1, &c. 2 Abstulitque dextram (illi) precanti, tore off his right hand as he was imploj'ing her pity. 3 Trunca membris disjectis, bereft of its limbs which lay scattered about. A Haec victoria est nostrum opus, this victory is my achicvancnt, has been achieved by me. 5 Male haerentes, scarcely adhering to the branches. See 3, 6, 73. 6 Orgia Dei accipienda (esse), that the orgies of the god (Bacchus) ovghl to be received, or celebrated. 7 Sed adhuc, — but still notwithstanding the severe punishment inflicted upon Pentheus, &c. Ipab. T.J ALCITHOE AiND UER SISTERS. 75 Impietatis habet. Festum celebrare sacerdos Immunes operum dominas famulasque suorum, 5 Pectora pelle tegi/ crinales solvere vittas, Serta coma, manibus frondentes sumere thyrsos, Jusserat ; et saevam laesi fore numinis''^ iram Vaticinatus erat. Parent matresque nurusque, Telasque^ calathosque infectaque pensa reponiint, 1 Tliuraque dant, Bacchumque vocant Bromiumque Ly- aeumque, Ignigenamque satumque iterum solumqueBimatrem. Additur his Nyseus indetonsiisque Thyoneus, Et cum Lena?o genialis consitor uvae, Nycteliusque Eleleusqiie parens et laccliiis et Evan, 15 Et quae praiterea per Graias plurima^ gentes [tas ; Nomina, Liber, habes. Tibi enim inconsumpta juven- Tu puer a^ternus, tu formosissimus alto Conspiceris coelo ; tibi, quum sine cornibus adstas, Virgineum caput est ; Oriens tibi victus, adusque 20 Decolor extremo qua tingitur India Gange.^ Pentliea tu, venerande, bipenniferumque Lycurgum Sacrilegos mactas ; Tyrrhenaque^ mittis in sequor Corpora. Tu bijugum pictis insignia frenis Colla premis lyncum *J Bacchae Satyrique sequmitur, 25 1 The order 2.?— Sacerdos (i.e. Tiresias), jusserat dominas famulasque immunes operum, celebrare festum, tegi {secundum) pectora pelle. The bacchanals, while celebrating the orgies, were clothed with the skins of fawns or deers. Vittas, A. R. A. 362. Tliyrsos, See 3, 7, 32. 2 La?si numinis, of the offended deity, i. e. Bacchus. 3 Telas, webs. The ancients used every method to encourage domestic industry in women. Spinning and weaving formed their chief employment, and to these there are frequent allusions iii the poets, see 34, cfcc. The dif- ferent parts of the loom, and the process of weaving, are described, A. R. A. 452. Calathos, laork-baskets. The calathus was an osier basket, narrow at the bottom, and gradually increasing in ^vidth, used by the ladies for holding wool, flowers, &c. See 5, 7, 53. 4 Et plurima nomina qune, and the numerous names ivhich. 5 Adusque qua decolor India tinguitur extremo Gange, as far as where swarthy India is watered by the remote Ganges. In decolor, which is strictly applied to something which has lost its natural colour, there is probably an allusion to the change of colour said to have been produced on tlie eastern nations by the disaster of PhaethoH. See 2, 1, 236. 6 Tyrrhena corpora, the bodies of the Tuscan sailors. See 3, 7, 162, &c. 7 Tu premis colla bijugum lyncum insignia pictis frenis, thou controllesi 76 ALCITHOE AND HER SISTERS. LbOOK IV. Quique senex ferula titubantes ebrius^ artus Sustinet, aut pando non fortiter liaeret^ asello. Qiiacumque ingrederis, clamor juvenilis et una Femineae voces, impulsaque tympana^ palmis, Concavaque a?ra sonant longoque foramine buxus/ 80 Placatus mitisque, rogant Ismenides, adsis ; Jussaque sacra colunt. Solae Minyeides intus, Intempestiva turbantes festa Minerva, Aut ducunt lanas aut stamina pollice versant, Aut hserent telae, famulasque laboribus urgent. 85 E quibus una levi deducens pollice filum, Dum cessant alise commentaque sacra frequentant, Nos quoque, quas Pallas, melior Dea, detinet, inquit Utile opus manuum vario sermone levemus ; Perque vices aliquid, quod tempora longa^ videri 40 Non sinat, in medium vacuas referamus ad aures. Dicta probant, primamque^ jubent narrare sorores. Ilia, quid e multis referat, nam plurima norat, Cogitat, et dubia est, de te, Babylonia, narret,^ Derceti, quam versa squamis velantibus artus 45 Stagna Palaestini credunt celebrasse iigura ; An magis, ut sumptis illius filia^ pennis, Extremos altis in turribus egerit annos ; Na'is an ut cantu nimiumque potentibus herbis Verterit in tacitos juvenilia corpora pisces, 50 the necks of the lynxes which draw thy chariot, adoi'ned (as they are) viHh 'painted reins. 1 Ebrius senex, the drunk old ma7i, i. e. Silcniis, the preceptor and com- panion of Bacchus ; ferula, with a staff. By fcrida is here meant a hollow stick used by the Bacchantes, in which a torch was concealed. 2 Hasret non fortiter, sits but insecurely. 3 Tympana, drums. The tympanum was a kind of drum, beaten with the hands, round at the top, where it was covered with skin, and fiat un- derneath. 4 Buxus longo foramine, ajiute luith a long series of holes. Bums, the ■wood of which the flute was made, is here put for the flute itself, 5 Non sinat tempora videri longa, may prevent the time from appearing tedious ; in medium, publicly, aloud. 6 Primam, her first, i. e. her who made the proposal. 7 Dubia est {utrum) narret de te, she is in doubt whcUier she shculd teU a story of you ; an magis, or rather. « Filia Ulius, her daughter y i. e. Semiramis, q. r. FAB. I.J ALCITHOE AND HER SISTERS. 77 Donee idem passa est :^ an, quae poma alba ferebat/^ Ut nunc nigra ferat contactu sanguinis arbor. Haec placet ; banc, quoniam vulgaris fabula non est, Talibus orsa modis, lana sua iila sequente. Fab. II. — Pyramus and Thisbe. Pyra3ius et Thisbe, juvenum pulcherrimus alter, Altera, quas Oriens babuit, praelata puellis, Contiguas tenuere^ domos, ubi dicitur altam Coctilibus muris cinxisse Semiramis urbem. Xotitiam primosque gradus"^ vicinia fecit ; 5 Tempore crevit amor : taedae quoque jure coissent,^ Sed vetuere patres : quod non potuere vetare, Ex sequo captis^ ardebant mentibus ambo. Conscius omnis abest ; nutu signisque loquuntur ; Quoque magis tegitur, tectus magis aestuat ignis. 30 Fissus erat tenui rima, quam duxerat olini," Quum fieret, paries domui communis utrique. Id vitium nulli per saecula longa notatum, Quid non sentit amor l primi sensistis amantes,'' Et voci fecistis iter ; tutaeque per illud 1 5 Murmure blanditiae minimo transire solebant.^ Saepe, ut constiterant, hinc Thisbe, Pyramus illinc, Inque vicem fuerat captatus anlielitus^° oris, 1 Donee pas?a est idem, until she herself siiffered the same transfoi-ma- tion , i. e. was changpd into a fish. 2 The order is, An, ut arbor quae ferebat alba poma, nunc ferat nigra (poma) contactu sanguinis. 3 Tenuere contiguas domos, inhabited contiguous houses; urbem, Le. Babylon. limpes himself under the water. D Quaque patent, and wherever Uiey are exposed ^ viz. his back, sides, aud tail. FAB. XIV. J PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA. 95 Belliia punicco mixtos cum sanguine fliictus Ore vomit : maduere graves aspergine pcnnce ; Kec bibulis^ ultra Perseus talaribus ausus Credere, conspcxit scopulum, qui vertice summo Stantibus exit aquis, operitur ab aequore moto. 70 Nixus eo, rupisque tenens juga prima'^ sinistra, Ter quater exegit repetita per ilia ferrum. Litora cum plausu clamor^ superasque Deorum Implevere domes. Gaudent generumque salutant, Auxilium([ue domus servatoremque fatentur 75 Cassiope Cepheusque pater. Rcsoluta catenis Incedit virgo, pretiumque et causa laboris. Ipse manus liausta victrices abluit unda ; Anguiferumque caput dura ne Isedat arena, Mollit liumum foliis, natasque sub aequore virgas 80 Sternit, et imponit Phorcynidos ora Medusae. Virga recens bibulaque etiamnum'^ viva medulla, Vim rapuit monstri, tactuque induruit liujus, Percepitque novum ramis et fronde rigorem. At pelagi Nymphoe factum^ mirabile tentant 85 Pluribus in virgis, et idem contingere gaudent ; Seminaque ex illis iterant j aetata^ per undas. Nunc quoque curaliis' eadem natura remansit, Duritiem tacto capiant ut ab aere ; quodque Vimen in sequore erat, fiat super sequora saxum. iJO Fab. XV. — Medusa. Dis tribus^ ille focos totidem de cespite ponit, 1 Bibulis talaribus, to his dripping wings ^ to his icings now soaked. 2 Prima juga, tfie outmost ridge ; repetita, struck repeatedly. 3 Clamor cum plausu, /or clamor et plausus. See 1, 10, 75. 4 Etiamnum viva bilniia medulla, still retaining life inits spongy pith. 5 Tentant mirabile factum, put the wonderful fact to the test with more twigs, i. e. by applying them to the head of Medusa. G Iterant jactata, /or iterum iterumque jactant, repeatedly throw 7 Curalium, ^6'<; Index. 8 Tribus Dis ille ponit totidem focos de cespite, to three gods he (Per- seus) erects as many altars of turf. A. R. A. 2G.'3. Media, m the middle. The centre was regarded as the place of honour. Perseus erected altars to Minerva and Mercury, because he was under their special protection, and 06 MEDU&A. [book IV, Lsevum Mercuric, dextrum tibi, bellica virgo ; Ara Jo vis media est. Mactatur vacca Miner vae, Alipedi^ vitulus ; taurus tibi, summe Deorum. Protinus Andromedan et tanti praemia facti 5 Indotata rapit :^ taedas Hymenaeus Amorque Praecutiunt f largis satiantur odoribus ignes ; Sertaque dependent tectis ; citharaeque lyraeque Tibiaque et cantus, animi felicia laeti Argumenta, sonant ; reseratis aurea valvis 10 Atria tota patent, pulchroque instructa paratu Cephenum proceres ineunt convivia Regis. Postquam epulis functi* generosi munere Bacchi DifFudere animos : cultusque habitusque locorum^ Quaerit Abantiades ; quaerenti protinus unus 1 5 Narrat Lyncides moresque habitusque virorum. Quae simul edocuit, Nunc, fortissime, dixit, Fare, precor, Perseu, quanta virtute quibusque Artibus abstuleris^ crinita draconibus ora. Narrat Agenorides, gelido sub Atlante jacentem 20 Esse locum, solidae tutum munimine molis ; Cujus in introitu geminas habit asse sorores Phorcydas, unius partitas^ luminis usum ; Id se solerti furtim, dum traditur,^ astu Supposita cepisse manu ; perque abdita longe 25 was assisted by them in his expedition against Medusa. Minerva is placed on the right of Jupiter, because she was his particular favourite, and had obtained from him this high honour. 1 Alipedi, to the wing-footed god, i. e. Mercury. See 1, 12, 47. 2 Rapit, carries off—et indotata, even without the dowry, i. e. the king- dom which her parents had promised him. See 4, 14, 43. 3 Praecutiunt tsedas, shake before, carry the torches before them. A. R. A. 404. . 4 Functi epulis, having finished the feast. A. R. A. 303. DiflFudere ani- mos, cheered their minds. A. R. A. 387. 5 Cultns habitusque locorum, the mode of living, and the condition of the people of th e country. fi Abstuleris ora crinita draconibus, ?/om cut off thehead of Medusa., haired with snakes, i. e. which had snakes instead of hair. " 7 Partitas usum unius luminis, who shared betivcen them the use of one eye. 8 Dum traditur, while it (the eye) is parsed from the one to the other ; mann supposita, by slipping in his hand between them, or by dexterously putting his haiui under it and thereby abstracting it. FAB. XV.1 MEDUSA. • 07 Deviaque et silvis horrentia saxa fragosis Gorgoneas tetigisse domos ; passimque per agros Perque vias vidisse homimim simulacra ferarumque, In silicem ex ipsis^ visa con versa Medusa : Se tamen horrendse clypei, quod leeva gerebat, SO ^re repercusso"'^ formam adspexisse Medusae, Dumque gravis somnus colubrasque ipsamque tenebat, Eripuisse caput collo ; pennisque fugacenr' Pegason et fratrem, matris de sanguine natos, A^ddidit, et longi non falsa pericula cursus, Sd Quae freta, quas terras sub se vidisset ab alto, Et quae jactatis tetigisset sidera pennis. Ante exspectatum* tacuit tamen. Excipit unus E numero procerum, quaerens, cur sola sororum Gesserit alternis immixtos crinibus angues. 40 Hospes ait : Quoniam scitaris digna relatu, Accipe quaesiti causam. Clarissima forma, Multorumque fuit spes invidiosa procorum Ilia ; nee in tot a conspectior^ nil a capillis Pars fuit. Inveni, qui se vidisse referret.^ 45 Hane pelagi rector templo vitiasse JVIinervae Dicitur. Aversa est et castos aegide \^ltus Nata Jovis texit ; neve hoc impune fuisset/ Gorgoneum turpes crinem mutavit in hydros. Nunc quoque, ut attonitos formidine terreat hostes, 5Q Pectore in adverso,^ quos fecit, sustinet angues. 1 Ex ipsis (i. e. hominihus ferlsque) Medusa visa, from their natural forms by the sight of Medusa. 2 Mre clypei repercusso, bj; the reflection of the brass of his shield— ofhis brazen shield. The shields of the ancients were so finely polished that they were frequently used as mirrors. A. R. A. 306. 3 Pegason fugacena pennis, with feet wings, the winged Pegasus; fratreni, i. e. Chrysaor. 4 Ante exspectatum, sooner than was eocpected. 5 In tota conspectior, in her whole jJerson more beautiful. 6 Inveni {hominem), qui referret se vidisse, I have met with a man wh^) told me that he had seen it— the hair. 7 Neve hoc fuisset impune, and that this crime might not pass unpunished. See], 5, 1. 8 In adverse pectore, on her breast in front, i. e. on her breastplate, or, according to Homer, on her shield. A. R. A. 222. F 98 PHINEUS AND UIS COMPANIONS. [bOOK V. BOOK V. Fab. I. — Phineus and his Companions, DuMQUE ea Cephenum medio Danaems heros Agmine commemorat, fremitu regalia turbae Atria complentur ; nee, conjugialia festa Qui canat,^ est clamor, sed qui fera nuntiet arma ; Inque repentinos convivia versa tumultus 5 Assimilare freto possis, quod saeva quietum^ Ventorum rabies motis exasperat undis. Primus in his Phineus, belli temerarius auctor, Fraxineam quatiens seratse cuspidis'^ hastam, En, ait, en adsum prsereptae conjugis ultor; 10 Nee mihi te pennse, nee falsum versus* in aurum Jupiter eripiet. Conanti mittere Cepheus Quid facis \ exclamat ; quae te, germane, furentem Mens agit in facinus \^ meritisne hsec gratia tantis Redditur \ hac vitam servatae dote rependis ?^ 15 Quam tibi non Perseus, verum si quaeris, ademit, Sed grave Nere'idum numen, sed corniger Amnion, Sed quae visceribus veniebat bellua ponti Exsaturanda^ meis. Illo tibi tempore rapta est, 1 Qui canat conjugialia festa, such as proclaims nuptial festivities. A. R. A. 405. 2 Q,uietum, though previously calm. The qualifying adjective must often be taken with a special reference to what goes before or follows, 3 JEratae cuspidis, with a brazen point. Copper, which the ancients ap- pear to have understood how to harden by the admixture of tin, seems to have been extensively used by them at a very early period, and is generally to be understood when brass is specifically distinguished from gold, silver, and iron. Of this metal they made their armour, both offensive and defen- sive, as well as various other implements, at a time when iron was nearly unknown to them, or too valuable to be much used. 4 Versus in falsum aurum, turned into unreal gold. See 4, 14, 36. 5 Agit te furei-.tem in facinus, prompts you in passion to commit this crime. « Hac dote rependis vitam (Andromc'dce) servatse, is it by tfiis reward that you make a recompense for the life of Andromeda who has been saved f 7 Exsaturanda meis visceribus, to be glutted with my bowels, i. e. with my dauKhter Andromeda. FAB. I.] PHINEUS AND HIS COMPANIONS. 99 Quo peritura fuit. Nisi si, crudelis, id ipsum 20 Exigis, ut pereat, luctuque levabere nostro. Scilicet hand satis est, quod te spectante^ revincta est, Et nullam quod opem patruus sponsusve tulisti : Insuper, a quoquam quod sit servata, dolebis, Pi'iEmiaque eripies I quae si tibi magna videntur ; 25 Ex illis scopulis, ubi erant affixa, petisses.^ Nunc sine,^ qui petiit, per quern haec non orba senectus, Ferre, quod et meritis et voce est pactus ; eumque Non tibi sed ccrtis prgelatum intellige morti. Ille* nihil contra : sed et hunc et Persea vultu 30 Alterno spectans, petat hunc ignorat an ilium ; Cunctatusque brevi, contortam viribus hastam, Quantas ira dabat, nequicquam in Persea misit. Ut stetit ilia toro ;^ stratis turn denique Perseus Exsiluit, teloque ferox inimica remisso 85 Pectora rupisset, nisi post altaria Phineus Isset : et, indignum ! scelerato profuit ara. Fronte tamen Rhoeti non irrita cuspis adhaesit ; Qui postquam cecidit ferrumque ex osse reviilsum est, Palpitat et positas adspergit sanguine mensas. 40 Tum vero indomitas ardescit^ vulgus in iras, Telaque conjiciunt ; et sunt, qui Cephea dicant Cum genero debere mori. Sed limine tecti Exierat Cepheus, testatus jusque fidemque 1 Te spectante, while you looked on with indifference. 2 Petisses ex illis scopulis, ubi affixa erant, port should have brought it (the reward, i. e. Andromeda) /rom the rocks where it was fixed, 3 The order is. Sine (eiim), qui petiit, per quem haec senectus non (est) orba (childless), ferre (id), quod pactus est et meritis et voce, which he //as gained by his services, and which he stipidated for by words. Pactus est strictly refers only to voce, but is to be taken here as applicable also to meritis. 4 Ille, i.e. Phiyieiis (dixit), — hunc, i.e. Cepheus ; ignorat, is in donbt. 5 Toro, in the pillow ; exsiluit stratis, sprung from the couch. Ovid here applies to the Ethiopians the practice of reclining on sofas at table, whicli existed among the Romans, and which they probably borrowed from the nations of the east. A. R. A. 371. Stratum properly signifies that which was laid on a couch, a bolster, mattress, vine with water, and from which they poured it into smaller vessels, as we do into glasses. A, R. A. 394. 112 THE RAPE OF PROSERPINE. [liOUK V. Jura' 8\ii mcrrcns, inconsoLil)ilc vulnus Mciite gcrit tiicita, Iacriinis(|uc absiimitur omnis ; Et, quaniin fiicrat inafj^niiin modo nuinen, in illas Extcuiiiatur aqiias.^ MuUiri mcinl)ra vidcres, Ossa pati floxus, ungues j)osuissc rigoreni ; 00 Priniacjue do tota tcnuissinia quicqiic"^ liqucscnnt, CitniK'i crinos digiti(juc ot crura ])odcs(jue : Nam brevis in gclidas nicmbris cxilibus' undas Transitus est. Post bicc tcrguinquo humcriquc latusquo Pectora({uc in tcnuos abennt cvanida rivos ; 05 Dcnifjuc ])ro vivo vitiatas sanguine vcnas Lyniplia subit ; rcstatquo nibil, quod prcndere possis. Fab. Yll.— ^/c//e*. Intkuka pavidjL* ncquiccjuani filia'* inatri Omnibus est tcrris, omni (jujrsita profundo. Ilbun non rutilis vcnicns Aurora capillis Ccssantom vidit, non Hesperus ; ilia duabus Flammifera pinus nianibus suecendit ab iEtna,* 6 Pcrque pruinosas tulit irreqirieta'' tenebras. Rursus, lit alma dies hcbetfirat sidera, natam Soils ad occasiim sol is quivrebat ab ortu. Fessa labore sitim col lege rat, oracjuc nulli Colluerant fontes ;" quum tectam stramino vidit 10 Forte casam, ])arvasque fores pulsavit : at inde Prodit anus, Divaincjuc videt, lympbani([ue roganti Dulce dedit, tosta quod coxerat ante polenta."*^ 1 Jura, rifjhts, QvprwUcgcs ; bocauso Pluto, without hor consent, forced liis way through her waters to the inrcrii.-il rt'giotis. 2 I'ixtoiuiatiu' in illas aquas, is vwlUd ainti/ into those waters. 3 iiuirquo teTuiissinui, all the most slender ixirts. 4 Itrovis transitus est cxilibus nieuibris, the traiisition of these sfetx' - junts is short. r> l"'iHa, i. c. Proserpine. ,' Matro, i. o. Veres. A. R. A. l'l'.'I. (i Ini'ciiiitita tulit, restlesslj/ carried them. 7 Nulli fontes colluerant oVa, no fountains had moistened her fips. }{ J>e(iit (lulce roxernt tosta i)()k'iitM, (jare her a sire t drifik v^hieh .she had prerioaslif ejctraeted from dried matt. Tho driTik Iwro ulludetl to is called by ('icero cinnus, and is said to have consisto Q,nam tu, mitissima, serva, which do you most graciously preserve. 11 Cur mota Sim loco, tchy I have been removcd/rom my native country. FAB. VIII. J ASCALAPHUS. ] 15 Praebet iter, siibterque imas ablata cavemas* Hie caput attollo, desuetaque sidera ccrno. Ergo, dum Stygio sub terris gurgite labor, Visa tua est oculis illic Proserpina nostris. Ilia quidem tristis nee adhuc interrita vultu f 4o Sc'd rcgina tamen, sed opaci maxima mundi,^ Sed tamen infcrni pollens matrona tyranni. ]\Iater ad auditas stupuit, ceu saxea, voces, Attonitseque diu similis fuit : utque dolore Pulsa gravi gravis est amentia ;'^ curribus auras 60 Exit in aethcrias. Ibi toto nubila vultu^ Ante Jovem passis stetit invidiosa^ capillis : Proque meo supplex veni tibi, Jupiter, inquit. Sanguine, proque tuo. Si nulla est gratia matris, IS^ata patrem moveat ; neu sit tibi cura," precamur, 55 Vilior illius, quod nostro est edita partu. En qusesita diu tandem milii nata reperta est ; Si reperire vocas amittere certius ; aut si Scire ubi sit, reperire vocas. Quod rapta, feremus f Dummodo reddat cam ; neque enim pra^done marito 60 Filia digna tua est, si jam mea iilia digna est. Jupiter excepit : Commune est pignus onusque Nata mihi tecum f sed, si mod 6 nomina rebus Addere vera placet, non hoc injuria factum, Verum amor est ; neque erit nobis gener ille pudori : 65 Tu modo. Diva, velis. Ut desint cetera : quantum est 1 Ablataque subter imas cavernas, and proceeding along the low caverns. 2 Interrita vultu, tvithout /car in her looks. 3 Maxima opaci mundi, the gj'catest woman m the world of darkness, i. e. the queen of the infernal regions. 4 Utque gravis amentia pulsa est gravi dolore, and when her violent phrenzi/ ftas removed by intense grief. 5 Nubila toto vultu, tcith a gloom over her whole countenance. 6 In vidiosa,./f //(?rcn. 2 Mimere, services — (tu) servatus dato promissa, do you when saved bp me fulfil your promise. 3 Per sacra triforniis Dea?, by the sacred rites of the three-fonned goddess, i. c. Hecate ; perque numen quod, and by the deity nhich. 4 Patrem soceri futuri, the father of his father-in-law about to be, i.e. Sol, the father of jf']etes. 5 Cantatas herlwis, enchanted herbs ; in castra, to his camp, i.e. to the place where the Argonauts had pitched their tents. f) Jugis, on the hillSy i. e. the ridges of Caucasus >vhich surrounded Colchis, 7 Herbfrque tacta? vaporibus nvdent, a7id the prass being touched by the vapours {the breath of the bulls) burns. 8 BUices Boluti terrena fornace, limestones slacked in an earVien kiln. FAB. I.] lASON. 123 Concipiunt ignem liquidarum aspergine aquarum : Pectora sic intus clausas vol vent ia fiammas, Gutturaque usta sonant : tamen illis ^sone natus 110 Obvius it. Vertere truces venientis ad ora Terribiles vultus' praefixaque cornua ferro, Pulvereumque solum pede pulsavere bisulco, Fumificisque locum mugitibus implevere. Diriguere metu Minyaj : subit ille, nee ignes 115 Sentit anhelatos, tantum medicamina possunt/'^ Pendulaque audaci mulcet palearia dextra f Suppositosque jugo pondus grave cogit aratri Ducere, et insuetum ferro'^ proscindere campum, Mirantur Colchi ; Minya? clamoribus implent/ 120 Adjiciuntque animos. Galea tum sumit aena Vipereos dentes^ et aratos spargit in agros. Semina mollit humus, valido prsetincta veneno ; Et crescunt, fiuntque sati nova corpora dentes. Utque hominis speciem. materna sumit in alvo 125 Perque suos intus numeros^ componitur infans, Nee nisi maturus communes exit in auras : Sic ubi visceribus gravidae telluris imago EfFecta est^ hominis, feto consurgit in arvo ; Quodquemagis mirum est, simul edita^ concutit arma.130 Quos ubi viderunt praeacutae cuspidis hastas 1 Truces vertere terribiles vultus, the hulls fiercely turned their terrible looks ; praefixa ferro, pointed with iron. 2 Tuntuin medicamina possunt, such is the power of the enchanted herbs. 3 Mulcetque pendula palearia audaci dextra, and strokes their hanging dewlaps ivith his bold right hand. 4 Insuetum ferro, unaccustomed to the ploughshare, because sacred to Mars. See 101. A. R. A. 4G3. 5 Implent (eum) clamoribus, fill his ears with their cheers — cry, or call to him. 6 Vipereos dentes, the teeth of the serpent, i. e. the teeth of the ser- pent slain by Cadmus, some of which were brought to jEetes by jMmerva. See3, 1. 7 Componitur per suos numeros, is completed in all its parts. 8 Ubi imago hominis effecta est (in) visceribus gravida? telluris, when the form of a man icas completed in the bowels of the pregnant earth. 9 Arma edita simul, arms which were produced at the same time toith themselves; praacutae cuspidis, with very sharp points. 124 lASON. [book Vll. In caput Haemonii juvenis torquere parantes ;^ Demisere^ metu vultuiiKjue animuniquePelasgi. Ipsa quoque extimuit, quae tutum fecerat ilium ; Utque peti juvenem tot vidit ab hostibus ununi, ]35 Palluit, et subito sine sanguine irigida sedit. Neve parum valcant a se data graniina, carmen^ Auxiliare canit, score tasque advocat artes. Ille, gravem medios siliccm jaculatus in hostes, A se depulsum Martem convertit in ipsos.'* 140 Terrigenifc pereunt per mutua vulnera fratres Civilique cadunt acie. Gratantur Achivi, Victoremque tenent, avidisque amplexibus haerent*. Tu quoque victorem complecti, barbara, velles ; 01)stitit incepto pudor ; et complcxa fuisses ; 145 Sed te, ne faceres, tenuit reverentia famae.^ Quod licet, afFectu tacito laetaris, agisque Carminibus grates et Djs auctoribus horum. Pervigilem superest lierbis sopire^ draconem, Qui, crista linguisque tribus praesignis et uncis 15o Dentibus horrendus, custos erat arboris aureae.^ Hunc postquam sparsit Letliaei gramine succi, Verbaque ter dixit placidos facicntia somnos, Quae mare turbatuni, quae concita flumina sistant ; 1 The order is, Ubi Pclasgi viderimt qnos parantes torquere, when the Pelasgi saw them, &c. The relative quos agrees with its antecedent imago hominis in sense, but not in strict syntax. 2 Demisere vultumque i\x\\\nvim<\\x(i m^in, lowered both their countenances and their courage through fear^ i. e. their countenance sank, and their courage failed them. 3 Carmen, charm, or incantation; advocatque secretas artes, calls to his aid her sacred arts, i. e. magic. 4 In ipsos, upon themselves — they attacked each other under the belief that the stone had been thrown by one of their own number. 5 Haerentque avidis amplexibus, cling to him with eager embraces. 6 Reverentia famae tenuit te, ne faceres, a regard for your character restrained you from doing so. 7 Superest sopire, it remains to lay asleep. 8 Aureae arboris, of the tree on ivliich teas hung the golden fleece. Aurerr is to be pronounced as a word of two syllables. This, whicli is the reading of nearly all the manuscripts, has been considered unsatisfactory, and in- stead of it the conjectural rcad'mf!: arietis aurei, of the golden ram, has boon proposed. If the latter reading be adopted arietis must be taken as three syllables and aurei as two. FAB. l.j lASON. 125 Somnus in ignotos oculos^ advenit ; et auro 155 Heros iEsonius potitur ; spolioque superbus/^ Muneris auctorem secum, spolia altera, portans, Victor lolciacos tetigit cum conjuge portus. BOOK XI. Fab. X. — Ceyx and Halcyone, Interea fratrisque sui fratremque secutis Anxia prodigiis turbatiis^ pectora Ceyx, Consulat ut sacras, hominum oblectamina,'* sortes, Ad Clarium parat ire Deum : nam templa profanus In via cum Phlegyis faciebat Delphica Phorbas. 5 Consilii tarn en ante sui, fidissima, certam Te facit,^ Halcyone. Cui protinus intima frigus Ossa receperunt, buxoque simillimus ora Pallor obit, lacrimisque geme maduere profusis. Ter conata loqui, ter fletibus ora rigavit ; 10 Singultuque pias interrumpente querelas, Quae mea culpa tuam, dixit, carissime, mentem Vertit l^ ubi est, quae cura mei prius esse solebat V Jam potes Halcyone securus abesse relict a ; Jam via longa placet ; jam sum tibi carior absens ; 15 At, puto, per terras iter est,^ tantumque dolebo, Non etiam metuam, curaeque timore carebunt. 1 In oculos ignotos, upon eyes which were previously strangers to it 2 Superbus spolio, exulting in the spoil. A. R. A. 324. 3 Turbatus (seciinduni) anxia pectora prodigiis sui fratris, Ipi-oiiigiisque) secutis fratrem, being perplexed in his arixious mind by the /cite of his tyro- ther, and by th^ prodigies which followed the transformation of his brother, i. e. Daedalion, q.v. 4 Oblectamina hominum, that source of consolation to men. 5 Facit te certam sui consilii, makes you acquainted icith.his design. 6 Vertit tuam mentem, has alienated your afTections from me. 7 Ubi est cura mei quae solebat esse priCis, where is that affection for m4 which used to exist formerly ,• securus, without regret. 8 At, puto, iter est per terras, but I suppose your journey is by land. 126 CEYX AND n ALCYONE. [book XI. iEquora me terrent, et ponti tristis imago. Et laceras nuper tabulas^ in litore vidi, Et ssepe in tumulis sine corpore'^ nomina legi. 20 Neve tuum fallax animum fiducia tangat, Quod socer Hippotades tibi sit, qui carcere fortes Contineat ventos, et, quum velit, lequora placet : Quum semel cmissi tenuerunt^ aequora vcnti ; Nil illis vetitum est,'* incommendataque tellus 25 Omnis et omne fretum ; coeli quoque nubila vcxant, Excutiuntque feris rutilos concursibus ignes.'' Quo magis hos novi, nam novi, et saepe paterna Parva domo vidi, magis hos reor esse timcndos. Quod tua si flecti precibus sententia nullis, SO Care, potest, conjux, nimiumque es certus eundi f Me quoque telle simul. Certe jactabimur una. Nee, nisi quae patiar, metuam ; pariterque feremus^ Quicquid erit, pariter super aequora lata feremur. Talibus ^olidos dictis lacrimisque movetur 85 Sidereus conjux f neque enim minor ignis in ipso est. Sed neque propositos pelagi dimittere cursus. Nee vult Halcyonen in partem adhibere pericli ; Multaque respondit timidum solantia pectus ; Nee tamen idcirco causam probat.^ Addidit illis 40 Hoc quoque lenimen, quo solo flexit amantem : Longa quidem nobis omnis mora ; sed tibi jure 1 Laceras tabulas, broken hoards, i. e. part of a wreck. 2 In tumulis sine corpore, on tombs wiUiout bodies, empty tombs. There is here an allusion to the practice of erecting cenotaphid (empty tombs) to those whose bodies could not be found nfter death, or to those who died and were buried in foreign countries. A. R. A. 408. 3 Tenuerunt a?quora, have taken possession of the seas. 4 Nil votitum est illis, nothing is forbidden to them, they disdain all con- trol ; incommcndata, disregarded. A. R. A, 473. 5 Excutiunt rutilos ignes feris concursibus, force from them the red lightning by their fierce onsets ,- parva, when a child, tchen young. 6 Es nimiCim certus eundi, you are unalterahly determined to go. 7 Feremus, we shall endure ; feremur, we shoill be earned. 8 Sidereus conjux, her star-bom husband, i. e. Ccyx, who was the son of Lucifer. Neque enim ignis in ipso est minor, for tnefiamc of love in hitn- gelfis not less strong than in his wife. 9 Noc tamen idcirco probat rem, and yet ha does not on that account Jus- iify to her his resolution; flexit, gained over. FAB. X.J CEYX AND H ALCYONE. 127 Per patrios ignes, si me mod 6 fata remittent, Ante reversurum, quam Luna bis impleat orl)em. His ubi promissis spes est admota^ recursus ; 45 Protinus eductam navalibus sequore tingi, Aptarique suis pinum jubet armamentis."^ Qua i-ursus visa, veluti prtesaga futuri, Horruit Halcyone, lacrimasque emisit obortas, Amplexusque dedit ; tristique miserrima tandem 50 Ore, Vale, dixit ; collapsaque corpore tola est.^ At juvenes, quae rente moras Ceyce, reducunt Ordinibus geminis ad fortia pectora remos,** ^qualique ictu scindunt freta. Sustulit ilia Humentes oculos, stantcmque in puppe recurva, 55 Concussaque manu dantem^ sibi signa maritum Prima videt,* redditque notas. Ubi terra recessit Longius, atque oculi nequeunt cognoscere ^'ultus ; Dum licet, insequitur fugientem lumine pinum. Haec quoque ut baud poterat, spatio submota,^ videri, GO Vela tamen spectat summo fluitantia malo. Ut nee vela videt ; vacuum petit anxia lectum,' Seque toro ponit. Renovat lectusque locusque Halcyones lacrimas, et quae pars admonet absit.^ Portubus exierant, et moverat aura rudentes ; 65 1 Spes recursus admota est, the hope of his return teas brought near, i. e. the hope of a speedy return was held out. 2 Aptari suis armamentis, to be furnished with its rigging, to be rigged. A.R. A. 344 and 345. 3 Collapsa est toto corpore, became potcerkss over her whole bod'/. 4 Reducunt remos ad fortia pectora, pull back the oars to their stout breasts— in allusion to the exertion of rowing. Young men were always selected as rowers. A. R. A. 339. The ship here referred to was a hirenii. A. R. A. 338. 5 Dantemque signa concussa manu, and making signals to her by waving his hand () l5ul)mota spatio, removed to a great distance. 7 Petit vacuum lectum, ponitque se toro, she retires to her bed now empty, and lays herself on the pillow. Lectus, when opposed to torus, sig- nities the bedstead, which was made of wood, sometimes ornamented with ivory and the precious metals ; and torus signifies the mattress, pillow, or cushion, on which the person lay. A. R. A. 373. 8 Admonet quae pars absit, remind Iier qfihe part of herself u:hich is absent 128 CEYX AND HALCYONE. [book XI. Obvertit lateri pendentes navita remos ; Cornuaque in summa locat arbore/ totaque malo Carbasa deducit venientesqiie excipit auras. Aut minus aut certe medium non amplius sequor^ Puppe secabatur, longeque erat utraque tellus ; 70 Quum mare sub noctem tumidis albescere coepit Fluctibus et praeceps spirare valentius Eur us. Ardua jamdudum demittite cornua, rector Clamat, et an tennis totum subnectite velum. Hie jubet ; impediunt adversse jussa procellfe, To Nee sinit audiri vocem fragor aequoris ullam. Sponte tamen properant alii subducere remos/ Pars munire latus, pars ventis vela negare. Egerit liic fluctus, sequorque refundit in aequor ; Hie rapit antennas. Quae dum sine lege geruntur, 80 Aspera crescit liiems, omnique e parte feroces Bella gerunt venti, fretaque indignantia miscent. Ipse pavet, nee se, qui sit status,"^ ipse fatetur Scire ratis rector, nee quid jubeatve vetetve : Tanta mali moles, tantoque potentior arte est. 85 Quippe sonant clamore viri, stridore rudentes, Undarum incursu gravis unda, tonitribus aether. Fluctibus erigitur, coelumque aequare videtur Pontus et inductas aspergine tangere nubes ; Et modo, quum fulvas ex imo vcrrit arenas, 90 Concolor est illis, Stygia modo nigrior unda ; Sternitur interdum spumisque sonantibus albet. Ipsa quoque his agitur vicibus Trachinia puppis, 1 Locat cornua in summa arbore, fixes the sail-yard on the top of the mast. (Jornua, which properly signifies the extremities of the saiiyard, is here, and in 73, used for the saiiyard itself. A. R. A. 343. 2 Aut minds aut certe non ampliCls medium aequor, either less, or certainly not more than half (he sea. Utraque tellus, the land on cither side, i e. Greece and Asia Minor. 3 Subducere remos, to take in the oar^— that they might not be broken by the waves; munire latus, to secure Vie sides — by stopping up the holes through which the oars were put. 4 Qui sit status, what their condition is ; gravis unda incursu undarum, the heavy waves hy the dashing qf other waves. FAB. X.] CEYX AND HALCYONE. 129 Et modo sublimis, veluti de vertice montis, Despicere in valles imumque Acheronta videtur ; 95 Nunc, ubi demissam curvuin circumstetit sequor,^ Suspicere inferno summum de gurgite coeliim. Si3epe dat ingentem iluctu latus icta fragorem, Nee levius pulsata sonat, quam ferreus olim Quum laceras aries''^ ballistave concutit arces. 100 Utque Solent, suniptis in cursu viribus,^ ire Pectore in anna feri praetentaque tela leones : Sic ubi se ventis admiserat* unda coortis, Ibat in arma ratis, multoque erat altior illis. Jam que labant cunei,^ spoliataque tegmine cerae^ 105 Rima patet, praebetque viam letalibus undis. Ecce cadunt largi resolutis nubibus" iinbres, Inque fretum credas totum descendere coelum, Inque plagas coeli tumefactum ascendere pontum. Vela madent nimbis, et cum coelestibus undis 110 jEquoreae miscentur aquae ; caret ignibus aether, Caecaque nox premitur tenebris hiemisque suisque. Discutiunt tamen has praebentque micantia lumen Fulmina ; fulmineis ardescunt ignibus undae. Dat quoque jam saltus intra cava texta^ carinae 115 Fluctus : et, ut miles, numero praestantior omni, Quum saepe assiluit dcfensae moenibus urbis, Spe potitur tandem, laudisque accensus amore Inter mille viros murum tamen occupat unus ; 1 Ubi ciirvum aequor circumstetit (earn) demissam, when the arched wave has surrounded it sunk down. 2 Aries. A. R. A. 334. Ballista. A. R. A. 332. 3 Viribus sumptis incursu, acquiring strength from the onset. 4 Admiserat se, had raised itsrjf, had been raised ; ibat in arma ratis, it dashed against the rigging of the ship. 5 Cunei labant, the ])ins start, or give icay, i. e. the pins witli wliich \\\e planks of the vessel Avere fastened. * Ry others cunei is here supposed to eignify the strons: planking on the bottom of the ship, placed there to defend it aqainst the rocks. 6 Spoliata tegmine cerse, deprived of its stoppage of wax — probably a clammy substance resembling wax used in caulking* ships. 7 Resolutis nubibus, vhcn the clouds break up. 8 Cava texta, the hollow ribs of the ship. VSO CEYX AND IIALCYONE. [boOK XI. Sic, ubi pulsarunt acres latera ardua fluctus, 120 Vastius insurgens decimae niit impetus undae ;^ Nee prius absistit fessam oppugnare carinam, Quam velut in captae descendat moenia navis.^ Pars igitur tentabat adhuc invadere pinum, Pars maris intus erat. Trepidant baud segnius omnes, 125 Quam solet urbs, aliis murum fodientibus extra, Atque aliis murum, trepidare, tenentibus intus. Deficit ars animique cadunt ; totidemque videntur, Quot veniunt fluctus, ruere atque iiTumpere mortes.^ Non tenet hie lacrimas ; stupet hie ; vocat ille beatos, 130 Funera quos maneant ;'* hie votis numen adorat, Brachiaque ad caelum, quod non videt, irrita toUens Poscit opem ; subeunt^ illi fratresque parensque ; Huic cum pignoribus domus, et quod cuique relictum est. Haley one Ceyca mo vet ; Ceycis in ore 135 Nulla nisi Halcyone est ; et, quum desideret unam, Gaudet abesse tamen. Patriae quoque vellet ad oras Respicere inque domum supremos vertere vultus ; Verum ubi sit nescit : tanta vertigine^ pontus Fervet, et inducta piceis e nubibus umbra, 140 Omne latet coelum, duplicataque noctis imago est.^ Frangitur incursu nimbosi turbinis arbor,* Frangitur et regimen ; spoliisque animosa superstes 1 Impetus decimas undae, the fury of the tenth wave. The Romans be- lieved that the tenth wave was always larger and more formidable than the preceding nine, an opinion which was also entertained by the Greeks. A. R. A. 473. 2 In moenia navis velut captae, within the sides (walls) of the ship as if it had been taken. 3 Totidem mortes, death in as many forms. 4 Quos funera maneant, whom funeral'rites awaits i.e. who die on land. No form of death was more dreaded by the ancients than that by shipwreck. A.R. A. 409. 5 Siibeunt, come irito his mind, occur to him cum pignoribus, with his dear pledges, i. e. his children. 6 Tanta vertigine, with such agitation ,- umbra e piceis nubibus inducta, 6y Cb shade of dark clouds drawn over it 7 Imago noctis duplicata est, the image of night (for night) isdoubkd, i. e. the darkness is twice that of an ordinary night. 8 Arbor et regimen frangitur incursu nimbosi turbinis, the mast and helm are shivered by the force of a violent gust qfwind. A. R. A. 343. FAB. X.] CEYX AND HALCYONE. 131 Unda, velut victrix, sinuatas despicit undas.' Nee laevius, quam si quis Athon Pindumve, revulsos 145 Sede sua, totos in apertum everteret sequor, Praeeipitata eadit, pariterque et poiidere et ictu Mergit in ima ratem f cum qua pars magna virorum Gurgite pressa gravi, neque in aera reddita, fato Functa suo est.^ Alii partes et membra carinae 1 50 Trunca tenent. Tenet ipse manu, qua sceptra solebat, Fragmina navigii Ceyx, socerumque patremque Invocat, lieu ! frustra. Sed plurima^ nantis in ore Halcyone conjux. Illam meminitque refertque ; Illius ante oculos ut agant sua corpora fluctus, 155 Optat, et exanimis manibus tumuletur amicis.^ Dum natat, absentem, quoties sinit hiscere fluctus, Nominat Halcyonen, ipsisque immurmurat undis.^ Ecce super medios fluctus niger arcus aquarum Frangitur, et rupta mersum caput obruit unda. 160 Lucifer obscurus, nee quern cognoscere posses. Ilia nocte fuit ; quoniamque excedere coelo Non licuit, densis texit sua nubibus ora. ^olis interea tantorum ignara malorum Dinumerat noctes ; et jam, quas induat ille, 1G5 Festinat vestes ;^ jam quas, nbi venerit ille. Ipsa gerat ; reditusque sibi promittit inanes. Omnibus ilia quidem Superis pia thura ferebat ; Ante tamen cunctos Junonis templa colebat, Proque viro, qui nuUus erat,^ veniebat ad aras ; 170 1 Undaque animosa spoliis siipertesque, velut victrix, despicit sinuatas undas, and the icave elated by the spoils (i e. the mast and helm which liad been shivered by it), and standing over them like a conqueress looks doicn upon the cxirving waves below. 2 Mergit ratem in ima, siiiks the ship to the bottom. 3 Functa est suo i2^.o, fulfilled their destiny, i. e. perished. 4 (Est) plurima in ore (ejus) nantis, is most in his mouth as he swims. 5 Et (ut) exanimis tumuletur amicis manibus, and that when dead he may be buried by her friendly hands. 6 Iramurmuratque ipsis undis, and mutters it in the midst of the waten. 7 Festinat vestes, quas ille iuduat, hastily p)'epaj'es clothes for him to put on ; ipsa gerat, she may herself wear. 8 Qui erat nuUus, who was no longer, i. e. who was dead. 132 CEYX AND H ALCYONE. [UOOK XI. Utque foret sospes conjux suus utque redii*et, Optabat, nullamque sibi prseferret. At Uli Hoc de tot votis poterat contingere solum.* At Dea non ultra pro functo morte rogari* Sustinet ; utque manus funestas arceat aris, 175 Iri, meae, dixit, fidissima nuntia vocis, Vise soporiferam Somni velociter aulam, Exstinctique jube Ceycis imagine^ mittat Somnia ad Halcyonen, veros narrantia casus. Dixerat. Induitur velamina mille colorum ] 80 Iris, et arquato coelum curvamine signans* Tecta petit jussi sub rupe latentia regis. Est prope Cimmerios longo spelunca recessu, Mons cavus, ignavi domus et penetralia Somni ; Quo nunquam radiis oriens mediusve cadensve 185 Phoebus adire potest. Nebulae caligine mixtae Exhalantur humo dubiaeque crepuscula lucis. Non vigil ales^ ibi cristati cantibus oris Evocat Auroram ; nee voce silentia rumpunt Sollicitive canes, canibusve sagacior anser ; 1 90 Non fera, non pecudes, non moti flamine rami, Humanaeve sonum reddunt convicia linguae f Muta quies habitat. Saxo tamen exit ab imo Rivus aquae Lethes, per quem cum murmure labens Invitat somnos crepitantibus unda lapillis. 195 Ante fores antri fecunda papavera ilorent Innumeraeque lierbae, quarum de lacte' soporem Nox legit et spargit per opacas humida terras. 1 Hoc (votum) solum, this last wish alone, viz. that he might prefer no other woman to herself. 2 llogari pro {Iwm'me) fimcto morte, to he prayed to for a man who had undergone death ; funestas manus, folluted hands— us if they had been pol- luted by touching the dead body of her husband. 3 Imagine Ceycis exstincti, in the form ofCepx who is dead. A Signans coelum arquato curvamine, marking the ski/ with a bending areh, i. e. forming an arch across the sky. 5 Vigil ales, the ivakeful bird, i. e. the cock. 6 Conviciave humanae linguae reddunt sonum, nor the clamours of a hinnnn tonijne produce an?/ noise. 7 De lacte quarum, /ro?/i Vie juice of which. FAB. X.] CEYX AND HALCYONE. IflS Janua, quae verso stridorem cardine rcddat,* Nulla domo tota ; custos in limine nuUus. 200 At medio torus est ebeno sublimis^ in antro, Plumeus, unicolor, pullo velamine tectus ; Quo cubat ipse Deus membris languore solutis.^ Hunc circa passim varias imitantia formas Somnia vana jacent totidem, quot messis aristas, 205 Silva gerit frondes, ejectas litus arenas. Quo simul intravit, manibusque obstantia virgo Somnia dimovit ; vestis fulgore reluxit Sacra domus ; tardaque Deus gravitate jacentes* Vix oculos tollens, iterumque iterumque relabeiis 210 Summaque percutiens nutanti pectora mento, Excussit^ tandem sibi se, cubitoque levatus, Quid veniat, cognovit enim, scitatur. At ilia : Sorane, quies rerum, placidissime, Somne, Deorum, Pax animi, quern cura fugit, qui corpora duris 215 Fessa ministeriis mulces reparasque labori/ Somnia, quae veras tc quant imitamine" formas, Herculea Trachine jube sub imagine regis Halcyonen adeant, simulacraque naufraga fingant.^ Imperat hoc Juno. Postquam mandata peregit 220 Iris, abit ; neque enim ulterius tolerare vaporis Vim poterat ; labique^ ut somnum sensit in artus, EfFagit et remeat per quos modo venerat arcus. At pater^^ e populo natorum mille suorum Excitat artificem simulatoremque figurse, 225 1 Reddat stridorem verso cardine, to make a noise by the turning of the hinge. 2 Sublimis ebeno, raised high on a frame of ivory. See 63. 3 Membris solutis, with his livils rclaacd in sleep. 4 Jacentes tarda gravitate, st(7ik in laugvid sleep. 5 Excussit se sibi, shook off himself ^ i. cl sleef — roused himself. 6 Qui mulees corpora fessa duris ministeriis reparasque labori, vho r^frefthest thetody iclren wearied with severe toils, avd recniitest it for labour. 7 -Equant imitamine, equal by imitation , perfectly resefnl^k. 8 Fingantque naufraga simulacra, assume the appearance vf one who hat been shipwrecked. 9 Labi in artus, stealing over her limbs. 10 Fater, i.e. Soninus; e populo, /ram the crowd. H 134 CEYX AND HALCYONE. I^BOOK XI. Morphea. Non illo jussos solertius alter Exprimit incessus^ vultumque sonumque loquendi ; Adjicit et vestes et consuetissima cuique Verba. Sed hie solos homines imitatur ; at alter Fit fera, fit volucris, fit longo corpore serpens. 280 Hunc Icelon Superi, mortale Phobetora valgus Nominat. Est etiam diversae tertius artis [bemque, Phantasos. Ille in humum saxumque undamque tra- Quaeque vacant anima, fallaciter omnia transit. Hegibus hi ducibusque suos ostendere vultus 285 Nocte Solent ; populos alii plebemque pererrant. Praeterit hos senior f cunctisque e fratribus unum Morphea, qui peragat^ Thaumantidos edita, Somnus Eligit ; et rursus molli languore solutus Deposuitque caput, stratoque recondidit alto. 240 Ille volat nullos strepitus facientibus alls Per tenebras, intraque mora? breve tempus in urbem Pcrvenit Haemoniam : positisque e corpore pennis In faciem Ceycis abit ; sumptaque figura Luridus, exsangui similis, sine vestibus ullis, 245 Conjugis ante torum miserae stetit. Uda videtur Barba viri, madidisque gravis fluere unda capillis. Tum lecto incumbens, fletu super ora refuso Haec ait : Agnoscis Ceyca, miserrima conjux l An mea mutata est facies nece l respice ; nosces, 250 Inveniesque tuo pro conjuge conjugis umbram. Nil opis, Halcyone, nobis tua vota tulerunt : Occidimus ; falso tibi me promittere noli.* Nubilus iEgaeo deprendit in aequore navim Auster et ingenti jactatam flamine solvit ; 255 Oraque nostra, tuum frustra clamantia nomen, Implerunt fluctus, Non haec tibi nunciat auctor 1 Exprimit jussos incessus, represents the gait ivJiich he was ordered. 2 Senior praeterit hos, the aged pod jja^ses over tliese. 3 Qui peragat edita, to execute the orders. 4 Noli fals6 promittere me tibi, do not groundlcssly promise me to your- self, i. e. do not groundlesslv expect me to return. FAB. X.J CEYX AND HALCYONE. 335 Ambiguus ;^ non ista vagis rumoribus audis ; Ipse ego fata tibi praesens mea naufragus edo. Surge, age, da lacrimas, lugubriaque indue,^ nee me 260 Indeploratum sub inania Tartara mitte. Adjicit his vocem Morpheus, quam conjugis'^ ilia Crederet esse sui ; fletus quo que fundere veros Visus erat, gestumque manus Ceycis habebat. Ingemit Halcyone, lacrimas movet atque lacertos'* 265 Per somnum, corpusque petens amplectitur auras, Exclamatque, Mane. Quo te rapis I ibimus una. Voce sua specieque viri turbata soporem Excutit, et primo si sit circumspicit illic, Qua modo visus erat : nam moti voce ministri 270 Intulerant lumen. Postquam non invenit usquam ; Percutit ora manu, laniatque a pectore vestes, Pectoraque ipsa ferit. Nee crines solvere curat ; Scindit ; et altrici, quae luctus causa,'^ roganti Nulla est Halcyone, nulla est, ait : occidit una 275 Cum Ceyce suo. Solantia tollite verba. Naufragus interiit. Vidi agnovique, manusque Ad discedentem, cupiens retinere, tetendi : Umbra fuit ; sed et umbra tamen manifesta'' virique Vera mei. Non ille quidem, si quaeris, habebat 280 Assuetos vultus, nee, quo prius ore, nitebat. Pallentem nudumque et adhuc humente capillo Infelix vidi. Stetit hoc miserabilis ipso Ecce loco ; et quaerit, vestigia si qua supersint." Hoc erat, hoc, animo quod divinante timebam, 285 1 Ambi^^us auctor, a questionable messenger ; ego ipse naufragus edo tibi praesens mea fata, / the very individual xcho suffered shipwreck announce to you in person my fate. 2 Indue lugubria (vestimenta) , put on mourning, i. e. black clothes, A. R. A. 422. 3 Esse {vocem) sui conjugis, to be the voice of h^ husband. 4 Movet lacrimas atque lacertos, for (emittit) lacrimas atque movet la- certos, sheds tears and moves her arms. 5 Quae (sit) causa luctus, what is the cause of her grief; est nulla, is rw) more, is undone. 6 Manifesta veraque umbra, the undoubted and real ghost. 7 Si qua vestigia supersint if any footmarks are kfU • 136 CEYX AND HALCYONE. [boOK XI. Et lie, me fugiens, ventos sequerere rogabam. At certe vellem, quoniam periturus abibas, Me quoque duxisses. Fuit, ab fuit utile, tecum Ire mihi : neque enim de vitse tempore quicquam Non simul egissem,^ nee mors discreta fuisset. 290 Nunc absens peril, jactor quoque fluctibus absens, Et sine me me pontus babet. Crudelior ipso Sit mibi mens pelago, si vitam ducere nitar Longius, et tanto pugnem superesse dolori. Sed neque pugnabo, nee te, miserande, relinquam ; 295 Et tibi nunc saltem veniam comes f inque sepulcbro, Si non urna, tamen junget nos litera ; si non Ossibus ossa meis, at nomen nomine tangain. Plura dolor probibet, verboque intervenit omni Plangor,^ et attonito gemitus a corde trahuntur. 300 Mane erat : egreditur tectis ad litus, et ilium Moesta locum repetit, de quo spectarat euntem. Dumque moratur ibi, dumque, Hinc retinacula solvit ;'' Hoc mihi discedens dedit oscula litore, dicit, Dumque notata oculis reminiscitur' acta, fretumque 305 Prospicit ; in liquida spatio distante tuetur Nescio quid quasi corpus*" aqua ; primoque, quid illud Esset, erat dubium. Postquam paulo appulit unda, Et, quamvis abcrat, corpus tamen esse liquebat ;" Quis foret ignorans, quia naufragus, omine mota est, 310 Et, tanquam ignoto lacrimas daret, Heu ! miser, inquit, Quisquis es, et si qua est conjux tibi ! Fluctibus actum 1 Neque enim egissem qulconam de tempore vita? non simul, for neither would I have spent any part of the timeofmy life not with you. 2 Et veniam saltem comes tibi, I will come at least as your companion; litera, an inscription, an epitaph. 3 Plangor intervenit omni verbo, wailing (blows on the breast) intei'ruptf every word. A. R. A. 414. 4 Ilinc solvit retinacula, /rom this spot he loosed the cables. 6 Dumque reminiscitur acta notata oculis, for notat (loca) oculis et re- miniscitur acta, and while she observes the places with her eyes and calls to viind what had happened tfiere. 6 Nescio quid quasi corpus, something, I know not whaty resembling a body. 7 Liquebat tamen esse corpus, yet it was clear that it was a body. FAB. X.] CEYX AND HALCYONE. 157 Fit propius corpus. Quod quo magis ilia tuetur, Hoc mrnus et minus est mentis.^ Jam jamque propinquae Admotum ternt, jam quod cognoscere posset,'^ 815 Ceriiit : erat conjux. Ille est, exclamat, et una Ora comas vestem lacerat ; tendensque trementes Ad Ceyca manus, Sic, o carissime conjux, Sic ad me, miserande, redis ? ait. Adjacet undis Facta manu moles, quae primas aequoris iras 320 Frangit, et incursus quae praedelassat aquarum.^ Insilit hue ; mirumque fuit potuisse : volabat ; Percutiensque levem mod 6 natis aera pennis, Stringebat summas ales miserabilis undas."* Dumque volat, moesto similem plenumque qucrelae 825 Ora dedere sonum tenui crepitantia rostro. Ut vero tetigit mutum et sine sanguine corpus ; Dilectos artus amplexa recentibus alis, Frigida nequicquam duro dedit oscula rostro. Senserit^ hoc Ceyx an vultum motibus undae 880 Tollere sit visus, populus dubitabat ; at ille Senserat ; et tandem, Superis miserantibus, ambo Alite mutantur. Fatis obnoxius isdem Tunc quoque mansit amor, nee conjugiale solutum Foedus in alitibus ; coeunt fiuntque parentes ; SSo Perque dies placidos hiberno tempore septem Incubat Halcyone pendentibus aequore nidis.^ Turn via tuta maris ; ventos custodit et arcet iEolus egressu, praestatque nepotibus aequor.^ 1 Hoc minOs et miniis mentis est, the less and less of reason remains, 2 Jam quod posset cognoscere, now so that she could distingiiUh it. 3 Praedelassat incursus aquarum, weakens the fury of the waves. 4 Miserabilis ales stringebat summas undas, now a miserable bird, she skimmed along the surface of the watei\ 5 (Utrum) Ceyx senserit hoc, whether Ccpx was sensible of this. 6 Incubat nidis pendentibus aequore, she broods upo?i her nest suspended an the sea. 7 Praestatque aequor nepotibus, renders the sea safe to his grandchildren t i. e. to the young of Ceyx and Halcyone. II 2 188 AJAX AND ULYSSES. [bOOK XIII. BOOK XIII. Fab. I. — Ajax and Ulysses. CoNSEDERE duces/ et, vulgi stante corona, Surgit ad hos clypei dominus septemplicis Ajax ; Utque erat imp aliens irse, Sigeia torvo Litora respexit'^ classemque in litore vultu, Intendensque manus, Agimus, pro Jupiter ! inquit, 5 Ante rates causam f et mecum confertur Ulixes ! At non Hectoreis dubitavit cedere"^ flammis, Qiias ego sustinui, quas hac a classe fugavi. Tutius est igitur fictis contendere verbis,^ jQ,uam pugnare manu. Sed nee mihi dicere^ promptum, 10 Nee facere est isti ; quantumque ego Marte feroci, Quantum acie valeo, tantum valet iste loquendo. Nee memoranda^ tamen vobis mca facta, Pelasgi, Esse reor : vidistis enim ; sua narret Ulixes, Quae sine teste gerit, quorum nox conscia sola est. ] 5 Praemia magna peti fateor ; sed demit honorem jEmulus. Ajaci non est tenuisse superbum,^ Sit licet hoc ingens, quicquid speravit Ulixes. Iste tulit pretium jam nunc certaminis liujus ; 1 Duces, the leaders of the Greeks, viz. Agamemnon, Menelaus, Nestor, &c. ; corona vulgi stante, while a circle of the common soldiers stood round. 2 Respexit Sigeia litora, looked away from the judges towards Oie Sigean shore — because indignant at the insult offered to him, by Ulysses being al- lowed to contend with him for the armour of Achilles. 3 Agimus causam ante rates, do we plead our cause before the ships? i. e. before the ships which I defended agamst Hector, when he defeated the Greeks under Ulysses, and when he was proceeding to set them on tire. 4 At non dubitavit cedere, and pet he scrupled not to yield — when Hector attempted to set fire to the fleet, but was prevented by me. 5 Fictis verbis, with artful^ or plausible w^onis— contemptuously aimed at the eloquence of Ulysses. 6 Dicere, to speak, to excel in eloquence; facere, to act^ to excel inaction,- iflti, that fellow — implying contempt. 7 Nee memoranda \esse) vobis, require not to be enumerated to you. 8 Non est Buperbura Ajaci tenuisse, it is no honour for Ajax to hav< obtained. FAB. I.] AJAX AND ULYSSES. 139 Quo qiiiim victus erit, mecum ccrtasse feretur. 20 Atque ego, si viptiis in me dubitabilis esset/ NobilitatejpjiDtens essem, Telamone creatus, Moenia qui forti Trojana sub Hercule cepit, Litoraque intravit Pagasaea Colcha carina. -^acus huic pater est, qui jura Silentibus" illic 25 Keddit, ubi ^oliden saxum grave Sisyphon urget.^^ jEacou agnoscit summus prolemque fatetur Jupiter esse suam. Sic ab Jove tertius Ajax. Nee tamen* haec series in causa prosit, Acbivi, Si mibi cum magiio non est communis Acliille. 30 Frater erat :"^ fratema peto. Quid sanguine cretus Sisyphio, furtisque et f'raude simillimus illi, Inserit ^Eacidis aliense nomina gentis f An, quod in arma prior nulloque sub indice" veni, Arma neganda mihi l potiorque videbitur ille. So Ultima^ qui cepit detrectavitque furore IMilitiam ficto ; donee solertior isto, Sed sibi inutilior, timidi commenta retexit Naupliades animi vitataque traxit ad arma l Optima nunc sumat, qui sumere noluit ulla ; 40 Nos inhonorati et donis patruelibus orbi,^ Obtulimus quia nos ad prima pericula, simus I Atque utinam aut verus iiiror ille aut creditus^^ esset, 1 Si virtus in me esset dubitabilis, if mi/ valour vxre questionahle ; e&- sem potens, should prevail. 2 Silentibus, See o, 6, 16. 3 Urget Sisyphon, distresses Sisi/phws. Sisyphus is particularly men- tionera'(i by no i)\former. See Palamedes. 8 Qui cepit ultima {arma), who took up arjns last. 9 Orbi patruelibus donis, depriied of a present which belonged to mjf cmisin,- obtulimus, exposed. 10 Verus aut creditus, real or believed to be to. 140 AJAX AND ULYSSES. [bOOK XIII. Nec comes hie Phrygias unquam venissct ad arces Hortator scclerum ; non te, Pa\antia proles, 45 Expositum Lemnos nostro cum crimiiie^ haberet : (iui nunc, ut memorant, silvcstribus abditus antris, Saxa moves gemitu, Laertiadaeque precaris, QuiE meruit : qua?, si Di sunt, non vana preceris.,^ Et nunc ille eadem nobis juratus in arma,^ 50 lieu, pars una ducum, quo successore^ sagittae Ilerculis utuntur, fractus morboque fameque, Velaturque aliturque avibus ; volucresque petendo Debita^ Trojanis exercet spicula fatis. Ille tamen vivit, quia non comitavit Ulixen. 55 Mallet et infelix Palamedes esse relictus : Viveret, aut certe letum sine crimine* haberet. Q,uem male convicti nimium mcmor iste furoris^ Prodere rem Danaam finxit, iictumque probavit Crimen, et ostendit, quod jam proefoderat, aurum. 60 Ergo aut exsilio vires subduxit Achivis,^ Aut nece : sic pugnat, sic est metuendus Ulixes. Qui, licet eloquio iidum quoque Nestora vincat, Hand tamen efficiet, desertum ut Nestora crimen* Esse rear nullum : qui, quum imploraret Ulixen 05 Vulnere tardus equi fessusque senilibus annis, Proditus a socio est. Non hcec mihi crimina fingi, 1 Expositum cum nostro crimine, landed there to our great reproach. 2 Illo juratus in eadem arnia nobis, he who has sworn to the samearm4 with us. A. R. A. 3 12. Nobis is here in the dative, and under tlie govern- ment of eadem ; ima pars, one and that a distinguished part. 3 Quo successore. whom a^ their successive owner. 4 Debita Trojanis fatis, destined by the fates for the destruction of Troy. . A. R. A. 229. Philoctetes had received from Hercules, at his death, his bow and poisoned arrows, without which the oracle had declared that Troy could not be taken. 5 Sine crimine, withoid a charge qf treason, i. e. of attempting to betray the Grecian army. See Palamedes. () Furoris male convicti, cfhis pretended madness which he had detected to his loss. 7 Subduxit vires Achivis, has deprived the Greeks of their strength— by caus- ing Philoctetes to be left on the island of Lenmos, and Paliunedes to be put to death. 8 Nestora desertum esse nullum crimen, that the forsaking of Nestor was no crime. When the Greeks had fled in alarm at the thunderbolt of Jupi- FAB. I.J AJAX AND ULYSSES. 141 Scit bene TyJides, qui nomine saepe vocatum Corripuit, trepidoque fugani exprobravit amico. Adspiciunt oculis Superi mortal iajustis. 70. En eget auxilio, qui non tulit ; atque reliquit, Sic linquendus crat : legem sibi dixerat ipse.^ Conclamat socios : adsum, videoque trementem Pallentemque metu et trepidantem morte futura.''^ Opposui molem clypei,^ texique jacentem, 75 Servavique animam, minimum est hoc laudis, inertem. Si perstas certare ; locum redeamus in ilium : Redde liostem vulnusque tuum solitumque timorem, Post clypeumque late, et mecum contende sub illo. At postquam eripui, cui standi vulnera vires 80 Non dederant/ nullo tardatus vulnere fugit. Hector adest, secumque Deos^ in proelia ducit ; Quaque ruit, non tu tantum terreris, Ulixe, Sed fortes etiam : tantum trahit ille timoris. Hunc ego sanguineae successu csedis ovantem 85 Cominus ingenti resupinum pondere fudi.^ Hunc ego poscentem, cum quo concurrcret/ unus Sustinui ; sortemque meam vovistis,* Achivi, ter, Nestor was unable to accompany them in consequence of his horse having been wounded by Paris ; and Diomedes, fearing that the aged chief might fall into the hands of the Trojans, called Ulysses to his assistance- Ulysses, however, disregarded the call, and took refuge in the Grecian camp. 1 Ipse dixerat legem sibi, he had prescribed the rule to he observed to- wards himself, i. e. he had set an example in abandoning Nestor which ought to have been followed in his own case. 2 Futura mt)rte, at the death which awaited him. 3 Molem cl^-pei, the bidk ofmij shield, my larrje shield. A. It. A. 3<»G. 4 Cui vulnera non dederant vires standi, though his wounds had not kfl him strength to stand. 5 Deos, the gods. Apollo was sent by Jupiter, covered with a cloud, and armed \vith the a?gis which Vulcan had made for him, to attend Hector, and so alarmed the Greeks that they immediately fled. G Fudi resupinum ingenti pondere, / laid him prostrate on his hack with a huge stone. 7 Poscentem (hominem) cum quo concurreret, demanding one with whom he miqhtfujht; challenging any one to fight him. 8 Vovistis meam sortem, tvi shed for my lot, i. e. wished that the lot might fh.ll upon me ; that my lot might be drawn out of the helmet in which tho ots had been put. On this occasion nine chiefs presented their claims, and tlvere were therefore nine lots put into the helmet A. R. A. 243. !42 AJAX AND ULYSSES. [bOOK XIII. Et vcstrac valuere prcccs. Si quaeritis hujus Fortunam pugna? ; non sum superatus ab illo. 00 Ecce ferunt Trotis ferrumque ignemque Jovcmque In Danaas classes : ubi nunc facundus Ulixcs I Nempe ego mille meo protexi pcctore puppes, Spem vcstri rcditus. Date tot pro navibus arma.* Quod si vera licet mihi dicere ; qua^ritur istis, 95 Quam mihi, major honos, conjunctaque gloria nostra est, Atquc Ajax armis,''^ non Ajaci arma petuntur. Conferat his' Ithacus Rhesum imbellemquc Dolona Priamidenque Helenum rapta cum Pallade captum. Luce nihil gestum, nihil est Diomede remoto. 100 Si semel ista datis mcritis tam vilibus arma ; Dividite, et major pars sit Diomedis in illis. Quo tamen ha^c Itliaco,'^ qui clam, qui semper inermis Rem gerit, et furtis incautum decipit hostem I Ipse nitor galea? claro radian tis ab auro 1 05 Insidias prodct, manifestabitque latentem. Sed ncque Dulichius sub Achillis ca&side vertex Pondera tanta feret ; nee non onerosa gravisque Pelias esse potest imbellibus hasta lacertis ; Nee clypcus, vasti cajlatus imagine mundi,^ 110 Conveniet timidic nata:que ad furta sinistra. Debilitaturum quid te petis, improbc, munus I Quod tibi si populi donaverit error Acliivi ; Cur spolieris, erit f' non, cur metuaris ab lioste. Et fuga, qua sola cunctos, timidissime, vincis, 115 1 Date arma pro tot navibus, give me the armg for having preserved so many ships. 2 Ajax petitur armis, an Ajax is sought for the arms, i.e. to do them honour by rcyjoivin^ them. 3 His, wi/h these achievements — those wl)ich have been enumerated. 4 Q,u() (sunt) haec (arma) Itliaco, of what use arc Ih^se arms to the Itha- can, i. e. to Ubfsscs? Quo is here used fur quoi, the ohl form of the dative, and is to he taken in the sense of cui bono, of what advantage. 5 Cfclatus imagine vasti mundi, having a representation of the vast world engraved upon it. Of tliis shield, wliich was made by Vulcan, Uomer has t^iven a minute and beautiful description. 11. 1J{, 474 — OOrn (f Krit, cur spolieris, it will be a reason why you should be plundered ; it will lead to your beinjf plundered- FAB. 1.] AJAX AND ULYSSES. l43 Tarda futura tibi est, gestamina tanta trahenti. Adde, quod iste tuus, tain raro proelia passus, Integer est clypeus ; nostro, qui tela ferendo Mille patet plagis, novus est successor habendus.^ Denique, quid verbis opus est l spectemur agendo : 120 Arma viri fortis medios mittantur in hostes ; Inde jubete peti, et referentem ornate relatis.* Finierat Tclamone satus, vulgique secutum Ultima^ murmur erat ; donee Laertius heros Adstitit, atque oculos paulum tellure moratos 125 Sustulit ad proceres, exspectatoque resolvit Ora sono ; neque abest facundis gratia^ dictis. Si mea cum vestris valuissent vota, Pelasgi, Non foret ambiguus tanti certaminis heres, Tuque tuis armis/ nos te poteremur, Achille. 130 Quem quoniam non aequa milii vobisque negarunt Fata ; manuque simul veluti lacrimantia tersit Lumina ; quis magno melius succedat Acliilli, Quam per quem magnus Danais successit Achilles l^ Huic modo ne prosit, qu6d,ut est, hebes esse videtur ;" 135 Neve milii noceat, quod vobis semper, Achivi, Profuit ingenium ; meaque haec facundia, si qua est, Qute nunc pro domino, pro vobis seepe locuta est, luvidia careat ; bona nee sua quisque recuset.^ 1 Novus successor habendus est iiostro (clypeo), a new successor must he had to my shield, i. e. a new shield must take the i)Iace of mine, "which ia pierced with a tliousand holes. 2 Ornate (eum) referentem (arma, armis) relatis, adorn the man who brings back the arms, with the arms which he has brought back. 3 Ultima {verba), his last words ; the conclusion o/'his address. 4 Gratia, gracefulness of action. 5 Tuque, Achille, (potereris) tuis armis, and you, Achilles, wo^dd now enjoy your armour. A. ]?. A. 300. 6 Per quem magnus Achilles successit Danais, than he by whose means the great Achilles joined the Greeks. Achilles had taken refuge with Lyco- medes, king of ^cyros, and was there discovered by Ulysses, disguised m a female dress. See Achilles. 7 Ne prosit huic, quod videtur esse hebcs, ut est, let it not avail this fellow that he seems to be stupid as he really is. 8 Nee quisque rccuset sua bora, and let no one reject, or leave unem- ployed, acconiplishmcnts which are really his vun, i.e. which lie has ac- quired for himself— in opposition to the accidents of birth and fortune. 144 AJAX AND ULYSSES. [boOK XIII. Nam genus et proavos et quae non fecimus ipsi, 140 Vix ea nostra voco. Sed enim, quia retulit Ajax Esse Jovis pronepos,^ nostri quoque sanguinis auctor Jupiter est, totidemque gradus distamus ab illo. Nam mihi Laertes pater est, Arcesius illi, Jupiter liuic : neque in his quisquam damnatus et exsul.'^ 145 Est quoque per matrem Cyllenius addita nobis Altera nobilitas :^ Deus est in utroque parente. Sed neque materno quod sum generosior ortu. Nee mihi quod pater est fraterni sanguinis insons,* Proposita arma peto : meritis expendite causam. 150 Diimmodo, quod fratres Telamon Peleusque fuerunt, Ajacis meritum non sit ; nee sanguinis ordo^ Sed virtutis honos spoliis quaeratur in istis. Aut si proximitas primusque requiritur heres ; Est genitor Peleus, est Pyrrhus filius illi : 155 Quis locus Ajaci 1 Phthiam Scyronve ferantur. Nee minus est isto Teucer patruelis Achilli. Num petit ille tamen l num, si petat, auferat arma I Ergo operum quoniam nudum certamen habetur :^ Plura quidem feci, quam quee comprendere dictis 1 60 In promptu mihi sit ; rerum tamen ordine ducar." Praescia venturi genitrix Nereia leti Dissimulat cultu natum :^ et deceperat omnes. In quibus Ajacem, sumptae fallacia vestis. 1 Retulit esse pronepos Jovis, has told you that he is the great-grandson of Jupiter. The nominative is here used in imitation of the Greeii, instead of the accusative, se esse pronepotem. 2 Neque quisquam in his erat damnatus et exsul, nor was ani/ 07}e oj them condemned and an exile. Ulysses here alludes to the banishment of Peleus and Telamon by their fjxther -£acus, for having accidentally killed their brother Phocus with a quoit. 3 Altera nobilitas, a second claim to nohilitjf. See Anticlea. 4 Insons fraterni sanguinis, innocent of his brother's blood. See 145. 5 Ordo sanguinis, oi'dcr of descent, propinquity of blood. See 29. 6 Quoniam nudum certamen operum habetur, since this is nurely a con- test in achievements — not for nobility of descent. 7 Ducar ordine rerum, 1 shall be' guided by the order of the actions ^ \. e. I shall enumerate them in chronological order. 8 Dissimulat natum cultu, disguises her son by a female dre^s. FAB. I.J AOAX AND ULYSSES. 145 Arma ego femineis, animum motura^ virilem, 1C5 Mercibus inserui ; neque adhuc projecerat heros Virgineos habitus, quum parmam hastamque tenenti, Nate Dea, dixi, tibi se peritura reservant^ Pergama : quid dubitas ingentem evertere Trojam l Injecique manum^ fortemque ad fortia misi. ] 70 Ergo opera illius mea sunt. Ego Telephon hasta Pugnantem domui ; victum orantemque refeci."^ Quod Thebai cecidere, meum est ; me credite Lesbon, Me Tenedon Chrysenque et Cyllan, Apollinis urbes, Et Scyron cepisse : mea concussa putate 175 Procubuisse solo Lyrnesia moenia dextra. Utque alios taceam : qui ssevum perdere posset Hectora, nempe dedi :^ per me jacet inclytus Hector. lUis haec armis, quibus est inventus Achilles, Anna peto :^ vivo dederam, post fata reposco. 180 Ut dolor unius^ Danaos pervenit ad omnes, Aulidaque Euboicam complerunt mille carinae ; Exspectata diu, nulla aut contraria classi Flamina sunt ; durseque jubent Agamemnona sortes^ Immeritam saevae natam mactare Dianae. 185 Denegat hoc genitor, Divisque irascitur ipsis, Atque in rege tamen pater est.^ Ego mite parentis Ingenium verbis ad publica commoda verti. Hanc equidem fateor, fassoque ignoscat Atrides, 1 Ego inserui femineis mercibus arma motura, I introduced among female wares arms likely to excite, i. e. a shield and spear among implements for spinning and weaving. Sn- IpliiL-^' nin. 2 Reservant se tibi, reserves itself for you. 3 Injeci manum, / laid my hands on Jiim, i. e. claimed him as my pri- soner. A. R. A. 188. Ad fortia, to the performance of brave actions, 4 Refeci, restored, healed. See Telcphus. 5 Nerape dedi (hominem), qui posset perdere, I certainly furnished you with a man who could kill. 6 Peto hajc arma illis armis, I ask these arms in return for those. The statement in the following clause seems not to correspond with this. The poet probably studied effect rather than a strict adherence to truth. 7 Unius, of one, i. e. Menelaus. 8 Durae sortes, the cruel oracle, i. e. the response of Calchas. A. R. A. 243. Immeritam, innocent. 9 Atque pater tamen est in rege, a7id though a king is nevertheless a father; and in the king there is neverUieless Vie affection of a father. I 146 AJAX AND ULYSSES. [bOOK XIII. Difficilem tenui sub iniquo judice^ causam. IIK) Hunc tamen utilitas populi fraterque datique Summa mo vet sceptri,'^ laudem ut cum sanguine penset, Mittor et ad matrem, quse non hortanda, sed astu^ Decipienda fuit. Quo si Telamonius isset, Orba suis essent etiamnum lintea ventis.* 1D5 Mittor et Iliacas audax orator ad arces ; Visaque et intrata est altse mihi curia Trojae ; Plenaque adhuc erat ilia viris. Interritus egi, Quam mihi mandarat communis Grsecia, causam, A-Ccusoque Parin, prsedamque Helenamque reposco ;^ 200 Et moveo Priamum Priamoque Antenora junctum. At Paris et fratres et, qui rapuere sub illo, Vix tenuere manus, scis hoc, Menelae, nefandas ; Primaque lux nostri tecum fuit ilia pericli. Longa referre mora est, quae consilioque manuque 205 Utiliter feci spatiosi tempore belli.^ Post acies prim as urbis se moenibus hostes Continuere diu, nee aperti copia Martis Ulla fuit ; decimo demum pugnavimus anno. Quid facis interea, qui nil nisi proelia nosti I 210 Quis tuus usus erat I nam si mea facta requiris ; Hostibus insidior ; fossas munimine cingo ; Consolor socios, ut longi taedia belli Mente ferant placid a ; doceo quo simus alendi 1 Tenui sub iniquo judice, I gained before a partial judge, i. e. before Agamemnon, who was opposed to the sacrificing of his daughter Iphigenia, 2 Summaque sceptri dati movet, ut penset laudem cum sanguine, and the supreme power of the sceptre which had been conferred upon him induces him to we^.gh praise in the balance ivith blood, i. e. to purchase glory by the sacrifice of his daughter. Agamemnon had been invested by the Greeks with the of&ce of commander-in-chief, the badge of which office was a sceptre. 3 Astu, bj/ cunning. Ulysses prevailed upon Clytemnestra to send her daughter along with him, by assuring her that she had been espoused by her father to Achilles. 4 Orba suis ventis, without favourable winds. A. R. A. 337. 5 Reposco prajdamque Helenamque, / demand back both the plunder and Helen, i. e. Helen and the valuable plunder which be had carried otf along with her. (0 Tempore spatiosi belli, during the time of the long war. See Troja. FAB. I.] AJAX AND ULYSSES. 147 Armandive modo ; mittor quo postulat usus. 215 Ecce, Jovis monitu deceptus imagine somni,^ Rex jubet incepti curam dimittere belli. Ule potest, auctore'^ suam defendere causam. Non sinat hoc Ajax delendaque Pergama poscat, Quodque potest,^ piignet. Cur non remoratur ituros ? Cur non arma capit I det, quod vaga turba sequatur."* 221 Non erat hoc nimium nunquam nisi magna loquenti. Quid, quod^ et ipse fugit I vidi, puduitque videre, Quum tu terga dares inhonestaque vela parares. Nee mora, Quid facitis I quae vos dementia, dixi, 225 Concitat, o socii, captam dimittere Trojam l Quidve domum fertis decimo nisi dedecus anno ] Talibus atque aliis, in quae dolor ipse disertum Fecerat,^ aversos profuga de classe reduxi. Convocat Atrides socios terrore paventes : 220 Nee Telamoniades etiam nunc hiscere quicquam^ Audet ; et ausus erat reges incessere dictis^ Thersites, etiam per me baud impune, protervis. Erigor et trepidos cives exhortor in hostem, Amissamque me a virtu t em voce repose o. 285 Tempore ab hoc, quodcumque potest fecisse videri Fortiter iste, meum est, qui dantem terga rctraxi. Denique de Danais quis te laudatve petitve 1^ At sua Tydides mecum communicat acta ; Me probat, et socio semper confidit Ulixe. 240 1 Deceptus imagine somni, being deceived by a vision in his sleep, i. e. b]/ a dream. 2 Auctore, by the author of it, i. e. on the authority of Jupiter. 3 Quod potest, tchat alone he can do. The whole of this sentence is spoken ironically, and for the purpose of turning into ridicule the military prowess of Ajax. 4 Det, quod vaga turba sequatur, lei him give an advice which the fickle croiod may follow. 5 Quid, quod, &c. See 5, 8, 67. 6 In quae dolor ipse fecerat me disertum, /or which grief itself had made me, eloquent. 7 Hiscere quicquam, to idler any thing, to speak at all. 8 Incessere reges protervis dictis, to assail the chlfs (principally Aga- memnon) with insolent language. 9 Petitve te Icomitem), or chooses you as his companion* 148 AJAX AND ULYSSES. [bOOR xm. Est aliqiiid, de tot Graiorum inillibus unum A Dioniedo logi.* Nee me sors ire jubcbat : Sic tamcn et spreto noctisiiue liostisquc periclo Aiisum cadcm, quae nos, Phryp^ia di^ gcnte Dolona Intcriino ; iiou ante tameii, qiiam cuiicta coegi 245 Prodcre, et edidici quid pcrlida Troja pararet. Omnia cognoram, nee, quod 8])Ccularer, habebam ;^ Et jam promissa potcram eum biude rcverti. Hand eontcntus ea, petii tentoria lilicsi, Inquc suis ipsum castris comitcsque pcremi ; 250 Atquc ita captivo victor votisquc potitus Ingredior curru la?tos imitante triumphos.' Cujus equos ])retium pro nocte poposcerat hostis/ Anna negate mibi, iueritque benignior Ajax.^ Q.uid Lycii referam Sarpedonis agmina ferro 255 Devastata meo l <][uum nuilto sanguine fudi Ctrranon Iphitiden, et Alastoi-aque Cbromiumque Alcandrumque Ilaliumque Noemonaque Prytaninque, Exitioque dedi cum Cbersidamante Tboona, Et Cbaropcm fatisque immitibus Ennomon actum/' 2G0 Quique minus celeb res nostra sub mocnibus urbis Procubuere manu. Sunt et mibi vulnora, cives, Ipso pulebra loco :^ nee van is credite verbis ; Adsj)icite en ! vcstemquc manu deducit, et, IIa?c sunt 1 I.cgi umim a Dioincde, to he (he onJu person scleetcd hi/ Diomcdes. 2 Noc habebam quod, spociilaror, norhad 1 ani/ Utinn farther to examine. 3 Ingredior curru iniitanto hrtos triunij^hos, / ride in (enter) a chariot in imitation of a joy fid triumph, i. e. 1 return in triumph totliecamp. Ovid, from this expression, seems to have forgotten that Ulysses was a Greek. A.U. A.32r». 4 ("ujus ecjuos hostis poposcerat pretimn pro nocte, tehose horses the ene- vnj (l)o'lon) had demanded as his iTivard for that nicjJU's sereice. Dolon, before leaving Troy, had ])rcvailed upon 1 lector to promise him the horses and chariot of Acliilles, as a reward for exploring the enemy's camp. 5 Ajaxquo fuerit benignior, and Ajax tei/l hare been more Just than mu. There seems to be here a reference to line 102, where Ajax says, that if the arms of Achilles are given to Ulysses at all, they ought to bo divided between him and Diomcdes. () Actmu innuitibus fulis, driven on (to destruction) 6y the c^-uclfattf A. U. A. 22!). 7 Tulchra ipso loco, honourahh' from their very position, i. c. in \ breast: wounds in the bacJv were considered dishonourable. FAB. I.J AJAX AND ULYSSES. 149 Pcctora semper, ait, vestris exercita rebus. 2G5 At niliil impenclit per tot Telamonius aiinos Sanguinis in socios, et habet sine vulnere corpus. Quid tamen hoc refert,* si se pro classe Pelasga Arma tulisse refert contra Troasque Jovenique \ Confiteorque, tulit : neque enim benefacta maligne'^ 270 Petrectarc nieum est ; sed nee communia solus Occupet, atque aliquem vobis quoque rcddat honorem. Repulit Actorides, sub imagine tutus Achillis, Troas ab arsuris cum defensore^ carinis. Ausum etiam Hectoreo^ solum concurrere Marti 275 Se putat, oblitus regisque ducumque meique, Nonus in officio^ et prselatus munere sortis. Sed tamen eventus vestrse, fortissime, pugnse Quis fuit I Hector abit violatus vulnere nullo. Me miserum, quanto cogor meminisse dolore 280 Temporis illius, quo Graiiim murus, Achilles, Procubuit ! nee me lacrimae luctusvo tunorve Tardarunt, quin corpus humo sublime referrem.^ His humeris, his, inquam, Immeris ego corpus Achillis Et simul anna tuli ; quae nunc quoque ferre laboro. 285 Sunt mihi, quae valeant in talia pondera, vires ; Est animus vestros certe sensurus honores. Scilicet idcirco pro gnato caerula mater Ambitiosa suo fuit,' ut ca4estia dona, Artis opus tantae, rudis et sine pectore miles 290 1 Quid tamen hoc refert, pet what avaiU this? 2 ^laliijnL' dotractare benefacta, cnvionsly td detract/rom brave actions ,• sed nee solus occupet comuuinia, hut let him not alone claim adioJis which are common, i. e. in which all had a share. 3 Cimi defensoro, icith their defender, i. e. Ajax. 4 Concurrere Uectoreo Marti, to engage in s^ingle combat with Hector. SeeffJ. 5 Nonus in officio, the ninth in that affair. See 88. According to Homer, Ajax was the third who oftered himseli, and Ulysses the ninth ; hutnonus is probably to be taken here in the sense of one of nine. a Quin referrem corpus sublime humo, /ram carrying off the body raised from the ground. 7 Scilicet idcirco caerula mater fuit ambitiosa pro suo pjiato, was it for- sooth for this reason (hat his sea-green mother (Thetis) teas so urgent With Vulcan in behalf (^f her son f 150 AJAX AND ULYSSES. [booK XII.. Indueret! iicque enim clypei cjElamina norit,^ Oceanum et terras cumque alto sidera coelo, Pleiadasque Hyadasque immunemque a?qiioris Arcton, Diversasque urbes nitidumque Ononis enseiii. Postulat ut capiat, quae non intelligit, arma. 295 Quid, quod me, duri fugientem munera belli, Arguit'^ inccpto serum accessisse labori. Nee se magnanimo maledicere sentit Achilli I Si simulasse vocat crimen f simulavimus ambo. Si mora pro culpa est ; ego sum maturior illo. 800 Me pia detinuit conjux, pia mater Achillem ; Primaque sunt illis"^ data tempora, cetera vobis. Haud timeo, si jam nequeo defendere crimen Cum tanto commune viro. Deprensus Ulixis Ingenio'' tamen ille ; at non Ajacis Ulixes. 805 Neve in me stolid ae convicia fundere linguae Admiremur eum : vobis quoque digna pudore Objicit. An falso Palameden crimine turpe est Accusasse milii, vobis damnasse decorum ? Sed neque Naupliades facinus defendere tantum 810 Tamque patens valuit ; nee vos audistis in illo Crimina ; vidistis, pretioque objecta patebant.^ Nee Poeantiaden quod liabet Vulcania Lemnos, Esse reus merui ; factum defendite vestrum : Consensistis enim. Nee me suasisse negabo, 315 Ut se subtraheret bellique viaeque labori, Tentaretque feros requie lenire dolores. Pariiit, et vivit. Non haec sententia tantum Fida, sed et felix ; quum sit satis, esse fidelem. 1 Neque enim norit caslamina clypei, for he will not undei'stami the devices on the shield. 2 Arguit me fugientem, accuses me of avoiding. See 5, 8, C7. 3 Si vocat simulasse crimen, if he calls dissembling {to have dissembled) a crime. See 3G-39. 4 lllis, to them^ i. e. to my wife and to his mother. 5 Ille deprohensus (est) ingenio Ulixis, he (Achilles) was detected by the dexterity of Ulysses. See lf)5. (» Objecta patebant pretio, the charges made against him were proved by Vie reward sent to him. i- e. by the gofd found in his tent. FAB. I.] AJAX AND ULYSSES. 151 Quern qiioniam vates delenda ad Pergama poscunt : 820 Ne mandate mihi ;^ melius Tclamonius i])it, Eloquioque virum morbis iraque furentem MoUiet, aut aliqua producet callidus arte. Ante retro Simois fluet et sine frondibus Ide Stab it, et auxilium promittct Achaia Trojce, 325 Quam, cessante meo pro vestris pectore rebus,^ Ajacis stolidi Danais solertia prosit. Sis licet infestus sociis regique mibique. Dure Philoctete ; licet exsecrere meumque Devoveas sine fine caput, cupiasquo dolenti 380 Me tibi forte dari,^ nostrumque haurire cruorem, Utque tui mihi, sic fiat tibi copia nostri :"• Te tamen aggrediar, mecumque reducere nitar. Tamque tuis potiar, faveat Fortuna, sagittis, Quam^ sum Dardanio, quem cepi, vate potitus ; 885 Quam responsa Deum Trojanaque fata retexi ; Quam rapui Phrygiae signum penetrale Minerva; Hostibus e mediis. Et se mihi conferat Ajax I Nempe capi Trojam prohibebant fata sine illo. Fortis ubi est Ajax I ubi sunt ingentia magni 840 Verba viri l cur hie metuit l cur audet Ulixes Ire per excubias, et se committere nocti, Perque feros enses non tantum moenia Troum, Verum etiam summas arces intrare, suaque Eripere sede Deam,^ raptamque efFerre per hostes l 345 1 Ne mandate mihi, do not intrust that to me— to bring back Philoctetes, whose presftnce the soothsayers had declared to be necessary before Troy could be taken. 2 JVIeo pectore cessante pro vestris rebus, if my talents cease to be ex- erted /or your interest. 3 ]\Ie forte dari tibi, that I may happen to fall into your hands. 4 This line is, by the best editors of Ovid, considered spurious. If it is retained, the most probable interpretation seems to be, Utque copia tui (facta est) mihi, sic copia nostri fiat tibi, and as I have had you in my power (when I caused you to be left on the island of Lemnos), so may you have me in your power ^ — so may you have the power of treating me as you think I deserve. 5 Tam — quam, as surely — as ; Dardanio vate, the Trojan prophet f i. e. Helenus. 6 Deam, Vie goddess, i. e. the Palladium, q. v. 152 A J AX AND ULYSSES. [bOOK XIII. Quae nisi fecissem, frustra Telamone creatus Gestasset laeva taurorum tergora septem.^ Ilia nocte mihi Trojae victoria parta est ; Pergama turn vici, quum vinci posse coegi/^ Desine Tydiden vultuque et murmure nobis 350 Ostentare nieum :^ pars est sua laudis in illis. Nee tu, quum socia clypeum pro classe tenebas, Solus eras : tibi turba comes, mihi contigit unus. Qui, nisi pugnacem sciret sapiente minorem"^ Esse, nee indomitse deberi prsemia dextrae, S5o Ipse quoque haec peteret ; peteret moderatior Ajax,^ Eurypylusque ferox claroque Andraemone natus ; Nee minus Idomeneus, patriaque creatus eadem Meriones ; peteret majoris frater Atridae. • Quippe manu fortes nee sunt tibi Marte secundi ; 360 Consiliis cessere meis. Tibi dextera bello Utilis ; ingenium est, quod eget moderamine nostro.^ Tu vires sine mente geris ; mihi cura futuri est. Tu pugnare potes ; pugnandi tempera mecum Eligit Atrides. Tu tantum corpore prodes ; 865 Nos animo. Quantoque ratem qui temperat, anteit Hemigis officium, quanto dux milite major ; Tanto ego te supero» Nee non in corpore nostro Pectora sunt potiora manu ; vigor omnis in illis. At vos, proceres, vigili date prsemia vestro ; 370 Proque tot annorum curis, quas anxius egi,^ Hunc titulum meritis pensandum^ reddite nostris. Jam labor in fine est : obstantia fata removi, 1 Tergora septem taurorum, t?ie hides of seven bulls, i. e. his shield covered with the hides of seven bulls. See 2. 2 Quum coegi posse vinci, ivhen I rendered it capable of being taken. 3 Vultu et nmrmure ostentare meum Tydiden vobis, by your looks and murmuring to bring forward my companion Diomedes. See 100. 4 Pugnacem (liominem) esse minorem sapiente, that a fghting man is inferior to a man of prudence. 5 Moderatior Ajax, the more discreet Ajax, i. e. Ajax the son of Oileus. 6 Ingenium est, quod eget nostro moderamine, it is your understanding which requires my direction. 7 Quas anxius egi, ivhich I have undergone with anxiety. 8 Pensandum meis meritis. as a recompense due to my services. FAB. I.J A J AX AND ULYSSES. 153 Altaque posse capi faciendo, Pergama cepi. Per spcs nunc socias casuraque moenia Troum, 375 Pcrque Deos/ oro, quos hosti nuper ademi, Per si quid superest, quod sit sapienter agendum,- Si quid adliuc audax ex praecipitique petendum est,* Si Troja? fat is aliquid restare putatis ; Este mei memores ; aut, si mihi non datis anna, 380 Huic date !^ et ostendit signum fatale Minervse. Mota manus procermn est ; et, quid facundia posset. Re patuit,^ fortisque viri tulit arma disertus. Hectora qui solus, qui ferrum ignemque Jovemque Sustinuit toties, unam non sustinet iram ; 385 Invictumque virum vincit dolor. Arripit ensem, Et, Mens hie certe est. An et hunc sibi poscet Ulixes I Hoc, ait, utendum est in nie mihi ; quique cruore Saepe Phrygum maduit, domini nunc ciiede madebit ; Ne quisquam Ajacem possit superare nisi Ajax. 390 Dixit ; et in pectus, turn demum vulnera passum,^ Qua patuit ferro, letalem condidit ensem. Nee valuere manus infixum educere telum ; Expulit ipse cruor, rubefactaque sanguine tellus Purpureum viridi genuit de cespite florem, 395 Qui prius OEbalio fuerat de vulnere natus. Litera communis mediis pueroque viroque Inscripta est foliis, hsec nominis, ilia querelae.^ 1 Per Deos, bi/ the goddess. Beos, though plural and masculine, refers only to Minerva. See 345. 2 Per si quid superest, quod sit sapienter agendum, by whatever requires t/t be transacted tcith wisdom, if any such thin a remains. 3 Petendum est ex prsecipiti, is to he hrounht from a dangerous place — like the stealing of the palladium from the temple of Minerva. 4 Date huic, give them to this goddess, i. e. consecrate them in the temple of Minerva. 5 Patuit re, was shotcn by the residt. 6 Tum demura passum vulnera, which then for the first time suffered a , wound. See 267. 7 Hffic (est litera) nominis, ilia (litera) querela?, these are the letters of Ajax's name, those the letters of complaint — the letters AI, which are tha first two of Ajax's name, and which also form the exclamation. i2 154 PYTHAGORAS. [book XV. BOOK XV. Fab. II. — Pythagoras. ViR fuit hie/ ortu Samius ; sed fugerat una Et Samon et dominos,^ odioque tyrannidis exsul Sponte erat. Isqiie, licet coeli rcgione remotus, Mente Deos adiit f et, quae natura uegabat Visibus hunianis, oculis ea pectoris hausit.'* 5 Quumque animo et vigili perspexerat omnia cura, In medium discenda dabat f coetusque silentun), Dictaque mirantum magni primordia mundi Et rcrum causas, et quid natura/' docebat, Quid Deus, unde nives, quae fulminis esset origo, 10 Juj)iter an venti discussa nube tonarent,' Quid quateret terras, qua sidera lege mearent,^ Et quodcumque latet. Primusque animalia mensis Arguit imponi f primus quoque talibus ora Docta quidem solvit, sed non et credita, verbis : 1 5 Parcite, mortales, dapibus temcrare neflmdis 1 IIlc, here, \. o. at Croton, q. v. 2 Dominos, the tyrants, i.e. Polycrates and his brothers. \g\\\^Q& any consecrated place ; it here denotes the senate-house, the Curia Pompeia, in which Csesar was murdered. A. R. A. 7. 6 Molitur condere {Ccesarem), endeavours to hide Ccpsar. 7 (Alloquitur) hanc, addresses her ; movere, to alter; Sororum. Set 37. Vasto molimine, of large and solid construction t tabularla rerum, archives for the records of Vie world. FAB. IX."] JULIUS CJESAR. 166 Quae ncque concursum coeli neque fulminis iram Nee metuunt iillas tuta atque seterna niinas. Invenics illic inclusa adamante perenni Fata tui generis : legi ipse animoque notavi, 70 Et referam, ne sis etiamnum ignara futuri. Hic^ sua complevit, pro quo, Cytherea, laboras, Teinpora perfectis, quos terrae debuit, annis. Ut Deus accedat coelo templisque locetur, Tu facies natusque suus,' qui nominis heres 75 Impositum feret Urbis onus,^ caesique parentis Kos in bella suos fortissimus ultor habebit. Illius auspiciis obscssae moenia pacem Victa petent IMutinae ; Pharsalia sentiet ilium, Ematliiaque iterum madefacti caede Philippi ; 80 Et magnum Siculis nomen superabitur* imdis ; Romanique duels eonjux ^gyptia, taed^p Non bene fisa,^ cadet f frustraque erit ilia minata, Servitura suo Capitolia nostra Canopo." Quid tibi Barbariem, gentesque ab utroque jacentes 85 Oceano^ numerem I Quodcumque liabitabile tellus Sustinet, hujus erit ; pontus quoque scrviet illi. Pace data terris, animum ad civilia vertet Jura^ suum, legesque feret justissimus auctor ; 1 Hie, i. e. J. Ccesar ; quos debuit terrse, tvhich he oived to the earth— which it had been ordained by the Fates he should spend on earth. 2 Tu facies suusque natus {facict)^ you and his son tcill cause, i. e. Augustus. 3 Onus, the burden, i. e. the management of the empire; nos suos, us as his assistants. 4 ^Magnum nomen superabitur, a great name, a man of great celehrify shall he defeated — in allusion to Sextus, the youngest son of Pompey the Great, who was defeated by Agrippa near the island of Sicily. 5 Non bene fisa taedae, who imptiidentli/ trusted to her marriage with Antony, i. e. rashly expected that by marrying AjQtony she would become queen of the Roman empire. A. R. A. 404.' 6 Cadet, shall fall, i. e. being vanquished by Augustus at the battle oi Actium will die by poison. 7 Nostra Capitolia servitura (esse) suo Canopo, that our Capitol shall he iubject to her Canopus, i. e. that the Roman empire shall be subject to Eg>pt. 8 Jacentes ah utroque oceano, situate on both oceans — the eastern and western, i. e. Africa and Asia. 9 Civilia jura, the civil rights of his subjects ; auctor, a legislator. 166 JULIUS CiESAR. [book XV. Exemploque suo mores reget ; inque futuri 90 Temporis aetatem venturorumque nepotum Prospiciens, prolem^ sancta de conjuge natam Ferre simul nomenque simm curasque jubebit. Nee, nisi quum senior Pylios sequaverit annos, ^therias sedes cognataque sidera^ tangot. 95 Hanc animam interea caeso de corpore raptam Fac jubar,^ ut semper Capitol ia nostra Forumque Divus ab excels a prospectet Julius aede. Vix ea fatus erat, media quum sede Senatus Constitit alma Yenus, nulli cernenda, suique 100 Caesaris eripuit membris nee in aera solvi* Passa recentem animam coelestibus intulit astris. Dumque tulit, lumen capere atque ignescere sensit, Emisitque sinu. Luna volat altius ilia, Flammiferumque trahens spatioso limite crinem^ 105 Stella micat, natique videns benefacta fatetur Esse suis majora, et vinci gaudet ab illo. Hic^ sua praeferri quanquam vetat acta patemis, Libera fama tamen nullisque obnoxia jussis Invitum praefert, nnaque in parte repugnat. 110 Sic magnus cedit titulis Agamemnonis Atreus ; iEgea sic Theseus, sic Pelea vincit Acliilles ; Denique, ut exemplis ipsos aequantibus^ utar. Sic et Saturnus minor est Jove. Jupiter arces 1 Prolem, offspring, i. e. Tiberius, the son of Livia the wife of Augus- tus, who was latterly adopted by him as his successor, and therefore assumed the name of Caesar. 2 Cognata sidera, the star of Ms relation, i. e. of Julius Caesar. 3 Jubar, a star ; ab excelsa sede, from his lofty mansion, i e. from hea- ven. This fable took its rise from a comet which appeared in tlie north- west for seven successive nights after the murder of Caesar, and which is again alluded to in 105. 4 Nee passa solvi in aera, ivithout suffering it to he dissolved into air. 5 Trahensque flammiferum crinem spatioso limite, and drawing after it a fiery tail through a lo)^g space. 6 liic, i.e. Augustus; obnoxia nuWis jussis, subject to the commands of no one; in una parte, in this one instance only. 7 yEquantibus ipsos, which are equal to them, i. e. to Caesar and Augustus. FAB. IX.] JULICS C^SAR. 167 Temperat actherias ct mundi rcgna triformis ;^ 115 Terra sub Augusto est ; pater est et rector uterque. Di, precor, ^neie comites,''^ quibus ensis et ignis Cessemnt, Dique Indigetes,^ genitorque Quiriiie Urbis, et invicti genitor Gradive Quirini, Vestaque Caesareos inter sacrata Penates,^ 120 Et cum Caesarea tu, Phoebe domestice/ Vesta, Quique tones altus Tarpeias, Ju2)iter, arces, Quosque alios vati fas appellare piunique, Tarda sit ilia dies et nostro serior aevo, Qua caput Augustum, quern temperat, orbe relicto, 125 Accedat coelo, faveatque precantibus absens. PERORATION. Jamque opus exegi/ quod nee Jo vis ira nee ignes Nee poterit ferrum nee edax abolere vetustas. Quum volet ilia dies/ quae nil nisi corporis hujus Jus liabet, incerti spatium mihi finiat aevi ; Parte tamen meliore mei^ super alta perennis Astra ferar, nomenque erit indelebile nostrum ; Quaque patet domitis Romana potentia terris, Ore legar populi, perque omnia ssecula fama, Si quid habent veri vatum praesagia, vivam. 1 Triformis mundi, of the triple world, i. e. heaven, earth, and the infer- nal regions. Uterque, each, i. e. Jupiter and Augustus. 2 Comites ^neae, the attendants o/JEncas, i. e. the Penates, which were rescued by ^neas from the flames of Troy, and brought by him i^to Italy, and by whose interposition he was dehvered from the sword of his enemies and the tire of Troy. 3 Di Indisetes, ye native gods of the country, as Janus, Faunus, JEneas, «fcc. A R. A. 231. 4 Sacrata inter Ca^sareos Penates, held sacred among the household gods ofCcesar. Cassar was Pontifex Maximus, and therelore priest of Vesta. A R.A. 235. 5 Domesticc Phoebe, domestic Pha-bus. Augustus built a temple to Apollo in the Palatium on the Palatine hill. 6 Exegi opus, I have finished a work ; ira Jovis, the thunderbolt. 7 The order is. Ilia dies (i. e. the day of my death) quae habet nil jus nisi hujus corporis (which has no "power over me except as to tliis body), finiat mihi spatium incerti aevi, quum volet. 8 Meliore parte mei, i7i my better part, i.e. in my fame; perennis, i»*- mortal; indelebile, imperishable ; patet, is extended. INDEX. . Note.— A vowel in the penult, followed by another vowpI is to be pro- nounced short, unless when otherwise marked. The abbreviations dis.^, and tris. indicate that the words after whicli they are placed are to b« pronounced as disi>-i/llabks, or trisyllahlts. Gr. Ace. represent Greek Ac- cusative. AbanteUS, -a, -um, adj.^ q/; or relating to Abas. In Alan- tcis Argis, in Argos, of which Abas was king, xv. 2. 105. Se« Abas. Abantiades,-8e, W., a patronymic applied to the descendants of Abas ; hence it signifies generally, a descendant of Abas, whether son, grandson, &c. In iv. 13. 4. and iv. 14. 11. it is applied to Acrisius, the son of Abas, and in iv. ]5. 15. it refers to Perseus (diss.), who was his great-grandson. Abas^ -antis, m., Abas, akingof Argos, famous for his genius and valour. He was the son of Lynceus (diss.) and Hypermnes- tra, father of Acrisius and Proetus, grandfather of Danae, and great-grandfather of Perseus (diss.) In illustration of iv. 13. 4. it may be here stated that Agenor and Belus were brothers ; from the former sprung Cadmus, Semele, and Bacchus ; and from the latter ^^gyptus, Lynceus, Abas, Acrisius, Danae, and Perseus. Acbaia^ -ae,/*., Achaia, a division of the Peloponnesus, lyino^ along the Gulf of Corinth, which formed its northern boundary. It adjoined Megaris on the east, and was separated by a chain of hills from Argolis, Arcadia, and Elis, on the south. Its western boundary was that part of the Ionian Sea which Hes between the mouth of the Larissus and the Strait of Lepanto. Achaia included the territories of Corinthia, Sicyonia, and Phliasia, and the towns of Corinth, Sicyon, Patrae, and Dyme. The ancient name is said to have been /Egialus. After the whole of Greece came under the power of the Romans, and was divided by them into the provinces of Macedonia and Achaia, the latter included the Peloponnesus, and that part of Graecia Propria which lay to the south of Thessaly and the east of the Achelous. It is frequently used to signify Greece in general, iv. 13. 3. xiii. 1. 325. Achais, -idis, or -idos, adj. f., of, or relating to Acnaia, Achcean, Grecian. Per Achdidaa urhes, throughout the Grecian cities, iii. 7. 1. K ACH 170 ACH Acheloides, -urn,/., the Achehides, a name given to the Sirens as the daughters of the river-god Achelous. See Siren. Achelous, -i, w., the Achelous, now called the Aspro Pota- mo, a river which rises in the northern part of Mount Pindus, flows through eastern Epirus, and after separating iEtoha from Acarnania, falls into the Ionian Sea. Acheron, -ontis, m., the Acheron, or Souli, a river of Epirus, which rises in the chain of mountains to the west of Pindus, and after flowing through the Acherusian Lake, falls into the Ionian Sea. The Acheron is an inconsiderable stream, but is celebrated in mythology from its supposed communication with the infernal regions, a fable which probably derived its origin from the dark colour of its waters, and from the destructive malaria, or tainted air, which infested the lower part of its course. According to the poets, Acheron was the son of Sol and Terra, and was Ciist into the infernal regions, and there changed into a river, for having sup- plied the Titans with water during the war which they waged with Jupiter. Its waters are represented as muddy and bitter, and it was the stream over which the souls of the dead were first conveyed, when on their way to Hades. It is frequently used to denote the lower world. Acheron was the father of Ascalaphus by Orphne. Quern Orphne dicitur peperisse ex sua Acheronte sub furvis an- trisy whom Orphne is said to have brought forth to her husband, Acheron, in a dusky cave, v. 8. 80. Imum Acheronta, the bot- tom of Acheron, xi. 10. 95. Gr. Ace. -ontd.. Achilles, -is, m., Achilles, the bravest of the Greeks, and the hero of the Iliad, was the son of Peleus (diss.), king of Phthiotis in Thessaly, and the sea-nymph Thetis. Soon after he was born, his mother plunged him into the river Styx, and thereby rendered him invulnerable in every part of his body, except the heel, by which she held him. His education was intrusted to the Centaur Chiron, the instructor of the greatest heroes of his age. His mo- ther, knowing that he was destined to perish if he went to the Tro- jan war, sent him disguised in a female dress to the court of Lyco- medes, king of the island of Scyros. In consequence, however, of a prophecy of Calchas, that Troy could not be taken without his assistance, it became necessary to take measures to entice him from his place of concealment. Accordingly, Ulysses, who had under- taken this duty, went to Scyros in the disguise of a travelling merchant, carrying with him various articles of female dress, and along with them some pieces of armour. When these were ex- posed for sale, Achilles discovered himself by preferring the armour, and was prevailed upon by Ulysses to accompany him to the seat of war. Here he signalized himself greatly by his valour, until a dis- pute arose between him and Agamemnon respectmg a female captive, in consequence of which he separated himself from the Grecian army, and refused to co-operate with his countrymen in prosecuting the ACH 171 ACO siege. To this resolution he obstinately adhered, until the death of hi5 friend Patroclus, by the hand of Htctor, roused him to revent^e. His arms, in which he had permitted Patroclus to appear, had come into the possession of Hector ; and Vulcan, at the request of Thetis, made a suit of impenetrable armour for her son. Arrayed in this he took the field, and after revenjring the death of his friend by the slauifhter of many of the -most distinguished of the Trojan heroes, engaged in single combat with Hector, and slew him by the assis- tance of Minerva. Not satisfied with killing his enemy, he inhu- manly dragged his dead body thrice round the walls of Troy, and afterwards sold it for a large ransom to the aged Priam, Soon after Achilles became enamoured of Polyxena, the daughter of Priam, and having offered to become the ally of the Trojan mo- narch, on condition of receiving the hand of his daughter, went for this purpose into the temple of Apollo, where he was treacherously slain by Paris, who wounded him with an arrow in the vulnerable heel. He was buried along with Patroclus, on the promontory of Sigeum, their ashes being placed together in the same urn. After his death, his arms were the subject of a dispute between Ajax, the son of Telamon, and Ulysses, to the latter of whom they were as- signed by the Grecian chiefs. See xiii. 1. Achlvi, -orum^ m., the Achivi, properly the inhahitants of Achaia, but frequently employed to signify the Greeks in general, Achivus, -a, -um, ddj-i of ^ or relating to Achaia^ afterwards used to signify Grecian. Titulum AcJiivcd pubis servatcc, the glory of saving the Grecian youth, vii. 1 . 56. Acoetes, -ge, m., Accetes, the son of a fisherman of IMceonia, and commander of a band of Tuscan pirates, who found Bacchus asleep on the coast of the island of Ceos, and forced him on board their ship, promising to convey him to the island of Naxos. Not- withstanding the remonstrances of their captain, the crew assume the command of the ship, and steered in a different direction, for the purpose of profiting by the spoil which tney had taken. They had not, however, proceeded far, when the god avenged their per- fidy, by changing them all except Accetes into dolphhis. Bacchus assumed the name of Acoetes, when he allowed himself to be taken by the servants of Pentheus (diss.)^ and wa» carried before that prince for punishment, iii. 7. 67., &c. Tyrrhenus Acoetes, the Tuscan Aco3tes, iii, 7. 186. Aconltum, -i, /?., a poisonous herb, said to have sprung from the foam which fell from the dog Cerberus, when Hercules dragged him from the infernal regions, by the Acherusian cave m Bithynia. It is generally translated IFolf's-bane, Wolfs^wort, Aconite, and is said by Pliny to be the most active of all poisons. It is certain that this is what is now called Aconitum, but whether by it the ancients understood the same plant, has not been fully ascertained. It is used by the poets as the general name for a poisonous herb, ACO 172 ^AC Ovid derives the name from ocxovrit ^ whetstone, because it grows on hard rocks; by others it is derivea from Acone, a town near Heraclea, in Bithynia, where the plant is said to have abounded. Aconteus {tris.), -eos, & -ei. m., Aconteus, one of the companions of Perseus (diss.), who was changed into a stone, by accidentally looking a the head of MedQsa. Acrisioniades, -ae, m.. Acrisioniades, aname given to Per- seus (diss.), who, as son of Danae, was the grandson of Acrisius. Acrisioniades vertit in hunc harpen spectatam ccsde Medusa, the grandson of Acrisius, i. e. Perseus, turns upon him the falchion which had been proved in the slaughter of INIedusa, v. 1 . 69. Acrisius^ -ii^ m., Acrisius^ a king of Argos, the son of Abas and Ocalea, and father of Danae. He disputed the sovereignty of Argos w^ith his twin-brother Proetus, and after many violent strug- gles, was allowed to remain in possession of the kingdom. He married Eurydice, the daughter of Lacedaemon, by whom he had Danae; and being told by an oracle that he should be killed by this daughter's son, he confined her in a brazen tower to prevent the fulfilment of the prophecy. She, notwithstanding, became the mother of Perseus (diss.)\)y Jupiter, and being, by the or^ders of her father, thrown, along with her child, into the sea in a chest, was carried to the island of Seriphus, where her son was educated in the temple of INIinerva. The fame of his grandson afterwards reached Acrisius, and induced him to go to Larissa to witness his feats at funeral games, which were there to be^«>ele- brated. While Perseus was displaying his skill in throwing the quoit, he killed an old man, who was discovered to be his grand- father, and thus fulfilled the prediction of the oracle. An satis animi est Acrisio, contemnere vanum numen et claudere Ar^ golicas portas (ei) venienti"^ has Acrisius sufficient courage to despise this pretended deity, and to shut the gates of Argos against him as he approaches ? iii. 7. 49. See Danae and Perseus. Actseon. -onis, m,, Actceon, a famous hunter, the son of Ar- istseus and Autonoe, the daughter of Cadmus, from whom he is called Autonoeiiis heros (iii. 2. 68.) Being one day exhausted by the fatigues of the chase, he retired to the vale of Gargaphie, to avoid the scorching heat of the sun, and having there accidentally seen Diana and her nymphs bathing in a cave, was changed by the ■ goddess into a stag to prevent the disclosure. He was afterwards pursued and torn to pieces by his own dogs. For an account of his dogs see iii. 2. 76., &c. Gr. «cc. -ona. Actorides, -ae, m. , the grandson of Actor, a patronymic applied io Patroclus. Actorides tutus sub imagine AchiUis, Patroclus lafe under the appearance of Achilles, — because he was clad m the armour of Achilles, xiii. 1. 273. -^acides, -ae, m., a son, or a descendant of uEacus, a name applied by Ulysses to Achilles and himself, as grandsons of iEacus. ^AC 173 ^,GE iEaCOS, -i, & iEacus, -i, m., jEacuSy the son of Jupiter and ^gina, and king of CEnopia, an island in the Saronic Gulf, which he named iEgina after his mother. He married Endeis, a daughter of Chiron, and had by her Telamon and Peleus (dins.) He was remarkable for his strict observance of justice, and was, in conse- quence of this, after his death, appointed a judge in the infernal regions, along with Minos and Rhadamanthus. Sujnynus Jupiter agnoscif jEacon fateturque (eum) esse suam prolem^ supreme Jupiter acknowledges iEacus, and confesses that he is his son, xiii. 1. 27. -^as, -antis, m., the ^Eas^ now the Vojuzza, a river which rises in the chain of Pindus, on the borders of Thessaly and Epirus, and after separating the latter country from Macedonia and part of lUyria, flowed past ApoUonia, and fell into the Hadriatic. - priiis ereptus est infesto Atrides, by which Paris was formerly screened from the enraged son of Atreus, XV. 9. 61. Augustus, -i, m.j Augustus, a name given to the successor of Julius Caesar, and after him to the succeeding emperors. His original name was Caius Octavius, afterwards Caius Julius Octa- vianus Caesar. He was son of C. Octavius by Attia, the daughter of M. Attius Balbus and Julia, the sister of C. Juhus Caesar, and AUG 191 AUR was consequently the grand-nephew of the conqueror of Gaul. Oc- tavius was born on 22d September b. c. 63, in the consulship of Cicero, and, after passing his boyhood under the -care of his mo- ther, lived with his grand-uncle, who was delighted with his genius and dispositions, and, as he destined him for his heir, took the greatest care of his education. He attended the dictator during his expedition to Spain against the sons of Pompey, and was prosecuting his studies at ApoUonia, ready to accompany him into Dacia, when intelhgence reached him that his benefactor had fallen by the hands of assassins in the senate -house. He accordingly set ouf immediately for Italy, and though at that time only eighteen yean old, contrary to the advice of some of his friends, declared himself the heir of Julius Caesar. In the difficult situation in which he was placed he displayed a degree of skill and resolution which baffled the prudence of the oldest statesmen of Rome. He at first attached himself to the republican party, and professed to be guided chiefly by the advice of Cicero ; but finding them opposed to his ulterior designs, he afterwards deserted them and formed an alliance witl* i^ntony and Lepidus. These three assumed to themselves the title of triumvirs for settling the state of the republic, and their union was called the Second Triumvirate. In the bloody scenes which followed, Octavius acted a conspicuous part, and, partly by putting to death those who seemed likely to thwart his designs, and partly by his dexterity and address, succeeded in establishing his throne on the ruins of the republic. Being relieved from Antony, his last formidable enemy, by the battle of Actium (b. c. 31.), he found himself at liberty to discontinue the uncongenial pursuit of war, and to promote the internal prosperity of his vast empire. Four years after the battle of Actium (b. c. 27), he received, from the flattery of the senate, the title of Augustus, the name by which he is gene- rally known in history. He died at Nola on the 19th of August A. D. 14, in the 76th year of his age, after he had held the sove- reign power undisputed for 44 years. That part of the character of Augustus which i*- is most pleasing to contemplate, was his muni- ficent patronage of men of genius. His encouragement of literatm-e, oepecially in the persons of Virgil and Horace, has procured the name of Augustan age for the brilliant period in which he lived. Augustus, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Augustus. For- tihus Augustis, at the gates of the palace of Augustus, i. 10. 111. Terra est sub Augusto, the earth is under the dominion of Augus- tus, XV. 9. 116. Aulis, -idis,/*, Aulis, a small town of Boeotia, on the Euri- pus, celebrated as the rendezvous of the Grecian fleet, when it was preparing to sail for Troy. Here the fleet was detained by contrary winds till Agamemnon appeased the anger of Diana by presenting his daughter Iphigenla for sacrifice at her altar. See Iphigenia. Aurora, -^^f.y Aurora^ the daughter of Hyperion and Thia, AUS 192 AVE or of Pallas, from whom she is called Pallantias. She was the goddess of the dawn, or rather of the dayhght, and ascended the celestial road in the morning before Phoebus, whose coming she announced. She was the wife of Astrgeus, and mother of the w^inds and stars. Aurora is represented by the poets as riding in a rose- coloured chariot, drawn by white horses, opemng with rosyfino-ers the gates of the east, and pouring down the dew upon the earth, xS ight and Sleep fly before her, and the constellations of heaven dis- appear at her approach. Aurora is frequently used for the mornin?. Aurora, tenebrisfupatiSj effulget, Aurora, i. e. the morning, hav- ing dispelled the darkness, shines forth, ii. 1. 144. Quum altera Aurora iiivecta croceis rods reducet luceJii, when the following Aurora, i. e. morning, riding in her saffron chariot, shall bring back the hght, iii. 2. 20. Fostera Aurora reinoverat nocUtrnosiqnes, the following morning had removed the fires of the ni^ht, i. e. the stars, iv. 2. 27. It is also used to signify the east : as, Auroram, the east, i. e. .Ethiopia, the abode of Aurora, i. 2. 30. Ausonia, -gs,/*., Ausoida, one of the ancient names of Italy. This name is said to have been derived from the Ausones, a people who at first possessed the whole of the southern part of the penin- sula, but were afterwards confined to a narrow tract on the borders of Latium and Campania. Ausonius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Ausonia, but generally used in the sense of Italian, Latin, Roman. Dextra manus subjecta est Ausonio Peloro, his right hand was placed imder Pelorum fronting Italy, v. 6. 10. Auster, -i, m., the south wind, which was believed to produce rain. Pluvio Austro, the rainy south wind, i. 2. 35. S^ubilus Auster, the gloomy, cloud-bringing south wind, xi. 10. 254, Autonoe, -es, f., Autonoe, a daughter of Cadmus, who was the wife of Aristaeus, and mother of Actaeon. She assisted her sisters in tearing Pentheus (diss.) to pieces. See Pentheus. Autonceius. -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Autonoe: as, Autonocius heros, the hero, the son of Autonoe, i. e. Actaeon, iii. 2. 68. Avernalis, -e, adj.., of, or relating to the lake Avernns, or the infernal regions. Inter Avernales nymphas, among the nymphs of the infernal regions, v. 8. 79. Avernus, -i, w., Avemus, now Lago d^Averno, a lake of Campania in Italy, said to have derived its name from the exhala- tions of its waters pro%'ing fatal to birds. It was a circular sheet of clear water, about a mile and a half in circumference, of great depth, and closely surrounded with thick woods, which, in mo* dern times, have been supplanted by vineyards and gardens. Here the poets placed the scene of Ulysses's descent to the infernal regions, and also the subterraneous abodes of the Cimmerians, into which no ray of the sun ever penetrated ; whence the fable of A XI 193 BAG Cimmerian darkness. Hence it is used to denote the inferna, regions, Hades. See Cimmeni. Axis, -is, m., an axis, an imaginary line passing through the centre of the earth, on which the earth performs its daily revolu- tion, and the extremities of which are called poles. It is sometimes used by the poets to denote the whole heavens : as, candentem axerrif the burning heavens, ii. I. 296. B. Babylon, -onis,/., Babylon, the capital of the Babylonian empire, and the most ancient city in the world, was situated on the Euphrates, near a place now called Hillah, about fifty- three miles to the south of Bagdad. It was built by Nimrod, around the tower of Babel, and was afterwards much beautified and enlarged by his son and successor Ninus. Semiramis, the wife of the latter, was, according to Ovid, the founder of the city ; according to others, she merely surrounded it with a wall fifty cubits thick and 200 cubits high, built of bricks baked in the sun, and cemented together with bitumen. Its size and beauty were much increased by Nebuchadnezzar, who constructed the famous hanging gardens, so called from their seeming at a distance to be suspended in the air. It was taken by Cyrus, king of Persia, b. c. 538, according to the prediction of the Jewish prophets, and afterwards fell into the hands of the JNIacedonians. Here Alexander the Great died b. c. 323. The site of Babylon is still called Ard BuhiL Gr. Ace. -ona.. Babylonia, -ae, /I, Babylonia, a country of Asia, bounded on the south and west by Arabia, on the north by Mesopotamia, and on the east by Assyria and Susiana, being separated from the two last by the river Tigris. It corresponded generally with the mo- dern province of Irak Arabi, but contained in addition that part of Arabia which touches immediately upon the Euphrates. Babylonius, -a, -um, adj., of\ or relating to Babylon, or Babylonia, Babylonian, Babylonius Euphrates, the Euphrates on which Babylon stood, ii. 1. 248. Baccha, -a?^/*,, a Bacchanal, a female who celebrated the orgies of Bacchus, by raving through the streets and crying evoe, with a wreath of laurel on her head, a deer -skin thrown across her left shoulder, and a thyrsus, or wand of ivy, in her hand. Bacchans, -tis, c, a Bacchanal, a person who celebrated the orgies of Bacchus. Baccheius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Bacchus. Aris accensis frequento Bacche'ia sacra, lighting the fires on the altars, I celebrate the orgies of Bacchus, iii. 7. 181. Bacchiadse, -arum, m., the Bacchiadce, a powerful family at Corinth, who traced their origin to Bacchia, or Bacchis, the daughter of Bacchus. After enjoying the sovereign power at BAG 194 BAL Corinth for 200 years, they were banished by Cypselus, and, taking refuge in Sicily, founded Syracuse, v. 6. 67. Bacchius, -a, -urn, adj., of, or relating to Bacchus. Nee videres Bacchia sacra, and didst not witness the orgies of Bac- *!hus, iii. 7. 8. Bacchus, -i^ m., Bacchus, the god of wine, was the son of Jupiter by Semele, the daughter of Cadmus. Juno, actuated by jealousy of her rival, assumed the form of her aged nurse Beroe, and urged Semele to request Jupiter to prove his' divinity by visit- ing her in all his majesty, as he did Juno. The king of the gods had previously sworn that he would grant her whatever she should ask, and failed to prevail upon her to withdraw her request, though he foresaw that the consequences would be disastrous. He ac- cordingly came to her in a cloud, attended with lightning and thunderbolts, and Semele was reduced to ashes in his presence. Her child, however, was saved from destruction, and was sewed up in the thigh of Jupiter till the full time of gestation was completed. Hence Bacchus was called Ignigena, and Bimater (iv. 1. 12.) Ovid says, that after his birth he was brought up by his aunt Ino, and afterwards intrusted to the care of the nymphs of Nysa, a town in India. He is said to have conquered India, and to his splendid return from this expedition is ascribed the origin of the triumphal procession (See Triumphus). Bacchus discovered the use of the vine, and the art of making wine, and of extracting spirit from barley, and was therefore worshipped as the god of wine. He is said to have been the first who yoked oxen, from which circum- stance he is represented with horns (iv. i. 19.) He is represented as a young man with an effeminate face, long flowing hair {crines dignos Baccho, hair worthy of Bacchus, id. 6. 20.), a fillet or an ivy crown on his head, a long purple robe, and with a thyrsus in his hand. His chariot was drawn by tigers, lions, or lynxes. He is attended by his preceptor Silenus, riding upon an ass, and almost always intoxicated, and ir his train follow the Bacchanals and Satyrs. The southern coast of Thrace seems to have been the original seat of the worship of Bacchus ; and from this country it was, at a subsequent period, introduced into Greece. The opposi- tion which was made to it by the Greeks gave rise to the fables which have been embeUished by Ovid. Bacchus is frequently used to denote wine : as, munere generosi Bacchi, with the bounty of generous Bacchus, i. e. wine, iv. 15. 13. Baleares, -ium, m., the Balearians, the inhabitants of the Balearic Islands, oif the coast of Spam, now Majorca and Minorca^ who were famous for their expertness in slinging. In this exer- cise they were trained from their infancy ; and FloruS relates that the mothers never gave their children breakfast till they had struck with an arrow a certain mark in a tree. BAL 195 BOO BaleariCUS, -a, -urn, adj.^ of^ or belonging to the Balearian Inlands. Barbaries, -ei,/!, ^voy^erXy a foreign country, in opposition to Greece or Italy. Among the Greeks it was used to signify any territory inhabited by strangers, and, in this sense, it is applied by Plautus to Italy. The Romans applied it to any country except Greece and Italy. Belis, -idis, f., a daughter^ or grand-dmighter ofBehis. The term Belides is generally applied to the fifty daughters of Danaus, the son of Belus, who married their cousins, the sons of iEgyptus, and who all, except Hypermnestra, murdered their husbands on the night of their marriage. For this crime they were condemned in the infernal regions to the perpetual punishment of filling with water a vessel the bottom of which was full of holes, so that the water ran out as soon as poured into it. Belides auscE moliri le- tinn suis patruelibus assiduce repetvnt undas, qnas perdant, the grand-daughters of Belus, who dared to perpetrate the murder of their cousins, incessantly replace the water which they happen to lose, iv. 1 1. 48. Bellona^ -ae, /*., Bellona, the goddess of war, by some said to be the sister, and by others the daughter, of INIars. She was wor- shipped by the Romans with peculiar respect, and had a temple at Rome, without the city, in which the senate sometimes assem- bled to give audience to generals on their return from war, or to foreign ambassadors, who were not admitted into the city. Her priests, called Bellonarii, consecrated themselves by making inci- sions in their arms and shoulders, and offered then- own blood in sacrifice. A. R. A. 7. Belus, -i^ /w., Belus, a king of Egypt, the father of Danaus and iEgyptus. Bceotia, -SS, f., Bceotia^ now forming part of Livadia, was bounded on the west by Phocis, on the north by the Opuntian Locrians, on the east by the KubcBan Sea, and on the south oy Attica, jNIegaris, and a small portion of the Corinthian Gulf. It was perhaps the richest and most fertile country in Greece ; and the abundance of the natural productions of the soil rendering ex- ertion on the part of the inhabitants unnecessary, depressed their intellectual and moral energies to such a degree, that they became proverbial for their dulness and stupidity. There were, however, some illustrious exceptions. Hesiod, Pindar, Plutarch, Epami- nondas, and Pelopidas, were natives of Bceotia. The principal city was Thebae, Thebes, founded by Cadmus and a colony of Phoenicians. See Thebae. Boeotius, -a, -um^ adj.., of, or relating to Bceotia, Boeotian. Vocato ilia Bceotia (mcenia), call it the Boeotian city, iii. ]. 13. Bootes, -se, & -is, m,, Bootes^ the Greek name for a conste » BOR 196 CAD lation near the north pole, which was called by the Romans Bu- bulcus, the herdsman. From its position behind the Great Bear, it was called Arctophylax, the keeper of the Bear. Memorant te qudque, Boote, fugisse turhatum, they say that you too, Bootes, fled in alarm, ii. 1. 176. Boreas, -ae. m., Boreas, the north wind, frequently used to signify the north. Britannia, -ae, f,. Britain, called also Albion, the largest island in the world with which the ancients were acquainted. It seems to have been known at a very early period to the Phoenicians, who visited its shores in quest of tin. This metal formed so valuable an article of commerce in their connexion with the Greeks and Romans, that they carefully concealed all knowledge of the country from which they procured it. They gave the name of Cassiterides, the Tin Islands, to the Scilly Islands, including probably under this name Cornwall and part of Devonshire. At a subsequent pe- riod, the Carthaginians also visited Britain for the purposes of com- merce, and are said to have penetrated as far north as Thule, or the Shetland Islands. Britain was known to the Romans by re- port only, till Caesar invaded it (b. c. 55), from a desire, it is said, to collect its pearls, the reports concerning the beauty of which had reached him in Gaul ; or, more probably, from the ambitious desire of extending his conquests over countries bordering, as he believed, on the extremity of the world. He did not, however, persist in subduing it, and it appears to have almost escaped the notice of the Romans for nearly a century, till the reign of the em- peror Claudius, when it was again deemed an object worthy of the grasping avarice of Rome. In the reign of Domitian, Agricola reduced to the form of a province the whole of the island to the south of the Forth and Clyde, and built (a. d. 81) a wall between these two friths to prevent the incursions of the northern barbarians. From this time it continued in the possession of the Romans till A. D. 408, when they completely abandoned the island. The prm- cipal Roman stations were, — Camalodunum, Colchester; Verula- mium, St Allans; Eboracum, York; Londinium, or Augusta, London. Britanni, -orum, IW., the inhabitants of Britain, the Britons. JEquoreos Britannos, the Britons surrounded by the sea, xv. 9. 8. Bvomius, -iij m., Bromius (the bawler), a surname given to Bacchus, from the noise made by the Bacchanalians in celebrating his orgies. Bustum, -i, 7?., a name applied to the place where a dead body was burnt and buried. It is also used to signify a sepulchre, a tomb. The place, where the body was burnt only, was called Ustrina. A. R. A. 417. C. Cadmeis, -idis, f., of, or belonging to Cadmus, Cadmean^ CAD 197 CMS yec rates dubium d? morte deplanxere Cadmeida domum palmis^ and thinking there was no doubt of her death, they lamented the house of Cadmus bv striking their breasts with their hands, iv. 11. 130. Cadmus, -i, m., Cadmus, the founder of Thebes, was the son of Agenor, king of Phoenicia. He was sent by his father in quest of his sister Europa, who had been carried oflf by Jupiter, with orders not to return unless he found her. Prosecuting his search, he ar- rived in Greece, and failing to hear any inteUigence of his sister, he resolved to consult the oracle of Apollo at Delphi, that he might know in what part of the earth to fix his abode. The oracle directed him to follow a heifer which was described to him, and, on the spot where she should lie down, to build a city, and call the country Boeotia. He found the heifer as the oracle had predicted, and wishing to sacrifice her to Jupiter, he sent his companions to fetch water for a libation from a neighbouring grove. The foun- tain was sacred to Mars, and was guarded by a huge dragon, who murdered his companions. Cadmus, in revenge, slew the monster, and, by the direction of Minerva, sowed his teeth in a plain, on which armed men suddenly sprung from the ground. He threw a stone among them, and they mstantly turned their swords against each other, till they all fell, except five, who assisted him in build- ing Thebes. Hence the Thebans are called Anguigence, sprung from the serpent (iii. 7. 21.) Cadmus soon after married Hait- monia, the daughter of Venus, by whom he had a son, Polydorus, and four daughters, Ino, Agave, Autonoe, and Semele. The mis- fortunes which the vindictive persecution of Juno inflicted upon their family, so distressed Cadmus and Harmonia, that they retired to lllyricum, and were there changed into serpents. Cadmus is supposed to have come into Greece, b. c. 1493, and to have in- troduced the use of letters, and the worship of many of the Egyp- tian and Phoenician deities. Caesar, -aris, rw., Ctcsar, the cognomen or distinctive family- name of a branch of the illustrious Julian gens at Rome. The Julian gens was one of the oldest of the Roman patrician houses, and that branch of it which bore the name of Caesar traced its origin to lulus, the son of ^neas, and consequently claimed a descent from divine blood. Caius Julius Caesar, the most distin- guished member of this family, was the son of C. Julius Csesar and Aurelia, and was born on the 12th of July, b. c. 100. His aunt Julia was the wife of Caius Marms, and he himself, in his seven- teenth year, married Cornelia, the daughter of Cinna, a connexion which exposed him to the resentment of the party of Sulla. The dictator deprived him of his wife's dowry, and with reluctance spared his life, observing to those who interceded for him, that the youth *' would be the ruin of the aristocratic party, for there were many Marii in Caesar." He absented himself from Rome daring CMS 198 c^s the remainder of the life of Cinna, and was for some time employed in military service in the east. He returned to Rome on the death of the dictator, but failing in his first attempt as a public prosecu- tor, he retired to Rhodes, and devoted himself to the study of eloquence under the rhetorician Molo. The first public honour which he obtained was the office of military tribune, to which he was appointed by the suffrages of the people, about b. c. 69. His splendid talents now began to display themselves, and his advance- ment in public life proceeded steadily in opposition even to obsi acles which, by a less ambitious mind, would have been deemed insur- mountable. To counteract the influence of the aristocratic party, he found it necessary to court the favour of the people, and by splendid exhibitions, and a profuse expenditure of money, succeeded in attaching them permanently to his interest. After passing through the inferior offices of quaestor, sedile, and praBtor, he was elected consul B. c. 59, in opposition to the powerful influence of the aristocracy, and strengthened his party by efi'ecting a reconci- liation between Pompey and Crassus, and attaching them to him- self. This combination is commonly called the First Triumvirate. At the close of his consulship, Caesar obtained the province of Gaul, including the north of Italy, for five years, with an army of four legions ; and before this time expired, succeeded in getting it renewed for an equal period. In nine years he subdued the whole of Transalpine Gaul (the modern kingdoms of France and Bel- gium, and a large .portion of Switzerland), carried the terror of the Roman name across the Rhine into Germany, and twice in- vaded Britain. Through the interest of his friends, he had pro- cured a decree of the senate to enable him to stand candidate for the consulship in his absence; but finding that Pompey. who had joined the aristocratic party, demanded as a condition that he should resign the command of his army, he proceeded to Italy in the spriner B. c. 51, for the purpose of enforcing his claims. On reach- ing Cisalpine Gaul, he became aware of the measures which were in operation against him, and, resolved to enforce by arms what was refused to him by the senate, crossed the Rubicon, a small stream, which formed the southern limit of his province, and di- rected his march to the south. The approach of Caesar's troops spread alarm among the senatorial party, who immediately quitted Italy and took refuge in Greece. Caesar advanced to the capital, possessed himself of the public money, and after defeating Pompey*s party in Spain, assumed the name of dictator, and nominated him- self and Servilius consuls for b. c. 48. The campaign of this year completed the destruction of the senat-orial party, by the defeat of Pompey on the great plain of Pharsalia in Thessaly. During the three following years he was employed in crushing the adherents of the senate in various parts of the empire, and fought his last battle in' the vicinity of Munda, in, the south of Spain, b. c. 45, a battle iii which 30,000 men are said to have fallen on the side of the sons C^S 199 CAW of Pompey. On his return to Rome, Caesar was created consul for ten years, and dictator for life. On the ides (15th) of March B. c. 44, he was assassinated in the senate-house, and, after his death, was enrolled among the gods, under the appellation of Divus Julius. As a writer and an orator, Csesar has received the highest praise from Cicero. His Commentaries, which are written in a plain perspicuous style, entirely free from all affectation, place him in the same class with Xenophon, and those few individuals who have successfully united the pursuit of letters and philosophy with the business of active life. Ten books of his commentaries have descended to us, — seven of his wars in Gaul, which are believed to have been written on the spot, and three which refer to the civil wars. Caesareus^ -a, -um^ adj., of^ or relating to Ccesar. CaiCUS, -i, W., the Caicus, now the Grimakli, or Mandra- f/orai, a river of Mysia, in Asia Minor, which rises in Mount Temnos, flows through the plains of Teuthrania, and after passing Pergaraos, falls into the ^Egean Sea at Elaea, opposite to the south-eastern extremity of Lesbos, Calais, -is, m., Calais, the son of Boreas, or Aquilo, and Orithyia (4 syl.), and the twin-brother of Zethes, along with whom he accompanied Jason to Colchis, in quest of the golden fleece. When they reached the coast of Thrace, they relieved Phineus (diss.), the king of that country, from the Harpies, a kind of ravenous birds which Jupiter had sent to torment him by pollut- ing or carrying away the food from his table. He and his brother are represented with wings, and are said to have been killed by Hercules. See Harpyiae. Calliope, -es,/., Calliope, the chief of the muses, whose of- fice it was to preside over eloquence and heroic poetry. She was represented holding in her hand a close-rolled parchment, and generally crowned with laurel. See Musae. Calydon, -onis,/!, Calydon, now Evereo Castro, a city of .^tolia, in Greece, situate on the left bank of the Evenus, the Fidiri, a few miles from its mouth. It was famed in Grecian story for the ferocious boar sent by Diana to ravage the country, and which was killed by Meleager, the son of CEneus fdiss.), king of the country. Calydonius, -a, -urn, adj., of, or relating to Calydon, Ca- ledonian. Quam modb Calydonia hasta TydidcB vulneret, whom at one time the Calydonian spear of the son of Tydeus wounds, i. e. of Diomedes, whose father Tydeus was the -son of (Eneus, kmg oi Calydon, xv. 9. 25. See Diomedes. Canace, -es^y., Barker, the name of one of ActaBon's dogs. Cancer, -cri, W., the Crab» one of the twelve signs of the CAN 200 CAU lodiac. CancTum curvanfem hrachia aUteVy the crab bending his daws in a different direction, ii. I. 83. See Zodiacus. Canopus, -i, m., Canopus, now Ahoukir, a city of Egypt, twelve miles from Alexandria, situate at one of the mouths of the Nile. It is said to have been founded by Mcnelaus, and to have derived. its name from Canopus, the pilot of his ship, who was buried there. The inhabitants were proverbial for their luxury and profligate manners. Opposite to the town was the island of Canopus, Aboukir^ so famed from the glorious victory of the Nile, obtained near it by Lord Nelson over the French fleet, August 1 , 1799. Capitolium, -ii, m.^the capitol, a celebrated temple and cita- del in Rome, built on the Tarpeian rock, on the Capitoline hill. The foundation was laid by Tarquinius Priscus, n. c. 615, the building was continued by his successor Servius TuUius, and finished by Tarquinius Superbus, b. c. 533 The consecration, however, did not take place till the third year after the expulsion of the kings, when this ceremony was performed by the consul Horatius. It consisted of three parts ; of which the centre was sacred to Jupiter, the right wing to Minerva, and the left to Juno. The mag. nificence of this temple is said to have been almost incredible, and its wealth, which was derived from the presents of the successive consuls who here offered, sacrifices on the day they entered on their office, was very great. Capitolia visent longas pampas^ when the Capitol shall witness the long processions, i. e. the triumphal pro- cessions, in which the victorious general was crowned with laurel, i. 10. 110. See Triumphus. Cassiope^ -es,/*., Cassiope, the wife of Cepheus (diss.)^ king of ^Ethiopia, and mother of Andromeda. Proud of her beauty, she boasted that she was fairer than Juno or the Nereids, and thus provoked Neptune to punish her insolence by deluging ^Ethiopia, and sending a huge sea-monster to ravage the country. See An- dromeda. Castalius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Castalia, a foun- tain at the foot of Mount Parnassus, sacred to Apollo and the Muses, which poured down the chasm between the two summits of the mountain, and was fed by the perpetual snows. Its pure and excellent waters were said to have the power of inspiring those who drank of them with the true spirit of poetry. Cadmus vix bene dcscenderat Castalio antro, scarcely had Cadmus well descended from the Castalian cave, i. e. left the oracle of Delphi, iii. 1. 14. See Delphi. Caucasus, -i, tw., Caucasus, an extensive range of mountains in Asia, extending between the Euxine and the Caspian Seas, and supposed by the ancients to be a continuation of the chain of Tau- rus. It is so lofty as to be covered in many parts with perpetual snow. On Strobelus, one of its highest peaks, was said to be the CAY 201 CEP rock to which Prometheus (tris.) was chained by Jupiter till he was delivered by Hercules. Caystros, -i^ m., the Cayster, now the ^tchick-Meinder, or Little Minder, an inconsiderable river of Lydia, in Asia IMinor, which rises in a branch of Mount Tmolus, and runs through the Asian Marsh into the ^gean Sea, near Ephesus. Its banks are said by the poets to have been much frequented by swans. Flumi- necE volucres caluere medio Capstro, the birds of the river, i. e. the swans, grew hot in the middle of the Cayster, ii. 1. 253. Cai/stros in labentibus vndis audit non plura carmina cygnorum illo, the Cayster, in his gliding waters, hears not more songs of swans than it, v. 6. 46. Census, -us, m., the census, a general review of the Roman people, made for the purpose of estimating their property, and pro- portioning their share of the public taxes. The census was insti- tuted by Servius Tullius, a. u. 125, and intrusted to magistrates called Censores, censors. Every citizen was obliged to give in to the Censors his name, residence, and occupation ; his wife's name, and the names of his children, with their age^^, the number of his slaves, and a minute and accurate account of his property. The goods of the person who made a false return were confiscated, and he himself, after being scourged, was sold as a slave. The Censors had also the charge of the public morals, and were invested with the power of advancing or degrading the citizens according as their character or wealth entitled them. Hence census came to signify wealth or property. See A. R. A. 107. Cepheius, -aj -um, adj., of , or relating to Cepheus. Cephe'ia arva, the kingdom of Cepheus, i. e. Ethiopia, iv. 14. 7. Cephenes, -um, m., the Cephenes, the principal subjects of Cepheus, the ^Ethiopian nobles. Proceres Cephenum, the ^Ethiopian nobles, iv. 15. 12. Medio Cephenum, amidst the company of Ethiopians, v. 1. 1. Cepheus {diss. ), -ei, & -eos. m. , Cepheus, king of Ethiopia, a son of Belus, and the father of Andromeda by Cassiope, and fa- ther-in-law of Perseus (diss.) He was one of the Argonauts, and, after his death, was changed into a constellation. Sunt qui dicant Cephea cum genero debere mori, there are some who say that Cepheus and his son-in-law, i. e. Perseus, ought to be put to death, v. 1. 42. Cephisis, -idis, adj., f., of, or relating to the Cephisus. Adeunt pariter Cephisidas undas, ut nonduni liquidas, sic jam secantes nota vada, they approach together the waters of the Cephisus, which, though not yet clear, were now flowing in their wonted channel, i. 8. 57. Cephisius, -ii, m., the son of the Cevhisits^ Narcissus. Ce- phisius jam addiderat unum annum ad ter qmnos, the son of the CEP 202 CER Cephisus, i. e. Narcissus, had now added one to thrice five years i. e. was now sixteen years old, iii. 5. 13. Cepblsos, -ij rw., the Cephisus , now the Mauro Potamo a river of Phocis in Greece, which rises near the city of Lilaea, where the ancients state that it rushed from the mountain with a noise resembhng the bellowing of a bull, flows on the northern side of Parnassus, and, after traversing the whole of Phocis, enters Bceotia, and loses its waters in the lake Copais. From the nume- rous sinuosities of its course, the Cephisus has been compared to a serpent. It is said to have been a special favourite of the Graces, who are from this circumstance called the goddesses of the river. Cerbereus, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Cerberus. Spu~ mas Cerherei oris, foam from the mouth of Cerberus, iv. 11. \6. Cerberus, -i, m., Cerberus, a do^ who guarded the entrance to the infernal regions, to prevent the living from entering, and the dead from escaping. He is said to have been the son of Typhon and Echidna, and is generally represented as having three heads, though some mythologists assign to him a hundred. See Hercules. Cerealis, -e, adj., of, or relating to Ceres. Cerealia semina, the seeds of Ceies, i. e. grain, i. 4. 11. Ceres, eris, J"., Ceres, the goddess of corn and husbandry, was the daughter of Saturn and Ops, and the sister of Jupiter and Pluto. She is said to have brought corn from Sicily to Attica in the reign of Pandion, which she gave to Celeus (diss.), at Eleusis, and taught him the art of cultivating it. By Jupiter she had a daughter, Proserpine, who was carried off by Pluto while gathering flowers along with her attendant nymphs, on the plains of Henna, in Sicily, and became his wife, Ceres, who was deeply affected by the loss of her daughter, after searching for her all over Sicily, lighted two torches at Mount iEtna, and continued her search over the whole earth. She found her veil at the fountain Cyane (v. 8. 9. ), but the nymph was unable to communicate to her the fate of her daughter. This information she afterwards obtained from Arethusa (v. 8. 44.), who, when passing along her subter- ranean channel, had seen Proserpine arrayed as queen in the do- minions of Pluto. Ceres immediately ascended to Jupiter, and demanded of him the restoration of her daughter. The king of the gods in vain attempted to sooth her grief, by representing to her the honour which had been conferred upon her daughter by being made the wife of his brother ; Ceres continued inexorable, and Jupiter consented to her restoration, provided she h:id not tasted any thing in the infernal regions. She accordingly went to Pluto, and demanded her daughter, but Ascalaphus having intimated that he had seen her pluck a pomegranate m the Elysian fields, and eat some of the seeds, she was found to have violated the condi- tions of her release. All, therefore, which Jupiter could grant WM, that she should alternately remain six months in Hades with CEY 203 CHE Pluto, and six in heaven with her mother. Ceres is represented with yellow hair, crowned with ears of corn, and holding in the one hand poppies, or ears of corn, and iix the other a burning torch. Ceres is often used to signify corn, food : as, cura Cereris, a regard for food, iii. 6. 36. See Cyane, Arethusa, Ascalaphus, and Proserpina. Ceyx, -ycis, m,, Ceyx, a son of Lucifer, and king of Trachis, a town in Thessaly, who was drowned while crossing the iEgean Sea, to consult the oracle of Apollo at Claros, in consequence of the melancholy fate of his brother Deedalion, and the misfortunes which followed it. His wife Halcyone, who had, with extreme re- luctance, consented to the voyage, was grieved at his absence, and incessantly importuned the gods for his return. At the request of Juno, Somnus sent his son Morpheus (diss.), who assumed the form and appearance of Ceyx, and intimated to Halcyone, in the voice of her husband, the melancholy catastrophe. He and his wife Halcyone, were changed into kingsfishers. See Daedalion and Halcyone. Chaonius^ -a, -um^ adj., of, or relating to Chaonia, a pro- vince of Epirus. Chaonius Molpeus, Molpeus from Chaonia, v. 1 . 106. ChaoSj n., Chaos, a name applied by the Greek poets to the rude and shapeless mass of matter which they supposed to exist be- fore the formation of the world. According to Ovid, who has adopted the cosmogony of Hesiod, the Divine Being formed the . universe out of this confused mass, by dividing it into the four elements, fire, or ether, air, earth, and water. This separation he effected by causing the pure ether, or fire, to occupy the highest place ; the next place he assigned to the air, or atmosphere, while the lowest were given to earth and water. The opinions which the ancients entertained of Chaos and of the creation of the world, were probably derived traditionally from the writings of Moses, and may be advantageously compared with the simple but sublime narrative of the sacred penman. Confundimur in antiquum Chaos, we are thrown back into our ancient Chaos, i. e. into our former state of confusion, ii. 1. 299. Charops, -opis, m., Char ops, a Trojan, the son of Hippasus, who was slain by Ulysses. Charybdis, -is, /*., Charyhdis, a dangerous whirlpool in the Straits of jNIessina, on the Sicilian coast, opposite to Scylla on the coast of Italy. Charyhdisque inimica ratibus (dicitur) nuncsor-^ here nunc redderef return^ and Chary bdis, dangerous for ships, is iaid at one time to draw in the sea, at another time to send it forth, vii. 1. 63. See Scylla. Chersidamas, -antis^ m., Chersidamas, a Trojan killed by Ulysses. CHI 204 CIN Chius, -a, -um, ac?/., o/, or relating to the island ofCeos^ now Zea, one of the most considerable of the Cyclades, situate twelve miles south-east of the promontory of Sunium. It was- said to have been once united to Euboea, from which it was torn by an earthquake. The inhabitants were noted for their sobriety and modesty. AppJicor ad oras Chion ielluris, I am brought to the coasts of the Chian land, i. e. to Ceos, iii. 7. 87. Chromis, -is, m.^ Chromis, a man who, at the marriage of Perseus {diss. ), killed Emathion. Chromius, -ii^ m., Chromius, one of the companions of Sar- pedon, who was slain by Ulysses at Troy. Chryse, -es., /*., Chrysa, a town on the western coast of Troas, in Asia Minor, where was the famous temple of Apollo Smintheus {diss.) This city was taken by Achilles during the Trojan war, xiii. 1. 174. Cilicia^ -ae,/"., Cilicia, a province in the south-east of Asia Minor, lying opposite to the island of Cyprus. It w^as bounded on the north by the range of Taurus, which separated it from Phry- gia and Cappadocia, on the east by Mount Amanus, which sepa- rated it from Syria, on the south by the Mediterranean, and on the west by Pamphylia. The western part of the province was called Cilicia Trachea, from the mountainous and ? ?/^^e i^^ allusion probably to the system of Anaxagoras, according to whom the elements of the material world existed from eternity, and were arranged in their present form by the Divine IVIind {Mens Divina)^ which per- vades all things. Nee Deo de plehe, nor one of the inferior deities, one of the Dii plebeii, i. 11, 28. Summe DeUm, greatest of the gods, i. e. Jupiter, ii. 1. 280. Dia, -fe,/*., Dia, one of the ancient names of the island of Naxos. See Naxos. Diana, -se,f., Diana, the daughter of Jupiter and Latona, was born at the same birth with Apollo, in the Island of Delos. She obtained permission from her father to live in perpetual ceh- bacy (i. 10. 36.), and w^as therefore regarded as the protectress of virgins. She was the goddess of woods and hunting, and, shunning the society of men, she devoted herself to the chase, accompanied by a number of chosen attendants. She is represented as a beau- tiful virgin, somewhat masculine in appearance, with her clothes girt up (hence cincta ritu DiancB, girt after the fashion of Diana, 3. 13. 7 ; and sacra succinctce. Diancs, sacred to the high-drt Diana, lii. 2. 26.), her legs bare, and her feet covered with buskins. On her shoulder she carries a quiver, and is taller by the head than any of her attendant nymphs (iii. 2. 52. ). Diana was supposed to be the > as Luna, the moon, and Proserpina or Hecate, and from this Die 213 DIL circumstance she was called Triformis. Nee forma nocturnce Dianm potest unquam esse par aut eadem, nor can the form of the noc- turnal Diana, i. e. the moon, ever be alike or the same, xv. 2. 137. From statues being erected to her at the junction of three roads, she was called Trivia. She received also other names ft*om the places where she was chiefly worshipped, as Delia from Delos, Cynthia from Mount Cynthus, &c. The most famous of her tem- ples was that at Ephesus, which was considered as one of the seven wonders of the world. Dictaeus, -a, -um^ Cldj., of, or relating toDicte, a mountain in the eastern part of Crete, Dictcean, Cretan. Tenehat Dictcea rura, had reached the Dictaean fields, i. e. Crete, iii. 1. 2. Dictys, -yos, w., Dictys, one of the Tuscan pirates who were changed by Bacchus into dolphins. Dies^ -iei, m. &/*•? a day. The Romans considered the day cither as civil or natural. The civil day extended from midnight to midnight, and was divided into the following portions; — 1. Media nox ; 2. MedicB noctis inclinatio, or de medid node ,• 3. Gallicinium, cock -crowing; 4. Canticinium, the time when the cock gives over crowing ; 5, Diluculum, the dawn ; 6. Mane, the morning ; 7. Antemeridianvm tempus, the forenoon ; 8. Meridies^ noon, or mid-day ; 9. Tempi/ s pomeridianum, aiiternoon ; 10. Solis occasus, sunset ; 11. Vespera, the evening ; 12. Crepusculum, the twilight; 13. Pn'wia /a.r, when candles were lighted; 14. Cowcm- hiaiiox, or a ijicuOium, bedtime; 15. Jntempesta nox, far on in the night; 16. Inclinatio ad mediam noctem, drawing towards midnight. The natural day was from the rising to the setting of the sun, and was divided into twelve hours, which varied in length at the different seasons. At the equinoxes the Roman hours would answer to our own in the following manner : — Roman, i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x. xi. xii. British, vii. viii. ix. x. xi. xii. i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. Days among the Romans were distinguished into three general di- visions, the Dies festi. Dies profesti, and Dies ititerdsi. The Diesfesti, holy days, were consecrated to religious purposes ; the Dies profesti were given to the common business of life ; and the Dies inter cisi were half-holidays, divided between sacred and ordinary occupations. Diluvium J -ii, w,, a deluge, an inundation of water. Tra- ditions of the great flood by which God punished the wickedness of the primitive world prevailed among all the nations of antiquity, and even those which modern discovery has made known to us, have been found to possess an indistinct knowledge of the same awful event. The traditions which prevail in these countries are some- times whimsical indeed in the circumstances, but are nevertheless decided as to the fact To this traditional knowledge, blended DIN 214 DIO with mythological details by the active fancy of the Greeks, we are indebted for the accounts of the deluges by which their country was said to have been inundated. Of these five are enumerated by the Greek writers, the two most remarkable of which took place in the times of Ogvges and Deucalion. By the first, which is said to have happened about B.C. 1764, Boeotia and Attica were so completely destroyed that they lay waste for 200 years. The flood of Deuca- lion, said to have happened about b. c. 1548, is that which has been embellished in so interesting a manner by Ovid, i. 7 and 8. From the manner in which this event is mentioned by the early Greek writers, and the allusions made to it by those who immediately fol- lowed them, there seems to be little reason to doubt that it origi- nated in a tradition of the great deluge, altered by the Greeks, and placed by them in the time of Deucalion, whom they regarded as the founder of their nation. The later writers represent it as local, and as confined to Thessaly and the adjoining country on the south. In proportion as we advance towards authors who approach nearer our own times, we find circumstances of detail added, which more resemble those related by Moses. Thus ApollodSrus gives to Deu- calion a great chest as a means of safety ; Plutarch speaks of the pigeons, by which he sought to ascertain whether the waters had re- tired ; and Lucian, of the animals of every kind which he had taken with him, facts obviously borrowed from the Scripture narrative. According to Ovid, Deucalion and Pyrrha, who alone survived the general catastrophe, made their escape in a small boat, which at last rested on Mount Parnassus. Here they consulted the oracle of Themis, and were directed to repair the loss of the human race by throwing behind them the bones of their mother, an injunction which, upon consideration, they discovered to refer to the stones of the earth. Accordingly, the stones thrown by Deucalion be- came men, and those thrown by Pyrrha became women. The whole of Ovid's description may be advantageously compared with the narrative of Moses. See Deucalion, Pyrrha, and Lycaon. Dindymus, -i, m., & Dindyma, -oriim, n., Dindymus, now Kapudag, a mountain of Mysia, in Asia Minor, on which Cybele had a temple, and from which she is supposed to have ob- tained the name of Dindymene. Diomedes, -is, m., Diomedes, the son of Tydeus (diss.), king of iEtolia, and one of the bravest of the Greeks at the siege of Troy. He fought with Hector and -^neas, and by his bravery in the field obtained great mihtary glory. Along with Ulysses he carried off the Palladium from the temple of Alinerva. mur- dered Rhesus, king of Thrace, and got possession of his horses. After the taking of Troy he settled in Apulia, a district in the south of Italy, and there built the town of Arpi. From his father he obtained the name Tydides. A^ihil est IHomede remoto, in the absence of Diomedes, or, except in conjunction with Diomedes, he DIO 215 DUL is nothing, xiii. 1. 100. Major pars sit Diomedis in illis, let Dio- medes have the larger share of them, xiii. 1. 102. See Ulysses. Diomedeus, -a, -um^ adj., qf^ or relating to Diomedes. uEneas fugerat Diomedeos enses, iEneas had escaped the sword of Diomedes, xv. 9. 62. Dirce_, -es^J"., Dirce, now Dirthe, a fountain near Thebes, in Bceotia, sacred to the Muses, and from which Pindar is sometimes called the Dircsean swan. According to the fable, Dirce was the wife of Lycus, king of Thebes, and was changed by the gods into a fountain, on account of her cruelty. Dis, ditis^ m., the god Pluto, the son of Saturn and Ops, and brother of Jupiter and Neptune. On the division of Saturn's kingdom among his three sons, he obtained as his share the king- dom of hell, and thereby became god of the infernal regions. His wife was Proserpine, the daughter of Ceres, whom he carried off while gathering flowers on the plains of Henna, in Sicily. Inania regna magni Ditis, the shadowy dominions of great Pluto, iv. 11. 96. Percussit Ditem in cor hamata arundine, struck Pluto on the breast with a barbed arrow, v. 6. 44. See Ceres and Pro- serpina. Divus, -i, w., a god. See Deus. Dolon, -onis, W., Dolon, a Trojan, the son of Eumedes, who undertook to explore the Grecian camp, on promise of receiving the chariot and horses of Achilles, but was seized by Ulysses and Diomedes. In the hope of saving his life, he disclosed to them the situation and plans of his countrymen, but was put to death by Diomedes as a traitor. Interimo Dolona de Phrygid gente ausum eadem, qucB nos, I kill Dolon, a man of the Phrygian nation, who attempted the same thing as myself, i. e. to enter as a spy the ene- my's camp, xiii. 1. 244. Here Ulysses claims the merit of killing Dolon. Gr, Ace. -ona. Dorceus {diss.), -ei, & -eos, m., Quick -sight, or Doe- catcher, the name of one of Acteeon's dogs. Doris, -idis^y., Doris, a sea-goddess, the daughter of Oce- anus, and Tethys. She became the wife of her brother Nereus (diss.), by whom she had fifty daughters, who are called Nereides. Doris is often used for the sea itself. Gr. Ace. -ida. See Nereides. DromaSj -adis^^.. Runner, the name of one of Actaeon's dogs. Dryades, -um^ J]^ the Dryads, nymphs who presided over the woods. The name was derived from the Greek werd '^pvs which properly denoted an oak, but which also signified any tree See Nympha. Dlllicllius, -a, -urn, adj., of, or relating to Dulichium, an island in the Ionian Sea, at the mouth of the Achelous, which formed part of the kingdom of Ulysses. Hence it is applied con- temptuously to Ulysses by Ajax. JVegue Dulichius vertex sub £CH 216 ELB easside A chillis feret tanta pondera, neither will the head of the Dulichian, i. e. Ulysses, when under the helmet of Achilles, be able to bear so great a weight, xiii. 1. 107. E. Echidna, -se,/*., Echidna, a celebrated monster in the infer- nal regions, the daughter of Chrysaor, and mother of Cerberus, the Lernean Hydra, &c. Tisiphone used the poison of Echidna, when sent by Juno, to afflict Athamas with madness, iv. 11. 86. She is represented as a beautiful woman in the upper part of the body, but as a serpent below the waist. Echion, -onis, m., Echion, one of the men who sprung from the serpent's teeth which were sown by Cadmus, and. one of the five who survived the others. He assisted Cadmus in building Thebes, and received for his services his daughter Agave in mar- riage, by whom he had a son, Pentheus (diss.); hence Natus Echione, the son of Echion, i. e. Pentheus, iii. 7. 16. See Cadmus. Echiomdes, -se, m., the son of Echion, i. e. Pentheus. Pen- theus Echionides, Pentheus the son of Echion, iii. 7. 3. Echo, -US^ y*., Echo, a nymph remarkable for her loquacity, the daughter of Aer and Tellus. She was one of the attendants of Juno, and, for conniving at the immoral practices of Jupiter, was deprived by her of the power of narration, and permitted only to utter the last part of sentences which she had heard. She fell in love with Narcissus, and, on being slighted by him, pined away and was changed into a stone, which retained the power of reverberat- mg sounds. Vocalis nymphe, resonabilis Echo, qucB nee didicit reticere loquenti nee ipsa loqui prior, the talkative nymph, resound- ing Echo, who has neither learned to keep silent when another speaks, nor to speak first herself, iii. 5. 19. Electrum, -i^ n.. Amber, a carbonaceous mineral, found in Greenland, Prussia, France, Switzerland, and some other coun- tries. The greater portion of it is brought from the southern coasts' of the Baltic, where it is thrown up between Konigsberg and Me- mel. It is found in rounded masses, varj-ing from the size of coarse sand to that of a man's hand. It is tasteless, and without smell, except when pounded or heated, when it emits a fragrant odour. It is susceptible of a good pohsh, and when rubbed, becomes highly electrical. The subject of the origin of amber has been much dis- cussed. The ancients, according to Tacitus, believed it to be a resinous substance, exuded from trees ; and the investigations of modern chemists have tended to confirm this opinion. It ditfers from resins in some of its properties, yet agrees with them in so many others, that it may without impropriety be referred to them. Amber was highly prized by the Romans, who used it for orna- raents, and was considered equal in value to its weight in gold. ELE 217 EOU According to Ovid, amber was first produced from the tears shed by the sisters of Phaethon, on the banks of the Eridanus, /or the melancholy fate of their brother (See Eridanus), Electrum was also applied to a precious metal^ consisting of gold, with a fifth part of silver. Eleleus {tris.), -ei, & -eos^ m., Eleleus, a surname of Bacchus, derived from iXiXiu, the cry uttered by the BacchanaUans while celebrating his orgies. Elementa, -orum, «., Elements, the first or constituent prin- ciples, or minutest parts of any thing. In popular language, /ire, air, earth, and water, are called the four elements, because it was formerly supposed that these are the simple bodies of which the world is composed. Later discoveries prove air, earth, and water to be compound bodies, and fir^ to be only the extrication of light and heat during combustion. Eleus, -a, -um, ar//., of, or relating to Elis Elis, -is, & idis,/*., Elis, a province of the Peloponnesus, having Achaia on the north, Arcadia on the east, INIessenia on the south, and the Ionian Sea on the west. Its chief cities were Elis and Pisa. In this province also was the plain of Olympia on the Alpheus, so famous for the celebration of the Olympic games. These games were instituted at a very early period, and after being long neglected, were revived b. c. 776, and celebrated at tne end of every four years. Emathia, -ae,/!, Emathia, the most ancient name given to Macedonia by the Greek writers, denoting, in its limited sense, a district of country lying to the north of the Gulf of Salonica, in which were the cities of Edessa and Pella, but frequently applied to the whole of Macedonia. Emathides^ -um,/*., the Pierides, the daughters of Pierus, king of Emathia. See Pierides. Emathion, -oniSj m., Emathion, an old man killed by Chro- mis at the marriage of Perseus (diss.). Emathius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Emathia, Etna- thian, Macedonian. Vel nos cedamus Emathiis campis ad ni- vosos Pctonas, or let us resign the Macedonian plains as tar as the snowy Paeonians, i. e. the Paeonians situate among the mountains, V. 5. 20. Fhilippi iterum madefacti (erunt) Emathia ccede, Philippi shall again be drenched with Thessalian blood, xv. 9. 80. Enipeus {tris.), -ei, & -eos, m., the Enipeus, now the Gura, a river of Thessaly, which rises in Mount Othrys, and after joining the Apidanus, falls into the Peneus. Ennomos, -i, m., Ennomos, a Trojan killed by Ulysses. Eous, -i, m., Eous (the morning), the name of one of the horses of the sun. N EPA 218 ERI Epaphus, -i, m,, Epaphus, the son of Jupiter Ammon and lo, was king of Egypt, and the founder of Memphis, and of some other cities in that country. His dispute with Phaethon respect- ing his birth, was the cause of the latter asking from his father the management of his chariot for a day. See Phaethon. Ephyre^ -es^y., Ephyre, the ancient name of Corinth. See Corinthus. Epimethis, -idis,/^ the daughter of Epimetheus (4 si/l.), a name applied to Pyrrha. See Pyrrha. Epopeus {tris.), -ei, m., Epopeus (the person whose duty it was to give time to the rowers), one of the Tuscan pirates who were changed by Bacchus into dolphins. Epopeus hortator uni- moruniy Epopeus who cheers their spirits, iii. 7. 109. Erebus, -i^ m., Erebus (darkness), an infernal deity, the son of Chaos, and brother and husband of Nox, by whom he had Fa- tum, Senectus, Mors, Somnus, &c. EridanuSj -i, m., the Eridanus, the name given by the Greeks to the stream into which Phaethon fell when killed by tlupiter, and which received the amber tears shed by his sorrowing sisters. As the Greeks added no local marks by which its identity with any particular river could be certified, it has by some geographers been supposed to refer to the Reddaune, a small stream which falls into the Baltic near Dantzic ; while others maintain that it was an an- cient name of the Rhine. The more general opinion refers it to the Po ; and as it seems more than probable that the north of Italy did formerly produce amber, there does not appear to be any good reason for depriving the Po of the honour which it has held so long. The Eridanus of Ovid is undoubtedly the Po. See Padus. Erinnys, -y OS, /., a Fury. The Erinnyes, called also Furia:^ or Dira'f and Eumenides^ were infernal deities, three in number, Alecto, Tisiphone, and Megaera; according to some, the daughters of Juno, and according to others, of Acheron and Nox, or of Pluto and Proserpine. They were supposed to be the ministers of the gods in executing vengeance, and to be employed by them in pu- nishing the guilty on earth, and also in the infernal regions ; and are therefore characterized as stern and inexorable. They are represented with snakes on their head instead of hair, and having a scourge in the right hand, and a torch in the left, in order to in- crease the terror o f their punishments. Their attendants were Grief, Fear, Terror, and Madness. They were probably the personifica- tion of the disquietude and anxiety of an evil conscience. Erinnys is frequently used to signify rage, fury . Fera Erinnys regnat, the cruel Furies reign, — to be considered here not as the goddesses of revenge, but as the instigators of men to acts of cruelty, i. 6. 79. Ohjtcit honiferam Erinnyn ocuUs animoque Argolicce pellicit;^ presented a dreadful Fury to the eyes and mind of the Grecian ERY 219 EUP mistress, i. 13. 37. Infelix Lrinnys ohsdtit ohseditque aditum^ the baneful Fury stood in the way, and blocked up the passage, iv. 1 1. 7.5. Erycina, -ae, /*., Erycina^ a name given to Venus from Mount Eryx. Erycina residens suo monte, Erycina sittins: on her mountain, i, e. on Mount Eryx, v. 6. 23. See Eryx and Venus. Erymanthus, -i^ tw., Erymanthus, now called Olonos, a mountain- chain in the north-west angle of Arcadia, in the Pelo- ponnesus, celebrated in fable as the haunt of the savage boar killed by Hercules. Also a river of the same name, now the Dogana^ which rises in this mountain, flows iiear the town of Psophis, and ioins the Alpheus on the borders of Elis. See Hercules. Eryx, -icis, m., Eryx, one of the companions of Phineus (diss.), whom Perseus (diss.) changed into stone by showing him the head of the Gorgon Medusa. Kryx, -icis, m., Eryx, now St Julian, a mountain in the north-west of Sicily, on the summit of which was the famous tem- ple of Venus, and from which the goddess received the name of Erycina. Ethemon, -onis, m.. Ethemoji, a native of Nabataea, in Ara- bia, who, in attempting to kill Perseus (diss.) at his marriage with Andromeda, struck at him w'ith his sword, which was shivered against a pillar, and a part of it transfixed his own throat. Euboea, -ae, /*., Euhcea, now Egripo, or Negropont, a large and celebrated island in the Archipelago, lying along the east coast of Greece, from which it is separated by a narrow strait called the Euripus. Over this strait a bridge has been thrown, connecting the island with the mainland. It is said to have derived its name from the passage of lo, who here gave birth to Epaphus. This island was exceedingly rich and fertile, and contained mines of copper and iron. From it the Athenians derived their chief supplies, so that, when their enemies wished to starve them, their first step was to take possession of Euboea. It is the largest island in the Archipelago after Crete, its greatest lenfTth being ninety- three miles, and its average breadth about ten. The principal town was Chalcis. Euboicus, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Euboea. Euio'i- cam Aulidem, Aulis a city opposite to Euboea, xiii. 1. 182. Euippe, -e^,f-, Euippe, a native of Paeonia, in Macedonia, and mother of the Pierides. See Pierides. Euphorbus, -i, m., EupJwrhus, the son of Panthous, a Tro- jan of distinguished bravery. He was the first that wounded Pa- troclus when he appeared before Troy in the arms of Achilles, and was himself afterwards killed by Menelaus. The Grecian hero, after his return from Troy, suspended the shield of Euphorbus in the temple of Juno at Argos. Pythagoras, who afi&rmed that his soul had at a former period animated the body of the Trojan, and EUP 220 FAT rtill recollected many of the exploits which he had then performed, pretended to prove the truth of the doctrine of metempsychosis, by pointing out the shield of Euphorbus in the temple at Argos. Euphrates, -is, rn., the Euphrates, one of the most important rivers in Asia, has two distinct sources, both bearing the same name, the northern one rising in Anti-Taurus in Armenia, not far from the borders of Pontus, and the southern one in Mount Abus, or Ararat. These two streams unite near the town of Sinerva, in Asia Minor, and form a great river, which, after separating Asia Minor from Armenia, and Syria from Mesopotamia, enters Baby- lonia, and, uniting its waters with those of the Tigris, flows into the Persian Gulf. Its general direction is south-east, and its total length is sopnewhat more than 1, 500 miles. On its banks stood the famous city Babylon. See Babylon. Europa, -sb, f, Europa, the daughter of Agenor, king of Phoenicia, and sister of Cadmus. Her extraordinary beauty at- tracted the admiration of Jupiter, who transformed himself into a bull of surprising whiteness, and mingled with her father's bullocks. Europa, who was gathering flowers in a meadow near the sea- shore, was attracted by the beauty of the bull, and, encouraged by his gentleness, ventured to caress him, and at last had the courage to mount on his back. The god taking advantage of her situation, approached the beach, and appearing at first only to put the soles of his feet in the water, afterwards plunged into the sea, and car- ried his prize to Crete. Here he assumed his real form, declared his passion for Europa, and had by her three sons, INlinos, Sarpe- don, and Rhadamanthus. From her Europe is said to have de- rived its name. In this fable, of which various explanations have been offered, there is probably an allusion to the settlement of Phoenician colonies on the coast of Europe. Eurotas, -oe, m., the Eurotas, now the Eure, or Basilico PotamOy rises in Arcadia, a little to the south-west of Tegea. After running for a short distance it loses itself under ground, and reappears on the borders of Laconia. It now becomes a consider- able stream, flows past Sparta, and empties itself into the Sinus Laconicus, the Gulf of Kolohythia. Eurus, -i, m., the east wind. See Ventus. Eurypylus, -i, m., Eurypylus, the son of Euoemon, from Ormenium, a city of Thessaly, who accompanied Agamemnon to the Trojan war with forty ships. Evan, -antis, m., Evan, a surname of Bacchus, derived from jt/av, an exclamation used by the Bacchanahans. F. Fatum, -i, W., the order and series of things appointed by the gods, fate, destiny. Fata signifies also the three inexorable deities, the Fates. A. R. A. 229. See Parcae. FAU 221 (JAL Faunus, -i^ m., a Faun. The Fauni were certam deities sup- posed to preside over the fields. They were not endowed with immortality, but were believed to die after having attained to a very advanced age. They are represented as having the legs, feet, and ears of a goat, while the rest of the body was human. The poets have assigned to them, two horns, and have encircled their head with a wreath of pine leaves. Fax, facis, f., a torch, which the ancients usually made of pine, or some other resinous wood, or of wood smeared with unc- tuous matter. From the circumstance of torches being used at weddings to light the bride home, fax is often employed to denote marriage, A. R. A. 413. See Taeda. Forum, -i, n., the market-place, a place in Rome to which the people constantly resorted, where they walked, 8cc. The Forum Romanum was a large oblong open space, 705 feet long, and 470 feet wide, between the Capitoline and Palatine hills, formed by Romulus, and surrounded with porticos, shops, and buildings by Tarquinius Priscus. Here the assemblies of the people were usually held, justice was administered, and public business trans- acted. There was only one forum during the Republic ; Julius Cajsar added another, Augustus, a third, a fourth was begun by Domitian and finished by Nerva. But the most splendid forum was that of Trajan, which he adorned with the spoils he had taken in w'ar. Forum is sometimes used to denote a court of justice, and in this sense it is appUed by Ovid to the court of law in the infernal regions, iv. 11. 29. A. R. A. 490. G. Gallia, -36, y., Gaul. Ancient Gaul, or Gallia Transalpina, was bounded on the north and west by the Atlantic, on the south by the Pyrenees and the Mediterranean, and on the east by the Rhine from its source to the sea, which separated it from Germany. It thus contained, in addition to the modern kingdom of France, the small county of A'ice, the western half of Switzerland, and those parts of Germany and the Netherlands which lie to the west and south of the Rhine. It was called Gallia I'ransalpina, or Ulterior, in contradistinction to the northern part of Italy, which obtained the name of Gallia Ciaalpina, or Citerior. Gallia was originally divided among three great nations, the Celtae, Belgae, and Aquitani. The Celtae inhabited the middle of the country, and were separated from their northern neighbours, the Belgae, by the Seine, the Marne, and the Vosges JNlountains, and from the Aquitani on the south by the Garonne. The Celtae also possessed the south-eastern part of Gaul, which was first conquered by the Romans, and to which they gave the name of Provincia, whence the modern Provence. GAL 222 GNO GalllCUS, -a, -um, adj.^ of, or relating to Gaul, Gallic. GalUcus cams, a Gallic dog, — a species of greyhound, i. 10. 82, Ganges, -is, m., the Ganges, a great river in India, which divided that country, as known to the ancients, into India intra Gangem, or India west of the Ganges, and India extra Gangem, or India east of the Ganges. It has its source in the vast moun- tains of Tibet, flows in a south-eastern direction, and, after a course of 1 ,650 miles, falls into the Gangeticus Sinus, the Bay of Bengal. It is regarded by the natives with the most superstitious veneration, and pilgrims travel from the remotest parts of India to taste its waters, and even for the purpose of perishing in its stream. See India. Gargaphie, -es./., GargapMe, a valley with a fountain of the same name, not far from Plataea, in Boeotia, where Actaeon acci- dentally saw Diana bathing, in consequence of which he was changed into a stag. See Actaeon. Gigas, -antis. m., a giant. The Gigantes, or giants, are said by some mythologists to have sprung from the blood of Coelus, when wounded by his son Saturn, and by others to have been the sons of C(b1us and Terra, whom Terra produced from indignation at the defeat and imprisonment of the Titans by Jupiter. They were of enormous size and prodigious strength, with snakes instead of feet, and were furnished each with a hundred hands. Ovid, .who confounds the two fables of the Titans and the Giants, states that they attempted to dethrone Jupiter, and endeavoured to reach heaven by piling mountains upon each other, Pelion upon Ossa, and these two upon Olympus. The gods, alarmed by so formidable enemies, fled into Eg3rpt, and assumed the shape of different ani- mals to save themselves from their pursuers. Jupiter at last col- lected his forces, attacked them with his thunderbolts, drove some of them to Tartarus, and buried others under burning moun- tains. The chief of the giants were Epialtes, Typhoeus (tris.) (v, 5. 28.), ^gaeon, Briareus (tris.), Tityos (iv 11. 42.), and En- celadus. The scene of the battle is called Phlegra, or the Phlegrean plains, which some place in Thessaly, some in Thrace, and others in Macedonia, in the peninsula of Pallene. The fable probably alludes to some great convulsion of nature, by which ]Mount Ossa was separated from Olympus at the gorge of Tempe, and the waters which, till that time, had covered the plain of Thessaly, found a passage to the sea by the river Peneus. Gr. Ace. -anta & -anta'i. GnossiuSj -a, -um, adj.^ of, or relati^igto Gnossns, Gnossian, Cretan . Gnossus, -i, /., Gnossns, now Macritichos, the capital of Crete, was situate in the northern part of the island, east from Cape Dium, and about two miles inland. It owed all its splen- dour to Minos, who fixed his residence there ; it was hither that Daedalus fled from Athens and here he is said to have con- GOR 223 GRiE structed the celebrated labyrinth which contained the Minotaur. It was also famed for the adventure of Theseus (diss.) and Ariadne. See Theseus. Gorgo, -omSjf', a Gorgon. The Gorgons were the daughters of Phorcys and Ceto, and were three in number, Stheno, Eu- ryale, and Medusa, of whom the last alone was mortal. They are described as having their hair entwined with serpents, with teeth as jarge as those of swine, brazen hands, and golden wings, and as having the power of converting into stones those on whom they fixed their eyes. According to Ovid, the Gorgons were three in num- ber, and of these Medusa alone had serpents in her hair ; and this, he states, proceeded from the resentment of Minerva, in whose temple she had gratified the passion of Neptune, who was ena- moured of her beautiful locks. Perseus (diss.), in his famous ex- pedition, arrived first at the abode of the Phorcydes, got possession of their common eye and tooth, and refused to restore them unless they directed him to the abode of the nymphs (iv. 15. 24.). The abode of the Gorgons has been variously placed by different authors. Ovid, following the more generally received opinion, represents them as hving in the interior of Africa, towards the extreme west, near the gardens of the Hesperides. Gorgo, in the singular, is generally applied to IMedusa, as being the most celebrated. Perseus svperator anguicomcB Gorgonis, Perseus, the slayer of the snake-haired Gorgon, i. e. of Medusa, iv. 14. 37. Concrevit Gorgone conspectd saxo ohorto, grew stiff at the sight of the Gor- gon, in consequence of the stone growing upon him, v. 1. 145. See Perseus, Medusa, and Phorcydes. Gorgoneus, -a^ -um, adj., of, or relating to the Gorgons, Crnentce guttce Gorgonei capitis cecidere, drops of blood from the Gorgon's head fell down, iv. 13. 15. G.rgoneasdomos,t\\Qdho&e of the Gorgons, iv. 15. 27. Gorgoneum crinem^ the hair of the Gorgons, iv. 15. 49. Gorgoneis viribus, by the power of the Gorgon's head, v. 1. 139. Gradlvus, -i, m., (9rac?ii;M.v, a surname of Mars. Et Gradi- ve genitor invicti Quh-ini, and thou, O Mars, the father of the invincible Quirinus, xv. 9. 119. See Mars. Graecia, -se^ f., Greece, a celebrated country of Europe, and the source of modern civilisation. The original name of the country was Hellas, the more modern designation having never been applied to it by the ancient inhabitants. The name Graecia was given to it b) the Romans, from the Graeci, an inconsiderable tribe in Epirus, with whom, owing to their proximity, they were first acquainted. Ancient Greece, in its most extended sense, was bounded on the north by Macedonia and lllyria, on the east by the i^gean Sea, on the south by the Mediterranean, and on the west by the Ionian Sea, and was divided into Thessalia, EpTrus, Grsecia Propria, and the Peloponnesus, the last two of which were subdivided into GRA 224 H.EM various provinces. It thus comprehended the modem kingdom of Greece, with parts of Rumelia and Albania. No country in Europe, with the exception of Switzerland, is so mountainous in its whole extent as Greece; it is traversed in every direction by several ridges, some of which nearly attain the height of perpetual conge- lation, and the intervening valleys are beautified by numerous mountain- streams. Graii, -orum, W., the Greeks, the inhabitants of Greece. Grains, -a^ -um^ ^idj., o/, or relating to Greece, Grecian, Gyarus, -i, /., Gyarus, now Ghioura, one of the Cyclades, lying to the south of Andros, off the coast of Attica. It is a bar- ren rock, the inhabitants of which were so poor, that they petitioned Augustus for a diminution of their taxes, which amounted to 150 drachmae (£4 : 16 : 10^), stating that they were unable to raise more than 100. In later times it was used by the Romans as a place of banishment for their state criminals. H. Haemonia, -ae, /.^ HcBmonia, an ancient name of Thessaly, now part of Roumelia. Thessaly was bounded on the north by Macedonia, on the west by Epirus, on the south by Graecia Pro- pria, and on the east by the Jhigean Sea. Next to Boeotia it was the most fertile part ©f Greece, and abounded in corn, wine, and oil. The inhabitants were wealthy, but notorious for their vices, and proverbial for their treachery. They were also remarkably superstitious, and much addicted to witchcraft, incantations, and the study of magic. The ancients believed that Thessaly was once covered with water, till some convulsion of nature opened a pas- sage for the river Peneus, by rending Ossa from Olympus. See Gigas. Haemonius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Hcemonia, Thessalian. HcEmonios arcu.s, the Thessahanbows, i. e. the con- stellation Sagittarius, into which Chiron, a Thessalian centaur was said to have been changed, ii. 1. 81. Fer tot Hctmonias et tot Achaidas urbes, through so many cities of Thessaly and Achaia, V. 5. 13. HcBmonii jiivenis, of the Thessahan youth, i. e. of Ja- son, vii. 1. 132. In JJcemoniam urbem, to a city of Thessaly, i. e. to Trachis, a city in Thessaly, of which Ceyx was king, xi. 10. 243. HaemuSj -i, m., Hcemus, now called Emineh Daghy or Bal. kan, a lofty range of mountains which stretches round the north of Thrace, in a direction nearly parallel to the coast of the ^gean. The ancients reo^arded this range of mountains as one of the highest with which they were acquainted, and asserted, that from its summit the Euxine, the Hadriatic, the Danube, and the Alps, could be seen. Modern discovery has ascertained that the HAL 225 HAft elevation cannot be considerable, as no summit of the chain is covered with pei petual snow. The name is said in fable to have been derived from Haemus, a king of Thrace. Haley one, -es, /., HaJcyone, the daughter of iEolus, king of the wmds, and wife of Ceyx (See Ceyx). She was with dif- ficulty prevailed upon to consent to her husband's visit to the oracle at Claros, and spent her time in lamenting his absence, and in supplicating the gods for his safe and speedy return. At length Juno, sympathizing with her grief, entreated Somnus to apprize her of the death of her husband. The god of sleep despatched Mor- pheus (diss.), who assumed the form of Ceyx, and placing him- self by her bed?ide, intimated to her, in the voice of her husband, his melancholy fate. In the morning she repaired to the sea-shore, and turning her eyes in the direction of Claros, discovered a body floating on the waters, which, when it approached nearer, she as- certained to be that of her husband. She then threw herself into the sea, and, by the compassion of the gods, the wife and husband were changed into birds, which bore her name — Halcyones, kiviga fishers. The ancients believed that the Halcyones built their nests on the sea, constructed in such a way that they floated on its sur- face, and that during the time of incubation the waters remained calm and serene. The name Halcyon days is apphed to seven days before and as many after the winter solstice. Halius, -il, m., Halius, one of the companions of Sarpedon, who was slain by Ulysses. Haraadryades, -um, /., the Hamadryads^ certain nymphs of the woods, who were supposed to come into existence when a tree was planted, and to die when it perished. See Nympha. Harmonia, -se, f., Harmonia, the daughter of Mars and Venus. She married Cadmus, the founder of Thebes, and was changed into a serpent along with her husband. See Cadmus. Harpalos^ -i, m.. Snap, the name of one of Actseon's dogs. Harpalos distinctus (secundum) Jiigram frontem ah albo medio. Snap with his black face marked by a white stripe down the mid- dle, iii. 2. 91. Harpyia {tris^., -8e_, f., Ravener, the name of one of Actaeon's dogs. Harpyiae {tris.), -arum, /., the Harpies, represented by Homer as goddesses who presided over the storms. By later poets they are described as winged monsters, having the face of a virgin, the body of a vulture, and their feet and fingers ai-med with sharp claws. They were the daughters of Thaumas and Electra, three in number, Aello, Ocypete, and Celaeno, and were sent by the gods to torment Phineus (diss.), king of Thrace, for his cruelty to his children (See Fhineus). They carried ofi" whatever food was placed upon his table, or so defiled it by their filth that it could no» m2 HEB 226 HEL he eaten. Here they were found by the Argonauts, during their famous expedition, when they went to consult Phineus, and on con- dition of being assisted by his advice, Zethes and Calais expelled them from his dominions, and drove them to the islands called Strophades, where they were found by ^neas in his voyage from Troy. HebrUS. -i, m.y the Hehrus, now the Maritza, the principal river of Thrace, rises in the angle formed by the mountains Sco- mius, Haemus, and Rhodope, flows in a south-easterly direction, and after a course of 280 miles, enters the ^gean Sea at yEnos, opposite the island Samothrace. The Hebrus is associated in fable with the interesting and pathetic story of Orpheus (diss.) and f^urydice. Hecate, -es,/, Hecate, the daughter of Perses, king of Tau- rica, and Asteria, the sister of Latona. By the older mythologists she appears to have been regarded as a distinct goddess, and held in high estimation. She was afterwards confounded with Proser- pina, was invoked as the goddess of the infernal regions, and be- came the patroness of magic and incantations. She was called Luna in heaven, Diana on earth, and Proserpine or Hecate in hell. Hence she was said to have three bodies, and is called 'triformis Dea (vii. 1. 95.). Hecate is represented with three faces, those of a horse, a dog, and a sow. Offerings of dogs, lambs, and honey, were made to her in the highways and cross roads, whence she obtained the name of Trivia. See Proserpina. Hector, -oris, w., Hector, the eldest son of Priam and He- cuba, and the illustrious leader of the Trojans during the famous siege. In the many battles which took place under the walls or Troy, he signalized himself by his bravery beyond all his country- men, and showed how well qualified he was to discharge the im- portant oiRce with which they had intrusted him Taking ad- vantage of the absence of Achilles, he approached the camp of the Greeks, and attempted to set fire to their ships, but was compelled to retire without effecting his purpose (xiii. 1.7.). After many of his enemies had fallen by his sword, he was defeated and slain by Achilles. The Grecian chief gratified his revenge by fastening the body of his brave opponent to his chariot, and dragging it in triumph thrice round the walls of Troy He afterwards restored it to Priam on receiving a large ransom'. Gr. Ace, -ora. See ^ Achilles. Hectoreus, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Hector. Hec- tor eis fammis^ to the fire brought by Hector, i. e. the fire with which ne attempted to burn the Grecian fleet, xiii. 1. 7. Helena, -ae,/!, Helen, the daughter of Tyndarus and Leda, and wife of Menelilus. According to the fable, Leda having been visited by Jupiter in the form of a swan, laid two eggs, from the one of which Castor and Clytemnestra were produced, and from the other Pollux and Helen The first two were considered mor- HEL 227 HEL tal as the children of Tyndarus, and the others immortal, as tlie offspring of Jupiter, Helen, from her infancy, was remarkable for her beauty, and, at the age of ten, was carried off by Theseus {di.ss.)y but was brought back by her brothers Castor and Pollux, who discovered the place of her concealment at Aphidnae in Attica. When arrived at years of maturity, she was sought in marriage by nearly all the most distinguished of the Grecian princes, as the two Ajaces, Ulysses, Patroclus, Menelaus, Philoctetes, &c. Tyn- darus was alarmed at the number of her suitors, and being ap- prehensive that the preference of one would bring upon him the displeasure of all the rest, prevailed upon them to bind themselves by an oath to abide by the decision of the princess, and unite in defending her if any attempt were made to carry her off from the arms of her husband. The rivals consented, and Helen decided in favour of Menelaus (See Menelaus). Soon after Paris, who had obtained from Venus the promise of the most beautiful woman of his age, at her instigation went to Sparta, and during the absence of her husband induced Helen to accompany him to Troy. The injured husband called upon the Grecian princes to fulfil their oath, and they collecting their forces encamped before that ancient city, and took it after a siege of ten years. After the death of Paris, she married his brother Deiphobus, whom she is accused of betray- ing to her former husband for the purpose of regaining his favour. Menelaus received her with kindness, and after wandermg for eight years returned with her to Sparta. See Menelaus and Paris. HelenuSj -i, m., Hehnus, one of the sons of Priam and He- cijba, who was celebrated for his skill in divination. In consequence of Helen being given in marriage to Deiphobus in preference to himself on the death of Paris, he quitted Troy, and retired to Mount Ida, where he was taken prisoner by Ulysses (xiii 1. 99 ). Induced by the entreaties of the Greeks, or the fear of punishment, he revealed to them the secret that Troy could not be taken while it remained in possession of the Palladium. After various adventures he became the husband of Andromache, the wife of Hector, and also king of Chaonia, in Epirus. From his know- ledge of futurity he is called Dardanius vates^ xiii. 1. 335. Heliades, -um, /, the Heliades, the daughters of Sol and Clymene, and the sisters of Phaethon. According to Ovid, they were three in number, the eldest of whom was Phaethusa, and one of the others Larapetie. After four months of excessive grief for the death of their brother, they were changed into poplar or alder trees, on the banks of the Eridanus, and the tears which they shed were converted into amber. The fable obviously alludes to the origin of amber, which the ancients believed to be a resinous sub- stance exuded from the bark of trees, an opinion which has been confirmed by the investigations of modern chemists. See Electrum. Helicon, -onis, W., Helicon^ now Zagora^ a mountain in HEN 228 HER the south-west of Boeotia, on the borders of Phocis, famous as the abode of Apollo and the Muses, who are thence called Heliconiades. On its summit, which is nearly as high as Parnassus, was the grove of the Muses, adorned with several statues; and a little below were the fountains Aganippe and Hippocrene. Virgineus Helicon, Helicon frequented by the muses, who were all unmarried, ii. 1.' 29, and v 4 5. Deas colentes Helicona vici se, that the god- desses who inhabit Helicon, i.e. the Muses, were victorious, v. 12. 2. Henna, -ae, /., Henna, now Castro Giovanni, an ancient town in the centre of Sicily, the principal seat of tr.e worship of Ceres. The adjoining country was remarkable for its fertility, and on the -plains of Henna Proserpine was amusing herself in collect- ing flowers when she was carried off by Pluto, and became queen of the infernal regions. See Ceres and Proserpina. Hennaeus, -a, -urn, adj., of, or relating to Henna. Hand vrocf/l a HenncBis moenibits est lacus altcB aquce, nomine Fergus, not far from the walls of Henna is a lake of deep water, by name Pergus, V. 6. 45. See Pergus. Hercules, -is, m., Hercules, a celebrated Grecian hero, the son of Jupiter and Alcmena, the wife of Amphitryon, king of Argos. Jupiter having decreed that the first-born of the descend- ants of Perseus (diss.) should reign over Mycenjc, Juno, who was the enemy of all the children of her husband by other females, retarded the birth of Hercules, so that Eurystheus {tris. ). the son of Sthenelus and Micippe, was born first, and Hercules consequently became subject to him. The queen of the gods then attempted to destroy the infant, and for this purpose sent two serpents to kill him'in the cradle ; but Hercules, though only eight months old, caught the monsters by the throat and strangled them. He was early in- structed in the liberal arts, and, like most of his illustrious con- temporaries, was the pupil of the Centaur Chiron, under whose tuition he became the most brave and accomplished hero of his age. When still a young man, he is said to have been accosted in a solitary place by Virtue and Pleasure, under female forms, who both tried, by every argument, to obtain the preference ; but, after serious reflection, he chose Virtue. The hatred of Juno followed Hercules through life. At her instigation his cousin Eurystheus imposed upon him twelve difficult enterprises, commonly called the Twelve Labours of Hercules. The gods sympathized with him in the hardships which he was doomed to undergo, and armed him completely for his task. He received a coat of armour and a helmet from Minerva, a sword from Mercury, a horse from Neptune, a shield from Jupiter, a bow and arrows from Apollo, and from Vul- can a golden cuirass, a brazen buskin, and, according to some writers, a celebrated club of brass. The twelve labom-s of Hercules were, — l.^He killed a large lion which infested the wood of Nemea in Argolii ; 2. He killed the Hydra, or water-snake, of the Lake HER 229 HER of Lerna, in Argolis, which had seven, some say fifty, some an hun- dred heads. These heads he first attempted to demolish with his club, but- finding that two sprung up for every one which was re- moved, he burnt the root of the- head with a hot iron, and by this means succeeded. He then dipped his arrows in its gall, which rendered the wounds which he inflicted incurable. 3. He took alive, and brought to Eurystheus, a stag sacred to Diana, famous for its incredible swiftness, its golden horns, and its brazen feet. 4. He caught alive a wild boar which ravaged the neighbourhood of Erymanthus. 5. He cleaned in one day the stables of Augeas, king of Ehs, in which 3000 oxen had been confined for thirty-nine years. 6. He killed the carnivorous birds, StynipliaUdes^ which in- fested the lake Stymphalus, in Arcadia. 7. He brought alive to the Peloponnesus a prodigious wild bull, which ravaged the island of Crete. 8. He brought to Eurystheus the four mares of Dio- medes, king of Thrace, which fed on human flesh. 9. He took a beautiful girdle from Hippolyte, queen of the Amazons. 10. He slew the giant Geryon, king of Gades, and carried off his cattle which fed on human flesh. 11. He killed the dragon which kept the golden apples of the Hesperides, near I\lo\mt Atlas, in Africa, and brought the apples to Eurystheus. 12. He dragged the dog Cerberus from the infernal regions. Besides the Twelve Labours, Hercules performed many other exploits which are famous in an- cient mythology. He assisted Jupiter in his war against the giants. At the request of Atlas, he supported the heavens on his shoulders. He cleared Africa of wild beasts, then passed into Spain, subdued it, and fixed two pillars, or mountains, one on each side of the straits, called Abyla and Calpe. He accompanied the Argonauts in their expedition to Colchis, and on his way delivered Hesione, the daughter of Laomedon, king of Troy, from a sea-monster to which she was exposed. He slew the giant Antaeus in Libya ; he strangled the robber Cacus, and shot the eagle which preyed upon the hver of Prometheus {tris.). For attempting to plunder the temple of Apollo at Delphi, he was compelled by the gods to be- come the slave of Omphale, queen of Lydia, who, from admiration of his wonderful exploits, subsequently married him. Hercules had several other wives, the most celebrated of whom was Dejanira, daughter of OEneus (diss.), king of Cab" don in iEtolia. While on a journey with her, he was stopped by the river Evenus, then swollen with rain. He intrusted Dejanira to the Centaur Nessus, who offered to convey her safely across, while he followed by swim- ming, but being alarmed by the cries of his wife, whom Nessus ' attempted to carry off, he shot an arrow and mortally wounded him. Nessus, when expiring, gave Dejanira his tunic, besmeared with blood, and infected with poison, telling her that it had the power of reclaiming a husband from illicit amours. Some time after he carried off lole, the daughter of Eurytus, king of (Echa- lia, who accompanied him to Mount CEta, where he went to offe? HER 230 HIP a solemn sacrifice to Jupiter. Having neglected to provide him- self with a proper dress, he despatched his servant to ask one from Dejanira, who, in a fit of jealousy, sent him the poisoned robe which she had received from Nessus. This had no sooner touched his skin than he felt the poison diflPuse itself through his veins, and, racked by the increasing torment, he caused a funeral pile to be erected, and spreading over it the skin of the Nemean lion, he laid himself on it as on a couch, leaning his head on his club, and then ordered the fire to be apphed. Jupiter observing the melancholy scene from heaven, raised to the skies the immortal parts of the hero. Herculeus, -a, -um. ac?/., of, or relating to Hercules, Her- culean^ Similes Herculeis (lacertis), equal in strength to the arms of Hercules, xv. 2. 172. Hesperides, -um, /., the Hesperides {Western Maids), nymphs who possessed a garden in which grew the golden apples given by Jupiter to Juno on the day of their marriage. The gar- den was intrusted to the care of a dragon, called Ladon. It was one of the labours of Hercules to procure some of these apples, which he accomplished by killing the dragon. The garden of the Hesperides is placed by Hesiod " beyond the illustrious Ocean," but is more generally said to have been in Africa, near Mount Atlas. T he Hesperides were the daughters of Hesperus, and were three in number, or, according to others, four. The apples were, a>> some suppose, the pomegranates of Spain and Africa, a fruit an- ciently unknown in Greece, and navigators may have invested them with all their wonders to excite admiration. HesperiHS^ -a, -um, adj.. of, or relating to Hespervs, Hes- perian., Western. Hesperios amnes. the western rivers, i. e. the Rhine, the Rhone, and the Po, ii. 1. 258. Constitit in Hesperio orbe, regnis Atlantis, halted in the western part of the world, in the kingdom of Atlas, iv. 12. 25. Hesperus, -i, m., Hesperus, the evening star, the name given to the planet Venus when it follows the sun, and appears some time after sunset ; but when it precedes the sun it i? called Lucifer. Hesperus is frequently used to signify the west. See Lucifer. Hippocrene, -es, /*., Hippocrene, a fountain near the top of Mount Helicon in Boeotia, sacred to the Muses. It is said to have first risen from the ground when struck by the foot of the horse Pegasus, whence it was called I'^'ttou x^nvn, the horse's fountain, (v. 4. 13.) See Pegasus. Hippotades, -ae, m., the grandson ofHippotes, i. e. jEoIus, king of the winds. Mo\\xs was the son of Jupiter and Segesta, the daughter of Hippotes, a Trojan, whence he is called Hippota- des. He is represented by the poets as keeping the winds confined in a cave in i^olia (the Lipari Islands), of which he was king. HOR 231 IAS Here he is said to have given to Ulysses in a bag all the winds which could obstruct him in his return to Ithaca. See Ulysses. Horae, -arum,/*.^ the Horce, or Hours, three goddesses, the daughters of Jupiter and Themis, who presided over the seasons. They were the servants of Sol, yoked his chariot, and stood before the gates of heaven, ready to open them when the god proceeded on his diurnal course. Imperat velocihus Horis pingere equos, he orders the swift Hours to yoke the horses, ii. 1. 118. Hyades, -um, /"., the Hi/ades, seven stars in the head of the Bull, whose rising with the sun portended rain. According to the fable they were the daughters of Atlas and iEthra, and were so disconsolate at the death of their brother Hyas, that they pined away and died. After death they were changed into stars, and derived their name from their brother. The Latins called them Sucillae, swine, because they were so ignorant of the Greek language that they believed the Greek name to be derived from Ig, a soiv. Hyale, -es, /*, Hyale, a nymph in the train of Diana. Hyanteus, & Hyantius, -a, -um, adj.. of, or relating to the Hyantes, an ancient name of the Boeotians, which they derived from a king Hyas, — hence Boeotian. Hijanted Aganippe, the Boeotian Aganippe, v. 5. 19. Hyantius, the Boeotian youth, i. e. Actaeon, iii. 2. 17. Hylactor, -oris, m,, Barker, the name of one of Actseon's dogs. Hylseus, -i, rn., Woodman, the name of one of Actaeon's dogs. Hymen, -inis, & Hymenseus, -i. vi., Hymen, sind Hymen- (BUS, the god of marriage, the son of Apollo and the muse Calli- ope, or of Bacchus and Venus. He is represented by the poets as crowned with flowers, particularly with marjoram, and holding in his hand a burning torch. Hymen was supposed to be always present at nuptials, otherwise the matrimonial connexions were fatal, *and ended in the most dreadful calamities. Hypseus {diss.), -ei, & -eos, m., i/ypsews, a man who killed Prothoenor, and was himself slain by Lyncides at the marriage of Perseus (diss.). I. Iacchus_, -1, m.. lacchus, a name of Bacchus, probably de- rived from lec, an exclamation of joy. See Bacchus. lapetionides, -ae, m., the son of Japet^is, a patronymic ap- plied to Atlas. See Atlas. lapetus, -i, m., Japetus, one of the Titans, the son of Ura- nus and Terra. He married his sister Cljinene, by whom he had Atlas, Prometheus (tris.)^ Epimetheus (4 syl.), and Menoetius. Safus Tapeto, the son of Japetus, i. e. Prometheus, i. 2. 61. lason, -onis, m.y Jason, the hero of the Argonautie expedi- IAS 232 IBI tion, was the son of -^son, kinf^ of lolcos, in Thessaly, and of Alcimede. When /Eson was oblip^ed to yield to the superior power of his brother Pelias, and was driven from his kingdom, Jason, who was still in infancy, was secretly conveyed by his mother to a village on Mount Pelion, and there intrusted to the care of the Centaur Chiron, by whom he was instructed in the art of war. After he had attained the age of twenty, he went to lolcos, in obedience to the command of an oracle, to claim the rights of his family. He appeared in the market-place, clothed in the skin of a leopard, and armed with two javelins, and with his long unshorn locks waving on his back. PeHas had been warned by the oracle to beware of a man who should appear with one foot shod and the other uncovered, and Jason having accidentally entered in this garb, the fears of Pelias were immediately excited. He boldly demanded the kingdom which Jupiter had given to his father; but Pelias prevailed upon him to proceed to Colchis, to get possession of the golden fleece, promising, on his return, to resign the kingdom in nis favour. Jason agreed to the conditions, procured a fifty-oar^d galley, to w^hich he gave the name of Argo, and, on consulting tne oracle, was directed to invite the greatest heroes of the age to share in the glories and dangers of the voyage. The bravest of the Grecian youth speedily assembled, among whom were Orpheus (r/m.), Zetes and Calais, Castor and Pollux, Telamon and Peleus {diss.)^ Hercules, Theseus (diss.), Laertes, ^Esculapius, Polyphemus, and others, to the number of fifty. After offering sacrifices to Jupiter, the Waves and Winds, &c., they sailed from the harbour of lolcos, met with many curious adventures, and arrived in safety at Colchis, on the east coast of the Black Sea. Jason lost no time m informing king iEetes of the cause of his visit, and in requesting him to re- sign the golden fleece. To this he procured the king's consent on tbe following conditions : — He was to force to the yoke two brazen- footed bulls, whose nostrils breathed flames, to plough with them a piece of land, and sow in it the serpent's teeth which ^Eetes pos- sessed, to whom INIinerva had given one-half of those which Cad- mus sowed at Thebes. These teeth were to produce armed men, ready to attack him. He was, besides, to kill a sleepless dragon rt^hich guarded the fleece. This task, which at first appeared to him insurmountable, he was enabled to accomplish by means of Medea, the king's daughter, who had conceived a sudden af- fection far him, and proffered her aid if he would swear to marry her and take her with him to Greece. By her assistance he fulfilled the conditions, to the astonishment of iEetes and his subjects, got possession of the golden fleece, and returned to his native country, accompanied by Medea, whom he afterwards mar- ried. The ship Argo was changed into a star, and the fleece was suspended in the temple of the gods. See Nephele and Medea. Ibis, -is, & -idis,^, the ibis, an Egyptian bird resembling a •tork. It was held sacred by the ancient Egyptians, either because ICE 233 ILL it devoured the serpents which infested the country, or because the marking of its plumage resembled one of the phases of the sun, or because it appeared with the rising of the JVile. Icelos^ -i, TW., Icelos, one of the sons of the god Somnus, who possessed the power of assuming the shape of wild beasts, birds, and serpents. He was called Icelos by the gods, and Phobetor by mortals. Ichnobates^ -se, W., Tracer, the name of one of Actajon's dogs. Ida, -3B, & Ide^ -es, f., Ida, now Kaz Dag, or Ida, a mountain, or rather a chain of mountains, in the Troad, in Mysia, where Paris was exposed, and where he adjudged the prize of beauty to Venus, in the contest of the three goddesses respecting the golden apple. Its highest peak was called Gargara, and af- forded an extensive view of the Hellespont and the adjacent coun- tries. For this reason it is said by Homer to have been the resort of the gods during the siege of Troy. Gr. Ace, -an. See Paris. Idas, -ae, mi., Idas, a man who was accidentally killed by a javelin at the marriage of Perseus (diss.). Idomcneus (4 sy/,), -ei, & -eos, m., Idomeneus, the son of Deucalion, king of Crete, and grandson of Minos. He accompanied the Greeks to the Trojan war with 90 ships, and distinguished him- self greatly oy nis valour during the siege. Being overtaken by a storm on his return from Troy, he vowed to sacrifice to ^ISeptune whatever creature first presented itself to him on his arrival at Crete. This proved to be his son, whom, in fulfilment of the vow, he immediately sacrificed. The inhumanity and rashness of the act rendered him so odious in the eyes of his subjects, that he left the island, and landing on the coast of Italy, founded three cities in Apulia. Ignigena, -ae, m., Ignigena (born in fire, son of fire), a name given to Bacchus, in allusion to the fable of his mother havmg been destroyed by hghtning before his birth. Iliacus, -a, -Um, adj., of, or relating to Ilium, Trojan. Mittor audax orator ad lUacas arces, I am sent a fearless envoy to the Trojan city, xiii. 1. 196. Ilium^ -ii, n.j Ilium, Trot/, a name given to Troy from Ilus, one of its early kings. Ilium seems to denote that part of the city where the fortifications lay, and Troja the parts built round about them, as several cities are divided into the old and new town. See Troja. Illyricum, -i, n., Illyricum, called also Illyris and Illyria, an extensive country lying on the north-eist coast of the Hadriatic, and extending from the small river Arsia and the Julian Alps, which separated it from Italy, to the river Drilo. Towards the north it touched on Noricum and Pannonia, and towards the east on Moeg a ILL 234 IND and Macedonia. It thus comprehended part of the Austrian pro- vinces of Illyria and Croatia, the whole of Dalmatia^ and part of Turkey. ^ lllyricus, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to lUyricum, JUy- rian. Contigit lUyricos fines cum profugd conjuge, reached the country of Illyricum with his wife in exile, iv. 12. 6. Inachkles, -ae, m., a descendant of Inachvs, hence it is ap- plied (i. 14. 6.) to Epaphus, who was his grandson by lo. It is also used to signify an Argive, because Inachus was the founder of the kingdom of Argos, and in this sense is apphed to Perseus (diss.), iv. U. 58. Tnachis. -idos,^., the daughter of Inachvs, lo. Vultus Tna- chidos, the appearance of the daughter of Inachus, i. e. lo, i. 11. 44. Inachis, -idos, adj.,/.', of or relating to Inachus. Inachidas ripas, the banks of the Inachus, i. 12. 16. Inachus, -i, m., inachus, a son of Oceanus and Tethys, and father of lo, who founded the kingdom of Argos, about B.C. 1<'67. According to the fable, Inachus was, at hi? death, changed into a river of the same name, now called the Xera, of which he became the tutelary god. The source of this river was in INlount Lyrcseus, on the confines of Arcadia; but the poets, who delighted in fiction, imagined it to be a branch of a cognominal stream in Acarnania, which, after joining the Achelous, passed under ground and re- appeared in Argolis. To this Ovid probably alludes, i. 11. 16. The Inachus flowed past the Acropolis of Argos into the Gulf of Nauplia. It is usually dry (whence its modern name), but is sup- plied with casual floods after heavy rains and the melting of snow on the neighbouring mountains. India, -ae, /., India, an extensive country of x\sia, the limits of which have not been accurately defined by ancient geographers. It was divided by the river Ganges into India intra Gangem, which corresponds pretty nearly with the modern Hindostan ; and In- dia extra Gangem, which included India beyond the Ganges, Tibet, Assam, and nearly the whole of the Binnan Empire. It derived its name from the Indus, which formed its western bound- ary. 'The Greeks knew but little of India till the invasion of Al- exander the Great. The fabled expeditions which Bacchus and Hercules are said to have undertaken against it were invented, after they had attained a considerable knowledge of the country, by the later poets to flatter the vanity of the ^Macedonian hero. India was reckoned by the ancients among the most opulent of all the coun- tries of Asia. Its elephants were especially famed for their size and strength, and were much preferred to those of Africa ; it was also celebrated for its tigers and serpents, the last of which were magnified by the historians of Alexander into an enormous size. IND 235 ION The productions of tins country which were most highly valued were its perfumes, precious stones, gold, and ebony ; there is also some slight mention made of its indigo and sugar-cane. Quern de- bellata India colebat, whom conquered India worshipped, iv. 13. 2. Indus, -i, m., an inhabitant of India, an Indian. Indos posifos snb sidereis ignihus, the Indians placed under the violent neat of the sun, i. 14. 31. Ino, -US, y*., Ino, the daughter of Cadmus and Harmonia, wife of Athamas, king of Thebes, and maternal aunt and nurse of Bacchus. In consequence of her cruel treatment of her step- children Phryxus and Helle, her husband was rendered frantic bv Juno, and imagining Ino to be a lioness, and her children whelps, pursued them and killed her son Learchus. Ino, to escape from his fury, threw herself and her son Melicerta into the sea between Megara and the Isthmus of Corinth, and was changed by Neptune into a sea-deity, called by the Greeks Leucothee, and Matuta by the Romans. See Athamas. I nous, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Ino. Inoo ruptu, by the grasp of Ino, iii. 7. 212. lo, -US,/*., /o, the daughter of Inachus, king of Argos. Her beauty attracted the notice of Jupiter, who, to conceal his amour from Juno, changed his mistress into a beautiful cow. The queen of the gods perceiving the fraud, commended the beauty of the animal, and asked her as a present from her husband, a request with which he reluctantly complied. Juno committed her to the care of Argus, a shepherd with a hundred eyes (See Argus), whose vigilance subjected her to the greatest miseries. After she had been released by Mercury from the thraldom of her keeper, Juno, whose resentment was implacable, sent one of the Furies in the shape of a gadfly to torment her. Pursued by the Fury, she wandered over the greatest part of the earth, till she stopped at last on the banks of the ISile, and being, by the command of Jupi- ter, restored to her former shape, gave birth to Epaphus, married Osiris, king of the country, and became an Egyptian goddess, under the name of Isis. lolciacus, -a -um, adj.^^ of or relating to lolcos, now Boritza, a powerful and ancient city in the south of Thessaly, si- tuate at the head of the Pelasgicus Sinus, the Gidf of Volo, and celebrated as the birth-place of Jason. Victor tetigit cum conjnge lolciacos portus, victoriously reached with his wife the harbour of lolcos, vii. ]. 158. Ionium, -ii, n., the Ionian Sea, a name given to that part of the Mediterranean which washed the western shores of Greece, and lay between that coi ntry and Italy, The statements of tlie ancient writers respecting the situation and extent of the Ionian Sea are very uncertain. The name seems to have originally in- IPH 236 ISM eluded the whole of the Hadriatic. and to have extended to the south of the Peloponnesus ; but that part of it to the north of the Acroceraunian promontory was generally called by the Greeks lonius Sinus. The origin of the name is also involved in un- certainty. Iphigenla, -ae, J*., Jphigenia, the daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. While the combined forces of the Greeks were assembling at Aulis, previous to settmg sail for Troy, Agamemnon accidentally killed a favourite stag of Diana, and the goddess in revenge detained the fleet in the harbour by contrary winds. On consulting the oracle, the Greeks were informed that they must propitiate the gods by sacrificing Iphigenia to the offended goddess. Her father, struck with horror at the response, sternly refused his consent, and issued orders to the generals, each to conduct his troops home. Ulysses and the other generals interfered, and pre- vailed upon Agamemnon to immolate his daughter for the common cause of Greece. At their request Ulysses repaired to Mycenae, and persuaded Clytemnestra to intrust Iphigenia to his care, on pretence that her father had espoused her to Achilles. When the princess arrived at Aulis, and saw the bloody preparations for the sacrifice, she implored the forgiveness and protection of her father ; but tears and entreaties were unavailing. Calchas raised the knife in his hand, but as he was going to strike the fatal blow, Iphigenia suddenly vanished, and a beautiful stag appeared in her place for the sacrifice. This interposition of the goddess animated the Greeks, the wind suddenly became favourable, and the combined fleets sailed from the harbour of Aulis. Iphitldes, -ae, ?/?., the son of Jphitus, a patronymic applied to Caeranos, xiii. 1. 257. Iris, -is, /'., Iris, the daughter of Thaumas and Electra, was the goddess of the rainbow, and the messenger of the gods, particularly of Juno (nuntia Junonis, i. 7. 27.). She is represented by Ovid (xi. 10. 180.) as executing the orders of Juno, decked in robes of a thousand colours. Iris is frequently used to denote the rainbow it- self, and was believed by the ancients to possess the power of rais- ing water from the earth to the clouds. Hence she is described (i. 7. 28.) as supplying them with water to deluge the world. The seven colours of the rainbow are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. Ismarius, -a, -Um, adj., of, ov relating to Ismartts, Isma- rian ; used also as a general term, Thracian. J stnarios {nmnes), the Thracian rivers, ii. 1. 257. Isirjarus, -i, m., {Piu?\ -a, -orum, ??.,) Jsmarus, a town and mountain of Thrace, near the mouth of the Hebrus. The ad- joining country was famous for producing good wine. Ismenides, -um,f., the Thehan wovieny a name given to ISM 237 IXl them from the river Ismenus. Ismentdes colunt sanctas aras^ the Theban ladies honour the sacred altars, iii. 7. 223. Ismenis, -idos, adj..f., of, or relating to the Ismenus ; hence Theban. Ismenis Crocale doctior illis, the Theban nymph Cro cale being more skilful than they, iii. 2. 39. Ismenos, -l, m., the Ismenus, a small stream in BcBotia, which riows past Thebes, and falls into the Eurlpus. Modern travellers state that it contains no water except after heavy rain, when it be- comes a torrent. According to the fable, Ismenus was the son of the river Asopus by Metope. Ister, -tri, m., the Danuhe, the largest river in Germany, and in Europe, has its source in Mons Abnoba, the Black Forest, in the Grand Duchy of Baden, and after a course of 1,700 miles, generally in a south-easterly direction, enters the Pontus Euxlnus, the Black Sea, by several mouths. The Danube, after leaving Baden, flows through Wirtemberg, Bavaria, the Archduchy of Austria, and Hungary, enters the Turkish dominions at Belgrade, and in the rest of its course separates Walachia from Bulgaria. It receives in its course sixty navigable rivers, the largest of which is tlie Inn, and 120 smaller streams. The name Ister is said to have been applied to this river in the lower part of its course, after its junction with the Save ; but where the one name commenced and the other terminated is very uncertain. The two names are fre- quently confounded, or used indifferently, the Greeks generally calling the river Ister, and the Latins, Danubius. Ithaca, -^,J-, Ithaca, or Teaki, a celebrated island in the Ionian Sea, off the coast of Acarnania, forming part of the king- dom of Ulysses. This island, which lies five miles due south of Leucadia, is of inconsiderable extent, and derives all its celebrity from the praises bestowed upon it by Homer. Ithaca is one of the seven Ionian Islands. ItnacuSj -i, m., a native of Ithaca, the Ithacan, i. e. Ulysses, a name contemptuously applied to him by Ajax, xiii. ]. 98. and 103. lulus, -i, m., lulus, a surname of Ascanius, the son of .^neas and Creusa. He accompanied his father in his flight from Troy, shared in the dangers of the voyage, and, after his arrival in Italy, contributed by his valour to the success of the war which ^neas waged against the Latins. He succeeded his father in the king- dom of Latinus, and built Alba Longa, to which he transferred the seat of government. Here his descendants reigned upwards of 400 years, till the building of Rome. Romulus traced his descent from Ascanius. Ixlon, -onis, IW., Ixion, the son of Phlegyas, and king of the Lapithae, a savage tribe in the south of Thessaly. Ixion was ad- mitted to the society of tne gods in Olympus, where he fell in love Kith Juno, To punish his audacity, Jupiter sent a cloud in the form JVB 2^8 JUN of his queen, which was embraced by Ixion, and produced the Centaurs. The king of the gods was so enraged at his conduct that he banished him from heaven, struck him with his thunder, and ordered Mercury to tie him to a four-spoked wheel in hell, which contmually whirls roimd. Ixion volvitur, et sequitnrque fvqitque se, Ixion turns on his wheel, and both follows and flies from him- self, iv. 11. 46. J. Juba, -ae^ m,, Juha, a king of Numidia, part of IMaurita- nia, Algiers, and part of Morocco. In the civil war between Caesar and Pompey, he espoused the cause of the latter, and gained a great victory over Curio, who commanded Caesar's forces in Africa. After the battle of Pharsalia he joined his forces with those of Scipio, and being defeated by Caesar in a battle at Thapsus (b. c. 46.}, caused himself to be put to death by Petreius, one of his companions in misfortune, Julius, -ii, m., Julius, the praenomen of the Julian gens, the most celebrated of whom was Caius Julius Caesar, the Dictator. Divus Julius, the deified Julius, i. e. Julius Caesar, xv. 9. 98. See Caesar. Juno, -onis,/, Juno, the daughter of Saturn and Ops, and the sister and wife of Jupiter. After her birth she was reared by Oceanus and Tethys, and had the seasons as her attendants. When Jupiter attained the sovereignty of the world, Juno shared in his honours, and became queen of the gods. Her character was dis- tinguished by] matronly dignity and strict correctness of conduct. She could ill iDrook the infidelities of her husband, and persecuted his mistresses with relentless hatred. Her severity to lo, Semele, and Latona, is frequently mentioned by mythological writers, and her resentment doomed Hercules to undergo his famous labours. In Homer Jupiter is represented as sometimes punishing her for her acts of opposition to him. On one occasion, when she had raised a storm, which drove Hercules out of his course at sea, Ju- piter suspended her from heaven, tying a heavy anvil to her feet, and when her son Vulcan approached to assist her, he took him by the foot and threw him down to the earth (See Vulcanus). Juno was believed to preside over marriage, and was the patroness and protectress of married women. She was the mother of Mars, Hebe, and Vulcan. The reason of her hostility to the Trojans, of whom she is represented as the implacable enemy, is not stated by Homer ; but later poets ascribe it to the decision of Paris, in assigning the golden apple to Venus in preference to herself (See Paris). The worship of Juno was universal. Her principal temples were at Argos, Samos, and Carthage ; Sparta and JMyceiu-fi were also places dear to her. Ewe-lambs and swine were the offerings presented on her altars ; and the dittany, the poppy, and the lily, were her favourite J UN 239 JCJP flotvers. Among birds, the hawk, the goose, and particularly the peacock, were sacred to her (See Argus). She is represented sitting on a throne, holding in one hand a pomegranate, the emblem of fecundity, and in the other a sceptre, with a cuckoo on its summit, Junonius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Juno. Junonius custos, the keeper appointed by Juno, i. e. Argus, i. 12. 54. Jupiter, Jovis, m., Jupiter, the most celebrated of all the gods of the ancients, was the son of Saturn and Ops. His mother saved him from the cruel voracity of her husband (See Saturnus). and intrusted him to the care of the Corybantes, by whom he was reared in a cave in Mount Ida, in Crete, and fed on the milk of the goat Amalthaea, or, according to others, on honey. When grown up he drove his father from heaven, and divided the empire of the world with his brothers. For himself he reserved heaven and earth, to Neptune he allotted the sea and the waters, and to Pluto the infernal regions. He was not, however, allo\>ed to retain his dominions undisturbed. The Titans undertook to destroy him as he had done his father, declared war against him, and, by piling mountains on each other, endeavoured to ascend to heaven (see Gigas) ; but the king of the gods assailed them with his thunder, and asserted his supremacy. The character of Jupiter possesses none of the purity for which Juno was distinguished. He was the slave of vicious pleasures ; and every species of disguise was employed by him to accomplish his object. He transformed himself into a satyr to enjoy Antiope, into a bull to carry off Europa, into a swan to allure Leda, into a shower of gold to corrupt Danae, and into seve- ral other forms to gratify his passions. He had Bacchus by Semele, and Mercury by Maia. The worship of Jupiter was extensively diffused over the ancient world, and different names were assigned to him in the various places where his worship was estabUshed. At Carthage he was called Ammon, in Egypt Serapis, at Athens the Olympian Jupiter, and at Rome Capitolinus, who was the guardian and benefactor of the Romans. The most famous tem- ple of this god was at Olympia, in Elis, where, every fourth year, the Olympic games were celebrated in honour of him (See Elis). His great oracle was in an oak grove at Dodona in Epirus, where, from a very early period, his priests announced his will and futu- rity. The eagle was his favourite bird, and the oak his favourite tree. He is represented as the model of dignity and majesty oi mien ; his countenance grave but mild ; and is seated on a throne, grasping his sceptre and the thunder. The eagle is standing be- side the throne. Jupiter is frequently used to signify the air, or sky. Mundiis erat sub Jove, the world was under the govern- ment of Jupiter, i. 4. 2. Natus Jove^ the son of Jupiter, i. o. Mercury, i. 12. 49. LAB 240 LAE L. Labros, -i, m,, Worrier, the name of one of Actaeon's dogs. Lahros (natus) Dictceo patre, sed Laconide matre^ Worrier bred of a Cretan dog, but of a Laconian bitch, iii. 2. 93. Lachne, -es, /., Wool-hair, or Shag, the name of one of Aetaeon's dogs. Lachne hirsuta corpore. Wool-hair, a rough- bodied bitch, iii. 2. 92. Lacon, -onis, m., Lacon, or Spartan, the name of one of Aetaeon's dogs. Laconia, -ae, y*., Laconia, sometimes called Lacedaemon, ce- lebrated as the kingdom of Menelaus, was the largest province of the Peloponnesus, and occupied the south-east corner of the pen- insula. To the west it bordered on JNIessenia, to the north on A.rcadia and Argolis, and on the east and south it was bounded by the sea. Laconia was a rugged and mountainous country, natu- rally barren, and difficult of culture. The inhabitants were dis- tinguished for their courage and intrepidity, their love of liberty, and their aversion to sloth and luxury. They were inured from their youth to labour and hardship, and were taught by their laws to regard war as their profession. The capital of the country was Lacedaemon, or Sparta. See Sparta. LaconiSj -idis, adj.^ of, or relating to Laconia, Lacedcemo^ nian. Spartan, Nati Laconide matre, bred from a Spartan bitch, iii. 2. 93. Lactea Via, the Milky Way, is the name given by Ovid to the great road leading to the palace of Jupiter m Olympus, on the two sides of which he places the habitations of the other gods. This white luminous track, which appears to encompass the heavens like a girdle, is said to have been formed by the milk which fell from Juno's breast when the infant Hercules was applied to it by Jupiter while she was asleep. It is now called the Galaxy, from a Greek word signifying milk. The luminous appearance has been ascer- tained to be occasioned by a multitude of stars, so small as not to be distinguished by the naked eye. Ladon, -onis, m., the Ladon, a sandy stream of Arcadia, which falls into the Alpheus. On its banks the nymph Syrinx was changed into a reed. See Syrinx. Ladon, -onis, m., Ladon, or Harrier, the name of one of Aetaeon's dogs. Ladon gerens substricta ilia, Ladon having a thin or lank belly, iii. 2. i]6. Laelaps, -apis, m., Storm, the name of one of Aetaeon's dogs. Laertes, -ae, m., Laertes, a king of Ithaca, was the son of Arcesius, and husband of Anticlea. Anticlea, at the time of her marriage is said to have been pregnant by Sisyphus (xiii. 1. 32.), and eight months after gave birth to Ulysses. Laertes, however. LAE 241 LEM reared the child as his own son, and, at an early period of life, resigned the kingdom in his favour. He assisted in killing the Calydonian boar, and accompanied Jason in his famous expedition. Laertiades, -ae, m., the son of Laertes, a name given to Ulysses from his supposed father. Precaris LaertiadcB, quce me- ruit, wishest to the son of Laertes, i. e. Ulysses, what he deserves, xiii. 1. 48. Laertius, -a, -um, adj.^ of, or relating to Laertes. Laer- tius heros, the hero, the son of Laertes, i. e. Ulysses, xiii. 1. 124. Lampetie, -es, y., Lampetie, a daughter of Sol, one of the sisters of Phaethon, who, after the death of her brother, was changed into a poplar tree. See Heliades. Latinus, -a., -urn, adj., of or relating to Latium, Latin, Roman. Mittit gestanda Latinis nuribus, sends to be worn by the Latin ladies, ii. 2. 42. Latium, -ii, w., Latium, a small district of Italy, on the left bank of the Tiber, where that river falls into the Mediterranean. The limits of Latium were at first very circumscribed, but were afterwards extended over a considerable tract of country. To the west and north it bordered on Etruria, and the country inhabited by the Sabini, iEqui, and Marsi ; to the east, on Campania ; and on the south, it was washed by the Tuscan Sea. The name is said to have been derived from lateo, because Saturn concealed himself there from the pursuit of his son Jupiter ; but others deduce it from Latinus, a king of the country. Here Ascanius founded Alba Longa, and, 400 years later, Romulus laid the foundation of Rome See lulus and Roma. Latius, -a, -um, adj., of or relating to Latium, Latin, Ro- man. Tu aderis Latiis ducihus, thou shalt attend upon, shait adorn the Roman generals, i. 10. 109. Latona, -ae, f. Latona, a daughter of Coeus and Phoebe, and one of the wives of Jupiter, by whom she had Apollo and Diana. Juno, who was jealous of her husband's amours, sent the serpent Python to persecute Latona, having previously bound Terra by an oath not to give her a place on which to bring forth. Neptune at length had compassion on her, and by a stroke of his trident made the island of Delos stationary, where she gave birth to her children under a palm-tree. From his mother, Apollo is called Latous ; and Diana, Latois, and Latonia. Latonia, -ae,/!, Diana, the daughter of Latona. Learchus, -i, m., Learchus, the son of Athamas and Ino, whom his father in a fit of madness killed by dashing him against a rock, iv. 11. 103. See Athamas and Ino. Lemnos, -hf-^ Lemnos, now Stalimene, a fertile island in the northern part of the iEgean Sea, 35 miles to the south-east of the promontory formed by Mount Athos, and at an equal distance from O LEN 242 LET the mouth of the Hellespont. This island was sacred to Vulcan, and is said to have received him when he was thrown from heaven by Jupiter (See Jupiter). Here, accordingly, the forges of the god of fire were placed, — a fable which probably derived its origin from the volcanic character of the island, in the north-eastern part of which was Mons Mosychlos, the oldest volcano known to the Greeks. In the forum of Myrina, a town on the west coast, was the famous statue of an ox, on which the ancients affirm that Mount Athos threw a shadow at the time of the solstice (See Athos). The priests of Lemnos were famous for the cure of wounds, on which account Philoctetes was left there by the Greeks on their way to Troy (xiii. 1. 46.). The efficacy of their skill depended, it is said, on a species of red earth found in the island, called Lem,' nian earthy which was considered by the ancients a sovereign remedy against poison and the bites of serpents. The medicinal qualities of this earth are still valued highly by the Turks and the modern Greeks. See Philoctetes and Vulcanus. Lenaeus, -i, m., Lenceus, a surname of Bacchus, derived from X»voj, a wine-press. Et cum LencBO consitor genialis uvce, and along with Lenaeus, the planter of the genial grape, iv. 1.14. Leo, -onis^ m., the Lion, the fifth sign of the zodiac, deriving its name, it is said, from the Nemean lion, which, after being killed by Hercules, was changed into a constellation. Ora violtnti LeoniSj the mouth of the fierce lion, ii. 1. 81. See Zodiacus. Lerna, 'X,/', Lerna, or Muloi, a lake near Argos, in the Peloponnesus, celebrated for the fable of the Hydra slain there by Hercules. Adjoining the lake were rich pastures. Pascua Lerns, or sleep. Postqnam sparsit hujic gratnine Lethcd succif after she had sprmkled him with herbs of Lethaean juice, i. e. with the juice of herbs which produced sleep, and caused forgetfulness, vii. 1. 152. Lethe, -es,f., LeMc, a river in the infernal regions, of which LEU 243 LIM the shades of the dead were made to drink for the purpose of obli- terating all recollection of the past. Rivus aqua Lethes^ a branch of the river Lethe, — a stream whose waters had the power of pro- ducing forgetfulness, xi. 10. 194. Leucon, -onis, m.. White, the name of one of Actaeon*s dogs. Leucothce, -es. f., Leucothee, the name given to Ino, the wife of Athamas, after she had been changed into a sea-goddess by Neptune. See Athamas and Ino. Liber, -eri, W., Liber, a name given to Bacchus from libfT (free), because wine frees the mind from cares. Novus Liber, a new, a hitherto unknown god, Bacchus, iii. 7. 10. Libycus, -a, -lim, adj,, of, or relating to Libya, Libyan, African. Quum victor penderet super Libycas arenas, while the conqueror, i. e. Perseus, was suspended over the Libyan sands, iv. 13. 14. Libye, -es, /., Libya, a name applied by the ancients, in a re- stricted sense, to that part of the north of Africa which lies be- tween Egypt and the Syrtis Major, the Gulf of Sidra, but fre- quently employed by them to denote the whole of Africa. Libya comprehended the pro\nnces of Marmarica and Cyrenaica, and in- cluded the modern country of Barca, with parts of Tripoli, and the Sahara. According to Ovid (ii. 1. 237.), the black colour of the Africans was produced by the conflagration of Phaethon, during which the blood was drawn to the surface of the body. LibySj -yos^ adj. m., of, or relating to Libya, Libyan, jifrican. Libys, -yos, m., Libys, one of the Tuscan pirates who were changed by Bacchus into dolphins. Ligures, -um, m., thei)ihabitants of Liguria, the Ligurians. Llguria, '^,f', Liguria, a country in the north-west of Italy, which extended along the Sinus Ligusticus, the Gulf of Genoa, from the boundary of Gaul, to the small river Macra, which sepa- rated it from Etruria; on the north it was bounded by the Po and Cisalpine Graul. Liguria contained the modern territory of (menoa, that part of Piedmont which is south of the Po, and part of the Duchy of Parma. Lilybaeum, -i, n., Lilybceum, now Cape Boeo, a promontory which forms the western extremity of the Island of Sicily, 80 miles distant from Cape Bon in Africa. According to Ovid (v. 6. 11.), when Typhoeus (tris.) was struck by the thunderbolt of Jupiter, and placed under Sicily, his legs were buried under this promontory, Limnate, -es,f., Limnate, a water-nymph, the daughter of the Ganges, and the mother of Athis. Limnate edita flumine Gauge, Limnate the daughter of the river Ganges, v. 1. 47. LIR 244 LYC Liriope, -es, /., Liriope, the daup^hter of Oceanus and Tethys, and mother of Narcissus, by the river Cephisus. CcbtuIu Lirio'pe, the grey-eyed Liriope, iii. 6. 4. Lucifer, -eri, m., Lucifer {the light-hringer), the morning' star, the name given to the planet Venus when it appears in the morning before the sun ; but when it follows the sun, and appears some time after its setting, it is called Hesperus. According to the fable, Lucifer was the son of Aurora, and the father of Ceyx and Daedalion. Dum Lucifer evocet ignes Aurora, till the mornmg- star should call out the fires of Aurora, iv. 13. 26. Quum Lucifer exit clarus albo eqvo, when the morning-star rises bright on'hia white horse, xv. 2. 130. See Hesperus. Luclna, -ae^ /., Ludna (she who brings to light), the goddess who was believed to preside over childbirth. Lucina is supposed by some to be a name of Juno, and by others a name of Diana. Luna, -ae, /*., Luna, the goddess of the moon, is by some mythologists said to be the same with Diana (See Diana). By Dthers she is said to have been the daughter of Hyperion and Thia, and to ride in a chariot drawn by horses, ii. 1 . 208. Luna had a temple at Rome on IMount Aventine. Qualia cornua divi- dufB LuncB sinuantur, just as the horns of the half-moon are bent, iii. 7. 172. Lyaeus, -l, m., Lyceus {who frees from care), a surname of Bacchus, probably derived from \vui I free. Lyaeus is frequently used to signify wine. Ly cabas, -ae, m., Ly cabas, an Assyrian who was killed by Perseus (diss.) at his marriage with Andromeda. Also, one of the Tuscan pirates who were changed into dolphins by Bacchus. LycseUS, -i, m., Lycceus, now Diaforti, a mountain in Arca- dia, where the Arcadians pretended that Jupiter was born, and where an altar was erected to that god. It was also sacred to Pan, who had a temple there. The rites performed in honour of him were called Lyciea, and being carried by Evander to Latium. were there solemnized under the name of Lupercalia. Pineta gelidi Lyccei, the pine groves of cold LycaBus, i. 6. 55. Lycaeus, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to LyccBvs. Pan videt hanc redeuntem Lycceo colle. Pan sees her returning from Mount Lycaeus, i. 13. 10. Lycaon, -onis, m., Lycaon, the son of Pelasgus and IVIeli- boea, and king of Arcadia. He was noted for his cruelty, and had fifty sons, who, like himself, were impious and cruel. Jupiter, to satisfy himself of the truth of the reports which he had heard, visited Arcadia, and reached at twilight the palace of the king. The common people paid nomage to his divinity, but Lycaon re- solved to put it to the test. He first attempted to murder the god, and failing in this he killed a hostage, mixed his flesh with LYC 245 LYR that of the victims, and set it before his guest. The god, in in- dignation and horror at the barbarous act, destroyed the house with lightning, and changed Lycaon himself into a wolf. The deluge of Deucalion, which shortly afterwards occurred, is said to have been occasioned by the impiety of Lycaon and his sons. See Diluvium. Lycaonius, -a., -uni, adj., of, or relating to Lycaon, Lycia, -ae, /*., Lycia^ a small district in the south of Asia Minor, which ailjoined Caria on the west, Phrygia on the north, Pamphylia on the east, and was washed by the sea on the south. The Lycians, under the command of Sarpedon, assisted Priam m the siege of Troy. Lycisce, -es, f., Wolf, the name of one of Actaeon's dogs. Lycius, -a, -um, adj., o/, or relating to Lycia, Lycian. Lycornias, -ae, 772., the Ly cor mas, now the Fidari, a rapid river in the east of iEtolia, whose sands were of a golden colour, whence it is called Flavus Lycormas, the Yellow Lycormas. It was afterwards called Evenus, from Evenus, a son of Mars, and king of the country, who threw himself into it. Lycurgus, -i, m., Lycurgus, the son of Dryas, and king of the Edones, in Thrace. He opposed the introduction of the wor- ship of Bacchus into his kingdom, and caused the vines to be de- stroyed. For this contempt of his divinity he was infuriated by Bacchus, and taking in his hand an axe for the purpose of cutting down some vines, he killed his wife and his son, and cut himself in the foot ; hence he is called by Ovid Bipenniferum Lycurgum, the axe-bearing Lycurgus, iv. 1. 22. He was afterwards put to death by his subjects, who had been informed by the oracle that they should not taste wine while Lycurgus was alive. Lyncldes, -ae, m., Lynddes, an ^Ethiopian, who killed Hyp- seus (diss.) at the marriage of Perseus (diss.) and Andromeda. Petit gladio pectora LynadcB, strikes with his sword the breast of Lyncides, v. 1. 128. Lyrceus, -i, m., Lyrceus, a mountain of Argolis, on the borders of Arcadia, whence the river Inachus derived its source. Lyrceus, -a, -um, adj.^ of, or relating to Lyrceus, Lyrcean, Lyrcea arva consita arboribus, the fields of Lyrceus planted with trees, i. IL 31. Lyrnesius^ -a, -Um, adj., of or relating to Lymesus. Lyr^ nesia mcenia procubuisse solo, that the walls of Lyrnesus were levelled with the ground, xiii. L 176. Lyrnesus, -i,/., Lymesus, a city of Mysia, in Asia Minor, which was taken by Achilles during; the Trojan war. The female captive Briseis was assigned to Achilles as part of the spoil, and the dispute which arose between him and Agamjuenon respecting this 02 MJEA 246 MAN slave, was the cause of the prolongation of the famous sieffe. Sm Achilles M. Maeandros, -i, m., tha Mfrandp.r, now the Mendere^ a river of Asia Minor, which rises in the western part of Phrygia, formed the boundary between Lydia and Caria, and, after a western course of 180 miles, falls into the .^.^ean Sea, south of the island of Samos. The Mseander is celebrated for its innumerable windmgs, from which all sinuosities have received the name Maeanders ; it flows through a rich fertile country, and carries down with it so much mud as to have completely changed the face of the country towards its mouth, rendering those cities inland which once stood upon the seashore. The windings of this river are said to have furnished Dsedalus with the first idea of his famous labyrinth. M(Bandros qui ludit in recurvatis 7mdis, the INIaeander which sports in his winding stream, ii. 1. 246. Maenalus, -i, m., {Plur. -a, orum, n.), Ma-nalus, now Roino, one of the most celebrated mountains of Arcadia, in the south-eastern part of the province, was sacred to Pan, and con- isidered the favourite haunt of that rural deity. Its height is considerable ; it is covered with pine-trees, and intersected by glens and valleys, which are watered by numerous rivulets. Its woods were the retreat of bears, wild boars, and other animals of the chace. Mcenala horrenda latehrisferarum, Msenalus dreadful for the dens of wild beasts, i. 6. 64. Maeonia, -ae,/., McBonia, called also Lydia, a district in the west of Asia Minor, bounded on the north by Mysia, on the east by Phrygia, on the south by Caria, and on the west by the .Egean Sea. The Lydians were anciently brave and warlike, and were accounted the best horsemen in the world. They are said to have been the first who coined gold and silver, and exhibited public games. Maeonius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Mceonia, Mceo. nian. Qucb celehrdrant carmine McBonias ripas, which had made famous by their songs the banks of the JNIaeonian river, i. e. the Cayster, a river in Maeonia, ii. 1. 252. Vertere Mceoniosnautas immergerequepelago, to transform the Maeonian sailors, and plunge them into the sea, i. e. the Tuscan sailors who carried ofi^ Bacchus from the island of Ceos, iv. 11. 8. The Tuscans were called Maeonians, because, at a very early period, some Lydians were said to have been driven from their country by famine, and to have set- tled in that part of Italy which was afterwards called Etruria. Manes, -ium, W., departed spirits, the spirits of the dead. . " According to the Roman poets, every man possessed a three- fold soul, which, after the dissolution of the body, resolved itself into the manes, the anima, or spiritus, and the umbra, to each of MAR 247 MAR which a different place was assigned. The manes descended into the infernal regions, to inhabit either Tartarus or Elysium " The former was believed to be the abode of the wicked, the latter that of the j]food, *' The anima ascended to the skies to mingle with the gods, while the umbra hovered around the tomb, as if unwil- ling to quit its connexion with the body, of which it was the wraith, or shadow." The INIanes were also worshipped as gods, and were objects of great terror to the ancients. The beneficent Manes were called Lares, and watched over and protected the families of their descendants ; while those which were believed to be hurtful were denominated LarvcB, or Lemures. They were supposed to be offended if expiatory offerings were withheld from them, and the greatest care was therefore taken to propitiate them. Blood was believed to be the most acceptable offering ; various animals, especially such as the deceased had been fond of, and in ancient times captives or slaves, were slaughtered at the funeral pile, and thrown into it. The warrior vowed to procure rest for the soul of his departed friend by the slaughter of his enemies, and thousands of gladiators were compelled to murder each other in the amphi- theatre at Rome to appease the manes of the noble Romans. To desecrate the ashes or bones of the dead was regarded by the Ro- mans as a heinous crime, and an oath by the Manes was peculiarly sacred. Manes is also used to denote the abode of the dead, the infernal regions. In antra propiora Manibus, into the caves which are near the abode of the Manes, i. e. Tartarus, ii. 1 . 303. Novique Afanes, and the manes recently arrived, iv. 1 1 . 23. Mars, -lis, m., Mars, the god of war, was the son of Jupiter and Juno. Ovid, followmg a later mythology, makes him the son of Jnno alone, who conceived him by touching a flower presented to her by the goddess Flora. During the Trojan war Mars inte- rested himself on the side of, the Trojans, encountered Diomedes in battle, and was wounded by the Grecian hero, and driven from the field through the assistance of INIinerva. This god was wor- shipped with particular veneration by the Romans, as the supposed father of Romulus, their founder, and by the Thracians, among whom he was supposed to reside. His priests were called Salii, and were intrusted with the care of the sacred shield {andle), which was said to have fallen from heaven in the time of Numa. Mars is represented with a fierce and warlike appearance, armed with a helmet, a shield, and a spear, riding in a chariot drawn by two horses, to which the poets have given the names of Fear and Terror. His usual attendants were the goddess of Discord, and Bellona, the goddess of war. Among animals, the horse and wolf were sacred to him ; and among birds, the magpie and vulture. The dog-grass was sacred to him, because it is said to grow in places fit for fields of battle, or where the ground has been stained with human blood. Mars was the father of Harmoniaby Venus, iii. 2. 2. Suo Martr, in battle with each other, iii. 1. 123. Sine MartCy without a MAR 248 MED struojgle, iii. 7. 30. Convertit Mar tern depuhvm a &c, diverted the battle from himself, and turned it, &c., vii. 1. 140. Quantum ego valeo feroci Marte^ as much as I excel in fierce warfare, xiii. I. 11. Nee ulla copia aperti Martis, and no opportunity was given us of open warfare, xiii. I. 208. Martius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Mars, sacred to Mars, martial. Martius anguis, a serpent sacred to Mars, iii. I. 32. Mavors, -tis, rw., Mavors, a different form of Mars. Mavortius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Mars, sacred to Mars. Mavortia proles, ye offspring of Mars, — sprung from the teeth of the serpent sacred to Mars, iii. T. 2\ Medea, -ae, f, Medea, the daughter of iEetes, king of Colchis, was famous for her skill in enchantment and magic. When Jason came to Colchis in quest of the golden fleece, his lofty bearing, and the intrepid nature of his enterprise, captivated the heart of iledea, and to her efforts he and his companions were chiefly indebted for their safety. She furnished him wdth a salve to rub his body, which rendered him invulnerable by fire and steel ; and by follow- ing her directions, he succeeded in yoking the bulls, in despatching the armed men who sprung from the serpent's teeth, and in kill- ing the dragon which guarded the golden fleece. After her ar- rival at lolcos, she restored ^Eson to youth by her magic power, although, from the infirmities of age, he had been unable to parti- cipate in the rejoicings which took place on the return of his son. This sudden change in ^Eson astonished the inhabitants of lolcos ; and the daughters of Pelias entreated her to perform the same ser- vice to their father. Medea, wishing to revenge the injuries which Jason had suffered from Pelias, increased their curiosity, and, by cutting to pieces an old ram, and converting it in their presence into a young lamb, determined them to try the same experiment on their father's body. They accordingly killed him, and boiled his flesh in a caldron, but as Medea refused to fulfil her promise, he thus perished by a miserable death. This action so much irritated the people of lolcos, that Medea and her husband fled to Corinth to avoid their resentment. See lason. Medon, -ontis, m., Medon, one of the Tuscan pirates who were changed into dolphins by Bacchus. Medusa, -ae, /, Medusa, the daughter of Phorcys and Ceto, the only one of the Gorgons who was subject to mortality. She was celebrated for her personal charms, and particularly for the beauty of her locks. JVeptune became enamoured of her, and ob- tained her favours in the temple of Minerva. This desecration of her temple so provoked the goddess, that she changed her beauti- ful hair into serpents. Perseus {diss. ) cut off Medusa's head, with which, in consequence of its possessing the power of converting into stone any object on which it looked, he performed many cele- MED 249 MEN brated exploits. The blood which flowed from the wound Is said to have produced the numerous serpents with which Africa abounds, and also Pegasus, the winged horse of the Muses. According to Ovid (iv. 14. 83.), coral was first produced by the head of Medusa being laid by Perseus on some marine plants which were on the beach. The head of Medusa was placed by the conqueror on the aegis of Minerva, which he had used in the expedition. See Perseus, Gorge, and Curalium. Medusaeus. -a, -um, adj., of^ or relating to Medusa. Quern dura ungula Meduscei prcepctis rupit, which the hard hoof of the winged horse that sprung from the blood of Medusa broke open, i. e. the fountain Hippocrene, q. v., v. 4. 8. Victce cedite Medu- scBO fonte, do you, if defeated, yield to us Medusa's fountain, i. e. Hippocrene, v. 5. 19. See Hippocrene. Melampus, -odis, m., Black foot, the name of one of Actae- on*s dogs. Melampus Spartand gente, Blackfoot of a Spartan breed, iii. 2. 78. Melanchaetes, -se, m., Blackhair, the name of one of Ac- taeon's dogs. Melaneus (tris.), -ei^ & -eos^ m., Black, the name of one of Actaeon's dogs. jVIelanthuSj -i, m.y Melanthus, one of the Tuscan pirates who were changed mio dolphins by Bacchus. iNIelas, -anis, & -anos, rw., the Melas {the Black river). Several rivers of this name occur in ancient geography. That mentioned by Ovid (ii. 1. 247.), was probably a river in Thrace, now called the Cavatcha, which gave the name of Melanes Sinu>, the GidfofSaros, to the north eastern corner of the iEgean Sea, into which it fell. The epithet INIygdonius, which he applies to it, refers to Mygdonia, a province of Macedonia, which originally in- cluded a considerable portion of Thrace. Some critics have sup- posed that Ovid here alluded to the Koremoz, or Karasou, a river of Cappadocia, in Asia Minor, which rises cm the northern side of Mount Argaeus, and flows eastward into the Euphrates. Melicerta, -se, m., McUcerta, the son of Athamas and Ino. When his father, in a fit of phrensy, was preparing to kill him by dashing him against a rock, as he had done his brother Learchus, Ino fled, with her son in her arms, and in this state threw herself into the sea. Neptune, pitying their misfortunes, changed them into sea-deities. Melicerta was called Palaemon by the Greeks, and Portumnus by the Latins. See Athamas and Ino. Menelaus, -i. m., AfeweZaM*, the younger of the sons of A treus (diss.), and brother of Agamemnon. On the death of Atreus, Menelaus and Agamemnon fled to the court of (Eneus (diss.), king of Calydonia, where they were treated with paternal kindness. They afterwards presented themselves at Sparta, among the other Gre- MEN 250 lilEN eian princes who solicited the hand of the beautiful Helen, and the youthful princess being allowed to ji^ratify her choice, selected Me- nelaus, his rivals having previously bound themselves by an oath to protect her against any person who should attempt to carry her off from her lawful husband. Tyndarus soon after resigned the crown to his son-in-law, and Meneiaus became king of Sparta, where he lived for three years, with every appearance of conjugal happiness. In the end of the third year, Paris, who had received from Venus the promise of the most beautiful woman in the world, arrived at Sparta for the purpose of carrying off Helen ; and Meneiaus, who was ignorant of the intentions of his guest, being under the neces- sity of going to Crete, afforded him an opportunity of effecting his purpose. Meneiaus did not quietly submit to this indignity. He reminded the Grecian chiefs of their oath to protect his wife, and called upon them to avenge the injury which had been done to him. Accompanied by Ulysses, he went to Troy to demand her restora- tion, and this being refused by Priam, a numerous armament was immediately assembled, with which they laid siege to Troy. During the war, Meneiaus behaved with great bravery, and but for the interposition of Venus, would have inflicted merited vengeance upon Paris by killing him in battle. In the tenth year of the war, Helen is said to have obtained the forgiveness of her husband by betraying into his hands De'iphobus, whom she had married after the death of Paris. Meneiaus having thus recovered his wife, re- turned with her to Sparta after a voyage of eight years, and spent the remainder of his life in the greatest happiness. See Atridae, Agamemnon, and Helena. Mensis, -is, m., a month. Romulus called the first of the ten months into which he divided the year Martins, March^ from Mars, his reputed father ; the second Aprilis, April, from ape- rio, because the trees and flowers then open their buds ; the third Maius, May, from Maia, the^nother of Mercury ; and the fourth Junius, June, from the goddess Juno, The others were named from their number, Quintilis, Sextihs, September, ( )ctober, No- vember, December. Quintilis was afterwards called Julius, from Julius Cagsar, and Sextilis was named Augustus, in honour of the emperor Augustus. JuUus Caesar, when assigning the number of days to the several months, ordered that the first, third, fifth, seventh, ninth, and eleventh months, that is January, March, May, July, September, and November, should have each thirty-one days, and the other months thirty, excepting February, which, in com- mon years, should have twenty-nine, but every fourth year thirty days. This order was interrupted to gratify the vanity of Augus- tus, by giving to the month bearing his name as many days as July, which was named after his predecessor. A day was accordingly taken from February and given to August ; and in order that three months of thirty -one days might not come together, September and MER 251 MER November were reduced to thirty days, and thirty-one were given to October and December. The Romans divided their months into three parts, by Kalends, Nones, and Ides. The first day of each month was called Kalendoi, from a priest calling out (calandj) to the people that it was new moon ; the fifth day Nonce, because, counting inclusively, the Nones were nine days from the Ides ; the thirteenth IduSy the Ides, from the obsolete verb iduare^ because the Ides nearly divided the month. In March, May, July, and October, the Nones fell on the seventh, and the Ides on the fifteenth. The other days were numbered in reference to these divisions, — thus, in January the first day was called the Kalends ; the second was then viewed with reference to the approaching Nones, and was denominated the fourth before the Nones ; the third was called the third before the Nones ; the day after the Nones was the eighth be- fore the Ides ,* the day after the Ides, the nineteenth before the Kalends of February, The day before each of the principal divi- sions was called Pridie ; thus the fourth was denominated Fridie NonaSf the day before the Nones. See Annus and Dies. Mercurius, -ii, m., Mercury, called by the Greeks Hermes, was the son of Jupiter and INJaia, one of the daughters of Atlas. He was born on the top of Cyllene, a mountain in the north of Arcadia, from which he obtained the name Cyllenius, i. 13. 25. According to the later mythologists, Mercury was the messenger of the gods and particularly of Jupiter, the god of commerce, of wrestling, and all the exercises of the palaestra ; of eloquence, of thieving, in short of every thing relating to gain or requiring art and ingenuity. His name, according to Festus, is derived a mercibus, because he was considered by the Romans as the god of merchandise. On the day of his birth he gave an early proof of his dexterity and craft by stealing fifty of the cows of Admetus, king of Pherae, which had been placed under the care of Apollo. While on his way to Thessaly, he met a tortoise, which he instantly killed, took out the flesh, adapted reeds and strings to the shell, and formed from it the lyre, on which he immediately played with perfect skill. This lyre he afterwards gave to Apollo to appease his anger for the theft which he had committed, and received in return the caduceus, or staff, which he used in conducting the souls of the dead to the infernal regions. He was frequently employed by the king of the gods to aid him in his amours, and was set to watch over the jea- lousy and intrigues of Juno. By his orders he kille^ Argus, and liberated lo, i. 12. (See Argus). Mercury is usually represented with a cloak neatly arranged on his person, with his petasus, or winged hat, and the talaria, or wings, at his heels, i. 12. 47., &c« In his hand he bears his caduceus, or staff, with two serpents en- twined round it, which possessed the power of producing sleep (i. 12. 48.), and is armed with a short sword, called harpe (i. 13. 29.), which he lent to Perseus {diss.). Statues of Mercury, square MER 252 MIN pillars with a rudely carved head on them, were erected where seve- ral roads met, to point out the way, because he was considered the god of travellers. The animals sacred to him were the dog, the goat, and the cock. Meriones, -ae, w., Meriones, the son of Molus, a Cretan prince, and Melphis. He was the friend^and charioteer of Idome- neus (4 syl. ) king of Crete, and one of the bravest of the Greeks at the siege of Troy ; hence he is said by Homer to be equal in courage to Mars. Merops^ -opis, m., Merops, a king of Ethiopia, the husband of Clymene, and the supposed father of Phaethon. To mortify the vanity of Phaethon, Kpaphus reproached him with his spurious descent, as being the son of Merops, and not, as he pretended, the son of Sol, i. 14. 4., &c. Cupiens did (filius) Meropis, wishing to be called the son of Merops, ii. 1. 184. See Phaethon. Milon, -onis, m., Alilo, a celebrated athleta, was a native of Crotona, in the south of Italy, and one of the disciples of Pytha- goras. He was a man of prodigious strength, which he had partly increased by early accustoming himself to carry the greatest bur- dens, and by cultivating athletic exercises, to which the inhabitants of Crotona paid great attention. Remarkable instances of his strength are recorded by the ancient writers. He killed a bull with only his hand, and carried it away ; and on another occasion he astonished the assembled multitudes at Olvmpia by entering the stadium with a live ox on his shoulders. He was seven times crowned at the Pythian games, and six times at Olympia. On presenting himself a seventh time, no one was found bold enough to enter the lists with him. To his uncommon strength Pythago- ras and his scholars were on one occasion indebted for their safety. The pillar which supported the roof of the school suddenly gave way, but Milo supported the whole weight of the building, and al- lowed the philosopher and his disciples time to escape. Confidence in his strength, however, at last proved fatal to him. When tra- velling alone through a wood he observed a tree which had been cleft by wedges, and attempting with his hands and feet to tear it asunder, the wedges fell out, and the divided parts violently closing upon his hands, fastened him to the spot, where he became the prey of wild beasts. Milan senior Jiety Milo, now an old man, weeps, XV. 2. 170. Mimas, -antis, m., Mimas^ now Karaburun, a high moun- tain in the peninsula of Erythrae, in Lydia, a province on the west coast of Asia Minor. This mountain was full of wild beasts, and covered with wood, and from it the Bacchanals, who celebrated their orgies there, were called Mimrllonides. Minerva, -se,f., Minerva, the goddess of wisdom, of war, of the arts and sciences, of the useful arts, and of industry. She is said to have sprung, full-grown and, completely armed, from the MIN 253 MIN brain of Jupiter, upon the skull of that god being split by Vulcan with a stroke of his axe. In consequence of her wisdom she was immediately admitted into the number of the gods, and occupied the place next to Jupiter. She disputed with Neptune the honour of giving a name to the city which had been built by Cecrops, upon which it was agreed, that whichsoever of them produced what was most useful to mankind, should have the preference. Neptune, with a stroke of his trident, produced a horse ; and jMi- nerva caused an olive to spring from the ground. The latter was judged the most useful as being the symbol of peace, and Minerva gave to the city the name of Athenae, from her Greek name A^r,v'/iy and became the tutelary goddess of the place. She obtained from her father permission to live in a state of celibacy (v. ti. 35.), and refused to unite herself with Vulcan, though earnestly solicited by the god of fire. She assisted the gods in the war against the giants, changed Arachne into a spider, deprived Tiresias of sight (See Tiresias), and changed Medusa's beautiful locks into snakes (iv. 15. 49.). As goddess of war she is opposed to Mars, the wild war-god, and is the patroness of just and scientific warfare; hence she espoused the cause of the Greeks at the siege of Troy, and as- sisted them against the Trojans. She is said to have been the first to discover oil, and the method of working in wool, and was therefore in- voked as the patroness of spinning, painting, embroidery, weaving, &c. The worship of Minerva prevailed over all Greece, and was also extensively cultivated in Italy. Her favourite city was Athens, where she had a splendid temple on the citadel, called the Parthe- non, in allusion to hor celibacy ; and in Rome, her temple was under the same roof with that of Jupiter, on the Capitol (See Capitolium). Minerva is represented with a serious and thoughtful countenance* large and steady eyes, with her hair hanging in ringlets on her shoulders, a helmet on her head, a long tunic and mantle, and bearing on her breast, or on her arm, her aegis, with the head of the Gorgon on its centre. The owl among birds, and the olive among trees, vrere sacred to her. Minerva is frequently used to denote the various parts of female industry. Turb antes Jest a in- tempestivd Minerva, profaning the festival by ill-timed industry, i. e. by weaving, iv. 1. 33. Penetrale signum Phrygi(B Minervce, the statue of the Phrygian Minerva placed in the interior of her temple, i. e. the Palladium, q. v. xiii. 1. 337. Fat ale sign Jim Mi- nervce, the fatal statue of Minerva, i. e. the Palladium, on which the fate of Troy depended, xiii. 1. 381. Minyae, -arum, m,, the Minycp,, a name given to the Argo- nauts, because, according to Hyginus, the mothers of most or of many of them were daughters of Minyas ; or because Alcimede, the mother of Jason, was a daughter of Minyas. But the rea?on why this appellation was given to them has not been clearly ascertained. Minycs jam secahant fretum Pagasced ptfppe the MIN 254 MOL Argonauts were now cutting the sea in a ship from Pagasse, vii. 1 1. See lason. MinvaSj -ae, m.. Mini/as, a king of Thessaly, whose daughter Aleimede was the mother of Jason ; also a son of Orchomenos, and father of Alcithoe, Leuconoe, and Arsippe, who from him were called Minyeides. Minyeias, -adis, /*., a daughter of Mini/as. Minye'ias AU cithoi\ Alcithoe, the daughter of Minyas, iv. 1. 1. Minyeides, -um,/., the daughters of Mini/as, The Miny- eides refused to recognise the divinity of Bacchus, ridiculed Ik orgies, and were transformed by the god into bats. It is difficult to determine who the Minyeides were, as the patronymic is ap- pUcable to the daughters, granddaughters, or even more remote descendants of Minyas. Under Minyas they have been stated to be his daughters. They were three in number, and of these Ovid mentions two, Alcithoe and Leuconoe. The third is called by Plutarch, Aristippe, and by iElian, Arsippe, a variation which has probably been occasioned by the carelessness of the copyists. Triplices Minyeides, the three daughters of Minyas, iv. 11. 10. Minyems, -a^ -um^ adj.^ of or relating to Minyas, Miny- e'la proles, the offspring of Minyas, i. e. his three daughters, iv. 10. 1. See Minyeides. Mithridates^ -is^ m.) Mithridates, surnamed Eupater, and also the Great, was king of Pontus, a country in the north-east of Asia Minor, and one of the most remarkable men of the age in which he lived. He was distinguished for his cruelty and bound- less ambition ; and suspecting that the retainers of his court had a design upon his life, he fortified his constitution against poison by drinking antidotes, which, according to the Latin writers, rendered him invulnerable even by the most active poisons. His career was one of extraordinary success, attended by reverses not less signal. He is said to have conquered twenty-four nations, whose different languages he spoke with the same ease and fluency as his own. After proving one of the most formidable enemies which the Ro- mans et any period of their history encountered, he was obliged at last t0:yield to the superior power of Pompey, and finding himself deserved by his troops, he attempted to stab himself. Failing to accomplish his object, he requested a Gaul to repeat the blow, and died about b. c. 64. ^ Mithridateus^ -a, -um, adj., of or relating to Mithridates. p07itum tumentem Mithridateis nominibus, Pontus proud of the .jgjkme of Mithridates, xv. 9. 11. I Mnemonides, -um, J!^ the Mnemonides, a name given to the J^Iuses, as being the daughters of Mnemosyne, the goddess of jinemory. Gr, Ace. -das. See Musse. t Molossis, -idis,/., Molossis, a district in the south-east of MOL 255 MVS '^ EpTrus, having the Ambracius Sinus, the Gulf of Arta, on the k' south, Thessaly on the east, and Thesprotiaon the north. In this fff country was the river Acheron (See Acheron), and Dodona, the» most ancient oracle in Greece, and inferior in celebrity only to thejl', shrine of Apollo at Delphi (See Jupiter). Molossis was famousv,; for its dogs, which were called Molossi by the Romans. Molossus, -a, -um, adj., of or relating to Molossis, Molos- sian, De Molossd gente, from the country of the Molossi, i. 6. 64. Molpeus {diss.), -ei, & _eos, m., AfoZpeM-v, one of the com- panions of Phineus (diss.), who was wounded in the leg by Per- seus (diss.) at his marriage with Andromeda. He was a native of Chaonia. See Chaonia. Morpheus {diss.), -ei, & -eOS, m,, Morpheus, a son of the god Somnus, and god of dreams, deriving his name from the Greek word f/,o£(pyi, form, from the phantastic images presented in dreams. He could assume only the human form, and could imitate with ex- actness the persons, gestures, and words of mankind. He was sent to Halcyone, at the request of Juno, in the form of her hus- band, to intimate to her his untimely death. Morpheus, along with Icelos and Phantasos, held the highest rank among the sons of Somnus, and were sent only to kings and generals. He is usually represented in a recumbent posture, crowned with poppies. Morphea artifcem simulator emque figures, Morpheus a skilful artist, and one who could assume any shape, xi. 10. 226. Gr. Ace, -ea. See Halcyone. Mulciber, -eris, & -eri, m., Mulciher, a surname given to Vulcan from mulceo, because fire softens iron and makes it ductile. Mulciber is represented by Ovid as the constructor ,df the palace of the sun, ii. 1. See Vulcanus. 4 Musae, -arum, /., the Muses, virgin-goddessel, who were sup- posed to preside over poetry, music, and all the liberal arts. Homer does not mention in the Iliad the number of the IV|jfises. The opi- nion more generally received is that of Hesiod, ^Jio makes them nine, the daughters of Jupiter and Maemosyne,\the goddess of memory. The names of the Muses ate. Calliope^ . Clio, Melpo- mene, Euterpe, Erato, Terpsichore, Urania, Thalia, and Polym- nia. Pieria in Macedonia is said to have been the bli|N|f)lace of the Muses, and they received various names from mountains, grot- toes, and wells, chiefly in that country, and in Thessaly and Bgbo- tia, such as Pim^a, Pindus, Helicon, Hippocrene, Aganippe, Libethrus, Parnas^ns, Castalia, and the Corycian cave. From these they received^the names of Pimpliades, Heliconides, Hippo- crenides, Libethrides, &c. The Muses, like the other gods and goddesses, possessed the power of inflicting summary punishments upon those who insulted their divinity or attempted to encroach MXJT 25t) NAB upon their prerogative. The Pierides, the nin3 daughters of Pierus, proud of their number, challenged them to sing ; and the IVIuses, though unwilUng to contend with singers so inferior, did not decUne the contest. The Nymphs were chosen as judges. One of the Pierides sang the war of the gods and giants, and stu- diously exalted the giants and depressed the gods. CaUiope was chosen by her sisters to reply, and sang ihe story of the rape of Proserpine, and of Ceres searching for her all over the world. The Nymphs decided in favour of the Mu^es ; and when their adversa- ries, dissatisfied at the award, vented their rage in abusive lan- guage, the goddesses exerted their divine power, and changed them into magpies (v. 5.). See also v. iv. See Pierides. Mutina, -ae, /*., Mutina, now Jfodena, a Roman colonial ri m Cisalpine Gaul, often mentioned in history, and particuiar.v during the stormy period which intervened between the death of Caesar and the reign of Augustus. Mutina was situated in a fertile plain, near the Scultenna, now the Panaro, one of the southern tributaries of the Po. It sustained a severe siege against the troops of Antony Cb. c. 43.). Decimus Brutus, who defended the place, being apprized of the approach of Hirtius and Pansa, by means of carrier-pigeons, made an obstinate defence; and Antony, after being defeated in two battles by these generals, assisted by Octa- vianus, was forced to raise the siege. Alcenia MntincB obsesses aiupiciis illius victa petent pacein^ the city of Mutina, besie^red under his auspices, being conquered, shall sue for peace — in allu- sion probably to the siege by Antony, and the general subjugation of Italy by Augustus, xv. 9. 73. jMycale, -es,/*., Mycale, now Sanson, a chain of mountains in Lydia, a province in Asia Minor, which extends for some dis- tance along the right bank of the Maeander towards the east, and to the west runs out into the sea, opposite to the island of Samos. It was celebrated for the Panionium, or solemn assembly of the Ionian states, which was held m a temple situate at its foot ; and also for the great victory gained by the Greeks over the Persians (b. c. 479.), the same day that ^lardonius was defeated at Plataeae. Mygdonius, -a, -urn, adj., of, or relating to Myjdonia, Mygdonian, Thracian. See Melas. N. Xabatasa, ^^,f-, Sabatfsa, aname given to the north-western portion of Arabia, which touched upon Eg^-pt and Syria. Its ca- pital was Petra, from which the country is more commonly caile 1 Arabia Petraea. The principal tribe was the IS'abataei, who a supposed to have derived their name from Nebaioth, the son Ishmael. The Nabataei were a very powerful people, and acquir considerable importance by transporting the merchandise of *.. southern country through their territory to the Mediterranean. ^AB 257 NAX XabataeuSj -a, -um, adj., of, or belonging to Nahatcea, Na- batcean^ eastern. NabatcBa regna, the country of Nabataea, i. e. Arabia, 1. 2 30. Nahatcevs hthe^mon, Ethemon from ^vabataea, i. e. from Arabia, v. 1. 106. Naias, -adis, & -ados,jr^ a Naid, nsed for any nvmph, i. 13. 'A. Xaides, -Ulllj/., the Naids, certain inferior deities, or water- nymphs, who presided over rivers, brooks, and springs. The Xaides generally inhabited the country, and frequented the wood^ or meadows near the stream over which they presided, and were held in great veneration by the ancients. Their name appears to be derived from vas/v, to How. They are represented as young and beautiful virgins, each bearing an urn, from which flows a streari> of water. Sacrifices of goats and lambs were offered to them, with libations of wme, honey, and oil. They sometimes received offer- ings of milk, fruit, and flowers. IS aides is also applied to the daughters of the river- gods. Naides, the Naids, i. e. the other daughters of Tnachus, i. 12. 18. Sorores Na'ides planxere, his sisters the Naids beat their breasts, i. e. the daughters of the Cephisus, iii. 6. 105. Nais, -idis, & -idos, /., a Naid, or water-mjmph, who in- habited an island in the Red Sea, and turned into flshes all those who approached her residence. She was herself turned into a fish by Apollo, iv. 1. 51. Nape, -eSj/*., Forester, the name of one of Actaeon's dogs. Narcissus, -i, m., Narcissus, the son of the river Cephisus and the nymph Liriope. He was a youth of remarkable beauty^ and the gods being consulted respecting the length of his life, re- plied that he would hve until he should see himself, iii. 5. 10. He slighted many of the nymphs of the country who courted him, and caused Echo to pine away till she became a mere sound, by refusing to bestow upon her his affections (See Echo). Returning one day fatigued from the chase, he stopped to quench his thirst at a clear foui.tain, and seeing his shadow in the water, became so much ena- moured of it, that he languished and died. The gods, in compas- sion for his fate, changed him into a flower, which bears his name. Naupliades, ae, m., NavpUades, the son of Naupiius, a patronymic appHed to Palamedes from his father NaupUus. Nau- pliades ret exit commenta timidi animi, the son of JSauplius, i. e. Palamedes, laid open the devices of his cowardly soul, xiii. I. 3ts. See Palamedes. Naxos, & Naxus, -i, /., Naxus, now Naxia, an island in the ^gean Sea, the largest and most fertile of the Cyclades, hes to the south of Delos, and is about sixty miles in circumference. It was anciently called Dia, Dionysias, Strong) le, Sec, and re- ceived the name by which it is most generally known from Naxus, NEB 258 NEP the leader of a colony of Carians, who settled there. Naxus was famous among the ancients for the excellence of its wine, which, modern travellers state, still retains its pristine celebrity. The plains and valleys prodiice oil, cotton, silk, wheat, and barley, and the higher grounds afford pasture for cattle. Naxos was the favourite residence of Bacchus, and it was to this island that he requested to be conveyed when he was found asleep by the Tuscan pirates on the coast of Ceos, iii. 7. 126. The ruins of his temple are still visible on the south coast, and various relics attest the prevalence of his worship. Its modern inhabitants amount to 10,800, and are said to maintain the character of devoted votaries of Bacchus. Nebrophonos, -i, m., Kill-buck, the name of one of Actaeon's dogs. Nephele, -es,/, Nephde, the first wife of Athamas, king of Boeotia, and mother of Phryxus and Helle. She was divorced by her husband on pretence of being subject to fits of insanity, but really to enable hmi to marry Ino, the daughter of Cadmus. Ino became jealous of Nephele, and resolved to destroy her children, because, by their seniority, they were entitled to their father's thi*one in preference to her own. To save them from this cala- mity, Nephele procured from Neptune a celebrated ram, on whose back they eff'ected their escape to Colchis. It was to obtain the fleece of this ram, that Jason and his companions undertook the.r famous expedition. See Athamas and lason. Neptunus, -i, tw., Neptune, the god of the sea, was the son of Saturn and Ops, and the brother of Jupiter, Pluto, and Juno. His mother, as soon as he was born, concealed him in a sheep-fold in Arcadia, and deceived his father by substituting a colt, which the voracious god devoured instead of his son. When the kingdom of Saturn was divided among his sons, the sea was assigned to Neptune as his portion; but this being deemed by him not equiva- lent to the empire of heaven and earth, which Jupiter had reserved for himself, he formed a conspiracy with the other gods to dethrone his brother. The conspiracy, however, was detected, and Nep- tune was condemned to build the walls of Troy for Laomedim. In the same spirit of contention, he disputed with Minerva the honour of giving a name to the city which was built by Cecrops (See Minerva), and also for the honour of being worshipped at Troezene ; and with Apollo he had a dispute for possession of the isthmus of Corinth. Neptune married Amphitrite, by whom he had Triton (See Triton). By Phoenlce he had Proteus (diss.) (See Pro- teus); by Canace, Nereus {diss.); and by Thesea, Phorcys (See Phorcys). The worship of Neptune was established in almost every part of the ancient world, and the Libyans in particular re- garded him as the first and greatest of the gods. The Greeks celebrated the Isthmian games in honour of him ; and among the NER 259 NES Romans, the Consualia were observed with the greatest solemnity. As god of the sea, Neptune enjoyed more power than any of the other gods except Jupiter. He not only held the ocean, rivers, and fountains, under his control, but could also cause earthquakes at his pleasure, and raise islands from the bottom of the sea with a stroke of his trident. Besides his residence on Olympus, Neptune had a splendid palace beneath the sea at --Egse, a small town on the east coast of Euboaa. He is represented, like Jupiter, with a serene and majestic countenance, with a trident in his right hand, and a dolphin in his left, seated in a large shell drawn by sea-horses, and attended by the sea-gods, Palaemon, Glaucus, and Phorcys, and the goddesses Thetis, Melita, and Panopaea, besides a long train of tritons and sea-nymphs. . The bull and the horse were sa- crificed on his altars ; and the Roman soothsayers always offered to him the gall of the victims, which in taste resembles the bitter- ness of the sea-water. Nereides, -um,/., the Nereids, sea-nymphs, the daughters of Nereus (diss.), and Doris. They were fifty in number, and their duty was to attend on the more powerful sea-deities, and to execute the orders of Neptune. The best-known of them are Amphitrite, Thetis, Galatea, Cymothoe, &c. The Nereids, like all other female deities, were conceived to be of a beautiful form, with a skin of delicate whiteness, and long flowing hair. They are represented sitting on dolphins, and holding Neptune's trident in their hands. Altars were erected to them on the seashore, where offerings of milk, oil, and honey, and sometimes the flesh of goats, were presented to them. ' Grave numen Nereidum, the enraged majesty of the Nereids, v. 1. 17. Nereius^ -a, -um, adj.^ of, or relating to Nereus, or the sea. Genitrix Nere'ia prcBscia venturi leti, his mother, i. e. Thetis, a daughter of Nereus, foreseeing the death that would be- fall him, xiii. 1 . 162. See Thetis. Nereus {diss.), -ei, & -eOS, m., Nereus, a sea-deity, the son of Pontus and Terra, who married Doris, and had by her fifty daughters, called Nereides ( See Nereides). Nereus was distin- guished for his knowledge, and his love of truth and justice ; the gift of prophecy was also assigned to him. When Hercules went in quest of the apples of the Hesperides, he was directed by the nymphs to consult Nereus. He found the god asleep, and seized hmi. Nereus, on awaking, endeavoured to escape by changing himself into a variety of forms, but was obliged to instruct the hero how to proceed, before he would release him (See Hercules). He was generally represented as an old man, with a long beard, and hair of an azure colour. Nereus is often put for the sea: as, Qud, Nereus circunisonat totum vrhern, where the sea roars around the whole world, i. 6. 25. Nestor, -oris, m., Nestor, the son of Neleus (diss.) and ML 260 NIL Chloris, and king of Pylos, a town on the west coast of Messenia, in the Peloponnesus. He early distinguished himself by his bra- very in the field, and participated in all the remarkable events of his time. He was present at the battle between the Centaurs and Lapithae, w^hich took place at the marriage of Pirithbus, and also at the hunt of the Calydonian boar. As king of Pylos, he led his subjects to the Trojan war, where he acquired great celebrity by his eloquence, wisdom, justice, and uncommon prudence. His character, as drawn by Homer, is the most perfect of all his heroes. After the Trojan war, Nestor returned to Greece, where he en- joyed, in the bosom of his family, the peace and tranquillity neces- sary for his advanced age. The time and manner of his death are unknown. He is said to have lived three ages, — a period which, by some, is computed at 300 years ; and by others, with greater probability, at ninety. Nileus {diss.), -ei, & eos, m., Nileiis, an ^^gyptian, who pretended to be the son of the river-god JNilus, and who bore on his shield a representation of that river. He was changed into stone by Perseus (disa.) at his marriage with Andromeda. Nilus, -i, m., the Nile the river of Egypt ^ was the longest river with which the ancients were acquainted. It rises about 23 degrees south of the Mediterranean, from two sources, the more eastern of w^hich, called by the ancients Astapus, now Bahr-el- Azergue, or the Blue River, was that visited by Bruce, the British traveller. The western branch, now called Bahr-eL-Abiad, or the White River, is much more important, and, from its being the true Nile, preserved among the ancients the original name Nilus. Of the latter source, the ancients, like the moderns, knew but lit- tle; and, from the proverbial expression, " NiU caput quaerere," which they used to express an impossible or difficult undertaking, they appear to have considered the discovery of it impracticable. Ptolemy says, that it rises in the JMountains of the Moon, a lofty chain which crosses the interior of Africa, from east to west ; and modern discoveries go far to confirm the truth of his conjecture. These two streams unite in Nubia, about the 18th degree of north latitude, and the river keeping a course nearly due north, loses itself in the Mediterranean. Its length may be estimated at 2,700 miles. The Nile, in ancient times, fell into the Mediterranean by seven mouths; (hence Nihts discretus inseptem ostia, the Nile di- vided into seven mouths, V. i^. 31.); but of these two only now remain, the Ostium Bolbitlnum, which enters the sea near the modern town of Rosetta ; and the Ostium Phatniticum, which dis- charges its waters near JDamietta. These two streams encompass the celebrated Delta. Of the other five scarcely any distinct ves- tiges are now traceable. 1 he most interesting phenomenon con- nected with the Nile is its annual inundation, upon which Egypt entirely depends for its boasted fertiUty. The river begins to NIN 261 NUM swell about the summer solstice, and continues ^adually to rise till the autumnal equinox, when it overflows its banks and covers the whole valley. It remains stationary for some time, and then gra- dually subsides till towards the winter solstice, when it has again reached its ordinary level, which it maintains till the summer of the succeeding year. The cause of this inundation, which the ancients in vain endeavoured to discover by conjecture, has of late years been ascertained to arise from the rains which fall in the tro- pical regions from June to September. When the inundation has retired, the whole soil is found coverei with a thick black slime, in which the principles of vegetation are fully contained, and to which Ovid alludes, i. 9. 10., kc. The average rise of the Nile was, in ancient times, and still is, sixteen cubits, or twenty-four feet. Septemfluus Nilus, the seven-streamed Nile, i. e. which divides itself into seven mouths, i. 9. 8. Xile, restahas ultinius immenso labori, you, O Nile, remained as the farthest boundar}- of her long wandering, i. 13. -iO. Xilusfugit perterritu.^ in extremum orhem^ the Nile fled in alarm to the most remote part of the world, ii. 1, 254. Per septemtina fumina papyriferi Xili, through the seven streams of the Nile which produces the papyrus, xv. 9. 9. See iEgyptus. Ninus, -i. vi., Xinyis, the son of Belus, who built the city Nineveh, and founded the Assyrian monarchy, about b. c. 2059. He extended his conquests fi'ora Egypt to the extremities of India and Bactriana, and reigned 52 years. He is probably the same with Ninus, the son of Nimrod, who enlarged and beautiiied the city Babylon, and who was succeeded in the government by his wife Semiramis. See Babylon. Noemon, -onis, m., Xoemon^ one of the companions of Sar- pedon, who was killed at Troy by Ulysses. Gr. Ace. -ona. Xonacrlnus, -a, -um. adj. of, or relatbigto Xonacris, a dis- trict and town (now Xankria) of Arcadia, Arcadian. Inter Hama' dryadas Xonacrinas^ among the Hamadryads of Nonacris, i. e. the Arcadian Nymphs, i. 13. 2. Notus, -i, m., the south wind, which ^.s represented by the ancients as exceedingly stormy, and as producmg violent rains. Jupiter employed this wmd when he resolved to bring the deluge upon the earth, i. 7. 21. Notos denotes the same wind as Auster, O. F. Numidae, -arum, m., the inhabitants of Xumidia, the Xu- midians. Numiclia, -ae, /., Numidia, a country in the north of Africa, comprehending the modern province of Algiers, and the south- western part of Tunis. The Numidians were a hardy and athletic race of warriors, and remarkable for the practice of attacking their enemies by night ; they rode without either saddle or bridle. Nu- p2 NYC 262 CEBA midia was the kingdom of Masinissa, Jugurtha, and the elder and younger Juba, See Juba. Nyctelius, -ii, m., Nyctelius, a surname applied to Bacchus, because his orgies were celebrated by night. The name is deri ed from yy|, night, and rsXea/, I accomplish. Nympha. -ae, & Nymphe, -es,/., a nymph, a young wo- man. The nymphcB were certain female deities, who were sup- posed to enjoy longevity, but not to be immortal. They were divided into two classes, the Nymphs of the land and the Nymphs of the sea. The nymphs of the land were the Oreades, who pre- sided over mountains ; the NapcBCB, who presided over valleys ; the Dryades and the Hamadryddes (q. v.), who presided over forests and groves. The sea-nymphs were the Oceanitides, or nymphs of the ocean; the Nereides (q. r.), or nymphs of the sea; the Ndides {q. v.), or nymphs of the fountains ; and the LimniddeSj or nymphs of the lakes. The nymphs were worshipped by the an- cients, but not with the same solemnity as the superior deities. They had no temples, and the only offerings presented to them were milk, honey, and oil, and sometimes the sacrifice of a goat. They are represented as young and beautiful virgins. Nyseus {diss.), -ei, & -eos, m., Nyseus, a surname given to Bacchus from Nysa, a town or mountain in India, where he is said to have been brought up and educated. See Bacchus. O. OditPS^ -9&, ???., Odites, one of the chiefs of the Cephenes, who was killed by Clymenus, at the marriage of Perseus (diss. ) and Andromeda. Odites was next in rank to the king. Odites primus Cephenumpost re gem, Odites, first of the ^Ethiopians, and next to the king in rank, v. ]. 82. See Cephenes. CEagrius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to (Eagrus, a king of Thrace, who, by some mythologists, is said to have been the fa- ther of Orpheus {diss.) ; hence Thracian ; relating to Orpheus, Orphean. H(Emus nondum (Eagrius, Hsemus not yet celebrated on account of the death of Orpheus, or, not yet under the govern- ment of (Eagrus, ii. 1. 219. (Ebalius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to (Ebalus, a king of Sparta, or Lacedaemon, and the father of Hyacinthus ; hence Spartan, Lacedcemonian. Hyacinthus was ayouth of extraordi- nary beauty, and was at the same time the favourite of Apollo and Zephyrus, the latter of whom he incensed by his coldness and indifference. Zephyrus resolved to punish his rival, and accord- ingly, when Apollo and his favourite were playing at quoits, he blew the quoit, as soon as it had been thrown by Hyacinthus, back upon his head, and killed him by the blow. Apollo changed him after death into a flower of the same name, on which CETA 263 OLY was inscribed the interjection «/, expressive of his sorrow. A si- milar honour was conferred upon Ajax, xiii. 1. 398. From CEba- lus, Sparta obtained the name of (Ebalia. Qui priusfnatus'fuerat de CEbalio vulnere, which had formerly sprung from the wound of the Spartan youth, i. e. Hyacinthus, the son of (Ebalus, xiii. 1. 396. See Ajax. CEta, -ae, & QEte, -es, m., &/., (Eta, now Katavothra Vouno, a range of mountains in the south of Thessaly, bordering on Doris, Phocis, and the Opuntian Locrians, so lofty that the ancients feigned that the sun, moon, and stars set behind it. Here Hercules, unable to endure the pain inflicted by Dejanira's poisoned tunic, is said to have erected a large funeral- pile, on which his mortal parts were consumed (See Hercules). OEta was a spur of Pindus, and extended eastward to the JVIalaic Gulf, and the celebrated defile of Thermopylae. GEtaeus, -a, -um^ adj., of, or relating to Mount (Eta, (EtcB- an, and because the chain of (Eta was in the south of Thessaly, Thessalian. Phocis separat Aonios ab (EtcBis arvis, Phocis se- parates the Aonians, i. e. the Boeotians, from the (Etaean fields, i. c. from Thessaly, i. 8. 1. OleniuSj -a, -um, adj,^ of, or relating to Olenus, a city in the south-west of iEtolia, Olenian. Amalthaea, the goat which is said to have suckled Jupiter while in the Dictaean cave in Crete, was kept for some time at Olenos; hence the epithet Olenia is apphed by Ovid to the constellation of the goat, into which Am- althaea was changed by Jupiter. Pluviale sidus Olenice capellce, the rainy constellation of the Olenian goat, i. e. of Amalthaea, iii. 7.84. Olympus, -ij m., Olympus, now Ehjmho, a lofty mountain in the north of Thessaly, forming the eastern extremity of the Cambunian range, which separated that country from Macedonia. Olympus was famous in Grecian mythology from the fable of the giants, who attempted to reach heaven by piling Pelion and Ossa upon it (See Gigas) ; and was supposed by the ancients to be so lofty as to exceed the flight of birds, and to touch the heavens with its summit ; hence they made it the court of Jupiter and the resi- dence of the gods. The calmness and serenity which reigned on its summit were never broken, neither clouds nor wind ever interrupted the perpetual spring. Modern travellers dwell with admiration on the colossal magnificence of Olympus, which seems to rise at once from the sea, and to hide its snowy head among the clouds. The oak, the beech, and the plane-tree, are seen in great abundance along the base and skirts of the mountain ; and towards the sum- rait of the first ridge forests of pine spread themselves along the acclivities, still preserving that character which is so often alluded to by the ancient poets. The top, which reaches an elevation of OPII 2()4 ORO 6250 feet, is covered with snow during nearly the whole year. Olympus is very often used to signify heaven: as, Delahor snmmo Olympo, I descend from the top of Olympus, i. e. from heaven, i. 6. 50. Rector vasti Olympi qubqne, the king of the vast Olym- pus even, i. e. Jupiter, the king of heaven, ii. 1. 60. Opheltes, -ae, m., Opheltes, the chief of the crew of Tuscan pirates, who seized Bacchus when asleep on the coast of the island of Ceos, and when carrying him off were changed by the god into dolphins. Oresitrophos, -i, m.. Mountain-reared, or Rover, the name of one of Actseon's dogs. Oresitrophos hcesit in anno, Rover fixed upon his shoulder, iii. 2. 103. Oribasus, -i, m., Mountain-ranger, the name of one of Ac- tseon's dogs. Orion, -onis, & -onis, m., Orion, a celebrated giant who sprung from the urine of Jupiter, Neptune, and INJercury. Accord- ing to the fable, these three gods, while travelling in Boeotia, were hospitably entertained by Hyrieus [tris.], a peasant of the country, who, on discovering their divinity, welcomed them with the volun- r.ary sacrifice of an ox. The gods, pleased with his piety, promised to grant him whatever he should ask, and the old man, who had lately lost his wife, and had come under a promise to her not to marry again, requested, that, as he was childless, he might have a son without a second marriage. The gods consented, and ordered him to bury in the earth the skin of the ox he had sacrificed, into which they had all three made water. At the end of nine months, Hyrieus dug up the skin, and found it to contain a beautiful child, whom he named Urion, as indicative of his origin. Orion attained a gigantic stature, and soon acquired great fame. He was rendered blind by (Enopion, king of Chios, whose daughter he sought in marriage, but recovered his sight by visiting the temple of the sun. He was taken by Diana as one of her companions, and was killed by the bite of a scorpion, sent by Tellus to punish him for his pride. According to others, he was killed by the arrows of Diana for of- fering violence to one of her nymphs ; or, as Horace says, to the goddess herself. After his death he was changed into a constella- tion. Nitidum ensem Urionis, the bright sword of Orion, — the constellation of Orion consisted of seventeen stars, and was sup- posed to resemble a man holding a sword, xiii. 1. 294. Orontes, -ae, & -is, m., the Orontes. now the Aanzi/, a river in Syria, which rises in the angle formed by Mount Libanus. and Ant''- Libanus and after a northerly course of 225 miles, enters the IVIediterranean, opposite to the island of Cyprus. It is said to have been formerly called Typhon, from a' giant of that name, who being struck by the thunderbolts of Jupiter, sought refuge under the «arth, which caused the bursting forth of the river. It was also ORP 265 PAD called Axius by the Greeks. The Orontes is a large and rapid river in winter, but a very small stream in summer. Orphne, -es, /*._, Orphne {darkness), a nymph of the infernal regions, and mother of Ascalaphus by Acheron. Ortygia, -ae,/*., Ortygia^ a small island in the Bay of Syra- cuse, on which the Corinthian colony under Archias first settled, B. c. 732, when they founded Syracuse. It afterwards formed one of the four parts of that great city. In this island was the cele- brated fountain Arethusa. See Syracusae and Arethusa. OrtygiuSj -a, -um, adj.. Ortygian, of, or relating to Orty- gia, one of the ancient names of Delos, the island on which Apollo and Diana were born. Colehat Ortygiam deam studiis ipsdqne virginitate, she imitated the Ortygian goddess, i. e. Diana, in her pursuits (hunting, &c.), and even in her virginity, i. 13. 6. See Delos, Apollo, and Diana. Ossa, -ae, /., sometimes m., Ossa, now Kissovo, a lofty mountain in Thessaly, on the right bank of the Peneus, which extends along the coast of ]Magnesia. Ossa was supposed to have been once joined to Olympus, but to have been separated from it by an earthquake, which, according to the fabulous account, hap- pened about B. c. 1885. Between these two mountains lay the famous vale of Tempe. Around Ossa was the residence of the Lapithae. See (dyrapus and Tempe. Othrys, -yos, m., Othrys, now known by the names of TIeK luvu and Gura, a range of mountains m Thessaly, which, branch- ing off from the chain of Pindus, closed the great plain of Thessaly to the south, and divided the waters which flowed northwards into the Peneus, from those received by the Sperchius. This moun- tain is celebrated in antiquity- as the residence of the Centaurs. P. Pachynum, -i, n., & Pachynus, -i, /., Pachymim, now Cape Passaro, a promontory at the south-eastern corner of Sicily, under which, according to Ovid, the left hand of the giant Typho- eus (tris.) was buried by Jupiter. Lceva (subjecta est) tihi, Parhyjie, his left hand was placed under you, Pachynum, v. 6. 11. Padus, -i, m., the Po, called anciently Eridanus and Bodincus, the largest river in Italy, rises in Mount Viso, in the range of the Maritune Alps, flows eastward through the great plain of Lom- bardy, and after a course of 370 miles, enters the Hadriatic by seven mouths, about thirty miles south of Venice. It receives in its course the waters of more than thirty rivers from the Alps and Apennines, and is navigable for nearly 250 miles from its mouth. The Po is famous as the scene of Phaethon's death, and the meta- morphosis of his sisters into poplar trees. Its sands were said to be mixed with gold dust, a«d were therefore carefully examined by the natives. See Phaethon and Eridanus. P^A 266 PAL Paean, -anis, m,, Pcean {a physician) y a name given to Apollo as god of physic. Paeones, -um, m., the PcBones, ot Pceonians, the inhabitants of Pa^onia, a name which appears to have included the greater part of Macedonia, and even a considerable portion of what is more properly called Thrace ; extending along the coast of the iEgean Sea as far as the Euxine. It was more strictly applied to the northern part of that country, in the neighbourhood of Mount Scardus, and towards the borders of Illyria. Nivosos P(2onas, the snowy i aeo- nians, i. e. the Paeonians inhabiting the lofty mountains, v. 5. 20. Paeonis, -idis, adj., of, or relating to Pcponia ; also a Pcbo- nian woman. Euippe Pcconis, Euippe from Paeonia, a Pajonian woman, v. 5. 10. See Paeones. Pagasa, -ae, & Pagasae, -arum, /!, Pagasce, now known as the Castle of Volo, a town in the south-east of Thessaly, situate near the north-east corner of the Pagasaeus Sinus, the Gulf of Volo, from which the Kjulf received its ancient name. Here the ship Argo was built, and from this harbour the Argonauts set sail for Colchis. See lason. Pagasaeus, -a, -um, adj., of or relating to Pagasa:, Pagas- (juan. Intravit Colcha litora Pagasccu carina, entered the shores of Colchis in a Pagasaean ship, i. e. sailed with Jason in the Argo- nautic expedition, xiii. 1. 24. See vii. J. 1. Palaemon, -onis^ m., PalcBmon^ ^ sea-deity. His original name was Mehcerta, but he assumed the name of Palaemon when he was changed into a god by Neptune. Dixit Deum Pal(Emona cum matre Leucothee, called him the god Palaemon, and his mo- ther the goddess Leucothee, iv. 11. 127. Gr. Ace. -ona. See Melicerta. Palaestina, -ae,y., Palestine, or the Holy Land, a country in Asia, which derived its name from the Philistaei, or Philistines, who inhabited the coast. It was bounded on the north by Phoe- nicia and Syria, on the east and"a«ruth by Arabia, and on the west by the Mediterranean. This country possesses a sacred interest as the promised inheritance of the seed of Abraham, and as the scene of the birth, sufferings, and death of our blessed Saviour. At the time of the events recorded in the New Testament Palaestina wa> divided into five principal part?, — Galilaea, Samaria, and Judaea, on the west of the Jordan ; and Batanaea or Bashan, and Peraea, on the east. The fertihty is described by Moses in the most glow- ing terms, and the small portions of the country which are now under cultivation bear ample testimony to its great natural re ■ sources. Palaestina, in later times, formed a part of the provmce of Syria, and is used by Ovid to denote that country. Palsestini, -orum, rw., the inhal^tants of Palestine, the Sy. rians, iv. I. 46. See Palaestina. PAL 267 PA) Palamedes, -is, m., Palajnedes, a Grecian chief, the son of NaupHus, king of Euboea, and Clymene. He was sent by the Grecian princes to bring Ulysses to the camp, when the crafty king attempted to avoid going to the Trojan war by pretending insanity, and imposed on his friends by often yoking different animals to the plough, and sowing salt instead of barley. Palamedes soon dis- covered the cheat. He found that his only reason for pretending insanity was his unwillingness to be separated from Penelope, whom he hud lately married; and to put the truth of his suspicion to the test, he took Telemachus, whom Penelope had recently born, and laid him before his father's plough. Ulysses turned the plough in a different direction to avoid his child, and having thus shown that he was not insane, was obhged to drop the disguise, and to join his countrymen in their expedition against Troy (xiii. 1. 39.). He resolved, however, to be revenged on Palamedes, and embraced every opportiiP ly to thwart and distress him. When all other means failed, he bribed one of his servants to dig a hole in his master's tent (xiii. 1. 60.), and there conceal a large sum of money furnished by himself. He afterwards forged a letter from Priam to Palamedes, in which the king urged him to deliver the Grecian army into his hands, in fulfilment of the terms agreed to when he received the money. This letter, by another stratagem of TTlysses, came into the hands of the Grecian chiefs, and Palamedes was summoned before them : his solemn protestations of innocence were in vain, the money was jc'^7:?pvered in his tent, and the accusation was supposed to be ^thereby proved. He was accordingly found guilty, and stoned to death.' Palamedes is said to have completed the Greek alphabet of Cadmus ; and to him is likewise ascribed the invention of dice and backgammon, and the introduction of some important improvements in the art of war. Gr. Ace. -en. See Ulysses. Palatium, -ii, n., a palace, the residence of a monarch or prince. The term palatium is said to have derived its origin from the Mons Palatinus, the Palatine Alount, where Evander resided when iEneas landed in Italy, and on which Romulus founded the city Rome. Here Augustus had his house, and also the succeed- ing emperors. From this circumstance Palatium came to signify the residence of the emperor, and is applied by Ovid to the palace of Jupiter. Palatia magni coeli, the palace of great heaven, i. 6. 14. Palici, -OYUm, m., the Palici, twin-brothers, and the sons of Jupiter by the nymph Thalia, or, according to ^Eschylus, by .^tna. The- nymph having become pregnant by Jupiter, is said to have implored his protection against the resentment of Juno, and to have been, at her own request, concealed by the god in the bowels of the earth. When the time of her delivery arrived, the earth opened and gave birth to two children, who received the name Palici, from the Greek words tcx.Xiv hjcuv, because they re- PAL 268 PAL turned to the light of day. They afterwards received divine honours Jrom the Sicihans, and had several hikes or pools of great depth which were considered sacred to them. At the town of Palica, now Pahigoniay on a cognominal lake, in the south-east division of the island, they had a temple and an oracle, which was consulted on great emergencies, and rendered the truest and most unequivo- cal answers. It was usual for those who had controversies or quarrels to decide, to swear by this lake, and those who violated their oath were immediately punished in a supernatural manner, while those whose oaths were sincere departed unhurt. From the circumstance of some of the Sicilian lakes being sacred to the Pa- hci, Ovid uses Stagna Palicorum for the lakes of Sicily generally. Stagna Pallconim olentia sulfure, ferventia ruptd ^erra, the pools of the Palici, i. e. the lakes of Sicily, smelling of sulphur, and boiling up where the earth had burst open, v. 6. 65. PalLidium, -ii, /?., the Palladium, an image or statue of Pallas at Troy, which was said to have fallen from heaven in the reign of Ilus, the grandfather of Priam. Ilus, after building the city which he had been ordered by the oracle to found, prayed to Ju- piter to give him a sign, and the following day found the Palladium lying before his tent. The image was three cubits, or, according to some, three ells long, with its legs joined, holding in one hand an elevated spear, and in the other a distaff and spindle. This miraculous event excited great surprise among the inhabitants, and on consulting the oracle of Apollo, they were informed that the city should remain uninjured so long as it contained the sacred symbol. It was accordingly preserved with the greatest care in the temple of Minerva, on the citadel. The ancient writers give different accounts of the materiaw of which the Palladium was made, but agree as to the fact, that on it dependj-d the preservation of Troy. Of this the Greeks, during the Trojan war, were well aware, and therefore Ulvsses and Diomedos were commissioned to steal it (xiii. 1. 99. and 345.). They effected their object, it is said, by the assistance of Helenus, who betrayed his country in revenge for an injury which he believed was done to him, when Helen, on the death of Paris, was given in marriage to his brother Dei'phobus in preference to himself (See Helenus). Some authors, however, maintain that the true Palladium was not carried away from Troy by the Greeks, but only one of the statues of similar shape and size, which had been placed near it to deceive any sacri- legious persons who might attempt to steal it. According to them the Palladium was safely conveyed from Troy to Italy by /Eneas, and was preserved by the Romans with the greatest veneration in the temple of Vesta. On it was supposed to depend the destiny of Rome, and several others were made exactly like it to prevent it from being stolen. See Vesta. Pallantias. -adis, f,, the daughter of Pallas, a name given Pal 269 PAN to Aurora, who, by some mythologists, was said to be the daughter of Pallas. This patronymic probably denotes the cousin or relation of Pallas, Hyperion the father of Aurora, and Crius the father of Pallas, being brothers, the sons of Coelus and Terra. Quum Pallantias prcevia luci inficit orbem tradendum Fhcebo, when the daughter, or cousin of Pallas, i. e. Aurora, who precedes the light, tinges the world which she is to deliver up to Phcebus, xv. 2. 131. Pallas, - adis, & -ados,/., Pallas^ a name given to Minerva as the goddess of war. This name, which is very often employed by the poets, is probably derived from the Greek craXAo/, 1 brandish a spear ; or from cra>-Xa|, a maiden, in allusion to the promise of celibacy which the goddess obtained from her father (v. f). 35.). Cum raptd Pallade, and the stealing of the Palladium, xiii. 1. 99. Gr. Ace. -ada. See Minerva and Palladium. PamphagUS^ -i, W., Glutton, the name of one of Actaeon's dogs. Pan, Panis, m., Pan, was the god of the mountains, of shepherds, and of cattle. The parentage of this god is much dis- puted by mythologists. He is said to be the son of Mercury and the nymph Dryops, of Jupiter and Thymbris, and of Mercury and Penelope, whose love he gained under the form of a goat, as she was tendmg, in her youth, the flocks of her father on Blount Taygetus. The worship of this god seems to have been at first confined to Arcadia, where he gave oracles on iMount Lycseus, but was afterwards extended over the rest of Greece. His festivals, called by the Greeks Lycaea, were brought into Italy by Evander, and were celebrated at Rome under the name of Lupercalia. Pan is said to have taught Apollo the art of prophecy, and to have been the inventor of the pipe consisting of seven reeds, which he called Syrinx^ in honour of a beautiful nymph of the same name to whom he offered violence, and who was changed into a reed (See Sy- rinx). The worship of Pan is supposed to have been introduced from Egypt, where he was held in the greatest veneration. The ancients had two modes of representing this god. By some artists he was represented with horns, with a ruddy face, a flat nose, his legs and thighs rough with hair, and having the tail and feet of a goat. By others he is portrayed as a young man with short horns on his forehead, bearing his crook and his syrinx, and is either naked or clad in a light cloak. » Panope^ ~es,f.y Panope, now Agios Blasios, a town of Pho- cis, in Greece. Arva Panopes, the fields of Panope, iii. 1. 19. Panthoides, -ae, m., the son of Panthous, a patronymic ap- plied to Euphorbus ; and also to Pythagoras, who, in proof of his doctrine of the transmigration of souls, pretended that his soul had animated the body of Euphorbus. See Euphorbus and Py« thagoras. PAN 270 PAH Panthous, -i, m., Panthous, a son of Othrys, who was the father of Euphorbus, and priest of Apollo in the citadel of Trov. Parcse, -arum,/., the ParccBy or Fates, powerful goddesses who were t^lieved to preside over the life and death of mankind. They were three in number, Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos, and were the daughters of Erebus and Nox, or of Jupiter and Themis. Their Roman names were Nona, Decima, and INIorta. The Fates were invested with unlimited power, and even Jupiter himself could not annul or modify their decrees. As the arbiters of life and death, they divided out to men whatever good or evil befell them in the world, which they were believed to do by spinning. When they intended a long or happy life to any man, they were supposed to spin a white thread, and if the contrary, a black one. Clotho held the distaff, Lachesis spun the thread, and Atropos cut it. These offices are well expressed in the following verse : — Clotho colum retinet^ Lachesis net, et Atropos occat. The worship of the Fates prevailed extensively over Greece and Italy, and resembled that of the Furies ( See Erinnys). They were represented as three old women, with chaplets made of wool, and were covered with a white robe. One of them held a distaff, another a spindle, and the third was armed with scissors. The number was probably suggested by the past, the present, and the future, which, according to Apuleius, they were said to denote. Paris, -idis, m., Paris, called also Alexander, one of the sons of Priam and Hecuba. His mother, during her pregnancy, dreamed that she had given birth to a torch, and the soothsayers, on being consulted, declared Ikat the future child would prove the destruc- tion of his country. To prevent the evil which this prediction threatened, Priam ordered one of his slaves to destroy the child as soon as he was born. The slave, at the request of Hecuba, exposed him on Mount Ida, where he was kindly treated by the shepherds, and reared by them as one of their own sons. Paris, though educated among shepherds, gave early proofs of courage and intre- pidity, and by his prudence and discretion, acquired great celebrity in settling disputes. He was frequently called upon to act as judge, and was appointed by the gods to decide the famous dispute between Juno, Venus, and Minerva, respecting the golden apple (See Peleus). The goddesses accordingly appeared before him, each anxious to obtain the prize. Juno promised him a kingdom, Minerva wisdom, and Venus the most beautiful woman of her day. The youthful shepherd decided in favour of the goddess of love, and thereby brought the resentment of her competitors upon his family anJ country. By the skill which he displayed in manly exercises, he afterwards attracted the notice of Priam, and being recognised as his son, was acknowledged as one of the princes of Troy. On pretence of redeeming his aunt Hesione whom Hercules ^, See Her- PAR 271 PEG cules) had given in marriage to Telamon, he equipped a fleet, and sailing from Troy, landed at Sparta, where he was hospitably en- tertained by Menelaus (See Menelaus). The real object of his voyage was to get possession of Helen, whom Venus had promised to him, and, in the absence of her husband, who was obliged to go to Crete, Paris prevailed upon her to elope with him, and brought her to Troy. During the siege of Troy by the Greeks, which fol- lowed soon after, Paris displayed but little courage, and would have fallen in single combat with Menelaus, had not Venus inter- fered and rescued him from his antagonist. He killed Achilles in the temple of Apollo, where the Grecian hero had gone to receive the hand of his sister Polyxena, and is said to have himself fallen by the hand of Pyrrhus or Philoctetes. Gr, Ace. -in. Parius, -a, -um^ odj., of, or relating to Paros, Parian. Pa- ros, now Paro, is an island in the ^gean Sea, one of the Cyclades, and highly celebrated for its excellent marble. The Parian marble is of a beautiful white colour, hardens by exposure to the atmosphere, and consequently possesses the power of resisting decomposition through a series of ages. Ut signum formatum e Pario murmore, Uke a statue made of Parian marble, iii. 6. 1 8. Parnassius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Parnassus. Parnassia Themis^ Themis who dwelt on Mount Parnassus, iv. 13. 40. Petebamus Parnassia templa^ we were makmg for the temples (of Apollo and Bacchus) on Mount Parnassus, v. 4. 29. Parnassus, -i, m., Parnassus, now Lyakoura, a mountain m Phocis, which extends from the country of the Locri Ozolse in a north-easterly direction through Phocis, and joins the chain of Qi^ta. Parnassus is the highest mountain in central Greece, and is covered with snow during the greater part of the year. This mountain has attained a high degree of classic celebrity in con- nexion with the oracle of Apollo, and the worship of the Muses. Parnassus was remarkable for its two summits (hence called Biceps Parnassus, the two-topped Parnassus, ii. 1. 22].), the one of which was sacred to Apollo and Diana, and the other to Bacchus. From these elevated crags the Delphians hurled culprits and sacri- legious criminals, and in this manner the unfortunate -^sop was barbarously murdered. In this mountain was the Corycian cave (bee Corycium), the Castalian fount descended from the chasm be- tween the two summits (See Castahus), and on the southern side, towards its base, was situate the celebrated city of Delphi. Jbi mons duobus verticibus arduus petit astro, nomine Parnassus, there a mountain with two tops rises aloft towards the stars, by name Parnassus, i. 8. 4. Umbrosd arce Parnassi, on the shady top of Parnassus, i. 10. 16. See Delphi. Patara and Patarsus. See page 324. Pegasus, -i, m., Pegasus, a winged horse or monster, said to have been the son of Keptune and Medusa, or to have sprun^j. PEL 272 PEL alon? with his brother Chrysaor, from the blood of the Gorgon, when her head was cut off by Perseus (diss.). According to Hesiod, he received his name from being born near the sources i'^Tiyat) of the sea. He was caught by Bellerophon while drinking at the fountain Pirene in Corinth, and, by the stroke of his hoof, produced the fountain on Mount Helicon, called Hippocrene. He became the favourite horse of the Muses, and was used by Belle- rophon in conquering the Chimsera. Bellerophon afterwards at- tempted to fly to heaven on his winged steed, but being thrown down, Pegasus continued his flight, and was placed by Jupiter among the constellations. Gr. Ace. -on. Pelasgi, -orum, m., the Pelasgi, an Asiatic race who, at a very early period, established themselves in Greece, subsequently in Italy, and probably in other parts of Europe. From the nume- rous settlements which they formed in Greece, the inhabitants of that country are often, by the Latin poets, called Pelasgi. From them, too, the Peloponnesus was called Pelasgia, and a district of Thessaly, Pelasgiotis. Pelasgus, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to the Felasgi, Pe- lasgi an, Grecian Peleus {diss.), -ei, & -eos. m., Peleus, the son of JEacus and Plndeis, and the grandson of Jupiter. Having been accessory, along with Telamon, to the murder of his brother Phocus, he re- tired, according to Ovid, to the court of Ceyx, king of Trachis, in Thessaly, and after being purified of his murder, married Thetis, one of the Nereids, by whom he had Achilles, who was called after his father, Pelides. The nuptials of Peleus and Thetis were celebrated with the greatest solemnity, and were attended by all the gods and goddesses, who made each of them very valuable presents. The goddess of Discord was the only one of the deities who had not been honoured with an invitation, and punished the neglect by throwing into the midst of the assembly a golden apple, with the inscription Detur pidchriori. This apple afterwards excited the rivalry of Juno, Minerva, and Venus. See Paris. Pelias^ -adis, adj., of, or relating to Mount Pelion. Pelias hasta, the spear cut from lilount Pelion, i. e. the spear of Achilles, xiii. I. 109. Pelion^ -ii, w., Pelion, now Plesnid, a chain of mountains on the south-east coast of Thessaly, whose principal summit rises be- hind lolcos and Ormenium, and extends from the southern extre- mity of the lake Boebeis, where it unites with one of the ramifica- tions of Ossa, to the extreme promontory of Magnesia. Pelion is famous in the wars of the gods and giants (See Olympus), and as the ancient abode of the Centaurs, before they were expelled by the Lapithae. The cave of the celebrated Chiron occupied the highest point of the mountain. Pelion, hke the other mountains of Thessaly, is covered with forests of pine, oak, chesnut, and PEL 273 PEN beech, and produced the huge spear of Achilles, and the timber of which the ship Argo was built. Excussit Pelion Osscb snhjecto, threw down Pelion from Ossa, which was placed under it, i. 5. 5. Pella, -as:, f., Pella, novf Allahkilissia, one of the most ancient and celebrated cities of Macedonia, was situate on a lake formed by the river Ludias, 120 stadia from its mouth. Pella was the birth- place of Philip and his son Alexander the Great, and from their time was the constant residence of the kings of Macedonia. Under the Romans, Pella was made the chief city of the third region of Macedonia. Pellaeus, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Pella, Pellcean. Dives Pieros genuit has in Pellceis arvis, rich Pieros begot them in the fields of Pella, i, e. in Macedonia, v. 5. 9. Peloras^ -i, m., & Pelorum^ -i, n., Pelorum, now Cape Pe~ Im'o^ or FarOi one of the three great promontories of Sicily, and forming the north-east corner of the island, said to have received its name from Pelorus, the pilot of the ship which conveyed Han- nibal from Italy, whom he murdered there, under the impression that he had been deceived by him. On this cape was a celebrated temple of Neptune, and under it, according to Ovid, the right hand of the giant Typhoeus (tris.) was buried when he was killed by the thun- derbolts of Jupiter. See Typhoeus. Penates^ -um, & -ium, m., the Penates, certain inferior deities among the Romans, who presided over houses and the do- mestic affairs of famihes, and were supposed to be the dispensers of wealth and prosperity. Every master of a family was at liberty to choose his Penates, and accordingly Jupiter and the other supe- riorgods were often invoked as patrons of domestic affairs. The Penates were either public, as presiding over a country or city, or private as presiding over a particular family. Their images were made of wax, ivory, or silver, according to the affluence of the worshipper, and were kept in the innermost part of the house, which was called penetralia, and offerings of wine, incense, and fruits, were there presented to them. The Penates were of divine origin, and differed in this respect from the Lares, who were human. Penates is frequently used to denote a house, i. 6. 12. Peneis, -idos, /., the davghter of the Peneus, a patronymic ap- plied to Daphne, who was changed into a laurel to escape from the pursuit of Apollo. Deus fixit hoc in nymphd Pene'ide, the god fixed the latter in the nymph, the daughter of the Peneus. i. 10. 21. Nympha, Pejie'i, O nymph, daughter of the Peneus, i. 10. 52. Voc. -e'i. Peneis, -idos, adj., of or relating to the Peneus. Spectans Pene'idas undas, looking upon the waters of the Peneus, i. 10. 93. PeneiUS, -a, -um, adj., of or relating to the Peneus PEN 274 PEN Daphne Pene'ia (fuit) primus amor Phcebij Daphne the daughter of the Peneus was the first love of Phoebus, i. 10. 1. Peneia (puella), the daughter of the Peneus, i. e. Daphne, i. 10. 74. Peneus, & PeneOS, -i, m., the Peneus^ now the Salemhria^ a river of Thessaly which rises in Mount Pindus near the sources of the Achelous, and after a winding course of 110 miles through the middle of the great Thessalian plain, during which it receives the waters of several tributaries, empties itself into the ^gean Sea a httle below Tempe. The Peneus is celebrated for the fable of Daphne, who is said to have been changed into a laurel on its banks when pursued by Apollo, a tradition arising from the great number of laurels which grow near the river. The plain of Thessaly is supposed to have been originally a lake, till an earthquake separated Ossa from Olympus, opened an outlet for the Peneus, and formed the beautiful vale of Tempe. This tradition was preserved in the name Araxes (from aoetffffu, I strike), which is also given to the Peneus. Ovid describes the Pen .us as flowing through the vale of Tempe with great rapidity, dashing from rock to rock, covering the trees on its banks with spray, and stunning the neighbourhood with its noise ; while modern travellers represent it as a smooth and tranquil stream. See Hasmonia and Tempe. Pentheus (diss.), -ei, & -eos, m., Pentheus, a king of Thebes, the son of Echion and Agave, and grandson of Cadmus. Notwithstanding the warnings of the prophet Tiresias, he refused to acknowledge the divinity of Bacchus, and persisted in opposing the introduction of his worship into his kingdom. When the Theban women, disregarding his prohibition, left the city to cele- brate the orgies of the new god, Pentheus, contrary to the advice of his grandfather, ordered his servants to seize the god ; and Bac- chus, who had assumed the form of Acoetes, allowed himself to be taken and brought before the king (See Acoetes). The story of the Tuscan pirates, which he related, did not alter the resolution of Pentheus ; he ordered the god to be imprisoned a-nd instantly put to death as an impostor. While preparations were making to carry his orders into execution, the doors of the prison opened of their own accord, and allowed Bacchus to escape, which still far- ther irritated the king. Bacchus resolved to punish his impiety, and inspired him with an ardent desire of witnessing the celebration of his orgies. Pentheus accordingly concealed himself in a grove on ]Mount Cithaeron, from which he could see the ceremonies unob- served. Here his curiosity soon proved fatal to him ; he was seen by the Bacchanals, who all rushed upon him. His mother was the first who attacked him, her example was instantly followed by his two sisters, Ino and Autonoe, and his body was torn to pieces. Mater prima violavit suum Penthea thyrsomissOy his mother first wounded her son Pentheus by throwing the thyrsus at him, iii. 7. 202. See Agave. Gr, Ace, -ea. PEN 275 PER PentheUS, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Pentheus. Pen^ thed ccede, by the murder of Pentheus, iv. 11. 14. Pergamus, -i, m., more frequently Pergama^ -orum,.?^., the citadel of Troy, often used for the city Troy. It was situated in the highest part of the city, and contained the temple of Mi- nerva, in which the Palladium was deposited. See Troja. PergUS, -i, m., Pergus, now Goridan, a lake in Sicily, on the edge of which the town of Henna was situate. Pergus was reckoned the Umbilicus of Sicily, being midway between Gela and the northern coast, and nearly so between the promontories Lily- baeum and Pelorum. See Henna. Perseis, -idos^/., the daughter of Per ses, a patronymic ap- plied to Hecate. Hecates Perse'idos, of Hecate the daughter of Perses, vii. 1. 74. See Hecate. Persephone^ -es,/.^ Persephone, the Greek name of Proser- pine. Ostendit zonam Persephones in summis undis, showed Proserpine's girdle on the surface of her waters, v. 8. 9. Gr. Ace. -en. Perseus {diss.), -ei, & -eos, m., Perseus, was the son of Jupiter and Danae, whom the king of the gods is said to have im- pregnated by means of a shower of gold. Acrisius, who had been warned by the oracle that he should be killed by this daughter's son, finding that the means which he had taken to prevent her from becoming a mother were unsuccessful, ordered her and the infant to be put into a chest, and exposed on the sea ( See Acrisius and Danae). By the direction of Jupiter, this slender boat was conveyed to the island Seriphus, where the mother and her child were found by a fisherman named Dictys, and carried to Polydectes the king. They were treated with kindness, and Perseus was in- trusted to the care of the priests of Minerva. The spirit and manly daring displayed by the youth greatly alarmed the king, who intended to force a marriage with Danae, and he accordingly re- solved to get quit of him by a stratagem. He invited his friends, and among them Perseus, to a splendid entertainment, specifying as a condition, that his guests should each present him with a beau- tiful horse. Perseus attended, and, acknowledging his inability to make the requisite present, promised to bring to the king the head of the Gorgon Medusa. The ofi'er was doubly acceptable to the king, as it removed him from his court, and the difficulty of the enterprise rendered it highly probable that he would perish in the attempt. The gods, however, had compassion on his innocence. Pluto furnished him with a helmet, which rendered him invisible ; IMmerva gave him her buckler, which rejected the images of objects hke a looking-glass ; and from Mercury he received the talaria, and a harpe or falchion. Thus armed, he set out on his expeditioa, and traversing the air arrived at tlie abode of the Gorgons. The PER 276 PER surrounding ground afforded numerous proofs of the power :)f the Gorgons, but his celestial armour enabled him to approach thera without molestation. He found them asleep, and with one stroke of his falchion severed the head of Medusa from her body, and bore it off in triumph (See Gorgo). The conqueror now commenced his return, and from the blood which dropped from Medusa's head sprung the winged horse Pegasus (See Pegasus), and his brother Chrysaor, and also the innumerable serpents which have ever since infested the sandy deserts of Africa. He arrived at sunset at the palace of Atlas kmg of jMauritania, and announcing himself as the son of Jupiter, claimed his hospitality. This the king not only refused but even offered violence to his person. Perseus finding himself unequal to his powerful enemy, showed him the head of the Gorgon, and instantly changed him into a mountain (See Atlas). Next morning he resumed his flight, and on reaching the coasts of ^Ethiopia, discovered the naked Andromeda exposed to a sea- monster (See Andromeda). The beauty of the princess, and her imminent danger, roused his sympathy, and he offered to her father Cepheus {diss.)) to deliver her from death on condition of receiving her in marriage. Cepheus consented, and Perseus, poising himself in the air, darted like an eagle upon the monster as he was advanc- ing to seize his prey, plunged his dagger into the right shoulder, and destroyed it. The nuptials were then celebrated amidst great rejoicings; but Phineus {diss.), to whom Andromeda had been previously betrothed, entered the palace with a number of armed men, and attempted to carry off the princess (See Phineus). The fath(!r and mother of Andromeda interfered, but in vain ; a bloody battle ensued, in which Perseus must have fallen had he not de- fended himself with the head of Medusa. Warning his friends of its fatal power, he turned it towards his enemies and converted them into stones. Soon after this memorable adventure, Perseus returned to Seriphus, and arrived at the very moment when his mother had fled for refuge to the altar of ]Minerva, to avoid the pursuit of Polydectes. By the aid of Medusa's head he changed the king and his associates into stones, and placed his friend and preserver Dictys on the throne. He now^ restored to the gods the armour with which they had furnished him, and presented the head of Medusa to Minerva, to whose assistance and protection he was chiefly indebted for his success, and the goddess placed it in the middle of her shield. Soon after this he returned with his wife and mother to the Peloponnesus, and went to Larissa to attend funeral games which king Teutamias was celebrating in honour of his father. While displaying his skill in throwing the quoit, he acci- dentally killed an old man, who was discovered to be his grand- father Acrisius, and thus fulfilled the prediction of the oracle. Persea, quern Dana'c conceperat pidvio auro, esse (filium) JoviSy that Perseus, whom Danae had conceived from a shower of gold, was the sun of Jupiter, iv. 13. 7. Perseus 7iatus Jove et ilhU PER 277 PHA auam clausam Jupiter implevit fecundo auro^ Perseus, the son of jupit»ir, and of her whom, when shut up in prison, Jupiter impreg- nated with a shower of fruitful gold, iv. 14. 35. Gr. Ace. -ea. Persis,-idos,y!, Persia^ a small but celebrated country in Asia, was bounded on the east by Carmania, on the north by Me- dia, on the west by Susiana, on the south by the Sinus Persicus, the Persian Gulf, and corresponded generally with the modern pro- vince of Fars. Prior to the time of Cyrus, it is called Elam in the Bible, from Elam, the son of Shem, who settled there : subse- quently to the reign of Cyrus, the name Persia or Paras, is also found in Holy Writ. Its principal river was Choaspes, the Kenahy the waters of which were so pure, that the kings of Persia would drink of no other ; and on it was situate Susa, now Sus, the capi- tal, called in Scripture Shushan. This was Persia in its limited sense, or Persis Propria, and is not to be confounded with the mighty Persian empire founded by Cyrus, which extended from the Indus to the Mediterranean, and from the Caspian and Euxine Seas to the Persian Gulf and the Ocean. The name is said in fable to have been derived from Perses, the son of Perseus {diss. ) and Andromeda, who settled there. Gr. Ace. -ida. Phaethon^ -Ontis, m., Phaethon (shining), an Ethiopian, the son of Phoebus or Sol and Clymene. He was honoured by the attention of Venus, and intrusted by her with the care of one of her temples. To check his vanity, Epaphus, the son of Jupiter, disputed his celestial origin, alleging that his mother Clymene had deceived him in pretending that he was the son of Sol. At her instigation he visited the palace of the Sun, and finding the god vvilling to bear testimony to his parentage, extracted from him an unwary oath that he would grant him whatever he asked. The ambitious yOuth instantly demanded permission to drive his chariot for one day. Sol, who was aware of the consequences, remon- strated, but to no purpose. Phaethon persisted, and the god, bound by his oath, which was inviolable, reluctantly committed the reins to his hands, warning him of the dangers of the road, and in- structing him how to avoid them. Phaethon mounted the chariot, and grasped the rems ; the fiery horses sprung forward, but soon finding that they were not directed by the well-known hand, they left the beaten tract, guided only by their own impetuosity. Phae- thon repented when too late of his rashness ; the world was set on fire, and a total conflagration would have ensued, had not Jupiter at the prayer of Tellus launched his thunder, and hurled the terri- fied youth from his seat. His body fell into the Eridanus, and being found by the nymphs of the place, was honoured with a de- cent burial. Phaethon satus Sole, Phaethon, the son of Sol, i. 14. 4. Gr. Ace. -onta. See Eridanus and Heliades. Phaethusa, -ae, /., Phaethusa {shining), one of the sisters PHA 278 PHI of Phaethon, who was changed into a poplar tree, on the banks of the Po. E guts Phacthusa maxima sororum, of whom Phaethusa the eldest of the sisters, ii. 2. 22. See Heliades. Phantasos, -i, tw., Phantasos, one of the sons of Somnus, who had the power of assuming the form of inanimate objects. Est etiam tertius diverscd artis Phantasos^ there is also a third pos- sessing skill of a different kind, namely, Phantasos, xi. 10. 233. Pharsalia, -ae. /., Pharsalia, a large plain in Thessaly adjoin- ing the town of Pharsalus, famed for the great battle fought there between Julius Caesar and Pompey (b. c. 48), which consummated the downfal of the senatorial party, and obtained for the forme* the empire of the world. Pharsalia sentiet ilium, Pharsalia shall feel his power, xv. 9. 79. See Pharsalus. Pharsalus, -i,/., sometimes m., Pharsalus, now Sataldge or Pharsala, a town of Phthiotis, the southern division of Thes- saly, situate near the river Enipeus {tris.), not far from its junc- tion with the Apidanus, one of the tributaries of the Peneus. Phasis, -idis, & -idos, m., the Phasis, now the Phaz, a calm and gentle river in Colchis, which rises in the mountains of Arme- nia, and flows westward into the Black Sea, famous for the expe- dition of the Argonauts, who entered it after a long and perilous voyage. The Phasis was remarkable for the beautiful birds which frequented its banks, some of which are said to have been brought by the Argonauts to Greece, and called (pocffietvoi, whence phea- sants, after the name of the river. Rapidas undas limosi Phasi- dos, the rapid waters of the slimy Phasis, vii. 1. 6. Phiale, -es,y.^ Phiale, a nymph, one of the attendants of Diana. Philippi, -orum, rn., Philippi, now Filihah, a town in the eastern part of Macedonia, opposite to the island of Thasos, which was founded by the Thasians, and by them called Crenldes, from being surrounded by numerous springs. Philip, king of Macedon, subsequently increased it, and named it Philippi after himself. Philippi is celebrated in history, from the great victory gained there by Antony and Octavianus over the forces of Brutus and Cassius ^B. c. 42), by which the repubUcan party was completely subdued, the tw^o leaders, Brutus and Cassius, each falling by his own hand. It is rendered still more interesting from being the first place in Europe where the gospel was preached by St Paul (a. d. 60), and from the church to which he addressed one of his epistles. Philoctetes, -as, m,, Philoctetes, the son of PoBas, king of Meliboea, in Thessaly, and the friend and companion of Hercules, He set fire to the funeral pile by which the hero of the twelve la^ hours >*a3 consumed or Mount CEta, and received from him the PHI 279 PHI arrows which had been dipped in the blood of the Hydra, under a solemn promise not to discover the place where his ashes were de- posited (See Hercules). After performing the last offices to Her- cules he returned to Meliboea, and subsequently visited Sparta, where he became one of the suitors of Helen. He embarked along with the other Grecian princes in the expedition against Troy ; but in con- sequence of the offensive smell from a wound in his foot, occasioned by the bite of a serpent, or by the fall of one of the poisoned ar- rows, he was, at the instigation of Ulysses, left on the island of Lemnoj* (xiii. 1. 46.). This wound is ascribed by some mytholo- gists TO a violation of his oath in discovering to the Greeks the place where Hercules was buried. Here he was allowed to remain till the death of Achilles in the tenth year of the war, and sup- ported himself by shooting birds. At last the Greeks, finding that Troy could not be taken without the arrows of Hercules, sent. Ulysses and Diomedes to bring him to the camp. Philoctetes, re- collecting the bad treatment which he had received from the Greeks, and particularly from Ulysses, at first refused to accom- pany them, but was at last persuaded by the manes of Hercules to repair to the camp, where he would be cured of his wound, and put an end to the war. He accordingly obeyed, and being restored to his former health by Machaon, killed many of the Trojans, and among others Paris, with the poisoned arrows. On the conclusion of the war he settled in Italy, and built a town in Calabria, to which he gave the name of Petilia, now Strongoli. Phineus {dLss.), -ei, & -eos, m., Phineus, a son of Belus, and brother of Cepheus (diss.) king of ^Ethiopia, to whom his niece Andromeda was betrothed before her father was compelled to expose her to a sea-monster to appease the wrath of Neptune. From this perilous situation Andromeda was rescued by Perseus (diss.)f and given in marriage to her dehverer. Phineus persisted in asserting his claim, and with a number of armed attendants, made an unsuccessful attempt to carry off the princess during the celebration of the marriage- ceremony. The interference of Ce- pheus was in vain ; a violent struggle ensued, in which Phineus and his companions either fell by the sword, or were changed into stones by means of the Gorgon's head. Phineus himself was changed into stone in the humiliating posture in which he was praying for his life. See Cepheus, Andromeda and Perseus. Pllineus {diss.), -ei, & -eos, m., Phineus, a son of Agenor or Neptune, and king of Thrace, or as some mythologists main- tain, of Arcadia, was celebrated for his skill in augury. He mar- ried Cleopatra, the daughter of Boreas, by whom he had two sons. After the death of Cleopatra he married Idaea, the daughter of Dardanus. Jealous of her step-children, Idaea maligned them to their father, who believing the slander, deprived his sons of sight. To punish him for this act of cruelty, the gods struck him blind PHL 280 PHCE and sent the Harpies (See Harpyiae) to torment him by carrying off his food or rendermg it unfit for use. The Argonauts came to consult him about their future course, and he promised to direct them on condition of their delivering him from the Harpies, which his two brothers-in-law, Zethes and Calais undertook to do. Phineus being freed from his tormentors, instructed the Argo- nauts in the nature of their future voyage, and by his directions they succeeded in passing between the Symplegades (See Cyaneae), and landed in safety on the shores of Colchis. See lason. Phlegethon, -ontis, m., Phhgethon (burning), one of the rivers in the infernal regions, deriving its name from the Greek verb (pXiyi6a)y to burn. Phlegethontis, -idis, adj.,f., of, or relating to Phlegethon. Sparsum caput Phlegethontide lymphd vertit in rostrum et plu- mas et grandia lumina, sprinkling his head with water from Phle- gethon, she changed it into a beak and feathers and large eyes, v. 8. 83. Phlegon, -otitis, m., Phlegon {burning), the name of one of the horses of the Sun, derived from the Greek verb (p>.iyu, to burn. Phlegyae^-arum, m., the Phlegyce, a powerful predatory tribe from Thrace, who settled in Boeotia, in the vicinity of Orchome- nos. Under the command of Phorbas they plundered the temple of Apollo at Delphi, and rendered the oracle of the god inaccessi- ble. In consequence of their sacrilegious conduct they were de- stroyed by lightning, earthquakes, and pestilence. Profanus Phor- bas cum Phlegyis faciebat Delphica templa invia, the profane Phorbas and the Phlegyse rendered the temple of Delphi inaccessi- ble, xi. 10. 5. Phobetor, -oris, m., Phobetor {the terrifier), one of the sons of the god Somnus, who was called by the gods Icelos. Mortale vulgus nominat Phobetora, the race of mortals call him Phobetor, xi. 10. 231. Gr, Ace. -ova. See Icelos. Phoceus, -a, -um, adj., of, ot relating to Phocis. Phocea rvra, the country of Phocis, v. 4. 27. Phocis, -idis, & -idos,/., Phocis, a district of Greece, bounded on the east by Boeotia, on the north by the Locri, on the west by " Doris and the Locri Ozolse, and on the south by the Corinthian Gulf. The most interesting feature of Phocis is jMount Parnais- sus (See Parnassus), with the city of Delphi (See Delphi), famous for the oracle of Apollo. Towards the Corinthian Gulf was the plain of Crissa, where the Pythian games were celebrated in ho- nour of Apollo. See Pythia. Phoebe, -es, J^, Phcebe, the sister of Phoebus ; a name given to Diana, as indicative of her brightness. JEmida innuptce Phoebes, an imitator of the unmarried Diana, i. 10. 25. This name is also applied to her as goddess of the moon, i. 1. 7. PH(E 281 PHO Phcebeus, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Phcebus. Jus- sam Phueheis sortibus, by order of the oracle of Apollo, iii. 1. 130. Phceheos iynes, the fires of Phcfibus, i. e. the Sun, v. 6. 49. Phcebus, -i, m., Phoebus, aname given to Apollo, or the Sun, expressive of his brightness, and of his vivifying influence. Litora jacentia sub utroque Phcebo, the shores lying under both suns, the rising and setting sun, i. e. the east and west, i. 8. 26. Repercusso Phoebo, by reflecting the rays of the sun, ii. 1. 110. Phoebus dis- tat idem utrdque terra, Phcebus is equally distant from ooth lands, i. e. from the east and west, iii. 2. 21. Draconem prcebentem liventia terga Phoebo, a snake turning up his livid back to the sun, iv. 14. 53. Phoenices, -ura, m.., the Phoenicians^ the inhabitants of Phoenicia. Gr. Ace. -as, Phoenicia, -se^J'., Phoenicia, a small tract of country in Asia- tic Turkey, between Mount Libanus and the sea, corresponding with the modern Pachalic of Acre, and the southern part of the Pachalic of Tripoli. It extended from the river Cherseus {diss.) on the south to the Eleutheros on the north ; being bounded on the north and east by Syria, and on the south by Palestine. The name, according to some etymologists, was derived from the num- ber oi palm-trees (ipoiviKis) which grew in the country, while others deduce it from Phoenix, the son of Agenor, who, Hke his brothers Cadmus and Cilix, went in quest of his sister Europa, and being unsuccessful, settled there. The principal cities were Sidon and Tyre, which are frequently mentioned in Scripture. The Phoeni- cians were distinguished among the ancients for commercial enter- prise ; they sent out colonies to all parts of the Mediterranean, and visited for the purposes of trade the Cassiterides (See Britannia), and the western coasts of Africa. They were the first who in- vented arithmetic, and steered ships by the stars ; and, according to the Greeks, Cadmus, a Phoenician, was the inventor of letters. They excelled all the nations of antiquity in ingenuity, and in their elegant and beautiful manufactures ; and so great was their fame in the time of Solomon, that he employed Tyrian artists to super- intend the building of his magnificent temple. See Sidon and Tyrus. Phorbas, -antis, m., Phorbas, the leader of the Phlegyae, who plundered the temple of Apollo at Delphi, and rendered the ap- proach to it inaccessible, and is therefore denominated by Ovid profanus. He is described as a fierce and cruel robber, who com- pelled all whom he met to fight with him, and put to death those whom he defeated. He even ventured to challenge the gods, and was defeated and killed by Apollo. See Phlegyae. Phorcydes, -urn, /., the Phorcydes, the daughters of Phorcys and Ceto, and sisters and guardians of the Gorgons. They were gray-haired (yoa/ai) from their birth, and thereby obtained the nauce q2 PHO 282 PHR GraeJE. The accounts which the ancient mythologists have ^!ven of the Gorgons and the Graeae are very confused and contradictory. They appear to bf» often spoken of as the same persons, and the description which some poets have given of the one, is apphed by other poets to the other. It seems, however, to have been the general opinion that the Graeae were only two in number, Pe- phredo and Enyo, and that they had only one eye and one tooth, which they used by turns. Of these Perseus (diss.) contrived to get possession while they were passed from the one to the other, and consented to restore them only on condition of their directing him to the abode of the Gorgons (iv. 15. 24.). Geminas sorores Phorcydas, partitas usvm unius lumi?ns, two sisters, daughters of Phorcys, who shared between them the use of one eye, iv. 15. 22. Gr. Ace. -das. Phorcynis, -idis, & -idos,/!, the daughter of Phorcys, i. e. INIedusa. Imponit ora MeduscB Phorcynidos, lays upon them the head of Medusa, the daughter of Phorcys, iv. 14. 81. Gr. Ace. -ida. Phorcus, -i, & Phorcys, -yos, m,, Phorcys, a son of Nep. tune, or of Pontus and Terra, who is said to have been king of Corsica and Sardinia. He was defeated in battle by Atlas, king of Mauritania, and being afterwards drowned, was worshipped by his subjects as a sea-deity. He married his sister Ceto, by whom he had the Gorgons and the Phorcydes, or Graeae. Phoronis, -idis, & -idos,/., PAorom.?, a patronymic applied to lo, from Phoriineus (tris.), who, according to some mytholo- gists, was the father, and, according to others, the son of Inachus. See lo and Inachus. Phrygia, -ae, /!, Phrygia, a province in the interior of Asia Minor, of which the natural limits were very irregular. To the north it bordered on Bithyniaand Galatia ; to the east, on Galatia and Cappadocia ; to the south, on Cilicia, Pisidia, and Lycia ; and to the west, on Caria, Lydia, and Mysia. The name is supposed by some critics to be derived from the Greek verb (p^vyu, to broil, and to allude to the volcanic or hurnt-vp appearance presented by the surface of the country. The Phrygians were remarkable in an early aga for the high state of civilisation to which they had at- tained ; they are said to have invented the pipe of reeds, and all sorts of needle-work, and to have brought music and dancing to such perfection, that they were copied even by the Greeks. Their chief deity was Cybele, whose festivals they observed with the greatest solemnity. This country possesses a sacred interest in connexion with the early propagation of Christianity. It contained the city Hierapolis, where was a Christian church, which is alluded to by St Paul ; Laodicea, one of the seven churches mentioned in the "Revelation of St John ; and Colossae, to the church of which St Paul addressed one of his epistles. The name of Phrygia PHR 283 PIE Minor was also given to a district of Mysia, the chief city of whicli was Troja. See Troja. Phrygius^ -a^ -um, adj., of, or relating to Phrygia, Phry- gian, Trojan. Ad Phrygias arces, to the Phrygian towers, i. e to the towers of Troy, xiii. 1 . 44. De Pkrygidgente, of the Phry- gian or Trojan nation, xiii. 1. 244. Phryx, -ygis, m,, a Phrygian, a Trojan, Phryges, the Trojans, xiii. 1. 389. Phryxeus, -a, -um, adj.^ of, or relating to Phryxus. Pos^ cunt Phryxea vellera, demand the fleece brought by Phryxus, vit. 1. 7. Phryxus, -i, m., Phryxus, the son of Athamas, king of Thebes, and Nephele, who, to avoid the cruel persecution of his stepmother Ino, fled, along with his sister Helle, on a ram with a golden fleece, which was furnished by Neptune, at the request of Nephele, intending to go to j^etes, king of Colchis. The ram car- ried them through the air, and Helle becoming giddy from fear, fell into the strait, which was afterwards called from her Helles-Pon- tus, the Sea of Helle, now the Hellespont, or Dardanelles. Phryxus continued his flight, and arrived at Colchis, where he was hospitably entertained by ^etes, whose daughter, Chaleiope, was given to him in marriage. According to the directions which he had received from his mother, Phryxus sacrificed the ram to Mars, and gave the golden fleece to i^etes, who nailed it to an oak in the grove of Mars. Here it was guarded by bulls which breathed fire, and by a dragon which never slept, and continued suspended till the ar- rival of Jason and the Argonauts. T^^etes at first treated Phryxus with kindness, but afterwards killed him for the sake of the golden fleece, because he was told by an oracle that he should enjoy the kingdom so long as it remained in his possession. See Athamas, Ino and lason. Phthia, -ae,/., Phthia, a district of Phthiotis, the southern part of Thessaly, which extended from the Pagasaean Gulf to Mount Pindus. Phthia was the native country of Achilles, and here his father Peleus (diss.) reigned during the Trojan war. Ac- cording to some geographers, Phthia was the principal city of Phthiotis. (Arma) ferantur Phthiam Scyronve, let the arms (of Achilles) be conveyed to Phthia, i. e. to his father Peleus, or to Scyros, i. e. to his son Pyrrhus, xiii. 1. 156. See Pyrrhus. Pierjfdes, -um, /., the Pierides, the daughters of Pierus, king of Macedonia. They were nine in number, and cultivated music. Jealous of the superior reputation of the Muses, they challenged them to a contest, and being defeated were changed into magpies, V. 12. The muses are sometimes called Pierides. See Musae. Pieros, & Pierus, -i, m., Pierus, a rich king of Macedonia PIN 284 POEA or Thessaly, who married Euippe, and had by her the Pieridt^i. See Pierides. Pindus, -i, W., Pindus, or Agrafa, a lofty range of moun- tains, which forms the trunk of various branches in Macedonia, and enters Greece at the sources of the Peneus, separating the waters which fall into the Ionian Sea from those streams which discharge themselves into the iEgean. Pindus nearly divides the continent from north to south, forming the boundary between Thessaly and Epirus, and, after throwing off the various branches of Othrys, (Eta, and Corax, loses itself in the heights of Parnassus and Helicon. Pindus was one of the favourite haunts of the Muses. Some of the heights reach an elevation of 6000 or 7000 feet. Effusus ah imo Findo, issuing from the bottom of Pindus, i. 11. 3. Pirenis, -idis, &-idos, adj.,f., of, or relating to Pirene, a fountain near Corinth, which derived its name from a nymph so called, who was said to have dissolved into tears at the death of her daughter Cenchrea, accidentally slain by Diana. This foun- tain was sacred to the Muses, and is stated to have possessed the property of tempering the Corinthian brass when plunged red hot into the stream. Ephyre (quaerit) Pirenidas nndaa, Corinth be- wails the loss of the waters of Pirene, ii. 1. 240. Pisa, -9e,y., Pisa, a city of Ehs, in the Peloponnesus, situate on the left bank of the Alpheus. Pisa was the city of Pelops, and for- merly disputed with EUs the presidency of the Olympic games. Tradition assigned its foundation to Pisus, a grandson of ^51us ; but as no trace of it remained, its very existence was questioned in later ages. PisiEUS, -a, -um, adj.^ of, or relating to Pisa, Pisccan. PiscBce Aretluisce, Arethusa from Pisa, a city of Elis, v. 6. (j^. See Arethusa. Pleias, -adis & -ados^ f., one of the Pleiades, or one of the Seven Stars. The Pleiades (4 syL), were the seven daugh- ters of Atlas and Pleione (4 syl.), one of the Oceanides, who, after death, were changed into a constellation, and placed in the back of the bull, the second sign of the zodiac. The name Pleiades as said to be derived from orXs/v, to sail, because that constellation shows the time most favourable for navigation, which is in spring ; and from this circumstance the Latins applied to it the name Vergilio', from ver, Qvfui lucida Pleias enixa citt, whom the bright Pleias (Maia) brought forth, i. e. Mercury, i. 12. 45. PcKantiades, -ae, m., the son ofPosas, i. e. Philoctetes. Quod Vvlcania Lemnas hahet Pceantiaden, because Lemnos, sacred to Vulcan, contains the son of Poeas, xiii. 1. 313. Poeantius, -a, -um., adj,, of or relating to, or proceeding from Pieas, Poian, Lemnos non haberet te, Pceantia proles, the POEA 285 POM Island of I.emnos would not contain thee, O son of Poeas, xiii. 1. 45. Poeas, -antis, tw., Fceas, the father of Philoctetes, who is said to have been one of the Argonauts. Gr. Ace. -anta. Poemenis, -idis, & -idos. J*, Shepherdess^ the name of one of Actaeon's dogs. Polus, -i, 772., a pole, the end of the axle round which the wheel turns. In geography the poles are the extremities of the axis on which the earth performs its diurnal revolution ; and be- cause the one is always pointing northward and the other south- ward, the former is called the North Pole, and the latter the South Pole. The North Pole is called the Arctic, because it points to the constellation of the Great and Little Bears {AoKro$^ ; and the South Pole is called the Antarctic, because it is opposite (ecvn) the Arctic. Pulus is often used by the poets to signify heaven. Australem polum, the South or Antarctic Pole, ii. 1. 131. Gla- ciali polo, the icy or North Pole, ii. 1. 173. See Axis. Polycrates, -is, m.y Polycrates, who was kino^ of Samos at the time when Pythagoras returned from his travels with the in- tention of establishing his school of philosophy in his native island. But the government of Polycrates and his brothers was so offensive to the philosopher that he left Samos and retired to Italy. Poly- crates is celebrated among the ancients for his extraordinary good fortune. His prosperity was such that he is said never to have met with any cross accident. To put this to the test he was in- duced to throw a valuable ring into the sea, and soon after found it in the entrails of a fish which was sent to him. He was at last murdered by Orcetes, the Persian governor of Magnesia. Pompeius {tris.) (Sextus), -i, w., Sextus Pompeius, was the youngest son of Pompey the Great. After the battle of Mun- da (b. c. 45), which nearly extinguished the hopes of the repub- lican party, and in which his brother Cneius was slain, S. Pompey supported himself for some time in Spain by joining a party of rob- bers, and collected a considerable force even in the lifetime of Caesar. The death of the Dictator opened up to him a new and a more cheering prospect; and had he possessed the prudence and sagacity of his father, he might probably have rendered himself as great and formidable. Being ranked by the Triumvirs among the assassins of Caesar, he took possession of Sicily, where he was soon joined by a large number of those who had been prosciibed, and waged war with Augustus and Antony so successfully, that they were obliged to conclude a peace with him on very advantageous terms. By these he secured for himself and his followers an immunity from the proscription, and permission to return to Rome. On this oc- casion Octavianus and Antony supped with Sextus on board his ship. During the entertainment, Menas, one of his captains, pro- posed to Sextus that he should murder his guests and make him- PON 286 PRO self master of the Roman empire ; but Soxtus refused, observin:^ that it was unbecoming the son of Pompey to act with such dupli- city. This friendly meeting, however, was not productive of anv permanent advantages. Sextus could not brook a superior ; he soon afjer commenced hostilities, and though he had it in his power on several occasions to vanquish his adversaries, he did not avail himself of the opportunities. Confidence in his superior force by sea at last proved fatal to him. Having been entirely defeated by Augustus in a sea-engagement near Sicily, chiefly by the abilities of Agrippa (xv. 9. 81.), he took refuge with Antony, and was killed by one of his generals in the 40th year of his age (b. c. 35.). Pontus, -i.j m., Pontus, a province in the north-east of Asia Minor, bounded on the west by Paphlagonia and Galatia; on the south, by Cappadocia ; on the east, by Armenia and Colchis ; and on the north, by the Euxine. The name of Pontus was first ap- plied by the Greeks to the whole tract of country along the south- ern shores of the Euxine, but was afterwards limited to the prO' vince above described. The most remarkable king of Pontus was Mithridates the Great, whose ambitious designs upon the kingdom of Cappadocia, of w^hich he had been deprived bv the Romans, in- volved him in a war with the latter people, which ended in his de- feat and death. See Mithridates. Priamides, -ae, m., nson, or descendant of Priam, Helenum Priamiden, Helenus, the son of Priam, xiii. 1. 99. Priamus, -i., m., Priam, the son of Laomedon, and the last king of Troy. His proper name, it is said, was Podarces, but having been taken by Hercules at the conquest of Troy (See Her- cules), he was ransomed by his sister Hesione, and assumed the name of Priam, from cr^/a^a/, I purchase. He was placed by Hercules on the throne of Troy, and had fifty sons, seventeen of whom were born by Hecuba, the daughter of Cisseus (diss.), a neighbouring prince. Of his children by Hecuba, the most cele- brated were Hector, Helenus, Paris, Polyxena, &c. Priam sur- vived the death of most of his sons, who fell in defence of their native city, and was himself cruelly murdered by Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles, at the altar of Jupiter, during the night on which Troy was taken by the Greeks. See Pyrrhus. Prometheus {tris.), -ei, & -eos, m., Prometheus, th« son of lapetus and Clymene, and brother of Atlas and Epimetheus (4 syl.). Prometheus is said to have made a man of clay, and to have animated him by fire which he stole from the chariot of the sun with the assistance of Minerva. Jupiter, provoked at his im- piety, ordered Vulcan to make a woman of the same material, which Minerva animated, and the other gods and goddesses gave her presents ; — Venus, beauty ; Apollo, music; Mercury, eloquence, &,c.. whence she was called Pandora {all-gift). Jupiter gave her a PRO 287 PSE box, requesting her to present it to the man who married her. She first took it to Prometheus, but he, suspecting some concealed mischief, refused it. She next went to Epimetheus, who was less cautious, took the box, opened it, and from it proceeded all the diseases and plagues which have since infested the human race, Hope alone remaining at the bottom. Prometheus, for his impiety, was chained to one of the summits of Mount Caucasus, where a vulture preyed upon his liver for a thousand years, till he was released by Hercules. Prometheus was the father of Deucalion. See Deucalion. PromethideSj -se, m., the son of Prometheus^ i. e. Deucalion. See Deucahon. Proserpina, -ae, /!, Proserpine, the daughter of Ceres by Jupiter, and wife of Pluto, who carried her off while gathering flowers along with her attendant nymphs on the plains of Henna in Sicily (See Ceres). As queen of the infernal regions, Proserpine presided over the death of mankind, and in the opinion of the an« cients, no one could die, unless either the goddess herself, or her minister Atropos, cut off a lock of hair from his head. In conse- quence of this belief it was usual to cut off a lock of hair from the deceased, and strew it at the door of the house, as an offering to Proserpine. Proserpine is represented seated on a throne along with Pluto. This goddess is sometimes confounded with Hecate. Proserpina repetet ccelum, Proserpine shall retm-n to heaven, v. 8. 69. See Hecate. Proteus {diss.), -ei, & -eos^ w., Proteus, a sea-deity, the son of Neptune and Phoenice, or, according to others, of Oceanus and Tethys. He received from Is eptune the gift of prophecy, and was often consulted by those who wished to obtain a knowledge of futurity. He possessed the power of changing his shape at plea- sure (hence he is called Amhiguum Protea, shape- changing Pro- teus, ii. 1. 9.) : and was therefore very difficult of access. Proteus usually resided in the Carpathian Sea, where, like the rest of the sea-deities, he is represented as reposing himself on the shore. It was necessary for the person who consulted him to take him by surprise and bind him, otherwise he made his escape by assuming different forms. Proteus is represented by Virgil and Horace as the keeper of Neptune's sea calves. Prothoenor, -oris, m., Prothoenor, a man who was killed by Hypseus {diss.) at the marriage of Perseus {dii,s.). Gr. Ace, -ora. Prytanis, -is, m., Prytanis, one of the companions of Sar- pedon, king of Lycia, who was killed at Troy by Ulysses. Gr, Ace. -in. Psecas^ -adis, & -ados,/., Psecas {a dnp), a nymph in the train of Diana. PSO 288 PYR PsophaiCUS, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Psophis, now Tripotamia, a town of Arcadia, situate near the source of the Erymanthus. Cum Psopha'ico Erymantho, with the Eryman- thus, which flows past Psophis, ii. 1. 244. PterelaSj -ae, rw., Swiftwing, the name of one of Actaeon's dogs. Pterelas utilis pedibus. Swift-wing, dexterous with his feet, iii. 2. 82. Pylius, -a, -um., adj., of, or relating to Pt/los, Pylian. ^quaverit Pylios annos, shall have equalled the age of the Pylian sage, i. e. Nestor, xv. 9. 94. Pylos, «& Pylus, -i,/., Pylos. There were three towns of this name in the Peloponnesus, for all of which claims have been advanced for the honour of giving birth to Nestor. One of them was situate in Elis at the foot of iNIount Pholoe, near the La- don, a tributary of the Peneus ; another in Triphylia, the south- ern division of Elis, the claims of which are supported by Strabo. Pylos of Triphylia, now Biskini, is placed by this geogTapher at a distance of thirty stadia from the coast, towards the source of the small river Amathus. The third, which was in Messenia, and is now called Old Navarino, was placed at the northern entrance of the Gidf of Navarino, and was celebrated at a later period for the brilliant successes obtained there by the Athenians in the Pe- loponnesian war. The maritime situation of this Pylos accords better with Homer's description of the Nelean city, than either of the two already mentioned. Pyramus, -i, m., Pyramus, a youth of Babylon, who became enamoured of Thisbe, a beautiful virgin, living in a contiguous house. After their interviews had been prohibited by their pa- rents, they continued to express their mutual passion through a chink in the wall which separated the houses. They agreed to elude by night the vigilance of their friends, and to meet under a white mulberry tree at the tomb of Ninus, without the walls of Babylon. Thisbe arrived first at the appointed place, but being alarmed by the sudden appearance of a lioness, took refuge in a neighbouring cave. As she fled, she dropped her veil, which the lioness found and besmeared with blood. Pyramus, who arrived soon after, found the veil, and concluding that his mistress had been torn in pieces, stabbed himself with his sword. Thisbe, when her fears vanished, returned from the cave, and finding her lover in the agonies of death, fell upon the sword, which was still reek- ing with his blood. The mulberry tree, according to Ovid, was stained with the blood of the lovers, and ever after bore fruit of a bloody colour. Pyreneus {tris.), -ei, & -eos, m., Pyreneus, a Thracian, who had seized on Daulia and Phocis. He saw the Muses going to the temple on Parnassus (v. 4. 29.), and feigning great respect. PYR 289 PYT invited them to take shelter under his roof from an approaching storm. The Muses accepted the invitation, and when the tempest was over were about to depart ; but their host closed his doors, and prepared to offer them violence. The goddesses taking wing flew off; and Pyreneus attempting to follow them through the air was dashed in pieces on the ground. Pyroeis, -entis, m.y Pyroeis {fiery), the name of one of the horses of the sun. Pyrrha, -ae,/, Pyrrha, the daughter of Epimetheus {4= syl.) and Pandora, and the wife of Deucalion, who, along with her husband, restored the human race after the deluge. See Deucalion and Diluvium. Pyrrhus, -i, m., Pyrrhus, a son of Achilles by Deidamia, the daughter of Lycomedes, king of Scyros. He was called Pyrrhus, from the yellow colour of his hair, and Neoptolemus {new soldier), because he was brought to Troy when very young, towards the conclusion of the famous siege, in consequence of a prediction of Calchas, that the city could not be taken without him. At Troy he signalized himself by his valour and cruelty ; he killed Polites, one of the sons of Priam, and with the same sword mur- dered the aged king, who had taken refuge at the altar of Jupiter. By the advice of Helenus, he was the last of the Greeks who left Troy, and thereby escaped the storm to which Ulysses, Ajax, and the other chiefs were exposed. He afterwards settled in Epirus, and took with him Andromache, the wife of Hector, whom he sub- sequently gave in marriage to Helenus. Pythagoras, -ae, W., PyMa^oms, a distinguished philosopher, who IS said to have been born at Samos, about b. c. 5S6. The history of Pythagoras, beyond that of any other of the ancient phi- losophers, is enveloped in fable and mystery. The place, as well as the time of his birth, was much disputed by the writers of an- tiquity. His father, Mnesarchus, was a person of distinction ; and Pythagoras therefore received the education most calculated to en- lighten his mind and invigorate his body. Like his contemporaries, he was early made acquainted with poetry and music, — devoted him- self to the study of eloquence and astronomy, and in his eighteenth year obtained the prize for wrestling at the ( )lympic games. After acquiring this distinction in his native island, he resolved to visit foreign countries in quest of knowledge, and went to Egypt, at that time the school of philosophy and science. He was there received with great kindness by Amasis the king, and remained twenty-two years, during which time he became deeply versed in the science and mysteries of the Egyptian priesthood. Leaving Egypt he proceeded to Babylon, where he became acquainted with the learning and phi- losophy of the east, and returned to Samos in his sixtieth year. Being desirous that his fellow-citizens should reap the benefit of his travels and studies, he attempted to establish a school for their in- K PYT 290 PYT struction in the elements of science. Displeased, according to Ovid (xv. 2. 61. )j with the tyranny of Polycrates, he retired from the island in disgust, passed over into Italy, and settled at Croto, a city on the Bay of Tarentum, where he opened a school with great success. He also taught his doctrines in many other cities of Italy, and ob- tained numerous disciples, who held him in a degree of respect little short of adoration. He was not, however, allowed to prose- cute his labours unmolested. The spirit of innovation which he displayed excited against him powerful enemies, whose hostility proved fatal to him in his eightieth year. Pythagoras was the first who assumed the name of Philosopher, or lover of wisdom. He seems to have been fully aware of the sanctity which new opinions derive from mystery, and the means which he employed to re- commend his doctrines, unquestionably rank him among impos- tors. He admitted no disciple without a careful investigation into his previous character, and an examination of his features and exter- nal appearance. Upon all his auditors he imposed silence for a cer- tain time ; those who were talkative were obliged to listen for five years, while those who possessed a natural taciturnity were allowed to speak after a probation of two years. They were also obliged to abstain from animal food, and from beans. In imitation of the Egyptian priests, whose doctrines he had imbibed, he adopted the symbolical method of instruction, and in this veiled manner treated of God and the human soul, and delivered many precepts relating to the conduct of life, political as well as civil. He also made considerable advances in the arts and sciences, particularly in music, arithmetic, and geometry. To him is ascribed the discovery of the musical chords, and the construction of the common multi- plication-table. In astronomy, Pythagoras made great progress, and is even believed to have been possessed of the true idea of tl. solar system, which, after a long interval, was revived by Copern: cus, and has since been fully established by Newton. The most famous of his doctrines was that of the metefnpsi/chudiSy or trans- migration of souls ; which he probably derived from the Egyptian priests. In proof of this doctrine, he professed to remember thi* various bodies which his soul had animated before it entered the sen of Mnesarchus. He recollected having been first iEthalides, the son of Mercury, then Euphorbus (See Euphorbus), then Pyrrhus of Delos, and at last Pythagoras. Pythia, -orum, n., the Pythian games. These games were celebrated on the plain of Crissa near Delphi, in honour of Apollo, and are said to have been instituted by the god himself to comme- morate his victory over the serpent Python. They were originally celebrated once in nine years, but afterwards every fifth year. The contests consisted of running, leaping, wrestling, boxing, and throwing the discus or quoit, which, from their number, were called Pentathlon. The place where these contests were exhibited was called stadium, and the reward bestowed upon the victor was a PYT 291 QUI crown or wreath of laurel. The other solemn games of Greece were the Olympic, the Isthmian, and the Nemean. Dictos Py^ thia de nomine domiti serpentis, called Pythia, from the name ol the serpent which he had killed, i. 9. 32. Python, -onis, m., Python^ a celebrated serpent, said to have sprung from the mud and stagnant waters which remained on the sur- face of the earth after the deluge (i. 9. 23, &c.). This serpent was employed by Juno to persecute Latona before the birth of Apollo and Diana, and having afterwards taken refuge in Mount Parnassus, was there killed by Apollo, who in consequence received the name of Pythius, and instituted the Pythian Games to commemorate his victory. Stravimus tumidum Pythona innumeris sagittis, I killed the swollen Python with innumerable arrows, i. 10. 9. Gr. Ace. -ona. See Latona and Pythia. Q. Quirlnus, -i, m., Quirinus, a name applied by the Romans to Romulus, their first king, after his deification ; derived either from Quirisy a Sabine term for a spear, or from Cures, a Sabine city. Romulus was the son of the god Mars and Ilia or Rhea Sylvia, the daughter of Numitor, king of Alba Longa. Amuhus, the brother of iNumitor, dispossessed him of his kingdom, and, to deprive him of all hopes of offspring, put his sons to death, and forced his daughter Ilia to become a Vestal virgin (See Vesta). Ilia, however, became pregnant, and endeavoured to palliate her offence by alleging that it was by Mars, the god of war. She gave birth to two sons, whom Amulius ordered to be thrown into the Tiber, and herself to be cast into prison, or put to death. The river happened at the time to have overflowed its banks, and the servants to whom the cruel task was intrusted being unable to reach the current, the vessel in which the infants were exposed was left on dry ground when the water subsided. Here they were suckled by a she-wolf till they were found by Faustulus the king's shepherd, who earned them to his cottage, and brought them up as his own children, giving them the names of Romulus and Remus. The twins, after spending eighteen years among the shepherds, were made acquainted with their real origin, put Amulius to death, and restored their grandfather Numitor to the throne. Joined by a number of their former companions they resolved to build a city, where their boyhood had been spent, and founded Rome on Mount Aventinus on the 21st of April b. c. 753. To determine which of them should give name to the new city they had recourse to omens, and these being declared in favour of Romulus, he called it Roma, and assumed the government. He now adopted various means to increase the number of his subjects ; he opened an asylum for fugitives from the neighbouring tribes, received all who were willing to join his standard, and also extended his territories by conquest. Elated by his success he became tyrannical, and after a reign of RHA 292 RHE S8 years, disappeared while employed in reviewing his army. It was commonly believed that he was translated to heaven, and his superstitious subjects acting upon this belief, deemed him worthy of divine honours, and ranked him among the gods, under the title of Qiiirinus. Populo Quirini, to the people of Quirinus, i. e. to the Romans, xv. 9. 12. R. Rhamnusia, -se, /., Rhamnusia, a name given to the god* dess Nemesis, from Rhamnus, now Evreo Castro, a town in Attica, where she was worshipped, and where she had a temple with a co- lossal statue of Parian marble by Phidias. Nemesis was one of the infernal deities, the daughter of Nox, and was regarded as the god- dess of impartial justice, who dealt out to each individual according to his deserts ; and also as the goddess of just and equitable ven- geance, who chastised and humbled the proud and insolent trans- gressor. Hence she was invoked to punish Narcissus for his inso- lence and pride (iii. 6.). The temple of this goddess at Rhamnus is said to have been built of the marble which the Persians brought with them to the plain of Marathon, to commemorate their expected victory. Rhanis_, -idis, & -idos_,/*., Rhanis, a nymph in the train of Diana. Rhenus, -l^ r?l., the Rhine, a large river which rises in Swit- zerland, a little to the east of Mount St Gothard, and flows north- east through the Grisons to the Lacus Brigantinus, the Lake of Constance. From this its course is due west to Basil, where it takes a northerly direction, and becomes the boundary between France and Germany, and afterwards between the latter country and Belgium. It then crosses Rhenish Prussia, and enters Hol- land ; on the borders of which country it sends off a large stream on the left, called the Vahalis, or JFaal, which, flows west and joins the Maese. A few miles farther north it throws off another branch on the right, called the Flevo, or Flevum, the Jssel, which flows north, joins the Old Issel from Germany, and enters the Zuyder Zee. At Wyck it throws off a third branch, called the Helium, or Leek, which joins the Maese above Rotter- dam. The river being thus nearly drained of its waters loses itself in the sand on the west coast. The Rhine formerly entered the North Sea by two mouths, and hence it is called Bicoriiis by Vir- gil. Of these the southern one was that of the Maese, then called Helium Ostium ; the northern was that which is now called the Old Rhine, To these a third was subsequently added, which en- tered the sea between the islands Vlieland and Schelling. This last was effected by the canal of Drusus, which united the Rhine and the Issel. In progress of time the sea made rapid inroads round this new mouth of the Rhine, till at last it covered the adjoining RHE 293 ROM country, and formed the great inlet now known as the Zuyder Zee, The course of the Rhine is estimated at 830 miles. Rhesus^ -i, m., Rhesus, a king of Thrace, the son of Eioneus (4 syl.)y or, according to others, of Strymon, by the Muse Euterpe, who came to assist the Trojans during the famous siege. His ar- rival was expected with great impatience, on account of the pre- diction of an ancient oracle, that Troy could not be taken if the horses of Rhesus tasted the grass on the plains of Troy, or drank of the waters of the Xanthus. The Greeks, who were aware of the oracle, resolved, if possible, to prevent its fulfilment, and com- missioned Ulysses and Diomedes to intercept him. Rhesus reached Troy late in the evening after the gates were shut, and was obliged to remain all night in front of the city. The Grecian chiefs entered his tent, killed the Thracian king, got possession of his horses, and carried them in triumph to their camp. Petii tentoria Rhesi, 1 went to the tent of Rhesus, xiii. 1. 249. Rhodanus, -i, m., the Rhone, a large and rapid river which rises in Mount St Gothard, not far from the source of the Rhine, and flows westward to the Lacus Lemanus, the Lake of Geneva. Reappearing at the town of Geneva, it turns to the south, and forms the boundary between Savoy and France. After entering France it receives the Arar, or Saone, at Lyons, maintains a south- erly course, and discharges itself by three mouths into the Sinus Gallicus, the Gulf of Lyons. The western mouth was called Os- tium Hispaniense, from its being next to Spain ; to the east of it was the Ostium Metapinum ; the third and largest was the Ostium Massilioticum, so called from its being nearest to Massilia, Mar- seilles. This last is now the main arm of the river, and therefore preserves the appellation of the Rhone. The length of the Rhone is 540 miles, during which it falls 5,400 feet. Rhodope, -es, /., Rhodope, now Despoto Bag, a lofty range of mountains in Thrace, which detaches itself from Mount Sco- mius at its junction with HaRmus, and extends through the western and southern parts of that country. Rhodope was the birthplace of Mars, and, according to the fable, received its name from Rho- dope, the wife of Hsemus, king of Thrace, who was changed into this mountain for presuming to rival Juno. Rhodope tandem cari- tura nivibus, Rhodope, destined at length to be relieved of its snow, ii. 1. 222. Gr. Ace. -en. Rhoetus, -i, m., Rhcetus, one of the companions of Phineus {diss.), who was killed by Perseus {diss.) at his marriage with Andromeda. Cuspis non irrita adhcBsit f route Rhceti, the spear taking effect stuck in the forehead of Rhoetus, v. i. 38. Roma^ se,J'.y Rome, the metropolis of Italy, and once the mistress of the world, was situate in Latium, on the left bank of the Tiber, fifteen miles from its mouth. The question respecting the origin of Rome and the name of its founder has been fro- ROM 294 ROM quently ajptated, and still remains undecided. According to the po- pular account it was founded bv Romulus (See Quirinus) on the Pa- latine hill on the 21st of April b. c. 753, and 431 years after the destruction of Troy. The form of the city was at first square, its extent small, and the adjoining territory very circumscribed. But that it was a city of some consequence when Romulus dictated its laws seems evident from the pomp and royalty with which he was then surrounded. The succeeding kmgs added to the extent and beauty of the city, till, in the reign of Servius Tidlius, it included the seven hills on the left bank of the Tiber, as well as the Janiculum, on the opposite side of the river. From its position Rome obtained the epithet SepticoUis. The seven hills were : Palatinus in the centre, with Quirinalis on the north ; Viminalis, E>quilmus, and Coelius, on the east ; Aventinus on the south ; and Capitolinus on the west. The city at this time was divided into faur regions ; the Suburana, Esquilina, Collina, and Palatina ; it had M7 gates, the circuit of the walls being about 60 stadia. This extent of Rome continued with but little alteration till the time of the emperor Aurehan, who included the Campus Martius, a large plain lying between the Tiber and the Quirinal and Capitoiine Hills, and added to it in various quarters till its circumference amounted to fifteen miles. The houses of the Romans are supposed to have been at first merely cottages thatched with straw. The burning of the city by the Gauls (a. u. 364) afforded an opportunity of rebuilding it in a more solid and commodious manner ; but the ne- cessary haste prevented due attention from being paid to the regula- rity of the streets. It was in the time of Augustus that Rome was first adorned with splendid buildings ; hence that emperor used to boast that he had found it of brick, but should leave it of mar- ble. Some of the most remarkable places in Rome were, the Ca- pitol (See Capitolium), and Tarpeiun Rock on the Capitoiine Hill ; the Palace of Augustus on the Palatine ; the Forum (See Forum), between the Palatine and Capitoiine hills ; eastward, the Coliseum, or Amphitheatre of Vespasian ; and between the i ala- tine and Aventine hills, the Circus Maximus. Besides these, Rome was adorned with numerous temples, public baths, and magnificent aqueducts, by which water was brought into the city from a great distance. Among the works of public utihty in Rome none seem to have excited greater admiration in the ancients themselves, than the CloaccBy or sewers. The largest of these, called the Cloaca Max- ma, was intended to carry off the water which stagnated in the low grounds near the Forum, with the other impurities of the city. It was begun by Tarquinius Priscus, and finished by Tarquinms Superbus. Romanus, -a, -um, adj., of, or belonging to the Romans, Roman. Romanum nomen, the Roman name, the Roman em- pire, i. 6. 39. Quaque Romana potentia patet domitis terris, wheraver the Roman power extends over the subjugated world. SAG 295 SAT XV. 9. 133. Romani ducis, of the Roman general, i.e. Antony, XV. 9. 82. SagittariuSj -ii, m., the archer, one of the twelve signs of the •zodiac. According to the fable, the Centaur Chiron was wo'imded in the knee by Hercules with one of his poisoned arrows. The hero immediately ran to the assistance of his preceptor, but as the wound was incurable, and the cause of excruciating pains, Chiron entreated Jupiter to deprive him of immortahty. The king of the gods listened to his prayers, and placed him among the constella- tions under the name of Sagittarius. See HaBmonius and Zodiacus. SamiuS;, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to the island of Sa. mos, Samian. Also as a Sub., a native of Samos, a Samian. Samius ortv, a Samian by birth, viz., Pythagoras, xv. 2. 1. See Pythagoras. Samos, -i^y., Samos, now Santo, an island in the ^Egean Sea, which lies off the coast of Ionia in Asia Minor, and is divided from the promontory of Mycale by a narrow channel. Samos is about sixty miles in circumference, and was famous for the wor- ship of Juno, who was said to have been born in the island, and for a magnificent temple of this goddess, which was a noted asylum for oflFenders. To Samos is likewise assigned the honour of having given birth to Pythagoras. This island was anciently proverbial for its fertility, the fineness of the climate, and the purity of the atmosphere. Its chief town was Samos, now Megali Chora. Sarpedon, -onis, w., Sarpedon, the son of Jupiter by Lao- damia, the daughter of Bellerophon. He became king of Lycia, and, accompanied by a select party of his subjects, went to assist Priam during the siege of Troy. After kiUing many of the Greeks, he was himself wounded by Tlepolemus, king of Rhodes, and slain by Patroclus. Ulysses boasts (xiii. 1. 255, &c. ), that he had killed many of the companions of Sarpedon. There was another hero of the same name who was the son of Jupiter and Europa, and the brother of uEacus and Rhadamanthus. Quid referam agmina Lycii Sarpedonis dfvastata meoferro, why should I men- tion the troops of Sarpedon, king of Lycia, which were destroyed by my sword ? xiii. 1. 255. Saturnia, -ae,/., the daughter of Saturn, i. e. Juno. See Juno. Saturnius, -ii, m., a son of Saturn, It is applied to Pluto, V. 6. 80. Saturnius, -a, -um, adj., of or relating to Saturn^ Saturman. Saturnius pater, the Saturnian father, i. e. Jupiter, i. 6. I. Sa- turnia Juno, Juno, the daughter of Saturn, iv. 11. 33. Saturnus, -i, m., Saturn^ the youngest son of CcbIus. or UrS-- SAT 296 SAT nus {heaven) and Terra (earth). At the request of his mother he mutilated his father by means of a scythe with which she fur- nished him. He then occupied the chief place among the Titans, or children of Heaven and Earth, and married his sister Rhea, or Ops. His elder brother Titan ceded to him the crown on condi- tion that he should rear no male offspring. He is therefore said to ' have devoured all his sons till the birth of Jupiter, when Rhea deceived her husband by substituting a stone, which the voracious god devoured instead of him. By a similar artifice she saved Neptune and Pluto (See Jupiter and Neptunus). Titan being in- formed that the male children of Saturn were preserved and edu- cated privately, made war upon him, dethroned him, and put him in prison along with Rhea. Jupiter, who was now grown up to manhood, collected a body of Cretans, defeated Titan and his sons, liberated his parents, and replaced his father on the throne. Sa- turn, not long after, forgetting the kind services of his son, con- spired against him ; but Jupiter, assisted by his brothers, Neptune and Pluto, banished his father, and divided his dominions (v. 6. 28.). He assigned the sea to Neptune, the infernal regions to Pluto, and reserved the heavens and earth to himself. Saturn being thus expelled from his kingdom wandered over many countries in quest of a settlement, and at last arrived in Italy, where he was kindly received by Janus, king of the country, who admitted him to a share of the government. Here the god employed him- self in civilizing the barbarous inhabitants, by teaching them agri- culture and the liberal arts ; and from the happiness which these improvements produced, his reign obtained the name of the golden age. From him Italy was called Saturnia, and the district where he settled Latium, because he concealed himself (Jatuit) there. After Saturn disappeared from the earth, Janus instituted, in honour of him, a festival, called Saturnalia^ which was afterwards cele- brated by the Romans with great pomp in the middle of December. The Saturnalia were at first confined to one day, then extended to three, and, in the time of the emperors, to five. The utmost liberty prevailed during the celebration ; all was mirth and festivity ; friends sent presents to each other; no war was proclaimed, no criminal executed ; slaves were permitted to jest with their masters, and were even waited on at table by them. This last circumstance was probably founded on the original equahty which was supposed to exist among men in the reign of Saturn. Saturn is the god of time, and is usually represented as an old man. holding in his right hand a scythe with a serpent, which bites its own tail, an emblem of time and of the revolution of the year. In his left hand he holds a child, which he raises up to his head, as if on the point of devouring it. Satyrus^ -i, m., a Satyr. The Satyrs were a sort of rural deities, represented with human bodies, but with the legs and feet of a goat, short horns on their forehead, and their bodies covered SCO 297 SCY with hair. They chiefly attended on Bacchus, were remarkable for their nimbleness, cunning, loquacity, and amorous dispositions, and were said to inhabit the woods, fields, and mountains. A3 rural deities they received offerings of the first fruits of every thing. Scorpios, & Scorpius, -11., m., the Scorpion, one of the twelve signs of the zodiac, between Libra and Sagittarius, which was said to have occupied the space afterwards assigned to two con- stellations. Hence Ovid says, Uhi Scorpios concavat hrachia in geminos arcus, et porrigit membra in spatium duorum signo- rum^ where the scorpion bends his claws in a double curve, and stretches his body over the space of two constellations, i. e. over the space which was afterwards occupied by the Scorpion and Libra, ii. L 195. According to the fable, Orion, a famous hunter, had excited the anger of Tellus, by boasting that there was no ani- mal which he could not kill ; the goddess, to punish his vanity, sent a scorpion, by the bite of which he died ; and Jupiter honoured the courage of the serpent by changing it into a constellation. Scor- pion curvmitem hrachia longo circuitu, the scorpion bending his claws in an extended curve, ii. I. 83. Gr. Ace. -on. See Orion. Scylla, -ae,/., Scylta, a rocky promontory on the Italian side of the Strait of JMessina, opposite to the whirlpool Charybdis, on the coast of Sicily. Scylla, according to the fable, was the beautiful daughter of Phorcys, or of Typho, and the friend and companion of the Nereids. The sea-god Glaucus saw and fell in love with her ; and being rejected in his suit, applied to Circe to exercise her magi- cal arts in his favour. Circe wished him to transfer his affections to herself; and filled with rage at his refusal, poured the juice of some poisonous herbs into the fountain in which Scylla was ac- customed to bathe, and thus transformed her into a monster with twelve feet, six long necks, with a terrific head and three rows of close-set teeth on each. Alarmed by this sudden metamorphosis, Scylla threw herself into that part of the sea which separates Italy from Sicily, and was changed into rocks, which were deemed by the ancients very dangerous to sailors. During a storm the waves are described as roaring dreadfully when dashed against the points and cavities of the rocks, and to this circumstance is probably to be ascribed the fable of the dogs with which some of the ancient poets have encircled her waist. Rapax Scylla cincla scevis cani- hus (dicitur) latrare Siculo prqfundo, ravenous Scylla encompassed with furious dogs is said to bark in the Sicilian Sea, vii. 1. 6b. See Charybdis. Scyros^ & Scyrus, -i, /., Scyros, now Skyro, an island in the u^gean Sea, which lies to the east of Euboea, and has a town of the same name. Lycomedes was king of this island when Achilles concealed himself there, to escape going to the Trojan war. Scyros was celebrated for a superior breed of goats, and also fur its wine and b2 SCY 298 SEM marble, which were held in high estimation. The circumference cf the island is about sixty miles. See Achilles. Scythia, -ae, f.^ Scythia^ a name applied by the more early authors to the northern part of the earth, comprehending that im- mense tract of country which extends from Scandinavia, the Da- nube and the Vistula, to the most easterly limits of the known world. The greater part of this country was altogether unknown to the ancients, and the northern portion of it was believed by them to be uninhabitable from its extreme coldness. In this general sense Scythia is employed by Ovid, i. 2. 33. and ii. 1. 224. Scythia, as defined by ancient geographers, was bounded on the west by Sar- raatia Asiatica, on the east by Serica, on the south by the Persian provinces and India, and on the north by the unknown regions, it was divided by Mount Imaus, a branch of the Altaian Moun- tains, into Scythia intra Imamn on the north, which corresponded generally with Independent Tartary ; and Scythia extra Imaum, which corresponded with the modern province of Mongolia. The Scythians were divided into numerous tribes ; they possessed no towns, but led a wandering life ; they inured themselves to labour and fatigue, and are represented by some authors as living on hu- man flesh, and drinking the blood of their enemies. According to other accounts they lived on milk, and clothed themselves with the skins of their cattle ; they despised money, and instinctively prac- tised that philosophy and virtue which among other nations were the result of long-continued civilisation. They were remarkable for the great veneration which they paid to their kings. Semele^ -es, f., Semele, the daughter of Cadmus and Harmo- nia, who attracted the notice of Jupiter and became pregnant by him. While she was in this condition Jupiter ph^dged himself to prove his affection for her by granting her whatever she should ask ; and Juno, ever jealous of her husband's amours, assuming the form of her nurse Beroe, urged her to request the king of the gods to come to her in the same majesty as he approached his queen. Jupiter reluctantly complied with her request, and Semele, unable to bear his presence, was reduced to ashes. The child, however, was saved from the flames, and was placed in the thigh of Jupiter till the regular period of his birth arrived. See Bacchus. Semeleius, -a, -um, adj,. of, or relating to Semele. Se- meleia proles, the son of Semele, i. e. Bacchus, iii. 7. 10. v. 5. 3(3. Semideus, -i, m.j a demigod, a name applied to those heroes, one of whose parents was immortal, and tho other mortal ; and to those who were deified on account of their bravery and virtues : as Pan, Hercules, Romulus, &c. Semiramis^ -is, Sl -jdis,/., Semiramis, a celebrated queen of Assyria, was the daughter of the goddess Dercetis by an Assyrian youth. She first married Menon, the governor of Nineveh, and accompanied him to the siege of Bactra. The prudence and REN 299 SEJS valour which she there displayed, and also her uncommon beauty, attracted the notice of kinsf Ninus, who conceiving a strong alFec- rion for her, offered to her husband his daughter in exchange. The less powerful husband, who tenderly loved her, refused ; and when the king added threats to entreaties, he hung himself to avoid the consequences. The only obstacle being thus removed, Ninus mar- ried Semiramis, and at his death bequeathed to her his crown. Being now at liberty to prosecute her schemes of ambition, she ex- tended her empire over Egypt, and a great part of Libya and ^Ethiopia. Some of the ancient writers represent her as the founder of Babylon ; but according to others she merely enlarged and beautified it, and surrounded it with a wall of bricks (iv. 2. 4.). Her reign was distinguished by all the gorgeousness of eastern splendour, and her schemes of conquest and of internal improve- ment were on a magnificent scale. Her character was stained by some of the grossest vices ; she is even accused of the murder of her husband, and her death by the hand of her own son is repre- sented as a matter of necessity. She is supposed to have lived about B. c. 1965. According to the fabulous account, Semiramis was changed into a dove after her death, and received divine ho- nours in Assyria. Ubi Semiramis dicitur cinxisse ultam urhern coctilibus muris, where Semiramis is said to have sm-rounded the lofty city (Babylon) with walls of brick, iv. 2. 4. See Babylon and Ninus. SenatUS, -us, m., the Senate^ the chief council of state among the Romans. The senate was instituted by Romulus, to assist him in the government of the republic. It consisted at first of 100 members ; three were nominated by each tribe, and three by each curia. To these ninety -nine Romulus himself added one, to pre- side at their deliberations, and to take charge of the city in his absence. The members of this body were called senators on ac- count of their age {series), And patres, from the pa^erwa/ care which they exercised over the state. To the number of senators elected by Romulus another hundred was chosen from the Sabines when that people were admitted into the city, and Tarquinius Priscus added a hundred more. This number of 300 continued with little variation till the time of Sylla, who increased it ; but how many he added is .uncertain. It appears there were at least above 400. In the time of Julius Caesar the number of senators was increased to 900, and after his death to 1000. Augustus reduced the number to 600. The power of choosing the senators belonged at first to the kings, and after their expulsion, to the consuls and military tribunes. From the year of the city 310, it was vested in the censors, who had also the power of degrading any member who had either behaved him- self unworthily, or allowed his fortune to fall below the requisite qualification. The senators were originally chosen only from the Patricians, but afterwards also from the Plebeians. The candidate must have previously passed through the inferior offices of Quaestor, SEP 300 SIC Tribune of the people, Edile, Praetor, and Consul. The neces- sary qualification was the possession of property to the amount of 80,000 sesterceSy or £6458 : 6 : 8. The place where the senate raet was called Curia. Media sede SenatuSy in the centre of the senate-house, xv. 9. 99. See Curia. Septemtrio, -onis, & Septemtriones, -um, m., properly seven plough oxen; hence, on account of some supposed resem- blance, the seven stars at the north pole, i^i the Greater Bear, otherwise called Charles^ Wain. Septemtrio is frequently used to signify the north , as in i. 2. 33. See Triones. Serlphos, & Serlphus, -i,/., Seriphus, now Serpho, a bar- ren rocky island in the iEgean Sea, one of the Cyclades, lying south-east of Cythnus, and about thirty-six miles in circumference. Danae was said to have been here cast on shore ; and the poets attempted to account for the steep and rugged character of the mountains by the fable of Perseus (diss.), who is said to have changed the king of the island into stone, to revenge the wrongs which had been offered to his mother. It was used by the Romans as a place of banishment for state criminals. Circumdata cavd nube deserit Seriphon, hid in a hollow cloud, she abandons Seri- phus, V. 4. 2. Gr. Ace. -on. See Danae and Perseus. Serpens, -tis, C, the Serpents a constellation between the two Bears, near the North Pole. Serpens qua posita est / roxima glaciali polo, the serpent which was situate very near the icy pole, ii. 1. 173. Sicania, -ae, f., Sicania, a name given to Sicily from the Sicaniy a people who passed over from Italy and took possession of the island, and is used by the poets as synonymous with Sicilia. Sicily, the largest island in the Mediterranean, is separated from Italy by the Fretum Siciilum, the Strait of Messina, and was sup- posed by the ancients to have been once joined to it. From its triangular shape, it was called at a very early period Trinacria (See^Trinacria), and Triquetra, and, owing to its great fertility, has been styled the granary of the Romans. Its length is 151 miles, with an average breadth of 70; its extent 10,500 square miles. The surface of the island is diversified by mountains and fertile plains. The most celebrated of the mountains are ^Etna, the fabled forge of Vulcan, and the residence of the Cyclops ( See MinSi and Cyclopes), and Eryx famous for the temple of Venus (See Eryx). According to Ovid, the giant Typhoeus {tris.) was buried under Sicily (See Typhoeus). In the interior was the plain of Henna, where Proserpine was carried oflF by Pluto (See Henna). The principal cities were Zancle, or Messana, Leontini, Syracusae, Agrigentum, Drepanum, and Panormus. The inhabi- tants of Sicily were so much addicted to luxury, that the expres- sion Siculce mensce became proverbial ; and the richness of their country rendered it an object of ambition to the Roman governors. SIC 301 SIL Si cells, -idis, & -idos, adj,^ f., of, or relating to SicAly, Sicilian. Sicelidas Nymphas, the Sicilian nymphs, v. 6. 72. Gr. Ace. -as. Siculus, -a, -um, odj., of, or relating to Sicily, Sicilian, Cautus ambihat fundamina Siculce terrce, cautiously went round, or surveyed the foundations of the island of Sicily, v. 6. 21 . Mag- num no'men super ahitur Siculis undis, a great name (Sextus Pompey) shall be defeated in the Sicilian Sea, xv. 9. 81. Sicyon, -onis,./., Sicyon, now Basilico, the capital of Sicyo- nia, a small district of Achaia, to the west of Cormthia. Sicyon was one of the most ancient cities of Greece, and existed long be- fore the arrival of Pelops in the peninsula. It was famous for its olives. See Achaia. Sicyonius, -a, -um, adj., of or relating to Sicyon, Sicyo- nian. Sicyonius Ladon, Ladon from Sicyon, iii. 2. ii6. Sidon, -onis, f., Sidon, now. Say da, the most ancient and important city of Phoenicia, and the greatest maritime city in the ancient world, was situate about twenty-four miles north of Tyre. Moses informs us that this city was built by Sidon, the eldest son of Canaan ; and from Joshua we learn that it was rich and power- ful when the Israehtes took possession of the Promised Land. The inhabitants rendered themselves very famous by their manufactures of glass and fine linen, and working of metals, as well as by their purple dye. They were also celebrated for their skill in arith- metic, astronomy, and commercial alFairs ; but were considered artful, avaricious, and dishonest in their intercourse with other nations. Sidonius, -a, -um, adj.^ of or relating to Sidon, Sidonian ; also Phoenician. Sidonius hospes habuit hos comites operis, the Sidonian stranger, i. e. Cadmus, had these as assistants in the work, iii. 1. 129. Sidoni(E comites, her Sidonian companions, iv. 11. 128. SigeiUS, -a, -um, adj., of or relating to Sigeum, now Cape lenishehr, a promontory of the Troad, in Asia Minor, forming, with the opposite point Mastusia, in Thrace, the entrance to the Hellespont. Sigeum is celebrated in ancient history as the place where the Greeks, in their war against the Trojans, drew up their ship?, and where the greater part of the battles between them were fought. Here Achilles, Patroclus, and Antilochus were buried, and their tombs are supposed to be marked at the present day by three large mounds of earth. The tomb of Achilles was succes- sively visited by Alexander, Julius Caesar, and Germanicus. Silentes, -um, & -ium, m., the silent shades, the souls of the departed. Sedes Silentum, the abodes of the dead, xv. 9. 28. Umbras Silentum, the shades of the dead, xv. 9. 63, Silvanus, -i, m., Silvanus, a rural deity, who presided over woods and boundaries. He is usually represented as an old man. SIM y02 SIS bearing a cypress plucked up by the roots. Offerings of milk were presented to him. In i. 6. 31. Silvani is used as a general term for woodland deities, and the Silvans are classed along with the Fauns and Satyrs. See Faunus. Simois, -en lis, m., the Simois, now the Mendere, the river of Troy, rises in Mount Ida, and after a tortuous course of forty - five miles, enters the Hellespont, a little to the north of the pro- montory of Sigeum. A few miles from its mouth it is joined bv a small brook, scarcely ten miles long, which is supposed to be the famous river Xanthus, or Scamander (See Xanthus). The Simois is celebrated by Homer, and by most of the ancient poets. It had regular sacrifices offered it, and was believed to possess the power of improving female beauty. Hence the three goddesses are said to have bathed in it prior to their appearance before Paris, and also the Trojan virgins at stated periods, j^n/e Simois Jiuet retru, sooner shall the Simois flow back to its source, xiii. 1. 324. Siren, -enis,y., a Siren. The Sirens were the daughters of the Achelous and the Muse Melpomene, and were said to have the form of a woman above the waist, and the rest of the body like that of a bird. They were sea-nymphs, two in number, Aglaiopheme (clear-voice), and Thlexiepeia (magic-speech). They inhabited the Sirenusce, three small rocky islands on the south of Italy, and, with their melodious voices so charmed those who were sailing bv, that they forgot home and every thing relating to it, and abode there till their bones lay whitening on the strand. By the direc- tions of Circe, Ulysses stopped the ears of his companioiis with wax, and caused himself to be tied to the mast, and thus was the only person who heard the song of the Sirens and escaped. Dis- appointed at the escape of Ulysses, they threw themselves into the sea and were drowned. According to Ovid (v. 9. 7., &c.), the Sirens were so disconsolate at the rape of Proserpine, that they prayed the gods to give them wings, that they might seek her in the sea as well as by land, — a request with which the gods com- pli<»d. SireneSy eratis mixtczin numero comitum, were you. Sirens, mixed with the number of her attendants, or were you of the num- ber of her attendants ? v. 9. 5. SisyphiuS;, -a, -um, adj., ofy or relating to Sisyphus. C re- ins Sisyphio sanguine, he who is sprung from the blood of Sisy- phus, i. e. Ulysses, who, it was alleged, was the son of Sisyphus, xiii. I. 32. See Ulysses. Sisyphos, & Sisyphus, -i, m., Sisyphus, one of the sons of -s.) at his marriage with Andromeda. Theseus {diss.), -ei, & -eos, m., Theseus, king of Athens, was the son of .lEgeus {diss.) and iEthra, daughter of Pittheus {diss.), king of Troezene. Theseus is one of the most distinguished characters in Grecian mythology, and in the boldness and danger- ous character of his adventures, may be considered as the Athenian counterpart of the Theban Hercules. From circumstances which THE 312 THI need not be mentioned, he was educated at the court of his ma- ternal grandfather, till he reached the years of manhood. He was then sent by his mother to the court of ^geus, and being acknow- ledged by the king as his son, took his place as heir to the throne. On his way to Athens he slew several robbers who infested the intervening country, and on his arrival narrowly escaped being poisoned by his stepmother Medea. He reheved his father's court of the Pallantides, who were anxiously waiting for the death of the aged monarch to seize upon the government, and exhibited in chains to the astonished eyes of the Athenians the famous Cretan bull which had long infested the plain of Marathon. He next pre- vailed upon his father (See ^geus) to allow him to go to Crete as one of the youths whom he was bound to furnish annually as a tri- bute to Minos. Ariadne, the daughter of Minos, who was present when the Athenian youths and maidens were exhibited before him, became deeply enamoured of Theseus, by whom her love was speedily returned. She furnished him with a clue of thread, which enabled him to penetrate in safety the windings of the labyrinth, till he came to the place where the Minotaur lay, whom he caught by the hair and slew ; and having, according to promise, carried off Ariadne and her sister Phaedra, returned in safety to his native country. Theseus was also a sharer in the dangers of the Caly- donian hunt, sailed with Jason in his expedition to Colchis, and aided his friend Pirithous and the Lapithae in their conflict with the Centaurs. The friendship between Theseus and Pirithous was of a most intimate nature, and led them to aid each other in every project. They together carried off Helen, the daughter of Tynda- rus, when a child of but ten years (See Helena), and made an at- tempt to deprive Pluto of his queen. They descended for this purpose to the infernal regions ; but Pluto, knowing their design, seized them, and placed them on an enchanted rock; where they were detained till Hercules passing by in his descent for Cerberus, freed Theseus, but was by a divine intimation prevented from aid- ing his friend. The invasion of Attica by Castor and Pollux, to avenge the carrying off of their sister, compelled Theseus at last to go into exile. He retired to the court of Lycomedes, king of Scyros, and there met his death, either by accident, or by the treachery of his host. He ascended with Lycomedes a lofty rock to take a view of the island, and either fell or was pushed oft'"Dy his companion, and lost his life by the fall. Thespias, -adis^ adj.,f., of, or relating to Thespice, Thes- pian. Thespim, now Eremo Castro, was a town of considerable antiquity in BcEotia, at the foot of Mount Helicon, especially sa- cred to the Muses, and where festivals were celebrated in honour of them. Hence Thespiades DecB, ye Thespian goddesses, i. e. ye Muses, V. 5. 17. Thisbe, -eS; f., Thishe^ a young woman of Babylon who was THO S13 TIR beloved by Pyramus. Quam Babylonia Thishe vidit procul ad radios luncB, which Babylonian Thisbe saw at a distance by the rays of the moon, iv. 2. 45. See Pyramus. Thoon, -onis, m., Thoon, one of the companions of Sarpe- don, king of Lycia, who was killed at Troy by Ulysses. Gr. Ace. -ona. Thous, -i, m,, Swifty the name of one of Actaeon's dogs. Thracia, -^^f-, Thrace, now Rumelia, an extensive country in Europe, bounded on the north by Mount Haemus, which sepa- rated it from Moesia; on the east, by the Black Sea and the Bos- porus Thracius, the Straits of Constantinople ; on the south by the Propontis, the Sea of Marmora ; and on the west by the river JVestus, Mesto, which separated it from Macedonia. Thracia is said to have received its name from Thrax, a son of Mars ; but the later Greek writers regarded it as derived from 'r^a;^£;a, roughs as indicative of the rugged and mountainous character of the country. The Thracians were a cruel, though brave and warlike people, whence Mars was said to have been born in their country, and to have resided among them; they were also much addicted to drinking. The numerous Greek colonies, which were subsequently estabUshed on the coast, imparted to them a considerable degree of civilisation. Threicius, -a, -urn, adj., of or relating to Thrace, Thru- nan. ThuscUS, -a^ -um, adj., Tuscan, of or relating to Etruria, now Tuscany, a district of Italy, which was said to have been in- habited by a Pelasgic colony from Lydia in Asia Minor; hence the adjective is used to signify Lydian. Ah Thuscd urhe, from a Lydiancity, iii. 7. 114. Thyoneus {iris.), -ei, & -eos, m., Thyoneus, a name given to Bacchus from the Greek verb &vitv, to rage. Thybris, -idis, m., the Tiber, or Tevere, a river in Italy which rises in the Apennines, flows southward, separating Etruria from Umbria, the country of the Sabini, and Latium, and after a course of 215 miles, during which it receives more than forty tri- butaries, enters the Tuscan Sea, fifteen miles below Rome. It was originally called Albula, and took the name of Thybris or Ti- beris, from a king of Alba, who was drowned in it. Thybrinque, cui potentia rerum promissafuit, and the Tiber, to which the go- vernment of the world was promised, i. e. on whose banks Rome was to be built, which was destined to possess the government of the world, ii. 1. 259. Gr. Ace. -in. Tigris^ -idis, m,. Tiger, the name of one of Actason's dogs. Tiresias, -se, m., Tiresias, a celebrated Theban prophet, the son of Everus and Chariclo, of the race of Udaeus, one of the men who sprung from the teeth of the serpent. He is said to have TIS »14 TIT lived to a great age, and to have witnessed the greater part of the mythological history of Thebes. At an early period of life he was deprived of sight, and to his blindness he was indebted for the gift which raised him to celebrity among his countrymen. Various ac- counts of the cause of his blindness are given. By some it is ascribed to his having seen Minerva bathing ; and by others to his having divulged to mankind the secrets of the gods. Hesiod relates that Tiresias happening to see two serpents in close union on Mount Cyllene, struck them with his staff, and was suddenly changed into a woman. In this state he continued for seven years ; at the end of which period he saw the same serpents in a similar position, and on striking them a second time recovered his original sex. On one occasion Jupiter and Juno referred to him the deci- sion of a dispute, for which his previous transformation seemed to have qualified him. His decision was unfavourable to Juno, and the goddess in anger afflicted him with blindness. Jupiter, unable to undo the acts of his queen, gave him in compensation the power of foreseeing future events. Liriope, the mother of Narcissus, con- sulted Tiresias as to the fate of her son, and as the truth of his prediction was verified by the event, he was afterwards rendered famous as a prophet, iii. 5. 3. Tisiphone, -es,/*., Tisiphone, one of the three Furie^ of whom a graphic description is given by Ovid, iv. 11 . 6Q., &c. See Krinnys. Titan, -anis, «& Titanus, -i, m., Titan, the son of Coelus and Terra, and the elder brother of Saturn, in whose favour he re- signed his kingdom on condition that he would not rear any male offspring (See Saturnus). Titan was one of a numerous family who are known by the name of Titans, or Titanldes. The most celebrated of these were Briareus (tris.), Hyperion, lapetus, Oceanus, Saturnus, Rhea, Themis, Tethys, &c., who, with their descendants, were included under the general name of Titans. The war which Titan along with his brother and sons waged against Saturn for the recovery of his kingdom, is known in my- thology as the war of the Titans ; and should not be confounded with the war of the giants, which was directed against Jupiter. Titan is also used by the poets as synonymous with Sol, the god of the sun, i. I. 6., ii. 1. 118. See Saturnus, and Jupiter. Titania^ 'Sd,f», Titania, a name applied to Diana, as Titan is to Sol. Dum Titania ihi perluitur solitd lymphd^ while Diana is bathing there in her usual water, iii. 2. 43. It is also ap- plied (i. 8. 83. ) to Pyrrha, because she was the grand-daughter of lapetus, who was one of the Titans. See Titan. Tityos, & Tityus, -i, m., Tityns, the son of Jupiter by Elara, the daughter of Orchomenus. To protect her from the re- sentment of Juno, Jupiter hid Elara in the bowels of the earth, where she gave birth to Tityus, who f''om this circumstance was TMO 315 TRI said to be the son of Terra. Tityus happened to see Latona as shd was going to Delphi, and attempted to offer her violence ; but the goddess called to her children for aid, and he soon fell by the ar- rows of Apollo. He was placed in the infernal regions, where vul- tures continually preyed upon his liver, which grew again as fast as it was devoured. He is here represented as covering nine acres of ground. Tityos prcebebat viscera lanianda^ eralque distentus novemjugeribus, Tityus was giving his entrails to be devoured by the vultures, and was stretched over a space of nine acres, iv. 11. 42. Tmollis, -i^ m-, Tnwlus, now Buz Dag, a mountain of* Lydia, in Asia Minor, celebrated by the ancients for its vines, saffron, and odoriferous flowers. The air of the mountain was so salubrious that the inhabitants were said to live to a very advanced age. Tonans, -antis, m., the Thunderer, a name applied to Jupi- ter as the god of Thunder. Tecta magni Tonantis, the palace of the great Thunderer, i. 6. 8. Trachinius, -a, -um, adj., of, or relating to Trachis, Tra- chinian. Trachinia puppis ipsa qubque agitur his vicibns, the Trachinian ship itself too is subjected to these changes, xi. 10. 93. Trachis^ & Trachin, inis, /., Trachis, a town in the south of Thessaly, giving its name to Trachinia, the surrounding district, of which Ceyx was king. The name, according to Herodotus, was derived from r^x;^vs^ rough, and was apphed to it in consequence of the mountainous character of the country. To this town Her- cules retired after having committed an involuntary murder. In the immediate neighbourhood was the strong town Heraclea Tra- chinia. Herculed Trachine, in Herculean Trachis, i. e. in Trachis, afterwards called Heraclea. Ovid has here been guilty of an ana- chronism, as the fact alluded to took place before the death of Her- cules, xi. 10. 2 J 8. Trinacria, -86, & Trinacris, -idis, & -idos, /., Trir^a- cria, & Trinacris, names applied to the island of Sicily from its three promontories {^r^us ax^at), Pelorum, Pachynum, and Lily- boeum, q. v. Vasta insula Trinacris injecta est giganteis mem- bris, the vast island (of Sicily) was placed upon the limbs of the giant, i. e. Typhoeus, v. 6. 7. Triones, -um, m., the Triones, a name given to the two con. stellations, the Greater and Lesser Bear, at the North Pole, be- cause their stars seem to be in the form of a chariot with three oxen yoked to it. Turn primum gelidi Triones caluere radiis, then for the first time the cold Triones were warmed by the rays of the sun, ii. 1. 171. Triton, -onis, m., Triton, a sea deity, the son of Neptune and Amphitrite. Triton became powerful among the deities of the sea, and was the attelidant and trumpeter of Neptune. His trum- pet was a conch-shell, and Ovid (i. 8. 23., &c.) gives a very fine TRI S16 TRl description of his sounding the retreat to the waters which covered the earth in the flood of Deucalion. In the upper part of his body he resembled a man, in the lower a fish. The upper part of his body is represented as standing out of the water ; hence the expres- sion Exstantem supra profundum, i. 8. 19. Canorum Tritona, the musical Triton, — in allusion to his office, ii. 1. 8. Gr. Ace. -ona. Tritonis, -se, & Tritonis, -idis, & -iclos, /., Tritonia^ and Tritonis, names given to Minerva from a Cretan word roiru^ sig- nifying the head, because she was said to have sprung from the head of Jupiter (See Minerva). From the same word she was called by the Greeks r^iroyivita, {head-sprung). According to some mytho- logists Minerva received this name from Tritonis, a small lake near the Syrtis Minor in Africa, where she first showed her- self to mankind. In memory of this event, there was an annual feast held there, during which the most beautiful woman in the country was clothed like Pallas, with a mural crown on her head, and drawn round the city in triumph. Monitu Tritonidisy by the advice of Minerva, i. e. wisely, prudently, iii. I. 127. Triumphus, -i, m., a triumph, the^ solemn and magnificent entrance of a general into Rome after having gained an import- ant victory. A triumph was the highest military honour which could be obtained in the Roman state, and had its origin at Rome, from Romulus carrying the arms of Acron, king of the Cseninen- ses, in procession to the Capitol. The following are the conditions on which a triumph could be legally granted : it was necessary that the general should give intimation to the senate of the victory ; that he should appear at the head of his army before Rome, for no per- son invested with military command could enter the city ; that he should prove to the senate assembled in the temple of Belldna, that in a legitimate war with foreigners he had slain at least 5000 of the enemy in one battle, and had thereby extended the limits of the empire. If the triumph was granted, the general was allowed to enter the city without divesting himself of his command. The triumphal procession, commencing from the Campus Martius, went along the l^'ia Triumphalis, through the most public places of the city to the Capitol, where the general offered a sacrifice to Jupiter Capitolinus. The procession was headed by a choir of mu- sicians, one of whom exhibited many laughable gestures as if in derision of the enemy. Then followed the victims intended for sacrifice, and a long train of persons carrying perfumes. The spoils and booty taken from the enemy were also exhibited, and representations of cities and battles. To these succeeded the Gene- ral, clad in a purple toga, embroidered with gold, and a variegated tunic, wearing a crown of laurel on his head, and holding in his right hand a laurel branch. He bore in his left hand an ivory sceptre with an eagle on the top, and was seated in a triumphal TRO 517 TUR chariot, adorned with gold and ivory, and drawn by four white horses. The procession was closed by the victorious army, who sung their own praises and those of their general, often exclaiming Jo trium- phe, in which all the citizens joined. A triumph often continued for several days. Troes^ -um^ m., the Trojans, the inhabitants of Troy. Troja, -2t, f,, Troy, the capital of Troas, in Asia Minor, a city which has been immortalized by the poetry of Homer and Virgil, was situate in a plain on a small eminence, a few miles from the mouth of the Hellespont, and between the two rivers Simois and Scamander. Its site is supposed to be now occupied by the village of Bunarhashi ; but the lapse of time has not only obhte- rated every trace of the city, but has also effected such changes in the face of the country as to render it impossible to ascertain its exact position. The city was said to have been built by Dardanus, the first king of the country, who called it Dardania ( See Darda- nus), and to have received the names of Troja and Ilium from his two successors Tros and Ilus (See Ihum). The citadel was called Pergamus (See Pergamus). The Trojan war, to which allusion is so frequently made by the classical writers, was undertaken by the Greeks to recover Helen, whom Paris, the son of Priam, had carried off from her husband Menelaus. The Greeks collected a fleet of 11(6 ships, containing probably about 100,000 men, and appointed Agamemnon their commander-in-chief. The Trojan forces were more numerous, as Priam was assisted not only by the neighbouring princes of Asia Minor, but also by the Thracians, As- syrians, and iEthiopians. The siege was maintained with valour and intrepidity for ten years, at the end of which time the city was taken either by treachery or stratagem (See iEneas and Antenor). The city itself was destroyed, and the inhabitants were either put to the sword or carried away by the conquerors. Troy was taken, B. c. 1184, and 431 years before the building of Rome. Trojam captam, Troy as good as taken, xiii. 1. 22b. See Helena, Paris, and Menelaus. TrojanuSj -a, -Um, adj., of, or relating to Troy, Trojan. Qui cepit Trojana mcenia subforti Hercule, who took Troy under the valiant Hercules, i. e. who assisted Hercules in taking Troy, xiii. 1. 23. Troy is said to have been taken by Hercules in the time of Laomedon, in consequence of that king refusing to pay to hira and to Neptune the sum for which they had agreed to build the walls (See Telamon). Trojana fata, the fate, or destiny of Troy, xiii. 1. 336. Tempore Trojani belli, in the time of the Trojan war. The Trojan war was begun b. c. 1194, and ended b. c. 1184, XV. 2. 101. 1 urnus^ ~i, w., Turnus, the son of Daunus and Venilia, was king of the Rutuli, a people of Latium, at the time when .^neas arrived in Italy. Lavinia, the daughter of king Latinus, had been s2 TYD 318 TYR betrothed to him before the arrival of the Trojan fuijitives, and Tur- nus takinor it amisi that a stranfjer should be preferred to him, en- deavoured to as:u rr his claim by arms. His efforts, though sup- jiortod by great courajre, were unsuccessful ; he was defeated, and ;it hist slain in single combat by ^Eneas. He is represented by \'irgil as a man of dauntless bravery, and uncommon strength. 1 ydides, -ae, m., Tt/dides, the son of 'lydeJis^ a patronymic applied to Diomedes, from his father ' Tydeus (diss.). See Diomedes. Tynilaris, -idis, i/»o>t, a giant of prodigious size, the offspring of Tartarus and Terra. His stature overtopped the mountains; his head was said to touch the stars : one hand extended to the east, the other to the ^^est ; his legs and feet were coils of snakes ; fire darted from his mouth and eyes. Immediately after his birth he made war upon hoaven to avenge the de«th of' his brothers the giants, and hurled glowing rocks, with loud cries and hissing. The gods, in terror, fled into Kgypt ; and when he pursued them thither, changed themselves into various animals to escape his fury. Jupiter at last resumed courage, struck Typhoeus with his thvuiderbolts, and buried lam under Sicily (v. 6. 7, Sec), his hands being kept down by the promontories Pelorum ,ind Pach^ num, his feet by Lilyb.Tum, while -Ktna pressed upon his head. 7 vphoca cDiissuni de inia sedeterrcr fecisse vietum taUtibus, that Typhoeus sent (by his mother) from the lowest depths of the earth caused fear to the gods, v. 5. 28. I'erriffenarn iyphoea^ the earth-born Typhoeus, v. 5. 32. Gr. Ace. -oea. Tyrilis, -a, -urn, adj.. of, or relatinpto Tyre, Tt/rian ; also purp'le-cohmrt'dy ; ur; le. Profeeti 7 yrii'i pente. the men who had come from the Tyri,an nation, the Phoenicians, iii. 1. I>5. Indn^ tus l^yriam chlainydem, clad in a Tyrian, or purple cloak, v. 1. 51. Tyros, »S: Tyrus, -i,/', Tyre, now Soor, a maritime city of Phoenicia, twenty-four miles south of Sidon. Tyre, though a very tmcient city, was a colony of Sidon, whence, in Scripture, ft is called her daughter. In process of time it became a very large, rich, and populous city, powerful at sea, and the rival of Sidon ; us inhabitants were famed for their wealth and extensive com- merce, as well as for their manufactures of fine linen, and their beautiful purple dye. According to the prediction of the Hebrew prophets. Tyro was attacked by Nebuchadnezzar, and taken after a siege of thirteen years. In consequence of this, the inhabitants, considermg themselves insecure, removed to a small island, thrt^ stadis from the shore, where they built a new city, and securevi it by defensive works ou all sides. It was, however, attacked by TYR SJ9 ULY Alexander, who took and burned it b. c. 332, after a siege of severs months. Both the second capture of the city, and the extraordi- nary mode in which it was accomplished, had been foretold in Scripture. Tyrrhenus, -2L, -unij adj., Tyrrhenian, or Tvscan; of, or relating to Etruria, a district of Italy, said to have been inhabited bv a Pelasgic colony from Lydia, in Asia Minor. Tyrrhena geiitey of the Tuscan nation, iii. 7. 66. See Thuscus. U. Ulyxes, & Ulysses, -is, m,, Ulysses, the son of Laertes and Anticlea, was king of Ithaca, Teaki, and Dulichiura, two small islands off the coast of Acharnania, in Greece. Sisyphus is said by some to have enjoyed the favours of Anticlea previous to her marriage, and to have been the father of Ulysses ; and in this way they have attempted to account for his great address and ingenuity. Hence Ulysses is derisively called by Ajax the son of Sisyphus (xiii. 1. 32.). Like all the Grecian princes who were his contempora- ries, he became one of the suitors of Helen ; and by his advice, Tyndarus was induced to leave to the princess herself the choice of a husband (See Helena). Having married Penelope, the daughter of Icarius of Sparta, he returned with her to Ithaca, and soon after received the kingdom from his father, who resigned it in his favour (See Laertes). His connubial happiness was soon interrupted. In common with the other suitors of Helen, he had engaged to pro- tect the rights of her husband, and was therefore summoned to join his countrymen in their expedition against Troy. To avoid tne painful separation from Penelope, he pretended to be msane, yoked a horse and bull together, and ploughed the sea-shore, where he sowed salt instead of corn. Palamedes, who was sent for this purpose by the Greeks, detected the imposture, and forced Ulysses to accompany him to the camp. This detection he basely revenged at Troy, by accomplishing the death of Palamedes as a traitor (See Palamedes). Ulysses, daring the war, distinguished himself above all the Greeks, by his prudence, wisdom, and craftiness, and was em- ployed by them in every measure which required skill and dexterity in the management. His sagacity in council was not less conspicuous than, his valour in the field. The services which he rendered to his countrymen were numerous and important. He persuaded Cly- temnestra to send her daughter Iphigenia along with him to Aulis (See Iphigenia); he forced Achilles from his concealment in the Island of Scyros (See Achilles) ; in company with Diomedes, he slew Rhesus, king of Thrace, and got possession of his horses (See Rhesus) ; carried otf the Palladium from the citadel of Troy (See Palladium) ; and prevailed upon Philoctetes to leave the Island of Lemnos ( See Philoctetes). On the accomplishment of each of these measures, the fate of Troy depended. For his eminent services he was universally applauded by the Gr ■. s, and rewarded witii URA 320 VExN the arms of Achilles, for which he disputed with Ajax (See Ajax). After the destruction of Troy, Ulysses was driven for ten years over many seas, and visited various countries before he returned to his native island. He first sailed to the country of the Cicones, in Thrace, and took and plundered their town Ismarus ; next to the Lotophagi {the lotus- eaters), in Africa; he then reached the country of the Cyclops, in Sicily, and lost six of his companions, who were devoured by Polyphemus. The crafty prince intoxicated the king, pierced out his eye, and made his escape with the rest of his crew. He then visited ^^olia, where he was kindly received by iEolus the king, from whom he received enclosed in a bag all the winds which could obstruct his return to Ithaca. But the cu- riosity of his companions had nearly proved fatal to him. Suppos- ing that the bag contained gold, they opened it while Ulysses was asleep, when the winds rushed out and destroyed the whole fleet ex- cept the ship which carried their commander. After spending some time with Circe, he visited the infernal regions ; passed unhurt the islands of the Sirens (See Siren), and by the assistance of thegoda reached Ithaca after an absence of twenty years. His adventures are related in the Odyssey of Homer, of which he is the hero. Gr. Ace. -en. Urania, -ae, & Uranie, -es,/., Urania^ the name of one of the Muses. See Musae. V. VentUS, -i, m., the wind. The Winds are represented by Homer as gods, and had sacrifices offered to them by the Athenians, as to deities intent on the destruction of mankind by continually causing storms and earthquakes. They are said to be the sons of Astraeus and Aurora. In the Odyssey, and in the ^neid, they are placed under the control of ^51us as their king, who keeps them confined in a cave in MoXia, (See iEolus). The later poets and artists furnished them with wings to indicate their velocity. The ancients observed only four winds, called Venti Cardmales, be- cause they blew from the four cardinal points. Homer enumerates no more ; and Ovid (i. 2. 30., &c.), in imitation of him, mentions the same number. Intermediate winds were afterwards added, first one, and then two, between each of the Venti Cardinales. The twelve winds were, — Boreas, the non;h wind, Aqu'ilo, Corns ; Subsolanus, the east wind, Vulturnus, Eurus ; Auster, the south wind, Notus, Africus ; Favoniusy the west wind, Zephjrus, Cir- cius. The points of the compass have, in modern times, been in- creased to thirty-two. Venus, -eris^y., Venus, the goddess of love and beauty, was the daughter of Jupiter by tne nymph Dione. By some mytholo- ffists she is said to have sprung from the foam of the sea near the Itiland of Cythera, to which she was wafted by the Zephyrs, and VES 321 VES received on the shore by the Seasons (See Aphrodite). She was the wife of Vulcan, and the mother of Cupid and -^neas. Venus was worshipped wdth particular devotion at Paphos and Amathus, in Cyprus ; on Mount Eryx, in Sicily ; and "at Cnidus, in Caria. She was represented by the ancients in various forms. The rose, myrtle, and apple, were sacred to her; and among birds, the dove, swan, and sparrow were her favourites. Vesta, -8B, J^, Vesta, the name of two goddesses in ancient mythology, the one the mother of the gods, often confounded with Cybele, Rhea, and Tellus ; and the other the daughter of Saturn and Rhea, and therefore the sister of Ceres and Juno. The cha- racter and office of these goddesses have not been clearly defined by writers either on Greek or Roman mythology. The Vesta CEo-ria ) of the Greeks presided over the domestic hearth, the sym- bol of social union, and had libations of wine poured out to ner at the beginning and end of banquets. The Vesta of the Romans, though identical in name and office with the former, does not ap- pear to have been borrowed from the Greeks, as her worship is by all testimony carried back to the earliest period of the state. Her mysteries are said to have been introduced into Italy by ^Eneas ; and iS'uma built her a temple at Rome, which no male was permitted to enter. In this sanctuary was deposited the Palladium, the sacred emblem of the perpetuity of the empire (See Palladium), and a fire was kept continually burning on her altar. The temple of Vesta was round, probably in allusion to the form of the earth, of which she was considered the goddess, but contained no statue. She was represented in a long flowing robe, with a veil on her head, holding, in the one hand a lamp, and in the other a javelin, or sometimes a Palladium. The temple of Vesta was placed under the care of the Vesta/ Virgins, an order of priestesses derived ori- ginally from Alba, and first instituted at Rome by Numa. They were at first four in number, but either Tarquinius Prisons, or Servius TulUus, increased it to six, and this number continued till the priesthood w^as abolished in the age of Theodosius the Great. They were originally chosen by the kings, and after their expulsion by the Pontifex Maximtts, who selected twenty girls between the ages of six and sixteen, not tainted by any bodily defect, and whose parents were free born and still living, from whom the vacancies were supplied, either voluntarily or by lot. The Vestal virgins were bound to their ministry for thirty years ; for the first ten they were em- ployed in learning the sacred rites, for the next ten in performing them, and for the last ten in instructing the younger virgins. Their duty consisted in keeping the sacred fire always burning, in guard- ing the Palladium, and in offering sacrifices for the prosperity of the state. If they neglected the sacred fire, they were punished by scourging ; and if they violated their vow of chastity they were buried alive. The privileges of the Vestals were very great : they VUL S22 VUL had the uncontrolled disposal of their property ; the right of mak- incr a will ; of freeing a criminal from punishment if they met him accidentally ; the praetors and consuls went out of the way, and lowered the fasces if they met them in the street ; and from the time of Augustus they were honoured with a particular seat in the theatre. They wore a long white robe, bordered with purple, and had their heads decorated with fillets. Vulcanius, -Sl, -um, adj., of, or relating to Vulcan, VuU cania munera, the gift of Vulcan, i. e. the chariot of the sun, which was made by Vulcan, ii. 1. 106. Vulcania Lemnos, Lem- nos sacred to Vulcan, xiii. 1. 313. See Lemnos. Vulcanus, -i, m., Vulcan, the god of fire, and the patron of all artists who worked metals, was the son of Jupiter and Juno ; or, according to others, of Juno alone. His mother, disgusted with his deformities, threw him from Olympus, when he was received by the Ocean-nymphs Thetis and Eurynome, and concealed by them in a cavern for nine years. At the end of this period he seems to have returned to Olympus, for we find him in the Iliad firmly fixed there and all the houses, ornaments, and arms of the gods were the work of his hands. On one occasion, when Jupiter pu- nished Juno for disobedience, Vulcan interfered, and was thrown from Olympus by his father. His descent to the earth occupied nine days, and he alighted at last on the Island of Lemnos, where he was hospitably received by the inhabitants. His leg was broken by the fall, and he ever after continued lame of one foot. He fixed his residence in the island, and there estabhshed forges, in which all sorts of metals were wrought ; and communicated to the inha- bitants a knowledge of the useful arts. As the geographical know- ledge of the ancients advanced, iEtna, Lipari, and all other places where there was subterraneous fire, were regarded as the forges of Vulcan, and the Cyclops were associated with him as his assistants. The various articles made by Vulcan are numerous. Among the most celebrated of these were the golden cup, in which the god of the sun, with his horses and chariot were carried round the earth every night (See Sol); the armour which Achilles wore in the latter part of the Trojan war ; and the arms which he made for ^neas at the request of Venus. Vulcan made an attem})t to gain the afi'ections of Minerva, but she having obtained from her father permission to remain in a state of celibacy, refused to receive his addresses, and the deformed god married Venus the goddess of beauty. The worship of Vulcan was extensively established, particularly in Egypt, at Athens, and at Rome. He is usually represented in a bhort tunic, with a serious countenance and muscular form, stand- iiig at his anvil with hammer and tongs, and sometimes with a pointed cap on his head Vulcanus is frequently used by the poets to signify ^'re. Efflant Vulcanum adamanteis narihics, blow out fire from their adamantine nostrils, vii. 1. 104. XAN 323 ZON X. Xanthus, -i, m,, the Xanthus, now the Bunarbashi, a small brook scarcely ten miles long, which joins the Simo'is a few miles from its mouth. It still retains the character given to it by Homer ; its waters are pure and transparent ; its borders are covered with flowers : and willows, date-trees, ash-trees, and reeds, are yet to be seen on its banks, and eels are still caught in its channel. On account of the beauty and copiousness of its stream, divine honours were paid to the Xanthus by the Trojans. Accordmg to Homer, this stream was called Xanthus by the gods, and Scamander by men ; and was said to have been set on fire by Vulcan during the siege of Troy. Hence Ovid says, Xanthusque arsurus iterum, and the Xanthus destined to be set on fire a second time, i. e. by Vul- can at the request of Juno, during the siege of Troy, ii. 1. 245. See Simo'is and Troja. Z. Zephyrus, -i, m., the west wind. See Ventus. Zethes, -se, m., Zethes, the son of Boreas, and brother of Ca- lais. See Calais. Zodiacus^ -i, m., the Zo* y24 ZON divided by astronomers into five broad belts (zoncB)^ and these di- visions are also supposed to be transferred to the earth, or terres- trial sphere (i. 2. 17.)' The Zones divide the earth with respect to the various degrees of heat and cold; viz., one Torrid, two Temper ■ rate, and two Frigid. The Torrid Zone lies between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, extends twenty-three degrees and a half on each side of the Equator, and derives its name from its excessive heat. The ancients believed that the Torrid Zone was more ele- vated than the rest of the earth, and therefore so scorched by the rays of the sun as to be rendered uninhabitable (i. 2. 18.). ' The two Temperate Zones lie between the Tropics and the Polar circles, one on each side of the Torrid Zone, and are called Tem- perate because they are not subject to the excessive heat of the Torrid Zone, nor to the excessive cold of the Friajid Zones (i. 2. 20.). The two Frigid Zones lie between the Polar circles and the Poles, and are so called from the excessive cold to which they are subject. They were beheved by the ancients to be perpetually covered with deep snow (i. 2.19.), and therefore almost incapable of being inhabited by man. Patara, orum^ n, Patara, a town of Lycia, in Asia JMinor. situate on the coast, near the mouth of the Xanthus. The town was adorned with several temples, the most celebrated of which was that of the Lvcian Apollo, which was very ancient, and second only to that of Delphi. Here the god was said to give oracles during the six winter months, and received from it the name of PatarcBus. The name Patara is derived by some from Pat:rus, a son of Apollo, while Phny affirms that it was more anciently called Satyros. Patavaeus, a, um, adj. of, or relating to Patara, Patarenn. FatarcBa regie servit mihi, the city Patara is subject to me. i. 10. 65. 825 2 H 3 ^ G > ^ si. eL q! «i Pm CO* s* - • - 3 - 3 i« ^ c:^ c>. I.^i^'-I.^-. X • • • L L L. * L A ^' s p p ^ 3 .<> -^ .^ 3 ^ r pi I o S .= 3 i ^ i' 3 3 k^'th h k? i? 9 i> ^t^ JO cQj. W f o w o o o o d "y 326 '"'if PECULIARITIES OF SCANNING Margine terrarum porrexerat- Ampht- trite, i. 1. 10. ^ Persidaque, et radiis juga subdita- matu- tinis, i. 2. 31. Deerat ad' hue, et quod dominari in cetera posset, i. 2. 46. Perque hiemes aestusque et inaequa- les au- tumnos, i. 4. 5. ^ Fauni- que Setter- ique et monticol- ce Sil- vani, i. 6. 31. j O iiti- nam possem populos reparare paternis, i. 8. 51 . Nilus, et antique sua flumina reddidit- alveo, i. 9. 8. Inter Hamadryadas celeberrima- Nona- crinas, i. 13. 2. Et gemitu et lacrimis et luctiso- no mu- gitu, i. 13. 44. AeViaeque Alpes et nubifer- Apen- ninus, ii. 1. 226. Et celer Ismenos cum Psopha'i- co Ery- mantbo, ii. 1. 244. Mygdoniusque Melas et Taenari- us Eu- rotas, ii. 1. 247. Nubibus esse solet aut purpure- cb Au- rorae, iii. 2. 54. Verba locus, dictoque Va- le. Vale- inquit et Echo, iii. 6. 100. Vulgus- que procer- esque ignota ad sacra feruntur, iii. 7. 20. Interi- U at- vos pro fama vincite vestra, iii. 7. 36. Habsissem, quam- vis a- mens, in fune retentus, iii. 7. 118. Pictarumque jacent fera corpora- panther- arum, iii. 7. 159. Telas- que cdla- thosque infectaque pensa reponunt, iv. 1. 10. Thuraque dant, Bacchumque vocant Bromiumque Ly- (Bum- que. iv. 1. 11. Jactari quos cernis in- loni- o im- menso, iv. 11. 120. Tempusy A- tla, veniet, tua quo spoliabitur auro, iv. 13. 41. Perque vias vidisse hominum simulacra fer- arum- que, iv. 15. 28. Silvarum lucos circumspicit- anti- quarum, v. 4. 16. Fonte Medusaeo et Hyante- a Aga- nippe, v. 5. 19. Est medium Cyanes et Pisae- ce Are- thusae, v. 6. 69. Sidera- que ven- tique nocent ; avidaeque volucres, v. 8. 23. Dentibus horrendus, custos erat arboris- aurece, vii. 1. 151. Heros iJEsoni- us potl- tur ; spolioque superbus, vii. 1. 166. Aptarique suis pinum jubet- armd- mentis, xi. 10. 47. Spe potl' tur tandem, laudisque accensus amore, xi. 10. 118. Coeranon Iphitiden, et Alastora- que Chromi- umque, xiii. 1 .257. Alcandrumque Haliumque Noemona- que Pry tan- inque, xiii. 1. 258. Nos animo. Quantoque ratem qui temperat- anteity xiii. 1 . 366. Printed by Oliver & Boyd, Tweoddale Court, High Street, Edinburgh. ■®:^? LIBRARY OF CONGRESS III It !lll nil' 003 090 515 5 #