m TEE ^ 3L S ■» ii Class. 77^0 Book . C ? M^. Final Report ofth M issouri Counci of Defense / -, / ^ -The supreme authority of the Comm on- Wealth in relation to the State s duty to the Nation during the entire period of the War." — -Gov, Frederick D. Gardn er. > JUL H 19t9 "THE COMMON CAUSE'^ YOUR State, in extending its National Defense organization by the creation of community councils, is in my opinion making an ad- vance of vital significance. It will, I believe, result, when thoroughly carried out, in welding the Nation together as no Nation of great size has ever been welded before. It will build up from the bottom in under- standing and sympathy and unity of purpose and effort, which will no doubt have an immediate and decisive effect upon our great undertaking. You will find, I think, not so much a new task as a unification of existing efforts, a fusion of energies now too much scattered and at times some- what confused into one harmonious and effective power. It is only by extending your organization to small communities that every citizen of the State can be reached and touched with the inspiration of the common cause. The school has been suggested as an apt, though not essential, center for your local council. It symbolizes one of the first fruits of such an organization, namely, the spreading of the realization of the great truth that it-is e^ch one of us as an individual citizen upon whom rests the ultimate responsibility. Through this great new organization we will express with added emphasis our will to win and our confidence in the utter righteousness of our purpose. — WOODROW WILSON. AT the beginning of the organization of these Councils, I made it understood that every State department was to co-ordinate with the State Council in the war work, and the result is a defense organ- ization which is not excelled in any State of this country. This is not because we have built up in the counties, in the townships and in the school districts an organization which merely runs beautifully, but, through the organization we have been able to concentrate the patriotism of the three and a half million people of Missouri in patriotic effort. Without the defense organization, while the patriotic spirit would have been there, still it would have been quiescent or dissipated, and without channels to express its real effectiveness. —GOV. FREDERICK D. GARDNER. MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL Honorary President, FREDERICK D. GARDNER Governor of Missouri W. F. Saunders, Secretary. F. M. Robinson, Secretary. C. W. Armour, Kansas City *J. T. Bird, Kansas City Rev. W. C. Bitting, St. Louis George Warren Brown, St. Louis B. F. Bush, St. Louis Mrs. B. F. Bush, St. Louis Paul \V. Brown, St. Louis Thornton Cooke, Kansas City James Cowgill, Kansas City C. H. Daues, St. Louis Walter S. Dickey, Kansas City I. B. Dunlap, Kansas City G. H. Edwards, Kansas City C. F. Enright, Jefferson City Fred W. Fleming, Kansas City John H. Galeener, Sikeston L. C. Hamilton, St. Joseph John T. Heard, Sedalia Archbishop J. J. Glennon, St. Louis W. T. Kemper, Kansas City Henry W. Kiel, St. Louis William H. Lee, St. Louis R. A. Long, Kansas City Frank W. McAllister, Jefferson City James H. McCord, Jefferson City F. B. MuMFORD, Chairman, Columbia, Dean, College of Agriculture. Hugh Mclndoe, Joplin E. E. E. Mcjimsey, Springfield Elliott Marshall, St. Joseph John F. Morton, Richmond *Joshua Motter, St. Joseph E. D. Nims, St. Louis R. B. Oliver, Cape Girardeau J. F. Osborne, Joplin C. O. Raine, Canton Walter Robertson, Marshall Sidney J. Roy, Hannibal S. R. Schmutz, Mayview John ScuUin, St. Louis Lee Shelton, Kennett E. W. Solomon, Bernie David Sommers, St. Louis Cecil W. Thomas, Jefferson City Cyrus P. Walbridge, St. Louis W. W. Wheeler, St. Joseph Edwards Whitaker, St. Louis J. C. Whitsell, St. Joseph M. L. Wilkinson, St. Louis Robert S. Withers, Liberty R. T. Wood, vSpringfield Huston Wyeth, St. Joseph Robert A. Glenn, Acting Secretary, Jefferson City *Deceased. MISSOURI LEADS FOOD INCREASE ^•^v■j Results of 1917 MISSOURI RISES IN RANK 1916 Val»iall crops S26I 269.000 1917 VaUilltrgps $46.036 000 1916 Bank I4lh 1917 Rank Sih What for 1918 THE FARMERS PATRIOTISM <1 The Missouri (armers ore I., he cunKralrilaleil ..n Ihis i;reat achievemeni or 10171 •jWhat for 1018 y soi;iation. Chambers of Commerce, (-arm Bureaus. Iirani:es. l-armers Anions, f^armers Cluhs. County School Superintendents, Cit.N. Rural and Acricultural Newspapers and mam other palriolK agencies, ALL WIlRklNQ TOUETMER. helped in producing this great crop. MISSOURI COUNCIL of DEFENSE . MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Report of the Missouri Council of Defense To His Excellency, Honorable Frederick D. Gardner, Governor of Missouri. SIR: I have the honor to submit herewith a report of the activities of the Missouri Council of Defense for the period beginning from its creation, April 24, 1917, to its final official dissolution on January 31, 1919. This report is not intended to be a complete and extensive statement of all the services rendered by the Council throughout its existence but is necessarily limited to a brief statement of the more important activities for which the Council was responsible. The greatest single achievement of the Missouri Council of Defense has been in the direction of maintaining the morale and strengthening the will of the people of our commonwealth in their devotion to the nation and their determination to win the war. This accomplishment was the indirect result of the many projects promoted through the organization. As we look back now upon the record of the nearly two years of the existence of this organization it becomes more and more apparent that the two great outstanding and immeasurable results of the work initiated by this organization were first, the development of a state-wide organization through which the Council could function; and second, the increased production campaign which resulted in a greater percentage and per capita production in Missouri than probably any other single State in the Union. The plan of organization included first the appointment of a County Council of Defense and later the appointment of township councils of defense, all of these organizations co-operating with and working under the direction of the State Council. When the Council finally dissolved there were more than 12,000 patriotic citizens, men and women of Missouri, reaching to every county, every township and every hamlet, all eager and anxious to render some service that should be a distinct con- tribution toward winning the war. Missouri was one of the first states in the United States to organize a State Council and the Missouri Council of Defense was one of the first to inaugurate the plan of organizing County and Township Councils. The wisdom of this early decision to perfect a complete and thorough-going organization has manifested itself on every occasion throughout the period of the war. One MIvSSOlTRI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE The increased production campaign was of such a notable character that it is worthy of special mention since it not only accomplished a tremendous increase in the great staple food products of Missouri but is typical of the uniform policy of the Council in projecting all of its activities during the entire war. In the increased production campaign, as in all other similar activities, it was the policy of the Council of Defense to co-ordinate the existing State agencies and to work through the State departments, boards, commissions and institutions rather than to undertake independently a campaign which would result only in duplication, waste and confusion. In every activity we have found all the State departments, commissions, boards and institutions prepared to co-operate to the fullest extent and the Council cannot speak in too high terms of the splendid patriotism of all the officials of the State during the great war. The indirect results of the growth of patriotic fervor due to the numerous activities of the Council cannot be described nor adequately measured in a report of this kind, but it is not too much to say that the magnificent record of Missouri and her uniform patriotic response to every call made upon her by the nation was in no small measure directly traceable to the work of this Council. It is a matter of the greatest satisfaction that in all of our plans we have had the fullest and most complete co-operation of yourself. The Chairman desires to express here his sincere appreciation of the valuable advice and counsel and the patience and wisdom with which you have given consideration to the alTairs of the Council. Respectfully submitted, F. B. MUMFORD, Chairman. Two MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE The Missouri Council of Defense History of Its Organization The Missouri Council of Defense, as a part of the Council of Defense system throughout the nation, came into existence with a swiftness that marked the events of the early days of the war. On April 2nd, 1917, the National Congress assembled in special session and was addressed by the President, who asked Congress to declare war. On April 4th the United States Senate adopted a war resolution which was adopted April 6th by the National House of Representatives. On the same day the President issued the proclamation of war with Germany. On April 9th the Secretary of War addressed a letter to the various Governors asking for the establishment of State Councils of Defense. On April 12th, Governor Gardner issued a proclamation inviting representatives from every walk of life and business to meet with the State Board of Agriculture in the New Capitol Building on Monday, April 23rd, 1917, at ten o'clock, to hold a War Conference and mobilize the resources of every kind of Missouri to aid the National Government in the conduct of the defense of the country. This Conference was called to order promptly on the above date by Mr. Philander P. Lewis, President, State Board of Agriculture, and addressed by Governor Gardner, who spoke in part as follows: "As Chief Executive of this State, I now wish to repeat that which I have formerly said, that so far as the people of Missouri are concerned, from North to South, from East to West, we stand, regardless of race, creed or color, united and inseparable- one and all for our nation and our flag forever." "This Nation has been anxious to maintain friendly relations with the German government. We have not been unmindful of the historic friendship of the two peoples. We have not been unmindful of the fact that millions of our best citizens— your friends and my friends — are of German name and descent. We have not been unmindful of the fact that family ties are interwoven and sacred as between these two nations. But the German government as at present constituted does not represent the German people; but in view of the fact that it is the only authority with which this Nation may negotiate; and in view of their wanton disregard of our rights, the MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE murder of our women and children, their refusal to permit us to travel the seas in peace, there was nothing left for this Nation and our people to do but to defend our honor and our inalienable rights, if it requires the last man, to establish the principles for which we stand. And now that the die has been cast, there is only- one course to pursue, and that is the course that will drive the ruler and the government, which have so llagrantly misrepresented the German people, from their position of power, that the German people themselves may see the triumph of democracy, and enjoy peace forever." Look, if you will, from the dome of this great building, across the millions of acres of the finest farm lands over which the eagle has ever spread his wings. Look again, and you will see the man: There is the patriot; there he stands, the farmer, the golden sheaf of wheat in one hand and the Stars and Stripes in the other. Beside him stands the boy, holding aloft an ear of Missouri corn; and wrapped about the corn, to signify his undying patriotism, the Red, White and Blue. And there is the Missouri farm house; the mother in the doorway; the daughter by her side, both ready, if the country calls, to see the father and the son go to defend the nation's honor. Was ever a Florence Nightingale at the battle of Balaklava more tender than the farmer girl, if the nation needed her services to care for the wounded and dying? "And cotton is still king! There lie to the vSoutheast, the great fields of Missouri. And there lie twenty million acres of virgin tillable soil, capable of supporting two million people. "And there are the Ozarks, the great dairy and poultry section; sheep and cattle ranges; and the fruit garden of America. Even now, on this glorious April day, we can scent from afar, the perfume which seems to fill the air; it comes from the millions of peach, pear and apple blossoms of that wonderful country. "There are the wonderful mines of Missouri — untold wealth locked up in her mines of zinc, lead and other minerals; and these metals, moulded into shot and shell, could supply an army of thousands of men for years to come. And Missouri's coal mines could furnish coal to light the fires of every furnace in this great nation for 325 years to come. "At another glance we see the millions of acres of virgin forests. The thousand ships, which the President wants, will be built from timbers from Missouri forests, and hardly enough will be removed to show from whence they have been taken. ' 'And this great river at our feet, to carry war supplies to the ocean for the nation. M ISSOITRI COl'XCIL OF DEFENSE "This, then is New Missouri. This is the mobilized State. This the State of one people, one sentiment, and one flag; ready to co-operate; ready to sacrifice; ready tosulTer. How proud we should be to be called "Missourians!" What an opportunity for you and for me, and for every man, woman and child in the State, to be of some service to the nation! Missouri Council of Defense — "In order that the State of Missouri may render the greatest service to the Federal Government and make effective all the activities of the vState enlisted in the national service, I recommend the creation of a State Council of Defense." At the conclusion of the Governor's address, the Chairman appointed the follow- ing Committees: Committee on Permanent Organization, T. J. HEDRICK, Jackson County, .Chairman. Committee on Resolution, F. B. MUMFORD, Dean, Missouri College of Agriculture, Columbia, Chairman. The Conference adjourned at twelve o'clock noon to reconvene at one-thirty P. M. Awaiting the report of the Committees, many patriotic addresses were made, the theme commonly expressed being that Missouri's greatest field of assistance to the nation was in increasing her food production. The Chairman of the Committee on Resolutions, Dean F. B. Mumford, presented the following report, which was unanimously adopted. "In the war upon which America has entered, the agriculture of this country will be put to the supreme test. Already the nations of the world which are engaged in the great struggle may be facing a world-wide famine. The success or failure in this war will be determined by the ultimate food supply. The World's Food Reserves Are Low — The outlook for even a normal wheat crop this year is unfavorable. In 1915, America produced ten bushels of wheat per capita; in 1916 six bushels, consuming fi^ at home and exporting 2h bushels. The wheat estimates for 1917 are only 63 per cent of a normal crop and the latest reports are that a similar condition exists throughout the world. In Missouri the estimated produc- tion is only 59 per cent of normal. The number of cattle and hogs now on feed in this state is but 55 per cent of the number on feed one year ago. Gardens — We urge the cultivation of every available lot or plot of ground, and its use for the growing of vegetables and garden truck. We approve the enlistment of the public schools and public school pupils for this purpose. We commend the Five MISvSOlTRI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE organization of boys and girls into garden, canning and poultry clubs, under the joint direction of the Extension vService of the College of Agriculture and the public school authorities. We join in urging the planting of beans, potatoes, tomatoes, chard, sweet potatoes, beets, and such other vegetables as will materially add to the food elements necessary to human life. Universal Service — We approve the principle of universal selective service, that the army and navy may have men, the industries workers, and the farms the labor necessary for maximum production and to that end this conference strongly endorses the administration bill providing for a 'selective draft, universal military service,' and we urgently recjuest our Senators and Representatives in the National Congress to use their best efforts and cast their vote in behalf of this measure and the secretary is instructed to send a copy of this resolution to each member of the Missouri Dele- gation in the National Congress. Federal Regulations — We urge the adoption by Congress of the recommendation of the Secretary of Agriculture which would grant to him under proper restrictions and at the proper time the power to fix minimum and maximum prices of food stuffs, to regulate all agencies of distribution, and to prohibit speculations in food products. We especially approve of Secretary Houston's recommendation for an appropriation by Congress of $25,000,000 for making a food sur'"ey, increasing food production, enlargement of the co-operative demonstration forces and such other activities as may be deemed necessary for the national defense. Prevent Waste — We appeal to all the people of Missouri to eliminate every source of waste in the home, that while every effort is being made to increase production so as to prevent suffering, no food stuffs shall be uselessly taken from the world's supply. And to that end we are in hearty sympathy and full accord with every movement and effort of the Federal authorities to place an effective ban on the use of corn and all other foodstuffs for the manufacture of intoxicating drinks during the continuation of the present war in which the United States is engaged. Co-operation — Every organization and individual in Missouri is invited to lend assistance to the agencies already at work, rather than to form new bodies having the same purposes in view. All present agencies should be subject to the general supervision of the Missouri Council of Defense. The most effective work can be accomplished by the active co-operation of local bankers, commercial clubs, and other bodies with the State Council of Defense, and with county boys and girls clubs, public schools, county farm bureaus, or other agencies which it may suggest or approve. We suggest the formation of local companies of able bodied boys under military age that, at the call of the State Council of Defense, they may be ready for Six MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE semi-military assignment to such work as may be necessary to secure maximum production of food products. The Farmer at Work — The Missouri farmer has already demonstrated his patriotism by exerting unusual effort to help meet the food and feed emergency and is deserving of the active co-operation of all the financial and commercial interests of the State. It is the patriotic duty of all commercial organizations to assist all worthy farmers in the State who may need credit for planting and cultivating their crops. And the bankers serving on the Resolution Committee, backed by fifty of the bankers present here today, hereby give the Governor assurance that the bankers of the State in general, and of each county in particular, are able, wilhng and ready to co-operate in extending to all needy and worthy applicants such material assistance and credit as may be necessary to meet local conditions. The Farmers' Opportunity — This is a time of great responsibility and brings with it the greatest opportunity that has ever been presented to the farmers of this country. The farmer will be both wise and patriotic if he exerts every energy towards the maximum production of food crops. Maximum production must come in two ways, first by widely extending the acreage planted to food crops. This is the year to increase largely the areas planted to corn, wheat, potatoes and all vegetables. Second, by growing a maximum crop on every acre. Apply fertilizers. Plant tested seed of known productiveness. Cultivate with unusual thoroughness. Build More Silos — An acre of corn preserved in a silo will produce twenty-five per cent more beef, pork or mutton than when harvested by the ordinary method. Grow Staple Crops — This is no time to experiment with unusual and untried crops. Plant all waste ground to some profitable crops which may be used for food for man or animal. Increase the number of hogs; plant rape for forage; increase the acreage in potatoes and beans. Plant special forage crops and feed good dairy cows the maximum ration. Every housekeeper should put up two years' supply of canned fruits and vegetables. Where cans are not available all fruits and vegetables that can be dried should be preserved in this manner and in larger ciuantities than ever before. The methods to be followed in obtaining maximum production have been definitely worked out. Farmers may get this information quickly and without cost by applying to the College of Agriculture or the State Board of Agriculture. Missouri Council of Defense — In order that the State of Missouri may render the greatest service to the Federal government and make effective all the activities M I S vS O U R I COUNCIL OF DEFENSE of the State enlisted in the national service, we recommend that the Governor appoint a Missouri Council of Defense. It shall be the duty of such body to serve with him and to co-operate with the National Council of Defense and to place at the service of the nation without restriction all the resources and activities of the State of Missouri. Loyal to the State and National Leaders — This state-wide Missouri Conference on Food and Public Defense does unreservedly approve and commend the progressive and patriotic spirit of Governor Frederick D. Gardner in calling this convention through the Board of Agriculture; we endorse the actions and policies of President Woodrow Wilson and the Congress of these United States, and we do pledge to the Governor of Missouri and the President of the Nation the unqualified support of each and every Missouri citizen in this unparalleled struggle for world peace and human liberty." Creation of Missouri Council of Defense Creation of Missouri Council — After which, the Conference adjourned, and on the morning of April 24, 1917, Governor Gardner announced the creation of the Mis- souri Council of Defense in the following statement: "The idea of a State Council of Defense is an outgrowth of the old vState Council of Safety of the Revolutionary War. The duties of such a Council, among other things, are: 1st. To mobilize and conserve all the resources of the State. 2nd. To co-operate with the War and Navy Department, the Secretary of Agriculture, the Federal Trade Commission, and the Council of National Defense. 3rd. To assist in a movement to prevent uneconomic speculation in the necessaries of life. 4th. To take the lead in all movements for assisting the farmer, also in exploiting the advantage of municipal and community gardening; shall co-operate with the College of Agriculture, State Board of Agriculture and the Superintendent of Schools, etc. 5th. In brief, this Committee will be the supreme authority of the common- wealth in relation to the State's duties to the nation during the entire period of the war." Eight MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DISPENSE A list of the members as appointed follows: Dean F. B. Mnmford, Chairman, Col- umbia, Mo. Thornton Cooke, President, Missouri Bankers' Ass'n, Kansas City Walter S. Dickey, Kansas City \V. T. Kemper, Commerce Trust Co., Kansas City Wm. H. Lee, St. Louis George W. Brown, St. Louis Melville L. Wilkinson, St. Louis Rev. W. C. Bitting, St. Louis Archbishop John J. Glennon, »St. Louis Elliott Marshall, St. Joseph Hugh Mclndoe, Joplin Robert Withers, Liberty B. F. Bush, St. Louis Members subsequently appointed. C. W. Armour, Kansas City J. T. Bird, Kansas City Mrs. B. F. Bush, St Louis Paul W. Brown, St. Louis James Cowgill, Kansas City C. H. Danes, St. Louis L. C. Hamilton, St. Joseph John T. Heard, Sedalia James H. McCord, Jefferson City John F. Morton, Richmond E. D. Nims. St. Louis Cecil W. Thomas, Jefferson City E. E. E. Mcjimsey, Springfield Lee Shelton, Kennett S. J. Roy, Hannibal Frank W. McAllister, Jefferson City Mayor Henry W. Kiel, St. Louis Geo. H. Edwards, Kansas City John H. Galeener, Sikeston R. T. Wood, Springfield David Sommers, St. Louis C. O. Raine, Canton E. W. Solomon, Bernie S. R. Schmutz, Mayview R. A. Long, Kansas City Fred W. Fleming, Kansas City I. B. Dunlap, Kansas City J. F. Osborne, Joplin R. B. Oliver, Cape Girardeau Walter Robertson, Marshall John Scullin, St. Louis Cyrus P. Walbridge, St. Louis W. W. Wheeler, St. Joseph Edwards Whitaker, St. Louis Huston Wyeth, St. Joseph C. F. Enright, Jefferson City J. C. Whitsell, St. Joseph Missouri was practically the first state after the declaration of war to hold a War Conference and create a State Council of Defense. The Missouri State Council of Defense, as appointed by the Governor, held its first meeting in the City of St. Louis on April 28th, 1918. Chairman Mumford called the meeting to order. The Council proceeded to organize by electing Dean F. B. Mumford permanent Chairman of the Council, appointing a Committee to select the location of head- cjuarters and to select a permanent Secretary. MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Mr. William H. Lee was nominated for Treasurer and unanimously elected. On May 8th the Council again met in vSt. Louis and voted to establish headquarters in Jefferson City. Mr. William Flewellyn Saunders was made Secretary. The Council met June 1st at the Planters Hotel in St. Louis, and at this meeting planned a budget of expenditures to include the support of the women's auxiliary, and discussed plans for the opening of the offices. The office headcjuarters of the Missouri Council of Defense were opened June 17th in the Senate Chamber of the Temporary Capitol Building, where they remained until the opening of the New Capitol in October, 1917, to which it moved and remained throughout its existence. Successive meetings of the Missouri Council of Defense were held as follows: June 22nd, 1917, Jefiferson City, Mo. July 19th, 1917, St. Louis, Mo. July 21st, 1917, Kansas City, Mo. August 8th, 1917, Joplin, Mo. August 29th, 1917, Springfield, Mo. September 26th, 1917, Sedalia, Mo. November Sth, 1917, St. Joseph, Mo. December 12th, 1917, Jefferson City, Mo. January 16th, 1918, Columbia, Mo. March 20th, 1918, Kansas City, Mo. June 1st, 1918, Hannibal, Mo. July 12th, 1918, Cape Girardeau, Mo. September 10th, 1918, Kansas City, Mo. September 26th, 1918, Sedalia, Mo. December 11th, 1918, Jefferson City, Mo. January 10th, 1919, St. Louis, Mo. The final meeting of the Missouri Council of Defense was held at the vSt. Louis Club, vSt. Louis, January 10th, at which time the following resolution was adopted: "The Missouri Council of Defense was appointed by the Governor of the State to be the supreme authority of the Commonwealth in relation to the State's duty to the nation during the entire period of the war. "Technically, we are still at war with the Central Powers, but actually the war has been won, and it is therefore our judgment that the primary purpose for which the Council was organized has been accomplished. The Council therefore has taken the following action: MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 1. The efficiency and the patriotism of the County Councils of Defense is a source of profound gratification and we recommend that all local Councils of Defense continue intact for such service in connection with reconstruction activities as may later be determined. 2. The Chairman is requested to notify all employees of the Council, except the Acting Secretary and one stenographer, that their services will be no longer required after January 25, 1919. 3. That a report of the work of the Council of Defense throughout its existence be prepared by the Acting Secretary under the direction of the Chairman; that this be printed in an edition of 2500 copies. 4. The Chairman is hereby authorized to turn over all files and records, including such filing cases as are clearly essential for preservation of the records, to the Missouri State Historical Library, at Columbia, Missouri. 5. The Chairman is authorized to appoint an Auditing Committee to have a proper audit of all accounts and a committee to dispose of the property of the Council at public auction. The proceeds of such sale to be deposited with the Treasurer and the funds thus collected to be used in payment of any just claims against the Council. 6. The Missouri Council of Defense hereby releases all committees and members of County, Township and Community Councils from all further obligations and announces that it will no longer assume the responsibility of directing such com- mittees and local councils, assuming that all proper functions will hereafter be continued by the various regular State agencies. Eleven MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Agriculture and Food Production The Committee on Agriculture and Food Production, as originally provided by the Missouri Council of Defense, was composed of F. B. Mumford, Chairman, Missouri Council of Defense, Council Member; A. J. Meyer, Director of the Agricultural Extension Service, Chairman; Jewell Mayes, vSecretary of the Missouri State Board of Agriculture; Paul Evans, Director of the Missouri Fruit Experiment Station, and C. T. Patterson, Director of the Missouri Poultry Experiment Station. Early in the year 1918, Messrs. C. T. Patterson and Paul Evans left their posi- tions, and T. W. Noland and F. W. Faurot were appointed as their successors, thereby automatically becoming members of the committee on Agriculture and Food Production. At a meeting of the committee, March 11, 1918, the following sub- committee were authorized and chairmen named: Sub-committee on Live Stock, chairman, C. E- Yancey, Liberty, Mo.; sub-committee on Horticultural Products, chairman, John Evans, Olden, Mo.; sub-committee on Farm Crops, Horace Windsor, Boonville, Mo. General Method of Work This committee has proceeded throughout its existence on the theory that its greatest service could be rendered by supporting the agricultural production projects of established institutions and organizations rather than by initiating new and independent lines of effort, which, at best, could only duplicate, and at worst might seriously conflict with, established activities representing the Federal and State governments, which were already under way and which were operating with financial budgets of considerable size. This committee had no financial budget. In accordance with the foregoing theory, the first work of the committee was to make a survey of the field and discover agencies with which it might co-operate. These were found to include the following: (1) The County Council of Defense organization including especially the county organizations; (2) The College of Agriculture with its extension Service, including county agricultural agents, home demonstra- tion agents and boys' and girls' club workers; MIvSSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE (3) The State Board of Agriculture with its Farmers' In- stitute workers and other extensions representatives who, in both regulatory and educational capacities were encouraging food production and all 'round devel- opment of agriculture; (4) The Poultry Experiment vStation at Mountain Grove, Mo., with its facilities for reaching the poultrymen of the state in the interests of increased production of poultry products; (5) The Missouri Fruit Experiment Station at Mountain Grove, Mo. (6) The Public vSchool System of the state headed by the Department of Public Schools at Jefferson City, Mo. (7) The office of the Commissioner of Labor; (8) The Federal Food Administration of Missouri with its various divisions in counties, towns and cities; (9) The various agricultural organizations and organiza- tions of women formed in the interests of food conser- vation. All of the foregoing served as a regular channel of communication through which the committee was enabled to render more or less direct service in bringing Missouri into the war, aggressively and positively. Because of the fact that all of its work has been co-operative in character, no claim is made by the committee for the full credit, or for any definite portion of the credit, for results accomplished as indicated in the succeeding sections of this chapter. Literature and Publications During the term of service of the committee there have been distributed in the state of Missouri the following publications and special leaflets: College of Agriculture: Extension Service Circulars: No. 22. The Way to Grow and Use Sudan Grass. No. 23. Drying of Fruits and Vegetables. Fourteen MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Extension Service Circulars — Continued: No. 24. Crops for Overflowed Lands. No. 25. War Breads. No. 26. The Story of a Backyard Flock. No. 27. Work of a Farmers' Exchange. No. 28. Fertilizers for Wheat. No. 29. Growing Wheat in Missouri. No. 30. Farm Cheesemaking. No. 31. Farming on a War Basis. No. 32. vSilos and Silage. No. 33. Community Live Stock Breeding. No. 34. Tile Drainage. No. 3). Pickles and Relishes. No. 36. Hogging Down Corn. No. 37. Sweet Clover. No. 38. Farm Buildings for Missouri. No. 39. Farm Lighting Systems. No. 40. The Emergency Agricultural Agent. No. 41. Principles of Sewing. No. 42. Hog Butchering and Pork Curing. No. 43. Profitable Dairy Herds through Cow Testing. No. 44. How to Select and Store Household Linens. No. 45. How to Cook vSoybeans and Cowpeas. No. 46. How to Save Fats. No. 47. How to Save Sugar. No. 48. How to Test Seed Corn. No. 49. Water Systems for Farm Homes. ■ No. 50. Cottage Cheesemaking. No. 51. vSelection and Management of Dairy Bull. No. 52. Canning by the One-Period Cold Pack Method. No. 53. Storing Vegetables. No. 54. Prevent Insect Damage. No. 55. The Winters' Feed vSupply. No. 56. Fattening Lambs on Forage. No. 57. Making a Simple Wash Dress and Middy Blouse. No. 58. Grain Judging for Boys' and Girls' Clubs. No. 59. Winter Eggs for Missouri. No. 60. Handling the Alfalfa Crop. Fifteen MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Extension Service Circulars — Concluded : No. 61. Liming for Clover. No. 62. Handling Barnyard Manure. No. 63. Pure Bred Live Stock and the Average Farm. No. 64. Potato Culture for Missouri. Experiment Station Bulletins : No. 147. Work and Progress of Experiment Station 1915-16. No. 148. Soil Experiments on Ozark Upland. No. 149. Preparations of Corn for Fattening Steers. No. 150. Corn Silage in Rations for Fattening Steers. No. 151. How the Station Works. No. 152. Cost of Horse Labor on the Farm. No. 153. The Soils of Missouri. No. 154. Inspection of Commercial Fertilizers, 1917. No. 155. Meat Scraps and Sour Milk for Egg Production. No. 156. Milk Production Costs and Milk Prices. No. 157. Fertilizer Trials — Wentzville Experiment Field. No. 158. Winter Rations for Dairy Heifers. No. 159. Profits from Milk Cows on General Cornbelt Farms. No. 160. Inspection of Commercial Fertilizers, 1918. Experiment Station Circulars: No. S3. The Home Vegetable Garden. No. 84. How to Keep Farm Accounts. No. 85. The Farmers' Beef Club. State Board of Agriculture: Vol. 15, No. 6. vSam Jordan's Corn Talk. Vol. 15, No. 7. The Small Vegetable Garden. Vol. 15, No. 8. War Time Farming. Vol. 15, No. 9. Growing and Feeding Meat to Animals. Vol. 15, No. 10. Horses and Mules. Vol. 15, No. 11. Live Stock Questions and Answers. Vol. 15, No. 12. Missouri Crop Review. Vol. 16. No. 1. The Farmer and the War. Vol. 16, No. 2. The Control of Hog Cholera in Missouri. Vol. 16, No. 3, Farm Questions and Answers (Part 1). Vol. 16, No. 4. Farm Questions and Answers (Part 2). Vol. 16, No. 5. Farm Questions and Answers (Part 3). Sixteen MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE State Board of Agriculture — Continued. Vol. 16, No. 6. Farm Questions and Answers (Part 4). Vol. 16, No. 7. Dividing the Dollar. Vol. 16, No. 8. The New Patriotism. Vol. 16, No. 9. Live Stock in War Time. Vol. 16, No. 10. Co-operation Among Farmers. Vol. 16, No. 11. A Farm Club for Women. Vol. 16, No. 12. The Farmers' Club. Missouri Poultry Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 8. Swat the Rooster and Hints on Marketing of Eggs. Bulletin No. 4. The Fool Proof Poultry House. Bulletin No. 15. Incubation and Brooding. Circular No. 16. Swat the Rooster (Market Infertile Eggs During Summer Months). Bulletin No. 17. Year Book for 1917-18. Missouri Fruit Experiment Station: Circular No. 9. Spray Schedule for Grapes. Circular No. 10. Effect of Various Dressings on Pruning Wounds of Apple Trees. Circular No. 11. vSpray Schedule for Grapes. Circular No. 12. Varieties of Apples for the Home Orchard. Circular No. 13. Peaches, Plums and Cherries for the Home Orchard. Circular No. 14. Small Fruits for the Home Orchard. Circular No. 15. Growing the Home Orchard. Bulletin No. 23. Common Orchard Troubles. Spray Calendar Card. These publications were distributed in various ways and through various agencies, and met the needs of the committee so far as subject matter literature was concerned. In connection with the special silo campaign, a propaganda leaflet was issued, under the auspices of the Missouri Council of Defense, by the College of Agriculture. A circular letter giving instructions with reference to war gardens was widely circu- lated over the state and another circular letter making special appeal for the testing of seed corn in the spring of 1918 was issued and widely distributed. Speaking Campaigns The College of Agriculture through its extension service, and the State Board of Agriculture through its Farmers' Institutes, were especially fortunate in being able to reach in a direct, personal way, food producers in practically every county Seventeen MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE of the state. Congress, by a generous war emergency appropriation, made it possible for the College of Agriculture to locate in the state forty-two county agricultural agents and twenty-seven county home demonstration agents. In addition to this, the work of food conservation was carried to the three largest cities of the state by a force of seven special city workers. In the Ijeginning of the home demonstration work, the state was distril^uted into fourteen districts with a demonstration agent in each district, who gave her time principally to giving instruction in methods of canning vegetables and in demon- strating the various substitutes that people were compelled to know about in order to follow the rules of the Federal Food Administration. A similar practice was followed in the agricultural work. Here the district agents were continued until after the close of the war, the number gradually decreasing as the force of district workers was taken over into regular county work. Altogether the College 'of Agri. culture, through its extension service lay co-operation with the l^nited States Depart- ment of Agriculture, was able to place in the field 118 men and women, who gave their time exclusively to help farmers and housekeepers to meet the needs of the war from a production and conservation standpoint. Sixteen members of the State Board of Agriculture staff gave their time partially or wholly to similar work. The Mountain Grove Poultry Experiment .Station gave the services of three men for part-time extension work during the war, while the Fruit Experiment Station gave the full time of one man to field service. In this way, every demand of the government from a subject matter standpoint was carried to the field by word of mouth, thus supplementing the printed material as well as the speakers who were sent out from other sources. Supplying Farm Help F'rom the beginning of the war, the State Labor Commissioner, co-operating with the United States Department of Labor, developed an active program to supply Missouri farmers with needed help in their agricultural operation. The various County Councils of Defense likewise interested themselves in this matter. The United vStates Department of Agriculture, co-operating with the College of Agri- culture, employed on April 1, 1918, a so-called Farm Help Specialist, who, from the time of his appointment, gave his attention principally to the matter of organ- izing farmers and townspeople so that local farm help needs might be cared for, in the main, locally. The farm help specialist started his work in active co-operation with the committee, and continued this relationship throughout the season. Eighteen MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE As matters dev-eloped, this entire line of work turned out to be more a matter of preparedness than of real service, since the combination of a favorable season and a not too rapid withdrawing of farm help under the army draft enabled Missouri farmers for the most part to gather their crops without experiencing a serious labor shortage. Too much cannot be said of the long hours which farmers everywhere accepted as their portion of military service in meeting the labor shortage without sacrificing production. In practically every town of any size, a volunteer movement was developed at harvest time by which town people went to the country to assist in saving the wheat crop. For the most part, the people from the towns confined their activities to shocking, although in a number of cases the same persons were active at threshing- time. Altogether, 202 farm help directors were appointed in the state, and served their communities in mobilizing local help to tide over the peak-load periods during the season. From the best evidence available, no crops have been lost because of lack of labor to handle the crops. This is particularly true where farmers utilized the services of their local farm help directors. In all cases, these farm help directors co-operated actively with the local councils of defense. Development of County Agent Work One of the activities to which the committee and various county councils of defense gave special attention was the development of county agent work. Missouri went into the war with fifteen counties having county agricultural agents. At the time of this report, this number has been increased to forty-two. It was appreciated that the ciuick way to place Missouri at the head of other states in food production was to place a trained agricultural leader in all of its good agricultural counties. Unfortunately this goal was not reached, but the record of twenty-seven new county agents added to the force already in the field is one with which the committee is especially gratified. At the date of this report, the following Missouri counties are organized with farm bureaus employing co-operatively with the College of Agriculture and the United States Department of Agriculture county agricultural agents: Counties Having Agents Prior to the War: Butler Chariton Buchanan Greene Cape Girardeau Jackson Carroll Johnson Knox St. Charles Marion St. Francois Pettis Scott Saline Nineteen MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Counties Starting County Agent Work Since the Beginning of tlie War: Adair Howell LaFayette Pemiscot Caldwell Holt Madison Pike Clark Howard Mississippi St. Louis Clinton Jasper Montgomery vSullivan Cass Linn New Madrid vStoddard DeKalb Lincoln Newton Vernon Dunklin Livingston Perry Webster Gentry It is impossible to record all the results accomplished through the influence and efforts of the county agricultural agents. A few of the more outstanding results include the following: 1917 1918 Total number of acres of corn known to have been grown ac- cording to suggestions of county agents 27,941 885,641 Total number acres wheat so grown 12,213 197,899 Total number acres alfalfa so grown 990 1,730 Total number acres sweet clover so grown 102 223 Total number acres soybeans so grown 4,037 8,740 Number farms selecting seed corn in fall 1,110 5,492 Number farms testing seed corn for germination 107 19,018 Number acres planted with fall selected seed corn 13,220 186,826 Number acres planted with tested seed corn 5,190 655,948 Number acres planted with wheat treated for smut 48,802 Number acres oats treated for smut 3,468 2,585 Number orchards pruned and sprayed according to sugges- tions of agents 340 481 Cow testing associations organized by agents 3 5 Number cows in such association 1,630 2,013 Live Stock breeders' associations formed 5 21 Total membership in such associations 376 859 Animals tested for tuberculosis on suggestion of agent 646 3,010 Animals treated for black leg on suggestion of agent 6,842 3,857 Hogs vaccinated for cholera on suggestion of agent 4,996 50,350 Crop rotation systems planned and adopted 57 115 Farms using commercial fertilizers on suggestion of agent. . . . 1,409 2,564 Farmers keeping farm accounts on suggestion of agent 61 233 Total number of farm hands supplied by county agents 186 1,745 Twenty MISSOl'RI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Total number of farm visits made for the purpose of giving 1917 1918 definite information on agriculture 4,779 13,752 Total attendance at such meetings 27,315 172,582 Agricultural articles written by agents for use in papers 10,171 2,079 Home Demonstration Work Throughout the war the problem of food conservation has gone hand in hand with that of food production. A number of states in the union had already demon- strated the efficiency of county agents trained in home economics and experienced in household practice as a means of assisting women to follow the methods of food conservation which were absolutely demanded by the needs of the war emergency. From time to time throughout the two years past, the food administration has issued necessary regulations with reference to the use of substitutes and the conserving of special classes of foodstuffs. In order to meet the demands of the food administration, it became necessary for housewives to largely reorganize and readjust their food practices. This created a wide demand for information. Much of this information was given out by means of the printed page, but here again, as in every phase of war work, the most effective activities were those that received personal direction through personal contact. The College of Agriculture, through funds furnished by the United States Department of Agriculture, as an emergency measure, was able greatly to increase its force of state workers. Early in 1917, a canning campaign was instituted in the state, with the result that practically every county was reached with one or more demonstrations showing how to can vegetables by the cold pack method. Following this, an active cam- paign to teach methods of conserving wheat flour was conducted throughout the state. Women everywhere were encouraged to e.xpand their garden and poultry operations, or to take over these activities where they had previously been the interests of men. During the latter months of 1918, special stress was laid upon clothing conservation. In this work, the needs of the infant and child have not been forgotten. Increasingly great attention has been paid to miscellaneous and general child welfare work. Records are not available to show the total extent of results accomplished. From extremely incomplete records available it is shown that 658,633 quarts of vegetables and fruits were canned at home as a direct result of home economics Twenty-one MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE extension work; that 37,417 pounds of dried fruits were produced, and that 10,500 dozens of eggs were preserved for winter use. Altogether, 250,000 circulars relating to food conservation were distributed over the state. In addition to this, consid- erably over 100,000 multigraphed sheets have been distributed to the women of the state on subjects of immediate interest. The following counties have been supplied with county home demonstration agents since the beginning of the war: Barton Butler Cape Girardeau Chariton Clay Cole Dunklin It is anticipated that many of the counties will make provision, in co-operation with the College of Agriculture and the United States Department of Agriculture, to retain the home demonstration work as a permanent educational feature. The committee feels that its interests in creating sentiment favorable to the employment of county agricultural and home demonstration agents has been, in an indirect way, the most outstandingly useful of its various lines of work. Greene JefTerson Marion Harrison Johnson Mississippi Holt LaFayette Montgomery Howell Lincoln St. Francois Jackson Linn Sullivan Jasper Livingston Vernon Junior Activities One of the first matters to receive the attention of the committee on agriculture and food production, was that of encouraging junior activities in food production. Every town in the state was urged especially to form garden clubs so that the town back-lot might become productive, and so that the boy or girl in town and country might lend his hand to a war activity which was strictly within his power and which, at the same time, would contribute to the winning of the war in an immediately direct manner. The result of this appeal, combined with similar appeals from various other sources, has been most gratifying. The boys and girls of the state responded in a most thoroughly patriotic manner. It is only under special conditions that accurate data has been kept, so that any figures which we might present would be deceiving because of their incompleteness and because of the lack of definite information as to the extent of such incompleteness. Twenty-two MISSOURI C O l^ N C I L OF DEFENSE There are available, however, definite records of that phase of jvmior work club organized and directed by the College of Agriculture. This probably represents only a small fraction of the actual amount of work done by boys and girls, but a few of the more outstanding records are quoted for whatever they may be worth: Poultry Clul)s: 1917 1918 Number members enrolled 1,208 2,482 Value of product $5,533.00 $ 13,614.00 Pig Clubs: Number members enrolled 293 805 Value of product $ 9,325.86 $ 24,781.30 Canning Clubs: Number members enrolled 4,135 1,840 Value of product $ 1,660.08 $ 15,001.55 Sewing Clubs: Number members enrolled 2,880 4,140 Value of product $ 7,132.10 $ 0,392.75 Garden Clubs: Number members enrolled 390 8,990 Value of product $ 5,328.00 $ 25,136.75 Bread Baking Clubs: Number members enrolled 603 739 Value of product No data Wheat Increase Five special campaigns are particularly deserving of mention in connection with the increasing of the food production of Missouri. In the summer of 1917, the Federal Government asked Missouri to increase its fall sowing of wheat five per cent. Imme- diately a well-organized campaign, promoted through the various county councils of defense, was extended over the entire wheat producing area of Missouri, with the result that Missouri's actual wheat acreage was increased more than four times what was requested by the Federal Government. The actual acreage sown in the fall of 1917 was 2,875,000, as compared with 2,400,000 which the United States Government asked for. The actual yield resulting from this increased acreage was 52,258,000 as against a previous five-year average of 31, .500, 000. Twenty -three MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Pork Production Immediately at the close of the wheat campaign, there was launched a special pork production campaign in order to meet a demand from the Federal Government that Missouri increase its output of pork fifty per cent. It was realized from the beginning that so large an increase could not be expected. Nevertheless, the various County Councils of Defense placed the needs of the world before the hog producers of Missouri, and they came back with a response increasing the actual production of pork in the state something like twenty per cent. It is impossible to give an exact figure, since there is no way of obtaining a positive record as to the amount of pork produced in any given year. Seed Corn Testing In the spring of 1918, the committee entered upon a vigorous campaign to en- courage universal testing of seed corn to be sure that only corn of assured growing power should be planted for the 1918 crop. Under the leadership of the Missouri Council of Defense every corn-growing county in the state took up the work. Each County Council of Defense was asked to appoint a seed corn chairman and practically every county responded. Governor Frederick D. Gardner issued a special proclamation calling attention to the importance of testing seed corn as a war measure. The field staffs of the State Board of Agriculture and College of Agriculture gave their active attention to the campaign. County superintendents and teachers encouraged their children to test seed corn. The papers of the state gave their columns freely to the furthering of seed corn testing. Every public and private agency in the state that might have some influence was concentrated on the one object of making Missouri's 1918 stand of corn as near one hundred per cent as good seed could make it. And this, in spite of the fact that over one-half of the corn intended for seed was worthless, because of the unusual weather conditions that had prevailed during the fall and winter of 1917-18. The corn testing campaign met with the success it deserved. Never in the history of the state did Missouri start the year with a more promising stand of corn. Later drought conditions turned promised bumper yields into a near failure over most of the state, but the corn growers had done their full share in starting right. Much of the credit for the good start belongs to the men, women and children, who gave themselves so enthusiastically to promoting the seed corn germination test. Twenty-four MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Poultry Culling In the late summer and early fall of 1918, a special poultry culling campaign was organized in Missouri for_the purpose of showing poultry raisers how to select out the non-producing hens. As a result of this campaign, 7,383 flocks were culled in forty-five counties of the state. It is a conservative estimate to say that the disposal of the slacker hens from over 7,000 flocks has saved feed to the value of more than $175,000. Second Wheat Campaign The wheat campaign to encourage a still greater increase in acreage was repeated in the summer of 1918, at which time special emphasis was also laid upon treating all seed wheat to prevent smut, which, in past years, has been taking a large toll from Missouri wheat growers. As a result of this campaign, practically every county in the state sowed more smut-free wheat than has ever been sown in the history of the state. The committee has records of approximately 50,000 acres sown to treated seed wheat, and it was estimated that several times this number of acres, of which there is no record, were likewise sown to treated seed. Judged by the amount of formaldehyde sold in Saline County to treat wheat, that county alone is estimated to have at least 90,000 acres seeded to treated wheat. Other counties claim to have a considerable portion of their total wheat area sown to smut-free wheat. The effect of this work will be evident in the next harvest. Again Missouri took a great forward step in increasing her wheat acreage, running the total sowed for the year 1919 crop up to 4,243,000 acres, according to the crop estimate of the Missouri State Board of Agriculture. Silo Campaign The Councils of Defense in thirty-five counties co-operated with the committee in making a silo survey as a preliminary to an extended campaign to encourage the building of a larger number of silos on Missouri farms. As a result of this survey, the various state and Federal agencies entrusted with the continuance of the agri- cultural activities of the Missouri Council of Defense, came in touch with over 1,000 Missouri farmers who were interested in silo building. Twenty-five MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Marketing Committee The Marketing Committee of the Missouri Coimcil cf Defense was composed of Jewell Ma\'es, Secretary- of the State Board of Agriculture, Chairman; Messrs. C. O. Raine, Master of the State Grange; E. W. Solomon, President of the Missouri State Farmers' Union; C. W. Schmutz, President of the Missouri State Farmers' Asso- ciation, and Professor A. J. Me\^er, Director of Agricultural Extension, Missouri College of Agriculture. Others interested in the problems of production and dis- tribution worked with the Marketing Committee. One conference was held in St. Louis, in co-operation with the Agricultiu-al Committee, along with the agricultural departments of the Missouri Pacific, Iron Moimtain, the Frisco, the Wabash, other railroads and other activities of agricul- ture. The Agricultural Committee of the Missouri Council of Defense heartily and constantly co-operated and made every effort in the interest cf the producer and the consumer in times of war. The Chairman had the opportunitj^ and duty cf conducting in a very limited way a State Bureau of Marketing through the Missouri Clip Sheet of the State Board of Agriculture, doing this work without an\' expense to the Missouri Council of Defense. In the critical times of seed com planting, seed com selection, seed com buying and distribution, in the spring time and late winter of 1918, the Marketing Com- mittee was very active and issued special editions of lists of all known holders of good seed com, conducting a ver>' considerably large amount of correspondence in getting together the man who had seed corn to sell with the man who desired to buy Mis- souri-grown seed corn. Not only with seed com, but in all farm seeds and farm crops the Committee co-operated, and in a very great many instances assisted the producer in finding a ready market for his special and regular products. Beans, garden and truck field products, special fruits and other special crops were thus marketed. The Committee helped quite a large number of live stock raisers to dispose of their surplus stock or stocks necessary to be sold because of drought or shortage of feed, lack of farm help, or for other reasons. In seeming and distributing farm help, this "Marketing Committee" was quite active, working with State Labor Commissioner \V. H. Lewis and the U. S. Depart- ment of Labor. The Committee also co-operated with the Missoiui State Prison Board in the distribution and sale of Missouri-made binder twine. Twenty-six M I S S O I" R I COUNCIL OF D E F E X S E AX APPRECIATIOX The Committee on Agriculture and Food Production desires to express its appreciation of the vigorous and effective manner in -which the press of the state has given its co-operation in furthering all activities looking toward increased food production. The active cc-opera- tion of the various County Councils of Defense, county agricultural agents, and various individuals acting on their own responsibility has made it possible for the committee to function in the capacity for -which it was created. In the absence of a budget, we desire particularly to give recognition to the material assistance rendered by the secretaries of the Missouri Council of Defense, as well as other officials connected with the central execu- tive office. Twenty-seven MISSOl'RI COl^NCIL OF DEFENSE The Missouri Division of the United States Food Administration Dean F. B. Mumford of the College of Agriculture of the University of Missouri and Chairman of the Missouri Council of Defense, was appointed Federal Food Administrator for the State of Missouri on October 19, 1917. He formed a ten- tative office organization by the immediate appointment of T. J- Talbert as Executive Secretary, Don D. Patterson, Assistant to the Food Administrator, Mildred Irish, stenographer, and by transferring Edith O. Briggs, at that time stenographer for the Dean of the College of Agriculture, to the Food Administration. As Chairman of the Missouri Council of Defense, Dean Mumford had already formulated county and township organizations throughout the State to carry on the work of the Council. When he became Food Administrator for Missouri, he immediately began the work of building up an organization similar to that of the State Council. Many of the County Chairmen of the Council of Defense were appointed County Food Administrators. By uniting the Missouri Division of the Council of Defense, the Missouri Division of the United States Food Administration, and the Missouri College of Agriculture, with its various extension workers, Mr. Mumford had an organization which in many respects was not surpassed by any other State. By enlisting the services of the Chairmen of the Women's Committee of the Council of Defense, as well as the various county chairmen, a real working organization was built up in the State which was most effective in carrying out the program of the United States Food Administration. Merchant Representative— M. L. Wilkinson of St. Louis was appointed Merchant Representative on October 10, 1917. The closest co-operation was maintained between the Merchant Representative and the Federal Food Administrator in the distribution of literature and all other work undertaken by him. Home Economics Director— Miss Louise Stanley, Chairman of the Department of Home Ivconomics of the University of Missouri, was appointed Director of Home Economics on October 10, 1917. Miss Essie M. Heyle succeeded her in this work on June 15, 1918. Twenty -nine M I S S O U R I C O U N C I L () F DEFENSE Most of the work of the Home Economics Director was with the County Food Chairmen and Home Demonstration Agents. In January, 1918, the work of making and displaying window exhibits was begun. These exhibits were displayed weekly in the various counties until April. Window exhibits were distributed in 42 towns, 418 being sent out weekly in March. Food Administration Schools were organized in March, 1918. This work grew rapidly from the beginning, so that in April there were 27 in Kansas City, 45 in St. Louis, and 30 outside these two cities. The attendance at each of these schools ranged from 20 to 75 persons. The first group of students was graduated in June and more than 1000 certificates were issued to those completing the course. Food preservation courses were organized in May, but were not such a success as they would otherwise have been, on account of the drought. In counties having a large negro population, classes for negro women were also organized. The activities of the Home Economics Director up to November 1, 1918, may be summarized as follows: 32 Counties were reached 278 demonstrations given 43 addresses made 146 special articles published 6657 bulletins distributed. Family Food Pledge Enrollment Campaign — The first work undertaken by the Food Administration was the Family Food Campaign, which was begun on October 28th. Approximately 1,000,000 Missourians signed the pledge. Missouri was the first State in the Union in number of signers to the Food Conservation Pledge in proportion to population, and second only in total number of signers. Motion Picture Chairman — In October, Mr. A. D. Flinton was appointed Motion Picture Chairman of the State, and literature and suggestions were distributed in co-operation with him from time to time to motion picture establishments of the State. Distribution of Literature — In October the distribution of the Food Administra- tion literature was begun. The main channels of distribution were as follows: County Food Administrators; County Food Chairmen; Deputy County Food Administrators; County Agricultural Agents; Home Demonstration Agents; Public Libraries. Through these channels, editions of all publications were distributed, varying usually from 3000 to 5000 copies. In many cases, however, 10,000 to 50,000 copies of various publications were distributed. Thirty MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Chairman of Library Publicity for Missouri — Much splendid co-operation in the distribution of literature was given by Miss Elizabeth Wales, who was appointed Chairman of Library Publicity for Missouri, on February 11, 1918. Chairman of Speakers' Bureau — In October, 1917, W. F. Saunders, Secretary of the Missouri Council of Defense, was appointed chairman of the Speakers' Bureau of the Missouri Di\'ision of the LTnited States Food Administration. Pledging Public Eating Places — Following the Family Food Campaign, on November 1, a campaign for pledging hotels and restaurants was inaugurated, and the co-operation of approximately 3,000 hotels and public eating places was secured. St. Louis Food Administration Committee — During the month of November, 1917, the Food Administrator began the selection of County Food Administrators for each county in the State. A Food Administration Committee was appointed for St. Louis City. This committee consisted of W. F. Gephart, Dean of the vSchool of Commerce and Finance of Washington University, Chairman; S. P. Goddard of the Goddard Wholesale Grocery Company; Charles Hertenstein, Chairman of the Efficiency Board of St. Louis and President of the Typographical Union. Enforcement Division — In December, 1917, the Enforcement Division was organized, with Lee Walker in charge. Hotel Chairman — In January, 1918, Mr. Frank J. Dean of Kansas City w'as appointed Chairman of the Hotel and Restaurant Committee for Missouri. Mr. Dean was succeeded on October 9, 1918, by John D. Tellman of the Hotel Jefferson in St. Louis. Appointment of County Food Administrators; Use of Council of Defense — By January 31, 1918, County Food Administrators had been appointed in 102 counties. In many cases, the County Food Administrator named was also the Chairman of the County Council of Defense. In all cases the County Council of Defense was asked to make recommendations for appointment of County Food Administrators. The organization of the State Council of Defense was used consistently by the State Food Administration, and was valuable in carrying out its initial campaigns, as the State Council of Defense had perfected its organization prior to the inception of the Food Administration. Retail Grocers Pledged — On January 29, 1918, a campaign was started through the County Food Administrators to obtain pledges from retail grocers to co-operate with the Food Administration. Changes in Handling Press Matter — During January important changes were made in the manner of handUng press matter by Vaughn Bryant, who took charge Thirty-one MISvSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE of the work the hitter part of December. These changes aided the editors in the handling of copy. County Organization — By March 1, County Food Administrators had been appointed in all Missouri counties except two. The County Food Administrators were in turn proceeding with their local organizations, 300 deputies and assistants having been appointed on the al)Ove date. Appointment of Women Food Chairmen — In order to further strengthen the county organization the appointment of Women Food Chairmen was begun on Februarys, 191S, in each county, and up to March 1, seventy of thesehad been selected. The Woman Food Chairman of each county did excellent work in connection with Food Conservation Exhibits at coimty fairs and also at the vState Fair. Distribution of the 1918 Home Card — During February, 191S, the distribution of the I9I8 Home Card and the Corn and Oat Recipe leaflets was undertaken. Approximately (')00,000 Home Cards and recipes were distributed in the State. Progress of County Organization Work — During March the appointment of County Food Administrators in the State was completed. Four hundred and sixty- one deputies and assistants had also been appointed, and eighty-eight women Food Chairmen. Grain Threshing Campaign — During April, the Grain Threshing campaign was started. County Threshing Committees were organized, consisting of the County Food Administrator, County Agricultural Agent, and the Chairman of the County Council of Defense. After a list of the names of all threshermen had been obtained through the County Food Administrators and County Agricultural Agents, a pledge campaign was begun to enlist the co-operation of all the threshermen. In this cam- paign approximately 5,000 threshing machine owners pledged as members of the United vStates Food Administration. The object of this campaign was to eliminate waste at threshing time, and to get all threshing outfits in first class repair before the threshing period. W. E. Powell of Columbia was selected as Threshermen's Assistant. Later V. C. Carter and R. E. Carder were appointed as assistants. Potato Campaign — A campaign to increase the consumption of potatoes was carried on during April. In this campaign bulletins, leaflets, stories, plays, etc., were distributed to the schools of the State, and special letters sent to large users of potatoes with recipes for their use. Allotment of Sugar for Canning and Preserving, April, 1918 — The plan followed by Missouri in allotting sugar for canning and preserving was adopted in April. In order that all might receive their proper share and no more of the sugar available Thirty-two MISSOl'RI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE for home canning, a Consumers' Canning and Preserving Certificate was devised. The maximum amount that could be purchased at one time was placed at 25 pounds. First Issue of Food Administration Bulletin — The first issue of the Food Administration Bulletin appeared in April. This was published weekly and sent to all County Food Administrators and their deputies, County Agricultural Agents, Home Demonstration Agents, Chairmen of the Women's Committees, and others interested in the work of food conservation. It contained all announcements of the Missouri Food Administration, new rules and regulations, and other information of value to members of the Food Administration. County Food Administrators' Conference, June 25 and 26, 1918 — A conference of the County Food Administrators of Missouri was held in Columbia June 25 and 26. Sixty-five County Food Administrators, representing every sfection of the State, were in attendance. J. \V. Hallowell, from the Washington office, spoke to the Administrators. Return of Flour — Estimates from County Food Administrators indicate that up to July 1, 1918, about 1,000,000 pounds of flour were returned to the regular channels of trade in Missouri, as a result of the Flour Conservation program. Bakery Inspection — In May, the organization and supervision of bakery inspection work in Missouri, which had been prior to that time under the direction of the St. Louis Station of the Pure Food and Drug Inspection, was transferred to the State Administrator's office. Egg and Poultry Division — In June, 1918, H. L. Kempster of the Poultry Department of the University of Missouri was appointed as Specialist in Charge of the Egg and Poultry Division of the Missouri Food Administration. Sugar Rationing — On May 15, 1918, a force was employed and organized for the handling of the sugar rationing of manufacturers. Inspectors Appointed — Three inspectors were added to the Columbia organization during May. These were George P. Bauer, N. D. Evans, and S. P. Dalton. The Grain Threshing Campaign which was begun in April was actively continued during May, June and July. Co-operation between the farmer and the threshermen was obtained and in many cases fair prices were agreed upon. Twenty-five counties were visited by the threshermen's assistants and approximately 120 machines were inspected. Conservative estimates made at the end of the season, October, 1918, indicate the amount of grain saved in Missouri as a result of the Grain Threshing Campaign was 400,000 bushels. Thirty-three MISSOl'RI COUNCIL OF DKFENvSE Negro Deputies — On August 22d, James B. Coleman was appointed State Director for work among negroes. Through the immediate appointment of deputies in counties of sufficient negro population to warrant the work, an attempt was made to organize the negroes of Missouri for food conservation work. Use of Permanent Organizations — vSpecial efforts were put forth to use every permanent organization itself for carrying out the rules and regulations of the Food Administration and for getting before the people of the state educational material in regard to the necessity of conserving food. Churches and fraternal organizations of the State were important mediums of communication. Special messages from Mr. Hoover and other educational matter were sent to the heads of the various fraternal organizations and to the ministers. With the aid of Mrs. George H. Still, President of the Missouri Federation of Women's Clubs, various women's organizations in the vState were effective channels through which educational material was sent. Through these societies, and through the County Food Administrators and their Assistants and Deputies, was sent literature, such as wheatless recipes and various means of conserving food. In this way the housewife was reached directly. Through the organization of Home Demonstration Agents of the Agricultural Extension Service and the County Agents, much valuable work in food conservation was accomplished. Demonstration work in cooking was carried on throughout the state by members of the Agricultural Extension Service and the District and County Agents. Demonstrations in the use of surplus potatoes, canning and preserving demonstrations, baking without wheat, community canning and drying, and things of a similar nature were given by the members of the Agricultural Extension Service. The close co-operation of the Council of Defense, the Agricultural Extension Service, and the Food Administration resulted in getting into practically every part of the state the urgent necessity of food conservation. Decreased Flour Consumption — A questionnaire was sent to the County Food Administrators during May, requesting an estimate of the decreased sales and consumption of sugar and Hour. The following is a summary of the replies: Decreased Sales of Sugar, average in 76 counties — 36| per cent. Decreased Sales of Flour, average in 76 counties — 50 per cent. Decreased Consumption Sugar, average in 65 counties — 865 per cent. Decreased Consumption Flour, average in 65 counties — 51 per cent. Thirty -four MIvSSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Enforcement Division The Enforcement Division of the United States Food Administration for Missouri consisted of the following: Lee walker, in Charge of Enforcement, assumed charge December 17, 1917. Jos. B. Thompson, inspector, appointed April 1; trans- ferred and placed in charge of Baking Division, May, 1918. J. E. Barnett, inspector, appointed May 6, 1918; served until June 4, 1918. N. D. Evans, inspector, appointed May 13, 1918; trans- ferred to Sugar Division July 10. George P. Bauer, inspector, appointed April 13, 1918; dropped December 1st, 1918. S. P. Dalton, Assistant in Enforcement, appointed June 3, 1918. W. B. Nowell, Jr., in Charge of Supervision Section, Price Publication and Distribution, appointed September 9. H. J. Maltby, inspector, inspector in Supervision Section, appointed September 4, 1918. W. H. Pollard, inspector in Supervision Section, appointed September, 1918, volunteer. W. A. Kliefoth, inspector, in Supervision Section, appointed August, 1918, volunteer. N. H. Pyle, Assistant Field Supervisor, appointed November 1st. Ed Hughes, inspector in Supervision Section, appointed August, 1918, volunteer. Boyd Harwood, inspector in Supervision Section appointed August, 1918, volunteer. S. P. Goddard, inspector in Supervision Section, appointed August, 1918, volunteer. E. M. Majors, inspector in Supervision Section, appointed November 16, volunteer. In addition to the staff at the ofhce of the Federal Food Administrator for Missouri the County and Deputy County Food Administrators constituted members of the Enforcement Division. Thirty-five MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE In St. Louis the Administrator for the City of vSt. Louis was given practically complete control of Enforcement for that city and maintained an enforcement Division. Methods of Enforcement Investigations — Investigation of complaints and conditions was usually made through County Administrators or their deputies. Inspectors from the State office visited County Administrators and made investigations. Hearings — In minor cases hearings were held at the office of the County Administrator. In major cases hearings were held at the Columbia office. Where hearings were held by County Administrators they were reported to Columbia. No penalties were imposed until hearings were held and a complete statement of the facts submitted. Penalties — Penalties were enforced only after hearings either at Columbia or at the office of the County Administrator. The County Administrator was permitted to recommend penalties but not permitted to impose penalties. Minor penalties were imposed by the Columliia office and in any cases where action by the Washington office was necessary or desirable they were referred there with recommendations. The general policy was to insist on voluntary closings rather than money contributions. There were some revocations of license and some money contribu- tions. In addition there were certain cases where the offender discontinued the sale of certain commodities as a penalty and still other cases where the place or business was merely posted. The principal complaint against MILLS was that they violated the regulations fixing prices of wheat mill feeds. Generally such mills were small concerns. Little complaint was made against the larger concerns. Complaints against WHOLESALERS were for exacting excessive prices. Complaints against RETAILERS were numerous. Perhaps the most numerous were in order as follows: 1. vSale of wheat Hour without substitutes. 2. Sale of excessive quantities of wheat flour. 3. Exacting excessive profits. 4. Violations of sugar regulations. Complaints against BAKERS were principally failure to use the required proportion of substitutes in baking. Th irty- six MISSOl^RI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Perishables Numerous cases involving perishables and rejections were adjusted by this Division. On November 14th the Kansas City Administrator made a statement of the settlement of cases of perishable shipments and the following is a ciuotation from that statement: "Our statement shows that we have had under consideration since August 1st, 1918, including the forty-two cases which were then unsettled, one hundred and fifty-six cases. Of these, seven have been settled by arbitration and one hundred and seven by adjustment, while forty-two are pending. Of the forty-two, twenty probably will have to be arbitrated." Numerous other cases were handled throughout the State in the manner prescribed by the Enforcement Division at Washington. In this connection it should be stated that the Bureau of Markets at Kansas City and vSt. Louis rendered invaluable service in making inspections. Their co- operation was perfect. Requisition of Wheat Prior to the harvest in 191S the Enforcement Division secured the marketing of great quantities of wheat which had been withheld from market for various reasons by growers. In all some 400 cases were taken up and disposed of by letters written direct to the holders of the wheat, followed up not only by other letters but by the County Food Administrators. Most of these cases were reported by the Grain Corporation whose reports were received from grain dealers throughout the State. It was necessary to requisition only one stock of wheat. Wide publicity was given the case with the result that no other cases arose. Field Supervision Section This section was organized in vSeptember, 1918, with the assistance of Mr. M. A. Christopher, Field Supervisor, for the purpose of making inspections of the books and records of licensees. The system proved to be a great improvement upon the old system of reports by licensees. Thirty-seven MISSOl'RI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Field Supervision Division The Field Supervision Section was established on September 9, when \V. B. Newell, Jr., was added to the staff. He also had charge of Price Publication and of Distribution. By close co-operation with the Enforcement Division, the work of Field Supervision progressed rapidly. The work of inspection began the week of September 9th. During the weeks beginning vSeptember 16th and 23d, the largest number of inspections were made through volunteers, and by Mr. W. H. Pollard and Mr. F. T. Shepard, General Field Supervisors. Field Supervision work covered the following licensed trades: Wholesale and retail groceries, bakers' supply houses, merchandise brokers, creameries, fruit and produce dealers, and commission merchants. With few exceptions, licensees conformed strictly to the rules and regulations since the first inspection was made. Records were improved, and violations of maximum margins were so small as to be classified as technicalities. Distribution Division The Distribution Division was established on September 9, 1918, and W. B. Nowell, Jr., placed in charge. Distribution problems were confined principally to delivery by retail grocery stores and retail meat markets. A large percentage of wholesale grocers, however, also adopted the plan of one delivery a day throughout the State. In addition, this system was adopted by the dairies, department stores, and many others of less importance. The following are the lines of business, listed according to their importance as conservation measures: Retail Grocers. Retail Butchers. Dairies. Wholesale Grocers and Jobbers. Department Stores, etc. When the Distribution Division began advocating the one-delivery-a-day plan, or the co-operative delivery plan, the following towns were reported as having already established this system, as this was begun by the Conservation Division of the State Council of Defense in November, 1917, and had extablislied conservation measures in^a large number of towns of 2,000 population or more: Thirty-eight AIIvSSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE St. Louis Kirkwood West Plains Webster Groves Sikeston Warrensburg Cape Girardeau Fredericktown Maryville Kansas City Joplin Poplar Bluff Chillicothe Columbia Jackson Holden Elvins vSpringfield The following additional towns and cities adopted this plan or a plan equally as economical, on or before December 1, 1918: Nevada Brookfield Lowry City Liberty Kahoka New Madrid Marionville Bowling Green Washington Doniphan Mexico Sedalia Excelsior Springs Shelbina Weston Fulton New Haven Hannibal Lebanon Appleton City Princeton Ironton Grant City St. Joseph Palmyra Union Marshall The following towns discontinued retail delivery entirely: Ozark Charleston Waynesville Monroe City Caldwell Linn Lutesville Through this conservation measure, which was very essential during the war, it is estimated that the one-delivery-a-day system alone reduced man-power 38 per cent and the financial cost was reduced about 42 percent, thus creating a saving to the merchants and consumers throughout the state at the rate of about $10,000,000 annually. Educational Division The Educational Division came into being when Don D. Patterson was appointed Assistant to the Food Administrator on October 29, 1917. Mr. Patterson resigned on December 15th to enter an officers' training camp. Vaughn Bryant was appointed Publicity Representative to succeed Mr. Patterson on December 17th. In February, all Publicity Representatives and Directors of Public Information of the Food Administration were designated as Educational Directors, and since that time the Publicity Division has been known as the Educational Division. Thirty-nine MIvSSOT'RI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Mr. Patterson began issuing a weekly news service for the country papers in manuscript form. vSoon after his appointment, Mr. Bryant changed this to printed slips containing headlines and so arranged that editors could use the stories in their papers with little effort on their part. This news service was used extensively in all the country papers of Missouri. In addition to this weekly service for country papers, special daily stories and features were sent at intervals to the larger daily papers of the State. All the newspapers of Missouri showed a splendid spirit of co-operation throughout the war and did much to aid in the work of food conservation. During the wheat conservation campaign, special pages were prepared by the Educational Division for the catalogues of Montgomery Ward & Company. These catalogues reached some three million readers, and proved to be an excellent channel of publicity, as they went largely into the rural homes where it was necessary to get educational matter. Special pages were also prepared for the premium list of the Missouri State Fair. This premium list circulated largely in the country districts. In March, the Educational Division began issuing a weekly service of ready-to- print matter. This service at first was sent to fewer than one hundred country papers. This list was soon increased, however, until some four hundred country weeklies of Missouri were using this plate service every month. The publication of a weekly Food Administration Bulletin was begun on April 18th. Twenty-two hundred copies of this Bulletin were issued each week, and sent to County Food Administrators, Deputies, Women Food Chairmen, Home Demonstrators, and other workers in the Food Administration. It was not printed for general circulation. It was devoted primarily to the rules and regulations of the Food Administration and stories of food conditions in this country and in Europe. Sugar Division On May 15, 1918, it became necessary to place a man on the staff of the Missouri Division to supervise the rationing of manufacturers. T. D. Stanford, at that time clerk of the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station, took charge of the work on the above date, with an office force of two stenographers and one clerk. This temporary organization was maintained until July 1st, when dealers, bakers, and public eating places, in addition to manufacturers, were brought under the rationing plan. It was then necesssary to reorganize the work and establish a vSugar Division as a separate unit. T. D. Stanford continued Forty MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE in charge, with J. B. Thompson, in charge of the Baking Division, assisting in the administration of the project. N. D. Evans, previously with the Enforcement Division as Inspector, was transferred to the Sugar Division as an assistant about July 15, 1918. W. R. Maxwell, formerly Superintendent of Mails of the Columbia Post Office, was appointed assistant in the Sugar Division on August 26, 1918, addi- tional help being necessary on account of the volume of work. With the beginning of the sugar rationing plan it was considered advisable for the most efficient working of the plan to decentralize the issue of certificates for St. Louis City and Kansas City and Jackson County, to the Administrators of those districts. It was later necessary to further decentralize by permitting the St. Louis office to issue certificates to St. Louis County classes as well as for the city, and to have the Food Administrator of Buchanan County issue certificates for that district. All of these branch offices were responsible to the Sugar Division at Columbia and reported monthly their issue of certificates to each class. The Kansas City and St. Joseph offices had a man supervising the distribution of certificates, whose salary was paid by the wholesalers and jobbers. This arrangement proved very satisfactory. Certificates were mailed from all offices to approximately 21,000 dealers, manufacturers, public eating places and bakers. During July the work was further complicated, through attempting to handle individual requests from retailers for canning sugar. This plan proved so impractical that it was abandoned for succeeding months and allotment for home canning to retailers made in proportion to their household sales. The total issue of certificates for the state during the month of July was 15,071,107 pounds, including that issued for canning and preserving purposes. The total issues of certificate to all classes for August was 15,296,748 pounds, of which 2,000,000 pounds was for home canning. Issue of September certificates was made in regular manner, all at one time, a total of 17,063,983 pounds being allotted to all classes, including 3,000,000 pounds for home canning. October certificates were issued without confusion, the total issue of certificates being 17,092,196 pounds, including 3,000,000 pounds for canning and preserving. In the issuance of November certificates, due to the fact that the household allowance was increased from two pounds to three pounds, after the original issue had been completed a second issue was necessary. Certificates for a total of 18,799,874 pounds were issued. Forty-one MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE The grand total of certificates issues to all classes for the months July, August, September, October and November, was 83,323,908 pounds, or approximately 1,389 minimum car loads, aggregating 41,562 tons. On November 20th, the issue of December certificates was begun and that for manufacturers and retailers had been completed when a telegram was received on November 30th from Washington, advising that the entire certificates plan had been rescinded, effective December 1st. Consequently, the issuance of certifi- cates to other classes was discontinued and all County Food Administrators were advised by wire of the abandonment of the certification plan for the purchase of sugar. The 1918 season was a particularly difiicult one for beekeepers, and early in the fall the Food Administration indicated that it desired to furnish sufficient sugar to beekeepers for feeding their colonies in order that they might be carried through the winter. County Food Administrators were notified through the Food Administration Bulletin that sugar was available for that purpose and that certificates would be issued to beekeepers making application to the Sugar Division. One hundred fifty-eight applications from forty-seven counties were received at the Columbia office alone. Sugar to the amount of 23,205 pounds was provided for 2610 colonies, or an average of 8.88 pounds per colony. Dr. Haseman, of the Entomological Department of the University, estimates that there are approximately 225,000 colonies of bees in the State, so that sugar was supplied to approximately one per cent of all colonies,' It is Dr. Haseman's opinion that this is a good showing, indicating that the beekeepers have taken good care of their bees, weeding out the weak colonies and using any stores on hand, rather than that they neglected to provide feed for them. The saving eft'ected by the rationing plan is stated to be approximately 775,000 tons of 1,550,000,000 pounds, which is about 17,222 car loads of 90,000 pounds each. In other words, enough sugar to supply the households of the State of Missouri with sugar on the basis of three pounds per person per month for over twelve years, or an army of 2,500,000 men with six pounds per person per month for eight years and seven months. Missouri's proportion of the saving, figured on the basis of her percentage of total allotment to all states, was 93,250 tons or 46,500,000 pounds. Missouri's saving alone would have supplied an army of 2,500,000 men with six pounds per person for three months and three days. FoTty-two MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE The total value of all sugar saved by the rationing plan, figured on the refiners' price of $9.00 per hundred, would be $139,500,000,00, while the value of Missouri's saving would be $4,185,000.00. Considering the State's population to be 3,500,000 the saving per person during the operation of the certificate plan was 13. S2 pounds per person. The average monthly saving being 2.65 pounds per person. Therefore, Missouri contributed toward winning the war in value of sugar saved 23 cents per person per month or a total of $1.15 per person during the five months' period. County Food Administrators. Missouri. Name of County Administrator Address Adair Thos. J. Dockery Kirks ville. Mo. Adrew Mrs. Jacob Baum (Acting) Savannah, Mo. Atchison S. H. Prather Tarkio, Mo. Audrain J. C. Strock Mexico, Mo. Barry Philip Davis Monett, Mo. Barton Geo. W. Schreiner Lamar, Mo. Bates A. B. Owen Butler, Mo. Benton Judge James R. Jones Warsaw, Mo. Bollinger F. M. Wells Lutesville, Mo. Boone Frank B. Rollins Columbia, Mo. Buchanan Elliott Marshall St. Joseph, Mo. Butler H. O. Harrawood Poplar Bluff, Mo. Caldwell D. N. McClintock Kingston, Mo. Callaway R. G. Hale Fulton, Mo. Camden Dr. T. J. Feaster Climax Springs, Mo. Cape Girardeau. .W. S. Dearmont Cape Girardeau, Mo. Carroll Newlan Conkling Carrollton, Mo. Carter Hon. Joseph L- Huett Van Buren, Mo. Cass Judge J. F. Kircher Harrisonville, Mo. Cedar W. N. Pickard Eldorado Springs, Mo. Chariton S. M. Jordan .Keytesville, Mo. Christian H. V. Reid Ozark, Mo. Clark T. L. Montgomery Kahoka, Mo. Forty-three MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFRNSR County Food Administrators — Continued Missouri Name of County Administrator Address Clay Robert S. Withers Liberty, Mo. Clinton J. N. Munsell Cameron, Mo. Cole J. Frank Morris Jefferson Ciry, Mo. Cooper Dr. Arthur VV. Nelson Bunceton, Mo. Crawford W. D. Towe Cul)a, Mo. Dade J. M. Brickey Areola, Mo. Dallas J. E. Ballard Buffalo, Mo. Daviess F. S. Tuggle Gallatin, Mo. Dekalb A. J. Hitt Maysville, Mo. Dent Rev. F. M. Baker Salem, Mo. Bo.x 175, Douglas M. L. Andrews Bryant, Mo. Dunklin A. L. Stokes Maiden, Mo. Franklin J. L. Bagby New Haven, Mo. Gasconade Clarence Baxter Owensville, Mo. Gentry George Ward King City, Mo. Greene F. A. Leard Springfield, Mo. Grundy F. L. Hudson Trenton, Mo. Harrison E. H. Frisby Bethany, Mo. Henry Rev. A. N. Lindsey Clinton, Mo. Hickory S. D. Pope Hermitage, Mo. Holt CD. Zook Oregon, Mo. Howard Dr. H. K. Givens Fayette, Mo. Howell Will H. Zorn West Plains, Mo. Iron W. W. Reese Ironton, Mo. Jackson James Ketner Kansas City, Mo. Jasper Scott A. Fones Joplin, Mo. Jefferson J. vScott Wolff Festus, Mo. Johnson A.M. Craig Knobnoster, Mo. Knox Fred Wolter, Jr Knox City, Mo. Laclede A. F. Billings Lebanon, Mo. Lafayette E. M. Taubman Lexington, Mo. Lawrence C. C. Plank Aurora, Mo. Lewis J. D. Johnson Monticello, Mo. Forty-four MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE County Food Administrators — Continued Missouri Name of County Administrator Address Lincoln H. F. Childcrs Troy, Mo. Linn George W. Bailey Brookfield, Mo. Livingston W. H. Ellett Chillicothe, Mo. McDonald Harley H. Sherman Anderson, Mo. Macon vSen. W. C. Goodson Macon, Mo. Madison C. J. Belken Mine La Motte, Mo. Maries Geo. E. Cansler Vienna, Mo. Marion W. J. A. Meyer Hannibal, Mo. Mercer Geo. T. Mullinax Princeton, Mo. Miller H. M. Atwell Tuscumbia, Mo. Mississippi Prof. Geo. W. Kirk Charleston, Mo. Moniteau Thos. P. Carpenter Tipton, Mo. Monroe H. D. Craig Paris, Mo. Montgomery Walter vS. Gregory Montgomery City, Mo. Morgan Samuel Daniels Versailles, Mo. New Madrid George H. Traylor New Madrid, Mo. Newton B. H. Caruthers Neosho, Mo. Nodaway Fred P. Robinson Maryville, Mo. Oregon W. C. Johnson Alton, Mo. Osage R. H. Bryan Linn, Mo. Ozark Arthur Hutchison Gainesville, Mo. Pemiscot C. D. Scott Caruthersville, Mo. Perry Chas. E. Kiefner Perryville, Mo. Pettis... J. A. Lamy Sedalia, Mo. Phelps James A. Spilman Rolla, Mo. Pike Robert A. May Louisiana, Mo. Platte David A. Chestnut Platte City, Mo. Polk Chas. U. Becker Bolivar, Mo. Pulaski George M. Reed Waynesville, Mo. Putnam John C. McKinley Unionville, Mo. Ralls C. T. Lamb New London, Mo. Randolph E. J. Howard Moberly, Mo. Ray W. T. McGaugh Richmond, Mo. Reynolds M. C. Harrison Redford, Mo. MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE County Food Administrators — Continued Missouri Name of County Administrator Address Ripley P- J- Burford Doniphan Saline Miss Wyllie Odell Marshall Schuyler Walter A. Higbee Lancaster Scotland J. E- Luther Memphis Scott W. E. Hollingsworth Sikeston Shannon Walter Webb Birch Tree Shelby W. L. Shouse vShelbina St. Charles Martin L. Comann vSt. Charles St. Clair Prof. C. E. Higgins Osceola St. Francois J. P. Cayce Farmington Ste. Genevieve.. William C. Boverie, Ste. Genevieve St. Louis City... W. F. Gephart St. Louis Washington University, St. Louis County. Geo. R. Robinson Kirkwood Main and Woodlawn, Stoddard J. F. Blankenship Dexter Stone W. D. Craig Galena Sullivan R. B. Ash Milan Taney R. C. Ford Forsythe Te.xas C. P. Patton Cabool Vernon Chester H. Gray Nevada Warren Henry Hollmann Warrenton Washington H. C. Bell Potosi Wayne G. S. Schlater Patterson Webster Seth V. Conrad Marshfield Worth W. C. Okey Grant City Wright Rev. Guy Willis Holmes Mansfield Mo. Mo. Mo. Mo. Mo. Mo. Mo. Mo. Mo. Mo. Mo. Mo. Mo. Mo. Mo. Mo. Mo. Mo. Mo. Mo. Mo. Mo. Mo. Mo. Mo. Forty-six M I vS S O U R I COUNCIL < » I- DEFENSE Aiding The Draft Introduction No feature of America's participation in the great war was more remarkable in character and degree than in the improvisation and expansion of her great armies through the Selective Service Law, more familiarly known as The Draft. A radical departure from tradition, and opposed by many who foresaw a repetition of the conscript evils of the Civil War, the accomplishment of this vast undertaking was a tribute to the capacity of the American people to act with a unanimity in an hour of National stress. The formation of a public opinion prepared to receive the draft was one of the most important tasks assigned to the Councils of Defense. And as the democracy of the draft was demonstrated and its features of Selective Service justified, so was public opinion the more soundly moulded in its reception. In Missouri, the most cordial relation has existed between the Missouri Council of Defense and the Selective Service Department and its Executive Ofhcer, Lt. Col. J. H. McCord, in the various specific tasks assigned to the Councils of Defense. The requests were made after due collaboration between Col. McCord and officers of the Missouri Council of Defense. Farewell to Draft Contingents September 5, 1917, was made a notable date in the history of Missouri, as it was on this occasion that the first cjuota of Missouri men called to the National Army departed for the training camps. Governor Frederick D. Gardner, in August, issued a proclamation, calling on all the people to make the farewell the occasion of a special observance. The Missouri Council of Defense, distributing the proclamation to the County Councils of Defense, declared: "The actual departure of these Honor Men constitutes a date in Missouri and American history that will live as long as the Republic. The Missouri Council of Defense, therefore, believes it especially fitting to observe the day with appropriate exercises, in the spirit of this proclamation, and calls on the County Councils of Defense to take the lead in arranging for the same." The instruction letter pointed out further: "These men, under the selective draft act, are privileged to go first in defense of their country, under a plan standard- Forty-seven MISSOURI COUNCIL OF D E F E N S E izing and rendering uniform tlie conditions of enlistment and service under our Hag. They should be honored as they depart to enter the service. "Moreover, the occasion of their departure should be made a time when every citizen of the State should be brought to realize that the hour for applied service at home is here; and that with their going every tax levy, bond issue, Red Cross cam- paign or any war demand, should now be the more eagerly accepted and fulfilled." Reports to the Missouri Council of Defense showed that this suggestion was generally carried out. These steps prepared the way for more elaborate farewells later, and led to a special program of preparation for the men as they were called to the camps. This subject is more closely linked with the work of the Legal Committees and is treated under that head. Inquiries as to Exemptions The application of the vSelective Service Law, as it related to exemptions, particularly those relating to agricultural service, produced a deluge of inquiries. In July, 1917, the Missouri Council of Defense prepared a bulletin, describing the section of the law relating to agricultural exemptions, particularly setting forth what was meant by "necessary employment in agriculture"; and how and by whom affidavits in support of, or in opposition to, an exemption claim should be filed. A list was appended, showing the formation by counties of the five District Exemption Boards. This was given wide distribution among the Councils of Defense, who were urged to call meetings through the newspapers of those interested in exemption matters and present the substance of the bulletin to the meeting. Additional inquiries continued to pour in and in September, 1917, a supplemen- tary bulletin was published. In its preamble, it stated: "With the Exemption Boards throughout Missouri now actually engaged in the enrollment of the manhood of the State, under the selective draft act, inquiries continue to pour into the headquarters of the Missouri Council of Defense as to the workings of the law, particularly in the matter of exemptions. At a meeting held in JefTerson City this week, the members of the various district boards considered the law in its numerous phases to arrive at a definite interpretation. "For the benefit of the drafted men and the members of the local boards, the Missouri Council of Defense has prepared the following resume of the salient points of the interpretation. This resume, which is addressed to the drafted men, will at once make evident the seriousness with which claims for exemption should be made." Forty-eight M I vS S O IT R I C O U N C I L O F L) Iv I< li N S !{ This bulletin dealt with how to file a claim for discharge with the Local Board; what the word "Dependent" meant; enumerating persons exempted by virtue of office or employment ; how to appeal to the District Board and claim for discharge on industrial grounds. Finding Skilled Men for General Pershing Attention of the County Councils of Defense during February and March, 1918, was directed toward rendering assistance to the draft boards in preparing card indexes from the questionnaires of registered men, in order to give Provost-Marshal-General Crowder information which would aid him in obtaining skilled men for the army. It was pointed out that the winning of our victory would depend as much on these men as on the soldiers, that the local boards were overworked and that outside assistance must be found. It was suggested that the County Councils furnish either the necessary clerks by providing compensation for them, or enlisting volunteer help. An appeal was made to the school teachers and the response was gratifying. In a few weeks, however, the demand for skilled workers multiplied so that it was necessary for a new appeal to be made and County Councils were sent the following telegram received by Colonel J. H. McCord, Executive Officer Selective Service Law, which he had received from General Crowder. "The School Teachers of the District of Columbia, answering the President's call, have completed the occupational cards for the 30,000 registrants. These men and women have worked night and day, unheralded, and unpaid. Many of them were strangers in the District, but were impelled by the call of the school teachers to the colors. Far behind the battle line they have unconsciously forged the weapons of victory. If they will watch the results of their labor as it is transformed into the army of American effectiveness, which our Government will use in crushing German efficiency, they will feel repaid for their sacrifice. Is it possible to speed up the work of your State? A great organization is being built in this office to complete the industrial machine; but it must fail if the school teacher neglects this chance to aid our country. Will you once again urge your country and city superintendents tc pursue this work." This resulted in a general speeding up of the program. The work of the County Councils of Defense in providing this outside aid for draft boards was termed by Colonel McCord as indispensable. Forty-nine MISvSOURI COUNCIL OK DEFENSE Draft Delinquencies Rounding up draft delinquents, in accordance with a reciuest from the Provost- Marshal-General that a general round-up of all draft delinquents to be made, followed the nation wide registration for the men from IS to 46 held on Thursday, September 12th, 1918. The Missouri Council of Defense conducted a campaign of publicity. The campaign was divided under two divisions. First, to give full publicity in the new^spapers to the penalties for failing to register, which varied from immediate induction in the military service to a term in prison. Second, to arrange for a general round-up on the following Monday for all who failed to register, including sick, those unavoidably prevented, willful draft dodgers, and delinquents of all classes. The slogan of the campaign was "Patriots will register, other must." Attributable partly to this campaign, but far more so to the patriotic wave that swept the State and Nation, Registration Day, like its predecessors, proved again the unity of the Nation in the response of its male population of military age to the crisis in hand. The delinciuents of registration were an inconsiderable proportion. Registering Men of Twenty-One Registration of young men who had attained the age of 21 since June 5, 1917, was held on Wednesday, June 5th, 1918, in accordance with the Act of Congress. The County and Township Councils of Defense were called upon to give the widest publicity to the registration. It was pointed out that great inconvenience would come to the young men who should register and fail because of the lack of knowledge of the regulations. In this campaign of enlightenment several thousand copies of the registration regulations as provided in the President's proclamation were printed by the Missouri Council of Defense and distributed to the County and Local Councils of Defense. Fifty MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Recruiting and Military Aid One of the earliest calls for action which the National Council of Defense communicated to the Missouri Council of Defense was that of rendering aid to recruiting in the Regular Army. The County Councils of Defense of Missouri were just getting in process of organization when this order was received. Army Recruiting Washington, D. C, June 14, 1917. Mr. F. B. MUMFORD, Chairman, Missouri Council of Defense, Columbia, Missouri. Attention is called to recruiting situation of the Regular Army of the United States. Only two hundred thirty thousand men have been recruited out of full quota of three hundred thousand. There has been a very serious falling off in number of recruits which since registration day has dropped from ten thousand per day to fourteen hundred throughout the entire country. The recruiting officer of your district has been instructed by War Department to get in touch with your Council. The Council of National Defense hereby requests you to co-operate with such officer and to aid in every possible way of speeding up the work of recruiting. Promi- nence should be given in local newspapers to campaining for recruits and the aid of speakers, bureaus or other means of publicity should be enlisted; particular attention is called to fact that men between ages of eighteen and twenty-one and thirty-one and forty, inclusive, are eligible for enlistment in regular armyaswellas all men who registered for military service. Men engaged in professions or trades necessary to prosecution of war should not be enlisted. It is exceedingly important that the regular army should be recruited to its full strength with the least possible delay and we rely upon you to impress the public with the urgency of the situation. Please report progress. W. S. GIFFORD, Director Council of National Defense. This telegram was sent to all the County Chairmen, who were requested to call the Council together to take action on the matter. The immediate response to this request was highly satisfactory as indicated by increased enlistments from every section of the State. Fifty-one MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Aviation Efforts of the Missouri Council of Defense to assist the Government in its aerial program were directed first toward the estalalishment of an aviation camp in the State of Missouri. Through the Missouri Fair Board the grounds of the State Fair at Sedalia and all the buildings located thereon were tendered to the Government, and arrangements made to lease 2000 acres adjoining. The offer was not accepted. In August, 1917, Mr. I. B. Dunlap of Kansas City, a member of the Missouri Council of Defense, was made Chairman of the Aviation and Camp Site Committee. At the same time he was designated by the War Department to receive application for commission in the aviation section of the signal corps. Mr. Dunlap's office at 10 W. 9th Street, was used as an office to receive applications. All the County Coun- cils of Defense were informed of the opportunity to enter this branch of service. They were requested to secure publication of the announcement in County newspapers. The success of this campaign was attested by the establishment in Kansas City of an aviation examining board by the Government in November, 1917. On Novem- ber 22, 1917, an instruction letter was sent to all Chairmen of County Councils of Defense, stating in part: "The Missouri Council of Defense, through Mr. LB. Dunlap, Chairman of the Aviation Committee, has succeeded in locating an aviation examining board in Kansas City where applicants for this highly attractive service will be examined from adjacent portions of Missouri, Nebraska, Iowa, Kansas, Oklahoma and Arkansas." The form of application, training, pay and ciualification were described. The letter concluded "That the war will be won in the air is the theory held by many close students of the conflict. In building the air forces, the Govern- ment has established six of these examining boards throughout the country, and eight military schools, operating in connection with the leading colleges. Many men of draft age in this community are certain to be interested in this special branch of service." Military Units in Missouri Colleges As the military program of the Nation advanced into its second year, the Government decided upon the establishment of mihtary organizations in all colleges having an enrollment of one hundred or more young men between the ages of 18 and 21. Fifty-two MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE The plan was described in an instruction letter sent to the County Councils of Defense. The purpose of the plan, which was explained was: First, to encourage students to continue their college work, and second, to provide military training for those under the draft age. The County Councils were asked to publish the opportunity widely in all papers in the State, and especially to urge all young men under the draft age to enroll in some college. Better Remounts for Army Service By resolution adopted by the Missouri Council of Defense in session in vSt. Joseph Missouri, in November, 1917, steps were taken calculated to affect a practical and economical stimulation and encouragement of "country buying" of horses and mules for the Army. The resolution as formulated and forwarded to the proper State authorities follows: RESOLVED, That it is especially desired by this Council that the Department of Animal Husbandry of the State Agricultural College and the \'eterinarian of the State Board of Agriculture be reciuested to detail such men as are necessary, and at such times as they are called, to assist the Government in general campaign of educa- tion so that the farmers and breeders of this State may know the needs, reciuirements and specifications of army horses and mules, to the end that the State may better serve the Government and that the farmer may come in closer individual contact with the Government's needs and the breeding and marketing of the recjuired type of army horses and mules thereby be intelligently encouraged. In response to this resolution Mr. E. A. Trowbridge, Professor of Animal Hus- bandry, was made Chairman of the Committee on the Purchase of War Horses from Missouri farmers. On January 18th, as a part of the program of the Missouri Farmers' Week, at Columbia, this Committee, through Professor Trowbridge, carried out an inspection of artillery and cavalry horses. On this occasion the Quartermaster's Office in Kansas City, Colonel W. S. Valentine in charge, detailed Captain H. L. Casey, Lieutenant O. C. Alexander, Lieutenant H. L. Ragsdale and Messrs. L. L. Mulvihill and J. H. Ramsey, as an Inspection Board. The inspection was held before a large audience of farmers. In round numbers 225 horses and mules were brought before the Board, and from this lot a carload of horses was selected. $170.00 was the price paid for the artillery horses and $145.00 the price for cavalry horses. Fifty-three MISSOITRI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Photographs of War Activities In April, 1918, a request was received from the War Plans Division of the General Staff of the Army to assist it in compiling a pictorial history of the war. The County Councils of Defense were called on to make a voluntary appeal to the photographers and newspapers of their communities to assist in gathering these photographs, many of which were received through the office of the Missouri Council of Defense and forwarded to Washington. Pictures and photographs desired included those showing the departure of local troops to the training camps, or to the points of eml)arkation; the activities of local war relief societies; including Red Cross and food administrations; the arrests di enemy aliens and suspects; the destruction of property attributable to enemy activi- ties; sales campaigns for government bonds and war stamps; visits of foreign officials; military equipment and methods of manufacture of equipment; the drilling of home defense organizations; draft scenes; enlisting scenes; entertaining of troops and photographs of local commissions, boards and committees engaged in public service, in connection with the war; scenes of loyalty gatherings. British Subjects in Missouri Captain R. V. Sammis, officer commanding the British-Canadian Recruiting Commission in Kansas City, in January, 1917, called on the Missouri Council of De- fense to assist in locating British subjects claiming exemption from draft of the United States, some who were not married and without unusual responsibilities. The assistance was approved by the Missouri Council of Defense at its meeting in Columbia, January 15th, and the Secretary directed to write to the Chairman of the County Councils of Defense, instructing them to make a list of the British subjects in their counties who might enlist in the army or navy. According to Captain Sammis and Lieutenant Cameron, in charge of the British- Canadian Recruiting Commission in St. Louis, these steps resulted in a material increase in recruiting British subjects in Missouri. Fifty-four MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Missouri Home Guard The Missouri National Guard units were mustered into Federal service on August 5, 1917. With their prospective withdrawal the State faced a condition of defenselessness against any disorder which might arise within its confines. This condition, with its grave possibilities in the stress of war, was recognized throughout the State, and on the 17th of July, Governor Gardner issued a proclamation for the organization of home guards, to be formed on the plan of the national guards and subject to service anywhere in the State, but not outside of it. The organization of these bodies of men not only constituted an insurance against disorders at home, but was recognized as a means of stimulation of the patriotic feeling and spirit. Aid of Missouri Council of Defense With the office of the Adjutant-General overburdened with the numberless calls incident to war and the mobilization of the National Guard, the formation of the Home Guard organizations was a task assigned to the Missouri Council of Defense through its County Councils of Defense. The authority for these organizations was contained in the Governor's proclamation which follows: Whereas, there is a general recognition throughout the State of the immediate need of an adequate home defense in the different sections of the State, on account of the approaching withdrawal on August 5th, of all of the National Guard units of Missouri into Federal service, and Whereas, under the provisions of the Constitution and laws of Missouri, and particularly under Section 8373, Revised Statutes of Missouri, the Governor is given the express power to "organize and muster into the service such forces as may be necessary in the temporary absence of the National Guard." And, Whereas, it is necessary that all units be organized under the immediate direction of the Governor, now, Therefore, I, Frederick D. Gardner, Governor of the State of Missouri, hereby direct the Missouri State Council of Defense to at once take upon themselves the immediate organization of a body of men for home defense in the different cities and sub-divisions of the State; and to that end Fifty-five M I vS S O IT R I COUNCIL OF D E F R N vS E (a) Call to their aid all able-bodied men, irrespective of age, and not in conllict with the draft of the Federal Government; (b) Co-operate with County and City Councils of Defense, and such local auxiliary committees as the State Council of Defense may select or recognize; (c) Provide for the temporary officering by men recommended to the Governor by the Adjutant-General of the State, who will select the best ciualified men for the purpose, in consultation with the Council of Defense and the local committees recognized by said Council. (d) This body for home defense will serve as volunteers in this hour of nation's need, without compensation, and each local community will provide uniforms as may be needed. It is expected that arms and ammunition will be provided under the provisions of the recent Act of Congress approved June 14, 1917. (e) Any citizen contemplating the formation of a Home Guard of any character should communicate at once with the Missouri Council of Defense at Jefferson City, and act in accordance wtih the rules of said Council. In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused to be affixed the Great vSeal of the State of Missouri. Done at the City of Jefferson, this 17th day of July, A. D. 1917. FREDERICK D. GARDNER. Counties Receive Instructions On July 23, the State Council of Defense sent to all its County Chairmen this proclamation and a bulletin instructing them to take up the immediate organization of Home Guards. They were urged to call County and Township Councils of Defense meetings at once and appoint Committees on Enrollment and Finance. It wa.s recommended they use in organizing their Home Guards companies any retired officers and honorably discharged enlisted men of the National Guard. The response throughout the State overtaxed all facilities. In three months' time it was estimated more than twelve thousand persons sought enlistment in the Home Guards, the applications exceeding all limitations of the Adjutant-General's office for mustering in, training and equipping with arms. In localities where the organizations appeared to be desirable and which were rounding out in process of Fifty -six MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE organization, instructions were sent to maintain their organization until they could be properly mustered into service. With better adv'antages of organization, finance and geographical situation, the Home Guard organizations in the cities rose quickly to a state of efficiency. Regular drills were held in National Guard Armories. Frequently they participated in parades and other patriotic demonstrations. In May, 1918, the Second Regiment of Kansas City, as it was then known, had reached a point in its efficiency which justified its induction into the Federal service. This was done with the approval of the War Department, the organization becoming the Seventh National Guard of Missouri. On January 1, 1919, the total strength of the Missouri Home Guard was 7,529, consisting of five regiments of infantry, five separate battalions, twenty-two separate companies of infantry and one troop of cavalry. The commanding officers and the localities of their organizations were as follows: Brigade Headquarters, Brigadier General Harvey C. Clark, Commanding, Jefferson City, Mo. First Regiment, Colonel Philip B. Fouke, St. Louis. Second Regiment, Colonel Ed. S. Finch, Springfield, Carthage, Joplin, Webb City, Aurora, Ash Grove, Fair Grove, Marionville. Third Regiment, Colonel H. Chouteau Dyer, St. Louis. Fourth Regiment, Colonel Fred W. Nichols, St. Joseph, Maryville, Maysville, Pattonsburg, Gilman City, vSpickard, Powersville, Lancaster, Kirksville, Lewistown, Durham. Fifth Regiment, Major (Acting Colonel) Ewing Cockrall, Warrensburg, vSlater, Holden, Sweet »Springs, Boonville, Bunceton, Prairie Home, Marshall, Jefferson City, Otterville, Tipton, Chamois. First Separate Battalion. vSt. James, Newburg, Yancy Mills, Rolla. Second Separate Battalion, Major Allen L. Oliver. Cape Girardeau, Jackson, Parma, Lilbourn. Third Separate Battalion. Downing, Memphis, Kahoka, Canton. Fifth Separate Battalion, Major F. Warner Karling, Kansas City. Sixth Separate Battalion, Major Henry N. McCoy, Independence, Buckner, Lee's Summit. Forty-fifth Separate Company, Latour. Forty-ninth Separate Company, Mt. Vernon. Fifty-seven MIvSSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Fifty-second Separate Company, Chillicothe. Fifty-third vScparate Company, Albany. Fifty-fourth Separate Company, Neosho. Fifty-sixth Separate Company, Granby. Fifty-seventh vSeparate Company, Fairview. Sixty-first Separate Company, Willard. Sixty-second Separate Company, New Hampton. Sixty-third Separate Company, Fortuna. Sixty-fifth Separate Company, Windsor. Sixty-sixth vScparate Company, Columl^ia. vSixty-seventh Separate Company, Mountain Grove. Sixty-eighth Separate Company, Crane. Sixty-ninth Separate Company, Richmond. Seventieth vSeparate Company, vSt. Charles. Seventy-third Separate Company, W'heaton. Seventy-fourth Separate Company, Vandalia. Seventy-fifth Separate Company, Kidder. Seventy-sixth Separate Company, Ridgeway. Seventy-seventh Separate Company, Butler. Seventy-eighth Separate Company, Miller. The Johnson County Drill Plan Another sphere of usefulness for the Home Guard organizations was conceived in the summer of 1918 by Major Ewing Cockrell of Warrensburg, that of furnishing preliminary military instruction and drill for registrants in Class 1 of the Selective Service enrollment. This was tried out in Johnson County. Statistics gathered showed that eighty per cent of the Class 1 registrants in the county formed a permanent attendance at systematic drills. On these occasions, in addition to the military instruction, suggestions covering health and legal matters were given to the men, and some entertainment features carried out. In this work the Johnson County Council of Defense had a part. The success of this plan caused an expansion of its purpose to include nine coun- ties, represented broadly by the Fifth Infantry, Missouri Home Guard. Major Cockrell visited the counties in question and raised among the officers of the Home Guard units the necessary instructors. The plan was getting well under way when the armistice was signed. Fifty-eight MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Direction of Home Guards The preliminary organization of the Home Guard units was under the direction of James H. McCord, Adjutant-General. On January 2, 1918, Brigadier-General Harvey C. Clark succeeded General McCord as Adjutant-General, under whose direction the organizations were completed and their conduct continued to the present time. Throughout, the County Councils of Defense continued to perform such functions of assistance as they were instructed to give from time to time. Fifty-nine MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Elimination of Enemy Language and Influences The Missouri Council of Defense early began and maintained a continued fight to eliminate the use of the enemy tongue and enemy influences, as injurious and a deterrent to the various War Fund and Government Loan Campaigns, as undermining the civilian morale of the nation, and as possessing possibilities of grave concern to the integrity of the nation at war. Lacking the fiat of statutory origin and depending entirely upon the good sense and patriotism of the people as a whole to carry out its reciuests, the Missouri Council of Defense adopted a policy of appealing for compliance with its requests through voluntary co-operation, rather than invoking compulsory orders. This democratic method demonstrated its good results, eventually bringing into support of the Governmental policies a large and on the whole well disposed portion of our people. At its meeting in Cape Girardeau, July 12, 1918, the Missouri Council of Defense adopted the following address which was given a wide publicity throughout the State: "To the People of Missouri: The Missouri Council of Defense heartily approves the patriotic efforts of Governor Frederick D. Gardner to abolish the use of the German language in this State. The Missouri Council of Defense is opposed to the use of the German language in the schools, churches, lodges and in public meetings of every character. The Council believes that the elimination of German and the universal use of English at all such gatherings, is essential to the development of a true, patriotic sentiment among all the people. The general adoption of English by all patriotic German organizations is a national duty and prompt action by all such will be regarded by loyal Americans as the clearest evidence of loyalty and a sincere determination to help and not hinder the American Nation in this war. Loyal and zealous Americans should refrain from violence and disorder and under no circumstances, and no conditions, should our own people be guilty of injustice, oppression or atrocious conduct toward any class of our citizens." MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE With the issuance of this public address, there began to be received in the office of the State Council a numlxT of voluntary acceptances to the recjuest, coming from churches and parochial institutions maintained by congregations where worship was maintained principally in the German tongue. This continued for several months, there seemingly being a friendly rivalry between congregations of diverse faith for the substitution of English as the language of worship. Occasionally the use of the German tongue was retained for the confession, or as the language of communication for the pastor and older members of the congregation. German Newspapers In June, 1918, in response to a request of the Council of National Defense, the Missouri Council of Defense conducted a survey of the German language newspapers in Missouri, as to number, record of loyalty and willingness to co-operate with Government war campaigns. It was the view of the Council of National Defense that the foreign language newspapers of the country were at the time, except in the most isolated instances, in spirit patriotic and loyal. The conference of these papers was held in St. Louis, June 26th. The conference developed that since the beginning of the war the German language newspapers had decreased in number from fifteen to ten, that several of them were printing half English, and that others were preparing to cease publication or printing exclusively in the English language. They reported a unanimous willingness to co-operate with the Government. A record of the survey was made to the Missouri Council of Defense and to the Committee on Public Information as recjuested. Halting German Over Telephone Lines Two Missouri Counties, Cass and Linn, through their Councils of Defense, prohibited the use of the German tongue over telephones. An order was transmitted to the telephone lines operating in the counties, and given publicity in the newspapers. Suppressing Disloyalty The spread of enemy influences was by no means confined to the enemy tongue. One of the early undertakings of the State Council of Defense was that of suppressing disloyal criticism of the Government, and to suppress in their incipiency all disloyal Sixty-two MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE activities. Each County Council of Defense was instructed to form a Committee on Disloyal Activities. In many counties the vigilance of the Chairman served to perform the functions of this Committee. In Henry County a plan of suppression of disloyalty was put into operation which served as a model in Missouri and received favorable mention from Federal authorities at Washington. Disloyal Investigations Hundreds of reports of alleged disloyal activities were made by County Chairmen to the State headquarters of the Missouri Council of Defense. The General practice was followed of certifying statements, together with all information obtainable to the Federal authorities at Kansas City and St. Louis. A large number of these investigations revealed that the offenders were guilty of unpatriotic remarks or actions, but were within the law. Where circumstances warranted, investigations were made by an investigator sent from the Jefferson City headciuarters. Confidential Character of Council Activities It must be remembered that a material part of the work which has been done by the Missouri Council of Defense throughout the war is of a confidential nature. It is not proper that some of these activities be given publicity in a report of this kind since a record of these activities would involve printing the names of many citizens of this State. Throughout the existence of the Councilit has been our uniform policy to handle with patience persons in the State who have been guilty of disloyal utterances or of activities closely bordering upon a violation of the Espionage Act. It has, however, also been the policy of the Council to carry through all investiga- tions of such disloyalty with a view to rendering impartial justice in every case. All the fdes and records of the Council of Defense have been officially transferred to the Missouri State Historical Society. These records are public property and may be consulted at any time in the future. Sixty-three MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Speaking Activities No activity of the Missouri Council of Defense yielded more tangible results than the sustained campaign to carry the message of the Government and State by by the spoken word. The speaking activities of the State Council of Defense may be broadly divided under the head of the Speakers' Bureau of the State Council and of the various counties, and of the Four-Minute Men. The work of the latter body was particularly effective in the cities and larger towns. The Speakers' Bureau, directing the various County Speakers' Bureaus, performed an indispensable task in conducting our people through the successive stages of education as to why we were at war, and how and why the individual could best serve and contribute to the winning of the final victory. The Patriotic Speakers' Bureau The Patriotic Speakers' Bureau of the Missouri Council of Defense was formed in August, 1917, the first Speakers' Committee consisting of C. F. Enright, Jefferson City; Edwin C. Meservey, Kansas City; E. M. Grossman, St. Louis; W. P. Kimberlin, Sedalia; Cowgill Blair, Oronogo; and Sydney J. Roy, Hannibal. The purpose of the Speakers' Bureau was to mobilize public opinion and stimulate patriotic service by the people of Missouri. It endeavored to do this by increasing the interest of the citizens in the appeals of the Government, both federal and state, and by official and semi-official organizations for support of specific war service. Speakers' Bureaus were shortly organized in over seventy comities, listing speakers from townships and three or four from the larger towns. The Chairman of the County Bureau directed the national speakers and also had charge of patriotic slides, posters and publicity. Since the establishment of this Bureau in August, 1917, 300 speakers filled 2,000 engagements, addressing a million people. Valuable assistance was given the Speakers' Bureau by the Speaking Division of the Committee on Public Information at Washington. Of the total number of out-of-state speakers used during the operation of the Bureau, forty-two were obtained from the Committee on Public Information. Most of the speakers thus secured came from a selected group of speakers, and many of them had luiusual advantages for the observation of war conditions in Europe. Sixty-five M I vS vS O IT R I COUNCIL OF DEFENSE The State Council co-operated with the organizations engaged in the following speaking campaigns: Liberty Loan, War Saving Stamps, Red Cross, Y. M. C. A., K. of C, War Camp Community Service, Salvation Army, Jewish Relief Society, Friends of German Democracy and other patriotic institutions including many of which are local in character. The Bureau furnished speakers for County Councils of Defense, Chambers of Commerce, Lodges, Clubs, Churches, Schools, Fraternities, Fairs, County Institutes, Labor Unions, Chautauc}uas, Food Meetings, State Conference for Social Welfare, Packing Houses, Factory Patriotic Clubs and many other organizations that aided in the successful prosecution of the war. The Secretary of the Patriotic Speakers' Bureau sent National and State literature to the three hundred State Speakers. Principal Speakers Who Made Addresses in Missouri Under the Direction of the Speakers' Bureau, State Council of Defense Speaker Representing Lieut. Paul Perigord, of the French Army Committee on Public Information. Crawford Vaughn, ex-Premier of Australia Committee on Public Information. Lieut. Hector MacQuarrie, British Army Committee on Public Information. Dr. Mitchell Carroll, President American Archaeological College Committee on Public Information. Mrs. Martha Nelson McCan, Lecturer Committee on Public Information. Comtesse Madeline De Bryas, Lecturer Committee on Public Information. Mrs. Burnett Smith, Lecturer Committee on Public Information. Henry Reisenberg Committee on Public Information. Lieut. Robert Bagues, Member French High Commission Committee on Public Information. Brigadier-General Lee, British Army Committee on Public Information. H. C. Culbertson Committee on Public Information. Major Carson McCormick Committee on Public Information. Dr. Hugh Birchead Committee on Public Information. R. C. Hasserich Committee on Public Information. Arthur Bestor, Director Speaking Division Committee on Public Information. Corporal George Barnes Pershing's Army. Corporal Harry Harrison Pershing's Army. Sixty-six MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Speaker Representing Corporal Barney E. Pogue Pershing's Army. Corporal Louis Blythe Pershing's Army, Lord Dunmore, P^nglish Embassy. Ex-Governor Eberhard of Minnesota. Madame Guerin. Bruce Kennedy Food Administration. J. H. Hallowell Food Administration. Clara Steichen Food Administration. Edward Trefz Food Administration. Don Fansworth Food Administration. Mrs. William Ogden Wade Food Administration. Colonel Wardlaw Milne, British Vice Council. Prof. Bertram G. Nelson, Professor of English and Public Speaking Chicago University. Rev. W. C. Bitting, Pastor Second Baptist Church, St. Louis St. Louis . Rev. John J. Glennon, Archbishop of St. Louis St. Louis. Rev. E. V. Ghidoni, Italian Army Missouri Council of Defense. Sir Frederick H. Smith, Attorney General of England Committee on Public Information. Dr. George E. Vincent, Head of the Rockefeller Foundation Committee on Public Information. Hon. Gurney E. Newlin, Representative of Council of National Defense and \J . S. Shipping Board Washington, D. C. Hon. Frederick D. Gardner, Governor Missouri Council of Defense Dr. Mitchell Carroll Food Administration. Mrs. Vernon Kellogg Food Administration. Hon. Wallace Crossley Missouri Fuel Administration. Sergeant Wolff Canadian Army. Private Frank Woodgate Canadian Army. Four-Minute Men The Missouri Council of Defense financed the organization of the Four-Minute- Men and worked in co-operation with the State Director in extending the organization throughout the State, giving its moral support and such practical aid in the selection of personnel of the members as its local organization could furnish. Sixtv-seien MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Ten patriotic citizens of the State guaranteed the expenses of the Four-Minute- Men organization to a maximum of $10,000.00 and their aid thus freely given, according to a report of the Four-Minute-Men, was a not insignificant factor of the work. The Missouri Council of Defense by appropriations of funds eventually relieved these guarantors' liability. The plan of the Four-Minute work originated in Chicago. It was the original idea of Mr. Donald M. Ryerson, who was also the first National Director. He was succeeded by Mr. William McCormack Blair and under his direction the bulk of the organizing work was done. The present National Director is Mr. William H. Ingersoll. The work in Missouri and several neighboring states has been in direct charge of Associate National Director, T. J. Meek. The State organization was in its beginning placed in charge of Mr. E. M. Grossman of St. Louis, to whose wise guidance, the organization in its infancy is greatly indebted. He was succeeded by Mr. L. L. Leonard, who completed the State organization, sustained its energies and directed its forces until final dissolution on January 20th. The work of the Four-Minute-Men was divided into three departments: First: The work of the Four-Minute-Men was incessant and continuous. They worked fifty-two weeks in a year. At varying intervals, they would receive their bulletins from Washington Headquarters, through the State headquarters, containing a wealth of material on a particular Message that the Administration desired to reach the ears of the people. The Four-Minute-Men organization originally operated in moving-picture shows alone, to rouse the audiences to the necessity of making sacrifices for their country in this war. In the moving-picture field, of course, the work was necessarily limited, but the tremendous results obtained in that field caused national headquarters to instruct that the work be expanded so that every ready-made audiences in the nation should receive the Messages, and day after day, these devoted men and women carried the inspirational Message of the Government into all gatherings of the people of their communities, preaching Americanism, teaching patriotism and rousing the people to the defense of the nation in its hour of need. Second: A Speakers' Bureau was maintained and speakers furnished on patriotic subjects to all meetings wherever requested. These speeches were on general patriotic lines and entirely independent of the routine work of delivering the Govern- ment's Messages. Third: The Four-Minute-Men were charged with the duty of the patriotic inspiration of the people of their communities. Thus the "Four-Minute-Men" Singers were organized throughout the state as one branch of this inspirational work Sixty-eight MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE and too much praise cannot be given to them. The inspiration of the spoken word was fortified by the inspiration derived from the appeal to the emotions made by song. In every manner possible, the Four-Minute-Men aroused the patriotic enthu- siasm of the people and kept before them a keen appreciation of the magnitude of the struggle in which we were engaged. At the date of the signing of the Armistice, namely November 11th, 1918, there were approximately 70,000 speakers in the United States, addressing a daily audience of approxmiately 7,000,000 people. In the State of Missouri, the Four-Minute-Men organization numbered nearly 4,000 patriotic men and women. There were approxi- mately 3,000 speakers and singers, working under the guidance of approximately 700 chairmen. Sixty-nine MISSOl^RI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Legal Committees In the spring of 1918, as the great machine of the draft was completing its first program, with two million men under arms and with the prospects of millions more to be called into service, the need for mobilizing the legal profession to give free legal advice to the men in the service and their families became a necessity. In compliance with a request of the Council of National Defense suggesting the formation of a State Legal Committee and the formation of County Legal Com- mittees in all Counties, Chairman Frederick B. Mumford of the Missouri Council of Defense named the following State Legal Committee: Hon. Frank W. McAllister, Jefferson City, Chairman, Hon. Peyton A. Parks, Clinton, Hon. A. Stanford Lyon, Kansas City, Judge Howard Gray, Carthage, Hon. Morton Jourdan, St. Louis, Hon. Ben. J. Woodson, St. Joseph, Hon. N. A. Mozley, Dexter. The Committee met to organize at the Planters Hotel in St. Louis at ten o'clock, Monday, April 15th, 1918, the entire Committee being present. The duties of the County Legal Committee were briefly summarized by Chairman McAllister, as follows: 1. To explain the selective service law to drafted men. 2. To give legal advice as to the benefits of war risk insurance, allotment of soldiers' and sailors' pay by the Federal Government, government family allowance, the soldiers' and sailors' civil rights act just passed, and other war emergency laws, both state and federal, passed or which might be enacted. The Committee should also assist in drawing up the papers necessary to be filed to claim the benefits of the foregoing laws. 3. To draft wills and attend to the caring for the property and settling the business affairs of men entering the service. 4. To represent soldiers and sailors in court where necessary and obtain for them the benefits of the civil rights act. 5. To arrange to attend to such business matters as reciuire and are capable of attention in the absence of men in the service. 6. Report to the Home Service Section of the Red Cross cases requiring relief which come to the attention of the committee. Seventy-one MISSOURI COITNCIL OF DEFENSE In establishing these County Committees it was decided that the State Legal Committee should name a County Chairman in each County, who, upon receiving notice of appointment, should select two other members of the bar as his associates, the three constituting the County Legal Committee. It was suggested that as soon as possible the Chairman should call a meeting of the members of the bar of the county and ascertain the names of all who were willing to render voluntary service under the direction of the Committee. On this occasion the State Legal Committee laid stress on the fact that nc member of the Committee, or any of the volunteers working under it, should charge or accept any fee or compensation for any services rendered. The Committee then made their nominations of County Chairmen in the counties, and adjourned. The response to the call was remarkable. In a week's time county organizations had been effected in 70 counties, and in a month, more than 100 counties had completed their organization. In several counties the Circuit Judge called the entire bar before him and made of the plan a record of the court. Distribution of Laws and Literature As rapidly as the County Legal Committees were formed there was distributed to them from the office of the Missouri Council of Defense a large amount of literature and printed matter describing the Soldiers' and Sailors' Civil Rights Act, the plan of allotments and of soldiers' insurance, these measures being of primary importance to the soldier and his relatives. The Soldiers' and Sailors' Civil Rights Act was passed to protect the soldier against unfair law suits and foreclosure of mortgages and to enable lawyers and judges to represent him and defend his rights in his absence. As each case was individual in itself, every soldier was urged to see a lawyer before departing for camp and with his aid apply the benefits of these two measures to the best advantage. Because of their recent passage there was a tremendous demand for these measures from the lawyers of the vState, and about 5,000 copies were distributed. Farewells for Drafted Men In July, 1918, a plan was initiated and put into effect through the County Councils of Defense, working usually in co-operation with the local draft board, whereby each Seventy-two MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE draft contingent was given a program of farewell on departure. The plan included a short talk to the men from a lawyer, a doctor and a military man. The purpose being to send the soldier away to camp in good spirits and high resolve. It was contended that to fight well a man must be free from worry, and that he could not be free from worry unless he knew his business and financial affairs were taken care of. Co-operation With the Red Cross Immediately on being organized, the County Legal Committees were instructed to maintain a close co-operation with the Home Service Section of the various Red Cross Chapters. The Red Cross Chapters were instructed to report all cases recjuir- ing legal relief or attention to a member of the County Legal Committee. This co-operation was maintained throughout. With the dissolution of the Missouri Council of Defense on January 10th, a request was made by the Southwestern Division, American Red Cross, that these Committees be continued under the direction of the Red Cross. Seven fy-f/iree MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Woman's Committee, Council of National Defense, Missouri Division At the request of the Woman's Committee, Council of National Defense, also upon the invitation of the State Council of Defense, Mrs. Philip N. Moore, a member of the National Woman's Committee on May 28, 1917, called a meeting of the Presidents of all the State organizations of Women for the purpose of organizing the Missouri Woman's Committee. Thirty-seven organizations were represented at this meeting. Mrs. Moore acted as temporary chairman and explained the purpose of the organiza- tion. Mr. M. L- Wilkinson, representing the Missouri Council of Defense, pledged the support of that body. Mrs. B. F. Bush was elected permanent chairman and Miss Elizabeth Cueny, executive secretary, the latter serving until August when she was succeeded by Mrs. Olive B. Swan. The Departments in which this work was subdivided are: Organization, Finance, Registration, Courses of Instruction, Health and Recreation, Food Production, Food Administration, Americanization, Speakers, Patriotic Education, Women in Industry, Liberty Loan, Red Cross, Child Welfare, Maintenance of Existing Social Agencies, Eleemosynary and Punitive Institutions, Community Singing, Publicity. Organization — The State was organized into eleven districts, each presided over by a Vice Chairman, the organization then extending to the Counties and Towns. With the exception of one county, Osage, an organization was perfected in each county, there being 710 town organizations, 237 township organizations, and 137 school district organizations or community councils at present time. In September 1917, the State Chairmen of the Woman's Committee was appointed by the Governor a member of the Council of Defense and the County and township Chairmen were appointed members of corresponding councils of Defense by the Chairman of the State Council of Defense. Finance — The work of the Woman's Committee was financed by voluntary subscriptions and appropriations made by the Council of Defense. In September, 1917, the Council of Defense made an appropriation of $2,800.00 to this work in January, 1918, an appropriation of $300.00 a month, which was continued up to the time of their disorganization, at which time an additional appropriation of $1,500.00 was made to enable the Woman's Committee to wind up its work in a satisfactory manner. Seventy-five MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Registration — July 28th was proclaimed by the Governor as Registration Day for Women and on that day llS,4i)G women registered for service. Since that date 12,294 additional registrations have been received. Courses of Instruction — Intensive courses were inaugurated in stenography, accounting, bookkeeping, telegraphy, filing, salesmanship and the use of Office Appliances and many young women fitted to accept positions vacated by reason of the draft. Surveys were made of industrial conditions in order to know where women could replace men in cases of necessity and many women were so placed. On December 2nd, 1918, a vSchool in Occupational Therapy was opened in St. Louis to train women as teachers in this now important work. Health and Recreation — Grab Bags containing toilet necessities, smokes, post cards, etc., were prepared in many counties and when trains carrying soldiers stopped at junction points these bags were passed through the cars and provided entertainment as well as proved useful. Where any number of men were leaving at one time for a given point, the women provided a farewell dinner for them. During the entire time Jefferson Barracks was used as an assembling or distributing post, this Department provided entertainments twice a week and on Saturday afternoons women went there for the purpose of mending, darning, etc. These afternoons were very popular as it made possible the talking over of their affairs with an older woman, this often being the thing they desired most of all. It was at Jefferson Barracks that the first Community Sing was held under the auspices of this Department, long before the Department for Community Singing was called into being. 54,000 blanks have been circulated, upon which records of Missouri men in service are to be filled in. Food — The Directors of the Department of Food in the various counties of the State were appointed Assistant Food Administrators for their counties and in this position assisted materially in carrying out the plans of the Federal Food Administra- tion. The State Agricultural Extension Directors and also the Food Demonstrators sent out by the LTniversity of Missouri say that the Woman's Committee had been invaluable in arousing interest for the work throughout the State. Am.ericanization — In thirteen counties in the State Americanization work is being done under the auspices of the Woman's Committee and in all the large cities classes are being held. Speakers — A vSpeakers' Bureau was organized composed of 83 women. A number of these women were available for use anywhere in the State that they might be sent. Some of them could only be used in their immediate locality. Outline speeches were prepared on vital subjects by the Director of this Department and sent at intervals SeVenty-six MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE to these speakers. Once a month the Executive Board held a meeting at some point in the State other than St. Louis and at this time mass meetings were held and speeches made on the subjects which were most vital at the time. Patriotic Education — The Department of Patriotic Education compiled outlines for club study which were distributed and are very generally used by the women throughout the State, presented to the Department of Child Welfare, "The Mother Goose Rhymes in War Times," and a pageant, "The Bugle Calls the Children" to carry the message of "Children's Year." In this Department splendid assistance was rendered by the Department of Art of the University of Missouri in preparing posters on which talks were given on all subjects pertaining to the war throughout the State. The biggest and most important undertaking of the Department of Patriotic Education was the production of the patriotic pageant, "The Progress of Liberty," teaching the reasons why this country was in the war and the benefits to be gained from the successful termination thereof. This pageant was produced in 16 towns and witnessed by 12,000 people. The admission charge was very small, enabling everyone to witness this production. One-half the net proceeds were given to the Red Cross, $3,166.58 having been turned over to them in ten months' time. Women in Industry — The Directors of Women in Industry kept in touch with industrial conditions and supplied the public with data. Investigations developed there were no abnormal situations in Missouri in the employment of women. The only serious situation it developed during the year was the laundry strike in Kansas City, at which time the Woman's Committee acted as mediators. Liberty Loan — The State Chairman of the Woman's Committee for Liberty Loan was appointed by the National Loan Committee as the State Chairman for Liberty Loan of that organization and her committee in the State was formed of the Woman's Committee representatives almost entirely. Child Welfare — The Children's Bureau of the United States Department of Labor turned over to the Child Welfare Department of the Woman's Committee the entire plans for "Children's Year" and effort was made to weigh and measure each child in the State of Missouri under 5 years of age. Physical efficiency tests were held. By these means abnormalities have been detected and in many cases corrected. While most of the other states had funds to conduct this work, Illinois having as much as $75,000.00, Missouri had no appropriation and the work has been carried on by purely voluntary assistance. At present this Department is engaged in a "Back- to-School Drive." One of the most important results obtained has been the securing of 11 community nurses in the State. Seven fy- seven MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Eleemosynary and Punitive Institutions — The Director of Eleemosynary and Punitive Institutions has seen to it that all of these institutions in the State have been engaged in war work, very splendid results being attained in food production and conservation and in Red Cross knitting. They, too, bought their share of Liberty Bonds, the inmates saving the money from small gifts made to them. News Letter — Each month an Exchange Bulletin has been issued from the State Office and has proved of very great help as well as interest to the women through the entire State. Articles have been prepared for the "Missouri Woman" and "Missouri on Guard." Publicity — The Department of Publicity established friendly relations with all the newspapers of the State and has each week sent articles to be published therein. With the assistance of leading physicians, 12 lessons were compiled on the care of children; plates were made and published in 600 newspapers. These lessons were arranged in pamphlet form and have been distributed throughout the vState. In addition to this, a playlet and chart, together with a lecture on the care of the teeth has been distriljuted to each school district in the State. Community Singing — Although this is a new department, having been in existence only six months, the Director has met with enthusiastic response, community choruses have been organized in eighty-eight counties. Colored Women — The colored women in all the large towns throughout the State have worked splendidly along all lines and their work is included in the report above. Respectfully submitted, MRS. B. F. BUSH, Chairman. MRS. OLIVE B. SWAN, Exec. vSecy. Seventy -ei^ht MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Transportation Recognizing the national value of our highways in relation to, and properly co-ordinated with, other existing transportation mediums, and more particularly the necessity for their immediate development, in order that they might carry their share of the war burden, the Highways Transport Committee of the Council of National Defense was organized. Co-operation was extended by the Missouri State Council of Defense, and the Missouri Division of the Highways Transport Com- mittee was created. The object of the committee was to assist in making the most effective use of the highways as a means of strengthening the nation's transportation resources. Organization of the State Committee Dean F. B. Munford, Chairman of the Missouri Council of Defense, appointed A. C. McKibbin of Jefferson City Chairman, and approved the selection of the fol- lowing members of the Executive Committee: W. H. Powell, Sedalia; R. T. Conger, Kansas City; E. A. King, St. Joseph; G. A. Mahan, Hannibal; J. M. McAnulty, Neosho; Wallace Capen, St. Louis, t^nd J. P. Davis, Secretary, Jefferson City. The State was divided into five divisions, and five directors were appointed, as follows: Division No. 1, Harry W. Graham, Chillicothe; No. 2, H. Frank Holman, Moberly; No. 3, E. L. Sanford, Springfield; No. 4, David E. Cowan, Rolla; No. 5, O. W. Hackworth, Piedmont. Policy of the Organization The committee realized that great good would be accomplished for the State and nation by encouraging and speeding up proper modes of transportation on the public highways. They realized the magnitude and cost of the work, and since the only money available was the small amount received from public spirited citizens and organizations, the committee has carried on an educational campaign in the hope of awakening the people to the importance of having modern and efficient methods Seventy-nine MIvSvSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE of delivering farm products and finished goods. The work has been divided briefly as follows: First: Return Loads: The elimination of empty running of vehicles by bringing together shippers and truck owners in a systematic way, so as to provide full loads wherever possible. Second: Rural Motor Express: The use of the motor truck in regular daily service, over a fixed route, with a definite schedule of stops and charges, gathering farm produce, milk, live stock, eggs, etc., and delivering the same to the city dealer, and on return trip carrying merchandise, machinery, supplies, etc., for farmers and others along the route. Third: Co-operation with Federal R. R. Administration: The relieving of con- gested terminals and co-operation to eliminate short hauls l)y railroads through effective transport service. Fourth: Educational: The educational campaign to place highways transport work in its proper light throughout the State through the medium of the Commercial Clubs, Rotary Clubs, Municipal Authorities, Newspapers, Magazines, etc., also to enlist the support of all bankers, manufacturers and business men in general in the importance of improving the transportation system over our highways. Eighty MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Commercial Economy In the early part of July, 1917, the State Council of Defense made an intense drive through the County and Township Councils in directions of conservation and economy by ascertaining the number of tin cans in merchants' stock and also in getting information of the number of cans that would be needed for vegetables and fruit. The drive was unusually successful and at the close of the season there were very few tin cans not in use. Following the tin can survey successful drives were made by the County and Township Councils, directed by the State Council, in which economy changes were made in merchants' deliveries. The retail stores, as a step toward economy, were asked to curtail delivery service, that thousands of men and vehicles might be used in the service of the Government. The acceptance of returned goods was reduced to an absolute minimum, and non-essential operations in merchants' economy were eliminated. The campaign en Merchant Economies throughout Missouri was conducted by the Committee on Commercial Economy of the Missouri Council of Defense, of which Mr. Sigmond Baer of St. Louis was Chairman. In his report of the activities of the Committee, Chairman Baer states: "On the whole, I feel that much good has been accomplished, not only in aiding our Government by releasing a number of men needed for essential occupations, not only in the saving of unnecessary expenditures which, to a large extent, has enabled merchants to meet the abnormal increase in commodities, but, largely through laying the foundation for future co-operation in reducing extravagance and waste, thus helping to bring business to a saner and more stable basis of operation." Among the accomplishments of this Committee, taking St. Louis alone, was the curtailment of deliveries in the following commercial institutions, reducing from two or three deliveries a day to one: Department stores, Specialty stores, Dairies, Retail Grocers, Retail Butchers, Ice Cream Manufacturers, Cleaners' and Dyers' Associations, Wholesale Druggists and Allied Interests, Material Dealers' Asso- ciation. A co-operative delivery was established in the suburban towns of all the department stores in St. Louis, thereby eliminating man power and auto trucks and effecting a great saving of gasoline, tires, etc. Letters were sent to every town in Missouri of two thousand or more inhabitants, requesting them to call meetings of their organizations for the purpose of reducing Eighty-one MIvSSOlTRI COUNCIL OF DEFENvSE deliveries. More than 80 per cent of the towns thus canvassed carried out, in whole or in part, the suggestions made. These meetings usually being effected through the local Councils of Defense. To increase reclamation and utilization of waste material or junk in all parts of Missouri, a bulletin was sent from the State Council to the County and Township Councils, asking for information regarding the amount of waste in scrap iron, metals, rubber, rags and other junk throughout the rural and farming districts. There were large quantities of old iron and scrap in the shape of discarded agricultural implements, tools, stoves and chains, lying around discarded. This junk was of considerable value in a number of factories and its reclamation was of particular importance to the nation in the war crisis. Questionnaires were sent for information desired as to conditions on farms and as to that in factories. The State Council of Defense sent a letter to the County Chairmen and the women members which urged a concerted effort on the part of all citizens in Missouri for strictest economy as an important step in the prosecution of the war. Council of Defense workers were asked to give publicity to all economy measures. Letters and resolutions of economy were read in local meetings of all the organizations in the counties which were carrying on the war activities. Halting Live Stock Loss on Railroads Mr. B. F. Bush, President of the Missouri Pacific Railroad and member of the Missouri Council of Defense, gave wide distribution to a circular poster which called forceful attention to the loss of live stock on the railway right-of-way. The posters were headed, "UNNECESSARY ECONOMIC WAvSTE" and they were sent to the trainmen and to the general public. Accompanying the poster the State Council of Defense issued a circular entitled "HALT THE LOSS OF LIVE STOCK," in which each Township Council was asked to make a survey of every mile of railway in the township, looking toward fence repair, conditions of cattle guards, etc., and to present the matter personally to the farmers along the road. The circular which was enclosed enumerated several methods of doing away with the unnecessary waste. Among the methods were keeping the stock in fenced enclosures, passing of town ordinance prohibiting the stock from roaming, train men making a personal appeal to owners to keep stock penned, all train men and track and section men observing utmost care to avoid striking stock and newspaper editors presenting this matter to the public. Eighty-two MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE The measure furnished a reminder to a patriotic duty and pointed out that the waste- age reduced to dollars and cents would be sufficient to maintain an army of one and one-half million men for one month. As one of the closing activities of the Missouri Council of Defense, this campaign in December, 1918, was made a major work of the State Council. Mr. Charles E. Mandeville joined the Missouri Council of Defense staff to introduce methods which had resulted in a stock saving from this loss of from 60 to 80 per cent in the States of Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma and Texas. A campaign was undertaken with the appointment of special agents along the rights of way of all railroads operating in Missouri, whose duties were to see that the railroads maintained their fences and cattle guards in keeping with the law, and that farmers were educated to the need of keeping all gates closed and of taking all steps to do away with preventable causes of stock roaming on rights of way. It was pointed out that Missouri was wasting annually two million pounds of meat and leather — a loss untenable in the light of the world need for these products. More than one thousand special agents were enlisted in this campaign. Christmas Buying A National and State campaign that has been most effective in Missouri was that made by the State, County and Township Councils toward early buying for Christmas in 1918. A bulletin urged that to save labor and material in the manu- facture and sale of Christmas gifts and to save transportation and delivery facilities, that early Christmas buying be practiced as far as possible. The pur- chase and carrying of useful gifts was encouraged. Eighty-three MIvSvSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Publicity Publicity of the activities of the Missouri Council of Defense has been carried out under several heads. Many of the accomplishments of the State Council consisted in carrying the message as requested by the Council of National Defense, or in the development of activities initiated by the parent body and itself. To disseminate these requests broadcast involved the mobilization of the rural and metropolitan newspapers through their local Councils of Defense. In this respect the country newspapers made a notable response. While deluged with a great quantity of matter forwarded from Washington direct and with news columns overburdened by the greatest news demands in the history of newspaper making, these dailies and weeklies found space to carry a large amount of matter furnished them by their County Chair- men and by the Department of Publicity of the State Council of Defense. In the Family Enrollment Campaign plate matter furnished these papers was used almost universally, and in many cases to the entire amount. In the light of the high cost of white paper and the increased cost of publishing, this constituted a very considerable contribution on the part of the country newspaper editor to the nation. Not less gratifying was the response of the correspondents of metropolitan newspapers in Jefferson City and of these newspapers in co-operating in disseminating the requests of the State Council of Defense addressed to the people at large. Missouri-on-Guard From June, 1917, until December, 1918, the Missouri Council of Defense printed and distributed its official publication, "Missouri-on-Guard," dedicated to the activities of the State in aid of the nation. This publication was distributed free to the ten thousand members in the Defense Council system, also members of the Legislature, Speakers' Bureau, State officials, other State Councils, libraries and individuals, comprising in all a circula- tion of about twelve thousand. Printed on newspaper stock, it endeavored to present monthly in semi-newspaper and semi-magazine style a review of the current activities of the State Council of Defense and its branch Councils, together with additional requests intended to promote the cause. Eighty-five MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Posters Missouri's record in its food production increase in 1917-18 funiished the inspiration for an appeal for greater increase in 191S-19, and this was given expression in the preparation of a poster entitled, "Missouri Leads in Food Increase" which was given wide distribution. The design of the poster originally was made by students of the Advertising Class of the School of Journalism of the University of Missouri, and showed by com- parative drawings the increase Missouri had made, particularly in its grain crops, meat foods and garden crops. The appeal was made to the farmer to again increase his production to meet the unprecedented demands of the world food needs for 1919. In addition to being given wide distribution through Missouri, this poster was sent to all other States and was given prominent display in the legislative rooms of the Missouri Congressional Delegation in Washington. The activities of the Publicity Department have not been confined alone to newspapers and posters. Special articles have been prepared and published in various trade publications, house organs and the like. Publicity as treated under this head conceives largely the publicity of the printed page and of the circular, poster, advertisement, etc. By a larger conception, however, the entire Missouri Council of Defense system was a publicity organization dedicated to the program of spreading the message of the Government and State to the remotest section. Eighty-six MIvSSOL^RI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Non-War Construction In the summer of 1918, as the nation faced the growing problem of supplying its vast armies at home and overseas, the War Industries Board invoked the aid of the 184,000 units of the Council of Defense system throughout the nation to discourage and keep down all construction of buildings, roads, highways, and the like, that the resources of the nation might be centered entirely on the military program. The Councils of Defense were asked, first, to extend the publicity which would focus the attention of the people on the problem. With this educational campaign under way, announcement was made of the campaign to limit building construction. The plan included an inverse process of making application for desired construction, the tendency being to discourage all building which did not directly or indirectly tend to promote and aid the military establishment. Thus, if one wished to build a house, a mile of gravel road, or a new store building, it was necessary to convince several agencies before the authority for continuing the project would be granted. These were, first, the County Council of Defense; second, the State Council of De- fense; third, the Non-War Construction Section of the Priorities Division of the War Industries Board. Circular Number 21 Instructions for carrying out this plan were embodied in the famous Circular Number 21 of the War Industries Board. Under this order all non-war construction, excepting extensions or repairs to existing buildings costing under $2,500, and farm construction costing under $1,000, had to be approved by the County Council of Defense, and in turn approved by the State Council of Defense. These requests were then forwarded to Washington for final approval or rejection. Applications for permits in St. Louis were directed to Mr. M. L. Wilkinson, Chairman of the St. Louis Council of Defense; in Kansas City to Mr. Julius David- son, Chairman of the Jackson County Council of Defense; in all other sections of the State to the State Council of Defense, which in turn delegated the authority and responsibility to the Public Service Commission, which detailed one of its depart- ments under the directicn of Mr. C. B. Bee to pass on the projects. All applications for road and highway construction were directed to A. W. Graham, Chief Engineer of the State Highway Department. Eighty-seven MIvSSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE The County Councils throughout the State immediately formed special com- mittees to pass on building applications. Those applications which were deemed to be imperative were approved by the local body and forwarded to the State Council of Defense, according to the plan. Many of these projects were disapproved by the State Council of Defense and the applications returned. An almost equal number approved by the County Councils and the State Council were disapproved by the War Industries Board. Results of Campaign The campaign to discourage non-war construction in Missouri resulted in halting building projects with a construction value of many millions of dollars. The Chair- mian of the Jasper County Council of Defense estimated, in his county alone, of having disapproved projects amounting to more than $400,000. A report of Mr. Bee of the Public Service Commission to the Council of Defense stated that counting only those applications which were rejected in this office or at Washington, 162 projects were passed on unfavorably, with a construction value of $708,325. The terms of the non-war construction order were modified in October to permit all farm construction, and to include less stringent restrictions on projects under way. Campaign of Building With the signing of the armistice, the ban was lifted in its entirety, and the attention of the Council of Defense directed to a campaign of building, the purpose being entirely reversed. The Councils of Defense were then engaged in a campaign to renew all building projects which had been deferred during the campaign. Eighty-eight MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFp:nSE Special Activities Incident to the abnormal conditions caused by the war, the Missouri Council on Defense initiated a large number of special activities in addition to its main program. Poison Court Plaster In the early part of the summer of 1917 stories were current that peddlers throughout the State, possibly in German pay, were selling court plaster on the streets of the cities and in the rural districts, that was infected with the germs of lockjaw and typhoid. The State Council of Defense telegraphed to the National Council of Defense in Washington, asking whether or not this report had sufficient foundation to justify it in writing to the Chairmen of the County Councils and warning the people, through them, to be on their guard against irresponsible sellers of court plaster. The Department of Justice, without sharing in any sensational view with respect as to how the various samples of sticking plaster or court plaster submitted to them became infected, stated that some of the samples were analyzed and shown to contain deadly germs, so that the people in the State of Missouri were warned against supplying themselves with this remedy except from approved sources, the warning being particularly directed against purchases in small packages from peddlers or street venders. Keep the Children in School At the direction of President Wilson, Hon. P. P. Claxton, Commissioner of the Bureau of Education at Washington, called the attention of the governors of the states and various state councils of defense to the vital need of keeping our schools up to the standard, in attendance and efficiency. Acting Governor Wallace Crossley issued a proclamation that was carried by the State Council into all County and Township Councils of Defense. Governor Crossley 's proclamation was as follows: It is the patriotic duty of teachers both in elementary and high schools to make their instructions more efficient than ever before, and no opportunity for lessons in patriotism and economic training should be overlooked. Children should be Eighty-nine M I vS vS O U R I COUNCIL OF DEFENSE encouraged to engage in productive work, and their efforts directed towards results of the highest possible value. When Missouri's army of school children mobilizes in September they should see the American flag floating from every public school building. America must be Americanized as never before and school houses should be the place of frequent community meetings to discuss the questions of vital importance to the country. It is to be hoped that attendance laws will be strictly enforced and parents should see that the boys and girls are kept regularly at their studies. Opportunity should be found for special work along the line of home economics and it has been suggested that in country and village schools girls and boys could form corn clubs, poultry clubs, canning clubs, etc., under the direction of the teachers. The thought suggests itself here that a path of mutual endeavor lies before the County and Township Councils of Defense, who are charged with the administrative steps of mobilizing the State's patriotic thought and resources for war, on the one hand, and the school authorities and school children on the other. The schools themselves afford excellent means for the dissemination of ideas and information for building up the national defense. They can serve no better patriotic purpose than in joining forces in furthering the practical and intelligent program for bringing the State to the highest efficiency in war. Co-operate With the Red Cross The State Council of Defense issued bulletins to the County and Township Councils, asking for co-operation of the Defense Councils with the Red Cross organi- zations. At that time, September, 1917, there were three thousand Red Cross Chapters in the country. Especial emphasis was brought to bear upon the field of "Home Service" which was not only for the sake of public interest but for the welfare and consideration due to the families whose bovs were in the service. Texas Cattle Brought Here The United States Department of Agriculture, in the fall of 1917, asked the Missouri Council of Defense to place before the chairmen of the County Councils an opportunity by which the people of Missouri could greatly help the Government in securing a better meat supply in this country. Ninety MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Because of the abnormal drouth in Texas during the summer, the cattle situation was such that some relief was needed to keep a large number of cattle from starving. Missouri farmers were informed of the opportunity to buy this cattle cheap and urged on the grounds of economy and patriotism to bring this stock to Missouri for feeding. This resulted in a considerable interchange of cattle and feed between Texas and Missouri. Aiding the Income Tax Collection The Missouri Council of Defense was recjuested by the Council of National Defense at Washington, and the two Internal Revenue Collectors of Missouri to appeal through its County and Township branches, for assistance in aiding the income tax collection. Suggestions which the Collectors urged the County Councils to carry out as invaluable service to the nation follow: Publish an appeal and warning in local newspapers, calling attention to the approach of March 1, and urging every person subject to the assessment to write to the collector for blanks. This return gives the government the necessary information on which it decides if the individual shall pay a tax, and if so, how much. Prepare a list of persons whose GROSS incomes you know make them subject to tax. You will be doing the taxpayer a real favor. The government experts will decide as to the net income. Thus in many instances the individual will pay no tax, but by failing to have made his return (the burden of which falls on the individual) he will have laid himself open to a heavy fine. Turn over this list, which can be made up from the records of county clerks, assessors, grain elevators, etc., to the government field men, when they come to your community, or send it to the collector for your district. Appoint a member of the County Council, or a committee, to be known as the Income Tax Collection Committee, to have charge of this auxiliary work, and to assist the field men on their arrival. Wood Fuel in Missouri Due to the unusual fuel conditions, both as to availability and demand which prevailed in the winter of 1917-18, a campaign to introduce wood fuel as a substitute for coal in a large number of Missouri counties was planned as an activity of the Missouri Council of Defense in aid of the Fuel Administration. Ninety-one MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE A State Wood Fuel Committee was formed consisting of Wallace Crossley, Federal Fuel Administrator for Missouri, F. W. McAllister, Missouri Council of Defense, C. F. Korstian of the U. S. Fuel Administration and the U. S. Department of Agriculture, A. J. Meyer, Agricultural Extension Service, and Frederick Dunlap, Department of Forestry, University of Missouri. The organization of a similar Wood Fuel Committee in each county was urged. Each county was instructed to adapt the program to its own local needs. Where wood was available in ciuantities, recommendations were made to include a municipal wood market, wood selling campaigns, wood cutting bees, all intended to promote the use of wood as a substitute for coal. The educational results of the campaign were marked. The severity of the winter, coupled with the tremendous demands for steam coal for manufacturing and transportation purposes, together with the congested traffic conditions, were factors which assisted in making the wood fuel campaign a solution of local fuel problems in many cases. Lending Telescopes and Binoculars to the Navy The Council of National Defense sent to the Chairmen of the County Councils direct, posters advertising the need of binoculars, spy glasses and telescopes in the Navy. In an instruction letter, the State Council asked each County Chairman to use these posters to the best advantage in their county, especially posting them in court houses, post offices, drug stores and other public places. National Implement Inspection and Repair Week The week beginning March 1, 1918, was set aside as National Implement Inspection and Repair Week, by the Committee on Agriculture and Food Production of the Missouri Council of Defense. It had been possible in the past for farmers to wait until the last minute before ordering new farm implements or repairs for old implements, without experiencing any serious delay in having their needs supplied. There was a greater need felt for adeciuate equipment for machinery on every farm at that time than has ever licen known in the history of American agriculture. The State Council of Defense recommended every County Council through its various agencies and particularly through its Agricultural Committee to give the widest pul)licity possible to the proposed National Implement Inspection and Repair Week. Ninety-two MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Enrolling Agents for Shipbuilding The work of C. C. Carson, Federal State Director, United States Public Service Reserve for Missouri, in enrolling agents for shipbuilding, was endorsed by bulletins sent by the State Council of Defense to the Chairmen of the County Councils. The demand at that time was for shipbuilders in the Northwest, which need comprised carpenters, wood workers, blacksmiths, electricians and many other allied trades. The bulletin asked the County Council Chairmen to nominate one or more persons whom they could recommend for appointment as enrollment agent for their county— a man who was thoroughly alive to the need, who would be both willing and able to give his time, who would act promptly and get results, and who would for that time consider enrolling men for shipbuilding one of the most important matters that could possibly engage his at^ntion. The County Chairmen were asked to make the report not later than January 1, 1918, that the definite work of that Department could begin. Student Nurses' Reserve The Woman's Committee of the Council of National Defense, co-operating with the Nurses' Committee of the Council, Surgeon-General Gorgas of the Army, Surgeon- General Rupert Blue of the Public Health Service, Chairman H. P. Davidson of the War Council of the American Red Cross, and Dr. Franklin Martin of the Medical Board of the Council of National Defense, began a campaign during the fortnight of July 29 and August 12, which was to enroll 2,500 young women between the ages of nineteen and thirty-five into an organization which would be known as the United States Nurses' Reserve. In Missouri the work was conducted by the woman member of the County Councils of Defense. The State Council of Defense urged co-operation of the County and Township Chairmen in giving every possible aid to the campaign. Enroll Unskilled Laborers In August, 1918, the Missouri Council of Defense received an urgent appeal from the Council of National Defense at Washington, stating that the Nation was faced with a shortage of one million unskilled laborers in war industries. A new army draft expansion increased this shortage as the need grew for supplies. Acute shortages were apparent in skilled laborers. A supply of these men was imperative to war production and it was put up to the State Councils of Defense to aid the United States Ninety-three MISvSOlTRI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Employment Service Director in filling his cjuota, which was 25,260. W. W. Brown, of Kansas City, was named the Missouri director of the United States Employment Service, which worked with the United States Department of Labor and established the machinery for enrolling and placing this vast army of unskilled laborers. The aid and co-operation of the Missouri Council of Defense was tendered in the establishment of Community Labor Boards in St. Louis, Kansas City, St. Joseph, Springfield, Joplin, Hannibal and Cape Girardeau. Through these agencies many thousand Missouri workmen were recruited for labor in the huge munitions and nitrate plants and other Governmental projects established in West Virginia, Tennes- see and Alabama. Endorsement War Workers One of the most unique services performed by the Council of Defense was that of passing on applications of war workers for service with the Red Cross, Y. M. C. A., Salvation Army, and other organizations doing welfare work with our forces at home and overseas. For instance, an application for a Red Cross position was sent to the offices of the Missouri Council of Defense, and in turn forwarded to the Chairman of the County Council of Defense in which the applicant resided. After the applicant's record received proper endorsement, it was returned and forwarded to the Red Cross authorities. These investigations, because of their confidential nature, earned a high commendation on the part of the organizations seeking them, enabling them to increase their personnel in a manner economical both in time and method and insuring, in a manner, the enlistment of a desirable worker. Apprehending Army Deserters With the steady increase of the number of men in the army camps, there grew a proportional increase of desertions and absences without leave. Eventually this became a source of grave concern to the army authorities, and with the approach and signing of the armistice became a problem indeed. The aid of the Defense Council system was invoked in an educational campaign among the people at home and particularly the friends of soldiers on leave to urge Ninety- four MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE them to see that their soldier friends and relatives returned to camp within time. A warning against loiterers in uniform was sent out . In August, 1918, a plan was evolved whereby the Council of Defense were asked to render concrete assistance in detecting desertions. The name of a soldier reported absent without leave in any army camp in the United States, the residence of the soldier being in Missouri, was forwarded to the office of the Missouri Council of Defense, and in turn dispatched to the county where the soldier had his home address. More than one thousand cases in Missouri were thus reported, investigations made and a report sent back to the army camp, between August and January 1st, 1919. In St. Loui; such cases were handled direct by the Police Department. Their assistance in invertigations was uniformly prompt and painstaking. Alien Property Survey The Alien Property Custodian of the United States called on the Missouri Council of Defense, through its County and Township Councils of Defense, to assist him in locating enemy-owned property of all kinds, which under the rules of war was in the charge of the United States Government, and its income, or proceeds of sale, be used in the fight against the Imperial German Government and her allies. A unique situation existed in Missouri, as in 1895 the Missouri Legislature passed a law which forbade anyone not a citizen of the United States to hold title to real estate in Missouri. This law, the attorney general of Missouri ruled, was in operation. At a meeting of the Missouri Council of Defense in Hannibal the matter was presented and discussed at length. By formal action the State Council was instructed to take advantage of the statute in question whenever the best interests of the Nation were concerned. The County Chairmen were requested: First, to make survey of all property in the county or township, title of which was held by persons living in the Central Empires, or occupied territory. Second: To make a survey of all real property in their county or township, possession of which was claimed by a person not living in the United States. The County and Township Chairmen were asked to inform the State Council. Ninety-five MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Americanization The Americanization Committee of the Missouri Council of Defense was organized in May, 1918. It was composed of I. N. Watson, Chairman, of Kansas City; M. R. Bevington, Chief Naturalization Examiner, Bureau of Naturalization, of Saint Louis; Prof. J. W. Withers, Superintendent of the Saint Louis Public Schools; James R. Dunn, member of the Chamber of Commerce, Saint Louis; Prof. W. vS. Dearmont, President Cape Girardeau State Normal School; James M. Hays, Contractor, Jeffer- son City; Orestes Mitchell, Attorney, Saint Joseph; Ray Bond, Attorney, Joplin; Prof. I. I. Cammack, Superintendent of Kansas City Schools; Prof. Isador Loeb, University of Missouri, Columbia; and LTel W. Lamkin, State Superintendent of Public Schools, Jefferson City. Survey of Aliens in Missouri Shortly after organization, the Missouri Council of Defense, by resolution, requested this committee to ascertain the number of aliens in the State who had taken out first papers of naturalization, but had not completed their citizenship, also what recommendations should be made as to change in the laws of the State of Missouri concerning the right to vote conferred upon aliens. This committee investigated and found that there were, in round numbers in the City of Saint Louis, Kansas City, Joplin, and Saint Joseph, 28,000 aliens who had taken out first papers under the Act of Congress passed in 1906, and 7,000 in round numbers had completed their naturalization papers and become citizens; that 21,000, in round numbers, had taken no steps to perfect their naturalization after procuring their first papers and were not entitled to vote under our constitution. A resolution was passed by this committee recommending that the Constitution of the State of Missouri be amended so as to prohibit aliens from voting until they had become citizens. This reso- lution was endorsed by the Missouri Council of Defense and has been approved by the Governor in his message to the Legislature. Teaching in Foreign Tongue Upon investigation it was ascertained that in different parts of the state there were communities where the English language was not spoken or taught in the schools. yV/ne(>-seven MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE A resolution was passed by this committee asking the Legislature to pass a law prohibiting the teaching of any language except English language in all public and parochial schools of Missouri. Co-ordination of Organizations A committee was appointed to formulate a plan of organization for the co-operation of all agencies in the State of Missouri whose object and purpose is the education, Americanization and naturalization of all aliens, and also the education of the ignorant native-born citizens. English in Religious Services A plan was also formulated for co-operation with the State Superintendent and the County Superintendents of vSchools of Missouri, whereby an organization could be perfected in every county for the purpose of promoting the teaching and speaking of the English language in all religious services. Aiding Night Schools A plan was also formulated for promoting and procuring the attendance of night schools l)y adult aliens in the cities of Saint Louis, Kansas City, Saint Joseph and other large cities of the state, and also to enlist the co-operation of all industrial establishments employing labor in the teaching of the English language in the estab- ishments so that the English language alone would be used in all such establishments. The plan was to induce every employer to devote at least one hour a day to teaching the English language to his foreign-born employees, and the nature and character of our Government, and our laws, and our ideals. Plans were being formulated for procuring greater attendance of adult aliens' night schools in Saint Louis, Kansas City, Saint Joseph and other cities to establish additional night schools for all foreigners, when the committee was notified by the Missouri Council of Defense that it was released from any further duty, owing to the discontinuance of the State Council of Defense. Ninety-eight M I S S O r R I C O IT N C I L OF DEFENSE Chairmen of the County Councils of Defense Adair Thomas J. Dockery Kirksville Andrew Willis G. Hine Savannah Atchison S. H. Prather Tarkio Audrain Col. E. Y. Burton Mexico Barry Wm. Martin Cassville Barton J. W. Moran Lamar Bates W. G. Dillon Butler Benton Charles Petts Warsaw Bollinger F. M. Wells Lutesville Boone J- T. Mitchell Columbia Buchanan JO. Barkley St. Joseph Butler H. O. Harriwood Poplar Bluff Caldwell D.N. McClintock Kingston Callaway Gen. M. F. Bell Fulton Camden Dr. T. J. Feaster Climax Springs Cape Girardeau. .W. S. Dearmont Cape Girardeau Carroll R. H. Monier Carrollton Carter J. M. Carnahan Van Buren Cass Judge J. F. Kircher Harrisonville Cedar J- F- Rhodes Eldorado Springs Chariton Roy Rucker Keytesville Christian T. L. Robertson Ozark Clark T. L. Montgomery Kahoka Clay Robert S. Withers Liberty Clinton A. C. Kartell Plattsburg Cole J. Frank Morris Jefferson City Cooper Dr. Arthur W. Nelson Bunceton Crawford W. D. Towe Cuba Dade J- M. Brickey Areola Dallas Prof. A. G. Wisdom Urbana Daviess F. S. Tuggle Gallatin DeKalb A. J. Hitt Maysville Dent Lawrence T. McGee Salem Douglas M. L. Andrews Bryant Ninety-nine MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Chairmen of the County Councils — Continued Dunklin VV. F. Shelton Kennett Franklin J. A. Booth Pacific Gasconade F. G. Gaeblcr Swiss Gentry George Ward King City Greene Harry Cooper Springfield Grundy John Peery Trenton Harrison E. H. Frisby Bethany Henry Rev. A. N. Lindsey Clinton Hickory Ross Coon Hermitage Holt CD. Zook Oregon Howard Dr. H. G. Givens Fayette Howell Will H. Zorn West Plains Iron W. J. Reese Ironton Jackson Julius Davidson Kansas City Jasper Cowgill Blair Oronogo Jefi'erson Paul P. Hinchey DeSoto Johnson F. A. Gougler Warrensburg Knox L. F. Cotty Edina Laclede Edward Hooker Lebanon Lafayette E. M. Taubman Lexington Lawrence L- G. Adams Hoberg Lewis Geo. Mathews Ewing Lincoln H. F. Childers Troy Linn Geo. W. Bailey Brookfield Livingston Andy Prager Chillicothe McDonald J. L. EUiff Anderson Macon Senator W. C. Goodson Macon Madison C. J. Belken Mine La Motte Maries Geo. E. Cansler Vienna Marion W. B. Pettibone Hannibal Mercer Chas. I. MuUinax Princeton Miller C. G. Brittingham Eldon Mississippi Max L- Ostner Diehlstadf Moniteau Thos. Groves Tipton Monroe Clarence Evans Paris Montgomery Prof. W. F. Hupe Montgomery City One Hundred MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Chairmen of the County Councils— Continued Morgan Samuel Daniels Versailles New Madrid D. C. Hunter New Madrid Newton A. W. Duff Neosho Nodaway Paul Sisson Maryville Oregon W. C. Johnson Alton Osage R. H. Bryan Linn Ozark Arthur Hutchinson Gainesville Pemiscot W. D. Byrd Caruthersville Perry Chas. E. Kiefner Perryville Pettis T. R. Luckett Sedalia Phelps J. A. Spilman Rolla Pike Chas. E. Porter Bowling Green Platte D. A. Chestnut Platte City Polk F. M. Stufiflebaum Bolivar Pulaski J. \V. Armstrong Richland Putnam J. C. McKinley Unionville Ralls C. T. Lamb New London Randolph Joe Kirby Moberly P-ay James Powell Richmond Reynolds M. Harrison Redford Ripley L. P. Whitwell Doniphan St. Charles J. C. Willbrand St. Charles St. Clair Prof. E. C. Higgins Osceola St. Francois Dr. Chas. Schuttler Farmington Ste. Genevieve.. .F. A. Petrequin Ste. Genevieve St. Louis Collins Thompson St. Louis St. Louis City... M. L. Wilkinson St. Louis Saline Hayden Col vert Marshall Schuyler Walter A. Higbee Lancaster Scotland J. E. Luther Memphis Scott Wade Anderson Commerce Shannon H. H. Rhodes West Eminence Shelby W. L. Shouse Shelbina Stoddard C. A. Grain Dexter Stone W. E. Renfro Galena Sullivan Lenny Baklridge Milan One Hundred One MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Chairmen of the County Councils — Continued. Taney R. C. Ford Forsyth Texas C. P. Patton Cabool Vernon Chester H. Gray Nevada Warren Henry Hollman Warrenton Washington H. C. Bell Potosi Wayne G. S. Schalter Patterson Webster D. D. Hamilton Marshfield Worth J. F. Robertson Grant City Wright Rev. G. W. Holmes Hartville One Hundred Two MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Secretaries of County Councils of Defense Andrew Ida Mae Rae Savannah Atchison Capt. W. R. Little Tarkio Audrain Judge E. F. Elliott Mexico Barry L. F. Jones , Cassville Barton S. L. Douglas Lamar Bates W. G. Dillon Butler Benton C. H. Miles Warsaw Boone Boyle G. Clark Columbia Buchanan Harry Krug, Jr St. Joseph Callaway Fred D. Williams Fulton Cape Girardeau. .Miss Christine Wheeler Cape Girardeau Carroll R. W. Brown CarroUton Cass C. A. Burke Harrisonville Cedar Ira F. Reed Eldorado Springs Chariton J. O. Richardson Keytesville Christian Chas. Reid Ozark Cooper J. S. Underwood Boonville Dade Fred L. Shafer Greenfield Daviess Dean E. Handy Gallatin DeKalb Jas. B. Mayes, Jr Pattonsburg Dent A. C. Donnan Lake Springs Douglas C. P. Anderson Granada Franklin M. B. Lane Sullivan Gasconade A. O. Mann Hermann Gentry Dale Flowers Albany Henry Geo. W. Schweer Clinton Holt Frank Petree Oregon Howard Richard K. Bridges Fayette Howell W. C. McMillan West Plains Iron Mann Ringo Ironton Jackson M. Meller Adamson Kansas City Johnson C. W. Fulkerson Warrensburg Knox E. W. Underwood Edina Laclede D . O. Vernon Lebanon One Hundred Three MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Secretaries of County Councils — Continued Lawrence Harry Moore Mount Vernon Lewis Andra Thompson LaBelle McDonald A. W. Chenoweth Pineville Macon Prof. O. L- Cross Macon Marion... H. A. Scheidker Hannibal Mississippi Clarence Johnson Charleston Moniteau S. W. Hurst Tipton Monroe Anderson Blanton Paris Montgomery M. B. Vaughan Montgomery City Newton L.N. Pannell Fairview Nodaway E- M. Claypool Maryville Oregon Hosea H. Taylor Alton Osage C. F. Weeks Linn Pemiscot vS. P. Reynolds Caruthersville Perry P. B. Hood Perry ville Pettis W. P. Kimberlin Sedalia Phelps Prof. John F. Hodge St. James Pike J- E. Scott Bowling Green Pulaski G. W. Lane Waynesville Putnam Byron McKinley Unionville Ray Russell D. Farris Richmond Ripley J. W. Beauchamp Doniphan St. Charles W. R. Hendrix St. Charles St. Francois J. Clyde Akers Farmington Ste. Genevieve.. .Harry Gise Ste. Genevieve Saline R. J. Howat Marshall Scotland J. V. Bumbarger Memphis Scott J. W. Ingram Chaffee Taney J. W. Blankenship HoUister Texas Walter E- Jadwin Cabool Vernon Sam A. Cubbin Nevada Warren Frank H. HoUman Warrenton Washington James Settle Potosi Wayne A. G. Templeton Greenville Worth C. A. Hammer Allendale Wright W. A. Black Mansfield One Hundred Four MIvSvSOlTRI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Missouri Council of Defense Committees 1. Organization Chairman, F. B. Mumford, Dean College of Agriculture, Columbia Hon. Frank W. McAllister, Attorney General, Jefferson City 2. Agriculture and Food Production Chairman, A. J. Meyer, Director of Agriculture Extension, Columbia F. B. Mumford, Dean College of Agriculture, Columbia Jewell Mayes, vSecretary State Board of Agriculture, Jefferson City F. W. Favu-ot, Director Missouri Fruit Experiment Station, Mountain Grove J. C. Hackleman, Chairman Sub-Committee on Seed Supplies, Columbia T. W. Noland, Director Missouri State Poultry Experiment Station, Mountain Grove 3. Distribution and Marketing Chairman, Jewell Mayes, Secretary, State Board of Agriculture, Jefferson City C. O. Raine, Master of Missouri State Grange, Hayti A. J. Meyer, Director Agriculture Extension, Columbia E. W. Solomon, President Missouri Division of Farmer's Educational and Co- operative Union of America, Bernie S. R. Schmutz, Mayview 4. Farm Statistics Chairman, Jewell Mayes, Secretary State Board of Agriculture, Jefferson City Robert Withers, Liberty Eugene A. Logan, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Columbia 5. Food Conservation Chairman, W. C. Bitting, St. Louis Hon. H. W. Kiel, Mayor, St. Louis George H. Edwards, Kansas City 6. Labor Chairman, William H. Lewis, Labor Commissioner, Jefferson City R. T. Wood, President State Federation of Labor, Springfield C. G. Brittingham, Eldon One Hundred Five MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Committees — Continued Sub-Committee on Farm Labor Chairman, Ira F. Reed, College of Agriculture, Columbia J. H. Galeener, Sikeston H. S. Clark, Columbia C. O. Raine, Master of the Missouri State Grange, Hayti A. W. Douglas, Simmons Hardware Co., St. Louis Sub-Committee on Boys' Reserve Corps Chairman, Uel W. Lamkin, Jefferson City 7. Mineral Resources Chairman, H. A. Buehler, State Geologist, Rolla Hugh Mclndoe, Joplin A. L. McRae, Director School of Mines, Rolla George Hill, Bevier Thomas Walton, Higbee 8. Public Education Chairman, Uel W. Lamkin, Jefferson City A. Ross Hill, President University of Missouri, Columbia W. S. Dearmont, President Third District Normal School, Cape Girardeau Miss Ella Victoria Dobbs, University of Missouri, Columbia William H. Black, President Missouri Valley College, Marshall John W. Withers, Superintendent St. Louis Schools, St. Louis I. I. Cammack, Superintendent Kansas City Schools, Kansas City 9. Army and Navy Chairman, Cecil W. Thomas, Jefferson City Gen. Frank W. McAllister, JefTerson City 10. Finance Chairman, William H. Lee, President Merchants Laclede National Bank, St. Louis B. F. Bush, President Missouri Pacific R. R., St. Louis C. F. Enright, State Bank Commissioner, Jefferson City W. T. Kemper, President Commerce Trust Co., Kansas City Elliott Marshall, Mayor, St. Joseph Hugh Mclndoe, Joplin R. A. Long, President Long-Bell Lumber Co., Kansas City Fred W. Fleming, Vice-President Kansas City Life Insurance Co., Kansas City One Hundred Six MISSOURI COUNCIL n V DEFENSE Committees — Continued 11. Women's Defense Work Chairman, Mrs. B. F. Bush, Chairman Woman's Committee, Missouri Division, Council of National Defense, St. Louis M. L. Wilkinson, President Scruggs, Vandervoort & Barney D. G. Co., St. Louis 12. Publicity Chairman, Archbishop John J. Glennon, St. Louis S. J. Roy, Haimibal E. E. E. Mcjimsey, Editor "Springfield Republican," vSpringfield I. B. Dunlap, President Dunlap Realty Co., Kansas City Robert A. Glenn, Acting Secretary and Director of Publicity, Missouri Council of Defense, Jefferson City 13. Manufacturing Industries Chairman, W. S. Dickey, President W. S. Dickey Clay Mfg. Co., Kansas City David Sommers, Vice President Schram Glass Co., St. Louis George W. Brown, President Brown Shoe Co., St. Louis 14. Public Health Chairman, Dr. Guy L. Noyes, Dean Medical School, University of Missouri, Columbia Dr. George H. Jones, Secretary State Board of Health, Jefferson City Dr. William T. Coughlin, Professor of vSurgery, St. Louis University, St. Louis Dr. H. E. Pearse, Physician, Kansas City 15. Commercial Economy Chairman, Sigmond Baer, Sec.-Treas. Stix-Baer & Fuller D. G. Co., St. Louis M. L. Wilkinson, President Scruggs, Vandervoort & Barney D. G. Co., St. Louis Williston P. Munger, Burnham-Munger-Root D. G. Co., Kansas City 16. Training Camp Activities Chairman, E. D. Nims, \'ice-President vSouthwestern Bell Telephone Co., St. Louis Rev. W. C. Bitting, St. Louis M. E. Meanwell, Athletic Director University of Missouri, Columbia 17. Historical Service Chairman, Jonas Viles, University of .Missouri, Columbia C. H. McClure, State Normal School, Warrensburg E. C. Griffith, William Jewell College, Liberty R. J. Kerner, Secretary LTniversity of .Missouri, Columbia One Hundred Seven MISSOITRI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Committees — Continued 18. Committee on Traffic Chairman, \V. W. Johnson, Secretary Missouri Telephone System, Jefferson City S. C. Bates, Secretary Jobbers & Manufacturers Association, Springfield R. D. Sangster, Traffic Commissioner, Chamber of Commerce, Kansas City P. W. Coyle, Traffic Commissioner Chamber of Commerce, vSt. Louis 19. Committee on War Welfare Work Chairman, J. L- Wagner, Secretary State Board of Charities, Jefferson City L. A. Halbcrt, Superintendent Board of Public Welfare, Kansas City Alfred Fairbank, Director Civilian Relief S. W. Division American Red Cross, St. Louis Scott R. DeKins, Secretary Charities Endorsement Committee, Chamber of Commerce, St. Louis Rabbi Louis Bernstein, E.\-President Missouri Conference for Social Welfare, St. Joseph J. Silas Gravelle, President Missouri Conference for Social Welfare, Joplin Mrs. C. W. Green, Chairman Child Welfare Committee, Council of Defense, Columbia Mrs. George Still, President State Federation of Women's Clubs, Kirksville Mrs. Nelle G. Burger, State President W. C. T. U., Clark 20. Legal Committee Chairman, Frank W. McAllister, Attorney General, Jefferson City Hon. Peyton A. Parks, Clinton Hon. A. Stanford Lyon, Kansas City Hon. Howard Gray, Carthage Hon. Morton Jourdan, St. Louis Hon. Ben R. Woodson, St. Joseph Hon. David W. Hill, Poplar Bluff 21. Highways Transport Committee Chairman, A. C. McKibbin, St. Louis George A. Mahan, Hannibal E. A. King, St. Joseph R. T. Conger, Kansas City W. H. Powell, Sedalia Wallace D. Capen, St. Louis J. M. McAnulty, Neosho One Hundred Eight MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Committees — Continued 22. Americanization Committee Chairman, I. N. Watson, Watson, Gage & Watson, Kansas City James R. Dunn, St. Louis James M. Hays, Jefferson City Isidor Loeb, Missouri University, Columbia Orestes Mitchell, St. Joseph Ray Bond, City Attorney, Joplin W. S. Dearmont, President, State Normal vSchool, Cape Girardeau M. R. Bevington, Chief Naturalization Examiner, Naturalization Service, St. Louis I. I. Cammack, vSuperintendent of Public Schools, Kansas City Hon. Uel W. Lamkin, Jefferson City John W. Withers, Superintendent of Public Schools, St. Louis Prof. vS. A. Baker, State vSuperintendent of vSchools, Jefferson City 23. Committee on Purchase of War Horses From Missouri Farmers Chairman, Prof. E. A. Trowbridge, Columbia 24. Committee on War Photographs Chairman, L. S. Kucker, Fraternity Bldg., Springfield 25. Committee on Reconstruction After the War Chairman, iV. Ross Hill, President University of Missouri, Columbia Paul Brown, Editor "West at Work," St. Louis Rev. B. A. Jenkins, Kansas City Dr. A. W. Nelson, Bunceton Dean Walter Williams, School of Journalism, LTniversity of Missouri, Columbia Mrs. Edmund F. Brown, St. Louis Mrs. Hugh Ward, Kansas City Dr. E. L. Hendricks, President State Normal School, Warrensburg, Mo. Clarence H. Howard, Chamber of Commerce, St. Louis Percy Werner, Attorney, St. Louis C. G. Brittingham, Eldon 26. Music Mrs. W. D. Steele, State Musical Director, Missouri Council of Defense, Sedalia One Hundred Nine MISSOl'RI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Instruction and Information Bulletins The Missouri Council of Defense maintained its direction of the County Councils of Defense through Instruction and Information Bulletins which were sent from time to time as occasion arose to them. Some of the bulletins were sent to every one of the several thousand members of the State Defense Council system, others to the Chairmen, the Secretaries and the women members, as the occasion required. These bulletins usually suggested the calling of a meeting of the county organiza- tion and the adaptation of the suggestions contained to local conditions. Not all the requests sent out applied to every community. Below are listed in serial order the Instruction and Information Bulletins sent out in this manner to the counties, beginning with June, 1917, and continuing until January, 1919. 1 — Recruiting for Regular Army. 2 — Farm Labor Appeal. 3 — Can Survey of Merchant Stocks. 4 — Stopping Waste of Returned Bread. 5 — Canning Demonstrations. 6 — Potato Planting Campaign. 7— Patriotic Day, July 28, 1917. 8 — Women's Registration, July 28, 1917. 9 — Reducing Merchants' Deliveries. 10 — Organization of Home Guards. 11 — Aviation Recruiting. 12 — Court Plasters Warning. 13 — Wheat Planting Campaign. 14 — Federal Aid for County Agents. 15— Farewell to Draft Men. 16 — News Letter on Council's current activities. 17 — Fairs as Patriotic Gatherings. 18 — Exemptions and other Information as to the Draft. 19 — Appeal for More Home Demonstration Agents. 20 — Keep the Children in School during the War. One Hundred Eleven MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Instruction and Information Bulletins — Continued 21 — Co-operate with the Red Cross. 22 — Disloyal Activities. 23 — Appeal for Camp Libraries. 24— Patriotic Exhibit at State Fair. 25 — Library War Fund Appeal. 26 — Second Liberty Loan call for Service. 27 — Lending Clerical Aid to Draft Boards. 28 — Patriotic Speakers' Bureau Opened. 29 — Skilled Tradesmen in Flying Service. 30 — Conference of Food Conservation Campaign Workers. 31 — Food Conservation Campaign Opened. 32 — Waste of Live Stock Killed on Railroad Right-of-ways. 33 — Prizes to Teachers in Patriotic Essay Contest. 34 — Food Conservation Campaign Taken Over by Council of Defense. Meatless and Wheatless Days Appeal. Better Remounts for Service Urged. 35 — Curtailing Merchants' Deliveries. 36 — Kitchen and Membership Cards Distributed in Food Campaign. 37 — Missouri Gets Aviation Examining Board. 38 — Hoover Thanks Missouri for Large Food Registration. 39 — Second Draft Registration. Four-Minute-Men Organized. 40 — Feeding Texas Range Cattle in Missouri. 41 — Collecting Waste Junk in Missouri. 42 — Change of Address of Men of Draft Age, Warning. 43— Warning to Men Subject to Draft. 44 — War Conference in Columbia Announced. 45 — Reaching the German-speaking Population. 46 — Do not Send Perishable Food to Soldiers. 47 — Help to Finance the War. 48 — Insurance for Soldiers. 49 — How to Get Fertilizer Quickly. One Hundred Twelve MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Instruction and Information Bulletins — Continued 50 — War Meetings in Missouri. 51— Aiding the Income Tax Collection. 52 — Smileage Books Campaign. 53 — Use Wood Fuel in Missouri. 54 — Telescopes and Binoculars Wanted for the Navy. 55— Seeking British Subjects in Missouri for Recruiting. 56 — Men for Shipbuilding Wanted. 57 — Card Indexes for all Registrants. 58 — National Implement and Repair Week. 59— Army of Producers Attention for 1918. 60— Get Skilled Men for General Pershing. 61— War Thrift Garden Campaign for 1918. 62— Send Photographs of War Activities for Historical Preservation. Farm Help Volunteers of Missouri Organized. 63— Helpful Meetings in Counties for Drafted Men. 64— Free Legal Service for men in Service. 65— Liberty Day Patriotic Meetings, April 26, 1918. Salvation Army War Fund Drive Approved. 66— Patriotic Speakers to Aid Third Liberty Loan. 67— Missouri Defense Work linked with County Farm Bureau. 68— Missouri Wheat Saving Campaign Launched. 69— Questionnaire as to Threshing Conservation Campaign. 70— Win the War by Active Economy. 71 — Conquer the Hun by Corn. 72— Harvesting the Missouri Wheat Crop. 73— Registering the Youths for Military Service. 74— Defense Work Appeal for Coming Year. 75— Fourth of July Celebrations in Missouri. 76— Missouri Alien Owned Property Survey. 77 — Food Poster Distributed. 78 — Commercial Clubs Aid vSought. 79 — Farm Help Volunteers' Questionnaire, One Hundred Thirteen MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Instruction and Information Bulletins- Continued 80 — Stopping the Use of German. 81— War Savings Day, June 28, 1918. 82 — Aid in Forming Instruction Boards for Drafted Men. 83 — Student Nurses' Reserve Campaign in Missouri. 84 — Women Members of Councils to Receive all Instructions. 85 — Warning to Foreign-born Citizens not Entitled to Vote. 86 — Campaign for Silos and Greater Wheat Acreage. 87 — Military Units in Missouri Colleges. 88 — Community Councils Urged. 89 — Enroll Unskilled Laborers for Munition Making and Shipbuilding. 90 — Patriotic Reference Books for Council Speakers. 91 — Round up All Draft Delinciuents. 92 — Liberty Choruses Formed. 93 — Instruction Lectures to Draft Boards. 94 — Curtailing Non-war Construction to Save Labor and Materials. 95 — Keep Down Non-war Construction. 96 — Early Christmas Buying Urged. 97 — Survey of Lands for Returned Soldiers Explained. Warning from Speakers' Bureau as to Fraudulent Soldier Speakers. Foreign Voters' Posters Again Distributed. 98 — Appeal to Retailers for Uniform Prices of Shoes. 99 — Music Committee, Letter and Questionnaire. 100 — Aid the United War Campaign. 101 — Do not Relax Efforts with the Armistice. 102 — Council of Defense Questionnaires. 103 — National Liberty Sing for Thanksgiving Day. 104 — Reclamation of Waste Campaign Continued. 105 — Community Chorus Leaders Appointed. 106 — Apprehending Deserters. 107 — Ban on Christmas Shopping Lifted. 108— World Relief Week. 109 — Withdrawal of Non-war Construction Restrictions. One Hundred Fourteen MISvSOl'RI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Instruction and Information Bulletins — Continued 110 — Re-education of Returning Soldiers. Ill — Legal Service for Demobilized Soldiers. 112— Warning Against Fraudulent Allotments and Allowances. 113— Investigate Before Giving to Unauthorized War Charities. 114— Red Cross Christmas Drive. 115— Finding Jobs for our Soldiers and Sailors. 116— Stop Live Stock Loss on Railroad Right-of-ways. 11"— Disbanding of Missouri Council of Defense. One Hundred Fifteen MISSOl^RI COUNCIL OP DEFENSE Office Personnel William F. Saunders, Secretary, April 27, 1917 — October 1, 1918; Special Agent U. S. Food Administration. Frank M. Robinson, Secretary, October 1, 1918 — -Decem- ber 15, 1918. Robert A. Glenn, Director of Publicity and Editor Missouri-on-Guard, Acting Secretary, December 15, 1918— March 15, 1919; in charge of draft, military aid, recruiting, legal bureaus, labor, investigations. Frances S. Burkhardt, Secretary, Patriotic Speakers' Bureau; filing and correspondence. Frank B. Newkam, Auditor and Chief Clerk. Clerical Staff Lavenia Frazier, Sophy Natsch, Lillian Powers, Arch Pryor, Ethel Latshaw, Mrs. Marvin Tate, LoNEY B. Stone. One Hundred Seventeen MIvSvSOURI COINCIL OF DEFENSE FINANCIAL STATEMENT, MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE April 24, 1917 — March 15, 1919 Expenditures Salary of Secretary .' $ 8,894.08 Clerical Supplies 5,568.81 Salaries of Stenographers 9,067.55 Multigraphing 124.65 Supplies 1 ,564.53 Printing and Stationery 7,084.58 Postage 3,449.43 Telephone and Telegraph 2,369.92 Office Furniture and Equipment 1,494.78 Traveling Expense of Secretary 923.13 Traveling Expense of Chairman 301.84 Expenses of Four-Minute Men Organization 8,873.88 Traveling Expense of Patriotic Speakers 2,780.01 Publicity, Publicity Agent, Salary and Expense 4,530.51 Woman's Division, Missouri Council of Defense, Expenditures Reimbursed 7,339.67 Food Conservation Literature 1,389.22 Prize Essays and Historical Contest 342.59 Farm Labor Survey 92.00 Interest on Notes Discounted 3,027.63 Estimated Unfinished Expenditures Printing Final Report $ 5,000.00 Postage, Mailing Final Report 700.00 Interest on Notes to May 31, 1919 1,666.66 $69,218.81 — 6,866.66 $76,085.47 ROBERT A. GLENN, F. B. MUMFORD, Acting Secretary. Chairman. WILLIAM H. LEE, Treasurer, Chairman Finance Committee, MISSOURI COUNCIL OF DEFENSE. One Hundred Nineteen MIS vS OUR I COUNCIL OF DEFENSE INDICE PAGE Agriculture and Food Production 13 Aiding the Draft 47 Americanization 97 An Appreciation 27 Chairmen of the County Councils of Defense 99 Commercial Economy 81 Elimination of Enemy Language and Influences 61 Financial Statement 119 Indice 121 Instruction and Information Bulletins Ill Legal Committees 71 Missouri Council of Defense 105 Missouri Home Guard 55 Non-War Construction 87 Office Personnel II7 Publicity 85 Recruiting and Military Aid 51 Report of the Missouri Council of Defense 1 vSecretaries of County Councils of Defense 103 Speaking Activities 65 Special Activities 89 The Missouri Council of Defense 3 The Missouri Division of the United States Food Administration .... 29 Transportation 79 Woman's Committee, Council of National Defense, Missouri Division . 75 One Hundred Twenty-one