'MS-/ 
 

 ^^erapt ul congies'sional i^atiuti ; but lest, perchance, this lalse 
 V' . ion may be operating rdeleterious effect on the mind of some one y 
 A 'for want of di* ' -non on its mUure and consequences we y^^ ^.. 
 
 V submit the f< ^ fciries : Is it r - ^-^ '"'d hoaste.^ ,. A^ 
 
 inaepi^iidence', Liberty, \nd ^iory L\ ^ '. 
 ^ Jf IINGTON, La F a YETTF, and JACKSON . 
 
 .n51 
 
 Copy 3 andytqine, York- Town, afid New- Orleans^ 
 
 HEARTJS OF OAK, TO ^HE P#LLS\ ix, 
 
 I SUPPORT ' "^ ^. 
 
 
 ,?rHE DEFENDER OF HIS COUNTRY to\ 
 
 a 
 
 ANQl^ THE 
 
 ' ' ■*■ i 
 
 ^m at t^t |^0O5Jlf» / 
 
 1^ w 
 
 THS FEOFXiS'S TZCZCST. 
 
 ^ 1" iT^ . '", -^^^^^IN SUPPORT Of ^""'^•t^ ^ \ 
 
 ' ) ANDREW JACKSON,y% President, a0 \ 
 
 . \ JOHN C.^ALHOUN, Jor Vice-Preside^^ 
 
 ( 
 
 PETER WILSON, of Bergen, 
 ^^. J Ames PARKER, of Middlesex, 
 
 \ ^ ^ DANIEL VLIETj of Sussex, 
 
 ISAAC G. FARLEE, of Hunterdon, 
 JOSEPH W. SCOTT, of Somerset, 
 JOHN BEATTY, Jun. of Burlington^ y '^ 
 JiJSEPH KILLE, of Salem, and ' ' -'^ ' 
 
 "f - 
 
 JOHN BUCK, of Cumberlan-V ^ 
 
 J-*^ 
 
 i 
 
 •^-^^ 
 
 
 f-f? *r^.-jr- '•/■ 
 
,x<.E8^ 
 
 a 
 
 Of the State Contenhon, held at Trcntt/i}* Ni 
 se?/, on the nominaticm of PresldJ mtial 
 Electors for this State, 
 
 ew-Jcr- 
 
 ,1 
 
 Fellow Citizens, 
 
 At a late Convention of Delegates from the scv«* ral counties of our 
 State, assembled for the purpose of giving concert to the exertions of the 
 frientls of Jackson and Calhoun, by the selection o ■ f a ticket of Elec- 
 tors^f President and Vice-President, to be recomme. ided to their sup- 
 pyt, the task was imposed upon us of addressing you on the claims of 
 jfiose distinguished men. In entering upon this duty, we feel a pleasure 
 tmn the reflection, that while we address ourselves to Jerse ymen, we are 
 sure of being heard with candour ; and that while we spe, ^k of the acts 
 of those illustrious' men, we ^lall find a chord in unison in the bosom of 
 every native of that soil which was so often wet with Kevolutit onary blood 
 and which in the great day of trial was so fruitful in valour j md patriot- 
 m. While we celebrate deeds of glory and of virtuous devotio, n to coun- 
 y, we shall produce a responsive feeling in the breasts of the de- ^cendants 
 »f those brave and patriotic sons of Jersey, who, in the darkest - days of 
 our distress, were undiscouraged and unappnlled — who fought, an d bled 
 and suffered in the cause of freedom — whose enduring monument is the 
 liberty of our country. We come as members of your own body, uus\ vay- 
 ed by passion, and unaftecttd by interest, deliberately to present toy ou 
 the claims dUfim of whom you have all heard, and with whose name y. qu 
 are all in som^/legr'ee familiar. In doing so, we censure not differing, t 
 opinions — y0e slander not the characters of his respectable and distinguish- 
 ed rivals,^ The noble soul of Jackson would disdain to rise upon the 
 ruins of reputfition — he would not acknoujedge as his friends those who 
 for fiis sake %ould unjustly detract from the fame even of his enemies. 
 He has come forth into the lists at the PIm )PLK/S call, as an honourable 
 combatant, and if the golden prize be gained, the chaplet of victory shall 
 encircle his brow, in union with the laurels untarnislied which he has al- 
 ready M^on. We, as his advocates, and as citizens of our common country, 
 tender tahis competitors, and to those who honestly prefer them, the ho- 
 mage o3[J our respect, while we frankly assert our own opinions upoi^.thc 
 merits of our favourite, and the interests of America. 
 
 We can hardly presume that tliere are those in New-Jersey, who sin- 
 cerely believe tliat Mr. Crawford is raised above his opponents by the 
 mere recommendation of the Caucus at Washington. We can hardly sup- 
 pose that the enlightened citizens of this State, who are even friendly to 
 his c'^WWi, can really entertain the opini»)n that they are bound to sur- 
 rendcfWeir nigst v;dual»le privilege, the elective franchUe, to this abor- 
 
l/i 
 
 ^r^-p^y^^ 
 
 
 live attempt al congressional goparfnatioii ; Imt lest, percliauce, ..^^ 
 impression may be operating a deleterious eti'ect on the mind of some 
 individual, for want of due reflection on its nature and consequenr^- 
 beg leave to submit the following inquiries : Is it not a high.?- ' 
 prerogative of the great body of American citizens, y -' 
 rulers ? Is it not important to the preservation of oi( 
 pm-ogative should be exercised ? Does it not constitutW 
 difference between our excellent system of government V... 
 enslaved nations of the old world ? Js it becoming, tlien— is it sate, ,„ .. 
 consistent with our boasted independence, that any citizen should bow 
 his neck in quiet submission to the direction of a {&\v interested and 
 aspiring individuals, not delegated by the People, but self-chosen dicta- 
 tors ? Shall the rej)resentatives of three States, sent to the capital by 
 their constituents for objects widely different, be permitted to erect 
 themselves into a Council of Appointments, to impose upon the whole of 
 this great Union their favourites for its rulers ? No ! the pride of every 
 Jerseyman will rise in opposition to a doclrine so slavish, so subversive 
 of the radical principles upon which our government is based, so utterlv 
 absurd and anti-republican, as that the majority is to be ruled by an insig- 
 nificant minority ; so destructive of the checks and balances of our Con- 
 stitution, as that one branch of the legislature shall, in the first instance, 
 \yithout special authority, and without responsibility, create the Execu- 
 tive. As you value your dearest liberties, then, citizens of New-Jersey, 
 strangle this infant Aristocracy in the cradle. Show to your country and 
 the world, that you know and prize your rights : show to the represen-'^ 
 tativesof Virginia, Georgia, and North CaroUna, that they are not to 
 choose a President for you. If Mr. Crawford came before you as a 
 candidate, resting upon his own personal merits, none would be readier 
 than you to do them justice; but when introduced in so exceptionable 
 a shape, you cannot give him your support, without surrendering your 
 most valuable privilege, kneeling at the feet of usurpation, and sanction- 
 mg a precedent of most dangerous character. 
 
 Mr. Adams is also before the public as a candidate for his eountry's 
 highest distinction. Far be it from us to derogate from his high re- 
 putation for learning in the various branches of literature and science, 
 laboriously acquired by long years of patient industry. As a Secretary, 
 of State and Minister at Ibreign courts, his knowledge as a diplomatist, 
 and his abilities as a writer, have been ofti^n exercised with honour to him- 
 self and benefii to his country. But do we not descry in this quarter, 
 also, signs of approaching danger to our invaluable system ai govern- 
 ment ? is the President of the United States always to be taken from the 
 cabinet.'' If not, it is high time that he were chosen from among the 
 people. Already have three Secretaries of State succeeded as manv 
 Presidents. Already h;is this custom taken so strong a hold upon the 
 popular mind, that this officer of the cabinet is even now considered by 
 many as somehow better erdUled to the Chief Magistracy than any other 
 individual. Is the President always to continue thus to nominate his 
 own successor ? We hiive reason to be alarmed. Not all the embattled 
 hosts of Europe are so dangerous to Am.^rica, as these gradual infringe- 
 ments of the constitution. The community has been asleep while an en- 
 
 ,i': .,£)** 
 

 • my II. IS vrrpi into tin' cilriilfl/ Uiie ol llio j)micip;il outworks has beeu 
 
 already gaintd. A breach is making in the wall of our liberties, which 
 
 ,/'m tvrry pood and patriotic member of the State is summoned, by all he 
 
 > holds dear, to assist instantly in closini?. It is time, fellow citizens, that 
 vou should awake — the alarm is >ound«Hl — a warning voice speaks to you 
 
 ^ of yo'ir dancer. A short time, ;ind it will be too late. What is now but 
 
 ^ usasje, ambition will soon claim as ri^ht. The beautiful symmetry of our 
 system wdl be d« stroyed — its strength will be gone, and at the touch of 
 
 J some nspirinii dema<jociic, it will tumble into pieces. Arise then in your 
 strenirth, and break this cabinet succession. Take for your President a 
 man from vour,own body, untainted by the corruption of a court, and un- 
 initiated in cabinet secrets. So shall you restore the administration of our 
 jiovernmeiit lo its primitivepurity. So shallyou destroy the worm which 
 is gnawing tli^, constitution in the bud, and producing premature decay. 
 5 (Citizens of New-Jersey, permit us to recommend to you such a jierson in 
 
 (>en, Andrew .1 aokson. In doing so, we but recall to your notice a man 
 whom you all know. But a few years since, and his reimwn was thundered 
 through your country from Louisiana to Maine, out of the cannon's mouth, 
 - and rt!-echord by the triumphant shouts of millions of citizens. His never- 
 
 ^ dy-"g fanje was the theme of every tongue; and in every family, even 
 
 children were taught to lisp his praises. Your confidence in Jacksonwas 
 then unbounded. Who hi;t would then have rejoiced to see him at the 
 head of the armies of the I'nlted States, clothed with a power which has 
 always adorded the greatest temptation to ambition, and has been proved, 
 #>v lou'i experience, most dangerous to freedom ? And could you repose 
 ^u him implicit confidence, in times of internal distraction, and foreign 
 /invasion, when the minds of- a large portion of our people were soured 
 an«I discontented — when our safety was threatened and endangered from 
 without and tVoin within — with legionsunderhis command, devoted to his 
 person, and trained to obey his nod ; and yet will yon refuse him your 
 confidence in a time of profound peace, when the wheels of government 
 ■arc roUin"^ silemly on in harmony and quietnessh — when the unanimity 
 and conttfiitedness of the country aft'ord no hope to the lawless aspirant ? 
 Will you tH'nse him your confidence at the sober age of nearly threescore 
 years, wh<Mi all the prospects of ambition are so closely bounded by the 
 darkness of the grave — now, too, that he is stripped of all that array of 
 power, which, while he possessed it, he never abused, bm only used for 
 iiis country's good ? Will you refuse to trust him in a situation where he 
 must be guarded and restrained by checks on all sides, and where his ac- 
 tions will be daily wntched i)y |«opuhir sentinels wisely provided by the 
 constitution ? Surreml r not yourselves, citi/.ens, to the delusion which 
 is attempted to be thrown around you by the enemies of Jackson, when 
 they uiLre you to believe that he is a military chiet'tain, without talents as 
 a statesman. We pledge you our honour, that thi'i is deception. We 
 pledge you our honour that he has been pronounced by Mr. Adams him- 
 self to be a distintruished civilian. It is a deep and artful stratagem of 
 his opponents, to bhndyour eyes by the glare of his military exploits, that 
 you may not perci ive those (lualilies which beam with milder lustre from 
 his civil character. Jackson possesses, indeed, great military genius. 
 So did Washiri'ifon. But was ho less valuable as a statesman ? Did 
 
 ♦• . > 
 

 the talents which qualify for war prove in him incompatible with thosf^ 
 which are most useful in peace ? Why then this objection to Jackson ? 
 The same rule which would exclude him anci propose John Quincy 
 Adams, would, if applied then, have passed Washington by and chosen 
 John Adams, who, as a statesman, enjoyed at that time all the reputa- 
 tion for learning which his son possesses at the present day. Yet the 
 enlightened patriots of that period ?ave the preference to Washington. It 
 is needless to compare his administration of the government Vv'ith that of 
 his success''-.', who was permitted by a dissatisfied people, to lingef out 
 but half the usual terra — the contrast is familiar to every mind. Be- 
 ware then, fellow ciiizens, how you are led away by the sound of learn- 
 ing and cabinet experience as indispensably and only necessary to con- 
 sihute the presidential character. The situation requires at all times 
 soundness of judgment, firmness of purpose, high and established cha- 
 racter, and popular confidence — but especially at the present important 
 period, when all eyes are anxiously fixed upon a cloud of threatening 
 blackness which skirts the eastern horizon, and already rolls its mutter- 
 ing thunder to our western sjiores, giving ominous indication of an ap- 
 proaching tempest; when a vast t^uropean confederacy is arraying it- 
 self openly against the principles of liberty, and uttering its denunciations 
 against our country as its happy asylum, whence it is silently extending 
 its quiet influence into the very dominions of slavery and despotism — it 
 particularly behooves us that we exalt to the chief executive office that 
 man in whose prudence, energy and firmness, the people will repose the 
 most unreserved trust ; who will administer our government in its purity 
 and simplicity ; who will concentrate around him all the talents of 
 the Union, to meet the great emergency. And who is that man, bat he 
 who, by his promptness and decision, and l)y the wonderful resources of 
 bis energetic mind, has already immortalized himself, and saved and ex- 
 alted his country ; who stood deliberate and collected before the veteran 
 hosts of Britain ; who, through a long course of service, both in military 
 and civil office, has become proverbial for his open deahog^ his honesty 
 and integrity ; who will come, without solicitation of his own, from the 
 bosom of the people, with no auxiliaries whom he is bound to elevate, 
 or pledges of office which he can be called on to fulfil. Give him the 
 reins of government, and tyrants v/ill tremble ; corruption will hide its 
 head, and party and fanaticism will take its flight. Venerable remnant 
 of revolutionary patriots : Jackson is one of you. At the age of four- 
 teen, his tender arms shouldered a musket in his country's defence, and 
 with you, he can expose his scars as a memorial -of his participation in 
 the eventful struggle. '. "hildren of the heroes of the revolution ! his 
 blood was mingled with that ol'your fathers, nobly shed, to purchase the 
 liberties we now enjoy. When our frontiers were invaded, a (ew years 
 since, by bands of ruthless savages, and whole families were butcher- 
 ed and scalped in cold blood — when children were torn from their mo- 
 thers' breasts, and their brains dashed out in vindictive malice, or cruel 
 sport — Jackson left the comforts of his peaceful retreat, and at the head 
 of his brave volunteers, appeared like a guardian angel, and brought se- 
 curity to the distressed inhabitants. Days and weeks he marched the 
 trackless desert, deprived of food and rest, and returned not till a series 
 
h 
 
 <ii brilliant successes had dispersed, and nearly destroyed, the lerociou>i 
 loe. Nerd wo remind you of the Stii ol January, 1815 — the most glo- 
 rious day upon which an American sun has set since the close of the re- 
 volution ? Seed wr say who was tin- piesiding genius on that triumphant 
 occasion, when Britain's choicest troops bowed before American valour, 
 as grain before the sickle ? Noi>d 've call to your recollection New-Or- 
 leans saved — an invadinir foe exterminated — the reputation of our coun- 
 try redeemed and exaUcd — and Its hero covered with glory ? Are these 
 ilhjstrioiis d<eds forgoltci; '1 Is Amiricin gratitude < xtinct ? No. The 
 uni\ersal bui-sl of heartf'll juy and thankfulness which has just welcomed 
 the brave La FAYfciTTE to (tur shores, and now attends his way, gives 
 loud demonstration that wi- are not ungrateful. Let not the claims of 
 JAC'KSO.N then lie unremenibered. The feeling of the nation calls for 
 him — he is coiphatically tln> People's Candidate. Let New-Jersey 
 not be backward — but let her imanimity on this occasion evince to the 
 world, that she remembers with substantial gratitude the noble deeds of 
 this hero of two wars, and that she wdljoin her voice in favour of him, 
 who, in his services, and in the high and commanding qualities of his 
 mind, most resembles our great and beloved Washington. 
 
 Jackson's lile has been principally devoted to civil ])ursuits. The ex- 
 perience of years has been employed in fitting him for the station for 
 which he is now a candiilate. lie early adopted the law as his profes- 
 sion, in wliidi his eminence raised him to the high stations of Attorney 
 General and Judge of the Supreme Court. His legal and political learn- 
 ing made him a very distinguished member of the Convention which 
 framed the Constitution of Tennessee. Once he has l)een in the House 
 of Representatives, twice in the Senate of the I'nited States, and lately 
 Governor of Florida The worthy Chief Magistrate who has lonu pre- 
 sided over our country with so much credit to himself, and satisfaction 
 to the people, has exjiressed his opinion of the civil talents of Jackson, 
 by oflering him a place in the cal)inet, and afterwards nominating him 
 Minister to Mexico. Hundreds of the most judicious and t.'nlightened 
 statesmen of our country, have borne testimony to his abilities, by advo- 
 cating him for the Presidency — men who would not deceive others, and 
 who cannot tliemselvf\s be deceived. The man who has thus passed 
 with universal approlialion through such a variety of civil oflices, has 
 devoted but four or five y<;ars of his life to military pursuits, and seldom 
 during that time bus he commanded a regular army. The brave niiliiia 
 and M»luiite«'rs of ilie W e.'t have generally l>een the partners of his toils 
 and dangers, and when their services were no longer needed, havt: glad- 
 ly returnefl, like him, to their fireside^ and (he bosom of their families. 
 Vet he is rashly pronounced by his opponents to be exclusively a military 
 man, without knowledge or experience as a statesman. Let the facts 
 speak for themselves. I'elieve not that his disposition is rash or arbi- 
 trary : — Inslances are numerous, where, in cases of extrenie perplexity 
 and vexation, he has persevered, his mind balanced aitd cool. He has 
 shown promptness and decision etpiil to every emergency ; but amidst 
 all his overwhelming difFiculties, whether repressing mutiny in his own 
 army, or engaged in bloody contest with the enemy, he has always been 
 self-poised and collected. His enemies may be defied to brini: an in- 
 
stance where passion has ever deprived him of his reason, or his over- 
 bearing temper has produced one imprudent act. He has been accused 
 of trampling on the institutions of his country, when he declared martial 
 law at New-Orleans. But this step was deliberately taken. The neces- 
 sity of the case left no alternative. The city was composed of a motley 
 and disaffected population, and was declared by the Governor himself to 
 be filled with spies and traitors. Every hour inlbrmation was conveyed 
 to the enemy, of the situation of the town and of the army. The Legis- 
 lature itself, instead of taking energetic measures for the defence of the 
 city, was discussing the propriety of a capitulation. Martial law must 
 be declared, or New-Orleans must be lost. The mighty vigour of the 
 Commander's mind did not hesitate, the decisive edict was sent forth; 
 to use his own language, constitutional forms were suspended for the 
 preservation of constitutional rights — the city was saved, and its victo- 
 rious defender was overwhelmed with the thanks and praises of the res- 
 cued inhabitants. The most conclusive answer to this accusation, is 
 founded in the fact, that the very people who were on the spot, and 
 could best judge of the necessity of the measure — the very people who 
 by those living hundreds of miles distant from the theatre of action, are 
 represented as having been cruelly oppressed by Jackson's suspension 
 of the civil authority, have been ever since, and are now, his warmest 
 advocates and friends. We only ask of you, citizens of New-Jersey, as 
 unanimous support of this great man as he is now receiving in that very 
 city over which his kind hearted enemies pour out their piteous lamenta- 
 tion, as the unhappy victims of his tyrannical dictation. 
 
 With respect to the execution of Arbuthnot and Ambrister, it is only 
 necessary, for a complete vindication of the treatment which these men re- 
 ceived at the hands of Jackson, to refer to the able letter of Mr. Adams, 
 as Secretary of State, addressed to our minister at the Court of Spain ; 
 which incontestably proves, that having abandoned civilized society, 
 and united themselves with savages for purposes of cruelty and plunder, 
 they had forfeited all claim to protection from the usages of civilized 
 warfare,and that by the laws of nations he wouid have been justified in ex- 
 ecuting them even without the formality of a trial. The heart sickens, and 
 human nature revolts, at the bare recital of the shocking murders of which 
 they were the instigators. The British government, whose subjects they 
 were, uttered no complaint, nor asked any satisfaction for their death. 
 Yet these are the acts, dictated and characterized as they were by huma- 
 nity and prudence, through which hundreds of lives and thousands of pro- 
 perty were made safe ; these are the acts alleged to have been founded in 
 rashness and tyranny. No : fellow citizens, the facts are perverted for 
 your delusion. A correct knowledge of the circumstances only, is ne- 
 cessary to draw forth the strongest approbation of your reason, and the 
 warmest sanction of your feelings. Jackson is prompt and resolute, but, 
 at the same time, prudent and collected ; he is brave and warlike, but 
 generous and humane — his hospitality and benevolence, his frankness 
 and candour, his plainness and affability of manners, his pious and exem- 
 plary deportment — have secured to him the love and esteem of the 
 whole circle of his neighbours and acquaintance. As a politician, he is 
 liberal in his sentiments, and friendly to the present administration of at- 
 
 f/ 
 
liurs — a zealous supporter ot the .Nalioiinl Constitution, and a cordial 
 advocate ol Maniiracturcs and Internal Improvenieiits. All his life un- 
 anibitiotis and fond o(' retirement, lie lias been rej)e;itedly invested with 
 offices, unsouirht ; has alwa^^s tlischaracd them uilh honesty and con- 
 sunimaie abilhy, and, like Cin* inn:ttiis and Wai^iiigton. has repeatedly 
 resigned thenn to iVtreat to his rural occup:'tions 
 
 EntirtiMuing a high estiniatici) of ihe lahnts and intearity of John C. 
 Calhoun, we beg leave tn ivioinmend Inn: :.. your support for the Vice 
 Presidency of the I'nion. Tiie splendour i Ms abilities introduced him 
 at a very eaily age to the putilic attention. f'he force ami i harms of 
 his eloquence, displaying the re sources of a mmd liii^hly gifted bj' nature, 
 and stoi-ed with variety of knowledge, soon obtained for him, aiitong the 
 representatives of the naiion, a high reputation and extensive influence. 
 At the formation of Mr. Monroe's administration, he was raised to a seat 
 in the cabinet, which he has tilled with transcendant ability and the 
 strictest honesty. Order and true eoonon)y have regulated his Dejiart- 
 ment, while no necessary measures have been neglected from contracted 
 views, or for popular favour. The (]uickness and accuracy of his con- 
 ception, tlie penetration and strength of his understanding, the correct- 
 ness and liberality of his policjf, tiie can iour and consistency of his cha- 
 racter, have deservedly rendered him a favourite of the people. \Vc 
 know not whom we could >Aommend to, you more capable or more 
 worthy. 
 
 We have now, fellow citizetis, discharged our duty — it remains for you 
 to fuUil yours. We have appetlK'd as the People's advocates in favour of 
 their own Candidates. We believe we have spoken in accordance with 
 the sentiments of a majority of the citizens of INew-Jersey. If any doubt 
 our statement, let him inquire ; the characters of such men court investi- 
 gation ; their only danger springs from ignorance or misapprehension. 
 The crisis is an important one. The growth and prosperity of our 
 country ; nay, the safety of our Constitution and liberties is at stake. — 
 The question is, whether the People shall govern in opposition to cau- 
 cus intrigue, cabinet injinnuv, andhereditanj succession. Arise, then, 
 and let the voice of New-Jersey be heard — let it be said, and universally 
 known, that Jackson and Calhoun are her Candidates. 
 
 SAMUEL SWARTWOUT, of Bergen. 
 AARON OGDEN DAYTON, of Salem. 
 JOHN NEAEE, of Burlington. 
 
I V 
 
 MEMOIRS 
 
 01 
 
 ^msri^iBiiiii AsriDiEiiw ^^©isg^sr.^ 
 
 lOaSTIIER -WITH THi 
 
 liETTER OF MR. SECRETARY ADAMSj 
 
 ,15^ VINDICATION »F THE SXECVTIOIT PB 
 
 idti&utSnot ^nti %mbx\^Ut, 
 
 ASH Ti(B OTHER 
 
 PUBLIC ACTS 
 OF GEN. JACKSON, IN FLORID.% 
 
 BRIDGETOJ\*, JV. X 
 
 mNTED BY SIMEON 6IBQFBI^. 
 1824^ 
 
 
 \ 
 
 

 3 
 
 THE foUoxcins sketches of General J^CJCSOA", ar'g 
 puhlished, that his originf cducalion^ public life, and character, 
 may be more generally known. The brilliancy of his military 
 career, has, in a great measure, eclipsed his civil life^ although 
 in this capacity he has been greatly distinguished. General 
 Jackson may tvith justice be styled the Cincinnatus of .America; 
 a man -who has never solicited er refused an office, and uho, 
 after discharging the dtilies assigned him, has uniformly retired 
 to private life, to enjoy the srveets of tranquillity. 
 
 In the person of such a man, we hope to recognise the succes- 
 sor of J\lr. Monroe, in the first office of this free and great 
 nation. 
 
OF 
 
 Gen. Andrew Jackson. 
 
 The father of general Jackson emigrated from Ireland in 
 1765, and settled his family at Waxsavv, now the district of 
 Marion, in South Carolina ; his son Andrew was born the 15th 
 March, 1767 ; and at the close of tliat year the father died, 
 leaving his wife and children, Hugh, Robert, and Andrew, in 
 possession of a small estate. 
 
 The subject of these memoirs, being the youngest son, was 
 early destined by the mother for the ministry; and at Wax- 
 saw there was an academy, under the instruction of a well 
 educated gentleman. At this school Andrew pursued classic 
 and the other higher branches of education, until t!ie age of 
 fourteen, when the approach of the English army dispersed 
 tiie Waxsaw school, and Andrew, with his brother Robert, 
 entered the army of freedom. Hugh, the oldest brother, fell 
 a victim at the battle of Stono, fighting for the same cause. A 
 band of tories and English dragoons attacked those who had 
 embodied themselves at Waxsaw, and Andrew and his broth- 
 er were made prisoners. Here an incident occurred that de- 
 veloped the future character. A British officer directed An- 
 drew to clean his boots. The boy refused, and said — "I am 
 a prisoner of war, and demand treatment as such." The offi- 
 cer made a pass at him with his sabre, which was parried by 
 Andrevi^'s hand, which received a deep wound. Robert also 
 received a deep wound in the head soon after he was made a 
 prisoner. Ti»e two brothers were put in prison, confined in 
 separate apartments, and their wounds suffered to remain un- 
 dressed. They were soon after exchanged ; but Robert quick- 
 ly sunk under his wound. The mother, disconsolate and over- 
 come with suiTering, in a short time took her flight to join her 
 departed family in eternity. 
 
 Two years tliereafter young Jackson resumed his literary' 
 pursuits ; which he continued until the age of eighteen, when 
 he commenced the study of law in North-Carolina ; and in 
 1786 he entered upon the practice of his profession in tho 
 twentieth year of his age. 
 
In the year IfiT he emigrated to the then soutli west terd- 
 f&ry of the United States', ;uid now the state of Tennessee, 
 where, from that time up to the year 1812, he hcUl the various 
 offices of Attorney General — member of tiie Convention that 
 formed the constitution of that state — member of Congress — 
 Senator of the U. States— Judge of the Supreme Court of 
 Tennessee, and afterwards the office of Major General of the 
 Militia of the state. This continued succession of otliccs 
 ^vhich he filled, show the high character which he sustained in 
 Tennessee, although his name was hardly known in the north- 
 ern and eastern parts of the United States. 
 
 In June, 1812, the United Skites declared war against Bri- 
 tain, and in that year an act authorized the raising of fifty 
 thousand volunteers to serve one year. Within two years, 
 and from tlie date of this act, commenced tlie great military 
 career of Gen. Jackson. He addressed tlie sons of Tennes- 
 see, and in a short time twenty-five hundred joined his stand- 
 .ard. Their services were tendered to government in Nov. 
 1812; and, shortly after, they were ordered to descend the 
 Ohio and Mississippi, to guard the lower states of our coun- 
 Iry : and, in January they encamped at Natchez, three hun- 
 dred miles above New-Orleans. Here, strange to relate. Gen. 
 Jackson received an order from Gen. Armstiong, then Secre- 
 tary at War, to disband his troops, and deliver his commissa- 
 sary department to Gen. Wilkinson. These volunteers were 
 iive hundred miles from home, and they had to countermarch 
 througli a wilderness. Gen. Jackson disobeyed the govern- 
 ment ! for to have obeyed would have been to destroy his men. 
 "He dismissed his men, and directed them to take the commisT 
 sary department along uith them. 
 
 The English government, at the commencement of the lato 
 "war, turned their attention to the Indians of Florida, and the 
 neighboring tribes, who were soon excited to acts of hostility 
 against the United States. These tribes were much more au- 
 merous than was generally supposed, and in time of war were 
 capable of becoming powerful allies to a foreign foe. Such 
 they were to the English at the commencement of hostilities. 
 A simultaneous attack was planned by the Creeks and other 
 tribes on the frontier settlements of Georgia, Tennessee and 
 Mississipppi ; and the bloody drama was commenced by butch- 
 ering the garrison of Fort Mimms, at Tensaw, in the state of 
 Mississippi, in which men, women and children, to the num- 
 ber of 400, were slaughtered. Here let it be remembered, that 
 the war against the Indians was carried on by the states of 
 Georgia and Tennessee, for self-defence, with but little aid 
 from Uic general government. The troops employed were m>« 
 
litia and volunteers ; and tlie scene of action embraced a coun- 
 try nearly as iarge as tlie whole of New-England. Tiie com- 
 inissary department of Jackson's army was miserably sup- 
 plied, from the defect of arrangemenT on the part of govern- 
 ment. The time of service of the volunteers had nearly ex- 
 pired. The Indians weie embodied in ditRrciit places, for 
 the purpose of falling on the frontier inhabitants at every 
 point. The army of Jackson was too small to be divided, 
 and it had often to contend against superior strength. Thus 
 situated, the array of the General, by forced marches and 
 counter-marches fought the battles of Littafutchos, I'allushat- 
 ches, Talladega, Eccanacha, Emuckfaw, Enotachopco, and 
 Tohopeka. 
 
 This last battle decided the fate of tiie war ; and General 
 Jackson, emaciated by long and continued fatigue, an(i una- 
 bated exertion, uith his army at one time reduced to less than 
 a battallion by the expii-ation of the period of service of Uio 
 volunteers, thougiit of retiring to his own villa on the bauks 
 of the Cumberland, to regain his wonted health and vi^or, 
 when he received a con)mission, in June 1814, of Brigudicr 
 General in the army of the United States, and one of the 
 Commissioners to conclude a treaty with the Creek Indians. 
 
 >Ve now meet Geji. Jackson in a new capacity; he had iiitli- 
 erto been the commander of the militia of his own State, atid 
 the volunteers who joined him. The achievinents which !te 
 accomplished gained the confidence of the general governme'it, 
 and he was raised to the oflice of Brigadier Gciieral of the 
 United States. 
 
 New duties then devolved upon Andrew Jackson, in the 
 execution of which, he has elevated his name to the summit 
 of fame, and his exploits will be enrolled in the pages of im- 
 mortality. 
 
 At this period, the commander of Pensacola, Gov. Manrc- 
 qez, who had aided the English and Indians, in carrying ou 
 the war with the Ujiited States, was addressed by Gen. Jack^ 
 son on the subject ; Monrequez attempted to evade the sub- 
 ject by the usual course of diplomacy and intrigue. The re- 
 publican, the political, and the military character of Gen. 
 Jackson, is fully exhibited in his last letter to Manrequea, as 
 follows : 
 
 " Were I clothed, says the general, with diplomatic pow- 
 ers, for the purpose of discussing the topics embrased in the 
 wide range of injuries of which you complain, and which havo 
 long since been adjusted, I could easily demonstrate that t!:o 
 United States have been always faithful to tiieir treaties ; 
 ategdfast in tbiir friendships | nor have ever claimed any thing 
 
fliat was not wavrantetl by jiisticn. Tlicy have endured many 
 ijisults IVom tlie gcfvcniors ami otiici* oOiccrs of Si>aiii, which, 
 it' sanctioned by their sovereign, amounted to acts of wa>', 
 M'itliout any previous (leclaiation on liic subject. They Iiave 
 excited the savages to war, and afforded them the means of 
 waging it. 'I'iie propi-ily of our citizens has been captured 
 .It sea, and if com|»ons;ition has not bce.i refused, it lias at least 
 been withheld. Jlut as no such powers have been delegated 
 to me. I shall not assume them, but leave them to the repre- 
 sentatives of our i'espcctive governments. 
 
 •* 3 I)avc the honor of being entrusted witli the commatid of 
 tlsis district. Charged with its protection, and the safety of 
 its citizens, [ feel my ability to discharge t!ie task, and trust 
 your excellency will always Ilnd mo i-eady and willing to go 
 forward in t!ie- pM-formancc of that duty, whenever circiim- 
 stances siiall rcndei- it necessary. I agree with you, perfect- 
 ly, that candour and polite language should, at all times, char- 
 acterize tlie comnmiiicatioMs between tlie otlicers of friendly 
 sovereignties; and I assert, witliout the fear of contradiction, 
 that my former letters were couched in terms the most rc- 
 spectful and'mi?xce])lional)le. I only rc(jucsted, and did not 
 demand, as yon asserted, t!»e ringleaders of the Creek confed- 
 eracy, who had taken refuge in your town, and who had vio- 
 lated all laws, moral, civil, and divine. This I had a right to 
 do, from the treaty which I sent you, and which I now again 
 enclose, with a request tliat you will change youi' translation : 
 believing, as I do, that your former one was wrong, and has 
 tlcceived you. 
 
 *' Wliat kind of an answer yon returned, a reference to your 
 letter will explain. The whole of it breatiied nothing but hos- 
 tility, grounded upon a'^stimed facts, and false chai'ges, and en- 
 tirely evading the inquiries that had been made. 
 
 ** 1 can but express my astonishment at your protest against 
 t'le cession on tlic Alabama lying within the acknowledged 
 jarisdiction of the United Stales, and which has been ratified, 
 in <luc furm, by tLe prjn(ij)al chiefs and warriors of the nation. 
 But my astoni.slunent subsides, when, on comparing it, I find 
 it upo;i a par witfi the rest of your letter and conduct ; taken 
 t^r,'tnc'.', they aH^>."d a saiii. ient justificalion for any consc- 
 • . vices that may enstje. My government will j)rotect every 
 i'' h of iier territory, her citizens, and her property, from in- 
 M'lt and depredation, regirdless of the political revolutions of 
 Kuri>p<': and altliough she has been at all times sedulous to 
 preserve a p,ood understanding with all the world, yet she 
 has sacrt-.l rights, tliat cannot be trampled upon with impuni- 
 ty. Spain had better look, to her own iiitesiine commotions,. 
 
before she walks forth in that majesty of strengtii and power, 
 which you threaten lo draw down upon {he United States. 
 Your excellency has been candid enough to a(!"iit your hav- 
 ing supplied the Indians with aims. In addition to this, I 
 Jiave learned that a British flag has been seen flying on one cf 
 your forts. All this is done whilst you arc pretending to he 
 neutral. 
 
 " You cannot be surprised, then, but on the contrary will 
 provide a fort in your town, for my soldiers and Indians, 
 should I take it in my head to pay you a visit. 
 
 "In future, I beg you to withhold your insulling charges 
 against my government, for one more inclined to listen to 
 slander than I am ; nor consider me any more a diplomatic 
 character, unless so proclaimed to' you from the mouths of my 
 cannon." 
 
 At tills time, in the year 1814, Gen. Jackson was raised to 
 the rank of Major General in the army of the United States, 
 and commander of the 7th Military District. This district 
 included the most Southern part of the United StJitcs. At 
 this time the English rendezvoused at Pensacola, and were 
 aided by the Spanislj Governor — Jackson knew it; and the 
 limits of this memoir will permit us only to say, that Jackson 
 went to Pensacola, and drove the British away. This act 
 protected Mobile and the surrounding country. 
 
 The defence of New-Orleans now attracted the attention of 
 the nation. The English victories of Waterloo, turned their 
 attention to the war in America; two large armies were form- 
 ed to make a descent upon the country ', the one at the north, 
 and the other u])on New-Orleans. 
 
 "At no period since the declaration of American Indepen- 
 dence, in July, 1770, to December, 1814, had an American 
 commander a duty of more importance and difficnlly to dis- 
 charge, than had General Jackson at this portentous period. 
 At Mobile, witii means apparently wholly insufficient, (to use 
 his own language,) he had "a sickly climate, as well as an 
 enemy to contend with." At NeVi -Orleans, he had to contend 
 with the consternation of the citizens, the insolence of judicial 
 power, and the timorous policy of the legislature of Louisi- 
 ana; as well as against the most powerful land and naval 
 force, that had, for forty years, menaced any one place in the 
 llepublic. He had also to contend with the prejudices, the fa- 
 voritism, and the perfidiousness of foreigners, a vast number 
 of whom had migrated to Louisiana before its cession to the 
 llepublic, by Mr. Monroe's treaty." 
 
 Gov. Claiborne, who then presided over the state of Louis- 
 iana, in addressing himself to Gen. Jackson, thus expresses 
 himself: 
 
**Tlicrc is in this city a mueli greater R])irit of (lisaffeclidiV/ 
 than J l>;i(l Hiilicipatetl; and iiiiioiic; llie faitliful J^onisianiaiisv 
 there is a (levixnulcricy wliidi jmlsies all my preparations; 
 they SIT no stroiis; regular rorcc around whirli tliey could ral- 
 ly with conrnltMice, and l!n\v seem to tliiiik tlien»selvcs not 
 uiiliiii the reach of seasonable assistance, from the western 
 slates. 1 am assured. Sir, you will make the most judicioug 
 dispositions of tlie forces under your command ; biit excuse 
 mo ior sugt;cstin!];. that the presence of the seventh regiment, 
 at or near Nesv-Orleans, will have the most salutary cfTeet. 
 The garrison here at present, is alarmingly weak, and is a 
 cause of murli r(!grct : from the great mixture of persons, and 
 characters, in tliis city, we have as nujcJi to apprehend from 
 wit'.iin as from without. In arresting the intcicourse between 
 New-Orleans and I'ensacola you have done right. Pensacola, 
 is in fact, an cjiemy's post, and had our commercial inter- 
 coui'sn with it continued, the supplies furnished to the enemy, 
 would have so miicii exhausted our own stock of provisions, 
 as to have occasioned the most serious inconvenience to our- 
 selves. 
 
 <' I was on the point of taking on myself the ])rohibition of 
 the trade with Pensacola; I !iad prepared a proclamation to 
 that cilect, and would have issued it the very day I heard of 
 your inteiposition. Knemies to the country, may blame yoii 
 for your prompt and energetic measures ; but, in the person of 
 rveiy patriot you will find a supporter. I am very confident 
 of the very lax police of this city, and indeed, ttirongliout tho 
 state, witli respect to the visits of strangers. I think with 
 yon, that our country is filled with sjjies and traitors. I have 
 written prcssingly on the subject, to the city authorities and 
 parish ,iu(!ges — I hope some eflicient regulations will speedily 
 be adopted by the first, and more vigilance exerted for the fu- 
 ture, by the latter." 
 
 In liie third letter, tlie governor observes — ** The only diffi- 
 culty I have hitherto experienced, in meeting the requisition, 
 has been in this city, and exclusively from some European 
 Frenchmen, who, after giving their adhesion to Louis XVIIL 
 have, through the medium of the French consul, claimed ex- 
 emption from the drafts, as French subjects. The question 
 of exemption, however, is now under discussion, before a spe- 
 cial court of inquiry, and 1 am not without hojjcs, that these 
 wngrateful men, may yet be brought to a discharge of their 
 duties. 
 
 Yon have been informed of the contents of an intercepted 
 letter, written by Col. Colicl, a Spanish officer, to Capt. Mo- 
 rale?, of Pensacola. This letter was submitted for the ojein^- 
 
on of the attorney general of the state, as to the measures t6 
 oe pursued against the writer. The attorney general was of 
 
 pinion, that the courts could take no cognizance of tlie same ; 
 but that the governor might order the writer to leave thtt 
 state, and in case of refusal, to send him off by force. I ac- 
 cordingly, sir, ordered Col. Coliei to take his departure, iu 
 forty-eight hours, for Pensacola, and gave him the necessary 
 passports. I hope this measure may meet your approbation. 
 It is a just retaliation for the conduct lately observed by the 
 governor of Pensacola, and may induce the Spaniards resid- 
 ing among us, to be less communicative upon those subjects 
 which relate to our military movements." 
 
 In another letter, this patriotic chief-magistrate says to Gen. 
 'Jackson, " If Louisiana is invaded, I shall put myself at the 
 head of such of my militia as will follow me to the field, and 
 on receiving, shall obey your orders." It will be remembei-ed, 
 that the venerable Gov. Shelby, of Kentucky, served under 
 Maj. Gen. Harrison, when he obtained his signal victory over 
 Gen. Proctor. In addition to this explicit evidence, furnish- 
 ed by Gov. Claiborne, Charles K. Blanchard, Esq. writes to 
 Gen. Jackson, thus — "Quarter-Master Peddie, of the British 
 army, observed [to me,] that the commanding officers of the 
 British forces, were daily in the receipt of every information 
 from the city of New-Orleans, which they might require in 
 aid of their operations, for the completion of the objects of the 
 expedition ; — that they were perfectly acquainted with the 
 situation of every part of our forces, the manner in wdiich the 
 fame was situated, the number of our fortifications, theip 
 strength, position, &c. He furthermore stated, that the above 
 information was received from persons in the city of New- 
 Orleans, from whom he could, at amj hour, procure every in^ 
 formation necessary to promote his majesty's interest ! !'* 
 
 "We have been thus particular in describing the situation 
 in which Gen. Jackson found the citizens of Louisiana, its 
 legislature, and its capital, upon his arrival there, early in 
 December, 1814, because it induced, and indeed, compelled 
 liim to resort to a measure which had never before been resort- 
 ed to in the Republic, since the adoption of the Constitution : 
 
 — THE DECLARATION OF MARTIAL XAW. This took plaC© 
 
 on the 16th of the month, twenty-three days before the splen- 
 did victory, which secured the city of New-Orleans and the 
 states bordering upon the Mississippi, from the rapacity of an 
 enemy, whose principles of warfare had been demonstrated, 
 upon the western frontier, at Havre-de-Grace, at Hampt<His 
 
 and at Washington !'* 
 
 B 
 
10 
 
 The (Splendid events of Ihr <lcfcitre of New-Orleans, b v Gen- 
 eral Jackson, arc too (Vcsli in the recollection of the present 
 age, to reriuire a minute recupidilation. The glory of the 8th 
 of January \\i\\ forever be rcnicmhercd ; and the tender feel- 
 ings of Jackson, as evinced in his letters to the then Secretary 
 ct N\';ir, Mr. Moiu-oe, show that he is something more tiian a 
 military hero, lie e.\j)rcsscs himself, in cHtct, as follows: — 
 *' It is my business to defend — I have freemen for my soldiers, 
 and their lives are too \ahia!)lc to he thrown away for the 
 mere aerjuisilion of militai-y fame." That Gen. Jackson acted 
 upon tlicse principles is obvious, when we call to mind the 
 fact, that in the various actions that took place before New- 
 Orleans, from the iZOth of December, 1814, n|) to the 8th of 
 Jaimai'y, 1813, the English lost more than four thousand men, 
 whilst tlie American loss did not exceed four hundred. 
 
 (ieneral Jackson's Addi'css, after the final retreat of the 
 Engiisli, speaks volumes, and is as follows: 
 
 ADDRESS, 
 Directed by Maj. Gen. Jackson, to be read at the head of eacli 
 of the corps composing the line below New -Orleans, Jan- 
 uary 21, 1815. 
 
 Citizens, and fellow soldiers ! The enemy has retreated, 
 and your general has now Icisuic to proclaim to the world 
 ■what he has noticed with admiration and pride — your un- 
 daunted courage, your patriotism, and patience, under hard- 
 ships and fitigues. Natives of different states, acting together 
 lor the first time in this camp; differing in habits and in lan- 
 guage, instead. of viewing in these circumstances, the germ of 
 distrust and division, you have made them the source of an 
 honourable emulation, and from the seeds of discord itself 
 have reaped the fruits of an honourable union. This day 
 completes the fourth week, since fifteen hundred of you attack- 
 ed treble your number of men, tvho had boasted of their dis- 
 cipline and their services under a celebrated leader, in a long 
 and eventful war — attacked them in their camp, the moment 
 tliey hail profaned tlie soil of freedom with ihcir hostile tread, 
 and inflicted a blow which was a prelude to the final result 
 of their attempt to conquer, or their poor contrivances to di- 
 vide us. A few hours was sullicient to unite the gallant hand, 
 though at -the moment they received the welcome order to 
 mareli. they were separated many leagues, in diflcrcnt dii*ec- 
 tions fcoM^tiie city. 'J'he gay rapidity of the march, and the 
 fhe«il..l coMutcnances of the oilicej-s and men, would have in- 
 duced a belief that some festive entertainment, not the strife 
 of huttle, was the scene to which th«y hastened with so much 
 oi'gerucss and hilarity. In the conBict that ensued, tlic same 
 
11 
 
 i?pint was supported, and my comiminications, to the executive 
 of the U. States, have testified the sense I entertained of the 
 merits of the corps and oflicers that were engaged. Resting 
 on the field of battle, they retired in perfect order on the nexl; 
 morning to tliese lines, destined to become t!»c scene of future 
 victories which they were to sliare with the rest of you, my 
 brave companions in arms. Scarcely were your lines a pro- 
 tection against musket sliot, when on the 28th, a disposition 
 "was made to attack them, witii all the pomp and parade of 
 military tactics, as improved by those veterans of the Spanish 
 war. 
 
 Their batteries of heavy cannon kept up an incessant fire ; 
 their rockets illuminated the air^ and under their cover, two 
 strong columns tlireatcncd our flanks. The foe insolently 
 thought that this spectacle was too imposing to be resisted, 
 and ill the intoxication of his pride, he already saw our lines 
 abandoned without a contest — how were these menacing ap- 
 pearances met? By shouts of defiance, by a manly counte- 
 nance, not to be shaken by the roar of his cannon, or by the 
 glare of liis firework rockets; by an artillery served with su- 
 perior skill, and with deadly effect. Never, my brave friends, 
 can your general forget the testimonials of attachment to our 
 glorious cause, of indignant hatred to our foe, of aflcctionate 
 confidence in your chief, that resounded from every rank, as 
 he passed along your line. This animating scene damped 
 the courage of the enemy ; \\e dropped his scaling ladders and 
 fascines, and tlie threatened attack dwindled into a demonstrar 
 Hon, which served only to shew the emptiness of his parade, 
 and to inspire you with a just confidence in yourselves. 
 
 The new year was ushered in with the most tremendous 
 fire his whole artillery could produce: a few houi's only, how- 
 ever, were necessary for the brave and skilful men, who di- 
 rected our own; to dismount his cannon, destroy his batteries, 
 and effectually silence his fire. Hitherto, my brave friends, 
 iu the contest on our lines, your courage had been passive on- 
 ly ; you stood with calmness, a fire that would have tried the 
 firmness of a veteran, and you anticipated a nearer contest, 
 with an eagerness which was soon to be gratified. 
 
 On the 8th of January the final effort was made. At the 
 dawn of day the batteries opened, and the columns advanced. 
 Knowing that the volunteers from Tennessee, and the militia 
 from Kentucky, were stationed on your left, it was there that 
 they directed their chief attack. 
 
 Reasoning always from false principles, they expected little 
 opposition from men, whose officers even were not in uniform, 
 who were ignorant of the rules of dress, and who had neves? 
 
12 
 
 hccn caned into discipline. Fatal mistake! a fire incessantly 
 kept up, (rnTcIrd with a calmness and unerring aim, strewed 
 the field willi the hravest oiriccrs and men, of tlie column which 
 slowly advanced, according to the most approved rules of Eu- 
 ropean tactic^s, and was cut down hy the untutored courage of 
 American militia. Unahlc to sustain this galling and un- 
 ceasing fire, some hundreds nearest the entrenchments called 
 lor quarter, which was granted — the rest rctjcating, were ral- 
 lied at some distance, hut o..ly to make them a surer mark 
 for the graj)e and cannister shot of our artillery, which, Mitii- 
 out exaggeration, mowed down whole ranks at every dis- 
 charge; and at length they precipitately retired from the 
 field. 
 
 Our right had only a short contest to sustain with a few 
 I'ash men, who fatally for themselves, forced their entrance 
 into the unfinished redoubt on t!ic river. They were quickly 
 dispossessed, and this glorious day terminated with the loss 
 to tlie enemy, of their commander-in-chief and one major- 
 general killed, another major-general wounded, the most cx- 
 pci'icnced and bravest of their officers, and more than three 
 thousand men killed, wounded and missing ; while our ranks, 
 my fiiends, were thinned only by tlie loss of seven of our 
 brave companions killed and six disabled by wounds. — Won- 
 derful interposition of lieaven ! unexampled even in the his- 
 tory of war ! 
 
 Let us be grateful to the God of battles, who has directed 
 the arrows of indignation against our invaders, while he cov- 
 ered with his protecting shield the brave defenders of their 
 country. 
 
 After this unsuccessful and disastrous attempt, their spirits 
 ■uere broken, their force was destroyed, and their whole at- 
 tention was employed in providing the means of cscajie. — 
 This they have effected ; leaving their heavy artillery in our 
 power, and many of their wounded to our clemency. The 
 consequences of this short but decisive campaign, are incal- 
 culably important. I'lic pride of our arrogant enemy hum- 
 bh'd, his forces broken, his leaders killed, his insolent hopes 
 of our disunion frustrated— his expectation of rioting in our 
 spoils and wasting (uir country, changed into ignominious 
 defeat, shameful flight, and a reluctant acknowledgement of 
 the humanily and kindness of those, whom he had doomed to 
 all tlie Innrors and humiliation of a conquered state. 
 
 *' Oh tiic other side, unanimity established, disiiffection crush- 
 ed, confulence restored, your country saved fiom con(|uest. 
 Your property from pillage, your wives and daughters from 
 insult and violation — the union preserved from dismember-- 
 
13 
 
 nient, and perhaps, a period put by this decisive stroke, to a 
 bloody and savage war. These, my brave friends, aro the 
 consequences of the efforts you have made, and t!ie success with 
 which tliey have been crowned by heaven. 
 
 *' These important results have been effected by the united 
 courage and perseverance of the army ; but which the differ- 
 ent corps, as well as tlie individuals that compose it, have vied 
 with each other in their exortions to produce. The gratitude, 
 the admiration of their country, offers a fairer reward, than 
 that which any pi-aises of the generalcan bestow, and the best 
 is that of which they can never be depi'ived, the consciousness 
 of having dohe their duty, and of meriting tlie applause they 
 will receive." 
 
 Gen. Jackson was not unmindful of bi^duty as a religious 
 man, for, on the 23d of January, he ordered a genei-al thanks- 
 giving to the God of Heaven, for the success of tlie army of 
 freedom. On this occasion, the Uev. Dr. I>td)ourgh, t!ie 
 Apostolic administrator of Louisiana, addressed him as fol- 
 lows : 
 
 " General — 
 
 "While the state of Louisiana, in the joyful transports of 
 her gratitude, hails you as her deliverer, and the asserter of 
 her menaced liberties — while grateful America, so lately wrap- 
 ped up in anxious susi}ense, on the fate of tliis important city, 
 is re-echoing from shore to shore, your splendid aciiievements, 
 and preparing to inscribe your name on her immortal rolls, 
 among those of her Wasliingtons — while history, poetry^ and 
 the monumental arts, will vie in consigning to the admiration 
 of the latest posterity, a triumpli perhaps unparalleled in their 
 records — while thus raised by universal acclamation totlie ve- 
 ry pinnacle of fame, how easy had it been for yon, General, to 
 forget the Prime Mover of your wonderful successes, and to 
 assume to yourself a praise, which must essentially return to 
 that exalted source whence every merit is derived. But, let- 
 ter acquainted with the nature of true glory, and justly pla- 
 cing the summit of your ambition in approving yourself the 
 worthy instrument of heaven's merciful designs, the first im- 
 pulse of your religious heart was, to acknowledge the ititerpo- 
 sition of Providence — your first step a solemn display of your 
 humble sense of His favors. Still agitated at the remembrance 
 of those dreadful agonies, from which we have been so mirac- 
 ulously rescued, it is our pride to acknowledge, that the Al- 
 mighty has truly had the principal hand in our deliverance^ 
 and to follow you, General, in attributing to His infinite good- 
 ness, the homage of our unfeigned gratitude. Let the infatu- 
 ?ited votary of a blind chance, deride our credulous simplici- 
 
 Ij^j 
 
14 
 
 ty ; let the colil-hcnrtcil atheist look for the explanation of im- 
 ])oi*tatit events to thy mere concatenation of human causes; to 
 ns the whole universe is loud in proclaiming a Supreme Ruler, 
 who, as lie holds the hearts of men in his hands, holds also 
 the thiead of all contin.!;cnt occurrences. 
 
 To Him, therefore, our most fervent thanks are due, for our 
 late unexpected rescue. It is Kim we intetid to praise, when 
 considering you, General, as the man of his right hand, whom 
 he lias taken pains to fit out for the important commission of 
 our defence. We extol Huit fecundity of genius, hy which, un- 
 der the most discouraging distress, yon created unforeseen re- 
 sources, raised, as it were from the ground, hosts of intrepid 
 warri(»rs, and provided every vulnerahle point with am|)lc 
 means of defence. To Him we trace that instinctive superi- 
 ority of your mind, which at once rallied around you univer- 
 sal confidence; im])resscd one irresistable movement to all the 
 jari'ing elements of which this political machine is composed : 
 aroused their slumhering spirits, and diffused through every 
 rank the nohio ardor which glowed in your bosom. To Him, 
 iTi fme we address our acknowledgments for that consummate 
 j)rudence, which defeated all the combinations of a sagacious 
 enemy, entangled him in the very snares which he had spread 
 for Jis, and succeeded in efTccting hisutter destruction, without 
 exposing the lives of our citizens. Immortal thanks be to his 
 Supreme Majesty, for sending us such an instrument of His 
 bountiful designs ! A gift of that value is the best token of the 
 cont'.Jiuance of his protection — the most solid encouragement to 
 sue for new favors. The fust which it emboldens us humbly to 
 supplicate, as nearest our throbbing hearts, is that you may long 
 enjoy the honor of your grateful country ; of which you wilt 
 permit us to present you a pledge in tliis Whrvtii or Lalkel, 
 the ])rize of victoiy, the synibol of immortality. The next is 
 a sj)eedy and honorable termination of the bloody contest, in 
 >vl'.;cU we ai'c engaged. No one has so ellicacioasly labored 
 as you, General, for the acceleration of that blissful peiiod ; 
 inay we soon reap that sweetest fruit of your splendid an<l un 
 interrupted victories." 
 
 To this t!ic General replied — 
 
 ** Jin-crcnd Sir — I receive, with gratitude and jdeasurc, 
 the symbol crown which piety has prepared. I receive it in 
 the name of the brave ir.cn who so elFectually seconded my ex- 
 ertions — they \\v\l deserve the laurels which their country will 
 bestow. 
 
 For myself, to have been instrumental in the deliverance of 
 (jUcU a country, is the greatest blessing tliat heaven could con- 
 fer. Tliat it has been eftcctcd with so little loss-«-that so few 
 
15 
 
 tears should cloud the smiles of our triumph, and not a ajpress 
 leaf be interwoven in the wreath which you present, is a source 
 of the most exquisite pleasure. I thank you, Reverend Sir, 
 most sincerely, for the prayers which you offer up for my hap- 
 piness. May those your patriotism dictates for our beloved coun- 
 try, be first heard : and may mine, for your individual prosper- 
 ity, as well as that of the congregation committed to your care, 
 be favorably received — the j)rosperity, wealth and happiness 
 of this city, will then he commensurate with the courage and 
 other qualities of its inhabitants. 
 
 Thus gloriously ended the campaign j and on the 13th of 
 February the news of peace reached New-Orleans.* And in 
 
 * As a misunderstanding' exists with respect to the conduct of Gen. 
 Jackson, on the receipt of the news of peace at New-Orleans, it is 
 proper to state, that immediately on the receipt of the news, by the 
 Government at Washington, of the Convention entered into at Ghent, 
 a messenger was despatched, by the Secretary of State or War, to 
 carry the intelligence to Gen- Jackson at New-Orleans. The mes- 
 senger, however, by accident mislaid the despatch, and took an old 
 letter to Gen. Jackson, written some months before, and containing a 
 requisition for militia. After an expeditious and toilsome journey of 
 80 or 90 miles a day, the messenger arrived at head-quarters with this 
 antiquated order. The consternation of all parties may be imagined, 
 when, instead of the news of peace, so much desired and so anxious- 
 ly expected, the messenger brought nothing that could be credited 
 by the commander-in-chief. The inhabitants, however, became irti- 
 paticnt, and the disaffected clamoured, that Jackson would not instant- 
 ly withdraw all restrictive measures and proclaim peace. The Gene- 
 ral, however, explained the transaction in a note to the editor of the 
 public paper ; but the citizens could not perceive, that because he had 
 received no official despatch, the news was to be distrusted. Jackson 
 remained firm and immovable. He stated that the messenger, Mrv 
 Bell, might have come from the city of Washington, or he might have 
 come from the British fleet. That he knew his duty, and -woidd per- 
 form it. About this time Mr. Edward Livir»,-ston was sent on board 
 the British fleet, to eflect an exchange of prisoners. On his return 
 he brought a verbal confirmation of the intelligence brought by the 
 messenger, Mr. Bell. Now, therefore, Jackson could have no reason 
 to continue the restrictions. The news was confirmed. He could no 
 longer, the people said, continue those measure under pretence of a; 
 want of authentic information. But Jackson was still incorrigible, 
 lie would not rely upon the assurance of the captain of a British ship 
 of war neither, and continued the war measures until the government 
 actually sent such a despatch as justified hira in restoring the soldieQi- 
 to their hiomes, and the city of New-Orleans to its civil government.. 
 And now, let me ask, what could he have done under the circumstan 
 ces, other than Jte did ? Let every real friend to his country do credit; 
 to the skill and conduct of thi* consummate and patriotic- commander. 
 
J6 
 
 dosing the events of the war, Gen. Jackson, in ordering his 
 troops to return Iiome, says — 
 
 ** TIjc. mi\j()r-gcncrjvl is at Irngth enabled to perform tlie 
 pleasing task, of restoring to Tennessee, Kentnrky, Louisiana, 
 and the territory of llic Mississippi, the biavetroojjs who have 
 acted such a distinguished part, in the war which has just ter- 
 minated. In restoring these brave men to their homes, much 
 exertion is expected of, and great responsibility imposed on, 
 the commanding oiilcj'rs of the different cor[)s. It is ie(piired 
 of Maj. (Jens, ('ari-oll and Thomas, and IJiig. Gen. CofTee, to 
 inarch their commands, without unnecessary delay, to their 
 resjjcctive states. Tlic troops out of tlic Mississij)pi Terri- 
 tory and state of Louisiana, both militia and volunteers will 
 be immediately mustered out of service, ])aid, and discharged. 
 
 ** The major-general has the satisfaction of ajinouncing the 
 approbation of the President of tlie United States, to the con- 
 duct of the trcops under his commatid, ex])ressed in llattering 
 terms, tiirougli the honorabl" the Secretary of War. In part- 
 ing with these brave men. whose destinies have been so long 
 united with his own, atid in whose labors and gloi-ies it is his 
 liai);)iriess and his boast to have participated, tJie commanding 
 general can neither suppress his feelings, nor give utterance 
 to them as he ought. — In what terms can he bestow^ suitable 
 praise on merit so extraordinary, so nnjiaralleled ? Let him, 
 in one burst of joy, gratitude and exultation exclaim — these 
 are the savii)urs of their country — these the jjatriot soldiers 
 "Who triumphed over the invincibles of Wellington, and con- 
 quered the conquerors of Europe ! 
 
 **With what ])atience did you submit to privations — with 
 what fortitude did you endure fatigue — what valor did you 
 display in the day of battle! you have secured to America a 
 proud name auiong the nations of the earth — a glory which 
 will never perish. Possessing those dispositions, which equal- 
 ly atlorn the citizen, and the soldier, the expectations of your 
 country will lie met in peace, as her wishes have been gratifi- 
 ed in war. Go, then, my brave companions, to your homes; 
 to those tender coiit;exions, and blissful scenes, which render 
 life so dear — full of honor, and crowned with laurels which 
 will never fade. When pai-ticipating, in the bosoms of your 
 families, the etijoyment of peaceful life, v ith what happiness 
 will you not look back to the toils you h.avc borne — to the 
 dangei's you have encountered ? How will all your past ex- 
 posiireo bo converted into sources of inexpressible delight? 
 Wlio, that never experienced your sulTeiings will be able to 
 apprt'ciatc your joys? The man who slumbered ingloriously 
 at home, during your painful marches, your nights of watch- 
 
17 
 
 fulness, and yoiif days of toil, will envy you the happinas^ 
 \ThicIi these recollections will afford — still more will h6 envy 
 the gratitude of that country, which you have so eminently 
 contributed to save. Continue, fellow soldiers, on your pas- 
 sage to your several destinations, to preserve that subordina«>' 
 tion, that dignified and manly deportment which have so en- 
 nobled your character. 
 
 ** While the commanding general is thus giving indulgence 
 to his feelings, towards those brave companions, who accompa- 
 nied him through difficulties and danger, he cannot permit the 
 names of Blount, and Shelby, and Holmes, to pass unnoticed. 
 With what generous ardor and patriotism, have these distin- 
 guished governors contributed all their exertions ; and th6 
 success which has resulted, will be to them a reward more 
 grateful than any which the pomp of title or the splendor of 
 wealth, can bestow. 
 
 *' What happiness it is to the commanding general that 
 while danger was before him, he was on no occasion, compell- 
 ed to use towards his companions in arms, either severity or 
 rebuke. If after the enemy had retired, improper passions} 
 began their empire in a few unworthy bosoms, and rendered 
 a resort to energetic measures necessary for their suppression, 
 he has not confounded the innocent with the guilty — the sedu- 
 ced with the seducers. Towards you, fellow-soldiers, the 
 most cheering recollections exist, blended, alas ! with regret 
 that disease and war should have ravished from us, so many 
 worthy co;npanions. But the memory of the cause in which 
 tliey perished, and of the virtues which animated them while 
 living, must occupy the place where sorrorv would claim to 
 dwell. 
 
 " Farewell, fellow-soldiers. The expression of your gen^ 
 eral's thanks is feeble, but the gratitude of a country of freer 
 men is yours — yours the applause of an admiring world." 
 
 We have now to review the character of Gen. Jackson, froni. 
 the conclusion of peace to the present time. 
 
 As we approach the present day of that living great man, 
 General Jackson, we shall be more brief, although his biogra- 
 phy since the peace is fraught with noble incidents. 
 
 We have before stated, that Gen. Jackson resorted to mar- 
 tial law, in order to master the defence of New-Orleans. It 
 is useless to write about tories and traitors at the present day : 
 and it suffices us to say, that whoever looks over the history 
 of the late war, will be convinced that there were more per- 
 sons unfriendly to what they believed to be the real interests 
 of freedom, at that time, in Louisiana, in proportion to its 
 population, than ia any other section of our coufntry. It i^ 
 
18 
 
 f»\f)ng?» to state, tliat a majority of tlic StMiatc and ITouse ol 
 KrprcsiMitiilivcs of that tiiuc, dill oi>i)osc every iicressary re- 
 quiKitit)!! that was made for the defence of New-Orleans, and 
 that moi'tifu'd and s|)lenctic feelings induced tlic Jaundiced 
 mind of Judt^e Hall to summon tie.n. Jaikson before him, for 
 arrestinj; a Bourbon Ficnchman, by the name of Louaillicr, 
 ulio happened to Ik- a member of the State Legislature, and 
 who Iiad written in favour of the enemy. Cienc ral Jackson's 
 ilcloiice, after the peace, when summoned to appear before tlic 
 Judge, is entmgh. 
 
 " A disciplined and powerful army was on our coast, com- 
 manded by oOicers of tried valour, and consummate skill : 
 their fleet had ali-eady destroyed the feeble defenc e, on which, 
 alone, we c<»u!d rely, to prevent their landing on our shores. 
 
 "Their point of attack was uncertain— a hundred inlets 
 were fo be gu.ndcd, by a force not suflicicnt in number for 
 one; we had no lines of defence; ti-eason lurked amongst us, 
 and only \vaitcd the moment of expected defeat, to show itself 
 opctilv. 
 
 *' Our men were few, and of those few, not all were armed ; 
 our utter ruin, if we faihd, at hand, and inevitable : every 
 tiling depended oit tlic prrwnpt and energetic use of the means 
 Me possessed, in «.aUing tlie wliole force of the community in- 
 to H( lion ; it was a contest for the vei'y existeiice of the state, 
 and ivcry iicrvc was to be strained in its defence. The phy- 
 sical force of every individual, bis moral faculties, bis proper- 
 ly, and the energy of his example, were to be called into ac- 
 tion, and instant action. No delay — no hesitation — no in- 
 quiry about rights, or all was \a>>t; and every thing dear to 
 man, his propt-rty, life, the honour of his family, bis country, 
 its constitution and laws, were swept away by the avowed 
 piinciplos, the open practice of the enemy, with whom we had 
 to contend. Fortifications were to be ci'ccted, suj)plies pro- 
 cured, arms soiiglit for, requisitions made, the emissaries of 
 the cnen)y watched, lurking treason overawed, insubordina- 
 tion punished, and tiie contagion of cowardly example to be 
 stopped. 
 
 •• In this crisis, and under a firm persuasion that none of 
 those objects cotild be eft'ected by the exercise of the ordinanj 
 l)owers coiifsded to him — under a solemn conviction that the 
 ijountry ( ommitted to his r-.irc, could be saved by that measure 
 only, from utter ruin — undci* a religious belief, that he ssas 
 jicrforming the most importsnt and sacred duty, the respond- 
 ent rRoc/iViMEi) MARTIAL LAW. He intended, by that meas- 
 ure, to siipersede such civil powei-s, as in tluMr opei-ation inter- 
 fered wiLh tliubc liu was obliged to exercise, lie thought, ia 
 
19 
 
 i 
 
 sucli a moment, constitutional forms must he suspended, fc^r 
 tlie pcrmancnJ; preservation of constitutiosial rights, and that 
 there could be no question whether it were best to depart, for 
 a moment, from the enjoyment of our dearest privileges, or 
 have them wrested from us forever*.— He knew, that if the ci- 
 vil magistrate were permitted to exercise his usual fujictions, 
 none of the measures necessary to avert tlie awful fate that 
 threatened us, could be expected. Personal liberty car.not ex- 
 ist, at a time w lien every man in required to become a soldier. ^ 
 Private property cannot be secured, when its use is indispen- 
 sable to the public safety. 
 
 " Unlimited liberty of speech is incompatible with the dis- 
 cipline of a v\amp : and that of the press, more dangerous still, 
 when made the vehicle of conveying intelligence to the enemy, 
 or exciting mutiny among the troops. To have suffered the 
 uncontrolled enjoyment of any of those rights, during the 
 time of the late invasion, would iiave been to abandon the de- 
 fence of the country. The civil magistrate is the guardian of 
 tiiose rig]its ; but no further." 
 
 After Gen. Jaekson had retired from New-Orleans to Ten- 
 nessee, he received an order to repair to the seat of Govern- 
 ment, to assist in arranging the peace establishment of the ar- 
 my. The events whicii have taken place in the life of Gen. 
 Jackson, since that time, are too familiar in the minds of eve- 
 ry Amei'ican, to be repeated here ; and we shall close this me- 
 moir in the words of that patriarch of liberty, Thomas Jeffer- 
 son, who joined in a public dinner given at Lynchburg, in 
 Virginia, to general Jackson, as he passed through that pla^e 
 on his way to Washington. The sentiment was: — "Honor 
 and gratitude to the man who has tilled the measure of hh 
 Countky's Honor!" 
 
 J^^utefrom the Spanish Minister for Foreign affairs to the liner » 
 ican Minister. 
 
 " Sir In the department confided to me, disagreeable ac- 
 counts continue to be received concerning the nature and cir- 
 cumstances of the late events in Florida, and the hostile pro- 
 ceedings of the American General Jackson, and the troops un- 
 der his command, in the territory of those provinces whicli be- 
 long to his Majesty. Besides the farts to which 1 invited the 
 attention of your excellency in my notes of the 26th July, and 
 of the 6th and lith of this month, I have now before nic tl;e 
 
copy of a capitulation, which, it appears, followcil Uic hostili- 
 ties cummitted by that General against the fortress of Pcnsa- 
 Qola, and in consequence of which the Spanish garrison has 
 been conveyed to the Ilavanna. In my preceding notes, I had 
 the honor to inform your excellency, that not\Nithstanding the 
 particdhir character of violence which seemed to mark the 
 actions and operations of general Jackson, since his first en* 
 trance into Florida — His Majesty, although willing to consid- 
 er these proceedings as the arhitrary acts of the said General, 
 Avas convinced that the government of the United States would 
 no longer delay to disapprove them as soon as they come to 
 its knowledge, and that proper orders would immediately be 
 given, not only for the evactiation of the territory invaded, 
 but also for the reparation of the damage occasioned, and for 
 the restoration of the property taken, which belonged as well 
 to his Majesty, and Spanish subjects, as also to strangers who 
 lived there under the protection of his Majesty's government. 
 " It could not be presumed, without offence to the integrity 
 of the American government, that there would be any delay in 
 giving satisfaction to a friendly power, and to all civilized na- 
 tions this testimony of respect for those principles on whicji 
 the maintenance of social order depends. It was with pro- 
 found aiBiction that his Majesty learnt from the subsequent 
 report of his Minister at Washington, that as the first excess- 
 es of General Jackson had not been disapproved, he had not 
 hesitated to continue his acts of violence, and desolated with 
 fire and sword every thing upon the Spanish territory, when 
 lie met with a resistance wliich a sense of honor prescribed to 
 some small garrisons which were atta(?ked in the midst of 
 peace by a numerous body of troops. In general the territo- 
 I'y of his Majesty was attacked in the mo-ft revolting manner, 
 the fortresses and depots of arms have been taken by force, 
 the garrisons made prisoners, and then sent out of the provin- 
 ces where his majesty had ordered them to serve. Nay, sub- 
 jects of powers in friendship with his Majesty have been exe- 
 cuted upon Spanish ground, and this act of barbarity cloaked 
 with judicial forms, which, in that situation, and in these cir- 
 cumstances, can only be considered a refinement of cruelty. 
 It cannot be doubted but these excesses are known to the go- 
 vernment of Washington ; and it docs not appear that oiders 
 have been given to put an end to them, or give to the Spanish 
 government the only satisfaction they admit of. In this situa- 
 tion his Majesty considers it to be due to his own dignity, and 
 that of the people whom he governs, to order me, at the same 
 time that 1 most solemnly protest against all that has been done 
 ty General Jacksou, from the day that he set his foot on t^c ter- 
 
21 
 
 vitovy of Florida, to add fdrtlici" that your cxccllonry will be 
 pleased to inform your government that the King is of ojiinion, 
 that from the nature of the said injuries, and really liostile 
 proceedings, the course of the negociations pending between 
 the two powers is, and must remain, interrupted and broken 
 off, till t!ie government of the United States has marked the 
 conduct of General Jackson in a manner suitable to its honor, 
 and which, it seems, can be no other than to disapprove of the 
 excesses committed ; to give orders to have things placed on 
 the same footing as they were in before the invasion j and to 
 inflict an appropriate punishment on the author of so many 
 disorders. 
 
 " It is extremely disagreeable to his Majesty to be compelled 
 to this declaration, whicii is a more necessary consequence of 
 the nature of the affair, than an act of his royal uill, whose 
 wishes and endeavors have always been directed to making 
 an equitable arrangement of the matters in debate between tiie 
 two governments; but the whole impartial world will equally 
 recognize in the present state of things the impropriety that 
 must ensue, if negociations, which sui)|)ose a state of perject 
 poiUical friemlshipf weve to be continued at a time when such 
 great insults have been ofTered without provocation. The oc- 
 cupation of the larger and better part of Florida in 1810, by 
 the United States, who deprived his Majesty, during his cap- 
 tivity, of a country in wliich he was in peaceable possession, 
 under pretences, which, if they had been even well founded, 
 ought never to have been enforced by violence; and the late 
 improper attack on Amelia Island, were facts of the same na- 
 ture and tendency, equally nnjust in their principle, atid equal- 
 ly protested against on the part of Spain ; but as they were 
 less offensive in their kind, and under these cii'cumstances his 
 Majesty believed at the same time he gave proofs of his mod- 
 ration, that he might wait for satisfaction on these points till 
 the definitive arrangement of the points in dispute, which it 
 was expected would soon take place. The same is not the 
 case in the present instance. The Americans have no claim, 
 either founded or unfounded, to the territory which General 
 Jackson has attacked — no real or pretended revolution of tiie 
 inhabitants could serve as a pretext — no previous attack by 
 robbers, which was alleged as a reason for the unjust seizure 
 of Amelia-Island ; the Spanish flag was flying on the fortress- 
 es of San Marcos and Pensacola, when they were attacked ; 
 and, to complete the measure of insults, that has been taken 
 by violence, which his Majesty had offered in tlie pending ne- 
 gociations to cede to the United States in an honorable man- 
 ner, so that it seems to have been preferred to seize it by vio- 
 
a,2 
 
 lencc, radicr than to acquire it (Voin the generous friendship 
 of the King. These extriiordiiiui'}' circunistaticcs has induced 
 liis Majesty (o take the resohitioii, that it is incompatible with 
 his exilted cliaractcr to continue ncgociations, till an affair 
 has been settled and terminated in a suitable manner, wliich 
 takes tlio precedence of all other ])oints in dispute between the 
 two Governjuents, and which, from its importance, is calcula- 
 ted essentially to cliange, in their whole extent, the political 
 relations between liie two countries. 
 
 *' At tiie same time, to give a proof of the peaceable and 
 moderate sentiiwcnts wl)ich cliaractei-izcd the ct)nduct of the 
 Spanislj government, I must acquaint your excellency, that 
 his Majesty, in charging me to communicate to his minister at 
 Washington the <leclared rupture of the ncgociations, has 
 likewise commanded me to inform him, that if the government 
 of tl^e Utiited States had given or should give the only satis- 
 faction whicii the circ(imstance admits of, and wliich his Ma- 
 jesty may expect from the justice and probity of that govern- 
 ment, he may in this case continue the ncgociations begun, 
 without applying to Ids Majesty for new orders to authori;se 
 him to continue them. 
 
 *• In making to your Excellency this communication, 1 can- 
 not omit to state to you how painful it has been to me, that tliis 
 unexpected obstacle should occur just at the time when 1 flat- 
 tered myself with the hope of seeing the political relations, 
 and the njost perfect harmony between the two g<)vernment3 
 re-established ujjon solid and durable foundations. I renew to 
 your excellency the assurance of my distitiguished respect, and 
 pray God to preserve your excellency many years. 
 '• Your cxccllencv's most devoted servant, 
 
 "JOSEPH PJZARRO, 
 
 *> Madrid, Aug. CO, 181S." 
 
 , llcplij of Mr. Sccretarij Adams. 
 
 Department of State, 
 Washington, 28th Nov. 1818. 
 Sir. — Your despatches, to No. 92, inclusive, with their en- 
 closures, have been received at this department. Among these 
 enclosures, arc the several notes addressed to you by >lr. Vi- 
 zarro, in relation to the transactions during tjic campaign of 
 general Jackson, against t!ie Seminole Indians, and the ban- 
 ditti of Negroes combined with them, and particularly to his 
 proceedings in Florida, without tho boundaries of the United 
 States. 
 
- 23 
 
 In the fourtli and last of these notes of Mr. Pizarro. lie has 
 given formal notice that the king his master, has issued orders 
 for the suspension of the negotiation between the United States 
 and Spain, until satisfaction shall have been made by the 
 American government to him foi* these proceedings of Gen. 
 Jackson, which he considers as acts of unequivocal hostility 
 against him, and as outrages upon liis honor and dignity ; the 
 only acceptahie atonement for which, is stated to consist in a 
 disavowal of the acts of the American genera!, thus complain- 
 ed of — the infliction upon liim of a suitable punislmieut for his 
 supposed misconduct, and the restitution of the posts and ter- 
 ritories taken by him from tlie SpanisI) autliorities, with in- 
 demnity for all the property taken, and all damages and inju- 
 ries, public or private, sustained in consequence of it. 
 
 Witliin a very few days after tliis notification, Mr Pizarro 
 must have received, with coj)ics of the correspondence between 
 Mr. Onis and this department, the determination which had 
 been taken by tlie President, to restore the place of Pcnsacola, 
 with the fort of Barancas, to any person properly authorized 
 on the part of Sj)ain, to receive them, and the fort of St. Marks 
 to any Spanish force adequate to its protection against the In- 
 dians, by whom its forcible occupation had been Uireatened.for 
 purposes of hostility against the United States. The otiiccr 
 commanding at the post, has been directed to consider 250 men 
 as that adequate force; and in case of their appearance, witli 
 proper authority, to deliver it up to their commander accor- 
 dingly. 
 
 From tlie last mentioned correspondence, the Spanish go- 
 vernment must likewise have been satisfied that tlie occupation 
 of these places in Spanish Florida, by the commander of the 
 Anerican forces, was iu)t by virtue of any order received by 
 him from this government to that effect, nor with any view of 
 wresting the province from the posscssio!) of Spain, nor in any 
 spirit of hostility to the Spanish go\ r rnmeiit ; that it arose 
 from incidents which arose in the prosecution of tlie war 
 against the Indians — from the imminent danger in which the 
 fort of St. Marks was of being seized by the Indians them- 
 selves, and from the manifestations of hostility to the Uniteu 
 States, by the commandant of St. Marks and the governor of 
 Pensacola, the proofs of which were made known to general 
 Jackson, and impelled him, from the necessities of self-de- 
 fence, to the step of which the Spanish government complains. 
 
 It might be sufficient to leave the vindication of these mea•^ 
 ^ures upon those grounds, and to furnish, in tlie enclosed co^ 
 pies of gen. Jackson's letters, and the vouchers by which they 
 ai'e supported, the evidence of that hostile spirit on the part 
 
of tJic Spanisli commamlers, but <V>i' the terms in whldx Mr* 
 Pizarro speaks of the rxeciilioii of two subjects of Great Bri- 
 tain, taken, one at tbe fort of St. Marks, and the other at Su- 
 waney, and in tbe intimation that tliese transactions may lead 
 to a cbani^e in tbe relations bet\^cen tbe two nations, which is 
 doubtless to be umltMstood as a menace of war. 
 
 It may be, therefore, projter to remijid tbe government of 
 }iis Cathf)Iir Majesty of tlie incidents in which the Seniinolcf 
 wai- orii'finatcd, as well as of the circumstances connected with 
 it, in the relations bctwten Spain and her aily, whom she sup- 
 poses to have been injured by tbe proceedings of general Jack- 
 son, and to gi\c t*) the, Spnni^sb cabinet some precise informa- 
 tion of the nature of tlic business, peculiarly interesting to 
 Spain, in s\lii< h tlicse subj(>cts of !ier allies, in whose favour 
 she takes tliis interest, were engaged, >vhcn their projects of 
 every kind were termirrated, in consequence of their falling 
 into t'fi^ liands of general Jackson. 
 
 In t!ic month of August, r'14, while a war existed between 
 the United States and Great (jcitain. to wliich Si)ain bafi for- 
 merly declai'cd herself neutral, a British force, not in tbe freslv 
 pursiiit of a defeatcfl and Hying enemy — not overstepping an 
 imaginary and c((uivocal boundary bet''vpcn their own terri- 
 tory, and those helotiging, in some sort, as n)uch to their ene- 
 my as to Spain, but approaching by sea, and by a broad and 
 open invasion of the Spanish province, a thousand miles, or 
 an gcean's distance from any Pritish territory, landed in 
 Florida, took possession of I'ensacola and the fort of Baran- 
 cas, and invited, by public proclam-jtions, all the runaway 
 negroes — all the savage Indians — all the pirates, and all the 
 traitors to their country, whom tliey knew or imagined to 
 exist within tbe reach of their summons, to join their stand- 
 ard, and wage an exterminating Aar against that portion of 
 the United States immediately borderi»,g upon this neutral, 
 and thus violated territory of Spain. The late commander of 
 this British force, was a certain Col. ISicbols, who, driven 
 from IVnsai'ola by tlie approach of Gm. Jnckson, actually 
 left, to be blov.n up, the Spanish fort of Barancas, when he 
 found it couM not aflord him any protection, ami, at another, 
 established himsi If on tlie Apalafjii' ola river, and there erect- 
 ed a fort, from which to sally forth with bis motly tribe of 
 blaek, white atul red combatants, against tbe defenceless bor- 
 ders of the United States, in that vicinity. A part of this 
 force consisted! of a corp<! of .donial :r. arines, levied in the 
 BritLsli colonies, in which ( <. ge Woodbine was a captain^ 
 and Il')bert Chrystic Ambribl \ as a lieutenant. 
 
AH 
 
 As between the tlhited States and Great Britain, we woulS 
 ^e willing to bury this transaction in the same grave of obli- 
 vion wHh other transactions of that war, had the hostilities of 
 col. Nichols terminated with the war. But he did not con- 
 sider the peace which ensued between the United States and 
 Great Britain, as having put an end either to his military oc- 
 cupations or his negotiations with thelndians^ against the Uni- 
 ted States. Several months after the ratification of the trea-* 
 ty of Ghent, he retained his post and his party colored forces^ 
 in military array. 
 
 By the 9th article of tliat treaty> the United States had stip^ 
 niated to put an end immediately after its ratification, to hos- 
 tilities with all the tribes or nations of Indians with whonl 
 they might be at war at the time of the ratification, and to re- 
 store to them all the possessions which they had in the year 
 1811. This article had application to the Creek nation with 
 whom the United States had already made peace by a treaty 
 concluded on the 9th day of August, 1814, more than four 
 nionths before the treaty of Ghent was signed. Yet, col. Nich- 
 olls not only affected to consider it as applying to the Seminoles 
 of Florida, and the outlawed Redsticks whom he had induced 
 to join him there, but actually persuaded them that they were 
 entitled, by virtue of the treaty of Ghent, to all the lands 
 which had belonged to the Creek nation, within the United 
 States, in the year 1811, and that the government of Great 
 Britain would support them in that pretension. He asserted 
 also this doctrine in a correspondence with Col. Hav/kins, then 
 the agent of the United States with the Creeks, and gave 
 him notice, in their name, with a mockery of solemnity, that 
 they had concluded a treaty of alliance, offensive and defensive^ 
 and a treaty of navigation and commerce vvith Great Britain 
 of which more was to be heard after it should be ratified in 
 England. Col. Nicholls then evacuated his fort, which, in 
 some of the enclosed papers, is called the fort at Prospect 
 Bluff, but which he had denominated the British post on th^ 
 Apalachicola ; toek with him the white portion of bis force, 
 and embarked for England, with several of the wretched sav- 
 ages whom he was thus deluding to their fate — among whom 
 was the Prophet Francis, or Hillis Hadjo— and left the fort, 
 amply supplied with military stores and ammunition, to the 
 negro department of his allies. It afterwards was known by 
 tjie name of the Negro fort. Col. Hawkins immediately com- 
 municated to this government, the correspondence between 
 him and Nicholls, here referred to, upon which Mr. Monroe, 
 then secretary of state, addressed a letter to Mr. Baker, the 
 British charge d*affairs, at Washington, complaining of Nich- 
 
3(i 
 
 olJs' conduct, niul shcwiiic; liis pretence tliat tlic 9tU article of 
 the troHty of (ilioiit, could have any application to his Indians, 
 was utterly destitute of foundation. Copies of the same cor- 
 rcspotidencc were transmitted to the minister of the U. States, 
 then in Kn.^land, with instructions to rcnrionstratc uith the 
 Uritish govcnnnent a,t;a!nst tlic procccdinpjs of Nicholls, an I 
 to show liow incuui()atihle they were with the jjcacc whicli had 
 heen concluded between tlic two nations. These remonstran- 
 ces were accordingly nr.idc, first in personal interview with 
 carl IJathurst and Loid Castlereagh, and afterw ards in writ- 
 ten n((tes, addressed successively to them. — Loid liathurst, in 
 the most unef[uivoeal manner, confirmed the facts, and disa- 
 vowed the misconduct of Nicholls ; declared his disajfproba- 
 tion of the j)!etended t»-eaty of alliance, nftensive and defen- 
 sive, whieh he had made ;' assured the American minister that 
 tiie Uritish (ioveinment had lefused to i-atify that treaty, and 
 Mould son<l hack the Imlians whom Nicholls had brought out, 
 with him, w it!i advice to make theii* peace on such terms as 
 they could obtain. Lord Castlereagh confirmed the assurance 
 that the treaty would not be ratified ; anti if, at the same time 
 that these assurances were given, ceitain distinctions of ]»ub- 
 lic notoriety, were shown to the Prophet Hillis Iladjo, and he 
 w as actually honored with a commission as a British ofUcer, 
 it is to be presumed that these favors were granted to him as 
 a reward for past services, and not as encouragement to ex- 
 pect any support from Great Britain, in a continuance of sav- 
 age hostilities against the United States, all intention of giv- 
 ing any such support having been repeatedly and earnestly 
 disavowed. 
 
 The Negro fort, however abandoned by col. Nicholls, re- 
 mained on the Spanish territory, occupied by the banditti to 
 whom he had lelt it. and held by them as a j)ost, from whence 
 to commit depredations, outi'ages, and murders, and as a recep- 
 tacle for fugitive slaves and malefactors, to the great annoy- 
 ance both of the United States and of Spanish Florida. In 
 Apiil, 1 8 1(), (ien. Jackson wrote a letter to the governor of 
 I'onsacola, calling upon him to put down tins common nuisance 
 to the peaceable inhai)itants of both countries. That letter 
 (XV.) (ogetlier with the answer of the governor of I'ensaco- 
 la, have already been comcminicatcd to tJic Spanish minister 
 hci'e, and by him doubtless to his government. Co])ies of them 
 are nevertheless, (XXllI.) now again enclosed; particulaily 
 as the letter from the governor explicitly admits — that this 
 fort, constructed by Niciiolls, in violation both of the territo- 
 ry and neutrality of Spain, was still no less obnoxious to his 
 government than tu. tlie United States; but that be bad neither 
 
27 
 
 sufficient force, nor an authority, without orders from the go- 
 vernor general of the Havanna, to destroy it. It \Aas after- 
 wards, on the 27tli July, 1816, destroyed hy a cannon shot 
 from a gun vessel of the United States, wiiich, in its passage 
 up tlie river, was fired upon from it. It was blown up, with 
 an English flag still flying as its standard, and immediately 
 after the barbarous murder of a boat's crew, belonging to the 
 navy of the United Stales, by the banditti left in it by J^ich- 
 olls. 
 
 In the year 1817, Alexander Aihuthnot, of tlie Island of 
 New Providence, a British subject, first appeared, as an Indi- 
 an trader, in Spanish Florida, and as the successor of colonel 
 NichoUs, in the employment of instigating the Seminole and 
 outlawed Red Stick Indians to hostilities against the United 
 States, by reviving the pretence tliat they were entitled to all 
 tlie lands which had been ceded by the Creek nation to the 
 United States, in August, 1814. As a mere Indian trader, 
 the intrusion of this man, into a Spanish province, was con- 
 trary to the policy observed by all the European powers in 
 this hemisphere, and by none more rigorously than Spain, of 
 excluding all foreigners from intercourse with the Indians, 
 within their territories. It must be known to the Spanish go- 
 vernment whether 4rbuthnot had a Spanish license for tra- 
 ding with the Indians in Spanish Florida or not ; but they al- 
 so know that Spain was bound by treaty, to restrain by force 
 all liostiiities on the part of those Indians, against the citizens 
 of the United States ; and it is for them to explain how, con- 
 sistently with those engagements, Spain could, contrary to all 
 the maxims of her ordinary policy, grant snch a license to a 
 foreign incendiary, whose principal, if not his only object, ap^ 
 pears to have been to stimulate those hostilities which Spain 
 had expressly stipulated by force to restrain. In this infer- 
 n«^l instigation he was but too successful. No sooner did he 
 make his appearance among the Indians, accompanied by the 
 Prophet Hillis Hadjo, returned from his expedition to Enghind, 
 than the peaceful inhabitants on the borders of the United 
 States were visited with all the horrois of savage war; the 
 robbery of their property, and the barbarous and indiscrimi- 
 nate murder of women, infancy, and age. 
 
 After the repeated expostulations, warnings, and ofl'crs of 
 peace, through the summer and autumn of 1817, on the part 
 of the United States, had been answered only by renewed out- 
 rages, and after a detachment of forty men, under lieut, Scott, 
 accompanied by seven women, had been waylaid and murder- 
 ed by the Indians, orders were given to general Jackson, and 
 atn adequate force was placed at his disposal, to terminate the 
 
38 
 
 war. It was ascertained that the Spanislj force in Florida 
 was inadequate tor the protection even of the Spanish terri- 
 tory itself, against this mingled horde of lawless Indians and 
 negroes; and, although their devastations were committed 
 within the United States, they immediately sought refuge 
 within the Florida line, and there only were to he overtaken. 
 The necessity of crossing the line was indispensahle ; for it 
 was from beyond the line that the Indians made tlieir murder- 
 ous incursions within that of the United States. It was there 
 that they had their ahode, and the territory belonged in fact 
 to them, although within the borders of the Spanish jurisdic- 
 tion. There it was that the American commander met the 
 principal resistance from them ; there it was, that were found 
 the still bleeding scalps of our citizens, freshly butcliered by 
 them ; there it was that he released the only ivoman, who had 
 been suffered to survive the massacre of the party under lieut. 
 Scott. But it was not anticipated by this government that 
 the commanding officers of Spain, in Florida, whose special 
 duty it was, in conformity to the solemn engagements con- 
 tracted by their nation, to restrain by force, those Indians 
 from hostilities against the United States, would be found en- 
 couraging, aiding and abetting them, and furnishing them with 
 supplies for carrying on such hostilities. The officer in com- 
 mand, immediately before general Jackson, was, therefore, 
 specially instructed to respect, as far as possible, the Spanish 
 authority, wherever it was maintained, and copies of those or- 
 ders were also furnished to gen. Jackson, upon his taking 
 the command. In the course of his pursuit, as he approach- 
 ed St. Marks, he was informed, direct from the governor of 
 Pcnsacola, that a party of the hostile Indians had threatened 
 to seize that fort, and that he apprehended the Spanish garri- 
 son there was not in strength sufficient to defend it against 
 them. This information was confirmed from other sources, 
 and by the evidence produced upon the trial of Ambrister, it 
 proved to have been exactly true. By all the laws of neu- 
 trality and war, as well as of prudence and of humanity, he 
 was warranted in anticipating his enemy, by the amicable^ 
 and that being refused, by the forcible occupation of the fort 
 There will need no citations from printed treatises on interna- 
 tional law, to prove the correctness of this principle. It is 
 engraved in adamant on the common serjse of mankind j no 
 writer uj)on the laws of nations ever pretended to contradict 
 it; none of any reputation or authority ever omitted to inr 
 sert it. 
 
 At Fort St. Marks, Alexander Arbuthnot, the British In- 
 dian trader from beyond the seas, the fire-brand, by whQ$e 
 
torch the Negro-Indian war against our horders had been re- 
 kindled, was tbiiiid an inmate of the commandant's family ; 
 and it was also found that, by the commandant himself, coun- 
 cils of war had been permitted to be held within it, by the sav- 
 age chiefs and warriors ; that the Spanish store-houses had 
 been appropriated to their use ; that it was an open market for 
 cattle, known to have been robbed by them from citizens of 
 the United States, and wliich had been contracted for and pur- 
 chase by the officers of tlie garrison. That information had 
 been afforded from this fort by Arbiithnot, to the enemy, of 
 the strength and movements cjf the American army ; that the 
 date of the departure of express had been noted by the Span- 
 ish commissary, and ammunition, munitions of war, and all 
 necessary supplies furnished to the Indians. 
 
 The conduct of the governor of Pensacola was not less 
 marked by a disposition of enmity to the United States, and 
 by an utter disregard to the obligations of the treaty^ by 
 which he was bound to restrain by force, the Indians from hos- 
 tilities against them. When called upon to vindicate tlie ter- 
 ritorial rights and authority of Spain, by t!ie destruction of 
 the negro fort, his predecessor had declared it to be not less 
 annoying and pernicious to the Spanish subjects in Florida, 
 thajito the United States, but had pk-aded iiis inability to sub- 
 due it. He himself had expressed his apprehensions that Fort 
 St. Marks would be forcibly taken by the savagos, from its 
 Spanish garrison ; yet at the same time, he had refused the 
 passage up the Escambia river, unless upon the payment of 
 excessive duties, to provisions destined as supplies for the 
 American army, which by the detention of them, was subjec- 
 ted to the must distressing privations. He had permitted free 
 ingress and egress at Pensacola to the avowed savage enemies 
 of the United States. Supplies of ammunition, munitions of 
 war, and provisions, had been received by them from thence. 
 They had been received and sheltered there, from the pursuit 
 ofthe American forces, and suffered again to sally thence, to 
 enter upon the Amei ican territory and commit new murders. 
 Finally, on the approach of general Jackson to Pensacola, the 
 governor sent him a letter, (lenounci;'.^ Ms entry upon the ter- 
 ritory of Florida, as a violeril outroge upon the rights of 
 Spain, commanding him to depait and .vithdraw from the same, 
 and threatening, in case of his noii-ccmpliance, to employ 
 force to expel him. 
 
 It became, therefore, in the opinion of gen. Jackson, indis- 
 pensably necessary to take rrora the governor of Pensacola 
 the moans of carrying his rhreut into tixecution. Before the 
 forces under his cominand, the savage enemies of his countiy 
 
30 
 
 liftd disappoaicd. But he know that the moment those forces 
 should be disbanded, if .slieltcird by Spanish Ibrti'esses, if fur- 
 nished with amnuMiitioM and supplies by Spanish ollicers, and 
 if aided and supported by the instigation of Spanish cncour- 
 acjcnicnt, as he had every reason to expect they would he, tlicy 
 would re-appear, and fired, in addition to their ordinary fero- 
 ciousness, with revenge for the chastisement they iiad so re- 
 cently reccivwl, would agriin rush with the war hatcliet and 
 scalping knife, into the borders of the United States, and 
 mark every foot-f;tep with the blood of tlieir defenceless citi- 
 zens. So far as all tlie native resources of t!ie savages extend- 
 ed, the war was at an end, and gen. Jackson was about to re- 
 store to their families and homes, the brave volunteers who 
 had Hdlowed his standard, and who !iad constituted the prin- 
 cipal part of his force. This could be done with safety, leav- 
 ing the regular portion of his troops to garrison his line of 
 forts, and two small detachments of his volunteer cavalry, to 
 scour the country round I'ensacola, and sweep off the lurking 
 remnant of savages, \\ho liad been scattered and dispersed be- 
 fore him. This was sulliciertt to keep in cheek the remnant of 
 tlic banditti, against wliom he had marched, so long as they 
 should he destitute of other aid a>id suppott. It was in liis 
 judgment, not suHicient, if they should be suffered to rally 
 tlicir numbers under the protection of Spanish forts, and to de- 
 rive new strength from tiic impotence or the ill will against 
 the United States of the Spanish authorities. 
 
 He took possession, therefore, of I'ensacola and of the fort 
 of Barrancas, as he had done of St. Marks, not in a spirit of 
 hostility to Spain, but .as a necessai-y measuic of self defence; 
 giving notice that they should be restored whenever Spain 
 should place commanders and a force tliere, able and willing 
 to fulfil the engagements of Spain towards the Uniled States, 
 of restraining, by force, the Florida Indians from hostilities 
 against thcii' citizens. The president of the Ujiited States, to 
 give a signal manifestation of his confidence in the disposition 
 of the king of Spain, to perform with good faith this indispen- 
 sable engagement, and to demonstrate to the world that neither 
 the (h'sire of conquest nor hostility to Spain, had any interest 
 in the councils of the United States, has directed the uncon- 
 (Utional restoration to any Spanish officer, duly authorised to 
 rrceive tlicm, of Pensacola and Barrancas, and that of St. 
 Marks to any Spanish force adequate for its defence against 
 the attack of the savages. But the president m ill neither in- 
 flict |)uni'diment, nor pass a censure upon general Jackson for 
 that onduct, the motives for which were founded in the purest 
 notrif>tism, of the necessity for which he had the most irarae- 
 
31 
 
 diate ami eflectual means of forming a judgment, and tl»e vin- 
 dication of which is written in every page of the law of na- 
 tions, as well as in the first law of nature, self-defence. He 
 thinks it, on the contrary, due to the justice which the United 
 States have a right to claim from Spain, and you are accord- 
 ingly instructed to demand of the Spanish government, that 
 enquiry shall he instituted into tlie conduct of Don Jose Ma- 
 sot, governor of Pensacola, and of Don Francisco C. Luengo, 
 commandant at St. Marks, and a suitable punishment inflict- 
 ed upon them for having, in defiance and violation of the en- 
 gagements of Spain with the United States, aided and assisted 
 these hordes of savages in those very hostilities against the 
 United States, which it was their official duty to restrain. 
 This inquiry is due to the character of those officers them- 
 selves, and to the honour of the Spanish government. The 
 obligation of Spain to restrain, by force, the Indians of Flo- 
 rida from hostilities against the United States and their citi- 
 zens, is explicit, is positive, is unqualified. The fact, that for 
 a series of years they have received shelter, assistance, sup- 
 plies and protection, in the practice of such hostilities from 
 the Spanish commanders in Florida, is clear and unequivocal. 
 If, as tbe commanders, both at Pensacola and St. Marks have 
 alleged, this has been the result of their W'cakness, rather than 
 their will, if they have assisted the Indians against the Uni- 
 ted States to avert their hostilities from the province, which 
 they had not sufficient force to defend against them, it may 
 serve, in some measure, to exculpate, individually, those offi- 
 cers, but it must carry demonstration irresistible to the Span- 
 ish government, that the right of the United States cati as 
 little compound with impotence as witli perfidy, and that 
 Spain must immediately make her election, either to place a 
 force in Florida adequate to the protection of her engagements, 
 or cede to the United States a province, of which she retains 
 nothing but the nominal possession j but which is, in fact, a 
 direlict open to the occupancy of every enemy civilized or 
 savage, of the United States, and serving no other xiarthly 
 purpose than as a post of annoyance to them. 
 
 That the purposes, as well of the Negro-Indian banditti, 
 "with whom we have been contending, as of the British inva- 
 ders of Florida, who first assembled and employed them, and 
 of the British intruding and pretending traders, since the 
 peace, who have instigated and betrayed them to destruction, 
 have been not less hostile to Spain than to the United States, 
 the proofs contained in the documents herewith enclosed, hvq 
 conclusive. Mr. Pizarro's note of the 29th August, speaks of 
 his Catholic Majesty's profound indignation at the '•sangui- 
 
32 
 
 mary cxccntirms on tlie Spanif^h soil, of the subjects of powci'S 
 in amity v\itli tlii* king" — iHcaning Arbutlinot and Ambrister. 
 Let Mr. I'izarro's succ«ssor take the trouble of reading the 
 enclosed dormnents. and lie will discover who Arbnthnot and 
 Ambrister v>evi\ and what weie their ])nrposes: That Arbuth- 
 iiot WHS oril\ the successor ofiSicholJs; and Ambrister the 
 agent of Woodbine. aii<l the subaltern of McGregor. Mr. 
 Pizairo (jualifies general Jackson's necessary pui'suit of a 
 savage enemy beyond the Spanish Florida line, as a shameful 
 invasion to his majesty*s Urritorxj — yet, that territory was the 
 territory also of tho savage enemy, and Spain was bound to 
 restrain lliem. by force, <'(om hostilities against the United 
 States — and it was the failure of Spain to fulfil this engage- 
 ment, which has made it necessary for gen. Jackson to pursue 
 the savages across the line. — What then was the character of 
 Nicholl's invasion of his majesty's territoiy ; and where was 
 his majesty's profound indignation at that ? Mr. Pizarro says, 
 bis majesty's places and forts have been violently seized on, 
 nay, had not the princi|)al of his forts been blown up by Ni- 
 cholls, and a British fort on the same S|)anish tenitory been 
 erected durieig tlie war, and left standing as a Negro fort, in 
 defiance of Spanish authority, after tlie j)eace? SVhere has 
 Ills majesty suspended formally all negociation with the sove- 
 reign of colonel NichoJls, for the sliameful invasion of his 
 territory without color of provocation, without pretence of 
 necessity, without the siiadow or even avowal of a pretext? 
 Has his majesty given solemn warning to the British govern- 
 ment, that these were incidents "of transcendant moment ca- 
 pable of producing an essential and tliorongh change in the 
 political relations of the two countries?" Nicholls and 
 Woodbine, in tiieir invitations and promises to the slaves to 
 run away from their masters and join them, did not confine 
 themselves to the slaves of the United States — they received 
 \5'itb as hearty a welcome, and employed with equal readiness, 
 fhe futigives from their masters, in Florida, as those from 
 Georgia. Against tliis special injury the governor of Pensa- 
 cola did earnestly remonstrate with the British admiral Cock- 
 burn, but against the shameful invasion of the territory— 
 against the violent seizure of the forts and places — against 
 the blowing up of tlie Bajrancas, and the erection and n>ain- 
 tcnance under Biitish banners, of tlie Negro fort on iSpanish 
 Boil — again-^t the negociation by a British officer in the midst 
 of peace, of pretended treaties, olfoiisive and defensive, and of 
 navigation and commerce, n|)on (Spanish territory, between 
 Great Britain and Spanis!i Indians, whom Spain was bound to 
 Contrpl and restrain — if a whisper of expostulation was ei'or 
 
S3 
 
 Nvafted from Madrid to London* it was not loud cnou^^d tp 
 be heard across the Atlantic, nor energetic enough to trans- 
 pire bevond the walls of the palaces frotii which it issued, and 
 to wliich it was borne. 
 
 The connedion between Arbuthnot and NichoUs, and be- 
 tween Ambrister, Woodbine and McGregor, is established be- 
 yond all question, by the evidence produced at the trials before 
 the court martial. I have already reinarked to you on the 
 Very extraordinary circumstance, that a British trader from 
 beyond the seas, should be permitted by the Spanish authori- 
 ties, to trade with the Indians of Florida. From his letter to 
 Hambly, dated 3d May, 1817, it appears that his trading wiis 
 but a pretence ; and that his principal purpose was to act as the 
 agent of the Indians in Florida, and outlaws from the Creeks, 
 to obtain the aid of the British government, in their hostilities 
 against the United States. He expressly tells Hambly there, 
 that tiic chief of those outlaws was the principal cause of his, 
 Arbuthnot's, being in the country; and that he bad come with 
 an answer from earl Bathurst, delivered to him by governor 
 Gameron, of New-Providence, to certain Indian talks, in 
 which this aid of the British government had been left by Ni- 
 choUs, as the agent between the Indians and the British gov- 
 ernment; but having found that Nicholls bad failed in his 
 attempt to prevail upon the British government to pursue this 
 clandestine war, in the midst of peace ; and that they were not 
 ))reparfed to support his pretence, that half a dozen outlawed 
 fugitives from the Creeks were the Creek nation; — when Ar- 
 buthilot, the incendiaryj came and was instigating tl'em, by 
 promises of support fiom Great Britain, to commence their 
 murderous incursions into the United States, Hambly, at thfe 
 request of tlie Creeks themselves, wrote to him, warning him 
 tb withdraw from among that band of outlaws, and giving 
 liim a solemn foreboding of the doom that awaited him, from, 
 the hand of justice, if he persevered in tiie course that he pur- 
 sued. Arbuthnot, nevertheless, persisted ; and while he wa9 
 deluding the wretched Indians with the promise of support 
 from England, he was writing tetters for them to the British 
 minister in the United States, to governor Cameron, of New- 
 ProvidCnce, to colonel NichoUs, to be laid before the British 
 government : and even to the Spanish governor of St. Augus- 
 tine, and the governor-general of the Havanna, soliciting in 
 all quarters, aid and support, arms and ammunition, for the 
 Indians, against the United States ; bewailing the destruction 
 of the Negro fort, and charging the British government with 
 having drawn the Indians into war with tho Ignited States, 
 and deserting them after tho peace, 
 
 E ' 
 
34 
 
 "Yoii x\ ill remark among the jKipcrs produced on his trial, 
 a power of attorney, dated ITth June, 1817, given him by 
 twelve Indians, partly oi' Florida, and partly of the fugitive 
 outlaws from the United States. lie states that this power, 
 and his instructions, uere, to memorialize the British govern- 
 ment, and the governor-general of tljc liavanna. — These pa- 
 ])crs iwo nf)t only suhsfantially pro\ed as his hand writing, on 
 tlie trial, hut in the daily newspapers of London, of the 24th 
 and 25th of Aagtist last, his letter to Nicholls is piihlished, 
 (somewhat garhled) w ith a copy of IJamhIy's ahovc mentioned 
 letter to him, and a reference to tliis Indian power of attorney 
 to him, approved by ihccommavdant of St. J\Imi<s, F. C. Lucngo. 
 Another of the papers is a ietlei-, written in the name of the 
 same chiefs, !)y Arhuthnot, to the governor-general of the lia- 
 vanna, asking of him pei-mission for Ai'huthnot to establish a 
 Marchonse on the Appalachicola ; bitterly and falsely com- 
 plaining that the Amei-icans had made settlements on their 
 lands, witliin the Spanish lines, and calling upon the governor 
 genei'iil to give orders to displace them, and send them back 
 to their own cotintry. In this letter they assign, as a reason 
 for asking this license for Arbuthnot, the want of a person to 
 jjiit in writing for th'.'m their talks of grievances against the 
 Americans. And they ai!d, *' the commander of the fort of 
 St. Marks has heard all of our talks and complaints, lie ap- 
 proves of what we have done, and what we are doing; and it 
 is by his recommendation we have thus presumed to address 
 your excellency." You will find these jjapers in the printed 
 jiews{Hiper enclosed, and in the pioceedings of the court mar- 
 tial, and will point them out to the Spanish government, not 
 only as decisive proofs of the unexampled compliances of the 
 Spanisli officers in Florida, to foreign intrusive agents and in- 
 stigators of Indian liostilities against the United States, but 
 as placing, beyond a doubt, that participation of this hostile 
 spirit in the commandant of St. Marks, which general Jack- 
 son so jnslly complains of; and of which we have so well 
 founded a right to demand the punishment. Here, is the com- 
 mandant of a S|)anisli fort, bound by the sacred engagement 
 f>f a treaty to restrain, by force, the Indians within his com- 
 mand, from committing hostilities against the United States, 
 conspiring with tliose same Indians, and deliberately giving 
 his written approbation to their appointment of a foieigner, a 
 British subject, as their agent, to soli( it assistance and sup- 
 plies from the governor-general of liavanna, and from the 
 Britisli government, for carrying on these same hostilities. 
 
 Let us come to tiie case of Ambrister. — He was taken in 
 arms, leading and commanding the Indians, in the war against 
 
 \ 
 
 ^ 
 
35 
 
 the American troops ; and to that charge, upon his trial, plead- 
 ing guilty. But the primary object of his coming there, was 
 still more hostile to Spain, than to the United States. You 
 iind that he told three of the witnesses, \v!io testified at his 
 tiial, that he had come to this country upon Mr. Woodbine's 
 business at Tampa Bay — to sec the negroes righted j and one 
 of them, that he had a commission in the Patriot a/jjii/, xiuder 
 McGregor ; and that he had expected a captaincy. Aiid what 
 was the intended business ef McGregor and Woodbine, at 
 Tampa Bay? It was the conquest nf Florida from Spain, by 
 the use of those very Indians and Negroes, whom the com- 
 mandant of St. Marks was so ready to aid and support in the 
 war against the United States. The chain of proof that es- 
 tablishes this fact, is contained in the documents coLnmnnica- 
 ted by the president to congress at their last session, relating 
 to the occupation of Amelia Island by McGregor. From these 
 documents you will find, that while McGregor was theie. 
 Woodbine went from New Providence, in a schooner of his 
 ow-n, to join him: That he arrived at Amelia Island, just as 
 McGregor abandoned the companions of Ijis achievement there, 
 was leaving it : That McGregor, quitting the vessel in which 
 he had embarked at Amelia, went on board that of Woodbine, 
 and returned with him to New Providence : That Woodbine 
 had persuaded liim they could yet accomplish the conquest of 
 Florida, with soldiers to be recruited at Nassau, from the corps 
 of colonial marines, which had served under Nicholls during 
 the late war with the United States, which corps had been 
 lately disbanded ; and with the negroes to be found at Tampa 
 Bay, and 1500 Indians, already then engaged to Woodbine, 
 who nretcnded that they had made a grant of all their lands 
 there to him. Among the papers, the originals of which are 
 in our possession, in McGregor's own hand writing, instruc- 
 tions for sailing into Tampa Bav, with the assertion that he 
 calculated to be there by the last of April or first of May, of 
 the present year ; a letter dated 2rth December last, to one of 
 his acquaintance in this country, disclosing the same inten- 
 tion ; and the extract of a proclamation which was to have 
 been issued at Tampa Bay, to the inhabitants of Florida, by 
 the person charged with making the settlement there, before 
 his arrival, announcing his approach, for the purpose of libe- 
 rating them from the despotism of Spain, and of enabling 
 them to form a government for themselves. Ho has persuaded 
 those who would listen to him here, that his ultimate object 
 was to sell the Floridas to the United States. There is some 
 reason to -suppose tliat he has made indirect overtures, of a 
 similar nature, to the British government. This was Ambris- 
 
tcr's business in Florida. — He arrived llicic in Martli, the 
 precursor of McGregor ami Wooiibinc, and, immcdiaUl>' upon 
 his arrival, he is found seizing upon Arbuthnot's goods, and 
 distributing them among the negroes and Indians; seizing 
 upon his vessel, and»compelling its master to pilot him, with a 
 body of armed negroes, towards the fort of St. Marks, with 
 tl>e declared purpose of taking it by sui'piisc, in the night. — 
 '>Vriting letters to governor Cameron, of New Providence, 
 iij'gently catling for supplies of munitions of war, and of can- 
 non for the war against the Americans; and letters to colonel 
 Nicholls, renowiiig tlic same demands of supplies ; informing 
 him, that ho is with 300 negroes, 'a few of our Bluff |)eoplc,* 
 who had stuck to the cause, and were relying upon the faith of 
 Nicholls* promises. Our Bluff people were the people of the 
 JS^cgro fort, collected by Nicholls' and Wo<»dbine's proclama- 
 4^ions, during the American and English war j and the cause 
 to which they stuck, was the savage, servile, exterminating 
 war against the United States. 
 
 Among the agents and actors of such virluous enterprises 
 as arc hei-e unveiled, it was hardly expected that there would 
 te found remarkable evidences of their respect, confidence and 
 ^ood faith towards one another. Accordingly, besides the 
 violent seizui'C and distribution, by Ambristei", of Arbutlinot^s 
 property, his letters to governor Cameron, and to Nicholls, 
 arc filled with the distrust and suspicions of the Indians, that 
 they were deceived and betrayed by Arhuthnot; while in Ar- 
 buthnot's letters to the sanje Nicholls, he accuses Woodbirjc of 
 having taken charge of poor FraJU'.is, the Prophet, or Ilillis 
 lladjo, upon his return from England to New Providence, and 
 under pretence of takilig care of him and his affairs — of hav- 
 ing defrauded him of a large portion of the presents which ha<l 
 been delivered out from the king's stores to him, for Francis's 
 use. This is one of the passages of Arbiithnot's letter to 
 Nicholls omitted in the publication of it last August in the Lon- 
 don newspapers. 
 
 In this narrative of dark and complicated depravity, this 
 creeping and insidious war, both against Spain and the United 
 States; this mockery of ])atriotism ; these political j)hiUcrs to 
 fugitive slaves and Indian outlaws; tiie perfidies and treache- 
 ries of villains incapable of keeping their faith, even to each 
 other, all in the name of South American liberty, of the rights 
 of runaway negroes, and llic wrongs of savage murderers — all 
 combined and projected to plunder Spain of her provinces, 
 and to spread massacre and devastation along the borders of 
 the United States? Is all this suflicient to cool the sympa- 
 thies of l|is Catholic majesty's government, excited b^ the ex- 
 
edition of these two " subjects of a powci' in amity sviih the 
 king?" The Spanish government is not at tins day to bo isi- 
 forined that, cruel as war, iu its mildest forms, must be, it is, 
 and necessarily must be doubly cruel, wi»en waged with sava- 
 ges ; that savages make no prisoners, but to torture tliem ; 
 that they give no quarter ; that they put to dcatli without dis- 
 crimination of age or sex ; that tlicse ordinary characteristics 
 of Indi^ warfare have been applicable, in their most heart- 
 sickening horrors, to that war, left us by Nicholls, as his leg- 
 acy, re-instigated by Woodbine, x-Vrbuthnot and Anihrister, 
 and stimulated by the approbation, encouragement, and the 
 aid of the Spanish commandant at St. Marks. Is^proof rciiuir- 
 ed ? Intreat the Spanish minister of state, for a moment, to 
 overcome the feelings which details like these must excite, and 
 to reflect if possible, with composure, upon the facts stutcd in 
 the following extracts from the documents enclosed ; 
 
 Letter from sailing master Jarius Loomis, to commodore 
 Daniel T. Patterson, 1.3th August, 1816, reporting the de- 
 struction of tlie negro fort. 
 
 "On examining the prisoners,- they stated that Rxiward 
 Daniels, 0. S. who was madie prisoner in the boat, on the ITtii 
 July, was tarred and burnt alive.^* 
 
 Letter from Archibald Clarke to general Gaines, 26th 
 Feb. 18ir. 
 
 " On the 24th inst. the house of Mr. Garrett, residing \n< 
 the upper part of this county, near the boundary of Way^ic 
 county, (Georgia) was attacked, during his absence, near the 
 middle of the day, by this party, (of Indians) consisting of 
 about flfteen, who shot Mrs. Garrett in two places, anil tijen 
 despatched her by stabbing and scalping. Ilcr two children, 
 om^ about three years, and the other two months old, were al- 
 so murdered, and the eldest scalped ; the house was then plun- 
 dered of every article of value, and set on fire." 
 
 Letter from Peter B. Cook (Arbuthnot's clerk) to Eliz. A. 
 Carney, at Nassau, dated Suwahneo, 19th Jan. 1818, givi ig; 
 an account of their operations with the Indians, agaisist thq 
 Americans, and their massacre of itcut. Sc>ott and his p rty. 
 
 "There was a boat that was taken by the Iii'.ians, ami had 
 ill it thirty men, seven women, four small children. Tlu'O 
 were six of the men got clear, and one woman savotU and :;il 
 the rest of them got killed. The children were to(;k by luo 
 leg, and their brains dashed out against tlie boat." 
 
 If the bare recital of scenes like these cannot be nornsc'i 
 without shuddering, what must be the agonized feeiinr:;^ c;L- 
 those whose wives and children are, from day to day. a ' ' ^ 
 wight to night, exposed to be the victims of the same bavba; v ' 
 
is 
 
 Has inci'cy n voice to pleatl for the perpetrators and instiga- 
 tors of deeds like these? Sliould enquiry liereafter he made, 
 \vhy, wilhiii three nioiitlis alter this event, the sava.t»e Hamath- 
 li Micro, up )!i heing t;il;'3:i hy the American troops, was, hy 
 order oftlieir cum(n:iiiilcr, immediately hung, let it be tohl, 
 that that savage was the commander of the party by which 
 those wonen were hiilcliercd, and those helpless infants were 
 thus d islicd agiiiijst the b:)at. Contending with such enemies, 
 altliough hiimaniJy revolts at entire retaliation npon them, 
 and spares t!ie lives of tlje feeble and defenceless women and 
 chlidien, yet merry iicrsclf siirrendars to retributive juBtico 
 t!ic lives of th( ir leading warriors taken in arms — and still 
 more the lives ol" tlie foreign, white incendiaries, who disown- 
 ed by their* own governments, and disowning their own na- 
 tures, degi'ade themselves beneath the savage character, by 
 voluntarily descending to its level. Is not this the dictate of 
 common sense ? Is it not the usage of legitimate warfare ? Is 
 it not cori^'-onant to the soundest authorities of national law? 
 ''Wiienat war (says Vultel) with a ferocious nation, which 
 observes no rules and grants no quarter, tiiey may be chas- 
 tlscu in tl'.e persons of those of tliem who may be taken ; they 
 are of the number of the guilty ; and by this rigor the attempt 
 may be made of bringing them to a sense of the laws of Iin- 
 nmnity." And again : ••' As a general has the right of sacri- 
 fiting the lives of kiis enemies to his own safety or that of his 
 people, if he has to contend with an inlimnan enemy, often 
 guilty of some excesses, he may take the lives of some of his 
 pi^|s(ji)ers, and treat them as his own people have been treat- 
 ed." The justification of these principles is found in their sal- 
 ntary cfiicaey, for terror and for exanjplc.— It is thus only that 
 the barbarities of Indians can be su;:cessfully encountered. It 
 ft thus only that the worse than Indian barbarities of Europe- 
 an impostors, jM-cfending aiithority from their governments, 
 but always disavip.ved. ca»i be punislied and arrested. Great 
 Britain yet engages the alliance and co-opei-ation of savages 
 in war. IJut In-r govcrjjjment has invariably disclaimed all 
 countenance or authorization to her subjects to instigate them 
 aguinst us in time of peace. Yet so it lias lia])pened, that 
 li om tl)c period of our established independence to this day, 
 (i!l the Indian wars with which wc have been afllictetl, have 
 been dist::ctly traceable to the instigation of English traders 
 qr agents, always disavowed, yet always felt, more than once 
 detected, hut never before ininished. Two of them, offenders 
 of the deepest \\y(\ after solemn warning to theij* government, 
 and individually to o!ic of then), have iixWdn^ Jlngruutc delicto^ 
 into the huuds oi' an American general j and the puiuihuicnt 
 
39 
 
 inflicted upon them has fixed them on (ugh as an example, aw- 
 ful in its exhibition, but, we trust, auspicious in its results, of 
 that which awaits unautliorised pretenders of European agen- 
 cy, to stimulate, and interpose in wars between the United 
 States and Indians, within their control. 
 
 This exposition of the origin, the causes, and the character 
 of the vTar with the Seminole Indians and part of the Creeks, 
 comliincd with McGregor's mock patriots and NichoU's ne- 
 groes, which necessarily led our troops into Florida, and gave 
 rise to all those incidents of which Mr. Pizarro so vehemently 
 ccmplains, will, it is hoped, enable you to present other and 
 sounder views of the subject to his Catholic majesty's govern- 
 ment. It will enable you to show that the occupation of Pcn- 
 sacolai and St. Marks was occasioned neither by a spirit of 
 hostility to Spain, nor with a view to extort prematurely, 
 the province from her possession ; that it was rendered neces- 
 sary by the neglect of Spain to perform her engagements of 
 restraining the Indians from hostilities against the tJi\ited 
 States, and by the culpable countenance, encouragement and 
 assistance given to tliose Indians in their hostilities, by t\ic 
 Spanish governor and commandant at those places: That 
 the Unite4 States have a right to demand, as the president 
 does demand, of Spain the punishment of those officers for 
 this misconduct J and he further demands of Spain a just and 
 reasonable indemnity to the United States for the heavy and 
 uecesssary expenses which then have been compelled to incur, 
 by the failure of Spain to perform her engagement, to re- 
 strain the Indians, aggravated by this demonstrated complici- 
 ty of her commanding officers with them in their hostilities 
 agaihst the United States : That the two Englishmen execu- 
 ted bt the order of general Jackson were not only identified 
 with the savages, with whom they were carrying on the war 
 againsUhe United States, but that one of them was the mo- 
 ver andfomenter of the war, which, without his interference 
 and fals^, promises to the Indians of support from the British 
 governnent, never would have happened — that the other was 
 the instiument of war against Spain as well as the United 
 States, ommissioned by McGregor, and expedited by AYood- 
 bine, up)h their project of conquering Florida with these 
 Indians and npgroes : That, as accomplices of the savages, 
 and, sinnig against their better knowledge, worse than sav- 
 ages, gencal Jackson, possessed of their persons a,nd of the 
 proofs of leir guilt, might, by the lawful and ordinary usages 
 of war, h ve hung them both without the formality of a trial : 
 That, to ,lIow them every ""possible opportimity of refuting 
 the proofs or of showing any circumstance in extenuation hi' 
 
 

 
 
 
 their crimes, fic gave (licni llin bci q qh 896 258 8 
 
 highly rP8i)Cct<\blo oflicors : 'I'lint im nvmn,.- «. w..v- v 
 
 C(l, soKly and rxclusivoly, of trcliniral cavih at Ihc nature of 
 j»art of the ovidrnre agaiiiHt liim, and the other rotilpsspd his 
 guilt. Finally, that, i;i rcpluritjg IVnparola and St. Marks 
 to Spain, the prQ.sidtnt gives the. most signal proofs of his 
 ronfidenco, that hereaftc:' her cngagnnrnt to restrain, hy 
 force, the Indians of Floritla fioni ail hostilities against the 
 United States, will be < ftVitually I'nllillcd ; that there will be 
 no more miirdt is, no more robheries within our Itordrrs, by 
 savages ^nowlin;^ aloig the Spanish line, and socking shelthr 
 S^thin i,f. to i!is))hiy in tlicir villngts the scalps of our women 
 an(K;hfldrei:, (Iieii* Victims, and to sell, with shameless oflTron- 
 tcry, /lie phinder from onr citizens in Sj)anish forts and ci- 
 
 ' ' \ from Spanish gover- • 
 y to perform the du- 
 ties of their oliice and t!ie srdemn contracts of their conntry— 
 yip inore excuses for compliances to the savage eiieniies of the 
 Ilfnited States, from the dread of llieir attacks upon' them- 
 selves — no inorc liarhrn-ing of foreign impostors, ijpon com- 
 j)ulsion ; that a Ktrcngtb sufiicicnt will he kept in the pro. 
 
 vincc to restrain^thc Indians" by force, and officers cmpo*-- 
 cred and instiucteti to employ it cHectnally to maintain tiic 
 good faith of the r-ation, h} fh<' en>cj,i\c lulfilment of the treat}'. 
 The duty of this goverp.uient to jnoleer the persons and piro- 
 jierty of our iellow citii^eMS, on the bordei.s of the United 
 States, is imperative — it must he diseharged— and if, after ^11 
 "the warnings tliat Spain has had — if, after the prostration of dll 
 her territorial rights and neutral obligations, by Nicholls 
 and his banditti, during the v.ar, and of all Iut treat; stipu- 
 lations, by Arhr.thnot and Ambrister, aheited by her own 
 commanding i ccvs, during the peace, to the cruel arjnoyancc 
 of the United nates — if thcneccssities of self dcfescc should 
 »ga(n compel the United States to take possession of the 
 Spanish forts and ydaccs in Floiida. declare, with tne candor 
 and frankness that bcco'.nori us, that another unmnditional 
 restoration of them must not be expected; that cvei the pre- 
 sident's confidence in the r:ood faith and nltimalajiistlce of 
 the Spanish government v, ill yield to the painfu' Experience 
 of continual disappointment ; and tliat, after unvcaried and 
 rvlmosi unnumbered appeals to them, for the pcformance of 
 H'eir stipulated duties, in vain, the United States uill be rc- 
 ictartly compelled to rely, Ay the protection ^/^ their bor 
 '^rs, jspon themselves alone. ' ) 
 
 I I'.avu the honnr, &,r. 
 
 JOU.N QUINCYiADAMS. 
 
 
 k. fj 
 
r««C"'°^CO^GRE