.**\.^i'X. ./..i>^>o^ ./\-^<.V 
 
 
 
 lO-T*^ 
 

 
 
 ho 'V 
 
 " ■' ' «^ 
 
 .^\^i^^^>^. .'^^^!ri!•/^. ,v^\,i:^.^'^c.^ 
 
 -^9^ 
 
 ♦ AT 'O. 
 
 IP •^ 
 
 •1°^ 
 
 
 u. 
 
BIOGRAPHIES 
 
 OF 
 
 rWO HUNDRED AND TIFTY 
 
 DISTINGUISHED NATIONAL MEN. 
 
 BY 
 
 HORATIO BATEMAN. 
 
 FIRST EDITION VOLUME I. 
 
 NEW YORK: ^ 
 JOHN T. GILES & CO., PUBLISHERS, 104 BROADWAY. 
 
 1871. 
 
^ 
 
 ,t'^ 
 
 Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1870, by 
 
 JOHN T. GILES & CO., 
 
 in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 
 
TO THE 
 
 SOVEREIGN PEOPLE 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES 
 
 AMERICA, 
 
 Q^hisYoliime. is ns^cct/ully dedicated. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The unprecedented rapidity of the rise and progress of the United States 
 Government has called into active service a multitude of men whose names are 
 identified with its formation and history, and whose biographies will always excite 
 public interest, owing to the eminent services which they have rendered to their 
 country. 
 
 It is evident, therefore, that there exists a great demand for such biographies 
 in a condensed form. To supply this demand, we have, in this volume, given, on 
 a single page each, a full and correct outline of the public services and general 
 characteristics of 250 distinguished national men ; thus compressing into a very 
 small space a large amount of valuable information. 
 
 We have taken an unusual degree of pains to have these biographies full and 
 correct in dates and facts, so that this book may be relied upon for biographical 
 information and for reference. 
 
 We have submitted them to the men now living, and they have pronounced 
 them substantially correct in dates and facts. 
 
 Upon the opposite page, we have given a few of the most prominent names 
 who have individually indorsed, by letter, their biographies. 
 
 We have in preparation a second volume of biographies of 250 other " Dis- 
 tinguished National Men," which we shall issue as a serial volume ; and we shall 
 continue to issue them in volumes of 250 each until we shall have put upon record 
 the biographies of all our Distinguished National Men. 
 
 In this volume, we liave also given a condensed history of tlie rise and pro- 
 gress of the United States Government, unill it culminated in that matchless in- 
 strument, the Constitution, and we became a free and independent nation with the 
 People Sovereign ! 
 
The followiug are a few of the gentlemeu who have pronounced then- bio 
 graphies correct in dates and in facts : 
 
 President Ulysses S. Grant, 
 Vice-President Schuyler Colfax, 
 Chief-Justice Salmon P. Chase, 
 Senator Charles Sumner, 
 " Henry Wilson, 
 " Simon Cameron, 
 " Lyman Trumbull, 
 *' William G. BRowNLOifv, 
 ** Samuel C. Pomeroy, 
 " Carl Schurz, 
 ** Oliver P, Morton, 
 " Hannibal Hamlin, 
 Governor John T, Hoffman, 
 General William T. Sherman, 
 Major-General George G. Meade, 
 
 " Joseph Hooker, 
 
 " George B. McClellan, 
 
 " John C. Fremont, 
 
 " Frank P. Blair, 
 
 " Peter G. T. Beauregard, 
 
 " S. P. Heintzelman, 
 
 " James Longstreet, 
 
 " John B, Hood, 
 
 " Oliver 0. Howard, 
 
 Nathaniel P. Banks, 
 Fernando Wood, 
 Benjamin F. Wade, 
 Horace Greeley, 
 Reverdy Johnson, 
 Peter Cooper, 
 George H. Pendleton, 
 Montgomery Blair, 
 Charles F. Adams, 
 Gideon Welles, 
 Horatio Seymour, 
 Joseph Holt, 
 Cassius M. Clay, 
 Edwin D. Morgan, 
 John A. Dix, 
 Millard Fillmore, 
 Jefferson Davis, 
 George Wilkes, 
 Henry A. Wise, 
 Wendell Phillips, 
 James Gordon Bennett, 
 William Lloyd Garrison, 
 Roger A, Pryor, 
 John Mosny, 
 Frederick Douglass, 
 Cornelius Vanderbilt, 
 Robert Toombs, 
 Marcus L. Ward, 
 And others. 
 

 
/^ 
 
 -^ . ' . 
 
 
i5^. 
 
 'a^.^u^-/j^-2>\^-^ 
 
 ■^^ 
 
 nr> 
 
 
 X^, /^^^^^k^^^^2>^^ 
 
 s^ 
 
 o 
 
 
.S^^^^^^Cy ^ 
 
 
 Cyi^^^i^.^'t-^^^t^ 
 
 ^^^^^^^o.^;^^ 
 
 ^ ^^y^y^c^^ 
 
 o-^^^ ^ 
 
 C-^^ 
 
HISTORY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 EISE AND PEOaEESS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT, 
 
 The discovery of America by Christopher Columbus, in 1492, may be 
 considered the most important event that has ever resulted from individual 
 genius and enterprise. It was the result of a theory matured by long re- 
 flection and experience, opposed to the learning- and bigotry of the age, and 
 brouofht to a successful demonstration, after j^ears of toil against opposing 
 difficulties. His first landing was at San Salvador, on the 12th of Oc- 
 tober, 1492 ; and it was not until August, 1498, that he discovered the 
 main land, near the mouth of the Oronoco, in South America. Fired 
 with ^the accounts of the disooveries made by Columbus, Araericus Vespu- 
 cius became desirous of seeing the New World for himself, and accordingly, 
 sailed from Cadiz, May 20, 1497, as a merchant, with a squadron of four 
 ships, which he placed in command of the valiant Ojedo. 
 
 During this voyage Americus pretends to have seen the Continent, 
 he may have done so, but much doubt envelopes the matter. In 1507, after 
 the death of Columbus, he published a history of all his voyages, and a chart 
 of the American coast, in which he claimed to bo the true discoverer of the 
 country. 
 
 This work was read all over Europe with great delight, and the New 
 World was named *' America" in his honor as the discoverer, when, of right, 
 it should have been " Columbia," in honor of " Columbus," whom all the 
 world now concede to be the true discoverer. 
 
 Shortly after the return of Columbus from his first voyage, John Cabot, 
 a Venetian by birth, but then residing in Englanrl, sailed from the port of 
 Bristol, with his son Sebastian, in the spring of 1497, under a commission of 
 discovery from Henry VII, King of England. He discovered tlie coast of 
 Labrador, July o, 14U7, sailed north and south along the coast of the main- 
 land ; and, being the first to discover that part of the Continent now called 
 North America, claimed for the English King the territory from the Gulf 
 of Mexico to an indefinite extent north, without however attempting either 
 settlement or conquest. Erom this discovery by Cabot, originated the title 
 by which England claimed North America. 
 
TL 
 
 That title depended upon the first discovery of that portion of the Conti- 
 nent, and was called the " Ris^^ht of Discovery." 
 
 It was a principle adapted in the practice of the nations of Europe, that 
 the first discovery of unknown countries, <jave to the government %vhose sub- 
 jects had made the discovery, a title to the possession of such new found 
 land. Under this title, the orig-inal inhabitants were permitted to remain 
 in the territory, but tliey were restrained from soUi'ng or granting its soil, 
 except to the sovereign by whose subjects it had been discovered, and who 
 claimed iov himself the sole right to dispose of it; consequently, no other 
 person could aiquire a title from the natives, either by purchase or conquest. 
 
 Although the titles derived from discovery may not originally have been 
 just, their validity, after a lapse of centuries, cannot now bo overthrown. 
 By successive transfers, they liave become vested in the several States, and 
 in the UuiiediStates; and they have been recognized and acceded to by the 
 Supreme Court of the United States. 
 
 We still hold this country under the title by which it was originally ac- 
 quired, and we claim that that title has, by treaties or by grants, decended 
 to us. 
 
 Notwithstanding North America was inhabited at the time, it was colo- 
 nized, the colonists disregarded the occupancy and claims of the Indian 
 tribes, and considered themselves as settling an unoccupied country. Hence, 
 therefore, the colonists must be regarded as bringing wdth them to the New 
 AVorld the laws of England, so far as they were applicable to their situa- 
 tion; and it was so declared by the Continental Congress, in the Declara- 
 tion of llights. 
 
 For a century or more after its discovery, nothing was done toward a 
 permanent settlement of the country by the English. During the seven- 
 teenth century however, the thirteen original states or colonies were settled. 
 These thirteen colonies have, with reference to their form of government, 
 been divided into three classes, as follows: 
 
 1. Provincial or Koyal Govei'nments. 
 
 2. Proprietary Governments. 
 
 3. Charter Governments. 
 
 Under the Provincial Governments, a Governor was appointed by the 
 King as his deputy, to rule according to his instructions. The King also 
 appoint d a counsel to assist the Governor and aid in making the laws. 
 The Governor established courts and raised military forces. He had power 
 to call together legislative assemblies of freeholders and others, in which the 
 counsel formed an Upper House ; he himself exercising a negative upon 
 their proceedings, as well as the right to adjourn them for a time, or to 
 dissolve them. These assemblies made local laws which had to be submit- 
 
 ted to the King for his approval or disapproval. New Hampshire, New 
 lork ^ew Jersey, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, 
 were Provincial Colonies. 
 
 c.sed all those acts of authority which, in the Provincial Governments, were 
 exercised by the king, 
 
 _ At the time of the " Revolution," there were but two colonies of this des- 
 
 'I'^ISe'ru^n - l>" ' ''"^"' ^"''^ Baltimore, Pennsylvania and Delaware, 
 under \V illiam Penn. ' 
 
 chJr'^J)t ^^^.''^^'V^''''^."""!?''^'',^^^ P"^^"' """"^ ^'^-^^^^ ^^^^ nested by a 
 charter fiom the King in the colonists generally, and were placed upon a 
 
Ill 
 
 more free and democratic foundation. In Connecticut and Ehode Island, 
 tlio Governor, Counsel, and Assembly were chosen every year by the free- 
 men of the colony. Eut by the charter granted by William and Mary, in 
 1091, to the colony of Massachusetts, the Governor was appointed by the 
 King-, the Counsel chosen annually by the General Assembly, and the 
 House of Kepresentatives chosen by the people ; though in other respects 
 the charter was quite liberal in its provisions. At the commencement of 
 the Revolution, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, were the 
 only Charter Governments existing. 
 
 Notwithstanding these diversities in the form of their g-overnments, 
 the situation and circumstances of the colonists were similar in several very 
 important particulars. They were entitled to the rights and liberties of 
 English subjects, and to the advantages of the laws of England. They 
 were mostly a sober, industrious, and persevering people. They established 
 Provincial Legislatures to regulate their local affairs. They did not hold 
 their lands by any burdensome feudal tenures. The Governments were 
 administered upon popular principles, and generally marked by a liberal 
 policy. Many of the settlers in the colonies emigrated from England, at a 
 time of great religious and political excitement, and were filled with, the 
 " Spirit of Liberty," of free inquiry, and of opposition to the prerogatives 
 of the crown, and to an established church, which such excitement had 
 produced. Schools and Colleges were founded ; religion, education, and 
 printing encouraged. The great distance of the colonies from the mother 
 country, so weakened the power over them, that a love of freedom gradually 
 grew up almost imperceptibly by the English Government. 
 
 In Pennsylvania (soon after its settlement), in Maryland, and in New 
 England (except Rhode Island), the English law of primogeniture (that is 
 the right of the eldest son and his descendants to succeed to the inheritance 
 of the ancestor) was abolished, and the estates of the decedant were divided 
 among all his descendants ; which tended to equalize property, increase the 
 number of land holders and encourage habits of industry. The Colonies 
 nevertheless had no political connection with each other : they had no right 
 to form treaties or alliances among themselves, or enter into any connection 
 with foreign powers. The law of nations did not recognise them as sov- 
 ereign states, but only as dependencies of the crown of England. They 
 could not make treaties, declare Avar, or receive ambassadors. Each colonist, 
 howevei", had the full rights of a British subject in every other colony. 
 
 Notwithstanding the absence of any recognized right on the part of the 
 colonies to form alliances among themselves, yet, in consequence of the sim- 
 ilarity of their laws, religion, institutions, interests, situation and wants 
 generally, they were frequently led to unite together for the purpose of ad- 
 vancing their common welfare, and for defence against the hostilities of the 
 Indian tribes. The eastern colonies, so early as the year 1G43, entered into 
 a compact under the style of the " United Colonies of ISew England " for 
 the purpose of protection against the Indians and Dutch. This transaction 
 of the colonies was an assumption of sovereignty, and doubtless contributed 
 to the formation of that public sentiment, which prepared the way for Amer- 
 ican Independence. 
 
 Even at this early period these Colonies assumed the character of inde- 
 pendent states ; the attention of the mother country being drawn from them, 
 and absorbed by the civil war with which it was then so fearfully agitated. 
 Their articles of confederation were marked by that jealousy for state 
 sovereignfi/ which characterized all our subsequent Confederacies, but which, 
 ■wo have no reason to regret, was not included in our present Constitution, 
 which transferred the Sovereignty to the " National Government ". 
 
IV 
 
 The New England Confederacy existed until 1686, when the charters o 
 the colonies \vjre° vac itod by cuiUiUission ivoin J-iines II. After the dissoiu- 
 tioii ottais le.ii,ni>i, iieiny a ceiKury elapsed befoie any general association, 
 of ihe colonies was loaned. Butstiil ttiese, as weil as otlier colonie.s, con- 
 tinued to give MCoasiv)ii a evidences of tae great m^cessity they felt f.r, and 
 t le jigh imp Ttuice w.th which they regarded a Union. Now and tnen a 
 Congress ofG jveinors an 1 (Joinraissionecs, was held to adopt more effectual 
 me.isiires forlUfir nuuiuil protectionagamsttheirsavage enemies One of this 
 character was held at A.bany,in the year 17^:2; but another, of hguer impor- 
 tance, Wa8 coMven d there in 17J4, consi.^ting of delegates from seven 
 colonies, and called at the instance of the English Administr .lion to c-nsult 
 us to the best means of defending " America'' in the evi-nt of a war witli 
 France. 
 
 Tills C mgress published some important doctrines which, operating with 
 a hippy eff-ct on the m nds of ihe colonists, served to give the.u a AalionaL 
 direction, and guid.-d tnem on the road to our present high station. 
 
 The C>»nveM ion unanim)usiy resolved, " that a union of the colonies is 
 necessary fur thfir preservation, and I'arliament must be applied to to 
 establish it.-' The celebrated '' Plan," drawn up by Dr Franklin (which is 
 of the greatest interest to the American student) developed a National spirit 
 throughout. Power was given to the ••General Government" to laiseand 
 pay soldiers, build forts, and equip vessels of force, etc. The colonies were 
 to be represented in proportion to population. This was the first occasion upon 
 which this idea had Oeen suggested, the New England colonies in their con- 
 federacy h ivi ig been pq'i'dlij rep esented as colonies, not in p oportion to 
 population. In this respect the "Albany Plan" w .s in advance of the 
 " Articles of Confederation" in its National spirit, and served as the proto- 
 type of the •' Constitution" itself. The sectional jealou-y and colonial pride 
 of the colonies continued so strong that the " Albany Plan" was reject.-d by 
 every one of the Provincial Assemblies, and we were destined to remain 
 sometime longer separate, and in a considerable degree alien commonwealths, 
 jealous of each other's prosperity, and divided by policy, institutions, pre- 
 jud ce and ra mners. 
 
 Wien. however, Ensjland began to oppress the colonies, they were led 
 ag iin to form a union for their common protection. On the passage of the 
 '•.Stamp Act" in 1765, upon the rec >mmendation of Massachusetts, the 
 'birst G^/omaZ Congress" assembled at New York, October 7, of that year, at 
 winch nine clonies were represented by twenty-eigHt de egates, and they 
 published a bill of rights, in which they boldly declared that, "the sole 
 power ot taxation resided in the colonies " The bold stand taken by the 
 p-ople of B >ston a-aiu^t British tax ition in 1768. called forth resolutions of 
 approvil and support from almost every Colonial Legislature, and the events 
 Ru:ceeding serv.-d to heighten the National feeling in proportion, as the 
 hatred to the m ther country wa^ increased. 
 
 . t v"^ (^'ntinental Congress was simultaneously proposed by meetincrs held 
 ;\ o mI 7« '"!'^ Ph.ladelnhi t and by the Legislature of Connecticut. On 
 c dmi of th.^'n'^? ,"'» ^ r' ^' *'^^ colonies sti I urged on bj the monstrous 
 Ge Z TI *^, ^; ,"•' I'^t'- nment and the despotic usurpations of power by 
 dslf^J;\n Zln! '? ^^"'l'"pl«'<^^*tes to Philadelphia, " wiih anlLrity and 
 ^Jnn ''^ '^^'''"" ^"J'^''''' f"'' '^'« common icelfare.^^ Eleven of the 
 
 t^^Zn^:VZlnTV'' t'-'l «-^-^^. -nd by men illustrJous for 
 be enbOm. L 'I^Ih/'^;;^ ^"' whose memories are yet, and ever will 
 fem " vo?-' th7i| ! V ' Prat.tu le of their c .untrvmen. They styled 
 li.em u OS he delegates appointed by the g..o,l ppj.jyJe of the-e colonics " 
 
Rights," which is important, a<? fully settin.s: forth the natural and constitu- 
 tional rights to which the colonists believed them■^elves entitled, 
 
 E\^ents now crowded upon each oLhei'. iJ^fore the Congress met again, 
 hostilities had Curamenced in Massachusetts, and at Lexington the blood o| 
 the first martyrs to tbe cause had been shed to cement the National Unity." 
 Henceforth ^Ae Unioii was coniinued by successive conventions of Congress. 
 On the 10th of May, 1775, a Congress was again as-embled at Philadelphm, 
 &n(\. rested with full powers io concert, ajree upon, direct, order and prosecide 
 sucli measures, as they should must approve, to obtain redress of grievances. 
 Having published a declaration of the causes which impelled them to resolute 
 resistance, gradually assuming to themselves tue powers of the States ihey, 
 on the 4lh day of July, 177G, gave to the world that g orious instrument, 
 which marked the dawning of a brighter era, and the birthday of a happy 
 Nation which was eventuaUy to be truly free and independent 
 
 The National sentiment had now reached its height. Flushed wi;«h 
 thoughts of independence, and of boundless prosperity, no ideas of jealousy 
 or of State sovereignty entered the minds of toe people, but as ■' one peojde'^ 
 they dissolved the political bands which connected them with the mother 
 country; and " in the name, and by the authority of the good people of these 
 colonies," declared themselves "Free and Independent," which declaration 
 was finally engrossed and signed by order of Congress, 
 
 Throughout the whole of this immortal instrument the ideas of Equality 
 Liberty, and Union are closely blended. It was never referred to the separa;e 
 States for ratification, nor did any State decliie i/s Independence. The Inde- 
 pendence declared was for the " United States," not " Confederate States," 
 and was then for the first time styled " United fetates ot x\merica." 
 
 On the 11th of June, 177G, the same day on which a committee was ap- 
 pointed by Congress for preparing a Declaration of Independence, it resolved 
 to appoint another committee, to prepare and digest ihe form of alliance to 
 be entered into between the colonies. This committee, on the 12th (.f July 
 following, reported a plan of a confederacy consisting of twenty artic'es, but 
 the lofty National sentiment which prevailed in the Declaraiion of Independ- 
 ence did not exhibit itself so fully in the " Articles." So many were the 
 rival interests developed thai; the local jealousie- and_5ed(onai differences 
 Avhich had been forgotten during the fervour of the patriotic ouibuist, at the 
 commencement, left their irapre.-s on the '• Articles." and prevented their 
 adoption by Congress until November 15, 1777. Hence we find the doctrine 
 of •' State Sovereignty" plainly set forth in that instrument, in evident coiiflct 
 with the National spirit, which also makes itself apparent. *'T^ ese articles 
 of confederation" were ratified in July, 1778, by the delegates from all the 
 States but three, and were subsequently signed on the part of New Jersey, 
 Nov'r 25, 1778; Delaware. Feb'y 22, 1779 ; and Maryland, March 1, 1781. 
 
 The ratific ition of the Articles was, therefore, completed March 1, 17S1, 
 and on the 2d of March, 1781, Congress first assembled under the "Con- 
 federation." 
 
 These Articles formed the thirteen States, by the style of " The United 
 States of America.-' into a firm league of friendship with each other for their 
 defence, the security of their liberties, and their mutual and general welfare. 
 Each State retained its own sov^-piqniy, and all powers not expre.-sly dele- 
 gated to the United States in Conxress assembled. Delegates were to be 
 chosen every year by each Sta e,n 't less than three, nor more than seven in 
 number, to meet in Congress. E ich State was to support the expenses of its 
 own delegates. In deciding questions, the votes were taken bv Spates, each 
 State having a sing'e vote. A 1 the expenses of the war, and for the general 
 welfare, were to be supplied by (he several States in proportion to the value 
 ofthc Settled lands and improvcmoats thereon. • 
 
vr 
 
 After the Declaration of Peace, and close of the Revolutionary War, it 
 was soon round th.t the phin detailed in the •' Articles otConledeialiuu • was 
 impiaciicable. It gave to Congress no means of t-nforcing its laws upon the 
 States, and the S.ales disregarded the recoii,mendations of Congress with im- 
 I)unitv. Coiigiet-b hud no power to levy taxes or collect rt venue lor the 
 pill. lie service; nor could it regulate commeice either with (oreign nations 
 or among theseveriil slates. FortT.gn nations refused tohold intercourto with 
 a Governuient which was only such in name, and possessed no real power 
 even to carry out its nuist ordinary decrees. The public debt incurred by 
 t;ie war was veiy pieat, and the " Articles of Confederaiicin'' in no way pro- 
 vided < ffectua! means for its payment. The administration of government 
 under all such confederacies has fi'er been marked with weakne.^s. and de- 
 generated into anarchy, or increased to a must galling and unbounded 
 (lespoiisni. It became evident in a short time that distress and ruin would 
 overspread the couiitiy unless some different and more vigorous form of 
 government were adopted. 
 
 Delegates were, tlierefore, appointed from the different States to meet in 
 rhiladelpiiia on the J-lth day of May, 1787, for the purpose of devising some 
 plan for a viore perftcl Union of the States. The first practical suggestion of 
 a metiiod of investing the Government with the rcquisiie power, and at the 
 same time not destroy the State organizations, was in the winter of 17S4-S5, 
 when Noah Webster struck the key-note in proposing a new sysUm of Govern- 
 ment, which should act, *• 710/ on the Slates, but directly on individuals, and 
 vest in ' 0»ujress^ full poicer to cany its laws into effect." 
 
 The Convention met May 25, 1787, and after much discussion these views 
 were embodied in ihe present "Constitution,' which was finally adopted, 
 as tlie r.'sidt of iheir labors on the 17ih of September, 1787, and, according 
 to the recommendation of the Convention, Congress transmitted the plan of 
 the Constitution to the several Legislatures of the States, in older to be sub- 
 mitted to a convention of delegates cho-en in each State by the people 
 thereof C<inventions assembled in the different States, and the vew sysinn 
 was di-cussed with great learning and zeal, and with many conflicting 
 opinions, but wms at last adopted, thongh not without much oppositi( n. 
 
 On the 17th of September. 1788, Consfress having received the 
 ratifications cf the Constitution from all the Conventions of all the States. 
 except North Carolina and Khode Island, rei^olved that the first Wednes- 
 day of January. 1781), should be the day for appointing electors in the 
 several Slates, which may have ratified the Constitution before that day. 
 AccordinL'ly, eleeiions were held in the several States for electors, and 
 the e ectors. thus appointed, met and voted for President and Vice- 
 J lesicrnt. when Geo- ge Washington was unanimously elected the first 
 1 re-idont and Jnhn Adams, Vice-President. The States hnving also elected 
 tlieir Senators and I^epresenfatives, the first "Constitutional Congress," 
 c-mnns.-(l of Representatives from eleven States which had then ratified the 
 ^^ons-Mtution. asM-mbled on Wednesday, March 4, 1789. in New York, and 
 on tii.t (1 .y the new '• Constitution"' went into legal operation as the supreme 
 an(M.in(l:i...(.ntal \. wc f the land, thereby establishing a Katiov. 
 f.f fl 'J^'^'^J'V'*^'^" eominencos with the declaration that AVk, THE PEOPLE 
 in iir^ Y"^' States, in order to form a more perfect vn'.on, establish justice, 
 irrn"- 1 '"ir*"^ *""^l"'^'ty' provide for the common defence, promote the 
 K " '-J w elfare, and secure the blcs.<.imrs of libertv to ourselves, and our pos- 
 of An.erir'^"^*^^'''' "^'^ E»'^'Al>Lisii this C0N6Tifx:Ti0N for thc United States 
 It.H fu-st articlo vcRts nil Lcfihlathc power in a Covqress cf the United 
 HoTtcr.. J^S'"'"^' "^ ^ ^y-^^rv., r.s the rrprrsontalive of the State ; and a 
 nousn OF Rt- rf<KSF.NTATiVi:S, r.s tVo direct representatives of the PF.OPL i: 
 
YU 
 
 The duty of tliis Congress being to mad all laics for the GENERAL WELFAHE 
 of the whole United States. 
 
 Its second article places the executive or administrative power in a "Pres- 
 ident," whose duty it is, to " take care that the laws be faUhfuUy executed. " 
 The administrative business of the Government is not all managed directly 
 by the President himself, but, has by yariovis acts of Congress, been distrib- 
 uted among several executive departments, called the Cabinet, who are the 
 constitutional advisers of the President, and whose opinions he is authorised 
 to require in writing upon any subject relating to the duties of their res- 
 pective offices. 
 
 The third article vests the judicial powe?' in one " Supreme Court," and 
 such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and es- 
 tablish, whose province it is to tnterp'.et and ap'ply the laws. 
 
 Having given a condensed history of the rise and progress of the United 
 States Government to the time of the adoption of the Constitution, I will 
 endeavor to trace its history from that period to the present day. 
 
 The State Governments, under the Confederation, alone supported tlie United 
 States Governmeut, and, as has aheady been shown, made it dependent upon them 
 for its existence ; but, on the adoption of the Constitution, a more perfect touioii 
 was established, adding anoilur and more substantial support, emanating directly 
 from the people thi'oui^h their " Representatives in Congress," which transferred 
 the "Sovereignty " from tlie States to the United States, and cenieuted the States 
 firmly into one nation, so as to prevent their ever effectually dissolving their re- 
 lations with each other without the consent of a majority of the people, not only 
 of each State, but of the tvhole United States. 
 
 Although the " Declaration of Independence " declared ALL MEN TO BE 
 CREATED EQUAL, and endowed with certain inalienable rights, among which 
 w^ere life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, and although the Consti- 
 tution of the United States was adopted to secure the Blessings of Liberty to 
 all, there yet remained slavery for a portion of the PEORLE of the country. 
 Why was Slavery left in the Union after the declaration of independence 
 and why was the constitution adopted with no clause expressly prohibiting 
 it ? At that time a large portion of the white people had properti)^ in slaves, 
 and many had a large interest in their importation. These considerations 
 made it difficult to destroy the institution at once. It was expected, how- 
 ever, that it would graducdly diminish, and after a short time entirely cease 
 to exist. 
 
 That such was the expectation of the men most prominent in drawing 
 up those instruments, such as Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Richard II, 
 Lee, Patrick Henry, John Randolph, John Jay, Alexander Hamilton. Ben- 
 jamin Franklin, James Madison and others, is evident from their speeches 
 and writings as well as from their studied failure to expressly recognize it 
 in either ; also by the law which was passed by the Congress of the United 
 States in session at the time the Constitution was adopted by the Conven- 
 tion, ''forever prohibiting slavery in the North Western Territory" which 
 was ceded to the United States by different States about that time. A fact 
 to be borne in mind in this connection is, that a number of the States did 
 
VIII 
 
 abolish Slavery within their limits a few years afterwards, and the intent 
 was evident that it should be done in all u itil the Colton Gin made Slavery 
 so very prolitable, that the love of yain overcame the moral feeling that had 
 been cnj^endered till then, and some of the States continued, fostered, and 
 encouraged it. 
 
 The btates that abolished slavery, admitted Justice in its stead as an as- 
 sociate with Liberty, and Education was their legitimate offspring, therefore 
 the " Free States " represented Justice, Liberty, and Education, and the "Slave 
 States" Liberty and Slavery combined. 
 
 The incompatibility of Slavery with Liberty becoming more and more 
 apparent, and the people of tlu se States that had abolished Slavery, per- 
 ceivinj,' that it was bringing contempt upon the Declaration of Independence 
 and tlu) principles of the Constitution, endeavored to persuade their brethren 
 in the States that had not, to adhere to the original understanding, and 
 to make some provision for its eventual abolition, if they could not be pre- 
 vailed upon to give it up at once. They showed them its antagonism to 
 the i^rinciples and interests of a Free and Independent Hepublic, that it was 
 a foe to education and progress, that it Avas undermining the morals and 
 degr<idiiigthe labor of the country, that it pandered to the worst passions, 
 and tended to reduce the country to barbarism. 
 
 These simple truths laid before them in candor, for their own good, as 
 well as for the good of the country, did not have the desired effect of awak- 
 ening them to a sense of Justice. But, feeling the debasing infiu(?nce of sla- 
 very, and finding it could not be sustained by free discussion, also i)erceiving 
 tlie slender thread which held it (on sufferance) in the United States under 
 the Constitution, raised the cry of persecution, and charged the free States 
 witlx interfering with their domestic affairs. Fearing that the progress of 
 liberal views among the people of the free States would soon have such in- 
 fluence in the 'councils of the nation as to curtail the privileges of slavery, 
 they attempted to revive the old jealousies that had formerly existed be- 
 tween the States, and establish the doctrine of States Rights Supremacy ; 
 contending that the Constitution did not transfer the Sovereignty from the 
 States to the United States ; but that they were still, as under the Confed- 
 eracy, Sovereign and Independent States, joined together, as then, by a com- 
 pact or league, and that the States could nullify any law passed by Congress, 
 and had the right to withdraw from the Union at pleasure. 
 
 Not deeming it expedient to appear to sustain that doctrine in order to 
 uphold and protect slavery, they first directed their attention to the Tariff 
 law passed by Congress, when the State of South Carolina denied the r'ght 
 of the United States Government to collect the Tariff Duty in that State, 
 and threatened to resist its enforcement, and to withdraw from the Union. 
 But^this threat was promptly met by a proclamation from President " Jack- 
 son," who declared that the " laws must be executed," and that any oppo- 
 sition to their execution would be met by force, if necessary. South Caro- 
 lina receded from her hostile position, although she still boldly advanced 
 licr favorite doctrine of the Supremacy of States Rights, and, in the person 
 of her distinguished Senator " John C. Calhoun ", asserted it even in the 
 lialls of Congress. Calhoun became its foremost Champion, and endeavored 
 witli all the lowers of his analytical mind to convince the country that the 
 doctrine was correct. But " Daniel Webster," the Champion of National 
 ^ uprcniacv, n et h:s arguments step by step, and so successfully refuted 
 them, and so fir uly established the Sovereignty of the " United States 
 Government ' that few afterwards openly attempted to dispute it. Finding 
 tJicy could not establish States Rights Supremacy openlv, and throuirh that 
 
IX 
 
 protect the institution of slavery from the encroachments of education and 
 progressive ideas, they proceeded by intrigue and comproinise to induce the 
 National G-overnmcut to acknowledge its obligation to protect it. First by 
 admitting new States with slavery into the Union, thereby strengthening 
 the slave power in the Nation, next by the {'assagc of the " Fugitive Slave 
 Law," which they claimed was only to carry into effect a provision of the 
 Constitution, but which was so drawn as to make every man a Fugitive 
 Slave hunter. 
 
 Then by endeavoi'ing to force the United States to protect slavery in the 
 Territories under the name of " Squatter Sovereignty " and finally to protect 
 it in the free States, when taken there by its master, thus seeking to force 
 the Free States to become Slave States. 
 
 The freedom loviag people of the Country became aroused to a sense of 
 their danger, opposed tlte two last propositions at the ballot box, and sig- 
 nally defeated them by the election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the 
 United States. Their secret organizations ol " States Rights '' under the 
 name of " Knights of the Golden Circle " now made their object manifest 
 in the threatened resistance to the will of the people, by secession. 
 
 Most of the offices of the National Government were in the hands of the 
 Conspirators, a conniving or imbecile President, (James Buchanan,) was in 
 the Chair at Washington, the fleet despatched to distant Avaters, the army 
 scattered along the western borders, the arsenals at the North stripped, and 
 the arms sent South, the Treasury depleted, and the National Credit pur- 
 posely destroyed by the treacherous Secretary of the Treasury. 
 
 All things being thus prepared, the Conspirators appealed to w^hat they 
 termed the reserved rights of the States, and sought to withdraw from the 
 Union. Before the inauguration of Abraham Lincoln as President of the 
 United States, seven of the States had seceded, and formed themselves into 
 a " Southern Confederacy" the foundations of which were Slavery alone. Four 
 other Suites afterward joined the Confederacy, raaliing eleven in all which se- 
 ceded from the Union. These were, Soiuh-Carolina, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, 
 Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North-Carolina. 
 
 The position of these States after seceding has been a question of consid- 
 erable interest to the country. Under the Old Articles of Confederation, 
 any State had the right to withdraw fron the Union, or League at any time, 
 as each State was Sovereign and Independent of each other, but, on the 
 adoption of the Constitution, that Sovereignty was transferred to the Na- 
 tional Government, thus giving the citizens of every State a joint interest 
 in every other State. Therefore, no State, nor the people of any State, had 
 the right to secede or withdraw fx'om the Union, without the consent of a 
 rrutjordy of the lohole peonle of the United States. 
 
 These eleven States did, however, as States, withdraw their practical re- 
 lations with the rest of the Union. They also attempted by force of arms to com- 
 pel the National (xovernment to allow them to take with them the people of those 
 States, which would complete their separation, and establish their independence. 
 
 But the National Government, now under the administration of Abra- 
 ham Lincoln, prevented the accomplishment of their object, by calling on 
 the Loyal People of the Nation to aid in the restoration of the Union; who 
 immediately responded to the call iu sufficient numbers to arrest their 
 progress- 
 
X 
 
 All arc familliar with the different phases of the Rebellion, of the nu- 
 mcrous ob.stacie.s to the proirres.s of Restoration, of the various prejudices 
 to overcome, and the complete change in the morale of the war before it 
 couM he successful. 
 
 AVhcn tlij war commenced, it was conducted on the part of the National 
 Government for the restoration of the Union only. 
 
 Shivery, the cause of the Rebellion, and the (/real obstacle to its suppres- 
 sion was left as before, and the shives who fled to the Union Armies, were 
 returned to their masters. The National Government studiously avoided 
 all interference with the "peculiar institution" in order to convince the 
 Southern reoi)le that they were not fighting against slavery, but to restore 
 the Union to its former position, and, to give them the opportunity and all 
 tie inducements possible to give up the struggle, and return to their duty. 
 The necessity of freeing the slaves of Rebels, in order to take from them 
 a great part of their strength, and thereby destroy the cause of the rebel- 
 lion, was foreseen by Gen. Fremont, Avhcn in command of the Department 
 of the Missouri, who issued a proclamation, liberating the slaves of Rebels 
 witliiii his command. Deeming it premature, President Lincoln counter- 
 manded the proclamation, giving them more time for consideration^ But 
 uU the inducements held out to them Avere rejected, and the rebels continued 
 the struggle, determined to co?n/^e/ the National Government to recognize 
 their inclcpcndence, and relinquish its control over any property in tire Se- 
 ceding States. After nearly two years of bloody strife, the Administration 
 saw that the slave was an aid to the Rebellion, (though an unwilling one,^ 
 una that the institution of slavery was the great obstacle to the success of 
 tlie Lnion Arms. Then, and then only, and as a military necessity, did 
 1 resident Lincoln issue his celebrated "Emancipation Proclamation " 
 
 A large portion of the slaves finding they would be protected, fled to the 
 Lnion Armies, and afterwards, being allowed to enlist as Soldiers, aided us 
 to overcome and conquer Rebellion. 
 
 ^ihe rebellion, aliei- histin,^^ four years, was Puddcnly brought to a close 
 by the surrender of Lee to Grant, April 9. 18C5; the supremacy of the 
 .^ulional Government was vindicated, and the "Constitution" stood firm 
 under the sliock. 
 
 The collapse of the rebellion, and the radical change which it had made 
 
 n e US ,u ?; 1 '/•' °^ K^ '''^''^"° ^^'''^'^'^ ^^''^ ^^^^'"^ ^^5'J^out civil govern- 
 rX?;>; r '7^- '"^^^^»bp"^ ^iPon the " x\ational Congress" to make some 
 ru.cs or n-g,ilatu.ns lor iheir " Keconstrnction." 
 
 Evccut ve' IwTi'n.if ,^;V"%to?:ether, Abraham Lincoln, who, as its Chief 
 day of \n il ts *^ n. ' *^^'*'"^ ^^^'""-^ '^' groat struggle, w^s on the Hth 
 Brr^k^.id'^i; hlfV' /^'^ V';"'""''"'"^ ^^" ^^« surrendcn- of Fort Sumpter), 
 tv ic 1 ad t ' in Jrl i? '".^ ^ ^^^P''-«'l V^l^'^t "Slave Spirit" 
 
 Ti n -fi IXl a,'''^^''v'" the uncontrolled indulgence of their pas- 
 o l^-e' ConsUtuion h "'""'p '«*:- '"'^^i^i^'nt of the United Slates, by viJtue 
 n e m-es fo resto in^^^^^^^^^ 'Tt'^' ^"'^ '^''""^'^ ^''^ *^^k of itfitiating 
 
 Con>ttntiou vess « T^ /•'^"^' "^^^^"^ *'^ -Congress," in whom the 
 '*pM.cy"dsr,'ar^^^^^^^^^ ^'^>«^ Mr. Johnson's 
 
 before U.cy condsvialvJ^^^^^ ^^ '"^'^e 
 
 deliver Ihc^eins o .V : :,; ,,u i To 1^^ T'7^ r n '^' ^"'""' ^^^^ ^^"''^^^ '^ 
 Ouv.rnn.ent hud been be ' j \ i'; \^, .'";' ^/^ ^''« ^'^-y "^^n by whcni that 
 of the r. bcls. ^ ' '^ ^^'^ -'' ^^^ ^'''J^' <^'^'-^ns beneath the llet 
 
XI 
 
 His conduct re-aroused the slave spirit, rendering the work of reconstruc- 
 tion more difficult than before. 
 
 Congress, when they met in December, 1865, justly considering that the 
 power to initiate proceedings for the restoration of civil governments in the 
 rebellious States was vested in tbe Legislative and not in the Executive Di^pa^vt- 
 ment of ihe Government, and that the results of the J resident's policy en- 
 dangered the rights of tbe peop/e and tbe authority of the i\a^'on, entered 
 upon a series of legislative me.sures, intended to secure the rights and privil- 
 ege.s of the freedmen, protect those who bad remain, d faith'ul to tbe Govern- 
 ment, preserve oider, and put the late Rebel States under the control of men 
 loyal to the country, to Liberty and Justice. 
 
 The amendment to the Constitution, securing the emancipation of the 
 slave thr(Uighout the National Jurisdiction, was < fficially announced as 
 having been ratified by a sufficient number of States on the 18th of De- 
 cember, 1865. 
 
 Secession and this amendment to the Constitution renderednuU and void 
 the "Old State Constitutions" which recognized slavery. 
 
 On the 9th of April, 1£66, the " Civil Eights" bill became a law by 
 being passed over the President's veto, giving the colored man, through its pro- 
 visions, the same right to acquire and hold property as the white man, and 
 the "Freedmen's Bureau, secured and protected him in those rights. 
 
 On the 12th of June, 1866, the Fourteenth Amendment to the Consti- 
 tution was passed by Congress, which makes colored as well as white men 
 " Citizens" of the United States, and of the State wherein they reside, and 
 forbids any State to make or enforce any law wh ch shall abridge the 
 privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States, or deny them the 
 equal protection of the law. The amendment also forbids the United 
 States, or any State t o assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of 
 insurrection or rebellion against the United States.or any claim for the loss 
 or emancipation of any slave, and declares all such debts, obligations and 
 claims to be illegal and void. 
 
 The people of the Seceding States, who had engaged in insurrection or 
 rebellion, forfeited their political rights by their treason ; and the State 
 Constitutions Laving become null and void by Secession and the Amendment 
 to the United States Constitution emancipating the slaves, they were left 
 without any lawful civil governments. The rebel spirit having also been 
 revived, these States were, by the Eeconstruction Acts of Congress, placed 
 under the military authority of the United States, until they should make 
 new Constitufiovs in accoidance with the rules and regulations made by 
 Congress. These rules and regulations gave to the freedmen the right of 
 sxiffrcKje, which made him a check i-;pon, and insured the loyalty of the 
 rebels, most of whom were restored to their former political privileges. 
 
 Having restored the rebels to their civil and jDolitical privileges, and 
 made citizens of the colored men, and secured to them the right of suffrage, 
 together, thej^ were authorized to make "New Couhtitution ," republican in 
 form, organize State Governments, and elect their rci^resentatives to Con- 
 gress. Having done this, they are " Ee. constructed, " and again members 
 of the ." National Union." 
 
 Tlie Fifteenth Amendment having been added to the Constitution of the United 
 States^ in 1869, giving the Suffrage to all citizens without regard to race or 
 
XII 
 
 color. Reconstruction having taken place, and firmly established on the 
 basis of the Declaration of Independence, and the seceding States again re- 
 prt-soutedin the Councilsof the Nation— slavery havingbeen abolished— the 
 Kriat obstacle to progress and cause of contention will have been removed, 
 tlio prtjiulice of color and jealousy of sections will pass away, and the 
 People of all parts of the country that have been divided on the question 
 c f t(]ua ity and Sovereignty will congratulate each other on the happy re- 
 sults of J>ecoiistraetion, and become strongly United as One Country 
 and One People in. interest and feeling. FREE in fad as well as in ilieory, 
 and work to:^ether niqve earnestly for the prosperity of the Whole Country, 
 which will progress with rapid strides in wealth, morals and happiness, 
 cxlubiting to the world the stabiiity and tenacity of a Government whose 
 "Sovereignty is in the People." 
 
1'. GEOEGE WASHINGTON. 
 
 George ■Washington, the 1st President of the United States, was "born 
 in Virginia, in the year 17o2. 
 
 The common schools of that State afforded the only opportunity for his 
 education. The study of mathematics was his principal delight. At the 
 ago of nineteen he received an appointment in the army with the title of 
 Major, Avas advanced to Colonel in 1754, and took charge of a campaign 
 against the Frencli at Fort Du Quesne, now Pittsburg, Pa. Erected Fort 
 Necessity near that place, where he was attacked by four times his number 
 of French and Indians, and, after ten hours severe fighting, was forced to 
 surrender, but with the honorable terms of being allowed to return to 
 Virginia unmolested with his command. We next find him covering the 
 retreat of Braddock, where, by his cool bravery, he saved the army from 
 destruction. 
 
 He was elected a member of the House of Burgesses, of Virginia, in 
 1759, and a delegate to the first Continental Congress in 1774. In that day 
 of great peril, when Congress had done what it could to raise " That 
 glorious old Continental Army" all eyes were turned to Washington as its 
 leader, and ho was unanimously appointed its Commander-in-Chief; which 
 he (with modesty and dignity) accepted, but declined all compensation for 
 his services, asking only for the remuneration of his expenses. 
 
 During the seven years of the war of the Revolution, his j)rudence and 
 firmness, and his bravery and wisdom, were the admiration of all calm and 
 wise men. He brou^iht order out of discord, and triumph out of difficulty. 
 In 1787, he was called to preside over the Convention which met in Phila- 
 delphia for the purpose of forming a Constitution, the result of which was 
 that admirable instrument which has ever since been the guide of the 
 nation ; and, after its adoption by the States in 1789, he Avas unanimously 
 chosen 1st President of the United States for four years, and in 1793 was 
 called by the same unanimous voice of his country to serve a second term; 
 on the expiration of which he resigned, and, delivering his celebrated fare- 
 well address, retired to the peaceful shades of Mount Vernon, to enjoy the 
 quiet of domestic life. He did not, however, live long to realize his ardent 
 desire, for, after a short illness of only a few hours, he died, December 14, 
 1799, at the age of sixty-eight, and was buried at Mount Vernon, amid the 
 grateful tears of his countrymen. 
 
 Washington was above the common size, with a robust and vigorous 
 constitution, fine person, easy, erect, and noble deportment, exhibiting a 
 natural dignity unmingled with haughtiness. 
 
 liis manners were reserved, his temper highly sensitive, but always 
 controlled by his judgment and prudence. Plis mind was strong ; and, 
 though slow in its operation, was sure in its conclusions. His patriotism 
 was as incorruptible as it was ardent, and a lofty recitude marked every 
 small, as well as every great action of his life. 
 
 He devoted a long life to the welfare of his country, and while the love 
 of liberty is cherished, every true American will delight to accord to him 
 the proud title of " TJie Father of his Country." 
 
2. JOHN ADAMS. 
 
 Joii^^ Adams, the 2lI President of the United States, was born in Quincy, 
 M:iss;icliusetts, October 19, ITDo. He graduated at Harvard College in 
 17oo, and was admitted to the bar in 1758. About this time he wrote his 
 celebrated "Essay on the Common and Federal Law." In 1706, he removed 
 to Boston, was chosen Councellor in 177^5, and elected to the first Continen- 
 tal Congress in 1774, of which he was one of the most efficient members, 
 and was associated with Jefferson, Franklin, Sherman, and Livingrston, as 
 a committee to draft the Declaration of Independence, and was the colossus 
 of suj^port to that immortal instrument in that aug-ust body. The same 
 year, he was placed on a committee to wait on Lord Howe in reference to 
 the condition of the country, who, receiving them with imposing military 
 display, told them that he could not receive them as a committee of Con- 
 gress, but only as private citizens. Adams replied : " You may view us in 
 whatever light you please, sir, except that of British subjects." 
 
 While in Congress he served as a member of ninety-five different com- 
 mittees, and was chairman of twenty-five. 
 
 In 1778, lie was appointed Commissioner to France, returned the next 
 year, and was chosen member of the Convention called to frame the Consti- 
 tution of Massachusetts, and drew up the report of the committee, which 
 was adopted. 
 
 The same year he was appointed IMinister to negotiate peace with G-reat 
 Britain, and the following year to Holland, from which he was summoned 
 to Paris to consult on the general peace with the Commissioners of Austria, 
 Russia, and France, which, after many difficulties was affected in 1783. 
 
 In 17So, he was appointed Minister Plenipotentiary to the Court of St. 
 James, Avhere he secured to his country many important advantages. 
 
 At his own request he was permitted to resign his charge in 1788, and 
 in the same year was elected Vice-President of the United States ; which 
 office he licld during Washington's administration, and on his retirement 
 was chosen President, which position lie held for four years. In 1820, at the 
 great ago of eighty-five, he was chosen a member of the Convention to 
 revise the Constitution of his native State, "The instrument which was the 
 work of his own mind and pen." 
 
 Mr. Adams was among the few of that brave band, who cast their lives, 
 their fortunes, and their sacred honors, on the die of the Revolution, who 
 was permitted to live to witness the permanent establishment of the insti- 
 tutions they liad bequeathed to their children and posterity. He lived to 
 SCO his Kon suixced to the honors, which a grateful country had bestowed 
 oalumselt, until, "as if Heaven appointed," on the 4th of Julv, 1826, the 
 mtic-h anniversary of his country's independence, with the glorious words 
 trembling on Ins dying lips, "Independence forever," hand in hand with 
 nis o!. I compatriot. Thomao Jefferson, ho passed away amid the firin"- of 
 guns, the ringing of bells, and the rejoicings of an emancipated people. '^ 
 
3. THOMAS JEFFEESON. 
 
 Thomas Jefferson, the 3d President of the United States, was born 
 at Shadwell, Virginia, on the 2d day of April, 1743. At the age of seven- 
 teen he entered William and Mary College, where his early education was 
 completed, and his mind and body were equally nourished and developed 
 
 He was one of the best riders in the State, an accomplished performer 
 on the violin, a proficient in the science of mathematics, and a diligent 
 student of Greek, Latin, French, and Spanish. He is said to have been one 
 of the best educated men in America. 
 
 Upon the completion of his college course he studied law for five years 
 with an unusual assiduity, was admitted to practice in 17C7, and soon 
 acquired an extensive business. 
 
 He strongly sympathized with the spirit of freedom in the Colonies, and 
 in 1709, signed a resolution not to import any article from the mother 
 country. After taking a leading part in organizing resistance in Vii'ginia 
 to British aggressions, he was elected to the Colonial Congress in 1775, and 
 became one of the most prominent members. 
 
 In the following year he was appointed Chairman of that immortal 
 Committee, chosen to draw up the Declaration of Independence. 
 
 This instrument was the work of his pen, and was adopted on the 4th 
 of July, 177G. 
 
 In 1779, he was elected Governor of Virginia, and in 1783, a member of 
 Congress. While a member of this body, Washington resigned his com- 
 mand of the army, and Jefferson was the author of the elegant address to 
 the " Father of his Country," voted on that occasion. 
 
 In 1784, he went as Minister to France (to succeed Franklin, who had 
 won unbounded popularity), and satisfactorily accomplished the arduous 
 task of filling his place. In 1789, he returned to the United States, and 
 Washington called him into his council by appointing him Secretary of 
 State. 
 
 He immediately set himself to lay down maxims and rules of foreign 
 intercourse, which have governed all our subsequent administrations. 
 
 In 1795, he was called to the Chair of the Philosophical Society, and in 
 March, 1801, was inaugurated President of the United States, and was re- 
 elected in 1805. 
 
 Retiring from the Presidency in 1809, in the sixty-sixth year of his age, 
 Mr. Jefferson passed the rest of his days upon his plantation at Monticello, 
 beloved and venerated by his countrymen. 
 
 His last care was to perfect the organization of the University of Vir- 
 ginia, of which he was the founder. 
 
 At the age of eighty-three he retained his intellectual powers little 
 diminished, and died of old age rather than disease, on the ever-glorious 
 anniversary of that Declaration of Independence of which he was the 
 author, nearly at the same hour with John Adams, his associate, July 4th, 
 1826, just fifty years after its adoption. 
 
4. JAMES MADISON. 
 
 J\MES !Madison, the 4tli rrcsidcnt of the United States, was bom in 
 OranVe County, Virginia, March 16, 1751. In his youth he was favored 
 with the instruction of a Scotchman by the name of Robertson, under whose 
 faithful care that taste for elegant and classical literature was developed, 
 which marked liis official career. 
 
 • He graduated at Trinceton College, in 1771, and remained in college a 
 year after, that he might pursue his studies under the charge of Dr. Wither- 
 spoon, between whom and himself a lasting friendship had sprung up. 
 He commenced the study of law, but in the memorable year, l'i76, he was 
 elected to the General Assembly of Virginia, and for forty years, he was 
 continually in office either for his State or the United States. In 1778, lie 
 
 lurinj 
 
 1780, he took a seat in the Continental Congress, and became immediately 
 an active and leading member, and continued to hold a seat in that distin- 
 guished assembly of patriots until 1783. 
 
 In 1784, '8o, and '80, Mr. Madison was a member of the Legislature of 
 Virginia. 
 
 in 1787, he became a member of the Convention, held in Philadelphia, 
 for the purpose of preparing a Constitution for the Government of the 
 United States. 
 
 Perhaps no member of that body had more to do with the formation of 
 that noble instrument, the " Constitution of the United States of America," 
 than Mr. M idison. It was during the recess, between the proposition of 
 the Cnnstituti(m by the Convention of 1787, and its adoption by the States, 
 that that celebrated work, " The Federalist," made its appearance. This is 
 known to have been the joint production of Alexander Hamilton, John 
 Jay, and James Madison. This same year he was elected to Congress, and 
 held his seat until the Continental Congress passed away among the things 
 that were. He was a member of the State Convention of Virginia, which 
 met to adopt the Constitution, and on the establishment of the new Con- 
 gress, under the Constitution, he was chosen a member; retaining his seat 
 until the close of Washington's administration in 1797. 
 
 On the accession of Jefferson to the Presidency, he immediately offered 
 Mr. Madison a place in his cabinet, and he accordingly entered on the dis- 
 charge of his duties as Secretary of State; which duties he continued to 
 perform daring the whole of Mr. Jefferson's administration; and on the 
 retirement of that great statesman, he succeeded to his seat in 1809. He 
 hold the position of President during the war of 1812, and brought it 
 safely to a glorious conclusion. Mr. Madison retired, in 1817, to his peace- 
 fnl home in Virginia, where he passed the remainder of his davs, loved by 
 the many and respected by all, until, on the 28th day of June, 1836, the last 
 Burvivor oi the f rumors of the Constitution, and one of the most distin- 
 pTH«l»od chami)ion3 of American freedom, he gathered his mantle about 
 Lim, and laid down of pleaaaut dreams, in the eighty-sixth year of his age. 
 
5. JAMES MONEOE. 
 
 James Monroe, the 5th President of the United States, was born in 
 Westmoreland County, Virginia, April 28, 1758. 
 
 His early education was acquired at William and Mary's College, from 
 which institution he graduated in 177G, when he commenced the study of 
 the law. The sound of war and battle, however, did not allow him to 
 proceed. Fired with a desire to do something for his country in its deep 
 hour of need, he enlisted, and was speedily honored with a Lieutenant's 
 commission, and marched forthwith to the headquarters of the American 
 army. He met the foe at Harlem Heights and White Plains, and shared 
 the perils and fatigue of the distressing retreat of the American army 
 through New Jersey in 1776. He crossed the Delaware with Washington, 
 and with him made a successful attack on the Hessians' camD, at Trenton, 
 on the morning of the 2Gth of December, 1776, 
 
 This successful blow was soon followed by the victory our soldiers gained 
 at the battle of Princeton, by which courage and hope were once more 
 infused into the spirit of our soldiers, and all classes of society. In the 
 battle of Trenton, young Monroe received a musket-ball in the shoulder, 
 notwithstanding which, he fought out the fight gallantly and valiantly. 
 At Brandywine, as aid to Lord Stirling, he took an active share, and 
 rendered conspicuous service in the bloody battle of Germantown. 
 
 At the battle of Jlonmouth, he was also engaged, and displayed great 
 gallantry and cool daring. Dissatisfied with his inferior position, he 
 received permission to raise a regiment in his native State ; but, being dis- 
 appointed in accomplishing it, he entered the office of Mr. Jeiferson, and 
 resumed the study of law. In 1780, Mr. Jefferson, being Governor of 
 Virginia, sent him on a special mission to the Southern army to ascertain 
 its condition, whicli he performed to the satisfaction of that eminent 
 man. 
 
 On his return he was elected to the Legislature, and in 1783, was elected 
 to the Continental Congress, and in 1786, was again elected t » the State 
 Legislature. In 1788, he was a member of the Convention called to decide 
 on the adoption of the new Constitution, and voted against its adoption. 
 In 1790, he was elevated to the United States Senate, and in 1794, he was 
 sent Envoy Extraordinary to to the Court of Versailles, where he ai-rived in 
 the nick of time to consummate the purchase of Louisiana from Napoleon, 
 who, being in pressing need of funds, ceded that vast tract of land, com- 
 prising Louisiana, Arkansas, and Missouri, to the United States, for fifteen 
 million dollars. After settling this purchase, he went to England to suc- 
 ceed Mr. King aa Minister to the Court of St. James; but the affair of the 
 frigate Chesapeake placing hira in an uncomfortable position, he returned 
 to the United States. In 1810, he was elected to the Virginia Legislature, 
 and soon after was chosen Governor, which office he held until Mr. Madi- 
 son called him to assume the duties of Secretary of State in his cabinet. 
 
 In 1817, he was elected President of the United States, and re-elected in 
 1821, with great unanimity. His administration was a prosperous and 
 quiet one. 
 
 Mr. Monroe retired from the office of President more than impoverished, 
 for he was in debt ; and, in his old age being harra.ssed by his creditors, he 
 removed to New York, where he found an asylum and home with his 
 daughter, and where he died on the 4th of July, 1831, being the third 
 President who- had died on the anniversary of their couutiy'a inde- 
 pendence. 
 
6. JOHN Q. ADAMS. 
 
 John Quincy Adams, tlie sixth President of tlie United States, son of 
 Joliu Adams, the second President, was born in Quincy, Massachusetts, 
 July 11th, 17G7. 
 
 "Wlu'u ten years of age lie accompanied his father to France, and resided 
 abroad most ly until after the scenes of the revolution were brought to a close, 
 and when liftcen was ])rivaie secretary to the American minister to Russia. 
 Wishing to avail himself of a classical education he returned to his native 
 land, and in 1 T8G entered Harvard College as a junior at the age of eighteen, 
 and on graduating entered the law office of Theophilus Parsons, after- 
 wards Chief-Justice of Massachusetts for many years. Mr. Adams was 
 more a statesman than a lawyer, and during the bitter controversy of 
 "Washington's Administration wrote several series of political articles, 
 which won for him the esteem of the President and the api-)]ause of some 
 of the greatest minds in both this country and England. In 1794 he was 
 a]-)pf)inied minister to the Hague, and in 1797 was transferred to Berlin, 
 whence he was recalled in 1801. 
 
 ]Mr. Adams now entered upon the career which terminated only with 
 his life. He Avas elected to the Senate of Massachusetts in 1802, and ap- 
 pointed United States Senator in 1803, which position he held until 1808. 
 
 AVas made Professor of Rhetoric awd Belles Ijcttres in Harvard College 
 in 180o ; sent minister to Russia in 1809; assisted in negotiating the Treaty 
 of Ghent in 1815, and appointed minister to England the same year. 
 
 He was Secretary of State under President Munroe in 1817, and was 
 chosen President of the United States by the U. S. House of Representa- 
 tives (there being no choice by the people), which position he held for four 
 years. 
 
 In 1831 he was elected a Representative to Congress and continued in 
 that position until his death, which occurred in the speaker's room, Feb. 
 23, 1848, two days after falling from his chair in the House of Representa- 
 tives from a stroke of paralysis. His last words were: " This is the end 
 of earth ; " "I am content." 
 
 Few men have passed so large a portion of their lives in active public 
 employment as John Quincy Adams. 
 
 For more than sixty years he was in the service of his countrv, from 
 secretary of legation at the early age of fifteen to the Chief Magistracy of 
 the L nion. ° "^ 
 
 Mr. Adams was a man of rare gifts and rich acquisitions. He was one 
 ol the finest classical and belles letlres scholars of his time, and even 
 inlusoldage otien astonished his hearers with the elegant classical nllu- 
 -ons and rhetorical tropes with which he embellished his own produc- 
 
 tions; and which earned him the title of the *' Old Man Eloquent" 
 
 lie was a bold champion of freedom, free speech, and the ridit of peti- 
 t on, and a fear Uss defender of the oppressed wherever they were to be 
 Februu^ry ii3 ' ma "''"' '^^'* ^^' "^''^ ""^ ^^^ advanced age of eighty-six, 
 
1. ANDREW JACKSON. 
 
 A^"DIlEW Jacksox, the 7th President, was born March 15, 1707, in" 
 Union County, North Carolina. His father was a poor emigrant from the 
 North of Irehmd, who died before Andrew saw the light of day. His early 
 ediication was received at the old field-schools of that region, and from 
 wandering school-teachers, during a few weeks in winter. 
 
 He commenced his military ca:eer in 1781, at the age of fourteen, in the 
 Revolutionary Army; but was soon taken prisoner. TVhile prisoner he 
 was ordered by a British officer to do some menial work; he refused, 
 saying, " I am a prisoner of war, and claim to be treated as such," for which 
 he received a severe wound on the head and arm by the sword of the en- 
 raged Englishman. 
 
 At the close of the Hevolution he ptudied law, was admitted to the bar 
 in 1780, and removed to Nashville, Tenn., and commenced practice in 1788, 
 where he soon obtained a very successful business, and for twenty years 
 continued to practice at the bar, except when interrupted by public 
 employment. 
 
 lie was elected to the United States House of Representatives, from 
 which he was transfered to the Senate, and for six years served as Judge of 
 the Supreme Court of Tennessee. When the war of 1812 commenced, 
 President Madison gave him a commission in the Regular Army, and com- 
 mand of the Southern troops, which he led against the Creek Indians ; and 
 after two most vigorous and perilous campaigns, conquered and made a 
 treaty with them on the "Hickory Ground," by which he received the 
 familiar sobriquet of " Old Hickory." He afterward led hie victorious 
 troops to the defense of New Orleans, where he fought, behind the cotton 
 bags, his victorious battle with General Packenham ; for which he was hon- 
 ored with the title of the " Hero of New Orleans." The rejoicings of that 
 victory was soon followed by the welcome tidings of peace betAveen the 
 United States and Great Britain. 
 
 In 1818. he was again called upon to render his military services in the 
 expulsion of the Seminoles, and in 1821 was made Governor of Florida. 
 In 1828, and again in 18o2, ho was elected President of the United 
 States. 
 
 During his adminstration. Nullification raised its menacing head in 
 South Carolina, threatening resistance to the execution of the laws of the 
 United States. But Jackson issued his celebrated proclamation, saying: 
 " By the Eternal the laws must and shall be executed," and South Carolina 
 teceded from her position. His antagonism to the United States Bank 
 caused him to order the removal of the United States deposits from that 
 institution, and transfer them to certain State Banks. His opponents 
 censured this measure as an unauthorized and dangerous assumption of 
 power by the executive. 
 
 His reply was, "I take the responsibility," and defended his course, by 
 asserting the Bank to be unsound. He retired from the Presidency, March 
 4, 1837, "and spent the close of his life at his "Hermitage," near Nashville, 
 Tenn., cultivating his plantation, where he died June 8, 1845, aged seventy- 
 eight. 
 
 General Jackson was headstrong, but always honest; rash, but ever 
 patriotic. Fear he knew not either on the battle-field or before that terrible 
 'gQwev-^2^ublic opinion. His purpose once taken, no threats of his ene- 
 mies, no persuation of his friends, and no personal considerations could 
 shake it. 
 
8. MAETIN YAN BUEEN. 
 
 Martin Van Bi'ijkx, the 8th President of the United States, -was born 
 at Kinderhook, New York, December 5, 1782. He obtained his education 
 at the common school and academy of his native village. 
 
 In 171»(), while yet in his fourteenth year, he commenced the study of 
 law. While a student, he was an active politician ; and, when only eighteen, 
 represented the Republicans in the Congressional Convention of his district. 
 In 1802-3 he studied in New York City, and, in the latter year,^ was ad- 
 mitted to the bar. His business soon became lucrative, and his clients 
 numerous- 
 
 The first oflScial distinction he received was his appointment, by Governor 
 Thompkins, as Surrogate of Columbia County, in 1808. 
 
 In 1812 he was elected State Senator. He at once assumed a prominent 
 position in the Senate, and continued a member of that body until 1820, 
 having been, during that period, a zealous supporter of the war, and of the 
 canal project. A portion of the time he was Attorney -General of the 
 State. 
 
 In 1821 he was elected to the United States Senate, and re-elected in 
 1827. The following year he was elected Governor of New York by the 
 Democratic party. 
 
 His career as Governor, however, was brief. Scarcely had his adminis- 
 tration commenced, when President Jackson offered him the office of Secre- 
 tary of State, which he at once accepted, and resigned his Gubernatorial 
 office. 
 
 In the Cabinet he became the real, or apparent, rival of Mr. Calhoun ; 
 and, probably finding his position therein an unpleasant one, resigned in 
 April, 1831. The President appointed him ambassador to England ; but the 
 Senate, by the casting vote of Mr. Calhoun, the Vice-President, refused to 
 confirm the nomination, which step, it was generally thought, secured him 
 the nominal ion for Vice-President in 1832. 
 
 He received a large majority of the electoral votes for that office, which 
 he continued to fill during President Jackson's second term, and in 1830 was 
 elected President of the United States. 
 
 The principal measure of his administration was the establishment of 
 the independent Treasury. In the spring of 1837 commenced the greatest 
 commercial revulsion ever known in this country. 
 
 _ Extraviigant speculations had for some years prevailed. Since the 
 "withdrawal of the deposits from the United States Bank, numerous State 
 Banks h;id been chartered, a multitude of public works were undertaken, 
 immense importations of foreign goods were mnde, and real estate rose far 
 above its intrinsic value. At length the crisis came with tremendous effect. 
 Thobanks suspended specie payment, and failures were numerous. 
 
 Tiio National Government became involved in the general embarrass- 
 T^^iK^w^ ?^ ^^^^^^ containing the public deposits suspended with the rest, 
 c 1^^ banks resumed specie payment, and, after repeated trials, the 
 
 bub-lreasury Bill was passed. 
 
 Mr. Van Buren was again nominated for President in 1840, but was 
 defeated by General Harrison, the Whig candidate. Since then ho lived in 
 retirement m luuderhook. on the estate called Lindenwald, until hia death, 
 
9. WM. HENEY HABEISON.\ 
 
 WiiiLiAM Henry IIj^.riiison, the 9th President of the United States, 
 was born in Charles City County, Virginia, February 9, 1773. He was 
 educated at Hampton Sidney Collcg-c, and prepared himself for the practice 
 of medicine. At this time, the hoist; lities of the Indians excited his atten- 
 tion, and, having received an Ensiiicn's commission from Washingt^ n, he 
 joined the Northwestern Army in 1792, at the age of nineteen. He was in 
 several actions, under General Wayne, who spoke in the highest terms of 
 his bravery and skill. "For his coolness and courage at the bloody battle of 
 Miami Ilapids, he was promoted to the rank of Captain. 
 
 In 1797 he was appointed Seci-etary of the Northwestern Territory, and, 
 at the ago of twenty-six, was elected Delegate to Congress from that Terri- 
 tory. He was appointed first Territorial Governor of Indiana, and, in 
 addition to his duties as Civil and Military Governor, he was Commissioner 
 of Indian Affaii's, and concluded eighteen treaties. 
 
 On the 7th of November, 1811, he gained over the Indians the celebrated 
 battle of Tippecanoe. During the war of 1812, he was made commander of 
 the Northwestern Army, and distinguished himself in the defense of Fort 
 Meigs, and the victory of the Thames. In 181G he was elected a Member 
 of Congress from Ohio, where he took an active part in legislation, and 
 delivered his eloquent eulogies on the character of Thaddeus Kosciusco and 
 General Washington. 
 
 In 1828 he was sent Minister Plenipotentiary to the Kepublic of Colum- 
 bia, South America, and on his return, retired to his farm at North Bend, 
 Ohio, from which retirement he was called by the people of the United 
 States to preside over the country as its Chief Magistrate, March 4, 1841. 
 Perhaps no man since Washington has received such an enthusiastic and 
 spontaneous welcome throughout the Union as the " Hero of Tippecanoe;", 
 and certainly no President has gone into the office with so little opposition. 
 
 In one short month after his inauguration, the country resounded to 
 deep and heartfelt lamentations ; and all sections of the land bore signs of 
 grief. He, in whom his party had trusted as the saviour of their principles, 
 died at the city of Washington, on the 4th day of April, 1841, in the sixty- 
 ninth year of his age. 
 
 He was an honest man, a brave general, an intelligent statesman, a 
 shrewd and calm diplomatist, a kind neighbor and friend, and a firm and 
 constant lover of his country. His death was calm and resigned, as his life 
 had been patriotic, useful, and distinguished ; and the last utterance of his 
 lips expressed a fervent desire for the perpetuity of the Constitution, and 
 the preservation of its true principles. 
 
 In death, as in life, the happiness of lii3_ country was uppermost in his 
 thouarhts. 
 
10. JOHN TYLER. 
 
 John Tyler, Vice-Prosident, and successor to General Harrison as 
 President of the United States, was born in Williamsburg, Virginia, March 
 29, 17liO. At the age of twelve he entered William and Mary's College, 
 wliere he graduated, with distinguished merit, five years after. He was 
 admitted to the bar when nineteen years of age, and elected to the Virginia 
 Legislature when twenty-one. 
 
 In 18 1 G he was elected to Congress, and in 182G was elevated to the 
 station of Governor of his native State. 
 
 In 1827 the Legislature selected him to fill a vacancy in the United States 
 Senate. He served in tViis capacity until 1830, when a difTerence of opinion 
 having arisen between President Jackson and himself, he resigned his seat 
 in that body, and went into retirement. 
 
 Mr. Tyler did not again make his appearance in public life until 1840, 
 when ho was selected by the Whig party as their candidate for Vice-Presi- 
 dent, in connection with General Harrison, as candidate for President ; and, 
 under the rallying cry of " Tippecanoe and Tyler, too" he was elected to that 
 office by a large majority, and entered upon the discharge of its duties 
 March 4, 1841. 
 
 The death of General Harrison, one month later, raised him to the Chief 
 Magistracy of the Republic. 
 
 The course he pursued in vetoing two separate bills, chartering a United 
 States Bank, besides opposing the measures of the party that elected him, 
 in various other ways, caused him to be denounced by them in unmeasured 
 terms, and occasioned the resignation, in 1842, of the whole of the cabinet, 
 except Daniel Webster, who, as Secretary of State, had important negotia- 
 tions with England ; and he continued in office until the consummation of 
 the famous ♦' Ashburton Treaty," when, in the spring of 1843, he also re- 
 signed. 
 
 Mr. Tyler's term of office expired in 1845, after which he lived in retire- 
 ment until the winter of 1800 and '61, when he took an active part in the 
 c:ilhng and orLcanization of the Peace Congress which met in Washington in 
 I'ebruiry, 1861, and of which he was the presiding officer. On his return 
 to \ ir^^mia, lie became a member of the Virginia Convention which passed 
 the onlin,mco of secession, April 17, 1861, and was afterward a member of 
 the Kebcl Congress. He died in Ilichmond, Virginia, January 17, 18G2. 
 
11. JAMES K. POLK. 
 
 James K. Polk, the 10th President of the United States, "was born, 
 November 2, 1795, in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, and there re- 
 ceived his early education. In 18UG he removed with his father to Tennes- 
 see, and lived in the valley of Duck Kiver, a branch of the Cumberland. 
 
 He graduated at the University of North Carolina, in 1815, studied law 
 with Felix Grundy, and was admitted to the bar in 1820. He commenced 
 his political career in 1823, as Representative to the Legislature of Ten- 
 nessee. 
 
 In 1825 he was elected to the Congress of the United States, in which. 
 position he continued until 18u9 ; and was Speaker of that body from 1835 
 to 1837. 
 
 In 1839 he was elected Governor of Tennessee for two years, and was 
 again a candidate, but was defeated. 
 
 In 1844 he was nominated by the Democratic Convention at Baltimore 
 as a candidate for President of the United States, against Henry C ay, the 
 Whig candidate, and was elected. The annexation of Texas being the prin- 
 cipal question of the canvass, Congi*ess passed a bill for its immediate 
 admi^siun. This act involved the United States in a war with Mexico. 
 That country refiising to accept the proposition to fix the boundary line 
 between it and Texas by negotiation, General Taylor was ordered to take 
 possession of the disputed territory, and a short and decisive contest fol- 
 lowed, which resulted in the acquisition of important and valuable territory 
 to the United States. 
 
 The discovery of gold in California (a part of the acquired territory), the 
 June following, i)roduced momentous changes in the condition of that coun- 
 try, and made itself felt throughout the world. Thousands of men left 
 their homes (forsaking farms, and closing up business) and flocked to the 
 fortunate spot, and California soon became populated with people of all 
 nations. 
 
 Notwithstanding the advantages derived from the war, and the vast 
 amount and value of the territory acquired, Mr. Polk was not nominated 
 for a second term. He retired from the Presidency in 1849, and soon after 
 reaching his home, in Nashville, Tennessee, his health began to decline, and 
 he died June 15, 1849. 
 
12. ZACHAEY TAYLOE. 
 
 Z.vriiAr.T TAYiiOU, the 13th President of the United States, was bom 
 in the County of Orau.ire, Virginia, in the year 1790. 
 
 After receiving such an education as the times permitted, he entered the 
 army with a commission of Lieutenant in the Seventh Infantry, at the age 
 of ciirlitoen, under the administration of Jefferson, in 1808. 
 
 On the 10th of June, 1812, when war was declared with England, Tay- 
 lor — who had previously received a Captain's commission— held command of 
 Fort H irrison ; and, with a handful of men, defended himself against the 
 attack uf a large body of Indians with such skill and bravery, that Madison 
 bestowed iipon him the brevet of Major. 
 
 From this period until 1840, Taylor passed his life in almost incessant 
 warfare with the various savage tribes in the West, where he signalized 
 himself by repeated acts of bravery and by the exhibition of a sagacious 
 forecast, which Avon for him the approval of the nation. Meanwhile, he had 
 passed through the grades of Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel, and held, at 
 this date, a Brigadier-General's commission. 
 
 Ou the breaking out of the Mexican War, he had charge of the Army of 
 the Rio Grande ; and, when hostilities commenced, he caused the erection 
 of Fort Brown, at Point Isabel, where he deposited his stores, and then 
 moved with his army to Corpus Christi. 
 
 Hearing the Mexicans were about to attack Fort Brown, he determined 
 to succor and relievo the place. But there was a Mexican army of not less 
 th-.m five thousand strong between him and the fort, ready to dispute every 
 inch of the gnjund. With only two thousand men. General Taylor cut his 
 way tlirough to Fort Brown, during which he fought the glorious battles of 
 Palo Alto and llosaca de la Palma, in which fell so many brave and gallant 
 men. 
 
 The attack on Matamoras, the storming of Monterey, the sanguinary 
 battle of Bueiia Vistj, and the hundred skirmishes which took place in that 
 year, form a page in history which will bear comparison with any other 
 that has been written. 
 
 With one-third— and often less— of the forces of the Mexicans, General 
 Taylor mot Ihcni on their own ground, and always conquered. 
 
 I[n perfect coolnes>, his majestic courage, his keen sagacity, his admira- 
 ble getiuralshi])— true constituents of a military hero— have won for him 
 undying laurels, while his kind and dignified demeanor ingratiated him 
 with his offi-ers and soldiers. 
 
 Whr-n peace was conquered. General Taylor retired to his farm at Baton 
 Iwouge, L;i., full of honors as of years. 
 
 T^ ?" }^^^ ^^^ '^^■'^^ drawn from his retirement, elected President of the 
 Luitod States, and inau-airated M irch 4, 1841). 
 
 Ho survived his inauguration but little more than a year, when he yielded 
 up lus spirit on the Dth of July, 1850 ; and, for a second time, a Vice-Presi- 
 ck-nt succeeded to the Presidency. 
 
13. MILLARD FILLMORE. 
 
 Millard Fillmore was born January 7, 1800, at Summer Hill, Cayuga County, 
 New-York. 
 
 At an early age he was sent to Livingston County, at that time a wild region, 
 to learn the clothier's trade ; and, about four months later, he was apprenticed to 
 a wool-carder and cloth-dresser in the town in which his father lived. 
 
 During the four years that he worked at his trade, he did what he could to 
 supply the defect of his early education. 
 
 At the age of nineteen, Mr. Fillmore bought his time, thereby ending his ap- 
 prenticeship ; and about this time, Judge Wood, of Cayuga, discovering the latent 
 talent of the youthful wool-carder and cloth-dresser, oftered to take him into his 
 office and defray his expenses while he went through a regular course of legal 
 study. Mr. Fillmore accepted the proposal; but, that he might not incur too 
 large a debt to his benefactor, he devoted a portion of his time to teaching 
 school. In 1821, he removed to Erie County, and pursued his legal studies in the 
 city of Buffalo. Two years later, he was admitted to the Common Pleas, and 
 commenced the practice of law at Aurora, in the same county. In 1827, he was 
 admitted as an attorney, and in 1829, a-^ a counselor in the Supreme Court, and 
 in the following year, he removed to Buffalo and entered into a much more 
 extensive practice of his profession. 
 
 His political life commenced with his election to the State Assembly, in which 
 he took his seat, in 1829, as a member from the county of Erie, and he was re- 
 elected the two succeeding years. Being a member of the Anti-Masonic party, he 
 was at that time in opposition, and had little opportunity to distinguish himself; 
 but he took a prominent part in assisting to abolish imprisonment for debt in the 
 State. In 1832, he was elected to Congress, and took his seat the following year. 
 In 1835, at the close of his term of office, he resumed the practice of the law, until 
 he once more consented to be a candidate for Congress, and took his seat again in 
 1837. 
 
 During this term, he took a more prominent part in the business of the House 
 than during his former term, and was assigned a place on the Committee on Elec- 
 tions. He was successively elected to the Twenty-sixth and Twenty-seventh Con- 
 gresses, and in both of them distinguished himself as a man of talents and great 
 business cnpacity, being chairman in the Twenty-seventh of the Committee of Ways 
 and Means. At the close of the first session of the Twenty-seventh Congress, he sig- 
 nified to his constituents his intention not to be a candidate for reelection, returned 
 to Buffalo, and again devoted himself to his profession, of which he had become 
 one of the most distinguished members in the State. In 1844, he was prevailed 
 upon to accept the nomination, by the Whig Party, for Governor of the State of 
 New York ; but he shared in the general defeat of his party. In 1847, however, he 
 was consoled for his defeat by his election to the office of Comptroller of the State 
 by an exceedingly large majority. In 1848, he was nommated by the Whig Party, 
 as their candidate for Vice-President, on the ticket with Zacbary Taylor for Pre- 
 sident, and was elected to that office in the fall of the same year. In March, 1849, 
 he resigned his office of comptroller to assume the duties of his new position, and 
 in the discharge of these high and delicate duties, he acquitted himself with 
 courtesy, (iignity, and ability, until the death of General Taylor, in July, 1850, 
 elevated him to the presidential chair. He promptly selected a cabinet distin- 
 guished for its ability, patriotism, and devotion to the Union, and possessing 
 in an eminent degree the confidence of the country. His term of office expired 
 March 4, 1853. Mr. Fillmore filled the distinguished station which he occupied 
 with dignity and ability. He retired from office with the respect of all parties. 
 After his retirement from office, he visited Europe, and while there, received 
 the nomination of the American or Know-Nothing Party for the Presidency, for 
 which he received a large minority vote, but a majority only of the State of 
 Maryland, 
 
14. FRANKLIN PIERCE. 
 
 Franklin Pierce was born November 23, 1804, at Hillsboro, New Hamp- 
 Bhire His fatlier, who had experienced the disadvantages of a defective educa- 
 tion "determined to secure the advantages of a liberal education to his son. 
 
 ile was iirst sent to the academy at Hancock, and afterward to that of Fran- 
 cestown X. II. In the year 1820," being then sixteen years of age, he entered 
 Howdoin College, at Brunswick, Maine. His progres-i at school was steady; and 
 his attention to college discipline and the routine of college regulations won for 
 him tlie favorable attention of the professors of the institution. He advanced in 
 his studies, and graduated creditably. Having chosen the law as a profession, he 
 became a student in the office of Judge Woodbury, of Portsmouth. The last two 
 vcars of Mr. Pierce's preparatory studies were spent at the law-school at Northamp- 
 ton, Mass., and in the office of" Judge Parker, at Amherst. In 1827, being ad- 
 mitted to the bar, he began the practice of his prolession at Hillsboro. Success 
 did not at first attend his efforts ; but he rose by degrees, and attained a high 
 rank as a lawyer and an advocate. He early in life entered into politics; and in 
 the year 1829, at the age of twenty five years, he was elected to his first political 
 public lionor, as representative from his nat-ive town to the Legislature of the 
 State. He served in that body four years, in tlie two latter of which he was 
 elected speaker by a large majority. In 1833, he was elected to Congress, 
 and in 1837, was chosen a member of the United States Senate, he having barely 
 attained the age necessary to a seat in that bouy. He served through one period 
 of four years, and was reelected in 1841. The following year he re;-ign('d his 
 seat, and returned to the practice of his profession in Concord, N. H., where he 
 had removed when first elected to the Senate, and soon gave evidence of the high 
 stand he was destined to occupy at the bar. 
 
 In 184G. President Polk offered him the office of Attorney-General — an honor 
 which he, however, declined. 
 
 On the breaking out of the Mexican war, Mr. Pierce enrolled himself a as private 
 soldier in the New England Regiment ; but President Polk sent him a colonel's 
 commission, and subsequently raised him to the rank of a brigadier general in 
 March, 1847. He took his departure for the seat of war on the 27th of May, 
 1847. where, after seeing a gciod deal of hard service, and making one ot a band 
 of heroes in several hai d-fought battles where victory always rested on the Ameri- 
 can arms, he returned home, where he was received with much distinction and 
 many honors. 
 
 He resigned his commission and resumed the practice of his profession, and 
 remained comparatively unobserved until the action of the Baltimore Democratic 
 Convention gave him a new importance thioughout the Union. He was nomi- 
 nated by lliat body as the Democratic candidate for the presidency, and was 
 elected President of the United States in November. 1852 ; was inaugurated 
 March 4, 1853, and served to the end of his term. He returned to his home in 
 New Hampshire, and resumed the practice of his profession, and remained in pri- 
 vate life mitil his death, on October 8, 1869, at Concord. 
 
 As a member of society, Franklin Pierce was a universal favorite ; and by his 
 good-nutured and unaffected urbanity, ingiatiated every one whose good lortune 
 it was to make his acquaintance. As a publ c speaker, he was remarkably suc- 
 cessful. He was not only remarkably fluent in his elocution, but remaikably 
 corr.ct. His style was not overladen with ornament, and ycL he drew liberally 
 upon the treasury of rhetoric. 
 
15. JAMES BUCHANAN. 
 
 James Buchanan was born on the loth day of April, 1701, in tho 
 County of Eranklin, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Alter having- passed thi'ough a regular classical and academical course 
 of instruction, he studied and adopted the law as a profession. 
 
 Having- inherited a predilection for politics, he was elected in 1814 to 
 the House of Representatives of his native State, and re-elected in 1810. 
 After liaving- served two sessions, he declined another r:-election. 
 
 In 1820 he was elected to tlie United States Cong-ress, and took his seat 
 in that body in December, 1821. lie remained a member until March 4, 
 1831, Avheu he declined further service, and retired to private life. 
 
 In May, 1831, he was offered the mission to Eussia, by President Jack- 
 son, and accepted the proffered honor. 
 
 Immediately after his return, in 1834, he was elected to the United 
 States Senate, to fill an unexpired term, and in 183G was elected for a full 
 term, a:id re-elected in 1842. 
 
 In 1845 he Avas appointed Secretary of State, by President Polk, which 
 office ho hold during- his administration. 
 
 In 1853 ho was appointed, by President Pierce, Minister to England, in 
 which capacity he resided in London until 1850, when he was elected Presi- 
 dent of the United States. 
 
 His administration was signalized by the great financial revulsion of 
 1857; the difficulties with the Mormons, which led to sending tvv^o thousand 
 five hundred soldiers to bring them to subjection ; the arrival of the mag- 
 nificent embassy from Japan, to deliver the treaty which had been negotiated 
 between the two countries ; the struggle for freedom in Kansas ; the admis- 
 sion of three new States into tho Union, viz. : Minnesota, in 1858 ; Oregon, 
 in 1859 ; and Kansas, in January, 1801 ; and the inauguration of the Kebel- 
 llon. Mr. Buchanan Avas surrounded, mostly, by advisers who sympathized 
 with the South ; and he allowed events to take their course. The army of 
 the United States was scattered along the Western borders — the navy sent 
 to distant i^orts ; the arsenals at the North were stripped, and the arms 
 sent to the Soiith ; State after State seceded ; the Confederate Government 
 organized at Montgomery ; Senators from the Rebel States uttered the 
 boldest treason in the debates at the capitol ; and, during all this time, 
 President Buchanan did nothing to countei'act the efforts of the Rebels, or 
 to avert the threatened danger, denying, in his mess:ige to Congress, any 
 powers of " coercion" to exist, constitutionally, in the National Government. 
 Such Avas the melancholy state of affairs when his administration drcAV to a 
 close, March 4, 1801, and Abraham Lincoln took his place. 
 
 He then retired to his farm at Wheatland, near Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 
 where his remaining years Avere spent in quiet retirement. 
 
 In 1805 he piiblished a defense of his course as President, with the title: 
 " Mr. Buchanan's Administration on the Eve of the Rebellion." 
 
 IIg died at Wheatland, June 1, 1808, • 
 
16. ABKAHAM LINCOLN. 
 
 ABRvns.M LixcoLN, the 16th President of the United States, under 
 whose wise administration the country, in its hour of peril, was enabled to 
 combat successfully with treason and rebellion, was born February 1^, 
 1809, in Harden County, Kentucky. 
 
 Ilis father removed to Indiana in 181G, where for ten years Abraham 
 ■was employed upon the farm, during which time, the schooling ho re- 
 ceived did not amount to more than one year ; but by close application he 
 mastered the rudiments, and learned to write. 
 
 In 18o0, ho removed with his father to Illinois, where he was variously 
 employed in splitting rails, as flat-boatman, and clerk, and where, by his 
 honest and upriirht intercourse with his neighbors, he acquired the sobri- 
 quet of "Honest Abe." In 1833, he served as Captain iu the Black Hawk 
 War. 
 
 He did not, however, have the opportunity to display his great military 
 skill by a conflict with the Indians, but, as he himself averred, had many a 
 bloody fight with tlie mosquitoes. 
 
 After a brief attempt to keep a store, he studied surveying, afterward 
 the law, and commenced practice in 18o6, settled in Springfield iu 18o7, and 
 rose rapidly in his profession. He was elected to the State Legislature in 
 183() and 1838, and in 1846 to the Congress of the United States, being the 
 only "Whig elected from Illinois that year. On his return from Congress 
 he devoted several years to his profession, until the repeal of the Missouri 
 Compromise in 1854, when he again entered the field as a Republican, and 
 battled indefatigably in that celebrated campaign which resulted in victory 
 for the first time against the Democratic party in Illsnois, and elected a 
 Legislature which sent Mr. Trumbull to the United States Senate. In 
 1858 he was the Republican candidate for United States Senator, in opposi- 
 tion to Stephen A. Douglas, with whom he conducted an active canvass 
 throughout the State, both candidates speaking at the same place, on the 
 same day. Face to face they argued tho important points of their political 
 beliefs, and contended nobly for the mastery. In 18G0 he was elected 
 President of the United States, receiving all the electoral votes of the free 
 States, except three ; and was re-elected in 1864. 
 
 The history of his administration is a history of the rebellion. It 
 was especially illustrious by his "Emancipation Proclamation," issued Janu- 
 ary 1, 1803. which gave freedom to four millions of people, and imme- 
 diately changed the character and purpose of the war, bringing it in 
 unison with the Declaration of Independence. 
 
 The difficulties with which the war on our hands was comijlicated were 
 almost interminable, but with each new-found difficulty he found new 
 stn-ngth, hope, and energy, until all obstacles were overcome and the war 
 ended. But at the very dawn of the nations' new birth, resting from his 
 labors, and contemplating that peace that was then breaking through the 
 (lark, angry clouds of war, lie fell, by the hands of an assassin, on tho 14th 
 day of April, 1805. 
 
 Mr. Lincoln was endowed with a most genial soul, powerful intellect, 
 and sound judgment. Ho met the critical hour of duty to his country like 
 a * tatcsman and a man. Ho sustained lovalty, and gave all his strength in 
 f ru.hing treason. Ho consulted and advised with Compress for tho good of 
 hio country, assisted in giving force to tho la^vs of tholan'd, and Executed 
 them finllilully. ' 
 
17. ANDEEW JOHNSON. 
 
 Andhkw Johnson, the 17th President, was born in Kaleigh, North 
 Carolina, December 29, 1808. At the ai^-e of ten years, he was apprenticed 
 to a tailor, in his native town, with whom he remained seven years. He 
 never attended school ; but, by his own exertions, he learned to read while 
 he was yet an apprentice. 
 
 A fewyeaia latei', his wife instructed him in arithmetic and writing-. 
 In 1820 he emigrated to Tennessee, and settled in Greenville, as a tailor. At 
 tAventy years ot age, he was elected an Alderman of that town ; was re- 
 elected in the two following years ; and from 18^0 to 1834, he held the office 
 of Mayor. 
 
 In 18o5 he entered political life as a Democratic Member of the State 
 Legislature; was re-elected in 18o9; and during the Presidential canvass of 
 1840, was an effective speaker in favor of the Dcmor-ratic candidate. In 
 1841 he was elected a Member of the State Senate ; and, from 1843 to 1853, 
 held a seat in the Congress of the United States. In l8o3 he wns elected 
 Governor of Tennessee, which otHce he held until 1857, when he was elected 
 by the Legislature a United States Senator. 
 
 At the outbreak of the Rebellion, he pronounced strongly in favor of the 
 'Union, and denounced, in severe language, those who favored secession. 
 
 \v hen the conflict commenced, he was appointed Brigadier-General of 
 Volunteers. In 1802 he was appointed, by President Lincoln, Military 
 Governor of Tennessee, which position he held until his election as Vice- 
 President of the United States, in 1804. 
 
 He was inaugurated March 4, 1805, at which time he delivered his ever- 
 to-'be-remembered inaugural address which caused so much comment at the 
 time, especially in England. 
 
 On the ever-memoi'able 14th of April, of the same year, the assassin's 
 bullet deprived the nation of the lamented President Lincoln, and put Mr. 
 Johnson in his chair, which he has since occupied. Rebellion having been 
 conquered, the work of restoration and reconstruction became the problem 
 to be solved. Having a policy of his own, entirely different from that of a 
 large majority of the Members of Congress, which he was determined to 
 carry out, his administration has been an eventful one. 
 
 There having been a change in the fundamental condition of the seceding 
 States, caused by rebellion and the emancipation of the slaves. Congress 
 deemed it expedient to pass Reconstruction laws, which he vetoed ; but 
 they were again passed, over his veto. His neglecting to execute those laws 
 according to their letter and spirit, together with alleged violation of the 
 Tenure of Office Law, &c., caused the House of Representatives to bring 
 articles of impeachment against him, in February, 1808, which they pre- 
 sented to the Senate. That body resolved itself into a "High Court of 
 Impeachment ;" and, after a protracted trial, the votes of the Court were 
 taken in May, 180*^, on three of the eleven articles, which resulted in thirty- 
 five for conviction, and nineteen against. As two-thirds were required to 
 convict, he was acquitted on these, and the vote oa the remainder was ia- 
 definitoly postponed 
 
18. ULYSSES S. GRANT. 
 
 General Ulysses S. Grant was born at Toint Pleasant, Ohio, April 
 27, lb'-*2. His early opportunities for acquiring- an education were limited, 
 having the benelit only of a school during the winter months, the summer 
 being devoted to labor on a farm or in his father's tannery. 
 
 Ho early evinced a particular fondness for mathematics, and, at the age 
 of seventeen, received the appointment of cadet in the military academy at 
 West Point, where he graduated in 1843, and entered the United States 
 army as a Brevet Second Lieutenant of Infantry. He served in the 
 Mexican War as Second Lieutenant and Eogimental Quartermaster of the 
 Fourth Inlantry, and, for gallant conduct at Molina del liey and Ghapulte- 
 pec. he was breveted First Lieutenant, and, in 1853, was promoted to full 
 Captaincy. 
 
 On the 31st of July, 1854, he resigned his commission in the army, took 
 up liis residence near St. Louis, Mo., and engaged in farming for four years, 
 when, finding it unprofitable, he removed to Galena, in.,and eatered into 
 the ieather business with his brother, in which he continued until the 
 breaking out of the Rebellion, Avhen, remembering what he owed his country, 
 lie said to a friend : " The Government has educated me for the army ; what 
 I am, I owe to my country ; I have served her through one war, and, live or 
 die, I will serve her through this.'' 
 
 He offered his services to Governor Yates, who appointed him Asst. Adjt. 
 General of the State ; but, desiring active service, he was appointed Colonel 
 of the Twenty-First Illinois Volunteers, June 15, 1801, and, August 7, was 
 commissioned Brigadier-General, wilh rank from May 17, 18G1, and took 
 command of Southeast Missouri, with headquarters at Cairo. He occupied 
 Paducah on the 6th of September, and fought the Confederates at Belmont 
 on the 7th of November. 
 
 He conimanded at the capture of Fort Henry, on the Tennessee River, 
 February G, 1802; then marching across the country to the Cumberland, 
 ho invested Fort Donaldson on the 12th, in conjunction Avith Admiral 
 ioote, with the gunboats, commenced the attack on the l3th, and, on the 
 IGth, received an "unconditional surrender " from General Buckner. For 
 this victory ho was maae Major-General. After the capture of Nashville, 
 and fightuig the severe battle of Shiloh, April G, 1802, he was appointed 
 b) command of the Department of Tennessee, with headquarters at Jackson, 
 Miss. L.irly in January, 1863, General Grant assumed the principal direc- 
 
 October, J 803, lie was directed to assume commTnd" of'tlre'troops Tt Chat- 
 
 'Y v^MMv iicu ms enurts, and l.ec surrendered at Appomattox, April 
 COS. andthofTrr-'r ^'''' planned all his campaigns so as to insure suc- 
 lhri.\"w!.l anns '^ conquered ever after remained in the possession of 
 
 th«LWdaS^\'L?i''''ir''^ W'^ unanimous nomination for President of 
 imj united atatea by the EoimbUcaa partj-, and was clec'ted Xov. U, 180B 
 
19. CHEISTOPHER COLUMBUS. 
 
 Christopher Columbus was born at Genoa, Italy, about the year 1435. 
 He commenced his maritime career while yet a mere youth, his fii'st voyage 
 being with a naval expedition fitted out at Genoa, in 1459, by John of 
 Anjou, Duke of Calabria, to recover the Kingdom of Naples for his father, 
 Kene, Count de Provence. 
 
 For many years after this, the traces of his career are faint His saga- 
 cious mind led him to believe that there were other lands afar off, toward 
 the setting &un ; and he resolved to convince the world that his views were 
 correct. 
 
 Poor and friendless as he was, he conceived the bold idea which led to 
 the discovery of the Western Continent, i'ull of this purpose, he sought 
 the aid of powerful courts, first applying to the throne of Portugal, and 
 then to, that of Spain. But here he encountered the fiercest opposition ; and 
 not till after many years of str^iggle and disappointment did he succeed in 
 securing the patronage of Ferdinand and Isabella, who fitted him out with 
 a squadron of three small vessels, carrying only one hundred and twenty 
 persons. 
 
 With this little fleet, full of hope and the solemn purpose he had so long 
 and ardently cherished, he set sail from Huelva, on the ud of August, 1492. 
 After a long and perilous voyage, in which the terrors of the Atlantic Avere 
 among* the smallest difficulties he had to encounter, his officers, crew, and 
 passengers being in constant fear and mutiny, his heart was made glad, and 
 the fears of all dissipated, by the joyous cry of '■'■ Ldiid Ho !" on the morn- 
 ing on the 12th of October, 1492. 
 
 Columbus speedily landed, and took possession, in the name of their 
 Catholic Majesties, amidst a wondering crowd of naked savages, who re- 
 ceived him with simple sincerity. 
 
 He cruised among the Islands for several months, and gave them the 
 general name of " West Indies." 
 
 January 4, 1493, he set sail for Spain, where his return was hailed as a 
 triumph, and he was treated with all the pomp and cei'cniony of a mighty 
 conqueror. 
 
 He soon sailed with a larger and better-provisioned squadron, bearing 
 the title of Admiral, Viceroy, and Governor of all the lands he had, or 
 might discover; with unlimited powers to make laws for their government, 
 erect cities, &c. 
 
 He reached his place of destination, and immediately commenced to 
 carry into execution the plans he had so long cherished ; but intrigue and 
 treachery at Court made his lot a continual strife, and he, at length, re- 
 turned to Spain, rather as a prisoner than a conqueror. 
 
 He again returned to the New World ; and, after a futile effort to regain 
 his Avonted sway, he again sought redress at the foot of the throne ; but 
 Isabella being dead, Ferdinand treated him with such duplicity and base 
 ingratitude, that the old mariner died, broken-hearted, and carried his 
 cause to a higher Court. 
 
 The discovery of America by Columbus, may be regarded as the most 
 important event that has ever resulted from individual genius and enter- 
 prise. Although another has i-eceived the honor of giving a name to this 
 continent, yet the world accords to Columbas the honor of its discovery. 
 
20. AMEHICUS YESPUCIUS. 
 
 Amertcus Vespucius was born at Florence,' Italy, in 1451. From him 
 this cuutiufut derives its name, as its first discoverer, although it is gener- 
 ally conceded that Christopher Columbus first set foot upon its soil and 
 occupied the country. 
 
 He descended from a very ancient house, and belonged to one of the 
 proudest families of that celebrated city. His education was respectable, 
 and lie was possessed of a bold and enterprising spirit. Fired with the 
 accounts of the discoveries of Columbus, he became desirous of seeing the 
 New World for himself; and, accordingly, on the 20th of May, 1497T he 
 sailed from Cadiz, as a merchant, with a squadron of four small ships, under 
 command of the celebrated and valiant Ojeda. 
 
 Daring this vo^-age, Amcricus claims to have seen the continent. He 
 may liave done so, but much doubt envelops the matter At all events, his 
 siic(!ess was such as to induce Ferdinand and Isabella to place a fleet of six 
 ships under his command, when he made his second voyage. 
 
 On his return in 15U0, he received the same ungracious treatment from 
 the contemptible Ferdinand which had been visited on Columbus, and he 
 returned to Seville, mortified and disgusted at the ingratitude of princes. 
 
 Emanuel, King of Portugal, hearing of his humiliation, offered to fit 
 out a fleet of three ships and give him command, which he accepted, and 
 sailed from Lisbon in May, 1501. 
 
 ilo exj)l()red the coast of South America from Brazil to Patagonia, and 
 returned, laden with riches and honors, in September, 1502, to Lisbon. 
 
 Ho again set sail, with six larger vessels, in May, 1503, for the i:)urpose 
 of finding a western passage to the Moluccas Islands, but, falling short of 
 provisions, he was foiled in the attempt. 
 
 Loading his vessels with specimens of the valuable wood of Brazil, and 
 other precious products, he returned to Portugal after an absence of a little 
 over a year, and was received with every demonstration of joy and respect. 
 
 Ho now retired, and devoted himself to the preparation of the history of 
 his adventures. 
 
 He drew and published the first chart of the American coast, in which 
 he laid claim to be the discoverer of the country. 
 
 In 1507 lie published a history of all his voyages. It was filled with 
 glowing accounts of the New World, mixed up with the most splendid 
 fictions, and was read all over Europe with great delight. It Avas published 
 just attor tho death of Columbus, and was thus jolaced beyond the reach of 
 that eminent navigator, who, had he lived, would doubtfess have exposed 
 the pretpnsions of its author. 
 
 Uo died, at Tcrccira ,in tho sixty-tliird year of his age, in 1514. 
 
21. HENDEICK HUDSON. 
 
 Hendrick or Hexky Hudson, an eminent discoverer and explorer of 
 the American coast, was born in England, and devoted his early life to the 
 seas. But little is knoAvn of him prior to 1607-8, when we find him on a 
 voyag-e of discovery along the coast of Greenland, his object being to find a 
 northwest passage to Japan or China. 
 
 On the 25th of March, 1009, he sailed from Holland on that adventurous 
 voyage, which, although it nearly cost him his life, resulted so conspicuously 
 to the interests of mankind, and added much to his renown and to the com- 
 mercial strength of his employers, " The Dutch East India Company." 
 
 After running along the coast of Lapland, he crossed the Atlantic ; and, 
 after a voyage of immense peril, discovered and landed on Cape Cod, in 
 Massachusetts Bay. He then pursued his course southerly, examining all 
 the principal rivers, to the Chesapeake, and ascended the great river which 
 bears his name as far as where Albany now stands, expecting to find a pas- 
 sage to the Pacific Ocean by that way ; but, being dijjappointed, he turned 
 his prow towards Holland, stopped, and left a few settlers at Manhattan, now 
 New York, and arrived home in 1010. 
 
 Ho started again, under a new patron, to discover " the Northwest Pas- 
 sage," which was destined never to be found. 
 
 But, although he failed in this, he 'discovered the great northern bay, 
 which bears his name, and Avhere he was destined to find a violent grave. 
 After exploring the inlets and promonitories of this remarkable bay, he 
 drove his ship into a small inlet, where the ice closed around it, on the od of 
 November, 1011. 
 
 The prospects of a long and dreary winter was much relieved by enor- 
 mous flocks of wild fowl, which not only afforded abundance of food for 
 present use and future prospect, but diverted the attention of his crew from 
 their uncomfortable condition. Already some of the men had become 
 troublesome, and hints of revolt and threats of vengeance occasionally 
 reached the ears of their commander. But the mild influence of an early 
 spring softened, at once, the stony hearts of the desperadoes and the icy 
 fetters which held them in their prison-house for more than half a j-ear. 
 
 As soon as he was clear of the ice, he started for home, but suddenly 
 found that his supplies were nearly exhausted. The discovery broke his 
 spirit, and infuriated the crew. He divided the provisions among* the men 
 equally, which was but a few pounds to each ; yet some of them became 
 riotous, and in his despair he threatened to set them on shore : whereupon 
 several of the strongest wretches entered his cabin at night, seized and 
 bound his hands behind him, and then set him adrift, with his son and 
 seven of his men, who were sick, in a small shallop, and proceeded on their 
 way home, arriving at Plymouth after a voyage of terrible suffering and the 
 loss a| seven men at the hands of the savages. 
 
 Hudson was never heard of more. He sleeps among the sands of that 
 ice-girt sea aad that noblo bay to -which he gave his name aa his perpetual 
 mcnumont. 
 
22. JOSIAn WINSLOW 
 
 JosiATi W'lXSLOW -was born in whnt is now Marshfield, Massachusetts, 
 in \G'2d. just nine years after the arrival of the Pilgrinis. 
 
 He was son of Edward Winslow, who came over in the May-Flower, 
 and who was the third Governor of tl u Colony. Josiah was born of brave 
 stock, of which he proved no deireneratc scion. 
 
 He commenced his public life very eurly. No sooner had he arrived at 
 the a<::e cliivible to office than he Avas chosen Deputy to the General Court, 
 from his native town, and was constantly employed in public business, until 
 he was elected Governor. He was a man of charming- address, a well-cul- 
 tivated mind, and an amiable disposition. The>e traits, added to his fear- 
 less courage and military bearing, all resting on a hig-hly-refmed piety for 
 their base, eminently fitted him f(jr the then highly-important ofHcc of Gov- 
 ernor, and gave him great popularity. 
 
 His first public act after he was chosen Governor, was the restoration to 
 their civil rights of Isaac Ilobinson and Mr. Cadworth, of which thej had 
 been deprived on account of their I'cligious opinions. 
 
 He was mild and tolerant himself, and could not endure the persecutions 
 which were practiced against non-conformists of whatever name. His moral 
 character was fully equal to his physical courage. He encountered public 
 prejudice with the same unblenching resolution with which he exposed 
 him<^elf to the bullets and ambush of the Indians. 
 
 King Philip's war Avas coincident Avith his administration, and in it he 
 did eminent service, and proved himself a sagacious leader and brave war- 
 rior. 
 
 In 1G57, soon after the death of his father, he was elected to the office of 
 Commander-in-Chief of the military forces of the Colonies. For manj'- years 
 lie Avas one of the Commissioners of the Confederated Colonies. 
 
 Of highly-polished manners, greatly gifted in couA-ersation, fond of 
 society, and blessed Avith the means to gratify himself in all these respects, 
 the .social and festive scenes of " Cares well" Avere of the most delightful, 
 refined, and instructive kind. Here, Avith his beautiful wife jiresiding, he 
 Avon for himself the proud distinction of being " the most accomplished 
 gcntli nuin and the most agreeable companion in New England." Governor 
 Winslow nevci- enjoyed A'ery robust health, and his exposures and hardships 
 in King Philip's war doubtless aggravated his disease, and accelerated his 
 death, Avhich took place on the 18th day of December. 1G80, in the fifty^ 
 second year of liis age. 
 
 Josiah Winslow was the first native-born Governor of the Plymouth 
 Colon V 
 
23. PETEUS STUYVESANT. 
 
 pETiius StuyvesaisT was Lorn in Holland, near the beginning- of tlie 
 sixteenth century. 
 
 In 1G02 the Dutch East India Company received its charter, under 
 whose auspices Ilendrick Hudson discovered and explored the great North 
 River, of New Netherlands, as far as Albany, in 1G09. 
 
 Colonies were soon after formed in Albany and New York, then called 
 New Amsterdam. 
 
 In 1G21 the Dutch "West India Company was formed; and, under the 
 patronage of this mighty corporation, with its almost exhaustless resources 
 of wealth and power, Ncav Netherlands at once received an impetus of 
 growth which has gone on increasing until the present day. Various men 
 had been appointed to the Director-Generalship, who had governed, or 
 misgoverned, its affairs, for about a quarter of a century, when Petrus 
 Stuy vesant, Avho had been Director-General in the Dutch colony at Curacoa, 
 and from which port he had returned to Holland, on account of ill' health, 
 received the appointment in 1G45. 
 
 Four ships comprised the squadron which bore the GoA'ernor-Gcneral to 
 the new sphere of his authority, filled Avith newly-appointed otiicers, farmers, 
 tradesmen, artisans, speculators, and gentlemen of leisure, seeking a home 
 and livelihood in the New World. 
 
 General Stuyvesant's "strong points of character" began at once to ap^ 
 pear in the rigid discipline of the ships, and the general good order prevalent 
 throughout the squadron. 
 
 On his arrival at New Amsterdam, he found things in a sad condition. 
 Misrule had complete ascendency, and riot, murder, theft, and injustice of 
 all kinds, bore sway. 
 
 With a wise energy he strove to correct these evils, and at length re- 
 duced the chaos to trder. He was at once a thorough reformer of abuses, 
 while he consolidated the Government, and became thoroughly conservative 
 in its administration. Stern and uncompromising, and possessed withal of- 
 an unsuspected character for morality and truth, the affairs of the colony 
 prospered under his administration. 
 
 But he had to encounter the machinations of jealous, mean-minded men 
 at home, and envious and selfish ones in the colony. After twenty years of 
 troubled reign, he was recalled, to defend himself before his superiors, and 
 was deprived of his commission. 
 
 He was the last of the ancient regime, for New Netherlands was shortly 
 afterward wrested from the hands of the Dutch, hzr the English, under 
 whose rule it remained until 1776, when the United States declared their 
 Independence. 
 
 Stuyvesant returned to this country in 1GG8, and died in 1G72. There 
 are landmarks of his farm still in existence in the city of New York. 
 
2^. ALEXANDEE HAMILTON. 
 
 At f.x \NDEr IIvmii.tox was born on the Island of Nevis, in the Britisli 
 West indies, on the 11th of January 1757. At twelve years of age he was 
 placed in the countino-room of a merchant of the Island ot St Croix where 
 his talents and ambition soon displayed themselves. In a letter to a fellow- 
 clerk before he was thirteen, he said: "I mean to prepare the way for 
 futurity " In 1772 he came to New York, and in 17 < 3 entered Columbia 
 Colle"-c where he made *' extraordinary display of richness of genius and 
 ener'°y'of mind." It was durinu" his college life that the country was 
 roused to the consideration of British aggressions and American Independ- 
 
 lie took strong and decided revolutionary grounds, and wrote and spoke 
 in so clear and forcible a manner as to attract the attention of the wisest 
 minds engaged in that controversy. 
 
 Dr. Cooper, Principal of the College, and several others of the ablest 
 Tory writers, were confounded by theVo^o^^^i principles, able reasoning, 
 and sound policy of his essays, and would not believe they were the produc- 
 tions of a youth of seventeen. He alsi. joined a volunteer company of militia, 
 while in college, and made himself familiar with all the tactics and theory 
 of war. 
 
 In 1770 he was appointed to the command of artillery, and from that 
 time until 1781 he was in constant and active service, mostly as aid to the 
 Commander-in-Chief, and became Washington's principal and confidential 
 aid. 
 
 General Washington intrusted him with the most delicate and difficult 
 diplomatic duties, and with nearly all his important correspondence. 
 
 In 1782 he took his scat in Congress, where his genius and sound 
 judgment was speedily felt. 
 
 lie retired from Congress in 1783 to the practice of law in New York, 
 where his clear mind and lucid elociuence won for him the admiration of 
 all, and raised him to the head of the New York bar. 
 
 He was a delegate to the Convention which framed the United States 
 Constitution ; and, while before the people for their ratification, he, in con- 
 junction with Mr. Jay and Mr. Madison, wrote that series of essays com- 
 posing the two volumes of the Federalist. Of those eighty-five papers, Jay 
 wrote five ; Madison, twenty ; and Hamilton, sixty. On the adoption of the 
 Constitution, he was called by Washington to the head of the Treasury 
 Department, which, for five years, he filled with marked ability. Indeed, 
 there was .scarcely a plan adopted by Congress during Washington's admin- 
 istration wliich does not bear the mark of his mighty genius. From this 
 l)ori(jd until his untimely death, he divided his time between the duties of 
 his profession and those of public life, awakening general admiration by the 
 brilljiincy of liis talents, and winning the esteem of all, by his many amiable 
 virtues. On llic 12th of July, 1804, he fell in mortal combat by the hand 
 of Aaron Burr; and "all America and Europe mourned his untimely fate." 
 
25. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. 
 
 Benjamin Franklin, the youngest of a family of seventeen, was born 
 in Boston, Massachusetts, January G, 1700. He was destined for the church 
 by his father, and was sent to the grammar-school for two years, during 
 which time he made rapid progress. His father, being no longer able to 
 keep him at school, took him home to assist in his occupation of soap-boiler 
 and tallow-chandler, where he confinued for two years, when his extravagant 
 fondness for books determined his father to make a printer of him. He was 
 accordingly apprenticed to his brother, who published the Ncic England 
 Courant, the second paper that made its appearance in Amei-ica. Here he 
 had access to books, which he read without stint, and soon commenced to 
 write anonymous pieces on the topics of the day, which were published in 
 his brother's paper, and which attracted the attention of prominent men, 
 who spoke very highly of them. He then made himself known to his 
 brother as the author, who afterward treated him with more consideration. 
 He continued to write for the paper, and sometimes criticised the acts of 
 the Government so severely as to incur its censure of the paper, and, after 
 a Avhile, his brother was forbiddden to publish it, when it was turned over 
 to Benjamin, and conducted in his name ; and, in order to make it legal, his 
 apprentice papers were canceled. Having some dispute with his brother 
 soon after, he took advantage of his freedom thus gained, and left him. He 
 then went to New York to find business, but, being unsuccessful, continued 
 on to Philadelphia, Avhere, with a loaf of bread under each arm, and one in 
 his hand from which he ate, and a few pennies in his pocket, he traveled 
 the streets of that city, in search of employment, which he soon found ; and, 
 by persevering industry, he ascended the ladder of greatness, round by 
 round, until he reached the highest pinnacle of fame in his country's his- 
 tory. 
 
 He was prominent among those distinguished patriots who threw their 
 whole influence and energies in favor of the great strviggle for human free- 
 dom, was on the committee with those who drew up the Declaration of 
 Independence, and was one of the signers of that immortal document. In 
 1778 he was sent as ambassador to the brilliant Court of the King of France, 
 where, amidst the gay and richly-dressed courtiers, ministers, and ambassa- 
 dors, the venerable Franklin, with unpowdered hair, a round hat, and plain 
 brown coat, commanded the respect of all around laim ; and his acquaint- 
 ance was sought with eagerness by all, as a man whose fame as " the great 
 philosopher and statesman of the age," had preceded him. 
 
 His researches in philosophy were extensive, and his experiments in 
 electricity revokitionized the world on that subject. 
 
 He brought from the clouds the lightning with Ids kite, and showed 
 that it could be controlled by man, to his advantage. 
 
 His Avise sayings and practical advice to the young, have become house- 
 hold words, and have done much ioward stimulating them to honesty, 
 economy, and industry. 
 
 Mr. Franklin was the first President of the American Philosophical 
 Society, which he did much to build up and make memorable. He died in 
 Philadelphia, on the 17th day of April, 1790, being eighty-four years of age. 
 
1^«! 
 
 26. ISRAEL PUTN^iV^I. 
 
 ;Major-,o-cncral Israel Putnam -was bora in Salem, Massachusetts, 
 January 7, 171S. 
 
 Anion,;; the brave men, -wiio fought the early battles of our country, 
 none were braver than Putnam. 
 
 lie was of a kind and peaceful nature; but when roused by insult, or 
 injustice, liis iron lieart leaped to his hand, and his blows on the heads of 
 wrong-doers fell fast and furious. When yet a mere boy, he was insulted 
 by a much larger and older bny, on account of his rustic appearance, to 
 whom he gave a sound tbrasliing, to the delight of the lookers-on. What 
 Bchoolboy has not read the thrilling story of '' Old Put and the Wolf?" 
 
 He served in the old French and Indian war, in which his whole ca- 
 reer teemed with acts of romantic chivahy. All his hardships, hair- 
 breadth escapes, and wondrous feats, would require volumes to narrate. 
 In 17.57, while Putnam bore tlie rank of major, he was ordered, in com- 
 pany witli the intrepid Rogers, with a detachment of several picked 
 men, to watcli the movements of the enemy, Avho were encamped near 
 Ticonderoga. Being discovered, he was compelled to retreat on Fort 
 Edward, Avhen ho fell upon an ambush of French and Indians. Taken 
 by surprise, he halted his men and returned the fire of the enemy ; and 
 the battle soon became general and waxed hot. Putnam became sepa- 
 rated from the body of his array, and was compelled to defend himself 
 against several Indians. Three of them he slew, when the fourth rushed 
 on him (as liis gnu missed fire) with uplifted tomaha^vk, and Putnam sur- 
 rendered. Tlie Indian immediately bound him to a tree, and pined the 
 melee once more. AVhile bound, he was between the fire of both par- 
 tips, at one time; and the bullets pierced his clothes, and the tree beside 
 hun. A young Indian also amused himself by throwing a tomahawk 
 into the tree beside of his head. At the close of the fight, he was un- 
 bound, led into captivity, and treated with great cruelty. 
 
 lie was tied to a sapiing, and a fire kindled to roast him alive; but 
 just as tlie fire began to scorch his limbs, a shower of rain came and put 
 out the flames ; and before they could again be kindled, the savage who 
 captured hun came and claimed him as his ; and having some spark of 
 humanity in his savage breast, dressed his wounds and protected him 
 HMii insult and cruelty during the remainder of the march. He was at 
 length exchanged, and lived to fight other battles 
 
 u\All\''' ^''f''^'\'"- °"^ of the Revolutionary War, he was at work upon 
 
 Mt'.fi.V''", S'^V'^'^fr^ll-?'' '^""^^'^'^ informing him of the contem- 
 
 a ; : . f i • T ^^;'^^\^'^ 1.^^11. ^^^ was in the field plowing. He immedi- 
 
 soison ti "i'' ^ •''^' ^?"'' ^".' '^^'^ '^"'^ J""^I^^^^ "P«»i i^is horse, arriving in 
 season to do eminent service in that memorable battle 
 
 liis firm'''^vi T''^'-- f=^^tlifully, and at the close of the war retired to 
 vTiifi loVrmi ^^ ''n''"J"^'''V^ blessings of the free institutions for 
 ctlecUcu'^lIv'ool^i^^;;;^^ °^ seventytwo. when he died, at Brooklyn, 
 
y 
 
 27. HENRY KNOX. 
 
 General IIenry Knox was born in Boston, Massachusetts, Julj 25, 
 1750. 
 
 He married the daughter of a staunch loyalist, and was an officer in the 
 British army when the struggle of the Revolution commenced. His whole 
 soul was fired with the cause of freedom, and he contrived his escape from 
 Boston, and, presenting himself at the camp of "Washington, offered his ser- 
 vices to his country. His wife, who, notwithstanding her Tory origin, 
 fully sympathized with the patriots, accompanied her hiisband in his flight, 
 secreting his sword in the folds of her petticoat. The noble woman adhered 
 to his fortune through the trials and privations of the campaign, and had 
 the holy satisfaction of sharing her husband's joys in the established Inde- 
 pendence of their country. 
 
 When young Knox presented himself at "Washington's headquarters, 
 our army was destitute of cannon, without which he felt that it was impos- 
 sible to cope with the British forces. There was no way of obtaining the 
 needed supply but by transporting it from the dilapidated forts of the Can- 
 adian frontier. This dangerous and almost Herculean labor was triumph- 
 antly performed by that gallant young officer, and an artillery department 
 of respectable foi'ce was added to our army, the command of wiiich wrs 
 bestowed upon Knox, with a Brigadier-General's commission. These guns 
 were planted on Dorchester Heights, and the British army speedily com- 
 pelled to evacuate Boston. General Knox, at the head of the artillery, was 
 in constant service during the entire contest which succeeded, and generally 
 under the immediate eye of Washington, between whom and himself a 
 strong attachment existed, which lasted until the death of his distinguished 
 and beloved commander. At the battle of White Plains, Trenton, Prince- 
 ton, Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth, as also at the seige of 
 Yorktown, Knox and his artillery rendered most valuable aid. He was one 
 of the commissioners to negotiate the terms of capitulation of Cornwallis. 
 In 1785, under the old regime. General Knox was Secretary of War, until 
 the new organization, when Washington immediately appointed him to the 
 same office, which he continued to hold until 1794, at which time 
 Washington reluctantly consented to accept his resignation, and he retired 
 to his farm, in Thomaston, Maine, where he lived in hospitable retirement, 
 until the 25th of October, 180G, when lie died suddenly from accidental stran- 
 gulation. 
 
 Few men contributed more largely to the succes3 of our Revolutionary 
 struggle than General Knox. 
 
 As the projector, author, and first commander of r.rtillery, with the entire 
 confidence of Washington, his opportunities were cf[ual to his desires, and 
 his success tantamount to his genius and bravery. 
 
28. WILLIAM PENN. 
 
 WiLTT\M Tenn, the founder of the State which boars his name, was 
 born in London, October 14, J644. Before he was fifteen he entered Oxtord, 
 and was converted to Quakerism by the eloquence of an itinerant preacher 
 oi that sect, and was expelled from college for non-conformity before he 
 
 wa!^ pixtoen. ,, . , ,i '.-r J.^ 
 
 Honest in his convictions and sturdy in adhering to them, neither the 
 expostulation of his friends, the discipline of his father, nor the threats of 
 the church, could shake his- faith in his purpose. 
 
 He studied law in Lincoln's Inn until the year 1GG5, when, the plague 
 breaking out in his native city, he went to Ireland, to manage his father's 
 estate. '^Here he joined a fraternity of Quakers, in consequence of which he 
 was recalled. 
 
 He was so persistent in his adherence to the habits and dogmas of his 
 sect, that his father banished him from his house. He then commenced 
 preaching, and was very successful in gaining proselytes to his sect. 
 
 He was exceedingly obnoxious to the Government, and was several times 
 fined and imprisoned. But nothing intimidated him. Even in prison he 
 wrote and published books, and sent them forth to the world. 
 
 On the death of his father, a large estate fell into his possession ; but he 
 continued to write, travel, and preach, as before. 
 
 The Crown owing large debts to the estate, Penn asked and obtained, in 
 1081, a charter of Pennsylvania, where a colony was soon planted, and ho 
 himself arrived the next year. 
 
 Feeling that he had no moral claim on the soil, he negotiated with the 
 Indians who occupied it, and purchased it of them at a price perfectly satis- 
 factory to both parties. 
 
 He established the capital, and named it Philadelphia, drew up a code of 
 laws for his growing colony, ordaining perfect toleration for religious opin- 
 ion, and returned to England, in 1GS4, to exert his influence in favor of his 
 persecuted brethren there. He was instrumental in the deliverance of more 
 than thirteen hundred who had been cast into prison for heresy. So malig- 
 nant were his enemies, that they effected his imprisonment on the charge of 
 Papacy ; but he succeeded in obtaining his freedom, and returned once 
 more to America, where he revised his code of laws, and made some altera- 
 tions in the form of government, at the same time traveling through the 
 country^ preaching and Avriting on the subject nearest his heart. 
 
 In ITUO he again returned to England, where he resumed his favorite 
 pursuit, until 1712, when paralysis put a stop to his active life, and caused 
 liis death in 1718. 
 
 Tlie character of "William Penn, alone, sheds a never-fading lustre upon 
 our history. He established his commonwealth on the basis of religion, 
 morality, and universal love, and he won the confidence of the Indians by 
 his strict justice. 
 
 Few men have lived whoso efforts have been so productive of good, and 
 80 free from evil. 
 
29. BENJAMIN HUSH. 
 
 Benjamin Rush was born in Byberry, Pennsylvania, on the 24th of 
 December, 1745. His father dying when he was quite young, his mother 
 assumed the charge of his education ; and so faithfully did she execute the 
 important trust, that he was able to enter Princeton College at the age of 
 thirteen ; and such had been his progress in his studies, that he obtained 
 his degree before he was fifteen years old. After studying five years with 
 a celebrated physician here, he went to Scotland, and studied two years, 
 spending a few months in England and Prance. 
 
 On his return, in 17G9, he was elected Professor of Chemistry in the 
 College of Philadelphia. In 1701, the College being merged into the Uni- 
 versity, Dr. Rush was appointed Professor of the Institute in the practice 
 of medicine, and of clinical practice. 
 
 His lectures were popular, -and very fully attended. In his treatment of 
 yellow-fever, which about this time desolated Philadelphia, he seems to 
 to have been eminently successful. He remained at his post constantly 
 during the three months of its ravages, and gave his services freely to the 
 poor, rejecting enormous offers from the rich, that the children of poverty 
 might not suffer from want of care. Once he came near falling a victim to 
 the disease. He took no rest, and visited, on an average, one hundred pa- 
 tients daily. He adopted for his motto : " The poor are my best patients, 
 for God is their paymaster." 
 
 Dr. Rush was an ardent patriot, and took a decided stand with the 
 friends of his country. 
 
 By his counsels and his pen he did eminent service to the cause of his 
 country, and filled several important offices. In 1776 he signed that im- 
 mortal instrument, " The Declaration of Independence." 
 
 In 1777 he was appointed head of the medical staff of the Continental 
 Army, and was assiduous in his duties in that department. 
 
 Dr. Rush was a great student and writer, and it is through his many 
 printed works that his memory is kept fragrant in the hearts of his country- 
 men. From his nineteenth to his sixty-fourth year he was a public writer. 
 His productions exhibit extensive learning, profound medical science, deep 
 piety, a zealous patriotism, and unbounded benevolence. Plis moral quali- 
 ties wej'e such as naturally spring from an elevated mind, and a heart that 
 had bei n cultivated by an intelligent mother. 
 
 Prom the age of twenty-four until his death, he was in constant and ex- 
 tensive practice. He was cut off suddenly by a prevailing typhus-fever, in 
 the midst of his usefulness, April 19, 1813, being sixty-eight years of age. 
 He saved others : himself he could not save. 
 
30. PATRICK HENEY. 
 
 Patrick Henry -was born in Virginia, May 29, 173G. Hia boyhood was 
 as unpromising- as could well be imagined, lie was a great truant, hating 
 his books, and delighting in nothing so much as his angle-rod and gun. 
 
 In these sports he would spend weeks at a time; and while Avatching 
 the cork of his fi^,hing-^od, he would sit for hours absorbed in reflection. 
 In the midst of his companions, he often sat silent, appearing to be 
 occujjied with his own thouy-hts, or reflecting deeply on the char;icter of his 
 playmates. At sixteen his father set him up in trade, but he did not suc- 
 ceed. During tliat time lie acquired a taste for reading, but his chief em- 
 ployment was in studying the character of his customers, as they became 
 excited in controversy, or interested in relating anecdotes. 
 
 Not succeeding in the store, he determined to study law. After six 
 weeks' study, he applied for a license to practice, and passed his examina- 
 tion, astounding his examiners, not by his knowledge of law, but by the 
 strength of his intellect, and brilliancy of his genius. For three j-ears his 
 success was small, when an event brought him before the court, and gave 
 him a chance to display his ability as a pleader and an orator. It was a 
 case between the people and the clergy of the English Church, in regard to 
 the payment of their salaries in tobacco, at a price fixed by the Legislature. 
 
 Patrick Henry was employed by the people, as no one else could be 
 found to espouse their cause. 
 
 When he rose to make his plea, he faltered, and appeared very awkward, 
 and the people hung their heads at so unpropitious a commencement, the 
 clergy, at the same time, exchanging sly glances with each other. In a few 
 moments, however, as he warmed with the subject, those wonderful facul- 
 ties which he possessed were, for the first time, developed, and now was wit- 
 nessed that mysterious transformation of appearance which the fire of his 
 own eloquence never failed tD work in him. His attitude, by degrees, be- 
 came erect and lofty; th£ spirit of his genius awakened all his features; 
 hia countenance shone with a grandeur which it never before exhibited ; 
 there was a lightning in his eye that seemed to rive the spectators. His 
 actions became graceful, bold, and commanding ; and in the tones of his 
 voice, more especially in his emphasis, there was a peculiar charm, " a 
 magic," of which all who ever heard him, speak, but of Avhich no one could 
 give any adequate description. His triumph was complete. The Jury q-ave 
 him a verdict without deliberation, and the people carried him from" the 
 Court-House on their shoulders. 
 
 ,^7P"?.!^"^ ^^"^^' Patrick Henry was one of the foremost men of Virginia, 
 an.l his life was brilliantly connected with the history of his country. 
 
 AftcT a successful career at the bar, he was elected to the State Leo-isla- 
 turo, where his well-known speeches, familiar to every school-boy, gave Vir- 
 ginia to the Revolution. He served conspicuously'in the First Congress, 
 and was elected Governor of Virginia. "■ ^ ° ' 
 
 age"''' '^'''*^ '''' ^^^ ^'^ "^""^ ""^ June, 1799, in the sixty-fourth year of hia 
 
31. JOHN hancoce:. 
 
 John Hancock was born in Quincy, Massachnsetts, in 1737. He 
 graduated at Harvard College, in 17o4:, at the age of seventeen, with, no par- 
 ticular marks of distinction. 
 
 On leaving college, he entered the counting-room of his uncle, one of 
 the wealthiest merchants of Boston, where he remained six years. 
 
 He then went to E<irope, and returned, after four years' absence, to enter 
 upon the immense fortune of his uncle, who, dying, had made him his heir. 
 
 In 176'), at a political meeting to nominate a candidate to the Legisla- 
 ture of Massachusetts, Samuel Adams, desirous of enlisting in the cause of 
 the iDcoplo, the great estate and influential name of John Hancock, nomi- 
 nated him to represent his district, and he was elected. Ev^er after, he was 
 an ardent and conspicuous friend of his country. Indeed, he made himself 
 so prominent in the politics of the day, that he was in danger of prosecution 
 for treason. 
 
 In 1708, one of his sloops, laden with wine, from Madeira, was seized by 
 the Government, on a pretext of false entry. A mob collected, and pelted 
 the officers with stones, broke the windows of their residences, and seized a 
 boat belonging to the collector of the port, which they dragged to the Com- 
 mon, and burned. 
 
 This was the first serious disturbance which had occurred in America 
 growing out of the events preceding the Revolution. 
 
 It made a prodigious noise in the world, and gave a great prominence to 
 the name of John Hancock. 
 
 In 1774 he was elected a member of the Continental Congress, and was 
 chosen President of that body. That year he delivered an oration, on the 
 anniversary of the Boston massacre, which established his reputation as a 
 true friend of the country. 
 
 In 1776, as President of Congress, he placed his name at the head of that 
 immortal paper which declared to the world our Independence, whex-e it 
 stands in that round, striking hand, which exhibits a bold and fearless 
 spirit, and a resolution never to subscribe to any compromise with tyranny 
 or oppression. 
 
 Mr. Hancock was blessed with a pleasing person, winning address, and 
 possessed great wealth. Staking everything on the die of the Revolution, 
 he became one of the most popular leaders of that glorious struggle, and one 
 of the most obnoxious to the Tory authorities. 
 
 In 1780 he was choseu first Governor, under the new Constitution, of his 
 native State, which office he continued to hold (with the exception of two 
 years) until his death, in October, 1793, at the age of fifty-five. 
 
 Possessed of ample means, Governor Hancock lived in a style of princely 
 magnificence, find his abode was the ne plus ultra of a noble and brilliant 
 hospitality. His door was never shut on the people, and the poor were 
 never sent empty-handed or in sorrow from his door. 
 
 At his table might bo seen all classes, from grave and dignified clergy- 
 down, t;0, the gifted i,^ g,QHg, narrative, anecdote, and Avit. 
 
82. JOHN JAY. 
 
 John Jay was born in Now York, DccoiuLor 13,1745. IIo graduated 
 nt Columbia CoHck'P, in 1704, Avilb tlic lii^'-bcst liouors of bis class; and iu 
 17<jS was admit led to tlio bar, Avilb ibc most brilliant prosjiccts, in wliicb 
 lie would undoubtedly liavo risrn to ^roat (Muincnco, Iiad lio not been called 
 to the political arena, and joined tliat noblo brotbevbood Avho leagued for 
 tlio overMirow of tyranny, and stood sbouldcr to sbouldor witli tbo Adamses, 
 .Teiferson, Ilonry, J lamilton, and ibc wludo liost of patriots wbo took tbeir 
 lives in their bands, and determined to sink or swim with tbcir country. 
 Ho was elected one of tbo delejzfates to tbo First Cong-ress, in 1774, and 
 wben be took bis seat was tbe youngest mend)er on tbo floor of tbat House; 
 yet sueb Avas tbe g-ravily of bis manner, tbe j)rofoundness of liis knowledge, 
 and tbe ripeness of liis judgnu'nt, tbat bo was a})pointed to some of tbo 
 most important committees of tbat aug-ust body. Ho wrote tliat address to 
 tbo people of Great Britain, wbi(;b tbo gifted Jefferson pronounced tbe pro- 
 duction of tbe finest pen in America. Ho also wrote several otbcr addresses 
 adopted by Congress, all of wbicb bear tbe stamp of true genius, burning* 
 patriotism, iind great eomprebensiveness. 
 
 In 1777 be was appointed Cliiei'-Justice of tbe Supremo Court of tbo 
 State of New York; in 177!), Minister to Spain ; and, in 1782, Commissioner, 
 in company witb Dr. Franklin, Jobn Adams, and Mr. Laurens, to negotiate 
 a peace witb I'iUgland, 
 
 It was mainly owing to bis firmness tbat the recognition of tbo Inde- 
 pendence of tbo United States was extorted from Great Britain. 
 
 lie wrote a number of essays in tbe Fiuleralist, was cbosen Secretary of 
 Foreign Affairs, wbicb position be bold until tbo adoption of tbo Constitu- 
 tion of tbe United States, wben be was appointed Cbief-Justice of tbo 
 Suj.remo Court, and in 1794 was appointed Envoy Extniordinary to Great 
 Britain, to negotiate a treaty of commerce, wbicb bo eHW^ted with great 
 skill and tidelity to las country. 
 
 On bis return be Avas elected Governor of New York, and served iu tbat 
 capacity until ISOl, av1„-u Ik- retired to private life. 
 
 Like all gn;it men of tbat d;iy, like Wasbino-ton, Jefferson, Franklin, 
 Hamilton, Batnek Henry, and Jobn Ilandolpb, and all otbers of like grade, 
 Jobn Jay Avas an abolitionist. 
 
 He brought lu.mowith him, from abroad, one negro slave, to whom ho 
 crave lus fn.,.<loni, wben ho liad served long enough to pay the expense in- 
 curred lu bringing him liere. < iJ I 
 
 yiv. Jay died in May, IS^O, liaving lived to tbe groat ago of eighty-four. 
 
33. LAFAYETTE. 
 
 Marquis t>k Lafayette was bom in Franco, in tlio year 1757. At the 
 ag-o of twenty, reiuHing' prct'crmcnt Jind distinction at homo, lie fitted out an 
 arnianiont, at his own (jxponse, for tlic relief of the American eolonifiH, wlien 
 their cause seemed most gloomy and des])airin<;, and came to assist with t.i.s 
 eonnsel, i)urs(\ and troops. Arriving,'- in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1777, 
 he soon joined the army, with a Major-CJeneral's commission, which he ac- 
 cepted on the condition that ho should bo allowed to Bcrvo at his own ex- 
 pense, and enter tho army as a volunteer. 
 
 His judgment was so profound, and his courage so cool, thatllu; prudi'ut 
 and sagacious Washington confided to him the i)0st of difficulty and danger, 
 and never found his couhdenco misplaced. 
 
 Ho remained in America two years, sharing freely in all tho hardships 
 of our suff(!ring army, and returned to Paris, bearing honorable scars, and 
 tho grateful thanks of all the colonies. Ho remained in 1^'rance two ye.'irs, 
 actively engaged in the affairs of his (jrovernment, and using all liis influ- 
 ence, in conjunction with Franklin, then American Minister to tho Court of 
 Versailles, in behalf of tho American colonies. He soon returned to tho 
 field of strife in America, and, after a brilliant campaign, had the satisiiu;- 
 tion of seeing tho Britisli forces compelled to surrender at Yorktown, and 
 the boastful Cornwallis give up his sword to th(! hero, Washington. 
 
 Lafayette again received the thanks of Congress, and was ccmveyed homo 
 in triumph in an American frigate. 
 
 The following year he i)aid a visit to the United States, and was received 
 amidst the griiteful and expressive manifestations of the peo'jde, his i)rogress 
 through the States being a continued fctc. On his return to France, ho 
 entered t)i(! arena of political strife, already open in that country, in which 
 his patriotism and love of liberty df)omed him to conlisfiation and prison, 
 and nearly to lose his life. Many of liis family laid their necks })en(!at]i tho 
 keen edge of tho guillotine; others, his wife among them, were shut u[) in 
 gloomy dungeons. At length ho was set free, and as soon as it was known 
 in America, tho most urgent invitations were sent him to visit tho lJnitt;d 
 States — " that country dear to his heart." Congr(;ss seconded the voice of 
 the people, and jdaced the gunboat " North Carolina" at his disposal. Ho- 
 clining the honor, he embarked, with his son, in one of tho regular packets, 
 the " Cadmus," and reached New York, August ^4, 1H24. 
 
 Never was a reception so imposing and spontaneous. Ono general shout 
 of ** Welcome/ Welcome! !" burst fnjm all lips, prompted by every heart. 
 From city to city, and from town to town, through the entire borders of tho 
 land, for the space of one year, ho journeyed, amidst continued enthusiasm. 
 Valley and hill echoed his beloved name, joy and thanksgiving rang from 
 every spire, and boomed ivom every piece of ordruiiKio in the land. 
 
 On returning home, he did what hiy in liis y)ower to (;stablish liberty in 
 the bosom of his native France, until June, 1834, when his earthly struggle 
 closed. 
 
^y 
 
 34. SAMUEL ADAMS. 
 
 P VMVEL Ad VMS was bom in Quincy, Massachusetts, September 27, 1722, 
 and L-raduatcd at Harvard College at eighteen years of age. 
 
 At that early age lie wrote several able articles m lavor ot resisting the 
 mairistrat'cs, if the liberties of the commonwealth could not otherwise be 
 
 prcsorvGu.. 
 
 He commenced life as a merchant, but the force of circumstances, to- 
 gether wilh his unconquerable love of liberty, soon convinced him and the 
 world tli;it tlie arena of politics was his natural sphere. 
 
 In 1705 he was elected to the Legislature, from Boston, of which he was 
 a membor for ten years. In 1774 "he was sent to the General Congress, 
 where, by his eloquence and burning patriotism, he exerted a mighty influ- 
 ence in behalf of Independence. 
 
 On the adoption of the Constitution of Massachusetts, he was elected to 
 the Senate, over which he was called to preside. In 1789 he was elected 
 Lieutenant-Governor of the State ; and on the death of John Hancock, in 
 17U4, he succeeded him as Governor, which office he held for three years, 
 when he retired to private life, but did not live long to enjoy it. 
 
 Among the names of the brave band of patriots who first offered resist- 
 ance to tiie encroachments of British power on the liberties of the English 
 colonies in America, none is more reverently and affectionately cherished in 
 the American heart than that of the " Patriarch," Samuel Adams. For 
 stern, unbending republicanism, and unflinching devotion to the cause of 
 freedom, none exceeded him. 
 
 No seductions or bribes could reach his integrity, as was evinced by his 
 reply to Colonel Eenton, the emissary of General Gage, sent expressly to 
 buy up the "obstinate rebel." After offering every tempting bribe, in the 
 shape of gold and office, and more than intimating that his liberty, if not 
 his life, hung on his reply : " Go," said he, raising himself to his full 
 height, and putting himself in an attitude of proud, heroic defiance ; "go 
 tell Governor Gage that my peace has long been made with the King of 
 Ivings, and that it is the advice of Samuel Adams to him, no longer to insult 
 thefcdinf/3 of an already exaftperated peoj)le.^^ 
 
 Samuel Adams, more than any other man, induced the people of America 
 to resist the Stamp Act. He was the man chiefly instrumental in destroy- 
 ing the tea in Boston harbor. Above all, he was the originator of the 
 Congress of the Colonies, which met at Philadelphia. It was he, also, who, 
 more than any other in Massachusetts, created the public opinion that sus- 
 tained these measures. 
 
 As each new measure of arbitrary power was announced from across the 
 Atlantic, or each ncAv menace and violence on the part of the officers of 
 the Gcjvemment or the army, occurred in Boston, its citizens rallied to the 
 sound of his voice in Taneuil Hall, and there, in the " Cradle of Liberty," as 
 from the galkry or from the chair, he animated, enlightened, fortified, and 
 roused the admiring throng, he seemed to gather Uicm together under 
 the n'gis of his indomitable spirit, as a hen gathers her chickens under her 
 wings. 
 
 buraucl Adams died, at the great age of eighty-one, October 2, 1803. 
 
35. riSHEE AMES. 
 
 TisnER Ames, so widciy ImoAvn as an eloquent orator and distingnislied 
 statesman, was born in Dcdliam, Massachusetts, April 9, 1758. In 1774 
 he graduated at Harvard Colleye, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and, having 
 completed his studies, with great credit to himself, he opened a law office in 
 his native village, in the autumn of 1781. Although young Ames took a 
 deep interest in the stirring scenes of the Revolution, and sympathized, 
 with his whole heart, with the patriots, he was too young to take any active 
 part with them. 
 
 He published many striking articles in the journals of the day, in which 
 the affairs of the nation were so skillfully discussed as to give evidence of a 
 very thorough knowledge of the science of government and politics ; and he 
 was chosen a Member of the Convention for the Ivatilication of the Federal 
 Constitution. 
 
 The speeches he delivered in this convention took his friends and the 
 world by surprise, and at once established his reputation as one of the ablest 
 and most eloquent debaters of that day. 
 
 In 1789, Mr. Ames was elected a Member of Congress, retaining his seat 
 throughout the whole of Washington's administration, of which he was 
 an able and efficient supporter. 
 
 With a comprehensive insight of the subject in hand, his eloquent rea- 
 soning made the rough places smooth, and carried conviction to the hearts 
 and judgment of those who listened to him. When, towards the close of 
 his last term, the question relative to the appropriation necessary to carry 
 into effect the British Treaty was the subject of debate before the House, 
 Mr. Ames, although in feeble health, made such an overwhelming argument 
 that the ojiposition begged that the vote might not then be taken, as the 
 effect of his speech was such as to unfit the Members to vote dispassionately. 
 Such was the tribute paid to his eloquence and reasoning powers. 
 
 This was his last and greatest effort ; and, feeling that it would be, he 
 :nado such a touching allusion " to his own slender and almost-broken thread 
 of life, as to visibly affect his audience. Declining to be a candidate for 
 re-election, he retired to his paternal acres, where, with the exception of 
 serving a few years as a Member of the Council, he remained a private citi- 
 zen to the close of his life. The New Jersey College conferred on him the 
 title of Doctor of Laws; and sereral years before his death he was chosen 
 P-e-^ident of Harvard College, which honor he declined on account of ill 
 health, and which eventually compelled him to give up his profession, and 
 solace himself with the oversight of his farm. Here he awaited the Heavenly 
 summons, and passed away at last, like one who " wraps the drapery of his 
 couch about him, and lies down to pleasant dreams." 
 
30. ELBRIDGE GEREY 
 
 Elbridgr Gekhy -tt-as bom in Marbleliead, Massachusetts., July 17, 
 1744 Kothino- is known of the childhood of this distinguished man, until 
 we find him a member of Harvard College, at the early age of fourteen, 
 from which institution lie graduated in 17G2. 
 
 IIo liad chosen the medical profession, but his father was desirous that 
 he should assist him in the mercantile business ; and so he became a partner 
 with his father, and for many years was a successful merchant in his native 
 town. 
 
 In 1773 he was elected to the General Court of the Province of Massa- 
 chusetts. Already that body had taken strong grounds against the 
 measures of the Crown, and Mr. Gerry sustained the doings of the patriots. 
 In 177o, Samuel Adams introduced his celebrated motion for the appoint- 
 ment of a " Standing Committee of Correspondence and Inquiry," and, 
 although one of the youngest Members, Mr. Gerry was i)laced upon that 
 committee. 
 
 The same year, Mr. Adams laid before the House the foreign corres- 
 pondence of Governor Hutchinson. This was like throwing a fire-brand into 
 ji mafjazine, and roused the indignation of the citizens to the highest pitch. 
 Mr. Gerry was among the foremost to denounce the treason of the Governor, 
 and greatly distinguished himself in his efforts to forward the energetic 
 resolutions with respect to the tea-trade, the port-bill, and non-intercourse. 
 Mr. Gerry was elected to the Provincial Congress of Massachusetts, wdiich 
 met at Salem, in October, 1774, and then adjourned to Concord, where he 
 came near being arrested by the British troops sent there to break up the 
 Congress, and arrest its Members. 
 
 They reassembled at Cambridge, and Mr. Gerry threw himself, with all 
 the energy of liis enthusiastic nature, into all their measures, and was one 
 of the foremost of that " Rebel crew" who cast defiance into the teeth of the 
 British Ministry. 
 
 He was elected a Member of the l^'irst Continental Congress, and took his 
 seat February 9, 177G. He took a conspicuous part in the doings of that 
 patriotic body, of which he remained a Member until 1785. 
 
 His name makes one of that glorious band who signed the Declaration 
 of Independence. He was also a Member of the Convention that framed the 
 Constitution ; yet he did not like it, and voted against its acceptance ; but 
 when it was accepted, he used his best influence in its support, conceiving 
 that the best interests of the country depended on its being carried heartily 
 into clFcct, now that it had become a law. He w^as chosen a Member of the 
 Pirst Congress, under it, for four years. 
 
 He waa sent to Paris in 17U7, Avith Pinckney and Marshall, to adjust the 
 difficulti(,s with Prance; w^as elected Governor of Massachusetts in 1805, 
 and ngain in 1810 ; and, in 1812, Vice-President of the United States, with 
 ]\radison. AVhile occupying that position, he died suddenly, November 23, 
 1814, aged seventy. 
 
37. JOSEPH WABEEN. 
 
 G-eneral JosEPn Waktiex, the brave Revolutionary patriot, wliose blood 
 Btains the soil of Bunker Hill, was born in Eoxbuiy, Massachusetts, inl 741, 
 entered college in 1755, and commenced the practice of medicine in 1703. 
 
 In 1775 he received the appointment of Major-General in the Continental 
 Army, and in the same year, on the ever-glorious 17th day of June, sealed 
 with his blood the protest of freemen against the usurpations of tyranny. 
 
 Plad Warren lived, it is easy to perceive that he would have been among 
 the most conspicuous of that holy band, who pledged their lives, their for- 
 tunes, and their sacred honor, to the cause of freedom in the New AVorld. 
 
 He not only knew no fear, but seemed to court danger, for the very love 
 of it, as the following anecdote will show : 
 
 The Boston Massacre took place on the 5th of March, 1770, and its anniver- 
 sary had been celebrated for three years. The British residents of Boston 
 had become incensed at the free spirit in which that bloody act was dis- 
 cussed in these orations, and in 1775 several British officers declared that it 
 would be at the peril of his life, should any patriot attempt to pronounce 
 an oration on the coming anniversary. 
 
 This threat aroused the fiery spirit of Warren, and, although he had 
 officiated only the year before, he requested permission to assume the peril 
 and the honor. On the day appointed, the old South Church was crammed 
 to its utmost capacity. A large number of British officers were present, 
 some occupying the pulpit and pulpit-stairs. The doorway and aisles were 
 so densely packed, that Warren and his friends were obliged to enter the 
 pulpit- window by a ladder. 
 
 The officers were struck by his cool intrepidity, and involuntarily 
 yielded up the pulpit, and suffered him to assume his proper place. As he 
 came forward, with a calm brow and flashing eye, he appeared the very 
 impersonation of moral courage and personal bravery. It was a moment of 
 intense excitement. Stillness, that was palpable, rested on every lip ; many 
 a heart palpitated with the wildest enthusiasm. 
 
 When he opened his lips, his voice was firm and unfaltering, 
 while its deep and almost unearthly tones told how fully the spirit was 
 stirred within him. Soon his voice rose, and, warming with his theme, in 
 tones of thunder he poured out the vials of his wrath upon the actors in the 
 bloody tragedy of March 5, 1770, and hurled defiance in the very teeth of 
 those who, but a few hours before, had threatened his life, but who were 
 now awed before the majesty of his sublime courtige. 
 
 He declined Prescott's proposal to command at Bvmker Hill, and entered 
 the ranks, where he fought with unflinching bravery, being among the last 
 to quit the breast-works, and fell only a few yards from them, fighting to 
 the last. 
 
38. BENJAMIN LINCOLN. 
 
 Bknjamtx Lincoln, an heroic officer of the Revolution, a skillful dip- 
 lomatist, and ready debater in the councils of the nation, was born at 
 Hin<j:ham, Massachusetts, June 23, 1733. When the Revolutionary war 
 conuuenced, Lincoln was Lieutenant, under commission of Governor Hut- 
 chinson. 
 
 J He unhesitating-ly threw himself into the cause of the Colonists, and, in 
 1775, was cloctid a member of the Provincial Cong-ress, and by that body 
 appointed one of its Secretaries, and a member of the Committee of Corres- 
 pondence. 
 
 In 177G he received the appointment of Brigadier-General, and the fol- 
 lowing year entered the Continental Army as Major-General; and in the 
 autumn of the same year joined the Northern Army under Schuyler. He 
 rendered valuble service in that trying campaign, and signalized himself 
 in both the battles on the plains of Saratoga, which proved so disastrous to 
 General Burgoyne. 
 
 He was so severely wounded in the fight of the 7th of October, as to be 
 obliged to leave the army, and return home. He rejoined the army (to the 
 great joy of Washington, who duly appreciated his valuable services) in 
 the following August. 
 
 He was immediately sent to the South to assume command of the army 
 in that quarter, which he found, on his arrival at Charleston, S. C, in 
 December, 1778, in the most destitute and disorderly condition ; but, by 
 indefatigable industry and energy, he was enabled to take the field, and 
 commence offensive operations in the June following, when he attacked the 
 garrison at Stono Ferry, and, in conjunction with the impetuous De Estaing, 
 made a chivalrous attack on Savannah, both of which were unsuccessful. 
 
 Q- Tj ^^^ ^"^^c^took to defend Charleston against the siege and blockade 
 of Sir Henry Clinton's army of nine thousand men, and, after a brave resist- 
 ance of more than two months, was obliged to surrender. 
 
 Such was his popularity with the army and the whole country, that 
 their confidence in him was not abated by this disaster, for, on being ex- 
 changed in 1 .81, he rejoined the army, and was sent once more to co-operate 
 with tae Southern forces, where he had the high satisfaction of aiding in 
 tlie reduction ot lorktown, and of conducting the defeated army to the 
 tielcl where they were to lay down their arms at the feet of Washington. 
 
 Immediately alter the close of the war, Mr. Lincoln was chosen Secretary 
 
 ot \\ ar. lie resigned in 1783, and received the thanks of Congress for his 
 
 patriotic military and civil services, when ho retired to his farm, and passed 
 
 }'.fi"n'"''^T '7^^^''i? literary pursuits, until 178G-7, when betook 
 
 the held again to quell the famous Shay'.s insurrection. 
 
 of}.u,n^'"K^';7"'^''''V'/^^'''f^'"'P^''^^®^ this, he again sou-ht the seclusion 
 c dl I r' f ^ ''''^ ^"^"^P entirely from public service, for the people 
 
39. CHARLES CAEEOLL. 
 
 CnAKLES Catiuoll, of Carrollton, was born at Annapolis, Maryland, 
 September 8, 17o7. 
 
 At eight vears of age he was sent to France to be educated, where he 
 remained until 1757, when he went to London, and entered the Temple, as 
 a student of law. To this study he brought a strong and refined intellect, 
 cultivated by a highly-finished education; and when, in 17G4, at the age of 
 twenty -seven, he returned to Maryland, he took a high stand among his 
 countrymen, from whom he had been separated for nearly twenty years. 
 
 In the course of the next year, after the return of Carroll, the odious 
 Stamp Act was passed. Amongst the foremost of those who boldly pro- 
 tested against this piece of tyranny, and pledged themselves to resist the 
 execution of the infamous law, was " Charles Carroll, of Carrollton." 
 
 In 1774, the Delegates to the Maryland Assembly voted that no more 
 tea should be imported into their territory. Nevertheless, the same year a 
 brig-load of the obnoxious article arrived in port, which produced im- 
 mense excitement; and personal violence was threatened to the owners 
 of the vessel and consignees. In this state of things, Mr, Carroll's advice 
 was sought by the owners. " If you would allay the people's rage," was 
 his reply, "burn the vessel, together with its contents." Complying with 
 his advice, they took the brig into the stream, set it on fire, and burned it 
 to the water's edge, amidst the hearty acclamations of the patriotic multi- 
 tude. 
 
 In 177G, Mr. Carroll was appointed a Commissioner, in conjunction with 
 Franklin, Samuel Chase, and John Carroll, to induce the Canadians to join 
 in resistance to English oppression. Unforeseen events, together with the 
 unlimited power of the priests, prevented its success. 
 
 On his return to Philadelphia, he found the subject of the Declaration 
 ol Independence under discussion in Congress, and learned that the Mary- 
 land Delegates had been instructed to vote against it. Flying to Annapolis, 
 while the Convention, to which he had been elected a Member, was yet in 
 session, such was the effect of his eloquence, and the force of his reasoning, 
 that, on the 28th of June, a new set of instructions were sent to Philadel- 
 phia, abrogating the old ones, and directing the Delegates to vote for the 
 Declaration, 
 
 On the 4th of July, 1776, he was appointed a Delegate to Congress, and 
 arriving too late to cast his vote in favor of the Declaration, the President 
 asked him if he would sign it. " Most willingly !" was his hearty reply ; 
 and his name was at once affixed to that record of patriotism and freedom. 
 As there were other Carrolls, he wrote it, " Charles Carroll, of Carrollton,'' 
 that the British King might know where to find him, " to answer for liis 
 treason." 
 
 He continued in Congress until 1778, served in the State Legislature for 
 several years after, and from 1788 to 1791 was a member of the United 
 States Senate, after wdiich, for ten years, he was in the Senate of Mai-yland. 
 Foi? the remainder of his glorious life, he lived in retirement, in the enjoy- 
 ment of friends, fortune, and health, in the most perfect tranquility ; and, 
 on the 14th day of November, 18u2, he gently passed away, in the ninety- 
 sixth year of his mortal life. 
 
40. THADDEUS KOSCIUSCO. 
 
 Tiia:->di:u.s Kosciusco was born in Lithuania, Poland, in 1746. He 
 V)clonj^ccl to one of the most ancient and noble families of that ill-fated 
 Kinp-ilom. . 
 
 Ho commrnocd his studies at the military school in Warsaw, and com- 
 pleted his education at Paris. Here he made the acquaintance of Dr. 
 Franklin, from Avhom he learned the history of our struggle for Independ- 
 ence. 
 
 Pirod with the story, his heart yearned to strike a blow for freedom, and 
 ho proposed to Franklin to offer his services to AVashington. Franklin, 
 struck with the noble bearing of the young Pole, gave him a letter to 
 Wuslnngton, with which he immediately embarked for America. 
 
 Presenting himself, without ceremony, at headquarters, he handed the 
 letter of Franklin to Washington, who, after reading it, demanded of 
 the patriotic Pole: " What do you seek here?" " I came," was his brave 
 reply, "to fight as a volunteer for American Independence." "What can 
 youdo?" asked his Excellency. "Try me," was the laconic reply. Chai-med 
 with his frank and noble spirit, Washington immediately took him into his 
 family, and made him his aid. 
 
 The services of Kosciusco Avere invaluable to the American army, on 
 account of liis great scientific attainments, and thorough knowledge of en- 
 gineering, which were put into instant requisition, Congress appointing 
 him engineer, with the rank of Colonel. 
 
 He superintended the erection of works of defense at West Point, where 
 a beautiful monument has been erected by the students of the military 
 academy afterward established at that place. 
 
 At the close of the war, Kosciusco returned, to fight the battles of Lib- 
 erty in his native land, where liis bravery and judgment won him much 
 credit. In 1794, a second revolution swept over ill-fated Poland, and Kos- 
 ciusco was called to assume the helm of State, and was appointed Dictator, 
 with full and uni-estricted powers. 
 
 He verified the confidence of his friends, although he failed to secure 
 liberty to his country. Russian power was too great to be successfully re- 
 Bisted, and the chain was once more riveted on poor, bleeding Poland. 
 Kosciusco himself, severely wounded, overpowered by numbers, was taken 
 prisoner, and shut up in a Russian dungeon, while — 
 " Hope, for a neason, hade the -vrorUl farewell. 
 And Freedom shrieked as JCosciusco fell." 
 
 After suffering long the horrors of a Russian prison, he was at length re- 
 leased, on the accession of the Emperor Paul, loaded with honors, and offered 
 a conunission in the Russian army, which honor he gracefully, but firmly, 
 dfM-linrd, although the Emperor earnestly entreated him to accept, and 
 off.Ted him, his own sword. " What need have I of a sword," he bitterly 
 and mournfully replied, " since I have no longer a country to defend ?" 
 
 In l/.)7 lie visited the United States, when hiuh honors Avere conferred 
 on him, and a large grant of land donated to him by Congress, in considera- 
 utiitu of his eminent services. 
 
 He remained in America many years ; but, toward the close of his life, 
 Jic went to Switzerland, and died there, October IG, 1817, in the sevcntv- 
 Bccund year of his age. 
 
41. AETHUE MIDDLETON. 
 
 Arthur Middleton was born at Middleton Place, a delightful seat on 
 the Ashley River, South Carolina, in 1743. 
 
 At the age of twelve, he was sent to England to school, and at the age of 
 nineteen entered the University of Cambridge, from which he graduated, 
 in 1764, an accomplished scholar. 
 
 After traveling extensively in Europe, he returned to South Carolina, 
 married, and settled on his own pleasant homestead, on the banks of the 
 Ashley, in 1773. 
 
 He took a deep interest in the discussions previous to the Declaration of 
 Independence. Careless of personal consequences, he put his name, proudly 
 and without hesitation, to that noble Declaration, which consecrated life, 
 honor, and fortune, to Liberty, and flung defiance into the teeth of the op- 
 pressor. 
 
 He was elected to Congress in 177G, and remained in that body until 
 the close of 1777, where he acquired a character for great clearness of intel- 
 lect, pure patriotism, and unfaltering devotion to the holy cause in which 
 he and his compeers had embarked. 
 
 When, in 1771), South Carolina became the theatre of war, Mr. Middle- 
 tons estate became the prey of the invaders. His buildings were spared ; 
 but everything movable, and of any value, was carried away, or destroyed. 
 His valuable library and elegant paintings were remorselessly appropriated 
 by the vandals. Fortunately, he and his family escaped the ruthless hands 
 of the marauders. 
 
 During the investment of Charleston, Mr. Middleton was there, and ren- 
 dered very essential aid in its defense. On its surrender, he was carried to 
 St. Augixstine, a prisoner of war. 
 
 On being exchanged, in 1781, he was immediately appointed a Delegate 
 to Congress ; and again elected to the same honorable post in 1782. He 
 then returned to his beloved home ; and, on the establishment of peace, de- 
 clined to be elected to Congress any more, preferring to be with his family, 
 from whom he had been so long separated. 
 
 He consented to be elected, occasionally, to a seat in the Legislature of 
 his State, in which he rendered good aid to the cause of education and wise 
 legislation among his fellow-citizens. 
 
 In November, 1786, he imprudently exposed himself to the inclement 
 weather usual at that season, when he took a severe cold, which resulted in 
 an intermittent-fever, and terminated his valuable life on the 1st of Janu- 
 ary, 1787, being only forty-four years of age. 
 
42. TIMOTHY PICKEEING. 
 
 Timothy rrCKERiNO was born in Salem, Massachusetts, July 17, 1745. 
 At the ago of sixteen he entered Harvard Colleg-e, and graduated in 17G3. 
 
 While in College, and after leaving it, he entered, heart and soul, into 
 the discussion of those great political questions which, at that time, were 
 agitating his countrymen; and the results of his labo-s are among the 
 rarest and linest specimens of political literature which that fertile age 
 produced. 
 
 Previous to the commencement of hostilities, he held several important 
 civil offices ; but when the sound of war echoed from Lexington and Con- 
 cord through tho land, he gave up those duties, and entered the camp. He 
 was elected Colonel of the Essex militia, and took much pains to instruct 
 his officers and soldiers in the art of their calling. 
 
 To Colonel Pickering it fell to head the first armed force against English 
 oppression. 
 
 On Sunday, February 2G, 1775, while the people were at church, news 
 came that a British regiment was landing at Marblehead, and that they 
 intended to march through Salem, in search of military stores, said to be 
 secreted somewhere in the vicinity. 
 
 The churches were instantly closed, and, with their ministers at their 
 head, the congregations proceeded to the draw-bridge, raised the draw, and 
 awaited the approach of Colonel Leslie and his regiment. 
 
 Colonel Pickering, at the head of what miiiria lie could hastily summon, 
 appeared as their leader on the occasion. On the arrival of Leslie, he told 
 him that the stores belonged to the people, and would not be surrendered 
 without a struggle. Leslie then attempted to seize on a gondola, to enable 
 him to cross the stream, wlicn the owner of it, Joseph Sprague, Esq., 
 jumped into the boat, knocked a hole in her bottom, and she sunk. While 
 doing this, he received several slight bayonet-wounds, thus shedding the 
 first blood of the Kevolution. 
 
 By the interference of Rev. Mr. Barnard, Colonel Leslie was induced to 
 abandon the project, by their allowing him to cross the draw, so that it 
 might seem to bo voluntary on his part. So the draw was let down, the 
 valiant Colonel and his regiment crossed, between the lines of the American 
 mihtrv, countermarched, retreated to Marblehead, and set sail the same 
 evemng.^^ On the ISJth of April following occurred the fight at Lexington. 
 ..r< • ^'o^*>nel Pickering was elected by Congress a member of the 
 
 ^ Continental Board of AV^ar ;" and the same year he received the highly- 
 important appointment of Quartermaster-General, on the resignation of that 
 office by (jrcnerul Greene. 
 
 On the close of tho war, he removed to Philadelphia, and was a Member 
 
 ot the Oonvontion called in 17U0, to revise the Constitution of Pennsylvania. 
 
 xrom liJi to 1^94, he was Postmaster-General, under Washington ; and 
 
 I^ ;?r"i < '''' >'*''^'" ''■''*' "^'^^^^ Secretary of War. In 1795 he was ap- 
 
 V It if ^^^>''^' "I ^^^^^' "^'^^^^^^ ^^^e 1^« l^eld until tho election of John 
 Adams to the Presidency. 
 
 Sf.,w^"!!?'!vn-/'' ^^^j^'^^^-'^^.^^i'^etts in 1803, ho was elected to tho United States 
 fin llv t f,-. i '/' "^''V? ''' ^^^^'- ^^ 1^^^ ^^c was elected to Con-ress, and 
 fl?e '>yih f r "" IV^^^'^1'^•^ altogether in 1817. He died at Salem, on 
 
 the .Jth ot January, 18-J, ui the cighty-fourth year of his age. 
 
' 43. EICHAED n. LEE. 
 
 RiClTATlD Henry Lee was born in Virginia, in 1732. Of his childhood 
 and yovith there is nothing special to record, except that he was sent to 
 England to acquh'e an education. 
 
 In early manhood he took a prominent part in the political agitations of 
 those troublous times. His strong and patriotic heart, aided by a thorough 
 classical education, gave him the position of a leader. 
 
 To him has been ascribed the first regular attempt at resistance to 
 British aggression ; though that point is not clear. In 1773, as a Member 
 of the House of Burgesses of Virginia, lie proposed the formation of that 
 famous "Committee of Correspondence," whose investigations and appeals 
 roused, not only the hearts of Virginia, but of the whole country. 
 
 On the assembling of the first Congress, llichard Henry Lee was there 
 to represent the burghers of his own Virginia, to act and to work in the 
 glorious cause to which ho and his coadjutors " pledged their lives, their 
 fortunes, and their sacred honors." 
 
 He was among the foremost who went for an open and explicit declara- 
 tion of independence; and the cleai', strong, and patriotic views he so 
 vehemently urg«d before that body, did much to strengthen the timid and 
 irresolute, and to confirm the doubtful in their patriotism. He introduced 
 that immortal resolution, " That these United Colonies are, and of right 
 ought to be, free and independent States ; that they are absolved from all 
 allegiance to the British crown ; and that all political connection between 
 them and Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved." 
 
 When the committee formed to draft the Declaration of Independence 
 was appointed, Mr. Lee was in Virginia on account of sickness in his family, 
 and thus Mr. Jeff"erson was placed at the head of that committee, which 
 honor belonged, of right, to him, as the mover of the resolution. His name, 
 however, stands among the signers of that immortal instrument. 
 
 Mr. Lee resumed his seat in Consrress the next month, and continued to 
 occupy it until 1779, when ill health C(mipelled him to decline the honor, 
 till 1784, when he reluctantly consented to serve again. 
 
 On taking his seat, he was unanimously called upon to preside, which ho 
 did with great dignity and to the entire satisfaction of that body. 
 
 In 1792 Mr. Leo retired altogether from public life, and two years after, 
 his exhausted powers sank into the repose of death on the 19th of June, 
 1794. 
 
 The name of Eichard Henry Lee stands among the highest on the scroll 
 of his country's fame. As a j)atriot, as a man, as a friend, and as an orator, 
 he had f e \v equals. 
 
 His enemies were few, while his friends were many ; and he went to his 
 rest with the blessings of the multitude resting on his monument. 
 
vy 
 
 44. FEANCIS HOPKINSON. 
 
 Francis IIopkinson tvus bom in Philadelphia in 1738. Having gradu- 
 ated with tlic highest honors at the College of Philadelphia, he entered at 
 oiu'O upon the study of the law, in the office of the eminent jurist, Benjamin 
 Clieevcr, then Attorney-General of the State of Pennsylvania, under whose 
 care he went through the regular course of study for the practice of his 
 profession. 
 
 Instead of entering at once into the practice of law, he devoted himself 
 to the acquaintance of elegant literature, and spent two years in England, 
 storing his mind Avith scientific and classical knowledge. He used his pen 
 in verse and prose, in which he manifested wit, taste, and a pure morality. 
 His power of satire was very great, never letting any subject escape him 
 tliat aftbrded scope for his pungent wit, which was elegant and refined. 
 He never sjioke or wrote a word that would give pain to the most sensitive 
 fastidiousness. He was a Member of the Continental Congress wdiich 
 passed the Declaration of Independence, and his name may be found on that 
 immortal document. 
 
 When the Independence of the Colonies was at length achieved, it was 
 found that the people were free, indeed, but with none of the necessary ele- 
 ments of a nation. Without a currency or commerce, having no manufac- 
 tures, agriculture almost wholly neglected, our desolate and deplorable condi- 
 tion appalled even the hearts of those who had never yet quailed before the 
 awful storm of war, which had desolated the fair face of our country. 
 Francis Hopkinson was among those few brave spirits who saw the end from 
 the beginning, and had never falt(!red, never doubted. Under their power- 
 ful and patriotic guidance, order began to appear, and one after another of 
 those glorious institutions, which are our boast and the admiration of the 
 workl, were founded. 
 
 He was an active Member of the Convention of 1787, which met in 
 rhiladeli)hia to draft the United States Constitution, and also of the Con- 
 vention that ratified it. 
 
 He was appointed, by Washington, Judge of the District Court of Penn- 
 sylvania in, 17U0, but did not live long to enjoy the honor or perform the 
 iluty, for lie was stricken with epilepsy, and died, May 9, 1791, in the fifty- 
 third year of his age. 
 
 During the sittings of the Continental Congress he was appointed Judge 
 of the Admiralty of the State of Pennsylvania, and his decisions, while in 
 th:it offi<;o, frive evidence of an acute judgment and a profound acquaintance 
 witli the law pertaining to that branch of legal jurisprudence, as well as 
 the nicest literary acquisitions and general knowledge. 
 
-«^-^ 
 
 45. BOBEET FULTON. 
 
 KOBERT Fulton Avas born in an obsctire town of Pennsylvania in 
 the year 1765, His father died when he was quite young, leaving him 
 Avithout tlie means of education, and scarcely those of subsistence. 
 
 The genius of Fulton first manifested itself in drawing and painting, 
 and at seventeen wo find him in Philadelphia, not only earning his own live- 
 lihood, biit supporting his widowed mother and several sisters. 
 
 He spent all his leisure hours in the cultivation of his intellect, and 
 stored up, during this time, no inconsiderable amount of solid learning. 
 
 In 1786, just as he w^as twenty-one, he went to England, and soon found 
 a home beneath the roof of his countryman, Benjamin West, between whom 
 and himself a warm friendship sprang up, which death alone interrupted. 
 
 In 1796, he went to France, where he resided seven years, studying with 
 great success the French, German, and Italian languages, together with 
 natural philosophy, and the higher branches of mathematics. 
 
 It was at this time that he determined to carry his long-cherished plan 
 of applying steam for the purposes of navigation into practical and useful 
 effect. 
 
 For many years steam had been used as a motive power ; but to Fulton 
 belongs the credit of having made the first successful application of steam 
 to this end. 
 
 He returned to his native country in 1806, after having invented and 
 niade many successful experiments with his celebrated Nautilus, or sub- 
 marine boat. 
 
 Chancellor Livingston had made some unsuccessful experiments in steam 
 navigation previous to Fulton's return, and had secured to himself the 
 exclusive right, from the NeAv York Legislature, to navigation " by steam or 
 fire," in all the waters within the jurisdiction of the State. Having formed 
 the acquaintance of Fulton in France, he felt certain that he could accom- 
 plish the desired results. 
 
 He immediately associated him in the undertaking, and procured the 
 renewal of the Act for himself and Fulton for twenty years. 
 
 After several unsuccessful experiments, which subjected them to the ridi- 
 cule of the press and people, they at length succeeded in bringing their boat 
 to such a degree of perfection as to advertise her to make an experimental 
 trip to Albany. 
 
 At the appointed time the wharf and shipping were lined with anxious 
 spectators. Some jeered,others laughed,while few were sanguine of success. 
 But w^hen at length Fulton cast off the fasts of Tlie Claremont, and she 
 stemmed the current of the noble Hudson at the rate of five miles an hour, 
 a sudden change took place in the anxious throng, and one universal and 
 prolonged shout announced to the world " the trium'ph of Fulton ^ 
 
 Fulton died February 24, 1815, after a short illness, in the fifty-first 
 year of his age, and was buiied with civic and military honors. 
 
<C V 
 
 46. WILLLIAM PINKNEY. 
 
 William Pinkxey was born in Anapolis, Maryland, March. 17, 1765. 
 
 With an extremely deficient early education, his personal application, 
 and strong and quick natural perceptions, made up for the deficiency, and 
 placed him among- the foremost of his acquaintances and friends. He first 
 studied medicine ; but, feeling that it did not chime with his inclinations, 
 he turned to the law, and having prepared himself for the bar under the 
 instruction of Judge Cliase, he was admitted to practice in 1786. He 
 removed to Harford County, where he opened an office, and immediately 
 gave promise of high distinction. He was a Member of the Convention 
 wliich ratified the Federal Constitution ; and from 1789 to 1792, was a 
 Representative in Congress. He was then elected a Member of the Execu- 
 tive Council of the State of Maryland; and, in 1795, was a Member of the 
 State Legislature. 
 
 In 1796, he was appointed by President "Washington a Commissioner of 
 the United States, under the seventh article of Jay's Treaty, in conjunction 
 with Mr. Gore, and remained in England eight years. 
 
 During his residence abroad, questions of vital importance on interna- 
 tional law and reciprocity, came before the Commission, on which he gave 
 his written opinion, exhibiting a profound knowledge and clear apprehension 
 of the subject discussed. He recovered for Maryland a claim on the Bank 
 of England for $800,000. 
 
 In 1805 ho removed to Baltimore, and was aj^pointed Attorney-General 
 of Maryland. 
 
 In 1806 he was Envoy Extraordinary to England ; and, in 1808, on the 
 return of Mr. Monroe, was made Minister Plenipotentiary. He returned 
 in ISll, and, the same year, was elected to the Senate of Maryland. In 
 December following, he was appointed, by President Madison, Attorney- 
 General of the United States, remaining in that position until 1814. 
 
 Mr. Pinkney entered with great spirit into the controversy that grew 
 out of tlie War of 1812 ; and, during the war, commanded a battalion, fight- 
 ing with great bravery at the battle of Bladensburg, where he was severely 
 wounded. 
 
 He was a Representative to Congress from 1815 to 1816, and then made 
 Minister to Russia, and Envoy to Naples. On his return, in 1819, he was 
 elected to the United States Senate, where he exhibited his great 
 knowledge, and political as well as legal acumen, in the discussions which 
 took place in that body on the admission of Missouri into the Union. 
 
 Wliilo in the Senate, several very important trials came before the 
 Supremo Court of the United States, in which ho avus retained as counseh 
 Ih.so demanded of him almost superhuman exertions, under the pressure 
 nt winch his health yielded, and he fell a prey to an acute disease, on the 
 2.jth of February, 1JS22. 
 
 :Mr. I'iiikiK'y possessed splendid talents, was one of the brightest orna- 
 ments ot the American bar, and one of the most accomplished orators and 
 tiiutcsmcn of his time. 
 
47. BENJAMIN WEST. ' 
 
 Benjamin West, the celebrated Painter, was born in Chester County, 
 Pennsylvania, October 10, 1738. 
 
 His parents were Quakers. His genius in the art in which he became 
 so distinguished, manifested itself at the early age of six, when he drew the 
 likeness of a little niece of his, who had been left in his charge in a cradle, 
 which was instantly recognized by his delighted mother. She eagerly and 
 fondly kissed her little boy ; and he, encouraged by such a reward, made 
 rapid progress. In speaking of this incident, Mr. West used to say : " That 
 kiss made me a Painter." 
 
 Soon after, he was put to school, and furnished with pens and paper to 
 amuse himself with drawing, none of his friends dreaming of any other ma- 
 terial being necessary. Here he became acquainted with some Indians, 
 who, being struck with the accuracy of his drawings of birds and animals, 
 furnished him with the pigment with which they bedaixbed their faces, and 
 taught him how to use it. To this his mother added indigo, and his studio 
 was finished. 
 
 Hearing of camelVhair pencils, he substituted the hair from his favorite 
 cat, until a fortunate circumstance put him in possession of a regular pallet, 
 pencils, and box of colors. 
 
 At eight years of age, young West removed to Philadelphia, and in a 
 few years attained great proficiency, under the tutelage of Provost Smith. 
 His first historical piece, the " Death of Socrates," was produced about this 
 time. 
 
 In 1759, Mr. West, then just twenty-one, embarked for Italy, arriving at 
 Leghorn, and thence to Rome. The journey was enjoyed by him with the 
 gi-eatest zest ; and the wonderful works of art, and the rich exhibitions of 
 nature, filled his soul with tumultuous wonder and delight. 
 
 He soon made himself respected among the best artists of Rome, and 
 established his reputation as a Painter of great excellence. He visited 
 Florence, Bologna, and Venice, meeting with favor everywhere. 
 
 After a brief sojourn in Rome, he went to England. He did not intend 
 to remain there ; but circumstances induced him to change his j->lans, and he 
 set up his easel in London. Here he was introduced to the youthful mon- 
 arch, who immediately took him under his patronage. 
 
 While i^ainting his " Departixre of Regulus," the plan of the "Royal 
 Academy of Fine Arts " was adopted. Reynolds was its first President, and 
 on his death, in 1791, West succeeded to the chair, and presided over the 
 institution, with the exception of a brief interval, until his death, in 1820. 
 
 Mr. West was a man of great simplicity of manners, credulous and con- 
 fiding, diligent and temperate in his habits, and of a decidedly religious 
 turn of mind. 
 
 At the age of eighty-one, he closed his eyes on mortality, with his accuss- 
 tomed cheerfulness, and with all his mental faculties uneclipsed. 
 
4S. WILLIAM WIET. 
 
 "Willi A3I "\Vikt was born at' Bladensburg, Maryland., on the 8tb of No- 
 vember, 1773. 
 
 lie lost his parents before he -was eight years old, and his uncle, Jasper 
 "Wirt, took him under his protection, and placed him at a flourishing- school 
 in Montgomery County. Here he continued four years ; and, being a boy 
 of brilliant mind, he made rapid progress in the rudiments of the Latin, 
 Greek, and his mother tongue. Here he also acquired a taste for general 
 literature, Avhich afterward proved of such great advantage, and gave such 
 a charm to everything which emanated from his fertile i)en. 
 
 Too poor to procure a classical course, at fifteen he became a Tutor, and 
 afterward studied law, and commenced practice at Culpepper Court-House, 
 Virginia, in 1793. 
 
 At this time he possessed a vigorous constitution, and was blessed with 
 a fine person, and an address winning in the extreme. His conversational 
 powers were of the highest order. 
 
 His first case in Court was successfully carried through, ag*ainst con- 
 siderable diffi-'ulty, and immediately established his reputation as a lawyer, 
 which grew f.iirer and broader as long as he lived. 
 
 In 1705 he married the daughter of Dr. George Gilman, whose house was 
 the resort of all the celebrated men ; and he became acquainted with Jeffer- 
 son, Madison, Monroe, and other men of learning and eminence. 
 
 Being brought into gay society, and possessing a convivial disposition, 
 he soon became dissipated, and was fast falling into the slough of infamy, 
 when he was arrested in his downward course by the subduing eloquence 
 of a blind preacher, whose manner and appearance he has so graphically 
 described in his " British Spy." From this time, ho devoted himself more 
 untiringly to the duties of his profession. 
 
 In 17'J0 he was elected Clerk of the House of Delegates, and, in 1803, 
 Chancellor of the Eastern District of Virginia. 
 
 In 1800 lie removed to Richmond, and greatly distinguished himself in 
 the tri;il of Aaron Burr. 
 
 In 1813 he wrote the greater part of a series of essays, under the title of 
 ''The Old Bachelor." The "Life of Patrick Henry," his largest literary 
 production, was first published in 1817. 
 
 In 1810 he was appointed United States Attorney for the District of 
 \ irgmiii, and, in 1817, Attorney-General of the United States, which posi- 
 tion ho filled with distinguished ability and success, through the adminis- 
 trations of Monroe and J. Q. Adams. 
 
 _ In 18;j0 he retired, to spend the remainder of his days, in the beautiful 
 city of Baltimore. Here he lived, the object of affection, and almost venera- 
 tion, in all the wide circle of his acquaintance, until near his death, which 
 occurred at the capital, February 18, 1885. 
 
 As a writer, Mr. Wirt ranked among the first of his time ; and the pro- 
 (lu.;tions ot his pen sparkled with the most brilliant effusions of wit, at 
 tuiics melting into inexpressible pathos and tenderness. 
 
49. JAMES KENT. 
 
 Chancellor James Kent was born on the 31st day of July, 1763, in Put- 
 nam County, New York. At the age of five he was sent to an English 
 school at Norwalk, residing with his maternal grandfather for several years, 
 and in 1773 attended a Latin school. 
 
 In 1777 he entered Yale College, where he had hardly become domiciled, 
 when the troubles of that stormy period broke up the College, and dispersed 
 the students. 
 
 During the recess he fell in with " Blackstone's Commentaries," with 
 Avhich he was so pleased that he determined to devote himself to the pro- 
 fession of the law. Accordingly, on leaving college, from which he gradu- 
 ated with a high reputation, he commenced the study of the law, under the 
 Attorney-General of the State. His natural thirst for knowledge, his great 
 love of the profession, and his habits of severe application, could not fail to 
 insure success, and in April, 1785, he was admitted to the bar, as Attorney 
 to the Supreme Court. 
 
 He married, and removed to Poughkeepsie, where he commenced prac- 
 tice. Methodical in all his arrangements, he divided the day into six por- 
 tions, devoting two heurs to each of the following: Latin, Greek, Law, 
 Trench, and English; and the evening to friendship and recreation. 
 
 Mr. Kent did not escape the entanglements of politics, bixt entered 
 heartily into the great political disciissions of the day, joining the Federal 
 party, and acting with Hamilton and his compeers, who always entertained 
 for him the utmost respect. 
 
 In 1790, and again in 1792, he was elected to the State Legislature. In 
 the following year he removed %o the city of New York, and, in December, 
 was appointed Professor of Law in Columbia College. While occupying 
 this chair, in the discharge of the duties of which he displayed those vast 
 stores of legal lore which he had been accumulating for years, he was hon- 
 ored by the College with the degree of LL. D., and he afterward received 
 the same honor, from Harvard and Dartmouth. 
 
 In 1790 hcAvas made Master in Chancery, and in 1797 he was appointed, 
 by Governor Jay, to a vacancy on the bench of the Supreme Court. 
 
 In 1800, in conjunction with Mr. Justice Radcliff, he was appointed to 
 revise the Legal Code of the State ; and in 1804 was made Chief-Justice of 
 the Supreme Court, which seat he filled most honorably until 1814, v/hen 
 he was appointed Chancellor. In this high ofiicc he remained until 1823, 
 when, having attained the age of sixty, the Constitutional limit, he re- 
 signed. 
 
 Being now more at leisure, he revised his lectures, and gave them to the 
 world, in four volumes, under the title of " Commentaries on American 
 Law'- — a work which has become a text-book. From this time until his 
 death, he kept up the same industrious and temperate habits which had 
 marked his whole career, receiving the spontaneous respect of the intelli- 
 gent and virtuous in the community in which ho lived. 
 
 The name of Chancellor Kent is the pride and boast of the whole race of 
 Knickerbockers. It forms ouo part of the great Judicial triune — Marshall, 
 Story, and Kent — which reflects so much honor on the legal history of our 
 country. 
 
50. JOHN MAESHALL. 
 
 Ch'cf-Jiistico John Marshall was born in Fauquier County, Virginia, 
 on tho 24th of September, 1755. He was a self-educated man. 
 
 AV hen the question of American Independence was reaching its culmin- 
 ating point, young Marsliall was about eighteen, and entered into its dis- 
 cussion with great zeal and devotion. 
 
 lie joined a volunteer company in order to learn the art of war, and 
 made the best use of his knowledge by the training of a company of raw 
 militia in his neighborhood. In 1775 he received the appointment of First 
 Lieutenant in a company of Minute Men, and entered immediately into 
 active service, wliere he rendered important aid in the defeat of Lord Dun- 
 more, at Great Bridge, and subsequently in driving the English troops from 
 Norfolk. 
 
 In 1777 he was promoted to the rank of Captain, and figured in the 
 memorable battles of Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth. 
 
 On the capitulation of Cornwallis, he resumed the practice of law, which 
 he had commenced in 1780. He soon rose to distinction as a lawyer, and 
 was called upon to devote his acute mind to political affairs. 
 
 In 1783 he was elected to the State Legislature, and a Memoer of the 
 Executive Council the same year. 
 
 During the agitation of the momentous questions of State and National 
 policy, which lasted from the close of the \^t to the year 1800, Mr. Marshall 
 was among the foremost and mightiest champions of " Liberty, Avith Order," 
 and was always found on the side of Washington, Hamilton, and Madison. 
 
 He was elected to Congress in 1799. Pending his election he was offered 
 a place on the bench of the Supreme Court, but declined the honor. 
 
 Among the bright stars of that Congressional galaxy, Mr. Marshall's 
 name shines as one of the most brilliant. His acute and discriminating 
 reason, liis calm and sober judgment, his fearless decision in favor of what 
 he deemed to be right, and wliich so conspicuously marked his career while 
 he was Chief-Justice of tho United States, were felt and confessed by all 
 his noble compeers. 
 
 In 1800 lie was nominated to tho office of Secretary of War by President 
 Adams, and, notwithstanding his most veliement protestation, the nomina- 
 tion was unanimously ratified by the Senate. But the rupture between 
 Adams and Colonel Pickering occurring about this time, Mr. Marshall was 
 ojh.Tcd and accepted the office of Secretary of State, vacated by the resigna- 
 tion of I hut gentleman. He filled this important station but a short time, 
 for in January, 18Ci, ho became Chief-Justice of the United States, which 
 olhoo lie adorned for a period of thirty-five years. His death occurred in 
 looo, at tho age of eighty-one. 
 
51, JOSEPH STOPvY. 
 
 Joseph Story was bora in Marbleliead, Massaclinsetts, September 18, 
 1779; graduated at Harvard College, with marked distinctioD, in 1798; 
 and studii'd law with Judge Putnam, of Salem. He entered early into 
 political life, and was sent to the General Court for several years as rep- 
 resentative from Salem, and presided over that body for a length of time. 
 In 1803 he was elected to Congress, to fill a vacancy, and served with dis- 
 tinction, but declined a re-election. 
 
 In 1811 he was appointed by President Madison a Judge of the Su- 
 preme Court of the United States, which office he held until his death. 
 
 For sound legal learning; for deep, discriminating sagacity; for un- 
 swerving rectitude— tlicse important prerequisites in a Judge— no one 
 was his superior. The wisdom of the selection was immediately indi- 
 cated by the distinguished ability which he displayed, and each succeed- 
 ing year added to the splendor and extent of his judicial fame. He 
 moved with familiar steps over every province and department of juris- 
 prudence. 
 
 All branches of the law have been enlarged by his learning, acute- 
 ness, and sagacity ; and of some he has been the creator. 
 
 His imniortal judgments contain copious stores of ripe and sound 
 learning, which w^ill be of inestimable value in all future times— alike to 
 the judge, the practitioner and the student. 
 
 in 1829 he was appointed Dane Professor of Law, in the Law School 
 of Hirvard University ; and removed from Salem to Cambridge, whero 
 he resided until his death, September 10, 1845. 
 
 B jth in his professoi-ship, and in his office of Justice of the Supreme 
 Court, Mr. Story was a diligent student and laborious writer. His ex- 
 tended reputation drew multitudes from all parts of the country to the 
 school; and to his untiring energy is to be attributed its great success. 
 As a teacher of jurispriuleuce, he brought to the important duties of the 
 professor's chair the most unwearied patience, a native delight in the 
 great subjects which he expounded, a copious and j>ersuasive eloquence, 
 and a contagious enthusiasm, which filled his pupils with love for the 
 law, and for the master who taught it so well. 
 
 He was always instructive and interesting ; and rarely without pro- 
 ducing an instantaneous conviction. 
 
 He published many valuable works on questions of law and equity, 
 delivered addresses before various societies, eulogies on eminent men, and 
 contributed to some of the best literary and scientiflc journals of the day. 
 Whatever subject he touched w\as touched Avith a master's hand and 
 spirit 
 
52. WILLIAM MOULTEIE 
 
 General '\ViLLTA>r Moultiue, one of the bravest of South Carolina's 
 sons, was born in IToO. 
 
 At the age of thirty he entered the service of his country as a volunteer 
 au'ainst the'^Clierokce Indians, whose marauding parties had inspired the 
 Southern settlements with terror. Men, Avomen, and children were savagely 
 murdered and carried into captivity, to be barbarously tormented for a sea- 
 son, and then dispatched at the stake, or by the edge of the tomahawk. 
 
 Tliis campaign was unsuccessful, as was the second under Colonel Mont- 
 gomery, in whicii Moultrie again served as a volunteer. The Indians, flying- 
 to their impenetrable fastnesses, eluded pursuit, and were ready, at a 
 moment's warning, to sally forth again on their work of devastation and 
 death. 
 
 In 17G1, a third expedition, in which he served as Captain, was more suc- 
 cessful. The Indians were humbled, and glad to sue for peace. 
 
 Captain Moultrie was among the first and foremost of those who asserted 
 the rights of the Colonists against the aggressions of the parent country, 
 and who " stirred up the people to mutiny." On the commencement of 
 liostilities ho was already engaged in active service, having been appointed 
 by the Provincial Congress, on the ever-memorable 17th of June, 1775, a 
 Colonel in the second of the two regiments voted to be raised by that body. 
 
 To him belongs the honor of raising the first American flag — a device of 
 his own — being " blue, with a wdiite crescent in the dexter corner." 
 
 His first service was his gallant defense of Sullivan's Island, on which a 
 fort liad been erected, and to whicli was given, subsequently, the name of 
 its heroic defender, " Foi't Moultrie." 
 
 From this time until 1780, he served in the Southern army under General 
 Lincoln, during Avhich he rose to the grade of Major-General. 
 
 He was taken prisoner at the fall of Charleston, where he fought against 
 fearful odds for more than a month. 
 
 While a prisoner of war, the British attempted to bribe him through 
 Lord Charles Montague. "When I entered into this contest," was his patriotic 
 reply, " I did it with the most mature deliberation and a determined resolu- 
 tion to risk my life and fortune in the cause. I shall continue to go on as I 
 have begun, that my example may encourage the youths of America to 
 stand forth in the defense of their rights and liberties. You tell me I have 
 a fair opening of quitting that service by going to Jamaica. Good God ! 
 Js ilpossilAe that mch a sentiment could find place in the breast of a man of 
 honor ? You tell me that by quitting the country for a season I might av^oid 
 disagreeable conversations, and return again at leisure to regain my estates ; 
 but you forget to tell me how I am to get rid of the feelings of an injured, 
 lonest heart. "\\ here am I to hide from myself P Could I be guilty of such 
 baseness, I should shun mankind, and hate myself! " 
 
 Ho was exchanged in 1782 ; and, after the war, retired to his estates in 
 • "I-.m" - iV' '^'"^ ^'''^■'^ elected Governor of that State in 1785-0, and again 
 in I'J^o. He died on the 27th of September, 1805, in the seventy-fifth 
 year of Ins age. i. j > j 
 
 Several years before his death. General Moultrie wrote and published the 
 memoirs of the war in the South during the revolution, in nearly all of 
 
 which scenes he took an active and glorious par* 
 
53. ANTHONY WAYNE. 
 
 General Anthony Wayne — "Mad Anthony," as he was familiarly- 
 called in the army, on account of his reckless and headlong courage — was 
 born in Chester County, Pennsylvania, January 1, 1745. 
 
 He never had much taste for severe study, although he took kindly to 
 mathematics ; and, at the age of eighteen, entered upon the business of sur- 
 veying. 
 
 In 1775 the first wish of his heart was gratified by a military commission. 
 He then raised a regiment of volunteers, and was chosen its Colonel. Join- 
 ing the Northern army, in 1777, he was appointed to the command of Ticon- 
 deroga, afterward joined Washington in New Jersey. 
 
 While the winter quarters were at Valley Forge, he was sent on a forag- 
 ing expedition, which duty he performed to the delight of his commander 
 and the surprise of the enemy, from under whose very nose he succeeded in 
 carrying off large supplies of cattle and forage. 
 
 It was on this expedition and its leader that the witty Andre employed 
 the satire of his pen in a song set to the music of Yankee Doodle, the 
 last stanzas of which ran thus : 
 
 " But now I end my lyric strain, 
 I tremble as I show it, 
 Lest this same warrior-drover Wayne 
 Should ever catch the poet." 
 
 Singular enough, when Andre was taken, he was delivered into the handg 
 of this same " warrior-drover." 
 
 The next we find of Wayne was at Stony Point, which ho assaulted and 
 carried. In the assault he received a shot in the knee, and fell. Rising 
 instantly on one knee he exclaimed : "Forward, my brave ieWows— for ward P^ 
 
 In 1781, the Pennsylvania army revolted and determined to march to 
 Congress and present their grievances. Wayne, finding he could not pro- 
 duce any effect by kind words, drew his pistol and swore he would shoot 
 the first man who moved. The soldiers presented their muskets and said : 
 " We respect and love you. You have often led us to the battle-field ; but 
 you are our leader no longer. Dare but to discharge your pistol and you are 
 a dead man. We are still attached to the cause, and are ready to meet the 
 enemy in the breach ; but we will have redress." They were dismissed 
 with disgrace for their insubordination. 
 
 Wayne then went to Virginia and was at the capture of Cornwallis. 
 After Kome unimportant service rendered at the South, he retired to private 
 life. 
 
 The Indians on our Northwestern frontier, aided by the British and tories, 
 soon became insolent and committed the most wanton ravages and cruelties 
 on that border ; Harmer, St- Clair, and other brave officers yielding to 
 their savage j)rowess. 
 
 In 1792 Wayne was appointed to the command of the Northwestern 
 army. After much maneuvering, he succeeded in bringing the enemy to bat- 
 tle, and routed them with immense slaughter, the Indian force being twice 
 that of his own. This brought the savages to their senses, and they soon 
 after — August 3, 1795 — signed a treaty of peace. 
 
 In the winter of 179G, in a small hut at Presque Isle, this veteran war- 
 rior breathed his last in the arms of his officers, and was buried on the shores 
 of Lake Erie. 
 
54. JOHN" STAEK. 
 
 Gereral John Stark, the hero of Bennington, was born in Londonderry, 
 now Manchester, New Hampshire, on the 28th of August, 1728. 
 
 At a very early age, he, together with his three brothers, became quite 
 f-imous as trappers and hunters. On one occasion in 1752, having followed 
 his vocation far into the wilderness, he was taken prisoner by the Indians, 
 with whom he suffered incredible hardships. He was after a while redeemed 
 at a great price, and returned home. 
 
 In 17oG he was chosen Captain under the famous Major Robert Rogers. 
 This was the school in which not only John Stark learned the practice of 
 war, but many others on the borders of New Hampshire were thus prepared 
 to dare and overcome the power of England. 
 
 When the first blood was spilt at Concord and Lexington, he hastened 
 with his trained band to Cambridge, and was commissioned Colonel. The 
 name day eight hundred men enlisted to serve under him. He was at the 
 battle of Bunker Hili, and occupied the bloodiest position on that memorable 
 occasion. He was afterward ordered to New York, and was at the battles 
 of Trenton and Princeton, where he manifested that heroism, courage, and 
 prudence which were so conspicuous afterward at Bennington. 
 
 He threw up his commission for some slight of Congress, and returned 
 to his native State, whose Legislature voted him. thanks for his services, and 
 sent him to oppose the progress of Burgoyne,with the command of a brigade. 
 He soon found himself at the head of a considerable army, and forthwith 
 ccTmmenced operations by marching to Bennington, Vt., where he met the 
 enemy ; and, after some sharp skirmishing, on the IGth day of August, 1777, 
 he gained that splendid victory which made his name and Bennington 
 famous. 
 
 As they were about to commence the attack, General Stark called his 
 " Green Mountain Boys " into a hollow-square, and thus addressed them : 
 " Boys ! There's the enemy, lliey must be heat, or Molly Stark must sleep 
 a widow this night ! Forward, boys— i/«rc/i r With an enthusiasm sel- 
 dom equaled, they went into the iight, determined to win, and they came oil 
 victoricms. 
 
 For these important services, Congress voted General Stark their grateful 
 thanks, and commissioned him Brigadier-General in the Continental army ; 
 and, joining Gates, he rendered efficient aid in the destruction of that 
 splendid army which laid down its arms to the American commander, at 
 Saratoga. 
 
 In 1779 he served in Rhode Island. In 1780 he was with Washington 
 at Morristown, and fought in the battle of Sprino:field. He was also a mem- 
 ber of the court-martial that sentenced Major Andre to be hanged. 
 
 He continued in the service till 1783, when he carried the news of peace 
 to Ins native colony, now a State. Henceforth he declined public employ- 
 ment, and retired to private life, enjoying the blessings of peace and quiet 
 to the great age of ninety-tliree, dying May 8, 1822. 
 
 A granite shaft marks the place of his interment, on the east bank of the 
 Memmac at Manchester, N. II., bearing the simple inscription, " Major- 
 
55. RICHARD MONTGOMERY. 
 
 General Richard ]\IoNTGO]vrEiiY was bom iu the north of Ireland, iu 
 1737. Possessed of a briiliaut genius and cultivated mind, he entered the 
 English service at the age of twenty, wiUi considerable eclat. He fought 
 side by side with Wolf, at the taking of Quebec — a place so singularly 
 destined to witness his first and last battle. 
 
 On his return to England he decided to make his home in America; 
 and, manying a daughter of Robert R. Livingston, he settled on the 
 banks of the Hudson, as an American citizen. On the breaking out of 
 the Revolution he took sides with his adopted comitry, and became a de- 
 voted patriot. 
 
 With a brigadier's commission he joined the expedition against Que- 
 bec, in the winter of 1775, under Gen. Schuyler, where he soon took com- 
 mand, in consequence of the illness of his superior, and was honored with 
 a major-general's commission. In this arduous campaign his brilliant 
 military talents fully developed themselves. With an army half-clad, 
 half-fed, shoeless, and nearly destitute of artillery ; in midwinter, in the 
 severest weather, it required the genius, the prompt and noble daring, of 
 Montgomer}^, to lead such a forlorn hope to victory. Thrice — at St. 
 Johns, atChambly,and at Montreal — had his undisciplined and mutinous 
 troops achieved a victory through the genius of their leader ; and it only 
 wanted that Quebec should be added to make the list of his conquests 
 complete. 
 
 Everything combined to oppose his success. Whole companies de- 
 serted ; others became mutinous and difficult to control. The snow had 
 been piled in large drifts, and the cold intense. Yet nothing cooled the 
 ardor ol Montgomery. On the last day of the year, between the hours 
 of four and five in the morning, in the midst of a heavy snow storm, he 
 caused the attack to commence ; encouraging his men with the memora- 
 ble words : " Men of New York, you will not fear to follow your general ! 
 March !" He had already passed the first barrier, when the single dis- 
 charge of a cannon, loaded with grape, proved fatal to him, killing at the 
 same time several of his officers, who stood near him. The death of 
 Montgomery was the token of defeat, and shortly afterward the army 
 surrendered. A monument was erected by Congress, in front of St. Pauls 
 Church, New Y ork city, with the following inscription : 
 
 MONUMENT WAS ERECTED BY ORDER OF CONGRESS, 
 
 TWENTY-FIFTH OF JANUARY, 1776, 
 
 To transmit to posterity a grateful remembrance of the patriotic 
 conduct, enterprise, and perseverance, of 
 
 Major-General RICHARD MONTGOMERY, 
 
 Who, after a series of successes amidst the most discouraging 
 difficulties, 
 
 MU in the attach on Quebec, 31sJ December^ 1775, 
 
 Aged 37 years. 
 
56. FEANCIS MAEION. 
 
 General Fii.vxcis Makiox — the brave, chivalrous, glorious old Marion, 
 whose feats of arms remind one of the gallant old chevaliers in the times of 
 the Crusade— was born at Wingam, near Georgetown, South Carolina, in 
 17JO_t]ie natal 3'ear of Wasliington. 
 
 His father was poor ; hence his education was sadly neglected. Having 
 acquired a passion for the sea, at the age of sixteen he cured himself of it, 
 by making a trip to the West Indies, in which he suffered shipwreck, and 
 barely escaped with his life, in a state of starvation. 
 
 In 1759 he entered the service of the State against the Indians, in Cap- 
 tain Moultrie's company of horse, Avhere he is described as an active, brave, 
 and hardy soldiei*, and an excellent officer. 
 
 In 17f5 he was chosen to the Provincial Congress of South Carolina, 
 from St. John's. While a Member of that body, the news of the battle of 
 Lexington arrested their proceedings, as it was like a flake of lire thrown 
 into a magazine. 
 
 Instantly, with that prompt patriotism which ever distinguished this 
 chivalrous State, it was resolved to raise two regiments of infantry and one 
 of cavalry, Marion receiving the commission of Captain in the cavalry, 
 under the command of General Moultrie. 
 
 At the affair at Sullivan's Island, he acted as Major, and for his bravery 
 and coolness on tliat occasion, he was raised to a Colonelcy. 
 
 He was with Lincoln and D'Estang in Georgia, and retired with Lin- 
 coln to South Carolina, after their defeat. 
 
 At the siege and capture of Charleston, he was prevented from taking 
 part in the operations by an injury received in his leg. Before he had 
 quite recovered, he made his way to Virginia, joined General Gates' army, 
 and became aid to General De Kalb. 
 
 The fatal battle of Camden soon followed, and Marion, with a handful 
 of thirty men, escaped. With these brave companions he determined to 
 commence a partisan warfare, which was one of the most brilliant and 
 romantic ever recorded by the pen of the historian. 
 
 His first exploit was to capture a British guard of ninety men, which 
 had charge of two hundred American prisoners, whom he set at liberty. 
 He then cut up a party of tories of forty-nine men, and took their ammuni- 
 tion, baggage, arms, and horses, without the loss of a man. 
 
 During the bloody and disgraceful march of Cornwallis, whose track 
 bore such horrible marks of cruelty, he and his braves did the country great 
 service, in cutting off supplies and harrassing the enemy's operations, until 
 Cornwallis was shut up in Yorktown, and afterward captured. 
 
 In 1782 he was chosen S nator to the State Legislature, but soon retired 
 to his plantation at St. John's, married, and spent the rest of his days in 
 domestic peace, He died February 27, 1795. 
 
57. NATHANIEL GEEENE. 
 
 General NATHANIEL Greene was born in Warwick, Khode Island, in 
 1743, of Quaker parents. 
 
 He early manifested a love of learning ; and, by his own unaided efforts, 
 he laid in a good stock of general and scientific knowledge, and acquired a 
 tolerable acquaintance with Latin, while he was yet a mere stripling ; and 
 a strong military taste was awakened in him by the stories of war, which 
 fired his youthful imagination. 
 
 At a very early ago he was sent to the Legislature of his native State. 
 When the battle of Lexington sent the electric spark of freedom through 
 the country, Greene, at the head of three regiments of soldiers, over whom 
 he had been chosen Major-General. hastened to Cambridge, where he was 
 speedily joined by Washington, Gates, Reed, and others, ready " to do and 
 die " for the just and holy cause. 
 
 Accepting from Congress a commission of Brigadier-General, he accom- 
 panied the army to New York, and in the battles of Trenton and Princeton 
 greatly distinguished himself. 
 
 He was, in this part of the country, acting with Washington and Sulli- 
 van, until he superceded General Gates in command of the Southern army. 
 Here, for the first time, he was in supremo command, and here his genius 
 became manifest, leading him through weakness to strength, through defeat 
 to victory, and through disaster to glorj'. 
 
 Having recruited his oft-defeated, worn-out, and dispirited army, he 
 commenced operations. 
 
 The brilliant affair of the Cowpens, where the lion-hearted Morgan first 
 broke the English prestige, was the auspicious entree to this last glorious 
 campaign. 
 
 On the 15th of March, 1781, he met the foe, and fought the battle of 
 Guilford with Cornwallis. Although defeated, the victory was a dear one 
 to the English, 
 
 After several unsuccessful fights, he was compelled once more to retire, 
 recruit, and march once more to victory, with that noble resolve on his lius 
 and in his bosom : " / iDill recover South Carolina, or die in tlie attempt T 
 
 After declining to meet General Greene at Orangeburg, the enemy was 
 compelled to fight at Eutaw Springs, where they were defeated, with the loss 
 of eleven hundred men, while our own loss was only half that number. 
 
 This broke the power of George III iu South Carolina, and Cornwallis 
 was soon after compelled to surrender. 
 
 After the war. General Greene removed to Georgia, having an estate 
 near Savannah. Here he died of coup-de-soleil, on the 19th day of June, 
 1786, in the forty-fourth year of his age. 
 
>5 r 
 
 58. ALEXANDER CLAXTON. 
 
 Commodore Alkxandeii Claxton was born in Philadelphia, in 1792. 
 His I'ltiier removed to Washington Avhen that city became the seat of 
 government, in 1800. 
 
 In 180l> young- CUixton received an appointment as Midshipman in the 
 navy, and was forthwith ordered to the frigate C?iesapea!\:e, and was on that 
 vessel when it was overhauled by the Leopard. The only gun fired from the 
 Chestipeake in the encounter, was the one at which young Claxton was 
 stationed. 
 
 On the declaration of war, in 1812, Claxton was commissioned Lieutenant, 
 and ordered to the Wasp, Captain Jacob Jones, and was in the action which 
 resulted in the capture of H. B. M. sloop-of-war Frolic, Captain Wingate. 
 The gallantry of the young Lieutenant was particularly commended by 
 Captain Jones. 
 
 The Wasp and her prize were captured by the British seventy-four gun 
 ship PoicUers, and carried into Bermuda. 
 
 After the exchange of prisoners, which was soon effected. Captain Jones 
 and his offiiiers were ordered to the frigate Macedonian ; but, being block- 
 aded in New London, the entire crew and officers were transferred to Perry's 
 squadron on Lake Erie. 
 
 We next hear of Lieutenant Claxton as second in command, under Com- 
 modore Porter, at the " Battle of the White House," ten miles below Wash- 
 ington, where an ineffectual attempt was made to stop the return of the 
 Etiglish squadron down the Potomac, after the burning of the city of 
 Washington. 
 
 For his gallantry in the action between the Wa&p and Frolic, Lieutenant 
 Claxton was voted the thanks of Congress, the privilege of the floor of both 
 Houses, and a silver medal. 
 
 In 18 IG ho was ordered to the command of the schooner Nonesuch. From 
 that time until 1830 he served in command of various vessels, in different 
 pirtsof the world; and, on the 12th of March of that year, he hoisted his 
 broad pennant on board the frigate Constitution, the flag-ship of the squadron 
 then ordered to the Pacific coast. 
 
 Ho remained in command of that squadron until his death, which oc- 
 curred at Talcahuana, on the 8th of March, 1841, at the early age of forty- 
 nine years. 
 
 In private life. Commodore Claxton was most esteemed. His frank and 
 open manner was a passport to all hearts, while his many virtues endeared 
 him to a host of warm and devoted friends. 
 
 A fitting tribute to the memory of this gallant officer is embodied in a 
 work, entitled " Old Ironsides," the author of which, sailed under him. 
 
59. STEPHEN DECATUE. 
 
 Commodore Stephen Decatur was born on the eastern shore of Mary 
 land, on the 5th day of January, 1779. He entered the navy as a Mid^ship- 
 man ; and, after passing through the several grades, we find him, in 1803, at 
 the age of twenty-four, a Lieutenant in Commodore Preble's squadron, then 
 acting against Tripoli. On the Slst of October, 1803, the frigate Philadel- 
 phia, under Captain Bainbridge, having ran upon a reef of rocks, was cap- 
 tured by the Tripolitans; and early in February following. Lieutenant 
 Decatur, in command of the schooner Intrepid, Avith seventy-six men, 
 entered the harbor of Tripoli, ran alongside the Philadel'pliia, leaped 
 aboard, killed twenty men, drove the rest into the sea, set it on fire under 
 the very muzzle of the guns of the Turkish batteries, and succeeded in 
 getting out of the harbor without losing a single man. 
 
 He afterwai'd captured, in a gallant fight, the British frigate Macedonian^ 
 October 25, 1812 ; and, when subsequently cooped up in the Thames 
 River, in Conuecticut, sent a challenge to the commander of the British 
 squadron, to jpit the two frigates. United States and Macedonian, with any 
 two frigates in the English fleet, which honor, however, was declined. 
 
 His subsequent negotiations with Tripoli, where he had been sent to 
 adjust some important matters, resulted gloriously to the G-overnment under 
 whose orders he had sailed, and whose flag he went to vindicate. 
 
 In all the leading acts of his gallant life, as well as many of minor 
 account, Decatur exhibited the greatest talents for a naval leader, and 
 wreathed for his brow a chaplet of renown which the world shall honor, and 
 his countrymen glory in, until " the sword shall be beaten into ploughshares, 
 and the spear into a pruning hook," 
 
 A nobler or a braver man never trod the planks of a man-of-war's decks 
 than Stephen Decatur, while his cool sagacity and clear-headedness were 
 fully equal to his courage. 
 
 It would be well if we could here drop the pen of record, and draw the 
 veil of oblivion over his tragic end. 
 
 On the 27th of June, 1807, Commodore Barron, who was in command of 
 the Chesapeake, having refused to give up four men, claimed by the Eng- 
 lish as deserters, his vessel was fired into by the British ship Leopard. Being 
 unconscious of danger at the time, and unprepared for the attack, the 
 Chesapeake struck her colors, and the four men were transferred to the 
 British vessel. Commodore Barron was court-martialed, and suspended for 
 several years. Decatur superseded him in the command of the Chesapeake, 
 and five years later, when the War of 1812 broke out, he decidedly and 
 openly opposed the reinstatement of Barron. From that moment an enmity 
 was established between them, which time only served to strengthen, and 
 which led to many hard words on either side, and, in 1819, to a correspon- 
 dence between them, which only precipitated matters, and ended in a chal- 
 lenge. Both gentlemen professed to reprobate dueling ; yet such was their 
 mutual hatred, that neither would offer conciliation, although the friends 
 of both did what was in their power to prevent the dreadful result. On a 
 raw, chilly morning, in March, 1820, these brave men, who had fought side 
 by side for glory and their country, met in mortal combat on the field of 
 Bladensburg, so famous for its unholy and bloody sacrifices to false honor. 
 The combatants took their ground, each fired at the same instant, and each 
 received the ball of his antagonist. Barron was very dangerously, and 
 Decatur mortally, wounded. The latter was carried to Washington, and 
 borne to his home. Until then, his wife was ignorant of the matter. Her 
 distractions were heart-rendinsr, and the whole city was shrouded in gloom. 
 He died of his wound, March 22, 1820. 
 
60. J. PAUL JONES. 
 
 Commodore John Paul Joxes was born in the South of Scotland, near 
 the Frith of Solway, on the 6th of July, 1747. 
 
 At the early age of six or eight he used to be seen rigging out his mimic 
 fleet of chips, and giving imperious commands to imaginary sailors engaged 
 in bloody naval fights. 
 
 At twelve he entered the merchant marine service ; and, purchasing his 
 indentures at eighteen, he became master of a brig engaged in the Ameri- 
 can slave trade, Avhich he soon left in disgust. 
 
 In his voyages young Paul had made several visits to the American con- 
 tinent ; and, in 1773, having occasion to reside in Virginia while the estate 
 of an elder brother, recently deceased, was being settled, he became 
 enamored of the country, and resolved to make it his own. 
 
 The stirring times of the Hevolution roused him from his repose, and 
 decided him to engage in the contest for Freedom with the Colonists. 
 
 In 1775 we find him at the head of the list of first-class Lieutenants. 
 
 As subordinate in the Alfred and commander in the Providence he sig- 
 nalized himself as a brave and sagacious officer. He is said to have been " the 
 first man that ever ran up the Stars and Stripes to masthead." 
 
 As commander of the Ranger he sailed to Brest, and obtained a salute to 
 his flag from ',he French — the first that was ever accorded to it. 
 
 By superhuman effort he obtained an old ship from the French, which 
 he named th'? Bon Homme Richard, in compliment to Dr. Franklin, whose 
 assistance h?d largely contributed to his success. 
 
 As Capt-'in, he put to sea with a fleet of ueven vessels, hoisting the ^^^^ 
 upon the lion Homme Richard. To the terror of the Engli»h, he cruised 
 along their coasts, entering their rivers and harbors, taking prizes and men, 
 and burning ships. 
 
 On the 2od of September, 1779, ho fought by moonlight his celebrated, 
 and by f?.r his most bloody and successful, battle Avith the British frigate 
 iSa-ap/.s, in size, men, and metal, greatly superior to his own ship. This 
 splendid victory gave the crowning erlat to one of the most brilliant cruises 
 that the ■;N'orld had ever witnessed, and dazzled all Europe, filling America 
 Avith joy and pride. 
 
 After many sharp conflicts with the enemy, daring exploits, and hair- 
 breadth escapes, he reached Philadelphia in the winter of 1781, vhere he Avas 
 received with many marks of distinction, and Congress voted him thanks. 
 
 Or. the chi'^e of the war. Commodore Jones passed the rest of his life in 
 important public service abroad, and died, at Paris, on the 18th of Julv, 1792. 
 
61. WILLIAM BAINBEIDGE. 
 
 Commodore "William Bainbridge was bom at Princeton, Ne-w Jersey, 
 May 7, 1774. He received his education in a common school. At sixteen 
 he entered the mercantile business, and went to sea in the employment of a 
 house in Philadelphia. He was in the merchant service till 1798, when, on 
 the commencement of hostilities with France, our Government appointed 
 him to the command of the United States schooner Retaliation, of fourteen 
 guns, with the rank of Lieutenant in the navy. 
 
 In 1800 he was promoted to the rank of Captain, and sailed in the frigate 
 George Washington with presents to the Dey of Algiers. 
 
 War being declared, while he was at Algiers, against France, and all the 
 citizens of France ordered to quit the country. Captain Bainbridge received 
 them all on board his frigate ; and, having landed them at Alicante, sailed 
 for Philadelphia, where he arrived in April, 1801. 
 
 In June following, he took command of the frigate Essex, and proceeded 
 to the Mediteranean to protect our commerce against Tripolitan depreda- 
 tions. 
 
 In 1803 he Avas placed in command of the frigate Philadelphia, and joined 
 Commodore Preble's squadron. While chasing a strange vessel he ran upon 
 a reef of rocks, where his vessel was captured by the enemy and carried into 
 the harbor, and where she laid, until recaptured and burned, by Decatur, 
 in February, 1804. 
 
 On the breaking out of the war with England, in 1812, he held command 
 of the Constellation; but on the arrival of the Constitution, he took charge of 
 that frigate, and, in a short time, made his name and his ship famous in 
 the bloody conflict with the British frigate Jaiui, Captain Lambert, which 
 he captured with the loss of only nine men. Finding it was impossible to 
 bring the Java to the United States, she was blown up, and her crew set 
 ashore at St. Salvador, on parole. 
 
 This was the second frigate this noble ship had destroyed in a short time ; 
 and, from the little damage she had sustained in her numerous conflicts 
 with the enemy, she received the subriquet of " Old Ironsides,^' a name 
 which awakens a thrill of national pride in the bosom of every American 
 sailor who loves to see the " Stars and Stripes " floating at his masthead. 
 
 At the close of the war. Commodore Bainbridge sailed once more to the 
 Mediterranean, in command of the Columbus, seventy-four guns. This was 
 the last cruise of this gallant naval officer, after which he retired from the 
 sea altogether. 
 
 On his return home he commanded for several years, at different naval 
 stations, and was also one of the Board of Naval Commissioners. 
 
 He died in Philadelphia, July 27, 1833. 
 
62. ISAAC HULL. 
 
 Commodore Isaac Hull, the glorious commander of '* Old Ironsides," 
 whose name -will be forever associated with one of the grandest naval ex- 
 ploits in the War of lbl3, Avas born in Derby, Connecticut, in 1775. 
 
 AVhile yet a boy, he left his school and went to sea, shipping on board a 
 merchant-vessel employed in the London trade. 
 
 In 1800 he was appointed as Fir^t Lieutenant to the frigate Constitution. 
 While on his first voyage, he cut out a French letter-of-marque at one of 
 the St. Domingo Islands, and bore off his prize triumphantly, without the 
 loss of a single man. 
 
 In 1804 he was promoted to the rank of Captain, and appointed to the 
 Argus, one of the vessels belonging to the squadron under Decatur, destined 
 to act against the Barbary States. 
 
 At the storming of Tripoli and the reduction of Deccan, he distinguished 
 himself. 
 
 In 1812 a new field of action opened itself to American glory, and Cap- 
 tain Hull was appointed to the command of " Old Ironsides," and imme- 
 diately putting to sea, he shortly after fell in with a British squadron, from 
 which he succeeded in making his escape, exciting the wonder of his 
 enemies by his superior seamanship, and the admiration and gratitude of 
 the American nation. 
 
 Not long after, he fell in with the British frigate Guerriere, Captain 
 Dacres, and, after several hours' hard fighting, captured her, although she 
 was of greatly superior size, force, and metal, to his own ship. The prize 
 was in a sinking condition, and Hull received all the prisoners on the Con- 
 stitution, and set sail for Boston, where he arrived in safety. 
 
 The moral effect of this victory can hardly be conceived. It gave the 
 nation hope, and inspired confidence in our navy. The Constitution was 
 severely handled, but through the energy of her officers, she was in a few 
 days prepared to give battle to another frigate. 
 
 After the war, he commanded in the Pacific and Mediterranean, and 
 enjoyed the rank of Captain for thirty-seven years. 
 
 The deep gratitude of his countrymen has never been withdrawn ; and 
 the modesty with which he bore his clustering honors became him as well 
 as those honors themselves. 
 
 "■ He did not, in the midst of the continuous praise that followed him, 
 yield to a single suggestion of wrong, nor presume, for a moment, upon the 
 hold wliich he had on the affections of the nation. Every day of his life 
 pccmcd to be spent as if he felt that that day had its special duty, which, if 
 not performed, would leave incomplete his honors, and, perhaps.'tarnish the 
 laurels ho had already acquired. Hence, day by day, he earned new titles 
 to public affection ; and, as a man, a patriot', and an officer, he grew in the 
 esteem of his fellow-countrymen. And the last days of his life saw his 
 laurels as fresh as when they were first woven into a chaplet for his brow." 
 _ He died, at his residence in Philadelphia, on the 13th of February, 1843, 
 m the bixty-ninth year of his age. 
 
63. OLIYEE H." PEEBY. 
 
 Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry, the " Hero of Lake Erie," was 
 bom in Newport, Rhode Island, in August, 1785. 
 
 He was entered as a Midshipman in the United States Navy when ho 
 ■was twelve years old, and accompanied his squadron to the Mediterranean 
 during the Tripolite "War, where his urbanity and a quick apprehension of 
 his duties secured the decided approval of his superiors. 
 
 At the beginning of the War of 1812, young Perry was ordered to the 
 command of a flotilla of gun-boats, in the harbor of New York, with the 
 grade of Lieutenant. Disgusted with this dull service, he was, at his own 
 request, transferred to the Lakes, and soon stationed, by Commodore 
 Chauncey, on Lake Erie. Here his free and active spirit had full scope ; 
 and, as commander of a squadron, which he was instrumental in creating, 
 he fought one of the most brilliant naval battles on record, and won for 
 himself a renown deathless as the name of the inland sea whose shores 
 echoed to the booming of his victorious cannon. For this action, Congress 
 voted him thanks. 
 
 At the beginning of the fight, the fire of the enemy was directed, prin- 
 cipally, against his flag-ship, the Laicrence, which, in a short time, became 
 an unmanageable wreck, having all her men, except four or five, killed or 
 wounded. He then left her, and transferred his flag to the Niagara, which, 
 passing through the enemy's line, poured successive broadsides into five of 
 their vessels, at half pistol-shot, and at 4 o'clock every vessel of the enemy 
 had surrendered. 
 
 Intelligence of the victory was conveyed to General Harrison in the fol- 
 lowing laconic epistle : " We have met the enemy, and they are ours !" 
 
 The British having been driven from the Lakes, Commodore Perry was 
 ordered to the command of a small naval force on the Potomac, to aid in 
 the defense of the capitol. 
 
 In 1815 he was appointed to the command of the frigate Java, and sailed 
 with Decatur's squadron to the Mediterranean, to humble the Dey of Al- 
 giers, which was successfully accomplished. 
 
 On his return, and while his ship was lying at Newport, information 
 was brought that a merchant-ship was in a perilous position on the reef, six 
 miles below. It was mid-winter ; but, immediately manning his boat, and 
 cheering his men with, " Come, boys, we go to resciie the shipwrecked 
 mariner !" he succeeded in rescuing eleven of his fellow-beings from a 
 watery grave. 
 
 In 1819 he sailed for the West Indies, under sealed orders, to take com- 
 mand of that station, where he early f(;ll a victim to the ravages of the 
 yellow-fever. His death occurred August 23, 1820. 
 
 In person, Commodore Perry was elegant and imposing, with an easy 
 address, which made him a favorite with all classes. He rarely failed of 
 success in his plans, so carefully did he calculate beforehand all chances and 
 mischances. 
 
^ r 
 
 G4. JAMES LAWEENCE. 
 
 Captain James Lawrence, the -'Hero of the ChesapeaKe," and the 
 " Pet of the Navy," as he was sometimes called, was born in Burlington, New- 
 Jersey, October 1, 1781. 
 
 "Wiien quite young-, he studied law; but his predilection for the sea, 
 induced him to leave it, and study navigation preparatory to entering the 
 navy. He received a Midshipman's commission at the age of seventeen ; 
 after which, he joined the ship Ganges, and made his first eventful cruise to 
 the West Indies. 
 
 On his return he was promoted to a Lieutenantcy, and assigned to the 
 John Adams, and afterwards as first ofiicer of the Enterprise, in the squadron 
 under Decatur, destined to act against Tripoli, where he exhibited great 
 nautical skill. 
 
 In 1808 he was appointed First Lieutenant of the Constitution, after 
 which ho succeeded, consecutively, to the command of the Vixen, TFasp, 
 Arrjus, and Hornet. 
 
 In 1812, on the opening of hostilities, he took command of the sloop-of-war 
 Hornet, in the squadron under Commodore Bainbridge, which sailed for 
 the East Indies. When off the coast of Brazil, the Hornet got separated 
 from the squadron, and fell in with the English brig Resolution, which he 
 captured. Twenty-five thousand dollars were found on the prize. 
 
 Soon after, occurred that terrible action of the Hornet with the ship Pea- 
 cock, in Avhich the loss of the English was enormous, while the Hornet lost 
 but one man. 
 
 In 1813, Captain Lawrence was ordered by Congress to join the frigate 
 Cliesapeake, then lying in Boston harbor. With a crew of newly-enlisted 
 men, partly foreigners, he hastily put to sea on the 1st day of June, in 
 search of the British frigate Shannon, which, with a select crew, had 
 recently appeared upon the coast, challenging any American frigate of equal 
 size to meet her. 
 
 On the same day, the two vessels met, and engaged with great fury. On 
 the discharge of the first broadside, our hero received a severe wound, but 
 insisted on remaining on the quarter-deck. 
 
 A few moments after, he received a ball from the main-top of the enemy's 
 Bhip, and was obliged to be carried below. As he was being taken away, he 
 issued his last heroic order, "Don't give up the ship!"— words that have been 
 consecrated to his memory, and which have become the motto of the Ameri- 
 can navy. 
 
 When ho arrived at the cock-pit, the surgeon hastened to help him; 
 
 l! v' '""^^""^"« ^'^"^ 'i^v'^y' 1»G exclaimed, in a noble spirit of unselfishness: 
 
 iNo. ^5e^ve those, who came before me, first; I can wait my turn." He 
 
 lingered until the 5th of the month, when he expired in the tbirty-third 
 
 year of his ago. *' 
 
65. JOHN KANDOLPH. 
 
 John Randolph, '•' of Roanoke," as he used to "WTite his own name, 
 and distinguished for his genius and talents, as for his eccentricities, was born 
 in Virginia, June 2, 1773. 
 
 He was descended in a direct line from, the celebrated Indian King Pow- 
 hattan, and was ever px'oud of the Indian blood that flowed in his veins. 
 
 At two years of age he lost his father, from which time forward he led a 
 vagrant life, and reached his majority a wild, untamed, unlettered, and un- 
 tutored youth. 
 
 He spent a short time at Princeton College, part of a year at Columbia 
 College, and a few months at William and Mary's College, winding up his 
 educational career with some six month's residence in the law office of 
 Edmund Randolph, in all of which places he says he never learned a thing. 
 Such was the preparatory education of a man who afterward rose to the 
 first position as a debater in the National Council. 
 
 He was elected to Congress in 1799, and continued a Member of the 
 House of Representatives most of the time, till 1^29, and afterward was 
 a»ppointed Minister to Russia. 
 
 He ever remained a bachelor ; and his naturally unamiable temper often 
 became intolerable through his excessively abusive language in debate. He 
 provoked a duel with Henry Clay, but afterward became his best friend. 
 
 No man was listened to with more attentive silence in the House or 
 Senate than he. He never spoke, without commanding the most intense 
 interest. At his first gesture or word, the House and galleries were hushed 
 into silence and attention. His voice was shrill and pipe-like, but under 
 perfect command ; and, in its lower tones, it was music. His tall person, 
 firm eyes, and peculiarly expressive fingers, assisted very much in giving 
 effect to his delivery. His eloquence was generally exerted in satire and 
 invective ; but he never attempted pathos without entire success. 
 
 In quickness of perception, accuracy of memory, liveliness of imagina- 
 tion, and sharpness of wit, he surpassed most men of his day ; but his judg- 
 ment was feeble, and rarely consulted. 
 
 One of his most striking characteristics was, perhaps, his economy, which 
 he rigidly practiced; and, both in public and private affairs, diligently incul- 
 cated. 
 
 His inheritance was inconsiderable, and heavily incumbered with a 
 British debt ; but, by a long course of economy, he relieved his estate, and 
 acquired wealth. 
 
 With all his moroseness, Mr. Randolph was a kind master, a good neigh- 
 bor, and a steadfast friend. At the time of his death, he was possessed of a 
 large and valuable estate, on the Roanoke, and had three hundred and 
 eighteen slaves and one hundred and eighty horses, one hundred and twenty 
 of which were blood horses. 
 
 He died at Philadelphia on the 24th day of May, 18S4, in the sixty-first 
 year of his age, while on his way to Europe, in hopes of a partial restoration 
 to health. 
 
66. AARON BUER. 
 
 Aaron Bukr was born in Newark, New Jersey, February 5, 1756. He 
 lost both his parents before tliree years of his adventurous life had passed. 
 
 Youni^ Burr entered NeAV Jersey College before he was twelve years old, 
 and fjrnitfuatcd in 1772, at the age of sixteen, quite ripe in scholarship for 
 one of his years. 
 
 In 177<rhe was led to join the army raised for the defense of the Colonies, 
 and served under Arnold, and shared with him the perilous march through 
 the wilderness to Canada. On his arrival. General Montgomery made him 
 liis Aid, and he Avas at the General's side when he fell. 
 
 On his return, Burr was joined to the family of the Commander-in- 
 Chief, but, for some reason, which does not appear, left the headquarters 
 soon after, having, by his acts, lost forever the confidence of Washington. 
 From this period, the hostility of Burr to his former patron was bitter and 
 unceasing. 
 
 In 1777 he was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel, and won the character of 
 a brave and sagacious officer. In 1779, his health failing him, he was 
 obliged to throw up his commission, and retire from the army. 
 
 He then devoted himself to the study of the law, and commenced prac- 
 tice at Albany in 1782, but soon removed to the city of New York. He 
 became distinguished in his profession, and was appointed Attorney-Gen- 
 eral of New York in 1789. 
 
 From 1791 to 1797 he was a member of the United States Senate, and 
 bore a conspicuous part, as a leader of the democratic, or republican, party. 
 
 At the fourth Presidential election, Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr 
 had each seventy-three votes; and the choice was decided by Congress, by 
 the election of Mr. Jefferson for President, and Mr. Burr for Vice-President, 
 on the thirty-sixth ballot. 
 
 Colonel Burr was the mortal enemy of nearly all the leading Federalists, 
 and a bitter opponent to the measures of Washington's administration. 
 Perhaps he hated nobody with such cordial hostility as Colonel Hamilton, 
 whom he challenged to the " fight of honor," in which Hamilton fell, and 
 Burr was driven from his home and society for a while, by the indignant 
 scorn of the community. 
 
 Not long after this, he conceived his mad enterprise in the Western 
 country of the United States ; for which he was at length apprehended, 
 and brought to Richmond, Virginia, in August, 1807, on a charge of treason ; 
 and, after a long trial, was acquitted. 
 
 He afterward returned to the city of New York, and practiced law to 
 some extent, but passed the remainder of his days in comparative obscurity 
 and neglect. 
 
 With the most brilliant talents and most insinuating address, and a tact 
 in conversation and debate rarely equaled. Colonel Burr might have filled 
 a high post of honor, with credit to himself and advantage to his country, 
 but that lie was destitute of true honor, or common honesty. A profligate, 
 with a corrupt heart, who scrupled at nothing which would satisfy his lust 
 or Ins ambition, he sank lower and lower in the scale of humanity, until, 
 fra,.v ' . ' .September, 1830, at the age of eighty, he died, leaving no 
 iragraut lucmones behind. 
 
67. EDMUND P. GAINES. 
 
 General E. P. G-aines was born in Culpepper Count)^, Virginia, March 
 20, 1777. 
 
 At the age of iiftec-.i he removed with his father to Sullivan County, 
 afterward the eastern part of Tennessee, which portion of the State was 
 then invested by the Cherokee Indians, who were very hostile to the whites, 
 and kept the border families in a constant state of terror and alarm. 
 
 He had heard of the cruel assaults of the savage foe, and longed to be 
 led to their attack in the deep fastnesses where they dwelt. A rifle company 
 being raised in his neighborhood, he was elected Lieutenant at the age of 
 eighteen; and, in January, 1799, was appointed Ensign of the Sixth Regi- 
 ment of Infantry in the United States army. 
 
 In 1801 he was selected by the Government to command a company of 
 Topographical Engineers for the survey of a military road from Nashville, 
 Tenn., to Natchez, on the Mississippi River, in which service he was engaged 
 until 1804, when he was appointed Military Collector for the District of 
 Mobile. Here he served five years, and was promoted to the rank of Cap- 
 tain, when he retired from tlie army, and commenced practicing law in the 
 then Territory of Mississippi. 
 
 On the declaration of war in 1812, Captain Gaines hastened to offer his 
 services once more to his country. Raised to the rank of Colonel, he was 
 ordered to the Northern frontier. Here, his superior discipline and knowl- 
 edge of military tactics began early to be seen. After the battle of Christ- 
 ler's Eields, in which he took a prominent part, he was taken sick, and was 
 prevented sharing the fruits of victory in the campaign of General Harrison 
 and its glorious termination at the Thames River. 
 
 Early in August, 1814, Colonel Gaines was promoted to the rank of 
 Brigadier-General, and ordered to Fort Erie, to assume command of tho 
 Army of the North. He was immediately engaged in a sharp conflict with 
 the enemy, which was continued almost every day for some time, and in 
 which, victory ultimately perclied upon his standard. 
 
 Congress, deeply sensible of the service he had rendered his country, 
 voted him their thanks and a gold medal. He also received an elegant 
 sword from each of the States of New York, Virginia, and Tennessee ; many 
 other testimonials were also tendered him from various parts of the Union. 
 
 He was with Jackson in the Creek War, and afterward commanded in 
 tho Southern Military District, until the reduction of the army in 1821, 
 when he was retained as a Brigadier-General, and the Western Division 
 assigned to him. 
 
 General Gaines was the senior officer during the Sauk (Indian) dis- 
 turbances in 1831-33, and was, for a time, engaged in the Seminole War of 
 1836. He was soon after transferred to the Eastern Division, with his head- 
 quarters at New York. Afterward, returning to New Orleans, he became 
 acquainted with the accomplished widow of General Whitney, and daughter 
 of the late Daniel Clark, whom he married, and who has since become 
 eelebrated as " Mrs. General Gaines," in her almost superhuman efforts for 
 conducting to a successful issue a law-suit against the city of New Orleans 
 for the recovery of her father's property in that city, which involved several 
 millions of dollars. With her he lived in uninterrupted domestic peace and 
 happiness until his death in the spring of 1849. 
 
 General Gaines was a man of superior knowledge of militaiy tactics and 
 discipline, of cxti'cmo simplicity of character~;^Yery decidedly " one of the 
 p'^oplc '- — anU of .unquestioned integrity. 
 
68. HENEY E. SCHOOLCEAFT. 
 
 IlEN'UY R. Schoolcraft was bom at tlie manor of Renssalaerwich, 
 Guilderland, New York, March 28, ITOJJ. 
 
 He early displayed an ardent love of knowledge ; at the age ot four- 
 teen he began to contribute pieces in prose and verse to newspapers ; and 
 for several years after, he pursued, without aid, the study of natural history, 
 English literature, with the Hebrew, German, and French languages, and 
 pur'sued advanced studies at Union College, Schenectady, N. Y., and after- 
 ward at Middlebury, Vt. 
 
 His fir.st work, published in 1817, was " Vitriology : An elaborate Treatise 
 on the Application of chemistry to the manufacture of Glass." 
 
 In 1818 he made a geological survey of Missouri and Arkansas, to the 
 spur of the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Returning home, he published two treatises, which greatly stimulated 
 emigration to the West, and brought his peculiar capabilities as a scientific 
 exptorer before the public. 
 
 In 1820 he was commissioned to visit the copper regions of Lake Supe- 
 rior, and the head waters of the Mississippi River. He arrived at the actual 
 source of the '* Great Father of Waters " July 23, 1822, and christened the 
 lake in which it rises, "Itaska." From this period, his attention was prin- 
 cipally devoted to the Indian race, and he commenced his long series of 
 investigations as to their habits, language, and ancient traditions. About 
 this time, he made the acquaintance of Miss Johnson (the grand-daughter 
 of a celebrated Indian Chief), who had just returned from Europe — an 
 accomplished young lady — where her father (a gentleman from the north of 
 Ireland), had sent her to receive every advantage of education ; and, being 
 acquainted with the Indian, as well as other languages, she seemed to Mr. 
 Schoolcraft especially fitted to assist him in the mission to which he had 
 devoted his life. 
 
 They were, therefore, united in marriage in 1823, and lived together 
 until lier death, in 1842. With her aid and influence, he gained access 
 to our aborigines, and an insight into their secrets and private life, as well 
 as the peculiar mode of thought of the red man, which would otherwise 
 have been impossible. 
 
 Numerous successive treatises came from his pen — descriptive, historical, 
 and scientific : some legendary, as that of Hiawatha ; others philosophical, 
 as that relating to the peculiarities of grammatical structure in the Indian 
 nouns, which make all animate beings masculine, and all inanimate objects 
 feminine. 
 
 In 1847 Mr. Schoolcraft was employed by Congress to publish his great 
 work on the " History and Condition of the Indian Tribes in the United 
 States," and settled down to quiet study, in Washington. The same year 
 he was united in marriage to Miss Mary Howard, a lady pre-eminently en- 
 dowed by nature and culture to bo his associate in the higher mission of 
 giving a scientific form and literary finish to the results of his former ex- 
 plorations, consisting of six volumes, with material for two more, left unfin- 
 ished at his death, which occurred on the 10th of December, 1864, in the 
 seventy -second year of his age. 
 
 N(jt long after he settled in Washington, Mr. Schoolcraft was crippled 
 with rheumatic affections, and for tlic last years of his life confined to his 
 bp.l. With his hmbs bent coinplr toly under him. Yet, with all his suffering, 
 his high, open brow grew more majestic, and his noble mind still triumphed 
 till tlic vcr}' last moment of his existence. 
 
X 
 
 69. BLACK HAWK. 
 
 Black Hawk, the most relentless foe to the whites, and one of the very 
 last to smoke with them the calumet of peace, was born at the Sac village 
 on E-ock River, in Illinois, in 1707. 
 
 At fifteen years of age, having- wounded an enemy, he was permitted to 
 paint, wear feathers, and to join the braves in their war-dances and on the 
 war-path. Shortly after, he succeeded in ** killing his man" in battle, and 
 then he was accounted a brave, and permitted to join in the " scalp-dance," 
 an honor of which he was extremely proud. 
 
 Not long after, the Northwestern Territory came into the possession of 
 the United States, and the fears of the Indians were aroused with the belief 
 that the white men were determined to wrest their territory from their 
 possession — a fear which history shows was too well-founded. 
 
 There were a few brave and patriotic spirits who resolved to stain the 
 graves of their forefathers with their own blood, before they would yield 
 their burial and hunting grounds to the ruthless invaders and spoilers. 
 Among the foremost of these was the Prophet and Black Hawk, who trav- 
 eled and visited all the Western tribes, stirrinjj them up to mortal hate and 
 strife against the whole race of white men. 
 
 From this time until he fell into the hands of the Americans, he pursued 
 them with the most determined and savage barbarity. This conflict has 
 been designated as the " Black Hawk "VYar." 
 
 Conquered at length, a treaty of peace was negotiated, and five million 
 acres of land purchased of the Indians by the Government, for twenty- 
 three cents per acre. 
 
 Thiis parting with his old hunting-grounds, Black Hawk turned, with 
 a mournful spirit, to those remote prairies whither civilization compelled 
 the reluctant steps of the " poor Indian." 
 
 While traveling through the cities of the Union, at a ball given in honor 
 of Washington's birth-day, he was complimented, to which he replied as 
 follows : 
 
 " It has pleased the Great Spirit that I am here to-day. The earth is 
 our mother, and we are permitted upon it. A few snows ago, I was fight- 
 ing against the white people : perhaps I was wrong. But that is past — it is 
 buried ; let it be forgotten. I love my towns and corn-fields on the Rock 
 River ; it was a beautiful country. I fought for it, but now it is yours ; 
 keep it as the Sacs did. I was once a warrior, but now I am poor. Keo- 
 Kuk has been the cause of what I am ; do not blame him. I love to look 
 upon the Mississippi ; I have looked upon it from a child ; I love that beau- 
 tiful river ; my home has always been upon its banks. I thank you for 
 your friendship. I Avill say no more." 
 
 Not long after, this famous old Chief, ivorn out with sorrow and ex- 
 posure to the chill winds of the Western States, ended his checkered life at 
 the camp on the Des Moines River, Iowa, on the Ud of October, ISoS, in tlio 
 seventy-fourth year of his age. 
 
70. OSCEOLA. 
 
 Osceola, sometimes called "Powell," was born in the Everglades of 
 Florida, somewhere about the year 1804. His father was Chief of the tribe, 
 and his early life was spent as a vagabond, in most inglorious barbarism. 
 
 He was famous for his sagacity in hunting, his agility and strength in 
 the athletic sports practiced among his tribe, such as dancing, racing, shoot- 
 ing, Avrestling, &c. As he grew up, he entered fully into the grievances of 
 his tribe with the whites, and when the "War of Title" (otherwise called 
 the *' Seminole War) " commenced, he at once took the field in defense of his 
 fatherland. 
 
 A treaty was made with them by the United States Government, stipu- 
 lating the conditions on which they should relinquish their title to the 
 hunting-gi'ounds, but in which the Seminoles declared they had been 
 deceived ; and therefore, the treaty was vitiated. 
 
 The Government insisted on its fulfillment ; but the Indians resisted, 
 and one of the most bloody and merciless struggles followed, Osceola being 
 chosen, by the universal consent of his people, to the Chieftaincy of the 
 Seminole warriors. 
 
 With almost superhuman strength and energy, he traveled through the 
 length and breadth of his tribe, encouraging resistance and slaughter to the 
 whites. 
 
 With the most consummate skill he would evade detachments of the 
 American army, and beguile them into fatal ambuscades, where they would 
 fall a prey to savage cruelty. He would never hesitate in taking the field, 
 as his presence inspired his brethren, and his wonderful feats in arms gave 
 heart to the timid, and fired each brave with a more determined will. He 
 was foremost in every fray, and his place was sure to be where the blows 
 fell fastest and hardest. 
 
 The unerring aim of his splendid rifle, and the exact and deadly force of 
 his keen-edged and glittering tomahawk, told fearfully on the ranks of the 
 whites, while he seemed to bear a charmed mail, through which no Ameri- 
 can bullet could penetrate. 
 
 His name became a terror to his enemies, and to his fellow-braves a 
 countersign to victory and glory. 
 
 Thus for years he kept at bay the soldiers of the United States, when at 
 lengtli, m 1828, he fell into a snare, and became a captive. He was taken to 
 lort Moultrie, in South Carolina, where his mighty spirit chafed itself in 
 chams, and where poor Osceola died of a broken heart on the 81st of Janu- 
 ary, 1839. 
 
 Thus perished the " Master-Spirit " of a long and desperate war ; and 
 Osceola will be long remembered as the man that, with the feeblest means, 
 produced the most terrible effects. 
 
/^ ^ 
 
 VI. TECUMSEH. 
 
 Tecumseh, an Indian Brigadier-General in the British army, was born 
 about the year 3 770. 
 
 From his childhood he was distinguished for his bravery and intrigue. 
 Civilization has produced few minds that exceed the mind of the " great 
 leader of the Shawnees." 
 
 With real savage abhorrence of the whites, whom he hated as the 
 invaders of the ashes oi his sires and the peace of his wigwam and hunting- 
 grounds, he spared no white man who came within the reach of his rifle or 
 tomahawk. 
 
 For years he cherished, and at length matured, a plan for the utter 
 expulsion of the whites from, the territory of his own and the neighboring 
 tribes. 
 
 In his negotiations with the Chiefs of the various tribes from the northern 
 extremes of the lakes to the confluence of the Mississippi with the Gulf, he 
 exhibited a sagacity and shrewdness, a knowledge of human nature, and an 
 untiring perseverance worthy the great diplomatists of the world ; and his 
 success was equal to his efforts. 
 
 He appears to no less advantage as a negotiator with the whites. General 
 Harrison was often pnt to fault with the shrewdness of his reasoning, and 
 could never succeed in bringing the sturdy warrior to terms, save at the 
 muzzle of his cannon. 
 
 At the close of a fruitless negotiation. General Harrison said the matter 
 in hand would be referred to the President. " Well," was his characteristic 
 reply, " as the Great Chief is to determine the matter, I hope the Great Spirit 
 will put sense enough into liis head to comply with the demands of my 
 tribe ;" that such was his sense of wrong done to his brethren, that, unless 
 his demands were complied with, he would fight it out ; and he " would give 
 no rest to his feet, until he had united all the red men in a like determina- 
 tion." 
 
 On another occasion, when Tecumseh had closed his speech, and was about 
 to be seated, he discovered that no chair had been provided for him. The 
 chair was soon provided, and the officer who brought it, observed : " General, 
 your Father's request is that you take a chair." "jl/^ Father !^^ exclaimed 
 the indignant Chief, assuming his most majestic attitude ; " the sun is my 
 father, and the earth my mother ; I will repose upon her bosom,^^ and immedi- 
 ately threw himself, with inimitable grace, upon the ground, after the fash- 
 ion of the Indians. 
 
 At length the negotiations terminated, and an appeal was had to arms. 
 The battle of Tippecanoe followed, and then the battle of the Thames, 
 where, after fighting like a lion at bay — with a fury which he alone could 
 assume — against the most fearful odds, and heaping a barrier of human 
 bodies all aroun 1 him, a shot through the head laid him low with his foes 
 who had fallen by his hand. 
 
 Thus terminated, in the forty-fourth year of his age, the life of as brave 
 a warrior as ever fou^rht for his fatherland. 
 
72. EED JACKET. 
 
 Red Jacket, or Sa-goy-e-wa-tha, his Indian name, a Chief of tho 
 Scnecas, was unquestionably the most remarkable orator, excepting " the 
 ^'00(1 Logan, the Avhite man's friend." that ever came of Indian stock. 
 
 lie was born about the middle of the last century, near where the city 
 of Buffalo noAV stands, and which was the residence of the Senecas. He 
 ■was of a brave but generous nature, and had small delight in the ferocities 
 of Indian warfare. He was sagacious and prudent, very thoughtful, and 
 possessed of a most determined spirit. 
 
 He could neither be terrified nor cajoled into any measure. His hut was 
 for years the resort of the learned and curious, who went thither to hear 
 " tlie old man eloquent" discourse on the traditions of his race, or on the 
 abstruse sciences of philosophy and theology. 
 
 His dwelling stood on a spot which was secured to the Seneca tribe, and 
 called the " l{,c.'servation". 
 
 In his better days, many were the fruitless attempts to convert him to 
 Christianity. He resisted all intercession, hurling back the argumentum 
 ad homniem : " Your religion does not make good men of the whites; what 
 can it do more for the red man ?" 
 
 Red Jacket, like some of his white brethren, could not understand the 
 mysteries of the vicarious sacrifice — how he and his tribe could, by any 
 method of reasoning, in justice be made participators in the guilt of the 
 crucifixion. 
 
 He observed to a clergyman, who was trying to enlighten his benighted 
 soul on the abstruse subject : " Brother, if you Avhite men murdered the Son 
 of the Great Spirit, as Indians we had nothing to do Avith it, and it is none 
 of our affairs. If he had come to us we would not have killed him ; we 
 would have treated him well. You must make amends for that crime your- 
 selves." 
 
 _ In 1805, he held a solemn council with his tribe on the proposition of a 
 missionary. Rev. Mr. Cram, and declined it in one of the most masterly 
 Bpecchcs ever delivered into the ears of men. 
 
 His meeting with Lafayette, when he was last in the United States, was 
 affecting in the extreme. 
 
 He preserved the utmost decorum and dignity of manner at all times, 
 until, in the latter part of his life, when he fell a victim to the accursed 
 ' hro-wiiter, which destroyed so many of his race. On the 20th of June, 
 IhoO at the advanced age of eighty years, he left the world, to join those 
 wlio had gone before him to the happy hunting-grounds of the spirit land. 
 
13. KEO-KUK. 
 
 Keo-Kuk, or the " Eunning: Fox," a powerful Chief of the Sac and Fox 
 Indians, was born at the very commencement of the present century. 
 
 He early g-avo indications of his shrewdness and courage — the traits of 
 Indian character most in esteem with his tribe ; and while he was a mere 
 youth, he was admitted to the more manly sports and dances, for which no 
 mere 'papjjoose is esteemed fit. 
 
 On the breaking out of Black Hawk's war, he was a subordinate Chief 
 under that renowned warrior, and showed himself a brave and careful sol- 
 dier. He aided, both by his counsels and prowess in battle, to shorten that 
 cruel and bloody struggle. 
 
 He was among the earliest to acknowledge his error, and afterward be- 
 came a friend of the white man, and did all he could to bring about a fair 
 and lionorable peace. 
 
 When Black Hawk and the Prophet were taken prisoners, General Har- 
 rison, who had experienced the duplicity and treachery of these malignant 
 Chiefs in many ways, and had lost all confidence in their promises, desirous 
 of negotiating terms of reconciliation with some competent person among 
 the tribes of hostile Indians, at once deposed Black Hawk, and raised Keo- 
 Kuk to his place ; and it is but justice to this Chief to say, that he main- 
 tained the terms of the convention inviolate himself, and did what he could 
 to enforce it among the warriors of his tribe. 
 
 The negotiation of that important treaty was a scene of great interest. 
 Keo-Kuk was the principal speaker on the occasion, while the dethroned 
 Black Hawk stood upon the outside of the circle, not allowed to speak or 
 sign the treaty, with the Prophet and his principal aid, Nah-Pope, standing 
 by his side, in scowling silence and painful submission. 
 
 After peace was made with the Indians, Keo-Kuk, together with Black 
 Hawk, the Prophet, and some twenty others of the most powerful Chiefs 
 among them, visited the principal cities of the Union. 
 
 On the return of Keo-Kuk to his native wilds, he, in company with his 
 tribe, migrated to the west side of the Mississippi, and established a vil- 
 lage on the Des Moines Kiver, about seventy miles from its mouth. Here 
 he held his court. He sustained his rank among his fallen braves with the 
 same ceremony and grandeur as evei', but still under the restraint and 
 power of his white foes. 
 
 "I found Keo-Kuk," says Catlin, who visited his village in 1835, "to be 
 a Chief of fine and portly figure, with a good countenance, and great dignity 
 and grace in his manners. He is a man of a great deal of pride, and makes 
 truly a splendid appearance when mounted on his beautiful black war- 
 horse." Catlin painted his portrait in this guise, as well as full length on 
 foot. He was proud of the i^.ctures, and excessively vain of his own appear- 
 ance. 
 
/ r 
 
 74. INDIAN ''PBOPHET." 
 
 The *' Prophet," or Wah-pe-kee-suit, signifying " White Cloud, was a 
 brother of the celebrated Black Hawk, and the prime instigator of the war 
 that bears the name of this chief. 
 
 He was born on the Rock Biver, in Illinois, about the year 1780. The 
 blood of two races runs in his veins — the Winnebago and the Sac, or Sauk, 
 tribes. 
 
 All that can be learned of his early life is, that he was an unmitigated 
 savage. 
 
 A relentless foe to the whites, he pursued them, with the most untiring 
 zeal, forgetting to eat or sleep in his eager thirst for their blood. The bul- 
 let or the tomahawk was the only mercy he was known to show to those 
 who fell into his hands. 
 
 Like his brother-prophets, of the Shawnees and the Seminoles, he laid 
 claim to supernatural powers, and pretended to have revelations from the 
 Great Spirit. 
 
 He gained such complete ascendency over the mind of Black Hawk, as 
 to make that credulous Chief believe that he would become the glorious in- 
 strument in the hands of the Great Spirit of relieving the whole country of 
 their white-faced enemies, who were so fast encroaching upon their hunt- 
 ing-grounds. Li the same manner was the shrewd Tecumseh imposed upon 
 by the Shawnees' prophet. 
 
 The Prophet traveled the country through, from the Gulf to the Rocky 
 Mountains, stirring up the various tribes to mutiny and massacre ; and 
 when the hour came for the stroke of war, his hand was the readiest among 
 the savage hordes. 
 
 At the final treaty with the Sacs and Foxes, in 1833, the Prophet and 
 Black Hawk were in disgrace, and the Americans would not treat with 
 them. They were deposed, and Keo-Kuk was made Chief of this double 
 tribe, with whom all the subsequent negotiations were conducted. 
 
 After the convention, the tribe removed west of the Mississippi ; and the 
 Pro])het, after making a tour of the Union with his brethren, took up his 
 residence in the same village Avith Keo-Kuk, on the Des Moines River, 
 about seventy miles from its confluence with the Mississippi, where he 
 biiont the rest of his days in peace. 
 
 lie is described as having a large, broad face ; short, blunt nose ; large, 
 full eyes ; wide mouth, and thick lips, with a full head of liair — the whole 
 man exhibiting a savage nature, and marking him as the very high-priest 
 of assassination and murder. 
 
^5. JOHN SMITH. 
 
 Captain John Smith -was born in England in the year 1579. Few men 
 have exhibited such a love for the romance of life, and few have been more 
 gratified in this respect than the brave and gallant John Smith. He 
 exhibited this trait in early life, engaging in the most reckless and danger- 
 ous exploits. 
 
 At thirteen years of age he sold his school-books and satchel, to raise 
 money to run avray, it being his purpose to go to sea, but was afterwards 
 apprenticed to a merchant. 
 
 At fifteen he left his master, and went into France and the low countries. 
 At seventeen he embarked once more to carve out his own fortune in com- 
 pany with some pilgrims to Italy. A violent storm arose, and Smith, being 
 a " heretic," was deemed the cause of the misfortune, and was thrown over- 
 board, but saved his life by swimming to the shore. 
 
 After this, he entered the service of the Emperor of Austria, and so won 
 his confidence as to get an important command. 
 
 At the siege of St. Rugal he accepted the challenge of a Turkish Lord, 
 and smote off his head, fighting on horseback. A second and third shared 
 the same fate. He was finally taken prisoner, and sold into slavery, but 
 escaped by slaying his master. After visiting Russia he returned to Eng- 
 land, and immediately turned his attention to the colonization of North 
 America 
 
 Smith arrived on the coast of Virginia in 1607, with a small colony, 
 and located on the left bank of the James River, about fifty miles from iid 
 mouth, and called it Jamestown. 
 
 He Avas the leading spirit of the company ; and, were it not for his 
 sagacity and wisdom, they would have perished within a twelvemonth. 
 
 The savages regarded him with awe and hatred — now compassing his 
 life by every ingenious artifice, and now reverencing him as a god. All ai-e 
 familiar with the story of his capture by Powhattan, of his being led forth 
 for execution, and his head laid upon a large stone to receive the fatal blow, 
 when Pocahontas, the Chief's daughter, rushed in between the victim and 
 the uplifted axe of the executioner, and, with tears and entreaties, besought 
 her father to save his life. The savage Chief relented, and John Smith was 
 set free. 
 
 He explored the coast from Cape Cod to the Penobscot, while on one of 
 his expeditions, and named it New England, which name it has ever since 
 retained. 
 
 He published several volumes of his adventures, and a map of the whole 
 coast from the Penobscot to the James River, giving both the Indian and 
 English names of the principal places. 
 
 He was seriously injured by the premature explosion of a powder-flask, 
 and returned to England for medical advice; but never recovered from its 
 eff'ects. 
 
 After various adventures, he died in London in 1631, in the fifty-second 
 year of his age. 
 
76. .iOHK- C. CALHOUN. 
 
 John C. Calhoun was born in Abbeville District, South Carolina, 
 March 18, 1783, of Irish parents. 
 
 Although he had a great passion for books which fell in his way, yet, 
 until lie was eighteen years of age, his education was limited. 
 
 It was at tills period (1800) that he entered the academy of his brother- 
 in-law, Dr. Waddel, in Columbia County, Georgia. 
 
 Here his progress was so rapid that in two years he entered the Junior 
 class of Yale College, and graduated, in 1804, with the highest honors, just 
 four years from the time of commencing Latin grammar. During his col- 
 lege life he gave brilliant signs of his coming greatness. 
 
 He was a particular favorite of President Dwight, who, on account of 
 his extraordinary talents, predicted that he would become President of the 
 United States. 
 
 He studied law at Litchfield, Connecticut, and in 1807 was admitted to 
 the bar of South Carolina. The next year he entered the Legislature of 
 that State, where he served two sessions with ability and distinction, and 
 in 1811 was elected to the Congress of the United States, where he continued 
 until 1817, when he became Secretary of War under President Monroe. 
 He conducted the affairs of that dei)artment with energy and ability for 
 seven years. 
 
 In 1825 he was elected Vice-President, with John Q. Adams, and again, 
 1829, with Andrew Jackson. In 1831, upon General Hayne's leaving the 
 Senate to become Governor of South Carolina, Mr, Calhoun resigned the 
 Vice-Presidency, and was elected a member of the United States Senate by 
 tlie Legislature of South Carolina. After the expiration of this term, he 
 went, voluntarily, into retirement. 
 
 Upon tho death of Mr. Upshur, he assumed the conduct of the State 
 Department, which he held during Tyler's administration. 
 
 In 1845 he was again elected Senator, which office he held until his 
 decease. 
 
 As a presiding officer of the Senate, he was punctual, methodical, and 
 accurate, and had a high regard for the dignity of that body, which he 
 endeavored to preserve and maintain. During his early life he was, "like 
 most of the educated Southerners of that day, an abolitionist, looking upon 
 slavery as a mere temporary expedient, necessary to the South for a time, 
 but which would pass away ere long." But in after-life his views under- 
 went a change. 
 
 His connection with Nullification, his views of the Tariff and States 
 Ilights Supremacy, are familiar to all. He shaped the course, and moulded 
 the opinious, of the people of his own States, and of some of the other States, 
 ujmn all tliese subjects. Amid all tho strifes of party politics, there always 
 existed between him and his political opponents a great degree of personal 
 kindness. He died at AVashington, March 31, 1850, leaving behind him 
 the reputation of one of tho greatest of American statesmen. 
 
X 
 
 11. DANIEL WEBSTEE. 
 
 Daniel "Webster, the " Hercules" of American orators, was born in 
 Salisbury, N. H., January 18, 1783. He received his early education from 
 his mother and the common school. He entered Dartmouth College in 
 1797, and graduated, without any special promise of future greatness, in 
 1801. He commenced the study of law in his native village, and finished 
 in Boston, where he was admitted to the bar in 1805. He removed to Bos- 
 cowan, N. H., and afterwards to Portsmouth, where he practiced nine years, 
 and established a reputation as a sound lawyer and able advocate. In 
 1812 he was elected Representative to Congress from New Hampshire, and 
 was re-elected in 1814. He removed to Boston in 1816, and the next year, 
 by his brilliant argument in the "Dartmouth College case," took rank 
 among the most distinguished jurists in the country. 
 
 In 1820 he was chosen a member for revising the Constitution of Massa- 
 chusetts, where he received the eulogy of the venerable John Adams. In 
 1822 he was elected Representative to Congress from Massachusetts, and 
 early in the session made his memorable speech on the Greek Revolution, 
 which at once established his reputation as one of the greatest statesmen of 
 the age. In 1824 he was re-elected, and in 1826 was elected to the United 
 States Senate, in which he continued for twelve years. 
 
 In 1830 he made his celebrated speech in reply to Robert Y. Hayne, of 
 South Carolina, in vindication of Massachusetts history, and United States 
 Supremacy, which is regarded as one of the ablest parliamentary efforts 
 ever made in Congress. In 1839 he visited Europe, where his fame had 
 preceded him ; and he received the attention due to his talents, at the 
 French and English Courts. 
 
 In 1841 he was appointed Secretary of State by President Harrison, and 
 continued under Tyler until 1843, during which time he negotiated the 
 famous Aehburton Treaty. He was again chosen Senator in 1845, and 
 appointed Secretary of State by President Filmore in 1850. In December 
 of that year he wrote the " immortal Hulseman letter." 
 
 Mr. Webster's discourses upon historical and patriotic anniversaries, his 
 speeches in Congress, and his efforts at the bar, are among the brightest 
 gems of modern eloquence, and show an extraordinary power of clothing 
 most beautiful ideas in the plainest language. He had a wonderful faculty 
 of bringing into his speeches short and expressive sentences, which produced 
 a powerful and lasting effect. Most of them, such as " Union and Liberty 
 — Noio and Forener — One and Inseparable,'^ are familiar to all. But one of 
 the most effective (at the time of its delivery), I have never seen in print; 
 it was delivered in the United States Court in Boston, when, being corrected 
 by Judge Story, who said, " I believe you are wrong, Mr. Webster," which 
 was echoed by the opposing counsel, he paused for a moment, surveyed 
 the counsel and Judge with his eagle eye, and, in Herculean tones, replied : 
 " I'm rigid ; I know I'm right ; and I'll pro^^e I'm right !" As by an electric 
 shock, all in the room rose involuntarily from their seats, such was the 
 power of those few words. 
 
 Mr. Webster was the champion of the supremacy of the United States, 
 and the expounder of the Constitution. In defining the latter, he said : "It 
 certainly is not a league, compact, or confederacy; but a fundamental law, 
 ordained and established by the people : it is the Government of the United 
 States !" 
 
 Mr. Webster died at his farm in Marshfield, Mass., October 24, 1853, 
 with these expressive words upon his lips : " I still live !" And Daniel Web- 
 ster will ever live in the hearts and memory of his countrymen. 
 
7S. HENRY CLAY. 
 
 Henry Cl.vy Avas bom April 12, 1777, in Hanover county, Virginia, 
 in the rei::ion known as " the Slaslies;" from which lie afterward received 
 the appcflation of " the Mill-boy of the Slashes." He received his educa- 
 i'nni at the lield schools of that day, and when fourteen years of age was 
 eniploved as copyist in the office of the clerk of the Court of Chancery, 
 at Uichmoud, where his delicate handwriting attracted the attention of 
 Chancellor AVythe, who employed him for four years to copy his elabo- 
 rate and learned decisions, imparted to him his own sound opinions, and 
 assisted him to study law. He joined a debating club in Richmond, 
 where he first became acquainted with the fact that he had talents for 
 oratory. At twenty he was licensed to practice law, and soon afterward 
 moved to Lexington, Kentucky, and opened an office. 
 
 " I remember," says he, " with w^hat delight I received my first fifteen- 
 shilHng fee. My hopes were more than realized, and I rushed at once 
 into a snccessfid and lucrative practice." 
 
 He had but fairly to get before a jury to convince a client that " Henry 
 Cla^'" was the man to carry a case triumphantly through a Kentucky 
 Court. His first political act was to write a series of letters urging the 
 people of Kentucky to abolish slavery. 
 
 Li 1803 he was elected to the Legislature of Kentucky, and in 180G 
 was appointed to fill an unexpired term in the LTnited States Senate. In 
 180 r he was again elected to the State Legislature, and was chosen 
 Speaker. In the following year occurred his duel with Humphrey Mar- 
 shall. 
 
 In 1809 he was again elected to the United States Senate, to fill an un- 
 expired term; and in 1811 he was elected Representative to Congress. 
 He was immediately chosen Speaker, and five times re-elected to this office. 
 During this session, his eloquence aroused the country to resist the 
 aggression of Great Britain, and awakened a " National" spirit. In 1814 
 he was appointed one of the Commissioners to negotiate a treaty of peace 
 wdtli Great Britain. 
 
 Returning with great credit, he was again elected Representative to 
 Congress, where his eloquent voice was heard in favor of recognizing the 
 independence of the South American Republics, and he put forth his 
 strength in behalf of a National System of Internal Improvements, and 
 for the establishment of Protection to American Industry. 
 
 In 1823, after a short recess to attend to his private affairs, he was re- 
 turned to Congress and re-elected Speaker, and at this session he exerted 
 himself m support of the independence of Greece. In 1825 he was ap- 
 pomted Secretary of State, under John Quincy Adams; during which he 
 fought the duel with John Randolph. In 1831 he w^as elected to the 
 United States Senate, where he commenced his labors in favor of the 
 lantf, and the same year was nominated for President of the United 
 States. He was again nominated in 1844, but was defeated in both cases. 
 ♦ •^■.''5!!^ }^^^ ^^''^^ "^ ^^^^ Senate, in 1842, and remained in retirement 
 until lyil), when he was again elected to the Senate of the United States. 
 Here he devoted all his energies to the measures known as the Com- 
 promise Measures. His efforts impaired his health, and he died June 29, 
 
 Mr. Clay was a powerful debater, and eloquent orator. America has 
 pnmucea a le\y men, cacli of whom is a tow^er of strength, and whose 
 
 i nm'if^^^'tf ^ 1-'''^^ ^'-'^^ ^;^'^'>^' ^^'^ i'^-agrant in aU the lau§. Henry Clay 
 13 among the foremost of those few J J 
 
' X 
 
 79. SOLOMON FOOTE. 
 
 Solomon Foote was born in Cornwall, Vermont, November 19, 1803, 
 He graduated at Middlebury CoUeg-e, with distinguished honor, in 182G, 
 and the same year became Principal of the Seminary at Castleton. He was 
 Tutor of the University of Vermont in 1827; and again, from 1828 to 18ol, 
 Principal of Castleton Seminary, during which he studied law, was admitted 
 to the bar, and commenced practice at E,utland, in 18ol, where he ever after 
 resided, i'or five years he was a member of the Legislature of Vermont, 
 and for three years Speaker of the House of Pepresentatives. From 18oG 
 to 1842 he was Prosecuting- Attorney for the County of Rutland, and from 
 1843 to 1847 was a member of the House of Representatives of the United 
 States, but declined a third election. 
 
 In 1850 he was elected United States Senator, and occupied that position 
 until his death, in 18G6, at which time he was the oldest member in con- 
 tinuous service in that body. 
 
 It was as Speaker of the Vermont Plouse of Representatives that Mr. 
 Foote first displayed that almost wondrous aptitude and capacity as the 
 presiding officer of a deliberative assembly, and which afterward made him 
 so celebrated throughout the nation, when he became the presiding officer 
 of the Senate of the United States, as, perhaps, the best presiding officer in 
 the whole country. 
 
 He seem jd almost to have been made for the position. His fine, majestic 
 person, his dignified deportment, his full and rich voice, his easy and grace- 
 ful manners, all conspired to make him a most useful and acceptable presi- 
 dent over any assembly. His knowledge of parliamentary law and usage 
 was very thorough. His superiority in this respect appeared born in him. 
 His look preserved order; his slightest word allayed confusion. 
 
 The same grace of person and dignity of manner attended him always 
 and everywhere, and was equally pleasing and agreeable in private society 
 and on the Senate floor. He had nothing of haughtiness or arrogance, but 
 was kindly and benignant. All this had, doubtless, much to do with the 
 universal personal love and reverence felt for him by all who knew him. Mr. 
 Foote was a great man, by reason of his great heart. Not a single act, or 
 several acts, of great statesmanship, but a lifetime of good and generous and 
 unselfish deeds, made him great, and gave him such a hold upon the hearts 
 of the people of his own State, and all others who knew him. 
 
 Senator Foote was a patriotic man. He cherished the Declaration of 
 Independence ; and when, by the force of law, " all men became absolutely 
 free," he was the earnest and fearless advocate of those measures designed 
 to protect the fi'oedman in all his civil rights. 
 
 Pie seldom spoke, but when he did, he spoke wisely and well. He loved 
 and honored Vermont, and was proud that it was the place of his birth. He 
 died at the city of Washington, March 20, 1866. 
 
80. THOMAS COEWIN.'^ 
 
 Thomas Corwin ^vas born in Bourbon County, Kentucky, July 29, 1794. 
 "WTacn he was four years old, his father removed to Warren County, Ohio. 
 His early education was neglected, but when he found himself approaching- 
 manhood, he made great exertions to remedy the deficiency ; and, being- 
 possessed of a quick and intuitive perception of the fitness of things, he drew 
 such lessons from his experience as admirably fitted him for the prominent 
 part he was destined to act in the gi'eat drama of life. He studied dili- 
 gently, and soon acquired a sufficient knowledge of the classics to warrant 
 his decision to acquire a profession. Selecting the law, he underwent the 
 ordinary preparation of a clerkship, and opened an office in "Warren County, 
 where he found plenty of work, and made many friends. 
 
 The strong points of Mr. Corwin's character were courage, honesty, 
 energy, and great perseverance ; and his fellow-citizens could not fail to 
 perceive his fitness to manage the affairs of the neighborhood in which he 
 resided. Accordingly, he was elected to the State Legislature. He served 
 in this capacity but a short time, however, when he was called to a higher 
 sphere of labor, having been elected to the United States Congress in 1831. 
 He continued to hold his seat in this body for nine years, during which 
 time he was found to be a ready and powerful debater, a steady friend of 
 the Whig party, and an able advocate of all its measures in the House. 
 
 In 1840 he was chosen Governor of the State of Ohio for two years, and 
 in 1845 was elected to the United States Senate. He continued to hold his 
 seat in that body until the accession of Mr. Filmore to the Presidency, when 
 that gentleman called him to aid the executive administration by his counsel 
 and advice, and appointed him Secretary of the Treasury, which position 
 he held until the accession of Mr. Buchanan to the Presidency. 
 
 He then retired to Ohio, to attend to the duties of his profession. In 
 1861 Mr. Corwin was appointed Minister to Mexico. This position he held 
 through the trying period of the civil war of that country, as well as of his 
 own, and until his death, December 18, 1805. 
 
 Mr. Corwin was one of the most popular and effective stump orators in 
 the country ; his speeches abounded in witty anecdotes and scathing satire, 
 in delivering which, his gestures and facial contortions would act out the 
 full meaning of what he said, and keep his hearers in a continuous roar of 
 laughter, or riveted to his argument. 
 
 There have been but few men who could keep his audience so long in 
 good humor as " Tom Corwin." 
 
 Mr. Corwin was a short and rather stout-built man, with a mild, roguish 
 black eve, very dark complexion, and was familiarly known as *^ Black Tom 
 
81. EOGEH B. TANEY. 
 
 Roger B. Taney was born in Calvert County, Maryland, March 17, 
 1777. He was educated at Dickenson College, Carlisle, where he graduated 
 in 1795. In the spring of 1796 he commenced the study of the law, was 
 admitted to the bar in 1799, and in the fall of the same year was elected to 
 the State Legislature. He removed to Frederickstown in 1801, it being a 
 more eligible point for the pursuit of his profession, and continued in its 
 practice until 1816, when he was elected to the Senate of Maryland, which 
 was composed of fifteen members, chosen for five years. After the expira- 
 tion of his term of service in the Senate, Mr. Taney returned to private life, 
 and continued the practice of law in Frederick until 1823, when he removed 
 to Baltimore, where he ever after resided. 
 
 In 1827 he was appointed Attorney-General of Maryland by the Governor 
 and Council, who were, at the time, his political opponents. Mr. Taney 
 continued to hold the office of Attorney-General of Maryland until 1831, 
 when he resigned upon receiving the appointment of Attorney-General of 
 the United States by President Jackson. 
 
 Upon the refusal of Secretary Duanc, of the Treasury, to remove the 
 United States deposits from the United States Bank, as requested to do by 
 General Jackson, and who resigned in consequence, Mr. Taney was tendered 
 the office of Secretary of the Treasury by President Jackson, which he 
 accepted, resigning the office of Attorney-General ; and, before hia con- 
 firmation was acted upon by the Senate, he removed the deposits, and 
 placed them in several State banks, created for that purpose, being informed 
 by General Jackson that he would *' take the responsibility." Mr. Taney's 
 nomination was rejected by the Senate, and he returned to Baltimore, and 
 resumed the practice of the law. In 1835, a vacancy occurring in the 
 United States Supreme Court, Jackson nominated Mr. Taney as Associate- 
 Justice of that Court, to fill the vacancy. A majority of the Senate, how- 
 ever, refused to act upon his nomination until the last moment of the session, 
 when it was indefinitely postponed by a vote which was intended to be, and 
 was, equivalent to a rejection. 
 
 Before the next session, Chief-Justice Marshall died, and Mr. Taney was 
 thereupon nominated for the office of Chief- Justice of the Supreme Court ; 
 and, the political complexion of the Senate having changed, his nomination 
 was confirmed in March, 1836. He took his seat on the bench in the Circuit 
 Court, for the District of Maryland, in May, 1836, and on the bench of the 
 Supreme Court, in January, 1837. 
 
 Mr. Taney's administration as Chief-Justice was particularly memorable 
 for the Dred Scott decision, in which he gave his opinion that a black man, 
 although free, was not a citizen. 
 
 During the term of his service, he administered the oath of office to nine 
 Presidents. 
 
 He died October 12, 18G4. 
 
82. STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS. 
 
 Stephen A. Douglas was born, at Brandon, Vermont, April 23, 1813. 
 His father, a physician, died while he was an infant, and his mother, being 
 in straitened circumstances, apprenticed him, when quite young, to a cabinet- 
 maker at Middlebury, where he worked for eighteen months, when his 
 health obliged him to abandon it, and he studied for a year at the academy 
 at Brandon. 
 
 His mother having married again, he followed her to Canandaigua, N. 
 Y., where he studied law until 1831, when he went West, and, after various 
 vicissitudes, finally settled in Jacksonville, 111. After earning a few dollars 
 as clerk to an auctioneer, he opened a school, devoting all his spare momenta 
 to the study of the law. 
 
 In 1834 he was admitted to the bar, and soon acquired a profitable busi- 
 ness, and rose rapidly to distinction, being appointed Attorney-General of 
 the State before ho was twenty-two years of age. In December, 1835, he 
 resigned, having been elected to the Legislature by the Democrats of Mor- 
 gan County. 
 
 In 1837 he was appointed Register of the Land Office at Springfield, 
 111., by President Van Buren. 
 
 In 1840 he stumped the State for Mr. Van Buren, and the same year was 
 apix)inted Secretary of State of Illinois. The following year he was made 
 Judge of the Supreme Court. 
 
 This office he resigned, after sitting upon the bench for two years, when, 
 in 1843, he was elected Representative to Congress. He was re-elected in 
 1844 and '40, and in 1847 was elected to the United States Senate. 
 
 Here he took a prominent position as an able and ready debater, and one 
 of the most active members. 
 
 He was an early advocate of the annexation of Texas, and a firm sup- 
 porter of the Mexican war. He boldly stood forward as an advocate of what 
 were called^ " extreme measures," on the " Oregon Question," and was the 
 " master spirit" in procuring the repeal of the Missouri Compromise. From 
 this important event dates the most notable agitation which has swept over 
 the country since the American Revolution. The history of our progress 
 and civilization are involved in it. 
 
 In 1858 Mr. Douglas canvassed the State of Illinois, in opposition to 
 Abraham Lincoln, for the United States Senatorship ; and, after a most 
 interesting and exciting campaign, a Legislature was elected which returned 
 Mr. Douijrlas to Congress. 
 
 In 1859 Mr. Douglas published an elaborate paper on the "Dividing 
 Lme between Federal and Local Authority." 
 
 In 1800 he was a candidate for the Presidency by the conservative 
 Democrats ; but the great question of freedom had become the issue, and 
 Abraham Lincoln, the Republican candidate, was elected. 
 
 On the seceding of a portion of the States, Mr. Douglas wrote an able 
 letter on public affairs, giving his " giant" influence in support of the 
 Lniun IIo did not live to see the Rebellion fairly inaugurated, but died 
 June 3d, IbOl, at Chicago, Illinois. 
 
83. FEANCIS GEANGEE. 
 
 Francis Granger was bom in Suffield, Hartford County, Connecticut, 
 in 1787, and was educated at Yale College, Avhere he graduated in 1811, 
 and commenced the practice of the law in the beautiful village of Canan- 
 daigua, N. Y., to which his father had removed about 1814. His entry into 
 political life was in 1825, in which year he was elected Representative to 
 the State Legislature. 
 
 He was prominent in the anti-Masonic movement, which created such 
 excitement in the State of New York ; and was the confrere of Wm. H. 
 Seward, Thurlow "Weed, Millard Filmore, and. other young men who, at 
 that time, were aspirants for fame, and who joined the political crusade 
 against the JMasons, after the alleged abduction of William Morgan. 
 
 In 1826 Mr. Granger was re-elected to the Legislature, and in 1828 was 
 put in nomination by the anti-Masons as a candidate for Governor, and by 
 the Adams Republicans as Lieutenant-Governor, but was defeated. 
 
 The following year he was re-elected to the Legislature, and in 1830 was 
 again the anti-Masonic candidate for Governor, and again unsuccessful. In 
 1831 he was again sent to the State Legislature, but for the last time. 
 
 In 1832, when the Clay Republicans and anti-Masons coalesced, Mr. 
 Granger was again nominated for Governor, but was defeated by W. L. 
 Marcy. 
 
 In 1834 the "Whig party — made up of anti- Jackson Democrats and Clay 
 Republicans — came upon the political stage, and Mr. Granger was recog- 
 nized as one of its ablest leaders. His name was that year before the con- 
 vention as a candidate for Governor, but Wm. H. Seward carried off the 
 honor of the nomination. 
 
 In the fall of that year, however, the Whigs of the 2Gth Congressional 
 District made Mr. Granger their candidate for Congress, and elected him. 
 
 In 1836 ho was nominated by the anti-Masons for Vice-President, but, 
 being obnoxious on account of his anti-Slavery proclivities, failed to secure 
 the votes of the Electoral College. In 1838 Mr. Granger was elected to Con- 
 gress, and re-elected in 1840, and, in 1841, was nominated by President 
 Harrison as Postmaster-General ; but it was with some difficulty that his 
 nomination was confirmed by the Senate. After the death of General 
 Harrison, he resigned his position in July, 1841, at the request of the New 
 York delegation, in consequence of President Tyler's action on the question 
 of the United States Bank, and was elected to Congress, and served in the 
 session of 1841 and '42. He was teudered a renomination, but declined, and 
 never afterward held public oiace. He was President of the Whig State 
 Convention in 1850, and a member of the Peace Conference in 1861. 
 
 Francis Granger was a gentleman of noble and commanding person, 
 united to remarkable energy and activity, and was a good judge of charac- 
 ter, rejecting the base and unworthy ways of demagogism, and deeply sym- 
 pathizing with all the higher and better impulses of humanity and progress. 
 He died August 28, 1868. 
 
84. SAMUEL HOUSTON. 
 
 Samuel Houston was born in Rockbridge County, Virginia, March 2, 
 1793. At a very early age he lost his father, and ho, with his mother, 
 removed to the banks of the Tennessee River, then the outermost border of 
 civiliz.ition. Here he grew up a wild youth, and very much attached to the 
 Indian mode of living — a liking which seems never to have deserted him. 
 
 He tried his hand at book-keeping, but, not liking a mercantile life, com- 
 menced teaching school. At length, becoming disgusted with the ferule, he 
 enlisted in the army in 1813, and served under the immediate eye of General 
 Jackson to the close of the war; receiving an honorable discharge, with the 
 commission of Lieutenant, having distinguished himself for his bravery and 
 good soldiership on several occasions. 
 
 On leaving the army he studied law, and soon entered the political arena 
 of his country, where he figured until his death. His Congressional career 
 commenced in 1823, when he became a member of the House of Represen- 
 tatives, and continued a member of that body until lb28, when he was 
 elected Governor of Tennessee. 
 
 In 1829, before the expiration of his Gubernatorial term, he resigned his 
 office, and went to take up his abode among the Cherokees, in Arkansas. 
 
 During his residence among them, he undertook a mission to Washing- 
 ton, for the purpose of exposing the frauds practiced upon the Indians; but 
 he met Avith little success, and returned in disgust to his savage friends. 
 
 During a visit to Texas, he was requested to allow his name to be used 
 in the canvass for a convention which was to meet to form a constitution 
 for Texas, prior to its admission into the Mexican Union. 
 
 He consented, and was unanimously elected. The constitution framed by 
 the convention being too liberal, was rejected by Santa Anna, who ordered 
 them to give up their arms, and acknowledge fealty to the Mexican Republic. 
 
 The Texans determined on resistance, and General Austin, the com- 
 mander of the Texan forces, was soon succeeded by General Houston, who, 
 by his indomitable courage and unsurpassed military sagacity, carried on 
 the war with vigor and ability, and brought it to a successful termination 
 by the battle of San Jacinto, which he fought in April, 1S36 ; and, in May, 
 Santa Anna signed a treaty of peace, acknowledging the independence of 
 Texas. General Houston was then inaugurated first President in October 
 of tlie same year, and again elected in 1841. In 1846 Texas was admitted 
 into the American Union, and General Houston was elected United States 
 Senator, serving until the close of the Thirty-Fifth Congress, and was elected 
 Governor of Texas in 1859. On the breaking out of the Rebellion, General 
 Houston took neutral grounds, and endeavored to prevent Texas joining the 
 Southern Confederacy, preferring to establish a separate government by 
 iteelf; but he Avas overruled; Texas joined the Confederacy, and the hero 
 
 oi .^..n"^^"^ retired to his plantation in Huntsville, where he died, July 
 <&0, loOo. 
 
85. robp:rt y. hayxe. 
 
 Robert Y, Hatne was born near Charleston, South Carolina, on the 10th day 
 of November, 1*791. His early education was obtained at a grammar-school at 
 Charleston ; his later training was in the school of life. At the age of seventeen, 
 he commenced the study of law, and at the age of twenty-one, began to practice 
 at Charleston. He enlisted in the war of 1812, and entered the army as lieute- 
 nant, and served in various grades to the termination of his enlistment, when he 
 returned to Charleston, and resumed the practice of his profession, in which he 
 soon became prominent. 
 
 His remarkable powers as an orator soon brought him into political notoriety ; 
 and as early as 1814 he was elected a member of the State Legislature, and in 
 1818 was chosen speaker of that body, which office he filled with dignity and 
 promptitude. 
 
 During the session, he was chosen Attorney-General of the State. In 1822, 
 he was elected a member of the United States Senate, which office he retained ten 
 years. It was during his second term that the Nullification difficulties arose be- 
 tween South Carolina and the United States, in which General Hayne took a pro- 
 minent and conspicuous position. In 1832, he was elected a member of the fa- 
 mous " Union and States Rights Convention," and, as Chairman of the " Commit- 
 tee of Twenty-dne," he reported the " Ordinance of Nullification," which was adopt- 
 ed by the Convention. He was immediately chosen Governor of the State, and, 
 on the receipt of President Jackson's famous proclamation against the Nullifiers 
 of South Carolina, Governor Hayne sent forth a counter proclamation "full of 
 lofty defiance and determined resolution." After much plotting and counter- 
 plotting, South Carolina repealed her ordinance of Nullification, and the United 
 States modified the tariff. 
 
 In 1834, General Hayne was elected Mayor of tlie city of Charleston, and in 
 1837 was chosen President of the Charleston, Louisville, and Cincinnati Railroad 
 Company. This office he held until his death, which took place at Asheville, 
 North Carolina, September 24, 1841, in the fiftieth year of his age. 
 
 The celebrated passage at arras, in 1830, between him and the Senator from 
 Massachusetts (Daniel Webster) will long be remembered by those who witness- 
 ed it as one of the most gallant and interesting conflicts ever fought on the field of • 
 senatorial debate ; and furnished examples of powerful eloquence which will be 
 quoted for centuries to come. A very large aud elaborate painting, by Healey, 
 representing Webster's reply to Hayne, giving life-size portraits of all the sena- 
 tors then in the Senate Chamber, as well as other distinguished men who listened 
 to that master piece of eloquence, was presented to the city of Boston, Massa- 
 chusetts, and placed on exhibition in Faneuil Hall, where it can be seen by the 
 pubUc at all times. 
 
86. THOMAS H. BENTON. 
 
 Thomas H. Benton -^as born in North Carolina, in the year 1783, and 
 Avas educated at Chapel Hill College. 
 
 He left that institution without receiving a degree, and forthwith coxn- 
 nieuced the study of the law, in William and Mary's College, Virginia, 
 under Mr. St. George Tucker. In 1810 he entered the United States Army, 
 and in 1811 was at Nashville, Tennessee, where he commenced the practice 
 of law, and became one of General Jackson's staff in the militia, with the 
 rank of Colonel. 
 
 He soon after went to St. Louis, Missouri, to reside, where he connected 
 himself with the press, as editor of a newspaper. He thoroughly identified 
 liimself with the interests of the West, and became their leading and most 
 prominent advocate. 
 
 In 1820 he was elected to the United States Senate, and remained ia 
 that body until the session of 1851, at which time he failed of re-election. 
 As Missouri was not admitted into the Union as a State until August 10, 
 1821, more than a year of Mr. Benton's term of service expired before he 
 took his seat. He employed himself, during this interval, in acquiring a 
 knowledge of the language and literature of Spain. Immediately after he 
 appeared in the Senate, he took a prominent part in the deliberations of 
 that body, and rapidly rose to eminence and distinction. Few public 
 measures were discussed between the years 1821 and 1851, that he did not 
 participate in largely ; and the influence he wielded was always felt and 
 confessed by the country. 
 
 He was one of the chief props and supporters of the administrations of 
 General Jackson and Martin Van Buren. The Democrats of Missouri long 
 clung to him as their apostle and leader, and it required a Herculean effort 
 to defeat him. He had served thirty years, when others aspired to the 
 honors he enjoyed, and he was, consequently, defeated. 
 
 In 1852 he was a candidate from St. Louis for Representative to Congress, 
 and was elected. He held his seat in that body for two years, when he 
 retired, and devoted himself to the production and publication of two great 
 works : " Thirty Years in the United States Senate," and " An Abridge- 
 ment of the Debates in Congress." The latter he had hardly finished, when 
 he died, at Washington, April 10, 1858. 
 
 Mr. Benton was distinguished for great learning, an iron will, practical 
 mind, and strong memory. His speeches, when written, were firmly fixed 
 in his mind, so that he could repeat them accurately in public, without the 
 manuscript/ which miglit be, at the time, in the printer's hands. 
 
 As a public speaker, he was not interesting, or calculated to produce an 
 effect on the passions of an audience. His parliamentary efforts were in- 
 tended for flip closet rather than for tlie forum, and, when published, were 
 read with avidity, always producing a decided influence.? e was indus- 
 triou^ determined, and unyielding, with pockets overflowin th statistics, 
 and his head full of historicallore. - 
 
87. JOSHUA B. GIDDINGS' 
 
 Joshua R Giddings was bom in Athens, 'Bradford County, Pennsyl- 
 vania, October 6, 1795. When he was ten years old, his parents removed 
 to Ohio, and settled on the " Western Beserve," at Ashtabula. When 
 seventeen years of age, he entered the army, as a substitute for his brother, 
 and saw service ag'aiust the Indians. He afterward taught school, studied 
 law, and was admitted to ihe bar in 1820. 
 
 In 1826 Mr. Giddings commenced his political career, as a Representa- 
 tive to the State Legislature ; but declining a re-election, he pursued his 
 profession until 1838, when he was chosen a member of Congress, as a suc- 
 cessor to his instructor, Mr. Whittelsey. 
 
 Henceforward his career became identified with anti-Slavery. 
 
 By the side of John Q. Adams, he defended the right of petition, declared 
 for the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia, and espoused the 
 cause of territorial freedom. The slave power in Congress repressed his 
 efforts in 1839, and in 1841 he got leave to speak against the Florida war, as 
 a pro-Slavevy measure. 
 
 In 1843 the celebrated Creole case occurred, in which the slaves on board 
 a vessel of that name, sailing from Virginia for New Orleans, rose, and car- 
 ried that vessel into a British port. 
 
 Indemnification being demanded of the British Government, Mr. Gid- 
 dings offered a series of resolutions, utterly denying the jui-isdiction of our 
 Government in the case, or the violation of any law by the persons seeking 
 to obtain their freedom. 
 
 These resolutions created great excitement in the House. Mr. Botts, of 
 "Virginia, offered a resolution of censure ; but objection being made to Mr. 
 Botts, as a slave-State man, Mr. Weller, of Ohio, renewed the censure, 
 which was passed, without waiting to hear Mr. Giddings, by a vote of 125 
 to 69. Mr. Giddings thereupon resigned, and returned home ; but was 
 immediately re-elected by the people of his district, and he returned in a 
 few weeks to resume his duties in Congress. 
 
 He was re-elected to each successive Congress till 1861, when he declined 
 a nomination, and was appointed, by Mr. Lincoln, Consul-General for Can- 
 ada, the duties of which office he discharged at Montreal until his death, 
 from heart disease. May 27, 1864. 
 
 Mr. Giddings was twenty-one years in Congress, and was always fore- 
 most as a leader in opposition to slavery ; in fact, every measure, whether of 
 compromise with, or recognition of the extension of slavery, met with his 
 strenuous opposition. 
 
 In addition to his forensic labors, he published essays enforcing his 
 arguments for freedom. He also published, " A History of the Rebellion, 
 its Authors, and Causes." 
 
 Mr. Giddings was a man of ardent temperament, and, like all the lenders 
 in the great reform which led to the abolition of slavery, was so persistently 
 held up to obloquy, that it is difiicult, oven yet, to credit them with the 
 Jmpai-tial verdict whicli truth and history will awar(J. - 
 
88. WILLIAM L. MARCY. 
 
 WiLLiA'M L. Marcy was born iu Sturbridge (now Soutbbridge), Mas^ 
 sachusetts, December 12, 1786. 
 
 He received bis academical education at Leicester, and entered Brown 
 University, Providence, Rbode Island, wbere be graduated in 1808. 
 
 He taught scbool for a while in Newport, studied law and commenced 
 pracice m'Troy, New York. He heartily approved the policy of Jeffer- 
 son and Madison, and the principles of the Republican party. 
 
 On the breaking out of the war of 1812 be enlisted, was appointed 
 lieutenant and marched to the northern frontier, where he took the first 
 prisoners (on land) during the war, which were retained. Gen. Cass hav- 
 ing previously captured some, and lost them again. 
 
 During the Avar, he brought himself into general notice by a series of 
 articles which he wrote and published (in the Albany Argus) over the sig- 
 nature of "Vindex," in justification of the w^ar, Avhich were characterized 
 by great research and unusual force of argument. He early formed the 
 acquaintance of IMartin Van Buren, which ripened into intimacy. He 
 was appointed Recorder o*" Troy in 1816, and m 1821 was appointed Adju- 
 tant General of tlie State of New York. In 1823 he was chosen Coini> 
 troller, and removed to Albany. 
 
 He was appointed Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the 
 State in 1829, and in 1881 was elected United States Senator, where al- 
 most the first act of his senatorial career was to defend his friend Van 
 Buren, who liad been appointed to the English Mission. 
 
 In 1832 he was elected Governor of New York, and re-elected in 1834. 
 He was again nominated for that office in 1838, but was defeated b}^ Wm. 
 H. Seward, the Whig candidate. He was appointed by President Van 
 Buren one of the Commissioners to decide upon the claims against the 
 Mexican government. In 1845 he was appointed Secretary of War, by 
 President Polk, which he held during his administration. His services 
 during the Mexican war were of great value to the President and the na- 
 tion. From 1853 to 1857 he was Secretary of State under President 
 Pierce. 
 
 He was a member of the "Albany Regency," and had the reputation 
 of being a shrewd political tactician, and probably has never been sur- 
 passed in this respect, by any of the politicians of New York, except 
 Martin Van Buren. He was not a graceful speaker, but as a writer he 
 ranked high. His style was strontr clear and perspicuous, flowinf? with 
 ease and elegance. He died at Ballston Spa, New York, July 4, 1857. 
 
89. DAVID CEOCKET. 
 
 David Ckocket, the eccentric, laughter-loving, fun-making backwoods- 
 man, of whom more amusing stories have been told than of any other man 
 in our country, was born at the mouth of Limestone E,iver, Green Connty, 
 Tennessee, August 17, 1786. lie was of Irish descent, and the natural 
 humor of that race appears in every passage of our hero's life. 
 
 At the time of his birth. East Tennessee was a mere wilderness, and 
 David grew up without the means of education, save such as an occasional 
 month at some rustic school, or the lessons taught him in his own rude 
 home, afforded. When he was seven years of age, his father became sud- 
 denly bankrupt, by a conflagration, when he removed to Jefferson County, 
 and opened a small public house. Here the boy remained, helping his 
 father, until about twelve years of age, when he was hired out to a Dutch- 
 man, as a drover-boy, of whom he soon became tired, and ran away. After 
 wandering about for some time, and getting much rough usage, he reached 
 his father's house, where he remained for one year, when he ran away from 
 home, and joined another cattle-drover, bound for Western Virginia, who 
 turned him loose at the end of his journey, with only four dollars in his 
 pocket. 
 
 Now (to use his own language) he commenced "knocking about for him- 
 self ;" and for three years did young Crocket " knock about," when he 
 returned home, went to school a few weeks, fell in love several times, unsuc- 
 cessfully, and at length was married in 1810, and became a father. He 
 lived at first with his wife's mother, working a little, and hunting a great 
 deal, for his subsistence. 
 
 After two years he set up his own cabin on Elk River, where he culti- 
 vated a few acres for his bread, and ranged the forest for his meat. 
 
 In 1813 he enlisted as a volunteer under General Jackson, and was in 
 several hard-fought battles, the foremost among the brave. His merriment, 
 his Dutch anecdotes, and bear stories, his wonderful shooting, his fortitude, 
 and his courage, made him a universal favorite, and the very life of the 
 camp. 
 
 At the close of the war he was honored with the title of Colonel, elected 
 Justice of the Peace, and afterward sent to the Legislature, where he be- 
 came celebrated as the "Member from the Cane." 
 
 He soon removed to Western Tennessee, where ho became the " crack 
 shot of all those diggins." 
 
 In 1828 he was elected Representative to Congress, and re-elected in 
 1830. At Washington he was a conspicuous personage, and became very 
 popular with the members, being the only genuine backwoodsman ever in 
 Congress. 
 
 He afterward enlisted in the Texan cause, and died fighting for its in- 
 dependence. After defending a fort for ten hours against tremendous odds, 
 he surrendered to Santa Anna, who ordered him to be murdered, and he 
 fell, pierced by ten swords. 
 
 Colonel Crocket was brave and generous to a fault. At a time of great 
 scarcity, ho took a load of corn to his " old sturaping-ground." When a 
 man came to buy his corn, the first question he asked was : " Have you tlie 
 money to pay for it P* If answered, " yes," Davy's reply was : "You can't 
 have a kernel : I b'l'oHght it to gell to p«?ople who have no ratmey !" 
 
90. WILLIAM R KING-. 
 
 William K. King was born in North Carolina, in 1786. He was not a 
 brilliant boy ; but, by constant application, ho was enabled to surmount 
 difficulties at which many a genius would have stumbled and fallen. At a 
 very early age he entered into political life, and his fellow-citizeus showed 
 their estimation of his abilities and honesty, by intrusting him with several 
 minor offices, the faithful discharge of the duties of which led them to select 
 him to represent their interests in Congress, before he was twenty-five 
 years of age. 
 
 In 1811 Mr. King went to the United States House of Representatives, 
 and served acceptably to his constituents for two terms. Not long after the 
 close of this service, he removed into the Territory of Alabama, then about 
 to become a State. When it was admitted into the Union, he was chosen 
 United States Senator from the new State, and continued for twenty -five 
 years, without intermission, a most faithful, diligent, and consistent member 
 of that body. 
 
 In 1844, President Tyler appointed him Minister to France, where he 
 represented his country with great credit and satisfaction, and was received 
 bj'- Louis Phillippe with marked distinction. He returned to the United 
 States in 1847, and was called again to the National Senate, by the 
 citizens of Alabama, in 1849. This was the commenoement of the adminis- 
 tration of President Taylor, as President of the United States, by whose 
 untimely death it passed into the hands of Mr. Filmore. Mr. King was 
 chosen to succeed Mr. Filmore, as President pro tern, of the Senate, and, 
 consequently, acting Vice-President of the United States. 
 
 At the Democratic Convention which met at Baltimore in 1852, Mr. 
 King was nominated for Vice-President, with Franklin Pierce, of New Hamp- 
 shire, for President, and was elected. But he was not permitted to enjoy 
 his new and well-deserved honor. His health, which had long been pre- 
 carious, now failed him altogether, and his disease assumed the most alarm- 
 ing symptoms. 
 
 He soon found himself the doomed victim of that scourge of our climate, 
 consumption. After trying the usual remedies, without success, he was 
 pent to Cuba, at the expense of the Government, to try the effect of change 
 of climate. But death had marked him for his own, and he returned just 
 in season to expire in the bosom of his family, at the age of sixty-seven, in 
 the year 1853. 
 
91. DE WITT CLINTON. 
 
 De Witt Clinton was born in the State of New York, March 2, 1769. 
 He entered Columbia College in 1784, as a junior, and graduated, in 178(5, 
 the first scholar in his class. 
 
 He studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1789, opening his office 
 in New York City. Scarcely, however, had he commenced, practice when 
 he received an appointment as Private Secretary to his uncle. Governor 
 Clinton. Thus introduced to political life, he pursued it until death. 
 
 In 1797 he was elected a Member of the Assembly, from New York City, 
 and the next year was sent to the State Senate. While in this office he 
 signalized himself as a ready and forcible debater. 
 
 In 1802 he was elected to the United States Senate. He held this office 
 during two sessions, when he resigned, having been elected Mayor of New 
 York City. While in the Senate ho gave his support to Mr. Jefferson and 
 his party. 
 
 Mr. Clinton continued in the office of Mayor until 1815, with the excep- 
 tion of two years. During this time he was repeatedly sent to the Senate 
 of his native State, where he introduced a number of important laws, and 
 developed his plan of internal improvement. 
 
 In 1811 he was elected Lieutenant-Governor, and while an incumbent 
 of that office he ran as candidate for President of the United States, in 
 opposition to Mr. Madison, but was unsuccessful. 
 
 In 1818 he was elected Governor of New York almost without opposition, 
 and was re-elected in 1820. On the adoption of the new Constitution, he 
 retired from office, but was again elected Governor in 1824, and retained the 
 office until his death. 
 
 Meanwhile the gi'cat project of Mr. Clinton had been carried forward to 
 its grand consummation, and the autumn of 1825 witnessed the triumphant 
 completion of " The Great Erie Canal," when a current of joy ran through 
 the entire length of the land. 
 
 Mr. Clinton was the patron and friend of popular education, agriculture, 
 commerce, internal improvements, the arts and sciences, and for provisions 
 for the insane, for the sick, for the blind, and the convict. His was a most* 
 versatile mind, and he seemed proficient in whatever department of civil or 
 political life he happened to be placed. He had a word for all occasions, 
 and a hand for every good work. 
 
 On the 11th of February, 1828, while conversing with his family in his 
 study, he expired instantly of disease of the heart. 
 
 The name of De Witt Clinton is forever associated with progress. His 
 enduring monument is the great Erie Canal, a work, for its time, never 
 excelled in this country ; and whether it may be destined to fall more and 
 more into desuetude, or become a source of more extended use — by being 
 enlarged, so as to admit of shipping to pass from the Atlantic to the 
 lakes— it will forever stand out as one of the giant creations of a colossal 
 mind. 
 
92. EUFUS CHOATE. 
 
 KUFUS CnOATE was bom in Ipswich, Massachusetts, October 1, 1799. 
 
 He entered Dartmouth Colleg-e in 1815, and graduated, with much eclat, 
 in 1819. After leaving- colleg-e, he was chosen Tutor, which he shortly after 
 resigned, and entered the Law School at Cambridge. 
 
 Afterward he studied a year with Mr. Wirt, and completed his studies 
 with Judge Cummins, of Salem. He commenced practice in the town of 
 Danvers, in 1824, and distinguished himself as an advocate. 
 
 Ills legal arguments, replete with knowledge, conducted with admirable 
 skill, evincing uncommon power in the analysis and application of evidence, 
 blazing with the blended fires of imagination and sensibility, and delivered 
 with a rapidity and animation of manner which swept along the m.ind3 of 
 his hearers on the torrent of his eloquence, made him one of the most suc- 
 cessful advocates in the country. His manner was now impetuous, violent ; 
 anon, soft as a woman's ; now stirring the intellect and the passions ; then 
 touching with the sweetest pathos the seals of the heart's deepest wells, 
 until they melt away, and suffer all the waters of tenderness to come gush- 
 ing up into the eyes of the listener. All this was aided by a voice sometimes 
 sweeter than any flute, and presently as stirring as the blast of a trumpet. 
 "When he addressed a jury, or a popular assembly, he brought to his aid the 
 entire anatomy of his frame — lips, eyes, arms, and legs; even the very gar- 
 ments which he wore. 
 
 His political life commenced in 1825, when he was chosen a m.ember of 
 the House of Representatives in the General Court of Massachusetts. In 
 1827 he was sent to the Senate, where he soon took a prominent part in the 
 debates, and the energy and sagacity which he displayed gave him a wide 
 reputation. 
 
 In 1883 he was elected a member of Congress from the Essex district. 
 He declined a re-election, and in 1834 removed to Boston, to devote himself 
 to his profession. He soon took a position among the most eminent lawyers 
 at the Suffolk bar ; and for seven years his legal services were in continual 
 demand. 
 
 In 1841, on the retirement of Mr. "Webster from the United States 
 Senate, he was elected to fill his place by a large majority of the Massa- 
 chusetts Legislature. After he resigned his seat in the Senate, he gave 
 himself up wholly to his profession. 
 
 He was, for a time, Kegent of the Smithsonian Institute, but resigned the 
 position. 
 
 The country has produced but few men who ranked higher as an orator, 
 nnd a close, logical reasoner, than the Hon. Hufus Choate, " the great 
 Massachusetts lawyer." 
 
 Ho died at Halifax, Nova Scotia, while on his way to Europe for his 
 health, July 12, 1859. 
 
93. SAMUEL "APPLETON. 
 
 Samuel Appleton, one of the mercnant princes of BostonTwlio for 
 many years commanded the respect of all the citizens of that busy city, and 
 whose charities, by thousands, have fallen, like refreshing rain, on many a 
 blighted heart, was bom in New Ipswich, New Hampshire, June 22, 1706. 
 His early education was acquired at a district school, and completed at six- 
 teen years of age. He worked on the farm with his father until he was 
 twenty-two. 
 
 Believing that a mercantile life would be more congenial to his tastes, 
 he decided to become a merchant. After trying the coiintry a few years, 
 he removed to Boston, where he was remarkably successful. 
 
 He began business on the principle that a straightforward, open, and 
 honest course was the best, nay, the only one, and he never forsook it. 
 
 No man ever lived a life of trade in a more honorable manner. His con- 
 fidence in man was almost unlimited. 
 
 Rev. Mr. Peabody once said to him : " Mr. Appleton, what is your 
 opinion of the honesty of mankind ?" " Very favorable," he replied ; " very 
 generally, I think, they mean to be honest. I have never in my life met 
 with more than three or four cases in which I thought a man intended to 
 be dishonest in dealing with me." 
 
 , As early as 1823, feeling that his wealth was sufficient, he resolved that 
 his fortune should no longer be increased, and he devoted his whole income 
 to charity. Reserving a fair amount to support the expenses of his house- 
 hold, and to gratify a taste for travel, he consecrated the balance sacredly 
 to the purpose of making glad the hearts of the widow and fatherless, and 
 aiding the destitute. Thus his charities amounted in the last years of his 
 life to tens of thousands annually. The poor were sought out and relieved. 
 None ever left his door empty-handed, who could show that they really re- 
 quired assistance. 
 
 The following an(!cdote illustrates the nice sense of justice always cher- 
 ished by Mr. Appleton : 
 
 A favorite nephew, to whom he had bequeathed in his will a large pro- 
 portional amount of his estate, died before him ; and, by the terms of the 
 will, a half-sister, between whom and Mr. Appleton there was no blood- 
 relationship, became entitled to these bequests. 
 
 The executor called Mr. Appleton's attention to the fact, thinking that 
 he might wish to make some change in the disposition of his property. 
 After taking the subject into full consideration, his reply was: " If, in the 
 other world, there is any knowledge of what is done in this, I should not 
 like to have my nephew, whom I loved and trusted, find that ray first act, 
 on learning his death, is the revocation, or curtailment, of a bequest made 
 in his favor, and which, if ho had survived me, would have eventually bene- 
 fited her who was nearest and dearest to him." 
 
 Mr. Appleton's death occurred on the 12th of July, 1853, in the eighty- 
 eighth year of his age. 
 
?r 
 
 94. DANIEL S. DICKINSON. 
 
 Daniel S. Dickinson was born, September 11, 1800, at Goshen, Litch- 
 field County, Connecticut. 
 
 In 1807 his father's family removed to Chenango County, New York, 
 when, with no better advantages than those offered by the common school, 
 Daniel educated himself, not only as a school-teacher, but, by the time he 
 was of age, had mastered the Latin language, and the higher branches of 
 mathematics, and other sciences. 
 
 In 1822 he married a lady of fine intellectual attainments, and turning 
 his attention to the study of the law, was admitted to the bar in 1828, and 
 entered upon the practice of his profession at Binghampton, N. Y., success- 
 fully competing with the ablest lawyers of the State. 
 
 In ISoiy he was elected to the State Senate for four years, and, though 
 one of the youngest members, he speedily became the leader of his party — 
 the Democratic. He was, also, Tresident of the Court for the Correction of 
 Errors. 
 
 In 1842 he was elected, by a large majority, Lieutenant-Governor of the 
 State of New York; and in that capacity, as President of the Senate, then 
 constituting the above Court, gave frequent opinions of importance. 
 
 In 1844 he was chosen an Elector of President of the United States, 
 casting his vote for Polk and Dallas. The same year he was elected to the 
 L nited States Senate, and took an important part in the debates of that 
 body, and was Chairman of the Finance Committee. 
 
 In 18o2 he received the vote of Virginia for the Presidency, at the Bal- 
 timore Convention, but declined in favor of General Cass, in a speech re- 
 markable for its classic taste and style. 
 
 President Pierce nominated him as Collector of the Port of New York, 
 but this lucrative post he also declined. 
 
 At tlie close of his Senatorial term, he resumed with energy the practice 
 of his profession ; and, on the commencement of the Rebellion, he arrayed 
 himself with alacrity on the side of the Union. It was now that his voice 
 was heard arousing his countrymen to the defense of the Government ; and 
 some estimation may be formed of his labors when it is known that he de- 
 livered, for the Union cause, no less than one hundred addresses, each pre- 
 senting distinct and eloquent features. 
 
 ^ l^^l lie was nominated by the Republican party for Attorney-General 
 of the State, and was elected by about one hundred thousand majority votes. 
 President Lincoln nominated him to settle thd Oregon question, which 
 honor he dechned ; and Governor Fen ton tendered him the Judgeship of the 
 Court of Appeals, which he also declined. 
 
 One of the last acts of President Lincoln was to offer him the office of 
 bmtcd States District Attorney for the Southern District of Ne\%^ York, 
 winch he accepted, and the duties of which he continued to perform almost 
 up to the day of his death. 
 
 As a debater, Mr. Dickinson was among the first— being clear, profound, 
 and logical in""' — ™--.i- tt- , " » . » > r- » 
 
 ana logical in argument. His speeches were frequently enriched by classical 
 I,,;'' ''"^'^''^■f .^^ot^tions, evincing the great extent of his reading. Socially, 
 I;. i:l ., .\^''*._*/\^ '^?''^ entertaining of companions. His chief characteris- 
 ii-cat events of the close of his life, was his honest 
 He died in the City of New York, April 12, l^GG. 
 
95. DANIEL BOONE. 
 
 Daniel Boone, the hardy and brave pioneer, and founder of Kentucky, 
 Avas born in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, in 1748. 
 
 While yet a mere boy, his father moved with him to North Carolina. 
 The wild and daring spirit, love of adventure, and fearless intrepidity 
 which characterized his raaturer life, were displayed very early. 
 
 On the 1st day of May, 17G9, Boone, with a few neighbors, started for 
 the Western wilderness, and at length located on the banks of the Red 
 River, in Kentucky. 
 
 He was several times taken prisoner by the Indians, but he had the tact 
 to conciliate them, and the ingenuity to contrive his escape. 
 
 Enduring much by reason of hunger and privation, toiling early and 
 late to reduce the savage waste to a condition of cultivation, he acquired 
 such a passion for his wild and adventurous life, that when, in 1792, Ken- 
 tucky was admitted into the Union, he struck out further into the wilder- 
 ness, and settled in St. Charles, Missouri, forty-five miles above St. Louis. 
 
 Being asked why he left the comforts of a home he had redeemed from 
 savage life, for the renewed trials of a wilderness home, he replied : " Oh, I 
 am too crowded ; I must have more elbow-room !" 
 
 He was often employed by the Government on missions of hostile and 
 friendly intent among the Indians, in all of which he exhibited a statesman- 
 ship and courage which won for him the approval of his employers and the 
 admiration of his savage foes. He resided in his last home about fifteen 
 years, when, losing his wife, who had shared with him all his perilous life, 
 iie went to spend the remnant of his days with his son, Major Nathan 
 Bo.m", where he died in 1822. 
 
 While residing in North Carolina, being about eighteen years of age, he, 
 in company with another yoiith, got up a " fire-hunt," which is conducted 
 as follows : One of the party rides through the forest, with a lighted torch 
 swinging above his head, while the other lies in covert, and gives a signal 
 when he descries a deer for the other to hold the torch stationary, which 
 fixes the eyes of the wondering animal upon it, when he plants a ball ber 
 tween them, and the deer falls a victim to its own curiosity, On this occa^ 
 sion, Boone was in covert, when he saw a pair of eyes through the dim 
 shade of the trees, leveled his rifle, and gave the signal, when, to his aston- 
 ishment, the animal turned and fled, and the brave hunter sprung from his 
 hiding-place, and pursued the game over hill and valley, brake and thicket, 
 until, at length, the affrighted and pursued object rushed into the house of 
 his newly-settled neighbor, Ryan, followed by Boone, of whose confusion 
 we may judge when he saw the object of his pursuit fainting with terror in 
 the old man's ai-ms, for it was his beautiful and only daughter. 
 
 We need not relate how he wooed and won the fair Rebecca, who came 
 so near being the victim of his bullet. 
 
 Boone's life was full of romantic and adventurous exploits. While away 
 from his home in Kentucky, three Indians took his daughter and two other 
 young ladies pi-isoners. Returning home, he commenced the pursiiit alone, 
 overtook the party the following day, and, slajang two of the Indians, re- 
 turned to the fort, bringing the fair captives with him. 
 
96. SILAS WEIGHT. 
 
 Silas Wright, the 12th Governor of the State of New York, was born 
 in Amherst, Massachusetts, May 24, 1795. 
 
 His father removed to Waybridg-e, Vermont, when he was but a year old, 
 where he was brought up on a farm. His rare natural endowments, pru- 
 dence, discernment, and good judgment, early attracted his father's notice, 
 and he determined to give him a liberal education. Accordingly, he entered 
 an academy when he was fourteen years of age, and graduated at Middle- 
 bury College in 1815. 
 
 Self-reliance was early taught him, and it became one of the brightest 
 traits of his character. 
 
 He took a deep interest in the political questions that excited the public 
 mind during tlie War of 1812, and took sides with the republican party. 
 
 He studied law in Albany, and commenced its practice in Canton, New 
 York, where he always resided. 
 
 La^, with him, was common sense. He always gave a plain, sensible 
 reason for his opinion on any subject. 
 
 In State politics, he was an ardent anti-Clinton man, or Bucktail, and a 
 wann admirer of Mr. Van Buren. 
 
 He Avas appointed to the office of Surrogate for St. Lawrence County, 
 February 21, 1821 ; elected State Senator in 1824, and Member of Congress 
 in 1827. 
 
 Upon matters of finance he was always at home. He was placed upon 
 the Committee of Manufactures, and reported the Tariff bill of 1828, and 
 supported it in several able speeches. His ablest effort was made on the 
 Gth of March, and commanded great attention. He afterward regretted liis 
 vote, and pronounced it a great error. 
 
 He wa£ a cordial and influential supporter of Andrew Jackson in 1828. 
 In 1829 he filled the office of Comptroller of the State of New York, and 
 January 4, 1833, was elected United States Senator, to fill the place of Gor- 
 ci'nor ]\Iarcy. 
 
 He sustained President Jackson in his removal of the United States de- 
 posits from the United States Bank to the State Banks, and recommended 
 the Independent Treasury system to Mr. Van Buren in 1837. 
 
 He continued United States Senator until 1844, when he was elected 
 Governor of New York by the Democratic party. 
 
 Ho was offered the nomination of Vice-President with Mr. Polk, but re- 
 fused to accept it. 
 
 Ho retired from the Gubernatorial chair in 1846 to his furm^ where he 
 died, August 27, 1847, of disease of the heart. 
 
97. LEWIS CASS. 
 
 Lewis Cass %vas bom in Exeter, New Hampshire, October 9, 1782. 
 Having received his education at the far-famed academy of his native vil- 
 lage, at the early age of seventecm, he crossed the Alleghany Mountains on 
 foot to seek a home in " the land of promise" — the " great West," then an 
 almost unexplored wilderness. 
 
 He settled in Marietta, Ohio, in 1799, studied law with Governor Meigs, 
 was admitted to the bar in 1803, and became successful and distinguished. 
 Elected to the Legislature of Ohio in 1800, he was active and prominent in that 
 body, and originated the bill which arrested the proceedings of Aaron Burr ; 
 and, as stated by Mr. Jefferson, was the first blow given to what is known 
 as "Burr's Conspiracy." In 1807 he was appointed, by Mr. Jefferson, Marshal 
 of the State, and held this office till the later part of 1811, when he volun- 
 teered to repel Indian aggressions on the frontier. 
 
 lie was elected Colonel of the Third Regiment of Ohio Volunteers, and 
 entered the military service of the United States at the commencement of 
 the War of 1812. Having, by a difficult march, reached Detroit, he was dis- 
 dinguished for energy, activity, and courage. He urged the immediate 
 invasion of Canada, and was the author of the proclamation of that event. 
 He was the first to land in arms on the enemy's shore, and, with a detach- 
 ment of troops, fought and won the first battle — that of Toronto. At the 
 subsequent capitulation of Detroit he was absent on important service ; but, 
 though not present, he was involved in it, and became, with the rest, a 
 prisoner of war. This greatly mortified him, and, for a time, terminated 
 his activity. On being exchanged or released from parole, he was promoted 
 to Brigadier in the Regular Army, and Major-General of the Ohio Volunteers, 
 when he again repaired to the frontier and joined the army for the recovery 
 of Michigan. Being at that time without a command, he served and dis- 
 tinguished himself as a Volunteer Aid to General Harrison at the battle of 
 the Thames, which retrieved the previous reverses of the American arms on 
 the frontier. In 1813 he was api^ointed, by President Madison, Military 
 Governor of Michigan, which position he held until 1831, establishing law 
 and order, preserving peace between the whites and the Indians, and advanc- 
 ing the resources and prosperity of the country. 
 
 Few Americans have been more extensively and successfully engaged 
 in that delicate and difficult kind of diplomacy, " negotiations with Indian 
 tribes," than Mr. Cass, he having assisted at no less than ten councils with 
 the red men of the wilderness. In 1831 he was called by President Jackson 
 to his Cabinet, as Secretary of War. In 1830 he was appointed Minister to 
 Erance, in which capacity he rendered eminent and valuable service by his 
 celebrated protest against the " Quintuple Treaty," which, under the pretext 
 of breaking up the slave trade, provided for an indiscriminate search on the 
 high seas. Pie resigned in 1842, and was elected to the United States Senate 
 in 1845, which place he resigned on being nominated by the Democratic 
 party for President, in 1848. -rr 
 
 Being defeated, he was again elected to the Senate, in 1849. In this posi- 
 tion he greatly distinguished himself as an able, eloquent, and ready 
 debater. In 1857 he was appointed, by President Buchanan, Secretar}-- of 
 State, which position he held until December, 1800, when he resigned, be- 
 cause Mr. Buchanan refused to reinforce Eort INIoultrie, and retired to 
 Detroit, never afterward taking active part in public affairs. ^ 
 
 Mr. Cass was extremely temperate in his habits, never, in the slightest 
 degree, indulging in the use of ardent spirits. He died, June 17, 1800.' 
 
93. CHAELES G. ATHEETON. 
 
 Charles G. Atheuton was bom in Amherst, New Hampshire, in 1804. 
 His early education was received at liome. His mother, a woman of uncom- 
 mon g-ift and piety, assumed the whole charge of her son's education, and 
 taug-ht him ihe rudiments of the English as well as the Latin tongue. 
 
 When of a suitable age to be sent from home, he went to the Academy 
 at Lancaster, Massachusetts, at that time a school of much celebrity, and 
 under the charge of Jared Sparks, the remowned biographical historian. 
 
 Here he remained until 1817, when, losing his mother, he returned home ; 
 and, finishing his preparations for college in his father's office, entered Har- 
 vard University, in 1818, and graduated in 1822. He immediately began the 
 study of law in his father's office ; was admitted to the bar in 1825 ; and 
 opened an office in Dunstable, N. H. (In 183G the name of this town was 
 changed to Nashua.) 
 
 Here, for the space of four years, he assiduously applied himself to the 
 duties of his profession, and had the satisfaction of finding his business 
 widely extending, and his fame as a lawyer rapidly rising at the bar of his 
 native State. 
 
 In 1829 he was nominated by the Democratic party as a candidate for 
 State Representative, but failed to be elected. 
 
 The next year, however, he was elected ; and the two following suffered 
 defeat; but was chosen Clerk of the Senate for both those years. In 1833 
 he was re-elected to the House of Representatives, and was called upon to 
 preside over the deliberations of that body. 
 
 He wfis re-elected in 1834, '35, and '36, and in each year was chosen Speaker 
 — an office he filled with great dignity and impartiality, as well as with the 
 entire approbation of the House. In 1837, Mr. Atherton was transferred to 
 the United States House of Representatives, holding his seat until 1842, 
 when ho was elected to the United States Senate for six years. 
 
 Having served out his term to the entire satisfaction of his constituency 
 in the Granite State, as well as to the party generally, in the country, he 
 retired to Nashua in 1849, and engaged in the active duties of his profes- 
 sion, where he acquired considerable celebrity as a sound lawyer and an 
 able advocate. 
 
 In 1852 he was elected once more to the upper branch of Congress, and 
 took his scat on the 4th of March following. 
 
 He did not live, however, to serve out his term, for on the 15th day of 
 November of that year he died, in the fiftieth year of his age. 
 
V 
 
 99. JOHN DAYIS. 
 
 John Davis was born in Northboro', Massachusetts, January 13, 1787. 
 
 He went through the ordinary preparation, and entered Yale College in 
 18C8, and graduated with much credit to himself in 1812. After a due 
 course of legal reading, he opened a law office in Worcester, Mass., in 1815. 
 
 Rising steadily in his profession, his unselfish and honest course of life 
 elevated him to a high position in the esteem of all who knew him. 
 
 He took a deep and lively interest in all the institutions of his adjpted 
 town, and his voice, his influence, and his example, were ever on the side of 
 all great reforms. 
 
 Education received his fostering care, while the Asylum for the Insane 
 and the Antiquarian Society, which had been established in Worcester, 
 became the objects of his patronage and practical solicitude. 
 
 He commenced his political career in 1825 as Representative to the Con- 
 gress of the United States, which position he held eight years. 
 
 Here he soon experienced the proud satisfaction of knowing that the 
 weight of m.oral character is more than that of mere political influence. 
 He commanded the entire respect of both parties, and when he rose to 
 address the Chair, he received the silent and respectful attention of all 
 parts of the House. 
 
 In 1834, he was chosen Governor of Massachusetts, and was re-elected in 
 1835. In 1836 he was elected to the United States Senate, and in 1841 was 
 again chosen Grovernor, which office he held for three successive terms. 
 
 On the death of Senator Bates, he was elected to fill the unexpired term 
 of that gentleman in the United States Senate, and was re-elected for a 
 second term to the same body for six years, at the expiration of which time 
 he retired to the bosom of his family to spend the evening of his days, free 
 from the entanglements of politics and the labors and vexations of public 
 office, and to repose on his well-earned laurels. He did not live long to en- 
 joy that repose, for he died suddenly, at Worcester, April 19, 1854, aged 
 sixty-seven. 
 
 The name of John Davis was a synonym of all that was noble and manly 
 in life. It passed into a by-word and a proverb, until he was known every- 
 where in the whole land as " Honest John Davis." He attained this fame 
 by a long and uninterrupted course of single, straightforward, honest deal- 
 ing in all the actions of his life. 
 
 He was, for thirty years, mixed up with the principal political actors of 
 our country, without a soil or stain, nor even a mark of the fire on his moral 
 robes. 
 
' 
 
 100. EDWAED EYEEETT. 
 
 Edward Everett was born in Dorchester, Massachusetts, in April, 
 
 1794. * , , , 
 
 lie entered Harvard College at the age of thirteen, and graduated at 
 seventeen, Avith the hi-hcst honors of his class. Having studied divinity, 
 he was ordained pastor of Brattle Square Unitarian Society, in Boston, 
 Massachusetts, where he officiated for two years, with great popularity. 
 Here he acquired the habit of "memoritor" speaking, for which he was 
 always after so remarkable — not having been known, in a single instance, 
 to consult his notes for over a quarter of a century. 
 
 In 1814, having accepted the office of Greek Professorship of Harvard 
 College, he traveled in Europe four years, spending more than two years at 
 the famous University of Gottingen. On his return, in 1819, he entered 
 at once upon the duties of his Professorship, in the discharge of which he 
 won the reputation of being the first Greek scholar of the age. 
 
 He soon after became editor of the North American Review, and infused 
 into its dying pages new life, elevating its literary tone and character, and 
 vindicating .^American principles and institutions against British travelers 
 and critics. 
 
 In 1824 he delivered the annual oration before the Phi Beta Kappa So- 
 ciety, at Cambridge, Massachusetts. The peroration (being dedicated 
 to Lafayette, who was present) touched a chord of sympathy which brought 
 the whole audience rising to their feet, and, with tears of gratitude, gave 
 the veteran hero such a welcome shout as none but j)atriot hearts ever feel, 
 and patriot lips express. 
 
 In 1825 he was sent to Congress from the Middlesex district, and con- 
 tinued to occupy his seat for ten years. In 1835 he retired from Congress, 
 and was elected Governor of Massachusetts for four successive years. In 
 1841 he was appointed Minister to England, for which position he was pre- 
 eminently qualified. 
 
 On his return, in :'S45, he was elected President of Harvard College, 
 which position he resigned in 1849. On the death of Daniel Webster, in 
 1852, ho was appointed Secretary of State, by President Filmore, which 
 office he resigned for a seat in the United States Senate. This position he 
 also resigned in 1855. He afterward added to his reputation by delivering 
 orations on the Life of Washington, and other topics, all being for charita- 
 ble purposes. 
 
 Ho was the intimate friend of Daniel Webster, and wrote the best life 
 extant of that distinguished man. 
 
 In 1860 he was nominated for Vice-President, by the Union party, but 
 was defeated. Mr. Everett's greatest days were his last. He then broke 
 away from his own traditions and associations, and raountod to that wise, 
 largo patriotism which has guided twenty loyal millions to life and glory. 
 Ho waited not till victory crowned our arms, but in those first days his 
 clarion voice sounded over the land for the victory of our arms. 
 
 His voice was last heard January 12, 18G5, for the relief of the Savannah 
 suflerers, where he caught a cold that terminated his life, January 15, 1865. 
 
101. JOHN J. CEITTENDEN. 
 
 John J. Crittenden was born in September, 1786, in Woodford 
 County, Kentucky. When quite young he entered the army, and during 
 the war of 1812 he served as Major, under General Hopkins, and as aid-de- 
 camp to Governor Shelby, at the battle of the Thames. After studying 
 law, he opened an office in Frankfort, Kentucky, where he speedily rose to 
 a high position in his profession. He served a number of years in the 
 State Legislature, and was chosen Speaker. 
 
 His uncommon talents, combined with the ease and fluency of his public 
 address, made him a popular man with his party ; while his sound judg- 
 ment, and powers of close, cogent argument, marked him as a growing 
 lawyer and budding statesman. 
 
 In 1817 he was elected by the Whig party to the Senate of the United 
 States. 
 
 After two years' service he returned to Frankfort, and for the space of 
 sixteen years devoted himself to the duties of his profession, and rose to 
 the highest rank as a lawyer, being retained in all the most difficult and 
 abstruse legal questions which came before the courts of Kentucky. During 
 this period he occasionally served in the Legislature. 
 
 In 1835 he was once more called into public life by an election to the 
 United States Senate, from which time he continued to serve his country in 
 various capacities until his death. He occupied his seat in the Senate for 
 six years, and in 1841 was appointed, by President Harrison, Attorney- 
 General of the United States ; but, in September, 1841, Mr. Tyler having 
 succeeded General Harrison to the Presidency, he resigned, with other 
 members of the Cabinet, and retired to private life. 
 
 He was soon, however, called, by the Legislature, to resume his seat in 
 the Senate of the United States, in 1842, to fill an unexpired term ; and waa 
 again elected, to serve for six years from 1843 ; but, in 1848, having received 
 the Whig nomination for Governor of Kentucky, he retired from the Senate, 
 and was elected to that office, which he held until his appointment as Attor- 
 ney-General by President Filmore. 
 
 This position he held throughout that administration, discharging its 
 duties with a fidelity and ability alike honorable to himself and the Govern- 
 ment he helped to administer. He was again elected to the United States 
 Senate in 1855, for the term ending March 4, 1861, and was, when he re- 
 tired, the olclest member of that body. 
 
 He was elected, in 1860, a Representative from Kentucky to the Thirty- 
 seventh Congress. 
 
 Daring the excitement in Congress preceding the seceding of the South- 
 ern States, Mr. Crittenden brought forward his plan of adjusting the diffi- 
 culty, which were designated as "The Crittenden Compromise Measures." 
 They were not accepted, and when the Rebellion commenced, Mr. Crittenden 
 was found on the side of the Union. He died July 25, 1863. 
 
10-2. ALBEET S. JOHNSTON. 
 
 General At-bert Sidney Johnston was born in the year 1803, in Macon 
 County, Kentucky, and received his early education at thcJTransylvania 
 University, in that State. 
 
 At the age of nineteen he entered the West Point academy as a cadet, 
 and graduat'ed on the oOth of June, 1820. He was breveted Second Lieu- 
 tenant in the Second Infantry, but was subsequently transferred, in 1827, 
 to the Sixth Infantry, and served as Adjutant of his regiment from 1828 to 
 18o2. From May 8 to the year 1833, he was Aid to Brigadier-General At- 
 kinson. ... '* 
 
 On the 31st of Ma}^, 1834, he resigned his commission in the Regular 
 Army, and went to reside in Missouri. 
 
 In 1830 he emigrated to Texas, arriving there shortly after the battle of 
 San Jacinto. There, alone, and perfectly unknown, he determined to begin 
 a new career. At the time he entered Texas, an intestine war was raging, 
 and, without hesitation, he entered the Republican army, in General Rusk's 
 division, as a private soldier. The General speedily discovered his abilities, 
 and made him Adjutant-General of his command. Subsequently, he was 
 made senior Brigadier-General of the Texan arm}'", and was appointed to 
 succeed General Felix Hoxiston in the chief command. 
 
 In 1838 he was chosen Secretary of AVar of the new Republic, under 
 President Lamar ; and the following year he organized an expedition against 
 the Cherokees, seven hundred strong, who were defeated at a battle on the 
 Neuches. 
 
 In 1840 he retired from the service, and settled on a plantation in Bra- 
 zonia County, near Galveston. Here he remained, quietly attending to his 
 new home, until the Mexican War broke out, in 1846, when, at the request 
 of General Taylor, he allowed his daring spirit to again find vent in the 
 battle-field, and was elected Colonel of the First Texas Regiment, serving 
 as such from June 18, to August 24, 1846, when he v.-as appointed Aid and 
 Inspector-General to General Butler, and in that capacity he was in the 
 famous battle of Monterey; where, during the fight, his horse was three 
 times shot under him. 
 
 On the declaration of peace, he retired to his farm ; but, on the 31st of Oc- 
 tober, 1849 he was appointed, by President Taylor, Paymaster of the Regular 
 Army, with rank of Major. In the fall of 1857, he was appointed by President 
 Buchanan to the command of the Utah Expedition, sent to quell the Mor- 
 mons, who had shown much disturbance, where, for his ability, zeal, and 
 energy, he was breveted Brigadier-General (dating from November, 1847), 
 and full Commander of the Military District of Utah, and was afterward 
 sent to California. 
 
 When Texas seceded, he resigned his commission, joined the Confederate 
 army, and was assigned to the command of the Department of Kentucky, 
 with headquarters at Bowling Green. 
 
 The fall of Fort Donaldson made the evacuation of Bowling Green imper- 
 ative, and he joined General Beauregard at Corinth, where their united 
 forces were prepared, early in April, to strike a heavy blow at the enemy, 
 which was attempted on the field of Shiloh. 
 
 General Johnston was in the advance, driving the enemy before him, 
 j-hen at two o'clock of April 0, 18G2, a minnie-ball cut the artery of his leg. 
 Mill he rode on, until, from loss of blood, he fell exhausted, and, at half-past 
 two quietly breathed his last. Thus, early in the war, died one of the most 
 fearless soldiers and ablest generals of the Rebel arm v. 
 
103. GEN. JOHN SEDGWICK. 
 
 Gen. John Sedgwick was born at Cornwall, Connecticut, in 1815, 
 graduated at "West Point, in 1837 ; was breveted Major and Captain for gal- 
 lant conduct in the Mexican War ; and at the breaking out of the Rebellion 
 held the position of Lieutenant in the United States Cavalry ; soon promoted 
 to Colonel of the 4th Cavalry; and, in August, 1861, was commissioned 
 Brigadier-General of Volunteers. As commander of the od Division of 
 Sumner's Corps he participated in the Peninsular campaign, and particularly 
 distinguished himself at Fair Oaks. 
 
 Ho was wounded at Antietam, promoted to Major-General of Volunteers 
 in December, 1802, and to the command of the Gth Army Corps in February, 
 18G-J. During the Chancellorsville campaign he stormed and captured St. 
 Marie Heights in the rear of Fredericksburg ; and, subsequently, after hard 
 fighting against overwhelming numbers, bucceeded in crossing the Rap- 
 pahannock with his command. He had an honorable share in the Gettys- 
 burg campaign; and, in November, I860, was publicly thanked by General 
 Meade for a well-executed movement on the Rapidan, by which he captured 
 a whole Rebel division, with several guns and colors, and compelled Le(5 to 
 retreat beyond the river. 
 
 He took an active and important share in the battles of the "Wilderness, 
 with which General Grant began his advance upon Richmond, in May, 1864. 
 On Friday, the Gth, the second day of the fight, his corps was suddenly and 
 fiercely assailed, and nearly two brigades under his command were swept 
 away. The whole right wing, and, indeed, the whole army was in imminent 
 peril, but Sedgwick, by incessant exertion and personal exposure, rallied his 
 troops, and finally repulsed the enemy. On Saturday and Sunday the fight- 
 ing was frequent and less severe. 
 
 On Monday, there was comparative quiet. The array was entrenched 
 near Spottsylvania Court-House, and General Sedgwick walked out to the 
 advance of his breast-works to superintend the placing of his artillery. 
 A constant humming of bullets from the Rebel sharp-shooters about this 
 place, caused the soldiers in the works to dodge and duck their heads. 
 The General smiled at them good-naturedly, and said, " Who ever heard of 
 a soldier dodging a bullet ? Why, they could not hit an elephant at this 
 distance." There was a laugh at this, and the General was still smiling at 
 the banter, when one of his staft' heard the buzz of a bullet culminate in 
 what seemed an explosion, close by his side. "That must have been an 
 explosive bullet. General," he said. No answer. But as the General turned 
 his face toward the officer, a sad smile was upon it ; in another instant he 
 fell backward, lifeless — the bullet had entered his brain ! Thus died, May 
 9, IS 64, one of the best examples of & practical soldier this war has pro- 
 duced. 
 
 General Sedgwick was a bachelor ; and probably on account of the ab- 
 sence of marital ties, he attached himself more strongly to those with whom 
 he was connected in the intimate relations of the camp. He lived among 
 his staff like a father among children. He was exceedingly quiet in his 
 deportment, and in matters pertaining to his profession he was fully posted. 
 
 He thoroughly understood all the duties of a soldier, and could handle 
 his coi'pa with a prompitude and decision not excelled by any other com- 
 mander. His faithful performance of duty was instigated by a love of the 
 profession, not from ambition for renown or position : for both had been 
 offered bim, 
 
104. GENEEAL W. J. WOETH. 
 
 "W. J. ■W'oRTn was born in New York in 1794. His early education \ras 
 ])lain and limited. At tlie age of fifteen he commenced his career as clerk 
 to a merchant in Hudson, Kew York. Three years later, on the breaking 
 out of the war of lb!l2, he enlisted in the ranks as a private soldier. He 
 did not long remain in that hijrable station. His skill and energy, as well 
 as his invincible courage, which even then began to appear, did not go 
 unnoticed by his superiors, and he was, in a short time, promoted to a 
 Lieutenancy in the Twenty-Third Regiment. 
 
 His military career faixdy commenced at the battle of Chippewa, where 
 his valor was rewarded by the brevet of Captain; and at the sanguinary 
 battle of Lundy's Lane, his sword won for him a Major's commission. So 
 rapidly did he rise, that in two years after he entered the ranks as a private, 
 we find him spurring his charger across the field as a commissioned officer. 
 On the promulgation of peace. Colonel Worth was appointed Superin- 
 tendent of the Military School at West Point, which office he held until he 
 was sent to Flox'idA to succeed General Armistead, in 1841. 
 
 On assuming command in Florida, Colonel Worth immediately com- 
 menced the most active and energetic measures; and on the 17th of April, 
 1842, he forced the Indians to battle at Polaklaklaba, and so thoroughly 
 whipped them that they could not afterwards be induced to meet him in 
 anything like a fair fight. For his gallantry on this occasion he was bre- 
 vetted Brigadier-General. 
 
 On the commencement of hostilities in Mczico, General Worth was 
 detached to Corpus Christi to join General Ta3'-lor. Dissatisfied with his 
 relative position, he hastened to Washington, and resigned his commission. 
 In the meantime, the gallant actions of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma 
 had been telegraphed to the capital. Stung by remorse, that he should 
 have suffered such fair fields whereon to gather laurels to escape him, he 
 canceled his resignation, and, flying back to Mexico, reached the army 
 while it was investing Monterey, 
 
 Dividing his army into nearly two equal divisions, General Taylor lead- 
 ing one, gave the other to the gallant Worth. They led their forces against 
 the town in opposite directions. Worth carried all the forts on the Saltillo 
 Road, and entered the streets just as the town capitulated to General Taylor, 
 who had reached the Plaza on the other side. For his exploits here, Worth 
 was made Brevet Major-General. At Molina Del Rey, by almost superhu- 
 man efforts, he assaulted and successfully carried that nearly impregnable 
 fortress. He also fought with distinction at Cerro Gordo, Cherubusco, 
 and at the storming of the gates of Mexico. 
 
 After facing death on so many battle-fields, he fell a victim to cholera, 
 lit San Antonia de Bexar, Texas, May 7, 1849. 
 
 Af.er Taylor and Scott, he was, perhaps, the most efficient — certainly, 
 the most popular— of the Generals jn the war with Mexico. 
 
105. JAMES S. WAM>SWOETH. 
 
 James S. Wardsworth was born in Geneseo, New York, October 30, 
 1807. He was educated at Harvard and Yale Colleges, and studied law 
 with McKeon & Denniston, at Albany, and afterward with Daniel Webster. 
 
 He was admitted to the bar in 183o, to which profession, however, he 
 did not give much of his time, for, having inherited an immense estate in 
 one of the finest regions of Western New York, he devoted himself chiefly 
 to its improvement. 
 
 Although he never held office, he took a lively interest in the political 
 questions of the day, and became a prominent member of the Republican 
 l>arty. 
 
 On the withdrawal of the seceding States from the Union, he was 
 appointed one of the Commissioners to the Peace Conference which met in 
 Washington, February 4, 18G1. 
 
 He afterward, on the breaking out of the Rebellion, embarked heartily 
 in the cause of the Union, and was proposed by Governor Morgan for a 
 Major-Generalship, but he waived the honor in favor of General Dix. 
 
 He served as volunteer aid to General McDowell at the first battle of 
 Bull Run, displaying great gallantry and coolness, and, after having his 
 horse shot under him, seized the colors of a panic-stricken regiment, and 
 called upon the men to " rally ©nee more for the glorious Old Flag^ August 
 9, 1861, he was commissioned Brigadier-General of Volunteers, and in 
 March, 1862, was appointed Military Governor of the District of Columbia, 
 and commander of the forces for the defense of Washington. 
 
 That year he was nominated for Governor of New York, but was defeated 
 by Horatio Seymour. 
 
 lu December, 1863, he was assigned to the command of the Eleventh 
 Army Corps, and took part in the battle of Chancellorsville, under General 
 Hooker. At Gettysburg he commanded the First Division of the First 
 Corp>, and distinguished himself by personal daring, and skillful manage- 
 ment of his troops. 
 
 On the first day of Grant's battles in the Wilderness, May 5, 1864, his 
 division lost nearly a third of its numbers. On the next day, the Cth, he 
 was ordered to attack A. P. Hill. 
 
 For more than an hour the conflict raged fearfully ; success appeared to 
 waver; and, finally, General Wardsworth ordered his men to charge. He 
 was answered by cheer upon cheer, for his men knew that when gray- 
 headed " Pap Wardsworth" rode into the fight, there was fighting to be 
 done. 
 
 Spurring his horse to the front, he was in the act of leading his troops, 
 hat in hand, when a bullet struck him in the forehead, killing him instantly, 
 May 0, 1864. 
 
r W ^ 
 
 106. JESSE L. KENO. 
 
 Jesse L. Reno, Major-General of Volunteers in the United States 
 Army, was born in Virginia, in 1825. He was appointed a cadet in the 
 Militti'ry Academy at West Point, from Pennsylvania, and graduated in 
 1S4(!, and commissioned Brevet Second Lieutenant in the Ordnance Depart- 
 ment. 
 
 He served Avith distinction in the Mexican War, and was promoted for 
 g-aUantry at Cerro Gordo. He commanded a howitzer battery at the storm- 
 ing of Chcpultepec, in which engagement he was severely wounded, and 
 breveted Caj^tain. At the close of the war he was appointed Assistant-Pro- 
 fessor of Mathematics at West Point, where he remained but a short time, 
 and was then appointed Secretary of the Board of Artillery. 
 
 He was subsequently connected with the coast survey, and, upon with- 
 drawing from that service, assisted in the construction of a military road 
 from Big Sioux to St. Paul. 
 
 He was promoted to be First Lieutenant of Ordnance, March 3, 1853. 
 In 1854 he was stationed at the Frankford Arsenal, at Bridesburg, Penn., 
 where he remained about three years ; and then accompanied General John- 
 ston to Utah, as Ordnance Officer. He was stationed at the Mount Vernon 
 arsenal in 1859, and, afterward, at Fort Leavenworth. 
 
 In July, 1800, he was made Captain of Ordnance, and, in November, 
 1801, Brigadier-General of Volunteers. He commanded the Second Brigade 
 in Burnside's expedition to North Carolina ; was distinguished at the battle 
 of Roanoke Island for the gallantry with which he led the attack against 
 Fort Barton; participated in the capture of Newbern, and other important 
 military operations, and in July, 1862, was ordered to reinforce General 
 McClcllan, on the Peninsula, About this time he was promoted to be 
 Major-General of Volunteers, his commission dating from April 26. Sub- 
 sequently, he was sent to Fredericksburg, whence he joined General 
 Pope, then commanding the Army of Virginia, and took part in the actions 
 near ^Manassas, at the close of August, 1802, 
 
 At the battle of South Mountain, his division was in advance, and was 
 engaged during the whole day. General Reno Avas conspicuous for his gal- 
 lantry and activity, and the succobs of the day was greatly owing to his 
 efforts. He was shot, while giving orders, early in the evening of Septem- 
 ber 14, 1802. He was engaged at the moment in observing the enemy's 
 movenaents, by the aid of a glass, and was struck in the spine by a inusket- 
 bal!, lodging in his breast. 
 
 Thus clused the career of one of the bravest and most useful officers of 
 tlio Union army, who, to his honor belt noted, though born a Virginian, 
 like nKuiy other Southerners, rose superior to sectional feelings, and felt the 
 lire of a hij^^her patriotism in their devotion to their whole country. 
 
107. EDWIN V. SUMNEE. 
 
 Major-General Edwin V. Sumner was born in Boston, Massachusetts, 
 in the year 1790. He was educated at the academy at Milton, and, without 
 fi-radiidting' at West Point, entered the army, under the patronage of the 
 Commander-in-Chief, General Jacob Brown, in 1819, as Second Lieutenant 
 of Infantry. 
 
 He served in the Black Hawk war with credit, and was transferred to 
 the Second Dragoons, with the rank of Captain. This brought him into 
 active service on the "Western frontier, as an Indian fighter, where he 
 acquired a high reputation. In 1838, Sumner was appointed to the com- 
 mand of the Cavalry School of Practice at Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. 
 Here his previous experience and energetic character made him an efficient 
 officer. 
 
 It was not until after twenty-seven years of military service, in 1840, 
 that he attained the rank of Major. 
 
 The Mexican war now offered him an opportunity for exhibiting his 
 abilities. He was with Scott's army from its landing till the conquest of 
 the capitol, and highly distinguished himself wherever an opportunity 
 offered — at the bridge of Medelin, near Vera Cruz ; in the assault on Cerro 
 G-ordo, where he was wounded, and for his gallantry breveted Lieutenant- 
 Colonel ; at Molino del Rey, where he held his position and kept five thousand 
 Mexican Lancers in check, under a constant fire, and contributed greatly to 
 the success of the American army, and was breveted Colonel. In 1851, '52, 
 and '53 he was in command of New Mexico. 
 
 1 1 1854 he visited Europe, on official business, to report on improve- 
 ments in the Cavalry service. 
 
 Again employed on the frontier, he conducted a successful expedition 
 against the Cheyenne warriors in Kansas, and was appointed to the com- 
 mand of th-i Western Department, rendering efficient service by his energy 
 and moderation during the Kansas troubles. 
 
 The Rebellion brought this able and well-tried officer to a position more 
 worthy of his claims. He was appointed to the vacancy made by tlio 
 treason of Twiggs, and sent to the Department of the Pacific ; but was re- 
 called, in 1862, to active service in the Army of the Potomac. 
 
 In the campaign of the Peninsula, he was actively em[doyed, and turned 
 the fortunes of the day, in the repulse of the Confederates, at Fair Oaks. 
 He was highly distinguished in the Seven Days' Battles, and was there 
 again wounded. 
 
 Having received the rank of Major-General of Volunteers, and Brevet 
 Major-General in the Regular army, he took command of the Second Corps 
 in the brief campaign in Maryland, in September, 1802, when, at the bloody 
 battle of Antietam, he was again wounded. 
 
 He was with. Burnside at Fredericksburg, his division being the first to 
 cross the Rappahannock, Its attacks upon the enemy's position were made 
 with the greatest gallantry, and reported the heaviest losses. He was next 
 appointed to the Department of Missouri, but was suddenly taken ill, at 
 Syracuse, New York, where he had been sojourning for a short time, and 
 died on the 21st of March, 1803. 
 
fQ ^ 
 
 108. AVINFIELD SCOTT. 
 
 General WiNFiELD ScoTT was born in Petersburg, Virginia, June "3, 
 1T8G. He chose the legal profession, and was admitted to the bar in 1806, 
 at the age of twenty. 
 
 When the war of 1812 broke out, he applied for, and received, a com- 
 mission of Captain of Artillery, and accomi^anied General Hull in his in- 
 glorious campaign. His first fight was at Queenstown Heights, with four 
 hundred men against thirteen hundred; and, although defeated and taken 
 prisoner, he fought with desperate valor. After being exchanged, he re- 
 turned to the ground of his former exploits, took Fort Erie, and fought the 
 bloody battles of Chippewa and Lundy's Lane, in which he exhibited rare 
 and mature military knowledge. In the latter engagement he was severely 
 wounded. 
 
 Congress voted him a large medal, inscribed with the names of " Chip- 
 pewa and Niagara," and bearing his likeness. After the war, he served his 
 country in various capacities, as a soldier and a civilian. 
 
 In 18-11, on the death of General Malcolm, he became Commander-in- 
 Chief of the Army. 
 
 His military career in the late Mexican War reflects the highest credit 
 on his name. The taking of San Juan de UUoa, the storming of Cerro 
 Gordo, the capture of Jalapa, the taking of Parote, the occupation of 
 Peubl.i, the negotiations carried on while the army rested a while at this 
 place, the fight at Contreras, the fall of San Antonio, the bloody action of 
 Cherubusco. the fight at Molino del Rey, the bombardment and storming of 
 the alino>t inaccessible Chepultepec, and the final triumphant entrance into 
 the c iplt;d of Mexico, are masterpieces of military execution, and placed 
 him. at once, among the great military heroes of modern times. 
 
 In 1852 he was the regular nominee of the Whig party for the office of 
 President of the United States, but was defeated by General Pierce, the 
 Democratic candidate. 
 
 On the creation of the office of Lieutenant-General he was assigned to 
 that position, and held it at the breaking out of the Rebellion, when he 
 organized the army, and projected extended plans of operations against the 
 advance of the Confederate army upon Washington, and to protect the loyal 
 people of all parts of the Union. He continued in command until Novem- 
 ber 1, 1S()1, when his greatly advanced age and increasing infirmities, led 
 him t) proffer his resignation, which was accepted ; and he was placed upon 
 the retir'-d list, without reduction of pay and emoluments. 
 
 Ho did not cease, however, to take an active inti-rest in the Union cause 
 and army, but freely consulted and advised with Mr. Lincoln, and used his 
 powerful influence for its success. 
 
 He died, May 29, 1800, at the advanced age of eighty years. . 
 
109. THOMAS X JACKSON. 
 
 General Thomas J. Jackson — more familiarly known as " Stonewall 
 Jackson" — was born, January SI, 1824, in Harrison County, Virginia. His 
 fa' her died when he was throe years old, leaving his children penniless. He 
 lived with his uncle, and worked upon a farm, until he was seventeen. 
 
 At sixteen ho was elected Constable of the County. At seventeen he 
 managed to get into West Point as a cadet, and graduated, in 1846, with 
 distinction ; was appointed Brevet Lieutenant, and immediately ordered to 
 duty in Mexico, where he was breveted Captain and Major, for meritorious 
 conduct. 
 
 He resigned his commission in 1852, and obtained a Professorship in the 
 Virginia Military Academy, and continued in that position until the 
 breaking out of the Rebellion. 
 
 On the secession of Virginia, he was commissioned Colonel, and subse- 
 quently Brigadier-General, of Volunteers, in the Confederate army, and 
 fought his first battle at Falling Waters, while acting as General J. E. 
 Johnston's rear-guard, in his retreat to Winchester. 
 
 It was while in the Valley, under Johnston, that he organized his first 
 brigade, which, at the battle of Bull Run, gained the sobriquet, from its 
 leader, of the " Stonewall Brigade." 
 
 General Bee, when the fortunes of the day seemed wavering, and it was 
 feared all Avould be lost, met Jackson, and said, bitterly : " General, they 
 are beating us !" Jackson replied : " We will give them the bayonet !" 
 
 Bee galloped back to his command, and called out to his men, pointing 
 to Jackson : " There stands Jackson, like a stone-wall ! Let us determine 
 to die here, and we shall conquer. Follow me !" 
 
 The charge was made, and was successful. General Jackson was ever 
 after known as "Stonewall Jackson." 
 
 He was advanced to Major-General, in September, 18G1, and assigned to 
 the command of the troops around Winchester. General Jackson, being 
 born in the Valley, knew all its passes. He saw, from the first, the im- 
 portance that region bore to the success of the Rebel cause, and strove his 
 best to preserve it from the possession of the Union forces. He expressed 
 his military opinion, that " if the Valley was lost, Virginia would be lost." 
 All his plans were laid with a view of secviring this important region. He 
 alternately pursued, and retreated before, the National forces, under Banks 
 and Fremont. 
 
 June 17, 1862, he crossed over to the Chickahominy, and was engaged in 
 the seven days' battle and Malvern Hill, and, afterward, at Manassas, Chan- 
 tilly, Antietam, Fredericksburg, and Chancellorsville, where he was mor- 
 tally wounded. May 2, 1868, by his own men, who mistook him for the 
 enemy, as he was returning, after dusk, from the advance, where he had 
 gone to view the line of battle. He died May 10, 1803. 
 
 To the South his loss was irreparable, and the North had learned to re- 
 spect him for his indomitable courage. 
 
no. EDWARD D. BAKER. 
 
 General Edward D. Baker was born in London, England, February 
 24.1811. His father, a Quaker, removed to Belleville, St. Clair cuimt}^, 
 Illinois, where Edward received his early education; giving even then 
 indications of the brilliant talents afterward displayed. 
 
 To great industry, energy, and perseverance, he united a memory al- 
 most superliuman; being able to repeat whole pages, after a hasty peru- 
 sal, lleuce the ready and almost inexhaustible fund of varied knowl- 
 edge, which in after years astonished those who knew the circumstances 
 of his childhood; and which contributed, in no slight degree, to his suc- 
 cess as a public speaker. At eighteen years of age, he removed to Car- 
 rolton, Greene county, where he obtained a deputy clerkship in the Coun- 
 ty Court; and, in the interval, applied himself to the study of the law, 
 was admitted to the bar before he was of age, and became lamous as an 
 advocate. In 18:38 he removed to Springfield, where he came in compe- 
 tition with Douglas, Lincoln and others; not one of whom equalled him 
 in the* ready flow, the brilliancy, or the pathos of his eloquence. He wa3 
 elected Representative to Congress in 1849, having previously held a seat 
 in both Houses of the State Legislature. On the breaking out of the war 
 with Mexico he raised a regiment, as colonel of which he was the first to 
 embark, north of the Ohio. He rendered valuable service under Scott, 
 and elicited warm commendation for his gallantry at Cerro Gordo. 
 
 He took an active part in building the Panama Railroad, and in 1852 
 settled in San Francisco, California, 'whither bis reputation bad preceded 
 him, and he soon built up a large practice. 
 
 In 18o9 he removed to Oregon, and was elected United States Senator, 
 for tlie term expiring IMarcli 4, 1805. 
 
 He stumped the State for Lincoln, and secured for him its electoral 
 vote, in 1860. In Congress his eloquent voice — first heard in reply to 
 Senator Benjamin — showed the quality of his genius. 
 
 At the outbreak of the war he threw himself, heart and soul, into the 
 contest for the Union. He inunediately recruited a regiment in Philadel- 
 phia, called the California Regiment, and took the field in the summer of 
 18G1. On the twenty-first of October he led a battalion across the Poto- 
 mac, at Ball's Blulf ; and whle gallantly leading his men a<;-ainst a supe- 
 rior force, he was shot from his horse and killed, October 21, 1861. 
 
111. ANDEEW H. FOOTE 
 
 Admiral Andrew H. Foote, son of the late Governor Foote7 "vvas bom 
 in New Haven, Connecticvit, September 12^ 180G. 
 
 Y(ii5,ng Foote was intended for one of the learned professions, but having- 
 exhibited a strong inclination for the sea, he was allowed to enter the Navy, 
 as Afting-Midshipman, in 1822, and made his first cruise in the Grampus, 
 under Commodore Porter, against the pirates who then infested the waters 
 of the West Indies. He participated in this service -with credit, obtained 
 his Midshipman's warrant in 1824, Passed-Midshipman in 1827, and in 1830 
 was commissioned a Lieutenant. 
 
 In 1833 he joined the Delaware, as Flag-Lieutenant of the Mediterranean 
 Squadron. 
 
 From 1841 to 1843, Lieutenant Foote was stationed at the Naval Asylum 
 at Philadelphia, Avhere his efforts were beneficially directed toward amelior- 
 ating and elevating the condition of the inmates. He prevailed upon many 
 of the *' old salts" to sign the temperance-pledge ; and on his next cruise, in 
 the Cumberland, persuaded his whole crew to give up their grog. 
 
 In 1849 he joined the American squadron on the African coast, to sup- 
 press the slave-trade. 
 
 In 1856 he was placed in command of the sloop-of-war Portsmouth, and 
 ordered to proceed to the China station, arriving at Canton in October, just 
 previous to the commencement of hostilities between the English and 
 Chinese. He landed an armed force, to protect American residents, when 
 his boat was fired upon from the Barrier forts. He received permission 
 from Commodore Armstrong to vindicate the honor of his flag, by an attack 
 upon the forts, which he commenced on the 21st, and on the 24th the Ameri- 
 can flag waved over them all. 
 
 The outbreak of the recent Bebellion found Commander Foote stationed 
 a^ the Brooklyn Navy-Yard. 
 
 In July, 1801, he received his Captain's commission, and in September 
 was appointed Flag-Otficer of the flotilla fitting out on the Western waters 
 to co-operate wiih the land forces ; and superintended the building and 
 equipping of the Government gunboats on the Mississippi River for that ex- 
 pedition. This arduous and difficult task was completed before military 
 operations commenced. 
 
 He opened the campaign by co-operating with Grant's army in the cap- 
 ture of Fort Henry, on the Tennessee Piver, and Fort Donaldson, on the 
 Cumberland, where he greatly distinguished himself. He afterward con- 
 ducted the naval attack on Island No. 10, but after its reduction was obliged 
 to relinquish his command, in consequence of a wound received at Fort 
 Donaldson. 
 
 He returned to New Haven to recruit his health, receiving one continu- 
 ous ovation from the enthusiastic crowds, who greeted him with shouts of 
 approval. 
 
 He was subsequently appointed Pear- Admiral, and Chief of the Bureau 
 of Pecruiting and Equipment. 
 
 After regaining his health, he was detailed to relieve Admiral Dupont, 
 in the South Atlantic Squadron, in May, 1863, and started on his way to 
 assume the duties of his new command, when, on arriving at New York, he 
 was attacked by a painful disease which, in two weeks, terminatie'd his life. 
 He died on the 26th of Juu&, 18G3. 
 
112. NATHANIEL LYON. 
 
 General Nathaniel Lyon, one of the first Generals of the Union who 
 fell in the war of the Rebellion, was born at Ashford, Connecticut, in June, 
 lbl9. 
 
 He was educated at West Point, graduated in 1841, and was appointed 
 Second Lieutenant. He served in Florida ki the Seminole war, was subse- 
 quently stationed on the Western frontier, and was promoted to First Lieu- 
 tenant in 1847. He served in the Mexican War, under Taylor and Scott, 
 and was promoted, for " meritorious conduct" at Contreras and Cherubusco, 
 to Brevet Captain. 
 
 At the breaking out of the Rebellion, he was in command of the arsenal 
 at St. Louis, Missouri. The Government of the LTnited States sent a re- 
 quisition to Governor Jackson, of Missouri, for troops, with which he refused 
 to comply; but, on the 25th of April, assembled, under Genei'al Frost, about 
 eight hundred men, on the outskirts of St. Louis, ostensibly to preserve 
 order in the State. General Lyon, in command of the Union forces, on the 
 10th of May, surrounded them, and summoned them to surrender. General 
 Frost, finding- resistance useless, surrendered as prisoners of war. 
 
 On the ] 2th of June, Governor Jackson issued a proclamation against 
 the United States, and General Lyon left St. Louis, on the 13th, for Jeffer- 
 son City, when Jackson fled. General Lyon, after issuing a proclamation to 
 the people of the State, assuring them of his intention to protect their liber- 
 ties, persons, and property, and uphold the United States Government, 
 pursued Jackson, who was reinforced by General Price, at Booneville. 
 
 Here General Lyon attacked them, but they, under the cover of a wood 
 kept up a brisk fire, which harrassed him. In order to draw them out from 
 their cover. General Lyon ordered a hasty retreat. The inise succeeded ; 
 the Rebels ran out into the wheat-fields, when General Lyon halted, faced 
 about, and poured in such a fire of grape and musketry that they dropped 
 their arms, and fled. 
 
 General Seigel, who was acting against the Rebels further south, being 
 outnumbered, retreated toward Springfi.eld, where he was reinforced by 
 General Lyon, who assumed command. August 2d, he met a portion of 
 Price's army, with that of Ben. McCulloch. By feigning a retreat, he en- 
 ticed them to advance, when he suddenly turned upon them, and, by a few 
 well-directed volleys, drove them away in confusion ; Price advancing with 
 a much larger force, he fell back to Springfield. 
 
 On the Dth, General Price made an attack upon him, and was repulsed 
 three successive times. Although the Rebels were repeatedly driven back in 
 cunfusion, in consequence of their great preponderance in numbers, they 
 were enabled to return, again and again, to the charge. 
 
 Several hours of this sort of work continued, when General Lyon had 
 las horse shot from under him, and himself wounded. He procured another 
 horse, and, swinging his hat in the air, called the troops nearest him to 
 follow. The Second Kansas, under Colonel Mitchcl, gallantly rallied 
 around him ; but in a few moments a fatal shot lodged in the General's 
 breast, and ho was carried from the field a corpse. 
 
 Thus gloriously fell, August », 1861, as brave a man and noble patriot 
 as ever druw a Bwoi'd. 
 
113. JAMES B. McPHEESON. 
 
 General James B. McPherson was born in Sandusky County, Ohio, in 
 November, 1828, and graduated at West Point in 1853, joining the Engineer 
 Corps as Brevet Second Lieutenant, and until September, 1854, he was 
 Assistant-Instructor of Practical Engineering at the Military Academy. 
 
 From that time until August, 18G I, he was engaged, first, on the de- 
 fenses of New York harbor ; next, in facilitating the navigation of the 
 Hudson E-iver ; next, in constructing Fort Delaware ; and, finally, in for- 
 tifying Alcatraces It-land, in San Francisco Bay. 
 
 He became full Second Lieutenant in 1854, and First Lieutenant in 
 Deceonber, 1858. 
 
 In August, 1861, he was ordered from California to attend to the de- 
 fenses of Boston harbor. Soon after he received his Captain's commission, 
 dating from August, 1861, 
 
 In November, 1861, he became aid to General Halleck, with the rank of 
 Lieutenant-Colonel, and was Chief-Engineer of the Army of the Tennessee, 
 undet General Grant, in the reduction of Forts Henry and Donaldson, re- 
 ceiving for his services a nominaticfn of Brevet Major of Engineers, to date 
 from February 16, 1862 ; and for services rendered at Shiloh, he was 
 breveted Lieutenant-Colonel of Engineers, to date from April 7, 1863. 
 
 He had, as Colonel on Halleck's staff, the Chief-Engineering charge of 
 the approaches to Corinth, which ended in its evacuation. 
 
 On the 15th day of May, 1862, he became Brigadier-General of Volun- 
 teers, and the next month superintended, with great skill, all the military 
 railroads in General Grant's department. 
 
 He was at luka, and again at Corinth, in October, 1862, acting with so 
 much gallantry as to be promoted to Major-General of Volunteers, to date 
 from October 3, 1862. 
 
 From that time to the close of the siege of Vicksburg, when his engineer- 
 ing powers came into full play, his career was a source of triumph. At the 
 recommendation of General Grant, he was made a Brigadier-General of the 
 Kegular army, with rank to date from August 1, 1863. 
 
 Two months later, he conducted a column into Mississippi, and repulsed 
 the enemy at Canton. 
 
 In February, 1864, he was second in Sherman's command in the famous 
 march from Vicksburg to Meridian. 
 
 In the first Atlanta campaign, his command was the Department of 
 Tennessee, including the Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and Seventeenth Corps, con- 
 stituting the flanking force, which, moving rapidly on one or the other 
 wing, was employed to force the enemy back to Atlanta. 
 
 He fought at Resaca; and the battle near Dallas was wholly his. He 
 distinguished himself at Altoona and Chip Farm, and was actively eiigaged 
 at Kenesaw. 
 
 On the 17th of July he cut the lines between Leo and Johnston by occu- 
 pying Decatur, on the Augusta Railroad. Nine days later he fought the 
 severe battle, from which he camo out only to fall, shot through the luu-s. 
 aarly in the day, on Friday, July 22, 1864, at the early age of thirt y-aia. 
 years. 
 
114. THOMAS FBANCIS MEAGHEE. 
 
 General TnoMAs Fkancis Meagher was bom in Waterford, Ireland, 
 Aug-ust 3, 1823, of wealthy and respectable parents. 
 
 He was cduciated at the Jesuit College of Glongowe's Wood, and Stony- 
 hurst CoUe^'C, Lancashire, Enghind. lie was a close an 1 attentive student 
 of the Enulis'h classics, and, in 1&43. was awarded the silver medal for En- 
 glish composition, to the defeat of over fifty English competitors. 
 
 His first idea, after completing his studies, was to accept a commission 
 in the British army ; but his Irish spirit levolted at the idea of serving in 
 the army of his country's traditional enemy. 
 
 Fceiinq- a great interest in the political questions of the day, and not 
 bein<r satisfied with tlio policy of O'Connell, ho became one of the leaders of 
 the ** Young Ireland" party, and greatly aided in organizing the Irish con- 
 fedei-ation. So great Avere his oratorical powers, that he was soon regarded 
 by his party as their principal leader, and the only man who could free 
 Ireland from her boiu^ lee. 
 
 When the Erench Kevolution broke out, he was sent, with others, to 
 congratulate the Fi'ench Republican leaders on their success ; and, upon his 
 return to Ireland, was arrested on a charge of sedition, held to bail, after- 
 ward tried for high treason, foiind guilty, and sentenced to death; but, 
 subsequently, the sentence was altered to banishment for life to Van Die- 
 man's Land, Hei'e he remained until 1852, when he escaped, and arrived 
 in New York during the month of May of the same year, where he met with 
 an enthusiastic reception from his countrymen and the citizens, generally. 
 For two years after, he followed the profession of lecturer, meeting with 
 marked success. Returning to New York in 1855, he engaged in the study 
 of law, and was subsequently admitted to the bar. In 1850 he became 
 Editor of the Irish News. 
 
 On the outbreak of the Rebellion, in 1861, he organized a company of 
 Zouaves, and joined the Sixty-ninth Regiment of New Yoi'k Volunteers, 
 under Colonel Corcoran, and served during the first campaign in Virginia. 
 Upon the expiration of his three months' term, he returned to New York, 
 and organized the celebrated "Irish Brigade," and wiis appointed its per- 
 manent commander, with the rank of Brigadier-General, his commission 
 bearing date February Jj, 1862. 
 
 At the head of his men, he participated in the Seven Days' battles, win- 
 ning general pi'aise for the heroism and skill with which lie led his brigade to 
 action. He fought with great desperation at Manassas; and at Antietam, 
 September 27, 18G2, -won a great reputation, and was specially noticed in 
 the official report of General McClellan, At the disastrous battle of Fred- 
 ericksburg, the charge after charge, headed by him, up to the very crest of 
 the enemy's breastworks, added fresh laurels to the reputation of General 
 Meagher and liis men. In this engagement he received a bullet-wound 
 through the leg, whii h incapacitated him from active service. 
 
 On May 8, he tendered his resignaticm, and temporarily retired from the 
 Rervice, He was recommissioned in 1804, and held command in Tennessee 
 and Georgia, where he was signally successful. 
 
 In IbOo ho was appuintt-d Secretary of Montana Territory; and, in 
 September of that year. Governor Edgerton, leaving the Territory for a 
 short time, appointed him Governor, pio tern. While engaged in the duty 
 of protecting the white settlers of that region, on the Upper Missouri, he 
 fell from the deck of a steamboat, and was drowned. 
 
 His li fo AvuH full of btirring events, interwoven with the histories d1 Ire- 
 land^ of Great Britain, and of the United Stutetl, 
 
115. OEMSBY M. MITCHELL. 
 
 General Ormscy M. Mitchell was born in Union County, Kentucky, 
 August 28, IS iO. 
 
 He received his eai'ly education at Lebanon, "Warren County, Ohio. Ho 
 goon m.inifested a ta.ste for study, and at twelve had acquired a good 
 elementary English education, considerable progress in mathematics, and 
 mastered the rudiments of Latin. 
 
 In 1825 he was appointed cadet in the Military Academy at West Point, 
 and graduated in 1829, ranking above Grenerals Kobert E. Lee and J. E. 
 Johnston, both of whom were in his class. He was immediately appointed 
 Assist tnt-Professor of Mathematics, though but nineteen years old, which 
 position he held for two years. 
 
 In 18:32 he resigned, and, having studied law during his leisure mo- 
 ments, was admitted to the Cincinnati bar, and continued in practice until 
 18o4, when lie w:is elected Professor of Mathematics, Philosophy, and As- 
 tronomy, in the Cincinnati College, and filled the chair with great ability 
 for ten years. 
 
 In 18oG and '37, while performing the duties of Professor, he was chosen 
 Chief-Engineer of the Little Miami Railroad, which he laid out in a most 
 skillful manner, and caused it to be built in a substantial style, which added 
 greatly to his reputation. 
 
 In 1842 he commenced a course of lectures on Astronomy — the first at- 
 tempt of the kind ever made in the West. He originated and raised the 
 subscription for the stock to erect a first-class Observatory in Cincinnati, 
 was sent to Europe to purchase the instruments, Avhich were mounted in 
 1844, and Mr. Mitchell was appointed Director o'^f the Observatory. A 
 large debt was still due vipon it, from which he resolved to relieve it, by de- 
 livering lectures in the Eastern cities. His eloquence and fame as a lec- 
 turer brought him large audiences, and he soon extinguished the debt. 
 
 In 1840 he published the Sidereal Messenger, but continued it only two 
 years, for want of patronage. 
 
 In 1848 he was appoiuTed Chief -Engineer of the Ohio and Mississippi 
 Railroad; and in 1859 was offered, and accepted, the Directorship of the 
 Dudley Observatory, at Albany, still retaining that of the Observatory at 
 Cincinnati. 
 
 At the breaking out of the Rebellion, he immediately responded to the 
 call for his country's defense, was appointed Brigadier-General of Volun- 
 teers, and ordered to report to the new Department of the Ohio, where 
 his exploits at Huntsville, Alabama, procured for him the commission of 
 Major-General. Soon after, incurring the displeasure of General Buell, ho 
 asked to be relieved, and was transferred to the command of the Depart- 
 ment of the South, where he arrived in September, 1802, and where he dis- 
 played the same energy which characterized him at the West. 
 
 On the 20th of October, 1863, General Mitchell was attacked with the 
 yellow-fever, at Hilton Head, S. C, and died on the 30th, in the midst of 
 his usefulness. 
 
IIG. JAMES H. LANE. 
 
 GencralJ. H. Lane— familiarly known as "JimLane*^ — United States 
 Senator from Kansas, was born in Lawrenceburg, Indiana, June 22, 1814. 
 
 He studied law, and was admitted to the bar, but, in 1846, abandoned 
 his profession, to enlist as a private in the Third Indiana Volunteers, then 
 or<>-anizino- for the Mexican War. He Avas chosen Colonel, and at the battle 
 of°Buena^Vista commanded a brigade, and highly distinguished himself. 
 "When the year's term of service of his regiment expired, he returned home, 
 and raised the Fifth Indiana Volunteers, 
 
 In 1848 he was chosen Lieutenant-Governor of Indiana, and, in 1852, 
 Member of Congress and Elector-at-Large on the Democratic ticket. 
 
 In 1855 he went to Kansas, and was chosen Chairman of the Executive 
 Committee of the Topeka Convention, which instituted the first State Gov- 
 ernment of Kansas. He was subsequently President of the Topeka Consti- 
 tutional Convention, and was elected by the people, Major-General of the 
 Free-State troops. 
 
 In 1856 he was elected to the United States Senate by the Legislature, 
 which met under the Topeka Constitution ; but the election was not recog- 
 nized by Congress. About the same time, he Avas indicted by the Grand 
 Jury of Douglas County for treason, on account of his taking part in the 
 Topeka Government, and was forced to fly. 
 
 In 1857 he was President of the Leavenworth Convention, and appointed 
 Major-General of the Kansas troops, by the Legislature. 
 
 In 1858 he shot a man named Jenkins, in consequence of a dispute of a 
 local nature, and was tried on a charge of murder, but acquitted. 
 
 In 18(51 he was elected to the United States Senate by the Legislature of 
 the newlj^-admittcd State of Kansas. 
 
 On the opening of the war for the Union, Lane commanded the *' Front- 
 ier Guards," enlisted for the defense of Washington. In Juno, 1861, he was 
 nominated Brigadier-General of Volunteei's. and commanded the Kansas 
 Brigade. He soon after projected an expedition to the Southwest, which 
 was, however, abandoned. 
 
 After the adjournment of Congress, in July, 1862, he was appointed Com- 
 missioner to superintend the enlistment of troops in the West. 
 
 He was a member of the Senatorial Committee on Indian Affairs and 
 Agriculture ; and, also, on that of Territories. 
 
 While suffering from a violent nervous disorder, and on his way home 
 from Washington, he was attacked by paralysis in St. Louis, when the 
 extreme prostration of his system offered so little hope of recovery, that his 
 mind gave way under its depression, and he ended his life in despair and 
 suicide. 
 
 General Lane was a character to be leniently judged. He had a high 
 Bcnse of the right, and was true to freedom ; but the rough life of the 
 frontier had wrought out for him a melancholy end. 
 
117. FELIX E. ZOLICOFFER 
 
 Felix R. Zolicoffer was born May 19, 1812. He received an aca- 
 demical education ; became Printer, and Editor of a newspaper in Paris, 
 Tennessee, in 1829 ; and was elected State Printer in 1835. 
 
 He i-emoved to Nashville in 1842, and became Editor of the Banner, a 
 Whig journal. 
 
 In 1845 he was chosen Comptroller of the Treasury, and in 1849 was 
 elected to the State Senate. 
 
 He received the contract to build the suspension-bridge over the Cum- 
 berland River, at Nashville; after which, in 1852, he was sent to the United 
 States Congress, and again in 1859, when he joined the Democratic party, 
 on account of its sympathy with the institution of Slavery. 
 
 On the breaking out of the Rebellion, he joined the Southern Confed- 
 eracy, and was commissioned Brigadier-General in the Rebel army, July 21, 
 18G1, Avhen he took command of a large body of Rebel troops, and marched 
 into Kentucky. 
 
 He telegraphed Governor Magoffiii, September 14, 1861, that the safety 
 of Tennessee demanded the occupation of Cumberland Gap, and the three 
 long ranges of mountains in Kentucky, and that he should hold them until 
 the Union forces Avere withdrawn. But the Kentucky Legislature issued 
 an address to the people, in which it was declared that, as the Confederates 
 had violated the neutrality of Kentucky, it left them no alternative but " to 
 drive the invaders out ;" and General Anderson assumed command of the 
 United States forces in that State. 
 
 Zolicoffer had a slight skirmish at Barboursville with the Home Guards 
 of that place, September 18, 1801 ; but on the arrival of an Indiana regiment, 
 they (the Rebels), shouting that they were Union men, approached within a 
 short distance, and, taking deliberate aim, fired upon them before the false- 
 hood Avas discovered. The Indiana regiment returned the tiro with vigor, 
 and the enemy precipitately I'etired. Zolicoffer afterward attacked them 
 twice, but was forced, at last, to retreat to Barboursville. 
 
 About the middle of November he made his camp at Mill Spring, on the 
 southern bank of the Cumberland, and at Buck's Grove, on the northern 
 bank. 
 
 At the same time the Union forces were about twenty-five miles north- 
 west of Beech Grove, at the cross-roads ; and, as the roads were bad, and rivers 
 swollen, Zolicoffer detei'mined to attack them before they could get any 
 reinforcements. Accordingly, on the 19th of January, 1802, he advanced, 
 encountered, and drove in, the Federal cavalry ; and, moving rapidly up the 
 road, met the main body of the Uni(m troops, with whom he commenced a 
 sharp engagement. 
 
 General Zolicoffer, surrounded by his body-guard, was leading his men 
 to the charge, when Colonel Fry, of the Fourth Kentucky, shot him dead 
 with a pistol. 
 
 His death had such a depressing effect upon his troops, that, in the con- 
 fusion, being charged with the bayonet by the Ninth Ohio, they were driven 
 from the field, and at night they fled to the Cumberland. 
 
 His deuth occurred on the I'Dth of Januaiy, 1802. 
 
118. EPIIEABI E. ELLSWOETH. 
 
 Colonel Eptiraim E. Ellsworth, the well-kno-n-n early Union martyr, 
 was born at Mcchanicsville, Saratog-a County, New York, April 23, 18o7. 
 
 The youthful Ellsv^'orth early asjnred to military fame. He was desirous 
 of an education at the Military Academy, at West Point, but failing in this, 
 he persisted in acquiring as good an education as circumstances permitted. 
 
 After a brief experience in New York, he went West, and sought to 
 make an occupation as Patent Agent ; was deceived and despoiled of his 
 earnings, but persevered in renewed efforts. 
 
 His military bent continuing predominant, he studied and practiced the 
 Prench Zouave drill, and formed a corps in Chicago, adapting it to the Ameri- 
 can idea. His discipline was rigid in abstinence from all stimulants, and 
 was strictly enforced. In a year he was enabled to exhibit his corps at the 
 State Pair, where success and admiration awaited him. The corps visited 
 the East, and won the greatest applause. Returning to Chicago, Ellsworth 
 organized a regiment on the same plan, and offered it to the Governor for the 
 defense of the State. 
 
 In 18G0 he entered heartily into the canvass in favor of Mr. Lincoln for 
 President of the United States, organizing and drilling " Wide-Awake" 
 clubs, and afterward accompanied him to Washington. 
 
 On the breaking out of the Rebellion, Ellsworth hastened to Noav York, 
 and organized a Zouave regiment, recruited mostly from the Eire Depart- 
 ment, and, soon after, marched to Washington. His success in disciplining 
 and controling his men was remarkable, and their attachment to him was 
 equally so. 
 
 On the 2ud of May, 1801, his regiment was ordered to Alexandria, 
 reaching there early on the next morning-, and the town was occupied with 
 scarcely any resistance. 
 
 The secession flag was flying from a hotel, called the "Marshall House," 
 kept by a violent secessionist, named Jackson. Colonel Ellsworth, Avith a 
 rashness characteristic of a bravo and enthusiastic, but inexperienced officer, 
 entered, with his chaplain and a single private, and demanded whoso flag it 
 was. The proprietor denied its ownership, whereupon Ellsworth, with his 
 two companions, ascended to the roof, took it down, and wrapped it around 
 him, saying, as he descended, " This is my trophy !" " And you are mine ! " 
 exclaimed Jackson, the proprietor, at the same moment discharging the 
 contents of a shot-gun into the breast of the Colonel, killing him instantly. 
 But Jackson instantly fell dead himself, from a musket-ball through the 
 head, and a bayonet-thrust, from Francis E. Brownell, the private accom- 
 panying Ellsworth. 
 
 Tho event caused much regret, Ellsworth being considered a young 
 officer oi \in usual promise, and of approved loyalty; and, had he deputed to 
 another to perform, what was, after all, a duty too trivial to devolve upon 
 an officer of rank, he might have lived to render important services to his 
 country. 
 
 ^ Colonel Ellsworth was buried with all the tributes of a grateful and ad- 
 miring country, and his name is forever enshrined in tho popular heart. 
 
119. PHILIP KEAENEY. 
 
 General Philip Keakney was born in New York City, June 2, 1816. 
 From boyhood he manifested a strong- preference to a military career ; but, 
 in obedience to the wishes of his family, he passed through Columbia Col- 
 lege, and began to study law 
 
 In 1837 his soldierly propensities got the better of him ; and, on the 8th 
 of March, he received a commission as Second Lieutenant of the First Dra- 
 goons, then commanded by his uncle, Colonel S. W. Kearney. He saw 
 much hard service on the Western frontier, chiefly fighting the Indians, and 
 acquired such a reputation as a cavalry officer that, in 1838, he was sent to 
 Europe by the Government to study and report upon the French cavalry 
 tactics. While there he became attached to the Chasseurs de Afrique. He 
 gained distinction during the campaign of 1838-'40, and was decorated 
 with the Legion of Honor. Returning home in 1840, he was appointed, in 
 November, Aid to General Macomb, and in December, 1841, Aid to General 
 Scott. In December, 1846, he was promoted to Captain ; and, at the out- 
 break of the Mexican war, his dragoons formed the body-guard to General 
 Scott. In the valley of Mexico, Captain Kearney commanded a regiment, 
 and for his gallantry at Contreras and Cherubusco, received the brevet of 
 Major. After the latter engagement, he pursued the flying Mexicans as far 
 as the gates of the city of Mexico. Here his troops, checked by a heavy 
 fire of artillery, began to waver, whereupon Kearney dashed forward alone, 
 the soldiers following him, and the battery was taken. In this affair he 
 lost his left arm. He resigned his commission in 1851, after having- served 
 some time in California, and went again to Europe to resume his military 
 studies. In 1859, he served as Volunteer Aid to the French General Morris 
 in the Italian campaign. 
 
 When the Rebellion broke out in this country, he immediately returned 
 home, and offered his services to the Government. He was appointed to the 
 command of a Ncav Jersey brigade soon after the battle of Bull Run, in 
 General Franklin's division, his commission dating May 17, 1861. In March, 
 1802, on the organization of army corps, he was attached to the First (Gen- 
 eral McDowell's), but Avas soon afterward promoted to the command of a 
 division in the Third (General Heintzelman's), with which he served 
 throughout the Chickahominy campaign. In the battle of Williamsburg, 
 after Hooker had been for an hour or two struggling against an overwhelm- 
 ing force in front of Fort Magruder, Kearney was ordered to his relief, 
 when he gallantly attacked the enemy, and drove them back at every point, 
 enabling Gen( ral Hooker to extricate himself from the position, and with- 
 draw his wearied troops. In the battle of Fair Oaks and the famous " Seven 
 Days' Fight" his gallantry was universallj' admired, and soon after, he was 
 commissioned Major-General, dating from July 4, 1802. On the 2od of 
 August he joined General Pope at Warrenton Junction ; and, on the 29th, 
 the battle of Centreville began. Kearney fought with the greatest despera- 
 tion for two days, when the army fell back to Fairfax Court-House. The 
 battle of Chantilly began on the 1st of September, 1862. Kearney was 
 sent to the support of General Reno, whose troops had given way, leaving a 
 gap, which the Rebels were hastening to occupy. Telling his orderly and 
 aids to keep back, Kearney rode forward, alone, to examine the position 
 himself. He never came back alive ; a musket-ball having pierced his 
 body. 
 
f 1^4^ 
 
 120. AMBROSE P. HILL. 
 
 General Ambrose P. Hill, one of the most distinguished leaders of 
 the Confcdorato army against the forces of the Union, was l^orn in Cul- 
 pepper County, Virginia, in 1824, of highly respectable parentage. 
 
 lie entered the Military Academy at West Point in lUio, and graduated 
 in the same chiss -with General Burnside. 
 
 In lJ?r)5 lie Avas appointed an Assistant of the United States Coast Survey, 
 continuing until ISGl, when he resigned his position in the United States 
 army, and was appointed by Governor Letcher, Colonel of Virginia Volun- 
 teers. 
 
 lie was attached to General J. E. Johnston's army of the Confederacy, 
 and came in with him at Bull Run, assisting to change the issues of that 
 battle. 
 
 lie was made Major-General for his bravery, and took part in the battle 
 of Mechanicsville ; and, in the " Seven Days" light, was a prominent leader, 
 where he gained a brilliant reputation. 
 
 He Avas actively engaged iu the battles of Cedar Run, Second Bull Run. 
 Centrevillc, Chantilly, and in the campaign before Washington against 
 General Pope. 
 
 On the 14th of September, 1802, he captured Harper's Ferry, and made 
 a forced march to Antietam Creek, where he took part in that severe battle. 
 and repulsed the F3deral troops, who crossed the river in pursuit of the 
 Rebels, with heavy loss. 
 
 In the battle of Fredericksburg, December 13, 1863, his division formed 
 the right of Jackson's force, and fought desperately, finally repulsing the 
 Federal troops. At Chancellorsville, May, 1863, his division formed the 
 centre of Jackson's command, and participated in that flank movement by 
 which Hooker's right was crushed. 
 
 AVhen "Stonewall" Jackson received his death- wound, the command 
 devolved on General Hill, who was himself severely wounded soon after. 
 For his gallantry in this battle he was made a Lieutenant-General, and 
 placed in command of the Third Corps in the Army of Northern Virginia. 
 
 In July, 1803, he took part in the great battle of Gettysburg. In the 
 autumn of 1863, he was in the affair of Bristow's Station, but was repulsed 
 Avith serious loss. 
 
 In the great battles of the spring of 1864, he was, next to General Lee, 
 the most prominent officer of the Rebel army in Virginia, and took part 
 in the severest fighting of that period. On the 22d of June his corps and 
 Longstrect's repulsed the attempt of the Federal troops to gain possession of 
 the Weldon Railroad. At the explosion of the mine at Petersburg, at Ream's 
 Station, and the bloody fight of Hatcher's Run, and the subsequent move- 
 ments in that vicinity. General Hill led his corps with great ability. 
 
 When the final attack upon the Southside Railroad and the defenses of 
 Petersburg came, ho Avas active in his exertions ; and, on the 2d of April, his 
 c.)rps was opposed to the Sixth, Ninth, and part of the Twenty-fifth Federal 
 C.)rps, almost unsupported ; and then, as ahvays, exposing himself to fire 
 Avithout hesitation, ho Avas instantly killed by a rifle-shot. Thus closed the 
 career of one Avhoso accomplishments as a military officer, acquired at the 
 expense of his country, Avas, like many of his confederates, devoted to 
 the destruction of the bosom that nourished him. 
 
121. JAMES E. B. STUART. 
 
 General J. E. B. SrirAiiT was born in Patrick Henry County, Virginia, 
 about the year 1GD2. 
 
 In his youth he gave evideneo of many qualities that fitted him for the 
 position he afterward occupied. He received a good education, and entered 
 the West Point academy in 1850. Graduating in 1854, he received a com- 
 mission as Second Lieutenant in a Mounted Iliflo regiment, in the United 
 States army. 
 
 Under E. Y. Sumner as Colonel, and J. E. Johnston as Lieutenant- 
 Colonel, Stuart fought in the wilds of New Mexico : now engaging tribes of 
 hostile Indians, anon hunting up hordes of lawless banditti, and ever per- 
 forming some dashing and fearless exploit. Soon he became noted among 
 his compeers for these bold and skillful charges ux^on a wily and dangerous 
 foe. 
 
 On the 29th of July, 1857, he was wounded in a severe fight with three 
 hundred braves of the Cheyenne tribe, who were, however, defeated. 
 
 In May, 1861, President Lincoln appointed him Captain in the United 
 States Cavalry, but he declined the ai>pointment, and went over to the Rebel 
 army, where he was made Colonel of a Virginia cavalry regiment. 
 
 In July, 18G1, at the first battle of Bull Run, he commanded all the 
 cavalry attached to Beauregard's and Johnston's armies, and greatly assisted 
 the Confederate cause. 
 
 In September, 18G1, he was made Brigadier-General, and in the ensuing 
 winter organized the Virginia cavalry, of which he took command. In the 
 beginning of the Peninsula campaign, Stuart made several cavalry expedi- 
 tions, culminating in that famous raid, in June, through and around Gen- 
 eral McClellan's army, which was the precursor of that General's change of 
 base to the James River, and the seven days' fighting which accompanied 
 the movement. Eor this he was promoted to the rank of Major-General in 
 the Rebel army, and placed in command of a division of cavalry. 
 
 On the 22d August, 18G2, he dashed in upon the right flank of General 
 Pope, at Catlett's Station, during a heavy storm, penetrated to headquar- 
 ters, and succeeded in capturing important papers, besides taking the 
 private effects and dress uniform of General Pope, and several of his officers. 
 
 He commanded the cavalry during the succeeding invasion of Maryland, 
 and, a few weeks after the battle of Antietam, again rode around the Union 
 lines, carrying off a considerable amount of spoils. 
 
 In the Chancelloi^sville campaign, and Lee's second invasion of the 
 North, his cavalry was active ; and, after the battle of Gettysburg, effectu- 
 ally covered the Rebel retreat. 
 
 During the battles in the Wilderness, he encountered Sheridan's cavalry 
 on the 6th of May, 1864, and was driven back ; but on the 12th, he again 
 encountered them, at Yellow Tavern, seven miles from Richmond, Avhere he 
 Avas mortally wounded. He was conveyed to Richmond, where, at eight 
 o'clock in the evening of May 12, 1864, he died. 
 
 General Stuart was a short, thick-set, athletic man ; a bold and expert 
 rider, always joyous and gay, singing songs as he went into battle. He was 
 very fond of display in dress, and his fighting-jacket shone Avith double 
 rows of gilt buttons, and was covered with gold braid. Many regarded 
 him as a military fop, but ho was looked upon by the rank and file of the 
 army, and by the Southern people generally, as a brave and gallant soldier. 
 
122. HIPvAM G. BEEEY 
 
 General IIiRAM G. Berry mis born in Thoniaston, Maine, August 27, 
 1824. He learned the trade of Carpenter, at which occupation he worked 
 for several years, and afterward engaged in navigation. He was elected to 
 tlie office of Mayor in the city of Ivockland, and filled various offices in the 
 Maine militia. ^Undcr tlie call for troops by the United States Government 
 to protect the national life and honor, in the spring of 18G1, he offered liis 
 services, and was commissioned Colonel of the Fourth Maine Volunteers; 
 marched for the protection of Washington, and participated in the first 
 battle of Bull Run, where he fought in General Howard's brigade. The 
 regiment was afterward transferred to one of Genei'al Sedgwick's brigades, 
 and subsequently to that of General Birney's, Hamilton's division, and 
 participated in the siege of Yorktown. Upon General Kearney taking 
 command of the division, Colonel Berry, who had been made Brigadier- 
 General of Volunteei's, was placed in charge of a brigade of Heintzelman's 
 army corps, which separated him from his regiment. 
 
 He participated in the battle of Fair Oaks, June 1, 18G2, and in the 
 " Seven Days' " battle, previous to the change of base from the Chickahominy 
 to the James River. 
 
 On the loth of August General Berry moved with his brigade to York- 
 town, from whence he was transferred to Pope's command at Warrenton 
 Junction, from which point they marched to the Rappahannock, and, on the 
 29lh and oOth, participated with General Kearney's division in the battle of 
 Manassas, or Second Bull Run, at Centreville. On the 1st of September he 
 took part in the battle of Chantilly, where General Kearney lost his life. 
 At the battle of Fredericksburg, December 13, 1862, Berry's brigade drove 
 back a Rebel force, thereby saving a great portion of Birney's division from 
 harm. He was made Major-General of Volunteers, March 9, I860, to rank 
 from November 29, 1862. 
 
 At the battle of Chancellorsville, General Berry was placed in command 
 of the Second Division of the Third Army Corps, under General Sickles. 
 On the 2d day of May, when the enemy had defeated Schurz's division of 
 the Eleventh Corps, and, with wild yells, were rushing into the opening 
 made by the retreating Germans, General Berry's division threw itself into 
 the gap, and, with the aid of Captain Best's battery, stayed the torrent 
 which hid threatened to roll up the line m disastrous confusion. Manfully 
 the small baud bore up against the fierce assault of the desperate foe, and, 
 by dint of endurance, succeeded in keeping them at bay until support 
 arrived.^ The enemy's force comprised three strong divisions— A. P. Hill's, 
 Trimble's, and Rhodes's— of Jackson's corps, and greatly outnumbered the 
 Federal troops to whom they were opposed. 
 
 The next day General Berry's division engaged the enemy again; and, 
 although they advanced in overwhelming numbers, his brave men fought 
 ■vvith desperate ^-allantry, and held them in check. General Berry fell in 
 this assault, while gallantly fighting at the head of his command, May 3, 
 1863. •' 
 
123. DAYID HUNTER. 
 
 General David Hunter was born in the District of Columbia about tlie 
 year 1800. He entered the academy at Wjst Point as a Cadet in 1818, from 
 which he graduated in 1822, and was made Second Lieutenant of the Fifth 
 Infantry on the 1st day of July of that year. 
 
 In 1828 he was appointed First Lieutenant, and, two years after, a Cap- 
 tain of the First Dragoons. On the 4th of July, 188'!, he resij^ned, but 
 returned to the army in 1841 as temporary Paymastei". 
 
 At the commencement of the Rebellion he was appointed Colonel of the 
 Sixth Regiment, May 14, 1861 ; and, at the battle of Bull Run, as a Brigadier- 
 General, commanded the Second Division under McDowell. He took position 
 at Ludley Springs, entered into the thickest of the fight, and was severely 
 wounded early in the action. 
 
 He was made Major-General of Volunteers, August 13, and took charge 
 of the forces at Rolla, Mo., in September, and was second to General Fre- 
 mont, on whose removal, in November, he became temporary commander, 
 until General Halleck took command, when he was appointed to the Militaiy 
 Division of Kansas. 
 
 In March, 1862, he superseded General T. W. Sherman in the Department 
 of the South, because his views harmonized more with the Freedman's Relief 
 Association. He immediately demanded the surrended of Fort Pulaski, 
 which was defended by Colonel Ormstead, who replied, " that he was there 
 to defend, not to surrender." General Hunter immediately commenced a 
 bombardment, and in thii'ty hours the fort surrendered. 
 
 On the 9th of May, 1862, he issued an order, stating that the States of 
 South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida were under martial law, and added, 
 "that slavery and martial law being incompatible in a free coiintry, the 
 persons in these States heretofore held as slaves are, therefore, declared f(ii- 
 ever free." President Lincoln, however, disapproved the order, and General 
 Hunter resigned his command. But he was i-eappointed to the same depart- 
 ment in January, 1883. He then caused the able-bodied negroes of the 
 neighborhood to be formed into regiments, and drilled. In a short time he 
 was convinced they would make good soldiers, and they were afterward 
 employed as such in the army, and done good service to the country. 
 
 June 12, 1863, he was relieved of his command ; and, on the 14th of 
 November, was sent on a tour of inspection through the Military District 
 of the Mississippi. 
 
 On the 20th of May, 1864, he was appointed to relieve General Sigel in 
 "West Virginia ; and, taking up his headquarters in the field, at Cumberland, 
 marched to Harrisonburg, which was occupied without difficulty. 
 
 On the 5th of June he met the Rebels under General Jones, near Staun- 
 ton, whonx he engaged and completely routed, killing Jones, capturing 
 twenty guns and a large quantity of stores, and entered Staunton without 
 opposition. From Staunton he proceeded to Lynch' mrg, driving the enemy 
 before him ; but the Rebels being reinforced from Richmond, he retreated, 
 having run short of ammunition and KUpplic^. Being cut off from the val- 
 ley, he retreated over the mountains to ParkersburLi', where he first learned 
 of the Rebel raid into Maryland. August 7, l^6i, he was superseded by 
 General Sheridan. 
 
2-Y 
 
 124. AVILLIAir L. YANCEY. 
 
 William L. Yancey was born cat Ogeechec Shoals, Georgia, August 10, 
 1814. He received his etlucation in the Northern States, hrst entering a 
 private school, and subsequently Williams College; but, on account of a 
 disagreement, completed his education elsewhere. 
 
 lie studied law, and commenced its practice in South Carolina; 
 but, in 1837, he removed to Montgomery, Ala., where he soon became suc- 
 cessful, and united to his vocation the position of editor of the Cahawba 
 Democrat, and Weturopka Argus. 
 
 In 1840 ho was elected to the State Legislature as Representative, and 
 subsequently to the Senate. He was chosen, in 1844, to succeed Dixon II. 
 Lewis, as Eepresentative to Congress, and was re-elected for the next term, 
 occupying his seat in the Twenty-Eighth and Twenty-Ninth Congress. 
 
 In 1845 he voted ior the admission of Texas into the Union, and approved 
 the bill on the Oregon question. Supporting every measure in the interest 
 of the South, he voted for the extension of the Missouri Compromise line to 
 the Pacific. 
 
 Upon the completion of his Congressional term, ho returned to Alabama, 
 and resumed the practice of his profession ; and, in 1848, was a member of 
 the Democratic Convention which met at Baltimore, May 22, to nominate 
 General Cass for the Presidency. 
 
 Chosen, in 1850, the leader of the extremest of the Southern ultra senti- 
 ment, he was regarded throughout the North as its great exponent. Con- 
 sistent with his principles, he took an active part, in 1854-'5G, to make 
 Kansas a Slave State. More violent in the year 1859, he urged upon the 
 Legislature of Alabama to pass an Act to require the Governor, in the case 
 of the election of a Republican President in 1800, to call a convention of 
 Alabamians to oppose it at all hazards. 
 
 He was elected a member of the Democratic Convention which met at 
 Charleston, S. C, in April, 1800. The Convention refusing to adopt the 
 ultra Southern platform, he withdrew, with his colleagues, joining the Con- 
 vention at Baltimore, which nominated John C. Breckenridge for President, 
 and espoused his election with all the ardor of his luiture, and vehemence of 
 his orator)'. 
 
 Visiting New York during the Presidential canvass of 1860, he advocated 
 ihc policy of a fusion party, as the only practicable one to defeat Mr. Lincoln. 
 When the Southern States began to secede, Mr. Yancey was chosen, December 
 24, 18G0, a member of the Montgomery Convention. The ordinance of 
 secession adopted by this Convention, was reported by Mr. Yancey. 
 
 February 27, 1801, he was selected to visit Europe as a Commissioner 
 from the Southern States, where he used all his eloquence} to persuade the 
 Continental powers to recognize their independence. Being unsuccessful in 
 his efforts, he returned to the South, where he held several other appoint- 
 nients, and was elected to the Confederate Congress, in which service he 
 died, in July, 18Go, before realizing the hopelessness of his dreams, and the 
 dotcat of his people. 
 
125. THEODOEE PAEKEE. 
 
 Theodore Pahker, the celebrated Massachusetts clersrjman and 
 scholar, was born in Lexington, Massachusetts, August 24, 1810. He was 
 one of the old stock whose grandfathers fought in the first battles of free- 
 dom ; for the very musket captured at Lexington Green, in April, 1775, was 
 preserved by Theodore, and left to the State. He worked as a farmer and 
 mechanic, like other country lads, and went to the district school in winter, 
 became, in his turn, teacher, bought books, and fitted himself for college. 
 
 He entered Harvard College in 1830, studying at home, and compressing 
 three years into one ; taught school, and studied languages, ancient and 
 modern, edited periodicals, graduated as a clergyman, and settled in West 
 Roxbviry, in 1837. He formed views upon the authority and inspiration of 
 the Bible, which were not in harmony with the New England pulpit. In 
 short, he denied the supernatural in the Scriptures, and aroused an excited 
 controversy, which exhausted so much of his physical and mental energies, 
 that he was obliged to seek relief in foreign travel, spending the years 1843-4 
 in Europe. 
 
 The controversy was renewed on his return, when he organized a new 
 parish, in the Melodeon, Boston, in 1845. 
 
 Mr. Parker's contributions to periodical literature, his translations from 
 the German, and other productions of his pen, were marked by a vigor and 
 independence of thought which I'anked him among the leading minds of 
 the age. He was one of the earliest advocates of Temperance and anti- 
 Slavery. After the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law, in l&oO, ho took an 
 active part in opposing rendition. 
 
 In 1852 his congregation occupied the great Music Hall in Boston, 
 which was crowded by many, anxious to hear one whose fame had become 
 so great, and whose views of theology created such a vivid sensation when 
 uttered. His ideas about the interpretation of the Scriptures were too in- 
 dependent to escape the denunciations of orthodoxy. He believed that they 
 are interwoven with human error and superstition, while embodying in- 
 spired truth. Though his labors as a minister were extraordinary, he 
 traveled and lectured extensively, always carrying his bag full of books, 
 and studying as he went. He, like many of our independent clergy, ex- 
 pressed decided views on questions of public policy. His denunciations of 
 Slavery, and those who either advocated or compromised with it, was some- 
 thing more than ordinary objurgation. 
 
 Mr. Parkei-'s health began to fail, till, in 1859, an attack of bleeding of 
 the hmgs compelled him to cease his public services. He sought, in the 
 West Indies, and in another European tour, relief from his maladies. Set- 
 ting out from Pome, where he had passed the winter, he reached Florence 
 in the spring of 18(50, very much enfeebled, and died there on the 10th of 
 May of that year. He was buried in the cemetery, outside the wall, where 
 a stone, bearing the simplest record, marks the spot. 
 
 He bequeathed his library, of over thirteen thousand volumes, to the 
 Free Library, of Boston ; leaving, besides, numerous printed works — one, in 
 a fragmentary form, on the development of religion. 
 
12G. JOHN BEOWN. 
 
 Joim Brown was born in Torrington, Connecticut, May 9, 1800. He 
 was a descendant, on his father's side, of one of the Puritans of the " May- 
 floAver," whose stern, uncompromising adherence to what they considered 
 truth and justice, he fully inherited. 
 
 In 1805 liis father removed with him to Hudson, Ohio, on the Western 
 Reserve," in which phice and vicinity John Brown lived most of his time, 
 until he removed to Kansas, in 1855. He was employed in his youth as 
 cattle-driver and farmer, and, in later years, as tanner and wool-dealer. His 
 early education was limited ; but he entered the School of Adversity and 
 Humanity when quite young, and graduated at the University of Human 
 Freedom, where he studied the science of Justice and Liberty, and com- 
 menced its practice, in Kansas, in 1855. 
 
 Here, for over a year, he worked with untiring energy to establish free- 
 dom in that Territory ; and buttled manfully against the introduction of 
 slavery, by the fraud and usurpations of the "Border Ruffians" from Mis- 
 souri, aided and abetted by United States officers. 
 
 l[cre, also, ho fought with heroic bravery to protect his home, and the 
 homes of other free-State men, from the aggressions and murderous assaults 
 of pro-Slavery men, who came there for the avowed purpose of driving them 
 from the Territory. 
 
 John Brown believed in the Declaration of Independence, which taught 
 him, that "all men are created equal." He believed in the inspiration of 
 the Bible, which taught him to unloose the yoke, and let the oppressed go 
 free. He saw the institution of slavery blighting and blasting the manhood 
 of the nation, and he determined to do what he could to destroy it. 
 
 Inspired by tlie idea that he was commissioned from Heaven to liberate 
 the ftlave, he went into Missouri, and liberated twelve slaves (who had ap- 
 plied to him for lielp), whom he conducted safely to Canada, although a 
 reward of ^o,000 was set upon his head. 
 
 He afterward organized a band of twenty-one men, who went with him 
 to Virginia, and, on the 14th day of October, 1859, made that celebrated 
 raid upon the United States Arsenal at Harper's Ferry, which they captured 
 withf.ut bloodshed ; they next secured a number of prominent slaveholders 
 as ho.^tages, and issued an address to the slaves, to rise and assert their 
 rights to freedom. 
 
 It produced unparalleled excitement in Virginia, and Governor Wise 
 increased the panic by a violent proclamation, and with near o,000 militia 
 surrounded the town ; but it Avas not until the arrival of the United States 
 Marines, under Colonel R. E. Lee, that John Brown surrendered. Two of 
 his sons and a number of his men were kiiletl, and he himself wounded. 
 
 _ He was afterward tried for treason, convicted, and hung at Charlestown, 
 Virpinia, December 2, 1859. Thus ended his earthly existence; but his 
 spirit still marches on. 
 
 The demonstration at Harper's Ferry, John Brown considered of the most im 
 portant character to the nation. To Mr. Cook, who, on his return from the 
 North for aid, informed him that he could get none, and advised him to give up 
 the undertaking, as he had not men enough to make it a success, Mr. Brown re- 
 plied, "Jesus had but eleven men, and eleven is all I need. If I do not make 
 this demonstration this day, tlie ol)ject of my whole life will have been lost; but 
 It I make this demonstration this day, it being just before the political conventions 
 are held, it will turn the political parties into Northern and Southern parties, 
 and then the slave will go free through war and strife. Thank God— Mr. Cook, 
 I make this demonstration this da v.'' 
 
127. JOHN HUGHES. 
 
 Archbishop John Hughes was born in the North of Ireland, in tho 
 year 1798. 
 
 Hg camo to this country at the age of seventeen, and commenced his 
 preparatory studies for the priesthood. 
 
 Having spent seven years at the College of Mount St. Mary's, in Em- 
 jnettsburg, Maryland, he was ord;uned in 1825, and shortly afterward was 
 appointed pastor of a church in Philadelphia. Here he became popular as 
 an eloquent divine and active citizen. In 1830 he discussed with Dr. John 
 Breckinridge, an eminent Presbyterian clergyman, their respective dogmas, 
 through the newspapers ; and in 18o4 an oral discussion took place. In 
 1838 he was appointed Bishop of the Diocese of New York, and changed his 
 residence to that city. 
 
 In this position he distinguished himself by his determination in estab- 
 lishing tho vigorous discipline of the Catholic Church. This brought him 
 into bitter controversy with several prominent laymen, who, in some par- 
 ishes, had assumed the right to control the resources of the Church. In a 
 few yeax-s, howevei', this conflict was succeeded by an unexampled harmony 
 and good feeling throughout the whole of the Catholic community. 
 
 In 1840 a dispute ai-ose between the Catholics of New York and the 
 authorities and citizens of New York, on the subject of common schools. 
 Bishop Hughes entered into a full discussion of the subject, through the 
 newspapers, and afterward in the presence of the Common-Council ; and 
 won for himself great credit by tho urbane and catholic spirit in which he 
 performed his duty on that important occasion. 
 
 In 1850 Dr. Hughes was appointed by Pope Pius IX, Archbishop of the 
 Diocese of New York, which was raised to a Metropolitan See. 
 
 Archbishop Hughes was a man of unwearied exertions in active life,^ 
 and secured the respect of all classes of citizens of the great city in which 
 he resided. A large number of his lectures, sermons, letters, &c., have 
 found their way to the public, mostly through short-hand reports, prepared 
 for, and published in, the newspapers. The following are among the lec- 
 tui-es which have been published : " Christianity the only Source of Moral, 
 Social, and Political Regeneration," delivered in the House of Representa- 
 tives of the United States, in 1847, by request of both Houses of Congress ; 
 " The Church and the World ;" " The Decline of Protestantism ;" "Lecture 
 on the Antecedent Cause of the Irish Famine in 1847 ;" " Lecture on the 
 Mixture of Civil and Ecclesiastical Power in the Middle Ages ;" " Lecture 
 on the Importance of a Christian Basis for the Science of Political Economy ;" 
 " Two Lectiires on the Moral Causes that have Produced the Evil Spirit of 
 the Times ;" '* Debate before the Common-Council of New York on the 
 Catholic Petition Respecting the Common-School Fund," and " The Catholic 
 Chapter in the History of the United States." 
 
 He died January 3, 1804, and was buried, "after laying in state some 
 days," with great pomp and ceremony. 
 
128. OWEN LOYEJOY. 
 
 Owen Lovejoy was born in Albion, Kendall County, Maine, January 
 
 His father was a clergyman and farmer. Owen worked upon the farm 
 until he was eii^hteen years of ag-e, when he entered Bowdoin College. He 
 iTarhiated in 1885, and emigrated to Alton, Illinois, where he engaged in 
 theological studies, his brother, Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy, being, at the time, 
 the editor of the paper there which advocated anti-Slavery views. In 1837, 
 the pro-Slavery citizens of Alton and the neighboring counties in Missouri, 
 taking offense at the denunciations of Slavery contained in Rev. Mr. Love- 
 joy's paper, a mob, consisting mostly of Missourians, crossed the river to 
 Alton, and, after destroying his press, murdered him. 
 
 Owen Lovejoy was present, and his life was sought by the mob ; but, 
 notwithstanding his utter fearlessness of danger, he escaped death at their 
 hands ; and from that day he devoted himself, not to revenging his brother's 
 death, but to seek the overthrow of Slavery, as having been the cause of it. 
 At that time, the laws of Illinois forbade the holding of anti-Slavery meet- 
 ings, and subjected offenders to fines. 
 
 Mr. Owen Lovejoy, who was then pastor of a Congregational church in 
 Princeton, Bureau County, Illinois, was in the habit of holding such meet- 
 ings at various places in the State ; and, when arrested, as he often was, 
 and convicted and fined, he always announced at what time and place his 
 next meeting would be held. 
 
 He was often threatened with violence at these meetings ; but his firm- 
 ness of purpose and determined zeal were unshaken, while his eloquence 
 won many to his support. 
 
 The authorities soon found it a vain pursuit to punish a reformer of 
 such a spirit, for advocating a cause which he so conscientiously held ; and, 
 eventually, those tyrannical laws were repealed. 
 
 In 1854 Mr. Lovejoy was elected to the State Legislature, and in 1856 
 his district sent him to Congress, where he continued, by re-election, until 
 his death. ^ In Congress he was an active, useful member, and eloquent 
 speaker. , 
 
 Only a month before his death, he wrote to his friend, "Wm. Lloyd Gar- 
 rison, the great and early apostle of anti-Slavery, his views with regard to 
 the re-election of Abraham Lincoln, expressing the sentiments which filled 
 the hearts of the large majority of Union men, and adding : " It seems to 
 mc certain that the Providence of God, during another term, will grind 
 Slavery to powder." 
 
 Owen Lovejoy was ranked among the leading reformers of the Abolition 
 school. Ho died at Brooklyn, New York, March 25, 1SG4, 
 
129. DAYID G. FAREAGUT. 
 
 Admiral David G. Farragut was born about the year 1801, near 
 Knoxviile, Tennessee. 
 
 His early years were passed amid the dangers and vicissitudes of a bor- 
 der life, so that, while yet a boy, be became inured to pei'il and strife. On 
 one occasion he was i-escued from the cruel mercies of an Indian tomahawk 
 only by the heroic bearing of his mother, who kept the red-faced enemy at 
 bay until her husband, with a squadron of cavalry, caused tnem to take to 
 their heels. 
 
 A short time previous to the breaking* out of the War of 1812, his father 
 was called to the command of a gunboat at New Orleans. Here was first 
 formed young David's taste for the navy. His youthful ambition was soon 
 gratified by Commodore D. D. Porter, who, pleased with the boy's appear- 
 ance, took him on board his, own ship, the far-famed Essex. 
 
 In a bloody engagement off Valparaiso, between the Essex and the two 
 British sloops, PJiebe and Cherub, he distinguished himself by his gallant 
 behavior; but when he saw the American flag hauled down, he burst into 
 tears. Nor did ho willingly sui'render himself a prisoner until, after a 
 pugilistic encounter with an English " Middy," he had secured a favorite 
 pig, the pet of himself and fellow-sailors. 
 
 At thirteen he was appointed Master of a British prize vessel from Guay- 
 aquil to Valparaiso. 
 
 He served on board various vessels in various parts of the world, until 
 18G1, during which he had risen to the position of Captain. 
 
 On the breaking out of the Rebellion he resisted all the flattering induce- 
 ments of his many Southern friends to desert the old flag ; and, after estab- 
 lishing his family at Hastings, on the Hudson, he remained ready for action 
 at his country's call. 
 
 His name was quickly suggested when the expedition against New 
 Orleans was fixed upon, early in 1862. He was appointed Flag-Ofidcer of 
 the fleet, and sailed in the flag-ship i/"a7*(/(9?-(Z for the "Crescent City," 
 which surrendered after a desperate defense from Forts Jackson and 
 St. Philip. The courage and skill dis?played by Commodore Farragut iu 
 this memorable engagement won for him the gratitude and admiration of a 
 generous people. 
 
 In July, 1862, he was promoted to Rear- Admiral, and continued in com- 
 mand of the Gulf blockading squadron ; passed the batteries of Port Hudson 
 in March, 1863, and rendered valuable aid to General Grant, then besieging 
 Vicksburg. 
 
 In August, 1864, he succeeded in ejffecting the passage of Forts Morgan 
 and Gaines, in Mobile Bay, with his fleet, destroying the Rebel ram 2'en- 
 iiessee, and compelling the forts to surrender by the 23d of the month ; for 
 which achievement he was promoted to Vice-Admiral, •whicli grade was 
 specially created for him by Congress ; and, July .^o, 1866, he was made 
 Admiral. He died August IB, 1870, in Portsmouth, N. H. His remains were 
 brought to New York, October 7, where tne oiisequles of the great American ad- 
 miral were celebrated on a scale of splendor amply testifying the respect and 
 esteem in which the name of the dead hero is held by all Americans, previous to 
 being deposited in the Woodlawn Cemetery. 
 
130. PRESTON S. BEOOKS. 
 
 Preston S. Bkooks was born in Edg-efield District, South Carolina, 
 in Ausrust, 1819. Graduating at the South Carolina Colhge, in 1839, he 
 adopted the profession of law, and was admitted to the bar in 184o. 
 
 Ho was elected to the Legislature of South Carolina, in 1844; and, on 
 the breaking out of the Mexican War, in 1846, raised a company of vol- 
 unteers, of which he was made Captain, serving in the Palmetto Regiment 
 during the greater part of the campaign. At the close of the war, he 
 returned to South Carolina, and settled down as a planter. 
 
 lie was elected Representative to Congress in 1853, and re-elected in 
 l8oo. The fiery debates in Congress on the Kansas difficulties — the electric 
 spark that presaged the thunderbolt of war that was preparing to burst upon 
 the country — aroused ever}' feeling of passion that was smothered, and lay 
 smouldering, in both the Northern and Southern heart. In the midst of all 
 this dense passion, this pent-up feeling found its vent in two opposite 
 natures, — one sedate, classical, and confident in the justice of its cause ; the 
 other passionate, impulsive, and reckless, acting under imaginary wrongs. 
 Charles Sumner had made one of his most memorable speeches against the 
 South, and her institution, in which he particularly criticised Senator 
 Butler, of South Carolina, a near relative of Mr. Brooks. Chafing under 
 this severe attack upon th^ peculiar institution of his State, and the personal 
 criticism of his relative, the " chivalrous spirit" of Mr. Brooks was aroused, 
 and he determined to be avenged. Entering the Senate Chamber, he com- 
 mitted a personal and almost deadly assault upon the Massachusetts Senator. 
 
 This event caused great excitement in the North, and a spirit of indig- 
 nation pervaded every breast. A Senator from Massachusetts had been 
 brutally assaulted in his chair by a Representative from South Carolina ! 
 Henry Wilson, the colleague of Mr. Sumner, in the Senate, pronounced the 
 assault "mui'derous, brutal, and cowardly ; " whereupon, Mr. Brooks chal- 
 lenged him to a deadly conflict. Mi'. Wilson replied that, while he 
 religiously believed in the right of self-defense, he must decline to accept 
 the challenge, believing dueling to be, not only a violation of the law of 
 the land, but the relic of a barbarous age. Although denounced by the 
 North, Mr. Brooks was sustained by his constituents. 
 
 The fiery spirit of Mr. Brooks was again displayed in the Presidential can- 
 vass of 185G, when he threatened that, in the event of the election of John 
 C. Fremont, he would " march upon Washington, seize the archives of the 
 Government, and take possession of the capital." 
 
 Disappointed in the opportunity, this threat was a foreshadowing of the 
 events which occurred on the election of Abraham Lincoln, as President of 
 the United States, in 1800. 
 
 Dying in Washington, D. C, January 27, 1857, he left behind him many 
 warm personal friends. 
 
131. CORNELIUS VANDERBILT. 
 
 CoRNELiTTS Vandejrbilt, popularly known as the " Commodore,'' was 
 born on Stateu Island, N. Y., May 27, 179 4. His father having established 
 a ferry between New-York and Statcn Island, young Corneliiis had much 
 to do with its management. For some five years he was engaged as boat- 
 man, carrying pleasui-e parties to pic-nics, boarding ships etc. ; no matter 
 how it blew, or stoimed, or froze, if •' Corueil" had agreed to boaid a ship 
 or deliver a dispatch, he did it. When about sixteen years of age, he be- 
 came the owner of a boat and commenced an independent career and by 
 the time he was eighteen he found himself part owner and Captain of one 
 of the largest periaugers in the harbor. Duriug the war of J^12. he ren- 
 dered material service in furnishing supplies, by night, to the forts about 
 New- York. In fact, his energy, skill and daring became so well known, and 
 his word, when he gave it, could be relied upon so implicitly that '• Cor- 
 nell, the boatman," as he was familiarly called, was sought after far and 
 near when an expedition particularly hazardous or important was to be 
 undertaken. As boatman at the age of twenty-three, he was making $4,000 
 a year, but perceiving steam would ere long become the great agent of 
 navigation, he in 1817 entered the service of 'I homas Gibbons, then pro- 
 prietor of a Line of Steamboats running between New York and Philadel- 
 phia, remaiuing in his employ twelve j'ears. 
 
 Having made himself thoroughly acquainted with the details and 
 practical management of Steam Navigation, he in 1829, left the employ of 
 Mr. Gibbons and set himself to work establishing Steamboat Lines on the 
 Hudson lliver, the Sound and elsewhere, in opposition to Corporations and 
 Companies, who, having a monopoly of trade, made travel too expensive 
 to be enjoyed by the many. His plan was always to build better and faster 
 boats than his competitors, to run them at their lowest paying rates, and 
 thus furnish passengers with the best and cheapest accommodations. 
 
 For the next twenty years he applied himself to the work before him, 
 with the same wisdom, and that earnest, steadfast zeal he had ever shown, 
 and was eminently successful. 
 
 Ill l^=49 he obtained a grant from the Nicarauguan Government to con- 
 struct a Ship Canal from the .Atlantic to the Pacific, by the San Juan 
 Kiver and Lake Nicaraiigua. but after spending considerable money in this 
 enterprise it was abandoned and the Nicaraugua Transit Company was 
 organized and Mr. Vanderbiit was chosen President. Under his manage- 
 ment this route to California became a favorite one, and the price of passage 
 was reduced from $(iOi) to $300. In 18o3 he sold out his interest, and in 
 185.> established an independent line to Havre. The famous Steamboat 
 "Vanderbilt" was built for this line and made the quickest time on 
 record. Mr. Vanderbilt made a free gift of this splendid vessel to the 
 U. S. Government m I8ti2 at a time when the Administration needed im- 
 mediately a large addition to the Navy. 
 
 In 186.) he sold out all his vessels and transfered the greater part of 
 of his wealth to Railroads, and is now the largest Railroad proprietor in the 
 United States, and one of the two or three richest men in the Empire 
 City. It was never his plan to put away money in a chest, nor yet to 
 simply invest it, but rather, in the fullest sense of the word, to use it. 
 Consequently, it is said, he employs more men to-day, directly and indi- 
 rectly, than any other man in th© land. 
 
132. JOHN A. ANDEEW. 
 
 John A. Andrew, the 21st Governor of Massachusetts, was born at 
 ■\Vindham, Maine, May 31, 1818. 
 
 In his boyhood he was marked for his freedom from vicious habits, and 
 for his cheerful, sprightly, and studious disposition. 
 
 He graduated at Bowdoin College, Brunswick, Maine, in 1837, when he 
 removed to Bos'ton, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1S40, and soon 
 became eminent in his profession. 
 
 Thoroughly anti-Slavery, he met the aggressions of the slave-power at 
 every step by his protest, when his voice could speak for freedom. 
 
 In 1850 the Fugitive Slave Law called forth his warmest opposition to its 
 enactment, and its enforcement in Massachusetts. 
 
 In 1858 he was elected to the Legislature of Massachusetts, and, in 18G0, 
 a Delegate to the Republican Convention at Chicago which nominated 
 Abraham Lincoln for President of the United States. The same year he 
 was elected Governor of Massachusetts, which position he held throughout 
 the war of the Eebellion, and until 1866, when he declined to be again a 
 candidate. 
 
 He foresaw in the agitation at the South, during the Presidential can- 
 vass of 1860, the beginning of a fearful conflict, and prepared the militia of 
 his State, beforehand, to meet the impending storm. So thoroughly had 
 the militia been organized, that, on the call of President Lincoln for troops, 
 in less than twenty-four hours after its reception, a regiment was on the 
 march for Washington. He had given himself with untiring energy to the 
 work of making the commonwealth ever ready, as she was always willing, 
 to st;:nd in the front ranks against treason, and in the support of the United 
 States Government. 
 
 In the Conference of Governors at Altoona, Pennsylvania, in September, 
 1862, he was conspicuous in hopeful, ardent patriotism, and prepared the 
 address to the Pn sident, urging the issue of a call for three hundred 
 thousand new troops to the field. 
 
 His message of January, 1861, read like a prophetic oracle. He showed 
 the constant loyalty of Massachusetts, and her willingness to defend, at any 
 cost, the National life. 
 
 In his message of May 1, he opens with these laconic words : " The 
 occasion demands action, and it shall not be delayed by speech." He then 
 points out what is to be done, and how it is to be done, in the tersest lan- 
 guage. 
 
 Governor Andrew's valedictory address of January, 1866, was closely 
 argumentative, severely logical, with no superfluous woic:s ; and it will 
 stand as one of the ablest papers on Resonstructiou ever placed before the 
 people. 
 
 His message of April 17, 1865, on the death of Abraham Lincoln, was, 
 perhaps, one of his best efforts In it he says: " Let the Government and 
 the people resolve to be brave, faithful, impartial, and just. With the 
 blessing of God, let us determine to have a Country, the Home of Liberty 
 and civilization." 
 
 He died suddenly, of apoplexy, October 30, 1867. 
 
' V Sta? 
 
 133. JOHN VAN BUEEN. 
 
 John Van Buren, a gentleman of mark and prominence, botli as a 
 lawyer and a politician, was the son of Martin Van Buren, the 8th President 
 of the United States, and was born at Hudson, New York, in February, 
 1810. 
 
 He graduated at Yale College in 1828, studied law with Benjamin F. 
 Butler, at Albany, and the Hon. Aaron Vanderpool, at Kinderhook, and 
 was admitted to the bar in 1830. Though an able lawyer and an eloquent 
 adv'ocate, he was less distinguished at the bar than in political life. 
 
 Mr. Van Buren accompanied his father while Minister to England, in 
 1832, which gave him an opportunity of becoming familiar with the higher 
 classes of British society. 
 
 In 1845 he was chosen as Attorney-General of the State of New York, 
 and at the termination of his service settled in the city of New York, in the 
 practice of his profession, frequently taking part in the political affairs of 
 the day. 
 
 During the Presidential canvass of 1848, he distinguished himself as a 
 popular advocate of the Free-Soil party, and of the exclusion of Slavery 
 from the Federal Territories. He did not, hoAvover, adhere to the princi- 
 ples Avhich were subsequently developed by that party ; but, during the 
 latter years of his life, acted with the Democratic party, often taking an 
 active interest in the canvass. 
 
 In May, 18GG, he left New York for an European tour, traveling exten- 
 sively, during the summer, in Sweden, Norway, and Russia, and spending 
 a few weeks, previous to his embarkation for home, in the Highlands of 
 Scotland. 
 
 Mr. Van Buren's health had previously been impaired, but on his return 
 voyage the symptoms of his disorder gave evidence of sudden aggravation. 
 After a brief period of suffering, he expired, on board the steamer Scotia, 
 on the 13th of October, 18GG. 
 
 As an advocate, Mr. Van Buren was distinguished by an overwhelming 
 oratory, which irresistibly carried the jury with him. He was always an 
 eloquent and interesting speaker, but it was chiefly as a stump-orator, ad- 
 dressing a popular audience, that John Van Buren was celebrated. Ho 
 possessed an easy, but graceful manner, with a happy flow of wit, which 
 delighted the Democratic crowds, whom he held enchained, or roused to 
 loud and boisterous mirth. 
 
 On the breaking out of the Rebellion, he placed himself on the side of 
 the Union, as a War Democrat, and was one of the speakers at the great 
 Union meeting which assembled at Union Square, New York, in 1861. 
 
 Mr. Van Buren, though frequently solicited, never sought office, and 
 died with unsullied patriotism, predominant in death. 
 
Q 
 134. WM. H* CHANNING, 
 
 TTm. H. CnANNlXG, a celebrated divine, the champion of free thought 
 and free limbs, was born at Newport, Ilhode Island, April 7, 1778. As a 
 boy, he was thoughtful and amiable, winning the love of his schoolmates 
 and teachers. 
 
 At a very early age he was imbued with religious reverence ; and thought, 
 with an unusual degree of mental vigor, upon the abstract dogmas of theol- 
 ogy, lie was the soul of honor, and ever ready to take the part of the op- 
 pressed among his playmates. Washington AUston, the poet-paiuter, 
 describes him as an " open, brave, and generous boy." 
 
 He entered Harvard College in 171)4, and graduated in 1798, with the 
 highest honors of his class. 
 
 In 1801 he was made Regent in Harvard University, and the following 
 year, having been licensed b)^ the "Cambridge Ministerial Association." he 
 comTncnccd preaching, and was settled over the Federal-Street Society, June 
 1, 1803, lie retained the office of Pastor of this church and Society until 
 his death, which occurred at Bennington, Vermont, on the 2d of October, 
 1842, wliile on a journey for his health. 
 
 Dr. Channing was small in stature, and always had the appearance of 
 being in a very depressed condition of health. When he rose to speak, his 
 voice, scarcely rising above a tremulous whisper, caused a strong feeling of 
 disappointment and regret ; but, as he warmed with his theme, his form 
 seemed to dilate until you forgot his diminutiveness, and his voice rose to 
 such a clear, sonorous note, that every vibration thrilled to the very soul. 
 
 Few men were so eloquent as he ; but it was not the eloquence of the 
 schools. It was the manly earnestness, with which he impressed upon his 
 audience the greatness of his subject and the solemnity of his mission, and 
 enchained the souls of his hearers, and melted them into tenderness and 
 humility. 
 
 Dr. Channing was an uncompromising advocate of human freedom. He 
 sought, with all his might, t) take away the irons from the limbs of the 
 enslaved, and to disinthrall the human mind from the fetters of party, and 
 the debasing creeds of sects. 
 
 He was an ardent patriot, and his heart bled for every stain that fell 
 upon the escutcheon of his country's glory. 
 
 AVhon the New England church divided on what were called the Unita- 
 rian and Calvanistic doctrines, he took the liberal side, only as choosing the 
 least of two evils, and labored while he lived to do away with sectarian 
 names and badges, and to bring all real and sincere believers together, under 
 the broad and single name of Christians. 
 
 Dr. Channing was a man of the purest life and spirit. The sins which 
 so easily beset and contaminate muny great and good men, were shed by the 
 immaculate mantle of his life without leaving a trace behind. In liiru there 
 waano guile,. 
 
*S>J 
 
 135. HOSEA BALLOU. 
 
 HoSEA Ballou was born in Richmond, New Hampshire, April 80, 
 1771. His father was a Baptist minister, and, at quite an early age, Hosea 
 received deep religious impressions, and joined his father's church. When 
 he was about fourteen years old, considerable stir was made by che presence 
 of several Universalist ministers in his native place, some of whom he heard. 
 Their discourses led him to inquire if their doctrine was consistent with the 
 Bible, and he resolved to give the subject a thorough investigation. In this 
 labor he had no other book than the Bible, to the study of which he applied 
 an honest mind and a sturdy purpose to adopt such views as might oe 
 derived from its teachings. The result was, that he embraced the views of 
 those preachers, and openly avowed his change ; in consequence of which he 
 was excommunicated from the Baptist church, when his thoughts were 
 turned to the subject of preaching. 
 
 In 1791, Mr. Ballou preached his first sermon in a private house. 
 
 He was first ordained in Oxford, in 1794, and in 1803, in Barnard, Vt., 
 where he wrote and published two works : " Notes on the Parables," and a 
 " Treatise on the Atonement." 
 
 These volumes he compiled without the aid of any other books than the 
 Bible ; and, although there is little scholastic polish to be found in them, 
 the marks of his keen logic and biting satire are to be seen on nearly every 
 page. On the 8th of November, 1809, he was installed over the Universalist 
 Society in Portsmouth, N. H., where ho remained until 1815, when he 
 removed to Salem, Mass., and remained two years, and then accepted the 
 call of the Second Universalist Society in Boston, where he was installed 
 December 25, 1817, as its first Pastor. Here he continued during the remain- 
 der of his life, living in great harmony with his people, and laboring inces- 
 santly, both at home and abroad, in the various duties of his profession. 
 
 He fell quietly asleep on the 7th of June, 1852, in the eighty-first year 
 of his age. 
 
 The labors of Mr. Ballou were arduous and extensive. He traveled 
 widely throughout the United States, visiting the churches and establishing 
 new ones. 
 
 Although he seldom wrote his sermons, few clergymen have written 
 more than he. His controversial writings would make many large tomes of 
 theological lore. Few preachers have produced a stronger sensation, or left 
 upon the circle of their mission a more enduring effect than he. Without 
 education, without patronage, with nothing but his own strong powers of 
 intellect, amidst the bitterest opposition, he succeeded in building up the 
 cause to which he devoted his life. For his attentions to the wants of his 
 people in sickness and in sorrow, he won their love ; and, quite early in life, 
 he passed among them as " Father Ballou." 
 
136. LYMAN BEECHER. 
 
 Rev. Lyman Beeciietj, a distinguished Clergyman, was born in New 
 Haven, Connecticut, Sei^tembcr 12, 1775. 
 
 He prepared for college under the immediate supervision of the village 
 pastor, and in due time graduated at Yale College, where he afterward 
 remained two or three years, studying- divinity under Dr. Dwight, then 
 President of that institution. 
 
 In 17i)8 he received his license for the ministry, and was soon called to 
 take charge of the First Congregational Society in East Hampton, Long 
 Island, where he labored with marked fidelit}'- for more than two years. In 
 1810 he removed to Litchfield, Conn., where he settled as Pastor over the 
 First Congregational Society of that place. He remained in charge of this 
 Christian flock for sixteen years, and preached with great success. Having 
 married, he found himself, ere long, surrounded with a numerous family — 
 ** The Clergyman's Blessing " — and he set himself to work to improve tlie 
 condition of the community in which his children were to be reared. He 
 raised the standard of education in the schools, and became an efficient and 
 successful laborer in the cause of Temperance, to which he devoted his sin- 
 gular energies throughout a long life, and to which he was to the last as 
 freshly devoted as in the palmy days of his youth. 
 
 He also entered, heart and soul, into all the great questions of moral 
 reforms ^yhich then began to agitate the churches ; and, during this period, 
 assisted in the establishment of the Connecticut Education Society, the 
 American Bible Society, the Connecticut Missionary Society, and other 
 associations of a similar character. 
 
 In 182G great defection had taken place in Boston and neighboring 
 parts of New England into Unitarianism, following the lead of Dr. Chan- 
 ning, and others in sympathy with him, and Dr. Beecher was chosen, out of 
 all the other clergy in New England, to uphold the standard of the ancient 
 Puritan faith against their desertion, and he took charge of the Hanover 
 Street Calvanistic Society in Boston, where he labored for six or seven 
 years with great zeal and considerable success. His ministry partook 
 largely of the controversial, and he flung himself into the thickest of the 
 battle. 
 
 In 1832 he was appointed to the Presidency of the Lane Theological 
 Seminary at Cincinnati; and, at the same time, he took charge of the Second 
 Presbyterian Society in that city, which double charge he performed with 
 great vigor of intellect and body until about the year i'8o2, when he resigned 
 all public and official relations, and removed to Boston, where he afterward 
 resided, enjoying the respect of all who knew him and the proud satisfac- 
 tion of seeing his children " a numerous brotherhood," occupying command- 
 ing positions in society, and rendering themselves famous by their labors in 
 the cause of truth and humanity. 
 
 Dr. Beecher published much during his life, consisting, principally, of 
 ficrmons delivered on various occasions. He is also author of a volume on 
 i oiitical Atheism," and was always a zealous advocate of the Temperance 
 movement, and may be regarded as one of the chief founders of the "Tem- 
 perance Reform." 
 
 in iSGO^^^"^ ''^ ^^'"^ residence of his caa, Henry Ward Beecher, in Brooklyn, 
 
137. WILLIAM D. PORTER. 
 
 Commodore William D. Porter was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, 
 in 1809, but was educated in Pennsylvania, and appointed to the navy from 
 Massachusetts, He was the son of Commodore David Porter, who distin- 
 pfuished himself in the War of 1812, and a brother of Admiral David D. 
 Porter, who also distinguished himself on many occasions in the late war. 
 
 When the Rebellion broke out, W. D. Porter was cruising in the sloop-of- 
 war St. Mary's. Being a Southern man by birth, his loyalty was suspected ; 
 hearing which, he wrote a characteristic letter to the Government, defending 
 himself from the aspersion. 
 
 He was afterward sent to the AYestem waters under Commodore Foote, 
 who was preparing a fleet to open the Mississippi. The vessel selected for 
 him to command was the St. Louis (ferry-boat), which he converted into a 
 formidable iron-clad gun-boat in eighteen days, fighting the enemy while 
 constructing it. Ho named it the " Essex,^^ after the ship in which his gal- 
 lant father fought his desperate battle with the ^^ Alert, ^^ near the port of 
 Valparaiso, in 1812. 
 
 Although it had an ignominious birth, it was destined to win a great 
 reputation. 
 
 He accompanied Commodoi'o Foote up the Tennessee River, and took part 
 in the attack on Fort Henry. 
 
 As Foote with his flag-ship moved up to the fort, the Essex hugged him 
 close, and, when fire was opened, lay alongside. The heavy shot from the 
 batteries pounded her mailed sides, and made her quiver from stem to stern. 
 Yet Porter kept creeping nearer to them, pushing into the very vortex of the 
 fire. Amid the crashing of shot and bursting of shell, above, around, and 
 against the sides of the ship, his bearing was grand and heroic. AYhen 
 within a few hundred yards of the fort, as he was watching the effect of 
 the fire, a 32-pound shot struck his vessel, just above the port-holes, killed 
 a man by his side, and landing in the boiler, sent the stream through the 
 vessel, and fatally scalded many of the sailors ; Porter himself was also 
 scalded, and became temporarily blinded from the eff'ects. 
 
 While recruiting, he had the Esaex repaired, and on the 9th of July 
 started down the Mississippi River to join the fleet at Vicksburg, his brother 
 and Admiral Farragut coming up from below. 
 
 Here the formidable Rebel ram Arkansas made its appearance, passing 
 through the fleet without being affected by their broadsides, and placing her- 
 self under the batteries of the fort. Such a formidable vessel could not be 
 trusted on the river, and Porter volunteered, alone and unaided, to destroy 
 her. He went down under the fire of the battei-ies of the fort and the ram, 
 where he attacked and partially disabled her. He intended to have struck 
 her with his armed bow, but she avoided him. The ram afterward 
 withdrew for repairs, when Porter attacked and set fire to her magazine, 
 causing it to explode. 
 
 Thus by his daring, one of the most dangerous impediments to our suc- 
 cess on the river was destroj^ed. He then started down the river, passing 
 Port Hudson under a galling fii-e, unharmed, destroying one of the batteries, 
 and arrived at New Orleans, where a Commodore's commission awaited him; 
 but he did not live to enjoy it, for disease had set in, and he was obliged to 
 return to the North for his health, where he soon after died, at St. Luke's 
 Hospital, in New York, in 1862, in the fifty-third year of his age. 
 
138. J. FENIMOEE COOPER 
 
 J. Feximore Cooper Avas born in Bordentown, New Jersey, September 
 15, 1789. At the age of ten, his father removed to Cooperstown, New York. 
 lie was fitted for college under the training of E.ev. Mr. Ellison, Kector of 
 St. Paul's Church, Albany. 
 
 After spending a few years m studying* the classics, he entered the navy 
 at a still very early age ; and, during a few years of service, gave such evi- 
 dence of his fitness for a naval leader that a commission was about to bo 
 tendered to him, when he fell a victim to Cupid, and surrendered himself to 
 the bands of Hymen. 
 
 After his marriage, he gave himself up to pleasure, travel, and litera- 
 ture, for some years, during which time he stored his mind with the rich 
 materials which he has since wrought into such delightful fabrics. 
 
 His first serious attempt at novel-writing (after various contributions to 
 the litei-ary journals) came before the world under the title of *• Precaution." 
 Then came the " Spy," and " Pioneers," and " Pilot," and a whole brood of 
 flattering successors, the very enumeration of which we have no room for, 
 each adding to the fame of the author, as each was perused by the enthusi- 
 astic and expectant readers. 
 
 His last work was published in 1849, and Mr. Cooper's mortal remains 
 were committed to the dust in 1851. But he still lives in the hearts of 
 grateful millions, whose spirits have been stirred Within them by his touch- 
 ing pathos, and whose love of country has been warmed into new life by the 
 patriotism of his eloquent pen. 
 
 Cooper, like Scott, has bound his phantasms so fast by history that one 
 forgets while reading, that he is not dealing with sober facts. Whether wc 
 sit with him on the sunny slope, and gaze over the rich landscapes his 
 wizard wand has enchanted from the depth of his own rich imagination, or 
 prowl with ** Leather Stockings " through the dusky and savage-begirt 
 forest, or scud under bare poles over the frightened and laboring sea, or 
 mingle in the ensanguined fray on the slippery decks of the " lied 
 Rover," there is a freshness and reality about them that makes us forget 
 that our sympathies are excited fur ideal beings, or that we are feasting 
 our mental eye on painted emptiness. His writings may not have the 
 finish of Irving, or the severe correctness of style to be found in Scott ; 
 but there is a life-likeness about what he has written that gushes out like 
 some bubbling spring on the mountain side, and sends a refreshing coolness 
 to the lips. 
 
/ 
 
 139. JOHN PIEEPONT. 
 
 Rev. JorrN PiERPONT was born in Litchfield, Connecticut, April G, 1785. 
 He graduated at Yale College, at the age of nineteen. 
 
 He then became a Private Tutor in'the family of Col. William AUston, 
 in South Carolina, where he remained four years. 
 
 From lb09 to 1812 he studied law at Litchfield, and settled at New- 
 buryport, Massachusetts. The War of 1812 interfered with his practice, 
 and he then attempted business pursuits, with indifi'ercnt success. 
 
 In 1818 he entered the Cambridge Divinity School. He was soon after 
 installed as Pastor of the Hollis-Street Unitarian Church, at Boston. For 
 twenty-five years he remained in that Pastorate, which connection, however, 
 became clouded with troubles and dissensions, growing out of his strong 
 advocacy of Temperance and anti-Slavery, with other philanthropic meas- 
 ures, which he warmly upheld. 
 
 In 1835 he visited Europe and Asia. In 1845 he became Pastor of the 
 First Unitarian Church in Troy, New York, where he remained four years, 
 and then accepted a call to the First Congregational Church at Medford, 
 Mussachusetts. 
 
 When the Avar of the Rebellion broke out, Mr. Pierpont was deeply in- 
 terested, and instantly sought an active position, although then seventy-fivo 
 years of age. 
 
 He was appointed Chaplain of the Twenty-Second Massachusetts 
 Regiment, by Governor Andrew. The exposure of camp-life, and the severe 
 duties of the field, compelled him, much to his regret, to resign. 
 
 Secretary Chase theu appointed him to a Clerkship in the Treasury De- 
 partment, which he held until his sudden death, at Medford, August 2(5, 
 18(J6, being eighty-one years of age. 
 
 Mr. Pierpont was a thorough scholar, a graceful and facile speaker, and 
 a poet of no ordinaiy power. 
 
 His devotion to the humane and philanthropic reforms of his time, 
 sprung from the highest influences of intelligence and truthfulness, and 
 were carried out with the strong conscientiousness of duty. 
 
 The era in which such men lived was, in our country, one calling for 
 fearless and energetic character 
 
 The demand was supplied by such a host as history seldom records, and 
 many of the heroic spirits called forth in that holy warfare, have already 
 passed away from the scenes of their earthly toils and triumphs. 
 
¥^ 
 
 140. JOHN HUDSON. 
 
 John Hudson was bom in Concord, Massachusetts, April 5, 1802. - 
 He received a common-school education, and learned the trade of black- 
 8mith, after which emigrated to the State of Ohio, then the "far West," 
 and settled on the Western Reserve. ^ , , , . 
 
 Hero he set up his forge and anvil, and soon acquired a profitable busi- 
 ness. . . n 1 . 1 
 
 His shrewdness and persistent perseverance m overcoming all obstacles, 
 and a determination to accomplish everything he undertook, brought him 
 prominently before the people of his county, and they elected him Sheriff, 
 which position he hold for a number of years. 
 
 He soon became noted for his success in hunting up fugitives from jus- 
 tice, and the horse-thieves of that vicinity quickly scattered to distant parts. 
 
 In all his professional term he never failed to arrest any culprit he was 
 summoned to take into custody. -^ 
 
 At one time, when the rivers were swollen, and many bridges were 
 washed away, he was called upon about dusk to go in search of a fugitive 
 from justice, who had two days the start of him, and no one knew the 
 direction he had taken. 
 
 He was at work in his shop, had on his paper hat and leather apron, and 
 in his shirt sleeves. Without stopping to make any preparation, he jumped 
 upon his famous horse " Yankee" (railroads were not then in operation), and, 
 alter making a few inquiries of those who had seen him last, started for 
 the East, and was two hundred miles away before he stopped to purchase 
 a hat and coat. Having, as if by instinct, got upon his track the first day, 
 he, by changing horses, rode night and day, until he caught his man in the 
 farthest corner of the State of Maine, two thousand miles away. ^ 
 
 He deeply sympathized with those oppressed by reason of their poverty ; 
 and, when called upon to arrest them for debt, rather than take _them to 
 jail, would often pay the debt himself, or go their security. 
 
 He was a Democrat, and upheld the system of slavery ; but if a fugitive 
 slave came to him (as they often did) for i)rotection, his political views gave 
 way to the voice of humanity, and he would give them shelter, food, and 
 money to speed them on to freedom. 
 
 He was very eccentric in his ways, persistent and generous to a' fault. 
 As an instance of his perseverance : While in a boat fishing for bass in a 
 deep pond, he had drawn up a large one some three feet from the water,^ 
 Avlicn it dropped from the hook. Determined not to lose the bass, he 
 (Injpped his line, jumped from the boat, and caught the fish in his hfunds 
 just as it struck the water's edge, and brought it safe to the boat. 
 
 He was always ready to assist at the bed-sido of the sick, and his services 
 were often brought into requisition by his neighbors, for he was jin excellent 
 nurse. 
 
 Having no children of his own, ho adopted and brought up a number of 
 orphan relatives. 
 
 He was a favorite in the village in which ho lived,"and "all the villagers 
 claimed the privilege of calling lum " Uncle John." 
 
 He died I'^bruary 2, 1803. 
 
Ul. JONAS BUTEICK. 
 
 Colonel Jonas Butrick was born in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, 
 May 2S, 1791. 
 
 He was a descendant of one of the Pilgrims of the 3Iay-Flou:er, and a 
 relative of Colonel Butrick, of Revolutionary fame. His early life was 
 spent upon a farm, attending the village school during the winter months. 
 
 In his youth he was fond of hunting ; but being too poor to own a gun, 
 he made himself a bow and arrows, with Avhich he became so expert, that, 
 at " Election Huntings," whichever side chose young Jonas, was sure to 
 come off victorious. At an annual celebration of the " taking of Corn- 
 wallis," he led the Indian regiment in the " sham-fight." It was at this 
 time he received the title of Colonel. 
 
 At the age of seventeen he was apprenticed to the saddle and harness 
 trade ; and when he became of age, he had saved enough from overwork and 
 wages to set up in business for himself, soon after which his natural inclina- 
 tion to invent was brought into exercise by his own necessities, and he in- 
 vented a truss, Avhich, from a singular circumstance, became somewhat 
 celebrated : 
 
 A gentleman of a neighboring village had, apparently, died suddenly, 
 caused by a strain. Learning the circumstances. Colonel Butrick did not 
 believe tha man was dead ; and, meeting the funeral at the grave-yard, he 
 stated his doabts to his relatives, and they allowed him to open the coffin 
 and examine the body. Atter adjusting the rupture, and applying the 
 truss, the man showed signs of life, and in a few days he was walking 
 about, and lived many years to bless the day that truss was invented. 
 
 Colonel Butrick was afterward continually inventing some labor-saving 
 machine ; but, like most inventors, he did not reap the benelit of his inven- 
 tions — others, by some means, getting the advantage of his " new ideas." 
 
 He, at one time, before the days of railroads, went with his own horse 
 and carriage to Washington, to take out a patent, which took him near two 
 months to accomplish. 
 
 While on a visit to Boston, he first heard a total abstinence temperance 
 lecture. He joined the Society, and brought the pledge to his country 
 home, where he established the first Temperance Society of that town. He 
 was ever after unceasing in his efforts to extend and build up the cause, 
 until he had the satisfaction of seeing "New England rum" banished from 
 all the public places of the village. 
 
 When the Abolition question first began to be agitated at the North, 
 Colonel Butrick was one of its earliest champions ; and he took a special 
 interest in the right of petition and free discussion. He invited a noted 
 speaker to lecture in his village on the subject, obtaining the use of the 
 Town- Hall of the Selectmen for that purpose. When the speaker began to 
 address the audience, a number of riotous spirits began to hiss, determined 
 he should not speak, and one, more bold than the rest, came toward the 
 platform, saying to his comrades: "Come on ; let us drive the d — n Abolition- 
 ist from the hall ;" whereupon Colonel Butrick, with the " fire of the Revolu- 
 tion" in his eye, sprang from the platform, seized the intruder by the collar, 
 and before he could make any resistance, hurled him headlong into the 
 street. Quiet was then restored, and the lecturer proceeded. 
 
 He coatfinucd fx) lead in all the reforms of tho'day, in that part of tho 
 country, until his death, which occurred Mai'ch 15, 1853. 
 
142. GEOEGE P. MOREIS. 
 
 George P. Morkis was born in the city of New York in the year 1802. 
 He commenced his literary career at an early age. 
 
 Before he had attained his majority he contributed to various publica- 
 tions, and in the year 1822 became the editor of The Neic York Mirror, 
 which remained tmdcr his control till the year 1848, when financial embar- 
 rassments compelled him to discontinue its publication. 
 
 During this long period, the Mirror served efficiently the cause of litera- 
 ture in America; and, through its pages, Willis, Fay, Cox, Legget, and a 
 host of excellent writers w-ere introduced to the reading public. 
 
 Mr. Morris also became connected with the military organization of the 
 State of New York, and held the rank of Brigadier-General, 
 
 General Morris acquired his chief reputation as a song-writer rather 
 than as a journalist, one of which has gained an extensive popularity — the 
 ballad of " "Woodman, Spare that Tree," — having become as well known in 
 England as in the United States. 
 
 In 1825 General Morris wrote the drama of " Brier Cliff," a play in five 
 acts, founded upon events of the American Kevolution. It was performed 
 forty nights in succession. 
 
 In 1842 he wrote an opera, called " The Maid of Saxony," which was 
 performed with success. 
 
 In 1840, Messrs. Appleton & Company published an edition of his poems, 
 and in 1842 Paine & Burgess published his songs and ballads. 
 
 A volume, under the title of " The Little Frenchman and his "Water- 
 Lots," was soon after issued by Lea & Blanchard, at Philadelphia. 
 
 In 1844, in conjunction with Mr. Willis, he established a weekly paper, 
 called the Neic Mirror, which was discontinued after an existence of a year 
 and a half. 
 
 The Evening Mirror was next started ; and, after being conducted by 
 Morris & Willis for a year was sold out. 
 
 A few months after. General Morris began the publication of The 
 National Press and Home Journal. In November, 1846, he was joined by 
 Mr. Willis, and the first number of the Home Journal was issued, the first 
 part of the name used having given rise to a mistake on the part of many 
 as to the objects of the paper. 
 
 General Morris continued his association with the Home Journal and 
 Mr. Willis, until his death, July 4, 1864. 
 
 He resided at Under Cliff, opposite West Point, and was buried in the 
 cemetery at Cold Spring, with William Cullen Bryant, General Dix, Pro- 
 fessor Bartlett, General Sundford, Professor Weir, and Governeur Kcmble, as 
 his pall-bearers ; and it was by such " bright spirits " that he was beloved. 
 Mr. Morris was always sincere, affectionate, generous, appreciative of others, 
 and modest of himself. He passionately loved and enjoyed music, and was 
 that natural-born musician to whom all melody comes easy. Never singing 
 a son- nor playing upon any manner of instrument, he could tell what was 
 true lu tune or in verse by a kind of instinct. With the musically inspired, 
 as pcriormors or composers, he had a natural and instinctive friendship, and 
 aU who were honored with his acquaintance loved him. 
 
143. NATHANIEL P. WILLIS. 
 
 Nathaniel P. Willis was born in Portland, Maine, January 20, 1807. 
 "While a child, he was sent to Boston, to attend the Latin School of that citj--. 
 He afterward studied at Phillips's Academy, at Anduver, and entered Yale 
 College in the seventeenth year of his age. About that time he produced a 
 series of poems on sacred subjects, which obtained for him some reputation. 
 
 Immediately after lie graduated, in 1827, he was engaged by Mr. Good-' 
 rich (" Peter Parley ") to edit T lie Legendary and The Token. In 1828 he 
 established the Americdn Munthbj Magazine, which he conducted two years 
 and a half, when it was merged into the New York Mirror, and Willis went 
 to Europe. On his arrival in France, he was attached to the American 
 Legation by Mr. Rives, then Minister to tlie Court of Versailles, and with a 
 diplomatic passport he traveled in that country, Italy, Greece, Asia Minor, 
 Turkey, and, last of all, England, where he married. 
 
 The letters he wrote while abroad, under the title of " Pencilings by 
 the Way," were first published by the New York Mirror. In 18o5 he pub- 
 lished " Inklings of Adventure," a scries of tales, which appeared orig- 
 inally in a London magazine under the signature of " Peter Slingsby." In 
 1837 ho returned to the United States, and retired to " Glenmary," a 
 pleasant seat on the Susquehanna, where he resided four years. Early 
 in 1839 ho became one of the editors of the Comair, a literary gazette in 
 New York, and in the autumn of the same year he went to London, where 
 he published a number of volumes of poems and tragedies, and wrote the 
 descriptive portions of some pictorial works on American scenery and 
 Ireland. In 1843, with George P. Morris, he revived the New York Mirror^ 
 which had been discontinued for several years, first as a weekly and then 
 as a daily gazette, but withdrew from it on the death of his wife, in 1844, 
 and made another visit to England, where he published " Dashes at Life 
 with a Free Pencil," consisting of stories and sketches of European and 
 American society. 
 
 On his return to New York, in 1845, he published his complete works, 
 which hlled a closel3^-printed imperial octavo volume of eight hundred 
 pages. In October of the same year he married a daughter of the Hon. 
 Joseph Grinneil, of New Bedford, Mass., and selected for his home the pleasant 
 " Idlewild," Avhich has been made memorable by his " Out-Doors of Idle- 
 wild," and later labors. About the same time he became associated with 
 Mr. George P. Morris, as Editor of the Home Journal, a weekly, which 
 rapidly won a large share of the public favor, and has continued, from that 
 to the prest-nt time, a poi)ular organ of literature, society, fashionable life, 
 and the news of the day. The extent of Mr. Willis's Avorks comprise almost 
 a library of volumes, which are doubtless too well known to demand a 
 repetition in this place. 
 
 Twenty or thirty years ago Mr. Willis was the recognized leading Poet 
 of America; and at that time he deserved the reputation. His earlier 
 poems are marked by elegant diction, real grace, and genuine pathos. 
 Several of them were at once adopted by compilers of school-books, and thus 
 a largo portion of the youth of the country have become familiar with 
 Willis's best productions. His elegy on the death of President Harrison, 
 and his " Baptism in Jordan," are among his most widely-known poems, 
 
 Mr. Willis enjoyed a personal acquaintance of unusual extent, and both 
 here and abroad he had hosts of friends. He died of paralysis, January 20, 
 1867, the sixtieth anniversary of his birth-day. 
 
/<^ Y 
 
 144. WASHINGTON ALLSTON 
 
 "NYasiiixgtox ALLSTON, the eminent Poet and Painter, -was born" in 
 South Carolina, in ITSO, and graduated at Harvard College in 1800. 
 
 The year following, he embarked for Europe, and remained abroad for 
 eiirht years, studying the works of the great masters, and enjoying the 
 frfendship of the most distinguished poets and painters of England and 
 Italy. Among those with whom he lived on terms of familiar intimacy, 
 were Wordsworth, Southcy, and Coleridge, each of whom enshrined in verse 
 tlicir affectionate remembrance of his genius and virtues. He had the in- 
 Btruction and friendship of West, Fuzeli, and Reynolds. 
 
 While in Europe, he was not only ingratiated to every one wuth whom 
 he came in contact, but his talents and genius commanded the respect and 
 consideration of the masters of his ai't. 
 
 "In painting, the genius of Allston was adapted to the creation of both 
 the beautiful and the sublime ; although it may be inferred from the nature 
 of his works, that the tendencies of his mind were to subjects of stern 
 grandeur, and of strong, deep feeling. His conceptions, taken from the 
 highest departments of art, were always bold and original. He possessed a 
 powerful, as well as brilliant, imagination ; while the execution of his pic- 
 tures was marked by a rare combination of strength, freedom, and grace. 
 As a oolorist, his qualities are best described by the name applied to him 
 by the artists of Italy, and by ■which, alone he was known to many, that of 
 the * American Titian.' " 
 
 Among his principal works were : " The Dead Man Restored to Life by 
 Elijah," "The Angel Liberating Peter from Prison," "Jacob's Dream," 
 "Elijah in the Desert," "The Angel Uriel in the Sun," "Saul and the 
 Witch of Endor," " Spalatro's Vision of the Bloody Hand," " G-abriel Setting 
 the Guard of the Heavenly Host," " Anne Page and Slender," "Beatrice," 
 and other exquisite productions. 
 
 Daring the last years of his life, Mr. Allston was engaged upon a chef- 
 d'oeuvre, calh'd " Belshazzar's Eeast," which, most unfortunately for the 
 honor of his name and the credit of the art, ho was not permitted to com- 
 plete. Enough was accomplished, however, to show that the ripened mind 
 ot the great artist was not marred nor weakened by any manifestation of 
 physical decay. It is the production of a great mind and heart. 
 
 Mr. Allston also cultivated the muses with considerable success, A 
 small volume of his poems were published in London, in 1813 ; and his poems 
 afterward contributed to the press, rank him among the first American 
 poets. 
 
 _Ho published a tale called " Monaldi," a work of great power and beauty. 
 It is full of delicate touches in its coloring, and shows him to have been 
 ])o.ssessod of a soul keenly alive to all that is beautiful and pure in nature 
 and in humanity. 
 
 In the classic shades of Cambridge, Mr. Washington Allston, the Painter, 
 root, and Poet- Painter, bade adieu to the scenes of earih, on the 9th of July, 
 lb4j, in the sixty-fourth year of his age. 
 
145. WASHINGTON lEYING. 
 
 Washington Irving was born Aisril 3, 1782, in the city^of New York. 
 He was the youngest son of a numerous family, and received . his academic 
 honors at Columbia College. ' - 
 
 About this time he commenced his career as a public'writer by contribu- 
 ting a scries of letters to the Morning Chronicle, under the signature of 
 *' Jonathan Old-Style." These juvenile essays attracted mxich notice at the 
 time ; and, in 182o or 1824, were collected and published without the sanc- 
 tion of the avithor. _^ . _ 
 
 On leaving college, he commenced the study of the law ; and, after read- 
 ing the allotted time, duly installed himself in that profession," and 
 opened an office in New York City. It is said that he never was so unfortunate 
 as to have but one client, and his cause he was altogether too diffident to 
 manage ; so, turning over both client and cause to one of his brethern who' 
 had less modesty, he left the profession in disgust, and decided to pursue 
 the more flowery path of literature. In this choice he evinced a rare judg- 
 ment; some say he committed a happy blunder. ^Itj\vas_tohim_the only 
 sure one to fame. 
 
 In 1804 Mr. Irving visited Europe for his health," and returned in 180G. 
 In December, 1809, he published his " Knickerboclcer History of New York," 
 In 1810, his two brothers, who were engaged in commercial business, gave 
 him an interest in the concern, with the understanding that he was to 
 pursue his literary avocation. 
 
 On the close of the war, in May, 1815, he embarked for Liverpool, with 
 the intention of making a second tour of Europe, but was prevented by the 
 sudden reverses which followed the return of peace, overwhelming the house 
 in which he had an interest, and involving him in its ruin. 
 
 In 1818, while residing m London, he wrote and published his "Sketch- 
 Book ;" and, after seventeen years' residence in Europe, during which he 
 wrote various works, and held, for several years, the office of Secretary of 
 Legation to the American Embassy in London, he returned to New York in 
 1832, and was greeted everywhere with the warmest enthusiasm. 
 
 In 1842 he was appointed Minister to Spain, in which capacity he had 
 evidence enough of his unfitness for the drudgery of official detail. He was 
 better adapted to pour into the living souls of millions of his race the 
 refreshing and strengthening waters of a benevolent, holy, and highly inten- 
 sified intelligence. He returned in 184G ; and, in 1850, commenced his " Life 
 of Washington," completing his last and fifth volume in April, 1859. 
 The versatility of Mr. Irving's pen is wonderful, and its power to create a 
 laugh "beneath the ribs of death," or wring a tear of genuine sympathy 
 from the eye of cold philosophy, all have been compelled to confess. There 
 is, too, a freshness and raciness in all he wi'ote that smacks of nothing but 
 his own high genius and all-embracing heart. Pick up a stray leaf from 
 any of his many books, and though it have no mark or signature to identify 
 it, yet jovi will know it by the faithful daguerreotyped lineament of his 
 beautiful and harmonious mind. Unlike some whose charter of nobility 
 lies in their pen, Mr. Irving was the personation of his best fictions — a true 
 gentleman, and kind neighbour. 
 
 His beautiful " Sunnyside" residence was as quiet and sheltered as the 
 heart of man could desire, in which to take refuge from the troubles and 
 cares of the world. He died, November 28, 1859. 
 
146. LYMAN TRUMBULL. 
 
 Lymax Trj'MnrLL was born at Colchcstor, Connecticut, in 1813, and received 
 his ediu-ation at Bacon Academy in that town. His father, Benjamin Trumbull, 
 Avas a lawyer, and his grandfiither was the Rev. Dr. Trumbull, who wrote a 
 history of Connecticut. The subject of this sketch, after teaching a district 
 school for several seasons in Connecticut, went to Georgia, in 1833, where he 
 taught school for three years in the Greenville Academy, and, in the mean time, 
 studied law. In 1837, he removed to Illinois, and settled at Belleville, where he 
 commenced the practice of his profession. In 1840, he was elected a member of 
 the Legislature from St. Clair County on the Democratic ticket. In 1841, he was 
 appointed Secretary of State, which position he held for two years. In 1848, he 
 was elected one of tlie three justices of the Supreme Court of the State, and, draw- 
 ing the short term of three years, he was reelected, in 1851, for nine years. 
 
 In 1853, be resigned the judgeship, and resumed the practice of his profession 
 at Alton, where he then resided. On the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, in 
 May, 1854, Judge Trumbull took issue with his political friends who advocated 
 that measure, and was largely instrumental in the organization of vvhat was known 
 in Illinois as the Anti-Nebraska Democrats, being Democrats who opposed the 
 opening of the territories to slavery, from which, by the Missouri Compromise, 
 it had been excluded. 
 
 In the fall of 1854, he became the Anti-Nebraska candidate for Congress 
 in the Eighth District, then the strongest Democratic District in Illinois, and was 
 elected over the regular Democratic candidate by 261 1 majority. The Legislature, 
 chosen at tlie same time, consisted of one hundred members, and was made up of 
 Democrats, Whigs, Americans, and Anti Nebraska Democrats. 
 
 When the election of United States Senator, to succeed James Shields, took place 
 in the following February, no one party had a majority. After eight ineffectual 
 ballotings, on one of which Abraham Lincoln received forty-five votes. Judge 
 Trumbull was, on the ninth ballot, elected, receiving 51 out of 99 votes cast. 
 
 On the expiration of his term, in 18G1, he was reelected without opposition ; 
 and again, in 1867, he was reelected for a third term, which will expire in 1873. 
 
 When the Republicans came into power in the United States Senate, in 1861, 
 Judge Trumbull was made Chairman of the Committee on the Judiciary, which 
 position he has held ever since. Being at the liead of that committee, most of 
 the important legislation relating to reconstruction has passed through his hands. 
 
 The first act ever passed by Congress for freeing slaves emanated from him, 
 and was approved by Mr. Lincoln, August 6, 18G1. lie reported and had charge in 
 Its i>assagetlirough the Senate of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Coustituiion, 
 abohshmg slavery, and was the Author of the Civil Rights Act. 
 
X 
 
 147. FLETCHEE WEBSTEE. 
 
 Colonel Fletcheii Webster, of the 12th. IMassachusetts' VoltmteerB, 
 was the last surviving' child of the late Daniel Webster, and \vas born at 
 Portsmouth, New Hampshire, July 2o, ISlo. 
 
 Commencing- his education in Boston, he graduated at Harvard Uni- 
 versity in ISoo, and entered upon the study of the law at Hopkinton, 
 N. H., and began the practice in 1836. Marrying in that year, ho 
 removed to Detroit, Mich., and remained there one year, when he re- 
 moved to La Salle, 111. Residing there four years, he became an active 
 member of a sporting club, and proved his efficiency as a good shot, and 
 daring rider, in the chase of the wolf and the deer. 
 
 During the period of his fatlier's administration of the State Depart- 
 ment, he was appointed Chief Clerk, and filled it creditably. He subse- 
 quently accompanied Caleb Cushing, as Secretary of Legation, to China; 
 and, on his return, in 1845, delivered several lectures on China and the 
 Chinese, 
 
 Elected to the Massachusetts Legislature in 1847, as a Representative 
 from Boston, he distinguished himself in a very able speech in support of a 
 resolution appropriating $20,000 in aid of the Massachusetts regiment 
 raised for the Mexican War. 
 
 In 1850 President Taylor appointed Colonel Webster to the office of 
 Surveyor of the port of Boston, an office which he continued to hold undc r 
 the subsequent administrations of Presidents Pierce and Buchanan. 
 
 In 1855, he edited a valuable edition of his father's correspondence. ' lie 
 subsequently published, anonymously, several humorous poems ; and had 
 he cultivated literature as a profession, he might have_ taken high rank as 
 a man of letters. 
 
 At the beginning of the Rebellion, Colonel Webster raised the 12th 
 Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteers. Mustered into service at Fort 
 Warren, June 20, ISGl, it left Boston on the 2od of July, and ai'rived at 
 Sandy Hook, Md., on the 2Tth. Marching next to the Monocacy River, 
 Hyattstown, Darnestown, Muddy Branch, Edwards' Ferry, Poolsville, and 
 Seneca Mills, they finally wintered near Frederick, Md. Moving into 
 the Shenandoah Valley on the 22d of January, 18G2, they were in active 
 operations at Charlestown, Winchester, Berry ville. Snicker's Gap, Aldie, and 
 Grove Creek. Leaving, on the 28th, for Cub Run, they marched the next 
 day for Bull Run, and from this time till August they operated in the Shen- 
 andoah Valley, their activity of service confining them but briefly to one 
 point. They took part in the battle of Cedar Mountain on the 9th of August, 
 and, on the 20th, in the battle of the Rappahannock. Continually on the 
 move from that time until the end of the month, they participated in the 
 battle of Grovetown, August 80, 18G2, where^ Colonel Webster was 
 mortally wounded. 
 
tr 
 
 148. HENEY WINTEE DAVIS. 
 
 Henkt Winter Davis was born at Annapolis, Maryland, August 16, 
 1S17. Ilis education began early, at home, under the care of his auni, Eliza- 
 beth Brown "Winter, -who taught him to read before he was four years old, 
 thouiih mucli against his will. 
 
 His father removed to Wilmington, DeL, where Henry was instructed 
 under his own supervision ; but, in 1837, he returned to Maryland, and 
 settled in Anne Arundel County, where Henry became very much devoted 
 to out-door life, roaming the fields with his gun, accompanied by one of his 
 fathor's slaves. 
 
 While here he saw much of slaves and Slavery which impressed him 
 profoundly, and laid the foimdation for those opinions which he so heroically 
 and constantly defended in after-life. Referring to this period, he said : 
 " Being a boy, the slaves spoke with more freedom before me than they 
 would before a man. They felt wronged, and sighed for Freedom. They 
 were attached to my father, and loved me; yet they habitually spoke of the 
 day when God would deliver them." 
 
 He subsequently attended school at Harvard, and afterward entered 
 Kcnyon College, in Ohio, in 1833, where he graduated in 1837. 
 
 His father dying, left him a number of slaves; but he never held any of 
 them under his authority, nor would he accept any of their wages, and ten- 
 dered each and all a deed of absolute manumission, whenever the law would 
 allow. 
 
 He entered the University of Virginia in 1839 ; and, after a thorough 
 course at tliat institution, entered upon the practice of the law in Alexan- 
 dria, Virginia. His ability and industry attracted attention, and he soon 
 acquired a respectable practice. His natural aptitude for public affairs 
 made itself manifest in due time, and some articles wliich he prepared on 
 municipal and State politics gave him a great reputation. 
 
 He also published a series of newspaper essays, wherein he dared to 
 question the divinity of Slavery. 
 
 In 185U he removed to Baltimore, and immediately a high professional, 
 social, and political position was awarded him. He became prominent in 
 the Whig party ; and, in 1852, in the Scott campaign, was everywhere 
 known as the " brilliant orator and sviccessful controversialist." He after- 
 ward led off in the American movement, and was elected to the Thirty-Fourth, 
 Thirty-Fifth, and Thirty-Sixth Congress, by the American party, and to the 
 Thirty-Eighth by the Unconditional Union party of the Fourth District of 
 Maryland. Mr. Davis's most striking characteristics were his devotion to 
 principle and his indomitable courage. He hated Slavery, and he did not 
 attempt to conceal it. It was through his persevering energy that Maryland 
 was redeemed from the leprous stain of this institution. 
 
 He lived to witness the triumph of his country in its desperate struggle 
 with treason — to see it rescued from the grasp of despotism, and rise vic- 
 torious, with her garments purified, and her brow radiant with the unsullied 
 light of Liberty. He lived to greet the return of Peace, and then he gently 
 ) ' '<f "^1 ^^-"^ "^*^^ ^'^^ bosom, and breathed out his noble spirit, Decem- 
 ber JU, laOo, so quietly, that no one knev/ the moment of liis departure. 
 
149. JOHN A. DIX. 
 
 General John A. Dix wa-» born in Bosccwan, Now Hampshire, July 24, 
 1798. At aa early ag3 ho was sent to ihid academy at Salisbury ; afterward 
 at Exeter; and, in 1811, when fourteen yeari old, h'3 was transferred to a 
 college at Montreal under the direction of tha Fathers of the Sulj^ician 
 Order, whero ho diligently pursued hia studies, until hostilities commenced 
 between tho L'nited State:* and Great Britain, Avhen ho was compelled to 
 return. After a short study at Boston, ha was appointed a Cadet in the 
 United States army, and was ordered to Baltimore, Avhere his father was 
 then in command. 
 
 In March, 1813, the Secretary of "War offered him, without solicitation, 
 the choice of a scholarship at West Point or an Ensigncy in the army. He 
 choose the latter, and entered the Fourteenth Infantry, of which his father 
 was Lieutenant-Colonel,.and immediately marched to Sackett's Harbor, N. Y. 
 
 In June, 1813, while only in his fifteenth year, he was appointed Adjutant 
 of an independent battalion, with which he descended the St. Lawrence, and 
 participated in the perils and hardships of that unfortunate expedition. Tlie 
 same year, his father having died, he obtained leave of absence to settle 
 his father's estate, which had become embarrassed. 
 
 In 1814, he was transferred to the corps of artillery, under Colonel Walbach, 
 with whom he continued several years. 
 
 In 1810 he was appointed Aid to General Brown, and passed his leisure 
 hours in studying law, with a view of leaving the army at an early day. 
 
 In 1825 he was promoted to a captancy in the Third Artillery, and the 
 same year, his health failing him, he traveled in Cuba and Europe. 
 
 In December, 1828, he retired from the army, and commenced the practice 
 of law in Cooperstown, N. Y. lie also entered political life, and became 
 an active member of the Democratic party. In 1830 he was appointed 
 Adjutant-General of the State. In January, 1833, he was chosen Secretary 
 of State of New York. In 1841 he was elected Member of Assembly; went 
 to Europe again a second time in 1842 ; and, on his return, in January, 1845, 
 elected a Senator to Congress, to fill the jdace of Silas "Wright, who was 
 made Governor of New York. He represented the " Barn-Burners," or 
 Free-Soil Democrats of New York. 
 
 In 1848 he was a candidate for Governor of New York ; but, not being 
 'successful, he retired to private life. In 1853 he was appointed Assistant 
 (Treasurer of the United States at New York City. In May, 18G0, he was 
 appointed Post-Master of New York ; and, in January, 18G1, was made Sec- 
 retary of the Treasury by President Buchanan. 
 
 On the 29th of January, he sent that celebrated telegraphic dispatch to 
 Mr. W. H. Jones, whom he had previously sent to New Orleans, with orders 
 to save, if possible, the revenue cutters McClelhni and Cass : "If any one 
 attempts to haul down the American Flag, shoot him on the spot." He 
 retired from the Treasury in March, 18G1 ; and, on the 20th of May, presided 
 at the immense meeting at Union Square, N. Y., which organized " The 
 Union Defense Committee," and elected him Chairman. 
 
 He was appointed Major-General of Volunteers, May 6, 18G1 ; and, on the 
 14th of June, the President appointed him to a similar position in the Regu- 
 lar Army. July 20, having been appointed to com.mand of the Department 
 of Maryland, he was ordered to Baltimore, where he established his head- 
 quarters. In 18G2 he was transferred to Eastern Virginia, with headquarters 
 at Fortress Monroe ; and, frcra 1863 to 1866, he commanded the Department 
 of the North, with headquarters at New York. In 18G8 he wag appointed 
 Minister to France. - ^ 
 
150. OLIVEE r. MOETON. 
 
 Oliver P. Morton was born in Wayne County, Indiana, August 4, 1823; 
 graduated at the Miami University, studied and praeuced law. He was elected 
 Circuit Judge of the Fifcli Judicial Circuit of Indiana, in 1852. 
 
 In 1856, Mr. Morton was the Republican candidate for Governor of Indiana, 
 and made considerable reputation for himself during the canvass, but was defeated 
 by a small majority. In 1860, he was elected Lieutenant-Governor of the State of 
 Indiana on the san'ie ticket with Governor Lane. The election of Mr. Lane to the 
 Senate of the United States elevated Mr. Morton, according to the provisions of 
 the State Constitution, to the office of Governor. In that position, not only 
 from its prominence and importance, but from the ability in its discharge 
 displayed by Governor Morton, ho became the leading- man in, as well as the 
 liead of, the State. 
 
 The war, breaking like a thunderbolt suddenly upon the country, Indiana, 
 like most of the States, was divided in sentiment, and the Indiana Legis- 
 lature, which was overwlielminglv loyal at that time, voted over $2,000,000 to as- 
 sist the National Government. The Legislature of 1862 and 1863 was, however, 
 disloyal, and Governor Morton, as a zealous advocate of the war to suppress the re- 
 bellion, found himself hampered in his efforts to adopt measures in aid of its vigo- 
 rous prosecution. To surround him with these difficulties, one of the most effectual 
 methods to do so, was for his opponents to adjourn the Legislature without making 
 provisions to pay the State debt. Such a movement, in the event of its suc- 
 cess, would have resulted in the destruction of the credit of the State ; and 
 to avert such a calamity, at such a time. Governor Morton set vigorously to 
 work to procure the means wherewith to liquidate the liability. 
 
 Receiving his unfaltering aid, though surrounded by his enemies, vigilant 
 for hi.^ defeat, the United States Government could, at all times, depend 
 upon Governor Morton for co-operation and support in conducting the war. 
 
 Re-elected Governor in 18G4, he received a majority of twenty-one 
 thousand of the popular vote. 
 
 In political sentiments. Governor Morton belongs to the ilepublican side 
 of politics denominated Radical ; and, in 1867, was elected to the United 
 States Senate. Basing his opinions upon no one contracted idea, he possesses 
 a grasp of mind which places him, as a public man, in the first rank of 
 statesmen. Of great ability, he is a ready and fluent speaker, and has, as 
 was predicted, made one of the ablest and most distinguished members of 
 the United States Senate. 
 
 Previous to the trial of the impeachment of President Johnson, Governor 
 Morton was prominently spoken of as the probable President of the Senate, 
 in order to succeed the President of the United States in the event of con- 
 viction following his impeachment. Considering the brief time he had 
 been a member of that body, this testimonial in his favor shows how deep 
 an impression his commanding talents and statesmanlike bearing made upon 
 the Senate. 
 
 The great reputation which Governor Morton gained during the financial 
 embarrassments of his State serves him now, with his experience, in the 
 Senate. He is one of the foremost men upon the Reconstruction and 
 imancial questions now in that body. 
 
 A recent controversy, involving 'the public finances, has recently taken 
 place between him and Horace Greeley, which has attracted wide attention. 
 
151. EOBEET ANDEESON. 
 
 General Bocekt Anderson, the hero of Fort Sumter, was born in 
 Kentucky, in 1^05. He entered West Point Academy in 1821, o-raduated in 
 li>25, and was rnado Brevet Second Lieutenant in the Third Artillery. 
 During the Black Hawk War he acted as Inspector-General of the Illinois 
 Volunteers, and in June, 1833. he was promoted to a First Lieutenancy. 
 From 1835 to 1837 he was Assistant Instructor at the United States Military 
 Academy ; but was assigned to the staff of General Winfield Scott, as Aid- 
 de-camp, in 1838. In 1839 he published his "Instructions for Field 
 Artillery, Horse and Foot; Arranged for the Service of the United States," 
 a hand-book of great practical value. 
 
 His services in the Indian troubles were acknowledged by a Brevet Cap- 
 taincy, April S, 1838. In July of the same year he was made Assistant 
 Adjutant-General, with the rank of Captain, and full Captain in 1841. 
 
 In March, 1817, he was with his regiment in the army of General Scott, 
 and took part in the siege of V'era Cruz, being one of the officers to whom 
 was intrusted tlie command of the batteries. This duty lie accomplished 
 with signal skill and gallantry. lie remained with the army until its tri- 
 umphant entry into the Mexican capital, the following September, when ho 
 was appointed Brevet M ijor and Acting Major of his brigade for gallantry 
 at Molino del Hey, where he was severely wounded. In 18.")1 he was 
 promoted to fu.il rank of Major in the first brigade. It was while holding 
 this rank, and in command of the garrison at Fort Moultrie, that 
 on the 20tli of December, 1860, the State of South Carolina seceded, and 
 declared itself out of the L^nion. The event was celebrated throughout the 
 Southern cities, and the plague of disloyalty overspread the entire South. 
 Finding himself shut up in an nntcnabie fort, with less than one hundred 
 men, liis own Government fearing to send him reinforcements, and being 
 menaced on every side, cut off from supplies, with the deep murmurs of war 
 growing louder and more threatening. General Anderson determined to 
 evacuate Fort Moultrie. Accordingly, he destroyed all that was of use to 
 the fort, and removed his men to Fort Sumter, the strongest of the Charles- 
 ton fortifications. 
 
 The rage of the South at this strategic movement was intense, and only 
 equaled by the thi-ill of joy which ran through the North. Before the burst 
 of indignation had subsided. Fort Moultrie was taken possession of by the 
 South Carolinians, and put in a state of defense. Strong redoubts were 
 thrown up on Morris and James Islands, Fort Johnson, and Castle Pinckney 
 were also occupied, and Sumter Avas invested. No ships could approach 
 it in the teeth of these sullen batteries. On the 8th of April, the United 
 States Government informed the insurgents that they wished to send sup- 
 plies to Fort Sumter on an unarmed transport, but were denied the permis- 
 sion. The Government then officially informed them that supplies would 
 be sent to Major Anderson, peaceably, if possible, otherwise by force. 
 On the 11th of April, General Beauregard, who had command of the Rebels, 
 demanded of General Anderson the surrender of Fort Sumter, which, 
 being refused. General Beauregard opened fire upon the fort at 4:30, A. M., 
 and on the l4th, the fort, having caught fire, and, being o\it of provisions, 
 General Anderson sui'rendered. With their tattered flag flying, these seventy 
 men marched out of Fort Sumter, the band playing- national airs. 
 
 General Anderson was made a Brigadier-General, and sent to Kentucky 
 to take command in that State ; but his health unfitted him for the duties, 
 and he retired from the army. He has since resided in the city of New 
 
 York. 
 
152. JOHN POPE. 
 
 General JoiiN PoPE was born in Kentucky, March 16, 1823, and, dui'ing 
 his infancy, his father removed with him to Kaskaskia, 111. After receiving 
 a careful preliminary education, he was admitted, in 1838, a cadet in the 
 Vitst Point Military Academy, Avhere he graduated in 1842, standing high 
 in }iis class. In July of the eame year he was commissioned Brevet Second 
 Lieutenant in the corps of Topographical Engineers. 
 
 Upon the breaking out of the war with Mexico, he was attached to the 
 army under General Taylor, and, " for gallant and meritorious conduct" at 
 the battle of Monterey, was breveted a First Lieutenant, his commission 
 bearing date September S3, 1840. For " highly gallant and meritorious 
 conduct" on the liard-fought field of Buena Vista, he was breveted a Cap- 
 tain, his commission being dated February 23, 1847. 
 
 In 1840 he conducted Iho Minnesota Exploring Expedition, which demon- 
 strated the practicability of navigating the Red Kiver of the North with 
 steamers, after which he acted as Topographical Engineer in New Mexico 
 until 1853, when he was assigned to the command of one of the expeditions 
 to survey the route of the Pacific Railroad. From 1854 to 1859 he was 
 engaged in this work, during which time (July 1, 1856) he was promoted to 
 a Captaincy in the corps of Topographical Engineers. 
 
 On the 17th day of May, 1861, he was commissioned a Brigadier-General 
 of Volunteers in the Union army, and assigned to a command in Northern 
 Missoxiri. 
 
 In December he served in Central Missoiiri, under General Ilalleck, and, 
 on the 17th of that month, he scattered the Rebel camp at Shawnee Mound. 
 
 On the 18th he surprised another camp, near Milford, and took some 
 thirteen liundred prisoners. This campaign cleared this district of the 
 Rebels. 
 
 On the 14th of March, 1862, he captured New Madrid, and, on the 7th 
 of April, the Rebel garrison of Island No. 10, amounting to nearly seven 
 thousand men — for which services he was made a Major-General. He was 
 next commander of a corps of the army to co-operate with Halleck in the 
 reduction of Corinth. 
 
 In June, 1862, he was assigned to the command of the Army of Virginia, 
 over Fremont, Banks, and McDowell, and, on July 14, was commissioned 
 a Brigadier-General in the Regular Army. 
 
 At the conclusion of the Second Bull Run campaign, September 3, 1862, 
 he was relieved at his own request, and assigned to tlie Department of the 
 KorthAvest, from whence, in the spring of 1865, he was transferred to that of 
 Missouri. In March. 1867, was assigned to the command of the Third Military 
 District, under the Reconstruction Acts ; and relieved by President Johnson in 
 J'.inuary of 1868. He was then assigned to the command of the Department of 
 ilie Lukes; and in April of 1870, lie was reassigned to the command of the De- 
 p:utnic'ut of the Missouri, where he now is. 
 
153. PHILIP H. SHEEIDAN. 
 
 General Philip II. Siiektdan, the " Hero of the Shenandoah,''' Tyas born 
 in Perry County, Ohio, in 1831, and graduated at VV'e.'-t Point in 185o. He 
 saw considerable service in the West, and, alter the outbreak of tlie Rebel- 
 lion, was commissioned a Captain in the United States Infantry. For nearly 
 a year he acted as Chief Quartermaster in the trans-Mississippi Department, 
 and in May, 18G2, was appointed C'olunel of the Second Michigan Cavalry. 
 
 In June ho was put in command of a cavalry bviyade, and for a brilliant 
 victory over the Rebel General Chalmers, at Booneville, Mississippi, July 1, 
 he was promoted, on General Grant's recommendation, to be a Brig'adicr- 
 General of Volunteers. During the invasion of Kentucky by Bragg, in 
 1802, he was assigned to the command of a division in Buell's army, and 
 subsequently fought at Perryville and Murfreesboro', earning, by his valor 
 in the latter engagement, his promotion to Major-General of Volunteers. 
 
 He participated i-n the campaign against Chattanooga, and again distin- 
 guished himself at Chickamauga and the succeeding battle on Missionary 
 Ridge, 
 
 In the spring of 18G4 he was summoned Eastward to assume command 
 of the cavalry of the Potomac, in which capacity he led several daring 
 expeditions against the enemy's communicati<ms. 
 
 In August he took charge of the military division of the Shenandoah, 
 gained the brilliant victories of September 10 and 21, over Early, when 
 he sent him " whirling through "Winchester," and, on the 19th of October, 
 won the hard-fought battle of Cedar Creek, changing, by his opportune 
 arrival, a Union defeat into a signal victory. Having driven Early up the 
 valley to Browne's Gap, Sheridan returned to Cedar Creek, where he 
 encamped in a position which was thought to be impregnable. On the 
 morning of the 19th, before daylight. Early, having been reinforced, and, 
 taking advantage of the absence of Sheridan, who had gone to Washington, 
 made an attack upon the Union army, which he took by surprise during a 
 thick fog, 
 
 Sheridan had reached Winchester — " twenty miles away " — the night 
 before, and started for his command at eight o'clock that morning. He soon 
 heard the rumbling of cannon, and putting spurs to his famous charger, 
 arrived just as the army was in full retreat. Dashing up to the front, his 
 charger reeking with foam, he ordered liis men to halt. His voice and 
 presence infused new courage and confidence into the disheartened troops, 
 and they soon reformed. The cavalry dashed forward on the charge, followed 
 by the infantry, and, after a desperate fight, turned the tide of battle, and 
 completely routed the enemy. 
 
 In March, 1865, he moved his cavalry to the James River, and in the 
 flanking movement, by which General Lee was driven out of Petersburg 
 and eventually captured, Sheridan held the chief command, defeating the 
 Rebels, with severe loss, at the battle of Five Forks. 
 
 At the close of the war he went to New Orleans as commander of the 
 Military Division of the Gulf, and was promoted to Major-General of the 
 Regular Army. 
 
 His faithful performance of duty in carrying out the Reconstruction 
 laws of Congress made him obnoxious to President Johnson, who removed 
 him from that Department, against the protest of General Grant, and trans- 
 ferred him to the Western frontier, where he is now engaged against the 
 hostile Indians. 
 
*f T 
 
 154. DANIEL E. SICKLES. 
 
 General Daniel E. Sickles was born in New York City, October 20, 
 1823. He acquired the printers' trade, -which he followed for some years, 
 when he studied law, and was admitted to the b:ir in 1843. 
 
 He commenced his political career in 1847, when he was elected to the 
 Assembly of New York, and, in 185G, to the State Senate. Por a short time, 
 when Mr. Buchanan was American Minister to England, Mr. Sickles was 
 the Secretary of that Legation. 
 
 In 1857 he was elected a Representative from New York to the Thirty- 
 Fifth Congress, and was a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, 
 He was re-elected to the Thirty-Sixth Congress. His first term in Congress 
 was made painfully memorable by his shooting of Philip Barton Key, in 
 Febru .ry, 1859, an occurrence which grew out of a sad domestic difficulty. 
 His trial lasted twenty days, and he was acquitted. 
 
 Upon the breaking out of the Rebellion, in 1861, Mr. Sickles raised a 
 brigade of live thousand men, and was appointed Brigadier-General of Vol- 
 unteers, his commission bearing date, September 3, 1861. During Ihc winter 
 of that year and 1862, he operated in Lower Mai'yland, his brigade forming 
 the second in Hooker's division. Crossing into Virginia in April, 1862, they 
 gained eminent distinction for their bravery at the battle of Williamsbui-g, 
 May 5 ; were again distinguished at Fair Oaks, June 1 ; and won new 
 laurels in the Seven Days' light. Sent with the Army of the Potomac to 
 the relief of General Pope, at the end of August, the Sickles Brigade con- 
 tinued in active service throughout the Maryland campaign, and distin- 
 guished itself at the battle of Antietam, September 17, 1862. 
 
 Succeeding General Hooker in the command of the Second Division of 
 the Third Army Corps, General Sickles participated in the battle of Fred- 
 ericksburg, December 13, 1862. 
 
 Upon the reorganization of the Army of the Potomac, February 5, 1863, 
 he was placed in temporary command ; and, on March 7, was appointed 
 Major-General, dating from November 29, 1862. He took command of the 
 Third Army Corps, and was especially distinguished for his valor at the 
 battle of Chancellorsville, May 1 to 3, 1863, where he gained the reputation 
 of being instrumental in saving the whole army from destruction. At the 
 battle of Gettysburg, where he lost a leg, he gained additional distinction, 
 and is hailed by many as the " hero" of that conflict. 
 
 General Sickles continued to serve, establishing a reputation for distin- 
 guished valor and skill, until early in 1865, when he was sent by President 
 Lincoln on a confidential mission to Bogota, and other South American 
 capitals ; and for the success of these negotiations, he received an autograph 
 letter of thanks from the President. 
 
 Receiving the appointment of Minister to Holland in 1866, he declined 
 it, preferring to proceed with the work of Reconstruction in the Carolinas. 
 He was relieved of his command by President Johnson, on account of a dif- 
 ference of views en Reconstruction, and General Schofield appointed in his 
 place. 
 
 ^ In 18C3 he entered heartily into the canvass in support of the Congres- 
 eional policy of reconstruction, and for the election of Grant and Colfax, and 
 was afterwards appointed Minister to Spain. 
 
155. SIMON CAMEEON. 
 
 Simon Cameron was born in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, in 1799. 
 Left an orphan Avhen only nine years of age, Tie was employed in a printing 
 office, and learned the trade of printer. Laboring' in this vocation in Harris- 
 burg, Pa., and Washington, D. C, he devoted his leisure time to study. 
 "Working his way up by energy, talent, and industry, in 1820 he became 
 editor of a newspaper at Doylestown, Pa. 
 
 In 1821 he removed to Ilarrisburg, and there established a journal, in 
 which he espoused the cause of General Jackson for the Presidency, and 
 advocated the principles of the Democratic party generally. Prospering 
 rapidly in his personal and political enterprises, in 18U2, his financial suc- 
 cesses found him at the head of the Middletown Bank, of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Devoting himself at this time more especially to the i*ailroad interests of 
 his native State, he became the President of two railroad companies, the 
 Cashier of a bank, and filled the office of Adjutant-General of the State, 
 an office the duties of which were not then very burdensome. 
 
 On the inauguration of President Polk in 1845, Mr. Buchanan resigning 
 his seat in the United States Senate to accept the office of Secretary of State, 
 General Cameron was elected to fill the vacancy. 
 
 He voted in the Senate, in 1840, in favor of \he notice to England to ter- 
 minate the joint occupancy of Oregon; against settling the Oregon contro- 
 versy by ceding to England the region between lat. 54'"'-40 and 49*^ N. ; and 
 advoted the war with Mexico on the ground that war existed Avith that 
 power by the act of Mexico itself. 
 
 His term expiring in the Senate, March 4, 1849, he returned for a time 
 to private life. Kepudiating violent partisan feelings, and numbering his 
 friends among the Whig, the Democratic, and the American parties, after 
 the Act to repeal the Missouri Compromise in 1854, and the attempt to estab- 
 lish slavery in Kansas against the wishes of the majority, he identified 
 himself with the " People's Party" in Pennsylvania; and, in 185G, voted for 
 General Fremont for the Presidency. His party, defeated in the State, did 
 not defeat General Cameron for i-e-election to the L'nited States Senate, 
 through the support of the Kepublican, the American, and a portion of the 
 Democratic party. L^niformly acting during this term of service with the 
 Republican party, he was regarded as a prominent candidate of that party 
 for the Presidency at the next election; and was proposed at the Repub- 
 lican National Convention held at Chicago, May 10 and 17, 1800, as a can- 
 didate for the Presidency. 
 
 Mr. Lincoln becoming President, he selected General Cameron for Sec- 
 retary of War. On taking charge of that department, he found the arsenals 
 depleted, and the facilities of the Government armories vastl}' insufficient 
 to supply the army then waiting to be sent forward to the field. Reliable 
 foreign guns could be obtained only in limited quantities. Secretary Cam- 
 eron, with admirable forethought, sought to establish private manufactories 
 for the Springfield rifle — a gun superior to any in use — and to facilitate 
 which, he gave out favorable contracts to individuals, which, if they had after- 
 ward been strictly adhered to by the War Department, Avould have given to 
 the Government thousands of reliable guns much sooner and cheaper than 
 poorer ones that were afterward received. Resigning this post, January 
 14, 1802, he was ax^pointed Envoy Extraordinary to Russia, and returned in 
 November of the same year. He was afterward elected to the United 
 States Senate, which position he now holds. 
 
ri^ 
 
 156. MARCUS L. WARD. 
 
 MARcrs L. Warp was born in the year 1812, and is of Puritan extraction. 
 He was a member of tlie Chicago Convention of 18G0, and of the Baltimore Con- 
 vention of 1804. In 18C)0, he was a presidential elector on the Republican ticket 
 in New Jersev. He was for several years Chairman of the National Execuiive Com- 
 miitee of the Republic:in Party; and in 1865, was elected Governor of New 
 Jersey, retiring fiom office with the respect and esteem of both parties. 
 
 An' activelind zealous parlizan, he maintained with cliaracteristic zeal 
 his political views, and against the tide of disloyal opposition, as he re- 
 garded it, lie struggled with the Republican party to bring back the ancient 
 iState of New Jersey to its fealty to the Union. "Out of the United 
 States," as New Jersey was very often humorously regarded by many. 
 Governor Ward thought she was literally about to be classed with the se- 
 ceding States, that is, if the Democrats could possibly tficct that end. 
 Regarded always as a stronghold of the Democratic partj^ — a political for- 
 tification between the States of New York and Pennsylvania — that paity 
 could not yield it without a desperate struggle, and the Ward pnrly could 
 not secure it Avithout an equal effort; and after a second attempt, Mr. Ward 
 brought the State triumphantly into the Union, being elected its Governor 
 for three 3'ears. 
 
 What is said of the slowness of the movements of large bodies, applies 
 relatively to the actions of small States. The great seal of the Stale of 
 New Jersey is a matter of the national legislative history; and the Dorr 
 rebellion of Rhode Island will live in history as the prototype of the Great 
 Rebellion. 
 
 Governor Ward is a man of wide and tender sympathies, and is intenselv pa- 
 triotic. His devotion to the soldiers and their families, as well as his unfaltering 
 support of the Government, won for him, during the late civil war, the well-merit- 
 ed title of the Soldikr's Friend. He it was that took the initiation in calling the 
 first meeting held in New Jersey, (April IH, 1861,) in support of the national au- 
 thorities. On April 17, in the satne year, he established a private Bureau of Sol. 
 diers' Relief, employing therein a corps of clerks at his own expense, and under 
 his personal suf)ervision. He introduced the system by which soldiers were able, 
 thiough the State banks, to forward the'v pay promptly to those dependent upon 
 them at home. 
 
 lie was among those who established the New Jersey Branch of the United 
 States Sanitary Commission. He was made Treasurer of this branch ; and while 
 in this office, he advanced, from his own resources, tens of thousands of dollars 
 for the relief of soldiers' families. He gave his entire time to the vvork at home 
 and ill the army. During four years, not less than seventy thousand letters were 
 niaileil from his bureau, and at least one hundred thousand persons visited his 
 offi(.-e in the interest of soldiers and sailors. 
 
 He procured the establishment and advanced the monev to fit up the great 
 " Ward " United States General Hospital in Newark, and obtained the establish- 
 mei.t of a Governmental Soldiers' and Sailors' Home in the same city. Never, 
 dunng his entire career, did he receive from any quarter a single cent for costs 
 uicurred or services rendered. 
 
157. DAVID C. BEODERICK. 
 
 David C. Buodekick was born in the District of Columbia, in Decem- 
 ber, 1818. 
 
 When a boy of five years of ag-e, his father removed to Ne\v York City; 
 and, in process of time, David was apprenticed to the trade of stone-cutter, 
 which was hi.s father's occupation. The son, like many New York boys, 
 became a fireman, and was for many years Foreman of an Eng-ine Company, 
 and an active politician. 
 
 In 18-19, Broderick, following the excitement of the day, went to Cali- 
 fornia, and engaged in the business of smelting and assaying gold, fie was 
 a Member of the Convention which drafted the Constitution of that State, 
 served two years in the California Senate, and was President of that body 
 in 1851. 
 
 In 1856 he was elected a Senator to the Congress of the United States, 
 for the long term. 
 
 He died in San Francisco, September IG, 1859, from a wound received 
 in a duel with David S. Terry, Chief-Justice of the Supreme Court of that 
 State, on the 13th of the same month. 
 
 He was the first member of the United States Senate ever killed in a 
 duel, and it produced a great sensation all over the countrj', as it was 
 thought that his political opponents had arranged the duel, in order to put 
 hi:a out of the way, on account of his political proclivities — he being op- 
 posed to the extension of Slavery, and was using his influence against tho 
 Southern wing of the Democracy. He, also, advocated tho claims of Stephen 
 A. Douglas as a candidate for the Presidency. 
 
 The duel grew o\it of language used by Broderick, in the political can- 
 vass for the State, that year. Broderick and the notorious Dr. Gwin were 
 both in the habit of using the most vituperative language in their public 
 declamations; and when they disagreed, the rhetoric of their diatribes is 
 described as something stronger than even stump-oratory acknowledges in 
 its ethics. 
 
 Gwin, wlio appears to have been a cautious sort of warrior, subsided, 
 while tho pi'ominent figure of one D. W. Perley appears, charging Mr. 
 Broderick with having insulted him, by using offensive language in regard 
 to his friend. Judge Terry, an individual who had previously made himself 
 obnoxious to the wcU-i'emombered Vigilance Committee of San Francisco. 
 Perley challenged Broderick, who refused to fight him ; but when, after tho 
 election, Judge Terry came forward, and demanded satisfaction, he accepted 
 the challenge, and the result was that Broderick was killed by the first fire. 
 
 The funeral oration was delivered by Colonel E. D. Baker, afterward the 
 hero of Ball's Bluff. Father Gallagher, the priest who ofiiciated, passed a 
 high eulogium on his personal character, but condemned the duel. 
 
V ^ 
 
 158. ISAAC TOUCEY. 
 
 Isaac Toucey was born in Connecticut in 1798. Like many of our 
 eminent i)ublic men, he received the benefits onl}^ of a common-school edu- 
 cation ; but, by force of character and rare natural abilities, he rose to the 
 highest positions in the land. The profession, which is the leading- one to 
 public distinction in this country — that of the law — Mr. Toucey adopted for 
 liis career ; and, at an early age, he was apx^ointed States Attorney for his 
 native county. 
 
 He was elected a Representative to Congress in 1835, and re-elected in 
 1837. Ketiring to private life in 1839, he returned to the practice of his 
 profession, and became distinguished. 
 
 His prominence and ability as a lawyer recommending him to President 
 Polk as a member of his Cabinet, he accepted the position of Attorney- 
 General in 1848, and continued in that office during- the remainder of 
 Polk's administration. 
 
 In 18o0 he was elected to the State Senate of Connecticut ; and to the 
 United States Senate, in 1852, which position he filled with marked ability 
 until 1857, when he resigned to accept the appointment of Secretary of the 
 Navy, tendered him by President Buchanan. This office he held to the 
 close of Mr. Buchanan's administration. 
 
 Senator in the United States Congress, Attorney-Greneral of the United 
 States, and Secretary of the Navy, Mr. Toucey filled all these distinguished 
 national positions Avith marked ability, besides holding, with honor, various 
 offices of distinction in his native State. Terminating- his official career 
 with the close of President Buchanan's administration, he retired to pri- 
 vate life. 
 
 Whoever saw this venerable statesman during the period he held the 
 office of Secretary of the Navy, could not fail to have been impressed with 
 his dignified and courtly demeanor and his urbanity of manner. Added to 
 these external accomplishments, he has shown great ability throughout a 
 most active and successful political and professional career. Associated, as 
 Mr. Toucey was, in the Cabinet of Mr. Buchanan, with Cobb, Floyd, and 
 Thompson, who were conspicuous in their endeavors to place the United 
 States Gcn'crnment in such a position as to render it powerless to prevent 
 the withdrawal of the Slave States from the Union and oblige it to acknowl- 
 edge their independence, it is not strange that the people of the North 
 should look upon the fact that tlie navy was scattered to distant waters on 
 the breaking out of the Rebellion, as an evidence of his sympathy with 
 secession; and it will be difficult to remove that impression from their 
 minds, notwithstanding liis distinguished ability as a statesman and the 
 high positions he has held. 
 
159. GEOBGE EVANS. 
 
 G-E0R6E Evans, one of tho profoundest statesmen Maine has ever pro- 
 duced, -was born in that State, January 12, 17*J7. After a thorouoh 
 academical preparation, he entered Bowdoin College, and graduated, with 
 distinction, in 1815. 
 
 On leaving College, he at once commenced the study of law ; and, after 
 a most thorough apprenticeship, ho removed to Gardiner, Maine, and opened 
 an office He soon rose to eminence, and enjoyed a widely-extended prac- 
 tice. 
 
 He had already begun to'be talked of as a suitable person to be clothed 
 with "legal ermine," when it was discovered that he was peculiurly fitted 
 for tho business of legislation, and he was elected to the State Legislature 
 in 1825, and was re-elected for four successive years. In his fourth year, he 
 was chosen Speaker of the House, in which position his rare abilities were 
 exhibited to advantage, and he commanded the entire approbation of both 
 sides of the House. 
 
 In 1S29 he was elected a Representative to the United States Congress, 
 where he at once assumed a high rank as a statesman, and entered upon tho 
 business in hand with an aptitude that indicated a large experience in 
 legishition. 
 
 His maiden speech made a decided impression in his favor ; and from 
 that time to the close of his long and arduous service in that House, he 
 never receded a step in the estimation of his colleagues. Alter serving his 
 constituents faithfully and acceptably in the lower House for twelve years, 
 Mr. Evans was transferred to the United States Senate. 
 
 His complete knowledge of financial matters led him to be placed at the 
 head of the Finance Committee during the protracted debate wliich arose 
 on the adjustment of the Tariff question. Mr. Clay, who had been offered 
 the position, declined, saying : " Mr. Evans knows more about tho Tariff 
 question than any other public man in the United States ;" and a leading 
 political journal of that day declared that " there probably was no man 
 living better acquainted with the financial affairs of this country than Mr. 
 Evans." 
 
 On the occasion of his retirement from the Senate, Mr. Webster took 
 occasion to speak of him in the most flattering terms: "And now, Mr. 
 President," said Mr. Webster, " since the honorable member has reminded 
 us that the period of his service within these walls is about to expire, I take 
 this occasion, even in the Senate, and in his own presence, to say, that his 
 retirement will be a serious loss to this Government and this country." 
 
 Mr. Evans occupied an enviable position before the American people, 
 not only as a statesman, but as a patron of education and literature ; and 
 liis fame will go down to posterity as a profound legislator, a critical 
 scholar, and a public benefactor. 
 
160. JOHN SLIDELL. 
 
 Jonx Sltdell \ras born in the city of New York in 1793. His father 
 vras a highly respectable gentleman, and largely engaged in the manufacture 
 of soap {Old candles ; was also prominent as President of the Mechanics' 
 IBank, and as a Commissioner for the Public Improvement of the City. The 
 son received the best education afforded at the time, and became a promi- 
 nent 3'oung Lawyer. 
 
 He sought in'New Orleans a more congenial field of ambition, where ho 
 speedily rose to eminence. President Jackson appointed him United States 
 District-Attorney, and Mr. Slidell took the initiative in urging the remis- 
 sion of the fine on General Jackson for alleged violations of law during the 
 defense of New Oi'leans. 
 
 After frequent service in the Legislature, he was sent to Congress in 
 1843, when Mr. Polk selected him as Minister to Mexico. This mission being 
 unsiiccessful, he returned, and the Mexican War followed. 
 
 In 1853 he was elected to the United States Senate to fill the unexpired 
 term of Mr. Soule, and was re-elected for six years. He was Chairman of 
 the Committee on the Condition of the Banks and a member of the Com- 
 mittees on Naval Affairs and Foreign Relations. He was distinguished for 
 his zeal in promoting the interests of Louisiana, particularly in the growth 
 of her great staple, the sugar-cane, and in providing military defenses and 
 improving the navigation of the Mississippi. 
 
 In 1854 Mr. Slidell made efforts adverse to relaxing our laws for the sup- 
 pression of the slave trade; but, on the Kansas question, he avowed the 
 most decided opposition to the interference of Congress with slavery ; and, 
 in 1859, introduced the famous bill for the acquisition of Cuba by purchase. 
 
 On the commencement of the Rebellion ho resigned his position in the 
 Senate, and joined the Southern Confederacy ; was sent to France to nego- 
 tiate for the recognition of its independence ; and, with James M. Mason, 
 was taken from the British mail-steamer Trent by the United States man- 
 of-war San Jacinto, Commodore Wilkes, and imprisoned in Fort Warren, 
 \mtil released by the United States Government, when he proceeded to 
 France, and took tip his residence in Paris. 
 
 On the 8th of November, 1801, the San Jacinto descried the Tr^wi when in 
 the narrow passage of the Old Bahama channel. A shot from the pivot-gun 
 was fired across her bow. She hoisted English colors, and soon after, a shell 
 brought her to. A boat was sent alongside the steamer ; Messrs. Slidell and 
 Mason were requested to come on board the San Jacinto, but declined. 
 Another boat was sent from the San Jacinto ; and, after " a gentle applica- 
 tion of force," the commissioners and two friends in their company were 
 taken, and placed on board tlie United States vessel. 
 
 A most intense excitement was aroused in England xipon the arrival of 
 the news. Preparations for war were commenced. Tro'ops wore sent to 
 Canada, and a formal demand of surrender, and an apology for the act, made. 
 A vote of thanks to Captain Wilkes passed the House^of Representatives 
 subsequently; but thj authorities at Washington sent instructions to 
 deliver them up to the representatives of the British Government. They 
 were quietly placed on board a small steamer, and taken to an English 
 Ktramer, which conveyed them to St. Thomas, where they took passage for 
 Lngland, and landed without any special official attention. 
 
 Many Americans considered it an act discreditable to our national spirit 
 to relinquish these emissaries of treason, but the cii'cujnstances deraaudcd 
 the course taken^ 
 
131. CHAELES SUMNER 
 
 Cn \RLES SuMNEK "was born in Boston, Massachusetts, January G, 1811. 
 
 At ten years of age he was phiced in the Public Latin School of Boston, 
 and during- the five years that he remained there, gave abundant evidence 
 of industry and ability. 
 
 Passionately fond of history, he devoted much of his leisure time to its 
 reading-. 
 
 At the age of fifteen he entered Harvard College, graduated in 1830, 
 and entered the Law School at Cambridge in 1831, where he acquired a 
 profound knowledge of judicial science, and neglected no opportunity to 
 trace the principles of law to their sources. While still a student, ho con- 
 tributed articles to the American Jurint, which attracted attention b}' 
 their marked ability and leai-ning. In 1834 he was admitted to the bar, at 
 Worcester, and commenced practice in Boston, where he soon gained an 
 extensive business. He was appointed Ilejiorter to the Circuit Court, and 
 published three volumes, known as " Sumner's Reports." During Judge 
 Story's absence in Vrashington, Mr. Sumner filled his place for three winters 
 at the Cambridge Law School. At this time, ho was tendered a permanent pro- 
 fessorship in the Law School, and also in the collej^^e ; but he declined them. In 
 1837, he visited Europe, where lie remained until 1840, storing his mind with nse- 
 fal information in law, literature, and art, which has since made itself manifest on 
 many occasions. 
 
 in 1844-46 he produced an edition of " Vesey's Reports," in twenty 
 volumes, enriched with numerous notes and biographical illustrations of the 
 text. In 1845, on the death of Judge Story, Mr. Sumner was offered the ap- 
 pointment to the chair he occupied, but declined the honor. Hi? oration, 
 delivered in Boston, July 4, 1845, on the "True Grandeur of Nations," 
 elicited encomiums from noted men of this country and England ; and that 
 delivered before the " Phi-Beta-Kappa Society,*' of Harvard University, in 
 August, 1846, excited equal admiration. 
 
 Previous to 1845, he had kept aloof from politics; but in that yerr he op- 
 posed the annexation of Texas, and his speech on that subject in Faneuil 
 Hall is one of the most brilliant and pointed he ever delivered. He worked 
 with the Whigs until the organization of the Free Soil Party, to which he 
 attached him.self, and, in 1851, was elected to the LTnitcd States Senate, 
 as successor to Daniel Webster, which position he has ever since held. 
 Plis first speech was directed against the Fugitive Slave Law, which he de- 
 nounced as unconstitutional, tyrannical, and cruel ; on which occasion ho 
 laid down the well-known formula, that " Freedom is National, and Slavery 
 Sectional," and ou the formation of the Republican party in 1856, ho became 
 identified Avith it. On the 19th and 20th of May, 1S5(), Mr. Sumner delivered 
 in the Senate his celebrated speech, called " The Crime against Kansas," 
 which being unanswerable by argument, Preston S. Brooks, attempted to 
 silence him by force ; and, entering the Senate chamber, struck him over the 
 head with a heavy cane, which so disabled him that he was prevented fi'om 
 taking any part in public alfairs for over three years. 
 
 In the winter of 1859 he again entered the Senate in comparative vigor; 
 and his first speech, on his return, was entitled, "The Barbarism of Slavery," 
 which was a clear and eloquent exposition of its demoralizing influence. 
 At the commencement of the war, he maintained a stern opposition to all 
 compromises wnth slavery as a meannof restoring the seceding States to the 
 Union ; and was in favor, from the first, of making Emancipation an element 
 in the contest, as the speediest, if not the only method of bringing the war 
 to a close. Since the surrender of Lee, ho has endeavored, by the most co- 
 i'ont arguments, to impress upon tho Senate and Uio country tho necessity of 
 r 'constructing tho Stated, North and South, on a National and ItnpariicU 
 b.i'oly. 
 
^ J- 
 
 162. MATHEW F. MAUEY. 
 
 Mathew F. Mauky, Astronomer and Ilydrographer, was born in Spot- 
 sylvania County, Virjifinia, January 14, 1806. 
 
 His parents removed to Tennest^ee whenhe -was but three or four years oi 
 ace. Possessed of moderate circumstances, and being' in a newly-settled 
 country with a family of nine children, they could afford to each one the 
 means for only a limited education. In 1825 Mathew obtained a Mid* 
 shipman's appointment in the navy, and was ordered Co the Bi-andijiDint^ 
 then fitting- out in AVashington to convey Genei't.l Lafayette to France. 
 Ileturning- in that vessel to the United States in the spring- of 1820, he 
 again sailed in her to the Pacific. There he joined the Vinceimes (sloop), 
 and, having circumnavigated the globe, returned in her to his native land, 
 after an absence of about four years. 
 
 After passing his examination, he was again ordered to the Pacific 
 Station, as Master of the Falmouth. 
 
 lie commenced his work on " Navigation" in the steerage of the Vinceri' 
 nes, and completed it in the frigate Potomac, to which he was ordered as 
 Acting Lieutenant, when the Falmouth was about to return to the United 
 States. Fx-om the time of his first entering the navy up to this period, he 
 had been a close student Proceeding upon the principle of making every- 
 thing bend to his profession, he made himself m-ister of the Spanish 
 language by studying a course of mathematics and navigation in that 
 tongue. On his return to the United States, lie' was regularly promoted to 
 a Lieutenancy, and received the appointment of Astronomer to the South 
 Sea Exploring Expedition, under Commander Thom;*6 Ap Catesby Jones. 
 Soon alter that officer gave up the command of this exfflsdition. Lieutenant 
 Maury retired from it also, and was afterward put in charge of the Depot 
 of Charts and Instruments, which has served as a nucleus for the National 
 Observatory and Hydrographical Office of the United States ; of both of 
 which he had charge until 18G1. 
 
 Ilis labors in organizing the Observatory, and placing it at once upon 
 the most respectable footing, as well as his investigations wdth regard to the 
 winds and currents of the sea, are familiar to all. In 1851 Mr. Maury pub- 
 lished *' Letters on the Amazon and Atlantic Slopes of South America," and 
 the " Relation Between Magnetism and the Circulation of the Atmosphere ;" 
 in 1S53, "Astronomical Observations;" and, in 1854, " Letters Concerning' 
 Lanes for Steamers Crossing the Atlantic Ocean." 
 
 Ill ISGI, on^llie secession of Virginia from the Union, Mr. Maury joined 
 the Souiliern Confederacy, and gave all liis scientific experience and efforts 
 for the overthrow of that Government under whose auspices bo had beeu 
 enabled to obtain his education. 
 
163. EGBERT TOOMBS. 
 
 Robert Toombs -w^as born in Washington, Wilkes County, Georgia, 
 July 2, 1810. The first three years of his collegiate life were spent at Ihe 
 University of Georgia, but he kft it at the close of the Litter year, went to 
 Schenectady, N. Y., and graduated at Union College in 1828. 
 
 He read law at the University of Virginia, under Judge Lomas ; was 
 admitted to the bar of Georgia, in 1830, and practiced regularly until his 
 election to Congress, in 1845. 
 
 His first public service was as Captain of Volunteers in the Creek War, 
 under General Winfield Scott. In 1837 he was elected to the Legislature 
 of Georgia from his native county, where he now resides; and, with the 
 exception of 1841, continued a Member of the lower branch, until his elec- 
 tion to the Federal House of Representatives, where he served for eight 
 years with marked ability. 
 
 He entered the United States Senate in 1853, during the Thirty-Third 
 Congress, for six years, and was re-elected, in 1859, for a second term, end- 
 ing March 4, 1805. In the House, and also in the Senate, he always served 
 upon important committees. 
 
 In 1856 he delivered his celebrated lecture in Tremont Temple, Boston, 
 Mass., in " Vindication of Slavery ; its Constitutional Status ; the Duties of 
 the Federal Government in Relation to it ; and the Influence of Slavery, as it 
 Existed in the United States, upon the Slave and Society;" in which he 
 findeavored to show that Congress had no poAver to limit, restrain, or in any 
 manner impair, slavery ; but, on the contrary, was bound to protect and 
 maintain it wherever its flag floated, or its jurisdiction extended — a doctrine 
 which, a few years later, was engrafted into the platform of the Southern 
 wing of the Democratic party, and on which they lost the election of their 
 candidate for the Presidency, in 18G0, The failure of that was the imme- 
 diate cause of the secession ot a number of the Slave States. On the 
 withdrawal of Georgia from the Union, Mr. Toombs resigned his seat in 
 the Senate, January 2o, 18G1, and became Secretary of State of the Confed- 
 erate Government, February 21, of the same year. 
 
 In the following July, he resigned, and was soon after commissioned a 
 Brigadier-General in the Rebel army, in which capacity he never rose above 
 mediocrity. 
 
 Since the surrender of Lee, and the passage of the Reconstruction Acts 
 of Congress, he has been using his utmost endeavors to induce the people 
 of Georgia not to accept the terms on which they are allowed to resume their 
 former position in the Union. 
 
'f 
 
 164 HENEY WILSON. 
 
 Henry "Wilson- was born at Farmington, New Hampshire, February- 
 IB, 1812. At ten years of age he was apprenticed to a fanner till he was 
 twenty-one. Here'he Irid the usual lot of a farm-boy, receiving but a few 
 weeks' schooling in winter; but, during that time, he read over one thou- 
 sand vol umes of liistory, biography, and general literature, borrowed from 
 school-libraries and individuals. 
 
 At tlie ago of twenty-one he went to Natick, Mass., to learn the trade of 
 shoemaking ; and, after working two years, had saved money enough to 
 attend the academy at Concord, N. H. ; but the person with whom he 
 had deposited his money, failed, and Wilson Avas obliged to return to 
 Natick, and resume shoemaking. Undiscourag*^d, he resolved to still 
 pursue his object, uniting it with his daily toil. He then formed a debating 
 society among the mechanics of the place, where he investigated subjects, 
 read, wrote, and spoke on all the themes of the day. 
 
 In 1840 he came forward as a public speaker in the Harrison campaign, 
 and soon distinguished himself as the " Natick Shoemaker," making over 
 sixty speeches during the canvass. 
 
 He was elected to the State Legislature that > ear, and served four years in the 
 House and four in the Senate. While there, he made one of the most elaborate 
 spceche? against the extension of slavery ever made, and went to Washington with 
 the remonstrance of Massachusetts against the admission of Texas as a Slave 
 State. 
 
 In 1843, on the rejection of the anti-slavery resolution by the AVhig 
 Convention, ho left that organization, and took an important part in origi- 
 nating and building up the Free Soil party, for which services he was nomi- 
 nated by them in 1852, as their candidate for Congress, but was defeated. 
 
 In 18.')3 he was sent to the Constitutional Convention, and was the Free 
 Soil candidate for Governor, but was again defeated. In 1855 he was 
 elected United States Senator, in place of Edward Everett, and was re- 
 elected in 1851) and 18G5, in which position he has greatly distinguished 
 himself. 
 
 From 1842 to 1351, he was actively engaged in the Militia of Massa- 
 chusetts, as an offijer. In 1861 he raised the Twenty-Second Regiment 
 of Volunteers in that State, and was made its Colonel. After joiiiing 
 the Army of the Potomac, he was made a member of General McClellan's 
 Staff, on Avhich he served until after the meeting of Congress. 
 
 During the war he was appointed Chairman of the Military Committee 
 of the JSenate, which had to pass upon thousands of appointments, and 
 devise important measures of legislation ; and, for the manner in which the 
 duties of the position were performed, Mr. Wilson received the highest 
 commendations from General Scott. Even the salvation of Washington in 
 the early days of the war was partially attributed to his energy. 
 
 Mr. Wilson's career since the war has been marked by the same practical 
 usefulness which has distinguished him throughout life. Ho has written a 
 history of the Anti-Slavery measures and the Keconstruction measures of Con- 
 firer-s, giving a brief and impartial narrative of the legislation since the close of 
 the war. He is now writing a "History of the Slave Power," in three volumes. Mr. 
 Wilson 13 one whose character and position is the result of the developments of 
 so.-ial Utc, m the education and elevation of the laboring class. Born in an 
 humble station, ho has, by his own exertions ;md the equality inculcated by 
 o'.ir in-;t:tut.oiis, risen to one of the higheat position:> of the land. 
 
165. ItOBEBT E. LEE. 
 
 General Robert E. Lee, son of Harry Lee, of Revolutionary fame, was 
 born at the family seat of Strafford, Virginia, in ISUO. 
 
 He received a liberal education, -was admitted to the military academy 
 at West Point in 1825, and, on the 30th of June, 1829, graduated second 
 in his class. He entered the Engineer Corps as Second Lieutenant, in July 
 of that year ; -was promoted to First Lieutenancy, September 21 183(j ; and 
 to Captaincy, July 7, 18o8. He served in the Mexican War as Chief- Engi- 
 neer in General Wtjol's command, and Avas breveted Major, Lieutenant- 
 Colonel, and Colonel, for gallant conduct at Cerro Gordo, Contreras, Churu- 
 busco, and Chapultepec. 
 
 In July, 1848, he was appointed a member of the Board of Engineers at 
 West Point, and, September 1, 1852, was made Superintendent of the mili- 
 tary academy, which position he held until March 8, 1855, when he received 
 his full commission of Lieutenant-Colonel of the Second Cavalry, 
 
 In 1850 ne commanded the company of marines that captured John 
 Brown at Harper's Ferry, and, on the IGth of March, 18G1, Avas promoted 
 to the Colonelcy of the First Cavalry. 
 
 On the 20th of April, 18G1, he resigned his commiSvsion in the United 
 States army, and was appointed Major-Gcneral by the State of Virginia, 
 and afterward General in the Confederate army. In Aug.ust, 1801, he was 
 assigned to a command in West Virginia. His first engagement was at 
 Cheat Mountain, where he was defeated by General Reynolds. He then 
 proceeded to the Kanawha region for the purpose of relieving Floyd and 
 Wise. In December he was transferred to the defenses of South Carolina 
 and. Georgia. 
 
 When General J. E. Johnston was wounded at the battle of Seven Pines, 
 June 1, 18G2, General Lee succeeded to the command of the Rebel army in 
 Virginia, and, after being reinforced by General "Stonewall" Jackson's 
 corps, took the offensive. The initial movement to the seven days' battles 
 were planned by him, and the battle of Malvern Hill was fought under his 
 personal direction. "When he was satisfied that General McCiellan's army 
 had been witlidrawn from the Peninsula, he transferred the main body of the 
 Rebel ai'my to act against Pope, which resulted in the battles of Manassas, 
 August 29, 18G2, and that of Chantilly, which was fought while the National 
 forces vv'ere in retreat for the defenses of Washington. 
 
 General Lee then prepared for the invasion of Mary hind, which resulted 
 in his defeat at Antietam. He was afterward engaged in the battles of 
 Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, in which he defeated or repulsed tho 
 Union forces. In June, 18G3, ho made a second invasion of the North, when, 
 after destroying much public property, and obtaining immense stores of goods, 
 he concentrated his forces at Gettysburg, and fought the bloody battle at 
 that place, which ended in his defeat, July 3, 18G3, Thus both his invasions 
 of the North proved failures. In both cases, however, he extricated himself 
 from these critical situations with extraordinary skill and dexterity. 
 
 In 1804, when General Grant took command of the Army of the Potomac, 
 Lee concentrated his forces around Richmond, and, acting on tiie defensive, 
 contested every inch of ground as ho retreated toward that city, until ho 
 was at last forced to surrender at Appomattox Court-Houso to General 
 Grant, April 9, 18G5. General Lee was appointed General-in-Chief of tho 
 Rebel forces, January 31, 18G5, and attained a military repiitation second to 
 none in tho Southern army. On tho close of the war he was elected to tho 
 position of President of Washington College, Lexington, Va., where ho 
 resided until his death, which occurred October 12, ISYO. 
 
166. HORACE GREELEY. 
 
 Horace Greeley, Editor and Founder of the New York Tribune, was 
 born in Amherst, New Hampshire, February 3, 1811. Until the age of 
 fifteen, he worked upon a farm, having- no other opportunity of acquiring 
 an education than such as the district schools of his neighborhood afforded. 
 Ho early manifested a fondness for reading, es[iecially newspapers, which he 
 would devour with the greatest relish, and which decided him to become a 
 Printer, whenever the time should arrive to choose an occupation for him- 
 self, lie also, at a very early age, exhibited a remarkably retentive mem- 
 ory, and correctness in spelling, which especially adapted him to the 
 business he has since followed. 
 
 "When about twelve years old, his father having removed to Vermont, 
 Horace endeavored to find employment in a printing office in Whitehall, 
 but without success. Nothing daunted by the first rebuff, "for he was 
 made of sterner stuff than to bend before the first puff of ill-success," he 
 applied at the office of the Northern Spectator, Poultney, Vt,, where his 
 services were accepted, and where he i*eraained till 1830, when the paper 
 was discontinued, and he returned to work upon his father's farm. Here he 
 continued for a year, when he started, on foot, with his baggage slung across 
 his shoulder, to seek his fortune in the great city of New Yoi'k, where ho 
 arrived on the 31st of August, 1831. After persevering efforts, he obtained 
 work as a Journeyman Printer, and was employed in vai'ious offices, at 
 occasional intervals, for eighteen months. 
 
 In 1834, in connection with Jonas Winchester, he started The JYew Yorker, 
 a weekly journal, and became its Editor. After struggling on for several 
 years, with poor success, it was finally abandoned. During its existence, 
 Mr. Greeley published the following campaign papers : lite Constitution, 2 he 
 Jeffersonian, and the Log Cabin. 
 
 In 18-11 he commenced the publication of the New York Tribune, with 
 which he is still connected, and of which he is now the principal Editor. In 
 1848 Mr. Greeley was chosen to fill a vacancy in the United States Congx-ess, 
 and served through the short term preceding General Taylor's inauguiation, 
 with manifest ability. 
 
 In 1851 he visited Europe, and rendered valuable service to the Ameri- 
 can exhibiters at tlio World's Fair, in England. He again visited Europe 
 in 18oo ; and, in 1859, took a tinp across the plains and mountains to Cali- 
 fornia. He gave an account of each in letters to the Tribune, which have 
 einco been published in volumes. He has also published a collection of his 
 addresses, essays, &c., under the title of "Hints toward Reforms." 
 
 During and since the Rebellion, Mr. Greeley has published a history of 
 that struggle, in a book, entitled "The American Conflict," which has had 
 a very extensive sale. Ho has also published his autobiographv, entitled 
 " Recollections of a Busy Life." 
 
 Mr. Greeley's fame as a Journalist and Lecturer, are world-wide. 
 Wherever the Tribune is read (and where is it not r), there the name 
 «'t jlorace Greeley is familiar. During his whole life, his pen and his efforts 
 have been in constant service for the weak, against the strong. He early 
 espoused the cause of the slave; and, at a period in the history of the 
 shivery question, when to speak out boldly against that institution was to 
 risk one s life, there was no temporizing policy in Mr. Greelev's course. He 
 wields a fearless, vigorous, and ever-ready pen, in favor of all reforms- 
 political social, and financial— and exhibits a clear understanding of aU 
 tnoso subjects. ° 
 
167. JEPFERSON DAVIS. 
 
 Jefferson Davis was born in Christian County, Kentucky" June" 3, 
 1808. Shortly after his birth, his father removed with his family to Wil- 
 kinson County, Miss. lie received a good academical education, and en- 
 tered Transylvania University, Lexington, Ky., in 1S22, which he left in 
 1824, to enter the Military Academy at West Point, from which he gradu- 
 ated in 1828. He was appointed Second Lieutenant of Infantry, and 
 served on the Northwestern frontier during the Black Hawk War of 
 18;il-'32. 
 
 In 1831 he was appointed First Lieutenant of Dragoons, and was cm- 
 ployed in operations against the Pav/neos, Camanches, and other Indian 
 tribes. In June, 1835, he resigned his commission, and retired to a cotton 
 plantation in Mississippi. 
 
 He continued in retirement until 1843, when he began to take an interest 
 in politics upon the Democratic side ; and, in 1844, was chosen a Presiden- 
 tial Elector. 
 
 In 1845 he was elected a Representative to Congi-ess ; but resigned in 
 1846, having been elected Colonel ot the First Mississippi Volunteer Kcgimont, 
 and served in tlie Mexican War. He distinsuislied himself at Monterey and 
 Buena Vista, and was severely wounded in the latter battle. 
 
 He was appointed Brigadier-General of V^olunteers by President Polk,"" 
 in 1847, but he declined the commission on the ground that, by the Consti- 
 tution, the Militia appointments were i*eserved to the States, and that such 
 appointments by the President were in violation of State Rights. He was 
 chosen, the same year, to fill a vacancy in the United States Senate, andi 
 was re-elepted, in 1850, for a full term. 
 
 In 1853 he was appointed Secretary of War by President Pierce,' and,' in 
 1857, was again elected to the United States Senate, when he took a prom- 
 inent position among the Southern leaders, and was among the keenest and 
 most sagacious of tliem all in his assertion of the rights of the States under the 
 Constitution, and of the right of set^s<ion. On the 21st of January, 1861, he took 
 his leave of the Senate in a speecli, in which he gave his ouinion that, by the se- 
 cession of his State, his connection with tli;»t body was terminated, and reaffirmed 
 the doctrine of the right of secession, which he liad long niainta ned. The Confe- 
 derate Congress, at Montgomery, Alabama, chose him President, under the Pro- 
 visional Constitution, on the 9th of February, 1861, and he accepted the office on 
 the 16th in i brief address, in which he expressed his desire for the maintenance 
 of peaceful relations with the States which remained in the Union. He asserted 
 that all that the seceding States desired was to be " let alone," but announced 
 that, if war should be forced upon them, the' would make the enemies of the 
 South " smell Southern powder and feel Southern steel." 
 
 On the 17th of April, two days after the first proclamation of President 
 Lincoln, he responded by a proclamation authorizing privateering ; and, on 
 the 14th of August, issued a proclamation warning all persons of fourteen 
 years and upward, owing allcgience to the United States, to leave the Con- 
 federacy within forty days, or be treated as alien enemies. On the 6th of 
 November he was chosen" permanent President, and was inaugurated Feb- 
 ruary 22, 1862. On the 21st of May, tie approved an ac' providing that all 
 persons owing debts to parties in the North, should pay the same into the 
 Confederate Treasury. 
 
 Mr. Davis continued President of the Southern Confederacy,- until his 
 capture at Irwinsville, Ga., May 10, 1865, having left Richmond a few hours before 
 General Lee withdrew his troops. He was conveyed to Fortress Monroe, and 
 indicted by the Grand Jury of the District of Columbia for treason. He was never 
 brought to trial ; but, after two years' imprisonment, was released on bad, Horace 
 Greeley magnanimously becoming one of his sureties. 
 
1C8. riEREE SOULE. 
 
 Pierre SouLEwas born at Castillon about 1802, in the Pyrenees, during 
 the first consulate of Napoleon. His father liad risen to the rank of Lieu- 
 tenant-Gcneral in the Rejjublican armies, but afterward returned to his 
 native mountains and exercised the office of Judge, which was hereditary 
 in his family. Pierre was destined for the church ; and, in 1816, was sent to 
 the Jesuits' College at Toulouse, where his abilities were soon remarked and 
 appreciated. Young Soule, however, became dissatisfied with his situation, 
 and left the college. He was afterward sent to complete his studies at Bor- 
 deaux. 
 
 At fifteen he took part in the conspiracy against the Bourbons, and the 
 plot having been discovered, he was obliged to take refuge in a little vil- 
 lage of Navarre, where he remained for more than a year, following the 
 occupation of a shepherd. Pie was permitted to return to Bordeaux ; but he 
 longed for a more exciting scene of action, and, accordingly, repaired to 
 Paris. Here, in conjunction with Bartholemy and Mery, he established a 
 paper, advocating liberal republican sentiments. This, of course, soon 
 brought him under the eye of the authorities, and he was put upon his trial. 
 His advocate on that occasion was a friend named Ledi'u, who appealed to 
 the clemency of the court in behalf of the prisoner on the score of his youth. 
 This line of defense did not suit the prisoner, who rose from his seat, and 
 addressed the court in an impassioned strain, denying the criminally of his 
 opinions, and defending the rectitude of his conduct. His eloquence did 
 not save him from St. Pelagie, whence he succeeded, with the aid of Bar- 
 tholemy, in making his escape to England, and then to Ciiili. 
 
 Disappointed in liis expectations of obtaining a situation in Chili, which 
 liad been pi'omiscd him, and finding himself alone in a strange country, 
 wholly ignorant of the language, he returned to France. 
 
 At Havre he met a friend, a Captain in the French navy, who advised 
 him to seek an asylum in the United States, and offered him a passage in 
 his ship as far as St. Domingo. Soule accepted the proposition, and arrived 
 at Port-au-Prince in September, 1825. From this place he took passage to 
 Baltimore, and finally removed to New Orleans a few months later. 
 
 Having determined to make the law his profession, he applied himself 
 assiduously to the study of English, and passed his examination for the 
 bar in that language, and was admitted, when he soon rose to distinction by 
 his talents and eloquence. 
 
 In 1847 Mr. Soule was elected a Senator in Congress from Louisiana to 
 fill a vacancy, and was re-elected in 1849 for a term of six years. He took 
 an active part in the stormy session that followed ; and, after the death of 
 Mr. Calhoun, was regarded for some years as the leader of the ultra-Southern 
 party. In the Senate he preserved his reputation as a speaker, and his 
 oratory is said to be rendered only the more pleasing by a slight French 
 accent. 
 
 In 1853 ho was appointed, by President Pierce, Minister to Spain. In 
 18G2 ho was arrested in New Orleans for disloyalty to the Government ; and, 
 atttr an imprisonment of some months in Fort Lafayette, he was released 
 on condition that ho would not return to Louisiana until the end of the 
 Rebellion. 
 
r 
 
 1G9. BENJAMIN F.'WADE 
 
 xBEyjAMm F. Wade/ the distinguished United States Senator from 
 Ohio, was born i:i Springfield, Massachusetts, Octobei'27, 1800. His father, 
 a Revolutionary soldier, was too poor to afford the son the advantages of more 
 than the ordinary education obtained in the common schools. In his youth 
 the future statesman labored as a Farmer or Husbandman, but, by diligent 
 application had acquired sufficient knowledge to become a Teacher during 
 the winter. 
 
 In 1826 we find him engaged in the study of the law in Ohio, Com- 
 mencing the practice in Ashtabula County a few years after, in 1835 he 
 was chosen as Prosecuting Attorney of that county, and, in 1837, was elected 
 to the State Senate, anil was re-elected in 1841. In 1847, he was elected by the 
 Legislature presiding Judge of the Third Judicial District of the State, and, in 
 1851, a United States Senator, to which body he was again returned in 1857 and 
 
 1863 ^ _ _ , , . 
 
 In the Senate Mr. "Wade has been prominent as a leader of the anti- 
 slavery party, and continued unrelenting in his hostility during the most 
 rampant period of the pro-slavery ascendancy. He opposed Mr. Douglas'3 
 bill to abrogate the Missouri Compromise, the Lecompton Constitution in 
 1858, SlidcU's bill for the acquisition of Cuba, and was against all compromise 
 ^with the South after 18G0. He advocated the Homestead bill, the Agricul- 
 tural College and the Pacific Railroad bills, and every measure for the pro- 
 tection of American industry. 
 
 On the opening of the Thirty-Seventh Congress, Mr. "Wade became 
 Chairman of the Committee on the Conduct of the War, and took an active 
 part in urging the enactment of a law to confiscate the property of leading 
 Rebels and to emancipate their slaves. 
 
 Ultra democratic in his views, and radically Republican in his princi- 
 ples, Mr. Wade has consistently carried out his policy with an independence 
 characteristic of his origin, education, and early associations and impres- 
 sions. He has been an opponent of West Point, because he thinks it fosters 
 an aristocratic and exclusive class, and because it numbered among many of 
 its graduates prominent military leaders of the Rebel army. He has also 
 opposed the increase of the standing array. The bill making Treasury 
 Notes a legal tender he advocated and voted for, and for the bill abolishing 
 slavery in the District of Columbia. 
 
 In 18G2, as Chairman of the Territorial Committee, he reported a bill 
 abolishing slavery in all the Territories of the Government, and anticipated 
 the future policy of the G-overnment growing out of a successful termina- 
 tion of the war by prohibiting it in any that may hereafter be acquired. 
 Mr. Wade, as President of the Senate, attracted renewed attention 
 throughout the country as the likely successor to the Presidency in the 
 event of the impeachment of President Johnson. He is distinguished as 
 presiding officer of the Senate by a certain degree of brusqueness, but at the 
 same time possesses a knowledge of parliamentary law which his long 
 experience in that body has enabled him to acquire. 
 
 A long debate ensued at the beginning of the impeachment trial as to 
 the propriety, considering his contingent relations to the Presidency, of his 
 sitting in judgment upon the arraigned President. The suspicion of his 
 interested motives in influencing his sense of public duty was repudiated 
 by the Hon. Reverdy Johnson in a very eloquent tribute to the public and 
 private honor and integrity of Mr. Wade. 
 
170. JOHN C. BEECKENEIDGE. 
 
 Jonx C. Breckenrtdge was born near Lexington, Kentucky, January ; 
 IG, 1^21. He was educated at Centre College, Kentucky; spent a few 
 months at Princeton, N.J. ; studied law at Transylvania Institute, and w&S 
 admitted to the bar at Lexington. He emigrated to Burlington, Iowa, 
 Avhere he remained for a time, but returned to Lexington, "wliere he prac- 
 ticed his protession witli success. 
 
 He served as a Major of Infantry during the Mexican War ; and, -while 
 in that country, distinguished himself as Counsel for General Pillow, during 
 the famous court-martial. 
 
 On his return from Mexico, he was elected to the State Legislature, and 
 afterward Representative in Congress from the Ashland District, from 1851 
 to 1855. During his administration. President Pierce tendered to him the 
 mission to Spain, but family affairs compelled him to decline the honor. 
 
 He was elected Vice-President of the LTnited States, in 185(), on the ticket 
 with James Buchanan, and entered upon the duties of his office in March, 
 1857, as President of the United States Senate. In 1801 he succeeded Mr. 
 Crittenden as United States Senator from Kentucky, having been defeated 
 as candidate for President on the nomination of the Southern Democracy, in 
 18G0. 
 
 In the summer of ISGl, as the war of the Rebellion progressed, and 
 the debates in the Senate grew warmer, Mr. Breckenridge became more 
 demonstrative, charging the Government with the intent to make it a " war 
 of extermination," and, in October, joined the Confederate army, when 
 the United States Senate expelled him from that body, by a unanimous 
 vote. We next find him as a Confederate General at the battles of Mur- 
 frcesboro'. Baton Rouge, and Chickamauga; defeating Sigel in the AVest ; 
 joining Lee's army, at Cold Harbor ; commanding under Early in the 
 attack on Wasliington, and in the Shenandoah valley, in 1864 ; defeating 
 Gillem in East Tennessee; and joining the councils of the Confederate 
 Government at Richmond, early in 1865, as Secretary of War, which posi- 
 tion he held until the war was brought to a close. He then fled to Eng- 
 land, and has since resided there and'in Canada. 
 
 Mr. Breckenridge Wds a great favorite with the Democratic party, and 
 evinced the same deep-seated tenacity for " State Rights," which formed 
 p:irt of the nature of men accustomed to the state of society prevailing in 
 the sluveholding sections of the country. His early rise to positions of im- 
 portance, evince the force of his talents ; and the continuance of his progress 
 attest liis superior abilities. His conduct in public life showed a character, 
 lu many respects, suited to such a sphere. 
 
 As a military man, he filled the station of commander with more credit 
 than many civilians, on either side, during the conflict. 
 
171. BENJAMIN F. BUTLER. 
 
 Benjamin F. Butler was bom in Deerfield, New Hampshire, Novem- 
 ber 5, lb 18. He passed liis boyhood in Lowell, where he attended the 
 High School, preparatory to becoming' a student at Exeter Academy. He 
 graduated with honor at Waterville College, Me., in 1638, studied law, and 
 was admitted to the Lar in 1841. 
 
 Mr. Butler at once plunged into law and politics, pursuing both with 
 equal ardor, and displaying the adroitness and energy which have always 
 characterized him. He espoused the most desperate causes, and became, in 
 court, the leader of " forlorn hopes." His singular feriility in expedients, 
 and success in defending rather awkward suits, soon won. for him the repu- 
 tation of being the ablest criminal lawyer in the State. In 1853 he was 
 elected to the State legislature, and, in 1808, to ihe Senate. 
 
 In 18G0 wc find him jilaying a prominent Tole as Delegate to the Demo- 
 cratic Convention at Charleston and Baltimore. During all these years, he 
 h^d been taking lessons in the " School of the Soldier ;" and, in 1857, was 
 apjiointed Brigadier-General in the State Militia. In the month of April, 
 18()1, he responded to the call of President Lincoln for volunteers to defend 
 the Union against the Rebels, and, with a single n^gimeut, marched into 
 Maryland, made a descent upon Annapolis (then the enemy's country), which 
 he held until the Department of Annapolis was created, when he was in- 
 stalled commander, with rank of Major-General. 
 
 Soon after, he look command at Fortress Monroe. While occupying 
 this post, the disastrous battles of Little and Big Bethel occurred. 
 Here, also, he originated and applied the term " Contraband of war" to the 
 captured slave, which settled the vexed question of the status of the slave* 
 of Rebels. ^ 
 
 On the 20th of February, 1862, General Butler left Boston for Ship 
 Island, in Mississippi Sound, where he arrived March 23, with a force of 
 fifteen thousand men, to attack New Orleans. After the surrender of Fori) 
 Jackson and St. Phillips to Admiral Farragut, he went up the Mississippi 
 with a portion of his command, and entered the city of New Orleans 
 with two thousand five hundred men on the evening of May 1, 18G2. 
 
 He found the city much demoralized, but shaped order out of chaos ; and 
 he saved the city, not only from its own suicidal madness, but from that ma- 
 lignant epidemic, which had annually visited it. The yellow-fever raged 
 at Havana, Nassau, and other unhealthy ports ; but New Orleans escaped 
 untouched; and the hopes of those who wished it to lay the invading Yan- 
 kees at the mercy of their enemies, were frustrated. General Butler's 
 course in New Orleans Avas, f-om the first, necessarily a stringent one. He 
 arrested several British subjects, for affording aid to the Rebels ; seized a 
 large amount of specie belonging to the enemy in the ofiice of the Consul 
 for the Netherlands ; distributed among the suffering poor the provisions 
 intended for the Southern army ; laid a tax on Rebel sympathizers ; and' 
 issued that celebrated and characteristic proclamcition respecting active 
 female tr.dtors who insulted his soldiers, which extirpated at once a most 
 annoying nuisance. It was a fortunate day for New Orleans when "Butler 
 came to town." He was superseded by General Banks in November, 1862. 
 In the latter part of 1SG3 he was assigned to the Department of Virginia 
 and North Carolina; and, in 18G4, participated in o;^orations before Peters- 
 burg and Richmond, as commander of the xVrmy of tiie James. 
 
 In the spring of 1865, he resigned his commissi m, and was elected to 
 Congress, where he particularly distinguished himself in the impeachment 
 trial of President Johnson, in the spring of 1868 ; and in November was 
 again elected to Congress. 
 
172. SALMON P. CHASE. 
 
 Salmox p. Chase, Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, 
 vras born in Cornish, Xew Hampshire, January 13, 1808. At twelve 3'ears 
 of aijc he was sent to AVorthington, Ohio, to be educated, under the care 
 of liis uncle, Pliilander Chase, wlio was then Bishop of that State. He 
 entered Cincinnati College, but at the end of a year he returned to New 
 Ilampshire and entered the junior class at Dartmouth College, in 1824, 
 and graduated in 1C26. 
 
 Provided with a few letters of introduction, with no other means but 
 his education, he made his way to Washington, D. C, wdiere, after leach- 
 ing a bo3's' school for three years, during which he studied law, he was 
 admitted" to the bar of the District of Columbia in 1829. In the spring of 
 1830 he removed to Cincinnati, where his practice as a lawyer soon be- 
 came extensive and valuable. Almost at the outset of his professional 
 career, he entered upon a course of constant and earnest anti-slavery 
 action, which has made his name widely known. 
 
 In 1834 he became counsellor of the United States Bank at Cincinnati. 
 In 1837 he defended a woman claimed as a fugitive slave, and James G. 
 l5arney for harboring a fugitive slave. From 1838 to 184G he was asso- 
 ciated with AVm. H. Seward as defendants' counsel, in the famous Van 
 Zanelt case. These and other cases, gave Mr. Chase a national reputation, 
 both as a lawyer and an anti-slavery ^nan. 
 
 In 1841 he united in organizing a Liberty party ; in 1843 was a member 
 of the National Liberty Convention, which was held at Cincinnati; and 
 was a delegate to the Free-Soil Convention, held at Butfalo in 1848. 
 
 In politics, Mr. Chase sympathized with the Democrats, but voted for 
 General Harrison in 1840. 
 
 His formal entrance into political life was in 1849, when he was elected 
 United States Senator from Ohio. In the Senate he continued his hos- 
 tility to slavery, and formally withdrew from the Democratic party in 
 1852. He joined the Republican party in 1854, was elected Governor of 
 Ohio in 1855, and re-elected in 1857. 
 
 He was again chosen United States Senator in 1860 ; but on the day he 
 took his seal— March 5, 1861— he was appointed by Mr. Lincoln Secretary 
 of the Treasury. He found the national treasury exhausted and the credit 
 of the United States Government paralyzed. 
 
 Tlie task imposed on him was gigantic, and foilure in it would have 
 ruined the country at the outset. But his well-known linancial ability 
 enabled him to obtain a temporary loan of the banks, when he immediately 
 set to work lo negotiate the national bonds authorized by Congress, and 
 establish a greenback and national banking svstem, which has given us a 
 uniform currency throughout the Union. His success in changing the 
 various State banks into national banks, without any perceptible incon- 
 venience, will distinguish him as one of the greatest financial minds in the 
 country. 
 
 He resi.gncd, as Secretary of the Trensury, in June, 1864, and was ap- 
 ??nV^" ,V^"^'^-'^"^^^<^G of ^lie United States Supreme Court, December 6, 
 18G4, which office he now holds. 
 
173. JAMES M. MASON. 
 
 James Murray Mason, formerly United States Senator from Virginia, 
 Hnd more recently a Commissioner from the States in rebellion to England, 
 v/as born in Fairfax County, Virginia, on December 8, 1798. (One of his 
 ancestors was George Mason, a famous Parliamentarian of the reign of 
 Charles I, and a strong supporter of the Koyal cause. Subsequently joining 
 the Cavaliers, under Charles II, he fought against Cromwell ; but when 
 Charles was defeated, near Worcester, in 1G51, Mason emigrated to 
 America, and settled in Virginia.) 
 
 Educated in Virginia and the District of Columbia, Mr. Mason graduated 
 in 1813, in the University at Philadelphia, and subsequently studied law 
 at William and Mary College, Williamsburg, Va., completing his studies 
 in the office of the celebrated Benjamin Watkins Leigh, of Richmond. 
 
 Commencing practice in 1830, he was, six years thereafter, elected to the 
 Virginia House of Delegates, and re-elected for two subsequent terms. He 
 was chosen a member of the Convention to revise the State Constitution, in 
 1829, and was elected to Congress in 1837. 
 
 Returned to the United States Senate in 1846, he continued to occupy 
 his seat for fourteen years. A strong pro-slavery Democrat, he vehemently 
 opposed the Kansas-Nebraska bill, and all other anti-slavery measures. The 
 author of the Fugitive Slave law, his arguments in support of it constitute 
 much of the bitter and vindictive sectional feelings and eloquence of the 
 debates in the Senate of that day. 
 
 Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs for ten years, his position 
 made him eminently conversant with that branch of the Government, and 
 qualified him for the subsequent position he held as Commissioner of the 
 Rebel States. 
 
 In 1850 he took an active part in the discussion which led to the admis- 
 sion of California, as a Free State, in the Union. 
 
 Still holding his position at the head of the Committee on Foreign Rela- 
 tions, in the Senate, he left his seat in 18G1, to take sides with the Rebellion, 
 his term not expiring until March 4, 1803. Chosen as Commissioner to 
 England, in conjunction with Slidell, he set sail from Charleston, S. C, on 
 October 12, 1801. Ari'iving at Havana, Cuba, October 24, they were for- 
 mally received by the Captain-General. Remaining for a few days, they 
 took passage on board of the British mail-steamer Ireiit, for Europe. On 
 November 8, they were captured by Admiral Wilkes, in the Bahama Chan- 
 nels, and brought to the United States, and subsequently confined in Fort 
 Warren. Surrendered on January 2, 1802, to the British authorities, Mr. 
 Mason, with his colleague, sailed for England, where, during the civil con- 
 flict, they urged the recognition of the Southern States, but without suc- 
 cess. Mr. Mason has continued to reside abroad ever since the Rebellion. 
 The controversy between the United States Government and Great Britain, 
 growing out of their forcible seizure on the high seas, involved a great 
 many questions of international law, conducted with more or less ability, 
 and no little acrimony, by Lord John Russell and Mr. Seward, in support of 
 their respective Governments. 
 
 Mr. Mason was distinguished in the Senate as an austere man ; and 
 though of acknowledged ability and character, he was not a man to win 
 upon the affections of a stranger or his opponents, as are some of the pablic 
 men who afford a fair representation of the Southern aristocracy. 
 
174. REVERDY JOHNSON. 
 
 Reverdy Johnson was bom in Annapolis, Maryland, May 21, 1796. 
 His paietits sent him to St. John'< College, where he obtained an excellent educa- 
 tion. He left coUeire when about sixteen years of aire, and immediately com- 
 hie-c^'d tlie study of law in the office of his father, Judge of the Court of Appeals 
 of Maryland. Two years after, he was admitted to the bar, and commenced prac- 
 tice under the most favorable auspices. 
 
 He moved to Baltimore in 1817, where his legal residence has ever since 
 been, and rose rapidly to prominence as one of the ablest legal minds of his 
 State. 
 
 In 1819 he was appointed States Attorney, and, in 1820, Chief Commis- 
 sioner of Insolvent Debtors. This office he held for over a year, when he 
 resigned to take a seat in the State Senate ; was elected for a second term, 
 but, after retaining his seat one year, he resigned in consequence of his 
 extensive professional duties. 
 
 For nearly twenty years Mr. Johnson kept aloof from politics, devoting 
 his time to the law, and winning a reputation for legal ability such as few 
 men in this country have obtained. 
 
 In 1815 he was elected United States Senator, but resigned in 1849 to 
 accept the position of Attorney-General in President Taylor's Cabinet. On 
 the death of General Taylor, and the accession of Mr. Fillmore to the 
 Presidency, he resigned, and again resumed the pi;ictice (»f his profession, it being 
 now almost wholly confined to the Supreme Court of the United States. 
 
 In 18G1 he was a Delegate to the Peace Convention ; and, in 18C2, was 
 again elcted to the Uiiited States Senate. 
 
 Throughout the war ho sustained the Union cause and gave his hearty 
 support to the suppression of the Rebellion. When the war had ceased, he 
 urged the readmission of the South without delay, at the same time 
 favoring such guarantees as would hereafter prevent the recurrence of the 
 causes which had operated to keep the two sections of the country in con- 
 tinual antagonism. Mr. Johnson voted for the first Reconstruction bill, and 
 also voted in favor of its passage over the President's veto ; but when the 
 second Reconstruction bill was introduced, he withdrew his support, and 
 voted against it. 
 
 Although connected with the Democratic party, he has frequently 
 opposed its measures and policies. He was appointed Minister to England 
 1 o 1 e?.o^*^^^ Johnson, and was unanimously confirmed by the Senate, June 
 
 Mr. Johnson's legal ability, moderate party affinity, and purity of char- 
 acter, combined with unusual suavity of manners and conversational 
 powers made him an acceptable Minister to the English Government and an 
 inT n l««o ^"^ States at the Court of St. James. He returned from England 
 
 nromrrV t V""!! t'''-'"^ a^'"' ^"'^^^'''^ "^ ^^^ courts of Maryland and the Su- 
 preme Court of the United States. 
 
y 
 
 175. EDWAED BATES. 
 
 Edward Bates was born at Belmont, Goochland County, Virginia, 
 September 4, 1793. His education, commenced by liis father, was succeeded 
 by several years of academic instruction, mostly at Charlotte Hall, Mary- 
 land, and finished by an accomplished jurist tutor. Declining, in early 
 youth, a naval career, afforded by the offer of a Midshipman's Avarrant. he 
 afterward, in 1813, exhibited his patriotic ardor by serving as a volunteer 
 in the Virginia militia, in the war against Great Britain. 
 
 In 1814 he removed to Missouri, where, at that time, many of the enter- 
 prising and ambitious young Virginians migrated, to seek their fortunes, 
 and grow up with that then infant, but now powerful. State, He there con- 
 tinued his study of the law ; and, in 1810, began to practice in St. Louis. 
 
 Rising rapidly into practice, in the year 1818 he was appointed Prosecu- 
 ting Attorney for that circuit. Advancing with the growing interests of the 
 State, he was, in 1820, appointed a Delegate to the State Constitutional Con- 
 vention. The satisfaction with which he discharged the duties of this im- 
 portant trust recommended him, in the same year, to his constituents, as 
 Attorney-General of the new State of Missouri. He resigned the office in 
 1822, and was elected to the lower branch of the State Legislature. The 
 confidence which he inspired in his previous public trusts, was abundantly 
 secured in this, his first legislative position. Becoming now prominent as 
 one of the rising young men of the rising young State, ho was selected, in 
 1824, by President Monroe, L'nited States Attorney for the Missouri Dis- 
 trict. He held this position until 1820, when he resigned, and was elected 
 -Representative to Congress from Missouri, serving from 1827 to 1829 with 
 distinction. 
 
 In 1830 he was elected to the State Senate; and, in 1834, was again 
 elected to the Lower House of the Legislature. In 1830, being enfeebled by 
 sedentary labor, he moved to the countr}', where he continued in the active 
 practice of his profession for seven years, and varied his professional occu- 
 pation with horseback-riding around the prairies, and other vigorous exer- 
 cise in the open air. 
 
 In 1842 he returned to St. Louis, in invigorated health, and renewed in 
 that city the practice of his profession. In 1850 he was appointed, by Presi- 
 dent Filmore, Secretary of War, but declined the office. In 1853 he was 
 elected Judge of the St. Louis Land Court, which office he resigned in 1850. 
 His prominence as a Whig politician secured him, the same year, the posi- 
 tion of President of the Whig National Convention, which assembled in 
 Baltimore ; and his accomplishments and learning induced the Harvard Uni- 
 versity, in 1858, to confer upon him the degree of LL. D. 
 
 Again brought prominently before the public, he was appointed, in 1861, 
 Attorney-General in Mr. Lincoln's Cabinet, which position he held until 
 1865, when he resigned, having performed the duties of the office with 
 marked ability and fidelity. Mr. Bates, on the 5th of July, 1801, rendered 
 an elaborate opinion, justifying President Lincoln in arresting persons on 
 suspicion of intercourse with the insurgents, and refusing to obey a writ of 
 Habeas Corpus, sued out to ascertain whether the alleged suspicions were 
 just, 
 
176. IIENEY WAED BEECHEE. 
 
 Heney Y/ard Beecheu, son of the celebrated Rev. Lyman Beecher, 
 •was born at Litchfield, Connecticut, June 24, 1813, His mother died when 
 he -was three years old ; and his father, marrying again, removed to Boston, 
 ■where Henry was jDlaccd in the Latin School, aild pursued his studies with- 
 out the inspiration of zeal. 
 
 The sea became the object of his ambition. His fathei-, apparently 
 acquiescing, suggested his preparing himself for the navy ; but, as ho went 
 to school at Amherst, the Dr. said, "I shall have that boy in the ministry 
 3'et." Hero he was placed under the caro of a bright, attractive young man, 
 and labored perse veringly, with his face toward the navy. Here, also, he 
 was put through a strict drill in elocution by Professor John E. Lowell. 
 At the close of the year, a revival of religion occurred, and Henrj^, with 
 others, was powerfully impressed. The naval scheme vanished, and the 
 pulpit opened before him, as his natural sphere. 
 
 He entered Amherst College, where ho surrounded himself with the best 
 English writings, which he read and pondered with never-ceasing delight ; 
 but was not attracted by Greek and Latin classics. 
 
 The stand he took in college was, from the fii'st, that of a reformer. He 
 and his associates opposed all the customary irregularities and dissipations 
 of students. In no part of his life did he ever use tobacco, or ardent spirits, 
 in any shape. He graduated in 18o4, and studied theology at Lane 
 Seminary, in Cincinnati, of which his father was President, Previous to 
 cempleting his studies, he edited, for some months, the organ of the New 
 School Presbyterian Church, in the absence of Dr. Brainard. His editorials 
 condemning the j^ro-slavery rioters who destroyed Dr. Burney's press at 
 that time, were stamped with the most fearless spirit of reform. 
 
 On finishing his studies, Mr, Beecher married, and was settled at Law- 
 renceburg, Ind., but was soon after invited to Indianapolis, where he labored 
 for eight years, perfoi'ming a great amount of professional laboi', and causing 
 a remarkable revival. August 24, 1847, Mr. Beecher was called to take 
 charge of Plymouth Church, Brooklyn, N, Y. On the 19th of September, he 
 bade farewell to his "Western charge ; and, on assuming his duties at Ply- 
 mouth Church, he informed " all whom it might concern," that he considered 
 Temperance and Anti-Slavery a part of the Gospel, which he was deter- 
 mined to preach. 
 
 He took a deep interest in the settlement of Kansas by freemen; and, 
 during the Rebellion, was unceasing in his labors for the Union cause. 
 Plymouth Church raised a regiment, and Mr. Beecher's eldest son was an 
 ofiicer in it. 
 
 Mr, Beecher is the author of numerous volumes, replete with original 
 and earnest thought, and deeply imbued with Christian faith, and sympathy 
 with the beautiful in nature and art. His mind is a development charac- 
 teristic of our nationality. It may be compared to a column, based with 
 Eastern griinite ; a shaft of Western marble ; and a capital, crowned with the 
 Howcrs and fruitage of cultured graces. 
 
177. CLEMENT L. VALLANDIGHAM. ' 
 
 Clement L. Vallandigham was born in New Lisbon, Columbia County, 
 Ohio, in 1822. lie descended from a Huguenot family, and received a good 
 early education, spending one year at Jefferson College, Ohio. He afterward 
 removed to Snow Hill, Maryland, where he spent two years as Principal of 
 an academy. 
 
 Returning to Ohio in 1840, he studied law, was admitted to the bar in 
 1842, and entered upon its practice in New Lisl)on. He was elected to the State 
 L(-gi3latnre in 1845. and re-elected in 1816. He removed to Dayton in 1847. 
 From 1847 to 1849, he was editor of the Westtrn Empire ; and, for some years 
 subsequent to that date, had devoted himself wholly to his profession and politics. 
 
 He was a member of the National Democratic CoTivcntion held at Cin- 
 cinnati in 185G, and ran for Representative to the Thirty^-Fifth Congress 
 against L. C. Campbell, whose seat he successfully contested, and was 
 re-elected in 1S59. 
 
 At the commencement of the second session of the Thirty-Fifth Congress, 
 and during the Thirty-Sixth, he was placed on the Committee on Territories. 
 
 Elected to the Thirty-Seventh Congress in 18(51, he took an ultra-Southern 
 view of politics ; during the most important session opposed the Republican 
 party in all their plans for the suppression of the Rebellion, exercising his 
 legislative abilities to thAvart the Government in carrying on the war, and 
 addressing the people of Baltimore and other cities in favor of secession. 
 Returning to Dayton, he was received with mingled feelings of coldness 
 and confidence by his former constituents ; and, in the fall of 18G2, the 
 electioi\ resulted in the defeat of Mr. Vallandigham. Having the remainder of 
 his term to complete, he continued his opposition in Congress to the measures of 
 the Government. 
 
 Rejected for Congress, he continued his political activity in addressing 
 the people throughout the State, indulging in expressions which were con- 
 sidered disloyal ; and, for expressing his opinions against the war, he was 
 arrested at Dayton, May 5, 1803, by military authority, and tried at Cincin- 
 nati on the 6th and 7th of that month. He was sentenced to be confined in 
 a military prison during the war, which sentence was changed by the Presi- 
 dent to banishment to the Southern States. He was taken to Murfreesboro', 
 where, on the 24th, he was sent over the Confederate lines. F'rom there he 
 went, by way of Bermuda, to Canada. 
 
 "While in Canada he was nominated by the Democratic x^arty of Ohio as 
 their candidate for Governor, but was defeated. 
 
 He subsequently returned, and was a Delegate to the Democratic Con- 
 vention held at Chicairo in 1804. He vras also a Delegate to the Convention 
 held at New York, July 4, 1808, which nominated Horatio Seymour and 
 Frank P. Blair, Jr., as candidates for President and Vice-President of the 
 United States. 
 
178. GEORGE BANCEOFT. 
 
 Geokge Bancroft, a distinguished American Author and Historian, 
 was born in Worcester, Massachusetts, in tlie year 1800. He graduated 
 with lionor at Harvard College, before ho , .i.s seventeen years of age, and 
 8ooa entered upon a course of literary pursviits, having, as their ultimate 
 end, the professicn of an Historian. 
 
 In 1818 he went to Europe, and there studied at Gottenburg and Berlin, 
 enjoying the high advantages of the most thorough system of instruction. 
 
 After an absence of four years, during which he traveled in England, 
 Switzerland, Germany, and Italy, he returned to the United States, when lie 
 Was appointed Tutor of Greek, in Harvard University. During the interval 
 of severe labors, he made many contributions to American literature, 
 especially from the stores of German thought and intellect, then compari- 
 tively sealed, even to educated men in the United States. He early attached 
 himself to the Democratic party, in whose behalf his first vote was cast. 
 
 In 182G, in a public oration, afterward published, he announced as his 
 creed, " Universal Suffrage and Uncompromising Democracy." 
 
 In lSo4 Mr. Bancroft published his first volume of his " History of the 
 United States," a work to which he had long devoted his thoughts and 
 researches, and in which he laid the foundation of a reputation at once 
 pei'manent and universal. 
 
 The first two volumes, comprising the Colonial history of the country, 
 were hailed with the highest satisfaction, as exhibiting, not only the facts, 
 but the id<(fs of American history. 
 
 In 18o8 he was appointed Collector of the Port of Boston, which he held 
 until 1841. In 184^^ he was the candidate of the Democracy of Massachusetts 
 for Governor. In 1845 he was appointed Secretary of the Navy, and, in 
 1846, Minister Plenipotentiary to England, which position he held until 
 1849. 
 
 In England the jirestige of Mr. Bancroft's literary reputation and his 
 high social qualities contributed to enhance the popularity and respect Avhich 
 attached to him during his entire diplomatic career. 
 
 On his return, he fixed his residence in New York City, and resumed 
 more actively the prosecution of his historical labors, the fourth volume of 
 which appeared early in 1852, portraying the opening scenes of the great 
 drama of the American Independence. He has since issued a volume at 
 intervals, until now he has nine volumes published. 
 
 In 18G7 Mr. Bancroft was appointed Minister to Prussia, which position 
 he now holds. 
 
 The work of Mr. Bancroft may be considered as a copious philosophical 
 treatise, tracing the growth of the idea of liberty in a country designed by 
 Providence for its development, and is esteemed as one of the noblest 
 memories of American literature. 
 
 He has published various public addresses, and has coLected a volume of 
 " Miscellanies," chiefly upon historical and philosophical topics. 
 
179. PETER COOPEE. 
 
 Peter Cooper was born in tlie city of Xew York, February 12, 1791. 
 His youth was employed in his father's hat manufactory. He attended 
 school only one-half of each day for a single year, and, beyond the humble 
 knowledge thus earned, his acquisitions are his own. 
 
 At the age of seventeen ho was apprenticed to the trade of coach-making, 
 which he followed for a siiort time after he had served out his apprentice- 
 ship. He next manufactured machines for shearing cloth, which were in 
 great demand during the War of 1812, but lost all value on the declaration 
 of peace. He then manufactured cabinetware, afterward "went into the 
 grocery business in New York City, and finally engaged in the manufac- 
 ture of glue and isinglass, which he has carried on for more than, fifty 
 years. 
 
 Mr. Cooper's attention was early called to the great resources of the 
 country for the manufacture of iron ; and, in ISoO, he erected extensivQ 
 works at Canton, near Baltimoi'e. 
 
 Disposing of them, he subseqixently erected a rolling-mill in the city 
 of New Y'ork, in which he first applied anthracite coal to the puddling of 
 iron. 
 
 In 1845 he removed the macliinery to Trenton, N. J., where he erected 
 the largest rolling-mill at that time in the United States for the manufac- 
 ture of railroad iron, and at which he was the first to roll wrought-iron 
 beams for fire-proof buildings. These works have grown to be very exten- 
 sive, including mines, blast-furnaces, and water-power, and conducted by a 
 company of which Mr. Cooper is President. 
 
 AVhile in Baltimore, Mr. Cooper built, after his own designs, the first 
 locomotive engine that was ever turned out on this continent, which w'as 
 successfully opei'ated on the Baltimore and Ohio liailroad, thus identifying 
 his name with the early liistorj'' of railroads. He has taken a great interest 
 in the electric telegraph, in which he has invested a large capital. He is 
 President and Director of various companies, and Pi-esident of the North 
 American Telegraph Association, which represents two-thirds of all the 
 lines in the United States. Mr. Cooper has served in both branches of the 
 NeAV York Common Council. 
 
 His great object in life has been to edvicate and elevate the industrial 
 classes of the community, and he determined, more than forty years ago, if 
 successful, to establish in his native city an institution in Avliich the work- 
 ing classes could secure a scientific educaticm. Accordingly the " Union 
 for the Advancement of Scienc3 and Art," commonly called the " Cooper 
 Institute," has been erected at a cost of over six hundred thousand dollars, 
 and devoted by a deed of trust, with all its rents, issues, and profits, to that 
 purpose. It includes ti school of design for females, evening courses of 
 instruction to mechanics and apprentices, a free reading-room, a gallery of 
 art, a polytechnic school, and valuable collections of models of inventions. 
 
 Mr. Cooper is still engaged iu active business. 
 
^9 
 
 ISO. HEESCHEL Y. JOHNSON. 
 
 IIkrsciiel V. JonxsON was born in Burke County, Georgia, September 
 18, 1812, and graduated, at tlie University of Georgia in 1S34. lie adopted 
 the j)rofession of the law ; and, while pursuing its practice, entered upon his 
 political career, advancing rapidly to distinction. 
 
 In 184-1 he was a Presidential Elector, and was appointed to fill a vacancy 
 in the United States Senate in 1S48. From the Senate lie was elected, in 
 1849, a Judge of the Superior Court. 
 
 In 18G0, when the popularity of Stephen A. Douglas was at its highest 
 point, Herschcl V. Johnson was selected as a candidate for the Vice-Presi- 
 dency upon the Douglas tir-ket. Defeated by Lincoln and Harnlin, the tide 
 of secession overran the Southern land, and Avith the political landmarks 
 which liad defied the ultra-Southern sentiment in times gone by, were swept 
 away, and Ilcrschel V. Johnson among the rest. 
 
 Djuglas died at the beginning of the war, in the very prime of his life 
 and in the zenith of an unprecedented popularity, Avith sentiments of loy- 
 alty lapon his feverish lips; but Johnson, his fellow-candidate, went with 
 his native South, though in principle a Union man. 
 
 While the one terminated his career on the death-bed, the other con- 
 tinued his by taking part in the stormy proceedings which inaugurated 
 the Confederate States Government ; and, becoming a Member of the Con- 
 federate States Senate, lie took an active part in its debates. 
 
 The rapidity with Avhich men rise to public distinction in the United 
 States, and then full into private life (though, in many instances, honorable 
 obscurity), is illustrated in the case of Herschel V. Johnson. At one time 
 the representative Union man of the South, he was the choice for the second 
 office in the gift of the people on the Presidential ticket, with one of the 
 most popular men of the United States — Stephen A. Douglas. 
 
 Death and the a^-tivo vitiated public life, Avhich that political career 
 impelled, laid his chief in the grave; but he who followed next upon the 
 banner left the emblem of the Union to die with his chief, lured by ** strange 
 stars," " writin;x Btranjje characters from right to left." 
 
181. OLIVER 0. HOWARD. 
 
 General Oliveu O. IIov.'ARD was born in Leeds, Maine, November 8, 
 1830. Pie graduated at Bowdoin CoUeg-e in 1850, and, four years later, at 
 AYest Point, where he was appointed Instructor in Mathematics, in 1857 ; 
 \n\t resigned his commission in 18G1, to take command of a regiment of 
 Maine Volunteers. lie commanded a brigade at Bull Run ; and, for gallant 
 conduct in that battle, was commissioned a Brigadier-General of Volunteers. 
 
 He was at Williamsburn:, and lost an arm at Fair Oaks, June 1, 1862. Wlieu 
 the attack wiis made on General Casey's troops, May 31, Howard's brijijade was 
 brougiit up in haste, and came into p()sition just at niglit-fall. The next morning 
 one of his regiments was placed in the front line, while tlie other three formed the 
 second. Howard's and French's Brigade did much of the brave and steady work 
 which repulsed and routed the two obstinate and furious attacks of the enemy. He 
 was highly complimented by General Richardson, in his report, for the excellent 
 disposition of his forces, the direction of his fire, and the moral eftect he produced 
 upon his men, by his resolute demeanor in cheering and urging them on. 
 
 In this days battle, General Howard received two bullet-wounds in his 
 right arm, which had to be amputated. Scarcely waiting for his wound to 
 heal, he rejoined the army, and commanded the Third Brigade of Sedg- 
 wick's division, in Sumner's corps, at the battle of Antietam. 
 
 On the 11th of December, 1802, ho led the advance of the Army of the 
 Potomac over the Rappahannock, at the battle of Fredericksburg. 
 
 Early in 18G3, he was assigned to the command of the Eleventh Corps. 
 He was present at the battle of Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, in both of 
 which he bore a conspicuous and noble part; and, in the autumn, accom- 
 panied his corps to Chattanooga, participating in the victory of November 
 25, in the front of that place. 
 
 Soon afterward, he received command of the Fourth Corps, and made the 
 campaign from Chattanooga to Atlanta. He succeeded General McPherson 
 as command.?r of the Army of the Tennessee ; and, in the expedition from 
 Atlanta to Savannah, he commanded the right wing of Sherman's armv. 
 
 He also commanded a wing in the march northward from Savannah, 
 which terniinated in the surrender of General Joseph E. Johnston, and ali 
 the Rebel forces under his command. 
 
 Since the conclusion of the war, he has held the office of Commissioner 
 of the Freedmen's Bureau, which he has conducted with ability and discre- 
 tion. Besides his professional abilities as a soldier, General Howard is a 
 man of deep religious principles, and has been called the "Havelock of 
 America." 
 
f-i^ 
 
 182. GEOEGE WILKES. 
 
 George "Wilkes was born in the city of Ne\v^ Yoi'k in 1823. Heceiving 
 the benefit of a liberal education, he early identified himself with the press, 
 and lias become celebrated as one of the first journalists of the country. 
 
 Establisliingf, at a time when such a journal was much needed, TJie 
 National Police Gazette, he made that paper a power in the land. Retiring- 
 from this journal, he traveled extensively in Europe, and, returning, wrote 
 " Europe in a Hurry." Subsequently associated with the late lamented 
 William T. Porter, he established For^ters Spirit of the Times. Abandoning 
 this venture, he established another journal, identifying with its character 
 more of the personality of its Editor, called Winces' S])irit of the Times. Osten- 
 sibly a sporting paper of the better class, it contains, from time to time, 
 remarkable articles or essays upon public men and measures, written with all 
 the masterly vigor and ability for which George Wilkes is distinguished. 
 
 Were it not for the versatility of talent for which journalistic literature 
 in America is distinguished, one would be surprised to find in a journal 
 ostensibly devoted to horses, so much talk upon men. The theme, however, 
 alternates between blooded horses and noted men, and Wilkes^ Spirit descants 
 upon the merits of both with equal knowledge and spirit. 
 
 Revisiting Europe, in 18G0, Mr. Wilkes wtis presented at the Court of St. 
 James by Mr. Dallas, then our minister to England. 
 
 Upon the breaking out of the War of the Kcbellion, Mr. Wilkes accom- 
 panied McDowell's army into Virginia, and was present at the battle of 
 Bull Run. Writing a description of this battle, it was extensively recopied 
 throughout the country, and was remarkable for its graphic and picturesque 
 power of descriptive writing. 
 
 More comprehensive and generalizing in his political style of writing 
 than descending to detail, Mr. Wilkes is more successful as a weekly jour- 
 nalist, perhaps, than he would be as a daily journalist. This is no disparage- 
 ment to him, or his mode of dealing with men and measures. The daily 
 press exacts too much upon the brain of a writer to enable him always to do 
 justice to his subject. 
 
 George Wilkes, after years of unceasing labor and activity, has built up 
 a powerful press, and caused himself to be respected as a powerful journalist. 
 Having accumulated a handsome fortune, ho is enabled to extend his cnter- 
 pri.ses with proportionate energy and success. 
 
 A strong and warm personal friend of Genei'al Grant, he adrocated his 
 claims to the Presidency with characteristic ability. 
 
 Relieved again from arduous journalistic duties, Mr. Wilkes traveled for the 
 fourth time in Europe in 1868. In 1870 he ran for Congress against James 
 Brooks, under a united Ropublicau nomination, and was defeated. 
 
183. JAMES LOXGSTREET 
 
 General James Longstheet was born in South Carolina m the year 
 1821, and grnduated at West Point in lb42, as Brevet Second Lieutenant of 
 the Fourth Regiment of Infantry. 
 
 In March, 1845, he was transferred to the Eighth Regiment, and -was at 
 the storming of Monterey, in Mexico. In February, 1847, he was promoted 
 to the rank of First Lieutenant ; and, August 2U, -was breveted Captain, 
 for gallant and meritorious conduct in the battles of Contreras and Churu- 
 feusco, and Major, for gallantry in the battle of Molino del Roy, September 
 8, 1847. In the assault at Chapultepec, September 13, he greatly distin- 
 guished himself, and was severely wounded. 
 
 In December, 1852, he became full Captain ; and, in July, 1858, was mado 
 Paymaster, with the rank of Major. 
 
 On the secession of South Carolina, he resigned , offered his services to 
 the Rebels, received an appointment of Brigadier-General, and soon after 
 participated in the battle of Bull Run, where his brigade covei'cd Black- 
 burn's Ford. He was afterward made Major-Gencral, under Jo. Johnston, 
 and remained with the army in its wintei'-quarters, skirmishing, until 
 March, 18G2, when Manassas was evacuated. He then went to the Penin- 
 sula, and from the evacuation of Yorktown to the battle of Malvern Hill, he 
 was in almost every action, where he was conspicuous foi coolness, bravery, 
 and skill. In the second Bull Run and in the invasion of Maryland, ter- 
 minating with the battle of Antietam, he commanded a corps, and rendered 
 valuable service. General Longstreet also took a prominent part in the battle 
 of Fredericksburg ; and, in February, 1803, was sent to invest Suffolk, 
 Va., from which place he was recalled, after a fruitless campaign, to rein- 
 force General Lee at Chancellorsville. 
 
 General Longstreet commanded one of the three corps of Lee's army, which 
 invaded Maryland and Pennsylvania in the summer of 18G3 ; and at the 
 battle of Gettysburg, in July, he was on the right of the Rebel army, and 
 opposed to General Sickles. In Se})tcmber he was sent to reinforce Gen- 
 eral Bragg, and greatly contributed to the Rebel victory at Chickamauga. 
 After this he was detached to capture Knoxville, and drive Burnside out 
 of East Tennessee, wnich he failed to accomplish. In January, 1864, lie again 
 made a movement on Knoxville, and was enabled to advance within a few miles 
 of the city ; but, after a short stay, was obliged to retreat to his old position at 
 Bull's Gap for want of provisions and supplies. 
 
 In April, 18G4, he united his troops with General Lee's, and took an 
 active part in the battle of the Wilderness, where he was so severely 
 w^oundcd. May G, as to bo incapacitated for service until the following 
 Octob(;r. He held command of his corps during the winters of 18G4 and 
 18G5, in the defense of Richmond, and was included in the capitulation of 
 General Lee to General Grant, April 9, of the latter year. 
 
 Since the close of the war he has devoted himself to the pursuits of civil 
 life, and is using his influence to unite in friendship the two sections so 
 lately opposed to each other in deadly conflict, by counselling his Southern 
 brethern to accept the Congressional terms of Reconstruction. 
 
^ 
 
 184. JOSEPH HOLT. 
 
 Judge Advoo.\tk Gkneral ITolt, a native of Kentucky, was born in Brecken- 
 ridgo C.'unty, in 1807. Educated at St, Joseph's College, Bardstown, and at 
 Celitre College, Danville, iu 1828, he commenced the Practice of the Law in 
 Elizabethtown, Kentucky. Eemoving to Louisville in l«3i,he was ap-- 
 pointed Commonwealth's Attorney for the Jefferson Circuit which included 
 in its jurisdiction Louisville, From Louisville he removed^ in l«:i5, to 
 Port Gibson, Mississippi, and after practicing his profession successfully in that 
 State, he returned to the former city. Appointed Commissioner of Patents, in 
 the September following the accession of Mr. Buchanan to the Presidency, he suc- 
 ceeded ill March, 1859, to the office of Postmaster-General on the death of the 
 Hon. A, V, Brown, Upon the withdrawal of John B, Floyd from the Cabinet, in 
 December, 1860, he was appointed Secretary of War, and is regarded as having 
 been active in labori g to restore order and public confidence, which had been 
 skaken by the defection of Floyd and other officials at this time. 
 
 In co-operation with General ^cott, by the precautions which he exer- 
 cised. Mr. Holt contributed largely to ch ck treasonable demonstrations in 
 Washington during the Inauguration of President Lincoln. Ptetiring from 
 office in the Spring of ISul, he was earnestly employed in advocating the 
 Luion cause in Kentucky and elsewhere ; denouncing neutrality as a pol- 
 icy, then advocated extensively in the border States, At this time, in a 
 letter addressed to Mr. Speed, of Kentucky, he declared that the expendi- 
 ture of not merely hundreds of millions, but billions of treasure would be 
 well made, if the result should be tlie preservation of our republican institutions. 
 Appointed one of a commission to examine and decide upon claims, involved in 
 tlie administration of General Fremont's Department of the West, after the re- 
 moval of that officer from his command, he continued in that capacity until March, 
 1862. In September of the same year, he was appointed Judge Advocate General 
 of the Army, and in that capacity was engaged iii many celet)r.ited trials growing 
 out of tlie war ; among them the great Conspiracy Case, involving the assassina- 
 tion of President Lincoln, Though a Democrat, Mr, Holt was an earnest supporter 
 of Piesideiit Lincoln's administration throughout, and emphatically approved of 
 the Emancipation Proclamation of September, 1862, and all other measures hav- 
 ing tor their object a vigorous prosecution of the war. On the retirement of 
 Jiuige Bates, he was offered, by the President, the position of Attornev-General, 
 which he declined. 
 
185. AMBEOSE E. BUENSIDE. 
 
 G-eneral Ambrose E. Burnside was born in Liberty, Union County, 
 Indiana, May 23, 1824, and graduated at West Point in 1847, the fifteenth 
 in rank of a class numbering forty-seven. Tlie fol I iwing year he received a 
 full Second Lieutenancy and was attached to the Third Artillery. 
 
 He served with credit in the Mexican War, and afterward on the Mexi- 
 can frontier, where he was Quartermaster of the Boundary Commission. In 
 1851 he left with important dispatches for Washington, and traveled twelve 
 hundred miles through a hostile Indian country in seventeen days, meeting 
 with many hair-breadth escapes. 
 
 He was subsequently stationed at Newport, R. I., but resigned his com- 
 mission to engage in the manufacture of a breech-loading rifle of his own 
 invention ; failing in which, he entered the service of the Illinois Central 
 Kailroad in 1838, as Cashier, and afterward as Treasurer. 
 
 On the breaking out of the Rebellion he was appointed Colonel of a Rhode 
 Island regiment by Governor Sprague ; and, at the first battle of Bull 
 Run, commanded a brigade, showing great gallantry, coolness, and skill in 
 its management throughout the engagement and retreat. On the 6th of 
 August he was made Brigadier-General of Volunteers, and soon after took 
 charge of the expedition to Roanoke Island, where he captured six forts 
 and batteries, forty cannon, and over two thousand prisoners, which he 
 exchanged for those taken at Bull Run. This was one of tlie first suc- 
 cesses of the Union army, for which he was made Major-Gencral, and con- 
 firmed, March 18, 1802. He afterward captured Newborn, Fort Macon, 
 and other important points in North Carolina. 
 
 After the disaster on the Peninsula in 1862, he was ordered North with 
 a great part of his army, and commanded the left wing of the Army of the 
 Potomac at the battle of Antietam. 
 
 November 7, 1802, General Buriiside succeeded General McClellan in 
 command of the Army of the Potomac, when, at liis suggestion, the ])lan of 
 operations underwent a material change. Instead of moving on Richmond 
 by the Gordonsville route, his plan was to make a feint in that direction, 
 and then make a rapid movement of the whole army on Fredericksburg ; 
 but the failure to get the pontoons in season prevented the carrying out of 
 his plan. After waiting nearly four weeks for them, he made an attack on 
 Fredericksburg, which was unsuccessful. 
 
 In January, 18Go, he was relieved by General Hooker, and, March 2G, 
 was appointed to command the Department of Ohio, captured Knoxville, 
 Tenn., and afterward held it against the besieging army of General Long- 
 street. At his own request, he was relieved by General Foster. 
 
 On the reorganization of the Army of the Potomac under Grant, he par- 
 ticipated in the campaign against Richmond, and shared in all the sevei-e 
 battles that followed, meeting with several narrow escapes, and accompanied 
 the army in its movements to Petersburg. 
 
 He resigned his commission in May, 1805, and was elected Grovernor of 
 Rhode Island in 18GC, and re-elected in 1807. 
 
J'f' 
 
 18G. EICHAED S. EWELL. 
 
 General RlcnAKD S. Ewell was born in the District of Columbia about 
 the year 1820. In 1830 he entered the military academy at West Point, 
 and "^ graduated on the 30th of June, 1840, receiving an appointment as 
 Brevet Second Lieutenant of Cavalry on the 1st of July. On the 10th of 
 September, 1845, he was made First Lieutenant, and with that rank went 
 into the Mexican War, serving in Colonel Mason's dragoons. lie won his 
 promotion to Captain in the field, having received it for gallant conduct in 
 the battles of Contreras and Churubusco. 
 
 In June, 1847, Captain Ewell was in New Mexico, greatly distinguishing 
 himself against the Indians ; and dtiring the year 1858 he took charge of 
 and commanded the troops that garrisoned Fort Buchanan in that territory. 
 lie Avas, however, suspended in 1859. 
 
 When Virginia seceded. Captain Ewell resigned his commission in tho 
 Regular Army, and took sides with the South, entering the Hebel army as a 
 Brigadier-General, and, at the battle of Blackburn's Ford, July 18, 18G1, 
 was stationed on the extreme right, at Union Mills. 
 
 In Beauregard's official report, he says : " Thanks are due to Brigadier- 
 Generals Bonham and Ewell for the ability shown in conducting and 
 executing the retrogade movements on Bull Run, directed in my orders — 
 movements on which hung the fortunes of the army." 
 
 Until April, 1802, no movements of any importance brought General 
 Ewell prominently forward, but in that month he was dii-ected to join 
 *' Stonewall " Jackson in the Shenandoah valley ; and then commenced the 
 brilliant career that has since marked his name. 
 
 General Ewell took the advance of Jackson's army in the valley, and 
 was engaged in several battles with Banks and Fremont, and afterward 
 accompanied it with his command to the battle-fields around Richmond, 
 where he shared in the heaviest of the engagements. 
 
 After the series of battles around that city had freed it from danger, 
 General Ewell was sent against Pope, and met hira on the old battle-field of 
 Bull Run, where a fierce engagement ensued on the 29th of August, 18G2, 
 in which General Ewell was badly wounded in the knee, and his valuable 
 services were, therefore, lost in the momentous battle which took place the 
 next day. For several months after, he was unfit for any active duty in 
 the field, having been obliged to have his leg amputated. At length, on 
 the 29th of May, 1803, he rejoined his old corps as Lieutenant-Gpueral, and 
 led the advance of Lee's eecond Mai'yland campaign, wliich ended in the 
 memorable battle of Gettysburg, July 1, 2, and 3, 1803. 
 
 In November he was obliged to absent himself on sick leave, in conse- 
 quence of renewed trouble from his dismembered limb. In the following 
 April he again rejoined tho army, and participated in the various battles of 
 1804, in which he acted a consj'icuous part. 
 
 Oil the 0th of April, 1805, his corps was disastrously routed by General 
 Sheridan west of Burkesville, and he himself captured. Ho was subsequently 
 confined in Fort Warren, but after some months was released. 
 
187. GEOEGE G. MEADE. 
 
 G-eneral George G. Meade was born December 31, 1815,"at Ca^iz, 
 Spain, whei-c his purcnts were temporarily residing. 
 
 While yet an infant he Avas brought by his parents to Philadelphia on 
 their return; and, at an early age, was sent to the boys' school at Washing- 
 ton, D. C, at that time kept by the present Chief-Justice of the United 
 States Supreme Court, Mr. Chase. He afterward attended a military 
 school at Mount Airy ; and, in Sci^tembcr, 1831, entered the Military 
 Academy at West Point. Graduating in the summer of l8o5, he entered 
 the army as Brevet Second Lieutenant of the Third Artillery ; and, at the 
 end of the year ho became a full Second Lieutenant ; but, in the October 
 following, resigned his position, and retired from the service, becoming a 
 Civil Engineer. His principal survey was the Northeastern boundary line. 
 
 In lb4'3 he was reappointed to the army, Avith the rank of Second 
 Lieutenant of Topographical Engineers. 
 
 Shortly afterward, he was ordered to Mexico, and took part in that war, 
 in which he distinguished himself, and Avas breveted First Lieutenant for 
 gallantry at the siege of Monterey, in 184G. On the return of peace he 
 employed himself in riv'or and harbor improvem»uts, and in constructing 
 light-houses on Delaware Bay and off the coast of Florida. He became 
 First Lieutenant in 1851 and Captain in 185G. 
 
 On the breaking out of the Rebellion he was at Detroit, Mich., engaged 
 in the national survey of the lakes. He was ordered to report at AVashing- 
 ton ; and, on the olst of August, 1801, he received an appointment of Briga- 
 dier-General of Volunteers, with command of the Second Brigade of the 
 Pennsylvania Reserve Corps. He served throughout the Peninsular cam- 
 paign in McCall's Division, and was severely wounded at the battle of White 
 Oak SAvamp. 
 
 In September, 1862, he took command of a division in Reynolds's First 
 Army Corps, Avhich he conducted Avith great skill and bravery, and through- 
 out the day of the famous battle of Antietam, his Reserves Avere in the 
 hottest and thickest of the fight. 
 
 On the 29th of November he received the appointment of Major-General 
 of Volunteers, and was a participant with the Reserves in the battle of 
 Fredericksburg, in December, 18(52; and, on the 20th of the month, was 
 appointed to the command of the Fifth Corps. After fighting throughout 
 the battle of Chancellorsville, on its defeat, his corps covered the retreat, 
 and guarded the crossings until the Avhole army was safely over the river. 
 
 On the 28th of June, 18()3, he was suddenly and unexpectedly called to 
 assume command of the Army of the Potomac, and soon fought the great 
 battle of Gettysburg, Avhich resulted in victory to the L^nion army, July 3, 
 1803. He pursued Lee's army for some days, but it escaped. 
 
 General Meade continued in command of the Army of the Potomac until 
 the surrender of I.ee in 1865. He now holds the rank of Major-General ip 
 the Regular Army, and is in command of the Atlantic Military Division. 
 
r r 
 
 188. PETEE G. T. BEAUEEGAED. 
 
 General P£TP:r G. T. BeaUIIegakd was born on his father's planta- 
 tion, in the parish of St. Eernard, Louisiana, near New Orleans, May 28, 
 1818. 
 
 He was educated in New York Cit}', and appointed to the military 
 academy at West Toint, in 1834, iroui which he graduated in 1888, holding 
 the position of second in his class, and was soon after made ISecond 
 Lieutenant cf the First Artillery, from whence he was transferred to the 
 Corjis of Engineers, and made First Lieutenant in 1839. 
 
 He served with distinction in the Mexican War, was breveted Cap- 
 tain, in August, 1847, for gallant conduct at Contreras and Churubusco, 
 and Mijor, in September of the same year, for services at Chapultepec. In 
 the assault on the City of Mexico, Major Beauregard was wounded. Subse- 
 quently, ho was placed in charge of the construction of the Mint and Custom- 
 House at New Orleans, as well as the fortifications on and near the mouth 
 of the Mississippi River. 
 
 In the autumn of 1860, he was appointed Superintendent of the United States 
 Military Academy at West Point ; but the War Department soon after ordered 
 hira back to his former command at New Orleans. On arriving there, he resij^n 
 ed, to follow (according to his principle of State Rigl)ts) tlie fate of his State, which 
 had just seceded from the Union, and enlisted as a private in one of the com 
 panics of the New Orleans Guards 
 
 February 26, 1801, he was appointed Brigadier-General in the Confed- 
 erate army, and ordered by Jefferson Davis to take command of the forces at 
 Charleston, South Carolina. Here he employed his engineering skill, 
 obtained at West Point, in surrounding Fort Sumter with batteries, on the 
 construction of which, the little peaceful garrison looked, without offering 
 resistance : for the policy of the United States Government was not to com- 
 mence the assault, but to act on the defensive. The steamer Star of the 
 Wed, which brought provisions for Fort Sumter, was fired upon, and driven 
 off; after which. General Beauregard, by orders from the Confederate Secre- 
 tary of War, sent a special message to General Anderson (who had been 
 supplied with provisions from Charleston), stating that no further inter- 
 course with that city would be permitted, and demanded of him to evacuate 
 the fort, which being refused, he opened fire from Fort Johnson at 4:30, 
 A. M., April 12, and continued the bombardment from all the forts for 
 thirty hours, when the officers' quarters of Fort Sumter caught fire, and 
 General Anderson surrendered, April 14, 18G1. 
 
 General Beauregard retired from the command at Charleston, May 28, 
 to assume command of the army at Manassas Junction, June 1 ; and July 21, 
 1861, fought the first battle of Bull Run, which proved so disastrous to the 
 Union armv. For fjallant and meritorious service on that occasion, he was made 
 one of the five full <;enerals President Davis was authorized to appoint. He con- 
 tinued with the army in Virginia until January, 1862, when he was transferred 
 to the army of the Mississippi ; and on the 6th of April, seconded Gen. Johnston 
 at Shiloh. 
 
 In September, 1862, he was assigned to the command of South Carolina 
 and Georgia, where he was principally employed in the defense of Charleston, 
 until 1S(»4, when he was stationed at Petersburg, from whence he went, in 
 October of the same year, to oppose Sherman in the Southwest, where his posi- 
 tion was more that of a military director than as a General in the field. 
 
 At the close of the Rebellion, he was acting under J. E. Johnston, and 
 was included in his surrender to Sherman. Since the close of the war, 
 Beauregard has had charge of a railroad in Louisiana. 
 
ISO. JOSEPH HOOKER 
 
 General Joseph Hooker was born in Iladley, Massachusetts, in 1813. 
 He was a lineal descendant of Thomas Hooker, the Puritan pioneer, who led 
 the band of one hundred settlers, through the wilderness, to found the city 
 of Hartford, and colony of Connecticut; hence his son's iron will and love of 
 danger, which have given him the name of "Fighting Joe." 
 
 He early manifested a fondness for study, which he first cultivated at 
 Hopkins's Academy, in Ids native town, and afterward at "West Point, where 
 he graduated in lbu7. He was at once appointed Second Lieutenant of the 
 First Artillery ; and, in November, lbo8, was promoted to First Lieutenant 
 in the same regiment. He was successively breveted Captain, Major, and 
 Lieutenant-Colonel, for gallant conduct in the Mexican War ; and, in 1848, 
 became full Captain. He resigned liis commission in l85o, and settled on a 
 farm in California. While in that State he superintended the construction 
 of the national road from California to Oregon. 
 
 At the breaking out of the Kebellion, Colonel Hooker sailed for the 
 A'lantic coast, reaching New York early in May, 186J, and immediately 
 otiered his services to the Government, was commissioned Brigadier-Gene- 
 ral of Volunteers on tlic 17th day of May, and emp.oyeii in tlie defenses of Wash- 
 ington, and afterward from December, 1861, to March, 1862, in guarding the 
 Lower Potomac. 
 
 He served conspicuously in the Peninsular campaign, in operations before 
 Yorktown, at Williamsburg, Seven Pines, Gaines' Mills, Glendale, Malvern 
 Hill, Seven Days' contest, and second Bull Kun. 
 
 On the 5th of May, 1862, lie was commissioned Major-Oeneral of Volunteers 
 He afterward parti(ripated in the battles of Centreville and (Jaiiu'sville, and on the 
 Istof St'ptemher, in the short and decisive battle of Chantilly. September 14, in 
 the battle of South Mountain, he drove the enemy from their position, over the 
 summit of the mountain, in confusion, and fought with ^vvat bravery at the battle 
 of Antif tarn, where he was wounded. For the distini^uished skill he displayed on 
 this occasion, he was appomted Brigadier-Getieral in the Refiular Army. He 
 commanded the Centre Grand Division, under Burnside, at Fredericksburg ; 
 and, on the resignation of that officer, in January, 18G^}, General Hooker suc- 
 ceeded him in the command of the Army of the Potomac. He fought the 
 battle of Chancellors vi lie in the May following, and was relieved by General 
 Meade, June 27. Subsequently, he was sent to relieve Rosecrans, at Chat- 
 tanooga, and distinguished himself at Lookout Mountain, fighting "above 
 the clouds," where he captured a strong position, thereby causing the defeat 
 of Bragg, in November. 
 
 As commander of the Twentieth Corps, he participated in Sherman's 
 Atlanta campaign. He was in command of the Department of" the North, with 
 headquarters at Cincinnati, from September 24, 1864, to July 5, 1865, and after- 
 ward, the Department of the East, with headquarters fat New York, from July 
 8, 1865, to August 6, 1866, and in the Department of the Lakes, with headquar- 
 ters at Den-oit, from August 23, 1866, to June 1, 1867. 
 
 General Hooker was mustered out of the volunteer service. September 1, 
 1866, and retired from active service at his own request, October 15, 1868. 
 
 He received the thanks of Congress, January 28, 1864, for the skill, energy, and 
 endurance which first covered Washington and Baltimore from tlie meditated 
 blow of the advancing and powerful army of rebels led by General Robert E. Lee ; 
 and for gallant and meritorious servicts ut the battle of Chattanooga, was made 
 Brevet Major General of the United States Army, March 13 1865. 
 
190. "PAESON" BEOWNLOAV. 
 
 William Gannaway Brownlow was born in Wythe County, Virginia, 
 Auj^ust 20, 18Uo. Being left an orphan at eleven years of age, he was 
 oblfged to Avork in the humblest capacity until he arrived at his eighteenth 
 year, Avhcn, through natural force of character, he set about learning the 
 carpenters' trade, at wliich he worked till he had obtained means to procure 
 a better education. 
 
 He entered tlie Methodist ministry in 1826, and became an itinerant 
 Preacher. In 18o2 lie was a Delegate to the General Conference in Philadel- 
 I)lii;i, butafterward traveled a circuit in South Carolina, the home of Calhoun, 
 Avhere the Nullification excitement led him into the controversy, by his ex- 
 pressions of attachment for the Union, and where he was subsequently 
 compelled to publish a pamphlet in his own defense, in consequence of the 
 fierce ot)position soon exc.ted against him. He also published a pamphlet 
 against the position of the Methodist Church South, in regard to slavery, in 
 which he predicted the troubles of the country on the slave question, and 
 avowed his determination to stand by the Union. 
 
 Mr. BrownloAV commenced his political career in Tennessee, in 1828, as 
 an advocate of the election of John Quincy Adams to the Presidency, having 
 always been, as he says, "a Federal Whig, of the Washington and Alexan- 
 der Hamilton school." About 18o9 he became Editor of the Knoxville, Ten- 
 nessee, Whig, a political newspaper, which attained a large circulation ; and 
 it was under the bold and defiant tone of this paper that he obtained the 
 boubriquet of the " Fighting Parson." 
 
 From the commencement of the secession movement, he boldly main- 
 tained an unconditional adherence to the Union, which course subjected him 
 to much persecution. OnOctober24, 1801, he published the last number of the 
 ]Vhig, and was obliged to conceal himself from the violence of his enemies ; 
 but was induced, by false promises of protection, to report himself to the 
 Confederate General at Knoxville, where he was arrested for treason, and 
 sent to jail. Plere he was detained, in constant expectation of death, suffer- 
 ing from severe illness, and kept under military authority until March, 
 18U2. Ho was then released and forwarded to the Union lines, at Nsah- 
 ville. He published, about this time, his sketches of the " Rise, Progress, 
 and Decline, of Secession, with a Narrative of Personal Adventures among 
 the Rebels." 
 
 Parson Brownlow's career since the date of the trying events of the war, 
 is one belonging to the history of the State of Tennessee. Ilis election as 
 Governor of the State, his efforts to restore public order, to promote free- 
 dom of opinion, and to extend the rights of manhood to every citizen, have 
 attracted the attention of the whole country ; and while Tennessee contains 
 tmquestionably, many true and loyal people, "the ineradicable taint of sin" 
 appears to be so deeply ingrained, that not even the sturdy fidelity of the 
 nniicst patriotism can prevent the savage and unnatural outrages which 
 stain her soil with horror. 
 
 _ Bnjwnlow lias proved that truth and loyalty can exist, in all their vigor, 
 ui the midst of perverted and baneful influences. His record will outlive 
 the turbulent liutcs of the time, and glow with brightness on the pages of 
 Instory. 
 
191. WILLIAM H. SEWAED. 
 
 William H. Sewakd was Lorn in the village of Florida, New York, 
 May IG, 1801. From childhood he exhibited a love of knowledge, and an 
 earnest inclination and taste for study ; and when yet a mere child, he ran 
 away to school. At nine years of age, he was sent to Farmers' Hall 
 Academy, at Goshen. Here books were his favorite companions ; and he 
 always read with pencil in hand, lest memory should drop a single one of 
 the pearls he gathered in his literary pilgrimage. 
 
 When but fifteen he entered the Sophomore class at Union College, 
 Schenectady, N. Y. His favorite studies in College were rhetoric, moral 
 philosoph}'', and the ancient classics. 
 
 In 1811), when but eighteen years of age, and while in the Senior class, 
 he withdrew from College, and engaged himself as a teaclier at the South. 
 He graduated in 1820, and soon after commenced the study of law in New 
 York City, where he was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court in 1822. 
 
 In January of the next year, he commenced practice in Auburn, N. Y., 
 where, by severe industry, he soon became possessed of an extensive and 
 successful practice. He, at the same time, gave considerable attention to 
 politics, and avowed his opposition to the extension of slavery. 
 
 In 1824 he drew up an address, which exposed the origin and design of 
 the Albany Regency. He joined the anti-Masonic organization ; and, in 
 18o0, received the nomination of that party to the State Senate, for the 
 Seventh District, and was elected. He was the leading spirit of the State 
 among the advocates for the election of John Q. Adams as President of 
 the United States, in opposition to the Jackson i)arty and the Albany 
 Regency. 
 
 In 1834 he was nominated by the Wliig party, as candidate for Governor, 
 but was defeated by William L. Marcy. In 1838 he was again a candidate, 
 and elected by ten thousand majority. During his administration, impris- 
 onment for debt was abolished, and every vestige of slavery removed from 
 the statute-books. He upheld the system of internal improvements, and 
 devoted himself to reforming the mode of public education. 
 
 He was re-elected in 1840 ; and, on tlie expiration of the second term, 
 declined a renomination. In 1849 he was elected United States Senator, 
 and re-elected in 18'")."), at the expiration of which, he was appointed, by 
 President Lincoln, Secretary of State, which oflSce he filled with eminent aUilitv 
 through the trying period of the Rebellion, and during Mr. Johnson's terra of office 
 as President, which en'ipil in 18<>8. 
 
 On the night of April 14, 18G5, a desperate attempt was made by Rebel 
 sympathizers to assassinate him, while he lay upon a sick bed. He was 
 severely and dangerously wounded, but survived the event. 
 
 During his term of office as Secretary of State, Mr. Seward negotiated the pur- 
 chase of Alaska of the Russian Government; and, in 1869, visited tliat country, 
 stopping at California and Mexico on his return, meetintr with an enthusiastic re- 
 ception as an appreciation of his eminent ability and services to his country. 
 
192. ALEXANDEE II. STEPHENS. 
 
 Alexander II. Stephens was born in Taliaferro County, Georgia, 
 February 11, 1812, and graduated at Franklin College, Athens, Ga., in 18o2, 
 at the head of his class. Choosing and studying the law, he was admitted 
 to the bar in 18o4, and soon obtained a lucrative practice in the town of 
 rJrawfordville, in his native county. 
 
 Alter paying his debts, Avhich ho had incurred in obtaining his educa- 
 tion, liis first earnings Avcre devoted to redeeming from the hands of 
 strangers the homo of his childhood, which had been sold after his father's 
 death. 
 
 In ISoG he was elected to the Lower House of the State Legislature, 
 where he served five years, devoting himself especially to the internal 
 interests of his native State. 
 
 In 1S;J9 he was cliosen a Delegate to the Commercial Convention at 
 Charleston, where he is said to have made a deep impression by his peculiar 
 eloquence. In 1842 he was elected to the Senate of his State, and m lb'48 
 he was elected a Representative in Congress from Georgia, as a AVhig, 
 retaining his seat until 1850, when he voluntarily retired. He served on 
 many committees while in Congress, and delivered many speeches; and it 
 was while he officiated as Chairman of the Committee on Territories, that 
 the Territories of Minnesota and Oregon were admitted into the Union. 
 After the first Kansas struggle in Congress, Mr. Stephens became a Democrat : 
 :ind, in 1808, steadily sustained the Lecompton Constitution. 
 
 The disturbances following the Presidential election of 18G0 called him 
 from his retirement, and he made several speeches defending the Union and 
 deprecating secession. The subsequent spring, however, having been chosen 
 Vice-President of the Confederate States, he made a violent war speech at 
 Atlanta, Ga., charging the responsibility upon the North, and declaring that 
 the South would call out million after million, till the last man fell, rather 
 than be conquered. In a speech delivered at Savannah in the spring oi 
 ISGI, he says, " that slavery was the cause of the rupture ; that the prevail- 
 ing idea of Jefferson and most of the leading statesmen, at the time of the 
 formation of the Constitution, was that the enslavement of the African was 
 in violation of the laws of nature ; that it was wrong in principle — socially, 
 morally, and politically wrong ; that it would, in the order of Providence, 
 soon pass away. "But," said Mr. Stephens, " those ideas were fundamentally 
 wrong. We propose to found the neio Confederate Government on exactly 
 opposite ideas.. Its * corner-stone ' rests upon the idea that slavery is the 
 normal condition of the African ; and this stone, which was rejected by the 
 first builders, has become the chief stone of the corner of our edifice." Thus 
 boldly admitting what had been always claimed by the North respecting 
 the sentiments of the founders of the Republic. 
 
 Mr. Stephens's political life becomes consistent by remembering that ho 
 was a follower of Calhoun, as a champion of Southern interest and policv, 
 throuo-liout. He remained Vice-President of the Confederacy during the 
 Itebclhon ; and,in May, 180r),after the surrender of General Lee, was arrested 
 and imprisoned in Fort Warren, but soon after released. He has since 
 written a book, entitled, " A Constitutional View of the Late War between the 
 states, Its Causes, Conduct, and Results." 
 T.-rif^' ?^'^P^5^^ i« ^ shrewd and specious writer and debater, when on the 
 
 lInZ° !^T^ f '^\'f 'i' v"" ' ''''^' ^°^ '^ag^vcity and devotion to the Southern 
 cause, none has excelled him since Calhoun. 
 
193. THADDEUS STEVENS. 
 
 TnADDEUS Stevens, " The Old Commoner " of the United States House 
 of Representatives, was born in Danville, Caledonia County, Vermont, 
 April 4, 1703. After attending the common school, he fitted for college at 
 Peacham Acadamy, and entered the Vermont University in 1818, which 
 suspended operations after he had been there two years, on account of the 
 war, and he proceeded to Dartmouth College, where he graduated in 1814. 
 
 After studying law at Peacham, he left his native State, and settled in. 
 York, Pa., where he taught school, and pursued his legal studies for a year, 
 when he removed to Gettysburg, opened an office, and entered upon the 
 practice of his profession. He was soon in the possession of an extensive 
 and lucrative business, to which he gave his entire attention for sixteen 
 years, during which he was employed in many of the most important cases 
 tried in the Courts of the Commonwealth, and was one of the most acute 
 lawyers and able reasoners in the State. He was especially pleased to be 
 retained in causes where the oppressed and weak were to be protected from 
 the machinations of the tyrannical and strong. 
 
 In ]8<J3 he was elected to the State Legislature, ana also in 1834, 1835, 
 1837, and 1841, In 1830 he was elected a Member of the Convention to 
 revise the State Constitution, but refused to sign his name to the completed 
 instrument, because it contained the word *' white," as a qualification of 
 suffrage. In 1838 he was appointed a Canal Commissioner. 
 
 While in the Legislature, his efforts saved the Common School system 
 from being overthrown. By that effort he established the principle that it 
 is the duty of the State to provide the facilities for education to all the 
 children of the Commonwealth. In 1843, Mr. Stevens, finding liimself in 
 debt from losses in the iron business, in which he was extensively engaged 
 at Gettysburg, and from liabilities for indorsements, removed to Lancaster, 
 Pa., where, his reputution having preceded him, liis income from his profes- 
 sion soon became the largest at the bar. In a few years he paid his debts, 
 and saved the bulk of his estate. 
 
 In 1848, and again in 1850, he was elected to the United States Congress, 
 when, declining to be re-elected, he returned to his profession, until 1858, 
 when he was again sent to the House of liepresentatives, where he con- 
 tinued to serve without interruption until his death. His course in Con- 
 gress forms an important part in the history of a mighty people, in the 
 greatest crisis of their existence. 
 
 In private life, among his friends, Mr. Stevens was ever genial, kind, and 
 considerate. For them he would labor and sacrifice, without stint, com- 
 plaint, or regret. His rare conversational powers, fund of anecdotes, bril- 
 liant sallies of wit, and wise sayings upon the topics of the hour, made his 
 company sought and enjoyed. 
 
 Mr. Stevens was an lioncst and truthful man in public and private life. 
 In his private charities he was lavish, being incapable of saying " No," in 
 the presence of want or misery. His charity, like his political convictions, 
 regarded neither creed, I'ace, or color. He was a good, classical scholar, 
 well read on subjects of philosophy and law, and a bold, determined, and 
 uncompromising foe to oppression, in every form. He died August 11, 18G8, 
 and his remains lie in a private cemetery, for reasons stated in the follow- 
 ing epitaph, prepared by himself : 
 
 *'I repose in this quiet and secluded spot, not from any natural prefer- 
 ence for solitude ; but, finding other cemeteries limited, by charter-rules, to 
 race, I have chosen it, that I might be enabled to illustrate in my death the 
 principles which I have advocated through a long life : Equality of man 
 before his Creator.'''' 
 
;^ 
 
 194. TIIURLOW WEED. 
 
 TiiUKLOW "Wekd was born in Catskill, New York, in. 1797. The loss of 
 ]iis parents, Avho were in poor circiirastances, threw him at an early age 
 upon hid own resources, and he engaged as a Cabin-Boy ou a North River 
 sloop. 
 
 His first step towards his present profession was in the character or 
 " Devir' in the printing office of a country paper, but was subsequently 
 employed as an itinerant Journeyman in the office of the Jlerkimer Ameri- 
 Ciin, edited by the late Cohjuel Stone. 
 
 Durino- the war with Great Britain, he enlisted as Drummer in the United 
 States army, and served on the Northern frontier. 
 
 On leaving the army, ho resumed his former occupation of Printer in 
 New York City. 
 
 Sometime after, he returned to the country, married, and started a 
 country paper, wliich he published first in Onondaga, and afterwards in 
 Chenango County, New York, advocating the Canal policy of Governor 
 Clinton. 
 
 His paper not proving successful, in 1824, he resumed his occupation of 
 Journeyman Printer, in Albany. Here he became actively engaged in poli- 
 ties, especially in the struggle which terminated in the election of John 
 Quincy Adams as President of the United States. 
 
 Soon after this, he removed to Kochester, and edited a daily paper in that 
 city. During the excitement caused by the alleged abduction of Morgan 
 by the Free Masons, in 182G-'27, he edited the Anti-Mason Enquirer in that 
 city, and was three times elected to the State Legislature by the Anti- 
 Masonic party. 
 
 On the establishment of the Albany Evening Journal, in 18C0, Mr. Weed 
 returned to Albany, and became its Editor, where he continued until 1866, 
 when, for a time, he was connected with the NeiD York Times, and, in 
 March, 1867, associated himself with the Commercial Advertiser, of New- 
 York City, with which he has, until recently, been connected. 
 
 Mr. Weed took a prominent part in procuring the nomination of General 
 Harrison for President in 1840, General Taylor in 1848, and General Scott 
 in 1852, in each instance as an independent adviser rather than as a member 
 of the respective conventions — a position which strict regard to the rule of 
 conduct which he had prescribed, has never allowed him to deviate from. 
 
 lie warmly advocated the election of Fremont and Lincoln, although his 
 influence in each case had been exerted in favor of the nomination of Mr. 
 Seward. 
 
 In 1861 he visited Europe at the suggestion of influential friends of the 
 administration of President Lincoln, who thought that, in a " semi-diplo- 
 matic'' capacity, he could be of service to the country in the political circles 
 of London and Paris, in respect to the delicate relations of the United States 
 Av th foreign powers, arising out of the civil war. He returned in Juno, 
 1862, receiving the freedom of the city from the Corporation of New York 
 on his arrival. 
 
 For a number of years Mr. Weed was the acknowledged leader of the 
 A\ lug and llepublican parties in the State of New York, and has never beea 
 excelled as a shrewd political manager. 
 
195. EDWIN M. STANTON. 
 
 ED^yIX M. Stanton iiv-as born at Stcubcnville, Ohio, about the year 
 1817. After o-raduating at Kenyon College, he applied himself diligently 
 to the study of law, commenced practice in Steubenviile, and rapidly rose to 
 distinction in his profession, Avhich he practiced for several years in Ohio. 
 
 In 1848 he removed to Pittsburg. Here he conducted, with signal suc- 
 cess, the case involving the Wheeling controversy, wherein, for the first 
 time, the brilliancy of his talents received a national recognition. 
 
 He early turned his attention to politics; and, although educated as a 
 "Whig, he began his career as an ultra Democrat. 
 
 He was selected at the commencement of Buchanan's administration to 
 conduct an important law case in California, in which he was successful. 
 He then commenced practice at Washington, and shortly afterward received 
 the appointment of Attorney-General. At the close of Buchanan's adminis- 
 tration, he withdrew to private life, and resumed the practice of his profes- 
 sion in Pennsylvania, whence, however, at the opening of the battle year 
 of 186'-i, he was appointed Secretary of War, by Mr. Lincoln, to suDcr- 
 sede Mr. Cameron. 
 
 So soon as his appointment was confirmed by the Senate, Mr. Stanton 
 grasped the reins of his difficult trust with characteristic vigor. One of his 
 primary measures was to provide for the wants and contribute to the com- 
 fort of our soldiers who were confined in Southern prisons. In his " Annual 
 Hoport" for the year 18Go, the courage, devotion, patriotism, and brilliant 
 achievements of the national armies, are feelingly eulogized. 
 
 At the opening of the year I8G-1, some eftbrts were made to have him 
 removed from the stormy helm he had grasped so firm — probably from jeal- 
 ousy or partisan motives — but they were unsuccessful. Mr. Lincoln had 
 perfect confidence in his ability and patriotism, and few of his opponents 
 can truthfu.ly Avithhold from him that respect which is due to promptness 
 of decision, vigor of deed, and probity of purpose. 
 
 A difference of views in regard to the carrying out of the Reconstruction 
 laws of Congress through the ofiicers of the army occurring between Mr. 
 Johnson and himself, he was requested to resign, which he refused to do; 
 and, August 12, 18(57, President Johnson suspended him from office, and 
 appointed General Grant, Secretary of War ad interim; but the Senate, 
 having decided that he was legally and rightfully Secretary of War, and 
 that President Johnson had no right to suspend him under the Tenure of 
 Office Law without the consent of the Senate, General Grant surrendered 
 the office to him again, January 13, 18G8. 
 
 February 21, President Johnson again attempted to remoA'C him by 
 appointing" General Lorenzo Thomas, Secretary of War ad interim, and 
 ordered Mr. Stanton to tr.msfer the ofiice to him, to which he refused to 
 accede. For this and other causes, articles of impeachment were brought 
 against President Johnson ; but, failing to convict him, Mr. Stanton resigned. 
 and retiring again to private life, resumed the practice of the law, in which ho 
 continued until his death, December 24, 1869. 
 
lOG. JUDAH r. BEINJAMIN. 
 
 JuDAii Peter Benjamin was born in St. Domingo in 1812, of Hebrew 
 parents. 
 
 In 18 IG the family emigrated to Savannah, Ga. The son entered Yale 
 College in 1825, but left in 1827, about which time his father died. In 1831 
 he went to New Orleans to study law, with very limited resources. Obtain- 
 ing a situation as a teacher, he ai^plied himself with commendable industry 
 tohis legal studies. Among his fair pux)ils was a young lady, Miss St. 
 Martin, whom he afterward married. 
 
 Admitted to the bar-in 18o4, he soon rose to eminence, and was attached 
 to the Whig party. In the Convention to revise the Constitution of Louis- 
 iana, he advocated the article requiring the Governor to be a native-born 
 cilizcn of the United States. 
 
 In 1849 he declined the office of Attorney-General of the United States, 
 offered him by President Taylor. 
 
 Mr. Benjamin then engaged in sugar-planting, and published several 
 jiamphlets on the subject, but never succeeded in realizing profits in the 
 business. 
 
 In 1852 he succeeded the Hon. S. N. Downs in the United States Senate, 
 and distinguished himself ; but, having been led by the developments of the 
 slavery question to ally himself with the Democrats, he rose to consider- 
 able prominence in the Southern section of that party. A sharp controversy 
 with Jefferson Davis was near causing a duel, but Mr. D. openly apologized 
 for his harsh language, which he attributed to his military propinquities. 
 
 Mr. Benjamin advocated Mr. Douglas's Kansas-Nebraska bill in 1854, 
 but subsequently insisted that the principle of popular sovereignty was set 
 aside by the Dred Scott case, which, he contended, ought to be considered 
 decisive. 
 
 He was re-elected to the Senate in 1859, through the influence of his 
 colleague, Mr. Slidell ; and went to California in 18G0 as Counsel in the New 
 Almaden Quicksilver case. Returning in the latter part of the year, he 
 announced his adhesion to the Southern cause in a speech of considerable 
 force, Avherein he declared that the South could never be subdued. Ho 
 Avithdrew with Mr. Slidell, February 4, 18G1, and was immediately appointed 
 Attorney-General in the Provisional Government of the Southern Con- 
 federacy. 
 
 ^ In August, 18G1, he became Acting Secretary of "War in place of L. P. 
 Walker, and retained the office till after the capture of Roanoke Island by 
 the Union forces in the early part of 18G2, which was attributed to incom- 
 petency in the department over which he presided. He was then appointed 
 Secretary of State on the resignation of R. M. T. Hunter. 
 
 _ On the conquest of the Rebellion, Mr. Benjamin, who had figured con- 
 spicuously in the so-called Confederacy, betook himself, with others of his 
 
 ^, ^ J. 7 occasionally 
 
 the press. 
 
 Among the remarkable episodes of Mr. Benjamin's career, the notorious 
 icliuantcpec Railroad speculation formed a prominent feature. The United 
 states Senate Commiitee, Mr. R. Toombs, Chairman, denounced the transac- 
 
 1 cr V\f •'^""'^^ ' ""''^ ^^° ""^^^^^ confirming the titles of Messrs. Benjamin 
 ana biideil, introduced clandestinclv in a bill to settle land claims in Mia- 
 eoun, was subsequently repealed. ' 
 
197. HOWELL COBB. 
 
 Howell Cobb was born September 7, 1815, at Cherry Ilill, Jefferson 
 County, Georgia. 
 
 He graduated in 1834, at the Franklin University, Athens, Ga., standing 
 high in his class. In 1830 he was admitted to the bar, and there exhibited 
 talents which afterward distinguished him in more prominent x)ositions. 
 
 He was chosen by the Legislature, in 1837, as Solicitor-General of the 
 Western District of Georgia, which position he held for thre« years, and 
 acquitted himself successfully. 
 
 Being popular as a Jackson or Union Democrat, ho was elected to Con- 
 gress in 184-3, and re-elected in 1844, '4j, and '48, Avhere he distinguished 
 himself by his familiarity with parliamentary rules, fair tkill as a debater, 
 strong professions of love for the Union, and of admiration for the course 
 of Andrew Jackson in suppressing nuUitication in South Carolina, and 
 equally vehement professions of fealty to " States Rights." 
 
 He became the leader of the House in the Thirtieth Congress, by his 
 efficient support of President Polk's policy of war against Mexico. In 1848 
 ho supported Cass for President. 
 
 He was elected Speaker oi the House in 1849, and in 1850 distinguished 
 himself by his advocacy of the Compromise measures, f jr which he was op- 
 posed by the extreme advocates of Southern rights in Georgia. He defended 
 Congress, and, as the champion of the Union party, was nominated for 
 Governor. After a violent contest, he was elected by a large majority. On 
 his retirement he resumed the practice of law ; but in the Pierce campaign 
 was again called into active political life, when he was again elecied to 
 Congress, in 1855. 
 
 In 185G he made a prominent tour through the Northern States, advoca- 
 ting the election of James Buchanan for President, who, immediately on 
 his accession, appointed him Secretary of the Treasury. Mr Cobb's admin- 
 istration of this office was disgraced throughout, in the prostitution of his 
 official power over the finances of the Government to the one base purpose 
 of bankrupting the Treasury, and promoting the success of the imi^ending 
 Rebellion, by buying up portions of the outstanding debt at a premium of 
 twelve to sixteen per cent., and then going into the market to borrow money 
 at an enormous interest to meet the current expenses. 
 
 On the lOih of December, 18G0, he resigned, giving as a reason, that the 
 bankrupt condition of the Treasury no longer needed his services. 
 
 He was one of the Delegates to the Provisional Congress, over which he 
 presided ; but, upon the formation of the Confederate Congress, his official 
 relation to the civil affairs of the Confederacy ended. He then took part 
 in organizing the Militia of Georgia, after which, he raised the Sixteenth 
 Georgia Regiment, served under M igruder on the Peninsula, was promoted 
 to Brigadier General, and subsequently to Major General; but made no 
 mark during the Rebellion. After its collapse, he was among the unrecon-tructed 
 pouring out vials of wrath on Union men and Rebels who advocate the Recon- 
 struction measures of Congress. 
 
 Mr. Cobb came nortli on a tour of pleasure in the fall of 1868 with bis wife and 
 daughter; and after a short stay at Niagara Fall.s, returned to New York City 
 where he died suddenly at the Fifth Avenue Hotel, October 8, 1868. 
 
;^ 
 
 198. SAMUEL C. POMEROY. 
 
 Samuel C. Pomekoy was born in Southampton, Massachusetts, January 
 o, ISK), and spent liis boyhood on his father's farm. After receivin.ir an 
 academical education, he emered Amherst College in 1836. He spetit four years 
 in Ooondatja County, New York, and, in 1842, returned to Southampton. 
 
 While in Kcw York, in 1840, he became a convert to political anti- 
 slavery through the eloquence of that remarkable :nan, Alvin Stewart. Ho 
 immediately took steps to organize a county Liberty party, and called a, 
 meeting to be held at Lyon, the county seat. Arriving there at the appointed 
 time, he found an audience of just two persons. Mr. Pomeroy called the 
 meeting to order, and delivered the speech, while one of the gentlemen took 
 tho chair, and the other acted as secretary. Resolutions were then adopted, 
 ar.d a county ticket nominated, which received at the election eleven xoics 
 in a population of twenty thousand souls. 
 
 On his return to Southampton, he worked zealously in disseminating 
 anti-slavery truths, lecturing in school-houses, and making converts every- 
 where. 
 
 After eight years of battle, nominated for the Mussachusetts Legislature 
 upon the same ticket year after year, Mr. Pomeroy at lentgh won, triumph- 
 ing over both Whigs and Democrats in 1851. This was a great victory. 
 
 In 1854 he engaged in organizing the New England Emigrant Aid 
 Society, and became its financial agent. On the 27th of August of that 
 year, the first little band of Kansas emigrants assembled in Boston under 
 the lead of Mr. Pomeroy, bound for the far West, a land by their efforts, and, 
 perhaps, at the sacrifice of lives, to be forever consecrated to freedom. When 
 the historian of another generation shall seek, among the incidents of our 
 brief and passing hours, to find the pivot upon which, at one moment of its 
 life, turned the nation's destiny, trembling and seeming all uncertain, he 
 iciUJi?id it Jicre. 
 
 Arriving in Kansas the same year, Mr. Pomeroy participated in the 
 aftairs of that territor)'-, and worked zealously toward organizing its society 
 itpon the model of New England thrift, intelligence, and freedom. 
 
 He was a member of the Territorial Defense Committee, and a Delegate 
 to the Pittsburg and Philadelphia Conventions of 185G. It was in opposition 
 the infamous swindle of the Lecompton Constitution that commenced the 
 poUiical career of Mr. Pomeroy in Kansas. Down to this period his labors 
 had been purely those of the i^hilanthropist. From henceforward we find 
 him in the political arena, and here, if anywhere, we firmly expect to find 
 the true record of a man. 
 
 In 1858 ho was elected the first Mayor of Atchison, and was re-elected 
 the next year. The first free school was instituted by him while filling the 
 Mayoralty. He was a Delegate to the Chicago Convention in 18G0, which 
 nominated Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency, and, during the famine of 
 that year in Kansas, was Chairman of the Relief Committee. 
 
 In 18G1 he was elected United States Senator from Kansas, and re-elected 
 in 1807. Mr. Pomeroy's career in Congress has been radical in the best 
 sense of the word, and his anti-slavery record stands conspicuously among 
 the proudest of his peers Upon his tombstone let the motto of his life bo 
 written :^I WAS RIGHT upon this question in 1840." 
 
199. SCHUYLER COLFAX. 
 
 ScnuYLER Colfax -was born in tlie city of "New York, March 23, 1823, 
 and is a lineal descendant from General Schuyler and Captain Colfax, both 
 of Kevolutioiiary celebrity. 
 
 He received all his academical instruction before he was ten j-ears of age. 
 At the age of thirteen, lie went to Indiana, where, about the year 1845, he became 
 editor and proprietor of the Soafh Bend Eeffisler. Mr. Colfax was then only 
 twenty-two years of age ; but, by liis energy and his sterling integrity, he worked 
 himself into a position of influence and responsibility. The paper he published was 
 a political organ, and in the interest of the Whig Party. Its circulation was large 
 for a county paper, and its editor strove to render it a useful and healthyjournal ; 
 and it was not long- before he obtained considerable reputation for his bold 
 avowal of honest bentiments, for his temperate habits, and his substantial 
 abilities; and eventually he became an influential leader in the politics of 
 Indiana. 
 
 In 1848 he was appointed a Delegate to the Whig National Convention, 
 and elected Secretary. 
 
 In 1850 he was elected a Member of the Indiana State Convention, having 
 for its object the preparation of a State Constitution. In this body he 
 proved very efficient in bringing about the adoption of the present Consti- 
 tution of that State. 
 
 In 1851 he was a candidate of the Whig party for Representative to 
 Congress, but was unsuccessful. 
 
 In lb52 ho was again sent as a Delegate to the Whig National Conven- 
 tion, and elected Secretary. 
 
 In 1854 Mr. Colfax was elected by the Kepublican party a Kepresenta/- 
 tive to Congress, and from that time to the present has occupied a seat in 
 the House. At the opening of the Thirty-Fourth Congress, and during its 
 session, Mr. Colfax took his stand as one of the most promising Congressional 
 debaters. His speech against the extension of slavery was a masterly effort, 
 and stamped him at once as a most influential orator. 
 
 In 185() l\Tr. Colfax labored zealously for the election of John C. Fremont. 
 
 In the Thirty-fifth Congress he was appointed Chairman of tlie Committee 
 on Post-Ofhces and Post-Koads, which position he held until his election as 
 Speaker of the Thirty-Eighth Congress, to which responsible position he has 
 since been twice re-elected — honors awarded before only to Henry Clay. 
 
 As a speaker, Mr. Colfax is earnest, frank, pointed, and fluent. His 
 manner is pleasing, and his language well chosen and refined. He always 
 commands the respect and attention of both sides of the House. 
 
 Mr. Colfax received the unanimous nomination of the Republican 
 Convention in May, 18G8, for Vice-President of the United States, and was 
 elected. 
 
^ i 
 
 200. AVADE HAMPTON. 
 
 General "Wade Hamptox was born in tlie city of Charleston, South 
 Carolina, in the year IS 18. His early education was received at South 
 Carolina Colleiro, where he gT^dualed with much distinction. The pursuits 
 of Hampton, previous to the Kebellion, were almost exclusively those of a 
 l)lanter, thou.u'h he served in both branches of the South Carolina Legisla- 
 ture with distinction. 
 
 His argument against the opening of the African slave trade was spoken 
 of as a masterpiece of elegant and statesmanlike logic, dictated by the 
 noblest sentiments of the Christian and the patriot. 
 
 At the commencement of 1801, he was considered one of the richest 
 planters of the South, and owned the greatest number of slaves. When 
 hostilities commenced, he immediately raised a splendid legion of six com- 
 panies of infantry, himself their leader, and contributed largely toward 
 their equipment. 
 
 He joined the Confederate Army just in time to take part in the battle of 
 the first Bull Run, July 21, 18G1, where his "soldierly ability" was espe- 
 cially noted by General Beauregard, who said that " veterans could not 
 have behaved better than his well-led regiment." Before the last charge, 
 however, he was wounded in the head, and obliged to retire from the field. 
 
 In the subsequent battles on the Peninsula, Hampton's Legion was ever 
 conspicuous; and, at the battle of Seven Pines, was especially noticed. 
 During the battle of Gaines' Mill, June 39, the Hampton Legion again 
 displayed great valor. 
 
 Hampton was now promoted to Brigadier-General of Cavalrj-, under 
 Major-General Stuart, and zealously seconded that officer in all his daring 
 exploits, accompanying him on his successful expedition into Maryland. 
 
 At the battle of Gettysburg, General Hampton was v.'ounded thrice, 
 which compelled him to retire a while from his command; but his active 
 spirit would not brook a longer absence than Avas imperative. Therefore, 
 we find him again zealously engaged with Stuart, the two Lees, and his 
 gallant men, in many other raids and adventures. On the death of General 
 Stuart, May 11, 1864, having been made a Major-General, he took command 
 of the cavalry ; and, in August, was made Commander-in-Chief of all the 
 Cavalry in the Army of Northern Virginia, and was henceforth considered 
 as General Lee's Master of Horse, — a position of no slight dignity in such 
 times. One of his most exciting raids, and one which was peculiarly ser- 
 viceable to the Confederate army, was his foray upon General Grant's com- 
 missariat, in which he captured over two thousand cattle. 
 
 General Hampton continued at the head of the cavalry until the surren- 
 der of Lee, April U, 1805, having previously been promoted to a Lieutenant- 
 General 
 
 At the Democratic Convention which met in New York, July 4, 1808, 
 for the purpose of nominating candidates for President and Vice-JPresident 
 oi the United States,General Hampton was a Delegate from South Carolina, 
 and was one of its most prominent and influential members. 
 
 General Hampton is said to be a man of immense physical strength and 
 activity, of wonderful endurance, and of inexhaustible energy. He'is pas- 
 sionately fond of horses, a splendid rider, a practical swordsman, and an 
 excellent shot. ■ > 
 
201. heinry a. wise. 
 
 Henry A. Wise was bm-n DccGmber 3, ISOG, in Drummond Town, Aom- 
 mnck County, Virfrinia. He became an orphan at an early a<:e, was sent to 
 Washinjiton College, Pa., and gradunted, in 1825, with honor. He stu.iied law, 
 and was admitted to the bar at Winchester, Va., in 1828. The same year he 
 removed to Nashville, Term., and practiced his profession two years, when, from 
 local attacliment, he returned to Accomack County in 1830. He became one of 
 the most vigorous exponenfs of "State Rights. 
 
 In 1833 he was elected to Congress, and fought a duel witb H. Coke, bis 
 political opponent, whose right arra was fractured. He was re-clcctf *1 in 
 1835, and continued to serve until 1843. In the famous Graves and Cilley 
 duel, he was second of the former, but tried to prevent the collision. 
 
 Mr. Wise was instrumental in the nomination of John Tyler; and, on 
 President Harrison's death, he urged Tyler to veto the United States Bank 
 bill, and to further the speedy annexation of Texas. In 1842 the Senate 
 rejected him as Minister to France. In 1843 ho resigned his seat in Con- 
 gress for the mission to Brazil, which post he occupied until the fall of 
 1847. In 1848 he was one of the Presidential Electors of Virginia; and in 1850 
 was a Member of the Kcform Convention of that State, which adopted the 
 late Constitution. In 1852 he was again Presidential Elector. 
 
 In 1854 the Know-Nothing party came into existence, which called out 
 Mr. Wise, with all the ardor of his temperament, in opposition to its 
 principles and objects ; and, in 1855, he was elected Governor of Virginia, 
 which office he held until 1860. 
 
 In 185y, ne puuiished an elaborate treatise on Territorial Governments and the 
 admission of new States into the Union. That year commenced those 
 events which only ended when, after four years of bloody struggle, the 
 question of slaveiy was settled by its eradication. 
 
 Governor Wise took a very active part in the troubles of the times, and 
 was called upon, as Governor, to administer the laws against the conspirators, 
 headed by John Brown, at Harper s Ferry. He was a Member of the State 
 Convention to consider the relations of Virginia to the Federal Government. 
 He entered with his wonted enthusiasm into the war of the Kebeliion, 
 and advised the people to " take a lesson from John Brown." He was 
 appointed Brigadier-General in the Confederate army, and occupied the 
 Kanawha valley, until ordered to Richmond, when he was sent to defend Roanoke 
 Island, N. C. ; but, at the attack by Burnside. he was sick at Nag's Head. " The 
 Wise Legion" took part in the action, and his son, Captain 0. Jennings Wise, 
 was among ihe killed. His Brigade was reorganized in the spring of 1862, anil 
 l)aiticipated in the Peninsular Campaign, and, in 1863, was with General Beaure- 
 gard in South Carolina. 
 
 In May, 1864, he was ordered with his command to Petersburg, where he was 
 actively engaged and continuously under fire until his surrender, with General 
 Lee, at Appomattox. General Wise's Brigade fired the last infantry guns for the 
 Confederate cause. 
 
 Since the restoration of peace, he has been occasionally heard from, and 
 not without some of his characteristic vehemence. But he is, like many 
 who have played their parts in the great drama of our national strife, 
 retired into the shadowy precincts of the closing scenes. Henry A. Wise 
 is entitled to the tribute of honest and earnest purpose in a " lost cause." 
 
202. WENDELL PHILLIPS. 
 
 Wendell Phillips -was born in Boston, Massachusetts, November 29, 
 1811. He sraduated at Harvard College in 1831, and at Cambridge Law 
 School in ]8<J3, He was admitted to the Suffolk bar in 1834, and began life 
 with every advantage. 
 
 But at the very outset he was a witness of the mob in which Garrison 
 was dragged through Boston for the conscientious expression of his opinions. 
 This aroused the Puritan spirit, and the events of tlie next year — l»a6 — together 
 with his marriage to a devoted Abolitionist, made Mr. Phillips give himself to the 
 auti- slavery cause. 
 
 When Rev. E. P. Lovejoy was murdered at Alton, 111., in 1837, a great 
 public meeting was held in Boston, to express the horror felt at this outrage 
 on the f . ecdom of the press and the rights of opinion. The conservative 
 powers strenuously resisted the efforts of free speech, and the Attorney- 
 General of the State denounced the reformers, and declared that Lovejoy 
 was presumptuous and imprudent, and died as the fool dieth. Dr. Channing 
 was declared equally out of place. This speech produced a sensation in the 
 ♦• Old Cradle of Liberty," and Phillips, who had come, without expecting to 
 speak, rose, and, amidst the boisterous cries of the mobocratic party, rebuked 
 the spirit of conservative tyranny, till a storm of apj)lause and hisses inter- 
 rupted the young orator. An attempt was made to silence him, but Phillips 
 persisted ; and, after the most eloquent and scathing speech, took his position 
 as the leading orator of the Abolitionists and progressive Reformers of the 
 age. " In Wendell Phillips the scornful world had found its match." 
 
 Henceforth he gave himself up to the cause of reforms, and abandoned 
 his legal practice. 
 
 " The little band of Abolitionists that gathered around him and Garrison, 
 men and women, were heroes." The career of the leaders of this despised 
 band was, in th'vso days, often attended with danger of personal violence. 
 Assassination was held up to them as the penalty of the utterance of their 
 uetested truths. Phillips's house was threatened by mobs; but no threats of 
 violence could prevent hira from giving expression to his sentiments. 
 
 Far from limiting his labors to one idea, he has been a vigorous advocate 
 
 iT^'^^'''"'^®' ^^^ ^ champion of the political rights of women. 
 'A drunken people,^' he says, " can never be the basis of a free govern- 
 ment. It 13 the corner-stone neither of virtue, prosperity, or pro^^ress." 
 
 la our recent war he has always been for the most thorough measures; 
 and, since Us close, seems to feel that the whole work of emancipation is 
 not tuushed ; that the status of the colored man is not fixed; that the hates 
 and pi-eiudu:es ot,the past incline to keep him an outcast. 
 
 Mr. Phillips 13 one of the most fluent and eloquent orators of the dav 
 and his fame always brought him a large and attentive audience even on 
 the unpopular subjects he had most at heart. 
 
203. EEUBEN E FEXTON. 
 
 IlEUEEN E. Fenton was born in Carroll, Chautauqno County, No-w- 
 York, July 1, 1^19. He was educated at Pleasant Hill andFredonia Acade- 
 mies, and adopted the profession of the law, but soon abandoned its prac- 
 tice, to engage in mercantile pursuits, and in which he was eminently 
 successful. 
 
 In 1843 he was elected Supervisor of the town of Carroll ; and held 
 that position for eight successivo years, and was for three of them Chair- 
 man of tho F-oard of Supervisors. Tho fact that an avowed Democrat, an 
 ho was then, remained in olIic« for such a low* period in a stron;^ Whig lo- 
 cality, i.s tho most unanswerable evidence ot hi* faithfulnos;i ai ;i public offi- 
 ccr, and hi.i popularity iii ;i man. In 1S53 ho Avm elected a KepreMontativo 
 from New York to tho Thirty-Third Congress, and was again elected to 
 the Thirty-Fifth Congress, serving on th.) Committee on Frivato Lind 
 Claims. In 1859 hi wa* re-elected to th j Thirty-Sixth Cong ess, serving 
 a;; Chairman of the Committeo on Invalid Fensions. He wa^j also elected to 
 tho Thirty -Seventh Congress, serving as Chairman of the Committee on 
 Claims, and re-elected to the Thirty -Eighth Congress, when he served on 
 tho Committeo of Ways and Means. 
 
 Having distinguished himself for liigh executive ability, as Chairman of 
 the Congressional Committees, and for integrity of character, and devoted 
 patriotism, he was selected by tho Fepublicu party as their standard-bearer 
 in the State of New York, and elected Governor of that State. 
 
 Fully realizing the anticipation:! ot tho patriotic men of the State, ho 
 was re-elected in ISGO. Wit'i amplo experience as a legislator — a successful 
 merchant, like his predecessor, Edwin D. Morgan — Goverma* Fenton brought 
 to the administration of tlij (iubernatorial ofdce, great practical knowledge 
 of men and business, and executiva ability. 
 
 At the Republican Convention which met at Chicago, May, 18G8, hi;? 
 name was prominent as a candidate for the second of&ce in the gift of thii 
 people, the delegation from New York sustaining their favorite son until tlio 
 fifth ballot, when > huyler Colfax received the unanimous nomination for 
 Vice-Fresident. 
 
 Tho position of Governor of the Empire State of the Union, is one now 
 of as much administj-ative importance as was once tliat of Fret^ident of tho 
 United States. To fill this position with honor, if not always with cntiro 
 satisfaction, is a task which requires experience, ability, and firmness. 
 Bringing to tho disciiarge of his official duties those qualities, Governor 
 Fenton retired from the Gubernatorial chair with the approval of the pub- 
 lic voice. 
 
 Still in the prime of life and a gentleman of active habits, Mr. Fenton's 
 public career is far from being closed, and bids fair of attaining a yet 
 more distinguished future as United States Senator, to which position he 
 was elected January 19, 1SG3. 
 
204. ALEXANDER EAMSEY. 
 
 A.LEXANDEII Ramsey -was born in Dauphin County, near Harrisbui'g", 
 Pc;in><ylvani;i, September 8, 1815. .He was educated at Lifayette CoUeg-e, 
 ami was Clerk in the office of the Register of his native county, in 18o8. 
 
 In 1840 he was appointed Secretary of the Electoi-al College of Peunsyl- 
 va;^ia ; and, in 1841, was elected Clerk of the House of Representatives of 
 that State. He was elected a Representative to Congress in 1848, and re- 
 elected in 1845. 
 
 He succeeded to the Chairmanship of the State Central Committee of 
 Pennsylvania, in 1848, and was appointed, in 1849, by President Taylor, the 
 first Territorial Govt-rnur of Minnesota, serving in that capacity with a great 
 deal of credit to himself, and benefit to the country, until 185-j. Pie effected 
 a tre;ity at Mendi.ta, in 1849, for the extinction of the title of the Sioux 
 (half-bi-eeds) to the lands on Lake Pepin. 
 
 In 1851 Governor Ramsey negotiated another treaty with the Sioux 
 nation, by which the Government acquired all the lands in Minnesota west 
 of the Mississippi River. This achievement, without a bloody Indian war, 
 opened that State to the large emigration which now peoples 't, and makes 
 it one of the most promising and prosperous of the great Northwest. 
 Added to tliese, Governor Ramsey made a treaty with the Chippewa 
 Indians, on Red River, which he followed up with another, in 18G8. 
 
 He was elected Mayor of the city of St. Paul, in 1855 ; and, in 18G0, was 
 elected Governor of the State of Minnesota, which had been admitted into 
 the Union as a State in 1858. 
 
 He continued in the official positioii of Governor until 18G3, when he was 
 elected to the United States Senate, for the term ending 18G9, and served 
 on the Committee on Naval Affairs, Post-0 ffices, Post-Roads, Patents and 
 the Patent-Office, Expenses in the Senate, Pacific Railroad, and as Chairman 
 of the Commifctoe on Revolutionary Pensions, and of the Committee on 
 Revolutionary Claims. 
 
 Governor Ramsey was also a member of the National Committee 
 appointed to accompany the remains of President Lincoln to Illinois. 
 
 Fortunate in being the first Governor of Minnesota, Mr. Ramsey was 
 enabled to promote j udiciously the welfare of the people of that Territory 
 and State, the interests of the Government, and advance his own h(morable 
 career. Acting honestly and wisely with the Indians, he effected numer- 
 ous treaties, which averted the too frequent and bloody Indian wars, and 
 contributed to the mutual benefit of the two races. 
 
205. GEOEGE H. PENDLETON. 
 
 Georgk H. Pendleton was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, July 19, 1825. 
 He studied law, was admitted to the bar, and has become distinguished in 
 his profession. His political career commenced by his election to the State 
 Senate of Ohio in 1854 and 1855. 
 
 In 1856 he was elected Representative to Congress from Ohio, and served 
 successively in the Thirty-Fifth, Thirty-Sixth, and Thirty-Seventh Con- 
 gresses, and was a member of the Committee on Military Affairs during 
 each term. He was re-elected to the Thirty-Eighth Congress, serving on the 
 Committee of Ways and Means, and as Chairman of the Committee for 
 Admitting Cabinet Officers to the Floor of the House of Representatives. 
 
 Identifying himself during his last term in Congress with the Anti-War 
 Democrats, Mr. Pendleton became prominent for the boldness of his senti- 
 ments against the policy of the Administration in conducting the war, 
 though few who knew his honorable character doubted his patriotism. 
 
 He was nominated for the Vice-Presidency in 18(14 on the Democratic 
 ticket, with General McClellan for President, and was defeated. But this 
 did not damp the ardor or shake the faith of his friends, who brought his 
 name forward for the Presidency in 18G8. 
 
 Defeated in his nomination, when the whole Western delegation urged 
 it, he submitted with good grace, and went to work strenuously to assist in 
 the election of his most formidable rival, Horatio Seymour ; but, although 
 his popularity was unbounded in the West, ho could not stem the tide that 
 had set in against the principles of the Democratic party, and Seymour was 
 defeated in all the Western States, except Kentucky and Oregon. 
 
 Eloquent, popular, and young, Mr. Pendleton is an admirable representa- 
 tive of the Northwest in its truest and frankest sense. Blending much of 
 the Southern ardor, the land of his forefathers, with W^estern independence, 
 he combines those elements of character which makes a man irresistible in 
 the free Western country. 
 
 Mr. Pendleton has been brought more prominently before the country by 
 the discussions of the financial question. Favoring the payment of the 
 Government bonds in '* greenbacks," that phase of the financial question 
 received new significance from his fearless advocacy of it. 
 
 Frank and bold in whatever public measure he advocates, he vindi- 
 cated his policy in this respect upon grounds of pubUc necessity, and maintained 
 that it was in accordance with the contract between the parties and the strictest 
 principles of honesty and honor; and it soon came to be designated as the Pen- 
 (iletonian policy, though the same views were advocated by other prominent pub- 
 lic men of both parties. 
 
 His policy was thoroughly ventilated during the Presidential canvass, 
 and stigmatized by its opponents, some of whom were counted among the 
 greatest financial minds of the country, as tending to repudiation and want 
 of faith in the Govemment to fulfill its obligations. 
 
206. HANNIBAL HAMLIN. 
 
 Hannibal Hamlin, Vice-President of the United States during the 
 first term of President Lincoln's administration, ivus born in Paris, Oxford 
 County, Maine, Au<2rust 27, 3809. Like many of our noted public men, he 
 ■was the son of a farmer, and prepared himself for a colle.giate education; 
 but the death of liis father obliyed him to take charge of his farm, "v\'here he 
 remained until he was of age. 
 
 Following a career frequently adopted by aspiring young men in this 
 country, Hamlin took to the calling of a printer, and^ spent a year in a 
 printinV office as a Compositor. Then, with an eye still bent on advance- 
 ment, he studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1833, continuing in 
 active practice until 1848. 
 
 Mr. Hamlin was a Member of the Maine Legislature from 183G to 1840, 
 and, for the three latter years, was Speaker of the House. He was elected to 
 the United States House of Representatives in 1843, and re-elected in 1845. 
 He was again elected a Member of the State Legislature in 1847. In May, 
 1848, he was elected to the Senate of the United States for four years, to fill 
 a vacancy occasioned by the decease of John Fairfield, and was re-elected 
 for six years, in 1851. 
 
 January, 1857, he was elected Governor of the State of Maine, resigning 
 his seat in the Senate, and being inaugurated on the same day. On the 
 IGth of the same month, he was re-elected to the United States Senate 
 for six years, and resigned the office of Governor, February 20, 1857. 
 
 While in the Senate, he served as a member of the Committee on Com- 
 merce, and the Committee on the District of Columbia. 
 
 In 18G0, at the Kepublican Convention which met at Chicago, he was 
 nominated as candidate for Vice-President, on the ticket with Abraham 
 Lincoln, and was elected. He presided over the Senate for four years with 
 marked ability and impartiality ; but the asperity of party feeling was 
 exhibited with extreme bitterness toward h'm, and the foulest abuse was 
 heaped upon his name and character, animated, however, always by the 
 inspirations of treason. Mr. Hamlin never sacrificed the dignity of his 
 position by the slightest notice of these absurd calumnies. There are 
 thousands throughout the country who profoundly feel that it was a dark 
 day for the Republic when a convention, largely composed of, or inspired 
 by, office-holders and contractors, decreed his -displacement as Vice-Presi- 
 dent, to make room for Andrew Johnson, and who would like to see some 
 reparation made for that grave error.* 
 
 A.ftcr retiring from the office of Vice-President, Mr. Hamlin was 
 appointed Collector for the port of Boston, the most desirable post in New 
 England ; but, when Andrew Johnson commenced his course on the recon- 
 struction of the seceding States, instituting a iiolicy in antagonism to Con- 
 gress, and the party which elected him, Mr. Hamlin resigned his office, and 
 took the stump for liberty and loyalty, and has done yeoman service in 
 the ranks ever since. Having filled every post in the gift of his fellow- 
 citizens, from State Representative to Vice-President, ho'may be averse to 
 further labor and responsibility ; but his integrity, fidelity, experience, and 
 well-earned popularity, render it highly probable that he may bo invited to 
 
 fdl some important post again in the public service. " ~ 
 
 He was agam elected to the Senate of the United States in 1868, to fill a va- 
 cancy occasioned by the death of William P. Fessenden. 
 
 * Mr. Hamlin declines to indorse this statement of party feeling as correct. 
 
207. MONTGOMEEY BLAIR 
 
 Montgomery Blair, son of Francis P. Blair, Sr., the famous editor, and 
 brother of Francis P. Blair, Jr., late candidate for Vice-President, was born 
 in Franklin County, Kentucky, May 10, 1813. 
 
 He graduated at West Point Military Academy in 1835, and was 
 appointed Second laeutenant in the Second Artillery, in .which capacity he 
 served in the Florida War. Resigning on May 20, 1830, he studied law, 
 and was admitted to practice in St. Louis, Mo., in 1837. 
 
 In 1S39 he was appointed United States District- Attorney for Missouri, 
 and held tliat posiiioii until 1848, wliea he was appointed Judge of the Court of 
 Common Pleas. He coutinned to officiate in this position until 1849, when he 
 resigned, and, in 1862, removed to Maryland, where he was residing when ap- 
 pointed, by President Lincoln, Postmaster-General, in March, 1861. 
 
 He was a Democrat previous to the repeal of the Missouri Compromise; 
 but, after the consummation of that measure, he identified himself with the 
 Republican party, with which organization he became a prominent member. 
 He was appointed by President Pierce to the ofHce of Solicitor to the Court 
 of claims, aUliough an avowed opponent oi his Kansas policy; but, on account of 
 his change in political sentiment, was removed by President Buchanan. He pre- 
 sided over the Republican State Convention in Maryland in 1860, and was a dele- 
 gate to the Chicaj^o Convention, where he took an active part in securing the Re- 
 pubUcan nomination for Mr. Lincoln for President of the United States. 
 
 He gave his earnest support to the first election of Abraham Lincoln, 
 and in the formation of his Cabinet was tendered a place in it as Postmas- 
 ter-General, which he accepted. This position he continued to hold until 
 1864, when he resigned. 
 
 He was very active in securing the renomination and election of Mr. Lincoln 
 in 1 864. But, differing with the Republican party on the reconstruction measures, 
 he became an ardent Democrat, advocating strenuously the election of Seymour 
 and Blair to the Presidency and Vice-Presidency. 
 
 Mr. Blair's name was made prominent to the country as Counsel for the 
 plaintiff in the celebrated Dred Scott litigation ; and the active part he took 
 in the late canvass as brother of the candidate for Vice-President, not only 
 brought himself, but all the members of the Blair family mova conspicuously 
 before the country. The founder of it, Francis P. Blair, Sr., the most 
 famous political journalist of his day, lived to an advanced age, to see his 
 eldest son a prominent politician and Cabinent Minister, and his younsrest 
 son an aspirant and candidate for the Vice-Presidency, a Member of Con- 
 gress, and a distinguished officer of the army. 
 
p«^ 
 
 208. JAMES GOEDON BENNETT. 
 
 JAiiES Gordon Bennett, the celebrated Editor of The New York 
 Herald, was bom near the town of Keith, Banffshire, Scotland, in Septem- 
 ber, 1795. The son of sincere Catholic, his father intended him and another 
 brother Cosmo, for the priesthood, and educated them for that vocation. 
 Cosmo, qualified for the Church, held an ecclesiastical office up to the time 
 of his decease. James, with ambition and energy directed to a more active 
 career, soug-ht the pursuit of journalism and letters in America. 
 
 With this object in view he came to this country, and landed at Halifax, 
 N. S., in 1819. His good education qualified him for the position of a 
 School-Teacher; but this occupation was too limited for his energy and 
 ambition, and he abandoned it for the more congenial vocation of journalism. 
 Settling for a while in Boston, he became connected with the press; but, the 
 field of journalism not offering great inducements for him to remain in that 
 city, he removed to New York. Here he became prominently connected 
 with the press. 
 
 Inducements having been held out to him by the proprietor of the 
 Charleston Courier, to connect himself with that journal, Mr. Bennett 
 removed to Charleston, S. C, where he remained for two years. Returning to 
 New York, where his perception and judgment inspired him to lay the 
 foundation of a powerfiil journal, he connected himself with variovis papers 
 before he established The New York Herald. This he started in 1835. 
 
 As a city goes through many gradations before it is established, so it 
 was with the building up of The Neio York Herald; but its completion 
 proves, not only as a monument of the enterprise, energy, and talents of 
 James Gordon Bennett, biit also as a triumph of journalism in the nineteenth 
 century. Our space is too limited to attempt an analysis, even, of the genius, 
 enterprise, and liberality which were necessary to be expended in the estab- 
 lishment and growth of such a journal. 
 
 In a profession which unites relentless rivalry and daily partisan and 
 professional jealousy, more than in any other, it is conceded, in spite of it, 
 that Mr. Bennett has infused more entei'prise into the American press, and, 
 fur that matter, has furnished an example of energy to the European press, 
 which no other journalist of his age has inspii^ed. Associating with him 
 the best journalistic talent in the country in the reportorial, editorial, and 
 corresponding departments, the Herald becomes a daily index of the active 
 brain, vitality, and movements of the world. With all this diversity of 
 talent, comprising so many departments of mind, there is one controlling 
 intellect over all, and that 'is James Gordon Bennett. What Richelieu was 
 to the State, he is to the management of the Herald. What the elder 
 Rothschild was in building up a great financial power, James Gordon Bennett 
 is in building up a great journalistic power. 
 
 The progress in the mechanical branch of printing has been observed by 
 the Herald in an equal ratio with its intellectual advancement. The mag- 
 nificent marble structure at the corner of Broadway and Ann street is one 
 of the most thorough and extensive i^rinting offices in the world. 
 
209. PHINEAS T. BAI?XUM. 
 
 "PriiNEAS T. Baknum was born in Danbury, Connecticut, July 5, 18tQ 
 Mr. Barnum is literally a self-made man. On the death of his father in 
 l>i2C), he found himself vvdthout a cent, and compelled to struggle alone 
 throug-li the world. 
 
 He commenced life as a clerk in a country store, and married when nine- 
 teen years of age. lie published a newspaper in his native town, where he 
 was fined and imprisoned for publishing his own opinions too freely. After- 
 ward ho tried mercantile business on his own account, in both Connecticut 
 and New York, with indifferent success. 
 
 In 1835 he became engaged in a strolling exhibition ; afterward in a 
 circus ; and, in 1842, bought the American Museum in New York. This 
 establishment began to thrive immensely under his management. In 1843 
 he picked up Gener.il Tom Thumb, whom he exhibited in his museum for 
 a year, when he took him to Europe, where he remained three years, appear- 
 ing before all the principal courts and monarchs of the old world, and 
 returned with a fortune to his native countr3^ 
 
 In 1850 he engaged Jenny Lind, the celebrated songstress ; and, with her, 
 "made the most triumphant and successful musical tour ever known, clearing 
 some five hundred thousand dollars in nine months, after paying that lady 
 three hundred thousand dollars. Mi*. Barnum built a magniticent oriental 
 villa, called " Iranistan," in Bridgeport, Conn., where he resided until it was 
 burned in 1855. 
 
 Mr. Barnum was connected with the Jerome Clock Company, in which 
 he became involved to a large amount, bringing him to the verge of bank- 
 ruptcy, but, after considerable litigation, he was enabled to settle with his 
 creditors, leaving him yet apparently rich. He still continued to carry on 
 the mu.seum, occasionally traveling through the country with some "special 
 exhibition," such as " The Baby Show," Tom Thumb, «S:c. While in Boston, 
 exhibiting his White Babies, a counter exhibition was had of Colored Babies, 
 to test the nataral ability or intelligence of the races. The 'palni was carried 
 by the colored babies — there being one who could talk when three months 
 old, and another Avho could read when only three years old. Mr. Barnum 
 could not brook being outdone, therefore got up an opposition " Colored 
 Baby Show ;" but, not being so j)opular with the colored people as his oppo- 
 nent, together with their /mr to trustiheir children with him, he was obliged 
 to abandon it. 
 
 In 18(15 he lost his museum by fire, but sold his lease of the ground 
 to the editor of the Herald, James G. Bennett, who built a magnificent mar- 
 ble edifice in its place. Mr. Barnum then started a temporary museum on 
 Broadway, which was burned in the winter of 18o7-'GS. 
 
 In 18G7 he was a candidate for Representative to Congress from his dis- 
 trict in Connecticut, but was unsuccessful. Mr. Barnum, by common con- 
 sent, ranks as one of the most expert and successful " showmen " of this or 
 any other age. His name and fame as a shrewd and successful business 
 man in this line are world-wide. Apart from this peculiar and striking 
 trait, his industry, enterprise, and energy, while enabling him to amuse, 
 instruct, and hoax mankind, secured to him a fortune and presented to the 
 rising pfdplilation an example worthy of regard and admiration-. 
 
210. JOHN W. FOENEY. 
 
 Jonx "VV. Forney was born at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, September 30, 
 1817. In 18;33 he was an apprentice in the office of the Lancaster Journal', 
 and, in 1837, we find him joint Editor and proprietor of the Lancaster Intel- 
 ligencer. 
 
 Taking- a leading- position as a Democratic partisan, he settled, in 1845, 
 in Philadelphia, in the Editorship of Jhe Fennsi/kaman. In 1851 he was 
 chosen Clerk of the United States House of EepresentatiA'es, and was re- 
 el cted in l8o3. 
 
 In the long -and close contest for Speaker of the Thirty-Fifth Congress, 
 Mr. Forney gained great credit for the impartial performance of his duties. 
 He n )\v ceased his connection with 7' he Pennsyli'anian, and became Editor 
 of T'liG Union, the Democratic organ at Washington. 
 
 In ISoG Mr, Forney devoted himself to the canvass for Mr. Buchanan; 
 and, returning to Pennsylvania, was chosen Chairman of the Democratic 
 State Committee. 
 
 In 1857 he was the rival of Mr. Cameron for the position of United States 
 Senator, but was defeated. In the same year he commenced the publication 
 of The IVcss, an independent Democratic paper ; but in a shorl^ time there- 
 after, the divi^ian between the Northern and Southern sections of the party 
 assuming a very serious character, Mr. Forney took sides warmly with 
 Mr. Douglas. When the Kansas troubles developed themselves, he took a 
 determined attitude against Mr. Buc-luinan's administration, and was again 
 chosen Clerk of the House of Kepresentatives in the Thirty-Sixth Congress. 
 His opposition to the pro-sl;ivery power lias since been thorou(_;hly uncom- 
 promising; and he now pubiishe^, besides The Pr^'SS at Philadelphia, a 
 weekly paper in Washington, The Chronicle, began in Ocrober, 1802. 
 
 In 18GI Mr. Forney was chosen Secretary of the Senate, which position 
 he has continued to hold up to this time. 
 
 Ever since the assassination of President Lincoln, and the accession of 
 Mr. Johnson, as his successor, he has rendered himself veiy conspicuous 
 as an opponent of the Johnsonian 'policy, provoking a very un-Presidential 
 epithet from that high functionary, in one of the numerous addresses 
 which his Excellency has been iii the habit of "getting off," at homo and 
 abroad, who designated him as a " Dead Duck." Late events, however, indi- 
 cate that Mr. Forney "still lives" unhnrmed ; but, since the smoke has cleared 
 away, his opponent has been found crippled for life, from the explosion of 
 the overcharged blunderbuss with which he was celebrating that event. 
 
 During the Presidential canvass of 1808, Mr. Forney was quite -jirom- 
 inently und actively engaged in the State of Pennsylvania, and contributed 
 mufh toward securing that State to the Bepubliciin party in the October 
 election, and to General Grant, for President, in the November following. 
 
211. CHAELES F. ADAMS. 
 
 Charles F. Adams was born in Boston, Massachusetts, Augrust 18, 
 1807. He spent most of his early years in St. Tetersburg- and London, 
 whilst his father, John Quincy Adams, was Minister to Russia and Eng- 
 land. He graduated at Harvard University in lb25, studied lav/, and was 
 admitted to the bar in 1828. 
 
 Entering public life in 1841, he served three years in the House of Represen- 
 tatives and two in the Senate ot Massachusetts. Not satisfieii with the course of 
 the VViiig party on the Slave Quest.io:i, he declined to serve longer, and, lor a time 
 bec:ime tlie editor of a paper called the J^ostoii Whi(/, as an organ of bolder opin- 
 ions on tiiat subject. This led to his election as a delegate to the Buffalo Free 
 Soil Convention, in 1848, over which he presided, and to his nomination by that 
 body as a candidate for Vice-Pre?ident on the ticket with Mr. Van Buren. He 
 was elected to the Thirty-sixth Congress from Massachusetts, and served as an ac 
 tive member of the connnittee of thirty-three, to which the whole subject of Se- 
 cession, the preliminary step to the rebellion, was referred. He made but a single 
 speech in each session, and each was confined to the discussion of that question. 
 
 lie was for many years a contributor to the Xorth American Review^ was the 
 editor of the well-known Achuns Letters^ and the author of the greater portion 
 of the standard biography of John Adams, commenced by his father. 
 
 He was re-elected to the Thirty-seventh Congress, and was subsequently, 
 in 18G1, appointed by President Lincoln Minister to England, which position 
 he resigned in 1808. 
 
 Early initiated into diplomatic training under the experienced tuition 
 of his distinguished father, no position could have more appropriately 
 crowned Mr. Adams's public life than Minister to the Court of St. James at 
 the most critical period of our diplomatic history since the Revolution. The 
 foreign courts, supposed to be prepossessed in favor of the seceding States, 
 an American Minister abroad at that time had to exercise more than ordi- 
 nary energy and vigilance to counteract the agents and commissioners of 
 the South, as well as the sympathy of the court. More than any other 
 similarly situated, Mr. A.dams had to contend against these combined 
 influences. The fitting out of Confederate cruisers by English shipbuilders, 
 involving the neutrality of the British Covernment, previously declared as 
 betAveen the North and the South, led to the most serious controversies, 
 threatening the peace of the two countries. Growing out of these, the 
 Alabama claims loomed up the most threatening. Correspondence after 
 correspondence ensued. Questions of international law, the rights of bel- 
 ligerents, and the duties of neutrals, all were involved ; and throughout all 
 these controversies, sometimes in spite of diplomatic deoorvim, an acrimoni- 
 ous spirit pervading them, Mr. Adams conducted his cause with masterly 
 and dignified diplomatic ability. 
 
 Leaving the most serious question in a fair way of adjustment, Mr. 
 Adams asked, after a proh^iged residence at the English Court, to be 
 relieved, which was, accordingly, granted ; and in 18G8, he returned to the 
 L'nited States. 
 
 Added to his public honors. Mr. Adams lias had conferred upon him the 
 degree of LL. D. by Harvard University. ~ 
 
/ i- 
 
 212. WILLIAM LLOYD GAREISON. 
 
 ■\Yii.LiAM Lloyd Gakkisox, the most eminent and fearless leader of 
 the anti-slavery reform in the United States, was born in Newburyport, 
 Massachusetts, December 12, 1S04. His mother, becoming a widow, was 
 obliged to place him in a situation of usefulness, and he was, at the early 
 a.q'e of nine years, sent to learn the trade of a shoemaker ; but, longing for 
 educational advantages, he was sent to school at Newburyport, Mass., paying 
 for his board and school by his own labors out of school hours. After several 
 experiments he found a congenial occupation, as a printer, in the office of a 
 local newspaper ; and, at this early age, he was distinguished for his neat- 
 ness and accuracy of penmanship, and ever after remarkable for his talents, 
 both as a typographer and free and easy writer. 
 
 After sufficient experience as an assistant, he became, in 182G, the editor 
 of a paper called the Free Press. He toiled with unceasing energy and 
 industry, and frequently printed his editorials without previously writing 
 them. 
 
 Ho went to Boston, and, about 1827, became editor of T lie National PJiil- 
 anthropist, the first journal that advocated total abstinence, and, in 1828, 
 joined a friend at Bennington, Vt., in a journal devoted to Peace, Temper- 
 ance, and Anti-Slavery. 
 
 On the 4th of July, 1829, he delivered an address in Park-Street Church, 
 Boston, on the subject of slavery. From this time his labors in the cause 
 to which he has devoted his life, assumed a more i^rominent and influ- 
 ential character, 
 
 Mr. Garrison then went to Baltimore, to join a quiet, persistent, worthy 
 Quaker, Benjamin Lundy, who was laboring for the cause. 
 
 Garrison's burning denunciations of the outrages of slavery roused the 
 indignation of slaveholders, and he was indicted for libel, found guilty, con- 
 demned, and imprisoned. He bore his cross with the cheei'f ulness of a true 
 martyr, unt il ho Avas finally liberated by a well-known philanthropist of the 
 day, Arthur Tappan, a New York merchant, who paid the fine. 
 
 On the 1st of January, 1831, Mr. Garrison issued the first number of 
 The Liberator, which, through over thirty years, was the leading organ of 
 the Anti-Slavery party in the country. 
 
 It is beyond the limits of this brief sketch to trace the various labors 
 and trials of the great reform of which Mr. Garrison was the dauntless 
 leader ; the mob in Boston, where his life was only saved by the author- 
 ities hiding him in a prison ; the furious violence in New York, where 
 cliurchcs were sacked and negroes murdered ; the fierce and brutal ruffian- 
 ism which exhibited itself in various country places where he lectured, and, 
 as late as 1851, came near desolating the city of New York with blood and 
 rapine, because a steadfast band of quiet Quakers and others from the 
 country chose to protest against slaveholding. 
 
 _ Sulfice it to say that, after the awful retribution had seared the land 
 with lire and bloud, and liberated the slave, Mr. Garrison finished his toils 
 as tlio " Libcratox'," by discontinuing his paper and visiting Europe, to 
 recruit, at sixty years, the health impaired by more than an ago of faithful 
 devotion to the cause of human emancipation. 
 
213. JOHN T. HOFFMAN. 
 
 John T. Hoffman was born in the village of Sing Smg, New Yori, 
 January 10, 1828. He graduated with distinguished honors Irom the Col- 
 lege of Schenectady in 1840, studied law, and was admitted to the bar 
 in January, 1849. 
 
 He removed to New Yoi'k city in October of the same year, and rapidly 
 rose in his profession, acquiring an extensive practice. 
 
 Connecting himself with Tammany Hall in 1854, he became eminently 
 successful, for so young a man, in gaining rapid promotion both in his pro- 
 fession and politics. 
 
 In 18G0 he was elected Recorder of the city of New York, and adminis- 
 iered justice with firmness, and rendered himself particularly conspicuous 
 i"or the rigid manner in which he sentenced the July rioters of 1803. He 
 Was unanimously re-elected to that position in November, 1803, receiving 
 the vote of the Ilcpublican party as well as the Democratic. 
 
 He was elected Mayor of New York City in 1805, and re-elected in 1867. 
 
 In 1806 he was nominated for Governor by the Democratic party, but 
 was defeated by Mr. Fenton. He was again a candidate for Governor in 
 1868, was elected and was inaugurated on the Isf of January, 1869. He was 
 nominated for the third tune for Governor, in 1870, by the Democratic party, and 
 again elected. 
 
 Scarcely at what is called middle age, John T. HofiPman, after an honor- 
 able and successful professional career, has filled the highest judicial and 
 municipal positions with distinction and ability, and now occupies the first 
 and most exalted office in the gift of the people of the State. 
 
 Judging from the record of his past political and private life, the public 
 have a guarantee of his future ability and fidelity in the discharge of his 
 important trust. Arriving at the highest honors through the combinations 
 of political power more or less subject to suspicion. Governor Hoftinan is a 
 remarkable instance of a public man who has passed through all these 
 ordeals with his honor unsullied and his integrity untarnished. Surrounded 
 by temptations, both social and political, which have wrecked so many pub- 
 lic men of promise, and even those who have gained the full fruition of their 
 hopes, Governor Hoffman stands an example of personal dignity in all the 
 relations of life. Yet his election as Governor wns aided by the most 
 stupendous frauds upon the polls through the lax naturalization and regis- 
 tration laws of the State.* 
 
 The highest honors of the State having been conferred upon him, his 
 friends do not despair of even higher distinction crowning his career. The 
 representative of a party that has had to contend of late against disastrous 
 defeats in other States, his name, the watchword of success, may be hailed 
 as an inspiration to triumph in future political contests. 
 
 * Governor Hoffraan says this " statement in relation to his election is not true.'" 
 
f ^ 
 
 214. GIDEOX WELLES. 
 
 Gideon Welles was born in Glastcnbury, Connecticut, February 1, 
 1803, and descended from Thomas Welles, un early Governor of the colony 
 of Connecticut. He received his early education at the Episcopal Academy 
 in Cheshire, Connecticut, and afterward entered the Norwich University, 
 Vermont, then under the charge of Captain Alden Partridge. 
 
 He commenced the study of the law in the oifice of Chief-Justice Wil- 
 liams; and, in l^^O, became Editor of the Hartford Tunes, which, under his 
 charL'-e, was the organ of the Democratic party in the State. 
 
 His journal was the first to advocate the election of General Jackson to 
 tlie rrcsidency, and continued his steadfast supporter. Mr. Welles was a 
 Member of the Connecticut Legislature from 1827 to 18o5, when he was 
 appointed Comptroller of Public Accounts. He was opposed to the exclu- 
 sion of witnesses who denied the belief in a future state of rewards and 
 punishments, and endeavored for years, and with final success, to abolish 
 imprisonment for debt. He also instituted other measures of liberal l3rog- 
 ress. 
 
 In 183G he was appointed Postmaster at Hartford, holding that office 
 until 1841. 
 
 In 1843 he was again elected State Comptroller; and, in 184G, President 
 Polk tendered to him the office of Chief of one of the bureaus of the Navy 
 Department, which he accepted, and retained that position until 1849. 
 
 Mr. Welles was opposed to the extension of slavery ; and, on the organi- 
 zation of the Republican party, in 1855, he became identified with it, and 
 Avas its candidate for Governor of Connecticut in 185G. He was Chairman 
 of the Republican delegation, which met in Convention at Chicago, in May, 
 1300, and nominated Abraham Lincoln for President. Mr. Welles has 
 been a contributor, for many years, to numerous leading journals, and 
 was proinincTitly known throughout the country; and Avhen Mr. Lincoln 
 was iniugur ted, in 18G1, he appointed him Secretaiy of the Navy. His 
 long and arduous services in that trying position are too well known to 
 requii-e detail lifrc, but will occupy an important place in history. Few 
 statesmen liavo survived the fierce torrent of obloquy which has been poured 
 upon the head of the Secretary of the Navy, ♦' from the loud roar of foaming 
 calumny, to the low whisper of the paltry few." 
 
 His policy has not only elevated the national character with the brilliant 
 career of our naval heroes, but has tended to strengthen the bonds of amity 
 and respect among all the civilized nations of the earth. 
 
 During his administration, turretted iron-clad vessels and heavy ordnance 
 were first introduced ; and no greater compliment can be paid to his judgement 
 and foresight in adopting them than the simple fact that nearly all ilie maritime 
 nations of the worhJ now consider them essential parts of an efficient fighting navy. 
 Add to this the marvelous increase of the naval force from 69 vessels and 7,600 
 inrn, in 1861, to 671 vessels and 51,000 men at the close of the "ar, and' the 
 successful advancement of a blockade of more than three thousand five hundred 
 iiiihs of coast, as well as the more direct and legitimate war service, and there is 
 a recDid of wliich the country as well as himself may be justly proud. The calm 
 ]iid;iineiit of Mr. Welles, his decision of character, arid equanimity of temper, with 
 I'ls q.nc-t frankness, were appreciated by each of the Presidents with whom he was 
 as-cKiated, and whose confidence he enjoyed through a stormy period of our historv. 
 
 Ihe same qiialities, with a correct and discrimin;iting mind, enabled him to 
 make tortunate selections in the civil and naval appointments, and rendered his 
 iMmuustiation of the Navy Department, extending through a period of eight years 
 loM-er tlian tliat of any of bis predecessors, and in the most trying time since 
 luc lounciatioQ of the Government, popular in the scrrice and highly satisfactory 
 10 the country. " 
 
215. WILLIAM P. FESSENDEN. 
 
 William i'. Fessenden was born in Boscawon, Merrimack Conntj, 
 New Hampshire, October 16, 1800. He graduated at Bowdoin College in 
 1823. studied law, and commenced its practice in 1827. He removed to 
 Portland in 1820; and, in 1830, was electel to the State Legislature. 
 Although the youngest member of that body, he acquired distinction as a 
 ready debater and "skillful legislator, distinguishing himself particularly 
 in a debate on the United States Bank, which was remarkable for its spirit 
 and ability. 
 
 Devoting himself, from 1832 to 1837, exclusively to his profession, he 
 rapidly rose to the first rank, both as a counselor and advocate. His prom- 
 inence directed public attention to him for Congress, and in 1838 he was 
 invited to become a candidate, but declined. He was again chosen to the 
 Leirislature from Portland, in 1S3D, was placed upon the Judiciary Commit- 
 tee^ and was made Chairman of the House Committee to llovise the Statutes 
 oi the State. 
 
 Nominated, in 1840, as the Whig candidate for Congress, he was elected 
 by acclamation. Participating in the general debates, ho made speech ts on 
 the Loan bill. Bankrupt Act, Army Appropriation bill, against the repeal 
 of the Bankrupt law, iicc. Nominated for re-election in 1843, he declined, 
 but received the support of the Whig party for a seat in the United States 
 Senate. 
 
 In 1845 and 184G he was again elected to the Legislature, and, in 1850 
 he was again elected to Congress ; but, through an error in the returns, his 
 seat was successfully contested by his competitor. He was a Member of the 
 Convention which nominated General Harrison, in 1840 ; also, of tliat which 
 nominated General Taylor, in 1848, on which occasion he advocated the 
 claims of Mr \Vebster, and served in the Convention which nominated Gen- 
 eral Scott, in 1852. On this occasion he opposed Mr. AVebster, in favor of 
 General bcott. 
 
 In 1853 he was again elected to the State Legislature, and was elected by 
 the Senate as United States Senator, but failed in the Lower House by four 
 votes. Again a member of the Legislature in 1854, he was elected to the 
 United States Senate on the first ballot. 
 
 The Kansas-Nebraska question entering largely into the contest, he 
 was elected by a Union of the Whigs and Free Soil Democrats, He 
 took his seat in the Senate, February 23, 1854 ; and, on the night of March 
 3, at the time that the Nebraska bill was passed, he delivered a moet power- 
 ful speech against it. This effort was regarded as a master piece of eloquence, 
 and established his reputation in the Senate. Ho subsequently made 
 speeches on a bill to I'rotect United States officers (1855), on our relatiojis 
 with England, on the affairs of Kansas, on the President's Message of 1856, 
 and on the Lecompton Constitution of 1858. A leading member of the 
 Finance Committee, Mr. Fessenden has taken a conspicuous part in the 
 general debates and legiJiUion of that body. 
 
 Re-elected to the United States Senate in 1850, for six years, by a unan- 
 imous vote of his party in the Legislature, without undergoing a previous 
 nomination, it distinguishes his Senatorial career as the first instance of 
 the kind occurring in the State. 
 
 In 1864 he v^as appointed, by President Lincoln, Secretary of the 
 Treasury, in the place of S. P. Chase, resigned, which position ho held for 
 one year, when he resigned, and was again elected Senator. The degx-ee of 
 LL. D. has been conferred upon Mr. Fessenden by Bowdoin and Harvard 
 Colleges. He died September 8, 1869. 
 
21G. CAKL SCHUEZ. 
 
 CARli SCHURZ is a native of Germany, and was born, M;irch 2, 1829, 
 near Coloi^ne, on the Rhine. He received his education at liis native town 
 and at the University of Bonn, from which he graduated a thorough classi- 
 cal scholar. 
 
 On the event of the revolutionar}'- agitation in 1848, he took an active 
 interest, and joined in the publication of a liberal newspaper with Professor 
 Kinkel. 
 
 In 1849 an imsuccessful attempt at insurrection was made, and the two 
 were obliged to flee. Joining the insurgents, Schurz became an Adjutant, 
 and participated in the defense of Rutland. On the surrender of that place, 
 Schurz suitercd great privations, escaped into Switzei-land, attempted to 
 rescue Kinkel, who had been condemned to twenty years' imprisonment, and 
 finally succcded, November C, 1850. The fugitives then escaped into Meck- 
 lenburg, and thence to Bostock, and, after remaining concealed for some 
 time, took passage for Leith, in Scotland. Schurz went from there to Paris, 
 where he remained as Correspondent of German journals till June, 1851, 
 when he Avent to London, and became employed as Teacher, till July, 1852. 
 
 He then married, and removed to America, residing in Philadelphia a 
 short time, and afterward settling at Watertown, Wis. He became known as a 
 German orator in 1856, and was nominated in 1857 by the Republican State 
 Convention as candidate for Lieutenant-Governor of Wisconsin, but was not 
 elected. 
 
 Mr. Schurz, having now become Americanized, made speeches in English, 
 which were very popular. He established himself in the practice of the 
 law at Milwaukee, where the very numerous German population offered 
 him great advantages. He continued a popular orator on the Republican 
 side, when, on Mr. Lincoln's election, he was appointed Minister to Spain. 
 
 On the outbreak of the civil war, he requested to be allowed to join the 
 army, but the Government required him to go to Madrid, where he remained 
 till the latter part of the year, and then returned to the United States. 
 
 He x-esigned his office as Minister, was appointed a Brigadier-General of 
 Volunteers, and, on June 17, 1802, took command of a division in the corps 
 of General Sigel, with which he distinguished himself at the second battle 
 of Bull Run. General Schurz also commanded a division of General 
 Howard's corps at the battle of Chancellorsville, which, being attacked by 
 " Stonewall " Jackson, suffered heavy losses, and was overwhelmed by superior 
 forces 
 
 At the battle of Gettysburg he commanded the Eleventh Corps, while 
 General Howard took a higher command. On the close of the war, General 
 Schurz retired to private professional life, since when he has been heard of 
 occasionally as participating in public affairs. 
 
 He was chosen Temporary Chairman of the Republican Convention 
 which met in Chicago, in May, 1808, to nominate a candidate for President, 
 and made an able and eloquent address on taking the chair. He also pre- 
 sented two important resolutions, which were adopted as part of the plat- 
 form of principles of that Convention. 
 
 Mr. Schurz is a Liberal in the highest sense ; and his democracy is not 
 limited to party nor confined to race, but embraces universal humanity, and 
 seeks the emancipation of man from the shackles of tyranny in every shape. 
 
 On the 19th of January, 1869, Mr. Schurz was elected United States 
 Senator from Missouri 
 
217. KOBEET M. T. HUNTER. 
 
 RoBEKT M. T. Hunter was born April 21, 1809, in Essex County, 
 Virginia ; was educated at the University of his native State, and graduated 
 with distinction. He studied law with Judge Tucker, at Winchester; and, 
 in 1830, was admitted to l'«»c bar. 
 
 He was elected to the Virginia Legislature, in 1834, in which he served 
 three years, and attained a high position. 
 
 In 1837 he was elected to the United States House of Representatives, 
 by the "States Rights Whigs," where he served two terms. 
 
 On Mr. Hunter's advent to public office, financial questions of great 
 importance occuj)ied the attention of Congress, and his ability in the dis- 
 cussions placed him in the front rank. On the meeting of the Twenty-Sixth 
 Congress, he was chosen Speaker. He was again a candidate for the Twenty- 
 Eighth Congress, but was defeated. In 1844 he took an active part in the 
 election of Mr. Polk, and was re-elected to Congress in 1845. At this session 
 the Oregon question occu]>ied the attention of the country, and he distin- 
 guished himself by a high-toned conservatism. On the Mexican question 
 he advocated a vigorous prosecution of the war. The establishment of the 
 Independent Treasury, the Revenue Tariff of 1846, and the Warehousing 
 system, are much indebted to Mr. Hunter for their success. 
 
 The second session of the Twcnty-Xinth Congress was marked by a 
 renew:il of the Slavery agitation ; and his opposition to all the measures of 
 the Free Soil party stamped his character as a leader of the Soiithern 
 Democracy, and led to his elevation to the United States Senate in 1847. 
 To this body he was elected for three successive terms, serving as Chairman 
 of the Committee on Finance, and as a member of the Committees on the 
 Library, and on the Pacific Railroad. 
 
 Mr. Hunter was one of the ablest advocates of the policy of his section ; 
 and on all the great questions agitating the countr}', whether in debate, or 
 as Ciuvirman of the Finance Committee, his conduct was highly approved, 
 not only by his party, but by numerous leading men in all parts of the 
 United States. Bv3sides his efforts in the Senate, Mr. Hvmter distinguished 
 himself by various discourses in different parts of the country. One eulogist 
 says: "He adds to the scholastic learning of Everett, the cabinet genius of 
 Hamilton, and the philosophic scope of Madison.'' 
 
 In 1801 he joined his Southern friends in secession, and was expelled 
 from the Senate in July of that year. He was chosen Secretary of State in 
 the Southern Confederacy on the resignation of Robert Toombs, and was 
 afterward a Member of the Confederate Congress. Mr. Hunter was one of 
 the Commissioners appointed to confer with President Lincoln on terms of 
 peace. On his return from Fortress Monroe, where the Conference had 
 been held, he addressed a public meeting in Richmond, and gave vent to 
 his feelixigs of indignation at the terms demanded, predicting the most dire- 
 ful evils from the consequences of submission ; and, expressing real Southern, 
 scorn for the " Yankee Congress," he evoked the strongest spirit of resist- 
 ence. 
 
 Since the collapse of the Rebellion, Mr. Hunter's name has been seldom 
 heard at the North, for such seems to be the fate of the most prominent 
 leaders, — men who figured foremost in the affairs of the nation under the 
 old regime, and who filled the trump of fame during the short-lived era of 
 secession, — that the historian finds it difficult to save their subsequent 
 career from total oblivion. Undoubtedly, Mr. Hunter exhibited the talents 
 of a istatesman ; but, on the basis of slavery, nothing could thrive. 
 
- 218. TEANZ SIGEL. 
 
 General FuANZ Sigel was born in Zinsheim, in tlie Grrand Duchy of 
 Baden, November 18, 1824, and was educated at the military school of 
 Carlsrhue. He became Chief- Adjutant in the Baden army, in 1847, and 
 ■was called the best artillerist in Germany. 
 
 In tlie Revolution of 1848, he was Commander-in-Chief of the Revolu- 
 tionary army ; and, being- defeated by an immense force, mi^^rated to this 
 country in 1850. He was for several months Major of the Fifth New York 
 Militia Reg-iment; subsequently, Professor of Military Science at St. Louis; 
 and, at the outbreak of the Rebellion, became Colonel of the Third Missouri 
 Volmiteers,and Acting Brigadier under General Lyon. 
 
 He was made a Brigadier in August, 18ol, his commission dating from 
 May 17. Ho performed efficient service in the protection of St. Louis, and 
 seizure of Camp Jackson. He was soon ordered to Southwest Missouri, 
 where, near Carthage, Jasper County, with only nine hundred men, ho met 
 General Jackson, with over four thousand men, whom he attacked with suc- 
 ces^i, until his artille'-y ammunition gave out, and ho was obliged to retreat, 
 which lie accomplished with but little loss, having only thirteen killed, and 
 thirty-one wounded, while the Rebel loss was over three hundred and fifty. 
 
 August 10, 18G1, he conducted the famous retreat from Wilson. Creek, 
 where Lyon was killed ; and was present at the battle of Pea Ridge, where, 
 on the 7th and 8th of March, 1863, he displayed great bravery and consum- 
 mate artillery skill, and by which he turned the tide of battle from what 
 seemed to be a defeat, to a decided victory ; for which gallantry and skill, 
 he Avas made Major-General, and received a command in Western Virginia. 
 He served through Pope's Virginia campaign ; took a promineiit part in 
 the Second Bull Run ; and, in September, 1862, was appointed to com- 
 mand the Eleventh Army Corps, but was relieved early in the following 
 year. 
 
 In the spring of 1864, he commanded in the valley of the Shenandoah; 
 but having been twice badly defeated, he was relieved in M ly by General 
 Hunter, yet still continuing t ) act under that General, who, being defeated 
 and driven across the mountains, the enemy advanced down the valley to 
 Mu-tiusburg, Hulking Sigel, and obliging him to retreat to Maryland 
 Iloights, winch he held until the enemy Avero driven back to the -^alley. In 
 May, 180j, he resigned his commission in the army. 
 
219. CHAELES G. H ALPINE. 
 
 General Charles G. Halpine (more generally known by his noii de 
 plume, Miles O'Keilly), was born in November, 1820, in the County Meath, 
 Ireland. His father who was an Episcopal minister, editor of the Dublin 
 Mail, and one of the principal contributors to Blackwood' 'i Magazine, took 
 great pride in the education of his son, whom he prepared for and entered 
 at Trinity College, in 1846. In the following year, young Halpine hav- 
 ing married, removed to Boston, where he became an associate with B. P. 
 Shillaber (Mrs. Partington), on one of the literary papers of that city, called 
 lite Carpet Bag ; and subsequently connected himself with lJi£. Pilot. 
 
 In 1848 he accepted the position of French Translator on the New York 
 Herald] and, while holding this position, wrote sketches, poems, and edito- 
 rials, for nearly all the other leading daily and weekly papers of the city. He 
 was next appointed the Nicaragua Correspondent of the New York Times, 
 and wrote a scries of remarkably spicy letters on "Walker's famous fillibus- 
 tering expedition to Central America. After acting as Washington Corres- 
 pondentsand Associate Editor of mat paper for a time, he purchased an inter- 
 est in the Leader, and assisted in editing that journal until tlie breaking 
 out of the llebellion; but, at the same time, wrote for the 'Trtbune, Times^ 
 and Herald. 
 
 Although not known to the world at large as a writer, yet many brilliant 
 things came from his pen ; among others, a poem, published in the Tribune 
 some years before the war, entitled "Stanzas to the American Flag," has 
 been credited to him, but is now claimed by "William Oland Bourne, editor 
 of Tlie Soldiers' Friend. It begins: "Tear down the fliunting lie" — 
 a poem prompted by the horrors of the last slave hunt, in which a poor 
 human being was dragged from toil-bought fi-eedom into hated bondage 
 again, under the banner which waved " over the land of the free, and the 
 home of the brave." 
 
 In 1801 Mr. Halpine severed his connection with the Leader, and entered 
 the military service as a private in the Sixty-Ninth New York Regiment oi 
 three-months' troops. At the close of the three months' service, he was ap- 
 pointed on the Staff of General David Hunter, with whom he served in 
 Missouri and at the South, but was afterward transferred to the Staff of 
 General Halleck. 
 
 At the South, under the nom de guerre, " Miles O'Keilly," in a communi- 
 cation to a New York paper, he gave a long and entirely liotitious account 
 of the arbitrary imprisonment of a private by that n;:me, who, it was pre- 
 tended, had given soma slight offence to General Butler, the cau'^e of which 
 was asserted to be a " Lampoon" written by "Private Miles OTleilly," of 
 the Forty-Seventh New York ; and, in his next letter, he gave a copy of the 
 lamjioon, which caused great merriment wherever it was read. This first 
 brought him into notoriety, which was greatly increased by his account of 
 a supposed dinner given to Miles O'Reilly at Deimonico's, whereat Mayor 
 Hoffman sang a comic song, and other well-known dignitaries indulged in 
 ridiculous speeches. 
 
 Just before his resignation from the army, lie was made Brigadier-Gen- 
 eral of "V^alunteers, by brevet, and coraraissioued as Mijiu- in the Regular 
 Army. He was appointed on Governor Seymour's s' ;ift' on his return to New 
 York; and, in 18(i{j, was elected Register of the Cry and County of New 
 York. Pi-evious to this, he purchased the Citizen, a weekly journal, of 
 which he remained Managing Editor until his death, Monday, August 3, 
 1868. General Halpine was a warm-hearted and generous companion — 
 ever ready to give or take a joke, — and was a favorite with all classes of his 
 readers. 
 
«^^ 
 
 220. JAMES T. BHADY. 
 
 James T. Brady, oho of the most nninent and accomplished of New- 
 York lawyers, was born in the city of New York, April 9, 1815, of Irish 
 parenta<re. flis addresses and orations are characterized by all the wit 
 and eloquence of his gifted race. 
 
 He received a liberal education, studied law, and was admitted to the 
 bar in lSo5. Commencing its practice in New York, it gradually increased 
 until it rose to be among the most lucrative and influential of the distin- 
 guished lawyei'3 of the day. 
 
 In addressing a Jury he was generally successful in gaining their entire 
 coniidence and respect; and the Judges were equally influenced by his logic 
 and legal acumen. 
 
 Associate counsel of the late Daniel "Webster in the great India Rubber 
 case between Day and Goodyear, he received from that eminent statesman 
 and jurist the highest encomiums for the able manner in which he had 
 assisted in conducting the suit. 
 
 He early identified himself with the Democratic party ; and, about the 
 year 18-45, w^as regarded as among the most influential of its active leaders 
 in the city of New Y'ork. Holding the office of Counsel to the Corporation 
 for several years, he retired from it with honor to himself and credit to the 
 city. 
 
 Popular and eloquent as a public speaker, Mr. Brady was constantly 
 the champion of popvilar rights and philanthropical movements, and was 
 always distinguished for his boldness and fearlessness in discussing 
 public men and measures. Never a seeker for office, he was always 
 enabled to hold an independent position either in his own party or toward 
 his opponents. 
 
 Early obtaining popularity as a public orator, Mr. Brady had the happy- 
 faculty of swaying the " Fiery Democracy " either in its turbulence or 
 sympathy. Gifted with this power in voice, manner, and person, the 
 announcement of his name, when he took a more active part in politics, 
 would fill a large hall to overflowing, and possessed the most magical in- 
 fluence. 
 
 Ever just in his convictions, his detestation of oppression did not 
 leave him in sympathy with turbulence and disorder ; and, actuated by 
 these principles, he was one of the most influential in suppressing the riots 
 of July, 1803. 
 
 Outside of his professional and political life, Mr. Brady was peculiarly 
 amiable, and^ exceedingly fond of social enjoyments. He idolized the 
 children of his sisters, and was always happy in winning the confidence 
 and esteem of the little ones. 
 
 He never married, but, like Washington Irving, cherished fondly the 
 memory of one, from whom death had separated him. 
 
 ^^^ ^^ ^^^ prime of life, with a vigorous frame and a powerful intellect, 
 Mr. Brady was struck wdth paralvsis ; and. after lingering a few days under 
 that terrible malady, died February 9, 1869, in New York City. 
 
221. HENBY J. EAYMOND. 
 
 Henry jAnvis Raymond, the founder of The New York Times, was bom 
 in Lima, Livingston County, New York, January 24, 1820. The son of the 
 proprietor of a small farm, he early assisted in its labors; but, while still 
 young-, he entered the Academy of Lima, and in the winter of lyoS-^O, 
 ibauu'ht a district school. He graduated at the University of Vermont in 
 J 840, when he repaired to New York ; and, after studying lav/ for a year in 
 the office of Edward W. Marsh, he maintained himself by teaching the 
 classics in a young ladies' seminary and by contributions to the New York 
 press. 
 
 He was connected with the New York Tiihune upon its establishment, 
 in April, 1841 ; and, in the capacity of Assistant Editor, distinguished him- 
 self by great ability as a Reporter, an art then in its infancy in the United 
 States. Accepting an offer from General James Watson Webb, of a position 
 on the NeiD York Courier and Enquirer, he relinquished it in 1851. Some 
 four years previously he had formed a literary connection with the publish- 
 ing house of Harper & Brothers, which continued uninterrupted for ten 
 years. 
 
 The social doctrines of Eouricr finding at this time a zealous champion 
 in Horace Greeley, Mr. Raymond entered into a prolonged and spirited 
 controversy with Mr. Greeley respecting them — which controversy was sub- 
 sequently published in a pamphlet edition, and attracted, from the ability 
 displayed on both sides, very general public attention. 
 
 Elected in 1849 to the State Legislature, he soon became prominent as a 
 ready debater and legislator. Re-elected in 1850, he was chosen Speaker of 
 the Assembly. During this session he advocated vigorously the Common 
 School System and the Canal policy of the State. The adjouriiment of the 
 Legislature found Mr. Raymond in impaired health, for the benefit of which 
 he sailed to Europe. Returning in August, he published, September 18, 
 1851, the first number of llie New York (daily) 2\mes, a journal which has 
 continued to grow in public respect and confidence from the great ability 
 displayed in its editorial management. 
 
 Acting as a substitute for a regular delegate to the Whig National Con- 
 vention at Baltimore in 1852, he addressed that body, against violent oppo- 
 sition, in defense of Northern sentiment. 
 
 Nominated, in 1854, by the Whig, Anti-Nebraska, and Temperance 
 Conventions, he was elected, over two competitors, by a large majority, 
 Lieutenant-Governor of the State, 
 
 Taking an active part in the organization of the Republican party, 
 caused by the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, he drew up the " Address 
 to the People," submitted by its first National Convention, held at Pittsburg 
 in February, 1856. During the Presidential canvass which followed, he 
 made numerous public speeches in favor of General Fremont, its candidate. 
 His term of service as Lieutenant-Governor of the State, expiring Decem- 
 ber 31, 1857, Mr. Raymond declined, the same year, to be a candidate for 
 the Gubernatorial office. Entering energeticiilly into the Presidential can- 
 vass of 18G0, he took a prominent position both in his journal and in public 
 addresses, in favor of Abraham Lincoln's election, and sustained throughout 
 a zealous prosecution of the war against the seceding States. Governor 
 Raymond was subsequently elected to Congress, and in that body maintained 
 an influential position from his ability as a debater and an able legislator. 
 A popular speaker and a practical writer, he could not fail to wield a great 
 power by the combined strength of the forum and the press. He died June 18, 
 1869. 
 
222. HIRAM WALBRIDGE. 
 
 Hiram Walbridre was born in Ithaca, Tompkins County, State of Now York, 
 February 2 1821. At an early age, after completing his primary education in 
 Utica, he was sent to school in" Ithaca, N. Y., living while there with his uncle, 
 Jud-'-e Walbridge. In 18o5, the family moved to Toledo, Ohio ; and Walbridge, 
 theironly fourteen years old, began the study of law with Judge Tilden, of Toledo. 
 His mastery of the theory of the legal profcs4on was very rapid, and at the early 
 are of twenty-one, he was admitted to practice in all the Ohio courts, and soon 
 after to the bar of the United States Supreme Court. 
 
 Ill 1841, he was commissioned a brigadier-general of Ohio militia, a fact which 
 explains the title of " General" ever after prefixed to his name. During the 
 Mexican war he was offered a colonelcy of a volunteer regiment ; but he declined 
 it, and soon after moved to New York, where he ever aftev resided. He forsook 
 the profession of law for mercantile pursuits, and for many years has been iden- 
 tified with the produce interests of this city. 
 
 He was an active member of the Cliamber of Commerce and of the Produce 
 Exchange in this city, in both of which institutions he was a zealous promoter 
 and advocate of all schemes for the advancement of the commercial interests of 
 the country. He was president of every commercial convention that has been 
 held in the United States up to within the last two years, and took a deep interest 
 in all kinds of internal improvements, of which he was a liberal and eloquent ad- 
 vocate. 
 
 In 1853, he was elected on the Democratic ticket to represent the Fourth Dis- 
 trict of this city in Congress, and at the expiration of his term declined a renomi- 
 nation. This was the oidy political office he ever held. In Congress, (General 
 Walbiidge intro luced the "measure known as the " Militia of the Seas," and was 
 also the first member of Congress to advocate the construe ion of the Pacific Rad- 
 roaiJ, having, from a recent and extended vWit to California, become impressed with 
 the importance of the Pacific coast. General Walbridge was at this time inte- 
 rested in the famous Miriposa estate, and owned one-quarter of that valuable 
 property. 
 
 On the breaking out of the rebellion, General AValbridge took a prompt and 
 bold stand in favor of the Union, and advocated the innnediate c:illing out of 
 60*1,000 men to suppress the insurrection. He had traveled extensively in the 
 Southei'U States, where he also possessed a large property interest, and was one 
 of tlie lew men who foresaw at the outset the magnitude and desperate character 
 of the rebellion. He was offered a seat in President Lincoln's cabinet, but de- 
 clined, and spent a large share of his time, during the Avar, in advocating with 
 his tongue and pen the cause of the Union, and arousing the patriotism of the 
 people, particularly of the commercial classes. After the war he was among the 
 earliest advocates of uyiversal amnesty. Few men had a larger personal acquain- 
 tance in all sections of the country than General Walbridge, and fewer still 
 had a larger personal popularity, lie was kind-hearted, affable, generous, whole- 
 souled, and magnanimous. As a public speaker he was ready, earnest, and elo- 
 quent, and possessed a command of language and a power and volume of voics 
 Kuch as lew men are gifted with. His last service of a ])ublic nature was perform- 
 ed as one of the Government Commissioners appointed to examine and report 
 uijon the condition of the l^acific Railroad, and the im[)rovements needed to bring 
 the road up to the government stipulations. General Ilirara Walbridge died at 
 the Astor House, in New York, December G, 1870. 
 
223. GEOEGE B. McCLELLAN. 
 
 General George B. McClellan was born in Pliiladelphia, December 
 3, 182G. He entered the military academy at West Point in 1842, grad- 
 uated in 184G, and was immediately called into active sei-vice as Second 
 Lieutenant of a company of sappers and miners, which sailed for Mexico on 
 the 24th of September, with orders to report to General Taylor at Camarg-o, 
 by whom he was ordered to proceed to Matamoras. 
 
 Great praise was bestowed upon him for the aniount and excellence of 
 the work done in this part of Mexico. From Tampico they went to Vera 
 Cruz, where Lieutenant McClellan was engaged in ihe most severe duties — 
 in opening paths and roads to facilitate the investment, and lighten the toil 
 and hardship of the trenches, which was always done with intelligence and 
 zeal. On the 20th of August, 1847, he distinguished himself at the battle of 
 Churubusco, for which he was promoted to First Lieutenant ; at Molino 
 del Rey and Chapultepec, his gallantry secured him the additional rank of 
 Captain by brevet. 
 
 The following year he assumed command of the sappers and miners, 
 which position ho held until 1831, in the autumn of which year he super- 
 intended the building of Fort Delaware. In 1852 he was assigned to duty 
 in the expedition that explored the Rt.'d River ; and also served as an Engi- 
 neer upon some explorations in Texas. 
 
 In 1853 he aided in surveying the Northern route of the Pacific Railroad, 
 for which he was highly complimented by the Secretary of War, Jefferson 
 Davis. Shortly after, he was sent on a secret mission to the West Indies, 
 and on his return, in 1855, received a Captaincy in the United States 
 Cavalry ; and, the same year, was sent, in company with Captain R. E. Lee, 
 to watch the progress of the Crimean War, and perfect themselves in the 
 art. 
 
 In 1857 lie resigned, and accepted the position of Vice-President of the 
 Illinois Central Railroad, which office he held for three years, when he 
 accepted the Presidency of the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad. 
 
 On the breaking out of the Rebellion, Ohio immediately made him 
 Major-General of her militia, which he organized quickly and thoroughly ; 
 and, on the 14th of May, was assigned to the Department of Ohio, as Major- 
 General in the United States Army. Then followed his campaign in West 
 Virginia, and victories of Rich Mountain and Philippi. November 1, 1861, 
 he was appointed to succeed General Scott as General-in-Chief of the United 
 States Armies. 
 
 He organized the army with great abilitj'- ; but when the advance took 
 place, in March, 18G2, he was restricted to the command of the Army of the 
 Potomac. He first invested Yorktown, where he exhibited extraordinary 
 engineering skill, and which soon fell into his hands. He subsequently con- 
 ducted the campaign of the Peninsula, reaching James River on the 2d of 
 July; and, in the middle of August, conducted the army back to Washingr 
 ton, where, for several days, he held command of the Washington fortifica* 
 tions. 
 
 At the close of Pope's campaign, he resumed his old command, and 
 fought the battle of Antietam. On November 7, he was relieved by Gen- 
 eral Burnsido, He Avas the Democratic candidate for President of the United 
 States in 18G4, and resigned his commission in the fall of that year. He 
 has since traveled in Europe. 
 
 Immediately on his return, in 1868, he was called upon to superintend the 
 completion of the Stevens Battery, at Hoboken, N. J. ; and on the 1st of A.ugust, 
 1870, he was appointed Engineer-in-Ghief iuthe Department of Docks for the city 
 of ^Te\y-york, 
 
224. JOHN 0. FREMONT. 
 
 General John C. Fremont was born in Savannah, Georgia, January 
 21, 1813. His father was French, and his mother a Virginia lady. At 
 fifteen years of age he entered Charleston College, S. C, where he made 
 rapid progress, graduating at seventeen. 
 
 For three years he was employed as Instructor in Mathematics in various 
 schools in Charleston, and as Practical Surveyor. In Ib'So he was appointed 
 Teacher of Mathematics on board the United States sloop-of-war JVatchez, 
 and made a cruise of two years and a half in that vessel. From this time 
 until 1888 he was employed as Engineer on the Charleston and Augusta 
 Kailroad. In 1888 ho accompanied M. Nicollet, to explore the country 
 between the Missouri and the British line, and assisted in preparing the 
 maps and report of the exploration, when he was appointed Second Lieu- 
 tenant, United States Topographical Engineers. 
 
 In 1842 he applied for and obtained an order to explore the "Wind River 
 Peak of the Rocky Mountains. He left the mouth of the Kansas River, 
 June 10, and proceeded up the Piatt River and its tributaries to the South 
 Pass, which was carefully examined. Thence he proceeded to the Wind 
 River Mountains, the loftiest peak of which was ascended, and returned to 
 Kansas, October 10. His report was laid before Congress in the winters of 
 1842-'4o. Humboldt praised it, and the London Athenernn pronounced it 
 one of the most perfect productions of its kind. He again, .n May, 1848, 
 set, out with twenty-five men, to find a new route across the Rocky Moun- 
 tains, and for nearly a year was lost to the world, suffering unheard-of hard- 
 ships in the snow-clad mountains, planting the flag of his country upcm 
 their highest peak, discovering the Great Salt Lake, Sierra Nevada, the 
 valley of the Sacramento, and establishing the geography of the Western 
 portion of the continent. For this service he was breveted Captain in 
 1845, when he set out on his third expedition, which resulted iu giving 
 California to the United States. Arriving in California, he became in- 
 volved with the Mexican Governor of that State ; and, with the aid of a 
 few Americans, defeated the r;Iexican forces, raised the Independent Bea<* 
 Flag, and was elected Governor by the settlers, which election was 
 ratified by Commodore Stockton. He was afterward made a victim of a 
 quarrel between General Kearney and the Commodore, and dismissed 
 the service. The President reinstated him ; but Fremont would not accept 
 "mercy." He resigned his commission, returned to Califomia, making his 
 h)me ou the Mariposa, and was elected its first Senator. 
 
 In the winter of 1848 and 1853, he made, at his own expense, surveys across 
 the continent, to determine questions involved in the building of the Pacific Rail- 
 road. Id 1856, he was unanimously nominated as a candidate for President of the 
 United States by the Republican Convention, but was d-^feated by James Buchanan. 
 Being in Paris at the breaking out of the Rebellion, he jjurchased a 
 quantity of arms for the United States Government with his own private 
 credit, and brought them with him. Ou his arrival, a Major-General's com- 
 mission awaited him, and he was assigned to the Western Military Depart- 
 ment, where he arrived, July 25, 1861. He at once set vigorously to work 
 organizing an army, fortifying St. Louis, and drafting plans for a Western 
 campaign, lie continued in this, Department until November 2, during 
 which he issued his celebrated proclamation freeing the slaves of Rebels 
 within his command. 
 
 He afterward distinguished himself in the Shenandoah valley in various 
 battles with "Stonewall" Jackson; but his political i)rominenco makin^^ 
 hira a victim of jealousy and intrigue, he left the servioe, Ju?ie g?, j.-SCS, 
 and resigned his commission iu Mav, 18G4 
 
225. WILLIAM T. SHERMAN. 
 
 General TViLLiAM T. Sherman was born in Lancaster, Ohio, in 1820; 
 g-raduated at West Point, in 1840; and, in the same year, was appointed 
 Second Lieutenant of the Third Artillery. He served in Californi I'during" 
 the Mexican War ; was breveted Captain, in ISoO ; but, in 1853, resigned his 
 commission, and engaged in business in San Francisco. 
 
 In 1858 he became President of the Louisiana Military Academy, but 
 resigned his position at the outbreak of the Rebellion. 
 
 la June, 18G1, he was commissioned Colonel of the Thirteenth Regular 
 Infantry, and was subsequently appointed Brigadier-G-eneral of Volunteers. 
 He participated in the first battle of Bull Run, and in the ensuing autumn 
 and winter was in Kentucky and Missouri. 
 
 In the spring of 18o2 he commanded a division in Grant's army, and dis- 
 tinguished himself at the battle of Shiloh, earning thereby his promotion 
 to M ijor-Gnieral of Volunteers. He made an unsuccessful attack on 
 Vicksburg in Djcembei', 1863, and took part in the subsequent campaign 
 against that place under Grant. 
 
 Being ordered by General Grant to assume command of the Department of 
 Tennessee, and to march toward Chattanooga, he joined him there in November, 
 and aided materially in the success of Grant's movements against Bragu in tliat 
 vicinity ; after which he marclied to the relief of General Burnside at Kiioxville, 
 who was besieged by General Lon<:street, compelling that general to raise the 
 siege, and retreat to tlie borders of Virginia. 
 
 Early in 1804 General Sherman conducted a successful raid through 
 Southern Mississippi and Alabama, where ho made the ino>t complete de- 
 struction of railroads ever performed, de-<troyed the arsenal at Meridian, which 
 was fxUed with valu ible stores and machinery, and burned a large number 
 of Government warehouses filled with stores and ammunition, besides 
 destroying depots, bridges, and rolling stock ; after which, ho retrac(Kl his 
 steps to the Mississippi, with over eight thousand liberated slaves and an 
 immense amount of spoils. His whole loss in the raid was less than two 
 hundred. 
 
 In March, 1SG4, Grant, then recently appointed Lieutenant-General and 
 Commander-in-Chief, turned over to Sherman the command of the Military 
 Division of the Mississippi, who soon after commenced his successful cam- 
 paign against Atlanta, during which he fought the series of battles from 
 Chattanooga to that place, driving General J. E. Johnston before him, and 
 succeeded in obliging^ Hood, who had superseded Johnston, to evacuate 
 Atlanta, September 1, 18G4. 
 
 In the succeeding November, after driving Hood into Northern Alabama, 
 General Sherman commenced his triumphant march through Georgia, and 
 reached Savannah, which he captured iu December. 
 
 Thence he marched North to Goldsboro', North Carolina, near which 
 place he received the surrender of General J. E. Johnston's army, April 2(J, 
 1805. He was soon after appointed to the comm md of the Military Division 
 of the Mississippi, and subsequently transferred to the "Western Division, 
 which position he now holds. 
 
 In June, 1^03, ho was made Lieutenant-General, Grant having been 
 raised to general, and, in March, 1869, was appointed General of the Army in 
 place of General Grant, who had been elected President of the United States. 
 
>-^ 
 
 22G. JOSEPH E. JOHNSTON. 
 
 General Joseph E. Johnston was born in Prince Edward County, 
 Virg-iuia, about the year 1808. Great attention was paid to his early 
 education, wliich he received in Abing-don dif>trict. 
 
 In 18:3!) lie graduated at West Point with great credit, and was immedi- 
 ately assigned to the Fourth Artillery as Brevet Second Lieutenant. He 
 remained there until I80G, when he was appointed First Lieutenant. 
 
 In I808 he was appointed First Lieutenant of Topographical Engineers ; 
 and, in that capacity, served through the Florida War, where he greatly 
 distinuMiished liimself by his coolness and bravery. 
 
 February IG, 1847, he was breveted Lieutenant-Colonel of Voltigeurs, 
 and sailed with the expedition of General Scott to Mexico, where, on the 
 advance to Cerro Gordo, he made a most daring recoanoissance, and where 
 lie was severely wounded. He distinguished himself at Molino del Key, 
 and was again wounded at Chapultepec. 
 
 At the close of tlie Mexican War he was retained as Captain in the Topo- 
 graphical Engineers ; and, at a later date (1855), was made full Colonel in 
 the Regular Army. In June, 18G0, he was placed at the head of the Quar- 
 termaster's Department, with the rank of Brigadier-General. 
 
 When Virginia seceded he felt bound to join the service of his native 
 State, when he was appointed to a high command by Governor Letcher, and 
 atterwai'd Avas commissioned Major-General in the Confederate army, with 
 command of the Army of the Shenandoah, where he acted against Patterson, 
 whom he eluded, and arrived at the first battle-field of Bull Run in season 
 to turn the scale of battle against the Federals. He subsequently com- 
 manded at Richmond in the early part of the Peninsular campaign, and 
 was severely wounded at Fair Oaks, after which he was assigned to the 
 Trans-Mississippi Department, where, in attempting to succor General Pem- 
 berton at Vicksburg, he encountered General Grant at Jackson, was defeated, 
 and forced to evacuate that city. 
 
 In January, 18G4, General Johnston took command of the Army of Ten- 
 nessee (General Bragg having been removed), and contested General Sher- 
 man's advance into Georgia in a series of battles, among which the most 
 severe were at Resaca and around Dallas, Altoona, and the Kenesaw Moun- 
 tains, all of which lie conducted with great skill, but was obliged to retreat 
 before the superior force of Sherman to Atlanta, Avhen he was superseded 
 by General Hood, in obedience to a popular clamor against what was called 
 his Fabian policy of retreat. 
 
 From this time until February, 18G5, ho was virtually retired from the 
 army, when public opinion had begun to set in strongly in favor of his 
 restoration, and he was reinstated and placed in command of the forces in 
 North Carolina, in place of Beauregard, who continued to serve under his 
 old commander. He concentrated his forces at Raleigh, where he prepared 
 to resist the advance of Sherman from Savannah ; and", by the time Sherman 
 rjrrived, had made up an army superior to his in cavalry, and formidable 
 enough in artillery and infantry to make it incumbent upon Sherman to 
 move with caution, and to afford a prospect of being able to resist his pro- 
 gress ; but, on the 2(Jth of April, 18G5, after being driven back bevond 
 Goldsboro', and hearing of Lee's surrender to Grant, he capitulated 011 the 
 same terms to General Sherman. 
 
227. JOHN A. LOGAN. 
 
 General John'A. Logan was born in Jackson County, Illinois, February 
 19, 1826. He was early throAvn on his natural resources of energy for suc- 
 cess in life, and received a good common school education. When the war 
 with Mexico occurred, he entered the army as private, was elected a Lieu- 
 tenant of a company of the First Regiment of Illinois Volunteers, and was 
 made Quartermaster of his regiment. Returning home on the close of the 
 war, he was elected County Clerk of Jackson County in 1849, but resi:^'-ned, 
 and commenced the study of law in 1850. Having graduated at the Louis- 
 ville University, he was admitted to the bar in lb52, and the same year was 
 elected to the State Legislature of Illinois, where he acquired distinction. 
 
 In 1853 he was appointed Prosecuting Attorney of the Third Judicial 
 Circuit ; in 1856 was a Presidential Elector ; and the same year was again 
 elected to the Legislature. 
 
 In 1858 he was elected a Representative from Illinois to the Thirty-Sixth 
 Congress, and, in lS60, was re-elected. 
 
 On the breaking out of the Rebellion he resigned his seat in Congress, 
 and entered the Union army as Colonel, distinguishing himself by his great 
 bravery at the battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861. 
 
 Returning to Illinois in August, he organized the Thirty-First Regiment 
 of Illinois Volunteers. His regiment participated in the battle of Belmont 
 in November, 1861, and, also, at the capture of Fort Henry. He took 
 an active part in the capture of Fort Donaldson, and was wounded in the 
 left arm. 
 
 Commissioned a Brigadier-General of Volunteers, March 24, 1862, he 
 reported to General Grant, and, after participating in the siege of Corinth, 
 he was placed in command of the United States forces at Jackson. Ho com- 
 manded a division of the right wing in the movements into Mississippi in 
 December, 1862, and subsequently held one in the Seventeenth Corps, under 
 General McPherson. 
 
 In the spring of 1863 he was confirmed a Major-General of Volunteers, 
 with rank from November 9, 1862, and distinguished himself with General 
 Grant in his rapid march from Grand Gulf to Jackson, in May, 1863, when, 
 continually in the advance, he occupied the Mississippi capital. 
 
 He participated prominently in the battle of Champion Hills, and was 
 equally distinguished at the storming of Vicksburg, May 22, 1863. On the 
 surrender of Vicksburg, July 4, 1863, General Logan's command occupied 
 the surrendered city, an honor bestowed upon his gallant corps for its dis- 
 tinguished services, and he was made Military Governor. 
 
 Returning North, General Logan took an active part in all the political 
 questions growing out of the war, addressing public meetings throughout 
 the country, and Avas again elected Representative to Congress, in 1866, 
 where he participated in the debates on Reconstruction, and was chosen one 
 of the Managers on the part of the House in the impeachment of Andrew 
 Johnson. 
 
 The great organization which constitutes the " Grand Army of the Repub- 
 lic" selected General Logan as its Chief ; and in that capacity, with his 
 political prominence, he is one of the most influential men of the country. 
 
228. KOGER A. PRYOR. 
 
 RooRR A. PRTon was born in Dinwiduie Courty, Virginia. July ]9.18-.'8, 
 nndpiadiiated at Hampden bidney (Joi^ege and t.-e Uuiveriity of Virginia, 
 in Ibh't. 
 
 He adoptpd (he profe=sion of the law, cimmpncing practice in Char- 
 Inttoville, Va'ginia, but relinquished it on account of Lis lifttith, and in 
 18j1, became an b.ditor in Petei-.-buig 
 
 He Wis eurly drawn into politics in which he took an active and con- 
 spicuous part. 
 
 In 18Ji Mr. Pryir connected him«elf with the "Washington Union'' 
 as a writer, bur r.dinquished his position on account of a difference with 
 the Administration in respect to our lelations with Russia, Mr Pryor bemg 
 pro Russian in his sentiments. In 1^53 he joined ti.e "Richmond En- 
 qu rer," which he e'littnl. In 18."5 be w;is apponted by President Pieice a 
 ppecial conim ssioner to Greece to adji.st ce; lain (iifficnlt t s wi h that ccun- 
 try. < rigin.iiing in the per:'ecution of the R v. Dr K ng an Amei io.n Mis- 
 sionary, wliich he succps>lu ly sealed. On his return he e^tablitehed a po it- 
 iciil j'uirnal called ttie "Soutli,"' wi ich f-tnp]), d in eifrliteen n onlhs, ai d 
 was a^lcrwards cnnected f«u- lour months with the " Wash ntrlon Siat» s."' 
 In 1859 hi! was elected Representative to the thirty sixth Congr< ss. at d was 
 re-e e ted to the thiity->eventh Congress, but was am. ng ti)(>se who were 
 promni-ntin t:;e seces ion movement. He was a member of the Provisional 
 Congri's of the Southern Cimfeder'cy and was conspicuou.s among those 
 who aided i i the formation of the New Government. 
 
 He was elected to the regular Congress of the Secpssion States, but 
 resioned his position to enter he Confederate Army and was appointed a 
 Colonel. He was promoted t'> aBiigadier-G« neral ard se-vcd in tlie Army of 
 Nortl>ein Vircin'a until 18G4. wlien resignii ghi.siai;kon account of a differ- 
 ence with Jefferson D.ivis. he served as a private \v til the end of the war. 
 
 UemHving to New York City, in 18 )5. he settled as a L;iwyerandat 
 once t'U)k a prominent po-ition' at tiie bar, wliere he has advanced to 
 distincti. n and a lucrative practice. In Congress Gen. Pryor was distin- 
 gui-hed as a readv debater and took a lead njr part in all the stormy legi.^- 
 latinn prece^iing the war. Eschewinp- peliMcs since, he has devoted himself 
 oxclu^ 'vely to his profe sion. and, making numerous friends among his I'ew 
 a'-so'-iates, both in and out of his profession, Gen. Pryor has a fair field 
 beTore him of future promotion and distinctio.n. 
 
229. EICHAED TAYLOE. 
 
 General RicnARD Taylor (popularly knovt-n in the late war as " Dick ' 
 Taylor, of the Confederate service), was the son of General Zachary Taylor, 
 the tenth President of the United States, and was born in Louisiana about 
 the year 1822. The son of a President of the United States, he also had 
 the peculiar fortune of being- the brother-in-law of the President of the 
 Southern Confederacy. 
 
 He first distinguished himself in " Stonewall Jackson's" famous campaigTX 
 in the valley of Virginia, when, at Port Republic, the Louisiana Brigade, 
 commanded"' by General Taylor, decided the day by an attack upon the 
 Federal artillery, which was taken in response to Jackson's stern command, 
 *' That battery must be taken !" 
 
 With the rank of Major-General, he was afterward transferred to 
 another field of operations, and placed in command of the District of 
 Louisiana. 
 
 Here transpired the chief interest of his military life, in its remarkable 
 connection with the city of New Orleans, which he indulged the hope of 
 relieving or capturing. 
 
 Engaging actively in the campaign in the La Fourche country in the sum- 
 mer of 1863, General Taylor captiu-ed Brashear City and its forts. This 
 position, with that of Thibodeaux, placed him in command of the Mississippi 
 River above New Orleans. The unexpected fall of Vicksburg, involving so 
 many other operations, proved equally disastrous to General Taylor's place ; 
 and, exposing Port Hudson, compelled it also to surrender, rendering 
 General Taylor's position in the La Fourche country still more hazardous. 
 Unable to hold it with a force of only four thousand men, he was compelled 
 to abandon it. 
 
 In the famous Red River campaign in the spring of 18G4, acting under 
 the orders of General E. Kirby Smith, he encountered the army of General 
 Banks, moving from Alexandria, and gained, it is claimed by the Confed- 
 erates, two of the most important victories of the war. 
 
 The battle of Pleasant Hill being won. General Taylor favored the pur- 
 suit of the Federal troops with the view of the destruction of Banks and 
 Porter, and then rapidly opening the way to New Orleans. The views of 
 General Taylor, indulged from a romantic and brilliant point, were not 
 sympathized m by the Commander-in-Chief, so they were abandoned, much, 
 to his disappointment. 
 
 Banks escaped before any concentration could be formed against him, 
 although Taylor, with a small force, was in hot pursuit. 
 
 Promoted to Lieutenant-General, he Avas transferred east of the Missis- 
 sippi, and placed in command of the Department of the Southwest, com- 
 prising East Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama. Surrendering thia 
 command to General Canby on the 4th of May, 18G5, General Taylor's 
 military career ended with the end of the Confederacy. 
 
I o 
 
 230. SILAS H. STEINGHAM. 
 
 Admiral Silas Horton Strtngham was Dorn in Middletown, Orange 
 County, New York, November 7, 1798. He entered the navy as Midshipman 
 in 1810, and served in the frigate President, then under command of Com- 
 modore Rodgers, being on board during the fight with the Little Belt and 
 the Inicidere — British vessels. 
 
 In 1815 he was in Commodore Decatur's squadron, and took part in the 
 Algerine "War. 
 
 In 181G young Stringham distinguished himself by the rescue of part 
 of the crew of a French brig at Gibi'altar. He served as Lieutenant in 1819, 
 on board the Cyane, which conveyed the first settlers to the Colony of 
 Liberia. Here he went on an expedition after slavers, and captured four, 
 was made Prize-Master, and sent home with his prizes. 
 
 In 1821 he was promoted to a First Lieutenancy : and, in the Hc»niet, on 
 the West India station, aided in the capture of a notorious pirate and slaver. 
 
 From 1825 to 1829 he was on duty at the Brooklyn Navy- Yard ; then 
 sailed, as Fii-st Lieutenant .of the Peacock, to search for the Hornet, sup- 
 posed to have been lost nearTampico; was transferred to the Falmouth, and 
 returned to New Y^'ork in 1830. For the next five years he was engaged on 
 shore duty. 
 
 In 1835 he was ordered to the command of the sloop-of-war John Adams, 
 then in the Mediterranean squadron ; and, in 1837, was appointed second in 
 command of the Brooklyn Navy- Yard. In 1842 lie was ordered to the razee 
 Independence; and, in the following year, was assigned to the command of 
 the Brooklyn Navy- Yard. In 1846 he took command of the ship-of-line 
 Ohio, and was engaged in the capture of Vera Cruz. 
 
 After various important services, in 1861, on the breaking out of the 
 Rebellion, he was appointed Flag-Officer of the Atlantic blockading squadron, 
 and ordered to the Mimiesota. He commanded the joint expedition which 
 captured Forts Hatteras and Clark, August 27 and 28. 
 
 On September 23 he was relieved from his command at his own request ; 
 and, August 1, 1862, was made a Rear- Admiral, and placed on the retired list. 
 
 Since that period. Admiral Stringham has been in the enjoyment of a 
 well-earned repose. His long and arduous life of patriotic service is g-rate- 
 fuUy remembered by his country, and he lives a noble example of the honors 
 of a well-spent life, spared by an all-wise and over-ruling power to remind 
 us how faithfully we ouirht to cherisn the memory of those devoted spii-its 
 which are now translated to higher and more glorious spheres of existence 
 as the reward of their fidelity and truth. 
 
231. S. F. DUPONT. 
 
 Admiral S. F. DuPOXT was born at Bergen Point, New Jersey, Sep- 
 tember 27, 1803. In 1815, Avhen but twelve years of ago, he was commis- 
 sioned by President Madison a Midshipman in the I'uited States navy, and 
 sailed on his first cruise, in 1817, on board tlie frigate Franklin, under 
 Commodore Stewart. Owing to the peaceful relations subsisting between 
 the United States and other powers, the duties of his profession were of no 
 special importance. He, however, showed himself an active and able officer 
 in whatever capacity employed, and experienced a fair proportion of sea 
 service. 
 
 In 1845, being then a Commander, he was ordered to the command of the 
 frigate Conjr'CSS, under Commodore Stockton, and was on the California 
 coast at the cora.mencement of the war with Mexico. He was soon after put 
 in command of the Cijane, and took a conspicuous part in the conquest of 
 Lower California. In 1850, Dupont attained to the rank of Captain, and, in 
 the succeeding year, was placed in command of the steam-frigate Minnesota, 
 which conveyed Mr. Reed, the American Minister, to China; and, after visit- 
 ing Japan and the coast of Southern Asia, returned to the United States in 
 1859. In January, 18G1, he was appointed to the command of the Philadel- 
 phia Navy-Yard. 
 
 At the breaking out of the Rebellion it was determined by the Govern- 
 ment to occupy one or more important points on the Southern coast, where 
 the blockading squadron or cruisers of the Government might resort for 
 shelter or supplies, or rendezvous for expeditions ; and to Captain Dupont 
 was intrusted the selection of such a place. The harbor of Port Royal, on 
 the coast of South Carolina, was fixed upon ; and, during the summer of 
 1861, preparations for a joint naval and military expedition thither were 
 vigorously pursued. On the 29tli of October the whole fleet of over fifty sails 
 stood out to sea. After encountering a furious gale, which dispersed the 
 vessels in all directions and caused the loss of several transports, tho 
 greater number arrived off Port Royal, November 4, when a recon- 
 noissanos discovered that Hilton Head and B ly Point Avere protected by 
 works of great strength, scientifically constructed, and mounted with guns 
 of heavy calibre. After a few days' preparation, they were attacked by the 
 fleet on the morning of the 7th ; and, by two o'clock, the enemy were dis- 
 covered in rapid flight from Fort Walker, which was taken possession of, 
 and the next morning Fort Beauregard was also abandoned by its garrison. 
 
 This victory excited universal enthusiasm throughout the loyal States, 
 contributed to restore confidence, and increase the eclat which had attended 
 the naval operations of the war. 
 
 Commodore Dupont immediately took active measures to follow up this 
 success, and his fleet was afterward busily employed in expeditions along 
 the coast and in co-operation with the land forces under T. W. Sherman and 
 Hunter. 
 
 Apart from his sea service, and for the past quarter of a century, 
 Admiral Dupont has been employed on shore in numerous important public 
 duties requiring the exercise of high professional knowledge and experi- 
 ence. Ho died at Philadelphia, June 2 ', 1865. 
 
232. N. B, FORREST. 
 
 Lieut-Gexeral N. B. Forkest was born on the IStli day of July, 1821, 
 at Ch .ppil Hill. Bedford Co., lennessee. Removiug in 1834 with bis father, 
 William Forrest, to Mississippi, he settled in that State. Amassino^ a con- 
 siderable fortune in various pursuits, the breaking out of the war found him 
 a successful planter on the Mississippi Bottom. 
 
 Entering the Confederate service as a private soldier, he soon obtained 
 the authority to raise a Regiment of Cavalry which he commanded with 
 d stinguished gallantry at Fort Donelson Subsequently accompanying 
 Gen. A. S. Johnston in his retreat to the Tennessee River he was with him at 
 the Battle of Shiloh, where, rendering distinguished service, he was 
 sever» ly wounded. 
 
 Acting in co-operation with John Morgan, when that General made his 
 raid into Kentucky to operate on the communications of Gen. Grant's 
 Army in Mississippi, Forrest, with a cavalry force, marched to oppose those 
 of Gen. R tsencranz, in Tennessee. 
 
 Crossing the Tennessee River at Chattanooga, Forrest captured Mc- 
 Minnville, surprised the garrison of Murfreesboro, taking prisoner Gen. 
 Crittenden and capturing a force of 20C0 infantry, 
 
 G<n. Brajg's Array advancing from Chattanooga towards Kentucky, 
 Forrest was sent again to Middle Tennessee. Forrest's Cavalry covering 
 the whole front of the Confederate Army, constant engagements were 
 fought between them and the Federals, 
 
 Col. Straight, the active Federal commander, disembarking a select 
 Brigade in the neighborhood of Tuscumbia, Alabama, Forrest marched 
 rapidly with a force of 1500 men to the Tennessee River. Alter 48 hours of 
 rapid |)ursuit he overtook the Federal rear-guard in the mountains. Bring- 
 ing his antagonist to bay, Straight made his disposition for battle, Forrest 
 demanding his surrender, Straight, believing hiinself overwhelmed by a 
 superior fo'-ce, surrendeed to his invincible enemy. 
 
 Gen. Van Dorn dying. Forre-t was placed in command of the whole 
 Cavalry corps of the Army of the Tennessee. 
 
 At the Battle of Chicamaugua his command occupied the extreme right 
 of Brago's line of battle. Alter many other achievements and his success- 
 ful expedition to Tadiicah, Gea. Forrest appeared before Fort Pillow on the 
 Mississippi. This fort, garrisoned by negro troops surrendered after terrible 
 plauirhter, April 12, 1804. Its capture covered the nam^ of Gen. Forrest 
 thrnughoiit the North with great ignominy from his alleged merciless mas- 
 sacre of the colored soldiers after their surrender. Afterward, in 1868, General For- 
 rest was a delegate to the Democratic Convention to nominate candidates forPresi- 
 dent and Vice-President of the United States, Which was held in Tammany Hall, 
 New York City, and took a very active and prominent part in the deliberations of 
 that bodv. 
 
233. WILLIAM J. HAEDEE. 
 
 General "WiLLlAM J. Hardee was born in Savannah, Georgia, about 
 the year 1817. Ho entered the military academy at West Point in 1834, 
 aod graduated with honor in 18;i8. Pie was then commissioned Second 
 Lieutenant in the United States Dragoons, and was sent to Florida, where 
 he served nearly two years. Ou the od of December, 1839, he was promoted 
 to a First Lieutenancy, and was sent, by the Secretai-y of War, to the cele- 
 brated military school of St. Maur, in France. There, he was regularly 
 attached tc the cavalry department ot the French array ; and, after com- 
 pleting his studies, returned to the United States, bringing a flattering let- 
 ter of recommendation from Marshal Oudiaot to the Secretary of War at 
 Washington. 
 
 Lieutenant Hardee's regiment was now stationsd on the Western fron- 
 tiei% and quickly joining it, he soon became actively employed in defend- 
 ing the advanced settlements from Indian depredations. On the 18tli of 
 September, 1844, he was promoted to Captain of Dragoons, and accompanied 
 General Taylor across the Rio Grande, being, in the Mexican campaign, 
 the first to engage the enemy, at a place called Curricitos, where, 
 overwhelmed by superior numbers, he was taken prisoner; but was ex- 
 changed in time to take part in the battle of Monterey. He afterward 
 joined the forces of General Scott at Vera Cruz, and displayed great gallantry 
 in an affair at Madelin, for which he was promoted to Major of Cavalry. 
 
 After the close of the contest, Jefferson Davis, then Secretary of War, 
 detailed him to prepare a system of Tactics, which were published as 
 " Hardee's Tactics, or the United States Rifle and Infantry Tactics," in two 
 volumes. On the completion of the work, in July, 1856, he was appointed 
 Commandant of the Corps of Cadets at West Point, with local rank of Lieu- 
 t,enant-Colonel. 
 
 He resigned his commission in the United States Army, January 31, 
 1861, and offered his services to the Confederate Government, was made a 
 Brigadier-General, and was sent to Arkansas with his command. He was 
 afterward sent to Kentucky, when he was appointed a Major-General ; and, 
 on the 17th of December, 1861, fought the battle of Munfordsville, Ky. 
 In 1863 he commanded a corps in General Polk's division, and participated 
 in the battle of Shiloh, where his zeal and ability was spoken of by Beaure- 
 gard, in his official report. From this time, General Hardee's corps was 
 attached to Bragg's army, and accompanied it in all its movements, to the 
 battle of Perryville. His conduct on this occasion, and throughout the 
 campaign, procured him the appointment of Lieutenant-General. He took 
 a conspicuous part in the battle of Murfreesboro', in December, 1862. 
 
 In the month of July, 1863, he was assigned to duty in command of the 
 department formerly held by General Pemberton, but was soon recalled to 
 Bragg's army, and the Second Corps placed under him. The battles of 
 Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, followed ; and, finally. 
 General Hardee was appointed to temporarily succeed Bragg in the general 
 command. 
 
 In May, 1864, General J. E. Johnston assumed full command of tho 
 army; and, in Septembex*, General Hardee was relieved at his own request, 
 and appointed to the command of the Department of South Carolina. When 
 General Sherman advanced upon Savannah, General Hardee occupied that 
 city, with fifteen thousand men ; but finding it vain to attempt resistance, he 
 evacuated, itDecembei' 2 1 , 1S64, and retired into South Carolina. He after- 
 Ward held command under J. I'. Johnston, in North Carolina, and was in- 
 cluded in the surrender ci that General, in April, 18G5. 
 
J^ 
 
 234. IRANCIS P. BLAIR, Jr.. 
 
 General Fkancis P. Blair, Jr., was born in Lexington, Kentucky, in 
 1831. He graduated at Princeton College, New Jersey, and settled in St. 
 Louis, Mo.,^vherc lie was the political associate of Thomas II. Benton, and was 
 among the iirst public men in Missouri to denounce the institution of 
 slavery. His bold and fearless efforts did much to revolutionize public sen- 
 timent in St. Louis. 
 
 In I80G he was elected to Congress as a Republican, and was re-elected 
 bv increased majorities, in 1858 and 18H2 ; and tlu'oughout these years lie 
 continued earnestly to advocate Free Soil doctrines. At the commencement 
 of the Ilebellion, he was among the first to organize troops for the defense 
 of St. Louis and Missouri ; and, in conjunction with General Lyon, raised 
 the forces known as the " Missouri Home Guards." He was made Colonel 
 of the First Regiment, and assisted in the capture of Camp Jackson, near St. 
 Louis, May 10, 18G1. Colonel Blair also participated in the battle of Boone- 
 ville, under General Lyon, June 17, 18Gi, and his regiment took a very active 
 part in the battle of Wilson's Creek, where General Lyon was killed, August 
 10, ISGI ; but, in conseqence of his having to occupy his scat in the special 
 session of Congress, Colonel Blair was not present during that action. 
 During the session of 18G1-'G2, he was Chairman of the Committee on 
 Military Affaii-s, and, as such, did good service to the country. 
 
 Upon the close of the session, he returned to Missouri, and commenced 
 the organization of a regiment of artillery; but afterward, at the request 
 of the Secretary of War, he raised a brigade of infantry, of which he was 
 placed in command, and commissioned a Brigadier-General in August, 1SG3. 
 General Blair participated in the siege of Vicksburg, and greatly distin- 
 guished himself. He also commanded his brigade in General Sherman's 
 Aving of McCiernand's army during the capture of Fort Hindman, on the 
 the Arkansas River, January 10 and 11, 18Gu. For gallantry displayed in 
 these contests, General Blair was promoted to Major-Gencral of Volunteers. 
 During the remainder of the war, General Blair took an active part in nearly 
 all the great battles of the West, and exhibited many high traits of general- 
 pliip. Ho commanded the Fifteenth Army Corps at Missionary Ridge, and was 
 then transferred to the Seventeenth Corps, which he commanded through the At- 
 lanta campaign, and in the campaign through Georgia and the Carolinas. As soon 
 as the war was over, he urged a liberal treatment of the ex-Rebels. 
 
 The Legislature of Missouri having passed a law disfranchising all who 
 participated in the Rebellion, it was opposed by him as proscriptive and 
 unconstitutional. 
 
 With regard to the test oath, he absolutely refused to subscribe to it, and 
 his vote was refused at the polls. For this act he brought a suit before the 
 courts, foF the purpose of testing the law. The case is now before the 
 Supreme Court of the United States. Ho gradually withdrew from 
 the Republican party, and denounced the Reconstruction laws of Congress 
 as d spotlc. He opposed the policy of universal Negro suffrage, creating no 
 litrlc surprise, as contrasted with his former opinions, and showing how 
 greatly men's views change in the progress of events. 
 
 In July, 1SG8, ho w.is nominated by the Democratic X)arty a candidate for 
 Vice-Preuidcut of the Uuited States, but was defeated. 
 
235.' NATHANIEL P. BANKS. 
 
 Nathaniel P. Banks was born in Waltham, Massachusetts, January 
 80, 181G. His father was overseer in a cotton factory, and when he was 
 yet young-, he became a " Bobbin boy." Some few months at school had 
 instilled into him a thirst for knowledge, and all his leisure hours were 
 devoted to history, political economy, and the science of g-overnment. He 
 afterward learned the machinest trade. During all this time, he was 
 unremitting- in his studies, and soon began to lecture before lyceums, 
 temperance societies, and political assemblies. 
 
 In 1840 he stumped the State of Massachusetts for the Democratic party. 
 He became editor of a paper in Lowell ; and, under Polk's administration, 
 received an office in the Boston Custom-House. For six years, he was a 
 candidate for a seat in the Massachusetts Legislature, but was defeated each 
 year. On the seventh, he was elected a Representative from Waltham. 
 
 In 1850 he was simultaneously elected Senator from Middlesex, and 
 a Representative from Waltham. He concluded to continue in the House, 
 and was chosen Speaker. Ho held this position for two years. In 1852, 
 Mr. Banks was elecieii to Congress by the Democrats, running upon the ticket with 
 General Frank Pierce, Democratic candidate tor President. 
 
 He left the Democratic party in 1854, on the formation of the Republican 
 party, and was by them again elected Representative to Congress, where 
 he was chosen Speaker after a trial of nine weeks. In 1857 he was elected 
 Governor of Massachusetts, and was re-elected in 1858 and 1859, during 
 which time he administered the government of the State with eminent wis- 
 dom, and to the entire satisfaction of all parties. 
 
 Soon after the expiration of his third term, he removed to Illinois, where 
 lie became associated with the conduct of a railroad, and so continued 
 until the war actually broke out. He was appointed Major-General of Vol- 
 unteers, May oO, 186i, and took command of the Department of Annapolis, 
 with headquarters at Baltimore, where he stopped one source of secession 
 aid, by arresting Marshal Kane and his police board, Avhose quarters resem- 
 bled, in some respects, a concealed arsenal. 
 
 July 25 he took command of the Department of the Shenandoah ; and, 
 on the 8th of February, 18G2, General Banks commenced active operations 
 by moving up the valley, driving the Rebels before him. Pie had advanced 
 as far as Harrisonburg, when an order came to send a portion of his troops 
 to McDowell, and retreat to Strasburg. He succeeded in reaching Wil- 
 liamsport, without material disaster. On the 8th of August he successfully 
 fouuht the Rebels under Jackson and Ewell, at Cedar Mountain, where his 
 personal bravery and good management were conspicuous. 
 
 After the Virginia campaign, he was assigned to the command of the Depart- 
 ment of Washington, and remained in command until November, 1862, Avhea lie 
 was sent to New Orleans to rcHeve General Butler, where he arrived December 17, 
 1862, and immediately sent out expiditions, took Baton Rouge, Port Hudson, Bate 
 le Rose, Corpus Christi, and had numerous other engagements, some of which 
 were defeats. He was succeeded by General Canby, in May, 1864 ; and on the 
 close of the war, having returned to Massachusetts, he was again elected Repre- 
 seutativo to Conj^ress, which position he oow holds. 
 
236. GEOEGE H. THOMAS. 
 
 General Geokge H. Thomas was born in Southampton County, Virginia, 
 July ol, 1810. He received a good education, and commenced the study 
 of law at the age of nineteen ; but his attention, from some cause, turning 
 to military life, he received an appointment as Cadet in the West Point 
 Military Academy, in 18.'30, and graduated in 1840, receiving a commission' 
 as Second Lieutenant in the Third Artillery, 
 
 In November of the same year, he joined the army in Florida, when the 
 Seminole War was in progress ; and, for gallant conduct in that war, he was 
 breveted First Lieutenant. 
 
 On the fii'st indications of war with Mexico, he was ordered to Texas, 
 and was with the first United States troops which occupied the soil of that 
 State. He was left by General Taylor to garrison Fort Brown, opposite 
 Matamoras, which was invested and bombarded by the Mexicans for about a 
 week, when they withdrew, to reinforce General Ampudia at Kesaca de la 
 Palma. General Thomas served with General Taylor through the Mexican 
 campaign, and was breveted Captain and Major for gallant conduct. 
 
 In 1851 and 1852, he was Instructor of Artillery and Cavalry at West 
 Point, and subsequently saw much active service in the West. 
 
 In April, 1801, on the commencement of hostilities, he was assigned to 
 duty at Carlisle, Pa., to remount his regiment, which had been dismounted 
 by General Twiggs, and ordered out of Texas, He was promoted to Lieu- 
 tenant-Colonel and Colonel of the Fifth United States Cavalry, and from 
 M;iy to August, was acting Brigadier-General, under Patterson and Banks. 
 On the 17th of August, he was appointed Brigadier-General of Volunteers, 
 and oi'dered to the Department of Kentucky, where he defeated Zoliicoffer at 
 Mill Spring, or Somerset, January 19, 1803. He was appointedMajor-General 
 of Volunteers in April ; and, during the summer, commanded a wing of the 
 Army of the Tennessee. 
 
 He commanded the centre of the Army of the Cumberland at the battle 
 of Stone Biver; participated in the advance upon, and occupation of, 
 Chattanooga ; and, at the battle of Chickamauga, saved the Union army 
 from destruction. In October, he was appointed 1o the Department of the 
 Cumberland, assumed command of his troops at Chattanooga, and had an 
 important share in the victory of November 24, at that phice. He partici- 
 pated in Sherman's campaign, ending in the capture of Atlanta, in Septem- 
 ber, 1804, and was then ordered to Nashville, where, on December 15 and 
 10, he practically annihilated the army of Hood, in a series of battles, which 
 may bo said to have ended the war in the West. He is now a Brigadier- 
 General in the Regular Army, and commanded, at the close of the war, the 
 Military Division of Tennessee. 
 
 He afterward commainJed the Third Military District, under the Reconstruction 
 laws. He died March 20, 1870, in California. 
 
/" 
 
 23 7. HORATIO SEYMOUE. 
 
 Horatio Seymour was born in Onondaga County, New York, in 1810, 
 of wealthy parents. He received a liberal education, studied law, was 
 admitted to practice in Ulica, N. Y, But he did not long pursue the piolession, 
 the death of his father having made him successor to a large estate, requiring his 
 attention. 
 
 Mr. Seymour's politics were inllerited from his ancestors. He first 
 appeared in political life as the Democratic candidate for Mayor of the city 
 of Utica, in 1842, and was elected by a fair majority, though one of the 
 strongest "Whig localities. In the same year he was elected to the State 
 Legislature, and served until 1845, when he declined a re-electi(m. 
 
 In 1850 he was a candidate for Governor of his native State, but was un- 
 successful. In 1852 he was again a candidate for the same office, against the 
 same opponent, Washington Hunt, and was elected by a large majority. 
 
 His administration was distinguished by his veto of the Maine Liqvior 
 Law bill, which had passed both houses of the Legislature. In 1854 he was 
 again a candidate ; but, there being four in the field that year — two Demo- 
 crats, " hard " and " soft shell," one Republican, and one Know-Nothing — 
 the Ilepublican, Mr. Clark, was elected by a small majority 
 
 After his defeat, Mr. Seymour retired to private life, but still took an 
 active part in politics. 
 
 When the Rebellion broke out, he served as Chairman of the War Com- 
 mittee, in his county, aiding in forwarding troops to the seat of war. 
 
 In 1863 he was once more nominated for Governor, and wus elected. 
 During his administration, he had quite a warm controversy with the Gen- 
 eral Government respecting the draft, by claiming that the quota of troops 
 from the southern portion of the State was larger, in proportion to the 
 voting population, than that of the northern. The matter was finall}- set- 
 tled by a revision of the draft list. This revision having proved that he was right 
 in his position, the Legislature gave him a vote of thanks, although it was politi- 
 cally hostile to him. 
 
 In 1803 the draft riots broke out in New York City, and Mr. Seymour 
 addressed the rioters, urging them to disperse, promising: to do all he could 
 to stay the execution of the draft. President Lincoln and Mr. Stanton wrote to 
 him, when Pennsylvania was invaded by General Lee, thanking him, in the warm- 
 est term-!, for the aid he gave them. In 1864, he presided at tlie National Conven- 
 tion at Chicago, at which General MeClellan was nominated for the presidency, and, 
 in the same year, he was again a candidate for the office of Governor, but was 
 defeated by Mr. Fenton ; and, in 1868, he was nominated by the Demo- 
 cratic Convention, held in N<^w York City, in July of that year, a can- 
 didate for President of the United States, but was defeated by General 
 Grant. 
 
 In personal appearance, Mr. Seymour is quite dignified, and is said to be 
 a very sociable and hospitable gentlemmi. As a public speaker, he is fluent, 
 eloquent, and argunieutative, and one of New York's most r)opular orators. 
 
-3-^ 
 
 238. FEENANDO WOOD. 
 
 Fernando Wood, a Member of the United States Congress, and for 
 three terms Ma3'or of the city of New York, Avas born in Philadelphia, in 
 1812, during- the early part of the second war with England. Moving to 
 ISew York, he engaged in commercial pursuits, and amassed, by his energy 
 and talents for business, a handsome fortune. 
 
 His political life commenced as a Member of Congress from one of the 
 districts of the city of New York, having been elected for the term beginning 
 with December, 1841, and ending March 3, 184o. 
 
 Mr. Wood distinguished himself in Congress by taking a decided ground 
 against any concessions growing out of our controversy with Great Britain, 
 relative to the boundary line between Maine and Canada, that question then 
 being an absorbing one in the public mind. 
 
 Leaving Congress, he resumed his position as a merchant ; and in the year 
 1850, was a candidate for the Mayoralty, but was defeated. Undaunted, he ran 
 again in 1854, and was elected for three successive terras. 
 
 If a debt of gratitude was due Mayor Wood for nothing else, it would 
 bo acknowledged for the energy and characteristic perseverance he displayed 
 in securing to the city the Central Park. 
 
 It was intended by the Board of Aldermen and Councilmen to limit the 
 southern extent of the Park to Seventy-Second street, when Mayor Wood, 
 on March 23, 1855, vetoed the resolution on the ground that, " though it 
 proposed to take from the Central Park a portion of the area agreed upon, 
 still it would be in effect a blow at the whole, and jeopardize the success of 
 the most intelligent, philanthropic, and patriotic public enterprise which 
 had been undertaken by the people of this city since the introduction of the 
 waters of the Croton River." 
 
 Being, ex officio, one of the Park Commissioners, he administered that 
 office with ability during the period of his Mayoralty. Among the number 
 of practical and beneficial reforms which he introduced was the organization 
 of the Municipal Police. The action of the Legislature in 1857 changed 
 this to the Metropolitan Police ; but it continued to retain,without municipal 
 control, many of the efficient features which Mayor Wood introduced. 
 
 Defeated in the election of December, 1857, by Mayor Tieman, Mr. Wood 
 was triumphantly elected at the subsequent election, and occupied tlie 
 Mayor's chair for 1800-61. The Japanese Embassy and the Prince of Wales' 
 visit were two conspicuous events which transpired during the year 18G0 of 
 Mr. Wood's Mayoralty. 
 
 On the 1st of January, 1802, Mr. Wood was succeeded by the Hon. 
 George Opdyke, and in December following, he was elected to Congress for 
 the tcnn ending March, 1865, and was reelected, in 1860, to thePoriieth Congress, 
 coniiTiencing December 1, 1867. 
 
 In tlie November election of 1868 he was triumphantly re-elected to Con- 
 gress, with a combination of two opposing candidates in the field. 
 
 Alternately victor or vanquished, Fernando Wood possesses a stamina 
 and vitality of character which knoAvs no such word as fail, and is a man to 
 wli-.m the public are indebted for many great reforms, and au example of 
 public spirit and invincible energy. 
 
239. JOIIX B. HOOD. 
 
 General John B. Hood was born in Bath County, Kentucky, June 29, 
 1831. He was educated at Mount Sterling, entered West Point ^Military 
 Academy in 1849, and graduated in 1853, when he joined the Fourth Regi- 
 ment of Infantry, with which he served nearly two years in California. In 
 1855 he was transferred to the Second Cavalry, and with this regiment did 
 duty on the Western frontier of Texas, where "in July, 1856, he was wound- 
 ed in a light with the Indians. It was here, no doiibt, in the wild service 
 of the Texan West, that in common with others who were employed in 
 that service, he derived that boldness and dash so conspicuous in him 
 during the rebellion. He resigned liis commission in the U. S. army April 
 IG, 18G1, and entered the army of the South with the rank of first lieute- 
 nant, with the order to report'to General Lee early in May. 
 
 He was sent to Magruder, then in eofnmand on the Peninsula. On the 30th 
 of September, 1861, ne was ordered to Richmond, and received the rank of colo- 
 nel of infantry, taking command of a regiment of Texas volunteers. 
 
 When Senator Wigfall had to take his seat in the Confederate Con- 
 gress on 3L'u\h 3d, 18G2, Colonel Hood was assigned to his post with a 
 brigadier's rank, and attached to Longstreet's corps. 
 
 The first great fia:ht in which Gen. Hood took a prominent part was the 
 battle of Gaines' Mills, June 27, 1832, his brigade having been previously 
 held in reserve, and placed where skirmishing or outpost work was carried 
 on. Now, however, they were called upon to show of what stuff they 
 were made, and a desperate part was assigned them. The federal batteries 
 had to be charged, and when the word was given. Hood liimself on foot, 
 led them forward, and, with a wild shout, at a run, they rushed on, right 
 into the redoubts and among the guns. A hand to hand conflict ensued. 
 The result is known. For his gallantry, Hood was promoted to a major-general 
 after the battle of Antietam. 
 
 From this time the movements of General Hood were bound up witii 
 the grand army under Lee, but we find honorable mention of him at the 
 first and second invasion of Maryland, at Fredericksburg and at Gettys- 
 burg, at which latter place he v/as wounded in the arm. He afterwards 
 accompanied Longstreet into East Tennessee and on to reinforce Bragg, 
 then preparing for the battle of Cliickamauga, in which he took an active 
 part, and in the engagement of the second day, September 20, 1863, he was 
 again wounded, making amputation of his leg needful, it being terribly 
 shattered. For his valuable services in this and other engagements. Hood 
 was afterwards made a lieutenant-general. Six months elapsed before he 
 could again take the field. 
 
 On the 18th of July, 1864, General Johnston having been relieved of 
 the command of the Army of Tennessee, General Hood was appointed in 
 his place, and assumed command at Atlanta, Geo., which he evacuated 
 September 1st, being flanked by General Sherman. In October he moved 
 against Sherman's communications, and passing through Northern Ala- 
 bama invaded Tennessee in the latter part of November. After the hard 
 fought battle of Franklin he moved upon Nashville, where he was defeated 
 by General Thomas December 15 and 16,1864, and retreated into Missis- 
 sippi with the remnant of his army, where he took leave of them, having 
 been relieved of his command by his request. 
 
240. JUDSON KILPATEICK. 
 
 General JuDSON" KiLPATRiCK -vvari born in New Jersey, January 14, 1836; 
 graduated at West Point, in 1601 ; wai commissioned ai Second Lieutenant 
 of Company of tho First Regiment ot United States Artillery, May 6, 
 18G1 ; and soon alter wan promoted to First Lieutenancy. 
 
 Obtaining" leave of absence, he accepted ;i Captaincy in Duryea's 
 Zouave:* (Fitth New York Volunteers), and p irticipatod iu the b.ittleof Bi j 
 Bethel, Juno 10, 18G1, in which ho was wounded. Recovering, lo WLiacom- 
 lulssioned Lieutenant-Colonel of tho Harris Light Cavalry. Attaohc;! t> 
 Greneral McDoweU's army, his regiment guarded tho outposts of tho First; 
 Army Corps on tho banks of tho Kappahannock. 
 
 Subsequently, he was commissioned Colonel of tliis regiment, and par- 
 ticipated in the cavalry operations of the campaign of G-eneral Pope, in 
 August, 18G3. In the various operations of G-eneral Pleasanton, in the) 
 Maryland campaign, he was actively engaged, as also at the time of th(j 
 advance of the Ai'my of the Potomac to Falmouth, under General Burnside. 
 At the last-named post he was particularly distinguished with his regiment 
 for conspicuous gallantry. 
 
 Upon the organization of the Cavalry Corps under General Stoneman, 
 General Kilpatrick received the command of the First Brigade of the Third 
 Division, and took part in the famous Stoneman raid, arriving at Louisa 
 Court-House, Va., May 3, 18G3. He detached his own regiment from the 
 command ; and, through all the subsequent movements, led it in person to 
 Gloucester Point, opposite Yorktown, marching nearly two hundred miles 
 in less than five days. The expedition was attended with marked success, 
 capturing over three hundred men. Returning to the main army, then on 
 the north side of the Potomac, by way of Urbana, he passed completely 
 around the entire Rebel army. Previous to this, he had made three other 
 raids, and was speedily promoted for his bravery. 
 
 In June, ISG-J, lie received the rank of Brigadier-General of Volunteers, 
 and commanded subsequently a division of cavalry under General Pleasan- 
 ton. June 17, 1803, he conducted the battle of Aldie, and took part in those 
 of Middlebui-g, June 21, and Hanover, July 1, of the same year. 
 
 In the campaign in Pennsylvania, after General Meade had taken com- 
 mand of the Army of the Potomac, General Kilpatrick was engaged in 
 operations on the flanks of Lee's Rebel army. In this service he destroyed 
 many trains, captured a number of prisoners, and otherwise dealt many 
 blows to the enemy. *' 
 
 _ On the 23th of February, 18G4, he conducted a daring raid toward 
 Richmond, having for its object the liberation of the Union prisoners con- 
 fined in that city. He forced his way through the first and second lines of 
 the enemy's works ; but the bridge over Brook Creek having been destroyed, 
 and not being reinforced as he expected, he did not attempt the third, but 
 ni jved off toward the Chickahominy, destroying a large amount of tho 
 enemy's property, and returned again in safety to the Union lines, having 
 again passed entirley around Lee's army. 
 
 He was afterward appointed to command a cavalry division in Sherman's 
 army, and was with that General in his triumphant march through Georgia, 
 and until the surrender or Johnston. At the close of this campaign, he v/as 
 breveted Major-General of Volunteers ; and, at tlic end of the war, was 
 appointed Minister to Cliili. He returned on leave of absence in October, 
 1808, and took an active part in the Presidential canvass for Grant and Col- 
 ia.T, when he infused into his political campa'gn much of the spirit and 
 energy M'hich characterized his military operations. 
 
241. E.OBERT C. SCHENCK. 
 
 PtonKRT C. ScHKXcK was born iu Franklin, Warren County. Ohio, Octo- 
 ber 4, 1sj9. Receiving a liberal acadeia.cal education, he eateed Miami 
 Uaivers.ly, and graduited in 1827. lie remainfd in thus insti uti« n as 
 tuior for one or two years afterwards, whea Le commenced the study of the 
 law and was adaiitud to the bar in 1831. Settling in Dajtua, Ohio, he 
 entered upon the practice of his profession, ia which he became emiueuily 
 distinguished and successful. 
 
 Ha commenced his political career in the exciting Presidential cam- 
 paign of 1841), which elected General Harrison for President of the Uni ed 
 States, and Mr. Schenck as Representative to the Ohio Leg slature. Serving 
 with satisfaction to his constituents he was re-elected in 1812. 
 
 The ability displayed ia the State Legislature caused his nomination 
 and election as Represent-»t!ve to Congress in 1813. Hi-s peculiar fitness fur 
 this position, and his fidelity to his constituents, made him mure popular 
 than ever, and he was re-elected to the three successive Congresses, daring 
 which he served on many Committees, and during the 'ihiriieth Congress 
 serve 1 as Chairman of the Committee on Roads and Canals. 
 
 On his retirement f om Congre.-s he was appointed by President Fllli- 
 more. Minister to Braz I. find during his residence in South America he took 
 part in negotiating a number of tre<ities. 
 
 On his return to the United States in 1853, he becnme extensively 
 engaged ia the Railway basins ss in which he continued until the breaking 
 out of ihe Rebellion in 18G1, when he offered his services to the Governmenc 
 and was commissioned Brigadier-Gineral of Volumeers in the Union Army, 
 serving during the Campaign of 18G1 under McDowell. 
 
 Being ordered to dislodge a force of the enemy at Vienna a few miles from 
 \Vashi[i2:ton. he took tlie 1st Ohio Volunteers and on th« 17th ot June, pro- 
 ceeded by the Alexandria Railroad, cautious y towards that i)lace. Oa 
 turning a curve in a deep cut, he was surprised by a volley of shot and 
 shell fioin a battery. Leaving the cars with his Regiment he retreated 
 under cover of the woods, until meeting reinforcements, when he returned 
 and dislodged the enemy. 
 
 lie continued to serve during the Campaign of that year, and was pro- 
 moted to j\I:ijor-General of Voluatee;s. but being elected ia 18G2 to t!ie 
 Thirty -eighth Congress, he resigned hi ; commission and t<Hik his seat ia that 
 body, serving as Chairman of tlie Commifee on Military Affairs. Re-elected 
 to the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth Congresses, he continued to serve as 
 Chairman of the same Committee, distinguishing himself for eminent ability, 
 sound statesmanship and patriotic energy. 
 
 Mr. ."^chenck particularly exerted himself to establish the National Mill 
 tary and Naval Asylum for the benefit of Disabled Soldiers and Seamen of 
 the Army and Navy of the United Spates. 
 
 In 18G8 he was again a candidate for Congress, his opponent being Mr. 
 Clement C. Vallandigham. A spirited contest ensued and Mr. Schenck was 
 elected to the Fortj^-First Co::sies3. ' 
 
^if^ 
 
 242. WILLIAM 0. BEYANT. 
 
 "N^iLLiAM CULLEN BiiYA^'T was bom at Cummington, Hampslilre 
 County, Massachusetts, November 3, 1794. His father, who was a physician, 
 observed the manifestations of young Bryant's genius as soon as he could 
 read, and encouraged and trained it. 
 
 At nine years of age he wi'ote verses that were quite respectable ; and, at 
 ten, his poetry was given to the world through the newspapers of his 
 neighborhood. At thirteen he published a political satire called the " Em- 
 bargo," which gained for him some applause, and soon passed into the 
 second edition. 
 
 Ho was not quite sixteen when he entered "Williams College in advance. 
 Here he made rapid proficiency ; and, after remaining less than two years, 
 he asked and obtained an honorable dismissal, that be might pursue the 
 study of the law. 
 
 In 1815, he was admitted to the bar, and opened an office at Plainfield, and 
 the year following at Great Barrington, where, for ten years, he followed the tor- 
 tuous course of legal practice, but at last gave it up for the more genial profession 
 of literature. 
 
 When he was nineteen, and while yet studying law, he published his 
 •' Thanatopsis,'' " Entrance to the "^Voods," and several other pieces, in the 
 North American Review. 
 
 These publications brought the author into notoriety at once, and he 
 was requested to deliver the poems before the Phi- Beta-Kappa Society of 
 Harvard University. He removed to G-reat Barrington, where he married 
 a young lady of that place in 1821, and, the same year, uublished the volume 
 entitled, " The Ages, and Other Poems." 
 
 In 1825 he removed to New York, and became one of the editors of the 
 Neio York Review. He published, in 1827, several poems and tales, which 
 quickly became popular. From this point he went on successfully, writing 
 in the chief periodical publications in connection with some of the leading 
 American authors of his day. He then became one of the editors of The 
 (New York) Evening Pont, and his sweet voice, which, of yore, waked the 
 echoes of the still evening and the green hills, began to grow hoarse with 
 the harsh e])ithets of the political arena. 
 
 In 18o4-'o5, and also in 1845, Mr. Bryant traveled in Europe, writing 
 descriptions of what he saw for his journal in America. He again visited 
 Europe in 1849, and, on his return, published his " Letters of a Traveler," 
 being a resume of his tours in Europe and this country. He made three subse- 
 quent visits to Europe, and published two other volumes of letters relating to his 
 travels. He has gained a high reputation by his poems ; and his political writings 
 ill favor of free trade and free discussion, and against monopolies of all kinds, are 
 marked with clearness and vigor. 
 
 He has labored earnestly to diffuse a taste for the fine arts in this 
 country, and was President of the Apollo Association prior to its incorpor- 
 ation as tiie American Ait Union. He has lately translated the Iliad of Homer 
 into blank verse; the vei-^ion lias been published in Boston. 
 
 Mr. Bryant, in his *' Thanatop.sis," has touched the chords of the human 
 heart, making thorn vibrate to the innermost of man's being, and stirring up 
 a consciousness of immortality within him, to which he was a stranger until 
 that deep, solemn, and heavenly music was drawn from the " wondrous 
 harp" of his existence by the magic wand of the poet. 
 
243. SAMUEL P. HEINTZELMAN 
 
 General S. P. Heintzelman was born at Manlieim, Lancaster County, 
 Pennsylvania, in 1800. He graduated at AVest Point in 1826, as Brevet 
 Second Lieutenant. 
 
 He became Captain, in 1833; Assistant Commissary, in 183G; and Assistant 
 Quartermaster, in 1838. As Captain, he served in the Quartermaster's De- 
 partment in Florida during the Creek War. In 18-16 he was ordered to 
 Mexico as Captain in his old regiment, the Second Infantry. Having 
 acquitted himself with distinction at Huamantla, he was breveted Major 
 in 1847. 
 
 In 1848 he was ordered to California, and assigned to the command of the 
 southern disti'ict of that State,where, for nearly three years, he acted against 
 the hostile Indians of that country. 
 
 From the close of 1851 to 1855, most or all of Heintzelman's time was 
 passed, at the most distant of all the army posts, at the confluence of the Gila 
 and Colorado Rivers; but in 1855, he returned" East as Superintendent of the 
 Western Recruitinix Service at Newport, Ky., where he remained until 1857, when 
 he was ordered to join liis regiment, which was then serviniz; in Texas under Gene- 
 ral Twiggs, where he distinguished himself in an action apjuinst Cortinas, a Mexi- 
 can, who was ravaging the country about the Rio Grande, for which brilliant affair 
 General Scott asked for him a brevet. 
 
 The treachery of General Twiggs surrendered the army in Texas on 
 the 18th of February, 1861, to the E,ebels, and the officers and men were 
 paroled. Heintzelman escaped by having taken 'advantage of the arrival 
 of his Lieutenant-Colonel to procure leave of absence, and arrived in Wash- 
 ington in the spring of 1861. During all the portentous and despairing 
 months that signalized the opening of the new administration, his acknowl- 
 edged military ability and sterling loyalty ra.ade him. the confidential 
 adviser of many officers at Washington. 
 
 In April he was stationed, for a short time, at Governor's Island, Ne .v 
 York harbor. A day or two after he occupied Arlington Heights, he received a 
 commission as Colonel of the Seventeenth United States Infantry, and was assign- 
 ed to the command of the forces at Alexandria. 
 
 At the battle of Bull Kun, on the 21st of July following, he commanded 
 the extreme right wing of McDowell's army, and was wounded in the arm 
 when leading the Brooklyn Fourteenth in a desperate effort to recover the 
 lost fortunes of the field, remaining in the saddle for fifteen hours after, 
 rallying his straggling troops in the best order he might, and slowly falling 
 back on Alexandria. 
 
 In October, 1861, he was made a Brig-adier-General of Volunteers, and 
 assigned to the left wing of the Army of the Potomac. On the 8th of March, 
 1862, the army was reorganized, and formed into five corps, and Heintzelman 
 took the Third. The history of this corps is a hist >ry of fighting. It was 
 the first to land and the first to advance on Yorktown. On the 5th of May, 
 Heintzelman fought the fiercely-contested battle of Williamsburg, General 
 Sumner, his ranking officer, being but slightly engaged. He was afterward 
 prominently engao-ed in all the battles oi the Peninsula; and, on arriving 
 at Harrison's Landing, was promoted to Major-Gene ral. 
 
 He was soon after ordered to serve with Pope on the Rappahannock, 
 where he again distinguished himself ia many hard-fouglit battles. 
 When Banks commenced the organization of the Gulf expedition, Heintzel- 
 man succeeded him in command of the defenses of Washington. History 
 sometimes brings out and emblazons forever, some whom the laurel of the 
 day has never crowned; and ao may she do for Heintzelman, without 
 snatching a single leaf from the leaders under whom ho fought. 
 
^ V 
 
 244. JOHN S. MOSBY. 
 
 Colonel John S. Mosbt was born December 6, 1833, at Edgemont, Powhatan 
 County, Virginia. Graduating at the University of Virginia in 1853, with the highest 
 honors, lie soon after estahlisiied himself in the practice of the law in Albemarle. 
 
 Marrying, on the oOth of December, 1857, Miss Pauline Clark, the 
 daughter of the Hon. Beverly L. Clark, of Kentucky, he settled in Wilming- 
 ton County, where lie was in the successful practice of his profession at the 
 breaking out of the great Rebellion. Volunteering at once as a private in 
 the First Regiment of Virginia Cavalry, he rapidly distinguished himself 
 by his reckless boldness and successful exploits as a scout. 
 
 The celebrated cavalry leader, General Stuart, seeing and admiring the 
 daring character of Mosby, took him into his confidence. The result of this 
 combination is said to be the wonderful tour which General Stuart made 
 around the enemy with such great success while on the line of the Chicka- 
 hominy. 
 
 Being captured about this time, he was kept a prisoner until after the 
 battle of Malvern Hill, when he was exchanged. 
 
 Continuing his services with Stuart, as a scout, until March, 18G3, he 
 was commissioned as a Captain, and authorized to raise a company of Par- 
 tisan Rangers. 
 
 _ Placed in this independent position, henceforth the name and career of 
 Colonel Mosby became famous throughout all the campaign in Virdnia durin«^ 
 the War of Rebellion. ^ *= 
 
 What Morgan was as a Partisan Ranger to the Southwest, Mosby was 
 to Virginia, Daring, reckless, and bold, 'he was always on the skirts of the 
 Union army with his equally daring and reckless young Cavalrymen. 
 These embraced some of the hottest and truest blood of the boasted chivalry 
 of the Old Dominion, from a great-grandson of President Monroe to the sons 
 of ex-Governors and Senators, all serving as privates in Mosby's famous 
 cavalry. 
 
 Surprising Federal Generals at night in their beds, when not in their 
 camp, making dashing raids into quiet and unsuspecting towns, surprising 
 railroad trains, anticipating telegraphic intelligence b}'- cutting the wires, or 
 Etopyiing it by the same lueaos, were some of the arts of war which this 
 guerrilla chieftain practiced. Vary these with a love-making with the fair 
 dames and damsels of Old Virginia, and we have the bold, dashing, and 
 dating John Mosby pretty well photographed. 
 
245. GEORGE D. PRENTICE. 
 
 George D. Pukntick v/as born in Preston, Connecticut, in 1804. lie 
 •was ediicited at Brown University in Rhode? Island, where he graduated in 
 1823. He afterwards resided in Hant'ord where he was several years 
 engaged in editing *' The New Eiigland Weekly Review," and in the year 
 18 il her -moved to Louisville, Kentucky. Since that time he has been a 
 resident ofthatCity and editorcf tiie celebrated "Loui>ville Journal," with 
 which his name tias since become identified and which, in his hands, has l.e- 
 come one of the most popular and succes-ful in the country. For many 
 years the *• Louisville Journal" was a leading advocate in the West of the 
 policy of the Whig p irty, and Mr. Prentice won for him'^elf a high and 
 world-wl-de reputation for political ability, and as one of the greatest wits 
 and most powerful safiric <1 "writeis in the country. 
 
 In 186i) he sustained the Union, or J3ell and Everett party, and in 1861, 
 maintained with great zeal and ability the cause of Union against the 
 Secessionists, and was instrumental in connection with Robert J. Breckenridge, 
 John J. Crittenden, Lovell H. Rousseau, and James Speed in preventing Kentucky 
 from being driven into the vortex, although his two sons, " his only thiMren," 
 went to the rebel army. He was not, however, a very zealous supporter of the 
 Administration of President Lincoln and the policy of the Republican Congress 
 on the Reconstruction of the Seceding States, but followed the lead ef Andrew 
 Johi^on, and advocated the unconditional readmiision of all the States and the 
 pardon of all the rebels. 
 
 Mr. Prentice particilarly interested himself in procuring the release of 
 parties who were confin.-d as prisoners ia Fort L ifayette. but his efforts 
 were unsuccessful, and on its destruction by lire in 18G8,he hailed the event 
 with undisguised s itisfaction. 
 
 To his other accomplishments Mr. Prentice unites that of being a poet. 
 Most of his poetical productions are the work of h s early years, and they 
 have never been collected into a volume but may be found in Collections 
 of Amer'can Poetrv. A selection, however, was published from newspa- 
 per paragraphs, m ^(ew Tork, m 1860, under the title of " Prenticiana." They 
 are all of a tdgh order; but his ''Closing Year" and "Lines at my Mother's 
 Grave " a^e probably his best. 
 
 As an Editor, his style was especially terse and sharp. He was famous for his 
 
 witty paragraphs, for liis sarcasms, and invectives, which were bitter and merciless. 
 
 He spared no one, and had no con.-^ideration for age, pex, color, race, or kin. 
 
 On the other hand, he was genial and earnest in his laudations, warm and sincere 
 
 in his friendships, and honest and clear in his convictions. 
 
 As a poli'.ician, he declined the highest honor that the State could give him. He 
 was always highly respected by the citizens of Louisville, and had troops of friends, 
 as well as that which should accompany old age — "honor, love, • nd obedience." 
 In person, Mr. Prentice was short but stout, with a round face and well-cut features, 
 His right arm was paralyzed ; and he was compelled to emplov an amanuensis. 
 He died at the residence of his son, Clarence, near Louisville, in January, 1870. 
 
).t/A 
 
 246. CASSIUS M. CLAY. 
 
 Cassius M. Clay was born in Madison County, Kentucky, October 0, 
 ISIO. He took the degree of A. M. in Yale College, in 18o2. 
 
 In Iboo lie commeiiced his political career by being chosen a Member ol 
 the Legislature of Kentucky, and was re-elected in 1836 and 184U. While 
 a member of that body he advocated an improved jury system, internal 
 improvements, and common schools, all of which were ultimately carried 
 into operation. 
 
 In 1839 he was chosen Congressional Delegate to the Whig National 
 Convention which nominated W. H. Harrison for the Presidency. 
 
 In 1844 he traversed the Free States, canvassing in behalf of Henry Clay 
 for President of the United States, and in opposition to the annexation of 
 Texas. 
 
 On the 3d of June, 1845, he commenced, at Lexington, Ky., the weekly 
 issue of The IV ue American newspaper, devoted to the overthrow of slavery 
 in Kentucky. 
 
 While sick, in August of that year, his press was torn down, and shipped 
 to Cincinnati, Ohio, by a mob, and a resolution passed that they would 
 assassinate him if he revived it. 
 
 When he recovered from his illness, he immediately revived his paper, 
 and fearlessly vindicated the freedom of the press ; and since that time the 
 press has been open to the discussion of this issue in that State. 
 
 War having been declared against Mexico, on the 7th of June, 1846, he 
 was mustered into the service of the United States, as Captain of the " Old 
 Infantry," the oldest company Avest of the Alleghany Mountains, then acting 
 as " mounted men." 
 
 They reached Monterey, by land, after its capture. Captain Clay wa.s 
 detached from his regiment by General Taylor, and sent to the head of the 
 column at Saltillo. 
 
 On the 23d of January, 1847, under the command of G-eneral Gaines, 
 Captain Clay was taken prisoner at Incarnation. On the 25th, by great 
 coolness and presence of mind, he saved from massacre all the prisoners, for 
 which heroic act, on his return home, in 1847, he was presented with an 
 elegant sword. 
 
 In 1851 he separated from the Whig -party, in consequence of the " Com- 
 promise measures." 
 
 In the summer of 1851 he ran for Governor of Kentucky, in opposition 
 to the regular Whig and Democratic nominees, upon the anti-slavery basis. 
 He received nearly four thousand votes (twenty thousand not voting), and 
 caused the defeat of the Whig nominee for the first time for more than 
 twenty years. 
 
 In 185G he was an enthusiastic and zealous advocate of the election of 
 John C. Fremont for President ; and, in 1860, in the canvass for Abraham 
 Lincoln, he was equally earnest and zealous. 
 
 In 18G1, he was appointed Minister to Russia ; was recalled by Mr. Seward, in 
 18P)t>, and made major-general fn the Army ; was reappointed, in 1863, to Russia, 
 where he remained till November 5, 1809, when he returned to the United States, 
 Wliile in Russia, he rendered efficient service to his country by being instrumen- 
 tal in producing amicable feelings between the two countries. 
 
/ 
 
 247. GEORGE F. TRAIN. 
 
 Geoege Fbancis Teain was bom in Boston, Massachusetts. He 
 started in life as a clerk in a store and rose rapidly to be a merchant. 
 
 The activity and energy of his mind, with the roving, enterprising 
 spirit, charactei istic of the New England nature, led liim to seek a more 
 extensive jfield abroad, and following this impulse, he emigrated to Austra- 
 lia where he established a mercantile house. Beturning to America ho 
 entered into Street Railway enterpris s, and afterwards, travelled exten- 
 sively in Europe, where, in several of the Capitals, he attempted to estab- 
 lish the same system, in some of which he was partially successful. From 
 i£treet Railways he took an active part in the Pacific Railroad scheme, and 
 advocated it with characteristic zeal and energy. Goiug to England in 
 18ti8, he became prominently indentifiod with the Fenian movement, and 
 from his agitation and known sympathies, was arrested by the British 
 authorities and imprisoned in the jail at St. Patrick. Ireland. 
 
 From the prison he issued numerous letters to the press and addresses 
 to the Irish people, which tended far more toward establishing *• Irish Na- 
 tionality" than had he been allowed to lecture through the country undis- 
 turbed by the authorities. 
 
 Released from prison, he returned to the United States, where he is 
 lecturing extensively on Fenianism aud other popular topics. Prolific in 
 Financial as well as Railroad and political schemes, he was one of the most 
 active in founding the Credit ^lobilier of Ameiica. 
 
 ^Vithout belonging to any political organization he has, upon several 
 occasions offered himself as a candidate for Conjjrcss, but without success. 
 Favoring Female Suffrage he made speeches in Kansas on the subject, in 
 lbG7, and aided in establishing the " Revolution." a weekly paper, 
 especially intended to disseminate information which will bring v>oman on 
 a political equality with man, edited and conducted with eminent ability 
 by Mrs. .-tanton. Miss Anthony and Parker Pillsbnry. 
 
 In 18(i0 Mr. Train had a public controversy at the Cooper Institute, 
 New Yoik. with Cassius M. Clay, our distinguished Minister to the Court 
 of St. Petersburg, on the questions that wero then agitating the public 
 mind. 
 
 With the indomitable " American spirit" of not to be put down, im- 
 posed upon or defeated, ho has brought suits for damages against the 
 Enghsh Government for false imprisonment and threatened the people of 
 the Hnitcd States with being their President before ho dies. Bold, ardent, 
 fluent in speech, and prolific in resources, practical and chimerical. George 
 Francia Train i.i a mixed typo of tho New England mind in its more activo 
 and turbulent stato. With a constant ebullition of feeling, sympathising 
 with every popular movement, he becomes the leader and spokes- 
 man of more timid and less audacious people entertaining the same views. 
 
 By natuil3 impulsive, hd is by necessity a "Representative Man," atid 
 possesses much more ^f thu '' pbp'uliar" than mttuy Others "who prOfeE^ tb 
 reprb^cJnt thut Dhttntcttet. 
 
248. ANDREW G. CURTIN. 
 
 Andrew Gregg Curtin, formerly Governor of Pennsylvania, was 
 born iu Bellefonte, Centre County, Pennsylvania, April 22, 1817. A pupil 
 of the celebrated law school of the Honorable John iieed, Professor of Law 
 in Dickinson's L'olic-ge, he was admitted to the bar iu 1839. and immedia:ely 
 commenced praciice at Lellefonte. Taking an active part in politics ho 
 canvassed the State for Henry Clay, in lb-11, and for General Taylor in 
 1848. Appointed by Governor Pollock in 18.')3, Secretary of State and 
 Superintendent of Public L-chools iu Pennsylvania, he brought to the 
 duties of both ofdces an ability which found new channels of exeroise in 
 subsequent jiositionsof public responsibility and trust. His term of office 
 closing in 1838, ho returned to the practice of his profession at Bellefonte. 
 
 Nominated for Governor of Pennsylvania in 18G0, by the llepublican 
 party, after an exciting canvass in which he personally took an active 
 part'by canvassing the entire State, he was triumphantly elected by the 
 overwhelming majoritj'' of thirty-three thousand votes over his popular 
 competitor General Foster, who held the odds against Governor Cur i in by 
 uniting the combined Bui)port of the Bell, Breckenridge aud Douglass 
 parties. The outbreak of the civil war in 1861, found Governor Curtin at 
 the head of affairs in Pennsylvania, in which responsible position he de- 
 voted himself with great zeal and energy in eqmj^ping troops for the sup- 
 port of the Government and the speedy overthrow of the rebellion. In 
 May, 18G1, he addressed a message to the Legislature, at its Special Ses- 
 sion, in which ho urged the establishment of a reserve corps, which sub- 
 sequently rendered important service to the countrj'. 
 
 Tlie invasion of Pennsylvania by General Lee and his Confederate 
 armies, being regarded as the turning point iu the great rebellion, Gov. 
 Curtin achieved great reputation for the energy and ability he displayed in 
 his position as Commander-in-Chief of the forces of Pennsylvania, by 
 virtue of his office as Governor of the State, in arousing his fellow citizens 
 to action and resistance to the invaders. 
 
 The result of that memorable battle in favor of the Union forces, must 
 ever make the State of Pennsylvania, as one of the great border States, 
 pre-eminent, standing as a bulwark against the surging tides of rebellion, 
 and render its patriotic Governor, for the patriotic stand he took during 
 this trying period, eminently distinguished and historical. Fortunately 
 placed at the head of the State at this eventful time, he hacLthe equal good 
 fortune to see, partially, through his own patriotic zeal and exertions, the 
 State Kaved as well as the Union, while other border States were suffering 
 all lUo terrors of a desperate civil war, their Governors and Councils in 
 (iiany inr.tanecs, at the mercy of conflicting parties.it was the good fortune 
 «>f Peunpylvania to meet this shock of contending forces witli intrepidity 
 rtnd victory, and the distinguished merit of Governor Aiidrew Curtin t<j 
 bu tfiuul to tlie pOBitiou whioU he held aad honored,. 
 
249. EDWIX D. MORGAX. 
 
 Edwin Den.visojt Morgan was born in Washington, Berkshire County, Mass., 
 on the 8th of February, 1811. At an early age he eoinnienced commercial pur- 
 suits in the town of Hartford, Ct., and when but twenty years of age, lie was 
 taken into copartnership in the house where he commenced as a clerk. Remov- 
 ing to the city of New York in 1836, he extended his commercial enterprises, and 
 with that sagacity and foresight which has so eminently distinguished lii-n, lie met 
 with great success. Identifying himself with the Whig party upon coming to the 
 city of New Yoik, he became a prominent leader of tlie Republican organization 
 upon its consolidation with that party. 
 
 l^iected to the State Senate iu 1849, Mr. Morgan continued a member 
 of thai body for four ye.irs, Uming wtiich time he introduced and cariied through 
 the Lesi.slature tlie bill establishing the Central Park of New York. On the 22d 
 of February, 1856, he wus one of the Vice-Presidents of the National Conven- 
 tion held at Pittsburg. Elected Chairman of the National Committee, he held 
 that position for several years, consolidating the strength of the Republican party 
 and commanding the support of its leaders. 
 
 Elected in the year 1858 Governor of the State of New York, he was 
 inanguraled on the 1st of January, 1859. Ee-elected to the Gi-ibernatorial 
 office in ISiiO, he was fortunate in being the only Governor succeeding for 
 a second term for twenty years previously ; while his ti iumph with the elec- 
 tion of Abraham Lincoln to the Presidency, made it moie historically 
 memorable. Entering upon his second term on the ve:y eve of ihe 
 Kebellion,he conducted the affairs of the State in a manner wiilcli mastered 
 the situation, and by his judicious administration averted much of the blood- 
 shed which otherwise would have been occasioned by conflicts of authority 
 and opinion. 
 
 While zealously engaged in his Gubernatorial office, Governor Morgan 
 was active in extending all the support of his ctScial position to the Na- 
 tional Government in aiding in the suppression of the Eebellion. With his 
 acc'u-tomed zeal and activity,less than sixteen months found Lim with one 
 hundred and twenty thousar d men equipped for the field. Among the 
 other triumphs of h s administration of the Chief Magistracy of the State, 
 was the reduction of the State debts and the increase ot the revenues of (he 
 canals. Courageous and iionest in the exen ise of his authoiity, he never 
 swerved from using h's veto power whenever it was attempted to be over- 
 awed by fraud or guardpd the public int* rest. 
 
 Commissioned a M jor-General of Volunteers. September 20, ISfil, 
 Governor Morgan wis placed in command of the Military Departn.ent of 
 New York, With disinterested public spirit he refused to receive any pay 
 for this service. 
 
 In 18G3 Governor Mor^ran was elected to the United States Senate from 
 the State of New York, and during his Senatorial period, as through his 
 Gubernatorial and Military career, he has been disiinguisbed for ability, 
 public spirit and patriotism. 
 
250. FREDERICK DOUGLASS. 
 
 Frederick Douglass was born a slave on a Maryland plantation. His father 
 was pj-obably a white man, whom he never knew; his mother was a slave, whom 
 he never saw but five times, because she was employed upon a plantation twelve 
 miles away, and died wlien he was quite young. When he was ten yejirs old, he 
 was sent to Baltimore to be a family servant, where, /or a time, his new mistress 
 treated him with the tenderness of a mother, and tauglit him to read ; and bting 
 proud of his progress, exultingly told her husband, v ho, amazed at her simplicity, 
 told her the dangers of her undertaking, and promptly forbade her continuing it, 
 assuring lier it was unlawful. But the desire for learning, onte awakened, could 
 not be subdued. 
 
 Douglass persisted, by the most ingenious artifices, to grope bis way to know- 
 ledge, and speedily became deeply imbued with the ideas that expanded his mind, 
 becoming, however, taciturn and morose as he reflected on the degiaded condition 
 of his existence. 
 
 He now became difficult to manage, and matured a plan of escape. He had 
 learned to write, and was at last allowed by his master to work on his own ac- 
 count, paying his owner one half his earnings. He was a ciuilker in a shipyard, 
 and succeeded, by his acquaintance among vessels, in finding his way to NewBed- 
 ford, Mass. Here, accompanied by his wife, who had followed him irom Maryland, 
 he enjoyed the privilege of being his own master, and, for reasons of safety, speedi- 
 ly abandoned his old name, assuming that of a character which had inspired him 
 while reading Sir Walter Scott's beautiful poem, 77ie Lady of the Lake. He soon 
 subscribed for the Liberator^ and was introduced to Mr. Garrison. From this 
 time his course was upward. 
 
 The talents he exhibited in recounting his experience as a slave induced the 
 Anti^Slavery Society to offer him the position of an agent. He visited Englai d. 
 Tiie interest excited in him there was so great that several English friends united 
 and paid the sum of one hundred and fifty pounds sterling for the purchase of his 
 liberty ; while others raised him a fund of several thousand dollars to enable him 
 to fit up a printing-office in Rochester, N. Y. Here he established and conducted 
 a paper during f-ixteen years, and gave it up when slavery was abolished. 
 
 Since then his course has been well known, more through the ceaseless revil- 
 ings of the enemies of American freedom than his own writings ; w hile, as an 
 orator, he has acquired a reputation of acknowledged eminence. Two of his sons 
 fbujiht bravely in the war for liberty ; and Frederick Douglass has made his name 
 to be honorable. His career, as freeman, began in 1838, and he now edits the 
 New Nalio7uil Fra, at Washington, D. C, a weekly journal recently established. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 211 Adams, Charles F. — 
 2 Ad:iins, John. »..^> 
 6 Adams, John Q. — 
 84 Adams, Samuel. -- 
 
 144 Allaton, Washington. -*• 
 35 Ames, Fisher. — 
 
 151 Anderson, Gen. Robert. — 
 
 132 Andrew, Jolin A. — 
 93 Appleton, Samuel. *- 
 98 Athertoti, Charles G. ^ 
 61 Bainbridge, Com. W. «. 
 
 110 Baker, Gen. E. D. _ 
 
 135 Ballon, Rev. Hosea. — 
 178 Bancroft, George. -* 
 235 Banks, Nathaniel P. - 
 209 Barnum, P. T. -- 
 
 175 Bates, Edward. — 
 
 188 Beauregard, Gen. P. G. T. - 
 
 176 Beecher, Henry Ward. — 
 
 136 Beecher, Rev. Lyman. — 
 196 Benjamin J. P. — 
 208 Bennett, James G. - 
 
 86 Benton, Thomas H. — 
 122 Berry, Gen. Hiram G. — 
 
 69 Black Hawk. 
 234 Blair, Gen. Francis P., Jr. - 
 2tj7 Blair, Montgomery. — 
 
 95 Boone, Daniel. — 
 220 Brady, James T. 
 170 Breckeniidge, J. C. - 
 157 Broderick, David C. "~ 
 130 Brooks, Preston S. -- 
 126 Blown, John. -- 
 190 Brownlow, Parson. — 
 242 Bryant, William C. — 
 
 15 Buchanan, James. " 
 185 Burnside, Geu. A. E. - 
 
 68 Burr, Aaron. -^ 
 
 -r> 
 
 PAGE 
 
 171 Butler, Benjamin F. 
 141 Butrick, Col. J. — 
 
 76 Calhoun, John C. ■*• 
 155 Cameron, Simon. — 
 39 Carroll, Charles. ~ 
 97 Cass, Lewis. — 
 134 Channing, Rev. W. H - 
 
 172 Chase, Salmon P. 
 92 Choate, Rufus. « 
 
 58 Claxton, Com. A. — 
 246 Clay, Cassias M. — 
 
 78 Clav, Henry. - 
 
 91 Clinton, De Witt. -* 
 197 Cobb, Howell. 
 199 Coltax, Schuyler. ■— 
 
 19 Columbus, Christopher. 
 138 Cooper, J. Fenimore. 
 179 Cooper, Peter. ~ 
 
 SO Corwin, Thomas. ■ 
 101 Crittenden, John J. - 
 
 89 Crockett, David. - 
 248 Curtin, Andrew G. -- 
 
 148 Davis, Henry Wmter. — 
 167 Davis, Jefferson. — 
 
 99 Davis, John. ^ 
 
 59 Decatur, Com. Stephen. 
 94 Dickinson, Daniel S. -~ 
 
 149 Dix, John A. -- 
 250 Douglass, Frederick. — 
 
 82 Douglas, Stephen A. "^ 
 231 Dupont, Com. S. F. - 
 118 Ellsworth, Col. E. E. ■• 
 159 Evans, George. — 
 100 Everett, Edward. — 
 186 Ewell, Gen. R. S. — 
 129 Farragut, Admiral D. G 
 203 Fen ton, Reuben E. 
 216 Feasenden, William P. , 
 
PAGE 
 
 13 Fillmore, Millnrtl. 
 Ill Foote, Admiral A. H. - 
 
 79 Foote, Solomon. ^ 
 210 Fornev, John W. - 
 232 Forrest, Gen. N. B. ^ 
 
 25 Franklin, Benjamin. 
 224 Fremont, John C. 
 
 45 Fulton, Robert. 
 
 07 Gaines, Gen. E. P. - 
 212 Garrison, W. Lloyd. - 
 ' 87 Giddii.gs, Joshua R. ~- 
 
 56 Gern-, Elbridge. — 
 
 83 Granger, Fiaiicis. *- 
 18 Giant, Gen. U. S. c- 
 
 166 Greeley, Horace. - 
 
 57 Green, Mnjor-Gen. ~ 
 219 Halpine, Charles G. ^ 
 
 24 Hamilton, Alexaiider. — 
 
 206 Hamlin, Hannibal. ~ 
 
 200 Hampton, Wade. .. 
 
 31 Hancock, John. -^ 
 233 Hardee, Gen. W. J. - 
 
 9 Harrison, William H. - • 
 
 85 Hayne, Robert Y. 
 
 243 Heinizelman, Gen. S. P. 
 
 120 Hill, Gen. A. P. 
 
 30 Henrv, Patri. k. — 
 
 213 Hoffman, John T. - 
 
 184 Holt, Joseph. 
 
 239 Hood, Gen. John B. - 
 
 189 Hooker, Gen. Joseph. - 
 
 44 Hopkins, F. 
 
 84 Houston, Samuel. 
 
 181 Howard, Gen. 0. 0. - 
 
 21 Hudson, Hendrick. ~ 
 
 140 Hudson, John. - 
 
 127 Hu-hes, Archbishop J. - 
 
 62 Hull, Com. Isaac. 
 
 123 Hunter, Gen. David. - 
 
 217 Hunter, R. M. T. 
 
 145 Irving, Washington. -- 
 
 7 Jackson, Andrew. 
 
 109 Jackson, Stonewall. . 
 
 32 Jay, John. 
 
 3 JclVcrson, Thomas. — 
 17 Johnson, Andrew. 
 226 Johnst"n, Gen. Joseph E. 
 180 Johnson, Herschel V. 
 174 Johnson, Reverdv. -» 
 
 PAGE 
 
 102 Johnston, Gen. A. S. — 
 
 60 Jones, Com. Paul. 
 119 Kearnov, Gen. Philip. _ 
 
 73 Keokuk. - 
 
 49 Kent, Chancellor J. — 
 240 Kilpatrick, Gen. J. - 
 
 90 King, William R. <, 
 27 Knox, Gen. Henry. — 
 
 40 Kosciusko, Thaddeus. - 
 33 Lafayette. >. 
 
 1J6 Latie, Gen. James H. ~ 
 64 Lawrence, Capt. J. ~ 
 165 Lee, Gen. Robert E. - 
 43 Lee, Richard H. 
 16 Lincoln, Abraham. _ 
 38 Lincoln, Benjamin. — 
 227 Logan, John A. - 
 183 Longstreet, Gen. J. - 
 128 Lovejoy, Owen. ^ 
 
 112 Lyon, Gen. Nathaniel. — 
 4 Madison, James. — 
 
 88 Marcy, William L. »* 
 56 Marion, Gen. Francis. — 
 
 50 Marshall, Chief-Justice J. • 
 173 Mason, James M. -^ 
 162 Maurv, Professor M. F. - 
 223 McCIellan, George B. - 
 
 113 McPherson, Gen. J. B. *- 
 187 Meade, Gen. George G. — 
 
 114 Meagher, Gen. T. F. — 
 
 41 Middleton, Arthur. — 
 
 115 Mitchel, Gen. 0. M. — 
 6 Monroe, James. ■- 
 
 55 Montgomery, Gen. R. — 
 249 Morgan, E. D. - 
 
 150 Morton, Oliver P. — 
 142 Morris, George P. 
 244 Mosby, Col. John. 
 52 Moultrie, Gen. William. "• 
 70 Osceola. * 
 
 125 Parker, Theodore. - 
 205 Pendleton. George H. — 
 28 Penn, William. - 
 
 63 Perry, Com. Oliver H. — 
 202 Phillips, Wenrtell. 
 
 42 Pickering, Timothy. — 
 14 Pierce, Franklin. 
 
 139 Pierpont, John. -^ 
 46 Pinknev, William. -^ 
 
PAGE 
 
 1 1 Polk, James K. — 
 198 Pomeroy, Samuel C. — 
 
 152 Pope, Gen, John. ■— 
 137 Porter, Com. W. D. — 
 245 Prentice, George D. 
 
 74 Prophet, Indian. — 
 228 Pryor, Roger A. — 
 
 26 Putnam, Gen. Israel. -- 
 
 204 Ramsey, Alexander. «. 
 
 65 Randolph, John. — 
 
 221 Raymond, Henry J. — 
 
 72 Red Jacket. ' *- 
 
 106 Reno, Gen. Jesse L. *- 
 29 Rush, Benjamin. — 
 
 241 Schenck, Robert C. _ 
 
 68 Schoolcraft, H. R. - 
 
 108 Scott, Gen. Winfield. — 
 
 216 Schurz, Carl. - 
 
 103 Sedgwick, Gen. John. — 
 
 191 Seward, William H. _ 
 237 Seymour, Horatio. — 
 
 153 Sheridan, Gen. P. H. - 
 
 225 Sherman, Gen. William T. ~ 
 
 154 Sickles, Gen. Daniel E. ^ 
 218 Siegel, Gen. Franz. — 
 
 160 Slidell, John. - 
 
 75 Smith, John. «. 
 
 168 Soule, Pierre. — * 
 
 195 Stanton, Edwin M. *- 
 
 54 Stark, Gen. John. — 
 
 192 Stephens, Alexander II. — 
 
 193 Stephens, Thaddcus. — 
 51 Story, Joseph. 
 
 230 Stringham, Com. S. II. - 
 121 Stuart, Gen. J. E. B. «- 
 23 Stuyvesant, Pctrus. - 
 
 161 Sumner, Charles. ^ 
 
 107 Sumuer, Gen. E. V. ^ 
 
 PAGE 
 
 81 Taney, Roger B. — 
 
 229 Taylor, Gen. Richard. - 
 
 12 Taylor, Zachary. - 
 
 71 Tecuraseh. -^ 
 
 236 Thomas, Gen. George H. 
 
 163 Toombs, Robert. -^ 
 158 Toucey, Isaac. -, 
 247 Train, George Francis. 
 
 146 Trumbull, Lyman. — 
 10 Tvler, John. - 
 
 177 Vallandigham, C. L. — 
 131 Vanderbilt, Cornelius. — 
 
 20 Vespucius, Araericus. 
 133 Van Buren, John. ^ 
 8 Van Buren, Martin. — 
 169 Wade, Benjamin F. «. 
 105 Wads worth. Gen. J. S. - 
 222 Walbridge, Hiram. - 
 156 Ward, Marcus L. - 
 
 37 Warren, Gen. Joseph. • 
 1 Washington, George. ^ 
 
 53 Wayne, Anthonv. — 
 
 77 Webster, Daniel - 
 
 147 Webster, Fletcher. ^ 
 194 Weed, Thurlow. _ 
 214 Welles, Gideon. — 
 
 47 West, I3enjamin. 
 
 182 Wilkes, George. - 
 143 Willis, Nathaniel P. - 
 
 164 ^Vilson, Henry. - 
 22 Winslow, Josiah. — 
 
 48 Wirt, William. 
 
 201 Wise, Henry A. - 
 238 Wood, Fernando. 
 104 Worth, Gen. W. J. - 
 96 Wright, Silas. - 
 
 124 Yancev, William L. -- 
 117 ZolUcoffer, Gen. F. K, _ 
 
1 1 o 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 >^" /.Ste- X.^^ :M^» \/ -^^^ %. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .* ..««..v %/ .-^^^ \,/ -"^'- " 
 
 ;. -t 
 
 
 <^* ^<» 
 
 V 
 

 
 
 
 
 11 BOOKBINDING 
 
 'q, *^T'' .o'> <*i. 'i:^.- .•?■>